Century Dictionary 9781463211288

Table of contents :
PREFACE
NOTE TO THE REVISED EDITION
KEY TO PRONUNCIATION
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O

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THE CENTURY CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES A

PRONOUNCING OF

NAMES

AND IN

MYTHOLOGY,

ETYMOLOGICAL

GEOGRAPHY, HISTORY,

ARCH/EOLOGY,

DICTIONARY

BIOGRAPHY

ETHNOLOGY,

FICTION,

ETC.,

ETC.,

ART ETC.

4 EDITED BY

BENJAMIN E. SMITH, A. M. MANAGING EDITOR OF THE CENTURY DICTIONARY ASSISTED

BY A

NUMBER

OF

EMINENT

VOLUME

% •V

GORGIAS PRESS

2006

SPECIALISTS

First Gorgias Press Edition, 2006. Copyright CD 2006 by Gorgias Press LLC. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the LTnited States of America by Gorgias Press LLC, New Jersey.

ISBN 1-59333-375-7 (SET) ISBN 1-59333-376-5 (Atlas) ISBN 1-59333-377-3 (Vol 1) ISBN 1-59333-378-1 (Vol 2) ISBN 1-59333-379-X (Vol 3) ISBN 1-59333-380-3 (Vol 4) ISBN 1-59333-381-1 (Vol 5) ISBN 1-59333-382-X (Vol 6) ISBN 1-59333-383-8 (Vol 7) ISBN 1-59333-384-6 (Vol 8) ISBN 1-59333-385-4 (Vol 9) ISBN 1-59333-386-2 (Vol 10) ISBN 1-59333-387-0 (Vol 11) ISBN 1-59333-388-9 (Vol 12)

•A

€

V GORGIAS PRESS

46 Orris Ave., Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA www.gorgiaspress.com Printed in the LTnited States of America

PREFACE. H I S CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES is an outgrowth of The Century Dictionary.

I t was part of the

plan of that work to include in its final volume a somewhat fuller appendix of names of persons and places than had before "been given in general dictionaries; but as the size of the book increased, it became obvious that this could not be done in the available space, and it was decided to place the. appendix in a separate volume. modifications of the original scheme, is the present work.

T h e result, with many

It is entirely independent in subject and use,

y e t serves as a supplement to the dictionary b y extending the name-list into regions which the dictionary could not occupy, and b y enlarging its encyclopedic

field.

In character it is primarily a dictionary of

proper names, g i v i n g their orthography and pronunciation and such explanation of them as is necessary for their identification;

and, secondarily, a condensed encyclopedia in its somewhat fuller treatment of

several thousands of the more important articles. Tho range of names to be included was practically unrestricted, since the object sought w a s not the presentation of any special class, as in a gazetteer or biographical dictionary, but a general account of all the names excluded, b y their nature, from the larger work, so far as this was possible within the prescribed limits.

The entries thus comprise not only names in biography and geography, but also names of races and

tribes, mythological and legendary persons and places, characters and objects in fiction, stars and constellations, notable buildings and archaeological monuments, works of art, institutions (academies, universities, societies, legislative bodies, orders, clubs, etc.), historical events (wars, battles, treaties, conventions, etc.), sects, parties, noted streets and squares, books, plays, operas, and even celebrated gems, vessels (war-ships, yachts, etc.), and horses.

Pseudonyms, also, which h a v e literary importance are included.

T h e only condi-

tion of insertion has been that the name should be one about which information would be likely to be sought. A l l these various groups could not, of course, be presented w i t h equal fullness.

T h e space given to

persons and places is relatively m u c h greater than that devoted to any other class, and the others follow in what appeared to be the order of their usefulness to the general reader, whose needs h a v e everywhere been considered in the selection of the names to be defined.

Thus, both ancient geography and modern are repre-

sented, and the information given in the brief space allowed to the separate articles is historical rather than statistical.

The list of geographical names, also, includes, besides towns w h i c h are notable from their size,

smaller places and localities which are important historically, or as visited b y tourists, or for other reasons; the various physical and political divisions of the earth; rivers, lakes, seas, etc.; natural curiosities; and various imaginary places of legend and

fiction.

The list of personal names, for the same reason, is selected

from all times, and not only from actual biography, but also from mythology, legend, and fiction (the last chiefly English).

I n the matter of dates the usual difficulties, due to different styles of reckoning and to

the actual differences (which are v e r y numerous) among the best authorities, have been met and, it is hoped, to a considerable degree overcome.

In English biography the dates given in,the " D i c t i o n a r y of National

Biography " have, as a rule, been adopted so far as its volumes were available (A to N ) ; and full acknowledgment is here given of the aid received in this and in other w a y s from that great work.

In the brief

bibliographies, with f e w exceptions, only the most important works are given, and these often, for economy of space, with abbreviated titles. V

vi

PREFACE.

The orthography has, in general, been determined by the established usage in the language from which the name is taken. The correct and, as a rule, the only current spelling of a place-name is the local one, and, within certain limits, of a personal name that which its bearer gives it. There are, however, large groups to which these considerations do not apply. English usage, in many cases of foreign names which were introduced before the present period of greater exactness, has established forms which differ more or less from the present or original native form. Familiar instances of this, in place-names, are Munich for the German München, Flushing for the Dutch Vlissingen, Hanover for the German Hannover, and in personal names Horace, Livy, Pliny, Augustine, for the Latin Horathis, Livkts, Plinius, Augustinus, and the commonly accepted Latinized forms of Greek names, as Hercules for Heracles, Plato for Platon, etc. In these cases the desire has been to return to the native form when its difference from the Anglicized spelling is comparatively slight (as in Hannover); but in other cases the conventional English spelling has, as a rule, been accepted. In the case of Greek names, in particular, both geographical and personal, it has seemed best to retain the familiar forms which have come to us through the Latin, and to transliterate other Greek names, not recorded in classical Latin, according to the same system. No transliteration of the Greek can be acceptable which is not complete and consistent: such consistency, however, would produce many forms which are not only without support in English usage, but are also open to the charge of pedantry. There are also many names in regard to which usage differs (there being in fact, as a rule, no proper local usage), or where accepted use may properly be corrected in accordance with a general rule: as, for example, Hudson Bay for Hudson's Bay. Here choice has been made of the simpler or the corrected spelling. Lastly, there is the large group of names taken from langiiages which do not employ the Roman alphabet, or are without any, and whose sounds have to be represented by some method of transliteration. Here established and familiar transliterations have, as a rule, been adopted; and in other cases the simplest available forms, according to the system, for the languages concerned, used in The Century Dictionary. So far as was possible the use of "accented" letters in transliteration has been avoided, the employment of such marks, in the absence of a generally accepted scientific system, appearing to be distinctly undesirable, especially from a practical point of view. In the pronunciation the system of notation employed by Professor Whitney in The Century Dictionary has, with slight modifications, been adopted. The marking of the sounds of foreign names might in some cases have been simplified by the use of a notation based upon a different principle; but, since this work was designed to be a companion to the dictionary, it was desirable to avoid, especially in this particular, difference of method. Moreover, the "English" notation is that to which most are accustomed, and which best enables the English consulter of a dictionary to reproduce with a fair degree of accuracy the sounds indicated. In any case, only by the ear can one know the exact sounds of a foreign speech, and only the trained tongue can utter them with precision. This is particularly true of personal and place names, which often have a special character that can not exactly be inferred from the general rules or usages of the languages concerned. The values of the signs used are given in the key: it is necessary only to remark that the natural tendency of an English-speaker to shorten or slur the long vowels of many foreign names has led to the use of the long-vowel signs, to insure the right vowel quality, even in cases where the actual sound is shorter than that indicated by the notation. No attempt has been made systematically to etymologize all the names in the list: but etymological notes have been inserted under many of the historical names of prime interest, especially those of ancient English origin, and in many other cases where they seemed to be useful. These have been contributed by Dr. Charles P. G. Scott, with additions by some of the other specialists in their several departments — Sanskrit, Semitic, American Indian, etc. Dr. Scott has also aided in the work on the pronunciation, and has criticized the proofs. The geographical articles have been prepared by Professor Edmund K. Alden, whose work has been supplemented in Mexican and Central and South American geography by Mr. Herbert H. Smith, in African geography by Mr. Holi Chatelain, and in ancient Oriental geography by Dr. Cyrus Adler. Professor W. R. Martin has contributed the articles on Indian and Persian biography, mythology, and literature; Colonel Garrick Mallery, those on North American Indian tribes; Professor Charles A. Young, those on the stars;

vii

PREFACE.

Professor William H. Carpenter, those on Teutonic mythology, ethnology, and legend; and Miss Katharine B. "Wood, those on English literature and characters in fiction. Professor Carpenter has also written biographical articles oil the best-known names in German and Scandinavian literature. The accounts of works of art, noted buildings (generally under place-names), and the articles on classical archaeology were written by the late Mr. Thomas W. Ludlow. Biographical notices of the more important French writers have been contributed by Dr. B. D. Woodward. Dr. Adler has also written numerous articles 011 Semitic history and antiquities; Mr. H. H. Smith has had charge of the Mexican and South American biography and ethnology; and Mr. Chatelain has written on African ethnology, and has read the proofs especially for the correction of the pronunciation. Many valuable notes on the ethnology and geography of the southwestern States and northern Mexico were received from Mr. Adolphe Bandelier. General assistance in the biographical and historical work has been given by Dr. M. A. Mikkelsen, and valuable aid in the criticism of manuscript and proofs by Rev. George M'Arthur. Whatever degree of typographical accuracy and consistency has been attained is largely due to the proof-readers of The De Vinne Press. BENJAMIN E. SMITH. September 1st, 1894.

NOTE TO THE REVISED EDITION. has been taken of the opportunity offered in this second edition of the CYCLOPEDIA OF to revise with care all its more important details, including pronunciation, dates, historical and geographical statements, etc., and to bring its statistical material down to date. Assistance in this labor has been received from most of the contributors mentioned in the preface to the first edition, and from Mr. Louis Heilprin, Professor Angelo Heilprin of the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, Dr. Samuel A. Binion, Mr. F. W. Hodge of the Bureau of American Ethnology, and many others. Iti its plan and the selection of its material this edition is practically identical with the first, 110 good reason having been found for modifying either in any essential particular: room has, however, been made for the addition of a number of contemporary names, the peculiar utility of this part of the work having been amply demonstrated. BENJAMIN E. SMITH. October 1st, 1895. ADVANTAGE

NAMES

KEY T O as as as as as as

in in in in in in

fat, man. pang, fate, mane, dale, far, father, guard, fall, talk, ask, fast, ant. fare.

as as as as as as as as as as

in in in in in in in in in in

met, pen, bless, mete, meet, her, fern, pin, it. pine, fight, file, not, 011, frog, note, poke, floor, move, spoon, nor, song, off. tub.

as in mute, acute, as in pull.

ti German ii, French u. oi as in oil, joint, boy. ou as in pound, proud. A single dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates its abbreviation and lightening, without absolute loss of its distinctive quality. Thus: ÍL as in prelate, courage, é as in ablegate, episcopal. 9 as in abrogate, eulogy, democrat, it as in singular, education. A double dot under a vowel in an unaccented syllable indicates that, even in the mouths of the best speakers, its sound is variable to, and in ordinary utterance actually becomes,

PRONUNCIATION. the short w-sound (of but, pun, etc.). Thus: a as in errant, republican, e as in prudent, difference, i as in charity, density, o as in valor, actor, idiot. & as in Persia, peninsula, e as in the book, u as in nature, feature. A mark ( - ) under the consonants t, d, s, z indicates that they in like manner are variable to ck, j, sh, zh. Thus: t as in nature, adventure. 4 as in arduous, education, s as in pressure. % as in seizure.

y B ch G

as in yet. Spauish b (medial), as in German ach, Scotch loch. as in German Abensberg, Hamburg. H Spanish g before e and i ; Spanish j ; etc. (a guttural h). ft French nasalizing n, as in ton, on. s final s in Portuguese (soft), th as in thin. I H as in then. D = TH. ' denotes a primary, " a secondary accent. (A secondary accent is not marked if at its regular interval of two syllables from the primary, or from another secondary.)

1 j

THE CENTURY:

[CYCLOPEDIA OF NAMES! i-(a). [Lit. 4 (the) w Aahmes-Nefertari. ater/ See Xefertari. A a r o n . A character in Shakspere's (?) " Titus i* e* ' t h e r i v e r ' ; one of A a l b o r g (äl'börG). A seaport in the amt of Andronicus," a Moor of unnatural wickedness. the forms, surviving in Aalborg, Denmark, situated on the Lijmfjord Aaron's confessions of his villanies (in "Titus Androniriver-names, of a com- about lat. 57° 3' N., long. 9° 55' E. I t has an cus,"v. 1) will recall to every reader the conversation bemon Teut. word, Goth. important foreign commerce and fisheries. tween Barabas and Ithamore in the third scene of the second act of the " J e w of Malta" [of Marlowe]. The alma, O H G . aha, A S . ea, Population (1890), 19,503. character of Aaron was either drawn by Marlowe or in etc., = L. aqua, w a t e r : A a l b o r g . A stift and amt of Jutland, Denmark. close imitation of him ; and it seems to uie more reasona2 s e e aqua a n d ewe . C. D . ] A a l e n (ä/len). A town in the Jagst circle, ble to suppose that " T i t u s Andronicns" is in the main a A river in northern Wiirtemberg, situated on the Koehcr about crude early work of Marlowe's than that any imitator written with such marked power. France which flows into 42 miles east of S t u t t g a r t : an ancient free im- couid have Bullen, Introd. to Marlowe's Works, p. lxxvii. the North Sea between Calais and Dunkirk. perial city. Population (1890), 7,155. A a . A river in the province of North Brabant, A a l e s u n d (ä'le-sönd), A seaport in the prov- A a r o n b e n A s h e r (ar'on b e n ash'er). Lived ince of Romsdal, Norway, on islands of the at Tiberias in the first quarter of the 10th cenNetherlands, which unites with the Dommel western coast, about lat. 62° 28' N. Popula- tury. A Jewish scholar, probably belonging near Herzogenbusch. to the Karaite sect. He completed the Massorah. i. e. tion (1891), 8,383. A a . A river in the province of Gronirigen, the vowels and accents which make up the traditional Aali. See Ali. Netherlands, which flows into the Dollart. text of the Hebrew Bible. His contemporary and oppoAalst. See Alost. nent was a certain Ben Naftali. When these authorities A a . A river in the cantons of Lucerne and Aargau, Switzerland, a tributary of the Aare. A a l t e n (äl'ten). A small town in the province differ, both readings are given in the rabbinical Bibles. A a . A river in the canton of Unterwalden, of Gelderland, Netherlands, about 30 miles Aarssens (ar'sens), Frans van. Born 1572: died 1641. A Dutch diplomatist, one of the Switzerland, which forms the outlet of Lake east of Arnhem. foremost politicians of his age, guilty of proSarnen into the Lake of Lucerne. Aar. S e e Aare. A a . A river in the canton of Unterwalden, A a r a u (är'ou). The capital of the canton of moting the condemnation of Barneveldt in Switzerland, which flows into the Lake of Lu- Aargau, Switzerland, situated on the Aare 24 1619. His memoirs are important. cerne near Buochs. miles southeast of Basel. It has manufactures' Aasen (a/sen), Ivar Andreas. Born at Orsten, A a . A river in Courland, emptying by ono of silk, cotton, instruments, etc. Population in Norway, Aug. 5, 1813. A Norwegian philologist, botanist, and poet: author of " D e t mouth into the Gulf of Riga, and by another (1888), 6,809. A a r b u r g (är'böro). A small manufacturing norske Folkesprogs Grammatik " (1848), " Ordinto the Diina. A a . A river in Livonia, about 175 miles long, town in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, bog over det norsko F o l k e s p r o g " (1850), later situated on the Aare about 22 miles southeast enlarged and issued under the title " Norsk which flows into the Gulf of Riga. Ordbog" (1873), and other works. A a (a), P e t e r v a n d e r . A Dutch publisher of Basel. Aasvaer (as'var). A group of small islands on and engraver who, with his brothers, formed a A a r e (ä're), ov A a r (är). A river in Switzer- the coast of Norway, nearly on t h e arctic cirpublishing-house a t Leyden about 1682. They land, rising in the Bernese Oberland near the cle, the seat of important herring-fisheries. edited several collections of travels in Dutch and French. G r i m s e l P a s s . I t traverses the Hasli Thai and forms A b (ab). The fifth month of the Hebrew eccleA a c h (ach). A small town in Baden, about 20 the Handcck Fall, traverses the lakes of Brienz and Thun, siastical and the eleventh of the ci vil year; J u l y miles northwest of Constance, the scene of an flows through Bern, Solothurn, and Aargau, and joins the A u g u s t . It was a Babylonian name, adopted by the engagement between the Trench and the Aus- Rhine opposite Waldshut. Upon it are Bern, Solothurn, Jews with the names of the rest of the months after the Aarau, and Brugg. Its length is about 170 miles, and it Babylonian exile. Its etymology is uncertain. trians, March 25, 1799. A a c h e n (a'chen). The German name of Aix- is navigable from Unterseen for small craft. A b a b d e h , or A b a b d e (a-bab'de). An African A a r e d (ä'red). A group of mountains in Nejd, tribe, of Hamitic (Boja) race, living in Upper la-Chapelle. central Arabia. Also Ared, Arid, Aroudh. Egypt and northern Nubia, east of the Nile, Aageson (a'ge-son), or Aagesen (-sen), Svend. Aarestrup ( ä ' r e - s t r o p ) , Carl Ludwig Emil. about lat. 20°-22° N. Their number is estimated A Scandinavian writer of the 12th century. His "Compcndiosa histovia regum Dante," from King Born at Copenhagen, Dec. 4, 1800: died 1856. to be about 100,000. Skjold to Kuud VI., is the first connected history of Den- A Danish lvric poet, author of "Digte " (1838) A b a b d e (a-bab'de). A village in Egypt, on the and " Efterladte D i g t e " (1863). mark. Little is known of his life. Nile, about lat. 27° 50' N. It is near the site A a h - h o t e p (a-ho'tep). [Egypt., 1 delight of A a r g a u (är'gou), F . A r g o v i e (är-gö-ve'). A of the Roman city Antinoe. the moon' (Brugsch).] An Egyptian queen, canton of Switzerland, capital Aarau, bounded Abaco (a'ba-ko), Great, or Lucaya (lo-ka'ya). wife of Kames, last king of the 17th dynasty, by Baden on the north (separated by the Rhine), One of the principal islands of the Bahama and mother of Aahmes, first king of the 18th Zürich and Zug on the east, Lucerne on the group, West Indies, east of Great Bahama. d y n a s t y . Her coffin was found at Thebes in 1860, in south, and Basel, Solothurn, and Bern on the It is about 80 miles long and 20 wide. The language is German, and about half the A b a c o , L i t t l e . An island of the Bahamas, the ancient necropolis of No, and was placed in the Bulak w e s t . population is Roman Catholic. It is one of the most fer- northwest of Great Abaco. Museum (now at Gizeh). Aahmes (a'mes) I., L. Amasis (a-ma'sis). tile of the cantons, has an important trade and large A b a d d o n (a-bad'on). [Heb., ' d e s t r u c t i o n ' : [Egypt., 'child of the moon' (Brugsch).] An manufactures, especially of cotton, and sends teu mem- synonym of Sheol in the Old Testament (Job Egyptian king, the founder of the 18th dynasty bers to the National Council. Its area is 542 square miles, xxvi. 6 and xxviii.22, Ps. Ixxxviii. 12).] 1. The and the conqueror of the Hyksos. He lived about and its population (1888) 193,580. In t h e 13th century it destroyer or angel of the bottomless p i t ; Apol1700 B. c. An inscription on two rock-tablets at Turah came under the influence of the Hapsburgs, was annexed lyon.Ilev. ix. 11.— 2 . The place of destruction; and Massaarah. commemorating the 22d year of his reign, in part by the Swiss confederates in 1415, became a canton the depth of hell. Talmud; Milton, P. R., iv. has been deciphered, in 179S, and assumed its present form in 1803. 624. Aahmes II., L. Amasis. An Egyptian king A a r h u s , or A a r h u u s (är'hös). The capital of (572-528 B. c. [Brugsch], 570-526 [Sayce]), the the amt of Aarhus, Jutland, Denmark, on the fifth of the 26th dynasty. He maintained friendly O a t t e g a t . I t is the largest town in Jutland, and has Abadites. See Abbadides. .jff^m^A^^^^E

relations with the Greek states, sending gifts (548 a. c.) important commerce, manufactures, and a cathedral. for the rebuilding of the burnt temple at Delphi, and es- The bishopric was founded by Otto I. in the 10th century. tablishing at Xaucratis Greek commercc and settlement. Population (1890), 33,306. Mr. Peti •ie's excavations show them [Greeks] to have A a r h u s . An amt and stift in Jutland, Denbeen in possession of the city [Naucratisl froip a much mark. earlier period — earlier, perhaps, than the dvnasty to A small island of Schleswig, which Amasis belonged. What Amasis actually did for AarÖ (är'e). the Greeks of Xaucratis must, therefore, have been to con- Prussia, in the Little Belt. firm them in their occupation of that site, and to grant Aaron (ar'on or ar'on). [Gr. 'Aapuv, Heb. them an exclusive charter whereby they should be en- Aharon.'} The first high priest of the Israeltitled to hold it in perpetuity. ites, eldest son of Amram and Jochebed, of the A. B. Edwards, Pharaohs, Fellahs, etc., p. 180.

A a h m e s . An Egyptian captain who fought against the Hyksos about 1700 B. C. An import a n t inscription in his tomb at El-Kab, near ancient Thebes, has been deciphered.

Abad y Queypeo

(a'baTH § ka-pa'o),

Manuel,

Born in the Asturias about 1770: died in 1824.

A Spanish ecclesiastic. Most of his life was spent in Mexico, and in 1809 he was made bishop of Miehoacan. Driven out soon after by the revolutionists, he returned in 1813. In 1820 he was deposed and sent a prisoner to Spain for opposition to the Inquisition. Released soon after, ho became a member of the government junta and bishop of Tortosa. In 1823 he was again imprisoned by the Inquisition, and died in confinement. tribe of Levi, and brother of Moses and Mir- Abse (a'be), or Abai (a'bi). [Gr. vAfiat.~\ In

iam. H e died on Mount Hor at the age of 123 ancient geography, a city of Phocis, Greece, noted for its temple and oracle of Apollo. years. A a r o n , Saint. A British martyr who was put Abafi (o'bo-fe). or Apafi, Michael. Born to death at Newport, "Wales, in the reign of Sept. 25, 1632: died April 15, 1690. A prince of Transylvania, under the protection of the Diocletian.

Abbot, Robert

Abafíy P o r t e u n t i l 1686 w h e n lie m a d e a t r e a t y with, t h e emperor. H e w a s s u c c e e d e d b y his sou M i c h a e l ( b o r n A u g . 14, 1682: d i e d F e b . 11, 1713).

Abailard.

A b a u z i t (á-bo-ze')j F i r m i n .

Bom at Uzes, m e t e o r o l o g i s t , a p p o i n t e d d i r e c t o r of t h e C i n c i n -

Gard, P r a n c e , N o v . 11, 1679: d i e d at G e n e v a , M a r c h 20, 1767. A French philosopher and m a t h e m a t i c i a n , a f r i e n d of X e w t o n , R o u s s e a u , a n d V o l t a i r e . H i s n a m e "was u s e d as a p s e u d o n y m by Voltaire.

n a t i O b s e r v a t o r y i n 1868, a n d m e t e o r o l o g i s t of t h e W e a t h e r B u r e a u i n 1871.

Abbeokuta. S e e Abeokuta. Abberville ( a b ' e r - v i l ) . Lord.

The principal See Abelard. character in Cumberland's play " T h e FashA b a k a n s k ( a b - a - k a n a k ' ) . A small town in t h e g o v e r n m e n t of Y e n i s e i s k , S i b e r i a , n e a r Abayi ( a - M - y e ' ) . [Heb., 'my father.'] Born ionable Lover." A distinguished A b b e v i l l e (ab-vel"). A t o w n in the departt h e Y e n i s e i , n o r t h of M i n u s i n s k , n o t e d f o r t h e a b o u t 280 A. D. : d i e d 338. 7 t u m u l i a n d h i e r o g l y p h i c s t a t u e s i n i t s n e i g h - H e b r e w s c h o l a r , s u r n a m e d •'Nachmarii. ' Hcwas m e n t of S o m m e , F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d on t h e director of a celebrated Jewish academy at Pumbeditha S o m m e 25 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of A m i e n s : t h e borhood. Babylonia, 333-3S8. and was held in high esteem for a n c i e n t c a p i t a l of P o n t h i e u , a n d a p l a c e of Abaliget ( o b ' o - l e - g e t ) . A v i l l a g e n e a r F i i n f - in his learning and upright character. g a t h e r i n g i n t h e first a n d s e c o n d C r u s a d e s , i t k i r c h e n . c o u n t y of B a r a n v a , H u n g a r y , n o t e d A b b ( a b ) . A t o w n i n A r a b i a , a b o u t 80 m i l e s has important manufactures of cloth, etc., and a considf o r i t s large s t a l a c t i t e c a v e ( a b o u t 3,000 f e e t i n e a s t of M o c h a . erable trade. Its most interesting building is the church length). of St. Wulfram, begun in 148S, one of the richest existing Abalus ( a b ' a - l u s ) . A n i s l a n d a b o u n d i n g w i t h Abbadides(ab'a-didz),orAbadites(ab'a-dits). of the flamboyant style. The gravels of AbbeA M o o r i s h d y n a s t y of S e v i l l e . It w a s f o u n d e d examples ville have yielded fossil remains of the mammoth and amber, said (by P y t h e a s ) to be in the Northern i n 1023 b y A b u l - K a s i m , c a d i of S e v i l l e , a n d rhiuoceros associated with implements of prehistoric man Ocean, and variously identified: probably a l a s t e d t i l l t h e c a p t u r e of t h e c i t y b y t h e A l m o - dating from a time when the Somme flowed 300 feet above p a r t of t h e P r u s s i a n B a l t i c c o a s t . its present level. I'opulation (1891), 19,851. r á v i d e s i n 1091. A b a m o n t i (ii-ba-mon'te), or A l b a m o n t e (al- Abbadie (a-ba-de'), Antoine Thomson d \ Abbeville, Claude d\ S e e Claude d'Abbeville. b a - m o n ' t e ) , G i u s e p p e . B o r a a b o u t 1759: d i e d B o r n at D u b l i n , I r e l a n d , J a n . 3,1810. A F r e n c h A u g . 8, 1818. A N e a p o l i t a n s t a t e s m a n , s e c - t r a v e l e r ( i n c o m p a n y w i t h h i s b r o t h e r ) i n A b y s - Abbeville, Treaty of. A t r e a t y c o n c l u d e d r e t a r y - g e n e r a l u n d e r t h e C i s a l p i n e R e p u b l i c , s i n i a a n d t h e G a l l a c o u n t r y (1837-48). , He pub- i n 1259 b y w h i c h H e n r y III. of E n g l a n d re1798, a n d m e m b e r of t h e e x e c u t i v e c o m m i t t e e lished "Géodésie d'une partió de la Hautc-Éthiopie " n o u n c e d h i s c l a i m s t o A n j o u , P o i t o u , N o r a t N a p l e s . On the restoration of the monarchy in (1860-73), "Dictioimairedelalangue amaritma" (lá81),etc. m a n d y , T o u r a i n o , a n d M a i n e , i n f a v o r o f L o u i s I X . of F r a n c e , a n d h e l d G u i e m i e as a 1799 he was arrested and condemned to be hung, but Abbadie, Arnaud Michel d \ Born at Dubwas amnestied and returned to Milan, where he again lin, I r e l a n d , J u l y 24, 1815. A F r e n c h t r a v e l e r i i e f of F r a n c e . acted as secretary-general until 1S05 when he returned to i n A b y s s i n i a a n d t h e G a l l a c o u n t r y , b r o t h e r a n d Abbey ( a b ' i ) . Edwin Austin. B o m at P h i l a Naples. c o m p a n i o n of A . T . A b b a d i e ; a u t h o r of " D o u z e d e l p h i a , April 1, 1852. A u A m e r i c a n p a i n t e r a n d i l l u s t r a t o r . He executed a scries of mural paintAbana ( a b ' a - n a ) . I n a n c i e n t g e o g r a p h y , a a n s d a n s l a H a u t e - É t h i o p i e " (1868), etc. s m a l l river, "the m o d e r n B a r a d a , w h i c h flows Abbadie, James (Jacciues). B o r n at N a y , ings (the Iloly Grail) for the Boston Public Library (1895-). t h r o u g h t h e p l a i n a n d c i t y of D a m a s c u s a n d i s B a s s e s - P y r é n é e s , p r o b a b l y i n 1654 (1657 a n d Abbiategrasso ( a b - b e - a - t e - g r a s ' so). A t o w n 1658 are a l s o g i v e n ) : d i e d a t L o n d o n , S e p t . 25, i n t h e p r o v i n c e of M i l a n , 15 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t l o s t i n t h e d e s e r t . A l s o Amana. Abancay ( á - B á n - k i ' ) . A t o w n i n t h e depart- 1727. A n o t e d F r e n c h P r o t e s t a n t t h e o l o g i a n . of Milan. P o p u l a t i o n , 10,000. m e n t of A p u r i m a c , P e r u , a b o u t 110 m i l e s s o u t h - He went to Berlin about 1(580 as minister of the French Abbitibbe ( a b - i - t i b ' e ) , Lake. A l a k e i n Canw e s t of C u z c o , n o t e d f o r i t s s u g a r - r e f i n e r i e s . church there, and thence to Eügland and Ireland; wag a d a , s o u t h of J a m e s B a y , a b o u t l a t . 4 0 ° N . for a time minister of the f r e n c h church in the Savoy; P o p u l a t i o n , 3,000. Abbitibbi. settled in Ireland as dean of Killaloe in 1699. His A l s o A b a n c a y R i v e r , A small river of Peru, an and chief work is the "Traité de la vérité de la religion Abbitibbe River. T h e o u t l e t of L a k e A b b i a f f l u e n t of t h e A p u r i m a c , w e s t of C u z c o , a n d chrétienne " (1G8-0, with its continuation, " Traité de ladi- t i b b e , flowing i n t o J a m e s B a y , i n H u d s o n B a y . c r o s s e d b y t h e r o a d t o L i m a , i t was a military vinité de notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ" (16&9). Abbon ( a - b o n / ) , L . Abbo ( a b ' o ) , s u r n a m e d point of great importance in the civil wars of the 16th C e r n u u s ( ' T h e Crooked'). Died923. A m o n k century. Here Alonso de Alvarado was defeated by the Abba Jared ( a b ' b a y a ' r e d ) . A m o u n t a i n i n elder Almagro, and with his whole army captured, July n o r t h e r n A b y s s i n i a , n o r t h e a s t of G o n d a r , 14.714 of S t . - G e r m a i n - d e s - P r e s , a u t h o r of a L a t i n p o e m u p o n t h e s i e g e of P a r i s b y t h e N o r m a n s . 12, 1537. Near the same place Girón defeated Alonso de f e e t i n h e i g l i t . Alvarado, May 21, 1554. Abbas ( a b ' b a s ) . B o r n a b o u t 566: d i e d 652. Abbon of Fleury, L. Abbo Floriacensis. Abano ( a ' b a - n d ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of A b u l F a d l al H a s i m i , u n c l c of M o h a m m e d , B o r n n e a r O r l e a n s , F r a n c e , 945 : d i e d N o v . 13, 1004. A F r e n c h t h e o l o g i a n a n d d i p l o m a t i s t , P a d u a , I t a l y , a b o u t 6 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of P a d u a , a n d f o u n d e r of t h e f a m i l y of t h e A b b a s s i d e s . n o t e d f o r i t s h o t s p r i n g s ( t h e a n c i e n t Aquae Abbas I., " T h e G r e a t . " B o r n 1557: d i e d a t a u t h o r of a n " E p i t o m e d e v i t i s K o m a n o r u m P o n t i f l c u m , d e s i n e n s i n G r e g o r i o I." ( p r i n t e d .Patavina or Aponus (Aponi) forts). I t i s t h e re- K a s w i n , P e r s i a , J a n . 27, 1628. A f a m o u s s h a h p u t e d b i r t h p l a c e of t h e h i s t o r i a n L i v y . P o p u - of P e r s i a , w h o r e i g n e d 1586-1628. He defeated 1602), a n d o t h e r w o r k s . the Turks at Basra in 160Ó, conquered Khorasan, Kan- Abbot ( a b ' o t ) , Charles. B o r n at A b i n g d o n , l a t i o n , a b o u t 3,000. B e r k s h i r e , Oct. 1 4 , 1 7 5 7 : d i e d M a y 7, 1829. A n Abano, Pietro d' (Petrus Aponus or de Apo- dahar, etc., and consolidated the Persian monarchy. K h e - E n g l i s h p o l i t i c i a n , s p e a k e r of t h e H o u s e of n o ) . B o r n at A b a n o , I t a l y , 1250 (1246 ¥) : d i e d Abbas II. Hilmi. B o r n J u l y 14, 1874. at P a d u a , 1316 ( 1 3 2 0 ? ) . A n I t a l i a n p h y s i c i a n d i v e of E g y p t , e l d e s t s o n of T e w f i k P a s h a . H e C o m m o n s 1802-16, c r e a t e d B a r o n C o l c h e s t e r i n 1816. H e w a s c h i e f s e c r e t a r y a n d p r i v y s e a l a n d p h i l o s o p h e r , d e n o u n c e d b y t h e I n q u i s i t i o n s u c c e e d e d , h i s f a t h e r J a n . 7, 1892. a s a m a g i c i a n . He wrote "Conciliator differentiarum Abbas P a s h a . B o r n a t J i d d a h , A r a b i a , 1813: f o r I r e l a n d i n t h e A d d i n g t o n m i n i s t r y (1801). d i e d J u l y 13, 1854. A g r a n d s o n of M e h e m e t quso inter philosophos et medicos versantur" (printed Abbot, Ezra. B o r n at J a c k s o n , M a i n e . A p r i l 28, 1819: d i e d a t C a m b r i d g e , M a s s . , M a r c h 21, 1472), "Deveneniseorumqueremediis" (printed 1472), etc. A l i , v i c e r o y of E g y p t 1848-54. Abarbanel. S e e Abrabanel. Abbas Mirza ( á b ' b a s m e r ' z a ) . B o r n a b o u t 1884. A n A m e r i c a n b i b l i c a l s c h o l a r . He was* of New Testament criticism and interpretation Abarim ( a b ' a - r i m ) . A m o u n t a i n o u s r e g i o n or 1783: d i e d at M a s h h a d , P e r s i a , D e c . , 1833. professor l o f t y t a b l e - l a n d i n P a l e s t i n e , e a s t of t h e D e a d A p r i n c e of P e r s i a , y o u n g e r s o n of t h e s h a h at Harvard University, 1872-84, one of the editors of the F e t h - A l i ( F a t h - A l i ) , n o t e d as a c o m m a n d e r American edition of Smith's "Bible Dictionary," and a Sea, containing P i s g a h and Nebo. member of the American committee for New Testament v Abaris ( a b ' a - r i s ) . [Grr. A3apu;.] A m y t h i c a l i n t h e w a r s a g a i n s t R u s s i a , 1 8 1 1 - 1 3 a n d 1826-28. revision. He published " Literature of the Doctrine of a G r e e k s a g e , s u r n a m e d u T h e H y p e r b o r e a n , " a s - By the first war Persia lost its remaining possessions Future l i f e " (1864), " T h e Authorship of the Fourth in the Caucasus, and was compelled to acknowledge the Gospel" (1880), and other works. s i g n e d t o t h e 6 t h o r 7th c e n t u r y B. c. flag of Russia on the Caspian, and by the second it lost [Abaris] was said to have received from Apollo, whose Armenia. The succession of Abbas to the throne was Abbot, Francis Ellingwood. B o m a t B o s t o n . M a s s . , 1836. A n A m e r i c a n p h i l o s o p h i c a l w r i t e r , priest he had been in his own country, a magic arrow, upon which he could erosa streams, lakes, swamps, and guaranteed in the treaty of 1828. e d i t o r of " T h e I n d e x " (a j o u r n a l of f r e e mountains. This arrow he gave to Pythagoras, who in Abbassides ( a - b a s ' i d z or a b ' a - s i d z ) . T h e c a l i f s t h o u g h t ) 1870-80, a n d a u t h o r of " S c i e n t i f i c return taught him his philosophy. Oracles and charms of B a g d a d , 750-1258. They claimed descent from under his name appear to have passed current among the Abbas, the uncle of Mohammed, and succeeded the Om- T h e i s m " (1886). " T h e "Way o u t of A g n o s t i Oreeks. According to Pindar he came into Greece in the iniad califs of Damascus upon the defeat of the calif Mar- c i s m " (1890), e t c . reign of Croesus. Eusebius places him a little earlier. wan by Abul Abbas near the Zab in 750. Almansur suc- Abbot, George. B o r n at G u i l d f o r d , S u r r e v . Probably he was, like Anacharsis, a Scythian who wished ceeded Abul Abbas and made Bagdad the capital of the to make himself acquainted with Greek customs. [It has ealifate. The most famous calif of this family was Harun- Oct. 29, 1562: d i e d a t Croydon, A u g . 4, 16331 been conjectured that the arrow of Abaris i3 a mythical al-Kashid, 786-809. .From 1258 to 1517 the Abbassides A n E n g l i s h p r e l a t e , a p p o i n t e d a r c h b i s h o p of tradition of the magnet, but it is hardly possible that if were nominal califs of Egypt. The last Abbas&ide, Muta- C a n t e r b u r y i n F e b . , 1611. He was graduated at the polarity of the needle had been known it should not wakkal III., died in Cairo in 1538. Also Abbassids. Oxford (Balliol College), where he was tutor until 1593, have been more distinctly noticed.— II. C. R..] Abbate, or Abate ( a - b a ' t e ) , Niccolo dell'. and became master of University College in 1597, dean of llawlinson, Herod., I I I . 29, note. B o r n a t M o d e n a , I t a l y , 1512: d i e d in F r a n c e , Winchester in 1600, vice-chancellor of Oxford University in 1600 (and again in 1608 and 1005), bishop of Coventry A b a s a l o (a-ba-sa'lo), M a r i a n o . Born in Do- 1571. A n I t a l i a n p a i n t e r . H e a s s i s t e d i n d e c - and Lichfield in May, 1609, and bishop of London in Feb., l o r e s , M e x i c o , 1783: d i e d at Cadiz, S p a i n , 1819. o r a t i n g t h o p a l a c e at F o n t a i n e b l e a u . H i s b e s t 1610. He was a firm Protestant, and was influential in w o r k s are at M o d e n a a n d B o l o g n a . A soldier in the Spanish army who joined the state affairs during the reign of James I. He was one of r e v o l u t i o n a r y m o v e m e n t of H i d a l g o i n 1810, A b b a t u c c i ( a - b a - t i i ' s e ; It. a - b a - t o ' c h o ) , the translators of the New Testament in the King James a n d w a s n a m e d l i e u t e n a n t - g e n e r a l of t h e in- Charles. B o r n 1771: k i l l e d i n b a t t l e , D e e . 2, version. Born at Easington, Yorks u r g e n t s . H e w a s c a p t u r e d a n d s e n t a pris- 1796. A F r e n c h g e n e r a l , s o n of J. P . A b b a t u c c i , Abbot, George. d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n t h e c a m p a i g n s of t h e A r m v of shire, E n g l a n d , 1604: d i e d F e b . 1>7 1C48. A n o n e r to ¡Spain, w h e r e lie d i e d i n c o n f i n e m e n t . E n g l i s h r e l i g i o u s w r i t e r a n d m e m b e r of t h e t h e R h i n e , 1794-96. Abascal y Sousa ( a - B a s - k a l ' é s o ' s á ) , José Fernando. B o r n i n O v i e d o , A s t u r i a s , J u n e Abbatucci, Jacques Pierre. B o r n 1726: d i e d L o n g P a r l i a m e n;tk, s u r n a m e d " T h e P u r i t a n " : a u t h o r of t h e W h o l e B o o k of J o b P a r a 3 , 1 7 4 3 : d i e d i n Madrid, J u n o 30,1821. A S p a n - 1812. A G o r s i c a n p a r t i s a n c o m m a n d e r , a n a n p h r a s e d " (1640), a n d " V i n d i e i a ? S a b b a t h i " i s h g e n e r a l a n d s t a t e s m a n , v i c e r o y of P e r u t a g o n i s t of P a o l i a n d l a t e r a d i v i s i o n g e n e r a l (1641). 1806-16. He was created >Iarquis de la Concordia i n t h e F r e n c h s e n d e e i n I t a l y . Born at Española del Peru (decree of May 20,1812), and on his re- Abbatucci, Jacques Pierre Charles. B o r n Abbot,. Sir Maurice or Morris. turn to Spain was made captain-general. 1791: d i e d 1857. A F r e n c h jurist a n d p o l i t i - G u i l d f o r d , S u r r e y , 1565: d i e d at L o n d o n , J a n . Abasgi ( a - b a s ' j i ) , or Abasci ( a - b a s ' i ) . or c i a n , g r a n d s o n of J . P. A b b a t u c c i , a n d m i n i s - 10, 1642. A m e r c h a n t a n d lord m a y o r of L o n don, k n i g h t e d o n t h e a c c e s s i o n of C h a r l e s I., Abasges (a-bas'jez). [Gr. 'A.ìaayoi, Wilaanol.,'] t e r of j u s t i c e u n d e r N a p o l e o n III. 1625. He was one of the original directors of the East A Scythian people anciently inhabiting a small r e g i o n i n t h e C a u c a s u s , o n t h e s h o r e of t h e Abbaye ( a - b á ' ) , 1', A F r e n c h m i l i t a r y p r i s o n India Company and its governor (1C24-), rendering it most important services. He was elected to Parliament in 1621, at S t . G e r m a i n d e s P r ó s , P a r i s , b u i l t i n 1522 B l a e k S e a , north of C o l c h i s . in 1624 became a member of the council for establishAbasgia ( a - b a s ' j i - a ) . T h e r e g i o n o c c u p i e d b y a n d d e s t r o y e d in. 1854. I t was the scene of the mur- and ing the colony of Virginia. der of 164 prisoners by the revolutionists under Maillard the Abasgi ; the modern Abkhasia. Abbot, Robert. B o r n a t G u i l d f o r d , S u r r e y , in September, 1792. See September massacre. Abassides. S e e Abbassides. Abbe ( a b ' i ) . Cleveland. B o r n a t N e w Y o r k a b o u t 1560: d i e d March 2. 1618. A n E n g A b a t e . See Aitiate. D e c . 3, 1838. A n A m e r i c a n a s t r o n o m e r a n d l i s h p r e l a t e , b i s h o p of S a l i s b u r y (1615), e l d e r

Abbot, Robert b r o t h e r of G e o r g e A b b o t , a r c h b i s h o p of Cant e r b u r y : a u t h o r of Mirror of P o p i s h S u b t l e t i e s " (1594), a n d o t h e r w o r k s . A b b o t , R o b e r t . B o r n a b o u t 1588: died a b o u t 1660. A n E n g l i s h P u r i t a n divine, a u t h o r of " T r i a l l of our C h u r c h - F o r s a k e r s " (1639), a n d o t h e r works. Abbot, Samuel. B o r n a t Amlover, Mass., F e b . 25, 1732: died A p r i l 12, 1812. A B o s t o n m e r c h a n t a n d p h i l a n t h r o p i s t ; one of t h e f o u n d e r s of t h e A n d o v e r Theological S e m i n a r y . A b b o t , T h e . A n o v e l b y Sir W a l t e r Scott, p u b l i s h e d in 1820, f o u n d e d u p o n i n c i d e n t s in t h e h i s t o r y of M a r y Q u e e n of Scots, f r o m h e r i m p r i s o n m e n t in L o e h l e v e n t o h e r flight i n t o E n g l a n d a f t e r t h e b a t t l e of L a n g s i d e : sequel to " The Monastery." Abbotsford (ab'ots-ford). T h e residence of Sir W a l t e r S c o t t J ' o n t h e T w e e d a b o u t 3 miles

A Becket, Gilbert Abbott Brooklyn. He originally studied law, but abandoned that profession for the ministry in 1&00.

A . B . O., A l l .

A poem by Chaucer, a prayer

pressed formidable rebellions (758-703), and repelled the invasion of Charlemagne (778). The famous mosque at Cordova was constructed by him. Also Abd-al-Rahman, Abdurrahman. Abdarrahman.

t o t h e V i r g i n M a r y , i t is a loose translation from a work of Guillaume de Deguileville, a Cistercian monk who A b d - e r - R a h m a n I I I . B o r n 891: died D61. died about 1360. Each stanza begins with a different lot- Calif of Cordova f r o m 912 to 961. D u r i n g his ter of the alphabet, arranged in order from A to Z. r e i g n t h e S a r a c e n p o w e r in S p a i n r o s e t o i t s

A b d a ( a b ' d a ) , or A b d a s (ab-diis'). Said b y g r e a t e s t h e i g h t . T h e o p h a n e s (Chronogr. s u b an. 405) t o h a v e A b d - e r - R a h m a n . D i e d 732. A S a r a c e n chiefb e e n b i s h o p of Susa, a n d called b y S o c r a t e s t a i n , g o v e r n o r of N a r b o n n e . He invaded b i s h o p of P e r s i a . He is said to have aided Maruthas F r a n c e w i t h a l a r g e a r m y , and w a s d e f e a t e d in driving a demon out of Yezdigerd, king of Persia. b y Charles M a r t e l , a n d slain, n e a r T o u r s in 732. Theodoret relates that his zeal led him to destroy a firetcmple, which roused a persecution against the Chris- A f c d - e r - R a h m a n . B o r n Nov. 28, 1778: died Aug., 1859. S u l t a n of F e z a n d Morocco 1823tians to which he fell a victim. 1859.

The piratical habits of his subjects involved him

A b d a l l a ( a b - d a l ' a ) . The M u f t i , a c h a r a c t e r in in several conflicts with European powers, and in 1844 he Dryúen's tragedy " D o n Sebastian." supported Abd-el-Kader against France. A b d a l l a h ( a b d - á l ' a h ) , or A b d u l l a h (ab-dol'- A b d i e l ( a b ' d i - e l ) . [ H e b . , 4 s e r v a n t of God.'] lah). [Ar., ' s e r v a n t of God.'] B o r n a t Mecca A s e r a p h in Milton's '' P a r a d i s e L o s t " (v. 896), a b o u t 545: died a t M e d i n a , 570. T h e f a t h e r of t h e only s e r a p h w h o r e m a i n e d loyal w h e n Mohammed. S a t a n s t i r r e d u p t h e a n g e l s to revolt. H e is a b o v e M e l r o s e . The place was acquired by him in A b d a l l a h b e n (or i b n ) Y a s i m ( a b - d a l ' a h b e n m e n t i o n e d b y t h e J e w i s h c a b a l i s t s . 1811, and he removed there in 1812. It was originally a A k i n g of farm in front of which was a pond from which the place (or ' b ' n ) y a - s e m ' ) . l ) i e d 1058. A l e a r n e d A r a - A b d i - M i l k u t ( a b ' d e - m i l - k o f ) . had received the name of Clarty ('filthy') Hole. Scott b i a n M u s s u l m a n , a p p o i n t e d b y a s h e i k of L a m - Sidon, a c o n t e m p o r a r y of E s a r h a d d o n , k i n g of renamed it from the adjoining ford. The land had be- t o u n a t o i n s t r u c t a t r i b e of B e r b e r s i n t h e A t l a s A s s y r i a (680-668 B. C."). He made an alliance with longed to the Abbey of Melrose. Upon it Scott built a small villa, to which in 1817 he began to add, producing in the end a large castellated and gabled mansion of which the interior is finished in late medieval Btyle.

A b b o t t ( a b ' o t ) , A u s t i n . B o r n a t Boston, D e c . 18,1831. A n A m e r i c a n l a w y e r a n d legal w r i t e r , s o n of J a c o b A b b o t t . He was appointed dean of

m o u n t a i n s i n t h e f a i t h of I s l a m . His enthusiasm King Sanduarri, and revolted from his allegiance to Asgave rise to the sect of Al-Morabethun ("dedicated to the syria; was attacked, and, after a prolonged resistance, fled, service of G-od ") or Almorávides, which under bis leader- probably to Cyprus; and was caught and decapitated in 076. ship conquered the country lying between the Sahara and the ancient Gfctulia for the new religion. He died in See Abdul-MuttaUb. battle; but his conquests were continued in Africa by his A b d o l - M o t a l l e b . successors, and in 10S6 Yussuf ibn Tashfyn extended his A b d o o l - . See Abdul-. A b d u l A z i z ( a b ' d d l a z e z ' ) . B o r n F e b . 9,1830: victories to Spain.

the faculty of law of the University of the City of New a s s a s s i n a t e d (f) J u n e 4,1876. S u l t a n of T u r k e y York in 1831, and is the author of " \ c w Cases, Mainly A b d a l l a t i f ( a b d - á l - l a - t é f ) . or A b d - u l - L a t e e f 1801-76, s e c o n d son of M a h m u d I I . a n d b r o t h e r New York Decisions " (1877^30), "Legal Remembrancer" ( a b d - o l - l á - t é f ) . B o r n a t B a g d a d , 1162: d i e d of A b d u l - M e d j i d w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d . Aided by oi1.] A b d u r r a h m a n . See Abd-cr-Balman.

I n a n c i e n t g e o g r a p h y , a m a r i t i m e city of T h r a c e , f o u n d e d b y t h e Teians, b e l o n g i n g to t h e A t h e n i a n C o n f e d e r a t i o n . I t s i n h a b i t a n t s w e r e not o r i o u s a m o n g t h e G r e e k s f o r dullness. The e x a c t a n c i e n t site h a s n o t b e e n identified. Abdera (ab-de'ra). [Gr. ra nA3ór/pa, Aróf/pa, v A3(kipa, "AfiÓrjpovIn ancient geography, a town, t h e m o d e r n A d r a (or A l m e r i a ?), on t h e s o u t h e r n coast of Spain, a b o u t 45 miles s o u t h e a s t of G r a n a d a . Also Afolara, A b d - e r - R a h m a n ( á b d - é r - r á h ' m á n ) I. [Ar., ' s e r v a n t of t h e m e r c i f u l o n e / i . e. God.] B o r n a t D a m a s c u s , 731: died 788. T h e f o u n d e r (756) of t h e i n d e p e n d e n t Otnmiad p o w e r in Spain, w i t h Cordova a s capital. He survived the massacre of the Ommiads by the Abbassides. took refuse in Mauret-ania, and was invited by a party of the Arabs in Spain to come to them as their sovereign. He quickly established bis power, overcame hi3 chief antagonist in battle (7f>5), sup-

A b d u r r a h m a n K h a n (ab-dor-rah'inan khan). B o m a b o u t 1830. T h e a m e e r of A f g h a n i s t a n , p r o c l a i m e d s u c h in 1880. A b e c e d a r i a n s (a//be-se-da'ri-anz). A German A n a b a p t i s t sect of t h e 16th c e n t u r y , led b y Nicholas Stork, a w e a v e r of Zwickau, w h i c h r e j e c t e d all l e a r n i n g ( e v e n t h e l e a r n i n g of " A - B - C " ) a s a h i n d r a n c e to r e l i g i o n , p r o f e s s e d a special i n s p i r a t i o n s u p e r s e d i n g t h e Bible, a n d p r e d i c t e d ( a n d w a s disposed t o p r o m o t e ) t h e o v e r t h r o w of e x i s t i n g g o v e r n m e n t s . A B e c k e t (a-bek'et). Gilbert Arthur. B o m at L o n d o n . 1837: died a t L o n d o n , Oct. 15, 1891. A n English j o u r n a l i s t , d r a m a t i s t , a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s winter, son of G-. A . A B e c k e t . A B e c k e t , Gilbert A b b o t t . Born at London, J a n . 0, 1811: died at Boulogne, .France, A u g . 30. 1856. A n E n g l i s h lawyer, j o u r n a l i s t , a n d writer, n o t e d chiefly f o r h i s c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o

A Becket, Gilbert Abbott

4

" P u n c h " : author of the " C o m i c History of E n g l a n d , " the "Comic History of Rome," the " C o m i c Blackstone,'' etc.

VIII. of England, unjustly condemned on the charge of concealing the treasonable practices of Elizabeth Barton, the "'Nun of K e n t . " He

A Becket, Thomas. See Thom-as of London,

was an active supporter of the queen in her endeavor to

A b e d - n e g O (a-bed'ne-go). [Probably an error prevent the divorce sought by Henry. a - b e n ' s e - r a j - e z ; Sp.pron.a-Benin the t e x t for Abed JS'ebo, servant of the god At bh ea n- rcae' rnreasg)e. s (A f a m i l y i n Granada, faNebo.] One of t h e three Hebrews east by mous in Spanish Moorish roma nce. Their struggle with the Nebuchadnezzar into the fiery f u r n a c e . His family of the Zegris arid tragical destruction in the AIHebrew name was Azariah, Abed-nego being substituted for it by the prince of the eunuchs of the king of Babylon. Dan. i. 7.

Abegg (a/beg), Julius Friedricli Heinrich.

Abersychan guished British general, commander-in-chief in the West Indies 1795-97 (whore he took Grenada, Demerara, a n d Trinidad, and relieved St. Vincent), in Ireland in 1798, and in the N e t h e r l a n d s i n 1799. He was mortally wounded rear Alexandria, Egypt, March 21,1801. He " shares with Sir John Moore the credit of renewing the ancicnt discipline and military reputation of the British soldier" (H. M. Stephens, in Diet. Is at. Biog.).

hambra by King Abu Hassan, near the end o f t h e Moorish dominion in Granada, are told in Perez de Hita's (unhistorical)" Historia de las guerras civiles de Granada " (1595), the groundwork of a romance by Chateaubriand (1326), and of an opera by Cherubini (1813).

Abercromby, Sir Robert. Born at Tullibody,

slaves, who were subsequently joined by numerous freemen, mostly of the Egba tribe. Excepting a few native Christian churches, the mass of the people is still heathen. Population (estimated), 150,000. Also Abbeokuta.

4 ' 6* W . ( l i g h t h o u s e ) . It is the principal city of northern Scotland, and has an important foreign and coasting commerce and a variety of manufactures. I t received a charter from William the Lion in 1178. Population (1891), 123,327.

Clackmannan, Scotland, 1740: died at Airthrey, near Stirling, Scotland, Nov., 1827. 'A British general, younger brother of Sir Ralph

A b e r c r o m b y . He served in the French and Indian and Born at Erlangen, Bavaria, March 27, 1796: wars (at the battles of Brooklyn, Brandydied at Breslau, Prussia, May 29,1868. A Ger- Abenezra (a-ben-ez'rji), or Ibn Ezra ('b'n-ez'- Revolutionary wine, and Germantown, and at Charleston and Yorktowu), m a n 2 uri st, a u t h o r o f ' ' Yersuch einer Geschi chte rfi). See Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra. and later commanded in India. A b e n s b e r g (a'bens-berG). A small town in der preussischen Civilprozessgesetzgebung" Lower Bavaria, on the Abens 18 miles south- A b e r d a r e (ab-er-dar'). A mining and manufac(1848), etc. west of Ratisbon, t h e scene of a victory by Na- turing town in Glamorganshire, South Wales, A b e l ( a ' b e l ) . [Heb. Hcbél, formerly derived poleon over t h e A u s t r i a n army of Archduke from Heb. hcbel, transitoriness; more prob- Charles, April 20, 1809. The attack was on the about 5 miles southwest of Mertliyr-Tydvil. ably to be connected w i t h Assvro-Babylonian center of the Austrian line, which was cut in halves: the There are coal- and iron-mines in its vicinity. ablu, son.] The second son of Adam, slain left was driven across the Isar at Landshut, which was Population (1891), 38,513. Henry by his brother Cain, according to the account captured, and the right was overcome at lickmiihl on A b e r d a r e , B a r o n . See Bruce Pryce, April 22. Iu this series of operations the Austrian» lost Austin. in Genesis. 60,000 men. Aberdeen (ab-er-den'), or New Aberdeen. A A b e l (a/bel), C a r l . Born at Berlin, Nov. 25, 1837. A German comparative philologist, au- A b e o k u t a (ab-e-o-ko'ta). The principal town of seaport, capital of the county of Aberdeen, t h o r of " L i n g u i s t i c E s s a y s " (1880), etc. He Yoruba or Yariba, a British protectorate in Scotland, on the N o r t h Sea between the mouths lias acted as Ilchester lecturer on comparativo lexicog- western Africa. It was founded in 1830 by fugitive of the Don and Dee, i n l a t . 5 7 ° 8 ' 33" N., long. 2° raphy at Oxford, and as Berlin correspondent of the " Times" and " Standard."

Abel (a'bel), Sir Frederick Augustus. Born

at London, 1827. A n English chemist, president of t h e I n s t i t u t e of Chemistry and other learned societies, and a u t h o r of "Guncotton,-" " M o d e r n History of Gunpowder," " O n Explosive Agents," etc., and with Bloxain of a " H a n d b o o k of Chemistry."

Abel (a'bel), Heinrich Friedrich Otto. Born

A b e r ( a b ' e r ) . [Gael, abar = W. aber, a confluence of waters, t h e m o u t h of a river. Cf. Gael, inbhir, with same senses, = W . ynfer, influx, = Sc. inver-.'] An element appearing in m a n y place-names in Great Britain, and signifying ' a confluence of waters,' either of two rivers or of a river with the sea: as, Aberdeen, Aber dour, Abergavenny, Aberystwith. A b e r a v o n (ab-er-a'von). A seaport in Glamorganshire, South Wales, situated on Bristol Channel 7 miles east of Swansea. It has large

A b e r d e e n , Old. A town at t h e m o u t h of t h e Don, one mile n o r t h of Aberdeen, Scotland.

I t contains the Cathedral of St. Machar, and King's College in the University of Aberdeen. The old cathedral is now a parish church, consisting of the spacious nave only of the original building. I t was begun in 1366. There arc two castle-like towers at the west end, surmounted by heavy pyramidal spires, and a fine projecting porch on the south side. The material is granite throughout. Population (1891), 1,951.

at Reichenbach, W ü r t e m b e r g , J a n . 22, 1824: died at Leonberg, "Würtemberg. Oct. 28, 1854. A German historian, collaborator on the '' Monum e n t a Germanise histórica/' and author of A b e r d e e n . A t o w n in Brown County, South " K o n i g Philipp der H o h e n s t a u f e " (1852), etc. Dakota, about 120 miles n o r t h e a s t of P i e r r e : a A b e l (a'bel), J o s e p h . Born at Aschach, in manufacturing works, and there are mines of coal and railroad and t r a d i n g center. Population (1890), iron in its vicinity. Population (1891), 6,281. 3,182. Austria, 1768: died at Vienna, Oct. 4, 1818. A n Aberbrothock. See Arbroath. Austrian historical and p o r t r a i t p a i n t e r . A b e r d e e n . A city, capital of Monroe County, Aberconway. See Conway. Abel (a'bel), Karl Friedrich. Born at Kothen, A b e r c o r n (ab'er-korn). A hamlet in Linlith- Mississippi, on t h e Tombigbee, in lat. 33° 51' Germany, 1725: died at London, J u n e 20, 1787. N., long. 88° 35' W . Population (1890), 3,449. A German composer, a n d noted performer on gowshire, Scotland, about 10 miles west of Aberdeen, Earl of. See Gordon, Edinburgh. It was the seat of a bishopric f r o m Aberdeen, University of. An institution of the viol da gamba. 6 8 1 to 685. Abel (a'bel), Niels Henrik. Born at Findoe, Abercrombie (ab'er-krum-bi), James. Born at learning at Aberdeen, incorporated 1860, by Norway, August 5, 1802: died near Arendal, Glasshaugh, in Scotland, 1706: died at Stirling, the union of King's College and university Norway, April 6, 1829. A distinguished Nor- Scotland, April 28 1781. A British general, (founded b y Bishop Elphinstone, 1494) at Old wegian mathematician, noted especially for commander of a n 3expedition against Canada Aberdeen and t h e Marischal College and unihis researches on elliptic functions. His com- in 1758. He was defeated by Montcalm at versity (founded by the Earl Marischal, 1593) a t N e w A b e r d e e n , i t has about 40 teachers and 900 plete works were published in 1839. J u l y 8, 1758. students. I t sends with Glasgow University one member Abeiard (ab'e-lárd), Peter, F. Abélard ATiconderoga, b e r c r o m b i e , J o h n . Born at Aberdeen, Scot- to Parliament. ( á - b a - l a r ' ) . ML. A b e l a r d u s ( a b - e - l a r ' d u s ) . land, Oct. 10, 1780: died at Edinburgh, Nov. Born at Pallet (Palais), n e a r Nantes, France, 14, 1844. A Scottish physician and philo- A b e r d e e n s h i r e (ab-er-den'shir). A county of in 1079: died April 21,1142. A F r e n c h scholar, s o p h i c a l w r i t e r . He wrote "Pathological and Prac- Scotland, capital Aberdeen, bounded by the one of the most notable of the founders of tical Researches on Diseases of the Brain and Spinal N o r t h Sea on the n o r t h and east, by KincarCord" (1828), " Pathological and Practical Researches on dine, Forfar, and P e r t h on t h e south, and b y scholastic theology, a pupil of Roscellin of Diseases of the Stomach, the Intestinal Canal, etc." (1828), Compiégne and of William of Champeaux. " Enquiries Concerning the Intellectual Powers and the Inverness and Banff on the west. Its ancient diHe tausht with great success at Melun, at Corbeil, and at Paris. In 1121 lie was cited before the Synod of Soissons, on the charge of disseminating Sabellianism, and was compelled to burn his "Introductio ad Theologiam." He soon after retired to a solitary ¡place near Nogent-surSeine, but was sought out by students, who built for him tiie Oratory of the Paraclete. Prom 1125 till about 1134 he was abbot of St. Gild as in Brctagne. In 1140, at the Council of Sens, he was accused of heresy by Bernard of Clairvaux and was condemned by the council and the Pope, but; was afterward reconciled to Bernard. He represented the spirit of free inquiry in theology, and contributed largely to fix the scholastic manner of philosophizing. For his relation to Héloíse, see Héloíse.

Abel de Pujol (a-bel' de pü-zhol'), Alexandre D e n i s . Born at Valenciennes, F r a n c e , J a n . 30,1785: died at Palis, Sept. 28,1861. A F r e n c h historical p a i n t e r .

Abelin (á' be-lén), Johann Philipp: pseudonym Johann Ludwig Gottfried (Gothofredus). Died about 1635. A German historian, founder of t h e " T h e a t r u m Europaeum," a serial work on contemporaneous history, carried forward b y Schieder, Oraus, and others into the 18th century, and author of a history of the "West Indies, " H i s t o r i a Antipodum," and other works.

Abelites (a'bel-its), or Abelonites (ab'e-lon-

its), 01- A b e l o n i a n s (a-bel-o'ni-anz). An African sect, mentioned by Augustine ( " D e Hieresibus") as coming to an end in his day, which observed the custom of marrying without procreating, in order not to p e r p e t u a t e inherited sin and in imitation of the traditional example of Abel, the son of Adam. They adopted the children of others. A b e l l (a'bel), T h o m a s . Executed at Smithfield, London, J u l y 30, 1540. A R o m a n Catholic clergyman, rector of Bradwell in Essex, and chaplain to Queen Catherine, wife of H e n r y

Investigation of Truth " (1830),'' Philosophy of the Moral Feelings " (1833), etc.

Abercrombie, John Joseph. Born in Tennes-

visions were Mar, Formartin, Buchari, Gariocli, and Strathbogie. Its leading industries are agriculture, stock-raising, granite-cutting, and fl^hiug. Area, 1,955 squar e miles. Population (1891), 284.036.

see in 1802: died at Roslyn, N. Y., J a n . 3, A b e r d o u r (ab-er-dor'). A small place in F i f e 1877. A n A m e r i c a n s o l d i e r . He was graduated at West Point in 1822, and served in the Florida war (¿re- shire, Scotland, on the Firth of F o r t h about 8 vetted major), in the Mexican war (brevetted lieutenant- miles n o r t h of Edinburgh, resorted to for seacolonel), and in the Union army in the Civil War(brevetted bathing. A b e r f o y l e (ab-cr-foil'). A small village in brigadier-general). Abercromby (ab'er-krum-bi), David. Died Perthshire, Scotland, n e a r Loch Katrine. It about 1702. A Scottish physician and philo- figures in Scott's novel Rob Roy." /; s o p h i c a l w r i t e r . His chief work is entitled "A Discourse A b e r g a v e n n y (ab-er-ga/ni or ab er-ga-ven'i). of W i t " ("London, 1686). " I t antedates the (so-called) A town in Monmouthshire, England, at the ' Scottish School of Philosophy' a century nearly : for in junction of the Gavenny and Usk. built on it Dr. Thomas Reid's philosophy of common senBe . . . the site of t h e Roman Grobannio. Population is distinctly taught." A. B. Qromrt, in Diet. JSat Biog. (1891), 7,640. Abercromby, James. Born Nov. 7 , 1 7 7 6 : died Abergavenny, Lord. See Neville. at Colinton House, Midlothian, April 17, 1858. A b e m e t h y (ab'er-ne-thi). A small town in A n English politician, t h i r d son of Sir Ralph Perthshire, Scotland, about 7 miles southeast Abercromby, created Baron Dunfermline in of P e r t h . It was anciently a seat of Culdee 1839. He became a member of Parliament in 1807, worship and a Pietish royal residence. judge-advocate-general in 1827, chief baron of the exA b e m e t h y , J o h n . Born at Coleraine, Ireland, chequer of Scotland in 1830, master of the mint in 1834, Oct. 19, 1680: died Dec., 1740. A clergyman of and speaker in 1835. h e Irish Presbyterian Church, appointed by the Abercromby, Sir John. Bom 1772: died at tsynod to t h e church in Dublin, 1717. H i s reMarseilles, F e b . 14, 1817. An English soldier, second son of Sir Ralph Abercromby. He f u s a l to obey caused a schism in the Irish Church. served in Flanders 1793-94, was arrested by Napoleon and imprisoned at Verdun in 1803, was exchanged in 1808, A b e r n e t h y , J o h n . Born at London April 3, and was appointed commander-in-chief at Bombay in 1764: died at Enfield, near London, April 28, 1809. He captured Mauritius in 1810.

An English surgeon, lecturer on anatA b e r c r o m b y , P a t r i c k . Born at F o r f a r , Scot- 1831. omy and physiology in the College of Surgeons land, 1656: died 1716 (various dates are as- 1814-17, and surgeon to St. Bartholomew's Hossigned). A Scottish physician, antiquary, and p i t a l 1815-27. His medical works were collected in historian, author of " M a r t i a l Achievements of five volumes in 1830. He possessed great influence in his t h e Scots N a t i o n " (1711-16). profession, due less to his learning than to his powerful,

Abercromby, Sir Ralph. Born at Menstrv,

attractive, and somewhat eccentric personality.

Clackmannan, Scotland, Oct., 1734: died near A b e r s y c h a n (ab-er-snk'an). A mining t o w n Alexandria, Egypt, March 28, 1801. A distin- in Monmouthshire, England, a b o u t 16 miles

Abersychan s o u t h w e s t of M o n m o u t h . 15,296.

P o p u l a t i o n (189]),

Abert (a'bert), John James. Born at Shep-

that dynasty which would have realised its unity. These Abiezrites were very fine men, heroes, like unto the Bons of a king. lienan, Hist, of the People of Israel (trans.), I. 260.

Attorney County, M a s s a c h u s e t t s , a b o u t 20 miles south of B o s t o n . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 4,260.

Abington, Mrs. (Frances or Fanny Barton).

h e r d s t o w n , Va., Sept. 17, 1788: died a t W a s h B o r n a t L o n d o n , 1737: died a t L o n d o n , March ington, D. C., J a n . 27, 1863. Aii A m e r i c a n 2. One of David's chief -warriors, a n i n h a b i t a n t 4, 1815. An English actress, d a u g h t e r of a m i l i t a r y (topographical) engineer, b r e v e t t e d of A n a t h o t h , i n t h e t r i b e of B e n j a m i n . p r i v a t e soldier in t h e King's Guards. From the m a j o r in 1814, a n d m a d e colonel of engineers in A b i g a i l ( a b ' i - g a l ) . [Hob., R i v e r flong. o r e 1819. I t was founded by Eric the Saint in the 12th Abhorson (ab-hdr'son). A n executioner in a b o u t 85 miles w e s t of Topeka. P o p u l a t i o n century, is the see of an archbishop, and was the seat of a university which was removed to Helsingfors in 1827. Shakspere's " M e a s u r e f o r Measure." (1890), 3.547. A b i a (a-bi'ä). See Abijah. A b i l e n e . T h e c a p i t a l of Taylor County, Texas, Population (1890), 31,671. A b i a d ( ä ' b e - ä d ) . T h e W h i t e Nile. See Bahr- a b o u t 200 miles n o r t h w e s t of Austin. P o p u l a - Hbo, Peace (Treaty) of. A treaty between el-Abiad. tion (1890), 3,194. R u s s i a a n d Sweden, signed Aug. 18, 1743, b y A b i a h ( a - b i ' a ) . See Abijah. A b i m e l e c h (a-bim'e-lek). [ H e b . ; A s s y r i a n which R u s s i a a c q u i r e d the southern p a r t of A b i a t h a r ( a - b i ' a - t h ä r ) . [ H e b . , ' f a t h e r of ex- Abi-milki, f a t h e r of counsel.] 1. A n a m e F i n l a n d as f a r as t h e river K y m e n a n d secured c e l l e n c e ' or ' a b u n d a n c e ' (G-esenius), or ' m y u s e d in t h e Old T e s t a m e n t a p p a r e n t l y as t h e election of a n ally as P r i n c e Royal of f a t h e r excels' ( O l s h a u s e n ) . ] A high priest of general title (like t h e E g y p t i a n ' P h a r a o h ' ) of Sweden. I s r a e l in t h e 11th c e n t u r y B. C., a p a r t i z a n a n d t h e P h i l i s t i n e kings. Specifically—(a) A king of A b o a b ( a - b o ' a b ) , I s a a c . A H e b r e w s c h o l a r w h o c o m p a n i o n of David d u r i n g his exile, a p p o i n t e d Gerar in the time' of Abraham (Gen. xx.).' Supposing ' Sarah flourished a t Toledo a b o u t 1300. He was the author f o r his services high p r i e s t conjointly w i t h to bo Abraham's sister, as Abraham asserted, he took her of "Shulchan hapanim " (table of showbread), which is into his harem, but dismissed her when he found she lost, and of *' Jlenorath hamaor " (the light), a collection Zadok, t h e a p p o i n t e e of Saul. was Abraham's wife, {b) A second king of Gerar, in the

Abich (a'bich), Wilhelm Hermann. Born at Berlin, Dec. 11, 1806: died a t Gratz, J u l y 1, 1886. A G e r m a n m i n e r a l o g i s t a n d geologist, a n d traveler in R u s s i a a n d elsewhere, a p p o i n t e d p r o f e s s o r of m i n e r a l o g y in D o r p a t in 1842.

Abidharma. See Abhidharmapitaka.

A b i e z e r (a-bi-e'zer). [ H e b . , ' f a t h e r of h e l p . ' ] 1. A g r a n d s o n of M a u a s s e h a n d n e p h e w of Gilead, f o u n d e r of a n i m p o r t a n t f a m i l y t o which also, collectively tively, t h e n a m e was applied. Also Abiezar.

near the lower slopes of Ephraim. assumed in this sail state of alfairs a great importance, and nearly gave Israel

time of Isaac (Gen. xxvl), with whom Isaac found refuge during afamine, and to whom he made the same statement about Rebekah that Abraham had made about Sarah.

of legends made from an ethical and religious point of view, composed in seven parts to correspond with the seven branches of the temple candlestick (menorah). This work became very popular among the Jews everywhere, and was translated into Spanish and German.

2. A son of Gideon b y a concubine, a n a t i v e of Shechem, m a d e k i n g of Israel b y t h e She- A b o a n ( a - b o ' a n ) . A slave in Southern's play cliemites ( J u d g e s ix.). H i s reign, w h i c h l a s t e d ' " O r o n o o k o " : a fine t h o u g h secondary chart h r e e years, i s assigned b y D u n c k e r t o t h e sec- acter. ond half of t h e 12th c e n t u r y B.C. Âbo-Bjôrneborg (â'T3ô-"byér'ne-bôrg). A govA b i n g d o n ( a V i n g - d o n ) . A t o w n in Berkshire, e r n m e n t of F i n l a n d . Kussia,„bordering on t h e E n g l a n d , 7 miles south of Oxford. I t c o n t a i n s Gult of B o t h n i a . Capital, Abo. A r e a , 9,335 s q u a r e miles. _ P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 395,474. the r u i n s of a n o t e d abbey. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), A b o m e y ( a b - ô ' m i ; n a t i v e a - b ô - m â ' ) . The c a p i t a l of Dalioruey, w e s t e r n Africa, in lat. 7° 5' A & M L Earl of. ^ Bertie WaiougMy. iV., long. 2 ° 4 ' E. It w a s c a p t u r e d by the French, A D i n g e r , J i a r o n . b e e bcarlett, James. Abington (ab'iiig-toil). A t o w n ill P l y m o u t h in Nov., 1892. P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t 20,000,

Abominations A b o m i n a t i o n s , T a r i f f of. Se© Tariff. Abongo. S e e Obongo. A b o n y (ob'ony). A t o w n i n the c o u n t y o f P e s t , H u n g a r y , 50 m i l e s southeast of B u d a p e s t . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 12.012. A l s o Nagy-Abony. Aboo. S e e Abu. Aboo-Bekr. See Abu-Behr. Abookeer. See Abukir. Aboil. S e e Abu. Aboil-Bekr. See Ab-u-BeJcr. A b o i l b e n A d h e m ( ä ' b ö ben ä'dem). The title of a short p o e m b y L e i g h H u n t . Abon-Hassan. See Abu-Hassan. Abou-Klea. See Abu-Klca. A b o u t (ä-bö'), E d m o n d François Valentin. B o r n a t D i e u z e , F r a n c e , F e b . 14, 1828: d i e d at P a r i s , Jan. 17, 1885. A F r e n c h n o v e l i s t , journalist, and dramatist. He studied archaeology at the French school in Athens, and after returning to France in 1853 wrote for the "Moniteur," "Soir,'' etc. Napoleon I I I . made use of his pen in political work for many years. In 1872 he was arrested by the Germans for Bhooting a German sentrv, but was released. With Sarcey he founded the " XlXme Siècle." In 1884 he was elected an academician. Among his works are " L a Grèce contemporaine," a satire on the manners and morals of the Greeks (185Ö), " L a question romaine," an attack on the papacy (I860), "Alsace " (1872), "Les mariages de Paris" (1856), " Le roi des montagnes "(1856), " Germaine " (1857), " Trente et quarante " (1858), " L'homme à l'oreille cassée " ( " T h e Man with the broken Ear" : 1861), " L e nez d'un notaire" ( " The Nose of a Notary " : 1862), " Le cas de M. Guérin " (1863), " Medelon " (1863), " Le roman d'un brave homme " (18801 etc. A b r a (ab'rä). 1. A c h a r a c t e r i n t h e r o m a n c e of " A m a d i s of G r e e c e , " t l i e sister of Z a r i o , t h e sultan of B a b y l o n . She succeeds to the throne of Babylon, after her brother has been killed by Lisuarte whom she loves and finally manies. 2 . T h e f a v o r i t e c o n c u b i n e of S o l o m o n , a character (of remarkable docility) in Prior's p o e m " S o l o m o n o n t h e V a n i t y of t h e W o r l d . " Abra was ready ero I called her name ; And, though I called another, Abra came. ii. S64. A b r a b a n e l ( ä - b r ä - b ä - n e l ' ) > I s a a c . B o r n at L i s b o n , 1437: d i e d a t V e n i c e , 1508. A J e w i s h s c h o l a r arid s t a t e s m a n . His family claimed descent from the royal house of David. He was treasurer of Alfonso V., king of Portugal. On the death of this king he was deprived of his fortune, and being obliged to quit Portugal (1481), went to Madrid, whero he remained eight years in the service of Queen Isabella. Forced.to quit Spain after the expulsion of the Jews (1492), he proceeded to Naples and entered the service of King Ferdinand, and thence to Sicily and Corfu. He was a writer of distinction in the fields of philosophy and biblical exegesis. Also Abarbanel, Abravenel, Barbanella. A b r a d a t a s (ab-ra-dä'tas). A k i n g of Susa, first an e n e m y , t h e n a n ally,, of t h e P e r s i a n s u n d e r Cyrus, in the "Cyropaedia" of Xenophon is told as an episode (our earliest sentimental romance) the story of the loves of Abradatas and his wife Tan the ia, "which ends with the death of Abradatas in battle and the suicide of Pantheia and her eunuchs. A b r a h a m (a'bra-ham). [Biblical etymology ' f a t h e r o f m u l t i t u d e s * ( G e n . x v i i . 5 ) : also c a l l e d Abram, e x a l t e d f a t h e r ; p o s s i b l y abû-rdm, my f a t h e r is t h e E x a l t e d One. A c c o r d i n g t o some Abraham is a n a n c i e n t A r a m a i c d i a l e c t i c f o r m f o r Abram.] F l o u r i s h e d 2000 B. c . T h e first of t h e p a t r i a r c h s and t h e f o u n d e r of t h e H e b r e w r a c e . Many critical scholars do not consider Abraham a historical ligure. The narrative in the 14th chapter of Genesis is especially considered historical and ancient. The date of the events there narrated is fixed by Hoinmel at 2150 B. o.; according to the usual chronology, 1918 a. c. Abraham is equally revered by Jews, Christians, and Mohammedans. He was buried in the cave of Machpelah (the double cave) at Hebron, now said to be inclosed by the Great ilosque (Haram) of that place.

6

Abt

which are largely used in the Jewish liturgy. He com- A q u i l a , a n d C a m p o b a s s o . A r e a , 6,380 square mented on the entire Bible except the earlier prophets ; m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 1,365,171. drew the distinction between faith and reason, tradition and criticism ; was the first biblical critic ; wrote a work A b r u z z o ( a - b r o t ' s o ) . A f o r m e r d i v i s i o n of I t a l y , on Jewish philosophy and a metrical treatise on the game c o m p r i s i n g t h e p r o v i n c e s of C h i e t i , T e r a m o , of chess ; and traveled extensively in France, Italy, Spain, a n d A q u i l a : a p a r t of t h e f o r m e r k i n g d o m of Greece, Africa, and England. He was known to medieval N a p l e s . W i t h i n i t aro t h e h i g h e s t a n d w i l d e s t scholars as Avenare, said to be a corruption of Abraham p o r t i o n s of t h e A p e n n i n e s . Judseus. A b r u z z o Oiteriore (a-brot'so che-ta-ri-o're). A b r a h a m Cupid. S e e Adam Cupid. A b r a h a m i t e s (à'bra-ham-its). 1. A b r a n c h T h e old n a m e of t h e p r o v i n c e of C h i e t i , I t a l y . of t h e PauJicians, n a m e d f r o m A b r a h a m ( I b r a - A b r u z z o U l t e r i o r e ( a - b r o t ' s o o l - t a - r i - o ' r e ) I . h i m ) of A u t i o c h , i t s f o u n d e r . — 2. A s m a l l A n o l d n a m e of t h e p r o v i n c e o f T e r a m o , I t a l y . s e c t of B o h e m i a n deists l i v i n g i n t h e n e i g h b o r - A b r u z z o U l t e r i o r e XI. A n o l d n a m e o f the hood of Pardubitz. They rejected nearly all the p r o v i n c e o f A q u i l a , I t a l y . ( a b ' sa - l o r n ) [ H e b . , ' father of doctrines of the church, and professed to adopt the reli- A b s a l o m peace.'] 1 , T h e tliird son of D a v i d , k i n g of gion of Abraham before his circumcision. I s r a e l . He rebelled against his father, and was defeated A b r a h a m - m a n (a'bra-ham-man). Originally, and slain in the forest of Ephraim. a mendicant lunatic f r o m Bethlehem Hospital; Absalom L o n d o n . The wards in the ancient Bedlam (Bethlehem) 2, A c h a r a c t e r i n D r y den's s a t i r e and A c h i t o p h e l " : an u n d u t i f u l son, i n t e n d e d bore distinctive names, as of some saint or patriarch. That named after Abraham was devoted to a elusa of t o r e p r e s e n t t h e D u k e of M o n m o u t h . lunatics who on certain days were permitted to go out A b s a l o m , T o m b of. A t o m b so n a m e d , i n J e begging. They bore a badge, and were known as Abra- r u s a l e m . It consists of a rock-cut basement 19 feet ham-men. Many, however, assumed the badge with- square and 20 high, surmounted by a Phenician concave out right, and begged, feigning lunacy. Hence the more cornice of Egyptian type, above which is an attic of mar common meaning came to be an impostor who wandered sonry supporting a cylinder capped by a tall concave cone. about the country seeking alms, under pretense of lunacy. At the corners of the basement are cut pilasters with Ionic From this came tho phrase to sham Abraham, to feign columns as antse, and there are two Ionic semi-columns on sickness. every face. Above the architrave is a Doric triglypliAbraham Newland. See Xeivland. A b r a h a m ' s O a k , A n a n c i e n t o a k or t e r e b i n t h frieze of late type. w h i c h l o n g s t o o d o n t h e p l a i n of M a m r e , n e a r H e b r o n in S y r i a , a n d w a s b e l i e v e d t o b e t h a t u n d e r w h i c h t h e p a t r i a r c h p i t c h e d his t e n t . Wheeler, F a m i l i a r A l l u s i o n s . A b r a h a m the J e w and the M e r c h a n t Theod o r e . A m e d i e v a l s t o r y , i n v e n t e d i n suppprt of t h e w o r s h i p of i m a g e s . "Theodore, ruined by a shipwreck and repulsed by his friends, borrows money from Abraham, invoking, as his only security, the great Christ set up by CJonstantine in the copper-market before the palace at Byzantium. Again Theodore loses all, and again the Jew trusts him. Theodore sails westward, and this time prospers. Wishing to repay Abraham, but finding no messenger, he put3 the money in a box, and commits it, in the name of Christ, to the waves. It is washed to the feet of the Jew on the shore of the Sea of Marmora. But, when Theodore returns, Abraham, to try him, feigns that he has not received it. Theodore requires him to make oath before the Christ. And as Theodore, standing before the image, passionately prays, the heart of his benefactor is turned to faith in the surety of the friendless." J ebb, Greek Lit,, p. 155.

A b r a h e n (ab'ra-hen). A character in Chapman's t r a g e d y " " R e v e n g e f o r H o n o u r " : the s e c o n d s o n of the c a l i f . A b r a m (a/bram). 1. S e e Abraham.—2. In S h a k s p e r e ' s " B o r n e o and J u l i e t / ' a s e r v a n t t o Montague.

A b s a l o m a n d Achitophel (ab'sa-lom a n d a k i t ' o - f e l ) . A poetical satire b y John Dryden ( p u b l i s h e d 1681), d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t t h e p o l i t i c a l f a c t i o n l e d b y t h e E a r l of S h a f t e s b u r y . The second part was written by Tate and revised by Dryden, and was intended to show up the minor characters of the contending factions. The success of this attack upon Shaftesbury was unprecedented, and the satire has been said to be "the first in the language for masculine insight and for vigour of expression." A b s a l o n (ab'sa-lon). B o r n 1128: d i e d at S o r o e , Z e a l a n d , D e n m a r k , 1201. A D a n i s h p r e l a t e , statesman, a n d w a r r i o r , a r c h b i s h o p of L u n d and p r i m a t e . A l s o Axel. A b s a r o k a (ab-sa'ro-ka). [ N a m e d f r o m a spec i e s of h a w k , but c o m m o n l y s t y l e d ' t h e C r o w . ' ] A t r i b e of t h e H i d a t s a divisi on of N o r t h A m e r i can I n d i a n s . T h e y n u m b e r 2,287, a n d aro o n t h e Crow reservation in Montana. S e e Hidatsa. A b s c h a t z (ap'shats), H a n s A s s m a n n , Baron v o n . B o r n a t W i i r b i t z , S i l e s i a , F e b . 4. 1646: d i e d A p r i l 22, 1699. A G e r m a n p o e t , t r a n s l a t o r of ' ' P a s t o r F i d o " f r o m t h e I t a l i a n of G u a r i n i , a n d a u t h o r of s a c r e d h y m n s still in use i n P r o t e s t a n t churches. A selection of his poems was given by W. Miiller in " Bibliothek deutscher Dichter des 17. Jahrh." (1824).

A b r a n t e s (a-bran'tes). A town in the district Absecon (ab-se'kon). T h e n a m e of a b a y a n d of S a n t a r e m , p r o v i n c e of E s t r e m a d u r a , P o r t u a n i n l e t on t h e c o a s t o f N e w J e r s e y , n o r t h e a s t g a l , s i t u a t e d o n t h e T a g u s at t h e h e a d of n a v i of A t l a n t i c C i t y . A l s o w r i t t e n Absecum. g a t i o n , a b o u t 75 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t o f L i s b o n . It A b s e n t e e ( a b - s e n - t e ' ) , T h e . O n e of t h e t a l e s w a s t h e s t a r t i n g - p o i n t of J u n o t i n his m a r c h o n i n t h e scries " T a l e s f r o m F a s h i o n a b l e L i f e , " Lisbon. P o p u l a t i o n , about. 6,000. A b r a n t è s (a-bron-tas'), D u e d \ See Junot, b y M i s s E d g e w o r t h , p u b l i s h e d in 1812. A b s o l o n (ab'so-lon). I n Chaucer's " M i l l e r ' s Andochc. T a l e , " an a m o r o u s p a r i s h c l e r k w h o c o m e s t o Abrantès, Duchesse d\ S e e Junot, Madame. g r i e f i n h i s w o o i n g of t h e c a r p e n t e r ' s w i f e . See A b r a n t e s , V i s c o u n t and M a r q u i s o f . A b s o l o n , J o h n . Born at L a m b e t h , L o n d o n , Calmon du Fin e Almeida, Miguel. M a y 6, 1815. A n E n g l i s h p a i n t e r , best k n o w n Abravanel. See Abrabanel. f r o m his w a t e r - c o l o r s . A b r e u (à-brà'ò), J o 5 o C a p i s t r a n o de. Born in Ceara, B r a z i l , 1852. A B r a z i l i a n historian. Kor A b s o l u t e ( a b ' s o - l u t ) , S i r A n t h o n y . A f a m o u s character in Sheridan's comedy " T h e R i v a l s , " many years he has resided at Rio de Janeiro, where he has a n o b s t i n a t e , p a s s i o n a t e , s e l f - w i l l e d , b u t g e n been assistant in the National Library, and professor in erous o l d m a n . The following passage exhibits his the Pedro Segundo College, and lias been connected with temper: "SirAnth. So you will iiy out! Can't you be cool like me? What the devil good can passion do? Passinn is various journals. A b r e u , José de. B o r n at P o r t o N o v o , R i o of no service, you impudent, insolent, over-bearing reprobate ! There you sneer again ! don't provoke me! but you G r a n d e d o Sul, a b o u t 1775: k i l l e d a t t h e b a t t l e rely upon the mildness of my temper—you do, you dog! of I t u z a i n g ó , F e b . 20,1827. A B r a z i l i a n g e n e r a l . you play upon the meekness of my disposition! Yet take Abu-ramu or Abram, Abraham's original name, occurs He was of obscure parentage and enlisted as a common care, the patience of a saint may be overcome at last! but on early Babylonian contract-tablets. soldier, but rapidly rose in rank and was one of the most Sayce, Anc. Monuments, p. 53. distinguished Brazilian leaders in the campaigns against mark I I give you six hours and a half to consider of this; if you then agree, without any condition, to do everything Artigas, 1816 to 1820. In the latter year he bccame fieldA b r a h a m , P l a i n s of, or H e i g h t s of. A n e l e - marshal, and in 1826 was created Baron of Serro largo, on earth that I choose, why. confound you! I may in time v a t e d p l a i n j u s t b e y o n d Q u e b e c t o t h e south- taking part in the Uruguayan campaign under the Mar- forgive you." Sheridan, Rivals, ii. 1. w e s t , a l o n g t h e r i v e r , t h e scene of t h e b a t t l e quis of Barbacena. Absolute, Captain. In Sheridan's " R i v a l s , " of Q u e b e c . S e e u n d e r Quebec. A b r o c o m a s , or H a b r o c o m a s . a n d A n t h i a A b r a h a m a S a n c t a - O l a r a ( ä ' b r ä - h ä m ä s ä n k ' - ( a - ( o r h a - ) b r o k ' o - m a s a n d an t h i - a ) . A n o l d t h e son of Sir A n t h o n y , a s p i r i t e d s o l d i e r a n d p e r s i s t e n t l o v e r w h o a p p e a r s as t h e i m p e c u n i tä k l ä ' r a ) . B o r n at K r ä h e n h e i m s t e t t e n , n e a r G r e e k r o m a n c e b y X e n o p h o n of É p h e s u s . It iviesskir'ch, B a d e n , J u l y 2,1(544 : d i e d at V i e n n a , recounts the adventures of the two lovers so named before ous E n s i g n B e v e r l e y ( a n d is thus his o w n rival) t o w i n t h e a f f e c t i o n s of t h e r o m a n t i c L y d i a D e c . 1, 1709. H a n s U l r i c h M e g e r l e ( o r M e g e r - and subsequent to their marriage. l i n ) , a n A u g u s t i n i a n m o n k , c o u r t p r e a c h e r at A b r o l h o s ( S - b r o l ' y ó s ) . A g r o u p of i s l e t s off L a n g u i s h w h o scorns a m a t c h w i t h o n e so suitV i e n n a and satirical w r i t e r . He wrote "Judas the t h e coast o f ' W e s t A u s t r a l i a , a b o u t l a t . 2 8 ° - 2 9 ° S . a b l e as t h e son of S i r A n t h o n y A b s o l u t e . Arch-rascal" (''Judas der Erzschelm"), a satirico-reli- A b r o l h o s B o c k s . A g r o u p of i s l e t s a n d r e e f s off A b s y r t u s ( a b - s e r ' t u s ) . [ G r . ' i ^ T p r o c . ] I n G r e e k gious romance (16»6); "Gack, Gack, Gack a Ga of a marl e g e n d , t h e b r o t h e r of M e d e a , w h o cut h i m i n t h e c o a s t of B r a z i l , a b o u t l a t . 18° S. vellous hen in the duchy of Bavaria, or a detailed account A b r u d b à n y a (ob 'rùd-ban "yo). A t o w n i n p i c c c s and t h r e w t h e f r a g m e n t s o n e b y one into of the famous pilgrimage of Maria Stern in Taxa" (1687), t h e c o u n t y of U n t e r w e i s s e n b u i ' g , T r a n s y l v a - the sea t o d e l a y h e r f a t h e r ( w h o s t o p p e d t o p i c k etc. His collected works till 21 volumes. Acnia, A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y , a b o u t 28 m i l e s n o r t h - t h e m u p ) i n his p u r s u i t of h e r a n d Jason. A b r a h a m ben Meir ibn E z r a (a'bra-ham w e s t of K a r l s b u r g : t h e c h i e f p o i n t i n t h e c o r d i n g t o a n o t h e r l e g e n d he w a s slain b y ben i n a - e r ' 'b'n e z ' r ä ) . B o r n at T o l e d o , 1092: T r a n s y l v a n i a n g o l d r e g i o n . P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t Jason. See Jason. d i e d 11G7. A c e l e b r a t e d scholar of t h e J e w i s h 4.000. A b t (apt).Franz. B o r n at E i l e n b u r g . P r u s s i a n A r a b i c p e r i o d in Spain, a p h i l o l o g i s t , p o e t , S a x o n y , D e c . 22,1819: died at W i e s b a d e n , M a r c h S e e Forum Trebonn. m a t h e m a t i c i a n , a s t r o n o m e r , and B i b l e c o m - A b r u t u m , m e n t a t o r . He had a good knowledge of Hebrew and A b r u z z i a n d M o l i s e ( à - b r o t ' s e and m ò - l è ' z e ) . 31,1885. A G e r m a n c o m p o s e r , n o t e d c h i e f l y f o r Arabic grammar, and wrote a treatise on Hebrew gram- A c o m p a r t i m e n t o i n the m o d e r n k i n g d o m of his p o p u l a r s o n g s ( " W h e n t h e S w a l l o w s h o m e mar, " Sefei' moznaïm " (book of weights) ; also 150 poems, I t a l y , c o n t a i n i n g t h e p r o v i n c e s C h i e t i , T e r a m o , w a r d fly," e t c . ) .

Abu

7

Academy of France at Home

A b u (a'bo). A mountain, 5,600 feet high., in Kajputana, India, about lat. 24° 45' N., long. 72° 40' E., the chief seat of the Jain worship. Its slopes are covered with temples and tombs. Also Aboo. Abu-Arish (a'bo-a'rish or -a'resh). A town in southwestern Arabia, 24 miles from tlie Red Sea, about lat. 16° 55' N., long. 42° 40' E. Population, about 8,000. [Ar.; said to mean Abu-Bekr (a'bd-bek'r). 'father of the virgin,' i. e. Ayesha, Mohammed's wife.] Born at Mecca, 573: died at Medina, Arabia, Aug. 22 (?), 6S4. The father-inlaw and one of the first followers and chief supporters of Mohammed, and the first calif or successor of the prophet (632-634). His original

A b u l Kasim Mansur (â'bol ka-sëm'màn-sor')« Born at Shadab, near Tus, in iOiorasan, about 940: died 1020 at Tus. The great epic poet of Persia, called Firdusi (more correctly Flrdtiusi the Paradisiac, from Fir dans, Paradise).

'mixed': referring to the character of the population.] A country of Africa, part of the ancient Ethiopia, bounded by Nubia and Sudan on the west and north, by the Italian possessions, Danakil country, and Adal on the east, and by the G-alla country on the south: area (estimated), 190,000 square miles; population

n a m e w a s Abd-el-Kaaba. Bekr, Abu-Baler.

A l s o Aboo-BcJcr,

Abou-

Abu-Habba (a'bo-hab'a).

An Arab v i l l a g e a b o u t 16 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t o f B a g d a d . Excavations w e r e m a d e t h e r e i n 1881, a n d t h e site of an a n c i e n t B a b y l o n i a n c i t y d i s c o v e r e d , p r o b a b l y Sippar, t h e b i b l i c a l Sep h a r v a i m ( w h i c h see).

Abudah (a-bo'da). A character in the Rev. James Ridley's " T a l e s of the Genii": a rich merchant who in seeking, in a dream, the talisman of Oromanes, which insures perfect happiness, finds it in love of God and submission to his will. Abu-Hailifah (a'bo-ha-ne'fa). Born at AlKufah, 700: died at Bagdad. 770. A noted Mohammedan imam and jurisconsult, the founder of the Hanifi sect. Abu-Hassan (a'bo-has'an). In the story of " T h e Sleeper Awakened" in " T h e Arabian Nights' Entertainments," a citizen of Bagdad who while entertaining the disguised calif expresses a wish to 44 be calif for one day." The •wish is g r a n t e d i n such a w a y t h a t A b u - H a s s a n is e n t i r e l y deceived, to t h e g r e a t a m u s e m e n t of t h e calif, w h o in t h e end m a k e s h i m his c o m p a n i o n a n d f a v o r i t e . Shakspere has a d o p t e d t h i s idea, f r o m an o l d e r p l a y , i n t h e d e c e p t i o n p r a c t i s e d on Sly t h e t i n k e r , iu t h e i n d u c t i o n t o t h e " T a m i n g of t h e S h r e w . "

Abukir (a-bo-ker'). A small village in northern Egypt, on tlie bay of Abukir 13 miles northeast of A l e x a n d r i a . I t is n e a r t h e s i t e of t h e a n c i e n t Canopus, p r o b a b l y a l i t t l e t o t h e w e s t . H e r e , J u l y 25, 1799, N a p o l e o n w i t h .">,000 F r e n c h d e f e a t e d 15,000 T u r k s . M a r c h 8, 1801, t h e E n g l i s h u n d e r Sir R a l p h A b e r c r o m b y captured the t o w n from the French. Also Abookeer, Aboukir.

Abukir, Bajr Of. A bay north of Egypt, between Abukir and the Rosetta mouth of the Nile, the scene of the battle of the Nile, Aug. 1 and 2, 1798. in which Nelson defeated the French fleet under Brueys, who lost 13 out of 17 vessels and 9,000 men. A b u - K l e a (a'bo-kla'a). Wells in the Nubian desert in the bend of the Nile on the route between Korti and Shendv, where, Jan. 17, 1885, the Mahdists attacked the British under Stewart. and were repulsed with severe loss on both •sides. Also Abou-Eka. A b u l Casim. See Abul Kasim. A b u l f a r a j (a'bol-fa-raj'), or Abulfaragius (ab' ul - fa - r a ' ji - us), surnamed Bar-Hebraeus ('Son of the Hebrew'). Born at Malatia (Malatiya), Armenia,1226: died at Maragha, Persia, 128(5. Gregory Abulfaraj ibn al Harun, a Syriac and Arabic author, the son of a baptized Jew. A t t w e n t y h e w a s m a d e b i s h o p o f Gula a n d a f t e r w a r d o f A l e p p o , and b e c a m e maphrian, t h e dignity a m o n g the J a c o b i t e Christians n e x t t o t h a t of p a t r i a r c h . Of his m a n y Syriac a n d A r a b i c w r i t i n g s t h e b e s t - k n o w n a r e an autob i o g r a p h y a n d a c h r o n i c l e i n Syriac, a u n i v e r s a l h i s t o r y from A d a m down to his own time.

Abulfazl ( a ' b o l - f a ' z l ) . Assassinated 1602. Vizir and historiographer of the Mogul emperor Akbar, author of the ' 1 Akbar Nameh." or "Book of Akbar," comprising a history of Altbar's reign, and an account of the religious and political constitution and the administration of the empire. Abulfeda (si-bol-fa/da or a-bol'fa-da), Ismael ben-Ali Eiaad-eddin. Born at Damascus, 1273: died in Syria, Oct. 26,1331. A noted Arabian geographer and historian, prince of Hamah in Syria: author of a geography and an4 Abridgment of the History of the Human Race." Abulghazi Bahadur (a-bol-gha'ze ha-ha-dor'). Born 1605: died about 1665. A khan of Khiva, author (after his abdication) of a history of the Mongols and Tatars, translated into various European languages. Abul-Hassan A l i ebn Bekar (a'bol-has'an a'le eb'n be'kar). A character in 44 The Arabian Niglits ? Entertainments," the lover of the calif's favorite, Scliemselnihar; rieeing from B a g d a d f o r f e a r o f t h e calif's anger, h e dies at t h e s a m e

.hour as Scliemseluihar.

H e w a s t l i e a u t h o r of t h e " S h a h n a m a h , " an e p i c of a b o u t 00,(XX) d i s t i c h s , t h a t sings t h e d e e d s of I r a n i a n and P e r sian s o v e r e i g n s a n d h e r o e s f r o m t h e o l d e s t t i m e t o t h e f a l l of t h e Sassanid?E(641 A. P . ) . a n d c o n t a i n 3 m a n y of t h e ancient epic traditions of the Iranians. H e l i v e d long at t h e c o u r t of M a h m u d of Ghazni.

Abu-Nuvas ( a ' b o - n o ' v a s ) . Died 815. An Arabic lyric poet who lived at the court of the H i s songs of l o v e a n d w i n e califs of Bagdad. a m o n g t h e m o s t n o t a b l e in A r a b i a n p o e t r y .

are

A b u r i (ii-bo'rë). A town 15 miles back of Akra, West Africa. O w i n g t o i t s a l t i t u d e , it is u s e d as a s a n a t o r i u m b y B r i t i s h officials and residents, as also b y t h e 3 a s e l Mission, w h i c h has t h e r e an e x c e l l e n t i n d u s t r i a l s c h o o l . P o p u l a t i o n , £>,000.

A b u Shahrein. See Endu. Abushehr. See Bushire. Abu-Simbel (â'bô-sim'bel), or Ipsambul (ipsam'bol). The anuient Abuiicis or Aboccis, a place in Upper Egypt situated on the Nile about lat. 22° 25' N.,"famous for its two rocktemples, one large and the other smaller, built in the steep face of a cliff by Rameses II. For the g r e a t t e m p l e t h e r o c k has b e e n c u t a w a y t o f o r m a s m o o t h f a ç a d e a b o u t 100 f e e t w i d e a n d h i g h , w i t h a c o r n i c e of seated c y n o c c p h a l i . B e f o r e t h e f a ç a d e a r e f o u r e n t h r o n e d colossi of R a m e s e s , a b o u t 66 f e e t h i g h , and c o m p a r a t i v e l y p e r f e c t e x c e p t f o r t h e s p l i t t i n g a w a y of t h e h e a d a n d arms of one. Over the central portal, in a rectangular niche, is a figure of R a t h e sun-god. T h e f i r s t c h a m b e r o f t h e i n t e r i o r is a l a r g e hull w i t h 8 Osiride piers, and m u r a l s c u l p t u r e s p o r t r a y i n g t h e m i l i t a r y d e e d s of R a m e s e s . B e y o n d is a s m a l l e r p i l l a r e d h a l l , t h e n a v e s t i b u l e b e f o r e t h e sanctuary, w h i c h c o n t a i n s seated f i g u r e s of A m e n , Ptah, H o r u s , and R a m e s e s h i m s e l f . F r o m t h e o u t e r h a l l 8 l a t e r a l c h a m b e r s , i r r e g u l a r l y p l a c e d , are r e a c h e d . The t o t a l d e p t h in t h e r o c k of t h i s t e m p l e is o v e r 200 f e e t . T h e f a ç a d e of t h e s m a l l e r t e m p l e d i s p l a y s six r e c t a n g u l a r n i c h e s c o n t a i n i n g colossal f i g u r e s in h i g h r e l i e f . B e t w e e n t h e t w o c e n t r a l n i c h e s is t h e p o r t a l , w h i c h l e a d s t o a h a l l s u p p o r t e d b y 6 square piers w i t h H a t h o r capitals. From t h e h a l l e x t e n d s a c o r r i d o r w i t h t w o s m a l l c h a m b e r s and a sanctuary. T h e w h o l e i n t e r i o r is s c u l p t u r e d . On t h e l o f t l e g of t h e i n j u r e d colossus o f t h e g r e a t t e m p l e is a Greek i n s c r i p t i o n , one of t h e m o s t a n c i e n t s p e c i m e n s of Greek writing, recording that when Psammetichus came to Elephantine, the writers, whose names are given, came to t h e s p o t b y w a y of K e r k i s . I t d a t e s f r o m 592 B. c.

( e s t i m a t e d ) , 5,000,000. I t s i n h a b i t a n t s are E t h i o pians, Kalasha ( t h e A b y s s i n i a n J e w s ) , ft alias, etc. ; t h e p r e v a i l i n g l a n g u a g e is A m h a r i c ; t h e p r e v a i l i n g r e l i g i o n t h a t of t h e E t h i o p i a n ( C o p t i c ) C h u r c h ( f o u n d e d i n t h e 4th cent u r y b y F r u m e n t i u s , b i s h o p o f A^xum) ; and t h e g o v e r n m e n t a f e u d a l m o n a r c h y u n d e r a N e g u s or e m p e r o r ( N egus N e g u s t , ' k i n g of k i n g s '). T h e p r e s e n t (1S93) s o v e r e i g n i3 M e n e l e k I I . , w h o s u c c e e d e d t o t h e t h r o n e in 1889. The s u r f a c e of t h e c o u n t r y consists m a i n l y of table-lands w i t h m o u n t a i n - r a u g e s r e a c h i n g an e l e v a t i o n of a b o u t LFI,(X)0 f e e t . T h e c l i m a t e is t e m p e r a t e a n d salubrious. T h e p r i n c i p a l e x p o r t s ( t h r o u g h M a s s o w a h ) are skins, i v o r y , b u t t e r , g u m s , a n d m u l e s . T h e e m p i r e is d i v i d e d i n t o t h e k i n g d o m s of T i g r é i n t h e n o r t h , A m h a r a , G o j a m i n t h e w e s t and c e n t e r , a n d Shoa i n t h e s o u t h ; and t h e r e a r e m a n y o u t l y i n g t e r r i t o r i e s a n d d e p e n d e n c i e s . T h e c h i e f c i t i e s are A n k o b e r , O o n d a r , and A d o w a . A b y s s i n i a w a s v i s i t e d by t h e P o r t u g u e s e i n t h e 15th and 16th c e n t u r i e s i n t h e search f o r t h e k i n g d o m of P r e s t e r John. I t was broken u p i n t o s m a l l m o n a r c h i e s d o w n t o t h e t i m e of t h e a d v e n turer Theodore who consolidated the kingdom, but was o v e r t h r o w n b y t h e British e x p e d i t i o n u n d e r N a p i e r in 1S6S. D i f f i c u l t i e s w i t h I t a l y i n 1887 and 1888 w e r e f o l l o w e d b y a t r e a t y of " m u t u a l p r o t e c t i o n " i n 1889. T h i s p r o t e c t o r a t e w a s a b r o g a t e d by M c n e l e k i n 1893. A m o n g t h e e x p l o r e r s of A b y s s i n i a a r e B r u c e , Gobat, B e k e , P a r k y n s , Stern, and llarkham. See Spheres of Influence.

Acacians (a-kâ'shiaiiz). A branch of the Arians, named from Acacius, surnamed ''Monophthalmus" (/the one-eyed'), bishop of Ceesarca (died BOB), which occupied a position between that of the Semi-Arians and the extreme Arians (Anomœans). Academic Legion. All armedcorpsof students, especially in the revolutionary troubles of 1848 ; specifically, an insurrectionary corps of the kind which was conspicuous at Vienna in 1848. Academy (a-kad'e-mi), The. [Gr. 'AKCK^jfj.eia.l A public pleasure-ground on the Cephissus, about one mile northwest of ancient Athens, on land said to have belonged, in the time of the Trojan war, to the hero Academus. it was surr o u n d e d w i t h a w a l l b y H i p p a r c h u s and f u r t h e r a d o r n e d b y C i m o n , t h e son o f M i l t i a d c s , w h o b e q u e a t h e d i t t o t h e citizens of Athens. I t was the resort of Plato, w h o taught i n i t s g r o v e s f o r n e a r l y f i f t y years, t i l l his d e a t h iu 348 u. C.

Abusir (a-bô-sêr'). A small town in the Delta Academy, The. The Platonic school of philosof Egypt, south-southwest of Cairo, the ancient ophy down to the time of Cicero : so called from Busiris, containing pyramids erected by kings the pleasure-ground above described. It is comm o n l y d i v i d e d i n t o t h e Old, t h e M i d d l e , a n d t h e N e w of the 5th dynasty. Abu-Teman (à'bô-te-man'). Born in Syria A c a d e m y . T h e chief r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s of t h e first w e r e Speusippus, X e n o c r a t c s of Chalcedon, P o l e m o , Crates, about 807: died about 8+5. An Arabian court a n d Grantor. T h e M i d d l e A c a d e m y w a s f o u n d e d b y A r poet at Bagdad, and collector of Oriental poetry. cesilaus a b o u t 244 B. c., a n d t h e N e w A c a d e m y b y CarAbydoS (a-bï'dos). [Gr. v "ASuSac."] In ancient n e a d e s a b o u t 160 B. C. S o m e t i m e s t h e a c a d e m i e s of 1'hilo geography, a town in Upper Egypt on the west a n d A n t i o c h u s are s p o k e n of as t h e f o u r t h A c a d e m y a n d bank of the Nile, near the modern Arâbat-el- t h e f i f t h A c a d e m y , r e s p e c t i v e l y . Madfûneh, about lat. 26° 13' N., long. 31° Academy, French. [F. Académie française."] 52' E., famous for a temple of Osiris built by An association originating about 1629 m the SetiL, and also for a temple built by Rameses II. i n f o r m a l w e e k l y m e e t i n g s o f a f e w ( 8 ) m e n o f T h e f o r m e r is d e s c r i b e d b y S t r a b o as the* " M e m n o n i o n . " T h e p l a n is a square f a c i n g t h e n o r t h e a s t , w i t h a l a r g e r e c t a n g u l a r p r o j e c t i o n f r o m t h e back of t h e southeast side. F r o m t h e o u t e r c o u i t is e n t e r e d t h e l o n g first h a l l , w i t h t w o r a n g e s of c o l u m n s , a n d f r o m i t t h e s e c o n d hall, w i t h t h r e e ranges. B o t h t h e s e g r e a t h a l l s are o r n a m e n t e d w i t h r e l i e f s , j r o m t h e s e c o n d h a l l t h e r e is access t o an e x t e n s i v e series of chambers, c o r r i d o r s , and s m a l l e r halls, all d e c o r a t e d w i t h c o l o r e d r e l i e f s . I n one of t h e c o r r i d o r s is tlie c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y i m p o r t a n t T a b l e t of A b y d o s . (See b e l o w . ) A n u m b e r of t h e c h a m b e r s a r e c o v e r e d w i t h f a l s e v a u l t s , c u t t o s h a p e f r o m flat l i n t e l s . T h e t e m p l e of R a m e s e s is also d e d i c a t e d t o Osiris. I t was a r e c t a n g l e , preceded by a great inclosed court surrounded by Osiride figures. F r o m t h e c o u r t t w o spaciou3 c e n t r a l l i y p o s t y l e halls a r c e n t e r e d in succession, and f r o m t h e s e open a n u m b e r o f c h a m b e r s . T h e g a t e w a y s w e r e of r e d a n d b l a c k g r a n i t e , and o n e c h a m b e r w a s w h o l l y l i n e d w i t h alabaster. T h i s t e m p l e , w h i c h was c o n s i d e r a b l y s m a l l e r than t h a t of Seti, i3 i n a v e r y r u i n o u s state. See Abydos, Tablet of.

l e t t e r s i n P a r i s , a n d f o r m a l l y e s t a b l i s h e d Jan.

2, 1635, by Cardinal Richelieu, for the purpose of controlling the French language and regulating literary taste. I t c o n s i s t e d of f o r t y m e m bers, t h e " f o r t y i m m o r t a l s , " t h e o f f i c e r s b e i n g a d i r e c t o r a n d a c h a n c e l l o r , b o t h c h o s e n b y lot, a n d a p e r m a n e u t secretary, chosen by votes. A m o n g the objects p r o v i d e d f o r i n t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n w a s t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of a d i c t i o n ary, a g r a m m a r , a treatise o n r h e t o r i c and o n e on p o e t r y . I n 1634 t h e first e d i t i o n of t h e c e l e b r a t e d ' D i c t i o n n a i r e d e l ' A c a d é m i e " a p p e a r e d , w h i l e t h e s e v e n t h a p p e a r e d in 1878. T h e A c a d e m y was suppressed by t h e C o n v e n t i o n i n 1703, b u t w a s r e c o n s t r u c t e d i n 1795, u n d e r t h e n a m e of t h e " C l a s s o f F r e n c h L a n g u a g e a n d L i t e r a t u r e . " as p a r t of t h e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e . I t s original organization w a s r e s t o r e d b y l o u i s X V I I I . i n 1816.

Academy, Royal Spanish. demia

Expafiola.']

An

[Sp. Real

academy

Am-

founded

at

Madrid in 1713 by the Duke of Escalona, and Abydos, or Abydus. In ancient geography, a established "by royal confirmation in 1714. Its town in Mvsia, Asia Minor, on the Hellespont object is to cultivate and improve the national about lat. 40° 11' N., long. 26° 25' E., noted language. in the legend of Hero and Leander, and as the Academy of A r t s and Sciences, American. A society for the encouragement of art and location of the Bridge of Xerxes. science, foundedin Boston in 1780. It has pubAbydos, Bride of. A poem by Lord Byron, lished ''Memoirs" from 1785, and '•Proceedpublished in 1813. ings " from 1846. Abydos, Tablet of. An inscription in a corri-,L Academy of Fine Arts, The. [F. VAcadémie dor of the temple of Seti I. at Abydos, giving des beaux arts.'] An institution originating in a succession of (55 kings beginning with Menes, a private association of painters in the 14th cencovering a period of about 2.200 years, A simi- tury, recognized by royal authority in 1648 under l a r t a b l e t c o n t a i n i n g 18 names, f o u n d i n t h e t e m p l e of the name of Academy of Paintingand Sculpture, R a m e s e s i n 133S, was r e m o v e d by t h e F r e n c h c o n s u l - g e n and definitively constructed in 1655 by Cardinal eral, sent t o P a r i s , and f i n a l l y p u r c h a s e d f o r t h e B r i t i s h M u sen m .

Mazarin. A t t h e c r e a t i o n of t h e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e i n 1795 it w a s u n i t e d w i t h t h e A c a d e m y of A r c h i t e c t u r e ,

f o u n d e d b y C o l b e r t i n ! 6 7 1 , t o f o r m t h e ' f o u r t h class of t h e A b y l a (aVi-la). [G-r. ASi'/.q or A8t'/.t].~] In ancient geography, a promontory in Africa, the i n s t i t u t e ; a n d since 1819 t h i s class has b o r n e t h e n a m e of modern Jebel Musa or Apes' llill, opposite A c a d e m y of F i n e A r t s . I t consists of 41 m e m b e r s , 10 honCalpe (G-ibraltar) : the two constitute the fa- o r a r y a c a d e m i c i a n s , 10 f o r e i g n associates, and 40 c o r r e s p o n mous "Pillars of Hercules." Also Abyla Mons d e n t s . I t p u b l i s h e s its m e m o i r s and t r a n s a c t i o n s as w e l l as t h e " D i c t i o n n a i r e g é n é r a l des b e a u x a r t s . " Ç mountain') and Abijla ('olunnni ('pillar'). Abyssinia ( a b - i - s i n ' i - a ) . [Arabic Ilabash, Academy of France at Rome, [F. Académie

Academy of France at Rome de France à Rome.] A school of fine a r t s t h e Gulf a n d R i v e r of St. L a w r e n c e , a n d westf o u n d e d a t R o m e b y Louis X I V . , "where t h o s e w a r d b y a line r u n n i n g n o r t h f r o m the m o u t h a r t i s t s are sent, a t t h e p u b l i c expense, who ob- of t h e ^ P e n o b s c o t . It was colonized by France in t a i n t h e g r e a t a n n u a l prizes of t h e A c a d e m y 1604, on the Bay of Fundy, and cedcd to Great Britain by of F i n e A r t s at P a r i s . See Villa Mediti. the treaty of Utrecht, 1713 (cxcept Cape Breton). The

Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-Lettres.

Freuch settlers in Nova Scotia were deported by the Brit-

Academy of Medicine,

dians of Tenochtitlan in their wars with Tecpan, and ca-

Accorso, Francesco Acciajuoli, or Acciajoli, Donato. Born at Florence, 1428: died a t Milan, Aug. 28, 1478. A n I t a l i a n scholar a n d s t a t e s m a n , g o n f a l o n i e r of

F l o r e n c e i n 1473. He was the author of lives of Hannibal, Scipio, and Charlemagne, of a translation of some of Plutarch's "Lives," and of commentaries on Aristotle's " E t h i c s " and "Politics."

[ F . V Académie des inscriptions et belles- ish in 1755. lettres.'] A n association composed originally of Acadian Mountains (a-ka'di-an moun'tanz). Accioli de Cerqueira e Silva (ak-se-o'le da serf o u r m e m b e r s , chosen b y Colbert f r o m a m o n g A n occasional n a m e of t h e e l e v a t e d region in- k a ' r a e sel'va), I g n a c i o . B o r n in Coimbra, t h e m e m b e r s of the F r e n c h A c a d e m y t o d r a w c l u d e d b e t w e e n t h e H u d s o n , t h e lower St. L a w - P o r t u g a l , in 1808: died a t Rio de J a n e i r o , A u g . u p i n s c r i p t i o n s f o r t h e m o n u m e n t s e r e c t e d by r e n c e , a n d t h e Atlantic, a n d comprising t h e 1, 1865. A B r a z i l i a n g e o g r a p h e r . When very Louis X I V . a n d t h e m e d a l s s t r u c k in his honor. m o u n t a i n s of C a n a d a , Maine, a n d t h e "White a n d young he emigrated with his father to Brazil. In 183S he I t received a separate organization in.1701, which was con- G r e e n M o u n t a i n s . began the publication of a series of geographical works firmed by the letters patent of Louis XIV. in 1712, and was A c a j l l t l a (a-ka-Hot'la). A small seaport in on the empire, of which he was made official chronicler. suppressed by the Convention in 1793 ; but at the creation Salvador, C e n t r a l A m e r i c a , a b o u t 40 miles w e s t A c c i u s (ak'slii-us), L u c i u s . B o r n a b o u t 170 of the National Institute in 1795 its members were incorpo- of S a n Salvador. B. c . : died a t a n a d v a n c e d age. A R o m a n rated in that body. In 1816 the title was restored by Louis t r a g i c p o e t a n d prose writer, especially n o t a b l e XVIII. for the second class of the Institute. The pres- Acampichtli, or Acampixtli (a-kam-pesh'tle). f o r his i m i t a t i o n s f r o m t h e Greek, though, h e A chief, or so- dealt also w i t h R o m a n s u b j e c t s . Fragments of ent Academy of Inscriptions and Belles-LettreB consists of [Aztec, ' h a n d f u l of r e e d s . ' ] 40 members, 10 honorary academicians, and 8 foreign as- called king, of t h e A z t e c s of Mexico, who, ac- his tragedies have been preserved. Also Attius. ["The sociates, with 50 corresponding members at home and cording t o the m o s t p r o b a b l e chronology, w a s forms Accius and Attius probably differ dialectically. In elected i n 1375 a n d died i n 1403. He led the In- the MSS. that with cc greatly preponderates; on the other abroad.

[F. VAcadémie de

hand, in inscriptions the spelling of this name with tt is

médecine.] A F r e n c h a c a d e m y f o u n d e d i n 1820 nals and stone houses were first made in his time. His far the more frequent." Teujfel and Schwa-be, Hist, of t o preserve v a c c i n e m a t t e r a n d a c t a s a b u r e a u power was very limited. Rom. Lit. (trans.), I. 191.] of i n f o r m a t i o n t o t h e g o v e r n m e n t o n s a n i t a t i o n A c a p u l c o (a-ka-pol'ko). A s e a p o r t i n Guer- Acco. See Acre. a n d t h e p u b l i c h e a l t h . I t is divided into three sec- rero, Mexico, o n t h e Pacific in lat. 16° 51' N., A c c o l o n (ak'o-lon). A c h a r a c t e r i n t h e " M o r t e tions : medicine, surgery, and pharmacy. I t publishes l o n g . 9 9 ° 5 6 ' W . It has one of the best harbors in the d ' A r t h u r , " a k n i g h t of Gaul, c e l e b r a t e d f o r his country, and had a large commerce during the 17th and c o m b a t w i t h K i n g A r t h u r , in w h i c h the l a t t e r memoirs, and carries on an extensive correspondence. 18th centuries. Population, 5,000. Academy of Moral and Political Science, Acarnania, or Akarnania (ak-ar-na'ni-a). s o u g h t t o r e g a i n h i s e n c h a n t e d sword and scabT h e , [ F . VAcadémie des sciences morales et po- [Gr. 'Auapvavia.] I n a n c i e n t geography, a divi- b a r d of which Accolon h a d g a i n e d possession litiques.'] The f o u r t h class of t h e F r e n c h Na- sion of Grcece, b o u n d e d b y the Axabracian Gulf t h r o u g h t h e aid of M o r g a n le F a y . t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e , f o u n d e d in 1795, s u p p r e s s e d by on t h e n o r t h , b y Amphiloehia on t h e n o r t h e a s t , A c c o l t i (ak-kol'te), B e n e d e t t o . "Born at A r e z Napoleon in 1803, a n d r e e s t a b l i s h e d b y Louis b y JEtolia on t h e east ( p a r t l y s e p a r a t e d by t h e zo, Italy, 1415: died a t F l o r e n c e . 14G6. A n P h i l i p p e i n 1832. I t h a s 40 m e m b e r s , 6 hon- Achelous), a n d b y t h e I o n i a n sea on t h e west. I t a l i a n j u r i s t a n d writer, chancellor of the rei c of F l o r e n c e 1459-66. He was the author o r a r y academicians, 6 f o r e i g n associates, a n d Its ancient inhabitants were the Leleges and Curetes. pofu ba l history of the first crusade, " D e Bello a Cliristianis They were rude mountaineers, but were regarded as 48 c o r r e s p o n d i n g m e m b e r s . contra Barbaros," etc. (1532), which served as the foun-

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel-

Greeks, and as such were allowed to participate in the

1812. It is divided into four sections: physical, mathematical, philosophical, and historical. The regular members are paid, and hold general meetings every Thursday and sectional meetings every Monday. Besides, there are foreign members, not to exceed 24, and honorary members and correspondents. It publishes " Abhandlungen " (till 1803 "Mémoires" and "Nouveaux Mémoires ') and "Monatsberichte. "

e r n M e x i c o . Traces of their language may yet be detected. They were described, in the last years of the 16th ccntury and in the 17th, when first met with, as rather peaceably iuclined, of sedentary habits, and as sorely pressed by their ferocious neighbors the Tepehuanes.

dation of Tasso's " Gerusalemme liberata."

p h i a , T h e . A scientific i n s t i t u t i o n organized Pan-Hellenic games. m 1812, a n d i n c o r p o r a t e d i n 1817, possessing A c a r n a n i a and ^ t o l i a (e-to'li-a). A nomarchy Accolti, Benedetto. Born at Florence, 1497: a v a l u a b l e l i b r a r y r e l a t i n g chiefly t o n a t u r a l of m o d e r n Greece, h a v i n g an area of 3,013 s q u a r e died 1549. A n I t a l i a n c a r d i n a l (and l e g a t e in a v e n n a ) a n d poet, a u t h o r of L a t i n p o e m s colhistory, a n d a n e x t e n s i v e collection of speci- miles. I t s eapital is Missolonghi. P o p u l a t i o n R l e c t e d in ' ' C a r m i n a i l l u s t r i u m P o e t a r u m I t a l m e n s i n n a t u r a l h i s t o r y . Its publications consist (1889), 162,020. orum." of a series of "Journals " from 1817 to date, and of "Pro- A c a s t e ( a - k a s t ' ) . A c h a r a c t e r in Moliere's ceedings"from 1841,besides which it also published" The p l a y " L e M i s a n t h r o p e , " a g a y a n d brilliant A c c o l t i , B e r n a r d o . B o r n a b o u t 1465: died a b o u t 1535. A n I t a l i a n poet, son of B e n e d e t t o American Journal of Conchotomy." m a r q u i s , a Jover of Celimene. Academy of Sciences, The. [F. l'Académie A c a s t o ( a - k a s ' t o ) . A c h a r a c t e r i n Otway's play Accolti t h e elder. See t h e e x t r a c t . des sciences.] A n i n s t i t u t i o n f o u n d e d at P a r i s " T h e O r p h a n , " a n o b l e m a n , the f a t h e r of PolyThe same age gave the name of Unico to Bernardo Aci n 1666 by Colbert, a p p r o v e d b y Louis X I V . in dore a n d Castalio, r e t i r e d f r o m t h e court a n d colti, of Arezzo, born before 14fiG, and who died after the year 1534. Whenever this celebrated poet announced his 1699, s u p p r e s s e d b y t h e Convention i n 1793, a n d living on his e s t a t e s . intention of reciting his verses, the shops were shut up, r e c o n s t i t u t e d in 1795 as a class of t h e N a t i o n a l Acastus (a-kas'tus), or Akastos (-tos). [Gr. and the people flocked in crowds to hear him. He was I n s t i t u t e . I t n u m b e r s 68 m e m b e r s , 10 h o n o r - vAKO.G7O$.] I n Greek legend, a son of K i n g surrounded by prelates of the first eminence; a body of Swiss troops accompanied him; and the court was lighted ary academicians, 8 f o r e i g n associates, a n d 100 P e l i a s or Ioleos, a n A r g o n a u t , a n d one of t h e by torches. But, as Mr. Koscoe has justly remarked, there corresponding members. h u n t e r s of t h e Calydonian b o a r . H e w a s t h e wanted one circumstance to crown his glory — that his works had perished with himself. Their style is hard and Academy of Sciences at Berlin, The Royal. f a t h e r of L a o d a m e i a . poor; his images are forced, and his taste is perverted by [Gr. Die königliche Akademie der Wissenschaf- Acawais, See Accawais. affectation. He has left us a comedy, La Virginia; some ten.] A n i n s t i t u t i o n f o u n d e d in 1700 b y F r e d and terza rima; some lyric poetry; and some eric I. a f t e r p l a n s s u b m i t t e d b y L e i b n i t z , a n d A c a x e e s ( a - k a k s ' e z ) . A n a t i v e t r i b e (now ex- octaves strambotti, or epigrams. t i n c t as such) in t h e s t a t e of D u r a n g o i n n o r t h o p e n e d i n 1711. Its present constitution dates from

Academy of Sciences at Copenhagen, The

R o y a l . [Dan. Bet kongelige danske VidenskaJyernes Selskab.] A n a c a d e m y e s t a b l i s h e d as a p r i v a t e society i n 1742, a n d received u n d e r t h e r o y a l p r o t e c t i o n i n 1743. Since 1742 it has published

a series of transactions under the name of " Skr if ter," and since 1823 each of its two classes has also published independent memoirs under the name of " Afhandlinger. "

Academy of Sciences at St. Petersburg, The

Acca. bee Acre. Accad. See Akkad.

Accademia della Crusca (ak-ka-da'me-adel'la 5

k r o s ' k a ) . [It., ' a c a d e m y of t h e bran, a f a n c i f u l n a m e a l l u d i n g t o i t s p r o f e s s e d object of sifti n g or p u r i f y i n g t h e I t a l i a n l a n g u a g e . ] An a c a d e m y f o u n d e d a t F l o r e n c e i n 1582 b y t h e p o e t Grazzini, w i t h the object of p u r i f y i n g t h e I t a l i a n l a n g u a g e a n d l i t e r a t u r e . It published in 1812 the first edition of the "Yocabolario degli Accademici della Crusca," long the standard dictionary of the Italian language.

I m p e r i a l . A n a c a d e m y p r o j e c t e d b y r e t e r A c c a d i a n s . See u n d e r Akkad. t h e G r e a t w i t h the assistance of Wolf a n d Leib- Acca Larentia (ak'a la-ren'shi-a). A mythical nitz, a n d e s t a b l i s h e d b y Catherine I., Dec. 21, f e m a l e p e r s o n a g e in t h e early h i s t o r y of Rome, 1725. It is composed of 15 professors, a president» and s o m e t i m e s r e p r e s e n t e d as a p u b l i c w o m a n who a director, with four adjuncts, who attend the meetings of the society, and succeed to vacancies. It has published b e q u e a t h e d h e r w e a l t h to t h e citizens of Rome, "Cominentarii Academige Scientiarum Imperialis Petro- sometimes as t h e wife of F a u s t u l u s a n d the n u r s e politanie" (14 volumes from 1728 to 1747); "Novi Coin- of R o m u l u s a n d R e m u s . She seems to be of Etruscan

mentarii Academite," etc. (20 volumes down to 1777) ; origin and connected with the worship of the Lares. Also, "Acta Academiaj," etc., of which two volumes appear an- improperly, Acca Laiircntia. nually. A c c a w a i s (a-ka-wa-ez'). A n I n d i a n t r i b e of

Academy of Sciences a t Stockholm, The, or The Royal Swedish Academy. A society,

Sismondi, L i t of the South of Europe, I . 428.

Accolti, Francesco. Born at Arezzo, 1418: died a t Siena, 1483. A n I t a l i a n j u r i s t , p r o f e s sor of l a w at Bologna a n d F e r r a r a , a n d s e c r e t a r y t o t h e D u k e of M i l a n : b r o t h e r of B e n e d e t t o Accolti t h e elder. H e w a s one of t h e m o s t n o t a b l e j u r i s t s of his age. A c c o l t i , P i e t r o . B o r n a t F l o r e n c e , 1455: died a t F l o r e n c e , 1532 (1549?). A n I t a l i a n c a r d i n a l a n d legate i n A n c o n a (commonly called Cardinal of A n c o n a " ) , b r o t h e r of B e r n a r d o Accolti. H e is said t o h a v e h a d a n i m p o r t a n t p a r t in d r a w i n g u p t h e b u l l a g a i n s t L u t h e r . 1520.

Accomplished Fools, The. See The Tender Husband.

Accoramboni (ak-kd-ram-bo'ne), Virginia or V i t t o r i a . Died a t P a d u a , Dec. 22, 1585. T h e D u c h e s s of Bracciano, an I t a l i a n l a d y of

g r e a t b e a u t y a n d w i t . Her first husband, Francesco I'eretti, whom she married in 1573, was murdered in 1581 at the instigation, it was said, of Paolo Giordano Orsini, Duke of Bracciano, whom she married. On his death, Nov. 13, 1585, she became involved in litigation with Lodovic Orsini concerning the inheritance, and was murdered by him. These events were altered and adapted by Webster in his tragedy " The White Devil, or Vittoria Corombona" (1(512). Her history has been written by Gnoli (1870), and she was made the subject of a novel by L. Tieck, " Vittoria Accoramboni" (1840).

British Guiana, t h e small r e m n a n t s of which, inh a b i t t h e river-banks n e a r t h e coast. They are originally private, f o u n d e d J u n e 2, 1739, a n d allied in language to the Caribs, but are more savage and i n c o r p o r a t e d March 31.1741, as t h e Royal Swe-* wandering in their habits, and are very treacherous. They Accorso (ak-kor' so), Latinized Accursius dish A c a d e m y . I t s q u a r t e r l y p u b l i c a t i o n s are often attack villages of the more civilized Indians. Also (a-ker"§i-us), B u o n o . B o r n a t P i s a about t h e issued i n a n n u a l volumes, of w h i c h t h e first 40 written Accaways, Accowaios, Akavaiss. middle of the 15th c e n t u r y . A classical scholar A c c h o ( a k ' o ) . A n old n a m e of Acre. (to 1779) form a series k n o w n as t h e " O l d Acciajuoli c o m m e n t a t o r on Ciesar a n d (a-chii-yo-o'le), or Acciajoli (a-cha- ao nt hde rrhetorician, Transactions." L a t i n authors. Also Buonaccorso. A m e m b e r of t h e F l o r e n t i n e Accorso, Latinized Accursius, Francesco. Academy, or Society, of Arcadians. A society fyaom' l iel)y, ofN etrhi aot. name, created D u k e of A t h e n s f o u n d e d in 1690 in I t a l y b y Giovan Mario Cres- i n 3394. The title was retained by his successors till B o r n at Florence a b o u t 1180: d i e d a b o u t 1260. cimbeni and Gian Vincenzo Gravina. its chief 1456, when the Turks put an end to the domination of A n I t a l i a n jurist, f o r a time t e a c h e r of l a w a t aim was to establish in literature the simplicity of the shepherds of the fabled golden age of Arcadia,

the Latins in Attica.

ginally Larcadia : Acadie is said t o have b e e n first used in 1603.] A f o r m e r F r e n c h colony i n America, b o u n d e d by t h e A t l a n t i c ,

served for many years as the chief adviser of Joanna, Queen of Naples, and was invested in 1858 with the barony and hereditary governorship of the fortress of Corinth.

or Acciajoli, Niccolo. Died 1365. A Acadia (a-kâ'di-a), Acadie (ä-kä-de'). [Ori- Acciajuoli, w e a l t h y F l o r e n t i n e b a n k e r and s t a t e s m a n . He

B o l o g n a . Bis most celebrated work was a body of explanatory glosses on the Roman law, called " T h e Great Gloss."

Accorso, Latinized Accursius,

Francesco.

B o r n a t Bologna, 1225: died a t Bologna, 1293. A n I t a l i a n jurist, son of t h e p r e c e d i n g , profes-

Accorso, Francesco

Achillini

9

sor of law at Bologna. He entered the service of Edward I. of England and lectured on law at Oxford about 1275.

citizens of all t h e towns. The principal officers w e r e : A c h a t e s (a-ka'tez). The faithful companion, two strategi (after 255 u. c. only one), who, in conjunction Achates," of ^ n e a s . with the hippavchus or commander of the cavalry, find au . ' fidus , under-strategus, commanded the federal army, and were A C i i e e i l , See A chin. intrusted w i t h t h e conduct of war; a state secretary; Achelous (ak-e-lo'us), or Acheloos (-os). [Gr. and an apparently permanent council of ten demiurgi, ^e/ttiof.] In ancient geography, a river in who appear to have presided a t the great assemblies.

Accorso, Latinized Accursius, Mariangelo.

Lived in tlie first half of the 16th century. An Italian literary critic, author of "Diatribse in (a-ke'I). [Gr. 'AxaioL] The Achasans, Ausonium, Jul. Solin Polyhistora, et in Ovidii Achasi one of the four principal races of the Greeks. Metamorphoses" (1524), etc. Their chief places of abode were southern Thessaly and

Accra, or Acra (ak-rä'). See Akra, the better

spelling of the name. A c c r i n g t o n (ak'ring-ton). A town in Lancashire, England, about 34 miles northeast, of Liverpool. Its industries include calico-printing, dyeing, iron-founding, coal-mining, etc. Population" (1891), 38,603.

Accum (ä'köm), Friedrich Christian. Bom

at Bückeburg, Germany, 1769: died at Berlin, J u n e 28, 1838. A German chemist, long resident in London, known chiefly by his 44 Practical Treatise on Gas-light" (1815), and his efforts to promote the use of gas for purposes of illumination.

Accursius. See Accorso.

Greece (the modern Aspropotamo), which rises in Epirus, forms part of the boundary between ancient iEtolia and Acamania, and flows into eastern Peloponnesus. The name is sometimes extended the Ionian sea. Its length is about 130 miles. poetically to all the Greeks. In Homeric times they had Achenbach (acll'en-bach), Andreas. Born at a certain preponderance of influence over the other Hel- Cassel, Germany, Sept. 29,1815. A noted Gerlenes. man landscape and marine painter. Achaemen.es (a-kem'e-nez). [Gr. l&.xa/fj.f:^, OPers. Bakhdmani, thè friendly (Sayce).] The Achenbach, Oswald. Born at Düsseldorf, eponymous founder of the ancient Persian Prussia, Feb. 2, 1827. A German landscaperoyal family of the Achgemeuidge : the name was painter, brother of Andreas. The subjects of later used as a family name, as by one of the his works are chiefly Italian. sons of Darius Hystaspis. See Acihsemeniclee. Achenwall (äch'en-väl), Gottfried. Bom at Achasmenidse (ak-é-men'i-dè). A n ancient Elbing, Prussia, Oct. 20, 1719: died at Güttinroyal family of Persia, founded about 600 b. c. gen, May 1,1772. A German scholar, professor The following are the names of its leading members : of philosophy (1748) and of law (1761) at the Achsemenes, Cyrus t h e Great, Canibyses (Uomates, t h e University of Göttingen. He is regarded as Magian usurper), Darius Hystaspis, Xerxes I., Artaxerxes the founder of the science of statistics. I., Xerxes I I . , Sogdianos, Darius Ochus, Artaxerxes Mne- A r t i p r - n ( ^ ¿ l i V r n ) mon, Ochus, Arses, Darius Oodomannus. Also Ach&men- A C n e r a t a c i i c r n ) .

A t n w n i n RnrlAn ftitna + Pil A t o w n in m a e n . Situaterl

o n tiL A c e l d a m a (a-sel'da-ma). [Aramaic, . ... „ , 'field of -- ides, Achemenides, Acfiemenids. e Acher about 31 miles southwest of blood.'] A field said to have been situated Achaeus (a-ke'us), or A c h a i o s (a-ki'os). [Gr. Carlsruhe. Population, 3,000. south of Jerusalem, the potter's field, purchased J^aidf.] A Greek poet of Eretria in Eubcea, A c h e r n iai irv f (a-ker'nar). [Ar. Akher-nahr, _the 1 The first-magnitude star a Eriwith the bribe which Judas took for betraying who flourished from about 484 B. c. to 448. latter rpart.] dani, situated in the southern hemisphere at his Master (whence the name). It was appro- o£ Hewwas the author of forty-four dramas, only fragments hich priated to the interment of strangers. remain. The titles of seventeen are known. the southern extremity of the constellation, A c e p h a l i ( a - s e f ' a - l i ) . [Gr. aKeth century B. c. Of the temple of Aphrodite but one of the great Doric columns, very similar to those of the temple of Athena, but larger, is standing, but the plan has been in part recovered. T h e t e m p l e was hexastyle. jEgina, Gulf Of. See Saronic Gulf.

.Ajgineta, Paulus. See Panlus A-jjineta. iEginetan Marbles (oj-i-ne'tan mkr'blz). An important collection of sculpture from the temple of Athena in iEgina, now in the Glyptothek a t M u n i c h . These sculptures were discovered in 1811, and consist for the most part of the remains of the series of statues from both pediments of the temple, r i v e figures survive from the eastern pediment, and 10 f r o m the western, which is probably complete. Both groups represent the exploits of Greek heroes in the Trojan war, w i t h Athena as the central ligurc. They belong to an artistic period immediately before the t i m e of f u l l mastery, and thus, while in many particulars admirable, preserve some archaic features, as the rigid smile on the expressionless faces, and the stiffness of attitude of some of the figures. The date generally accepted is about 475 B. a ; but this is not definitely established. These sculptures were restored by Thorwaldsen.

Adrian! ( a - d r e - a ' n e ) , Giovanni Battista. JEgipan (e'ji-pan). [Gr. AlytTrav, the goat Pan.] Born at Florence 1513 • died 1579. A Florentine In Greek mythology, the goat Pan, in some statesman and historian, author of a history of ./Egadian Islands (é-ga/di-an i'landz). See forms of the myth identical with Pan, and in his time, for the period 1536-74. jEgates. others different from him. He is called the Adrianus, Publius Aelius. See Hadrian. .¿Eg&on ( e - j e ' o n ) . [ G r . Alyaiuv.~\ See Briareus. son of Zeus and ¿Ega, Pan's wife, and also the Adriatic Sea (a-dri-at' ik, or ad-ri-at'ik, se). [Gr. ¿¡gáleos (é-gá'le-os). [Gr. A In an- father of Pan. o A., and was the founder .¿Esop, ClodillS. A Roman tragic actor, a conpersuasive language, who was variously repre- of the Aerians. sented as the son of Pythagoras, or of Numa, .¿Erde (a'ré-e), or A n o e (iir're-e). An island temporary and intimate friend of Cicero, reor as the descendant of Ascanius. The first of Denmark, in the Little Belt, south of Fü- garded by Horace and others as the equal of nen. Length, 15 miles. Area, 33 square miles. the great actor Roscius. member of the gens who obtained the consulship was L . JEmilius Mamercus (in 484 B. C.). I t s f a m i l y names are Population, about 11,000. Its chief town is i E s t i i (es'ti-i). See the extract. Barbula, Baca, Lepidus, Mamercus or Mamercinus, Papus, iEroeskjobing. N o r t h of the Slavs, and intimately connected w i t h them, Paulus, Ecgillus, and Scaurus. A e r s c h o t , or A r s c h o t (fir'skot). A t o w n in the the Prusso-Lettish branch of languages was situated; these tribes are first mentioned as the ^Estii of TaciJEmilius (e-mil'i-us). [ A Roman name said to province of Brabant, Belgium, on the Demer tus (c. 45) on the amber coast, then as the Galindse and be from Gr. aipvXiog, flattering. See JEmiUa about 23 miles northeast of Brussels. Popula- Sudini of Ptolemy, the neighbours of the Venedfc. Miilgens.'] In Shakspere's (?) " T i t u s Andronicus," tion (1890), 6,234. lenhoff makes it probable that " t h e stock collectively spread from the south or south-east, so that the swampy a noble Roman. AertSZen (art'sen), P i e t e r . Born at Amster-

iEstii district of t h e Pripet was once its n a t u r a l boundary to t h e south, and the original basis of its diffusion." Schrader, Aryan Peoples (tr. by 3 evons), p. 428.

iEthelbald (ath'el-bald), orEthelbald (eth'el-

b i i l d ) . l > i c d 7o7. K i n g of i l i e M e r c i a n s f r o m 716 (718 t o 757, s o n of A l w e o , g r a n d n e p h e w o f P e n d a , a n d s u c c e s s o r of C e o l r c d . l i e was acknowledged overlord of the English as far as the Humber, 731; took t h e West-Saxon town of Somcrton, 73J; ravaged .Northumbria, 740 ; was defeated by his West-Saxon underking, Cuthred, a t the b a t t l e of Burford, 7L>-1; and was killed by his ealdormen, 757.

-ffithelbald, or Ethelbald. King of the West

18 n a m e d " T h e A t h e i s t , " t h e f o u n d e r of a s e c t o f e x t r e m e Arians, called A e t i a n s f r o m hiin, E u n o mians from his disciple Eunomius, a n d Anomceans. The Aetians " w e r e t h e first to carry out the doctrincs of Arius to their legitimate issue, and in opposition both t o l l o m o o u s i a n s and Homoiousians maintained t h a t t h e Son was unlike, ¿vo/xoio?, t h e F a t h e r " (whence the name Anomoeans). Aetius, Born at Durostorus (Silistria) about 3 9 6 : k i l l e d a t K o i n e , 454. A R o m a n g e n e r a l , commander-in-chief under Valentinian III. H e gained many victories over t h e West Goths, Franks, Burgundians, and o t h e r n o r t h e r n invaders, and is famous for his victory over Attila, near Ch&lons-sur-Mariie, 4iil. H e was p u t to d e a t h by the emperor.

Africa n a t i v e s of A f g h a n i s t a n , Pushtu, o r Puklitu.

and called

by

them

Afinger (af'ing-er), Bernhardt. Born at Nuremberg, Bavaria, M a y 6,1813: died at Berlin, D e c . 25, 1882. A n o t e d G e r m a n s c u l p t o r .

Afium-Karahissar (a-fe-om'ka-ra'his-sar'), or

K a r a h i s s a r . [ T u r k . , ' b l a c k c a s t l e of o p i u m . ' ] A t o w n i n t h e v i l a y e t of K h o d o w e n d i k y a r , A s i a t i c T u r k e y , a b o u t l a t . 38° 38' N . , l o n g . 30° 28' E . : t h e n a t i v e c i t y of O t h m a n , f o u n d e r o f t h o T u r k i s h e m p i r e . ' N e a r i t i s t h e s i t e of t h e a n cient Synnada. P o p u l a t i o n , 20,000 (?). Afranius (a-fra'ni-us), Lucius. A Roman A§tius. Born at Amida, Mesopotamia: flour- c o m i c p o e t , a n i m i t a t o r of M e n a n d e r . l i v i n g i s h e d a b o u t 5 0 0 A. D. A G r e e k w r i t e r , a u t h o r a b o u t 1 0 0 B. c . F r a g m e n t s of h i s w o r k s a r e of a m e d i c a l w o r k i n s i x t e e n b o o k s ( L a t i n e x t a n t . t r a n s l a t i o n 1 5 4 2 ) . Though essentially a compilation, it is one of the most valuable books of antiquity oil Afranius Nepos, Lucius. A Roman general, a n a d h e r e n t of. P o m p e y . H e was consul 60 B. c., medicine. .¿Etna (et'na). A L a t i n d i d a c t i c p o e m e r r o n e - was opposed to C a s a r in Spain 49 B. c., a n d d i e d in Africa 46 B. c. ously attributed to Vergil. It combats the

S a x o n s 8 5 8 - 8 6 0 , s o n of ^ t h e l w u l f . H e married his father's widow, J u d i t h of France, who on his death ret u r n e d t o France and married Bald win, a f t e r w a r d count of Flanders. F r o m thi3 last union was descended Matilda, wife of William the Conqueror. iEthelberht(ath'el-berHt),orEtIielbert(etli'el-bert), Saint. B o r n 5 5 2 ( f ) : d i e d F e b . 24, 616. K i n g of K e n t f r o m 560 t o 616, s o n of E o r m e n r i c , a n d g r e a t - g r a n d s o n of H e n g i s t . He was defeated by t h e West Saxons under Ceawlin anil Cut h a at the battle of Wimbledon, 508; married Bertha or Bercia, a Christian princess, d a u g h t e r of Charibert. lung p o p u l a r m y t h i c a l t h e o r y of t h e c a u s e s of v o l of the F r a n k s ; gradually established his overlordship c a n i c a c t i o n . over the English south of t h e H u m b e r a f t e r the death of .ffitna, Mount. See Etna. Ceawlin, 593 ; received St. Augustine at the Isle of Tbauet, ^ S t o l i a ( e - t o ' l i - i i ) , o r A i t o l i a ( i - t o ' l i - a ) . [Gr. 5i)7; and was converted and vigorously supported Augus- Airu'Aia,] I n a n c i e n t g e o g r a p h y , a d i s t r i c t of tine. He issued the first of t h e Anglo-Saxon codes, COO. G r e e c e , b o u n d e d b y E p i r u s a n d T h e s s a l y on t h e ¿¡thelberht, or Ethelbert. King of the West n o r t h , D o r i s o n t h e n o r t h e a s t , L o c r i s o n t h e S a x o n s 8G0-8G6, s o n o f ^ E t h e l w u l f . ^Ethelburh (ath'el-borH), L. Ethelburga (cth- et ha es t s oaunt dh , as no ud t hAecaasrtn, a nt hi ae oCn o trhi ne t wh ieasnt . G uI tl f n oown e l - b e r ' g a ) , S a i n t . D i e d 6 7 6 ( f ) . A b b e s s of B a r k ing, Essex. S l i e i s c o m m e m o r a t e d o n O c t . 1 1 . f o r m s p a r t o f t h e n o m a r c h y of A c a r n a n i a a n d ^Jfciielflaed (ath'el-flad), or E t h e l f l e d a (eth'el- iEtolia. l i e - d a ) . D i e d i n 918 (?). T h e e l d e s t d a u g h t e r .ffitolian League (e-to'li-an leg). A confederof K i n g A l f r e d . She married Ethelred, ealdorman of a c y of G r e e k t r i b e s w h o s e c o n s t i t u t i o n w a s t h e Mercians. During h i s life they h a d equal rule, and a f t e r his death, in 911 or 912, she was sole ruler. Slie ia c o p i e d f r o m t h a t o f t h e A c h a e a n L e a g u e , i t waged war against Macedon 323 B. c., against t h e Gauls 279, and known as " the Lady of t h e Mercians." against t h e Achaoan League '220, and waa allied with Rome ^ t h e l f r i t h ( a t h ' e l - f r i t h ) , o r E t h e l f r i d ( e t h ' - 211-192. I t was dissolved in 167 B. 0. e l - f r i d ) , o r £ 2 d i l f r i d . D i e d G17. K i n g of t h e Afanasieff (a-la-na'si-ef), Aleksandr. Born N o r t h u m b r i a n s f r o m 5 9 3 t o 6 1 7 , s o n o f i E t h e l - 1 8 2 6 : d i e d 1871. A Russian arcliEeologist, r i c , w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d . H e defeated Aidan (JMhan) a t the b a t t l e of Dscgsastan (probably Daws tone), 603; a u t h o r of " R u s s i a n P o p u l a r S t o r i e s , " " P o e t i c a l V i e w s o f t h e O l d S l a v o n i a n s about Nadefeated t h e Welsh a t t h e b a t t l e of Chester, 613, massacring about twelve h u n d r e d of t h e two thousand monks t u r e , " e t c . from Bangor Yscoed, w h o were praying for t h e success of Afar and Afar country. See Danakil and the W e l s h ; and was defeated a n d killed by Rsedwald at Danakil country. the b a t t l e of the Idle, 617. A f e r (a'fer), D o m i t i u s . Born atNimes, France: e t h e l r e d (ath'el-rad), or E t h e l r e d ( e t h ' e l - d i e d 6 0 A. D. A R o m a n o r a t o r , a t e a c h e r of I n A. P. 26 he conducted the accusation rod), or E t h e r e d ( e t h ' e - r e d ) , I . K i n g of t h e Q u i n t i l i a n . W e s t S a x o n s f r o m 8 6 6 t o 871, s o n of i E t h e l - for the government against Claudia Pulchra, t h e cousin of Agrippina, and in A. D. 27 appeared against Varus wulf. her Bon. ¿Ethelred, or Ethelred, II. Born 968: died at AQuintilius, f f e n t h a l ( a f ' f e n - t a l ) . A village) n e a r B a d e n , L o n d o n , A p r i l 2 3 , 1 0 1 6 . K i n g of E n g l a n d , s u r i n B a d e n , noted for its red wine. named T h e U n r e a d y " ('lackingcounsel'), son Born at St. of E d g a r a n d E l f r i d a . H e succeeded to t h e throne Afire (af'r), Denis Auguste. R o m e , T a r n , F r a n c e , S e p t . 27, 1 7 9 3 : d i e d a t 979, instituted the p a y m e n t .of " d a n e g e l d " 991, ordered P a r i s , J u n e 27, 1848. A F r e n c h e c c l e s i a s t i c , a general massacre of t h e Danes 1002, was deposed 1013, a p p o i n t e d a r c h b i s h o p of P a r i s i n 1 8 4 0 . H e waa and was restored 1014. mortally wounded in t h e insurrection of 1843, at t h e barriAtheist an. See Atkclstan, cades, J u n e 25, while a t t e m p t i n g t o admonish the in. f f i t h e l w u l f ( a t h ' e l - w u l f ) , o r E t h e l w u l f ( e t h ' - surgents. cl-wulf), or A t h u l f . D i e d J a n . 13 ( J u n e 13?), 858. A n A n g l o - S a x o n k i n g , s o n of E c g b e r h t A f g h a n i s t a n ( a f - g a n - i s - t a n ' J . A c o u n t r y o f ( k i n g of W e s s e x , r u l e r of S u s s e x , K e n t , a n d A s i a , b o u n d e d b y A s i a t i c R u s s i a a n d B o k h a r a E s s e x , a n d o v e r l o r d of M e r c i a , E a s t A n g l i a , n o r t h , I n d i a a n d K a i i r i s t a n e a s t , B a l u c h i s t a n Northumbria, Wales, and Strathclyde), whom south, a n d Persia west, and extending from l i e s u c c e e d e d i n 8 3 9 . I n 842 he was defeated by the a b o u t l a t . 2 9 ° t o 3 7 ° 3 0 ' N . , a n d l o n g . 6 1 ° t o 72° E . The l i m i t s of t h e ameer's r u l e a r c ill defined. Danes at Charmouth, b u t in 851 l-epulsed t h e m with great The chief divisions are Kabul, Herat, Kandahar, Afghan slaughter a t Ockley in Surrey. I n 856 he married a sec- Turkestan, a n d Jelalabad. The Ameer of K a b u l 13 its ond wife, Judith, the daughter of Charles the Bald. The absolute sovereign. The prevailing religion is MohamWest Saxons revolted u n d e r his son e t h e l b a l d t o whom medanism. Afghanistan became independent of Persia h e surrendered the government of Wessex, retaining only u n d e r t h e Durani dynasty in 1747. Under its ruler, Dost his overlordship. Mohammed, war broke o u t with t h e British in 1838. . / E t h e r ( e ' t h e r ) . [ O r . Aid/;p.] I n G r e e k m y t h o l - T h e l a t t e r captured K a n d a h a r , Ghaztii, and K a b u l (1839), o g y , t h e s o n of C h a o s a n d D a r k n e s s , a n d t h e establishing a new a m e e r ; b u t in 1841 t h e British agent b r o t h e r of N i g h t , D a y , a n d E r e b u s ; o r , a c c o r d - was massacred, a n d the British army was annihilated i n g t o I l e s i o d , t h e s o n o f E r e b u s a n d N i g h t , in 1842 in r e t r e a t i n g in t h e Kurd-Kabul Pass. Gena n d t h e b r o t h e r of D a y . By Day h e was the father eral Pollock ended t h e war in 1842. I n 1878, u n d e r the of Land, Heaven, and Sea; by Earth, of the Giants and ameer Shore Ali, war again b r o k e o u t with t h e British, Titans and the vices which destroy the human race. Ac- who captured Jelalabad a n d Kandahar. Shcre Ali fled, cording t o the Orphic hymns, he is t h e soul of t h e and Yakub Khan was proclaimed in 1879. A massacre of world f r o m which all life springs. In later times he was t h e British resident a t K a b u l was followed by an invasion regarded as the broad expanse of heaven, t h e abode of u n d e r General Roberts, and Yakub K h a n abdicated. T h e latter's brother Ayub K h a n in 1880 defeated t h e British the gods. forces, b u t under General Roberts they relieved Kandahar iu 1880, defeated Ayub Khan, and recognized Abdurrah.¿Ethiopia. See Ethiopia. man Khan as ameer. Various disputes arose regarding jEthiopica. S e e Thiagcnes and Clmriclea. boundary between Afghanistan and t h e Russian posjEthiopis (e-thi'o-pis), or Lay of Ethiopia. A the sessions. The Russians seized P e n j d e h in 1885, and war O r e e k e p i c p o e m of t h e T r o j a n c y c l e , b y A r c t i n u s was narrowly averted. An Anglo-Russian commission o f M i l e t u s , t h e o l d e s t c e r t a i n l y k n o w n e p i c p o e t arranged t h e delimitation of the northern frontier in ( a b o u t 7 7 6 B.C. ) : s o n a m e d f r o m o n e of i t s h e r o e s , 1886-87. R e c e n t occurrences h a v e been revolts of t h e Memnon the ^Ethiopian, i t was a continuation of Ghilzais and other tribes. Area (estimated), 279,000 square t h e Iliad, reaching " f r o m t h e death of Hector to that of miles. Population (estimated), 4,000,000, including the Achilles, and telling of t h e arrival of the Amazons and Afghans proper, Pathans, Hindkis, Hazaras, Kataghans, etc. t h e E t h i o p i a n s to aid Troy." Afghan Turkestan. A region between the Aetians. S e e Aetius and Anomatans, Aetion (a-e'shi-on). [ G r . 'A.triuv.'] A noted Oxus and the Hindu-Kush Mountains, subject G r e e k p a i n t e r , p r o b a b l y a c o n t e m p o r a r y of t o t h e A m e e r of K a b u l : a v a g u e t e r m . British wars with Afghanistan Apelles. H i s p i c t u r e of t h e " M a r r i a g e of A f g h a n w a r s . See Afghanistan. A l e x a n d e r a n d R o x a n a " w a s f a m o u s i n a n - i n 1838-42 a n d 1878-80. A f g h a n ( a f ' g a n ) . 1 . O n e of a n I r a n i a n r a c e tiquity, A e t i u s (a-e'shi-us),or A e t i o s (-os). [Gr. fter/of.] f o r m i n g a l a r g e p a r t ( a b o u t 3 , 0 0 0 , 0 0 0 ) of t h e B o r n a t A u t i o c h , i n C o e l e - S y i ' i a : d i e d a t C o n - i n h a b i t a n t s of A f g h a n i s t a n . T h e n a t i v e n a m e s t a n t i n o p l e , 3 6 7 A. D. A S y r i a n t h e o l o g i a n , s u r - i s P u s h t a n a h ( p i . ) . — 2 . O n e of t h e l a n g u a g e s of t h e A r y a n f a m i l y , s p o k e n b y t h e A f g h a n s o r

A f r a s i a b (a-fra-si-ab'). In the Shahnamah, s o n of t h e T u r a m a n k i n g P e s h e n g a n d a d e s c e n d a n t o f T u r , t h e s o n of F e r i d u n . The obligation t o blood-revenge for the death of iiraj, who had been killed by Tur and his brother Salm, was t h e ground of t h e long struggle between I r a n and Turan. A great p a r t of t h e Shahnamah is taken u p with t h e account of the wars waged by Afrasiab w i t h Iranian sovereigns until h e at last escapes from Horn, who had bound him, into the lake of Urumiah. As Afrasiab is induced to raise his head above t h e waters, he is caught with a lasso by liom, who gives him over to Kaikhosrav, who beheads him. Afrasiab is t h e Franrasyan of t h e Avesta. A f r i c a (af'ri-ka). [ F . Afriquc, O . Afrika, Sp. I t . P g . Africa, L . Africa ( w h c n c e G r . 'AQpiKrr, t h e p r o p . G r . t e r m b e i n g Aifibq, L i b y a ) , p r o p . a d j . ( s c . terra), f r o m Afer ( p i . Afri), an inhabitant of A f r i c a , o r i g . w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e c o u n t r y of t h e G a r t h a g i n i a n s , f r o m w h o m t h e t e r m w a s received.] 1 . A c o n t i n e n t of t h e e a s t e r n hemisphere, next to Asia the largest grand d i v i s i o n of t h e WOTM, b o u n d e d b y t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n on t h e n o r t h (which separates it f r o m E u r o p e ) , t h e I s t h m u s of S u e z ( w h i c h c o n n e c t s it w i t h Asia), the R e d S e a (which separ a t e s it f r o m Asia), a n d t h e I n d i a n O c e a n on the east, t h e S o u t h e r n Ocean on the south, a n d the Atlantic on the west. I t extends from lat. 37" 20' N. t o lat. 34° 50' S., and from long. 17° 31' W. to long. 51° 22' E„ I t s principal political divisions are Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli, Barca, Tezzan, Kgypt, t h e Mahdi's dominions (in t h e eastern Sudan), Abyssinia, the I t a l i a n possessions, British East Africa, German East Africa, British protectorates in t h e interior, the Portuguese possessions on the east and west coasts, British South Africa (Cape Colony, Natal, etc.), the Orange i'ree State, t h e South African Republic, the German possessions in west Africa (Kamerun, Togo-land, Damaraland, etc.), the Kongo Free State, t h e French Kongo, t h e British possessions in weBt Africa (Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, etc.), the F r e n c h sphere of influence in western Africa (including the western Sahara), Senegal, Liberia, t h e Spanish coast, and various native states in the Sudan (Bambarra, Gando, Sokoto, Bornu, Adamawa, Wadai, etc.). The more distinctive physiographic features of t h e continent arc t o bo found in t h e Atlas Mountains, t h e Sahara, t h e great equatorial forests, t h e lake region (Albert Nyanza, Victoria Nyanza, Tanganyika, ctc.), and in t h e south-central plateau. Principal rivers : Nile, Kongo, Niger, and Zambesi (with t h e Victoria Falls, t h e "African Niagara"). Africa has at least one active volcano, t h e M f u m b i r o ; highest elevation of the land, t h e glacier-covered volcanic Kilimanjaro. Its inhabitants are chiefly of the negro race, with Kafirs, Hottentots, Copts, Arabs, Moors, Berbers, and some Europeans. The prevailing religions are Mohammedanism, various forms of paganism, t h e Coptic Church, and t h e Abyssinian Church. The name " Dark C o n t i n e n t " has been given to it as the least-known of the earth's grand divisions. Its northern portions were early seats of civilization, and p a r t of t h e R o m a n E m p i r e ; but m u c h of its interior is still unexplored. I t was circumnavigated by t h e Phenicians as early as t h e 7th century B. c. Coast-line exploration wa3 undertaken by t h e Portuguese in the middle of t h e l o t h century, and the Cape of Good Hope was doubled by Da Gama (1497). Explorations (interior) have been m a l e since the last p a r t of t h e 18th century by Brucc, Mungo Park, Hornemann, Burekhardt, Denham, Clapperton, Lander, Oudney, R e b m a n n , Barth, Richardson, Overweg, Vogel, Livingstone, B u r t o n , Speke, Grant, Baker, Stanley, Schweinfnrth, Maucli, Nachtigal. Dc Brazza, Uolub, Wissmann, Ssrpa Pinto, Cameron, Rohlfs, Lenz, Du Chaillu, Emin Pa^ha, a n d others. Recent events are t h e founding of t h e Kongo Free State, anil t h e partitioning among various powers (Great Britain, France, Germany, Portugal, Italy, Spain, etc.)of immense districts especially in t h e interior and along t h e eastern and western coasts : this so-called " scramble for Africa " began about 1884. (See Spheres of Influence.) The l e n g t h of Africa is 4,970 miles, its b r e a d t h a b o u t 4,700 miles, its area (estimated, Petermann), 11,508,793 square miles, and its population (estimated, Petermann's), lf>3,95:S,000. [ A f r i c a n n a m e s . I n most purely African languages the names of tribes. languages, and countries, as first heard and written by travelers, colonists, authors, a n d cartographers, appear not in their nakod form, b u t adorned with prefixes or suffixes, which distinguish t h e n a m e of one member of t h e tribe from many, t h e t r i b e f r o m t h o language, and t h e country from both t r i b e and language. Strictly speaking, t h e only correct way would be t o uso the prefixes and suffixes as the natives do. This, however, is impossible, because t h e languages are not yet suffl-

Africa ciently known, and because a specialist alone could master the great variety of prefixes and suffixes. Therefore Dr. Lepsius and J)r. R. N. Oust, and many after them, prefer to use the stem of the word, as it may be ascertained, and add to irrespectively, 14 man," "men," "tribe," "language," "country-" Thus, Ganda man (instead of M-ganda), Ganda tribe or people (instead of Ba-ganda), Ganda language (instead of Lu-ganda), and Ganda-land (instead of Bu-gandd). Uganda, as generally written, is the Suahili form of Bu-ganda. In this dictionary the tribe and the dialect will generally be found under one name, the word stem. In the case of suffixes, which are used in a few Nigritic and in the Hottentot and Hamitic languages, there is no difficulty ; for the initial syllables are uot affected, and can be readily found in the dictionary. Thus in Mandi-ngo, of the Nigritic branch, the stem is Mandi or Mande, aud -ngo is a suffix. In the Hottentot name Nama-qua, the suffix -qua signifies people or tribe; and it is better to say Nama tribe or people. The greatest difficulty is met with in the Bantu languages, where every noun has a prefix for the singular and another for the pluraL The following rules will be found useful : I n a general way, and in cases of doubt, tho prefix Mu- may be considered to signify 'person ' (man, woman, or child), Ba- or Wa- to signify people, U- to signify country, and Ki- to signify language. Thus, Mu-gogo, a Gogo man ; Wa-gogo, G-oco people ; U-gogo, Gogo-land ; Ki-gogo, Gogo language. Generally speaking, too, the plural prefix Ama- (for tribe) is used among the Kafirs in youth Africa, Ova- in West Africa, between Benguella and Walikeli Bay, A- or Alcua- from Loan da to the l u n d a country, Eshi{Exi-)t Bashi-, aud Bena- from the Kongo district of Angola due east to Nyangwe, Ba- in the Kongo basin and central Africa generally, Wa- in East Africa. The prefixes of most frequent occurrence, in proper names, are: Man : Mu-, Um-, Mo-, M- ; seldom Ki-, Tfihi-, Ka-, Mushi-, Mukua-. People: Ba-, Wa-, Ova-, A-, Ma-, Ama-; seldom I-, Tu-, Eshi- or Bashi-, Alcua-. Language : Ki-, Tshi-, Shi-, Si-, Seseldom II-, Lu-, Di-. Land; Bu-, U- ; seldom Le-. Examples : Man. People. Language. Land, Ganda: M-gnnda, Ba-gatida, Ln-gnndo. Bu-ganda. Luba: Mu-luba, Ra-fuba, Ki-luba. U-luba. GuR.>: Mu-ftogo, "W a-gogo, Ki-gogo, U-gogo, Gwnmha: ilo-gwamba, Ma-gwamba, Shi-gwamba. Su to : Mosuto, Ba-suto, Se-suto, Le-suto. Mbangnla: Ki-mbangala, I-mbangala, TJ-iwhangalo. M bund ii : O-tBlii-mbundu, Ovi-mbundo, TT-mbuiidu. Lange : Mushi-lunge. Jiaslii-lango, K.islii-!ange. Ng ila : Mnkua-ngola, Akua-ngola, Di-ngnla. A f r i c a n l a n g u a g e s . Our knowledge of African languages is not yet sufficient to warrant a final, or even a generally acceptable, classification. Specialists contradict each other us soon as they begin to classify. The English-speaking public still holds to the temporary classification of Dr. li. N. Cust in liis " Modern Languages of Africa," which is simply that of Fr. Millier in his " Grundriss der Sprachwissenschaft." German Africanists show, of late, a preference for that of Dr. Lepsius in the introduction to his "Grammar of Nuba." Somewhat modifled, this will probably be that of the future. Our classification tries to combine the nomenclature of Dr. Cust, generally followed in English books, with the facts, which give more support to the system of Lepsius. The main question is about the relation of Bantu and Negro. I. Purely African languages. (1) Negro languages : (а) Bantu languages (pure). (б) Nigriticor Sudan-negro languages (mixed). (c) Nuba-Fulah or Pul languages (mixed). (2) Hottentot, Bushmen, or Batua languages : (a) Hottentot languages, ) m, 8Rof umtt nh AA fî rri,fcl fal (b) Bushmen languages, I ' (c) Pygmy languages, in central Africa. (3) Hamitic languages : (a) Egyptian. (b) Libyan or Berber languages. (c) Ethiopian or Kushitic languages. II. Extra-African languages. (1) Scmitic languages : (а) Pure Arabic (Egyptian, Maghreb, Sudani, and Muscat dialects). (б) Mixed (Amharic, Tigré, etc.). (2) Malay languages (Madagascar). (S) Aryan languages. (o) English, in South Africa and Liberia. ) -p nril French, in Algeria. 5 Jrure' (Z/) Creole dialects. Mediterranean Lingua Franca. English Creole (in West Africa, Kru-English). Portuguese Creole (Cape Verde Islands ; S. Thomé and Principe Islands). Dutch Creole (Boers and Hottentots). I n the English, Portuguese, and Dutch Creoles, the wordstore is European ; much of the phonology, morphology, and syntax is African. For the Semitic and Malay languages, see Arabic. Malay-Polynesian. For the purely African languages, see Bantu, Nigritic, Hamitic, NubaFulah, Hottentot.—African e t h n o g r a p h y . Owing to the scantiness of ethnographic data, the linguistic division of Africa is also generally applied to the ethnographic classification. I t should, however, be remembered that the two do not cover each other exactly either within a family or group, or from class to class. Thus the Hottentots of Cape Colony have lost their original dialect, and adopted Dutch. The Ba-Rotse, on the Zambesi, have lost their language and adopted the Se-chuana dialect of the Ma-Kololo. The Nuba of Egypt, while retaining many characteristics of their language, have lost nearly all their racial traits, while, on the contrary, the H au 3a have given up almost every trace of their first mother-tongue, but are still, racially, pure negroes. As a rule, the names of African tribes and languages or dialects, if stripped of prefixes and suffixes, coincide, and will be found under one title in this dictionary. Sec Bantu, Nigrit.ic, Hottentot, Hamitic, Nuba-Fulah ; also African names and African languages.] 2 . I n a n c i e n t g e o g r a p h y , a p a r t of n o r t h e r n A f rica which corresponded nearly to the modern Tunis. It comprised the immediate dominions of C a r t h a g e . L a t e r i t w a s a R o m a n p r o v i n c e .

Agassiz, J. L. B.

19

Is'orth Africa—the only Africa known to t h e ancients— A g a d e s ( a ' g a - d e z ) . T h e c a p i t a l of t h e s u l t a n had seen many rulers come and go since the Arabs under Okba first overran its plains and valleys. Dynasty had a t e of A s b e n ( o r A i r ) , i n A f r i c a , a b o u t l a t . 17° succeeded dynasty; the Arab governors under the Kha- N . , l o n g . 7 ° 4 5 ' E . P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t , 7,000. lifs of Damascus and Baghdad had made room for the A g a g ( a ' g a g ) . [ H e b . ; of u n c e r t a i n m e a n i n g . ] Houses of Idris (A. D. 788) and Aglilab (800); these in 1 . A n A m a l e k i t e k i n g , s p a r e d b y S a u l , c o n t r a r y turn had given way to the Fatimi Khalifs (909); and when these schismatics removed their seat of power from their t o h i s v o w , a n d s l a i n b y o r d e r of S a m u e l . 1 newly founded capital of Mahdiya to their final metropo- S a m . x v . — 2. A c h a r a c t e r i n D r y d e n ' s " A b s a lis of Cairo (96S), their western empire speedily split up l o m a n d A c h i t o p h e l , " a s a t i r e of S i r E d m u n d into the several princedoms of the Zeyris of Tunis, the Beni Hammad of Tilimsan, and other minor governments. B e r r y G o d f r e y , a m a g i s t r a t e w h o r e c e i v e d t h e At the close of the eleventh century, the Murabits or Al- d e c l a r a t i o n of T i t u s O a t e s . H e w a s a f t e r w a r d morávides, a Berber dynasty, imposed their authority over f o u n d i n a d i t c h d e a d a n d m u t i l a t e d , h e n c e t h e the greater part of North Africa and Spain, but gave place a l l u s i o n ( s e e d e f . 1). in the middle of the twelfth to the Muwahhids or Almohades, whose rule exteuded from the Atlantic to Tunis, A g a m e m n o n ( a g - a - m e i n ' n o n ) . [ G r . 'Aya¡j.e}xvwv,~\ and endured for over a hundred yeavs. On the ruins of 1 . I n G r e e k l e g e n d a r y h i s t o r y , t h e s o n of their vast empire three separate and long-lived dynasties A t r e u s , k i n g of M y c e n a e , a n d t h e m o s t p o w e r sprang u p : the Beni-Hafs in Tunis (1228-1534), the Beni f u l r u l e r i n G r e e c e . He led the Greek expedition Ziyan in Central Maghrib (l£35-1400),and the Beni Merin against Troy, and on his return was slain, according to in Morocco (1200-155®). To complete the chronology it Homer, by ^Kgisthus, according to ¿ischylus, by his wife may be added that these were succeeded in the sixteenth century by the Corsair Pashas (afterwards Deys) of Algiers, Clytemnestra, who was incited to the deed partly by the Turkish Pashas or Beys of Tunis, and the Sherifs or jealousy of Cassandra, and partly through fear on account Emperors of Morocco. The last still continuo to reign ; of her adultery with JEgisthus. but the Deys of Algiers have given place to the French, 2 . T h o g r e a t e s t of t h e t r a g e d i e s of ^ s c h y l u s . and the Bey of Tunis is under French tutelage. The scene is laid in Argos, in the palace of Agamemnon, at the time of the king's return from the capture of Troy ; Poole, Story of the Barbary Corsairs, p. 21. the catastrophe is the murder (behind the scenes) of and Cassandra (whom he has brought captive 3 . A d i o c e s e of t h e l a t e r R o m a n p r e f e c t u r e of Agamemnon with him) by the queen Clytemnestra urged on by her I t a l y . It comprised the Roman provinces of Africa, Nnaramour ^Egislhus. Tragedies with this subject have midia, and a part of Mauritania, and corresponded to een written also by Seneca, Alfieri, and Lemercier. modern Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli. Agamenticus (ag-a-men'ti-kus), Mount. A 4 . See the extract. h i l l , 673 f e e t h i g h , i n Y o r k C o u n t y , n e a r t h o Africa meant to the Arabs the province of Carthage s o u t h w e s t e r n e x t r e m i t y of t h o S t a t e of M a i n e . or Tunis and its capital, which was not at first Tunis but The locality was the site of one of the earliest English successively Kay ra wan and Mahdiya. Throughout the colonies in Maine, led by Gorges and others, in 1631. later middle ages the name Africa is applied by Christian writers to the latter city. Here it was that in 1390 A g a n a ( a - g a ' n y i i ) . T h e p r i n c i p a l p l a c e i n t h o a "grand and noble enterprise " camcto an untimely end. L a d r o n e s , P a c i f i c O c e a n , s i t u a t e d o n t h e i s l a n d " The Genoese," says Froissart, " bore great enmity to this of G u a h a n . town ; for its Corsairs frequently watched them at sea, and cm77707.] I n a n when strongest fell on and plundered their ships, carrying A g a n i p p e ( a g - a - n i p ' e ) . [ G r . their spoils to this town of Africa, which was and is now c i e n t g e o g r a p h y , a f o u n t a i n n e a r M o u n t H e l i their place of deposit and may be called their warren." I t c o n , i n B c e o t i a , G r e e c e , s a c r e d t o t h e M u s e s . was "beyond measure strong, surrounded by high walls, It was believed to inspire those who drank of it, and it gates, and deep ditches." gave the name " Aganippides" to the Muses. See Helicon. Poole, Story of the Barbary Corsairs, p. 131. A g a p e ( a g ' a - p e ) . [ G r . ayarn^ l o v e . ] I n S p e n s e r ' s " F a e r i e Q u e e n e , " a f a y , t h e m o t h e r of A f r i c a i n e (áf-ri-kán')i L'. An opera b y Meyerbeer, produced at the Académie in Paris, three knights born at a birth, for whom she o b t a i n e d t h e g i f t t h a t if o n e w e r e k i l l e d h i s A p r i l 28, 1865, a f t e r h i s d e a t h . African International Association. See s t r e n g t h s h o u l d p a s s i n t o t h e r e m a i n i n g b r o t hers or brother. Kongo State. [ G r . 'Ayarr/rds, b e A f r i c a n W a r , The. The w a r between Julius A g a p e t u s (ag-a-po'tus) I. Cassar a n d t h o f o l l o w e r s of P o m p e y , w h o h a d l o v e d . ] P o p o f r o m J u n e , 535, t o A p r i l , 536, s o n of G o r d i a n u s , a R o m a n p r i e s t . He went to c o l l e c t e d i n t h e p r o v i n c e of A f r i c a a f t e r t h e d e f e a t of P h a r s a l i a 4 8 B. C., a n d w e r e o v e r - Constantinople in 530, and there deposed Anthimus the Eutychian, patriarch of Constantinople. The Roman t h r o w n a t T h a p s u s 40 B. c . Africans, The. A p a s t o r a l b y C o l m a n t h e Church celebrates his festival Sept. 20. A g a p e t u s I I . P o p e f r o m 946 t o 955, a R o m a n y o u n g e r , p r o d u c e d in 1808. Áfricanus (af-ri-ka'nus), Sextus Julius. A b y b i r t h . C h r i s t i a n h i s t o r i a n of t h e first h a l f of t h e 3 d Agapida (a-ga-pe'THa), Fray Antonio. The writer to whom \ \ ashington Irving c e n t u r y A. D., a u t h o r of a t r e a t i s e o n c h r o - fictitious n o l o g y , f r a g m e n t s of w h i c h a r e e x t a n t ( c h i e f l y o r i g i n a l l y a t t r i b u t e d t h e a u t h o r s h i p of t h e " C o n q u e s t of G r a n a d a . " in Eusebius).

E

A f r i k a n d e r (af-ré-kán'der). The Dutch word for u A f r i c a n " : a n a m e given to whites b o r n i n S o u t h A f r i c a , p a r t i c u l a r l y t o t h o s e of D u t c h descent.

Afrikander Bund (af-re-kan'der bont), or

B o n d (bond). A South African association f o u n d e d i n 1879 ( a n d u n d e r t h e p r e s e n t n a m e i n 1880), w h i c h a i m s n o t o n l y a t t h e f u r t h e r a n c e of A f r i k a n d e r i n f l u e n c e , b u t a t t h e u l t i m a t e c o m p l e t e i n d e p e n d e n c e of S o u t h A f r i c a i n t h e f o r m of a U n i t e d S t a t e s of S o u t h A f r i c a . A f z e l i u s (af-ze'li-us; Sw. pron. áf-tsá'li-os), Adam. B o r n a t L a r f , S w e d e n , O c t . 7, 1 7 5 0 : d i e d J a n . 30,1837. A S w e d i s h n a t u r a l i s t , d e m o n s t r a t o r of b o t a n y a t U p s n l a (1785), s c i e n t i f i c e x p l o r e r i n S i e r r a L e o n e (1792). s e c r e t a r y of l e g a t i o n i n L o n d o n (1796), a n d p r o f e s s o r of m a t e r i a m e d i c a a t U p s a l a (1812).

Afzelius, Arvid August. Born May G, 1785:

d i e d a t E n k o p i n g , S e p t . 25, 1871. A S w e d i s h w r i t e r a n d s c h o l a r , n o t e d a s a c o l l e c t o r of Swedish folk-songs. H e w a s pastor at Enkop i n g a f t e r 1821. AgabllS (ag'a-bus). [ G r . *Ayafo. (Acts xii.). and is said to have F r e n c h jurist., c h a n c e l l o r of F r a n c e 1717-22 a n d another campaign against Damascus, but was killt-d in a battle at Ramoth Gilead. The Old Tt Rtnnient contains died in a horrible manner. Acts xii. 23. 1737-50. H i s c o m p l e t e w o r k s wore p u b l i s h e d considerable information concerning this period, wl;ich Agrippa II., Herod. Born about 27 A. D.: 1759-89. is supplemented by the cuneiform inscriptions and tho died a t lioine, 91-93. S o n of H e r o d A g r i p p a I., Moabite stone. Ahab continued Samaria as the capital of m a d e p r i n c e of Chalcis 48 A. D., a n d k i n g over A g u i l a r (ii-ge-lar'), G r a c e . B o r n a t L o n d o n , Israel, but dwelt in Jezreel, which he greatly beautilied. J u n e , 1816: died a t Jb'rankfort-on-the-Main, n o r t h e r n P a l e s t i n e i n 52. He sided with IheEomans A haggar (ä-hag'gär). A large plateau and iu the conquest of Jerusalem. It was before him that S e p t . lfi, 1847. A n E n g l i s h n o v e l i s t a n d w r i t e r m o u n t a i n o u s r e g i o n in S a h a r a , i n t e r s e c t e d b y on J e w i s h h i s t o r y . S h e was t h e d a u g h t e r of l a t . 23°-24° N., long. 5 ° - 6 ° E . T h e chief placo Paul was brought. in i t i s ldeles. Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius. Born at Rome,; J e w i s h p a r e n t s . 63 B? C. :' died i n C a m p a n i a , 12 B. c. A K o m a n A g u i l a r , M a n u e l . B o r n in C o s t a R i c a a b o u t Ahala (a-hä'lä), Cneius Servilius Structus. c o m m a n d e r , of o b s c u r e origin, t h e l e a d i n g 1800: died at G u a t e m a l a , J u n e 6,1846. A C e n s t a t e s m a n of t h e r e i g n of A u g u s t u s . He served tral A m e r i c a n s t a t e s m a n . He occupied various A K o m a n p a t r i c i a n , m a s t e r of t h e horse 439 under Octavius in the Perusinian war, and in Gaul and Public posts in Costa Rica represented that state in the B. C. ( a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c o m m o n chronology), (iermany: defeated Sextos Pompey at Mylai and Nauloclius Assembly of 1S28, and was elected president April 7,1857. a n d s l a y e r of t h e p o p u l a i ' l e a d e r S p u r i u s M e l i u s . SO B. c.; was consul 37, and ajdile .13 ; served at Actium He was dpposed by Carrillo May, 1838. At the time of A h a l y a ( a - h a l ' y a ) . I n H i n d u l e g e n d , t h e "wife SI; dedicated the I'antheon 27; was governor of Syria 17; ¡11S d«?''1 h o represented Costa Kica in the Central Amer- of t h e Kishi G a u t a m a , a n d v e r y b e a u t i f u l : acand was tribune with Augustus 18-13 B. c. He was the icandiet. _. c o r d i n g t o t h e R a m ay an a t h e first w o m a n father of Vipsania, iirst wife of Tiberias and mother of Aguilar, MarCOS de. B o r n a t E e i j a a b o u t m a d e b y B r a h m a a n d given b y h i m t o G a u t a m a . Drusus. His third wife was Julia, the daughter of Au- 1465: d i e d a t M e x i c o , F e b . , 1527. A S p a n i s h She was seduced by Indra. Gautama expelled Ahalya gustus and widow of Marcellus. l a w y e r . In 1508 lie went to Hispaniola with Diego Co- from his hermitage and deprived her of her preeminent Agrippa, Menenius. A character in Shak- lumbus as alcalde mayor. I11 1526 he passed to Mexico beauty or, as others state, made her invisible. Kama rewith Luis Ponce de Leon, appointed to inquire into the stored her to her natural state and reconciled her to her spere's " Coriolanus." conduct of Cortes; and on the death of his chief he sucAgrippa Postumus. Born 12 B. C. : died 14 ceeded him (July, 1526) in the temporary rule of !New husband. Kumarila Bhatta explains this seduction as Indra's (the sun's) carrying away the shade of night A. D. A p o s t h u m o u s son of M a r c u s V i p s a n i u s Spain. A d i s t r i c t on t h e Gold A g r i p p a by J u l i a , t h e d a u g h t e r of A u g u s t u s , A g u i l a r d e l a F r o n t e r a (ii-ge-lar' d a la f r o n - A b a n t a ( a - h a n ' t a ) . a d o p t e d b y A u g u s t u s in 4B. C., a n d m u r d e r e d in t a ' r a ) . A t o w n in t h e p r o v i n c e of Cordova, C o a s t of A f r i c a , a b o u t long. 2°-3° W . p r i s o n 011 t h e accession of T i b e r i u s , p r o b a b l y b y Spain, 26 miles s o u t h e a s t of Cordova. P o p u - A J i a n t c h u y u k ( ä - h ä n t ' c h ö - y ö k ) . A division of t h e K a l a p o o i a n s t o c k of N o r t h A m e r i c a n I n t h e o r d e r of L i v i a . l a t i o n (1887), 12,451. e r l y on a n d a b o u t P u d d i n g R i v e r , Agrippina (ag-ri-pi'nS). Born about 13 B. c.: Aguilas (a-ge'las), or San Juan de las Agui- dOiraengso, nf.o r mThe name was applied to them by the Caladiod a t P a n d a t a r i a , n e a r N a p l e s , 33 A. D. T h e J a s ( s a n n w a n d a l a s a - g e ' l a s ) . A s e a p o r t i n pooya. See Kalapooian. Also called French Prairie Iny o u n g e s t d a u g h t e r of M a r c u s V i p s a n i u s A g r i p p a t h e p r o v i n c e of Murcia, S p a i n , 48 m i l e s south- dians, and Pudding River hidiann. a n d J u l i a , t h e d a u g h t e r of A u g u s t u s : w i f e of w e s t of M u r c i a . It e x p o r t s lead, esparto-grass, Ahasuerus ( a - h a z - ú - é ' r u s ) . [ H e b . AhashvcG e r m a n i c u s a n d m o t h e r of Caligula. She in- a n ( j s o d a . P o p u l a t i o n (1887), 10,042. rósh, P e r s . Ehschjársha ( ' m i g h t y ' a n d ' e y e ' ? ) . ] curred the hatred of Tiberius and Sejanus and by them A e u i l e r a ( a - g e - l a ' r a ) , F r a n c i s c o X a v i e r . B o r n X e r x e s , w h o r u l e d 486-465 B. C., m e n t i o n e d i n andatana, where she died of voluntary ^ ^ )a^ien.a &bout . d i e d a ( . E z r a iv. 6 a n d t h r o u g h o u t t h e b o o k of E s t h e r . was banished to Pandataria, starvation. She was a woman of lofty character. Valle G r a n d e , Nov. 23, 1828. A r o y a l i s t guer- The Ahasuerus of the book of Daniel (ix. 1), who is called A g r i p p i n a , J u l i a . B o r n a t O p p i d u m TIbiorum rilla chicf of C h a r c a s (Bolivia), n o t o r i o u s f o r the father of Darius the Mode, cannot have been Xerxes; ( n a m e d f o r h e r Colonia A g r i p p i n a , t h e m o d e r n h i s C r u e l t y . He received a commission as brigadier- he has been variously identified with Astyages and CyCologne), a b o u t 15 A. D. : p u t t o d e a t h a t t h o general, and for a lime was military commandant of Santa axeres. See Xerxes. L u c r i n e L a k e , n e a r Baiee, 60 or 59. A d a u g h t e r Cruz. After the final defeat of tho Spanish armies, Agui- A h a s u e r u s . 1. A n a m e g i v e n to t h e l e g e n d a r y of G e r m a n i c u s a n d A g r i p p i n a , a n d w i f e of lera fled to the forests. In 1828 he emerged with a small " " W a n d e r i n g J o w " (which s e e ) . — 2 . A p r o s e D o m i t i u s A h e n o b a r b u s b y "whom she w a s force, captured a Spanish poBt, and proclaimed Ferdinand d r a m a b y E d g a r Quiiiet, p u b l i s h e d in 1838, m o t h e r of N e r o . Later she married CrispusPassicnus, VII. as king. He was soon captured and shot. f o u n d e d on t h e l e g e n d of t h e W a n d e r i n g J e w . and, 49 A. D., Claudius whom she poisoned 54 A. D. She Aguirre (á-ger'rá), Josef Saenz de. Born at A h a u s ( ä ' h o u s ) . A small t o w n in t h e p r o v i n c e was a woman of scandalous life and unbounded ambition of W e s t p h a l i a , P r u s s i a , a b o u t 28 m i l e s n o r t h L o g r o ñ o , S p a i n , March 24,1630: died a t R o m e , and had great influence in the early part of Nero's reign : hut she was murdered by his order. There is a fine sit- A u g . 19, 1699. A S p a n i s h c a r d i n a l a n d theo- w e s t of M ü n s t e r . Ahausen (ä'hou-zen), or Auhausen (ou'houlogian, a u t h o r of " D e f e n s i o c a t h e d r a S. Peting portrait-statue of her in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. t r i , " etc. (1682), " C o l l e c t i o m a x i m a Concilio- zen). A village in B a v a r i a , 12 miles n o r t h e a s t A g t e l e k ( o g ' t e - l e k ) . A village i n t h e c o u n t y of N ö r d l i n g e n . H e r e t h o P r o t e s t a n t U n i o n was ôf Gifmòr, ^Hungary, n r t r f i S ? ita T a ^ r T ^ ( « f ) . " g e o l o g i a S. A - e l m i » e t c , f o r m e d u n d e r t h e l e a d of t h e e l e c t o r F r e d e r i c k B a r a d l a ) , which is', a f t e r t h e A d e l s b e r g , t h e ^lTTe. hoye d e . B o r n a t O n a t e , A s t i m a s , I V . of t h o P a l a t i n a t e in 1608. a b o u t 1508: shot Oct. 27,1561. A S p a n i s h a d - Ahausaht (ä'hou-sät), or Ahowsaht. A tribe l a r g e s t s t a l a c t i t e g r o t t o in E u r o p e . v e n t u r e r who e a r l y in life d r i f t e d t o A m e r i c a , of N o r t h A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s , on C l a v o q u a h t A g U (a-gti'), or A k u ( a - k o ' ) . A n old C h a l d e a n and f o r t w e n t y y e a r s l e d s u c h a s c a n d a l o u s life n a m e of t h e m o o n - g o d ; in l a t e r B a b y l o n i a n a n d in P e r u t h a t h e w a s k n o w n a s " A g u i r r e t h e S o u n d , V a n c o u v e r Island, B r i t i s h Columbia, n u m b e r i n g 296 (1884). See AU. A s s y r i a n , Sin (which see). m a d m a n . " He was engaged in several rebellions, was and Agua (a'gwa), or Volcan de Agua. [Sp.,' vol- outlawed, and joined the expedition of Pedro dc Ursua in Arhi vaevr ao r( äc'ahnäa- lv äi)n. B aTbhyel onna ma te wofh i cah place the J e w s c a n o of w a t e r . ' ] A conical m o u n t a i n 25 miles search of El Dorado and the kingdom of the Omaguas on the upper Amazon (1559). Ursua and his lieutenant Vars o u t h w e s t of G u a t e m a l a , 12,197 f e e t h i g h . It

Ahava

23

Aidin

who formed fclie second expedition which, re- fessor of oriental languages, and librarian (1861- A h u i z o t l , or A h u i t z o t l ( a - h o ' i - t s o t l ) . The turned to Jerusalem with Ezra assembled. Its 1865) at the University of Greifswald. He has chief or king of Tenochtitlan ( M e x i c o ) from I486 until his death in 1502. He made war on the exact location is unknown. Ezra viii. 15. published ' ' Ü b e r Poesie uiid P o e t i k der A r a b e r " (1856), Zapotecas. subdued rebels in Tlacopau, and sacrificed an A h a z (a'haz). [Heb., 'possessor.'] K i n g of editions of various A r a b i c works, ctc. immense n u m b e r of captives t o cclebratc his c o m p l e t i o n Judah, according to some 735-715 B. C., accord- A h m e d . See Achmet. of the great A z t e c temple. H e also b u i l t an aqueduct i n g t o o t h e r s 7 3 4 - 7 2 8 o r 7 4 2 - 7 2 7 B. C. T h e last date A h m e d a b a d (ä-med-ä-bäd'), or A h m a d a b a d f r o m Chapultepec to the l a k e of T e z c u c o , w i t h the o b j e c t seems most probable. H e was a contemporary of t h e (ä-mad-ä-bäd'). A district in Bombay, British of raising t h e waters, b u t th e result was a disastrous liood. p r o p h e t Isaiah. On his accession to the throne, w h i c h India, intersected b y lat. 23° N., long. 72° E. H e was succeeded by M o n t e z u m a I I . Its area is 3.821 square miles. Population took placc in his youth, R e z i n , king of Syria, and Pekah, Ahumada (â-5-mâ'ïHâ), Duke of (Pedro Gi(1881), 856,324. king of Israel, f o r m e d a conspiracy against him. Contrary The capital of the district of ron, Marqués de las Amarillas). Born at San to the advice of I s a i a h he sought the assistance of tho A h m e d a b a d . Sebastian, 1788: died at Madrid, May 17,1842. Ahmedabad, situated on the Sabarmati in lat. Assyrian king, to w h o m h e p a i d homage and tribute. 23° N., long. 72° 32' E., formerly one of the A Spanish politician and general, chief of the T h i s latter f a c t is m e n t i o n e d b o t h iu t h e Bible and tha largest and most important cities of India, it general staff of the Spanish army in the war of c u n e i f o r m inscriptions. I n the latter he is callcd lauhazi, was captured b y t h e British in 1780, and was ceded to independence, minister of war for a short time w h i c h w o u l d indicate that his name is shortened f r o m t h e m in 1818. T h e J u m m a M u s j i d of Ahmedabad, built by in 1820, member of the regency during the Joahaz. H i s tribute to Assyria had the desired result, A h m e d Shah in t h e early 15th century, is one of the m o s t minority of Isabella, and again minister of war T i g l a t h P i l e s e r attacking R e z i n and Pekah. T h i s policy beautiful of mosques. T h e gross dimensions arc 382 by 258 in 1835.v culminated in the entire destruction of the k i n g d o m of feet, three sides of t h e court b e i n g surrounded by a colonIsrael.

A h a z was succeeded by his son Hezekiuh.

Ahaziah (a-ha-zi'a). [ I l e b . , 'sustained by Yahveh.'] Son of A h a b and king of Israel 8 5 3 - 8 5 1 B. c .

(896-894?).

A h a z i a h . Son of Jehoram and Athaliah, and king of Judah 844-843 B. c. (885-884?). A h e n o b a r b u s (a-he~no-bar'bus). A plebeian family of Rome, gens Domitia, to which the emperor Nero belonged. A h i j a h ( a - M ' j a ) , or A h i a h (a-hl'a). [Heb., 'brother of Yahveh.'] In Old Testament history, the name of several persons, of whom the most notable was a son of Ahitub and high priest in the reign of Saul (1 Sam. xiv. 3, 18): probably the same as Ahimelech, who wa3 high priest at Nob, and was killed by Saul f o r assisting David. Ahimaaz (a-him'a-az). [ H e b . , 'brother of anger.'] 1. The father of Ahinoam, w i f e of Saul. 1 Sam. xiv. 50.—2. A high priest, the son and successor of Zadok. He distinguished himself by his services t o K i n g David during the r e v o l t of A b salom. 2 Sam. xv. x v i i i .

A h i m e l e c h (a-him'e-lek). [ H e b . , 'brother of the king.' Compare Assyrian Ahi-milki, " brother of counsel.'] 1. Priest of Nob, father of Abiathar, the friond of David. He gave to David, w h o was fleeing f r o m Saul, the sacred bread and t h e sword of Goliath f r o m t h e tabernacle. F o r this Saul slew him.

2. Son of Abiathar, a priest in David's time: grandson of the priest of Nob. Called Ahimelech, 1 Chr. xviii. 16. A h i t h o p h e l (a-hith'o-fel). [ H e b . 'brother of folly,' that is, 'foolish.'] 1. A Hebrew politician, counselor of K i n g David and, later, of Absalom in his revolt against his father. He was famous f o r his political wisdom, and his d e f e c t i o n caused David great apprehension. I l i s advice, h o w e v e r , was r e j e c t e d by Absalom, and lie thereupon r e t i r e d to his h o m e , set his affairs in order, and hanged himself. T h o u g h t to be the g r a n d f a t h e r of Bathshcba.

2 . A character in Dryden's poem " A b s a l o m and Achitophel," intended to represent the Earl of Shaftesbury who was called by this name by his contemporaries: a treacherous friend and adviser. A l s o Achitophd. A h l d e n ( a l ' d e n ) . A small town 27 miles north of Hanover. Princess Sophia Dorothea, w i f e of George I. of England, was kopt here as prisoner, 1(594-172(5. Ahlefeld

(¿i'le-fclt),

Fran v o n

(Charlotte

Sophie Luise Wilhelmine von Seebaeh):

naded gallery, and t h e sanctuary, 05 f e e t deep, occupying o n e end. T h e sanctuary contains 200 columns, w h i c h support t h r e e r o w s cach of five domes, the central one of w h i c h is the l a r g e s t and highest, and is flanked by t w o w h i c h are h i g h e r than the other t w e l v e . T h e f r o n t toward t h e court is f o r m e d by a fine screen, w i t h three noble pointed arches, flanked on each side by a l o w e r arcade. Population, including c a n t o n m c n t (1891), 148,412.

A h u m a d a y V i l l a l o n (â-ô-mâ'Tiia e vel-yalon'), A g u s t i n de, Marqués do las Amarillas. Born about 1700: died in Mexico City, F e b . 6, 1760. A Spanish general and administrator. H e distinguished himself in the Italian and Peninsular wars, and f r o m N o v . 10,1755, was v i c e r o y of M e x i c o .

A h u r a M a z d a (a-hô'ra màz'dâ). [ ' T h e W i s e L o r d ' : the modern Persian Ornwzd.] The A h m e d n u g g u r (ä-mcd-nug'ger). A district in Good Spirit in the dual system of Zoroaster. Bombay, British India, about lat. 19° N . A n g r a Mainyu, ' t h e Spiritual E n e m y ' (Persian Ahriman), A h m e d n u g g u r . Tho capital of the district, of also callcd D r u j , ' d e c c i t , ' is in eternal conflict w i t h h i m . Ahmednuggur, about lat. 19° 8' N., long. 74° B o t h have existed f r o m the b e g i n n i n g of the world. A h u r a 43' E., formerly an important city of Auran- Mazda w i l l , h o w e v e r , u l t i m a t e l y t r i u m p h and the g o o d gabad. I t surrendered to the British under kingdom, vohukhshathra, b e established. Wellington in 1803. Population (3881), 37,492. A h w a s t e (a-was'tc). A tribe of North A m e r i A h m e d p u r (ä-med-pör'). A town in the state can Indians formerly dwelling on San Franof Bahawalpur, India. Population (estimated), cisco bay, California. See Costanoan. A h w a z (âh-wàz'). A village in the province of 30,000. Also Ähmcdpoor. Khuzistan, Persia, situated on the Karun about A h m e s . Bee Aalmes. lat. 31° 12' N., long. 48° 45' E., an ancient resiA h n (an), Johann F r a n z . Born at Aix-la- dence of the Persian kings, and a flourishing Chapelle, Prussia, Dec. If), 1796: died at Neuss, town under tho Arabs in the early middle ages. Prussia, A u g . 21, 186,5. A German teacher (at A i ( â ' i ) . [Heb., ' r u i n . ' ] I n biblical geograAix-la-Chapelle and later (1843-63) at Neuss) phy, a city of the Canaanites, in the territory and grammarian, noted for his methods of of Benjamin, about 10 miles north of Jerusalem, teaching the m o d e m languages. He published conquered by Joshua. The Greek name of A j a x . " T h e P o e t r y of G e r m a n y " (1859), and English, French, A i a s ( i ' a s ) . A i b l i n g e r (ib'ling-er), Joseph K a s p a r . Born German, Dutch, and I t a l i a n grammars. A h n e n (ä'uen),T>ie. [G./t.he ancestors.'] A at Wasserbnrg, Bavaria, Feb. 23,177Î): died at series of historical romances by Gustav Frey- Munich, M a y 6,1867. A German composer, tho tag, illustrating G erm an history (published founder, with Gregorio Trentino, of a musical conservatory (Odeon) in Venice, and kapell1870-80). I t comprises " I n g o und I n g r a b a n , " " D a s meister (1826) to the king of Bavaria. His N e s t d e r Z a u n k ö n i g e , " " D i e Brüder vom deutschen works comprise masses, requiems, etc., and an Hause," " M a r k u s K ö n i g , " " D i e G e s c h w i s t e r , " and " A u s opera " R o d r i g o e X i m e n e . " einer kleinen S t a d t . " A i c a r d (a-kar' ), Jean. Born at Toulon, F e b . Ahnfeld (än'fclt), A r v i d Wolfgang Nathan4, 1848. A French poet and prose-writer. ael. Born Aug, 16,1845: died Feb. 17,1890. A A m o n g his works are " Les jeunes croyances" Swedish journalist, author of a " H i s t o r y of (1867), " L e s rebellions et les apaisements" the Literature of the W o r l d " (1874-76), and (1871), " P o è m e s de P r o v e n c e " (1874), " L a other encyclopedic works. chanson de l ' e n f a n t " (1876), " M i e t t e et N o r é " A h o l i b a m a h (a-hol-i-bä'mä). [Heb-, ' t e n t of (1880), " E m i l i e , " a prose drama (1884), " L o the high place.'] 1. Ono of the wives of Père Lebonnard.," a drama in verse (1889), Esau; also, the name of an Edomite t r i b e . — 2 . etc. A character in Byron's " H e a v e n and Earth," the proud, ambitious granddaughter of Cain. A h o m e (ä-hö'mä). A n Indian tribe of the Piman A i c h a c h (ïch'ach). A small town in Upper stock in Sinaloa. T h e y have been almost c o m p l e t e l y Bavaria, on the Paar about 13 miles northeast Mexicanizcd, but t h e l a n g u a g e still is occasionally heard. of Augsburg. A French victory was gained A h o w s a h t . See Ahausaht. here over the Austria,ns, 1805. A h r (är). A river in the Rhine Province, Prus- A i d a (a-ë'da). A n opera by Verdi, first given sia, about 55 miles long, which joins the Rhine at Cairo, Egypt, Dec. 27, 1871. at Sinzig (above Bonn). On its banks are pro- A i d a n ( i ' d a n ) , or A e d h a n . Died 606. A king of Scottish Dalriada, son of Gabran, a fonner duced the noted A h r wines. A h r e n s (ä'rens), Heinrich. Born at Knie- king of Dalriada, and successor, according to stedt, near Salzgitter, Prussia, 1808: died at the l a w of tanistrv, to his relative Conall. ne Salzgitter, A u g . 2, 1874. A German philosoph- was c r o w n e d by St. Columba in the island of I o n a i n 574. ical writer and jurist, professor at Brussels I n .r>7ô. at the council at Drumceat, he declared the inde1834-50, at Gratz 1850-59, and at Lcipsic 1859. pendence of his k i n g d o m , w h i c h had b e e n f o r m e d in the

pseudonym E l i s a Selbig. Born at Stedten, near Erfurt, Germany, Dec. 6, 1781: died at Teplitz, Bohemia, July 27, 1849. A German writer of sentimental novels. A h l e f e l d t (a'le-felt), Countess E l i z a D a v i d i a M a r g a r e t h a v o n . B o m ill Langeland, Dene w r o t e " C o u r s d e psychologie " (1837-38), " C o u r s de mark, Nov. 17, 1790: died at Berlin, March 20, H droit n a t u r e ! " (18S8), " D i e R e c h t s p h i l o s o p h i e " ( I S M ) , 1855. A German woman, w i f e of Major von Ltit- " D i e organische S t a a t s l e h r e " (1S50), " X a t u r r c c h t " (1870zow(1810), from whom she was separated (1824), 1873), " J u r i s t i s c h e E n c y k l o p ä d i c " (1855-57), etc. living then, for a time, with the author Immer- A h r e n s , H e i n r i c h L u d o l p h . Born at H e l m mann. She was noted f o r her patriotism (she accomstedt, June 6,1809: died at Hanover, Sept. 24, panied her husband to the Held arid cared f o r t h e w o u n d e d , 1881. A Gorman philologist, noted as a student 1813-14) and her l o v e of literature. of the Greek dialects. A A M h e i d e (al'hi-de). A sterile plain in the h r i m a n (ä'ri-man). Sco Angra Mainya. A h r w e i l e r (är'vi-ler). A small town in the central part of Jutland, Denmark. A h l q u i s t (al'kvist), A u g u s t E n g e l b e r t . Born Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the A h r 20 miles south by east of Cologne. Its chief at Kuopio, Finland, Aug. 7,1826: died N o v . 20, industry is the making of wine. 1889. A Finnish philologist, poot, and traveler A h t (ät). A division of the Wakashan stock of in Russia and Siberia, appointed in 1862 proNorth American Indians, comprising 22 tribes, fessor of the Finnish language and literature at dwolling chiefly on the west coast of VancouHelsingfors. ver Island, British Columbia, one tribe being A h l w a r d t (fcl'vart), Christian W i l h e l m . Born near Cape Flattery, Washington. The principal at Greifswald, Prussia, N o v . 23, 1760: died tribes of this division are N i t i n a h t , TIaasaht or JMakah, there, April 12, 1830. A German philologist, T l a o k w i a h t or Olahoquaht, Ahausaht, Moatealit or N o o t k a rector successively of several public schools, proper, and Ehatishaht. T h e y number 8,(»17. See Waand later professor of ancient literature at the kashan. University of Greifswald. 1 lis work was chiefly A h t e n a (a'to-iiä), or Ä t n a (Sit'nä). A tribe of upon the Greek poots (edited Pindar, 1820). the northern divisioii of the Athapascan stock A h l w a r d t , Theodor W i l h e l m . Born at Greifs- of North American Indians, sometimes called wald, Prussia, July 4, 1828. A German orien- Ccpper Indians, from their habitat on the Atna talist, son of Christian W i l h e l m Ahlwardt, pro- or Copper River, Alaska. See Athapascan.

5th century by emigrants f r o m Irish Dalriada, nnd w h i c h had h i t h e r t o been treated as an Irish dependency. I n 603 he l e d a f o r c e of Britons and Scots against j E t h e l f r i t h , k i n g of Bernicia, but was d e f e a t e d .

A i d a n , Saint. Died A u g . 31,651. First bishop of Lindisfarne, and founder of the Northumb r i a n C h u r c h . H e was sent by t h e monks of H ii or I o n a , in answer to the request of K i n g Oswald, to c o n v e r t his heathen subjects. On t h e d e f e a t of Oswald by Pen da 642, A i d a n j o i n e d Oswiu, k i n g of the Deirans.

A i d é ( â - G - d â ' ) > Hamilton. Born in Paris, France, in 1829. A novelist and poet, son of an Armenian and an English lady, educated at the University of Bonn, and for a time an officer in the British a r m y . A m o n g his w o r t s a r e " F l e a nore and Other Poems " (1856), R i t a : an A u t o b i o g r a p h y " (18ô9), " C a r r of C a r l y o n " (186-2), " T h e R o m a n c e of t h e Scarlet Leaf, and other Poems"(1865), " S o n g s W i t h o u t M u s i c '' (1882), " Passages in t h e l i f e of a L a d y " (1887), etc.

Aidenn (â'den). [ A r . Ad-n, E d e n . ] Paradise: an " A n g l i c i z e d " form of the Arabic for Eden, used, f o r the rime's sake, bv Edgar Allan P o e in " T h e R a v e n . " A i d i n (l-den'). A city in Asiatic Turkey, situated near the Mcndcre, about 55 miles southeast of Smyrna, near 1he ruins of ancient Tralles. It has trade in figs, cotton, etc. Population, about 35,000.

Aieiiai A i e n a i (î-â-nï'), or Ioni (ï-ô-nï'). A tribe of the Caddo Confederacy of North American Indians. See Caddo. A i g a i Cï'gï). [Gr. AtyaL] A town in iEolia, Asia Minor, the modern Nimrud-Kalessi. On its sito aro the ruins of various ancient structures. A i g i n a . See JEgina. A i g l e (â'gl)> G"- A e l e n (a'lcn). A small town in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, on the Grande Eau, near the Rhône, about 22 miles southeast of Lausanne. A i g l e . A town in the department of Orne. See Laiglc.

Aignadel. See Agnadello. Aiglian. See Saint-Aignan.

A i g u e b e l l e (âg-bel'). A small town in the department of Savoy, France, about 17 miles cast of Chambéry. Here, in 1742, the French and Spaniards defeated t h e Sardinians.

Aiguebelle, Paul Alexandre Neveue d\

Born J a n . 7,1831 : died at Paris, Feb. 21, 1875. A French naval officer, in the Chinese service during the Taiping rebellion, 1862-64. Aigueperse (âg-pers')- A town in the department of Puy-de-Dôme, France, 19 miles northeast of Clermont-Ferrand. Population (1891), 2,341.

Aisne

24

England, J a n . 29, 1864. daughter of John Aikin.

An English writer, She wrote "Lorimer, a

Tale " (1814), " M e m o i r s o f t h e Court of Queen Elizabeth " (1818), " M e m o i r s of t h e Court of J a m e s 1." (182*), " M e m o i r s of t h e Court of Charles I . " {1833>, etc.

A i k m a n (âk'man), W i l l i a m . Born at Caerney, Forfarshire, Oct. 24, 1682: died at London, J n n e 7, 1731. A Scottish portrait-painter.

Aillon, Lucas Vasquez de. See Ayllon. Ailly (ï-ë'), or Ailli, Pierre d\ Born 1350:

Manchester, England, Sept., 1G60: died at London, April 4. 1743. An English teacher and lexicographer, author of a Latin-English dictionary (1736).

Ainsworth, William Francis. Born at Exeter, England, Nov. U, 1807. ogist and traveler.

An English geol-

He has published "Researches

in Assyria, Babylonia., etc." (183«), '"Travels and Researches in Asia Minor. Mesopotamia, etc." (Is4"2), " T r a v els in t h e Track of the 10,000 G r e e k s " (1S4-4), " A Personal ^Narrative of the E u p h r a t e s E x p e d i t i o n " (1S8S), etc.

died at Avignon, France, 1420 (?). A French cardinal and theologian, surnamed the Ham- Ainsworth,William Harrison. Boni at, Manmer of H e r e t i c s " and the " E a g l e of the Doc- chester, England, Feb. 4,1805: died atReigate, England, J a n . 3, 1882. An English novelist. tors." I l i s works include "Rookwt>od"(1834), " C r i c h t o n " (1887), Ailmer. See Ethchnœr. " J a c k Shcppard"(1839). " T o w e r of London " (1840), " T h e

Ailred of Rievaulx. See Ethelred.

A i l s a Craig (âl'sa kràg). A rocky island of Ayrshire, Scotland, near the mouth of the Firth of Clyde. It is conical in shape, and rises to a height of 1,139 feet. A i m a r d (a-miir'). Gustave. Born at Paris, Sept. 33, 1818: died there, June 20, 1883. A French novelist and traveler in the United States, Mexico, Spain, Turkey, and the Caucasus: author of " L e s Trappeurs de F Arkansas" (1858) and numerous other works in the style of Cooper. He died insane. A i m o n . See Aymon. A i m o n , Jacques. A pseudonym of Voltaire.

Aigues-Mortes, or Aiguesmortes (àg-môrt'). Aimores {ï-mô-res'), or Aymorés, or Aimures. A town in the department of Gard, France,

An Indian tribe of eastern Brazil, now known near the Mediterranean, 22 miles southwest of as Botocudos. Nîmes, founded by St. Louis 1246. From here Aimorés, Serra dos. See Serra dos Aimorés. he embarked on t h e Crusades, 124S a n d 1270. I t h a s A i m w e l l (âm'wel). 1. In Farquhar's comedy salt-works a n d fisheries. I t s fortifications (constructed u The Beaux' Stratagem." a young gentleman by Philip I I I . 1270-85) are f r o m an archœological p o i n t of view a m o n g t h e m o s t r e m a r k a b l e in Prance. Population of a romantic temperament, who has dissipated (1S91), 3.9S1. his fortune and who, with his cooler-headed A i g u i l l e d'Argentière (à-gìiey' dâr-zhoii'të- friend Archer disguised as his servant, persona r ' ) . [F. aiguille, needle: in this special uso, ates a rich lord, with a view to retrieving their 'noodle-like peak. 7 ] An Alpino peak, 12,832 losses by a rich marriage for either or both, feet high, northeast of Mont Blanc. making a journey from one town to another, Aiguille de la Grande-Sassière (â-guëy' delà and taking turns iu being master and man — a grond'sâs-se-âr')- One of tho chief peaks of stratagem which is successful.—2. In Shirley's the Tarentaise Alps, France, on t h e Italian play " T h e Witty Fair One," a gentleman, tho border. Height, 12,325 feet. lover of Violctta.

F l i t c h of Bacon, or t h e Custom of Dunraow " (1854), " T o w e r Hill." (1871), " B e a u N a s h " (ISSO), etc.

A i n t a b (In-tab'). A town in the vilayet of Aleppo, Asiatic Turkey, on the Sajur about

l a t . 3 7 ° 4 ' N . , l o n g . 3 7 ° 2 5 ' E . I t has some t r a d e and m a n u f a c t u r e s , a n d is a missionary center. Population (estimated), 20,000.

A i r (a-èr'), or A s b e n (as-ben'). A mountainous oasis in the Sahara, Africa, lat. 16 c -20° N., long. 6°-10° E., having an area of about 20,000 square miles, and a population estimated at 60,000, Its capital is Agades, and chief town Tintellust. Also Ahir. A i r a v a t a (i-ra'va-tji). In Hindu mythology, the prototype of the elephant, produced at the churning of the ocean: the world-elephant of the East, and Indra's beast of burden. A i r a y ( a r ' à ) , Henry, Born at Kentmere, Westmoreland, about 1560: died Oct. 6, 161C. An English Puritan divine, vicc-chanceilor of Oxford, 1606, and author of a " Commentary on Philippians" (1618).

A i r c a s t l e ( a r ' k à s ' l ) . A character in Foote's comedy " T h e Cozeners," played in an amusingly prolix and digressive manner by Foote himself, burlesquing Gahagan, a highly educated young Irish gentleman who was hung in 1749 for "filingor diminishing the current coin of the realm." A i r d (ard), Thomas. Born at Bowden, RoxAiguille du Midi (â-gtiêy' dli ine-de'). 1. An Alpine peak, 12,605 feet high, northeast of A i n (an). A river of eastern France, about 100 burghshire, Scotland, Aug. 28, 3802: died at Mont Blanc.—2. A peak in tbe Alps of Oisans, miles long, which joins the Ehône 17 miles east Dumfries, April 25, 1876. A Scottish poet and journalist. l i e was editor of the " E d i n b u r g h Weekly of Lyons. It is narrow in its lower course. Isère, France, about 11,025 feet high. A i g u i l l e V e r t e (à-giiëy' vert). An Alpine peak, A i n . A department of France, bounded by J o u r n a l " (1833), and t h e " D u m f r i e s s h i r e a n d Galloway H e r a l d " (1835-03), and a u t h o r of " T h e Old Bachelor in Saône-et-Loire and J u r a on the north, Haute13,540 feet high, northeast of Mont Blanc. Savoie and Savoie (from both of which it is t h e Scottish Village" (1845), " P o e t i c a l W o r k s " (1848), etc. A i g u i l l o n (à-giïë'yôn). A town in the depart- separated by the Rhône), with Switzerland, on Airdrie (ar'dre). A town in Lanarkshire, Scotment of Lot-et-Garonne, France, on the Lot the east, Isère (separated by the Rhône) on the land, 10 miles east of Glasgow. Population of near its junction with tho Garonne, 16 miles south, and Rhône and Saône-et-Loire (from parliamentary burgh (1891), 15,133. northwest of Agen. Population (1891), com- both of which it is separated by the Saône) on A i r e (ar). A river in Yorkshire, England, mune, 3,119. tho west. I t is m o u n t a i n o u s (-Jura) in t h e east and a which joins the Ouse 18 miles southeast of Aiguillon. Duc d' (Armand Vignerot Du- table-land in t h e west, a n d is rich in iron, asphalt, a n d York. Its length is about 75 miles, and it is plessis Richelieu). Born 1720: died 1782. building a n d lithographic stones. I t s capital is liourg, navigable from Leeds. A French politician, minister of foreign affairs its a r e a 2,23i) square miles, a n d its p o p u l a t i o n (1891) Aire. A small river in eastern France, which under Louis XV. 1771-74. 356,907. I t was f o r m e d f r o m t h e ancient Bresse, Bugey, joins the Aisne in the department of Ardennes. Aire-Sur-l'Adour ( a r ' s i i r ' l a - d o r ' ) . A town Aiguillon, Duc d' (Armand de Vignerot Du- Dombes, Valromey, a n d t h e " F a y s dc Gey." plessi3 Richelieu), Bom 1750 : died at Ham- A i n a d (l-nad' ). A trading town in Hadramaut, in the department of Landes, France, on the Adour about lat. 48° 14' N., long. 0° 14' W. burg, May 4, 1800. A son of the preceding, Arabia, about lat. 16° N., long. 48° E. noted during the early days of the Frcnch A i n H e r s h a (lu her'shà). A village in Syria. It is an old town, the seat of a bishopric. Revolution for his republican tendencies. He I t contains a Roman t e m p l e in antis, practically complete Population (1891), commune, 4,551. A fortified was one of t h e first t o r e n o u n c e t h e privileges of his except t h e roof. T h e cella is s u r r o u n d e d on Ihe interior Aire-SUr-la-Lys (ar'siir'la-les')by a cornice, a n d h a s f o u r engaged Ionic c o l u m n s at t h e rank. In 1792, however, h e fell u n d e r suspicion a n d es- w e s t end. The exterior west wall bears in relief a female town in the department of Pas-de-Calais, France, situated on the Lys 30 miles southeast caped to England. b u s t with small horns, and t h e door is richly sculptured. of Calais. Population (1891), commune, 8,409. Ai gun (ï'gon). A town in Manchuria, Chinese T h e plan measures 26 b y 39 feet. Empire, on the Amur about lat. 50° 5' N., Ainmiller (ïn'mii-er), Max Emanuel. Born A i r l i e Castle (ar'li kàs'l). A residence of tho Earl of Airlie, near Meigle, Scotland, it was long. 127° 28' E . It is a naval station. Pop- at Munich, Feb. 14,1807: died at Munich, Dec. 8, 1870. A German painter of architectural p l u n d e r e d and destroyed by t h e eighth Earl of Argyle ulation, about 15,000. 1039-40 as a r e s u l t of Airlic's a t t a c h m e n t to t h e cause of A i k e n (a'ken). The capital of Aiken County,0 subjects and on glass. South Carolina, about lat, 33° 34' N., long. 8Ì Ainos (ï'iiôz), or Aino (Ï'nô), or Ainu (Ï'nô). Charles I, This raid forms t h e s u b j e c t of the old ballad of " T h e Bonnie House of Airlie." Allan C u n n i n g h a m 40' W., noted as a winter health-resort. Pop- A small tribe (about 50,000 in number) of nonJapanese (perhaps Mongolian) race and lan- h a s t r a n s f e r r e d it to t h e 18th century. ulation (1890), 2,362. A i k e n , W i l l i a m . Born at Charleston, South guage, representing the primitive population of A i r o l a (i-ro'la). A small town in the province Carolina, 1806: died at F l a t Rock, North Caro- Japan, living in Yesso, parts of Saghalin, tho of Benevento, Italy, 23 miles northeast of lina, Sept. 7, 1887. An American politician, Kuriles, and on the adjacent coast. The type is Naples. _ member of the South Carolina legislature somewhat E u r o p e a n as compared w i t h other Asiatics. A i r o l o (ì-rò'lo), G. E r i e l s (er'i-elz). A small 183S-43, governor 1S44, and representative in T h e a b u n d a n c e of h a i r on t h e head a n d body is especially town in the canton of Ticino. Switzerland, at a n d gave t h e Ai nos t h e early n a m e of " h a i r y Congress 18.) 1-57. lie opposed nullification and se- notable, the southern entrance of the St. («otthard railcession. In 1866 he was reelected to Congress, but was AKi unrsi lleise. " (ànz'li), H e w . Born in the parish of way tunnel, on the Ticino about 38 miles southeast of Lucerne. not admitted to a seat. Dailly, Ayrshire, Scotland, April 5, 1792: died A i k i n (â'kin), A r t h u r . Born at Warrington, at Louisville, Ky.. March 11,1878. A Scottish- A i r y (ar'i). Sir George. The successful lover Lancashire, England, May 19, 1773: died at American poet, author of a u Pilgrimage to the of Miranda in Mrs. Centlivre's comedy " T h e London, April 15, 1854. An English chemist Land of B u r n s " (1820), etc. He emigrated to Busybody." and mineralogist, son of John Aikin. He pub- America in 1822, and resided f o r a Bhort t i m e in Robert Airy, Sir George Biddell. Born at Alnwick, lished a "Dictionary of Chemistry and Mineralogy" Owen's community a t New Harmoay, Indiana. The rest Northumberland, July 27.1801 : died at Green(1S07-14), a " Manual of Mineralogy " (1814), etc. of his l i f e was devoted to t h e business of brewing. wich, J a n . 2,1892. A noted English astronomer. A i k i n , John. Born at Kibworth, England, Jan. A i n s w o r t h (ans'wèrth),Henry. Born at Pleas- He was appointed Lucasian professor at Cambridge in 15, 1747: died at Stoke Newington, England, ington, Lancashire, England, 1571: died at 1826, Plumian professor and director of t h e Cambridge Dec. 7, 1822. An English physician. He was the Amsterdam about 1622. An English separa- Observatory in 1828, director of t h e Greenwich Observaa u t h o r of a translation of t h e " G e r m a n i a " and "Agricola " tist clergyman, controversialist, and rabbinical tory a n d astronomer royal in 1836, and president of t h e of Tacitus, " B i o g r a p h i c a l Memoirs of Medicine in Great Britain," "Iiiogvapliicul D i c t i o n a r y ' ' ( 1 7 9 9 - 1 8 1 5 ) , E v e n ings at Home "w(1792-!)ó, w r i t t e n in c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h his sister Mrs. Barbauld), etc.

scliolaT, He was driven from England by the persecution oF t h e lSrownists (Independents), w i t h whom h e was connected, became porter to a bookseller in A m s t e r d a m about 1593, teacher of Francis J o h n s o n ' s c h u r c h there, 1596, and 1610-22 pastor of a n e w congregation.

A i k i n , Lucy. Born at "Warrington, Lancashire, England, Nov. 6, 1781: died at Hampstead, AinSWorth, Robert»

Born at Woodyale, near

.Royal Society 1871-73. He resigned his position as astronomer royal in 1881. (àn). A d e p a r t m e n t of France, c a p i t a l

Aisne

Laon, bounded by Nord and Belgium on the north, by Ardennes and Marne on the east, by Seine-et-Marnc on the south, and by Oise and

Aisne Somrae on t h e w e s t : f o r m e d f r o m p a r t s of ancient P i c a r d y , Brie, a n d Ile-de-France. Its a r e a is 2,839 s q u a r e miles, a n d its population (1891), 545,493. A i s n e . A r i v e r in n o r t h e r n F r a n c e , a b o u t 150 miles long a n d navigable f o r 75 miles. it rises iu t h e d e p a r t m e n t of i l e u s e , flows t h r o u g h t h e d e p a r t m e n t s of Maine, Ardennes, Aisne, and Oisc, and joins t h e Oise near Compi^gne. .On it a r e R e t h e l and Soissons. I t s chief affluents are t h e Aire a n d Vesle, a n d it c o m m u n i c a t e s by canals with t h e Meuse a n d i l a r n e .

A i s s 6 (a-e-sa'), Mile. Born 1694: died a t P a r i s , 1733. A d a u g h t e r of a Circassian chief, carried off w h e n a child b y T u r k i s h rovers a n d sold at C o n s t a n t i n o p l e to t h e F r e n c h a m b a s s a d o r , M. de Ferriol, wh o took h e r t o P a r i s a n d e d u c a t e d h e r . She gained celebrity at c o u r t for her b e a u t y a n d accomplishments. Her l e t t e r s t o h e r lover Chevalier d'Aydie have been published.

A i s t u l f ( I s ' t u l f ) , or A s t o l f ( a s ' t o l f ) . K i n g of t h e L o m b a r d s , 749-756. H i s conquest of t h e e x a r c h a t e of R a v e n n a (752) w a s w r e s t e d f r o m him b y P e p i n tho Short in 755. A i t a r e y a ( i - t a - r a ' y a ) . [Skt., ' d e s c e n d a n t of Itara.'J To h i m a B r a h m a n a , a n A r a n y a k a , a n d a n U p a n i s h a d , which b e a r his n a m e , w e r e supposed t o h a v e b e e n revealed. A i t k e n ( a t ' k e n ) , R o b e r t . B o r n a t Crailing, n e a r J e d b u r g h , J a n . 22, 1800: died suddenly in t h e r a i l w a y - s t a t i o n at P a d d i n g t o n , J u l y 11, 1873. A c l e r g y m a n of t h o Church of E n g l a n d A i x - l a - C h a p e l l e , A g o v e r n m e n t a l district of ( f r o m which he t e m p o r a r i l y w i t h d r e w 1824- t h e Rhine P r o v i n c e , P r u s s i a . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 564,577. 1840), l e a d e r of t h e A i t k e n i t e s . A i t k e n i t e s ( a t ' k e n - i t s ) . A p a r t y in t h e Church Aix-la-Chapelle, Congress of. A congrcss of of E n g l a n d , led by R o b e r t Aitken, a W e s l e y a n t h e sovereigns of Russia, A u s t r i a , a n d Prussia, m i n i s t e r who b e c a m e a H i g h - c h u r c h m a n (vicar assisted b y t h e m i n i s t e r s Castlereagh a n d Welof P e n d c e u 1849-73). I t s object was to in- l i n g t o n f r o m G r e a t Britain, Richelieu f r o m g r a f t c e r t a i n Methodist p r a c t i c e s a n d views P r a n c e , M e t t e r n i c h f r o m Austria, Nessolrodo a n d K a p o d i s t r i a s f r o m Russia, a n d H a r d e n u p o n t h e A n g l i c a n Church. b e r g a n d BernstorfC f r o m P r u s s i a . The convenAitolia. See JEtolla. tion signed Oct. 9,181$, provided for t h e i m m e d i a t e w i t h Aifcon ( a ' t o n ) , William. BOTH n e a r H a m i l t o n , drawal of t h e army of occupation f r o m France. The conScotland, 1731: d i e d a t K e w , n e a r L o n d o n , F e b . gress expressed t h e reactionary p u r p o s e s of t h e Iloly 2, 1793. A S c o t t i s h b o t a n i s t a n d g a r d e n e r , ap- Alliance, a n d received F r a n c e into t h e E u r o p e a n concert. p o i n t e d director of the R o y a l B o t a n i c a l G a r d e n Aix-la-Chapelle, Peace of. 1. A treaty (May a t K e w 1759. l i e p u b l i s h e d " H o r t u s K e w e n - 2,166S), b e t w e e n t h o Triple Alliance (England,^ s i s " (1789). t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , a n d Sweden) on one side, and" A i t u t a k i (i-to-ta'ke),or A i t u t a k e (i-to-ta'ke). F r a n c o on t h e other, acceded t o b y Spain, b y One of t h e chief islands of the g r o u p called which F r a n c o r e t u r n e d F r a n c h e - C o m t é t o Spain a n d received twelve fortified t o w n s o n t h e bor" C o o k ' s I s l a n d s , " in t h e Pacific Occan. of t h e Spanish N e t h e r l a n d s , a m o n g t h e m Aivalik (l'va-lek), or Aivali (i'va-le). A der Tourriay, a n d Oudenarde.— 2. A t r e a t y seaport in t h e vilayet of Khodovendikvar, Asi- Lille, (Oct., 1748) which ended t h e w a r of t h e A u s t r i a n atic T u r k e y , s i t u a t e d on t h e Gulf of A d r a m v t - s u c c e s s i o n . T h e basis of peace was t h e m u t u a l restitut i u m 66 miles n o r t h w e s t of S m y r n a . tion of conquests, except in t h e case of Austria, w h i c h

Aivazovski (!-va-zof'ske), Gabriel. Born at

Akbar

25 I t was f o u n d e d by t h e R o m a n s as a watering-place, w a s a favorite residence and t h e n o r t h e r n capital of Charles t h e Great (who died here), and b e c a m e a f r e e imperial city. From l o u i s t h e Pious to .Ferdinand I . it M'as t h e crowning-place of t h e German emperors (hence called t h e " s e a t of royalty," etc.), and it was also t h e seat of n u m e r o u s diets and councils. I t was c a p t u r e d by t h e F r c n e h in t h e revolutionary period, a n d was g r a n t e d to Prussia in 1315. The Cathedral of Aix-la-Chapelle consists of t h e f a m o u s polygonal m o u u m e n t f o u n d e d by Charlemagne iu 71M>, and a b e a u t i f u l Pointed choir of t h e 14th century. Charlemagne's s t r u c t u r e was inspired by San Yitale at R a v e n n a and similar I t a l i a n buildings. I t is 16-sided, about 105 f e e t in exterior d i a m e t e r , with a dome 104 f e e t high and 48 in d i a m e t e r over t h e c e n t r a l portion. T h e eight gables a r o u n d t h e dome are 13thcentury additions. T h e dome is supported by e i g h t massive piers, a n d t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a m b u l a t o r y is two-storied. The m a r b l e t h r o n e of Charlemagne, in which his body sat for over 350 years, is now in t h e u p p e r gallery. T h e mosaic on gold g r o u n d in t h e dome ia modern. T h e choir is of light a n d elegant p r o p o r t i o n s ; it is o r n a m e n t e d w i t h medieval s t a t u e s of Charlemagne, t h e Virgin, and t h e apostles, and with good m o d e m glass. The chapels arc interesting, and t h e r e is a fine late-Pointed cloister. T h e brouze doors of the west portal, w h i c h opens between two low cylindrical towers, d a t e f r o m 804. T h e R a t h h a u s , or t o w n hall, is a s t r u c t u r e of t h e 14th century, i n t e r e s t i n g as incorporating w h a t r e m a i n s of t h e palace of Charlemagne, including t h e lower p a r t of t h e west tower. T h e Kaisersaal, a g r e a t v a u l t e d hall extending t h o e n t i r e length of t h e u p p e r story, contains eight historical frescos designed by Rethel, which r a n k among t h e finest examples of t h e i r class. T h e council-chamber is adorned with imperial portraits. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), commune, 103,470.

ceded Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalia t o t h e Spanish in-

Sir Ajax seems to have been a t i t l e imposed on Sir J o h n Harrington, f o r a very meritorious a t t e m p t to introdnco cleanliness into our dwellings. . . . I n 15%, he published, u n d e r t h e n a m e of Misacmos, a little t r e a t i s e called, " A new discourse of a stale subject, or t h e Metamorphosis of Ajax," of w h i c h t h e object was to p o i n t out t h e propriety of a d o p t i n g something like t h e water-closets of t h o p r e s e n t day. As t h e n a t u r e of his subject led him to lay open t h e interior of o u r palaces and g r e a t houses, offence was taken at his freedom : he lost, at least f o r a time, t h e favour of Elizabeth (his godmother), and was banished f r o m court. I l i s gains, f r o m his well-timed labours, were apparently eon lined to t h e h o n o u r of contribu t i n g to til© m e r r i m e n t of t h e wits, Shakspeare, Jonson, Nabbes, a n d m a n y others, who took advantage of his own p u n (a-jakes), and d u b b e d him a k n i g h t of t h e stool; u n d e r which title h e f r e q u e n t l y appears in t h e i r pages. N o t e to Jonson's " T h e »silent Woman," I . 447.

A j i g a r t a (a-jè-gar'tà). The poor B r a h m a n R i s h i w h o sold his son S u n a h s e p a t o R o h i t a t o be a s u b s t i t u t e f o r R o h i t a , K i n g H a r i s c h a n d r a h a v i n g vowed t h a t if he obtained a son lie would sacrifice h i m to V a r u n a , a n d R o h i t a h a v i n g b e e n t h e son g i v e n .

Ajmir, or Ajmere (aj-mér'). A province in

R a j p u t a n a , British India, i n t e r s e c t e d by l a t . 26° 20' N . , a n d long. 74° 30' E. i t is under the

supervision of t h e governor-general of I n d i a , a n d was ceded to t h e British in lfcl8. Area, 2,711 square miles. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 542,358. Also Ajmeer.

Ajmir, or Ajmere. The capital of the province

of Ajmir, a b o u t l a t . 26° 29' N., long. 74° 40' E.

The Mosque of A jmir was f o u n d e d in t h e early 13th century, a n d is one of t h e first established in Jndia. I t occupies ilio spacious square court of a J a i n temple, whose old colonnades of g r a c e f u l a n d wcll-carvcd columns r e m a i n in placo around t h e walls a n d s u p p o r t a series of low domes. J ho great b e a u t y of t h o m o n u m e n t lies in t h e screen of seven keel-shaped M o h a m m e d a n a r c h e s carried across t h e west side of t h e c o u r t in f r o n t of t h e colonnade. T h i s screen is covered with bands of Cuficand Togra inscriptions separated by diaper-work, admirable in d e c o r a t i v e m o t i v e , and c u t with g r e a t delicacy. Population (1S91), G8,84.:i. Also AJmeer.

A j o d h y a ( à - j ó d h ' y a ) . A s u b u r b of F a i z a b a d , Oudh, B r i t i s h India, on t h o site of a n i m p o r t a n t a n c i e n t city. Ajunta ( a - j u n ' t a ) , or Adjunta, A small p l a c e in t h e N i z a m ' s dominions, India, a b o u t 55 miles n o r t h e a s t of A u r a . n g a b a c l , c e l e b r a t e d f o r i t s c a v e - t e m p l e s . T h e B u d d h i s t vihara, or monastery, is known as Cave No. 16. I t is rock-cut, in p l a n a rectang u l a r h a l l about 65 f e e t square, with a hexastyle portico preceding t h o portal. At t h e back is a rectangular pillared shrine, in which is an e n t h r o n e d figure of Buddha. T h e sides are bordered by 1(5 small cells for t h e recluses. The hall has an interior peristyle of 2(1 fine colu m n s , w i t h cubical corbeled capitals. T h e columns and flat ceiling are carved w i t h rich arabesques, a n d the walls are covered with interesting paintings of B u d d h i s t scenes. The m o n u m e n t dates f r o m t h e 5th ecntury A. D., and is typical of a large class of similar viharas. Sometimes, as in t h e fireat Vihara at Bagh, a shala or school, in form a pillared hall separate f r o m t h e m a i n foundation, is attached to t h e viharn.

Feodosia, Crimea, R u s s i a , M a y 22, 1812. An f a n t Don Philip a n d confirmed Prussia in the possession of A r m e n i a n historian, a u t h o r of histories of R u s - Silesia. The p r a g m a t i c sanction was confirmed in Austria. sia a n d T u r k e y . Aizani. See Amni. 5 Aivazovski, ivan. Born at Feodosia in the A j a ( a j ' a ) . I n H i n d u mythology, a p r i n c e of A k a b a h ( a - k a - b a ' ) . A h a v e n in A r a b i a Petra a, Crimea, J u l y 7,1817. An A r m e n i a n p a i n t e r , bro- t h e solar race, the son of R a g h u or of Dilipa, a t the h e a d of t h e Gulf of A k a b a h , a b o u t lat. 29° 33' N., long. 35° 24' E. N e a r it were tho t h e r of t h e preceding, p r o f e s s o r in t h e I m p e r i a l son of R a g h u . A c a d e m y of t h e F i n e A r t s at St. P e t e r s b u r g . A j a c c i o ( à - y a ' c h ô ) . A seaport, t h e c a p i t a l of a n c i e n t E l a t h (TElana) a n d E z i o n Geber. A i x (aks). A small island off t h e w e s t e r n coast t h e d e p a r t m e n t of Corsica, F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d on Akabah, Gulf of. The northeastern arm of of F r a n c e , 11 miles south of L a Rochelle, t h e t h e w e s t e r n coast of Corsica on t h e Gulf of t h e R e d Sea, the a n c i e n t S i n u s .¿Elanites, a b o u t scene of several e n c o u n t e r s b e t w e e n t h e F r e n c h Ajaccio, lat. 41° 5 5 ' N . , long. 8° 44' E., cele- 100 miles long. Akakia (a-ka-ke-a') (Martin Sans-Malice). a n d British. b r a t e d as t h e b i r t h p l a c e of Napoleon BonaAix. [L, Aqitee Sextiee, Springs of Sextius p a r t e . It h a s a considerable t r a d e , a n d a ca- [Akalia (ànania) is a Greek t r a n s l a t i o n of tho (C. Sextius Calvinus, a R o m a n proconsul, i t s t h e d r a l . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e , 20,197. F r e n c h n a m e sans-malice.'] B o r n a t C h a l o n s - s u r f o u n d e r ) . ] A city in the d e p a r t m e n t of BouMarne : died 1551. A F r e n c h physician, lecches-du-Rhono, F r a n c e , a b o u t lat. 43° 33' N., Ajalon (aj'a-lon), or Aijalon (âj'a-lon). In t u r e r a t t h e College de F r a n c e , f o u n d e d b y long. 5° 25' E. I t is t h e seat of an archbishopric, biblical geography, a t o w n of Palestine, tho and has a cathedral, a m u s e u m , an academy, a n d baths. I t m o d e r n Yâlo, 14 miles n o r t h w e s t of J e r u s a l e m . F r a n c i s I. H e p u b l i s h e d several medical works. Akakia, Le docteur. A p s e u d o n y m o f Volw a s colonized by t h e proconsul C. Sextius Calvinus 123 B, c., and became renowned for its b a t h s . I n its vicinity A j a n ( à ' j a n ) , or A j a m ( â ' j a m ) . A district in t a i r e , b o r r o w e d f r o m t h e p r e c e d i n g . I t was used Marius defeated t h e Teutones and t h e i r allies with great Somali L a n d , e a s t e r n A f r i c a , on t h e coast south by Voltaire in his " D i a t r i b e d u Doctcur Akakia," a lampoon on Maupertuis, p u b l i s h e d about I7f)ii. A suppleslaughter 102 B. c. I t became t h e capital of Provence, of Cape G u a r d a f u i . e n t appeared l a t e r . The book was b u r n e d by the puband a famous literary center, a n d was t h e t e m p o r a r y resi- A j a t a s a t r u ( a - j a - t â - s a t ' r o ) . A k i n g of Kasi m lic executioner oil t h e Place Gendarmes, Dec. 24, 1752> dence of t h e emperor Charles V. in I53(i. Prior to t h e Revolution it h a d one of t h e chief provincial parliaments. (Benares), m e n t i o n e d i n t h e TJpanishads, w h o b u t a copy was saved by Voltaire, who republished it. I t has an extensive t r a d e in olive-oil and fruits, and m a n u - w a s very l e a r n e d a n d , t h o u g h a K s h a t r i y a , Akansa. See Kicapa. f a c t u r e s of silks, etc. Aix contains a cathedral, of very t a u g h t t h e B r a h m a n Gargyabalaki. Akarnania. See Acarnania. early foundation, with R o m a n e s q u e nave a n d later aisles Ajax ( à ' j a k s ) . [ G r . Aïaç.~\ I n Greek l e g e n d : A k a s s a ( a - k a s ' s a ) . The seaport of t h e N i g e r , and choir. The curious porch has a n t i q u e columns, and cedar-wood doors of 1501, very delicately sculptured. A ( a ) T h e s o n o f T c l a m o n a n d h a l f - b r o t h e r of W e s t A f r i c a . See Mzo. baptistery of t h e 6th century opens on t h e south, aisle: it T c u c e r , a n d o n e of t h e l e a d i n g G r e e k h e r o e s i n Akbar, or Akber ( a k ' b è r ; H i n d u p r o n . u k ' t h e T r o j a n w a r , f a m o u s f o r his size a n d physihas eight Pujman columns.

Population (1891), 22,924.

A i x , or A i x - l e s - B a i n s (aks-la-ban'). A t o w n in t h e d e p a r t m e n t of Savoie, F r a n c e , t h e ancient Aquaa Gratiange or Aquas Allobrogum, s i t u a t e d n e a r L a k e Bourget, 8 miles n o r t h of C h a m b i r y , r e n o w n e d sincc R o m a n t i m e s f o r its h o t s u l p h u r springs. I t h a s a n a r c h of C a m p a n u s . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), commune, 6,296.

Aix-la-Chape lie (aks-la-sha-pel'), G. Aachen

( a ' c h e n ) . [ N a m e d f r o m its mineral springs (L. aqnse)% k n o w n f r o m t h e t i m e of Charlemagne, a n d t h o chapel ( F . chapcllc) of t h e palace.] A citv in t h e R h i n o Province, P r u s s i a , a b o u t l a t . 50° 46' X., long. 6° 5' E . , a n i m p o r t a n t commercial a n d railway ccnter. It has large manufactures of cloth, needles, cigars, machinery, etc., and a noted cathedral, a Rathhaus. famous hot sulphur springs, and a museum (the Suermondt).

c a l s t r e n g t h a n d b e a u t y . According t o H o m e r h e was, n e s t to Achilles, t h e bravest of t h e Grecian host. He several t i m e s engaged iu single c o m b a t w i t h Hector and gained t h e advantage over him, a n d was always a terror t o t h e T r o j a n s . There are various accounts of his exploits a f t e r t h e war arid of his death. According to t h e common poetical tradition, h e died by his own h a n d . T h e decision of Agamemnon (on t h e advice of Athena) to award t h e a r m s of Achilles to Odysseus drove Ajax mad, and in his insanity h e furiously attacked and slew t h e sheep of t h e Greeks, imagining t h e m to be his enemies. Shame for t h i s c o n d u c t drove him to suieide. According to other accounts h e was m u r d e r e d . F r o m his blood was said to have s p r u n g u p a p u r p l e flower bearing on its leaves t h e l e t t e r s at, t h e first l e t t e r s of his n a m e and also an exclamation of woe. Jlis story was dramatized by Sophocles, (b) A L o c r i a n l e g e n d a r y k i n g , s o n

of Oïleus, a n d one of the heroes in the T r o j a n w a r : o f t e n called t h e Lesser Ajax.

Ajax, Sir. See the extract.

bér), or

Akhbar,

originally

Jel-al-eddin Mo-

h a m m e d (je-lal'cd-den' mo-ham'ed). [Ar., ' very g r e a t . ' ] B o r n at A m a r k o t e , Sind, India, Oct, 14,1542: died at Agra^ India, Oct. 13,1605. A g r e a t Mogul e m p e r o r i n India, 1556-1605. H e wae b o r n d u r i n g t h e exile of his f a t h e r H u m a y u n . A f t e r twelve years H u m a y u n recovered t h e t h r o n e of Delhi, b u t died within a y e a r , w h e n in 1556 Akbar succeeded him, ruling a t first u n d e r t h e regcncy of Bairam K h a n . I n his e i g h t e e n t h year h e t h r e w olf this yoke. By war and policy he consolidated his power over t h e g r e a t e r p a r t of I n d i a . l i e p u t an end to t h e conflict between Afghan a n d Mogul, and sought t o reconcile H i n d u a n d Mohammedan. He interested himself in various religions, Brahmanism, Buddhism, Mazdaism, and Christianity, a n d even s o u g h t to establish a religion of his own. He s o u g h t to b e t t e r his subjects by measures of toleration a n d improved social laws. He p e r m i t t e d t h e u s e of wine, b u t p u n i s h e d intoxication ; tried to stop widowb u r n i n g ; p e r m i t t e d t h e marriage of n i n d u widows ; forbade t h e m a r r i a g e of boys before sixteen and of girls

Akbar, Tomb of.

Agrigcntum. Popu- Akragas. See A k r o n (ak'ron). The capital of Summit Couutj 7 , A pseudonym used by Vol- Ohio, 36 miles south of Cleveland, it has consid-

N., long. 34° 59' E. I t lias a cathedral. lation, 25,870.

Akib, Le rabbin. taire in 1761.

Akiba (a-ke'ba) ben Joseph ('Akiba son of

Akenside (a'ken-sid), Mark. Born at Newcastle-on-Tyne, Nov. 0, 1721: died at London, J u n e 23, 1770. An English poet and physician, a u t h o r o f " Pleasures of the Imagination" (1744).

H e w a s t h e son of a b u t c h e r . H e s t u d i e d t h e o l o g y and t h e n m e d i c i n e at E d i n b u r g h ; w e n t t o L o n d o n i n 1743 and to L e y d e n in 1744, w h e r e h e c o m p l e t e d h i s m e d i c a l s t u d i e s ; and r e t u r n e d t o E n g l a n d in 1744, b e g i n n i n g t h e p r a c t i c e of h i s profession i n N o r t h a m p t o n , a n d r e m o v i n g i n 1745 t o London. I n 1761 h e b c c a m c p h y s i c i a n t o t h e q u e e n . T h e b e s t e d i t i o n of Ms p o e t i c a l w o r k s ( w i t h a b i o g r a p h y ) i s t h a t p u b l i s h e d b y D y c e i n 1834.

Akerbas. See Acerbas. Akerblad (a'ker-blad), Johan David. Born

l e g e n d s a b o u t h i m . H e i n t r o d u c e d a n e w m e t h o d of int e r p r e t i n g t h e oral l a w ( H a l a c h a ) a n d r e d u c e d i t t o a

s c a u t y a n d w o o l l y , h e a d l a r g e , n o s e flat, a r m s l o n g , l e g s short, a n d h a n d s w e l l f o r m e d , b u t n o t t h e f e e t . T h e y are e x p e r t h u n t e r s , l i v e i n t e m p o r a r y g r a s s h u t s of b e e h i v e shape, and k e e p n o d o m e s t i c a n i m a l s , s a v e c h i c k e n s . A l s o c a l l e d Tiklce-Tikke, or, i n B a n t u s p e e c h , Wambuti,

I t s e e m s p o s s i b l e , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t at an e p o c h w h o n t h e S a h a r a w a s s t i l l a f e r t i l e l a n d , and t h e D e l t a of E g y p t an a i m of t h e sea, a r a c e of m e n allied t o t h e B u s h m e n r a n g e d a l o n g t h e s o u t h e r n s l o p e s of t h e A t l a s m o u n t a i n s , and e x t e n d e d f r o m t h e s h o r e s of t h e A t l a n t i c o n t h e o n e s i d e t o t h e b a n k s of t h e N i l e on t h e o t h e r . Of t h i s r a c e t h e b r a c h y c e p h a l i c A k k a s a n d o t h e r dwarf t r i b e s of Central A f r i c a w o u l d be sur v i v i n g r e l i e s . T h e y w e r e d r i v e n f r o m t h e i r p r i m i t i v e h a u n t s by t h e n e g r o invasion, and finally f o r c e d i n t o t h e e x t r e m e s o u t h of t h e c o n t i n e n t b y t h e p r e s s u r e of t h e Bfin-tu o r Kaffir tribes. Sayce, R a c e s of t h o O. T., p. 148.

in Sweden, 1760: died at Rome, Feb. 8, 1819. A Swedish Orientalist and diplomatist, author of works on oriental inscriptions. Akkad, or Accad (ak'kad or ak'ad). One of Akerman (a'kor-man), or Akyerman, or Ak- the four cities of Nimrod's empire (Gen. x. 10) k e r m a n . A seaport in the government of Bes- in Shinar or Babylonia: in the cuneiform insarabia, Russia, situated on the estuary of the scriptions it is usually the name of a region. B a b y l o n i a and t h o s e of A s s y r i a w h o c o n q u e r e d Dniester about lat. 46° 15' N., long. 30° 15' E. TB ha eb yklionngisa ofcall t h e m s e l v e s " k i n g of S u m e r and A k k a d , " I t is p r o b a b l y on t h e site of t h e a n c i e n t M i l e s i a n c o l o n y Tyras, a n d w a s o c c u p i e d b y t h e V e n e t i a n s a n d G e n o e s e i n t h e l a t e r m i d d l e ages. P o p u l a t i o n , 43,94.3.

Akerman, Convention of. A treaty concluded

"between Russia and Turkey, Oct. 6, 1826, by which Russia secured the navigation of the Black Sea, and various agreements were entered into concerning Mold avia, Wall achia, and Servia. The non-fulfilment of the treaty by Turkey led to the war of 1828-29.

Akerman (ak'ér-man), Amos Tappan. Born in

New Hampshire, 1S23: died at Cartersville, Ga., Dec. 21,1880. An American lawyer, a graduate of D a r t m o u t h C o l l e g e , 1842. He settled in Elberton,

Georgia, 1850, f o l l o w e d h i s a d o p t e d S t a t e i n s e c e s s i o n , 18f>l, b c c a m c a R e p u b l i c a n and r e c o n s t r u c t i o n i s t a f t e r t h e war, and w a s a t t o r n e y - g e n e r a l u n d e r Grant, 1870-72.

Born at London,

J u n e 12, 1806: died at Abingdon, England, Nov. 18,1873. An English, numismatist.

Akers (á'kérz), Benjamin Paul. Born at Saccarappa, Maine, July 10, 1825: died at Philadelphia, May 21,1861. An American sculptor. A m o n g h i s b e s t works are " U n a and t h e Lion,' " S t . E l i z a b e t h of H u n g a r y , " " T h e D e a d Pearl-Diver," e t c . Seo A lien, Elizabeth Chase.

Akershem, Miss Sophronia. Mrs.

See

Lammle,

Alfred.

Akershus, See

Aggershus.

A town in Egypt, the ancient Khemmis o r P a n opolis, on the oast bank of the Nile between Assiut and Thebes. It was the seat of the cult of A m m o n K h e i n , and i t s a n c i e n t n e c r o p o l i s w a s d i s c o v e r e d by M a s p e r o in 1S.S4. P o p u l a t i o n , 19,000.

mantaka.

Aksakoff (ak-sa'kof), or Aksakov (ak-sa'kof), Constantine. Born at Moscow, April 10,1817: died in the island of Zante, Greece, Dec., I860. A Russian poet and prose-writer, son of Sergei Aksakoff.

Aksakoff, or Aksakov, Ivan. Born Oct. 8, 1823: died Feb. 8,1886. A Russian Panslavist, son of Sergei Aksakoff.

Aksakoff, or Aksakov, Sergei. Born at Ufa,

Russia, Oct. 1, 1791: died at Moscow, May 12, 1859. A Russian writer, author of ' ' F a m i l y Chronicles" (1856), etc. A k s e r a i (iik-se-ri'). A town in the vilayet of Konich, Asiatic Turkey: tho ancient Archelais. Population (estimated), 10,000. A k s h a (ak'sha). I n Hindu mythology, the eldest son of Havana, slain by Hanuman. A k s h e h r (ak'sheHr). A smalltown in tho vilayet of Konieh, Asiatic Turkey, about lat. 38° 22' N., long. 31° 17' E., on the site of the ancient Thymbriumor, more probably, of Pliilomelion, the sceno of the victory of Frederick Barbarossa over the Seljuks, May 18,1190. Bajazet I. died h ere 1403. Also A k-Xh eh er. A k s u (ak-so')> or Ak-sai (ak-si'). A northern tributary of the Taritn in eastern Turkestan, about300 miles long. It risesin the Tian-Shan. A k s u (ak-so'). A city in eastern Turkestan, about lat. 41° 7' N., long. 80° 30' E., important as a commercial center and strategical point. It has manufactures of cotton goods. Population (estimated), 40,000. A k n p a r a (ak-o-pa'rii). In Hindu mythology, the tortoise which upholds the world. A k u r a k u r a (a-ko-ra'ko-ra). A small African tribe, settled on the bend of Cross River, West Africa, in the region where the Bantu and Nigritic languages meet and blend. A k u r e y r i (a-ko-ra'ri). A small seaport on the northern coast of Iceland, tho second largest place on the island. Akwapim (ftk-wa-pem'). See Ashanti. A If y a h (ak-yab'). A district in the division of Arakan, British Burma, intersected by lat. 21° N. and long. 93° K Area, 5,535 square miles. Population, about 300,000. A k y a b . A seaport, capital of the district of Akyab, and chief port of the Arakan division of British Burma J a t . (old temple) 20° 8' 53/y N., long. 92° 52' 40/y E. Population, about 15,000. A l a (a'la). A town in Tyrol, Austria-Hungary, on the Adige 23 miles southwest of Trent. Population (1890), 3,161.

•whence it is u s u a l l y a s s u m e d t h a t S u m e r d e n o m i n a t e d s o u t h e r n B a b y l o n i a and A k k a d n o r t h e r n B a b y l o n i a . The b o u n d a r i e s of t h i s d i s t r i c t are n o t c e r t a i n , b u t i t s e e m s t o h a v e l a i n b e t w e e n t h e Tigris a n d t h e E l a m i t i c and Med i a n m o u n t a i n s , i t s n o r t h e r n l i m i t b e i n g t h e u p p e r Zab. T h e n a m e of a city, Agadc, w a s d i s c o v e r e d i n an inscript i o n of N e b u c h a d n e z z a r , w h i c h i s h e l d b y s o m e to b e i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e c i t y of A k k a d . A g a d e w a s t h e resid e n c e of t h e e a r l i e s t - k n o w n B a b y l o n i a n k i n g , Sargon I. ( a b o u t 3800 B. c . ) . Cyrus m e n t i o n s t h i s c i t y as s t i l l existi n g in h i s t i m e . F r i e d r i c h D e l i t z s c h c o n s i d e r s i t p a r t of t h e c i t y of S e p h a r v a i n i ; o t h e r s c h o l a r s , h o w e v e r , d o u b t t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n . Akkadian is t h e n a m e g i v e n t o t h e p e o p l e and d i a l e c t of Akkad. T h e p e o p l e w e r e s u p p o s e d t o bo a n o n - S e m i t i c t r i b e a n d t h e i r l a n g u a g e a g g l u t i n a t i v e ; t h e l i t e r a t u r e i u t h i s d i a l e c t c o n s i s t e d chielly of m a g i c a l i n c a n t a t i o n s . T h i s t h e o r y h a s b e e n s t r o n g l y def e n d e d b y Oppert and H a u p t . J o s e p h H a l e v y a n d o t h e r s h o l d t h a t t h i s n o n - S e m i t i c p e o p l e and l a n g u a g e n e v e r exi s t e d a n d t h a t t h e w r i t i n g is s i m p l y a c r y p t o g r a p h y or s e c r e t w r i t i n g i n v e n t e d by t h e p r i e s t s t o l e n d a g r e a t e r m y s t e r y t o t h e i r sacrccl w r i t i n g s . T h e m o s t r e c e n t t h e o r y is t h a t t h e s o - c a l l e d A k k a d i a n d i a l e c t is s i m p l y an o l d e r f o r m of S u m e r i a n a n d s h o u l d b e c a l l e d Old SSumorian. (See Sumerian.) Akkadist is t h e n a m e g i v e n t o a p e r s o n w h o b e l i e v e s in t h e real e x i s t e n c e of t h e A k k a d i a n dialect and p e o p l e : t h e o p p o n e n t s of t h i s s c h o o l are c a l l c d antiAla. Akkadists, See Acre.

See

Igara.

Akko. A l a b a m a (al-a-ba/ma). [Tnd., ' h e r e we rest,' Akmolinsk, or Akmollinsk (ak-mo-linsk'). A or 'place of r e s t ' ( ? ) . ] A river in the State Russian province in the government of the Steppes, Russian central Asia, organized in

1868. I t i s l e v e l i n t h e n o r t h , h i l l y i n t h e c e n t e r , and a d e s e r t s t e p p e i n t h e s o u t h . Area, 229,609 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1889), 500,180.

A k h a l T e k k e (a'khal tek'ke). An oasis in central Asia, north of Persia, inhabited by Turkomans, annexed by Russia in 1881. It A k m o l i n s k . The capital of the government is traversed by the Transcaspian railway. of Akmolinsk, situated on the Ishim about lat. Akhalzikh(á-klial-zclvh'). Atown in the govern- 51° 30' N., long. 71° 30' E. It is a caravan conment of Tillis, Caucasus, Russia, about lat. 41° ter. Population (1889), 5,447. 4 0 ' N . , l o n g . 4 3 ° 1 ' E . I t is t h e a n c i e n t c a p i t a l of Turk- Akoklak. See Kitunahan. ish Georgia, and w a s c a p t u r e d b y t h e R u s s i a u s u n d e r Pas- A k o l a (ii-ko'la). A district in West Berar, k e v i t c h , A u g . 27, 1828. A T u r k i s h attack u p o n i t w a s re- Hyderabad Assigned Districts, British India» p u l s e d i u March, IS2!-), a n d near i t a R u s s i a n v i c t o r y w a s intersected by lat. 21° N., long. 77° E. Area, g a i n e d N o v . 26,1S53. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 10,116. 2,600 square miles. A k h i s s a r (a-khis-sar'). A town in Asiatic Tur- A k o l a . The capital of the district of Akola, long. 77° E. key, the ancient Thyatira, about 58 miles north- British India, about lat. 20° 40' east of Smyrna. Population (estimated), 10,000. Population, about 12.000. Akpotto (ak-pot'to). See IgUra. Akhissar (in Albania). See Kroia. A k h l a t (akli-lat'). A town in tho vilayet of A k r a (ak-ra'), formerly Accra. A Nigritic tribe Erzrum, Asiatic Turkey, on Lake Van about of the Gold Coast, West Africa, subject to Englat. 38° 45' N., long. 42° 13' E. Near it are tlie l a n d . I t o c c u p i e s t h e t r i a n g u l a r area b e t w e e n t h e seacoast, t h e Volta River, and the Ashanti Mountains. The ruins of the ancient Khelat.

Akhmim (ákli-mém'), or Ekhmim, (ekh-mem')«

e r a b l e m a n u f a c t u r e s of flour, w o o l e n g o o d s , m a t c h e s , agric u l t u r a l i m p l e m e n t s , e t c . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 27,(301.

Joseph'), or simply Rabbi A k l b a . Executed A k r u r a (a-kro'rii). In Hindu mythology, a 132 (?) A. D. The most distinguished Jewish Yadava and uncle of Krishna, chiefly noted as personage in the 2d century. There are many the holder of the Syamantaka gem. See Sya-

Alcé (á'ke). 1. See^fcre.—2, One of the princi- s y s t e m (Mishna). H e t o o k an a c t i v e part i n t h e r e b e l l i o n pal ruined cities of Yucatan, situated about 30 w h i c h broke o u t a g a i n s t H a d r i a n u n d e r t h e l e a d e r s h i p of B a r - C o e h b a (132 A. P . ) and s u f f e r e d d e a t h by t o r t u r e f o r miles east of Merida, noted for its pyramid. A k e m a n Street (ák'man strét). [So called from h i s s h a r e i n t h i s u n s u c c e s s f u l u p r i s i n g . AS. Acemannes burh, sick man's town, a name A k i t a K e n (a-ke'ta ken). A ken in the northof B a t h : AS. ¿ecc, cce, ake (now spelled ache), western part of the main island (Hondo) of pain.] An ancient Roman road in England J a p a n . Its chief town is Akita. The population connecting Bath, through Speen and Walling- of the town is about 30,000. A k k a (ak'ka). A tribe of pigmies discovered ford, with London. A k e n , or A c k e n (a'ken). A town in Prussian by Miani and Scliweinfurth in central Africa, Saxony, on the Elbe 25 miles southeast of between the Nepoko and Aruwimi rivers. Their a v e r a g e h e i g h t ia 1.33 m e t e r s , c o m p l e x i o n l i g h t brown, h a i r Magdeburg._ Population (1890), (>, 109.

Akerman, John Yonge.

Alabama, The

26

Akbar before fourteen ; to gratify his H i n d u subjects prohibited t h e s l a u g h t e r of c o w s ; h a d h i s l a n d s a c c u r a t e l y s u r v e y e d and s t a t i s t i c s t a k e n ; c o n s t r u c t e d roads ; e s t a b l i s h e d a unif o r m s y s t e m of w e i g h t s and m e a s u r e s ; a n d i n t r o d u c e d a v i g o r o u s p o l i c e . H e w a s s o m e t i m e s h a r s h a n d cruel, and is c h a r g e d w i t h p o i s o n i n g h i s e n e m i e s . T h e r e b e l l i o n of liis s o n Sel ira, l a t e r k n o w n as J a h a n g i r , w a s a M o h a m m e d a n u p r i s i n g a g a i n s t Akbar's apostasy. T h e r e b e l l i o n w a s s u p p r e s s e d , a n d A k b a r r e t u r n e d t o t h e faith. H e was p r o b a b l y p o i s o n e d a t t h e i n s t i g a t i o n of J a h a n g i r . See Secundra.

Akra l a n g u a g e h a s m o n o s y l l a b i c r o o t s and m a k e s a g r e a t u s e of m u s i c a l t o n e s . G£ (Gafi) a n d A d a m p i are i t s t w o principal dialects.

Akra,

f o r m e r l y Accra. A t o w n on t h e Gold Coast, West Africa, about 80 miles west of the

V o l t a river. I t h a d , in 1890, 20,000 i n h a b i t a n t s , a f e w o n l y b e i n g w h i t e . I t b c c a m c E n g l i s h in ISoO, a n d is t h e l a r g e s t t o w n of t h e («old Coast. Since 1875 t h e g o v e r n o r h a s r e s i d e d in t h e n e i g h b o r i n g Christiansborg.

of Alabama, which is formed by the Coosa and Tallapoosa, above Montgomery, and unites with the Tombigbee to form the Mobile, about 32 miles north of Mobile. Its chief tributary is the C a h a w b a . I t s t o t a l l e n g t h is 312 m i l e s , and it is n a v i g a b l e to Montgomery.

A l a b a m a . One of the Southern States of the United States, ca-pital Montgomery, bounded by Tennessee on the north, Georgia (partly separated by the Chattahoochee) and Florida (separated by t h e Perdido) on the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and Mississippi on the west, and extending from lat. 30° 13' to lat. 35° N., and from long. 84° 53' to long. 88° 35' W . : one of the Gulf States, it is mountainous in the north, hilly and rolling in the center, and l o w i n t h e s o u t h ; a n d is t r a v e r s e d by t h e T e n n e s s e e r i v e r i n t h e n o r t h , and b y t h e A l a b a m a and T o m b i g b e e s y s t e m s f r o m n o r t h t o s o u t h . I t is r i c h in coal a n d i r o n

in the mountainous region, and was the third State in the production of pig-iron in 1S90. It has 66 counties, 9 r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s i n Congress, ai\d 11 e l e c t o r a l votes. I t w a s s e t t l e d b y t h e F r c n c h i n 170*2. T h e territory n o r t h of l a t . 31" N. w a s c e d e d t o G r e a t B r i t a i n in 1763, a n d t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n 1783; and t h e r e m a i n i n g territory w a s c e d e d by Spain t o t h e "United S t a t e s i n 1819. I t w a s a d m i t t e d t o t h e U n i o n i n 1819, s e c e d e d J a n . 11, 1861, a n d w a s r e a d m i t t e d J u l y , 18fiS. Area, 52,23(J s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1800), 1,513,017.

A l a b a m a , The. A wooden steam-sloop of 1,040 A k h t u b a (akh'to-ba). An arm of tho Volga, tons built for the Confederate States at Birkenwhich branches from the main stream near h e a d , E n g l a n d . H e r c o m m a n d e r w a s Captain S e m m e a Tsaritsyn, and flows parallel witli it to the t h e C o n f e d e r a t e navy. (See Semmes.) Her crew a n d A b r a b b i m (a-krab'iin). [Heb., ' scorpions.'] of Caspian Sea. equipments were E n g l i s h . S h e cruised 3862-64, d e s t r o y A k h t y r k a (akh-ter'ká). A town in the gov- In biblical geography, a group of hills south of i n g A m e r i c a n s h i p p i n g , and w a s s u n k b y t h e Kearsarge, ernment of Kharkoff, Russia, about lat. 50° 18' the Dead Sea, variously identified. off Cherbourg, J u n e 19,1S64.

Alabama claims Alabama claims.

Al Araf

27

Claims for damages pre- Ala-ed-Din (a-la'ed-den'), or Ala-eddin, or German tribes, chiefly Suevi (Alamanni

ferred "by the United States against Great Britain for losses caused during the Civil W a r by the depredations on American commerce of vessels—the chief of which was the Alabama—fitted out or supplied in British ports under tho direction of the Confederate gov-

Aladdin. All Ottoman statesman, son of Othman the founder of the Ottoman empire.

On the death of Othman, Orchan, Ala-ed-Din's elder brother, offered to share the empire with him, but he would accept only the revenues from a single village and the post of vizir. 11c organized the corps of janizaries, at the head of which he gained a victory over the emperor Andronicus in 1330, and took Nicsea, the chief defense of the Greek empire in Asia.

e r n m e n t . The adjustment of these claims was provided for by the treaty of Washington, concluded May 8, 1.871, which referred them to a tribunal of arbitration to be composed of five members, named respectively by the governments of the Cnited States, Great Britain, Italy, A l a g h e z (á-lá-gez')- An extinct volcano 80 Switzerland, and Brazil. The tribunal assembled in Ge- miles northwest of Erivan, Transcaucasia, neva, Switzerland, Dec. 15,1871, and was composed of the Russia, over 14,000 feet high. Also Ali-Ghez. following arbitrators: Count Federigo Sclopis, of Italy; Baron Itajuba, of Brazil; Jacques Staempili, of Switzer- A l a g o a s ( a - l a - g o ' a s ) . A stato of eastern land; Charles Francis Adams, of the United States; and Brazil, capital Maeeió, bounded by PernamLord Chief Justice Sir Alexander Cockburn, of Great buco on the north and northwest, the Atlantic Britain. The agent for Great Britain was Lord Tenter- on the southeast, and Sergipe on the southwest. den, the counsel Sir Roundell Palmer ; the agent for tho United States^ J. C. Bancroft Davis, the counsel William Its chief products are cotton, sugar, and toM. Evarts, Caleb Cushing, and Morrison II. Waite. Count bacco. Area, 22,583 square miles. Population Sclopis was elected president, and Alexandre i'avrot, of (1888), 459,371. Switzerland, secretary. After having received the cases A l a g o a s . A town in the state of Alagoas, of the contending parties, the tribunal adjourned till situated near the coast in lat. 9° 45' 8., long^ June 15, 1S72. The United States claimed, in addition to dircct damages, consequential or indirect damages ; while 35° 50' W . : formerly the capital of the province. Great Britain contended against any liability whatever, Population, about 10,000. and especially against any liability for indirect damages. Alai, or Alay, Mountains._ See Trans-Jim. Sept. 14,1S72, the decision of the tribunal was announced, Alain de Line (a-lan' do lei). Latinized Alaa gross sum of §15,500,000 in gold being awarded the United States in satisfaction for all claims. The Geneva n u s ab I n s u l i s (a-lá'nus ab m'sfi-lis). Born tribunal is of importance in the history of international 1114: died at Citeaux, France, 1203 (?). A law on account of the rules relating to neutrals which it monk and celebrated scholar, surnained "Docadopted to guide its action. tor Universalis," author of an encyclopedic

Alabama Claims Commission. A commission of representatives of Great Britain and the United States, for the settlement of the Ala-

Alabaster (al'a-bas-ter), William, Born at

Hadleigh, Suffolk, England, 1567: died in April, 1G40. An English poet and divine, a graduate and fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, author of a Latin tragedy, " I i o x a n a " (acted a t Cambridge University about 1592, printed 1632), and of various learned works. He began

an cpic poem, in Latin, in praise of Elizabeth, the first book of which remains in manuscript in the library of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. In 1596 he went to Cadiz as chaplain to the Earl of Essex.

Alacoque (a-la-kok'), Marguerite Marie. Born

at Lauthecour, Saone-et-Loire, France, J u l y 22,1647: died at Paray-le-Monial, France, Oct. 17, 1(590. A French nun, founder of the worship of the Sacred H e a r t of Jesus. A l a c r a n e s (a-la-kra'nes). A group of coral islets in the Gulf of Mexico, in lat, 22° 30' N., long. 89° 40' W. Ala-Dagh ( a ' l a - d l i G ' ) . A range of the Taurus in tho southeastern part'of Asia Minor, north of Adana, a continuation of the Bulgar-Dagh.

in which (1628) La Rochelle, the stronghold of tho Huguenots, was taken by Richelieu, and the Huguenots were compelled to disband as a political party. A l a j u e l a (&-la-Hwa'la). A town of Costa Rica, about lat. 9° 55' N., long. 84° 20' "VV. Population (estimated, 1893), 12,000. A l a k a (a'la-ka). In Hindu mythology, the capital of Kuvera and the abode of the gandharvas on Mount Meru. A l a - k u l (a-la-kol'). A lake in Asiatic Russia, about lat. 46° N., near the Chinese frontier, without outlet. A l a m a n (a-la-man'), Lúeas. Born at Guanajuato, Oct. 18, 1792: died in Mexico, J u n e 2, 1853. A Mexican historian and statesman. He traveled extensively in Europe, 1814-22, and was deputy in the Spanish Cortes for his native province. Returning to Mexico, he held various important offices, being secretary of the iuterior for the provisional government 1823-25, foreign minister under Bastamente, and again under Santa Anna until his death. JIany important public works are due to him, including the Mexican museum. He is best known for his Historia de Méjico"and "Disertaciones sobre la historia de la República Mejicana," works published during the ten years before his death.

Ala-Dagh, or Allah Dagh. A mountain-range Alamanni (al-a-man'i), less in the northern p a r t of Asia Minor, intersected m a n n i (al-e-nian'i). 4 men of all nations.']

correctly

Ale-

[ ' A l l m e n / t h a t is, A German race of Sue-

b y long. 32° E. A l a - D a g h . A mountain-range in Turkish Ar- vic origin, w h i c h o c c u p i e d t h e r e g i o n f r o m t h e menia, n o r t h of Lake Van, about 11,000 feet M a i n t o t h e D a n u b e i n t h e first p a r t of t h e 3d high, the source of the eastern Euphrates. c e n t u r y A. D. Their territory extended later across A l a d d i n (a-lad'in). I n the story of " Aladdin the Rhine, including Alsace and part of eastern Switzeror the Wonderful Lamp," in the " Arabian land. They were defeated by Clovis 496. (See Swabia.) Nights' Entertainments," the son of a poor wid- The Alamannic is the German dialect in oldAlamannic ow in China, who becomes possessed of a magic territory in the region of the upper Rhine, approximately lamp and ring which command the services coincident with modern Alsace, the southern half of of t w o t e r r i f i c ¡jinns. Learning the magic power of the lamp, by accidentally rubbing it, Aladdin becomes rich and marries the Princess of Cathay through the agency of the "slave of the lamp" who also builds in a night a palace for her reception. One window of this palace was left unfinished, and no one could complete it to match the others. Aladdin therefore directs the jinns to finish it, which is done in the twinkling of an eye (hence the phrase "to finish Aladdin's window"; that is, to attempt to finish something begun by a greater man). After many years the original owner of the lamp, a magician, in order to recover it, goes through the city offering new lamps for old. The wife of Aladdin, tempted by this idea, exchanges the old rusty magic lamp for abrand-ne\f useless one (hence the phrase " to exchange old lamps for new "), and the magician transports both palace and princess to Africa, but the ring helps Aladdin to And them. He kills the magician, and, possessing himself of the lamp, transports the palace to Cathay, and at the sultan's death succeeds to the throne.

engaged in war with them in 214. Under Aurelian they invaded the empire, but were defeated in three battles in 271. In 356 aud 357 they were defeated by Julian; in 366 by Jovinus; and in 496 they were completely subjugated by Clovis.

Alamans. See Alamanni.

Alambagh(a-lam'baG), or Alumbagh (a-lum'-

baa). A fortification near Luc-know, India. It was held by Outram against the Sepoys f r o m Nov., 1857, until March, 1858. A l a m e d a (a-la-ma'da). [Sp., 4 a grove or row of poplar-trees.' The n a m e is now applied very generally in Spanish America to any large pleasure-ground or parle.J A town in" Spain, about 50 miles northwest of Malaga. Population, about 4,500. A l a m e d a . A city in Alameda County, California, situated on San Francisco b a y 9 miles east of San Francisco. Population (1890), 11,165. A l a m e d a . Up to 1681. a pueblo of the Tigua Indians, 9 miles north of Albuquerque on the liio Grande in central New Mexico. In 1(581 the Indian pueblo was b u r n t by Governor Otermin on his expedition into New Mexico. A l a m i l l o (a-la-uiel'yd). [Sp.] A small settlement on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa F é poem, treating of morals, the sciences, and the Railroad, in New Mexico, south of Albuquerarts, entitled " Anticlaudianus" (published in que and on the Rio Grande. Up to 1080 it was the 153G), etc. site of a considerable village of the Piros Indians. The A l a i s (a-la'). A town i n the department of ruins of the village are still visible. Alaminos (á-la-mé'nós), Anton or Antonio. Gard, France, situated on the Gardon 25 miles n o r t h w e s t of N í m e s . I t has a fort built by Louis A Spanish navigator whose name is associated with many early expeditions in the Gulf of XIV. to intimidate the Huguenots. Population (1801),

b a m a c l a i m s . Its members were Earl de Grey and Ripon, Sir Stafford Northcote, Sir Edward Thornton, Sir John Macdonald, and Professor Montague Bernard, for Great Britain; and Hamilton Fish, .Robert C. Schenck, Samuel Nelson, Ebenezer R. Hoar, and George IT. Wil- 24,850. liams, for the United States. They concluded the treaty of Washington, ilay 8,1871, See treaty of Washington, and A l a i s , P e a c e of. A peace (1629) which terminated the last of the religious wars in France, Alabama claims (above).

A l a b a n d a (al-a-ban'dji). An ancient city of Caria, Asia Minor, on' tho site of the modern Hissar.

= all men, i. e., men of all nations), which appeared on the Main the 3d century a f t e r Christ. Caracalla '

M e x i c o . It appears that he was with Columbus in 1499 and 1502, and he was chief pilot of the successive expeditions of Cordova, Grijalva, and Cortés to Mexico, 1517 to 1520. He discovered the Bahama channel in 1520.

A l a m o (a/la-mó).

Amission building, founded

i n 1744 a t S a n A n t o n i o , T e x a s . Until 1793 it was used as a parish church, and subsequently as a fort, being surrounded with strong walls. In Feb., 1830, it was occupied by Colonel \Y. B. Travis with about 150 men in revolt against the government of Mexico.' After withstanding a terrible siege, it was taken by assault ou March 6, and' the garrison (including David Crock ctt and Colonel Bowie) billed. One man hacl previously made his escape.

A l a m o s (á'lá-mós), Los. A town in the state of Sonora, Mexico, about lat. 27° 25' N., long. 109° W. Population, 8,000.

Alamos de Barrientos (a'la-mós de bar-ré-en'-

tos), B a l t h a z a r . Born a t Medina del Campo, Spain, 1550: died about 1635. A Spanish philologist. Alan, William. See Allen. A l a n d I s l a n d s (á'land i'landz). An archipelago at the entrance of the Gulf of Bothnia, in the government of A.bo-Bjtirneborg, Finland, conquered by Russia from Sweden in 1809, The chief island is Aland (population. 9,000). It was occupied b y the Allies in 1854. A l a n i (a-la'ni). A people of Scythian origin, dwelling originally in the Caucasus. With the Huns they defeated the East Goths about 375 A. p., and they invaded Gaul with the Suevi and Vandals in 4rt6, and Spain in 40Í). They were defeated by the West Cloths about 418, and disappeared as a nation in the 5th century.

The Alani are a puzzling race, our accounts of whom are somewhat contradictory, but who may perhaps be most safely set down as a non-Aryan, or, at any rate, a non-Teutonic people, who liad been largely brought under Gothic influences. But early in the fifth century they possessed a dominion in central Spain which stretched from sea to sea. Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 89.

Baden and of Würtemberg, Swabia, and Switzerland. Alans. Seo Alani. With Bavarian it forms the group specifically called High A l a n t i k a (¿i-lan'ti-fea). A mountain-range of German. I t is the typical form of Old High German, Adamawa, central Africa, from 7,000 to 9,000 which exists in literature from the 8th to the end of the feet high. 11th century.

Alanus ab Insulis.

See Alain de Lille.

Alamanni (a-la-man'ne), or Alemanni (a-le- A l a o t r a (ü-lll-ó'tra), L a k e . The largest lake of m a n ' n é ) , Luigi, Born a t Florence, 1495: died at Amboise, France, 1556. An Italian poet, author of eclogues, hymns, satires, elegies, a didactic poem " L a Coltivazione " (1546), an epic poem " G i r o n e il córtese" (1548), etc. He con-

Madagascar, north of Tamatave, 30 miles long and 5 wide.

Alapalli, or Allapalli (a-la-pál'lé), or Aleppy (a-lep'i).

A seaport in Travancore, India, in

spired against Ciulio de' Medici and escaped to Venice : lat. 9° 30' N., long. 76° 20' E. thence he went to Genoa, and in 1523 to the court of A l a p a y e v s k (a-la-pa-yevsk'). A town in the Francis I. where, after returning to Florence for a short government of Perm, Russia, situated on the time (1527-30), lie spent most of his after life. Through Neiva about 70 miles northeast of YekaterinWyatt, who imitated him, he exerted considerable in- burg. It has large iron-foundries. Population, fluence upon English poetry. 8,384.

Alamannia (al-a-man'i-a), or Alemannia Al Ataf (al ii'raf). [Ar., from 'arafa (?), to dis(al-e-man'i-a). A division of ancient Ger- tinguish.] In Mohammedan theology, a parwhicli first appears about the end of the tition between heaven and hell (described in A l a d f a r (al-ad-far'). [Ar.] A name, not much many, 3 d c e n t u r y . It lay in the southwestern part of Ger- the Koran, Surah vii. 44) on which are those used, for the star v L y r a . many and a'djoining parts of Switzerland and Tyrol, the A l a d j a - D a g h (a-la'ja-diic/). A mountain near region settled largely by the Alamanni (ancestors of the who have not yet entered into heaven b u t Kars, Russian Armenia, the scene of a vic- Swabians, German Swiss, etc.). For the duchy of Ala- desire to do so. It is regarded by some as a limbo for the patriarchs and prophets, or other holy persons, and tory of the Russians under Grand Duke Michael mannia, see Swabia. over the Turks under Mukhtar Pasha, Oct. 13- Alamannic (al-a-man'ik), or Alemannic (al-6- by others as a place of abode for those whose good and evil works are about equally balanced. Hughes, Diet, of 15, 1877. man'ik). Federation. A federation of several Islam.

*

Alarbus Alarbus (a-lar'bus). In Shakspere's (?) "Titus

28 Smyrna, on the railway from Smyrna, it has

A n d r o n i c u s , " a soil of T a m o r a , q u e e n of t h e Goths

considerable trade, and is the seat of a Greek archbishopric. Population (estimated), 8,000.

Alarcon (a-lar-kon'). A small town in the province of Cuenea, Spain, situated on a rock in the Jtfcar, 43 miles south of Cuenea. it was an important medieval fortress, and was the scene of a Moorish victory over the Castilians in 1195.

Alarcon (a-lar'kon). In Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered," the King of Barca who fought against the Crusaders with the Egyptians. Alarcon (a-lar-kon'), Hernando de. Lived about 1540. A Spanish navigator, sent By the viceroy of New Spain to support by sea the expedition of Francisco Vasquez de Coronado to the mythical Seven Cities in the interior of

Albanian America and the East Indies, and added largely to geographical knowledge. He commanded a squadron at Trafalgar, and in 1816 was made grand admiral and chief of marine.

^fil?8" A territory of the United States, capital Sitka, Alazan (ä-lä'zän). A river in Transcaucasia, bounded by the Arctic Ocean on the north, about 150 miles long, a northern tributary of British America on the east, the Pacific Ocean the Kur. on the south, and the Pacific and Arctic oceans, 'A l b , or Alp. See Swabian Jura. Bering Strait, and Bering Sea on the west, it A l b a (al'bä). Ancient Scotland north of the includes many islands. Mount St. Elias is now placed in Forth and Clyde.

British America. Chief river, the Yukon. I t has'vaiuabie A l b a ( ä l ' b ä ) . A t o w n ill t h e p r o v i n c e of C u n e o , fisheries, fur-trade, and extensive forests, and is supposed I t a l v , on t h e T a u a r o a b o u t HI m i l e s s o u t h e a s t to have lan?e mineral deposits. By act of Congress, 1884, o f f • . thniinHPTit Allvi Pomr^rin Tf W * db a it constitutes a civil and judicial district, with a governor, O I , ± : TnJ;aneie™ A 1 clerk, judge, attorney, and marshal. I t was discovered c a t h e d r a l . P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t 9,000.

by the Russians in 1741, and was settled by them in 1801. A l b a , D u k e Of. See Alva. United S^tates from Russia for A l b a de L i s t e , C o u n t Of.

See Henriques

de

M e x i c o . He set sail May 9,1540, and by penetrating the «7, ¿00,000, by treaty of March 30,1867, ratified by the United f'«.»™,.™ t a0 Gulf of California proved that California was not an island. States Senate June 20, 1867. Area, 531,409 square miles. * „ . 7' . . , 4 He made two attempts to ascend the Colorado in boats, Population (1890), 32,052. Albacete (al-ba-tna ta). A province m the titand planted a cross at the highest point he reached, bury- A l a s k a Peninsula. A peninsula in the terri- ular kingdom of Murcia, Spain, bounded by ing a writing at its foot, which was subsequently found tory of Alaska, extending into the Pacific, and Oucnca on the north, Valencia and Alicante on by Melchor Diaz. His report of this expedition is printed partly inclosing Bering Sea, traversed by a vol- the east, Murcia and Granada on the south, in Hakluyt's "Voyages." canic range. and Jaen and Ciudad Real on the west, it is

Alarcon, Pedro Antonio de. Born at Guadix, A l a s k a Strait. A sea passage between the mountainous in the west, and elsewhere a table-land. miles. . Population Spain, March 10, 1833: died at Madrid, July mainland of Alaska and Kodiak Island. .Area,, 5,972 square . . . (1887), 229,492. mi 20, 1891. A Spanish poet, novelist, journalist, Alasnam (a-las'nam). In the « Arabian Albacete. The capital of the province of Ala n d p o l i t i c i a n . He accompanied the Spanish army to Nights' Entertainments," a man who becatnc J^ecte, about lat. ¿8° 08 N., long. I o 55' W . Morocco as a newspaper correspondent in 1859, aud in m a nc«-? t oí C i ® ü ^ n d e x p o r t s c u t l e r y Popula1864 was elected a member of the Cortes from Cadiz. In possessed of eight magnificent golden statues, Jí 11 ü m' ' / 1868 lie fought on the side of the revolutionists in the and on searching for the ninth, which was more íi? battle of Alcolea. He published de un de la puunsiieu "-•Diario i_/jauuub utitestigo temigouuia singular and precious still, discovered it in the A l b a de Tormes (al ba da tor mas) A small guerra do Africa" (1859), " Poesías serias y humorísticas" person of a beautiful woman, whom he married. t o w n m t i i e province oí salamanca, »pain, situ a (1870\ "El sombrero dc tres picos" (1874), "El Hijo Alassio (á-las'sé-o) A small seaport in the ^ d on the Torracs 17 miles south of Sala' (185«, v r M~w n Kn province of Genoa,'Italy, situated on the Gulf manca. Here, 1809, the French defeated the Alarcon y Mendoza (ä-lär-kön' ë man-dö'thä) of Genoa about 48 miles southwest of Genoa. Spaniards. Juan Ruiz de. Born in Tasco, Mexico, about It is a bathing-place and winter health-resort. lon£ I n ancient geogLonga ( a l 1588 : died in Cordova, Spain, Aug. 4,1639. A Spanish dramatic poet. He was graduated doctor of Alastor (a-las'tor). 1. In Greek mythology, i'aphy, a town in Latium, Italy, 1 o miles southa s t o f R laws in "Mexico in 1600. Afterward he went to Spain, had a surname of Zeus as the avenger: also applied S ° m e , the ancient center of the Latin a subordinate position under the Council of the Indies, to any avenging deity or demon.— 2. In medi- -League. Its foundation ia traditionally ascribcd to and began to publish his comedies in 1028. They are re- oval demonology, a spirit of evil, the executor AA,s¿amu^ l t s d e s t ™ ^ to Julius Hostilius. garded by some judges as the finest in the Spanish lanof the sentences of the king of hell.—3. A AjOg-n -

A l a v a V Navarete (à'lâ-vâ ë na-vâ-râ'tâ), Ig- Albanian (al-ba m-an). The language of the nacio Maria de. Born at Vitoria, Spain, about A l b a n i a n s . I t is now commonly regarded as a member the Aryan family. It exists only in modern dialects, 1750: died at Chiclana, near Cadiz, May 26,1817. of but is supposed to be the descendant of the ancient IllyA Spanish admiral and explorer. He is best known

for his voyage of circumnavigation of the globe, commenced in 1794, in which he explored the coasts of South

rian of which no records are extant. Also called Skipciar, from the native name of the people (ShJcypetd-r, 'highlanders ').

Albanian Gates A l b a n i a n Gates.

Albert

29

The defile of Derbend be- A l b e m a r l e I s l a n d .

T h e l a r g e s t of t h e Galap a g o s I s l a n d s , in the Pacific. A r e a , 1,650 s q u a r e

Rudolf I. of H a p s b u r g , d u k e of A u s t r i a 1282, a n d G e r m a n k i n g 1298-1308. He overthrew and

t w e e n t h e C a u c a s u s a n d t h e Caspian Sea. killed his rival, Adolf of Nassau, at the battle of GbllA l b a n o (al-ba'iio). A t o w n in t h e province of m i l e s l i o m e , Italy, s i t u a t e d on t h e slope of t h e ATbau A l b e m a r l e P o i n t . T h e early n a m e of Charles¿ f A l b r e c l l t . Born 1298: died 1358, M o u n t a i n s , 14 miles s o u t h e a s t of R o m e , on t h e site of P o m p e y ' s V i l l a : t h e R o m a n A l b a n u m . L ^ T ? °f G I t passed to the Papal States in 1697- It contains the ruins A l b e m a r l e S o S S T A shallow b o d y of w a t e r , ^ S ^ ^ S ^ ^ S S S r 1 ^ of a pretorian camp built by Domitian, a large fortified a b o u t 55 miles long, in t h e n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t ^ m Died 1395. Son of inclosure, quadrilateral in plan. The walls are built of of N o r t h Carolina, s e p a r a t e d f r o m t h e A t l a n t i c ^ G A l b r e c h t . huge but rather thin blocks of stone. One of the gates b y s a n d b e a c h e s , a n d c o m m u n i c a t i n g w i t h P a m - A l b e r t n ¿ f A u s t r i a > H e r u l e d a ] o n c a s d u k e remains. Population, about 6,000. lico b o u n d on t h e s o u t h t h r o u g h C r o a t a n a n d o f A u s t r i a f v o m 1 3 7 9 i

Albano, Lake of, or Lago di Castello, or Al-

J x o a n o k e b o u n d s . I t receives the Roanoke Elver, and A i v o r f

b a n L a k e . A s m a l l l a k e n e a r A l b a n o , Italy, is connected with Chesapeake Bay by the Chesapeake n o t e d f o r its p i c t u r e s q u e s c e n e r y , o c c u p y i n g and Albemarle Canal and the Dismal Swamp Canal. A l b e m a r l e , The. A Confederate iron-eladram, t h e c r a t e r of an e x t i n c t volcano. Albano, Mount. See Monte Cava. b u i l t on t h e K o a n o k e Kiver a b o u t 30 miles Albany ( a l ' b a - n i ) . S a m e as Brcadulbane. b e l o w W e l d o n , N o r t h Carolina, d u r i n g 1863. A l b a n y . T h e c a p i t a l of t h e S t a t e of N e w Y o r k She did much damage to Union steamers during the a n d of A l b a n y Countv, s i t u a t e d on t h e w e s t spring of 1864, but was destroyed by Lieutenant W. 13. b a n k of t h e H u d s o n in l a t . 42° 39' 50* N. ? long. Gushing during the nipht of Oct. 27 of that year. He 73° 44' SC" W . ( D u d l e y O b s e r v a t o r y ) , n e a r t h e attacked her in a small launch carrying a torpedo. Forh e a d of n a v i g a t i o n . It is an important commcrcial cing his way within the chain of logs which formed part

T rj Alhroriit "Rnm n h r m t 1S17¿'No ? > • d i e d F e b . 18, 1 3 / 9 . T h e f o u n d e r o i t h e r e i g l l -

h o u s e of M e c k l e n b u r g , c r e a t e d d u k e of M e c k l e n b u r g b y t h e e m p e r o r Charles I V . m 1348. He came into possession of the duchy of Schwe-

" n in 1358 by the extinction ot he ducal house and secured the election of l is sccond son Albert, by his first Euphemia of Sweden, as king of Sweden m 136J. Albert II., G. Albrecht. D i e d 1412. b o n of 0 f A l b e r t I . of M e c k l e n b u r g , e l e c t e d k i n g of her defense, he exploded the torpedo under the rani's S w e d e n i n 13G3. He was defeated by Queen Margaret overhang. She was afterward raised, towed to .Norfolk, of Denmark and Norway (widow of Hakon) at the battle of Falkoping, Sept. 21, It89, and taken prisoner. In li>95 and in 1SG7 stripped and sold. A l b e n d o r f ( a l ' b e n - d o r f ) . A village a n d f r e - lie was released and renounced the throne of Sweden. Wlfe

city, the terminus of lines of steamers to New York and other river-ports, and of the Erie and Champlain cauals, and a center of extensive systems of railroads. Besides the State Capitol, it contains the law and medical departraents and the (Dudley) Observatory of Union University. q u e n t e d p l a c e of p i l g r i m a g e (to t h e s a n c t u a r y A l b e r t , R>i^ f t o v w m t h e v i l a y e t ot A l e p p o , Asiatic T u r 40 c e n t u r i e s : so called f r o m Albi, in L a n g u e d o c , ^ n o r t h e a s t of M a r a s h . w h e r e t h e y w e r e d o m i n a n t . They revolted IROM IITT ^ ' t l ' T ft nnoT 7

the Churchof Rome, were charged with Manichsean errors, and wore so vigorously persecuted that, as sects, they had in great^part disappeared by the end of the 13th^century A crusade against them was preached by Pope Innocent; III. in 1203, and was Jed by Arnold of Citeaux and Simon de Montfort. The war of extermination, which lasted for several years, was one of the bloodiest in history. Their doctrines are known chiefly from the writings of thenorthodox enemies. Also called Cathari, and by many other names.

a n d Mongols m 127/.

Albitte

(al-bët').

P o p u l a t i o n , 8,000 (f ).

Antoine Louis.

Died 1812.

F r e n ( . ] , r a d i c a l r e v o l u t i o n i s t , m e m b e r of t h e L e g i s l a t i v e A s s e m b l y , 1791. He was condemned to death for participation in the revolt of May 20, 1705, against the Convention, but succeedcd in avoiding captured Under the Directory he was appointed mayor of Dieppe, after the 18th Hrumaire was engaged in military affairs, and finally perished in the retreat from Moscow,

A

Albizzi Albizzi

(al-bët'së). A noted Italian family, o r i g i n a l l y of A r e z z o , w h i c h p l a y e d a c o n s p i c u o u s p a r t i n F l o r e n t i n e affairs d u r i n g Hie 14th a n d 15th c e n t u r i e s . They belonged to the democratic Guelph party.

Albizzi, Bartolommeo, L. Bartholomseus Albicius Pisanus ( ' of P i s a ? ) . B o r n at K i v a n o

i n T u s c a n y : d i e d at P i s a , D e c . 10, 1401. A n o t e d F r a n c i s c a n m o n k a n d r c l i g i o u s w r i t e r : aut h o r of ' ' L i b e r c o n f o r m i t a t u m s a n c t i P r a n c i s c i c u m Christo " (first ed. f o l i o , V e n i c e , u n d a t e d ) . Albo, Joseph ( a l ' b o ) . B o r n at S o r i a i n S p a i n : d i e d t h e r e , 1444. A J e w i s h p h y s i c i a n , t h e o l o g i a n , a n d p h i l o s o p h e r . He wrote a work entitled " Ikkarim" ("fundaments"} which comprises a complété system of the Jewish religion. Alboin ( a l ' b o i n ) . D i e d at V e r o n a i n 573. King of t h e L o m b a r d s f r o m a b o u t 553 (5601?) t o 573, s o n of A l d u i n , w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d . He destroyed the kingdom of the Gepidœ (56G), and married Rosamunds, daughter of the slain king Cuniniund. In 568 he conquered Italy as far south as the Tiber, and established the kingdom of the Lombards with Puvia as its capital. He was murdered at the instigation of Rosamunda, whom, at a carousal, he had ordered to drink from her father's skull. She is said to have employed for this purpose a common soldier(Helmichis, Alboin's shieki-bearev) whom she first allowed to become her paramour, and to whom she then oifered the choice of perishing through the jealousy of Alboin or of becoming his murderer. This story is probably unhistorical. Albona ( a l - b ô ' n a ) . A t o w n i n Istria, A u s t r i a H u n g a r y , 42 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of T r i e s t e . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), c o m m u n e , 10,379. Alboni ( â l - b ô ' n ê ) , Marietta. B o r n a t C e s e n a , I t a l y , M a r c h 10, 1823: d i e d a t P a r i s , J u n o 23, 1804. A c e l e b r a t e d c o n t r a l t o s i n g e r . She studied under Madame Bertoletti and later under Rossini (Grove), and made her début at the Communal Theater in Bologna with great success, appealing immediately afterward at La Scala in Milan. She sang in all the Continental and English cities and in America until 1£67, when her husband, Count repoli, a Bologncse, died... In 1872 she reappeared in " I I Matrimonio Segrcto" at the Italiens. In 1877 she married again an officer of the Garde Républicaine, M. Zieger. Al Borak ( a l b ô ' r a k ) . [ A r . , ' l i g h t n i n g / ] A l e g e n d a r y a n i m a l , "white i n c o l o r , i n s i z e b e t w e e n a m u l e a n d a n ass, w i t h t w o w i n g s , a n d of g r e a t s w i f t n e s s , o n w h i c h M o h a m m e d i s s a i d to have made a nocturnal journey to the s e v e n t h heaven, conducted b y the angeÎ Gabriel.

Albornoz (al-bôr'nôth), Oil Alvarez Carillo d e . B o r n a t C u e n o a , S p a i n , a b o u t 1300 : d i e d a t V i t e r b o , I t a l y , A u g . 24, 1367. A S p a n i s h p r e l a t e ( a r c h b i s h o p of T o l e d o ) a n d s o l d i e r , a s u p p o r t e r of t h e p a p a l a u t h o r i t y i n I t a l y . Albovine ( a l ' b o - v i n ) , King of the Lombards. A t r a g e d y by D a v e n a n t , p r i n t e d i n 1629. The s c e n e a n d t h e n a m e s of c h a r a c t e r s are t h e s a m e as in his later p o e m " Gondibert." A l b r a c c a (âl-brâk'kâ). InBoiardo's "Orlando I n n a m o r a t o , " a c a s t l e of C a t h a y i n w h i c h A n gelica was besieged by Agrieane.

Albrecht.

See Albert.

A l b r e c h t ( a l ' b r e c h t ) . L i v e d a b o u t 1270. A G e r m a n p o e t , a u t h o r of t h e l a t e r u T i t u r e l , " a c o n t i n u a t i o n of t h e " Tifcurel " of W o l f r a m v o n E s c h e n b a c h : g e n e r a l l y , but p r o b a b l y w r o n g l y , n a m e d Albrecht von Scharfenberg. Albrecht, Wilhelm Eduard. B o r n at K l b i n g , P r u s s i a , M a r c h 4 , 1 8 0 0 : d i e d at L e i p s i c , M a y 22, 1876. Â G e r m a n jurist, o n e of t h e s e v e n Gôtt i n g e n p r o f e s s o r s r e m o v e d o n a c c o u n t of l i b e r a l i s m i n 1837.

Albrechtsberger Georg. B o m at

( â l - b r e c h t s - b e r ' g e r ) , Johann Kloster-Neuburg, near Vienna, F e b . 3,1736 : died at V i e n n a , March 7,1809. A n Austrian musician, distinguished especially a s a c o n t r a p u n t i s t : a u t h o r of " G r i i n d l i c h e A n w e i s u n g zur K o m p o s i t i o n " (1790), e t c .

A l b r e c h t s b u r g (al'brechts-bore). An extensive

c a s t l e at M e i s s e n , S a x o n y , f o u n d e d i n 1471 b y t h e p r i n c e s E r n s t a n d A l b e r t , i t is a picturesque pile, dominated by towers and lofty roofs, and by the openwork spire of itsJohanniskapelle. The large banquetinghall is an imposing room, with wooden figures of Saxon princes. There is much excellent vaulting. Siucc 1803 the whole has been restored and decorated with historical frescos. For 150 years from 1710 the famous royal porcelain manufactory was conducted here.

Albreda

(al-brâ'ila}. A s e a p o r t i n S e n e g a m b i a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e G a m b i a R i v e r 20 m i l e s a b o v e B a t h u r s t . P o p u l a t i o n , 7,000 (?). Albret ( a l - b r a ' ) , H o u s e o f . A G a s c o n f a m i l y w h i c h a r o s e i n t h e 11th c e n t u r y , a n d d e r i v e d i t s n a m e f r o m t h e C h â t e a u d ' A l b r e t . its bestknown members are Charles d'Albret, count of Dreux, who was killed in the battle of Agincourt in 1415 ; Louis d'Albret (died 1465\ cardinal bishop of Cahors ; Jean d'Albret, who became king of Navarre by his marriage with Catherine of Foix in 1484; Jeanne d'Albret (sec below); and César-Phébus d'Albret, marshal of Prance and the last descendant of the house in the male line.

31

Alcantara

Albret, Jeanne d\

B o r n a t P a u , F r a n c e , J a n . quered Rio Grande do Norte from the Indians 1598-99 and 7, 1528 : d i e d a t P a r i s , J u n e 9, 1572. A q u e e n CearA in 1613. In Nov., 1G15, he took Maranhao from the French, and was made captain-general of that colony. of N a v a r r e , ( l a u g h t e r of H e n r y , k i n g of N a A l b u q u e r q u e , M a t h i a s de. Said to have been varre, a n d M a r g a r e t of V a l o i s , w i f e of A n t o n y b o r n i n B r a z i l : d i e d a t L i s b o n , J u n e 9, 1647. of B o u r b o n , a n d m o t h e r of H e n r y I V . of F r a n c e , A P o r t u g u e s e g e n e r a l , g o v e r n o r of P e r n a m b u c o n o t e d as a s u p p o r t e r of t h e H u g u e n o t s . i n 1624, and, a f t e r t h e D u t c h h a d t a k e n B a h í a Albright ( a l ' b r i t ) , Jacob. B o r n n e a r P o t t s - (May, 1624), a c t i n g g o v e r n o r - g e n e r a l of n o r t h t o w n , P a . , M a y 1 . 1 7 5 9 : d i e d 1808. A n A m e r i - e r n B r a z i l . He recovered Bahia in 1625. After visc a n M e t h o d i s t c l e r g y m a n , f o u n d e r of t h e d e - iting Madrid he returned to Pernanibuco, in Oct., 1629, as n o m i n a t i o n n a m e d t h e " E v a n g e l i c a l A s s o c i a - governor, and in Feb., 1630, abandoned Olinda and Recife (Pernambuco) to the Dutch. In Dec,, 1635, ho was ordered tion." back to Madrid, whencc he was sent to Portugal in disAlbrizzi (al-bret'se), Isabella Teotochi, Coun- grace. In 1010 Portugal threw off the Spanish yoke, and t e s s d'. B o r n i n Corfu, 1763: d i e d a t V e n i c e , Albuquerque took a principal part in the war which folS e p t . 27, 1836. A V e n e t i a n p a t r o n e s s of l i t e r - lowed. His decisive victor}' of Montijo or Campo Mayor a t u r e a n d art, c a l l e d b y B y r o n " t h e M a d a m e (May, 1644) won for him the titles of Count of Allegrete d e Staiil of V e n i c e " : a u t h o r of " D e s c r i z i o n e and grandee of Portugal. Albuquerque, Pedro d\ B o r n at P e r n a m b u c o d e l l e o p e r e di C a n o v a " (1809-25), e t c . Albucasis ( a l - b u - k à ' s i s ) , or Abul-Casim (ii-bol- a b o u t 1575: d i e d at P a r á , F e b . 6. 1644, A s o n k a - s é m ' ) , or Abul-Kasim el Zahràwi. B o r n at of J e r o n y m o de A l b u q u e r q u e M a r a n h a o , apZ a h r à al T a s r ì f , n e a r Cordova, S p a i n : d i e d at p o i n t e d g o v e r n o r of M a r a n h a o a n d P a r a i n 1642. C o r d o v a a b o u t 1106. A n A r a b i a n p h y s i c i a n , Albuquerque Coelho, Duarte d\ S e e Coelho, .Duarte d'Albuquerque. a u t h o r of " A l - T a s r i f , " a f a m o u s r é s u m é of A r a b i a n m e d i c a l s c i e n c e . According to some he Albuquerque Coelho, Jorge d\ S e e Coelho, lived a century earlier. His work was partially translated Jorge d'Albuquerque. into Latin and twice into Hebrew. Alby. See AIM. Albuera ( a l - b d - à ' r a ) . A v i l l a g e i n t h e p r o v - Albyn. S e e Albion. i n c e of B a d a j o z , S p a i n , 12 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of Alcacer-do-Sal ( a l - k a ' s e r - d o - s a l ' ) . A t r a d i n g B a d a j o z . Here, May 16, 1811, the Anglo-Spanish-Portu- t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of K s t r e m a d u r a , P o r t u g a l , guese army (30,000) under Beresiord defeated the French s i t u a t e d o n t h e S a d o 50 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of L i s (20,000) under Soult. The losses were nearly even. b o n : t h e R o m a n S a l a c i a . It lias been the scene A l b u f e i r a ( a l - b o - f à ' é - r a ) . A s m a l l fishing p o r t of various battles, particularly between Moors and Chrisi n t h e p r o v i n c e of A l g a r v e , P o r t u g a l , 21 m i l e s tiaus. Population, about 2,000. w e s t of F a r o . Alcaeus ( a l - s e ' u s ) . [ G t . ^VX/iCiOf.] A f a m o u s t of M y t i l e n e i n L e s b o s ( a b o u t 611-580 A l b u f e r a de V a l e n c i a (al-bo-fà'ra dà va-làn'- pB.o ec.), b y s o m e r e g a r d e d a s t h e first i n r a u k of t h e - a ) . A l a g o o n , a b o u t 10 m i l e s l o n g , 7 m i l e s t h e lyric p o e t s of G r e e c e . He supported the nobles s o u t h of V a l e n c i a , i n S p a i n . Its revenues belonged in their struggles with the tyrants of his native town, to Godoy, later to Such et (Duke of Albufera), and after was banished, and led an eventful and wandering life. him to the l>uke of Wellington. He was " the perfect picture of an unprincipled, violeut, Albula ( a l ' b o - l à ) . A p a s s i n t h e c a n t o n of lawless Greek aristocrat, who sacrificed all ami everything G r i s o n s , S w i t z e r l a n d , a b o u t 25 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t to the demands of pleasure and power" (Hahaffy). Fragof Coire, c o n n e c t i n g t h e v a l l e y s of t h e A l b u l a ments of his works remain. A a n d H i n t e r - R h e i n w i t h t h a t of t h e I n n . I t s Alcaforado ( á l - k á - f ó - r a ' d o ) , Francisco. P o r t u g u e s e n a v i g a t o r w h o t o o k p a r t in t h e e x h e i g h t i s 7,595 f e e t . A l b u m a z a r (al-bo-ma/zar). B o r n at B a l k h , p e d i t i o n (of w h i c h h e w r o t e a n a c c o u n t ) of J o a o T u r k e s t a n , 805 (?): d i e d a t W a s i d , c e n t r a l G o n z a l e s Zarco t o t h o i s l a n d of M a d e i r a i n 1420. A s i a , 885. A c e l e b r a t e d A r a b i a n a s t r o n o m e r , Alcalá de Chisbert ( á l - k a - l a ' d a c h é s - b á r t ' ) . a u t h o r of n u m e r o u s w o r k s , i n c l u d i n g a n i n t r o - \_Álcalá: A r . ' c a s t l e . ' ] A t o w n in t h e p r o v i n c e d u c t i o n to a s t r o n o m y , a " B o o k of C o n j u n c t i o n . " of C a s t e l l ó n , S p a i n , s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e M e d i t e r a n d a t r e a t i s e on a s t r o l o g y . Latin translations of r a n e a n 65 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of V a l e n c i a . Poputhe first two appeared at Augsburg in 148!), and again at Venice, the former in liiOO and the latter in 1515. The l a t i o n (1887), 5,751.work on astrology was printed at Venice under the title A l c a l á de Guadaira (ál-ka-la' da gwá-THí'ra). "Flores Astrologiae" (date unknown), and reprinted at A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of S e v i l l e , S p a i n , s i t u Augsburg in 1583. His name is given to the leading a t e d n e a r t h e G u a d a i r a 7 m i l e s e a s t of S e v i l l e . character, a knavish astrologer, in a university play (in I t contains a Moorish castle, an unusually fine example, English), named for him, by John Tomkis (or Tomkins), older than 1246, when the town was taken by the Chrisacted by the gentlemen of Trinity College, Cambridge, be- tians. Population (1887), 9,055. fore King James I. in 1614. I t is founded on " L'Astrologo " A l c a l á de H e n a r e s (ál-ká-lá' da á-ná'ras). A of Gian Battista del Porta, 1606. Dryden revived it in t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of Madrid, S p a i n , n e a r 1748. In 1734 a comedy called "The Astrologer" (pro- t h e s i t e of t h e R o m a n C o m p l u t u m , s i t u a t e d on duced in 1744) was founded on it by Ralph. t h o H e n a r e s 17 m i l e s e a s t b y n o r t h of M a d r i d : Albuquerque ( à l - b ò - k à r ' k e ) . A t o w n i n t h e t h e b i r t h p l a c e of C e r v a n t e s . It was formerly famons p r o v i n c e of B a d a j o z , S p a i n , 24 m i l e s n o r t h of for its university, founded by Cardinal Ximenes, which B a d a j o z . P o p u l a t i o n (1887), 7,385. was removed to Madrid in 18,%. Population (1887), 13,543. Albuquerque. T h e c a p i t a l of B e r n a l i l l o A l c a l á de los Gazules (ál-ka-la/ dá los gá-tho'C o u n t y , Now M e x i c o , s i t u a t e d o n t h e R i o l a s ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of Cadiz, S p a i n , G r a n d e 58 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of S a n t a F é : a n i m p o r t a n t r a i l r o a d c e n t e r , i t consists of two set- 30 m i l e s c a s t of C a d i z . P o p u l a t i o n (1887), 9,802. tlements, the old town (population (1890). 1,733) and the Alcalá la Real ( a l - k á - l á ' l á r a - a l ' ) . A t o w n i n new town (population (1890), 3,785). The latter was founded t h e p r o v i n c e of J a e n , S p a i n , 27 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of G r a n a d a . P o p u l a t i o n (1887). 15,802. in 1881. The old town dates from the 17th century.

Albuquerque, Affonso de,

surnamed " T h e G r e a t " a n d ' ' T h e P o r t u g u e s e Mars." B o r n at A l h a n d r a , n e a r L i s b o n , 1452 ( 1 4 5 3 ? ) : d i e d a t s e a n e a r Goa, I n d i a , D e c . 16, 1515. A c e l e brated Portuguese navigator and conqueror, t h e f o u n d e r of t h e P o r t u g u e s e e m p i r e i n t h e E a s t . Appointed viceroy of India, he landed on the coast of Malabar in 1603, conquered Goa and afterward the whole of Malabar, Ceylon, the Sunda Islands, the peninsula of Malacca, and the island of Ormuz. k i n g Emmauuel appointed a personal enemy of Albuquerque to supersede him. On his return, he died at sea. He was an extraordinary man, and made the Portuguese name profoundly respected in the East.

Alcalá y Herrera, Alonso de. A Portuguese

w r i t e r of S p a n i s h o r i g i n , w h o p u b l i s h e d i n 1641 five S p a n i s h t a l e s i n e a c h of w h i c h o n e of t h e five v o w e l s i s o m i t t e d . Tichnor. Alcamenes, or Alkamenes ( a l - k a m ' e - n e z ) . [Gr. 'A/.nafiévr¿q.] B o r n a t L e m n o s , of A t t i c d e s c e n t , or a t A t h e n s : flourished a b o u t 4 4 8 - 4 0 4 B.C. A G r e e k s c u l p t o r , a c c o r d i n g t o P a u s a n i a s t h e m o s t s k i l f u l p u p i l of P h i d i a s . The same author ascribes to him the centaur conflict on the western pediment of the temple of Zeus recently recovered at Olynipia. This must have been a very early work of the master. His recorded works were statues of gods find heroes mainly. His Aphrodite "of the gardens " was one the great statues of antiquity. His statue of ivory and Albuquerque, Duarte Coelho de. See Coelho of gold of JEsculapins may be represented in the beautiful de Albuquerque, Duarte. head in the British Museum, found at Melos. Albuquerque, Francisco Fernandez de la Alcamo ( a l ' k á - m ó ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of Cueva, D u k e of. S e e Fernandez de la Cueva. m i l e s w e s t - s o u t h w e s t of P a Albuquerque, Francisco Fernandez de la lTerrampoa.n i , NSei ca irl yit, 24are t h e r u i n s of t h e a n c i e n t Cueva Henriquez, D u k e of. S e e Fernandez de S e g e s t a . P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t 37,000. la Cueva Henriquez. A l c a n d r e (ál-koñ'dr). A character in MadeAlbuquerque, Jeronymo de. B o r n a b o u t 1514 : m o i s e l l e d e S c u d é r y ' s r o m a n c e " C l é l i c ' 7 : a d i e d a t Olincla, n e a r P e r n a m b u c o , a b o u t F e b . flattering p o r t r a i t of L o u i s X I V . , t h e n o n l y 25,1594. A P o r t u g u e s e soldier, l e a d e r i n v a r i o u s a b o u t e i g h t e e n y e a r s of a g e . wars a g a i n s t the Indians in Brazil, whither h e A l c a ñ i z (ál-kán-yéth')' A town in the province w e n t i n 1535. In 1548 he was captured by the Cahetes of T e r u e l , S p a i n , o n t h e G u a d a l o p e 64 m i l e s tribe, hut gained their good will and married the daughter s o u t h e a s t of S a r a g o s s a . P o p u l a t i o n ^ 1887), 7,781. of a chief. A l c a n t a r a ( á l - k á n ' t á - r a ) . A w e s t e r n quarter, Albuquerque Maranhao, Jeronymo de. Born f o r m e r l y a s u b u r b , of L i s b o n , n o t e d f o r t h e at P e r n a m b u c o , 1548: d i e d a t M a r a n h a o , F e b . v i c t o r y g a i n e d t h e r e i n 1580 b y t h e D u k e of 1 1 , 1 6 1 8 . A B r a z i l i a n soldier, s o n of J e r o n y m o A l v a o v e r t h e P o r t u g u e s e . d e A l b u q u e r q u e a n d a n I n d i a n m o t h e r . lie con-

Alcántara

32

Alcock

A l c á n t a r a . [ A r . t ' t h e b r i d g e . ' ] A s m a l l t o w n A l c e s t e ( i i l - s e s t ' ) - T h e p r i n c i p a l c h a r a c t e r i n G r e e t r h e t o r i c i a n , a n a t i v e of E l s e a i n A s i a i n t h e p r o v i n c e of C á c e r e s , S p a i n , t h e a n c i e n t Moli&re's c o m e d y " T h e M i s a n t h r o p e " : a d i s - M i n o r . He was a pupil of Gorgias, and between 432 N o r b a Cresarea, situated on the T a g u s 31 miles n o r t h w e s t of C á e e r e s . The famous bridge of Trajan, a g r e e a b l e b u t u p r i g h t m a n w h o s c o r n s t h e and 411 B. C. resided at Athens where he gave instruction in eloquence, being the last of the purely sophistical over the Tagus, built in 105 A. D., exists to-day practically c i v i l i t i e s Of l i f e a n d t h e s h a m s Of s o c i e t y . as the Romans left it. It is built without cement, and is W y c h e r l e y h a s t a k e n h i m a s t h e m o d e l of h i s S X d to'hfm n C 1 0 " S ' i W 0 o r t " , , t declamations are one of the most imposing of masonry bridges. It is about r u d e a n d b r u t a l M a n l y i n " T h e P l a i n D e a l e r . " A l c i d e ( a l - s e d ' ) , B a r o n d e M . . . A p s e u d o 670 feet long, and 211) fuet high from the river-bed, with A l c e s t e . A p s e u d o n y m of s e v e r a l m o d e m u s e d 1833-35 a n d i n 1864 b y A l f r e d d e nym six arches. The two central arches each have a span of Musset. 110 feet. A plain triumphal arch rises over the middle - F r e n c h w r i t e r s , a m o n g t h e m A l f r e d A s s o l a n t , pier. Another notable structure is the monastery of the H i p p o l y t o d e C a s t i l l e , L o u i s B e l m o n t e t , a n d Alcides ( a l ' s i - d e z ) . A p a t r o n y m i c of H e r a c l e s , Knights of Alcántara, begun in 1506, and now in ruins. E d o u a r d L a b o u l a y e . w h 0 w a s a d e s c e n d a n t of A l c ' s m s . The florid Pointed church is divided by slender piers into A l c e s t e . A t r a g i c o p e r a b y G l u c k , first p r e - A l c i n a ( a l - c h e ' n a ) . A f a i r y , t h e e m b o d i m e n t lofty, gracefully vaulted aisles. The cloisters are tine, and s e n t e d a t V i e n n a , D e e . 10, 1767. In() f c a r n a l d e l i g h t s , i n B o i a r d o ' s " O r l a n d o the buildings, both for residence and for defense, of great extent and niassiventas. Population, about 4,000. Alcester ( a l s t e r ) . A t o w n i n W a r w i c k s h i r e , n a m o r a t o " a n d A r i o a t o ' s " O r l a n d o F u r i o s o " : E n g l a n d , 19 m i l e s s o u t h of B i r m i n g h a m : t h e t h o s i s t e r of L o g i s t i l l a ( r e a s o n ) a n d M o r g a n a A l c a n t a r a . A s e a p o r t i n t h e p r o v i n c e of M a r a n h a o , B r a z i l , i n l a t . 2° 2 5 ' S., l o n g . 4 4 ° 2 5 ' "W. s i t e of a n a n c i e n t R o m a n e n c a m p m e n t . P o p u - ( l a s e i v i o u s n e s s ) . When tired of her lovers she changed them into trees, beasts, etc., and was Anally, by means of Alcántara, Francisco Martin. Born in the l a t i o n ( l o l i l ) , 4 , S W . Sir Frederic];, a magic ring, displayed ill her real senility and ugliness. p r o v i n c e of E x t r e m a d u r a , p r o b a b l y a b o u t 1480: Alcester, Baron. S e e Seymour, C e Armjda, and Circe. k i l l e d a t L i m a , P e r u , J u n e 26, 1541. A S p a n - Alcestis ( a l - s e s ' t i s ) , o r Alceste ( a l - s e s ' t e ) . - ™Pr In Greek legend, A l c i n o u s ( a l - s m o-us). [ G r . 'A/uuvooc.J In i s h s o l d i e r , h a l f - b r o t h e r of F r a n c i s c o P i z a r r o o n [ G r . »A/jo/urif, o r 'A'A^arv.] t h e m o t h e r ' s s i d e , l i e left Spain with Pizarro in 1529, t h e d a u g h t e r of P e l i a s a n d w i f e of A d m o t u s , P ™ * l e f a k i n g of t h e PhseaciaM, m t h o and was with him during part of the conquest of Pern. k i n g of Pliei-tt! i n T h e s s a l y . w h e n her husband was 1 ? l a , l d . , o i £ o h o " a ; ™ ™ t l o n e f l V1 < 18 d e He received a large inheritance wliicli was unjustly taken stricken with a mortal sickness she sacrificed h e ? £ c f o i ' £ f ? ? ! ' d ? i ? ' C p a ; ' t "/n' '" ^ ?°°i !B " » his dominions, from the younger Almagro. Alcantara was killed with him, in accordance with the promise of Apollo that by A \ o t l : d t h e e . ve 1 n , t8 . 0 ! this means he should be saved. According to one form A i C i p n r O l l ( a l S l - t r o n ) . [ b r . 'AAnippuv.] Laved Pizarro. Alcantara, Doctor of. An operetta by Julius of the legend she was allowed to return to the upper world p r o b a b l y i n t h e l a s t p a r t of t h e 2d c e n t u r v A. D. E i c h b e r g p r o d u c e d i n B o s t o n i n 1862, " t h e by Persephone: according to another she was rescued by A G r e e k e p i s t . o l o g r a p h e r w h o s e i d e n t i t v ' i s u n certain, Alciphroil being, perhaps, a n assumed m o s t s u c c e s s f u l w o r k of a n y p r e t e n s i o n s w i t h Hercules. She is the subject of a play by Euripides. The Alcestis is a curious and almost unique example of n a m e . The letters attributed to him " a r e about 100 in an exclusively American r e p u t a t i o n " (Grove). Alcántara, Knights of. A religious and mili- a great novelty attempted by Euripides - a novelty which number, and are divided into three books. They repret a r y o r d e r i n S p a i n , c r e a t e d a b o u t 1156 b y t h e Shakspearc has sanctioned by his genius — I mean the B e nt classes of the older Greek community, and are valb r o t h e r s D o n S u a r e a a n d D o n G o m e z d e B a r - mixture of comic and vulgar elements with real tragic uable from tho glimpses which they give of social life, r i e n t o s t o c o m b a t t h e M o o r s . In 1177 it was con- pathos, by way of contrast, t h e play is not strictly a the materials being mostly derived from the remains of firmed by Pope Alexander I I I . as a religious order of tragedy, but a melodrama with a happy conclusion, and tile middle and new comedy. The most lively are those knighthood under Benedictine rule. I t took its name was noted as such by the old critics, who called the play supposed to be written by celebrated hetKrte, especially from the fortified town of Alcántara, with whose defense rather comic, that is to say like the new comedies in this those from Glvcera to llenander. The style is a carefli it was intrusted about T213, having hitherto been known respect. The intention of the poet seems to have been to imitation of the best Attic " (K. O. MuUcr, llist. of the calmtothe minds theanaudience agitated by greatand sorrows, as the order of the Knights of San Julian del I'ereyro. In and tone themof by afterpiece of a higher more ALit. l p i of n l iAnc. r n n Greece, A d III.). u n - i n t e(Donaldson.) r i-n T h n m i i M o n r o ' « 1491-9") the grand mastership was vested in the crown, refined character than the satyric dramas, which were - » - I C i p n r o n A c n a r a c t e i n XJiomas M o o i e s and in 1540 the knights received permission to marry. In coarse and generally obscene. r o m a n c e " T h e E p i c u r e a n , " p u b l i s h e d i n 1827. 183.5 the order ceased to exist as a spiritual body, though MahaJfy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 325. M o o r e a l s o w r o t e a p o e m w i t h t h i s t i t l e , p u b It still remains in its civil capacity. Alcantara, Pedro de. See Pedro I. and II. of A l c h e m b ( a l - k e m V ) . [ A r . ] A r a r e l y u s e d l i s t e d i n 1839. n a m e for the second-magnitude star a Persei, A i c i p h r o n , or t h e M i n u t e P h i l o s o p h e r . A Brazil. a n d s o m e t i m e s Alqenib. Philosophical dialogue b y Bishop Berkeley, A l c a t r a z ( i i l - k a - t r a z ' ) . A s m a l l i s l a n d n o r t h u s u a l l y e a l l e d Mirfak, I t w a s c o m p o s e d w h i l e B e r k e l e y w a s a t N e w A l c h e m i s t , T h e . A c o m e d y b y B e n J o n s o n w r i t t e n t o e x p o s e t h e w e a k n e s s o t i n f i d e l i t y .of S a n F r a n c i s c o , t h e s e a t of a m i l i t a r y p r i s o n . a c t e d b y t h e K i n g ' s S e r v a n t s i n 1010: a s a t i r e A l c a u d e t e ( á l - k o u - T H a ' t a ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v - o n t h e r e i g n i n g f o l l y of t h e t i m e , t h o s e a r c h p o r t , B . I . , a n d w a s p u b l i s h e d i n 1732. i n c e of J a e n , S p a i n , s i t u a t e d o n a t r i b u t a r y of f o r t h e p h i l o s o p h e r ' s s t o n e , i t observes strictly A l c i r ä ( ä l - t h ö ' r ä ) , A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of t h e G u a d a l q u i v i r 23 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of J a e n . the unities of time and place, and, in point of intellec- V a l e n c i a , S p a i n , o n a n i s l a n d of t h e J n c a r 20 tual power, is regarded as the first of Jonson's plays. m i l e s s o u t h of V a l e n c i a . P o p u l a t i o n (1887), P o p u l a t i o n (1887), 9,188. "The Empiric," a droll, was founded on it in 1(57(5, and 18,448. A l c á z a r (ál-ka'thar). [ A r . al qaer, t h e c a s t l e . ] " T h e Tobacconist, a farce, in 1771. It was entered in 4 1 ™ « , n r , / ,a i | , m e ' m . 1 r f i v 'A3 t -,m;,,„l T„ ( t K - m e o n ) . LGr. A / . k f i a i u v . j I n 1 . T h e p a l a c e of t h e M o o r i s h k i n g s a n d l a t e r the Stationers'Register in 1610, but was not published G r e e k l e g e n d , t h e s o n of A m p h i a r a u s a n d of S p a n i s h r o y a l t y a t S e v i l l e . A large part is of till 1612. the original Alhambresque architecture, and extremely A l c h f r i t h ( a l c h ' f r i t h ) , o r A l c h f r i d ( - f r i d ) . E r i p h y l o a n d t h o l e a d e r of t h e E p i g o n i i n t h e e x p e d i t i o n a g a i n s t T h e b e s . In accordance with the beautiful, though restored and too highly colored. Other A s o n of O s w i u , k i n g of t h e N o r t h u m b r i a n s , command of his father, given when he joined the first portions have been added by successive Spanish sover« a n d E a n f l a s d , d a u g h t e r of E a d w i n e . He was cre- expedition against Thebes, and the advice of the oracle, eigns, from Pedro the Cruel. The gardens were laid out ated under-king of the Deirans by his father; married he slew his mother, and was driven inad and pursued by Cyneburh, daughter of Penda, king of the Mercians ; and the Furies in consequence. Having, under false pretenses, by the emperor Charles V. 2 . A p a l a c e i n S e g o v i a , S p a i n , o r i g i n a l l y M o o r - Joined his father in the defeat of 1'enda, (555, near the obtained from Phegeus the Arcadian the necklace and river Winwsed. He made unsuccessful war against his fa- robe of Harmonia (see Harmmia) for his wife Callirrhoe, i s h , o c c u p i e d b y t h e s o v e r e i g n s of C a s t i l e f r o m he was waylaid and slain by Phegeus's order. t h e 1 4 t h c e n t u r y . It was a large and strong medieval ther, and probably fled to Mercia. A l c h l b a , or A l k h l b a (al-ke-ba ). [Ar., ' t h e A l c m a e o n . A Greek n a t u r a l philosopher, b o m castle, with picturesque towers and turrets, and contained rooms of much historical interest. I t was burned t e n t a n a m e g i v e n b y s o m e of t h e A r a b i a n s a t C r o t o n a , " I t a l y , i n t h e 6 t h c e n t u r y B. c . , e s to the constellation Corvus.] T h e seldom pecially noted for his discoveries in anatomy, in 18b2j and has been restored. A l c á z a r , B a t t l e o f . S e e Ba ttle of Alcazar. u s e d n a m e of t h e f o u r t h - m a g n i t u d e s t a r a A l c m a e o n i d s e ( a l k - m ë - o n ' i - d ë ) . A n o b l e f a m i l y Alcázar de San Juan (al-ka'thar da san hwán). t b T " ' w f 1 1 c ] b ' t . h o w o v e r ' 1 8 n o t t h e b r i g h t e s t m of A t h e n s , a b r a n c h of t h e f a m i l y of t h e N e l e i d t e A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of C i u d a d R e a l , S p a i n , t h eo „c™ o n=s t „e l l„a t i o n . which came from Pylos in Messenia to Athens a railway and manufacturing center. PopulaA l c h y m i s t ( ä l - c h ö - m e s t ' ) , D e r . A n o p e r a b y a b o u t 1100 B. C. Among the mere notable members t i o n (1887), 9,557. S p o h r , c o m p o s e d a b o u t t h e e n d of 1829, a n d of the family are Alcmajon, an Athenian general in the Alcazar-Quivir. See Kassr-el-Kebir. p e r f o r m e d a t C a s s e l J u l y 28, 1830. T h e Cirrhtean war; Megacles, a son of Alcmieon, and a rival Alcazava Sotomayor, Simáo de. Born about first of Fisistratus; Clisthenes, the legislator, son of Megacles; l i b r e t t o b y P f e i f f e r i s b a s e d o n a s t o r y b y Pericles, the celebrated Athenian statesman, great-grand1 4 9 0 : d i e d o n t h e e a s t c o a s t of P a t a g o n i a e a r l y son of Megacles; and the scarcely less famous Alcibiades, i n 1536. A P o r t u g u e s e e x p l o r e r , f r o m 1522 i n W a s h i n g t o n I r v i n g . cousin of Pericles. The family was banished for sacrit h e s e r v i c e of S p a i n a s a n a v a l officer, in 1534 Alcibiades ( a l - s i - b ï ' a - d ê z ) . [ G r . 'A7jm;3ìóa.\ The capital of the vilayet of Aleppo,;/ sit- i n g p r i n c i p a l l y t o A l a s k a . It extends westward e t c . H e was several t i m e s papal legate or nuncio to uated on the Nahr-el-Haleb in lat, 36° 11' 32 K , from the peninsula of Alaska, and separates Bering Sea Germany, and was an a r d e n t opponent of the Reforma- long. 37° 9 ' E . : the ancient Bercea. It has an ex- from the Pacific Ocean. The islands were discovered by tion.

Aleardi (a-la-ar'de), Aleardo (originally Grae-

t a n o ) . Bora at Verona, Italy, Nov. 4, 1812: died there, J u l y 17, 1878. An Italian poet and patriot, an active partisan of the insurrection in Vonetia 1848-49, imprisoned b y the Austrian s in 1852 and 1859. Best edition of his poems, Florence, 1862 (5th ed. 1878).

tensive commerce, and m a n u f a c t u r e s of silk, etc. In .; in his chronicle, the year S e p t . 4, 1241: d i e d n e a r K i n g h o r n , F i f e , S c o t 1X1 A. 1). In both works he is assigned a reign of ten years. land, M a r c h 16,1286. A k i n g of S c o t l a n d , s o n of P r i n c e of M o l d a v i a a n d W a l l a c h i a 1859, a n d of R u m a n i a 1861: d e t h r o n e d 1866. Alexander II. (Anselmo Baggio, ML. Ansel- A l e x a n d e r II. w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d i n 1249. H i s Alexander, John W. Born at Pittsburg. Pa., musBadajus). B o r n a t M i l a n : d i e d A p r i l 20, a r m y d e f e a t e d t h e N o r w e g i a n s i n 1263, a n d Oct. 7, 1856. A n A m e r i c a n portrait-painter. 1073. P o p e f r o m 1061 t o 1073, s u c c e s s o r of N i c h - a i d e d H e n r y III. of E n g l a n d i n 1264. H e s t u d i e d a t M u n i c h , a t P a r i s , and i n Italy, a n d o l a s II. He strove to enforce the celibacy of the clergy l e x a n d e r I . B o r n a t St. P e t e r s b u r g , D e c . 23, i s s o c i é t a i r e of t h e B e a u x A r t s at P a r i s . and the extravagant pretensions of the papacy. His elec- A1777: d i e d at T a g a n r o g , R u s s i a , D e c . 1, 1825. tion did not receive the imperial sanction, and an antipope, E m p e r o r of R u s s i a , s o n of P a u l w h o m h e s u c - Alexander, Joseph Addison. Born at PhilaHonorius II. (Cadolaus, bishop of Parma), was chosen by c e e d e d i n 1801. He encouraged education and science, d e l p h i a , A p r i l 24, 1809: d i e d a t P r i n c e t o n , a council at Basel, but was later deposed by a council and the introduction of Western civilization ; carried out X . J . , J a n . 28, 1860. A n A m e r i c a n b i b l i c a l held at Mantua. Alexander was succeeded by Hilde- many reforms, including the abolitiou of serfdom in the scholar, s o n of A r c h i b a l d A l e x a n d e r , a n d probrand under the name of Gregory VII. Baltic provinces; and promoted trade and manufactures. f e s s o r i n P r i n c e t o n T h e o l o g i c a l S e m i n a r y . He Alexander III. (Rolando Ranuci of tho house In 1805 he joined the coalition against Napoleon; was wrote commentaries on Isaiah (184(1-47), on the Psalms of B a n d i n e l l i ) . B o r n a t S i e n a , I t a l v : d i e d present at the battle of Austerlitz; joined Prussia against A u g . 30, 1181. P o p e f r o m 1159 t o 1181. He Napoleon in 1806 ; signer! the I'eact; of Tilsit in 1807 ; and (1850), and on several books of the New Testament. carricd out successfully the policy of Hildebrand in oppo- conquered Finland in 1808. A successful war was waged Alexander (â-lek-sân'der), Ludwig Georg sition to Frederick Barbarossa and Henry II. of England. with Turkey 1806-12. In 1812 Napoleon invaded Russia F r i e d r i c h E r n i l . B o r n J u l y 15, 1823. P r i n c e Three antipopes, Victor IV., Pascal III., and Oalixtus (see Napoleon). Alexander was a leader in the coalition of H e s s e , y o u n g e r s o n of t h e g r a n d d u k e L u d III., elected in 1159, 1164, and 1108, respectively, were against Franco 1813-14; was present at the battles of Dres- w i g TT. of H e s s e - D a r m s t a d t . He distinguished confirmed by the emperor and disputed the authority of den and Leipsic in 1813; entered Paris in 1814 ; took part himself in the Russian military service, and later in the Alexander, who was compelled to seek refuge in France in the Congress of Vienna; became king of l'oland in 1815; Austrian, commanding a.South-German contingent against from 1162 to 1165. The contest between the pope and the again entered Paris in 1815; formed the Holy Alliance in emperor ended in the decisive defeat of the latter at the 1815, and took part in the conferences of Aix-la-Chapelle in Prussia in 1866. battle of Legnano, May 29, 1176. In 1177 a reconciliation 1818, Troppau in 1820, Laibach in 1821, and Veroua in 1822. Alexander (al-eg-zan'dër), Sir William. Bom took place at Venice, and in 1178 the antipope Calixtus He married a princess of Baden. 1567 (?) : d i e d at L o n d o n , S e p t . 12, 1640. A III. abdicated. The contest with Henry II. of England S c o t t i s h p o e t a n d s t a t e s m a n , c r e a t e d earl of ended in the humiliation of the king and the canonization A l e x a n d e r I I . B o r n A p r i l 2 9 , 1 8 1 8 : d i e d a t St. S t i r l i n g i n 1633. Author of "Monarchicke Tragedies" of Thomas a Becket, who represented the papal claims of P e t e r s b u r g , M a r c h 13, 1881. E m p e r o r of R u s - (1603-07); "Parœnesis to the Prince" (1604); Doomessia, s o n of N i c h o l a s I. w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d i n supremacy. 1855. He concluded the treaty of Paris 1856; proclaimed day, etc." (first part 1014), etc. lie received Sept. 21,1621, Alexander IV. (Count Rinaldo di Segni). tho emancipation of the serfs 18, and encouragcd the orders of mendicant friars. Turkey 1877-78. During the latter part of his reign he 1726: d i e d a t A l b a n y , N . Y . , J a n . 15, 1783. An The last years of his pontificate were spent at Viterbo, was closely allied with G enn any and Austria. The attacks A m e r i c a n m a j o r - g e n e r a l i n t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y whither he had been driven by the factional straggles in of the Nihilists led him to enter upon a reactionary pol- W a r , k n o w n as L o r d S t i r l i n g , t h o u g h h i s c l a i m Home. icy in 1879, and he was finally assassinated by them. He t o t h e S t i r l i n g t i t l e a n d e s t a t e w a s p r o n o u n c e d Alexander V. (Pietro Philarghi). Bom at married a princess of Hesse. i n v a l i d b y t h e lords 7 c o m m i t t e e o n p r i v i l e g e s C a n d i a : d i e d a t B o l o g n a , M a y 3, 1410. P o p e A l e x a n d e r I I I . B o r n M a r c h 10, 1845: d i e d a t i n March, 1762. He entered the service as colonel of a f r o m J u n e 26, 1409, t o M a y 3, 1410. He was L i v a d i a , C r i m e a , N o v . 1,1894. E m p e r o r of R u s - militia regiment in 1775, commanded a brigade at the elected by the Council of Pisa, after the deposition of sia, s o n of A l e x a n d e r II. w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d battle of Long Island in 1776, where he was taken prisBenedict XIII, and Gregory XII., with tho understanding M a r c h 13, 1881. He continued the reactionary policy oner, and also served at Trenton, Brandywine, Germanthat ho should reform the abuses of the church. He was, of his father's reign. A meeting of the emperors of Rus- town, and Monmouth. according to the general belief, poisoned by Balthasar sia, Germany, and Austria, at Skiemiewice in Poland, Cossa, his successor under the name of John XXIII. Sept., 1884, cemented the personal union of these rulers for Alexander, William Lindsay, Born at Edintime, but since the formation of the Triple Alliance burgh, A u g . 24, 1808: d i e d at P i n k i e b u r n , n e a r Alexander VI. (Rodrigo Borgia). Born at the see) in 1883, Russia has become a virtual ally of E d i n b u r g h , B e e . 21, 18S4. A S c o t t i s h C o n g r e X a t i v a i n V a l e n c i a , J a n . 1 , 1 4 3 1 : d i e d A u g . 18, (which Alexander opposed Prince Alexander of Bulgaria 1503. P o p e f r o m A u g . 1 1 , 1 4 9 2 , t o A u g . 1 8 , 1 5 0 3 . France. the time of his overthrow in 1886, and refused to rec- g a t i o n a l c l e r g y m a n a n d r e l i g i o u s writer, a He was made cardinal and vice-chancellor in 1456 by his at ognize his successor Prince Ferdinand. (For the chief m e m b e r of t h e Old T e s t a m e n t r e v i s i o n c o m uncle Calixtus III., whom he also succeeded as archbishop events in his reign, see Russia.) He married Princess m i t t e e i n 1870. of Valencia. His election to the pontificate is ascribed to Dagmar of Denmark in 1866. bribery. His efforts were directed toward the aggranA l e x a n d e r , Mrs. S e e Hector, Annie, dizement of the temporal power of the papacy at the ex- A l e x a n d e r I . B o r n A p r i l 5, 1857: d i e d N o v . Alexander, Campaspe, and Diogenes. A pense of the feudal vassals of the church, and toward the 17, 1893. T i t u l a r p r i n c e of B a t t e n b e r g , t h e c o m e d y b y J o h n L y l y , p r i n t e d i n 1584, a n d r e foundation for his family of a great hereditary dominion s e c o n d s o n of P r i n c e A l e x a n d e r of H e s s e . He p r i n t e d a s " C a m p a s p e " i n t h a t y e a r a n d i n in Italy. In the furtherance of these plans two of his five served in the Hessian army, and in the Russo-Turkish 1591. I t i s u s u a l l y k n o w n b y t h e l a t t e r t i t l e . illegitimate children by Rosa Vanozza(Ceric[Aubry] of Besançon. The larger and later romance or Chanson d'Alixandre A l e x a n d r a (al-eg-zan'drjt). Died in 69 b. C. is of 22,606 lines in nine books, and t h e twelve-syllabled Q u e e n of J u d e a f r o m 78 B. C. to 69 B. c., conlines are of t h e sort now called, as is generally supposed sort of A l e x a n d e r J a n n œ u s w h o m she sucf r o m t h e i r use in this poem, Alexandrines. . . . There is c e e d e d . a German Alexandreis, w r i t t e n in six books, b y R u d o l p h of liohenems, a Suabian, b e t w e e n t h e years 1220 a n d 1254. Ulrich von Eschenbach translated t h e Alexandreis of Gaul- Alexandra (Caroline Marie Charlotte Louise tier de Chatillon. The Alexander r o m a n c e was a d o p t e d in J u l i e ) . B o r n a t C o p e n h a g e n , Dec. 1. 1844, Spain, Italy, and even in Scandinavia. An a d m i r a b l e f r e e D a u g h t e r of C h r i s t i a n IV. of D e n m a r k a n d translation i n t o English m e t r e was m a d e in t h e t h i r t e e n t h w i f e of A l b e r t E d w a r d , p r i n c e of W a l e s , w h o m century by an u n k n o w n author, who h a s been called Adam Davie. . . , B u t few mistakes can be more obvious. she m a r r i e d March 10, 1863.

Alexandra.

T h e q u e e n of t h e A m a z o n s i n

Morley, English Writers, I I I . 286. A r i o s t o ' s " O r l a n d o F u r i o s o . " [Lamprecht, a priest, t r a n s l a t e d t h e F r e n c h of Aubry, or A l e x a n d r a . T h e 54th asteroid, discovered b y Alberic, of Besançon, into German, and called it t h e Alexanderlied, in t h e 12th c e n t u r y (about 1130). The Alexan- G o l d s c h m i d t a t P a r i s , S e p t . 10, 1858. A vast r e g i o n of A u s t r a l i a dreis of t h e Austrian Siegfried was written about 1350. I n A l e x a n d r a L a n d . t h e 15th century h e again a p p e a r e d as t h e hero of prose u n d e r t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of South A u s t r a l i a , romances in Germany. Alexander m y t h s are to be f o u n d r e g a r d e d a s t h e s a m e a s t h e N o r t h e r n Territory, in m a n y other of t h e old F r e n c h poems, and he becomes a k n i g h t l y conqucror s u r r o u n d e d by twelve paladins. The or a s t h a t p a r t of it which is i n c l u d e d b e t w e e n poems do not properly f o r m a cycle, as they a r e q u i t e in- l a t . 16°-26° S. a n d long. 129°-138° E . d e p e n d e n t of one a n o t h e r . ] A l e x a n d r e (al-ek-son'dr), Aaron. Born at

A l e x a n d e r Column. A column erected at St. P e t e r s b u r g in 1832 in h o n o r of A l e x a n d e r I.

H o h e n f e l d , B a v a r i a , a b o u t 1766: died a t L o n don, Nov. 16, 1850. A G e r m a n chess-player, a u t h o r of ' ' E n c y c l o p é d i e des é c h e c s " (1837).

Alexandre le "Grand (al-ek-soh'dr lè groii).

w r i t e r of t h e 1st c e n t u r y B. C., a n a t i v e e i t h e r of E p h e s u s1 or of Cotiieum in L e s s e r P h r y g i a : s u r n a m e d ' P o l y h i s t o r " f r o m his g r e a t l e a r n i n g .

Alexandretta (al-eg-zan-dret'a)7 Turk. Skanderun, or Iskanderun ( f r o m A r a b . Iskan-

During t h e war of Sulla in Greece he was m a d e prisoner and sold as a slave to Cornelius Lentulus, who b r o u g h t him to R o m e to become p e d a g o g u e of his children. He received t h e Roman franchise and his gentile name either f r o m Cornelius L e n t u l u s or f r o m L. Cornelius Sulla. He died at L a u r e n t u m in a fire which destroyed his house. He wrote a geographico-historical account in 42 books of nearly all t h e countries of t h e ancient world, and m a n y o t h e r works, of which only t h e t i t l e s and f r a g m e n t s have been preserved.

Alexander Jagellon (jâ-gel'ion).

Born in

1461 : died i n 1500. K i n g of P o l a n d a n d g r a n d d u k e of L i t h u a n i a , second son of C a s i m i r IV.

of P o l a n d . He succeeded t o t h e g r a n d d u c h y a t t h e death of his f a t h e r in 1492, a n d w a s c l e e t e d k i n g o f Poland at t h e d e a t h of his b r o t h e r J o h n Albert in 1501. H e married Helena, d a u g h t e r of I v a n I I I . of Russia, b u t was almost incessantly at war with his father-in-law. I n his reign t h e laws of Poland were codified by J o h n Laski.

Alexander Karageorgevitch (kâ-ra-gâ-or'gevieh). [Karageorgevitch, son of B l a c k George. See Czerny.] B o r n at Topola, Servia, Oct. 11, 1806: died at T e m e s v a r , H u n g a r y , May 2, 1885. A son of Czerny George, elected p r i n c e of Servia in 1842 a n d deposed in 1858. He was succeeded by l'rince Milosch Obrenovitch, who was in t u r n succeeded by his son J l i c h a e l in 1860. Alexander m a d e r e p e a t e d a t t e m p t s t o regain t h e throne, and was accused of complicity in t h e m u r d e r of P r i n c e Michael in 1868 and imprisoned, b u t was soon pardoned.

A l e x a n d e r N e v s k i ( n e f ' s k i ) , S a i n t . B o r n at, V l a d i m i r , R u s s i a , 1219: died Nov. 14, 1263. A R u s s i a n n a t i o n a l h e r o a n d p a t r o n of St. P e t e r s b u r g , p r i n c e of N o v g o r o d a n d g r a n d d u k e of

" V l a d i m i r . He defeated t h e Swedes in 1240 on t h e Izhora, a southern affluent of t h e Neva (whence his surname Nevski), and t h e Livonian K n i g h t s on t h e ice of Lake Peipus, 1242. He is c o m m e m o r a t e d in t h e Russian C h u r c h Nov. 23.

Alexander Nevski, Cloister or Monastery

o f . A f a m o u s f o u n d a t i o n of P e t e r t h e G r e a t a t St. P e t e r s b u r g . The large church, though by a Russian architect, is ba&ilican in plan, with transepts and an Italian dome at the crossing. The exterior is sober in design and ornament ; the interior is of lavish richness in marbles, jewels, and paintings. The shrine of the saint, in massive silver, is 15 feet high without the angelsupported canopy.

Alexander of t h e North, An epithet of Charles X I I . of S w e d e n .

Alexander Severus (së-vê'rus), Marcus Aurel i u s . B o r n a t Area Cresarea in Phoenicia a b o u t 205 A. D. : died in 235 A. D. R o m a n e m p e r o r

A l e x a n d r i a . A t o w n in s o u t h e r n R u m a n i a , 50 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of B u k h a r e s t . P o p u l a t i o n (1889-90),_ 12,308. A l e x a n d r i a . A small m a n u f a c t u r i n g t o w n in D u m b a r t o n s h i r e , Scotland, s i t u a t e d on t h e L e v e n 15 miles n o r t h w e s t of Glasgow. A l e x a n d r i a . T h e c a p i t a l of R a p i d e s parish. L o u i s i a n a , s i t u a t e d on Red R i v e r 100 miles n o r t h w e s t of B a t o n R o u g e . A Federal squadron in Banks's expedition passed t h e rapids here. May, 1864, by m e a n s of a dam b u i l t by Lieutenant-Colonel Bailey. Population (1890), 2,861.

Alexandria. A t o w n in J e f f e r s o n County, N e w York, s i t u a t e d on t h e St. L a w r e n c e 32 miles s o u t h w e s t of O g d e n s b u r g h . Population (1890), 3,601. A l e x a n d r i a . T h e c a p i t a l of Douglas County, M i n n e s o t a , 125 miles n o r t h w e s t of St. P a u l . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 2.118. A l e x a n d r i a . A city, p o r t of e n t r y , a n d t h e c a p i t a l of A l e x a n d r i a C o u n t y , V i r g i n i a , s i t u a t e d on t h e P o t o m a c 7 m i l e s s o u t h of W a s h i n g t o n . I t was entered by F e d e r a l troops May 24,1861. Population (1890), 14,339.

Alexandrian Codex, L. Codex Alexandrinus. A n i m p o r t a n t m a n u s c r i p t of t h e S c r i p t u r e s n o w in t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m , s e n t to Charles I. of E n g l a n d b y t h e P a t r i a r c h of C o n s t a n t i n o p l e .

I t is w r i t t e n in Greek uncials on p a r c h m e n t , and contains t h e S e p t u a g i n t version of t h e Old Testament complete, except p a r t s of t h e Psalms, a n d almost all t h e ^New Testament. I t is assigned to t h e 5tli century. Alexandrian Saga. See Alexander, Romance o f .

Alexandrina (al-eg-zan-dri'na), Lake. See Victoria,

Lake.

Alexandrine War. A war (48-47 B. C.) bet w e e n J u l i u s CsBsar a n d t h e g u a r d i a n s of P t o l e m y (elder b r o t h e r of C l e o p a t r a ) , in E g y p t .

I t resulted in favor of Ciesar, who placcd Cleopatra* a n d h e r younger brother (the elder having died) on t h e Egyptian throne. A t r a g e d y b y B a c i n e , p r o d u c e d in 1665. it was Alcxandrov. t h e cause of a serious quarrel between Molière a n d Racine, Alexandroff. See

T h e polished s h a f t of red granite, 84 f e e t h i g h and 14 in diameter, is remarkable as t h e g r e a t e s t m o d e r n monolith. I t supports a Roman-Doric capital of bronze, on which is a die bearing a figure of an angel with t h e cross. The pedestal is adorned with reliefs in bronze. The t o t a l h e i g h t is 154^

Alexander Cornelius (kôr-në'lius). A Greek

measured 270 by 404 f e e t in plan, and had on t h r e e sides long halls, with columns, inside of which were smaller subdivisions. T h e walls of t h e interior were incrusted with o r n a m e n t a l marbles, a n d t h e vaults o r n a m e n t e d with glass mosaics. I t is believed to d a t e f r o m t h e reigu of Hadrian.

who both loved the same woman, an actress who played the part of Asiane. der, A l e x a n d e r ( t h e G r e a t ) ) . A s e a p o r t in t h e v i l a y e t of A d a n a , A s i a t i c T u r k e y , on t h e Gulf of I s k a n d e r u n in l a t . 36° 35' N., long. 36° 10' E., f o u n d e d b y A l e x a n d e r t h e G r e a t in

Alexandropol (al-ek-san-dro'pol), or Alexandrapol ( a l - e k - s a n - d r a ' p o l ) , f o r m e r l y G r u m r i . A t o w n i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t of E r i v a n , T r a n s caucasia, R u s s i a , s i t u a t e d on t h e A r p a 35 miles

n o r t h e a s t of K a r s . I t is an i m p o r t a n t m i l i t a r y post. Here, 1858, t h e Russians defeated tlie Turks. Population (1891), 24,230.

Alexandrov, or Alexandroff (a-lek-san'drof).

d e r i y e h . A f a m o u s s e a p o r t of E g y p t , f o u n d e d b y A l e x a n d e r t h e G r e a t in 832 B. c. ( w h e n c e its

A t o w n in t h e g o v e r n m e n t of V l a d i m i r , R u s s i a , 60 miles n o r t h e a s t of Moscow. Population, 5,692. A l e x a n d r o v s k (al-ek-siin'drofsk). A t o w n in t h e g o v e r n m e n t of YekaterinoslafT, R u s s i a , situ a t e d n e a r t h e D n i e p e r i n l a t . 47° 47' N., l o n g . 35° 20' E. P o p u l a t i o n , 15,079.

Asia Minor, n e a r t h e i s l a n d of Tenedos.

Alexis, or Alexei. Born in 1629: died in 1676.

3 3 3 B . C.

Alexandria (al-eg-zan'dri-a), Arab. Iskan-

n a m e ). I t is situated at the n o r t h w e s t e r n extremity of t h e Delta on t h e strip of land which lies between t h e Mediterranean and Lake Mareotis. T h e modern city occupies w h a t was anciently t h e island of l'haros, t o g e t h e r Alexandrovsky (al - ek - san - drof'ske) Mounwith t h e i s t h m u s now connecting it with t h e mainland t a i n s . A mountain-range r u n n i n g east and where t h e ancient city stood. Alexandria was t h e capital of E g y p t during t h e Ptolemaic period, and b e c a m e ao im- w e s t i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t s of S e m i r y e t e l i e n s k Its greatest p o r t a n t seat of Greek c u l t u r e aûd learning. I n 30 B. C. a n d Syr-Daria, A s i a t i c R u s s i a . it was annexed by Bome. I t r a n k e d as t h e second city of h e i g h t is a b o u t 12,000 t o 13,000 f e e t . t h e S o m a n Empire, a n d c o n t i n u e d to be t h e chief com- A l e x a s ( a - l e k ' s a s ) . A minor character in mercial city u n d e r t h e Byzantine empire. I t was an i m p o r t a n t center of Christianity, and t h e seat of a patri- S h a k s p e r e ' s " A n t o n y a n d C l e o p a t r a , " a n atarchate. I n (541 it was t a k e n by t h e Saraccns u n d e r Amru, t e n d a n t of C l e o p a t r a . and was entered by t h e French in 1798, w h o were defeated Alexei. See Alexis. near here by t h e British in 1801. (See Abukir.) T h e pres- A l e x i a d (a-lek'si-ad), T h e . See t h e e x t r a c t . ent city was largely r e b u i l t u n d e r M e h e m e t Ali. I t was By t h e c o m m a n d of t h e E m p r e s s Irene, N i c e p h o r u s bombarded by a British fleet of eight ironclads u n d e r Sir Byrennius. who h a d m a r r i e d her d a u g h t e r t h e celebrated Frederick Seymour, J u l y 31,1882, a n d defended by t h e in- A n n a Oomnena, u n d e r t o o k a history of t h e house of surgents, a n d was taken by t h e British J u l y 12. Popu- Comneni, w h i c h h a s come down to u s w i t h t h e title l a t i o n (LB82), 2 0 8 , 7 5 5 . " M a t e r i a l s of History." Anna herself continued her husband's work when she r e t i r e d a f t e r his d e a t h to t h e A f t e r t h e time of Alexander, Grecian l i t e r a t u r e flour- leisure of a convent. T h e imperial authoress entitled her ished nowhere so conspicuously as at Alexandria in book " T h e Alexiad." As its epic n a m e denotes, it is Egypt, u n d e r t h e auspices of t h e Ptolemies. Here all t h e mainly a prolix bipgraphy of her f a t h e r Alexis I. I t is in sects of philosophy had established themselves ; n u m e r - fifteen books, and includes t h e period f r o m 1069 to 1118. ous schools were opened ; and, for t h e a d v a n c e m e n t of The work is interesting in itself to t h e s t u d e n t of history, learning, a library was collected, which was supposed, at b u t it is m o s t generally known as having supplied Sir one time, t o have contained 700,000 volumes, in all lan- W a l t e r Scott w i t h t h e s u b j e c t a n d some of t h e materials guages. Connected with t h e library t h e r e were extensive for t h e last and feeblest of his romances. offices, in w h i c h t h e business of transcribing books was K. O. Mtiller, Hist, of t h e Lit. of Anc. Greece, I I I . 399. carried on very largely, and with every possible advan[{Donaldson.) t a g e w h i c h royal munificence on t h e one hand, a n d Alcl-sin. learned assiduity on t h e other, could insure. Is or did Alexin. See A t o w n in Servia, t h e literary f a m e of Alexandria decline u n d e r t h e R o m a n A l e x i n a t z ( a - l e k ' s i - n a t s ) . emperors. Domitian, as Suetonius reports, sent scribes s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e M o r a v a in lat. 43° 31' N., to Alexandria to copy books for t h e restoration of those long. 21° 41' E., t h e scene of s e v e r a l c o n t e s t s libraries t h a t h a d been destroyed by fire. And it seems to have been for some centuries a f t e r w a r d s a common b e t w e e n t h e T u r k s a n d S e r v i a n s in 1876. practice f o r those who wished to f o r m a library, t o main- P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 5,762. tain copyists at Alexandria. T h e conquest of Egypt by Alexios. See Alexius. t h e Saracens, A. D. 640, who b u r n e d t h e Alexandrian A l e x i s ( a - l e k ' s i s ) . [G-r. Born at Thurii, Library, banished learning for a t i m e f r o m that, as from M a g n a G-ra?eia, I t a l y , a b o u t 390B. C. : died a b o u t o t h e r countries, w h i c h they occupied. 288 B. c. A Greek d r a m a t i s t , a m a s t e r of t h e Taylor, Hist. Anc. Books, p. 69. H e was a prolific writer, t h e [This librar}' (according t o many w r i t e r s who discredit ' ' m i d d l e c o m e d y . " its sacking bv t h e Arabs) was entirely destroyed u n d e r a u t h o r of 245 plays. F r a g m e n t s of these, a m o u n t i n g to 1,000 lines, are extant. He was b r o u g h t as a y o u t h t o Theophilus, A. I). 391.] Alexandria. A s m a l l t o w n o n t h e c o a s t of Athens, a n d was a citizen of t h a t city. tains i m p o r t a n t r u i n s o f B o m a n t h e r m » .

It con-

The structure

Czar of R u s s i a , s o n of Michael F e o d o r o v i t c h ,

Alexis

37

Alfonso XIII.

t h e f o u n d e r o i t h e h o u s e of R o m a n o f f , w h o m h e Alfana ( a l - f a ' n a ) . s u c c e e d e d i n 1645. He waged a war with Poland from " O r l a n d o F u r i o s o . " 1654 to 1667, acquiring possession ot Smolensk and eastern A l - F a r a b l ( a l - f a - r a ' b l ) , A b u N a s r M o n a m m e a Ukraine. In a war with Sweden from 1655 to 1658 he con~ Tarkhan. Boru at Farab, Turkestan, quered a part of Livonia and Ingermaiiland, but was forced a b o u t 870 : d i e d at D a m a s c u s a h o u t 950. A n by domestic troubles to relinquish this territory at the A r a b i a n p h i l o s o p h e r of t h e s c h o o l of B a g d a d treaty of Cardis, June 21,1661. He extended his conquests to eastern Siberia, codified the laws of the various prov- f a m o u s f o r h i s g r e a t l e a r n i n g . He wrote an encycloinces of Russia, and, by beginning to introduce European pedia of the sciences and numerous treatises on the works civilization, prepared the way for his son Peter the Great. of Plato and Aristotle. Alfonso I I I . , or Alphonso. Born 848: died Alexis, or Alexei. B o r n at M o s c o w , F e b . 18, Alfarache, Guzman de. S e e Gugman. 912. K i n g of A s t u r i a s a n d L e o n 866-910, s u r 1690: d i e d i n p r i s o n at St. P e t e r s b u r g . J u l y 7, Alfaro ( ä l - f ä ' r o ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of n a m e d " T h e Great," e l d e s t s o n of O r d o n o I. 1718. T h e e l d e s t s o n of P e t e r t h e G r e a t a n d L o g r o n o , S p a i n , s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e E b r o 60 His reign was filled with internal struggles and external f a t h e r of P e t e r II. H e w a s c o n d e m n e d f o r m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of S a r a g o s s a . P o p u l a t i o n conflicts, especially with the Moors, over whom he was almost uniformly victorious. His successes extended high treason and imprisoned. (1887), 5,938. dominions from the l>uero to the Guadiana. In 910 Alexis. A n a m o r o u s s h e p h e r d i n F l e t c h e r ' s Alfaro, Francisco de. B o r n at S e v i l l e a b o u t his he abdicated in favor of his son Garcia on account of civil pastoral " The Faithful Shepherdess." - 1565: d i e d a t M a d r i d a b o u t 1850. A S p a n i s h wars raised by his sons. l a w y e r . He was successively fiscal of the Audience of Alfonso IV or Alphonso. D i e d 933 (?). K i n g A l e x i s I . - V . See Alexius. (1594) member of the Audience of Lima (about Monk," f L 9 2 '4_927 (?), s u r n a m e d " T h e A l e x i s b a d (a-lek'ses-bad). A health-resort in Panama irt/m A nrti Anr.fiof of Charcas Chareas (1632), (1632V and and j-jvvix V '» „ ' 1601), TirdciHont. president nf of fhp the Audience t h e H a r z , A n h a l t , G e r m a n y , 18 m i l e s s o u t h of member of the Council of the Indies for some years before e l d e s t s o n of Ordoiio II. He abdicated, on the death H a l b e r s t a d t , n o t e d f o r m i n e r a l springs. his death. The viceroy Monteselaros commissioned him to of his wife, in favor of his brother Kamiro, and retired to a cloister, was taken prisoner at Leon in an attempt to Alexius ( a - l e k ' s i - u s ) , S a i n t . A s a i n t ( p r o b a b l y inquire into the condition of the Indians of Peru, and the re- regain the throne, was blinded, and was confined till his sult was a set of laws called the Ordinances of Alfaro, prom y t h i c a l ) s a i d t o h a v e b e e n b o r n at K o m e a b o u t mulgated in 1612 and intended to prevent Indian slavery. death iu the monastery of St. Julian. 350 A. D. According to the legend, he fied from his bride, Alfonso v . , or Alphonso. Born 994: died 1027. a lady of high rank, on the wedding evening to the porch Àlfasi ( ä l - f ä ' s i ) , Isaac ben Jacob. [Ar. Aiof the Church of Our Lady of Edessa. where he lived in tasi, F e z . ] B o r n i n K a l a H a m a d , n e a r F e z , K i n g of L e o n a n d C a s t i l e 999-1027, s o n of B e r m u d o I I . w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d . He recaptured chastity for seventeen years. He afterward returned to 1013: d i e d at T n c e n a , 1103. A celebrated Rome and lived unrecognized in his father's house. He is J e w i s h s c h o l a r a n d a u t h o r i t y oil t h e T a l m u d . Leon, which had been lost during his minority, and was commemorated in the Roman Church on July 17, and in He composed a sort of abbreviated Talmud which was killed at the " t t tsiege " ° I «of " aViseo. 1 en l i n m m ^ f l • rli^H the Greek on March 17. much used by the Spanish Jews in place of the Talmud A t f q n S O V I . , o r AlphOIlSO. Horn lUdU . CUea A l e x i u s , S a i n t . A R o m a n s a i n t of t h e 5th c e n t u r y , itself. Also called, after the initials of his name, R%f. 1109. K i n g of L e o n and, as A l f o n s o I., of Cass a i d t o h a v e b e e n a s e n a t o r . H e w a s t h e f o u n d e r A l f e l d ( ä l ' f e l t ) . A s m a l l t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e t i l e , s u r n a m e d " T h e V a l i a n t , " s o n of F e r d i nand the Great w h o m he succeeded in Leon in of t h e A l e x i a n s or C e l l i t e s . of H a n o v e r , P r u s s i a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e L e i n e 28 1065. He succeeded his brother Saneho in Castile in Alexius I. Comnenus ( k o m - n e ' n u s ) , Gr. Alex- m i l e s s o u t h of H a n o v e r . From 1068 until 1072, when Saneho died, the ios Komnenos. B o r n a t C o n s t a n t i n o p l e i n Alfeta ( a l ' f e - t a ) . T h e n a m e g i v e n i n t h e " A l - 1072. brothers were at war, and in 1071 Alfonso was defeated 1048: d i e d i n 1118. B v z a n t i n e e m p e r o r f r o m c s t „ a n d A l p h o n s i n e t a b l e s to the secondand taken prisoner at Valpellage (Golpeliera). In 0-:. he 1081 t o 1118, n e p h e w of I s a a c C o m n e n u s . He m * i t u d e star a C o r o n ® B o r e a l i s . T h e s t a r is captured Toledo from the Moors and waa himself deknown ot Gemma. feated near Zalaea by Yussuf ibn Tashfyn in 1086. His l i i aa ilLf Ihiiim i u); . yj^.^jn^,,,, empire against the PetehenegB, the Turks, and the Nor- AUl ifnheeUi m [(SX .Alfheimr .: alfr, e l f , a n d reign witnessed the exploits of the Cid mans. In his reign occurred the first Crusade. Hislifehas "1 i » ^ w o r i1d1 . i]t -I. /nmO. il -d\N t— o r s e m y t 1. h o..1 l o g y ^ t h e a b o d ..e A l f o n s o V I I . , K i n g of L e o n a n d C a s t i l e . See been written by his daughter Anna Comnena. See A iexiad. of t h e l i g h t E l v e s . It was conceived to be near the Alfonso ^ t>„_ l f „ „ „ Alexius II. Comnenus, Gr. Alexios Kom- sacred well of the Norns, at the foot of the ash Yggdrasil. Alfonso VIII., or A l p l l O n S O (AUOI1SO itayn e n o s . Born in 1168 (?): died in 1183. By- Alfieri (aWe-&'re), Cesare, Marquis di Sos- m ? n d ) t B o r n 1106: d i e d at T r e m a d a , A u g . m * 10 iTfic. 1157. K i n g of L e o n a n d , as A l f o n s o II. (or z a n t i n e e m p e r o r f r o m 1180 t o 1183, s o n of j. tegno. 1-. B o r n at T u r i n , A u g . 13, 1796: d i e d M a n u e l w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d . H e w a a d e p o s e d a t F l o r e n c e , A p r i l IT, 1869. A P i e d m o n t e s e I I L ) , k i n g of C a s t i l e , 1126-57, s o n of U r r a e a , d a u g h t e r of A l f o n s o V I . ( a n d w i f e of A l f o n s o a n d s t r a n g l e d by A n d r o n i c u s . statesman and political reformer, for a short V I I . ) , a n d R a y m o n d of B u r g u n d y , h e r first Alexins III. Angelus ( a n ' j e - l u s ) , Gr. Alexios t i m e p r e m i e r i n 1848. Angelos^ D i e d i n 1210. B y z a n t i n e e m p e r o r C o u n t Vittorio. B o r n , of n o b l e p a - h u s b a n d . He extended the frontiers of Castile from f r o m 1195 to 1203. He usurped the throne of his r e n t s , a t A s t i i n P i e d m o n t , J a n . 17, 1749: d i e d the Tagus to the Sierra Morena Mountain s, and proclaimed brother Isaac II., but wa3 deposed by an army of Crusaders a t F l o r e n c e , Oct. 8, 1803. A c e l e b r a t e d I t a l i a n himself emperor of Spain in 1135. who besieged Constantinople aud reinstated Isaac II. with d r a m a t i s t . At nine years of age h e was placed in the Acad- Alfonso IX., or Alphonso. King of Leon his son Alexius IV. as colleague. Alexius III. died in exile. emy at Turin, at thirteen began the study of civil and ca- 1188-1230, s o n of F e r d i n a n d II. He gained a brilvictor}- over Mohammed ibn Hud at Merida 1230. Alexius IV. Angelus, Or. Alexios Angelos. nonical law, which he soon abandoned, and at fourteen liant He was married first to Theresa, daughter of Sancho I. D i e d i n 1204. B y z a n t i n e e m p e r o r i n 1203 a n d caine into possession of large wealth. From 1767 to 1773 he of Portugal, and later to Berengaria, daughter of the king roamed adventurously over Europe, returning to Turin in 1204, s o n of I s a a c II. A n g e l u s . H e w a s p u t t o the latter year. In 1775 his play " Cleopatra " was success- of Castile: both marriages were dissolved by the Pope d e a t h a f t e r a r e i g n of s i x m o n t h s b y A l e x i u s V . fully produced. He then went to Tuscany to complete as being within the degree of affinity prescribed by the "Philip II." and "Polynices," two tragedies originally canon law. Alexius V.,or Alexios, s u r n a m e d DukasMurt- written in French prose, which he now versified. While z u p h l o s . D i e d i n 1204. A B y z a n t i n e e m p e r o r . in Florence he formed a connection with the Countess of Alfonso IX., or Alphonso (also reckoned as He usurped the throne of Alexius IV. in 1204, but was Albany, which endured for twenty years. He resided for VIII. a n d as III.). B o r n 1155: d i e d 1214. driven from Constantinople by the Crusaders who had re- a time in Home, leaving it in 1783 for a period of travel: K i n g of C a s t i l e 1158-1214, s u r n a m e d " T h e solved on the partition of the empire. He was arrested on his return he joined the countess in Alsace, living with in Morea, tried for the murder of Alexius IV..and executed. her there and in Paris, where he went in 1787 to oversee a N o b l e " or " T h e G o o d , " son of S a n c h o III. He was defeated by the Moors at Alarcos in 1195, and in Alexius I. Comnenus, Or. Alexios Komnenos. complete edition of his works. Iu 1792, at the outbreak alliance with v Aragon and Navarre defeated the Moors at D i e d i n 1222. E m p e r o r of T r e b i z o n d f r o m 1204 of the Revolution, they returned to Florence where he . "Las Navas de Toloea in 1212. t o 1222, g r a n d s o n of t h e B y z a n t i n e e m p e r o r Ufonso X., passed the last eleven years of his life. He left 21 tragedies t t J i o n s u a.. or Alphonso. Born 1221: died at A n d r o n i c u s I. At the capture of Constantinople by S e v i l l e , A p r i l 4, 1284. A c e l e b r a t e d k i n g of and 6 com edies, besides 5 odes on American Independence, the Crusaders in 1204 he made himself master of Trebizond, various sonnets, and a number of prose works, among L e o n a n d C a s t i l e , 1252-82, s u r n a m e d " T h e which he raised from the position of a province of the which are a "Panegyric on Trajan," "Essays on Litera- W i s e " a n d " T h e A s t r o n o m e r , " s o n of F e r d i Byzantine empire to that of an independent empire. ture and Government," and a "Defense of Louis XVI.," n a n d I I I . He laid claim to the duchy of Swabia, and includes a satirical account of the French Revolu- twice unsuccessfully attempted to sccure the imperial Alexius II. Comnenus, Or. Alexios Kom- which His tragedies are "Thilip II." "Polynices," "An- crown: the first time he was defeated by Richard of nenos. D i e d i n 1330. E m p e r o r of T r e b i z o n d tion. tigone " ( t h e sequel of " Polynices "), "Virginia," "Aga- Cornwall, and the second by Rudolf of Ilapsburg. From f r o m 1297 t o 1330, s o n of J o a n n e s II. w h o m h e memnon," "Orestes," " T h e Conspiracy of the Pazzi," 1261 to 1206 he waged war with the Moors with varying "Don Garcia," "Rosamunda," "Mary Stuart," " Timo- fortune. He was dethroned by his son Sancho in 1282. succecded. "Octavia," "Merope," "Saul," "Agis," "Sopho- Alfonso is celebrated as the author of the code Las Siete Alexius III. Comnenus, Or. Alexios Kom- leon," " Myrrha," two tragedies on the elder and younger nenos. D i e d i n 1390. E m p e r o r of T r e b i z o n d nisba," Brutus, and two on the subject of Alcestes. " Abel," Partidas," the basis of Spanish jurisprudence, and for f r o m 1349 t o 1390, soil of B a s i l i u s b y I r e n e of which he called a "tramelogedia," is a sort of mixture of the Alphonsine tables, a set of astronomical observations lyric and tragic poetry. He wrote six comedies which he compiled at his command. Trebizond. to make a vehicle for his political sentiments. [Alfonso] first madetheCastiliananationallanguageby Alexius IV. Comnenus, Or. Alexios Kom- attempted They are satirical, not dramatic. They are "One," "Few," the Bible to be translated into it, and by requirnenos. D i e d i u 1446. E m p e r o r of T r e b i z o n d "Too Many," " T h e Antidote," " L a Finestrina," and causing ing it to be used in all legal proceedings; and he first, by f r o m 1417 t o 1446, s o n of M a n u e l I I I . a n d E u - "The Divorce." They were never played. He also wrote his great Code and other works, gave specimens of prose an autobiography. He was a strict observer of dramatic d o c i a of G e o r g i a . unities, and left out all secondary characters. His bold, composition which left a free and disencumbered course Aleyn, or Alain. [ME.: the mod. Allen.'] See vigorous, lofty, and almost naked style founded a new for all that has been done since,—a service, perhaps, school iu Italian drama. His works were first collected greater than it has been permitted any other Spaniard to the extract. country. Span. Lit., I. 41. after his death by the Countess of Albany. render the prose literature of hisTiclcncrr, The good-livers go to service and are fed by the Holy and published edition is in 35 volumes, published at Pisa 1805-15. Graal. The sinners, on the contrary, not being thus fed, The A l f o n s o XI., or Alphonso. Died March 26, beg Josephes, Joseph's son, to pray for them; and he or- Thirteen volumes contain his posthumous works. ders liron's twelfth son, Aleyn or Alain le Gros, to take 1350. K i n g of L e o n a n d Castile 1312-50, surthe net from the Graal table, and flsh with it. He catches Alfinger (al'fing-er), Ambrosio de. Died 1532. n a m e d " T h e A v e n g e r " f r o m h i s s e v e r i t y i n one fish, which the sinners say will not suffice. But Aleyn A G e r m a n s o l d i e r , a p p o i n t e d i n 1528 a g e n t of having prayed satisfies them all with it, aud is thence- t h e m e r c a n t i l e h o u s e of t h e W e l s e r s (of A u g s - r e p r e s s i n g i n t e r n a l d i s o r d e r : s o n of F e r d i n a n d forward called the Rich Fisher. Joseph dies and his b u r g ) , w h i c h h e l d V e n e z u e l a a s a h e r e d i t a r y I V . He defeated the Moors of Morocco and Granada at body is buried at " Glay," while his son transmits the fief o n c o n d i t i o n of c o m p l e t i n g t h e c o n q u e s t of Rio Salado, Oct. 29, 1340. __ . Graal to Aleyn. By Aleyn's instrumentality the leper king t h e c o u n t r y f o r C a s t i l e a n d c o l o n i z i n g i t . After Alfonso All., or Alphonso. B o r n at Madrid, Galafres, of the land of Foreygne, is converted and chris- ravaging the' vicinity of Lake Maracaybo, he marched N o v . 28, 1857: d i e d a t E l P a r d o , n e a r Madrid, tened Alphasan. He is healed by looking upon the G raal, and builds Castle Corbenic, which is to be the repository into the highlands of New Granada, and had nearly N o v . 25, 1885. T h e s o n of I s a b e l l a II., p r o and shrine of the Holy Cup, as Vespasian was healed by rcached the rich country of the Chibchas when he died c l a i m e d k i n g of S p a i n D e c . , 1874. He landed in from a wound by an Indian arrow. His inroads were Spain Jan., 1875, and suppressed the Carlist rebellion in looking on the Veronica. 1876. In 1883 he visited Germany, and was insulted by Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 167. marked by horrible cruelties. a mob in Paris on his return. Aleyn. O n e of t h e C a m b r i d g e s t u d e n t s or c l e r k s Alfold (ol'f61d). [ H u n g . , ' l o w l a n d . ' ] T h e Alfonso XIII., or Alphonso. B o r n at Madrid, of C a n t e b r e g g e i n C h a u c e r ' s " R e e v e ' s T a l e . " g r e a t c e n t r a l p l a i n of H u n g a r y . a v 17, 1886. T h e s o n of A l f o n s o X I I . , proAlfadir ( a l - f a ' d i r ) . [Icel. Alfadhir, A l l - f a t h e r . ] Alfonso ( a l - f o n ' s o ) I . , or Alphonso, or Alonzo M c l a i m e d k i n g u n d e r t h e r e g e n c y of h i s m o t h e r I n O l d N o r s e m y t h o l o g y , o n e of t h e m a n y ( a - l o n ' z o ) . B o r n 693: d i e d at C a n g a s , 7 o / . ( M a r i a C h r i s t i n a , d a u g h t e r of t h e a r c h d u k e K a r l a p p e l l a t i o n s of Odin a s t h e s u p r e m e g o d of all K i n g of A s t u r i a s 739-757, s u r n a m e d " T h e C a t h - F e r d i n a n d of A u s t r i a ) o n t h e d a y of h i s b i r t h . mankind o l i c " o n a c c o u n t of h i s z e a l i n e r e c t i n g a n d e n T h e h o r s e of G r a d a s s o i n

^ S S S S S£

d o w i n g m o n a s t e r i e s a n d c h u r c h e s . He was a son of Pedro, duke of .Biscay, a descendant of the Visigothic kings, and son-in-law of Pelayo, king of Asturias, whose son Favila he succeeded. He is said to have wrested Leon, (Jalicia, and Castile from the Moors. Alfonso II., or Alphonso. D i e d in O v i e d o , 842. K i n g of A s t u r i a s 791-842, s u r n a m e d " T h e Chaste." H e defeated Mohammed, the Moorish g o v e r n o r of Merida, in 830.

Alfonso I.

Algiers

38

A l f o n s o I . , K i n g of N a p l e s . See Alfonso V. 1652. A n English J e s u i t , author of various losopher a n d theologian, for a time professor of theology a n d director of t h e school at Bagworks on ecclesiastical history. of Aragon. A l f o n s o I I . , 0 1 * A l p h o n s o . Born 1448: diedNov. A l f o r t (al-for'). A town i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t of d a d . He wrote " The Destruction of the Philosophers " 19,1495. K i n g of Naples 1494-95, eldest son of Seine, France, on t h e Marne southeast of Paris, and other works in defense of Moslem orthodoxy against F e r d i n a n d I . a n d I s a b e l l a . He defeated the Flor- t h e seat of a n a t i o n a l v e t e r i n a r y school estab- the followers of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers. entines at Poggio 1479, and the Turks at Otranto 1481. lished 1766. P o p u l a t i o n (1891). commune, 7,984. It appears that he contested the fundamental principles of the Platonic and Aristotelian schools, and denied the Having rendered himself obnoxious to his subjects, he abdicated (Jan. 23,1495) in favor of his son Ferdinand II., A41l f r e d ( a l ' f r e d ) , or ¿ E l f r e d ( a i f ' r a d ) , s u r n a m e d possibility of a known connexion between cause and efThe G r e a t . " Born a t W a n t a g e , Berkshire, fect; thus making a prelude to the celebrated argumenwhen Charles VIII, of France threatened his capital died Oct. 28, 901. K i n g of the W e s t Saxons tation of Hume. Whewell, Hist. Ind. Sciences, L 251. Alfonso I., or Affonso (af-fon'so), or Alphonso. 849: 871-901, fifth a n d youngest son of JBt-helwulf, B o r n a b o u t 1110: died Dee. 6, 1185. T h e first king of t h e W e s t Saxons, a n d his wife Osburh A l g e b a r (al'je-bàr). [Said to be f r o m Ar. al, the, k i n g of P o r t u g a l , son of H e n r y of Burgundy, ( d a u g h t e r of Oslac his cup-bearer), and brother and jabbdr (.Syr. gaboro), g i a n t . ] 1. A n A r a b i c c o u n t of P o r t u g a l , and Teresa of Castile. On of JEthelred whom h e succeeded. He fought a n d poetical n a m e of t h e constellation Orion.— his father's death in 1112 he became, under his mother's against the Danes In the defensive campaign of «71, servtutelage, count of Portugal, and was declared sole ruler ing under his brother ^Ethelred at Ashdown, Basing, and 2 . Occasionally used to designate Rigel (8 in 1128, I n that year he made successful war upon his Merton, and commanded as king at Wilton. In 87S he re- Orionis), t h e b r i g h t e s t star in t h e constellation. mother, who refused to yield up the government, and upon her ally, Alfonso VIII., from whom he wrested the independence of Portugal. He was proclaimed, king by his soldiers, probably after the victory over the Moors at Ourique, July 26, 1139 ; took Santarcm from the Moors in 1146 ; captured Lisbon in 1147 ; and was taken captive near Badajoz in 11(57 by the Lconese arid made to paya heavy ransom (the surrender of all his conquests in Galicia).

Alfonso II., or Affonso, or Alphonso. Born April 23, 1185: died March 25, 1223. K i n g of P o r t u g a l 1211-23, s u r n a m e d " T h e F a t . " H e d e f e a t e d the Moors a t Alcacer do Sal i n 1217.

Alfonso III., or Affonso, or Alphonso. Born

May 5, 1210 : died F e b . 16, 1279. K i n g of P o r tu£fal 1248-79. During his reign Algarve was i n c o r p o r a t e d in P o r t u g a l .

Alfonso IV., or Affonso, or Alphonso. Born at Coimbra, F e b . 8,1290: died May 28,1357. K i n g of P o r t u g a l 1325-57, s u r n a m e d " T h e B r a v e " and " The F i e r c e . " He consented to the murder of Inès de Castro, secretly married to his son Pedro, who,

in consequence, headed a revolt against his father. See

Castro, Inès de,

Alfonso V., or Affonso, or Alphonso. Bom

1432: died a t Cintra, Aug. 28, 1481. K i n g of P o r t u g a l 1438-81, s u r n a m e d " T h e A f r i c a n " f r o m his conquests i n A f r i c a : son of K i n g D u a r t e (Edward). H e d e f e a t e d t h e Moors in A f r i c a in 1458 and 1471, and was d e f e a t e d at T o r o in 1476 b y F e r d i n a n d t h e Catholic.

ceded before the Danes to Athelney, but later obtained a decisive victory over them at Ethandun. By the treaty of Wedmorc, which followed, Guthrum consented to receive baptism and to retire north of Watling Street. Alfred fortified London in 886, and carried on a defensive war with the Danes 894-807, which ended in the withdrawal of the invaders, and in which, by the aid of ships of improved model, the English for the first time gained a decidcd naval advantage over the vikings. His success against the Danes was due largely to his reform of the national iyrd or militia, by which half the force of each shire was always ready for military scrvice. His administration was also marked by judicial and educational reforms. He compiled a code of laws, rebuilt the schools and monasteries, and invited scholars to his court. He was himself a man of learning, and translated into Saxon the "Ecclesiastical History " of the Venerable Bede, the "Epitome of Universal History "of Taulus Orosius, and the " Consolations of Philosophy" by Boethius, and corrected a translation of the " Dialogues " of Gregory the Great. The popular accounts of his life abouud in legends which are devoid of historical foundation.

It is not surprising that the great services of Alfred to his people in peace and in war should have led posterity to ascribe every institution, of which the beginning was obscure [such as the law of frank-pledge, the distribution of hundreds and tythings, and trial by jury], to his contrivance, till his fame has become almost as fabulous in legislation as that of Arthur in arms. Hallam.

Alfred the Great. A historical play by J. Sheridan Knowles, produced i n 1831.

Alfred, or Alredus (al-re'dus), or Aluredus Alfonso VI., or Affonso, or Alphonso. Born (al-5-re'dus), of B e v e r l e y . Lived a b o u t 1143. 1643 : died Sept. 12, 1083. K i n g of Portugal, second son of J o h n I V . H e succeeded to t h e t h r o n e in 1656 a n d was deposed in 1667.

Alfonso I., or Alphonso. King of Aragon and N a v a r r e 1104-34, and, as Alfouso VII., k i n g of

L e o n a n d C a s t i l e . He married Urraca, daughter and heiress of Alfonso VI. of Leon and Castile, in ] 109. In 1118 he conquered Saragossa from the Moors.

Alfonso II., or Alphonso. Born 1152: died

(al-Hâ-thë'riis).

[Ar. al-jasîra, t h e island or p e n i n s u l a . ] A seaport in t h e province of Cadiz, Spain, 6 miles west of G i b r a l t a r : t h e a n c i e n t Port-us Albus. I t has a considerable coasting-trade. I t was the landingplace of the Arabs under Tarik in 711 ; was retaken from the Moors by Alfonso XI. of Castile in 1344 (?) ; and was the scene of engagements, July, 1801, between the British and Franco-Spanish fleets. It contains a notable aqueduct built by the Moors. The arches are pointed, elegant in profile, and of considerable height and span. The highest piers, in the middle, have on each side curious ogival flying buttresses. Population (1887), 12,381.

Algeiba, or Algieba (al-jë'M).

[Ar., said to

represent aljeb-bah, t h e f o r e h e a d ; b u t if so a misnomer, as it is in t h e shoulder of the constellation,] T h e second-magnitude double star y Leonis. B y Ulugh Beigh t h e n a m e Algeiba was applied to three stars, 7}, y, and Ç Leonis. A l g e m e s i (al-Hà-mâ'së). A t o w n in the province of Valencia, Spain, 20 miles south of Valencia. Population (1887), 7,441. A l g e n i b (al'je-nib). [Ar. al-jdnib al-faras, t h e flank of t h e horse.] The third-magnitude s t a r y Pegasi, a t t h e extremity of t h e wing. The same n a m e is also o f t e n given to a Persei, b e t t e r k n o w n as Mirfak. Bee also Alchemb. A l g e n u b i (al-je-no'bi). [Ar. ra's al-asad 'aljanubbi, t h e h e a d of t h e lion, t h e southern : opposed t o al-samâU, t h e n o r t h e r n . ] A n a m e used, t h o u g h r a t h e r rarely, f o r t h e third-magn i t u d e s t a r £ Leonis.

A n English chronicler, a u t h o r of " A n n a l e s sive H i s t o r i a de gestis r e g u m Britannige libris ix. ad a n n u m 1129," a w o r k occupied chiefly with t h e f a b u l o u s history of t h e country, and f o r the most p a r t a compilation f r o m earlier authorities.

Alger, William Rounseville. Born at Free-

6,1844. The second son of Queen V i c t o r i a : duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha( 1893). H e w a s e l e c t e d king of Greece in 1862, b u t declined t h e offer.

Algeria

Alfred,Prince(DukeofEdinburgh).BornAug.

1196. K i n g of A r a g o n 1163-96, son of Ray- Alfred Club. A club instituted in 1808 in Almondo V., count of Barcelona, a n d Petronilla, bemarle street, London. d a u g h t e r of Kamiro I I . of A r a g o n : especially A l f r e t o n (al'fer-ton). A t o w n in Derbyshire, noted as a p a t r o n of P r o v e n ç a l poetry. n g l a n d , 13 miles n o r t h e a s t of Derby. PopuAlfonso III,, or Alphonso. Bom 1265: died Elation (1891), 15,355. J u n e 18, 1291. K i n g of Aragon 1285-91, surA l f r i c , See jElfric. n a m e d " T h e Magnificent," son of P e d r o III. A l f u r e s (al-fo'res), or A l f u r o s (al-fo'ros), or He granted in 1287 the "Privilege of Union" by which his subjects were permitted to bear arms anil the right was A l f l i r a (al-fo'rji). A descriptive name, signif y i n g ' w i l d , ' 'uncivilized,' given to c e r t a i n given of citing the king himself before the Cortes. a t i v e tribes of t h e n o r t h of Celebes, t h e MoAlfonso IV., or Alphonso. Born 1299: died nluccas, Mindanao, a n d a d j a c e n t islands. They 1336. K i n g of Aragon 1327-36, s u r n a m e d " The a r e generally classed with t h e Malays. Also G o o d . " His entire reign was occupied by a war with the Genoese about the possession of Corsica and Sardinia. Haraforas.

Alfonso v., or Alphonso. Born 1385: died at Algardi (ai-gfir'de), Alessandro. Born at BoNaples, J u n e 27,1458. K i n g of Aragon and, as logna, Italy, 1602 (1598 ?): died at Rome, J u n e Alfonso I., king of Sicily a n d Sardinia a n d of 10, 1654. A. noted I t a l i a n sculptor. His chief Naples : surnamed " T h e Magnanimous." He was works are the monument of Leo XI. and a marble relief

the son of Ferdinand the Just, whom he succeeded in 1416 of Leo I. and Attila, both in St. Peter's, Rome. as king of Aragon and of Sicily and Sardinia. In 1420 he A l g a r o t t i ( a l - g a - r o t ' t e ) , Count F r a n c e s c o . was adopted as heir and prospective successor "by Joanna I. of Naples, but was disinherited in 14-23 in favor of Louis B o r n a t Venice, Dec. 11, 1712: died a t Pisa, of Anjou. He captured Naples in 1442, seven years after Italy, M a y 23, 1764. A n o t e d I t a l i a n litterathe death of Joanna, and enforced his claim to the sut-ces- t e u r a n d a r t connoisseur. sion. He was a patron of learning and a model of chivalric A l g a r v e (al-gar'va). T h e southernmost provvirtues. ince of Portugal, b o u n d e d b y A l c m t e j o on t h e

Alfonso I., or Alphonso, of Este. Born 1476 : north, b y Spain ( f r o m which it is separated by

died Oct. 31, 1534. Duke of F e r r a r a 1505-34. H e commanded t h e p a p a l troops in t h e war of the L e a g u e of Cambrai i n 1509, a n d fought against P o p e J u l i u s II. a t .Ravenna i n 151.2. H e m a r r i e d L u c r e t i a Borgia in 1501. A l f o n s o , Count of Poitou. Died 1271. Brother of Louis IX. of F r a n c e , a n d ruler of P o i t o u a n d Toulouse. A l f o n s o d e C a r t a g e n a . See Alphonsus a Sancta Maria. A l f o r d ( â l ' f o r d ) , H e n r y . B o r n at London, Oct. 10, 1810 : died at Canterbury, England, J a n . 12, 1871, A t i English divine, "biblical scholar, poet, a n d general writer, a g r a d u a t e a n d fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and d e a n of Can-

Algeciras, or Algeziras

t h e G u a d i a n a ) on t h e east, a n d b y the A t l a n t i c

o n t h e s o u t h a n d w e s t , i t forms the district Faro, with the town of Faro as capital. I t was partly conquered from the Moors by Sancho I., and was united with Portugal as a kingdom by Alfonso IIL about 1250. Area, 1,873 square miles. Population (1881), 204,037.

town, Mass., Dec. 30,1822. A U n i t a r i a n clergym a n a n d a u t h o r . Among his works are "Introduction to the Poetry of the Orient," "Metrical Specimens of the Thought, Sentiment and Fancy of the East" (1856), "Friendships of Women " (1867), etc.

(al-jë'ri-a). [ A r . al-jazîra, t h e i s l a n d or p e n i n s u l a ; F . Algérie, G-. Algérien.] A country in n o r t h e r n Africa, the ancient Numidia and eastern Mauritania, organized as a c o l o n i a l p o s s e s s i o n of F r a n c e i n 1834 ( c o n q u e s t b e g u n i n 1830). I t is bounded by the Mediterranean on the north, by Tunis on the east, by Sahara on the south, and by Morocco on the west, and is traversed by the Atlas range. I t comprises three distinct regions : the Tell, or mountainous and cultivated region, in the north ; the steppe region, with various shotts, or brackish lakes, in the center ; and the Sahara, which extends indefinitely southward. The loading industry is agriculture, but the country also contains considerable mineral wealth (especially iron and coppcr), and exports wheat, barley, oats, wine, olive-oil, esparto grass, wool, fruits, and live stock. It is divided into three departments : Algiers, Oran, and Constautine, each with a civil territory and a military territory. The capital is Algiers. The government is vested in a governor-general appointed from France, in the French Corps Législatif, and in a Superior Council. Each province sends 1 senator and 2 deputies to the French Assembly. The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism, and the inhabitants are chiefly Berbers, Arabs, Europeans (largely French and Spaniards), Jews, Moors, and descendants of Turks. The country was annexed by Rome in large part in the 1st century b. c.; was conquered by the Vandals in the 5th century, and by the Saracens in the 7th ; passed into the possession of the Turks in 1519 ; and was a piratical power from the 16th to the 19tfe century, becoming independent of Turkey in 1710. The office of dey was established iti 1600. Defeated by the United States in 1815. Conquest by France, begun in 1830 with the taking of Algiers, was continued by the taking of Constantine in 1837, the subdual of the Kabyles, and the capture of Abd-el-Kader in 1847. Various insurrections occurred in later years. Area (excluding the Algerian Sahara), about 180,000 square miles. Population (1891), 4,124,732. See Corsaira

A l g a u , or A l l g a u ( a l ' g o u ) . A popular n a m e Algesiras. See Algeciras. f o r t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n p a r t of B a v a r i a with t h e A l g h e r o (àl-gà'rô), or A l g h e r i (-re). A sean e i g h b o r i n g portions of Wiirtemberg a n d Tyrol; p o r t in t h e province of Sassari, Sardinia, in lat. i n a n e x t e n d e d sense, t h e region b e t w e e n t h e 40° 34' N., long. 8° 19' E . I t h a s a cathedral. D a n u b e o n the north, t h e L e c h on t h e east, P o p u l a t i o n , about 9,000. the I n n on t h e south, a n d t h e 111 a n d L a k e A l g i e r s (al-jêrz'). [ F . Alger, Sp. P g . Argel, It. Constance on t h e south. Algieri, G. Algier. See Algeria.'] A seaport, t h e A l g a u e r A l p s . A m o u n t a i n group i n Algau capital of Algeria, situated on the Bay of Algiers ( n o r t h e r n Tyrol a n d s o u t h w e s t e r n B a v a r i a ) . in lat. 36° 47' N., long. 3° 3' E., f o u n d e d by t h e t e r b u r y 1857-71. Hewas thcauthorof a noted edition I t s h i g h e s t point is t h e P a r s e y e r Spitz, which A r a b s a b o u t 935. Tt consists of a lower or European of the Greek Testament (1849-61), "New Testament for is about 9,960 f e e t high. A m o n g other points is and an upper or Moorish quarter, and contains the Kasbah, or ancient fortress of the deys, situated about 500 feet English Headers" (1867), "Poems," "The Queen's English." t h e Grunt-en. (1866), etc. A l - G a z a l i (al-ga-za'le), or A l g a z e l (al-ga'zel), above the sea, numerous mosques, a Catholic cathedral,

Alford (originally Griffiths), Michael. Born Abu Hamid Mohammed. Born at Tus, Pera t London, 1587: died a t St. Omer, Aug. 11,

sia, 1058 (1059 ?): died 1111.

A n A r a b i a n phi-

and several Protestant churches. The harbor is spacious, safe, and well fortified. .Algiers is a favorite winter health-resort It was unsuccessfully attacked by Charles

Algiers

Alinda

39

Y. in 1541 ; bombarded by the British in 1816 ; and occu- s u l p h u r s p r i n g s , i n t h e p r o v i n c e of G r a n a d a , pied by the French in 1830. Population (1891), 82,585. S p a i n , 26 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of G r a n a d a . I t w a s See Corsairs. t a k e n f r o m t h e M o o r s i n 1482. Population ' Algiers ' is in Arabic ' Al-Gezair' ("the islands "), said to be so called from that in its bay ; or, more probably, (1887), 7,899. 'Al-Gezair' ia a grammarian's explanation of the name A l h a m a d© M u i c i a ( a - l a ' m a d a m o r ' t h e - a ) . A 'Tzeyr' or 'I'zier,' by which the Algerians commonly t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of Murcia, S p a i n , 17 m i l e s called their city, and which is, I suspect, a corruption of s o u t h w e s t of M u r c i a , n o t e d f o r i t s s u l p h u r the [name of the] Roman city Csesarea (A ugusta), which s p r i n g s . P o p u l a t i o n (1887), 7,203. occupied almost the same site. It should be remarked A l h a m a r i d e s ( a - l a - m a r ' i d z ) . T h e l a s t Moorthat the Algerians pronounce the «„.l.

nf

AlOpeUS (a-lo pc-us), M a x i m i l i a n . Born at V i b o r g , F i n l a n d , J a n . 21, 1/48: died a t J?rankf o r t - o n - t h c - M a i n , May 16, 1822. A R u s s i a n diplomatist, accredited minister plenipotent i a r y to t h e c o u r t of P r u s s i a in 1790 b y Catherine II. A l o r a (a-lo'ra.) A t o w n in t h e p r o v i n c e of Malaga, S p a i n , s i t u a t e d on t h e G u a d a l h o r c c 9 miles n o r t h w e s t of M a l a g a . P o p u l a t i o n (1887), 10,543. A l o r o s (a-lo'ros). T h e first of t h e t e n m y t h i c a l kings w h o r e i g n e d over B a b y l o n i a b e f o r e t h e delude

Alost v( a ' l o s t ) ,J o r Aelst, or Aalst ( a l s t ) . A city

sena Bok" ("Book of the Thorn-Rose"), "Gabriele Mi-

.

i

£

-en

ts^i^,,™

in t h e p r o v i n c e ot L a s t F l a n d e r s , Belgium, s i t u a t e d o n t h e P e n d e r 16 miles n o r t h w e s t of

B r u s s e l s . I t has a trade in grain and hops, and manufactures lace, cotton, etc. I t was taken by Turenne 1667. _ - _ - 25,544. Population (1890),

man D i e d 1591. H e is c o m m e m o r a t e d in t h e R oftSSi C h u r c h J u n e 21. A l p (alp) T h e p r i n c i p a l c h a r a c t e r in B y r o n ' s l-o^SiV^ P°em

I h e b i e g e ot G o r m t h ,

a renegade shot

A l m e r í a ( a l - m e ' r i - a ) . I n Congreve's p l a y " T h e manso," "Amalie Hillner," "Araminta Jlay," "Kolum- m t h e s i e g e . M o u r n i n g Bride, " t h e (supposed) widowed bride bine," " Marjam," etc. _ A l p . T h e local n a m e of t h e elevated a n d l i t t l e of Alphonso, p r i n c e of V a l e n t í a . It is she who A l m u & e c a r (iil-mon-ya-kar'). A s e a p o r t i n t h e i n h a b i t e d m e a d o w a n d p a s t u r e t r a c t s of Switutters the familiar words: p r o v i n c e of G r a n a d a , Spain, 38 m i l e s e a s t of z e r l a n d a n d Tvrol. Also Aim. " Music hath charms to soothe a savage breast, M a l a g a . P o p u l a t i o n (1887), 8,842. AU, o r ¿ j j , R a u h e . See Kaulu) Alp a n d SwaTo soften rocks, or bend a knotted oak." A l m y (al'ini), J o h n J . B o r n A p r i l 25,,181a: ' Congreve, Mourning Bride, i. 1 (ed. 1710). died May 16,1895. A n A m e r i c a n n a v a l officer. A l p A r s l a n (alp ars-liin'). B o r n 1029: died He was appointed commodore Dec. 21, 1869, and rear-ad1072. A s u r n a m e of M o h a m m e d b e n D a u d , Almodóvar, or Almodóvar del Campo (81m o - d o ' v a r del k ü m ' p o ) . A t o w n in t h e p r o v i n c e miral Aug. 24,1873, retired April 24,1S77. He had charge s u l t a n of t h e Seljuk T u r k s , w h o r e i g n e d in K h o successively of the Union gunboats South Carolina, Conr a s a n f r o m 1059 t o 1072. He succeeded his unclc of Ciudad Real, S p a i n , 21 miles s o u t h w e s t of necticut, and Juniata during the Civil War. Togllrul Beg as chief ruler of the empire in lUtiS, subdued C i u d a d R e a l . P o p u l a t i o n (1887), 12,008. A l n a s c h a r ( a l - n a s l l ' a r or - n a s ' k a r ) . T h e " B a r - Georgia ancl Armenia about 1004, and conquered Aleppo Almodóvar (al-mó-dó'vár), Count of (Ilde- b e r ' s F i f t h B r o t h e r ""in " T h e A r a b i a n N i g h t s ' and defeated and took prisoner the Byzantine emperor

fonso Diaz de Ribera). Born at Granada,

m a n . He was Imprisoned and exiled in the reign of Ferdinand VII., was afterward minister of war and president of the Cortes, and was minister of foreign affairs 1842-43.

E n t e r t a i n m e n t s . " He invests his inheritance in glass- Romanus Diogenes near the Araxes in 1071, a victory which ware. While awaiting customers he fancies himself already led to the establishment of the Seljuk empire of Hum. a millionaire, and an incautious movement upsets his T h e c a p i t a l of A l p e n a basket, breaking its contents and destroying all his pros- A l p e n a ( a l - p e ' n a ) . pects (hence the phrase "visions of Alnaschar," i. e., count- Countv, Michigan! s i t u a t e d on T h u n d e r Bay, ing one's chickens before they are hatched ; (lay-dreams). L a k e H u r o n , i n l a t . 45° 4 ' N „ long. 83° 26' W .

sustained a decisive repulse at Las Navas de Tolosa, July 16,1212, at the hands of Alfonso of Castile, aided by the kings of Aragón and Navarre, and became extinct in Spain in 1257 and in Africa in 1269.

tie is known of them. They were called Alogi by Epipha- n e a r i t . ] T h e s e c o n d - m a g n i t u d e s t a r a ± l y d r a i , niiis hecause they rejected the doctrine of the Logos and 0 r C o r H v d r e s . the Gospel1 of John (which they ascribed to the Gnostic A l T > h e C c a " ( a l - f e k ' k a ) , o r A l p h a c c a ( a l - f a k ' k a ) . iv ..;„+>,Mf , Thpu rcu'Ci,I the the Apocalypse.^ Anocnlvnse. " V ^ , " , , , ,, -•/, , , i ,, V„ Cerinthus). They alco also rejected

1777: died a t V a l e n c i a , 1846. A S p a n i s h s t a t e s -

A l m o d ó v a r d e l R i o (al-mo-do'var del r e ' o ) . A A l n i l a m ( a l - n i - l a m ' ) . [Ar. al-nm'm, t h e s t r i n g It is a c c n t e r of t h e l u m b e r t r a d e . P o p u l a t i o n s m a l l t o w n in t h e province of Cordova, Spain, of p e a r l s . ] T h e b r i g h t s e c o n d - m a g n i t u d e s t a r (1890), 11,283. Alpes, Basses. See Basses-Alpes. s i t u a t e d on t h e G u a d a l q u i v i r 13 miles s o u t h - £ Orionis, in t h e m i d d l e of t h e g i a n t ' s b e l t A l n i t a k ( a l - n i - t a k ' ) . [Ar. al-nittik, t h e girdle.] A l p e s , H a u t e s . See Hautes-Alpes. w e s t of Cordova. Almogia ( á l - m o - H é ' a ) . A t o w n in t h e p r o v i n c e T h e fine t r i p l e s e c o n d - m a g n i t u d e s t a r f Orionis, A l p e s - M a r i t i m e s (alp miir-e-tem'). A d e p a r t m e n t of P r a n c e , c a p i t a l Nice, b o u n d e d b y I t a l y of Malaga, S p a i n , 12 miles n o r t h w e s t of M a l a g a . a t t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n e n d of t h e belt. P o p u l a t i o n (1887), 8,346. A l n w i c k ( a n ' i k ) . T h e c a p i t a l of N o r t h u m - o n t h e n o r t h a n d east, b y t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n on A l m o h a d e s ( a l ' m o - h á d z ) . A M o h a m m e d a n b e r l a n d , E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d on t h e A l n e in l a t . t h e s o u t h , a n d b y V a r and Basses-Alpes on t h e H e r e , 1174, t h e W C s t : n o t e d f o r its m i l d c l i m a t e and t h e h e a l t h d y n a s t y in n o r t h e r n A f r i c a a n d Spain, w h i c h 55° 25' N., long. 1° 43' W . s u p e r s e d e d t h e A l m o r á v i d e s a b o u t t h e m i d d l e E n g l i s h u n d e r Glanville d e f e a t e d t h e Scots, r e s o r t s o n its coast. It was formed from the terriP o p u l a t i o n (1891), 6.746. tory of Nice (ceded by Italy in 1860) and from part of Var. of t h e 12th c e n t u r y : so called f r o m t h e sect A pseudonym (standing for ' A Area, 1,482 square miles. Population (1891), 258,571. of t h e A l m o a h e d u n ( w o r s h i p e r s of one god), A L O E L a d y of E n g l a n d ' ) of C h a r l o t t e M a r i a T u c k e r . Alph ( a l f ) . A s a c r e d u n d e r g r o u n d r i v e r in f o u n d e d b y M o h a m m e d i b n A b d a l l a h . The family established itself in the provinces of Fez, Morocco, Tlém- A l o g i a n s (a-16'ji-anz), or A l o g i (al'6-ji). A X a n a d u , m Coleridge s p o e m < K u b l a K h a n , cen, Oran, and Tunis, and extended its conquests to Anda- h e r e t i c a l sect wEich existed in A s i a Minor A l p h a r d (al-fiird'). [ A r . al-fard, t h e solitary, lusia, Valencia, and a part of Aragón and Portugal. I t t o w a r d t h e e n d of t h e 2d c e n t u r v A. D. Lit- b e c a u s e t h e r e is no o t h e r c o n s p i c u o u s s t a r very

A l m o n ( a l ' m o n ) , J o h n . B o r n a t L i v e r p o o l , Dec. A l o i d s e (a-lo-I'de), or A l o i a d s e (a-16-i'a-de), 17, 1737: died a t B o x m o o r , Dec. 12, 1805. A n or A l o a d a e (a-lo'a-de). [Gr. 'AlaelSai, 'MuiaE n g l i s h p u b l i s h e r a n d p o l i t i c a l p a m p h l e t e e r , 6cu, "AAudSai, sons of A l o e u s . ] I n Greek mj^thology, t w o g i a n t s , Otus a n d E p h i a l t e s , s o n s of a f r i e n d of J o h n Wilkes._ P o s e i d o n b y I p h i m e d e a , w i f e of Aloeus. Each A l m o n a c i d (al-mó-na-théTH'). A s m a l l t o w n of the brothers measured 9 cubits in breadth and 27 in s i t u a t e d o n t h e G u a z e l a t e 13 miles s o u t h e a s t height at the age of nine years, when, according to the Odysof Toledo, S p a i n . H e r e , A u g . 11, 1809, t h e sey, they threatened the Olympian gods with war, and atF r e n c h u n d e r S e b a s t i a n i d e f e a t e d t h e S p a n i s h tempted to pile Mount Ossa on Olympus and i'elion on Ossa, but were destroyed by the arrows of Apollo. According under Venegas. to Homer they kept Ares imprisoned for thirteen months, A l m o n d b l i r y ( a ' m o n d - b e r " : , l o c a l l y a m ' b r i ) . A until he was secretly liberated by Hermes. Kysome writers t o w n i n t h e W e s t É'idiny of Yorkshire. E n g l a n d , t.hey are represented as having survived the attempt on o n t h e Calder. a d j o i n i n g H u d d e r s i i e l d . P o p u - Olympus, and as having fallen victims to their presumption in suing Ephialtes for the hand of Hera, and Otus l a t i o n (1891), 5,117. A l m o n d e (iil-mon'dá), P h i l i j j p n s v a n . B o r n for that of Artemis. In the island of Naxos, Artemis, in a t Briel, N e t h e r l a n d s , 1646: died n e a r L e y d e n , the form of a stag, ran between the brothers, who, aiming

[Ar. aljeklcah, t h e ( b r o k e n ) c u p or p l a t t e r oi a dervish : in allusion t o t h e s h a p e of t h e constell a t i o n . ] A u s u a l n a m e of t h e s e c o n d - m a g n i t u d e s t a r a Coronaa Borealis, m o r e c o m m o n l y k n o w n as Gemma, b u t also a s Alf eta. A l p h e g e , S a i n t . See JElfhcalt.

Alphen (al'fen), Hieronymus van. Born at

Gouda, N e t h e r l a n d s , A u g . 8, 1746 : died a t T h e H a g u e , A p r i l 2, 1803. A D u t c h p o e t and j u r i s t . A l p h e r a t z (al-fe-ràts'). [Ar. Surrat-al-fards, t h e n a v e l of t h e horse : t h e s t a r h a v i n g b e e n reckoned as belonging to Pegasus.] The usual n a m e of t h e s e c o n d - m a g n i t u d e s t a r a A n d r o m è d e , i n t h e h e a d of t h e c o n s t e l l a t i o n . I t is also o f t e n called Sirrah.

Alpheus

44

Alpheus (al-fe'us), Alpheius (al-fi'us).

[Gr.

'Ahpetdg.'] In Greek mythology, a river-god, Soil o f O c e a n US a n d T e t h y s . He is represented as originally a hunter who fell in love with the nymph Arethusa. Shefledfrom him and transformed herself into a well, and upon this he became the river Alpheus. The details of the myth vary.

Altamura sians under Herwarth von Bittenfeld, June -29, 1864.

extends from the Brenner Pass eastward to the Semmering Pass.

Oftentimes made to include

A r e a ' J 3 0 square miles.

Population, about 24,000.

ail the Alps lying east of a line connecting Lake Constance A l s f e l d (als'felt). A small town in the provwith Lago Maggiore. See Ah*. mee of Upper Hesse, grand duchy of Hesse, Alps, Western. A^division division of which situated on the Schwalm 41 miles southwest .' j1 i " of• the the- Alps Alps which 1 ' ' — is separated from the Apennines by the Pass of Cassel of Giovi (north of Genoa) and extends to the Alshain (al-sMn'). A seldom used name for Alpheus. The principal river of the Pelopon,5S .u68;', , ? e r n a r d - Oftentimes made to in- the fourth-magnitude star 8 Aquilm nesus, Greece, the modern Kufia, Ruphia, or elude all the Alps lying west of a line connecting Lake A l o h f l T n a l i ial sliS m a ' H 1 rAi. Eouphia, emptying into the Ionian Sea. it flows Constance with Lago Maggiore. See Alp,. . A l S n e m a U (al-she-ma il). [ A r . al-semdll, the l u l l l i u l

o e a

l t l o m

mpart of its course underground, and was for this reason AlpujarraS (al-po-Hav'ras), or AlDUXaraS A mountainous region in the provinces of Grana-

4? I t s northern fl?Z t0 .? iclly uhead a its banks. and southern streams, both fS'h'S.t 0'J?P' on known as Muphia (the northern also as Ladrni), unite on " ' " the borders of the nomarchies of Messeuia, Arcadia. Achaia, and Elis.

4

p0™6™, . e st«?r ^

aee Algemtfn.] the fourth-magni111 the head of the animal.

i l a a n d A l m e r i a , S p a i n . I t contains many romantic V i in 1492 it After was the e f u gofe the of the Moriseos in Spain. valleys. therfall Moorish kingdom of Granada

^ • BiraU ( a l si-rat

r. ,„ Alphonsus, King of Arragon, The Comical by Louis X I V . in 1631, and the remainder of Alsace was > .. SI,nali tributary ot the E l b e History of. A play by Robert Greene, written annexed to Prance in 1791. I t was ceded to Germany in which traverses Hamburg, forming two basins, 1871 as a result of the Franco-German war. as early as 1592, and printed in 1599. It was one (the larger) outside the town (Aussen called "comical" only because its end is not Alsace, Lower, G. Unter-Elsass. A district Alster), and one within it (Binnen Alster). The tragical. of Alsace-Lorraine, occupving the northern latter is surrounded with fine buildings and is A l p i e w (al'pu). In Mrs. Centime's comedy portion of Alsace. The chief city is Strasburg. a favorite ,pleasure-resort. " The Basset-Table," Lady Reveller's waiting- Area, 1,866 square miles. Population (1890), Alston, or Alston Moor. See Aldstone. woman, a pert, adroit S o u b r e t t e . T h e name is 621,505. Alstroemer (äl'stre-mer), Jonas. Born at taken from atpieu, a term in the game of basset imply- Alsace, Upper, G. Ober-Elsass A district of Alillgsa»s, West Gothland, Sweden, Jan. 7, a oartl H»»4 h »s already win c o r I t l , m l n c e o f t l l e b e t Alsace-Lorraine, occupying the southern por- 1?85 : d i ?d 2,1761. A Swedish merchant, ' « . „ v * i,i • v j • t . . tion of Alsace. Its chief town is Mülhausen " ' 4 W distinguished as a promoter of industrial reform in Sweden. ^ « W f C , 1 , Ub ' A elub established m London in Area, 1,370 square miles. Population (1890) 1 1857 for those who are interested m the subject 471 609 " A l t . S e e Altita. Lfie"punrposeseXpl0rerS' °r °r Alsace-Lorraine (¡il-zäs'lor-rän'), G. Elsass- Altahmo (al-ta'mò). A tribe of North AmeriA l ^ i r n ^ - w " • T. „ Lothringen. An imperial territory (Eeichs- can Indians which formerly lived on San FranA l p i m (al-pe ne), L. Alpmus Prospero Born i a n d ) of the German Empire, capital Strasburg cisco bay, California. See Costanoan. at Marostica, \enetia, Nov. 23, 1553: died at i,..t . . . i __ i l , . bounded by Luxemburg, Prussia, and the Rhine A l t a i (al-ti'). A mountain system which lies Padua, Italy, Feb. 6, 1617. An Italian botaPalatinate on the north, by Baden (from which partly in the government of" Tomsk, Siberia, T_vl nist and physician, author of works on the "itA is " -* separated ' 1 1by the '1 ' ' on the '* rtAnfimiQi^ neastward n o f i t t u w / l into Mongolia. -1 ' mi. _ Rhine) east, -by Qni*1 and IO is continued The natural history of Egypt, etc. Switzerland and France on the south, and by highest elevation, the Bjelucha (White MounAlpnach (alp'nach), or Alpnacht (alp'naeht). France on the west. It is traversed by the Vosges; tain), is about 11,000 feet. The main raoige is A commune in the canton of Unterwalden, soil generally fertile, producing grain, wine, tobacco, eto.,' also known as the Ektag Altai. and it has important iron- and coal-mines, andlanremanu- a u . j / i 4.-/-1 \ , , .. . Switzerland, 8 miles southwest of Lucerne. of iron, cotton, etc. It is divided into 3 districts A ™ l c (al-ta'ik). A term applied to various Alpnach, Lake. The southwestern arm of the factures U p p e r Alsace, L o w e r Alsaee, and Lorraine. I t s govern" T u r a n i a n " or unclassified l a n g u a g e s in northLake of Lucerne. ment is vested in the imperial government and in a pro- e r n A s i a : u s u a l l y i n t h e c o m p o u n d Ural-Altaic. A l p s (alps). [F. Alpes, It. Alpi, G. Alpen, etc., yincial committee of 58 members. I t sends 15 deputies S e e Turanian L.

Alpes,

G r . "AXiruç,

"AAtraa,

"A'Àpeia,

a

Celtic

* the •1 population) " " • • ^' T 'h e prevailing ' • A l t a i Mining District. A territory in the is-11 Roman Catholic. lanw name, 'the white (mountains).' Cf. Albion.] of guage is German, except in Lorraine, where French is The most extensive mountain system in Eu- chiefly spoken. I t was ceded by France to Germany in southern part of the government of Tomsk, Sirope, comprising a part of southeastern France, 1871, as a result^ of the Franco-German war. Area, 5,668 beria, noted for mineral wealth. Its capital is Barnaul. most of Switzerland, a part of northern Italy, wuira miles. Population (1890), 1,cos,506. Altair (al-tar'), or A t a i r (a-tar'). [Ar. al-nasr a part of southern Germany, and the western Alsatia. The Latin name of Alsace. part of Austria-Hungary, it was anciently di. Alsatia (al-sa'shia). Formerly a cant name al-tair, the flying eagle.] The standard firstmagnitude star a Aquike. vided into the Maritime,*Cottian, Graian, Pennine, R h « - (Alsace being a debatable ground or scene of A river in Georgia tian, Noric, Carnic, Venetian, and Julian Alps. T h e modern frequent contests) for Whitefriara, a district in Altamaha (^l^ta-ma-ha/). division 1B into the Western, Central, and Eastern Alps. London between the Thames and Fleet street, which is formed by the junction of the Oconee The Western Alps include the Ligurian Alps, Maritime and adjoining the Temple, which possessed cer- and Ocmulgee, and flows into the Atlantic 55 Alps, Cottian Alps, Graian Alps, Montagues des Maures and Its length is Esterel Mountains, Mountains of Provence (or of Vaucluse, tain privileges of sanctuary derived from the miles southwest of Savannah. about 130 miles. Ventoux group), Alps of Dauphin^, Limestone Alps of convent of the Carmelites, or White Friars, The locality became the Savoy, and the Mountains of Chablais and Faucigny. T h e founded there in 1241. Altamirano(ai-ta-me-ra'n6), Ignacio Manuel* Central Alps include the Pennine Alps, Lepontine Alps, resort of libertines and rascals of every description, whose Rhsetian Alps, Otzthaler Alps, Bernese Alps, Fribourg abuses and outrages, and especially the riot in the reign Born in Guerrero about 1835: died in Italy, Feb., 1893. A Mexican poet, orator, and Alps, Emmenthal Alps, Urncr and Engelberg Alps, T o d i of Charles I I . , led in 1697 to the abolition of the privilege range, Schwyzer Alps, St. Gall aud Appenzell Alps, Vo- and the dispersion of the Alsatians. T h e term Alsatia has journalist, of pure Indian blood, said to have r a r l b e r g a i i d Allgau Alps, North Tyrolese and Bavarian been a descendant of the Aztec monarch«. He in recent times been applied offensively to the English Alps, Luganer Alps, Bcrgamasker Alps, Ortler Alps, Nonsberg Alps, Adamello Mountains, and Tridentine Alps. T h e Eastern Alps include the Zillerthal Alps, Hohe Tatiern, Niedere Tauern, Carinthian and Styrian Alps, Styrian

...

Alps, Carnic Alps

.

Karawankcn, Bacher, and Santhaler

Kc d m J ;;: ia H^ P a S r y a I h d e S ^ T T a Z n T r o S S ?

stock-exchange, because of the supposed questionable character of some of its proceedings. The name first occurs in Shad well's plays " T h e Woman Captain " (1680) and " T h e Squire of Alsatia " (1688). See Wttitefriars.

x

--

themselves.]

,

name for

A tribe of N o r t h A m e r i c a n

' A T ^

20

^

^

In-

°D

Dotl1 sicle8 Mountains of Cilli, etc.). T h e length of the range f r o m A l s e a i i i v e r , Oregon, and is n o w the Pass of Giovi (north of Genoa) to Semmering Pass is o n t h e S i l e t z r e s e r v a t i o n , O r e g o n . O n e o f t h e s e oyer 600 miles; and its width is from s>o to i s o miles, i t s v i l l a g e s w a s Y a h a t s . See Yakonan highest peak is Mont Blanc, 15,781 f e e t (on the borders /-l/ ^-FT J-UKUHUH. l s l a T l d 2 0 m i l o s of France and I t a l y ; highest in Switzerland the Monte 4 l s e n *en)V ^ t1he R o s a ) ; and its average height about 7,700 feet. Its -^ittle B e l t , lat. 55° N . , l o n g . 9 ° largest glacier is the Aletsch, about 13 miles long. See, 5 0 ' E . , b e l o n g i n g t o t h e p r o v i n c e o f S c h l e s w i g further, the special articles Pennine, Maritime, Lepontine H o l s t e i n , P r u s s i a . I t s chief town is Sonderburg. The Alps, etc. inhabitants are chiefly Danish. I t was a strategic point Alps, Eastern. A division of the Alps which f o r the Danes in 1848-49, and was conquered by the Prus-

was a member of the Constituent Conirress of 1861, and joined the army during the Frcnch invasion, attaining the rank of colonel. H e published " Clemencia," " J u l i a , " etc.

Altamont (al'ta-mont). 1. In Rowe's play u The Fair Penitent," the much-wronged but forgiving husband of Calista (the Fair Penitent). He kills "that haughty gallant, gay Lothario"whohaswronged him.—2. In Thackeray's novel "Pendennis," the name assumed by the returned convict Amory. He is the first husband of Lady Clavering and father of the emotional Blanche Amory. Altamont, Frederick. See Bunce, John. Altamura (al-ta-mo'ra). A city in the province of Bari, Italy, 28 miles southwest of Bari. I t contains a cathedral, founded by the emperor Freder-

45

Alva

miles south of Eisenach, noted in the history of Boniface and of Luther (1521). A l t e n z e l l e (al-ten-tsel'le). Aformer Cistercian monastery near Nossen, in Saxony, secularized in 1544. A l t e r a t i (It. pron. äl-te-rä'te), T h e . A p r i v a t e musical academy, founded in 1568 at Florence by seven Florentine noblemen. It devoted it-

German naturalist and engraver, author of lk Naturgeschichte des P f e r d e s " (1810), " V e r gleichende Osteologie" (1821-31). A l t o n (äl'ton). A town in Hampshire, England, 25 miles north by east of Portsmouth. Population (1891), 4,671. A l t o n . A city in Madison County, Illinois, situated on the Mississippi 21 miles north of St.

Altamura ick II. I t is a 3-aisled church of basilican plan, with cylindrical pillars and round arches in the nave and pointed vaulting in the aisles. The west front is Romanesque in character, with a great rose and imposing lion-porch atid much sculpture, especially scenes from the life of Christ.

Altar (äl-tär'), or Altar de Oollanes (äl-tär'

da kol-yä'nes), or C a p a c - U r c u (kä'päk ör'kö). A volcano in the eastern range of the Andes of Ecuador, east of Riobamba, 17,730 feet high (Iieiss and Stübel).

self to the cultivation of the musical drama, and under

Louis.

I t has important manufactures and trade, and

its auspices the first Italian opera was produced. See is the seat of Shurtleff College. Population (1890), 10,294. Altar, The. See Ara. A l t o n a (äl'to-nä). A seaport in the province Altaroche (äl-tä-rosh'), Marie Michel. Born ADaphne. of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, situated on the at Issoire, Puy-de-Dôme, France, April 18, l t e r f (al-tèrf'). [Ar.] The seldom used name

1811: died at Vaux, May 14, 1884. A French journalist, poet, and dramatist: early editor of "Charivari."' A l t a s T o r r e s (äl'täs tor'res). [Sp., 'high towers. ? ] See Madrigal. Alt-Breisach. See Breisack. Altdorf (Switzerland). See Altorf. A l t d o r f (ält'dorf), or A l t o r f (äl'torf). Asmall town in Middle Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the Schwarzaeh 13 miles southeast of Nuremberg. It was the seat of a university from 1623 to 1S09, which was united in the latter year with that of Erlangen. A l t d o r f e r (alt'dor-fcr), or A l t o r f e r (äl'tor-fer), A l b r e c h t . Born at Altdorf, Bavaria, 1488: died at Ratisbon, Bavaria, 1538. A German painter and engraver. His chief work, " T h e Battle of Arbela," is at Munich. A l t e a (äl-tä'ä). A seaport in the province of Alicante, Spain, 25 miles northeast of Alicante. Population (1887), 5,790. A l t e m i r a (al-te-mi'rä). A tragedy by Lord Orrery, produced in Ï702, after his death. I t is a roar of passion, love (or what passed for it), jealousy, despair, and murder. I n the concluding scene the slaughter is terrific. I t all takes place in presence of an unobtrusive individual, who carries the doctrine of nonintervention to its extreme limit. When the persons of the drama have made an end of one another, the quietly delighted gentleman steps forward, and blandly remarks, t h a t there was so much virtue, love, and honor in it all, that he could not ilnd it in his heart to interfere though his own son was one of the victims. Doran, Eng. Stage, I. 133.

of the fourth-magnitude star /, Leonis, in t h e right bank of the Elbe below Hamburg and adjoining it, in lat, 53° 33' N., long. 9° 57' E. mouth of the animal. t is the largest city in the province, and has extensive A l t e r F r i t z (äl'ter frits). [G., 'OldFritz.'] A Iforeign and domestic trade and important manufactures. nickname of Fréderick the Great. It was formerly the seat of an observatory which was reA l t h a e a (al-the'ä), or A l t h e a . [Gr. 'AWaia.] In moved to Kiel in 1874. I t received the privileges of a Greek legend, à daughter of Thestius, wife of city in 1664, and was burned by the Swedes 1713. Popu(Eneus, king of Calydon, and mother of Tydeus, lation (1890), 143,249. Meleager, and Deianeira. Alton Locke (äl'ton lok), Tailor and Poet. A l t h e a . The name under which RichardLove- A story by Charles Kingsley, published in 1850. lace poetically addressed a woman, supposed A l t o o n a (al-tö'nä). A city in Blair County, to be Lucy Sacheverell, who was also celebrated Pennsylvania, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, at under the name of Lucasta. base of the Alleghany Mountains, in lat. Althen (F. pron. al-toii'), Jehan or Jean. Born the in Persia: died in France, 1774. A Persian, 40° 31' N., long. 78° 25' W., noted for the manufacture of locomotives and railway-cars. the son of a governor of a Persian province, who introduced the cultivation of madder into Population (1890), 30,337. F r a n c e . He was sold as a slave at Smyrna, b u t made his escapc to Francc, bringing with him some seeds of madder, the exportation of which was forbidden under penalty of death. Althing. See Thing. Althorp, Viscount. See Spencer, third Earl.

Altorf (äl'torf), or Altdorf (ält'dorf). Tho

capital of the canton of Üri, Switzerland, situated near the Reuss and near the southeastern extremity of the Lake of Lucerne, on the St. Gotthard route, 20 miles southeast of Lucerne.

I t is celebrated in the legends of William Tell, to whom a statue was erected here in 1861. Population (18S8), 2,551. See Tell, William. Roman walls of the ancient town (the Samnite Ssepiiium), Altorf (in Bavaria). See Altdorf. about two miles from the modern site, remain practically Altorfer. See Altdorfer. perfect. The plan is a square with rounded angles and a AltÖtting (ält-et'ting), or Alten-Otting (äl'gate strengthened by massive square towers in the middle of each side, oriented toward the cardinal points. The ten-et'ting). A small town in Upper Bavaria, masonry is reticulated, except t h a t of the gate-arches. An Bavaria, on the Mörn 51 miles northeast of inscription ascribes the construction to Nero. M u n i c h . I t is a famous pilgrim resort, on account of a Altin (al-tin'), or Teletskoi (tä-let-skoi'). A miraculous image of the Virgin, which, it is said, was lake, 75 miles long and about 20 broad, in west- brought from the East in the 7th century.

A t t i l i a (äl-te'li-ä). A small place in central Italy about 20 miles north of Benevento. The

ern Siberia, in lat. 51° 30' N., long. 87° 30' E., A l t r a n s t ä d t (ält'rän-stat). A village of Prussian Saxony 9 miles southeast of Merseburg, which empties into a tributary of the Obi.

where a treaty was concluded, 1706, between Alten (al'ten), Count Karl August von. Born Alting (äl'ting), Johann Heinrich. Born at Charles XII. of Sweden and Augustus II. of Emden, Prussia, Feb. 17, 1583: died at Gronat Burgwcdel, near Hanover, Oct. 20, 1764: died at Bozen, Tyrol, April 20,1840. A Hanoverian Mgeneral, commander of the " G e r m a n Legion in British service. He served in the Peninsular and Waterloo campaigns, and was Hanoverian minister of war and foreign affairs. A l t e n F i o r d (al'ten fyôrd). A fiord on the northern coast of Norway, in lat. 70° N. A l t e n a (äl'te-nä). A town in the province of Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Lenne 40 miles northeast of Cologne. It is noted for iron and steel manufactures, and for its castle. Population (1890). 10,488. A l t e n a h r (äi'ten-är). A village in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Ahr 30 miles south of Cologne. Near it is the ruined castlc of Altenahr or Are, destroyed early in the 18th century. A l t e n b e r g (äl'ten-berG). A town in the kingdom of Saxony, situated in the Erzgebirge 21 miles south of Dresden : noted for its tin-mines. Altenburg (duchy). See Saxe-AUenburg. A l t e n b u r g (äl'ten-börG). The capital (since 1826) of Saxe-Altenburg, Germany, near the Pleisse 25 miles south of Leipsic. it contains a castle (founded in the 11th century), famous from the "Robbery of the Princess" in 1455. Ancient Saxon residence. Population (1890), 31,439.

A l t e n d o r f (al'ten-dorf). A town near Essen, Rhine Province, Prussia. Population (1890), 17,815. A l t e n e s c h (äl'teu-esh). A village in Oldenburg, Germany, near the mouth of the Ochtum 9 miles northwest of Bremen. Here m 1234 the Stedinger were nearly exterminated by the Crusaders. A l t e n e s s e n (äl-ten-es'sen). A coal-mining town near Essen, Rhine Province, Prussia. Population (1890), 12,295. A t t e n k i r c h e n (al-ten-kër'chen). A small town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the Wied 34 miles southeast of Cologne. A l t e n k i r c h e n . An ancient countship in the neighborhood of Altenkirchen. Alten-Ötting. See J J totting.

Altenstein (äl'ten-stin), Itarl (Baron von Stein zum Altenstein). Born at Anspach, Ba-

varia, Oct. 7,1770: died at Berlin, May 14,1840. A Prussian statesman, minister of finance 18081810, and minister of public worship 1817-38. A l t e n s t e i n . A summer castle of the dukes of Saxe-Meiüingen, in the Thuringian forest 10

ingen, Aug. 25, 1644. A German Protestant theologian, professor of dogmatics at Heidelberg (1613), and later (1627) of theology a t Groningen. He opposed the Remonstrants in the synod of Dordrecht. A l t i n g , J a k o b . Born at Heidelberg, Sept. 27, 1618 : died at Groningen, Aug. 20, 1676. A son of J . H . Alting, professor of Oriental languages (1643) and of theology (1667) at Groningen. His works on Hebrew are notable. A l t i s ( a r t i s ) . [Gr. 'À/i/nf.] The sacred precinct and nucleus of the ancient Olympia, in Greece. A l t i s i d o r a (al'tis-i-dö'rä). A character in the "Curious Impertinent," an episode in " D o n Quixote": an attendant of tlio duchess. She torments Don Quixote by pretending to be in love with him. A l t k i r c h (alt'kèrch), A small town in Upper Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, situated on the 111 18 miles northwest of Basel : capital of the Sundgau. A l t m a r k (ält'märk). The nucleus of Brandenburg and the Prussian monarchy : known first as the Nordmark, now in the province of Saxony, Prussia.

S e e Norclmarlc

and

Brandenburg.

Altmeyer (alt'mì-èr), Jean Jacques. Born at

Saxony, by which the latter lost Poland. A

treaty was also made here In 1707, between Charles X I L of Sweden and the emperor Joseph I., by which religious toleration was secured to the Protestants in Silesia.

Altrincliani, or Altringham (al'tring-am). A town in Cheshire, England, 8 miles southwest of Manchester. Population (1891), 12,424.

Altringer. See Aldringer. Altstädten (ält'städ-ten), or Altstetten (ält'-

stet-ten). A town in the canton of St. Gall, Switzerland, in lat. 47° 23' N., long. 9° 32' E. It has cotton manufactures. Population (1888), 8,430. A l t s t r e l i t z (alt'stra-lits). The former capital of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, situated south of Neustrelitz. A l t v a t e r M o u n t a i n s (ält'fä-ter moun'tänz),

or Moravian Snow Mountains. A group of

mountains in the Sudetic system, situated in northern Moravia on the frontier of Austrian Silesia. The highest point, Gross Altvater, is about 4,850 feet high. A l t w a s s e r (ält'väs-ser). A town in the province of Silesia, Prussia, on the Polsnitz 41 miles southwest of Breslau, it has mines of brown coal, and was formerly a watering-place. (1890), 9^549.

Population

the singular Luxemburg, J an. 24, 1804 : died at Brussels, Aludra (al-ö'dra). [Ar. al-adra, Sept. 15, 1877. A Belgian historian. Among his of al-'addra, the virgins, four stars near each other in Canis Major.] The third-magnitude works are " Histoire des relations commerciales et politique» des Pays-Bas," etc., "Résumé de l'histoire mo- star v Canis Maioris. (al'ü-lä) Borealis and Australis. [L., derne " (1842), and various works on Dutch and I'.elgian his- Alula ; n o r t h e r n ' and 'southern wing.'] The two tory, etc. A l t m ü h l (ält'mül). A river in Bavaria, the fourth-magnitude stars v and £ U r s « Majoris, ancient Alcimona or Alcmona, which joins the which mark the southern hind foot of t h e beast. Danube at Kelheim 14 miles southwest of Ra- Xi, which is a fine binary star with a period of only 61 t i s b o n . I t crosses the Franconian Jura. Its length ìb about 125 miles/and it is connected with the Main system by the Ludwigs-Canal at Dietiurt,

years, is also known as El Acola.

Alumbagh. See AUnnbagh. Aluredus. See AIfred of Beverley.

A l t o - D o u r o (äl'tö-dö'rö).. A region in t h e A l u t a (ä-lö'tä), or A l t (alt), or O l t (ölt). A southern part of Traz-os-Montes and the north- river which rises in eastern Transylvania, flows ern part of Beira, Portugal, near the Douro, south and west, and breaks through the Carpathians at the Rotherthurm Pass, and then noted for its (port) wine. flows south through Wallachia, and joins tho Altofronto, Giovanni. See Malevole. Alton (äl'ton), Johann Samuel Eduard d \ Danube opposite Nieopolis. Its chief tributary is the Oltetz. Length, about 300 miles. Also Born at St. Goar, Prussia, July 17,1803 : died at Halle, J u l y 25, 1854. A German anatomist, A loota. son of J . W. E. d'Alton, author of " H a n d b u c h A l v a ( a l ' v ä ; Sp.äl'vä),or A l b a ( a l ' b ä ) , D u k e o f (Fernando Alvarez de Toledo), korn 1508: der menschlichen Anatomie " (1848-50), etc. Alton (äl'ton), Johann Wilhelm Eduard d'. died at Thomar, Portugal, J a n . 12,1582. A faBorn at Aquileia, Austria-Hungary, Aug. 11, mous Spanish general. He fought in the various 1772 : died at Bonn, Prussia, May 11, 1840. A campaigns of the emperor Charles V, and of Philip II.; de-

Alva

See Ilenriquez

de G-uz-

A Mexican general. He

joined the revolt of Morelos in Nov., 1810, and was prom-

inent in the civil w J Z T S "

J

l

W

omberiB " (1791).

His writings were collected in ten vol-

i S S t t o f t ^ t » [Or. A king , ,1 . revolt _ . .11 at Acapulco a 1 .._ of Lydia T J* who~ reigned ^ ^ „A about „ Y.sv.,4- 617-560 fil 1 Piiin B. B C., n the + li A States. Iu Feb., 1854, he began the

Alva de Liste, or Alva de Aliste, Count of. Same as Alba de Liste. man, Luis.

Amadis of Gaul

46 died Aug. 21, 1867.

cided the victory of Miihlberg, 1547; was commander against Metz in 1552 and later in Italy; was sent as governor to the Netherlands in 15G7, aod there became notorious for his cruelty; established the " Council of Blood" (which see); put to death Egrnont, Hoorn, and many others; and was generally successful against William of Orange down to 1572. He returned to Spain in 1573 and conquered Portugal in 1580.

M

which spread until Santa Anna fted from the country in Aug., 1855. Alvarez was made acting president at Cuernavaca, Oct. 4,1855 ; but unable to reconcile the conflicting cabals, he transferred the office to Comonfort, Dec. 8, 1855, and returned to his home at Acapulco. He aided Juarez against the French, and was commander of the 5th army division when he died.

A l v a r e z , Don.

In Dryden's tragedy "Don Se-

Alvarado (al-va-ra'THo), Alonsode. Born at bastian," a former counselor to Bon Sebastian,

Burgos about 1490: died in Peru, 1556. A Span- at the period of the play a slave. ish cavalier who in 1518 joined Cortez and Alvary (al-va'ri) (Achenfcach), Max. A tenor served in the conquest of Mexico. Of his early singer, son of the painter Andreas Achehbach, life nothing is known. In 1534 ho went to Peru with Pedro de Alvarado (who was not related to him), remained with born at Diisseldorf in 1858. He first appeared in Pizarro, and was sent to conquer Chachapoyas, a region Weimar, removing to New York in 1884. After several on the upper Maraiion. Called back by the revolt of Inca successful seasons, he returned to Hamburg in 1889.

f a t h e r o f C r c e s u s . l i e made various conquests in Asia Minor, and carried on war against Cyaxares of Media. His tomb north of Sardis, near Lake Gygaja, was one of the most notable monuments of antiquity. I f the measurements of Herodotus are accurate, and modern travellers appear to think that they do not greatly overstep the truth, the tomb c f Alyattes cannot 1) ave fallen far short of the grandest of the Egyptian monuments. Its deficiency as respects size must have been in height, for the area of the base, which alone our author's statements determine, is above one-third greater than that of the Pyramid of Cheops. As, however, the construction was of earth and not of stone, a barrow and not a pyramid, it would undoubtedly have required a less amount of servile labour than the great works of Egypt, and would indicate a less degraded condition of the people who raised it than that of the Egyptians in the time of the pyramid-builders. Rawlinson, Herod., I. 363.

Manco, he was detached with 400 men to relieve Cuzco. Alvear (al-ve-ar'), Oarlos Maria. Born in Almagro, meanwhile, had seized that city, and Alvarado's refusal to acknowledge him led to a battle at the river Buenos Avres about 1785: died in Montevideo Abancay, July 12, 1537, where Alvarado was defeated and about 1850. He received a military education AlypiuS (a-lip'i-us). The (unidentified) author captured with his whole force. He escaped from Cuzco in Spain, and in 1812 became a member of the of a Greek treatise on the elements of music. at the end of the year, joined Pizarro, and commanded his constitutional assembly of the Platine states. " T h e work consists wholly, with the exception of a short cavalry at the battle of Las Salinas, April 26,15P>S, captur- He Joined the party of Posadas; was sent to command the introduction, of lists of the symbols used (both for voice ing Almagro next day. He then returned to Chachapoyas besieging army at Montevideo, which capitulated in June, and instrument) to denote all the sounds in the forty-five and carried his conquests eastward to the Huallaga. He 1814; was worsted in a struggle with Artigas, and in Jan., scales produced by taking each of the fifteen modes in the Joined Vaca de Castro in 1541, took part in the campaign 1815, succeeded Posadas as supreme director, butwas soon three genera (diatonic, chromatic, enharmonic)." Smith, against the younger Almagro, and was at the battle of deposed by a mutiny of the troops. He commanded the Diet. Gr. and Rom. Biog. Chupas, Sept. 10, 1542. Soon after he went to Spain, re- Argentine forces against the Brazilians in Uruguay, 1826, A l z ( a l t s ) . A t r i b u t a r y o f t h e I n n , in U p p e r ceived the title of marshal, and returned with Gasca in and won the indecisive victory of Ituzaingó Feb. 20,1827. B a v a r i a t h e o u t l e t o f t h e C h i e m s e e . . ' » 1 ™ ^ilt^n A t o w n i n t h e "DTOV1546. He was a judge in the military court which con- He was minister to the United States m 1823. Durmgthe demned Gotizalo Pizarro and Carbajal to death. Gasca dictatorship of Rosas he was banished. Alzei, or^AlZey^ait A town in uie prov made him governor of Cuzco, and in 1553 he was sent to A i v e Wn s Ml e bUeCnU( aVl ' v ev n s - l a - b e n ) , A l b e bc U h Kt ., C o u nu t ince of Rhine Hesse, Hesse, situated on the Wir C Uii • - Charcas, fit«, ml. tin put w.. 4-down .lrMt>r. aArebellion. On Hft the f Vl O " . „ __ ,. . —* 19 miles southwest of Mainz, it is an old govern where he von. Born at Halberstadt, Prussian Saxony, Selz rebellion of Giron, Alvarado marched against him with Roman town, and is noted in the Nibelunfren cycle. I t 1,000 men (Nov., 1553), but was defeated at Chuquingua, March 23, 1794: died at Berlin, May 2,1858. A was sackcd by Spinolu in 1C2U, and by the French 1088-89. near the river Abancay, May 21,1554. I t is said that the Prussian politician and diplomatist. As min- Population (1890), 5,801. mortification of this defeat caused his death. ister of finance, 1836-42, he developed the Alzirdo (ält-ser'dö). In "Orlando Furioso,"

Alvarado, Diego de. Died in Spain, 1540. A Zollverein (which see).

. . king . ~ • ^ i the of» Tremizen, defeated by Orlando. Spanish soldier, either brother or uncle of Alvensleben, G u s t a v Von. Born in Eichen- A l z i r e (äl-zer'). A tragedy by Voltaire, protPedro , ^ . . . dé j - Alvarado, who went with him to t« Peru barleben, Prussian Saxony, Sept. 30, 1803: duced J a n . 27,1736, in which he contrasted the diod at Grernrode in the Harz, June 30, 1881. virtues of the noble natural man and those of in 1534. Alvarado, Pedro de. Born in Badajoz, 1485: A Prussian general of infantry, chief of staff Christianized and civilized man. The heroine, died at Guadalajara, Mexico, June 4, lo41. A in the military department of the Rhine prov- Alzire, is a noble Peruvian captive. Spanish cavalier, famous as a companion of i n c e s a n d W e s t p h a l i a . He served in the staff 1866, Alzog (alt'SOG), J o h a n n e s . Born at Ohlau, Cortés in the conquest of Mexico. He went to and commanded an army corps 1870-71, distinguishing Silesia, June 29, 1808: died at Freiburg, Baden, the West Indies in 1510, and in 1511 joined the expedition himself at Sedan and elsewhere. A German Roman Catholic of Velasquez to Cuba, where he received a grant of land. Alvensleben, G-ustav Hermann von. Bom Feb. 28, 1878. church historian, professor at Posen, HildesIn 1518 he commanded a vessel in the expedition of Griat Rathenow, Brandenburg, Jan. 17, 1827. A h e i m , a n d F r e i b u r g. He was the author of "Lehrjalva to Yucatan, and in the following year followed Cortés in the Mexican conquest. He was present at the Prussian lieutenant-general. He participated in buch der I'niversalkirchengeschichte" (1840, "Manual of seizure of Montezuma, ana when Cortés went to meet Narvaez, Alvarado was left in command of the force at Mexico. During Cortés's absence the Mexicans rose and b. In iu the me ui»a»uuus iiuuvurircu rerebesieged the Spaniards. disastrous nocturnal

treat (the noche triste,July l, 1520), Alvarado commanded •flnfiil with wif.li difficulty, Hfffirultv. saving Rsvincrhis his life, lifp. the rear-guard and escaped

the wars against Denmark and Austria, and commanded anUhlanregimcntin the Franco-Prussian war, distinguishing himself in the battles of Colombey-Nouilly, Vionville,

Gra\ elotte. Alvensleben,, K o n s t a n t i n von. Born at hiichcm"harlphiin Prussian Prussian ftaTOTlV. Allfi". 26, 26. 1809: 1809: enbarleben, Saxony, Aug. died at Berlin, March 27, 1892. A Prussian general, brother of Gustav von Alvensleben. commander of the 3d array corps in the war of 1870-71, at Vionville, Mars-la-Tour,(xravelotte, the investment of Metz, on the Loire, and elsewhere .. ,. .

according to the tradition, by leaping a great gap in the causeway, at a spot still called "Alvarado's Leap." I n the subsequent operations and the siege of Mexico he took a prominent part. In Dec., 1523, he was sent with 420 Spaniards and a large force of Indians to conquer Guatemala; after a desperate battle with the Quiche Indians near Quezaltenango, he marched to Utitlan, burned that town (April, int.*), 1524), ucde. mjwii after aiici conquering uuuqucimg the liio inhabitants iimm- 1 ! tan lb \_fipiu, feated another army near Lake Atitlan, and founded the A l V e S

BranCO

(al

veS lwang

ko),

JaallOel.

old eitv of Guatemala, July 25, 1524. He returned to Born at Bahia, June 7, 1797: died at Nictheroy, Spain to meet charges of defrauding the royal treasury and was acquitted, and returned to Guatemala in 1530 as governor, with a large number of colonists. In 1534 he headed a i expedition ol 400 men against Quito, claiming that that region was not included in the grant made to Pizarro and "was thus ooen to c o n a u e s f i a n d î n e to rizaiio, ana was uius open to conquest, fancung on the coast, he led his men over the mountains m a terrible march, during which large numbers perished.

J a n c i r 0 , J u l y 13, 1 8 5 5 . A B r a z i l i a n l a w , t , ,, . , ,.t. , , a n < l s t a t e s m a n . He entered political life as dep. _ in 1S30, and soon became a leader as of five minister uty thetimes liberal party, He was chosen senator in 18d,, (1835, 1837, 1840, 1844, and 1846), and was premier May, v > ' ' I»T4 he was created Visconde -1.84'» to oan., x ^ y . J.U u e i . , io.)54.

t h e 12th c e n t u r y . Its theme is the adventures of two noble friends Amis and Amiles. They escape the treachery of the felon knight Hardré ; the niece of Charles, Lubias, is bestowed on Amis, and his daughter, Bellicent, falls in love with Amiles; the latter is accused of treason by Hardré, and is saved by Amis who fights in his stead and slays his accuser ; and Amiles and Bcllicent are married. Amis, having forsworn himself in aiding Amiles, is punished by an attack of leprosy, of which he is cured by the blood o*f the children of Amiles who are slain by their father for this purpose : the children, however, arc miraculously restored to life. Also known as Amy s and Amy'

loun.

Amis et Amiles is the earliest vernacular form of a story which attained extraordinary popularity in the middle

A m h e r s t (am'erst). A district in Tenasserim ages, being found in every language and in most literary division, British Burma, intersected b y lat. 16° forms, prose and verse, narrative and dramatic. This popN., long. 98° E. Area, 15,189 square miles. Amiens, B a t t l e of. A victory gained Nov. 27, ularity may partly be assigned to the religious and marPopulation, 235,738. 1870, b y the Germans under Manteuffel over vellous elements which it contains, but is due also to the A m h e r s t . A seaport in the Amherst district, the French. It was followed b y the taking of intrinsic merits of the story. The chanson . . . is writfounded by the British in 1826. It has been A m i e n s Nov. 28, and the surrender of its cita- ten, like Roland, in decasyllabic verse, but, unlike Roland, has a shorter line of six syllables and not assoitanced at superseded in importance by Maulmain. del Nov. 30. the end of each stanza. Saintsbury, Fr. Lit., p. 16. A m h e r s t . A t o w n i n H a m p s h i r e County, MassaA m i s (a'mis) t h e P a r s o n . A comic poem in chusetts, 20 miles north of Springfield, the seat Amiens, Council a t . See Amiens, Mise of. Middle H i g h German, composed by an Austrian Amiens, Mise of. The award pronounced Jan. of Amherst College arid of the Massachusetts (Ber Strieker), probably about 12*30. Agricultural College. Population (1890), 4,512. 23, 1264, b y Louis IX. of France, t o whom the Amistad ( à - m ë s - t a T H ' ) Case. The case of the as to the obligation of H e n r y III. to U n i t e d States against the Spanish vessel AmiAmherst, Jeffrey (Baron Amherst). Born at question Riverhead, England, Jan. 29, 1717: died at observe the Provisions of Oxford had been re- s t a d . This vessel, while coming from Africa in 1830 Montreal, in Kent, Aug. 4, 1797. A n English ferred at the Council of Amiens, P e c . 16, 1263. with a cargo of kidnapped negroes, was seized by the nefield-marshal. As major-general he served in the attack on Louisburg in July, 175«, at Ticondcroga in July, 1759, and at Montreal in Sept., 1760. He was appointed governor-general of British North America in 1761, governor of Virginia in 1763, governor of Guernsey in 1770, and lieutenant-general and acting commander-inchief of the army in 1772 (commander-in-chief in 17*93). He was created Baron Amherst in 1776 (recreated in 1787), general in 1778, and field-marshal in 1796.

Amherst,William Pitt (Earl Amherst). Born Jan., 1773: died 1857. A n English statesman and diplomatist, nephew of Jeffrey Amherst.

He was ambassador to China 1816-17, governor-general of India 1823-28, and carried on the first Burmese war 1824-26.

A m h e r s t College.

An institution of learning

situated at Amherst. Massachusetts,

it was

opened in 1821 and incorporated iti 1825, and is controlled chiefly by Congregationalists. Theprcsent(J895)number of students is about 400.

groes near Cuba and taken to the coast of Connecticut, By this award the King of France entirely annulled the Provisions of Oxford, and all engagements which had and there captured by a United States vessel. On a libel been made respecting them. Not content with doing this for salvage the United States Supreme Court held on apin general terms, he forbade the making of new statutes, peal that the negroes were free and not pirates. as proposed and carried out in the Provisions of Westminster, ordered the restoration of the royal castles to the A m i s u s (a-mï'sus). The ancicnt name of Samking, restored to him the power of nominating the officers sun. of state and the sheriffs, the nomination of whom had Amlet (am'let), Dick or Richard. In Vanbeen withdrawn from him by the Provisions of Oxford ; brugh's comedy " The Confederacy," a gamehe annulled the order that natives of England alone should ster, the son of a garrulous old w o m a n w h o govern the realm of England, and added that the king should have full and free power in this kingdom as he combines the trade of selling paint, powder, had had in time past. All this was in the king's favor. The and toilet luxuries to ladies with a less rearbitrator, however, added that all charters issued before spectable one. He attempts with her assistance to the time of the Provisions should hold good, and that all pass himself off as a fine gentleman, but only produces the parties should condone enmities and injuries arising from impression of a footman raised from the ranks. the late troubles. Stubbs, Early Plantagenets, p. 202.

Amiens, Treaty of.

Amlet, Amleth.

Same as Hamlet.

A peace concluded at Amlet, Mrs. See Avtlct, Did:.

Amiens, March 27, 1802, b e t w e e n Great Britain A m l w c h (am'lok). A seaport in Anglesey, on one side, and France, Spain, and the Ba- Wales, 56 miles w e s t of Liverpool, noted for t a v i a n Republic o n t h e other. England restored its (Parvs) copper-mines. Population (1891), all conquests except Ceylon and Trinidad, the Ionian He- 5,567. *

A m h e r s t b u r g (am'erst-berg). A town in Ess e x County, Ontario, Canada, situated at the public was acknowledged, the French were to abandon Born at Zurich, entrance of the Detroit River into Lake Erie, Rome and Naples, and Malta was to be restored to the A m m a n (am'man), J o s t . Switzerland, about 1539: died at Nuremberg, 20 miles south of Detroit. Population, about Knights of St. John. March, 1591. A Swiss wood-engraver and 2,000. A m i e n s (a/mi-en.?:). I n Shakspere's " A s y o u a i n t e r . He came to Nuremberg in 1560, where he probA m h u r s t (am'erst), Nicholas. Born at Mar- Like it," a gentleman in attendance on the pably worked until his death. He is chiefly known for his enden, in Kent, [Oct. 16, 1697: died at Twicken- duke. gravings, especially his wood-engravings, and left no less ham, April 12, 1742. An English poet and A m i n (à-mën'). The eldest son of Harun-al- than 5f>0 prints, of which the most noted are a set of 115 pamphleteer, editor of the political journal Bashid in " T h e Three Ladies of Bagdad" in wood-prints of arts and trades, printed at Frankfort in 1686.

4

Amphiaraus 51 Amman» Johann Konrad Amman, Johann Konrad. Born at Schap- in New Hampshire, about 100 miles long, which -instant, bat subsided ^ r e t f ^ t o n g sham hausen, Switzerland, 1669: died at Warmond, rises near Mount Washington and joins the Amory, Thomas. Born 1691 (?): died Nov. 25, near Leyden, about 1725, A Swiss physician Connecticut 7 miles north of Haverhill. and writer on instruction for deaf-mutes. His Amol (a-mol'), or A m u l (a-mol'). A city m 1788. An English writer, author of "Memoirs chief works are "Surdus loquens" (1672), the province of Mazanderan, Persia, situated containing the Lives of several Ladies of Great "Dissertatio do loquela" (1700), etc. on the Heraz in lat. 36° 20' N „ long. 52° 23' Britain, etc." (1755), " L i f e of John Buncle, Amman, or Ammann, Paul. Born atBreslau, E. It was very important ill the middle ages. Esq." (1756-66), etc. He has been called the Prussia, Aug. 30, 1634: died Feb. 4, 1691. A Population, 10,000. "English Rabelais." German physician and botanist. He was ap" J o h n B u n c l e " is virtually a continuation of the meAmometus (am-o-me'tus). A Greek writer of pointed professor of botany at Leipsic in 1674, and of moirs. The book is a literary curiosity, containing an exphvsiology in 1682, and was the author of ".Praxis Vul- uncertain date, author of a poetical descriptraordinary medley of religious and sentimental rliapsorifnc descriptions rlne^rin+inno of nf scenery, Bppnpre and iiti. they appeared on the Rhine whence they were dislodged by the Romans, and were thought to have been annihilated. They reappeared, however, in the 4th century in incursions into Roman territory. They were ultimately merged in the Franks.

Ampthill (ampt'hil). A small town in Bedfordshire, England, 40 miles northwest of LonAmphictyony (am-fik'ti-on-i), or Amphicty- don. onic League (am-fik-ti-on'ik leg). [From Gr. Ampthill, Baron. See Russell. William Odo. ciuéiKTÌvvtc, d w e l l e r s a r o u n d , n e i g h b o r s . ] In Ampudia (ain-po'de-a), Pedro de, A Mexican Greek history, a league of peoples inhabiting general, in command of the Mexican army on neighboring territories or drawn together b y the Rio Grande at the beginning of the Mexic o m m u n i t y of o r i g i n o r i n t e r e s t s , f o r m u t u a l can "war, 1846. As commander at Monterey he protection a n d the guardianship in c o m m o n of a c e n t r a l s a n c t u a r y a n d i t s r i t e s . There were several surrendered to General Taylor Sept. 24, 184G. such confederations, but the name is specially appropri- Ampurdan (am-pdr-dan'). A valley-plain in ated to the must famous of them, that of Delphi. This the province of Gerona, Spain, in the vicinity was composed of twelve tribes, and its deputies met twice of Figueras. each year, alternately at Delphi and afc Thermopylae. I t s Amraoti (am-ra-o'te), or Amrawati (am-raorigin dates back to the beginnings of Grecian history, wa'te). A district in East Berar, Haidarabad and it survived the independence of Greece. I t exercised Assigned Districts, India, intersected by lat. paramount authority over the famous oracular sanctuary 21° N., long. 78° E. Area. 2,759 square miles. of the Pythian Apollo and over the surrounding region, Population (1881), 575,328! and conducted the Pythian games ; and i t constituted, though in an imperfect way, a national congress of the Amraoti. A town in Amraoti district, lat. 20° many comparatively small and often opposed states into 56' N., long. 77° 44' E. which Greece was divided. Amraphel (am'ril-fel). A king of Shinar (southern Babylonia) who, allied with ChedorAmphilochus (am-fil'o-kus). [Gr. Ili Greek legend, a seer, son of Amphiaraus laomer, king of Elam, and two other kings, and brother of Alcinseon: one of the Epigoni. marched, in tho time of Abraham, against the Amphion (am-fi'on). [Gr. JA/*$iuvJ] In Greekfive kings of the Yale of feiddim (Gen. xiv.). mythology, a skilful musician, son of Zeus and Antiope, twin brother of Zethus, and husband Ho is identified by some with Hammurabi who reigned

did much to reconcile the inhabitants to Islam. T h e story that, at the taking of Alexandria, lie gave the order to destroy the celebrated Alexandrine library, is probably unhistoricaL

Amru-el-Kais (âm'ro-el-kïs')- Lived at the beginning of the 7th century. An Arabian poet, hostile to Mohammed. His " Moallakât" was translated by Sir W . Jones, 1782. Amrnm (am'rom), or Amrom (âm'rôm). One of the North Friesian Islands in the North Sea, west of Schleswig. Its length is 6 miles. Amsancti, or Ampsancti, V a l l i s (àm-sânk'të viiries). A valley in the province of Avellino, Italy, near Frigento, in lat. 41° N., long. 15° 7' E., noted for its sulphurous lake and cave. Amsdorf (ams'dorf), Nikolaus von. Born at Torgau, Germany, Dec. 3., 1483 : died May 14, 1565. A German Protestant reformer. He was the intimate friend of Luther, whom he accompanied t o Leipsic in 1519 and to W o r m s in 1521, and whom he aided in the translation of the Bible. H e was instrumental in introducing the Reformai ion into Magdeburg in 1521, into Goslar in 1528, and elsewhere; was consecrated bishop of Naumburg by Luther in lf>42, but was driven from his see in 1546 in the Smalkaldic war, and was a prominent opponent of Melanchthon in the adiaphoristic controversy.

Amsler (ams'ler). Samuel. Born at Schinznach, Aargau, Switzerland, Dec. 17, 1791: died at Munich, May 18,1849. À German engraver. Among his noted works are the " T r i u m p h a l March of Alexander the Great " (after Thorwaldsen), the " Triumph of Religion in the A r t s " (after Overbeck), etc.

Amsteg, or Amst&g (am'stag). A village in the canton of Uri, Switzerland, situated on the St. Gotthard route 27 miles southeast of Lucerne. A m r i (am/ri). In the second part of Dryden Amstel (am'stel). A small river in the Nethand Tait's "Absalom and Achitophel," a charerlands, which flows through Amsterdam and acter intended to represent Heneage Finch. Amphipolis (am-fip'o-lis). [Gr. AfupiToXig.'] In Amrita (am-re'ta). [Sometimes Amreeta; Skt. empties into the Y. ancient geography, a city in Macedonia, on amrita, prop, adj., immortal, = Gr. aftfiporog, Amstelland (âm ' stel-lant). Formerly, the the Strymon, 3 miles from the iEgean, in lat. whence ult. E. ambrosia.] In Hindu my- name given to the region which lies near the thology, a god (mase.); the water of life (neu4 0 ° 4 8 ' N . . l o n g . 2 3 ° 5 1 ' E . Originally a Thracian t e r ) ; a m b r o s i a . I n the latter sense the term is vari- Amstel. town, it was colonized by Athens about 436 B. c., and was ously applied in the Vedas, but especially to the soma Amsterdam (am'stêr-dam). [Orig. Amstcllecaptured by Sparta in 424 B. C. Near it the Spartans juice. I n later legend it was the water of l i f e produced damme, dam of the Amstel.] A city in the under Brasidas defeated the Athenians under Cleon 422 at the churning of the ocean by tho gods and demons. province of North Holland, Netherlands, built n. c. I t later became a Macedonian and then a Roman T h e Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Puranas g i v e on marshy ground (traversed by canals conpossession. the story with variations. T h e gods, worsted by the de- nected by numerous bridges) at the junction Amphissa (am-fis'a). [Gr. "Afiyccca,'] In anmons, repaired to Vishnu, asking new strength and imof the Amstel and Y, in lat. 52° 22' N., long. cient geography, a town of the Ozolian Lo- mortality. H e bade them churn the ocean for the Amrita 4° 5' E. : the chief commercial city and the capicriaris, Greece, 10 miles northwest of Delphi. and other lost treasures. Collecting all plants and herbs, tal of the Netherlands, and one of the leading Amphitrite(am-ii-tri'té). [Gr. A/Kp/rpir/j.] 1. In they cast them into the sea of milk, which they churned, seaports of Europe. It has communication by the Greek mythology, the goddess of the sea, daugh- using Mount .Mandaraas a churning-stickand the serpent N o r t h Sea Canal and North Holland Canal with the North ter of Nereus and Doris, and wife of Poseidon. Vasuki as a rope, while Vishnu himself was the pivot. I t is a market for colonial products, including sugar, — 2. An asteroid (No. 29) discovered by Marth, From the sea came the sacred cow, Surabhi. Varuni, god- Sea. coffee, spices, rice, tobacco, etc., has ship-building indusdess of wine, Parijata, the tree of paradise, the Apsarases, at London, March 1, 1854. tries and important manufactures of sugar, sails, tobacco, the moon, poison, Sri, the goddess of beauty, and DlianAmphitruo. See Amphitryon. beer, etc., and is especially famous for diamond-cutting Amphitryon (am-tit'ri-on), or Amphitruo (am- vantara, physician of the gods. , and -polishing. I t was founded at the beginning of the Amrit (am'ret) A ruined town on the coast of fit'ru-o). [Gr. Aii Jacques Arsène François P o l y c a r p e . Born at Havre, France, Feb. 9, co Nuñez Vela aided by Benalcazar, Jan. 18, of many years of humorous study of men and of books, 1794: died at Paris, Sept. 7, 1854. A French 1546. Vela was killed, and Benalcazar severely and abounds in quotations from authors of all ages and dramatist, elected a member of the Academy countries. I t is divided into three parts which treat ( ! ) wounded. of the causes and symptoms of melancholy, (2) of its cure, i n 1841. H e was the author of "Louis I X . " (1819), " L e A n a r g h a R a g h a v a (a-nar'gha ra/gha-va). A and (3) of erotic and religious melancholy. maire du palais" (1823), " Fiesque " (1824), " Olga " (1828), "Elizabeth d'Angleterre" (1829), " M a r i e de Brabant" drama of the 13th or 14th century by Murari Its literary history is rather curious. Eight editions of (1S25), "Epitres familières," ctc. Miara, of which Raghava or Rama is the hero. it appeared iti half a century from the date of the first, A n a r k a l i (an-ar'ka-li). A n important suburb and then, with other books of its time, it dropped out of Ancelot, Mme. (Marguerite Louise Virginie Born at Dijon, France, March 15, of Lahore, British India. notice except by the learned. Early in the present cen- Chardon). 1792: died at Paris, March 21, 1875. A French A ñ a s c o (an-yás'ko), P e d r o de. Born at Lima, tury it was revived and reprinted with certain modern- dramatist and novelist, wife of J. A . Ancelot. 1550: died at Tucuman, April 12,1605. A Pe- isations, and four or five editions succeeded each other Her "Théâtre complet" (1848) contains twenty plays, of at no long interval. The copies thus circulated seem to ruvian Jesuit. Ho left several works on the have satisfied the demand for many years, and have been which " Marie ou trois époques " is her chief work. uage of the Indians among whom he had followed without alteration in a finely-printed issue of re- Among her novels the most popular were " Renée de Varpreceding. He held office for three months in 62 A. D., and was removed by King Agrippa at the demand of the Pharisees because of his attempt to revive Sadduceeism, and was put to death 67 A. p. by the Zealots.

cent date.

Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 429.

v i l l e " (1853) and " L a nièce du banquier " (1853).

A n a s i t c h (a-na-sich'). A tribe of the Kusan A n a x a g o r a s (an-aks-ag'ö-ras). [Gr. 'Avaga-yö-A n c e n i s (on-se-në'). A town in the departstock of North American Indians. It formerly paf.] Born at Clazomenee," Ionia, about 500 ment of Loire-Inférieure, France, situated on had a village on the south side of Coos Bay, Oregon. The B. C.: died at Lampsacus, Mysia, about 428 the Loire 17 miles northeast of Nantes. Popusurvivors are on the Siletz reservation, Oregon. See B. C. A Greek philosopher, for a long time resi- lation (1891), commune, 5,141. dent in Athens where he became the friend and Emart. Anchieta (an-shyâ'tâ), or Anchietta, José de. A n a s t a s i a (an-as-ta'shi-a), Saint. 1. A Chris- teacher of Pericles, Thucydides, andEuripides, Born in Teneriffe, Canary Islands, 1533: died whence he was banished on a charge of tian martvT slain during'the reign of Nero (54- iand m p i e t y . He is reckoned as a disciple of Anaximander at Beritigbá, Espirito Santo, June 9,1597. A -Jes68 A . D . ) . She is said to have been a pupil of St. Peter and and is famous as the first of the old Greek natural philoso- uit missionary, called the "Apostle of Brazil." St. Paul.

HeT martyrdom ia commemorated on April 15.

phers to introduce intelligence or reason (eoOs) as a met-

He became a Jesuit in 1551, and in 1558 was sent as a mis-

2. A Christian martyr who perished in the aphysical principle in the explanation of the world. He sionary to Brazil, where he spent the remainder of his life persecution by Diocletian 303 (?) A. D. The date regarded it not as creativebutas regulative, as that which in arduous labors and travels, often among savage tribes of her commemoration in the Latin Church is brought order out of the original chaos. Fragments of of Indians. From 1578 to 1585 he was provincial of his his writings have been preserved. order in Brazil. Anchieta wrote an Indian grammar, and Dec. 25, in the Greek Dec. 2 2 . - 3 . Died 597. A Greek saint who lived in Alexandria disguised A n a x a r c h u s (an-aks-är'kus). [Gr. ävofap^of.] various letters on Brazil which have been published in modern times. as a monk for 28 years. A Greek philosopher of Abdera, a disciple of Anchises (an-kï'sëz). [Gr. 'AyxicvÇ''] In Greek A n a s t a s i a n L a w . A law of the emperor Anas- Demoeritus, who flourished about 350 B. c. He legend, a prince of the royal house of Troy, son attended Alexander in his Asiatic campaigns, and is said tasius I. (506), directed against usurers. of Capys and father (by Aphrodite) of JEneas. to have consoled the king after the murder of Cleitus by Ancienne-Comédie, Rue de 1'. See Eue de A n a s t a s i u s (an-as-ta'shi-us) I., Saint. [Gr. maintaining that a king can do no wrong. Avaarncio^.'] Bishop of Rome 398-402. He con- A n a x a r e t e (an-aks-ar'e-te). [Gr. 'Avagaperq.] V Ancienne-Comédie. demned the writings of Origen, and cxcommunicated RuIn Greek legend, a maiden of Cyprus whose A n c i e n t M a r i n e r , T h e . A poem "by Coleridge, jinus, the antagonist of Jerome and advocate of Origen, published in the " L y r i c a l Ballads " in 1798 as although he is said to have acknowledged that be did not lover Iphis in despair hung himself at her door. his principal contribution to the book, WordsFor her indifference Venus changed her into a stone understand the controversy. worth writing most of the other poems. statue. The story is also told with changed names. A n c i l l o n (oñ-sél-yón/), Charles. Born at A n a s t a s i u s I I . Pope 496-498, He endeavored to [Gr. Ava^ilao^.'] Metz, July 28, 1659 : died at Berlin, July 5, put an end to the schism between the sees of Constanti- A n a x i l a u s (an-aks-i-lä'us). nople and Rome arising from the dispute concerning A Pythagorean philosopher and physician of 1715. A French historian and littérateur, a precedence, and wrote a letter of congratulation to Clovis, the 1st century B. C., banished as a magician Protestant refugee in Berlin : son of David Anking of the Franks, on his conversion to Christianity. from Italy by Augustus 28 B. C. cillon. A n a s t a s i u s I I I . Pope 911-913. A n a x i l a u s , or A n a x i l a s (an-aks'i-las). Died A n a s t a s i u s I V . (Conrad). Pope 1153-54. His 476 B. c. Tyrant of Khegium about 494 B. c. A n c i l l o n , D a v i d . Born at Metz, March 17,1617 :

Ancillon, David

Ancillon, Jean Pierre Frédéric.

Andersonville

55

died at Berlin, Sept. 3, 1692, A French Protestant divine, a refugee in Germany after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes.

Born at

Greek (Monumentum, or M arm or, Ancyranum : discovered in 1554), a transcript of the record of his deeds which Augustus ordered in his will to be cut on bronze tablets for his mausoleum. An ecclesiastical council was held here about 314, which passed twenty-five canons relating chiefly to the treatmeut of those who had betrayed their faith or delivered up the sacred books during the Diocletian persecution.

Berlin, April 30, 1767: died April 19, 1837. A Prussian statesman and historian, a descendant of Charles Ancillon, minister of foreign Ancyrean (an-si-rë'an) inscription. affairs 1832. cyra.

provisatoren " ("The Improvisator") and " K u n en Spillernand" ("Only a Fiddler") followed. In 1836 appeared the first of the " Tales" ("Eventyr") which, with the Billcdbog uden Killed er " ( " Picture-book without Pictures "), has principally established his fame abroad. Iiis autobiography, "MitLivs Eventyr," appeared after his death. Iiis collected works, " SamledeSkrifter," were published 1854-76.

See An- Anderson (an'der-son). The capital of Madison County, Indiana, situated on the West Anckarstrôm (âng'kar-strèm), Johan Jakob. Andagoya (ân-da-gô'ya), Pascual de. Born in Fork of White River 34 miles northeast of InBorn May 11,1762: executed at St ockholm, April

27,1702. A S w e d e w h o a s s a s s i n a t e d Grustavus III,, M a r c h 16,1792. He was first a court page, and then a soldier, leaving tho army in 1783 with the rank of captain. In 1790 he was arrested and imprisoned for seditious apecch, but was finally set free. He moved to Stockholm in that year, and formed a conspiracy for the murder of the king, which was effected two years later. See Gus-

tavus.

Anckarswârd (âng'kàr-svàrd), Karl Hen-

rik, Count. Born at Sweaborg, April 22,1782 : died at Stockholm, Jan. 25, 1865. A Swedish soldier and s t a t e s m a n .

He joined the revolutionary

party in 1809, but, being opposed to the policy of Bernadotte, was retired from the army (1813), in which he held the post of colonel. Ile becamc a member of the Riksdag 1817, where as leader of the opposition he distinguished himself by the bitterness of his attacks on the government.

Anclam.

See Anklam.

A n c o n a (an-kô'nâ). A province in the compartiment o of the Marches, eastern Italy. Area, 762 square miles. Population (1891), 272,417. Ancona. [ L . Ancona, G r . 'Aynùv, f r o m âynùv, a

the province of Álava about 1495 : died at dianapolis. Population (1890), 10,741. Manta. Peru, June 18,1548. A Spanish soldier. Anderson. The capital of Anderson County, He went with Pedrariaa to Darien (1514), and was engaged South Carolina, 97miles northwest of Columbia. in many explorations. I n 1522 he was appointed inspec- Population (1800), 3,018.

tor-general of the Indians, and about the same time made Anderson, Sir Edmund. Bom at Flixborough an expedition southward into a province called Birú, be- or Broughton, Lincolnshire, 1530: died Aug. tween the river Atrato and the Pacific. Here he had tho 1, 1605. An English jurist, lord chicf justice first tidings of the Inca empire. In 1540 he went as gov- of the Common Pleas 1582-1605. He was a ernor to a province called New Castile, on the Pacific side bitter opponent of the Puritans. of New Grenada, but became involved in a boundary quar- Anderson, James. Born at Hermiston, near rel with Sebastian de Benalcazar, was imprisoned, andlost Edinburgh, 1739: died Oct. 15, 1808. A Scothis government. Andagoya wrote an account of his trav- tish economist and agricultural writer. "He is els, which is one of the most important historical authorispecially noticeable as having published in 1777 a pamties for that period. phlet called 'An Inquiry into the Nature of the Corn Andalucía, Nueva. See Nueva Andahioía. laws, with a view to the Corn Bill proposed for Scotland,' Andalusia (an-da-lo'zi-a), Sp. Andalucía (ânda-lô-the'a). [The name is derived from that which contains a complete statement of the theory of of the "Vandals ( = Vandalu-sia).~] A captaincy- rent generally called after Ricardo." Leslie Stephen, in general in southern Spain, comprising the Diet, of Nat. Biog.

modern provinces Almeria, Jaen, Granada, Anderson, John. Born at Roseneath. DumCordova, Malaga, Seville, Cadiz, and Huclva. bartonshire, Scotland, 1726: died Jan. 13,1796.

I t is traversed by the Sierra Nevada and other mountainranges, and belongs in large part to the basin of the Guadalquivir. From the fertility of its soil it has been called the "garden" and "granary"of Spain; it is also rich in minerals. It was a part of the Roman R¡etica, was overrun by the Vandals in the 5th century, and became the nucleus of the Moorish power and their last stronghold against the Christians.

A S c o t t i s h physicist. He was professor (1756) of Oriental languages and later (1760) of natural philosophy at Glasgow, and the founder of Anderson's University at Glasgow (now comprising also a medical school).

b e n d , angle : in allusion t o its situation i n a b e n d of t h e c o a s t . ] A s e a p o r t , c a p i t a l of t h e p r o v i n c e of A n c o n a , I t a l y , s i t u a t e d o n t h e A d r i a t i c S e a i n Anderson, John. Born Oct. 4, 1833. A Scotl a t . 43° 3 7 ' N . , l o n g . 13° 3 1 ' E . i t is the chief seatish zoologist. He was appointed superintendent of port between Venice and Erindisi, a railway center, a nathe Indian Museum at Calcutta in 1865, and scientific ofval station, and the terminus or port of call of several steamship lines, and exports grain, hemp, lamb- and goat- Andaman Islands (an'd^man l'landz), or An- ficer on expeditions to western China in 1868 aud 1874. In A group of islands 1881 he was sent by the trustees of the Indian Museum to skins, silk, etc. I t contains a cathedral aud Roman an- d a m a n s (an'da-manz). tiquities (mole and arch of Trajan). I t was colonized by belonging to Great'Britain, and a penal colony investigate the marine zoology of the Mergui ArchipelSyiacusans about 390 B. C., became a Roman naval station, since 1858, situated in the eastern part of the ago, and retired from the service of the Indian governwas destroyed by the Goths and restored by Narses, and. Bay of Bengal in lat. 10° 30'-L4° N., long. 93° ment in 1887. His writings consist chiefly of scientific was again destroyed by the Saracens. In the middle ages E . I t comprises the Great Andaman group and the Litit was a republic. I t was annexed to the Papal States in tle Andaman group. The chief islands are North, Middle, papers and reports to the government. 15S2 ; taken from the French by the Allies in 1799 ; taken by and South Andaman, and Rutland. The natives number Anderson, Joseph. Born near Philadelphia, Nov. 5,1757: died at Washington, April 17,1837. the French in 1805, but restored to the Papal States on the fall of Napoleon; held by the French 1832-38, and taken by 3,0()0 to 5,000. Area, 1,760 square miles. Population (1881), An American lawyer, politician, and officer in the Austrians from the revolutionists in 1849. The Papal of convicts, 11,738. t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y W a r . He was United States senaarmy under Lamoricicre surrendered a t Ancona to the Andaste. See Conestoga. tor from Tennessee 1797-1815, and first comptroller of the Sardinians in 1860, The cathedral is of the 10th century ex- A n d e c h s (àn'deks). A village in Upper Ba- treasury 1815-36. cept the façade, which is of the 13th, and has a magnificent Pointed recessed doorway covered by a porch whose col- varia, situated on the Ammersee southwest of Anderson, Martin Brewer. Born at Brunsumns rest on couched lions. The interior has 10 columns Munich, noted for its castle, later a monastery wick, Maine, Feb. 12,1815: died at Lake Helen. Fla., Feb. 26, 1890. An American educator, a from the ancient temple of Venus, and several fine tombs. and place of pilgrimage. The ancient dome at the crossing is dodecagonal. Popu- A n d e e r (ân'dâr). A village near the southern graduate of Waterville College, and president lation (1891), estimated, commune, 55,000. of the University of Rochester 1853-88.

end of the Yia Mala, canton of Grisons, SwitzerAnderson, Mary Antoinette (Mrs. Navarro). A n c o n a . A medieval march (mark) of Italy, land. Born at Sacramento, Cal., July 28, 1859. An extending from Tronto on the Adriatic north- A n d e l y s (ofi-dlë'), Les. A town in the de- A m e r i c a n a c t r c s s . She made her first appearance on west to San Marino, and west to the Apennines. partment of Eure, France, situated on tho the American stage as Juliet, at Louisville, Kentucky, It was afterward part of the Papal States, and Seine 19 miles southeast of Rouen, consisting Nov. 25, 187 f>, and played with success in Great Britain of Grand-Andelys and Petit-Andelys. it has and America until tho early part of 1889, when she retired passed with them to the kingdom of Italy.

Ancre (on'kr), Marquis d', Baron de Lussigny (Concino Concini). Assassinated at

manufactures of cloth, etc., and contains the Château Gaillard (which see), built by Richard the Lion-Hearted. Population (1891), commune, 6,040.

Paris, April 14,1617. A Florentine adventurer, marshal and chief minister of France at the A n d e n n e (oñ-den'). A manufacturing town in the province of Namur, Belgium, situated on beginning of the Teign of Louis XIII, the Meuse 10 miles east of Namur. PopulaA n c r e n R i w l e (angk'ren roi ; ME. pron. angk'- tion (1890), 7,075. ren rii'le). The "Rule of Anchoresses," a work Anderab(àn-dèr-âb'), or Inderab (in-dèr-âV). o n t h e r u l e s a n d d u t i e s of m o n a s t i c l i f e , i t was written, first in English andafterward in Latin, for a soci- A town in Afghan Turkestan, situated on the ety of anchoresses (three in number) at Tarentc, or Tar- river Anderab on the northern slope of the rant-Kaines (Kaineston or Kingston), near Crayford Bridge Hindu-Kush, 85 miles northeast of Kabul. in Dorsetshire; and is ascribed to Simon of Ghent (died Population, about 6,000. 1315), bishop of Salisbury in 1297. Five manuscripts are Anderida (an-der'i-dji). A Roman encampment extant I t was edited for the Camden Society by the Rev. in England, generally identified with Pevensey. James Morton in 1853. In 491 it was destroyed by the South Saxons.

Ancrum Moor (an'krum mdr), Battle of. A Andermatt (an'der-mât), or Ursern (or'sern). victory gained 1544, about 5 miles northwest

from the Btage.

Anderson, Rasmus Björn.

Born at Albion,

Wis., Jan. 12, 1846. A Scandinavian scholar, professor of Scandinavian languages in the University of Wisconsin, and (1885-89) United States minister to Denmark. He has written "America not Discovered by Columbus," u Norse Mythology," etc.

Anderson, Richard Henry. Born in South Carolina, Oct. 7,1821: died at Beaufort, S. C., June 26, 1879. An American general in the Con-

f e d e r a t e s e r v i c e . He was graduated from West Point in 1842, took part in t h e siege of Vera Cruz and the capture of the city of Mexico, was promoted captain in 1855, resigned in 1861 to accept a brigadier's commission in the Confederate service, and was promoted lieutenant-general in 1864. He took part in the battles of Antietam, Gettysburg, Spottsylvania, etc.

[It. Orsera.'] A village in the canton of Uri, Switzerland, 32 miles southeast of Lucerne, Anderson, Robert. Born at Carnwath, in Lansituated near the junction of the St. Gotthard arkshire, July 1, 1750: died at Edinburgh, Feb. route with the Furka Pass route (by the Ur- 20, 1830. A Scottish critic, editor of " A ComAncud (an-kôTH'), or SanCarlos (sân kâr'lôs). sern valley) and the Oberalp route. It is an im- plete Edition of the Poets of Great Britain " A seaport, capital of the province of Chiloé, portant tourist center. Population, about 700. (14 vols. 1792-1807). Chile, situated on the island of Chiloé in lat. Anderson, Robert. Born near Louisville, Ky., 41° 52' S., long. 73° 49' W. It is the seat of a A n d e m a c h (ân'der-nach). A town in the June 14, 1805: died at Nice, Oct. 27, 1871. Rhine Province, Prussia, situated on the left bishopric. Population (1885), 3,665. American general famous for his defense of bank of the Rhine 12 railes northwest of Co- An Ancus Marcius (ang'kus mar'shius). The blentz : the Roman Antunnacum, or Antoni- F o r t S u m t e r . He was graduated at West Point in 1825; fourth king of Rome (640-616 B. c.), a grand- a c u m . I t has a trade in millstones and tufa. Charles served in the Black Hawk, Seminole, and Mexican wars; son of Numa and the reputed founder of Ostia, the Bald was defeated here in 870 by the son of Louis the was appointed major in 1857; became commander of the fortifier of the Janiculum, and builder of a German, and here Otto I. defeated the dukes of Franconia troops in Charleston Harbor in Nov., 1860; removed hi9 force from Fort iloultrie to Fort Sumter, Dec. 26; was inbridge over the Tiber. and Lorraine in 939. I t passed to the archbishopric of Covested there by the Confederates who bombarded the fort Ancy-le-Franc (on-se'lé-fron'). A town in the logne, and became an important commercial city. Popu- April 12-13,1861; and evacuated the fort April 14. He department of Yonne, France, 29 miles east of lation (1890), 5,290. was appointed brigadier-general in 1861, and retired in 1863 Andersen (àn'der-sen), Hans Christian. Born Auxerre. It has a noted château. with the rank of brevet major-general. He translated AncyTa (an-sï'ra). [Gr. "Aynvpci, associated by at Odense, Denmark, April 2,1805 : died at Co- works on artillery from the French. p e n h a g e n , A u g . 4 , 1 8 7 5 . A D a n i s h n o v e l i s t and legend with aynvpa, anchor.] An ancient town poet, best known as a writer of fairy tales and Anderson, Rufus. Born at North Yarmouth, of Galatia (originally of Phrygia) in Asia Minor, of t r a v e l s . He went to Copenhagen apoorboy, was first Maine, Aug. 17, 1796: died at Boston, May 30, founded, accordingtothe legends, by Midas, son an actor, and then by the generosity of friends was enabled 1880. An American Congregational clergyman, of Gordius :; the modern Angora, or Engareh, or to attend the university. The same year (1828) appeared secretary of the American Board of CommisE n g i i r i . i t became the chief town of the Tectosages, a his first important work, " Fodreise fra Holmens Kanal til sioners for Foreign Missions 1832-66, and the Gallic tribe which settled in Galatia about 277 B. C., and Ostpyntcn af Amager " ( «' • Foot TOUF from the Holm Canal to author of several works on missions. passed into the possession of Rome 25 B. 0., when it re- the Eastern Point of Amager "). In 1829 appeared a collec- A n d e r s o n v i l l e (an'der-son-vil). A village in ceived the name of Sebaste Tectosagum. It had an im- tion of poems, and the same year his first dramatic work, Sumter County, Georgia, 62 miles southwest of portant trade. (See Angora.) The temple of Augustus "Ejaerlighed paa Nikolai Taarn " ("Love on the Nikolai Macon. During the Civil War it contained a Confederate of Jedburgh, Scotland, by the'Scots under the Earl of Angus and Scott of Buccleugh over the English under Evers.

in Ancyra contained a famous inscription in Latin and

Tower"), a vaudeville, was performed.

The novels "Im-

Andersonville

Anderssen (án'ders-sen), Adolf,

Andréossi

56

military prison, opened in 1864. I t was under the superintendency of Wirz. who was tried by a United States commission in 1865, and executed for cruelty and mismanagement. Oyer 12,000 prisoners died (1864-65) in the prison.

The language is Catalan; the religion Roman Catholic. Area, 175 square miles. Population (estimated), 6,000.

A n d o v e r (an'dò-vèr). A town in Hampshire, England, 13 miles northwest of Winchester.

Born at Population (1891), 5,852.

Breslau, July 6, 1818: died at Breslau, March A n d o v e r . A town in Essex County, Massachu13, 1879. A noted German chess-player. setts, 22 miles northwest of Boston, the seat of Andersson (an'ders-son), Karl Johan. Born Andover Theological Seminary (a Congregain Wermland, Sweden, 1827: died in the Ova- tional seminary founded in 1807), Phillips Acadkuarabi region, southern Africa, July 5,1867. A Swedish explorer in South Africa. He accompa- emy, and the Abbot Female Academy. Popunied F. Galton in 1830 from Walfisch Bay through Damara- lation (1890), 6,142. land to Ovambo-iand. I n 1853 and 1854 he continued A n d r a d a (an-dra'dii), A n t o n i o de. Born about alone and reached Lake Ngami. On his return to Europe h e published " Lake iNgami, or Four Years' Wanderings 1580: died at Goa,' March 19, 1634. A Portuin Southwest Africa" (1855). In 1856 he worked in the guese missionary in the East Indies and Tibet, Swakop mines as inspector; then went on a new explora- author of "Novo descobrimento do Grao Cation as far as the Okavango River in 1859. This is described tayo, ou dos Reynos de Tibet" (1626). in his " Okavango River " (1861). For some time he settled In Otyimbingue as an ivoiy-trader. I n 1866 he undertook his last journey to the Kunene River, but was obliged by sickness to retrace his steps.

Andes (an'déz), Sp. Los Andes, or Cordilleras

A n d r é (oii-dra')- A novel by George Sand, published in 1834, named from its chief character.

Andrea (àn-drà'yà), Francisco José Soares d e . Born at Lisbon. Jan. 29, 1781: died at Rio de Janeiro,Oct. 2,1858. A Portuguese-Brazilian general, a supporter of Brazilian independence.

He went to Brazil in 1808 ; was adjutant-general in the Cisplatine campaign of 1827; commandantof Par4 1831 ; president and commandant of Parà 1835 ; and president of Santa Catharina 1839, of Rio Grande do Sul 1841, of Minas Geraes 1843, of Bahia 1845, and again of Rio Grande do Sul 1848. He attained the rank of marshal in the army, and was created baron of Ca^apava.

Andrada, Diogo Payva de. Bom 1528: died A n d r e a , G i r o l a m o . Born at Naples, April 12,

1575. A Portuguese theologian, sent as a dele- 1812 : died at Rome, May 14,1868. An Italian gate by Dom Sebastian to the Council of Trent. cardin al and diplomatist. His liberalism in religion He wrote "Orthodoxarum Qusestionum libri X, etc., con-

Andersson, Lars. See Andrea, Laurentias. tra Kemnitii pctulantem audaciam " (1564), etc. Andersson, Nils Johan. Born in Smáland, Andrada, Gomes Freire de. Born in PortuFeb. 20, 1821: died at Stockholm, March 27, 1880. A Swedish botanist, author of works on the botany of Scandinavia and Lapland.

made the arrangements near Stony Point> as the representative of Sir Henry Clinton, with Benedict Arnold for the surrender of West Point (Sept. 21,1780), but was arrested on his return at Tarry to vrn, Sept. 23, and condemned as a spy.

gal, 1684: died at Rio de Janeiro, Jan. 1, 1763. A P o r t u g u e s e administrator.

From 1733 until his

death he was governor of Rio de Janeiro, then comprising most of southern Brazil, and t h e period of his administration was the most prosperous in the colonial history of t h a t country. I n 1758 he was made count of Bobadella.

and politics (especially his leaning toward Italian unity) led to his suspension (1866) from his dignities by the papal Curia ; but he was reinstated after a humble submission in 1867.

Andrea Andrea Andrea Andrea

Doria. See Boria. Pisano. See Pisano. del Sarto. See Sarto. (an'drà), Jakob. Born at Wai-

d e los A n d e s (kor-del-ya'ras da los an'das). [Sp., 'the chains of the Andes': said to be so blingen, Wiirtemberg, March 25, 1528: died named from Peruv. anti, copper.] The principal at Tubingen, Jan. 7, 1590. One of the chief mountain system of South America. It extends Andrada e Silva (àn-dra'dà § sél'và), José Protestant theologians of the 16th century, apfrom Cape Horn to the vicinity of the I s t h m u s i>f Panama, Bonifacio de (generally known as José Boni- pointed professor of theology and chancellor ahd comprises the Patagonian Andes, the Chilean Andes facio). Bornin Santos, Sao Paulo, June 13,1765: (which lie partly in the Argentine Republic), the Bolivian died near Rio, April 6,1838. A Brazilian states- of the University of Tubingen in 1562. He was the principal author of the " F o r m u l a C'oncordiie," and and Peruvian Andes (each with two ranges nearly parallel), the Ecuadorian Andes, and the Colombian Andes (with t h r e e main ranges) branching eastward into the Venezuelan Andes. The range rises abruptly from the Paciftc coast and contains many celebrated volcanoes. Among the chief summits are Aconcagua, Horata, Illimani, Chiraborazo, Cotopaxi, Antisana, Tolima, etc. (see these names). Its length is about 4,500 miles, its average width about 100 miles, and its average height about 12,500 feet. On its eastern slope rise the head waters of the Amazon. I t is rich in gold, silver, and other metals.

A n d e s . In ancient geography, a village near Mantua, Italy, famous as the birthplace of Vergil.

Andesians (an-de'zi-anz), or Antesians (an-

m a n and a n o t e d mineralogist.

He took a leading

part in the revolutionary movement in Brazil, and on Jan. 16,1822, was made minister of the interior and of foreign atfairs. I t was by his advice that Pedro I. decided to throw off allegiance to Portugal. He was exiled to Europe Nov. 12,1823, aud returned in 1829.

berg, Wiirtemberg, Aug. 17,1586: died at Stuttgart, June 24, 1654. A German Protestant theologian and satirical writer, grandson of Andrada Machado e Silva, Antonio Carlos Jakob Andrea. He was the author of "Menippus," R i b e i r o de. Bornin Santos, Nov. 1, 1773 : died a satire (1648), and works on the so-called Rosierucians. in Rio de Janeiro, Dec. 5, 1845. A Brazilian statesman, brother of José Bonifacio de An- Andrea, Laurentius, or Andersson, Lars. drada e Silva. He was involved in the rebellion of 1817 Born 1480: died 1552. A Swedish reformer, at Fernambuco, and was imprisoned until 1821. In t h e Brazilian constituent assembly of 1823 h e led the radicals, and in Nov., 1823, was banished (with his two brothers) to France, He returned in 1828, was elected deputy 1835 and during succecding years, and was one of the liberal leaders. He was one of the first ministers of Pedro II., and in 1845 entered the senate. He was a brilliant orator, and has been called " t h e Mirabeau of Brazil."

te'zi-anz). A general name for a number of native tribes in the Andes region. Its significance is geographical rather than ethnographical. A n d h a k a (an'dha-ka). In Hindu mythology, Andrade Neves (an-dra'da na'ves), José Joaa demon, son of Kasvapa and Diti, having a Quim de. Bom at Rio Pardo, Rio Grande do thousand arms and heads, two thousand eyes Sul, Jan. 22,1807 : died at Asuncion, Paraguay, and feet, and called Andhaka because he Jan. 6,1869. A Brazilian general, distinguished walked like a blind man, though he saw well. in the war in Rio Grande do Sul (1835-45), and Siva slew him when he tried to carry off the especially as a cavalry commander in the Paratree of paradise from heaven. guayan war (1867-69). In Oct., 1867, he was A n d i j a n (an-di-jlin'). A town in Ferghana, created baron of Triumpho. Russian Central Asia, situated near the Syr- Andràssy (on'dra-shé), G-yula (Julius), Count. Daria 75 miles northeast of Khokand. Popu- Born at Zemplin, Hungary, March 8,1823 : died lation, about 30,000. at Volosca, Istria, Feb. 18, Ì890. A noted Hun.

A n d k h u i (and-ko'e), or A n d k h o (iind-ko')»

A town in Afghan Turkestan, 90 miles northwest of Balkh, the seat of a small khanate dependent on Afghanistan. Population (estimated), 15,000.

Andlaw-Birseck (ant' láv - bérs' ek), Franz

wrote over one hundred and fifty works, chiefly polemical.

Andrea, Johann Valentin. Born at Herren-

chancellor

of

Gustavus

Vasa.

Together with

Olaus Petri he translated the Bible into Swedish (1526), aud was the principal agent in introducing the Lutheran Reformation at the diet of Westerns, 1527. In 1540 he was charged with having failed to disclose a conspiracy against the king, and was sentenced to death, but bought a pardon.

A n d r e a n o v I s l a n d s (an-drà-a'nov i'landz). A group of the Aleutian Archipelago.

Andreasberg (an-dra'as-berG), or Sankt And r e a s b e r g . A town and summer re&ort in the province of Hanover, Prussia, in the Ilarz 28 miles northeast of Gottingen. It has important silver-mines.

Andred's weald (an'dredz weld), or Andred's Wold (an'dredz wold), modernized forms of

AS. Andredes weald (àn'drà-des weàld). A

forest in England which formerly extended through a large part of Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Hampshire, and is now represented by the He entered the Hungarian diet in Weald. See the extract.

garian statesman. 1847, was appointed governor of the county of Zemplin in 1848, t o o k p a r t i n the Hungarian insurrection of 1848-49, remained in exile till 1857, reentered the Hungarian diet in 1861, was premier of the Hungarian ministry 1867-71, and minister of foreign affairs of Austria-Hungary 1871-79, framed the Andràssy J^ote to tho Porte in 1876, was a lead' ing member of the Congress of Berlin in 1878, and negot i a t e d with Bismarck the German-Austrian alliance in 1879.

The Andred's-Wold comprised the Wealds of Kent, Surrey, and Sussex, taking in at least a fourth part of Kent, " t h e Seven Hundreds of the Weald," and all the interior of Sussex as far as the edge of the South Downs, and a belt of about twelve miles in breadth between the hills and the sea. Lambarde describes the Weald of Kent as being "stuffed with heardes of deere and droves of hogges," and adds t h a t " i t is manifest, by the Saxon Chronicles aud others, that beginning at Winchelsea it reached at length an hundred and twenty miles tow aids the west, and stretched thirty miles in braidth towards the north." Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 104, note.

X a v e r v o n . Born at Freiburg, Baden, Oct. 6, 1799: died Sept. 4, 1876. A German diplo- Andràssy Note, The. A declaration relating to the disturbed state of Bosnia and Herzegovina, drawn up by the governments of Austria, Russia, and Germany with the apA n d o (an'dé). The northernmost of the Lofoten proval of England and France, and presented Andree (an'drà), Karl Theodor. Bom at t o the Porte, J a n . 31, 1876. i t demanded the esIslands. 35 miles long, northwest of Norway. tablishment of religious liberty, the abolition of t h e farm- Brunswick, Oct, 20, 1808: died at Wildungen, Andocides (an-dos'i-déz). [Gr. A German geographer and. of taxes, the application of t h e revenue derived from Aug. 10, 1875. Born at Athens, 467 (?) B. C. : died about 391 ing direct taxation in Bosnia and Herzegovinato the needs of o u r n a l i s t . He wrote " >"ord-America " (18R0-51), " BueB. C. An Athenian politician and orator. See these provinces, the institution of a commission composed jnos Ayres und die Argentitiisclie Republik" (1856), the extract. equally of Christians and Mohammedans to control the "Ceographische Wanderungen " (1859), "Gcographie des m a t i s t . He was the author of "Erinnerungsblattcr aus den Papier cu cines Diplomaten" (1857), " Mein Tagebuch 1811-61" (1862), etc.

Andocides . . . was banished from Athens in 415, on suspicion of having been concerned in a wholesale sacrilege,— the mutilation, in one night, of t h e images of the god Hermes, which stood before the doors of houses and public buildings. He made unsuccessful application for a pardon, first in 411 B. C., during the reign of the Four Hundred, then, after their fall, in 410, when he addressed t h e Assembly in the extant speech On his Return. From 410 to 403 lie live'd a roving merchant's life in Sicily, Italy, Greece, Ionia, and Cyprus. I n 402 the general amnesty allowed him to return to Athens. But in 309 the old charges against him were revived. He defended himself in his extant speech On the Mysteries (so called, because it deals partly with a charge t h a t he had violated the Mysteries of Eleusis) and was acquitted. During the Corinthian war he was one of an embassy sent to treat for peace at Sparta, and on his return made his extant speech On the Peace icitk Lacedsem/m (390 B. 0.), sensibly advising Athens to accept the terms offered by Sparta. The speech Against Alcibiades which bears his name is spurious. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 117.

execution of these reforms, and the improvement of the agrarian population by the sale of waste lands belonging to the state.

Welthandels" (1867-72), etc.

Andree, Richard.

Born at Brunswick, Ger-

many, Feb. 26, 1835. A German geographer André (F. pron. on-drà'), or Andreas, Bernard, and ethnographer, son of Karl Theodor Andree of Toulouse. A French poet and historian, (1808-75). His writings embrace a wide range poet laureate in the reign of Henry VII. of of subjects. England (the first laureate appointed by an Andreini (an-drà-é'né), Francesco. Lived English king), tutor of Arthur, prince of Wales, about 1616. An Italian comedian and author, and royal historiographer. He was blind, but in the leader of a troupe of actors which for some spite of this misfortune attained a high degree of scholar- years enjoyed considerable reputation in Italy ship. He wrote a life of Henry VII. and France. He wrote "Le Bravure del CapiA n d r é , J o h a n n . Born at Offenbach, Hesse. tano Spavento" (1607), etc. March 28,1741 : died June 18.1799. A German Andreini, Giovanni Battista. Born at Florcomposer, musical director, and publisher, au- ence, 1578: died at Paris about 1650. An thor of operas, instrumental pieces, etc. Italian comedian and poet, son of Francesco

André, Johann Anton.

Born at Offenbac-h,

Hesse, Oct. 6, 1775 : died April 8,1842. A noted Gorman composer, musical director, and pubA n d o r r a (an-dor'rü), F. Andorre (oñ-dor')- lisher, son of Johann André. A state in the Pyrenees surrounded by the department of Ariége (France) and the province A n d r é (an'drà or an'dri), J o h n . Born at London, 1751: executed at Tappan, N. Y., Oct. 2. of Lérida (Spain). It is a semi-independent republic under the suzerainty of France and the Bishop of Urgel in 1780. A British officer (adjutant-general with Spain, governed by a council of 24 members and a syndic. rank of major) in the Revolutionary War. He

A n d r e i n i . He was the author of "L'Adamo," a sacred drama, from which Milton was said to have borrowed several scenes in his " Paradise Lo&t,''

A n d r e i n i , I s a b e l l a . Born at Padua, 1562 : died at Lyons, 1604. An Italian actress and writer, wife of Francesco Andreini: author of u Mirtilla," a pastoral fable (1588).

Andréossi, or Andréossy (où-dra-ó-sè')? An-

Andréossi toine François, Comte d\ Born at Castelnaudary, France, March 6, 1761: died at Moutauban, Sept. 10, 1828. A French, general and diplomatist, author of various military and scientific works. He served in the wars of the Revolution and under Bonaparte, took part in the event of the 18th Brumaire, and was ambassador in London, Vienna, and Constantinople.

Anelida and Arcite

57

May 21, 1886. An American miscellaneous Andronicus, Livius. Born at Tarentum about writer, author of works on language, law, pho- 284 B. C.: died about 204. An early Roman nography, and philosophy. dramatic poet (Creek by birth) and actor, the Andria (an'dre-a). A city in the province of first writer who 'clothed Greek poetry in a Bari, Italy, ill lilt. 41° 13' N., long. 16° 18' E. It Liltin dress." He was brought as a prisoner of war to .

w a s a residence of thé emperor F r e d e r i c k I I . R o m e 272 B. C., and sold as A slave t o i l , TÌYÌUS Salinator. P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t 36,000. . W M manumitted and emned h i » living as a teacher of ï . . , . . .. : , T m , . L a t i n and Greek. For his pupils use he translated the

Alldrés (an-dres'), Juan. Born at Planes, A n u r i a (an uri-a). A comedy t>y Terence (lt)t> Spain, Feb. 15, 1740: died at Rome, Jan. 17, B. c.), an adaptation of a play of the same 1817. A Spanish Jesuit and scholar. He wrote name by Menander. " Dell' Origine, dei Progressi e dello stato attuale d'ogni Andrieux (on-drë-è'), François Guillaume Letteratura " (1782-99, " On the Origin, Progress, and Pres- Jean Stanislas. Born at Strasburg, May 6, ent Condition of all Literature"), etc. 1759: died at Paris, May 9, 1833. A noted A n d r e w (an'dro), Saint. [Formerly also An- French dramatist. Hewasthe authorof "Lesétourdrow, Andro; ME. Andrew, OF. Ándreu, F. dis" (1787), "Molière avec ses amis" (1804X "La cornéAndrieUf André, L L . Andreas, Gr. Avôpéaç, lit. dienne" (1816), "Brutus" (1830), etc. 1 manly,' from àvfjp (oivôp-), a man.] Lived Andriscus (an-dris'kus). A pretended son of in the first half of the 1st century A. D. One Perseus, king of Mac e don, and a claimant to of tlie twelve disciples of Jesus, a brother of the throne, defeated and sent captive to Rome Simon Peter and an apostle to the Gentiles. 148 B. C. _ He is honored by the Scotch as their patron saint, and by Anaroclus (an'dro-klus). Lived in the 1st centhe Russians as the founder of their church. He suffered tury A. D. A Roman slave noted for his friendmartyrdom by crucifixion. His symbol is the so-called ship with a lion. According to the story, Androclus St. Andrew's cross (X)- H e is commemorated in the Rowas condemned to be slain by wild beasts, but the lion man, Greek, and Anglican churches on Nov. 30. which was let out against him refused to touch him, and Andrew I. King of Hungary 1046-60. He car- it was found that the animal was one which the slave,

Odyssey into Latin Saturniai verse. His plays, also, were translated from the Greek. Andronicus, Marcus. In Shakspere's {t Titus Andronicus," the brother of Titus and tribune of the people. Andronicus, Titus. See Titus Andronicus. Andronicus, surnamed Cyrrhestes (from his birthplace). A Greek astronomer, born at Cyrrhus, Syria, in the 1st centurv B. c., the builder of the " T o w e r of the Winds" (which s e e ) a t Athens. Andronicus of Rhodes. A peripatetic philosopher and commentator on Aristotle, who fiouri s hed during the 1st century B. c. He was head 0 f t ho peripatetic school at Rome about 58 B. c. AndrOS (an'dros). [Gr. "Avôpoç.l The northe r n m o s t i s l a n d o f t h e Cyclades, Greece, situated in the .ZEgean Sea 6 miles southeast of Eubcea, anciently a possession successively of AthenB, Macedón, Pergamus, and Rome, it?

ried on wars w i t h the Germans 1046-52, and with his brotherBéla, In the latter war he was killed.

while escaping f r o m his master in Africa, had found suffering from a thorn in his foot, and cured.

it, who was, however, defeated by Andrew at Agram, 1291.

fully by the bitter allusions to Sparta, with which it teems.

a slave-owner led to a dispute in the church which resulted in the formation of the Methodist Episcopal Church South, 1846.

N e w Y o r k ) 1 6 8 6 - 8 9 . When the charters of the colonies were revoked he was conspicuous in an attempt toseize the charter of Connecticut (1687), which probably succeeded. (See Charter Oak.) H e oiïended the colonists of N e w England by his tyranny and was seized April IS, in Boston and sent to England f o r trial ; but the col-

/¿aX0Ç-~\ A p h y s i c i a n o f t h e è m p e r o r N e r o ( c a l l e d

onists'complaints were dismissed.

Andrew II. King of Hungary 1205-35 (1236 ?). Alldromache (an-drom' a-ke). [Gr.'A vdpofiaxV-'] length is 25 miles, and its greatest width 10 miles, and H e took part in the flftli Crusade in 1217, and " g a v e In Greek legend, the wife of Hector and, after its surface is mountainous. I t s chief product is silk. his people a constitution which organized a state of Population, about 22,000. anarchy by decreeing in his Golden Bull (1222) that if his death, of Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, and A small seaport, capital of the island the king should violate the privileges of the nobility they later of Helenus, brother of Hector, she was the AndrOS. of Andros, on its eastern coast. daughter of Eetion, king of T h e b » in Cilicia, who, with his should be permitted to resist him by force, and such reA group of islands in the Bahamas, sistance should not be treated as rebellion " ( D u r u y , seven sons, was slain by Achilles when he captured Thebec. AndroS. "Middle Ages, p. 491). Andromache. A play of Euripides. See the named from the chief island of the group, about lat. 24° 45' N., long. 78° W. Andrew" I I I . King of Hungary 1290-1301, extract, grandson of Andrew II., and the last of the The Andromache . ol the worst constructed, AndrOS (an'dips), Sir Edmund. Born at LonA r p á d d y n a s t y . On the murder of Ladislaus I I I . ( I V . ), don, Dec. 6, 1637: died at London, Feb. 27, and least interesting, plays of Euripides. The date is unthe Pope claimed Hungary as a flef of the church, and An English colonial governor of New certain, as it was not brought out at Athens, perhaps not 1714. invested Charles Martel, son of the K i n g of Naples, w i t h till after the poet's death, and is only to be fixed doubt- York 1674-81, and of New England (includingt has indeed quite the air of a political pamphlet under Andrew, James Osgood. Bom in Wilkes Ithe guise of a tragedy. I t must, therefore, have been County, Ga., May 3, 1794: died at Mobile, Ala., composed during the Peloponnesian war, possibly about March 1, 1871. AJÍ American bishop of the 419 B. O. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I . 337. Methodist Episcopal Church. The fact that he wasAndromachus (an -drom'a - kus). [Gr. 'Awlpo-

He was governor of

'the elder," to distinguish him from his son), Virginia (where he founded William and Mary College) the first to bear the title of " Archiater," or 1692-98, and governor of the island of Jersey 1704-06. Andrew, John Albion. Born at Windham. chief physician. lie was the inventor of a celebrated Androscoggin (an-dros-kog'in). Ariver whose Maine, May 31, 1818: died at Boston, Oct. 30, medicine and antidote (called from him " theriaca Andro- head streams rise in northern New Hampshire 1867. AnAmerican statesman, Republican.gov- machi "). and northern Maine, and which drains Lake emor of Massachusetts 1861-66, and one of the most active of the " war governors." He was grad- Andromaque (on-dro-mak'). 1. A tragedy by Umbagog and the Rangeley Lakes, and joins Racine, produced in 1667.— 2. An opera by the Kennebec 5 miles north of Bath. Its total uated at Bowdoin College in 1837, practised law in Boston, length is about 175 miles. was a prominent antislavery advocate, was elected a Gretry, produced at Paris 1-780. [Gr. ,Av6polu£6r/.~\ Androtion (an-dro'ti-on). [Gr. 'Avdportuv.'] An. member of the Massachusetts legislature, and was ap- Andromeda (an-drom'e-da). In Greek legend, the daughter of Cepheus and Athenian orator, a contemporary of Demosthepointed delegate to the Republican National Convention Cassiopeia. She was exposed to a sea-monster, was nes and a pupil of Isoerates. All of lus work haa ill I860. rescued by Perseus, and was changed, after her death, to a perished with the exception of a fragment preserved by Andrew of Crete (Andreas Oretensis). Born constellation. Aristotle. H e was attacked by Demosthenes in one of his at Damascus, 660: died 732. An archbishop of Another myth, seemingly so diverse—the story of the early orations, Crete, and a writer of religious poetry. He took part in the Monothelite synod of 712, but afterward returned to orthodoxy. H e is regarded as the inventor of the musical canon.

Andrew of Wyntoun. Born about the middle of the 14th century: date of death unknown. A Scottish chronicler, canon regular of the priory of St. Andre w's and prior of St. Serf's ( 1395).

slaying of the dragon by Perseus and the rescue of An- A n d r u g i o ( a n - d r o ' j o ) .

dromeda—was localised by the Greeks on the Phoenician coast.

I t proves to be a lunar eclipse myth,ultimately

Babylonian, a Greek translation of the Phoenician version

anpftf1hbooiriTiin£r

- t l e m terstne

lamous speecn Deginnmg,

of the combat of Bel ilerodach with the dragon Tiamat, "why, man, I never w a s a prince till n o w . " and the rescue of the moon goddess Istar from the black A l l d r U S S O f f ( a n ' d r o s - s o f ) , Or A j l d r U S S O V O .

dragon who threatened to devour her

^

^

A

village in the government of Smolensk,Russia, noted for the treaty of Andrussoff in 1667 between Russia and Poland, by which the latter ceded Kieff, Smolensk, and "eastern Ukraine. A n d u j a r (an-do-Har')- A town in the province of Jaen, Spain, situated on the Guadalquivir 44r miles northeast of Cordova,. It was the scene of an

Alldromeda. A northern constellation surrounded by Pegasus, Cassiopeia, Perseus, PisOriginal Chronicle of Scotland. ces, Aries, etc., supposed to represent the figure Andrewes (an'droz), Lancelot. Born at Bark- of a woman chained. The constellation contains ing, England, 1555: died at London, Sept. 25, three stars of the second magnitude, of which 1626. An English prelate and author, dean of the brightest is Alpheratz. engagement between the French and Spanish, July 18-20, Westminster, bishop of Chichester, Ely, and Andromede (on-dro-mad')- A play by Cor- 1808. The Convention of Bailen was signed here in 1808, Winchester, and one of the translators of the neille, first acted in 1650. and here in 1823, by decree, the Trench assumed superiBible (1607-11). He wrote " Tortura Torti" ority over the Spanish authorities. Near it was the CeltiAndronica (an-drd-ne'ka). One of the hand- berian Illiturgis (?). Population (1887), 16,214. (1609), manuals of devotion, etc. Andrews (an'droz). Edward Gayer. Bom at maids of Logistilla (Reason) in Ariosto's ''Or- Andvari (and'va-re). [Old Norse.] In Old New Hartford, N. Y., Aug. 7, 1825. An Ameri- lando Furioso." She represents fortitude. Norse mythology, a dwarf who lived in the can bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Andronicus (an-dro-ni'kus) I. Comnenus. water in the form of a pike. He was caught by [MGr. AvfipovtKuz 'Kojj.vrjvoc.'] Born about 1110: I.oki and forced to give up his treasure, ultimately called H e was graduated from Wesley an University, Middletown, died at Constantinople, Sept. 12,1185. Byzan- from its possessors the Nibelung Hoard. On the last Connecticut, in 1847, enterca the Methodist ministry in 1848, and was elected bishop in 1872. tine emperor 1183-85, grandson of Alexius I. ring, the Andvaranaut, later the Ring of the Nibelungs, His " O r y g i n a l e Cronykil of Scotland," in rimed eight-syllabled verse, was finished between 1420 and 1424. See

Andrews, Ethan Allen. Born at New Britain, Conn., April 7,1787: died at New Britain, March 24,1858. An American educator,editor of Latin text-books and of a "Latin-English Lexicon" (1850). Andrews, James pettit. Born near Newbury, Berkshire, England, about 1737 : died at Loudon, Aug. 6, 1797. An English antiquary and historian. He wrote a " Historv of Great Britain, etc." (1794-95), "Henry's History of Britain, Continued" (1796), etc. Andrews, Joseph. Born at Hingham, Mass., Aug. 17, .1806: died at Hingham, May 9, 1873. An American engraver. Andrews, Joseph. See Joxeph Andrews. Andrews, Lancelot. See Andrewes. Andrews, Stephen Pearl. Born at Templeton, Mass., March 22, 1812: died at New York,

C o m n e n u s . Having contrived to get himself appointed regent duriug the minority of Alexius I I . , he put the

he laid the enrse of destruction to all who should own it. , ... ... .... ,, , -

Anegada (a-ne-ga'da). The northernmost of prince and his mother, the empress Marin, to death, and the Virgin Islands, British West Indies, ill lat. ascended the throne; but his cruelty and debauchery brought about a popular insurrection under Isaac Angelus, who put him to death after subjecting him to every species of indignity and torture.

Andronicus I I , Palseologus. Born about 1259: died 1332. Byzantine emperor 1282-1328 (?), son of Michael Palseologus. During his reign the empire was ravaged (1306-08) by the revolt of the Catalan Grand Company, a body of Spanish mercenaries employed and m (1321-28) by a civil ninvpri against ««rain** the ti»* iOttoman »tinm«!. Turks, flnd ? ! - ^ bv war with his grandson Andronicus I I I . , by whom he was dethroned and compelled to retire to a cloister.

Andronicus I I I . Palseologus. Born about 1296: died June 15,3341. Byzantine emperor 1328^41, grandson, of Andronicus II. whose t h r o n e h e u s u r p e d . H e carried on war with the Ottoman Turks, who (132'}-38') detached nearly the whole of Asia Minor from the empire.

]_qo 4.5' j c • -i

long.

64° 20' W . .

I t s l e n g t h i?

10

,

Anel (a-ncl'), Dominique. Born 16/9: died about 1730. A French surgeon. He introduced improvements in the operations for aneurism and fistula lacrymalis. Anelida and Arcite (a-nel'i-da and ar sit). An

u n f i n i s h e d p o e m b v C h a u c e r . I t was among those Caxton, and is mentioned in both Lydgate's and Thynne's lists of Chaucer's works, 111 the latter as " O f Queen Anelida and False Arcite." There are passages in it from Boccaccio's " T e s e i d e , " and the " T h e b a i d o f Statiuswas also drawn upon. Chaucer tells us that he took it from the Latin, and says at the close of the prologue:

printc;d b y

" F i r s t follow I Stace and after him Corinne." T o Corinne or Corineus, whoever he or she was, he o w e d the inspiration of this poem. Miss Barrett (Mrs. Brown-

Anelida and Arcite ing) modernized t h e poem about t h e middle of t h e 19th century. Anelida was t h e Queen of Armenia. I n t h e poem is included " T h e Complaint of Fair Anelida upon False Arcite," occasioned by t h e fact t h a t t h e Theban knight (who is not t h e t r u e Arcite of t h e " K n i g h t ' s Tale ") deserted her for another. The poem breaks off at t h e end of her complaint.

Anglo-Saxon

58 was a graduate of Brown University 1813, editor of t h e " L a w Intelligencer and Review " 1829-31, and reporter of t h e Rhode Island Supreme Court ; author of " Treatise of the E i g h t of Property in Tide Waters " (1826). " Inquiry Kelative to an Incorporeal H e r e d i t a m e n t " (1827X " A Practical Summary of t h e Law of Assignment" (1835), " O n Adverse E n j o y m e n t " (1837), " T r e a t i s e on t h e Common Law in Relation to Water Courses" (1840), "Treatise on t h e Limitations of Actions at Law and Suits in Equity and Admiralty " (2d ed. 1846), and with Samuel Ames of ''Treatise on Corporations " (3d ed. 1846).

characterized particularly by the vaulting, which rises so m u c h in every bay as to approach a domical form. There is a fine early sculptured west p o r t a l ; t h e nave is 54 feet wide and 80 feet h i g h ; and there are long transepts, b u t no aisles. I t contains splendid 13th-century glass, a beautiful wall-arcade beneath the windows, and very extensive and notable 14th-century tapestries bequeathed by King Bene. The castle, completed by St. Louis, is a huge trapezoid about half a mile in circuit, with seventeen massive cylindrical towers bossing its walls. Within the inclosure remain portions of t h e Renaissance palace of t h e counts of Anjou as well as t h e dungeons and many other interesting memorials of the medieval fortress. Population (1891), 72,669.

A n e r i o (a-na'ré-ó), F e l i c e . Born at Rome a b o u t 1560: died a b o u t 1630. Ail I t a l i a n comp o s e r of s a c r e d m u s i c w h o s u c c e e d e d P a l e s t r i n a , o n t h e l a t t e r ^ d e a t h , a s composer f o r t h e A n g e l n ( ä n g ' e l n ) . A s m a l l d i s t r i c t i n t h e provpapal chapel. i n c e of Schleswig-Holstein, P r u s s i a , l y i n g b e Anerio, Giovanni Francesco. Born at Rome t w e e n t h e F l e n s b u r g F i o r d o n t h e n o r t h , t h e Angerstein (ang'er-stin), John Julius. Born a b o u t 15G7: died a f t e r 1613. A n I t a l i a n com- B a l t i c o n t h e east, a n d t h e Schlei o n t h e south. a t St. P e t e r s b u r g , 1735 i died a t B l a c k h e a t h , poser, b r o t h e r of F e l i c e Anerio, m a e s t r o a t I t is n o t e d f o r i t s f e r t i l i t y , a n d is s u p p o s e d t o J a n . 22, 1823. A n E n g l i s h m e r c h a n t , p h i l a n t h e L a t e r a n 1600-13. H e w r o t e s a c r e d m u s i c h a v e b e e n t h e original h o m e of t h e A n g l e s . t h r o p i s t , a n d a r t a m a t e u r . The greater part of his chiefly. very valuable collection of pictures was acquired by the Angelo, Michel. See Michelangelo. Anethan (án-toñ'), Julius (Jules) Joseph, A n g e l o ( a n ' j e - l ö ) . 1. I n S h a k s p e r e ' s " M e a - British government in 1824, a t an expense of £60,000. B a r o n d \ B o r n a t Brussels, April 24, 1803: s u r e f o r M e a s u r e , " t h e d u k e ' s d e p u t y . Angerville, Richard. See Bury, Richard de. died t h e r e , Oct. 8, 1888. A B e l g i a n ConservaThe actor is here required to represent a man who is Angevin Line or Dynasty. The early Plant i v e p o l i t i c i a n , p r e m i e r 1870-71. too little for the great, bold, and dangerous projects of a n t a g e n e t k i n g s of E n g l a n d , f r o m H e n r y I I . t o Anethou, Pic d . See Netftou. ambitious selfishness; too noble for the weak errors of a self-love, who wavers negatively between t h e two, J o h n : so called f r o m t h e i r o r i g i n i n A n j o u . Aneurin (an'ü-rin). F l o u r i s h e d a b o u t 600 vaiu who aspires after honour, who would be a master in his Anghiera (an-ge-a'ra), Pietro Martire d', or A. D. (?). A W e l s h b a r d , s o n of a chief of t h e political vocation, a saint in his moral life, b u t who, in Peter Martyr. See Martyr, Peter. O t a d i n i or Gododin (a sea-coast t r i b e d w e l l i n g t h e hour of temptation, is found as false and tyrannical A n g i l b e r t (ang'gil-bert), Saint. Born about s o u t h of t h e F i r t h of F o r t h ) , a n d a u t h o r of t h e in t h e one as he is hypocritical and base in t h e other. Gervinus, Shakespeare Commentaries (tr. by F. E. Bunnett, 740 A. D.: died F e b . 18, 814. A P r a n k i s h p o e t , epic " G o d o d i n " ( w h i c h see), t h e chief source [ed. 1880), p. 500. of t h e v e r y s c a n t y i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t h i m . He hist oriau, a n d d i p l o m a t i s t , a councilor of Charles h a s been t h o u g h t to "be identical with Gildas t h e histo- 2. I n S h a k s p e r e ' s " Comedy of E r r o r s , " a gold- t h e G r e a t , a n d a b b o t of Centula, or Saint-Ririan, or to be the son of Gildas (who was sometimes called s m i t h . q u i e r i n P i c a r d i e (794). H e w a s s u r n a m e d " t h e Euryn y Coed Aur). A n g e l o . A p r o s e d r a m a b y V i c t o r H u g o , first H o m e r of h i s a g e . " Aneurin's great epic itself is wanting in all precision of r e p r e s e n t e d a t t h e T h é â t r e F r a n ç a i s , P a r i s , A n g i r a s ( a n ' g i - r a s ) . I n V e d i c mythology, t h e detail. I t is the history of a long war of races, compressed A p r i l 28, 1835. The scene is laid in Padua in the midu n d e r the similitude of a battle into a few days of ruin, dle of t h e 16th century. I t was translated into English a l l e g e d a n c e s t o r of t h e A n g i r a s e s , r e p r e s e n t e d like t h e last fight in t h e Voluspa. a s t h e a u t h o r of t h e n i n t h M a n d a l a of R i g v e d a , Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 346. by G. H. Davidson, and produced in London as "Angelo of a law-book, a n d of a n a s t r o n o m i c a l m a n u a l . and t h e Actress of Padua. " Angirases, The. [ D c r i v . uncertain.] In Hindu A n f o s s i (S.n-fos'se), P a s q u a l e . B o r n a t N a p l e s , Angelo, Sant\ Castle of. The remodeled 1736 : died a t R o m e , 1797 (1795 ?). A n I t a l i a n m a u s o l e u m of H a d r i a n in R o m e , i t is a huge m y t h o l o g y , a c l a s s of b e i n g s s t a n d i n g b e t w e e n g o d s a n d m e n . They are called t h e sons of heaven, circular tower about 230 feet in diameter on a basement o p e r a t i c composer, a u t h o r of " L ' I n c o g n i t a perabout 300 feet square, with medieval chambers and case- sons of t h e gods. They appear in company with the gods, s e g u i t a t a " (1773), etc. ments excavated in its solid concrete, and three Renais- with t h e Asvins, Yama, the gods of t h e sun and t h e light. A n g a m i - N a g a (an-ga'me-na'ga). A s a v a g e sance stories added on its summit t o serve t h e purposes Agni is called the first and highest Angiras. At the same a n d w a r l i k e t r i b e in n o r t h e r n A s s a m . of a citadel. Originally t h e mausoleum possessed a super- time t h e Angirases are called t h e fathers of men, and

A.ngara (án-gá-ra')- (Upper Angara and Upper Tungusta.) The chief tributary of the Yenisei, in southern Siberia.

It rises northeast of

l a k e Baikal, traverses Lake Baikal, flows northwest and

west, and joins the Yenisei above Yeniseisk. Its length is about 1,800 miles. its entire course.

I t is navigable throughout almost

s t r u c t u r e surrounded w i t h columns and statues, and many families trace their descent from them. The hymns crowned w i t h a cone of masonry. I t is connected with of the Atharvaveda are called Angirasas, and the Augi* the Vatican quarter by t h e Pont Sant" Angelo, built by rases were especially charged with the protection of sacHadrian in 136, which originally had seven arches : two rifices performed in accordance with t h e Atharvaveda. are now built up. Also Hadrian's Mole. A n g k o r ( a n g - k o r ' ) . A r u i n e d city n e a r t h e f r o n -

Angelus Silesius (an'je-lus ei-lê'shi-us) (Jo- t i e r s of C a m b o d i a a n d Siain, n e a r L a k e B i e n h o .

i m n n e s Scheffler). Born at Breslau, Prussia, Anglante's knight. The name given to Or1624: died a t B r e s l a u , J u l y 9,1677. A G e r m a n l a n d o , lord of A n g l a n t e , in Ariosto's " O r l a n d o B u r l i n g t o n , Otsego C o u n t y , N . Y., Nov. 28,1815: p h i l o s o p h i c a l p o e t , a u t h o r of " C h e r u b i n i s c h e r F u r i o s o . " died a t Geneseo, X. Y „ S e p t . 11,1894. A l a w y e r "Wandersmann " (1657), etc. A n g l e s ( a n g ' g J z ) . [ I n m o d . u s e only as a hisa n d d i p l o m a t i s t , c o m m i s s i o n e r t o China (1855) A n g e l u s , T h e . A c e l e b r a t e d p a i n t i n g b y J . F . t o r i c a l t e r m ; L . Anghis, u s u a l l y i n p i . Angli u n d e r P r e s i d e n t P i e r c e , a n d m i n i s t e r to S w e d e n M i l l e t ( 1 8 5 9 ) . The time is evening; two peasants, a (first i n T a c i t u s ) , r e p r . t h e O T e u t . f o r m f o u n d man and a woman, at t h e sound of t h e Angelus bell from and Norway under President Buchanan. Ongle, JEngle, r e g . Engle, p i . ( i n a distant church, stop their work and stand in t h e field i n A S . Angle, A n g e l i c a ( a n - j c l ' i - k a ) . 1 . I n B o i a r d o ' s " O r - praying witli bowed heads. In 1889 it was bought a t c o m p . Angel-, On gel-), t h e p e o p l e of Angel, l a n d o I n n a m o r a t o " " a n d A r i o s t o ' s ' ' O r l a n d o auction by t h e American Art Association for 580,650 Angol, Angul, Ongul ( = I c e l . (higull), a d i s t r i c t F u r i o s o , " a b e a u t i f u l b u t c o q u e t t i s h a n d f a i t h - francs, which included tax, auctioneer's fees, etc. I t was of w h a t is n o w S c h l e s w i g - H o l s t e i n ; said t o h e in 1890 to the agents of M. Chauchard for $150,000. sold less p r i n c e s s , d a u g h t e r of G a l a p h r o n , k i n g of He has signified his intention of presenting it to the so n a m e d f r o m angel, angul, ongul, a h o o k , i n Cathay.. H i s u n r e q u i t e d love f o r h e r w a s t h e Lcuvre a t his death. r e f . t o its s h a p e . ] A T e u t o n i c t r i b e w h i c h c a u s e of O r l a n d o ' s m a d n e s s . — 2. T h e p r i n c i p a l i n t h e e a r l i e s t p e r i o d of i t s r e c o r d e d h i s t o r y f e m a l e c h a r a c t e r i n Congreve's p l a y " L o v e A n g e l y (onzh-lë'), L o u i s , B o r n a t B e r l i n a b o u t d w e l t i n t h e n e i g h b o r h o o d of t h e d i s t r i c t f o r L o v e , " a w i t t y a n d p i q u a n t w o m a n , a n d t h e 1780 (1788 ?) : d i e d a t Berlin, Nov. 16,1835. A n o w called A n g e l n , i n Sehles w i g - H o i s t ein, a n d H i s works, which in t h e 5 t h c e n t u r y a n d l a t e r , accomauthor's favorite character.— 3. A character German actor and dramatist. in F a r q u h a r ' s c o m e d y " T h e C o n s t a n t Couple," m a i ü l y a d a p t a t i o n s of F r e n c h plays, h a v e b e e n p a n i e d b y k i n d r e d t r i b e s , t h e Saxons, J u t e s , c o l l e c t e d i n f o u r v o l u m e s (Berlin, 1842). a n d also in i t s sequel, " S i r H a r r y "Wildair." a n d F r i e s i a n s , crossed over t o B r i t a i n , a n d colA n g e r a p p ( ä n ' g e - r ä p ) . A h e a d s t r e a m of t h e Angelic Brothers. A community of Dutch P r e g e l , i n B a s t P r u s s i a , w h i c h d r a i n s t h e o n i z e d t h e g r e a t e r p a r t of i t . The Angles were the most numerous of these settlers, and founded the three P i e t i s t s , i n t h e 16th c e n t u r y , w h o b e l i e v e d t h a t M a u e r s e e . t h e y h a d a t t a i n e d t h a t s t a t e of angelic p u r i t y A n g e r b u r g (âng'èr-bôrG). A small t o w n in t h e kingdoms of East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria. From them t h e entire country derived its name England, i n which t h e r e is " n e i t h e r m a r r y i n g n o r giving p r o v i n c e of E a s t P r u s s i a , s i t u a t e d on t h e A n in Anglo-Saxon Engla land, 'land of t h e Angles.' i n m a r r i a g e " : f o u n d e d b y George G i c h t e l . g e r a p p 60 miles s o u t h e a s t of K ö n i g s b e r g . Anglesea (ang'gl-se), or Anglesey (ang'gl-se). Angelic Doctor, ML. Doctor Angelicus. A island.'] A n island  n g e r m a n e l f (âng'er-mân-eli). A r i v e r i n [ A S . Angles eg, 'Angle's s u r n a m e of T h o m a s A q u i n a s . a n d c o u n t y of N o r t h "Wales, w h i c h lies n o r t h S w e d e n w h i c h flows i n t o t h e Gulf of B o t h n i a Angélico ( á n - j e l ' é - k o ) , í*ra. See Mesóle. w e s t of t h e m a i n l a n d f r o m w h i c h it is s e p a r a t e d near Hernösand. i t drains Beveral lakes and forms A n g e l i n a ( a n - j e - l l ' n a ) . 1. I n D r y d e n ' s t r a g i - many waterfalls. I t s length is over 200 miles, and it is b y M e n a i s t r a i t . I t s surface is generally flat. I t was c o m e d y " T h e R i v a l L a d i e s , " a sister of Don navigable in its lower course. an ancient seat of t h e Druids, was conquered by t h e Romans under Suetonius Paulinus in 61 A. I>., and by R h o d o r i g o , in love w i t h Gonsalvo. She disg u i s e s herself as a m a n a n d g o e s b y t h e n a m e A n g e r m a n l a n d ( ä n g ' e r - m ä n - l ä n d ) . A d i s t r i c t Agricola in 78, and later became a Welsh stronghold. of Amideo.— 3 . T h e h e r o i n e of Goldsmith's b a l - i n n o r t h e r n S w e d e n , m a i n l y i n c l u d e d in t h e I t s length is 22 miles, and its area 302 square miles. Population (1891), 50,079. See Mono. l a d " E d w i n a n d A n g e l i n a , " s o m e t i m e s called m o d e r n H e r n ö s a n d Ian. " T h e H e r m i t , " in " T h e V i c a r of W a k e f i e l d . " Àngermann ( a n g ' e r - m ä n ) . See Annesley. Ângermanelf. Anglesea, Earl of. See A n g e l i n a . A p s e u d o n y m of H a r r i e t M a r t i n e a u . A n g e r m i i n d e ( ä n g - e r - m ü n ' d e ) . A t o w n i n t h e Anglesey, Marquis of. See Paget. A n g é l i q u e (oñ-zha-lek'). 1, One of t h e p r i n - p r o v i n c e of B r a n d e n b u r g , P r u s s i a , 42 miles A n g l e t e r r e ( o n - g l e - t a r ' ) . T h e F r e n c h n a m e of c i p a l c h a r a c t e r s in Moliereis " L e M a l a d e l m a - n o r t h e a s t of Berlin, o n t h e M ü n d e s e e . England. g i n a i r e . " She is t h e daughter of Argan, the imaginary Angerona (an-je-rö'nä), or Angeronia (-ni-ä). A n g l i a ( a n g ' g l i - a ) . A L a t i n n a m e of E n g l a n d ; invalid, who wishes t o marry her to t h e son of his physi- I n K o m a n m y t h o l o g y , a g o d d e s s w h o s e a t t r i - specifically, t h a t p a r t of E n g l a n d w h i c h w a s cian, M. Diafoirus, b u t is finally induced to give h e r to b u t e s a n d p o w e r s a r e n o t d e f i n i t e l y k n o w n . s e t t l e d b y t h e A n g l e s . See Eaat Anglia. She was, perhaps, t h e goddess who releases f r o m {or Cléante, t h e man she loves. A n g l i a n (ang'gli-an). A n a m e sometimes used 2. T h e w i f e of G e o r g e D a n d i n , i n Molifere's causes) anguish and secret grief. Her statue stood in t h e temple of Volupia (sensual pleasure), aud she was rep- f o r t h e old E n g l i s h (Englise) or Anglo-Saxon c o m e d y of t h a t n a m e . S e e George Dandin. resented with her finger upon h e r bound and sealed lips. of A n g l i a , t h e d i s t r i c t of B r i t a i n first o c c u p i e d A n g e l í ( a n ' j e l ) , J a m e s B u r r i l l . B o r n a t ScitA u a t e , R. I., J a n . 7, 1829. A n A m e r i c a n edu- n g e r s ( o n - z h ä ' ) . T h e c a p i t a l of t h e d e p a r t - b y t h e A n g l e s . m e n t of .Maine-et-Loire, F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d on A n g l o - L a t i n ( a n g - g l o - l a t ' i n ) . Middle or m e d i c a t o r . He was a graduate of Brown University and was t h e M a i n e 5 miles f r o m t h e L o i r e , in l a t . 47° e v a l L a t i n as w r i t t e n in E n g l a n d in t h e m i d d l e professor of modern languages there 1853-60, editor of the 28' N., long. 0° 33' W . : t h e R o m a n J u l i o m a g u s Providence " J o u r n a l " 1SG0-66, president of t h e Univer- or A n d e c a v i a ( A n d e g a v i a or A n d e g a v u m ) , a a g e s : t h e o r d i n a r y l a n g u a g e of t h e c h u r c h a n d sity of Vermont 1866-71, and president of the University t o w n of t h e A n d e c a v i or Andes, a Gallic t r i b e . t h e c o u r t s u n t i l t h e m o d e r n p e r i o d . I t is c h a r of Michigan after 1871. He was United States minister I t has an extensive trade and varied manufactures. I t a c t e r i z e d b y t h e l i b e r a l inclusion a n d f r e e L a t i n to China 1880-81, and commissioner in negotiating trea- was formerly t h e capital of Anjou, and t h e seat of a uni- izing of t e c h n i c a l a n d v e r n a c u l a r E n g l i s h a n d ties with t h a t country. versity and a military college. I t suffered severely in the N o r m a n or A n g l o - F r e n c h t e r m s .

Angel (án'jel), Benjamin Franklin. Bom at

Angelí, Joseph Kinnicut.

Born at Provi-

d e n c e , R . I., April 30, 1794: died a t Boston, M a y 1, 1857. A n A m e r i c a n legal w r i t e r . He

Huguenot and Vendean wars. The cathedral of Angers is an interesting m o n u m e n t of t h e Angevin Pointed style,

Anglo-Saxon (ang-glo-sak'son). glo-Sctxones,

[< ML. An-

more correctly written

Anglosax-

Anglo-Saxon o?ws, pi., also Angli Saxones or Angli et Saxones, r a r e l y Saxones Angli. T h e t e r m f r e q u e n t l y occ u r s in t h e c h a r t e r s of A l f r e d a n d his successors (chiefly i n t h e gen. pi. w i t h rex) as t h e g e n e r a l n a m e of t h e i r people, all t h e T e u t o n i c t r i b e s in E n g l a n d ; b u t i t is s o m e t i m e s confined to t h e p e o p l e s o u t h of t h e H u m b e r . T h e s a m e t e r m i s u s e d b y f o r e i g n c h r o n i c l e r s a n d w r i t e r s in L a t i n f r o m t h e 8th t o t h e 12th c e n t u r y , w i t h t h e g e n e r a l m e a n i n g . ] 1 . . . . , . neuil. As a soldier he served with distinction at Arques and A n i c e t - B O U r g e O l S ( a - n e - s a b o r - z i i w a ), A U Ivry, and he directed the sieges of Soissons and Lai Ro- g u s t e . B o r n a t P a r i s , D e c . 25, 1 8 0 6 : d i e d a t chclle. _ He is the reputedauthor of "Mémoires "^1662). p a U ; j a U i 1 2 , 1 8 7 1 . A F r e n c h d r a m a t i s t , a u t h o r

Angoulême, Duc d' (Louis Antoine de_Bour-

of vaudevilles, m e l o d r a m a s , etc. b o n ; . B o m a t Versailles, A u g . 6, 1775: died A ^ e t u s ( a n - i - s e ' t u s ) . L i v e d a b o u t 60 . 3 1844. IR-id T T>ia son of nf * „ _. . e -kt„ at n;vr.if* Göritz, J.TutiP u n e 3, h e ealddfei ss tt son A f r e e d m a n a n d t u t o r of N e r o . Charles X . of F r a n c e (Comte d ' A r t o i s ) a n d A n i c e t u s . B i s h o p of R o m e a b o u t 154-166 A. D. M a r i a T h e r e s a of Savoy, p r i n c e s s of S a r d i n i a . Aniche, or Aniches (a-nesh'). A manufacturHe opposed Napoleon in the south of France on his return from Elba, was a commander in the French invasion of ing a n d m i n i n g t o w n i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t of Nord, F r a n c e , 14 miles w e s t of V a l e n c i e n n e s . P o p u Spain in 1823, and was exiled in 1830. _ (Marie Thérèse lation (1891), c o m m u n e , 6,765. Angoulême, Duchesse d' i n 1 7 rQ "ClTarlotteT. "—-..^.n t» ' ' • Born at Yersaiilesi De'c. 19, 1778: Aniello, Tommaso. See Masaniello. died Oct. 19, 1851. D a u g h t e r of L o u i s X V I . A n i m u c c i a ( a - n e - m o ' c h a ) , G i o v a n n i . B o r n a t a n d w i f e of t h e Due d ' A n g o u l e m e , a n a c t i v e F l o r e n c e a b o u t 1490 ('?): died 1571. A n Itali a n c o m p o s e r of s a c r e d m u s i c . " H e composed adheTent of t h e ultra-royalists, A n g o u m o i s (oii-gö-mwä'). A f o r m e r division the famous 'Laudi,' which were sung at the Oratorio of Filippo after the conclusion of the regular office, and of w e s t e r n F r a n c e , w h i c h , w i t h S a i n t o n g e , S. out of the dramatic tone and tendency of which the 'Oraf o r m e d a g o v e r n m e n t p r e v i o u s t o t h e Revo- torio ' is said to have been developed. Hence he has been l u t i o n . ( C o m p a r e Saintonge.) It c o r r e s p o n d s called the 'Father of the Oratorio."' Grove, Diet, of Music. n e a r l y to t h e d e p a r t m e n t of C h a r e n t e . _ . _

t h e e a r l i e s t f o r m of t h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e , cons t i t u t i n g , w i t h Old Saxon, Old Friesic, a n d o t h e r d i a l e c t s , t h e Old L o w G e r m a n group, b e l o n g i n g t o t h e so-called W e s t G e r m a n i e div i s i o n of t h e T e u t o n i c s p e e c h . A n g o l Cân-gôl'). T h e c a p i t a l of Malleco, Chile, i n l a t . 37° 45' N . , long. 73° W . It was t h e capit a l of t h e f o r m e r t e r r i t o r y of Angol. P o p u l a t i o n (1885), 6,331. A n g o l a ( à n - g o ' l â ) . [ P g . Angola, r e p r . t h e n a - A n g r a (äng'grä). A seaport, capital of the Anio (ä'ne-ö), or Aniene (ä-ne-a ne), or Tevet i v e n a m e Ngola.'] 1. T h e Ngola t r i b e . — 2 . Azores, s i t u a t e d on t h e s o u t h e r n coast of Ter- r o n e ( t a - v a - r o ' n e ) . [L .Anio (Anien-) or Anicn, A r i v e r in c e n t r a l Italy, T h e n a t i v e A n g o l a n a t i o n , of w h i c h t h e N g o l a ceira, i n l a t . 38° 38' N., long. 27° IB' W . it is Gh\ IKviuv or t r i b e w a s t h e p r i n c i p a l . — 3 . T h e old P o r t u - the seat of a bishopric. I t was sur named " d o heroismo" t h e a n c i e n t Anio, w h i c h j o i n s t h e T i b e r 3 miles g u e s e colony of A n g o l a , f o u n d e d in t h e boun- for its patriotic opposition to the pretender Dom Miguel, n o r t h of R o m e . I t forms a waterfall 330 feet high near Tiyoli, and its valley is noted for its beauty and and a r i e s of t h e a n c i e n t n a t i v e k i n g d o m of A n g o l a , 1830-32. Population, about 11,000. a n d c a l l e d " R e i n o e C o n q u i s t a s de A n g o l a / ' — A i l g r a M a i n y u ( a n ' g r a m i n ' v o ) . See Ahnra tiquities. 4 . T h e m o d e r n P o r t u g u e s e p r o v i n c e of A n - Mazda. Aniruddha (an-i-rod'dhii). [Skt., ' u n c o n gola, c o m p r i s i n g t h e old k i n g d o m s of Kongo, Angra Pequena (ang'gra pa-ka'na). [Pg., t r o l l e d . ' ] I n H i n d u mythology, a son of P r a A n g o l a , a n d Benguolla, t h e n e w d i s t r i c t of ' L i t t l e B a y . ' ] A r e g i o n i n t h e p r o t e c t o r a t e of d v u m n a a n d g r a n d s o n of K r i s h n a . Uslia, a Daitya Mossainedes, a n d t h e l a t e s t a c c e s s i o n s b e t w e e n G e r m a n s o u t h w e s t e r n A f r i c a , e x t e n d i n g f r o m princess, daughter of Bana, falling in love with him, had t h e K u a n g u a n d K a s s a i r i v e r s . This province O r a n g e R i v e r n o r t h w a r d to t h e P o r t u g u e s e A n - him brought by magic to her apartments at Sonitapura. Bana sent guards to seize them, but Aniruddha slew them extends along the west coast of Africa from 6° to 17° gola n o r t h of Cape F r i o ( b u t e x c l u d i n g W a l f i s c h with an iron club. Bana then secured him by magic.

south latitude, and inland as far as the Kuan ^ t Tw ' is ', ia t 1 '11celebrated ! v f-l-1 il IT".for ; 11 'IAI nfor especially f f U S ( a n g ' g u s ) . T h e a n c i e n t n a m e of F o r f a r in its breed of goats. A battle was fought at Angora, .Tune i^ P 16,1402,betweenBajazetwith400,000^)Turks,andTimur tiovi n/„(„l(I( {Tamerlane) with 800,000 (?) Mongols, in which Bajazet A n g U S , E a r l Of. b e e JJoiiglas. was defeated. As a result Asia Minor fell into the hands A n g U S . In Shakspere's "Macbeth,77 a tnane of Timur. Population, about 36,000. of S c o t l a n d . Bayezld himself, with one of his sons, was taken pris- An*ha,1t ( a n ' h a l t ) . A d u c h y of n o r t h e r n Greroner, and the unfortunate Sultan becamea part of his vie- m a n y a n ( l s t a t e of t h e G e r m a n E m p i r e . It is tor's pageant, and was condemned in fetters to follow his surrounded by Prussia and consists of two chief portions, captor about in his pomps and campaigns. The fact that an eastern (Dessau-Kothen-Bernburg), which is level, and he was carried in a barred litter gave rise to the well- a western (Ballenstedt), which is hilly and mountainous. known legend that he was kept in an iron cage. It has also several enclaves. Its capital is Dessau, and its Poole, Story of Turkey. government a hereditary constitutional monarchy under Angornu (an-gor'no), or Angorno (an-gor' a duke and landtag. I t sends one member to the Bunand two members to the Reichstag. It becamc an nò), or N g o m u ( n ' g o r ' n o ) . A t o w n in B o r n u , desrat independent principality in the iirst part of the 13th cenS u d a n , s i t u a t e d n e a r L a k e Chad, a b o u t l a t . 12° tury and was often divided and reunited. The present 45' N., long. 13° E., a n i m p o r t a n t t r a d i n g cen- duchy was formed in 1863 by the union of the duchies of Anhalt-Dessau-Kothen and Anhalt-Bernburg. Area, 906 t e r . P o p u l a t i o n ( e s t i m a t e d ) . 50,000. square miles. Population (1S90), 271,963.

Angostura (an-gos-to'ra), or Ciudad Bolivar

(so-o-dad' b o - l e ' v n r ) . A t o w n in V e n e z u e l a . Anhalt-Bernburg, Christian, Prince of. See _ _ . s i t u a t e d o n t h e Orinoco in l a t . 8° 10' N., long. Christian. 63° 50' W . , n e a r t h e n a r r o w p a s s of tlie r i v e r A n h a l t - D e s s a u , L e o p o l d , r r m c e OI. See i e o a t t h e h e a d of ocean n a v i g a t i o n . It is a n im- pold. . portant commercial town. Population, about A n h o l t (än'hölt). A n island belonging to Den000 m a r k , s i t u a t e d in t h e C a t t e g a t 47 m i l e s n o r t h A n g o u l ê m e (on-gö-läm'). T h e c a p i t a l of t h e of Z e a l a n d . I t is s e v e n miles long, d e p a r t m e n t o f C h a r e n t e , F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d on t h e A n h o l t . A small t o w n m t h e p r o v i n c e ot WestC h a r e n t e in l a t . 45° 40' N., long. 0° 10'. .E. . : -t h. e pT^kh aJ.l i„"L a , P r u s s ~i a— , \s Ii tßu n^ilnn a t e d otinAuf t hhirflot e Yssel the /-.poóioiág.] At Assùan, at El-Kab, at Kasr-es-Syed, at Sheik Said, at An ancient town of Caria, situated on the 6,200. See Athapascan.

Apafi. See Abaji.

Zauwit-el->Ieitin, at Sakkarah, and at San the name of

g n o n d \ Born at Paris, July 11.1G97: died at Apappus frequently appears : and it may also be seen Paris, Jan. 28,1782. A French geographer and sculptured on the rocks at Wady Magharah, and at Hamcharto graph er. He was the author of ''Atlas màmat, a station on the road between Keneh and Kosscir. général" (1787-80), "États formés en Europe" The name Apappus signifies, in Egyptian, a giant, and this may be the basis of a tradition which describes him as (1771), etc. A4n w a r - i - S u h a i l ( â n - w à r ' ë - s i ï - h i r ) . [Pers., being nine cubits high, and also says that he reigned a M ariette, Outlines, p. 11. Lights of Canopus.'] The Persian version of hundred years. the so-called "Fables of Bidpai orPilpay,"made A p a s t a m b a (a-pas-tam'bha). The author of Suabout 1494 A. D. by H usai n Waiz al-Kashifi. tras connected with the Black Yajurveda and of I t is a simplified recast of that by 2sasr Allah of Ghazni, a Dharmashastra. To him or his school are asmade about 1130 from the Arabic Kalilah and Dimnah of cribed two recensions of the Taittiriyasamhita. Abdallah ibn al-Mogatfa, which in turn was made from the A p a t u r i a (ap-a-tu'ri-a). [Gr. 'Aiza-oipia.'] In Pahl avi version by Barzoi of the Indian original, from which Greek antiquity, the solemn annual meeting the Sanskrit Panchatantra and Hitopadesha were derived. of the phratries for the purpose of registering The star Canopus is taken as representing wisdom. the children of the preceding year whose birth

M e n a n d e r : the modern Ghera.

it contains the

remains of an ancient hippodrome which coincide on one side with the city walls. Both ends arc semicircular. The length is 919 feet, the breadth 270; the arena is 747 by 98 feet. There are 26 tiers of seats, divided into sections by flights of steps and bordered above by an arcaded gallery. There is also a Roman temple of "Venus, which is comparatively well preserved. I t is Ionic, octastyle, pseudodipteral, with 15 columns on the flanks, in plan 60 by 119 feet. The peristyle columns are 36 f feet high.

A p h r o d i t e ( a f - r o - d í ' t é ) . [Gr. 'AQpotiirq, associated by popular etym. with á2: was admitted into the confederation in lf>13: and u as divided into the halfcantons in 1597. Area, 162 square miles. Population

profess to be the words of the apostles, written down by Clement of Rome, but are considerably later than apostolic times. The first sixbooks, which have a strong Jewish-Christian tone, are the original basis, and. according to recent investigations, were composed, with the exception of some later interpolations, at the end of the third century, in Syria (or Asia Minor). The seventh and eighth books, (1388), 67,306. each of which, however, forms an independent piece, are A p p e n z e l l . T h e capital of t h e h a l f - c a n t o n of later additions, and date from the beginning of the fourth A p p e n z e l l I n n e r R h o d e s , in l a t . 47° 20' N., l o n g . Durdop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I. 84. century, at all events from a period before the Council of 9° 24' E . It h a s t w o m o n a s t e r i e s . Population Nicffia (325). The collection of the three parts into one Apollos , (a-pol'os). [Gr. 'ATTOMMC, a s h o r t e n e d whole may be the work of the author of the eighth book. (1888), 4.477. Schatf, History of the Christian Church, II. 185. Appenzell Inner Rhodes, G. Appenzell In* f o r m of ATTO7JLÙVIO^.'] F l o u r i s h e d a b o u t t h e m i d -

Aquarius

Appenzell Inner Rhodes nerrhoden. A half-canton, capital Appenzell, Appleton, Samuel, Born at New Ipswich, occupying the southeastern portion of the can- N. H., June 22,1766: died at Boston, July 12, t o n o f A p p e n z e l l . The religion is Roman Catholic 1853. An American merchant and philanthroand the language German. I t sends one member to the National Council. Population (188S), 12,9iJfci.

p i s t . He established himself with his brother Nathan as an importer in Boston in 1794, and later engaged exten-

Appenzell Outer Rhodes, G. Appenzell Aus- sively in cotton manufacture ut Waltham and Lowell. serrhoden. A half-canton, capital Trogen, Appleton, Thomas Gold. Born at Boston, which occupies the northern and western parts March 31, 1812: died at New York, April 17, of the canton of A p p e n z e l l . The religion is Protes- 1884. Aprose-writer, poet, and amateur painter. tant, and the language German. I t sends three members Appold (ap'old), John George. Born at Lonto the National Council. Population (1888), 54,200. don, April 14, 1800: died at Clifton, Aug. 31, Apperley (ap'èr-li), Charles James. Born in 1865. An English mechanician. He was the inDenbighshire, "Wales, 1777: died at London, ventor of a form of centrifugal pump and of a break which was used in laying the first Atlantic cable. May 19, 1843. An English writer on sporting Appomattox Court House (ap-o-mat'oks kort matters (under thé pseudonym " N i m r o d " ) . hous). A village and the capital of Appomattox Appian (ap'i-an), L. Appianus. [Or. 'Anntavôç.~] Born at Alexandria: lived in Kome during the County, Virginia, situated about 25 miles east o f L y n c h b u r g . Here, April 9, 1865, General Lee surreigns of Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius. rendered theConfederate army of Northern Virginia {about A Roman historian, author of a history of 26,000) to General Grant, practically ending the Civil War. Rome (in Greek) in twenty-four "books, of Appomattox River. A river of Virginia, joinwhich eleven, and parts of others, are extant. ing the James River 20 miles southeast of KichIt is a compilation from earlier writers. mond. It is about 150 miles long, and is naviAppiani (àp-pë-a'ne), Andrea. Born at Milan, gable for about 15 miles. M a y 23, 1754: d i e d at Milan, N o v . 8,1817. A Apponyi (op'pon-ye), Count A n t a l GySrgy. n o t e d I t a l i a n fresco-pa inter. Appian W a y , L. V i a Appia. The most fa- Born Dec. 4,1751: died March 17,1817. A Hunmous of the ancient Roman highways, it ran from garian statesman, founder of the Apponyi LiRome to Brundisium (Brindisi), and is probably the first brary at Presburg. great Roman road which was formally undertaken as a Apponyi, Count Antal. Born Sept. 7, 1782: public work. I t was begun in 312 B. C. by Appius Claudius died Oct. 17, 1852. A Hungarian diplomatist, Osecus, the censor, who carried it as far as Capua. The son of Antal Gyorgy Apponyi. next stage of the work extended it to Beneventum, and it probably did not reach Brundisium until 244 B, C., when Apponyi, Count Gyorgy. Bom Dec. 29,1808. a Roman colony was inaugurated there. A t present the A Hungarian statesman, grandson of Antal Appian Way, for a long distance after it leaves Homo, forms une of the most notable memorials of antiquity in or near the Eternal City, bordered as it is by tombs and the ruins of monumental buildings. Long stretches of the pavement remain perfect, and show that the width of the roadway proper was only 15 feet.

Appiano (âp-pë-â'nô). An Italian family, rulers of Piombino from the 14th to the 17th century. Its founder was Jacopo I., lord of Pisa 1392-98. Appii Forum (ap'i-ï fô'rum). In ancient geography, a station on the Appian Way 40 miles southeast of Rome. Appin (ap'in). A small district in Argyllshire, Scotland, lying along the eastern coast of Loch Linnhe. Appius and Virginia (ap'i-us and vèr-jin'i-a). A tragedy by Webster, printed iu 1654. See Appius Claudius (under Claudius), and Virginia.

Gyorgy Apponyi.

He was court chancellor and con-

servative leader before the insurrection of 1848-i9, and later nationalist leader.

Apponyi, Count Rudolph. Born Aug. 1,1812: died at Venice, May 31, 1876. A Hungarian diplomatist, son of Antal Apponyi. He was appointed Austrian minister (1856) and ambassador (i860) at the court of St. James, was relieved in 1871, and was transferred to Paris in 1872.

Apsethus who in Libya trained some parrots to say, " Ap sethus is a god," and then let them loose. They flew abroad, all over Libya and as far as Greece. He obtained divine worship. But a clever Greek found out the trick, caught some of the parrot3, and taught them to say, " A p sethus shut us up, and taught us to say, 'Apsethus is a g o d . ' " He let them fly to Libya. Upon which the Libyans burned Apsethus as an impostor. This is an old story told of Hanno the Carthaginian. Milman, Hist, of Christianity, I L 5-t, note.

Apsheron (áp-shá-ron'). A peninsula in Transcaucasia, Russia, which projects into the Caspian Sea and terminates in Cape Apsheron, in lat. 40° 20' N . , l o n g . 50° 25' E .

it is noted for its

petroleum-wells (in the vicinity of Baku) and its mud volcanoes.

Apsley House. The residence of the Duke of Wellington at Hyde Park Corner in London,

I t was built for Lord Bathurst in 1785, purchased by the government izi 1820, and presented to the Duke of Wellington as part of the national reward for his services. I t contains a picture-gallery with several pictures by Velasquez, a Correggio, several "Wouvermans, a Parmigiano, etc.

A p t (apt). A town in the department of Vaucluse, France, situated on the Calavon 28 miles east by south of Avignon: the ancient Apta Julia (a city of the Vulgientes). It contains important Roman antiquities and a cathedral. (1891), commune, 5,725.

Population

Apuan (ap'u-an) Alps, A chain of the northern Apennines, situated near Carrara, Italy. It is separated from the main range of the Apennines by the upper valleys of the Serchio and Magra.

Apuleius, or Appuleius (ap-ü-lé'us), Lucius. Born at Medaura, Numidia, about 125 A. D. A Roman Platonic philosopher and rhetorician, author of a famous romance, the "Metamorphoses, or The Golden Ass." He also wrote an " A p o l o g y , " philosophical works, etc. See Golden Ass, The. Apulia (a-pü'li-a), It. Puglia (po'lyá). In ancient geography, a region in Italy between the Apennines and the Adriatic, south of the Frentani and east of Samnium, conquered by R o m e i n the 4th century B. c.

Later it included

Appuleia gens. In ancient Rome, a plebeian the Messapian Peninsula. l£ was made a duchy under clan or house whose family names are Decia- the Normans in the middle of the 11th century. The ancient inhabitants were the Dauni, Peucetii, and Salennus, Pansa, and Saturninus. tini or Messapians. Appuleius. See Apuleius. Apraxin (a-prak'sin), Feodor. Born 1671: died Apulia (á-pd'lé-a). A compartimento of the Nov. 10, 1728. A Russian admiral, the chief modern kingdom of Italy, comprising the provcollaborator of Peter the Great in the founding inces of Foggia, Bari, and Lecce. it is one of of the Russian n a v y . He served with distinction in the wars against Sweden, Turkey, and Persia.

the least prosperous districts of Italy. miles. Population (1891), 1,778,323.

Area, 7,376 square

Phoenicia and Cyprus in a great sea-fight, after which he

T h e o d o r i ; the B i r d of P a r a d i s e .

vaveda they are objects of fear, regarded as occasioning madness, and incantations are, used against them. Later works mention various classes with distinctive names. They are distinguished as daivika. 'divine,' or laukika, 'worldly,' the former ten, the latter thirty-four. These, like Urvasi, fascinated heroes, and, like Mcnaka and Rambha, allured sages from their devotions. The Apsarases are Indra's hand-maidens, and conduct to his heaven warriors fallen in battle, where they become their wives.

name of Bath. Remains of the Roman bathing-houses have been discovered in the course of modern excavations. Among its temples was a magnificent one dedicated to Minerva, who is supposed to have been the patron goddess of the place. Wright, Celt, Roman, and Saxon, p. 143.

Apraxin, Stefan. Died in prison, Aug. 31, Apure (a-po-ra'). A river in western Venezuela, The story, originally told by Livy, forms the first novel of 1758. A Russian general, conqueror of the one of the principal tributaries of the Orinoco, the nineteenth day in the "Pecorone di Giovanni Fiorenwhich it joins in lat. 7° 35' N., long. 66° 50' W . tino," published in 1378, and was reproduced in Painter's Prussians at Gross-Jagerndorf, Aug. 30, 1757. Its length is about 600 miles, and it is naviga"Palace of Pleasure" (first ed. 1566) two centuries later. He was arrested for conspiracy. There is a version of it in the "Roman de la Rose." Apricena (a-pre-cha'na). A town in the prov- ble in its lower part. Chaucer tells it in " T h e Doctor's Tale," and Cower em- ince of Foggia, Italy, 25 miles north of Foggia. Apurimac ( á - p o - r é - m a k ' ) . [Quichua apu, bodied it in his "Confessio Ainantis." There was an ear- Population, about 5,000. chief, and rirnac, oracle.] A department in lier play, " T h e Tragical Comedy of Apius and Virginia,"by Apries (a'pri-ez). [Gr. 'Anpins, in L X X Ovapp?), the interior of southern Peru. Population, an unknown author whose initials were R. B. I t was probabout 140,000. ably acted as early as 1563, though not printed till 1575. Heb. Hophra, Egypt. Uahabra,'] A king of John Dennis also wrote a tragedy with this name in 1709. Egypt, the Pharaoh Hophra of the Bible, who Apurimac. The southernmost head stream of reigned about 590-570 B. C. the Ucayale, and hence of the Amazon, in Peru, Appius Claudius. See Claudius. Nebuchadnezzar was still king of Babylon, while Apries rising about 15° 10' S., and flowing north. From Appleby (ap'l-bi). The capital of Westmorethe confluence of the Mantaro (12° S.) it is called the Ené had (in B. C. 58$) succeeded his father, Psamatik I I . , as land, England, situated on the Eden 28 miles monarch of Egypt. The feud between the two powers its junction with the Perene; thence to the Ucayale it southeast of Carlisle. Population (1801), 1,776. was still raging, and Apries, about B. c. 570, determined to is known as the Tambó. The entire length to the Ucayale Appleton. The capital of Outagamie County, on an invasion of Syria both by sea and land, with the is about BOO miles. Wisconsin, situated at the falls of Pox River object of aggrandizing his own country at the expense of Apus (á'pus). [NL., from Gr. anovc, without Babylonians. Herodotus tells us that his fleet enin lat. 44° 18' N., long, 88° 21' W. It has manu- the One of the southern constellations gaged that of Tyre, while his land army attacked Sidon. feet.] factures of paper, etc. I t is the seat of Lawrence Univer- IJiodorus adds that he defeated the combined navies of formed in the 16th century, probably by Petrus sity (Methodist Episcopal).

Population (1890), 11,869.

It is situated

Appleton (ap'l-ton), Charles E d w a r d Cutts took Sidon, and made himself master of the entire Phoe- south of the Triangulum Australe, and its brightest star Rawlinson, Phoenicia, p. 182. is of the fourth magnitude. Birch. Born at Reading, England, March 16, nician seaboard. 1841: died at Luxor, Upper Egypt, Feb. 1,1870. A p r i l (a'pril). [ME. Aprile, Aprille, etc. (AS. Aquae Oalidae ( á ' k w e k a l ' i - d é ) . [L., 'hot An English journalist and man of letters. He rarely Aprclis), also and earlier Averil, Averel, springs.'] In ancient geography: (a) The modwas the founder of the " A c a d e m y " (the first number of Averyllc, OF. AvriU, F. Avril = Pr. Sp. Pg. Abril ern Vichy. (¿>) A place in Mauretania Csesariwhich appeared Oct. 9, 1869) and its editor 1869-79. = It. Aprile = D. April = MHG. Aprille, Abrilfc, ensis, south of Caesarea. (c) Same as Aquse Appleton, Daniel. Born at Haverhill, Mass., Abrelle, Aprill, G. April — Dan. Sw. April, from Solis. Dec. 10, 1785: died at New York, March 27, L. Aprilis (sc. mensis, month), April; usually, Aquae Sextise (á'kwe seks'ti-e). [L., 'springs 1849. Ail American bookseller and publisher, but fancifully, regarded as if from *aperiUs, of Sextius5 (C. Sextius Calvinus, proconsul).] founder of the publishing house of D. Appleton from aperirc, open, as the month when the eartli The Roman name of Aix, France. Scene of the and Company, New York. 'opens' to produce new fruits.] The fourth great victory of Marius over the Teutones, Ambrones, and Appleton, Jesse. Born at New Ipswich, N. H., month of the year, containing thirty days. With some other Germanic tribes, B. C. 102. Nov. 17, 1772: died at Brunswick, Maine, Nov. poets April is the type of inconstancy, from the change- Aquae Solis (á'kwe só'lis). [L., 'springs or 12, 1819. An American clergyman and educa- ableness of its weather. baths of the sun.J] The Roman name of Bath, tor, president of Bowdoin College 1807-19. He Apsaras (ap'sa-ras), pi. Apsarases. In Hindu England. mythology, one of a class of female spirits A city remarkable for its splendid edifices, its temples, was father-in-law of President Franklin Pierce. Appleton, John. Born at Beverly, Mass., Feb. w h i c h reside i n the b r e e z e s . They are wives of the its buildings for public amusement, and still more so for Gandharvas, have the power of changing their forms, its medicinal Baths. For this latter reason it was called 11, 1815: died at Portland, Maine, Aug. 22, are fond of dice, and give good fortune in play. They Aquae Solis, the Waters of the Sun, and for the same 1864. An American politician and diplomatist. are seldom mentioned in the Rigveda, while in the Atliar- cause its representative in modern times has received the He was graduated from Bowdoin College in 1334; commenced the practice of law at Portland, Maine, 1837 ; was Democratic member of Congress from Maine 1851-58 ; and was appointed minister to Russia by President Buchanan in 18(10.

Appleton, Nathan. Born at New Ipswich, N. H., Oct. 6,1779 : died at Boston, July 14,1861. Aquambo (á-kwám-bó'). A region on the Gold An American manufacturer and political econCoast, Africa, about lat. 6°-7° N., long. I o E. omist, brother of Samuel Appleton, and one Aquapim (a-kwa-pem"). A region on the Gold of the three founders of the town of Lowell, Apsethus (ap-se'thus). See the extract. Coast, Africa, about lat. 6° N., long. 0°. Massachusetts. He was member of Congress [L., 'the WaterAccording to the Philosophumena, Simon of G-ettim in Aquarius (a-kwa'ri-us). from Massachusetts 1831-33 and 1842. Samaria called himself a God, in imitation of a certain bearer.'] A zodiacal constellation supposed

Aquarius

69

Arabic

t o r e p r e s e n t a m a n s t a n d i n g w i t h his l e f t h a n d c o m p a n i o n s a t s c h o o l ) t h e " D u m b O x . " He the key to the Red Sea, in Yemen, with 42,000 inhabitants. e x t e n d e d u p w a r d , and w i t h h i s r i g h t p o u r i n g entered the Dominican order; studied at Cologne under Other important cities are Mecca and Medinah, with 45,000 and 20,000 inhabitants respectively. The populaout of a v a s e a s t r e a m of Water w h i c h flows Albertus Magnus; and taught at Cologne, Paris, Rome, tion is about 5,000,000, of whom one fifth are .Bedouins or i n t o the m o u t h of t h e S o u t h e r n F i s h . I t c o n - Bologna, and elsewhere. His followers were callcd " Tho- dwellers in tents, the remaining four fifths being sedenmists." Hischief work is the "Summa Theologies." His t a i n s n o star b r i g h t e r t h a n t h e t h i r d m a g n i t u d e . complete works were published in 1787, aud, under the tary. The races which have peopled the country are divided into three sections: the old, " lost ' Arabs (al Arabu A q u a v i v a ( a - k w a - v e ' v a ) , C l a u d i o . B o r n S e p t . auspices of Pope Leo X I I I . , in 1883. 14, 1543: d i e d a t R o m e , J a n . 31, 1615. A n A q u i n o ( a - k w e ' n o ) , A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of I'baidah), who are supposed to have lived in the mythical prehistoric period; the pure Arabs {al Arabu l-Aribah), I t a l i a n e c c l e s i a s t i c , g e n e r a l of t h e J e s u i t s Caserta, I t a l y , 55 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of N a p l e s : who claim to be descended from Qahtan (?". e., the Yoktan 1581-1615, n o t e d f o r his a d m i n i s t r a t i v e a b i l i t y . t h e s e a t of a b i s h o p r i c . I t was the birthplace of of the Old Testament — Gen. x. 25); and the mixed Arabs Juvenal, and Pescennius Niger, and gave his name to (a£ Arabu l-mutarihah), who claim to be descended from Aquednek (a-kwed'nek), or Aquidneck Thomas Aquinas. Ishmael. The period preceding the era of Mohammed is (a-kwid'nek). [ A m e r . In. it was destroyed by minister of war in 1882. He withdrew the budgets from rseum, w h i c h is b o u n d e d b y A f r i c a on t h e w e s t , Attila's forces. I t was the scene of various church coun- the English and French controllers, an act which resulted A r a b i a o n t h e n o r t h w e s t , P e r s i a a n d B a l u c h i s cils, and became the seat of au important patriarchate in in the bombardment of Alexandria by the English, July 11, t a n o n t h e n o r t h , a n d I n d i a on t h e east, a n d and the defeat of Arabi Pasha at Tel-el-Kebir, Sept. 13, is c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e R e d Sea b y the S t r a i t of the 6th century. Population, about 2,000. 1882. lie was taken prisoner at Cairo, and exiled to Ceylon. B a b - e l - M a n d e b , a n d w i t h t h e Pe-rsian Gulf b y The bishoprics which have most historical importance I t s c h i e f arras are t h e are those which at one time or another stood out in rivalry A r a b i a ( a - r a ' b i - a ) , T u r k , a n d P e r s . A r a b i s t a n t h e S t r a i t of O m a n . ( a - r a b - e - s t a n " ) . ' [ A l s o Araby, Arable, f r o m F . G u l f s of A d e n , O m a n , Cutch, a n d C a m b a y ; i t s or opposition to Rome. Such was the patriarchal see of probably 'the desert' (Heb. ardMh); islands, S o k o t r a , a n d t h e L a k k a d i v I s l a n d s . Aquileia, whose metropolitan jurisdiction took in Como Arable: G. at one end and the Istrian Pola at the other. The pa- L . Ardbi-a, G r . 'Apafiia, Sp. P g . I t . Arabia, A p e n i n s u l a w i t h t h e shape of Arabian Nights Entertainments, or A Thoutriarchs of Aquileia, standing as they did on the march Arabien, e t c . ] a n i r r e g u l a r t r i a n g l e b e t w e e n P e r s i a , S y r i a , s a n d a n d O n e N i g h t s . A c o l l e c t i o n of Oriof the Italian, Teutonic, and Slavonic lands, grew, une n t a l t a l e s of w h i c h the p l a n and n a m e a r e v e r y like most of the Italian prelates, into powerful temporal E g y p t , a n d E t h i o p i a , b o u n d e d on t h e w e s t b y a n c i e n t . The source of some of the stories has been princes. Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 171. t h e R e d S e a a n d t h e G u l f of S u e z , o n t h e south traced, others are traditional. Masude in 943 speaks of b y t h e Gulf of A d e n a n d t h e A r a b i a n Sea, o n a Persian work " A Thousand Nights and a Night." MoA q u i l i n (ak'wi-lin). T h e horse of R a y m o n d , the east b y t h e Gulf of O m a n and t h e P e r s i a n hammed-ibn-Isháq in his Al Fihrist in 9a7 alludes to it i n the " J e r u s a l e m D e l i v e r e d " b y Tasso. His G u l f , a n d on t h e n o r t h b y a p o r t i o n of S y r i a . as well known to him. In the course of centuries it had sire w a s t h e w i n d . The Greeks and Romans divided Arabia into A. Petrnea A q u i l l i a gens (a-kwil'i-a jenz). I n a n c i e n t (the stony), A. Deserta (the desert), and A. Felix (the hap- been added to and taken from to a great extent, and in K o m e , a p a t r i c i a n and p l e b e i a n c l a n or house py). Modern geographers recognize from 8 to 12 dis- 1450 it was reduced to its present form in Egypt, probably in Cairo. The tales show their Persian, Indian, and Arao f g r e a t a n t i q u i t y , w h o s e f a m i l y n a m e s u n d e r tricts,—the Sinaitic peninsula; the Hedjaz, along the bian origin. The modern editions are Antoine Galland's, t h e R e p u b l i c w e r e C o r v u s , Crassizs, F l o r a s , coast of the Red Sea, including the Haram (£. e., the sacred from the oldest known MS. (1548). published in French, Gallus, a n d T u s c u s . territory of Mecca and Medinah); Yemen, on the southern in Paris, in 1704-17, in twelve volumes, an inaccurate coast of the same sea (biblical Sheba); Hadramaut or translation: E. W. Lane's English translation, which is A q u i l l i u s ( a - k w i l ' i - u s ) , M a n i u s . A B o m a n g e n - Hazarmaveth,the province next to Yemen, situated toward scholarly, published in 1S40 ; Payne's English translation, eral, c o n s u l 101 B. c., and c o m m a n d e r in t h e w a r the Indian Ocean; Oman and Hajar, the northern and 1882-84; and Sir Richard Burton's English translation, in a g a i n s t t h e s l a v e s i n S i c i l y . He was accused of mal- southern halves of the coast on the Persian Gulf; >rejd, ten volumes, printed by the Kamashastra Society, for subadministration 9S B. C., but acquitted, and was defeated in or Central Arabia; and the Syrian desert. The area scribers only, at Benares, in 18*5-86. Five volumes wore the war against Mithridates 88 B. C. , and barbarously slain. of the country is about 1,201),000 square miles; one added in 1887-88. Lady Burton issued an expurgated edithird of this is a sandy desert. It has few permanent tion for popular reading at London, 1880-88, in six volumes, A q u i l o (ak'wi-lo). [L.] T h e north w i n d . A r a b i c ( a r ' a - b i k ) . O n e of t h e S e m i t i c f a m i l y of A q u i n a s ( a - k w l ' n a s ) , T h o m a s , Saint, or rivers, the rivulets that flow from the hills losing them- l a n g u a g e s , of w h i c h , w i t h the H i m y a r i t i c a n d selves in the sand. I t contains palm-trees and meadT n o m a s o f A q u i n o . B o r n a t R o c c a Sicca, ows, and is especially famed for its spicos. The high pla- E t h i o p i a l a n g u a g e s , it c o n s t i t u t e s t h e southern n e a r A q u i n o , I t a l y , 1225 or 1227: d i e d a t F o s s a teau of the Nejd, which rises from 3,000 to 4,000 feet above b r a n c h . I t is the language of the Koran, and has N u o v a , n e a r T e r r a c i n a , I t a l y , M a r c h 7, 1274. the level of the sea, is the home of the swiftest horses and largely contributed from its vocabulary to Persian, Hindustani, and Turkish, and in a less degree to Malay, Spanish, A f a m o u s I t a l i a n t h e o l o g i a n a n d s c h o l a s t i c camels. The principal seaports are Jiddah, in Hedjaz, and other tongues. This Semitic language invaded Africa p h i l o s o p h e r , surnained ' ' D o c t o r A n g e l i c u s , " with about 30,000 inhabitants; Muscat, the key to the long after its sister language, the Punic, had disappeared. " F a t h e r of M o r a l P h i l o s o p h y , " a n d ( b y his Persian Gulf, iu Oman, with 20,000 inhabitants; and Aden,

Arabie

Ararat

70

I t came in by Suez, across the Red Sea, and over the In- writer, brother of Dominique François Arago : dian Ocean from Muscat. I t has superseded the Hamitic author of " V o y a g e autour du monde" (1843), Egyptian, spread over the Sahara to Lake Chad and the Senegal, and in East Africa it has strongly impregnated etc. the Suahili. in Morocco, Algeria, Tunis, and Tripoli it Aragon (ar'a-gon). An ancient kingdom, now is the superior language, and from one end of the Sudan a captaincv-general of Spain, capital Sarato the other it is the sacrcd language of the Mohamme- gossa, bounded by France on the north, by dans. Ko where in Africa is the Arabic spoken in its classical form, but in a variety of dialects, the principal of Catalonia on the east, by Valencia on the south, which are the Egyptian, the Maghreb, in Northwest and by New Castile, Old Castile, and Navarre on Africa, the Sudani in the Sudan, and the Muscat dialect the west, comprising the provinces of Huesca, in East Africa. Saragossa, and Teruel. I t is traversed by mountains Arabicus Sinus (a-rab'i-kus sï'nus). A Roman and intersected by the Ebro. During the middle ages it was one of the two chief Christian powers in the peninname of the Keel Sea. sula. In 1035 it became a kingdom ; was united to CataloA r a b s . See Arabia. nia in 1137 ; rose to great influence through its acquisitions A r a b y (ar'a-bi). A poetical form of Arabia, in the 13tli and 14th centuries of Valencia, the Balearic Aracajà(a-râ-kâ-zho')' Thecapitalof thestateof Islands, Sardinia, and the .SicilieB ; and was united with Sergipe, Brazil, situated nearthe coast, 190 miles Castile in 1479 through the marriage of Ferdinand of Aranortheast df BahiVt. Population, about 3,000. gon with Isabella of Castile. Area, 17,978 square miles. Aracan. See Arakan. Population (1887), 910.830. Formerly also Arragon.

Aracati, or Aracaty (â-ra-ka-tê'). A seaport in tlie state of Cearâ, Brazil, in lat. 4° 35' S., long. 37° 48' W. Population, about 6,000._ Aracena (â-ra-thë'na). A town in the province of Huelva, Spain, 53 miles northwest of Seville. Population (1887), 6,040. Arachne (a-rak'në). [Gr. 'Apâ^vr?, identified with apâxv'v, a spider.] In Greek legend, a Lydian maidcu who challenged Athene to a contest in weaving, and was changed by her into a spider. Arachosia (ar-a-kô'shi-a). In ancient geography, a region in ancient Persia corresponding to part of the modern Afghanistan. A r a Coeli, Church of. [L., 'altar of heaven.']

Aragon. A river, about 125 miles long, which rises in the PjTenees, flows west and southwest through Aragon and Navarre, and joins the Ebro at Milagro. Aragona (â-râ-gô'n&). A town in the province of Girgenti, Sicily, 8 miles north of Girgenti. There are sulphur-mines in its vicinity. Population, about 9,000. Aragua (â-ra/gwà). A noted valley in northern Venezuela, east of Lake Valencia. It gave name to a former province of Venezuela. Aragliari (a-râ-gwa-rë'). A river in northern Brazil which flows into the Atlantic north of the Amazon. A r a g u a y a (â-râ-gwi'â). A river of central Brazil which rises about lat. 18° 30' S., flows north, See Santa Maria in Ara Cœli. A r a d (or'od), N e w . A town in the county of is separated in its middle course for a long disTemes, Hungary, across the river from Old tance into two arms, and joins the Tocantins about lat. 6° S. Its length is about 1,000 miles, Arad. Population (1890), 5,555. A r a d , or Old A r a d . A royal free city in the and it is navigable for about 750 miles. Araish. See El-Araish. countv of Arad, Hungarv, situated on the Ma- Arakan, or Aracan (â-ra-kân'). A division ros in lat. 46° 12' N.. long. 21° 16' E.: a rail- in the northern part of British Burma, ceded way center, the chief emporium in southeastern to the British in 1826. Population, 488,565. Hungary, and an important fortress, it has a Arakan. A decayed city in the division of Aralarge trade in grain, wine, tobacco, spirits, and cattle. In kan, in lat. 20° 42' N., long. 93° 24' E. the revolution of 1849 it played an important part ; it was Araktcheyeff (a-rak>cha'yef), Count Alexei. taken froij^ the Austrians after a long siege; was sur- Born Oct. 4,1769 : died at Grusino, government rendered by the Hungarians Aug., 1849 ; and was the scene of Novgorod, Russia, May 8, 1834. A Russian of the military executions by Haynau, Oct. 6,1849. Popu- general and minister of war (1806), the organlation (1890), 42,052. izer of the military colonies in Russia 1822-25. AraduS (ar'a-dus). See Arvad. A r a l Sea (ar'al sè), or Sea of Khuwarizm. A r a f ( a ' r à f ) , A l . [Said to be derived from Ar. A brackish inland sea of Russian Central Asia, arafa, part, divide.] The partition between in lat. 43° 42'-46° 44' N., long. 58° 18'- 61° 46'E. Heaven and Hell described in the Koran (Surah I t receives the waters of the Amu-Daria and Sir-Daria,

the affinity of the Celtic to other European tongues; he also disputed the then almost universally accepted direct derivation of latin from Greek. He has been highly idealized in a novel by Bulwer (pub. 1832), and his arrest is the theme of a well-known poem by Hood ("Dream of Eugene Aram"). A play, "Eugene Aram," by W. ¿.Wills, was produced by Henry Irving in 1873.

Aramea, or Aramsea. See Aram. Arameans, or Aramseans. See Aram. Aramaic (ar-a-ma'ik). One of the Semitic family of languages, properly a general term for all the northern Semitic dialects, and so including the so-called Chaldaic or Chaldean, and

S y r i a c or S y r i a n . Some portions of the " H e b r e w " Scriptures (Ezra, and Daniel, and parts of other books) arc in Aramaic. Also Aramean.

Araminta (ar-a-min'ta). 1. In Vanbrugh's comedy " The Confederacy." the wife of Moneytrap, an extravagant, luxurious woman with a marked leaning toward ''the quality."—2. The principal femaie character in Congreve's comedy " The Old Bachelor." Aramis (a-ra-mes'). One of the u Three Musketeers," in Duinas's novel of that name. He is the mildest and most gracious of the trio, and finally enters the church. The name is an assumed one, his real name being known only to the captain of the Musketeers.

A r a n (a-ran'), V a l l e de or V a l de. A valley in the Pyrenees, in the province of Lorida, Spain, northeast of the Maladetta group: the source of the Garonne. Aran,orArran,Islands(ar'an i'laudz). Three islands at the entrance ofGalwayBay, western coast of Ireland: Inishmore (length 8 miles), Inishmain, Inisheer: about lat. 55° N. Arana, Diego Barros. See Burros Arana, Diego. A r a n d a (a-ran'da) Count of (Pedro Pablo Abarca y B o l e a ) . Bom at Saragossa, 1718: died 1799 (1794?). A Spanish statesman and

diplomatist. As president of the Council of Castile he effected the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1767. later he was ambassador to France.

A r a n d a de Duero (a-ran'da da- dwa'rd). A town in the province of Burgos, Spain, situated on the Duero 57 miles east of Valladolid. Population (1887), 5,719. Arango y Parreno (a-rang'go e par-ra'no), Francisco de. Born at Havana, May 22,1765: died at G-uinos, March 21,1837. A Cuban law-

yer. He was twice the representative of Cuba in the Spanish Cortes, was councilor of state, and held other public offices; but he is best known for his numerous works on economical questions connected with Cuba.

v i i . 44). I t is variously interpreted. " Some imagine it to be a sort of limbo for the patriarchs and prophets, or but has no outlet and is thought to have been formerly Aranjuez (a-ran-Hweth'). A town in the provfor the martyrs and those who have been most eminent dry, the Amu-Daria and Sir-Daria then discharging into ince of Madrid, Spain, situated on the Tagus for sanctity. Others place here those whose good and evil the Caspian Sea. The Aral is generally shallow (maxi- 28 miles south of Madrid. It was a favorite royal works are so equal that they exactly counterpoise each mum depth 37 fathoms), and is veiled by storms. Its residence, and was the scene of the outbreak of the revother, and therefore deserve neither reward nor punish- length is 225 miles, greatest width 185 miles, height above olution of March, 1808, which overthrew Godoy and comment ; and these, say they, will on the last day be admitted sea-level about 160 feet, and area 24,500 square miles. I t pelled^ Charles IV. to abdicate. Population (1887), 9,649. into Paradise, after they shall have performed an act of is decreasing in size. Aranjuez,Peace of. A treaty of alliance against adoration, which will be imputed to them as a merit, and England concluded between France and Spain, will make the scale of their good works to preponderate. A r a m (â'ram), or Aramea, or Aramsea (ar-a- 1772. Others suppose this intermediate space will be a reeep. më'a). [ïi. Aram, Gr. }Xpâ/z, Heb. 'Arâm ; ï j .Aransas Bay[ (a-ran'zas ba). An arm of the tacle for those who have gone to war without their * Aramsea (sc. regio). The common etymology parents' leave, and therein suffered martyrdom ; being ex- ' highland' ia very doubtful.] Tho biblical Gulf of Mexico, northeast of Corpus Christi cluded from Paradise for their disobedience, and escaping name of the country extending from the west- Bay. hell because they are martyrs." Hughes, Diet, of Islam. ern frontiers of Babylonia to the highlands of Aransas Pass. A strait, the entrance to AranA r a f a t (a-rà-fat'). A sacred mountain of the w e s t e r n A s i a . The inhabitants of this country are sas Bay. Mohammedans, situated about 15 miles south5 called Arameans. The Septuagint and Vulgate render A r a n y (or'ony), J&nos. Born atNagy-Szalonta, the name by Syria. The Old Testameut mentions six dieast of Mecca, Arabia. A r a f u r a Sea (a-râ-fo'ra se). That part of the visions of the country, among them being Aram Naharaïm Hungary, March 2,1817: died at Budapest, Oct. ocean which lies north of Australia, east of Ti- (Gen. xxiv. 10), t. e., of the two rivers; Mesopotamia, prob- 22, 1882. A Hungarian poet. He became profesably the territory between the Euphrates and the Chabor sor of the Hungarian language and literature in the Remor, and southwest of Papua. where the Judean exiles were settled (2 Ki. xvii. 6) ; Pad» formed Gymnasium at Nagy-Koros in 1854, director of the A r a f u r a s . See Alfurcs. A r a g o (ar'a-gô; P. pron. â-râ-gô'), Dominique danaram, probably the designation for the flat country in Kisfaludy Society in 1860, and member of the Hungarian François. Born at Estagel, near Perpignan, northern Mesopotamia ; and Damascus. In the Assyrian Academy in 1858 (secretary 1864-78). He was the author of France, Feb. 26, 1786: died at Paris, Oct. 2, cuneiform inscriptions the names Aramu, Arimu, and the humorous poem " A z elveszett alkntn>dny"("TheloBt 1853. A French physicist and astronomer, Arumu are used, but only of Mesopotamia and the peoples Constitution," 1843), the epic trilogy "Toldi '"(1847-80), etc. on the western bank of the Euphrates. The principal Arany, Ldszltf. Born at Nagy-Szalonta, March noted especially for his experiments and dis- river Aram was the Orontes. The Arameans were in 24, 1844. A Hungarian poet, son of Janos coveries in magnetism and optics, and for his race, of and religion Semitic.. As early as the skill as a popular expounder of scientific facts periodlanguage, of the Judges an Âramean king extended his con- Arany. a n d t h e o r i e s . He was engaged with Biot in geodetic quests to Palestine (Judges iii. 8,10). David took Damas- Aranyos (or'on-yosh). [Hung, arany, gold.] measurements in the Pyrenees and Balearic Islands 1806- cus from them, but Solomon was obliged to restore it. A gold-bearing river in western Transylvania, 1808 : was imprisoned by the Spaniards and later by the Al- The last king of Damascus, Rezin, allied himself with which flows easterly to join the Maros. Its gerines as a spy, and liually released in 1809 ; became a Pekah, king of Israel, agiiinst Judah, but succumbed to member of the Academy and professor of analytical geom- Tiglath-Pileser of Assyria (74Ô-727 B. C.). Aram Naharaïm length is about 80-9*0 miles. etry at the Polytechnic School in 1809; lectured in Paris appears on Egyptian monuments and in the Tel-el-Amarna Aranza (a-ran'za), Duke. The principal charon astronomy 1812-45; and wa3 appointed chicf director tablets under the form Naharina. Thothmesl. and I I I . acter in Tobin's comedy " T h e Honeymoon. ,y of the observatory and perpetual secretary of the Academy and Amenophis I I I . conquered it several times ; but after Arapaho, or Arapahoe (a-rap'a-ho).* [Properin 1830. In the same year he became a member of the repeated attacks it Anally foil to the Assyrians. The Araly a plural form: but the plural Arapahocs is Chamber of Deputies, and in 1848 a member of the provi- means became an important factor in the Assyrian state ; sional government. With Gay-Lussac he was the founder their language seems to have become the common speech used. The name ia said by Schoolcraft to signi(ISl(i) of the "Annales de Chimie et ,de Physique." He of trade and diplomacy, and gradually supplanted Assyrian f y ' t a t t o o e d people.'] A tribe of North American Indians living chiefly on the head waters isjbest known, popularly, from his "Eloges historiques" in Assyria and Hebrew in Palestine. See also Syria. upon deceased members of the Academy, which he delivof the Platte and Arkansas rivers, but also rangered as secretary of that body. A r a m (â'ram), Eugene. Born at Ramsgill, ing from the Yellowstone to the Kio Grande. Yorkshire, 1704: died Aug. 6,1759. An English There are 1272 at the Cheyenne and Arapaho Agency, In» scholar, executed for fraud and the murder of dian Territory, and 885 at Shoshone Agency, Wyoming.

Arago, Etienne. Born at Perpignan, France, Feb, 9, 1802 : died at Paris, March 6, 1892. A French dramatist, journalist, politician, and poet, brother of Dominique François Arago: author of " L e s Aristocrates" (1847), etc.

Arago, Jacques Etienne Victor. Born at Estagel, near Perpignan, March 10, 1790: died in Brazil, Jan., 1855. A French traveler and

Daniel Clark, committed in Knaresborough in

See Algonquian.

1745. He taught at Knaresborough and elsewhere, and Arapiles (a-ra-pe'les). A village near Salawas arrested while acting as usher in a private school at manca, the principal scene of the battle of SalLynn Regis. The testimony of an accomplice, Houseman, through whom Clark's remains were discovered in a cave amanca, 1812. [L., also Ararix.] The ancient near Knaresborough, secured Aram's conviction. On his A r a r (a'rar). trial he defended himself with unusual ability. He was name of the river Saone. self-taught, but attained a very considerable knowledge of A r a r a t (ar'a-rat). The ancient name of a dislanguages, and has been credited with the discovery of trict in eastern Armenia between the rivers

71 Arcachon Ararat Araxes and the lakes Van and Urumiah; also zilian statesman, regent of Brazil during the Arber's English Reprints. A series of reused for all Armenia, and for the mountain- minority of the emperor Pedro II., April 22, prints of English prose and poetry in 30 numridge in tlie south of that country. The usual 1838, to July 23,1840. The emperor created him vis- bers, in 14 volumes (1st ed. 1868), ranging from statement that Koah's ark rested on Mount Ararat has no count of Olincla in 1841, and marquis of Olinda in 1S54. 1516 to 1712. These are somewhat longer than foundation in the Hebrew text,which reads " o n the moun- l i e was senator, and several times prime minister (1848- the pieces printed in the " Garner." tains of A r a r a t . " In the Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions 1849, 1857-59, 1862-64, 1865-06). A r b i l (ar-bel'). See Arbela. the country is mentioned under the name Urartu, and Araujo de Azevedo (a-rou'zho de a-za-va'do), A r b l a y (ar'bla), Madame d' (Frances Burmany expeditions of the Assyrian kings against it are Antonio de. Born near Fonte de Lima, May ney). Bom at Lvnn Regis, England, June enumerated. T h e Greeks called the Armenians Alaro14, 1754: died at Rio de Janeiro, June 21,1817. 13, 1752: died at Bath, England, Jan. 6, 1840. dians (Herod. I I I . 94). A Poi'tuguese statesman and diplomatist. He A noted English novelist. She was the daughter A r a r a t (ar'a-rat). [Heb. 'Ararat, Samaritan was made minister of war and foreign affairs, July, 1804, of Dr. Burney, the musician, and the w i f e (married Hararát. The Ar. name is Maasis, Turk. Agkri- and toward the end of 1807 prime minister. I t was by July 31, 1793) of General d'Arblay. She wrote " E v e l i n a , Dagh, Pers. Kahi-Xuh (Noah's Mountain).] A his advice that the Portuguese court lied to Brazil (2iov., or a Y o u n g Lady's Entrance into the "World" (1778), " C e volcanic mountain which rises in two summits 1807). Arrived at Itio de Janeiro (March, 180S), he resigned, cilia " (1782), " E d w y and Elvina," a tragedy (actcd March (Great Ararat and Little Ararat) from the plain remaining a member of the Council of State, and in 1815 21, 1795), " Camilla " (17iM>'), " l o v e and Fashion," a comcreated condc de Barca. Tn 1814 he was minister of edy (1800), " The Wanderer " (1814), " M emoirs of Dr. Burof the Araxes, in lat. 39° 40' N., long. 44° 20' E.: was marine, and in 1817 was again called to be prime minister, ney " (1832), " L e t t e r s and Diaries " (6 vols. !;-;•!-2; 2 vols. 1*46), the traditional resting-place of Noah's ark (see holding the position until his death. above). I? lies on the confines of Russian, Turkish, and Persian Armenia, the summit belonging to Russia. T h e mountain was partly altered by an earthquake in 1840. I t was ascended by Parrot in 1829, and since that t i m e by Bryce and others. T h e height of Great Ararat is about 17,-ÜOO f e e t (17,325—Parrot); that of Little Ararat, 12,840 feet.

Araujo Porto-Alegre (a-rou'zlio por'to-a-la'gre), Manoel de. Born at Rio Pardo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, Nov. 20, 1806: died at Lisbon, Portugal, Dec. 30, 1879. A Brazilian poet, painter, and architect : author of a collection of poems entitled " Brazilianas." Ararat. A town in Ripon County, Victoria, Arausio (a-ra'shi-o). [Gr. Apavciwv.'] A town Australia, situated on Hopkins River 55 miles of the Cavari, the modern Orange. France. northwest of Ballarat. It contains gold-ñelds. Aravalli, or A r a v a l i (ar-a-val'§),' or A r a v u l l i Population, about 4,000. (ar-a-vul'i) Hills. A range of mountains in Araros (ar'a-ros). [Gr. >A¡>ap¿>c.~] An Athenian Rajputana, India, about 300 miles in length, comic poet, the son of Aristophanes. He brought extending from northeast to southwest. Its out his father's " P l u t u s " 388 B. c., and ap- highest point is Mount Abu (about 5,000 feet). peared as an original poet 375 B. C. A r a w a k s (a'ra-waks). A tribe of Indians, now A r a s (á-rás'). A river, the ancient Araxes, reduced to a few thousand, living in a semiwhich rises in Turkish Armenia, flows through civilized state in British G-uiana, near the coast. Transcaucasia, forms part of the boundary be- Formerly they were very numerous, and they appear to tween Russia and Persia, and joins the Kur have occupied most of the W e s t Indian islands with the about lat. 39° 55' N., long. 48° 25' E. Its length coasts of Guiana and part of Venezuela. A t the time of the conquest they.had been driven out of t h e l e s s e r A n t i l l e s is 400-500 miles. by invasions of the Cai'ibs, but w e r e found by Columbus in

Aratus (a-ra'tus). [Gr. "Aparog.'] Lived about 270 B. o. A Greek poet, said to have resided during the latter part of his life at the court of Antigonus G-onatas, and to have devoted himself to the study of physic, grammar, and phi-

Haiti, and it is probable that the first Indians discovered by him in the Bahamas w e r e of the same race. The Arawaks were a gentle, well-disposed people, practising agriculture, but with l i t t l e civilization. They were constantly forccd to defend themselves against the Cai'ibs. Also written Arrawacs, Arwakas, Arruagues.

l o s o p h y . H e " w a s the author of an astronomical epic which Cicero translated, entitled 'Prognostics of the W e a t h e r ' (Diosrmeia). I t is from Aratus that St. Paul, addressing the Athenians, quotes the words ' For w e are also his offspring ! ( A c t s xvii. 28)" (Jebb, Greek Lit.).

A r a w a n (a-ra-wan'). An oasis and trading center in the French Sahara, 140 miles northwest of Timbuktu. Araxes (a-rak'sez). [Gr. Apd^g.] The anAratus. [Gr. "Aparor.] Born at Sicyon, Greece, cient name of the Aras and perhaps of other 271 B. C.: died 213 B. C. A Greek statesman streams flowing into the Caspian Sea. a n d g e n e r a l . H e liberated Sicyon f r o m the usurper Nicocles in 251; was elected stratcgus of the Achaean League in 245 f o r the first t i m e ; took the citadel of Corinth i n 243; was defeated in a succession of campaigns by the Spartans under Cleotuenes; formed an alliance w i t h Antiguuus of Macedón, who defeated Cleomenes at the battle of Sellasia 221 b. C. ; and carried on an unsuccessful defensive war against the JEtolians 221-219 b. c. H e composed commentaries in thirty books (all now lost) which brought the history of Greece down to the year 220 B. C. H e is said to have been, poisoned by P h i l i p of Macedón.

Araxes (Aras) seems to have been a name common in the daysof Herodotus to all the great streams flowing into the Caspian, just as Don has been to all the great Scythian rivers (Tan-ais, Dan-aper or Dniepr, Canaster or Dniestr, Conau, jDon-aub or D(Wi-ube, &c.), and as A v o n is to so many English streams. Haivlinson, Ilerod., I I I . 9, note.

From 1786 to 1791 she occupied a subordinate position at court.

Arboga (ar-bo'ga). A town in the lan of "Westerns, Sweden, situated on the Arboga near Lake Malar, 76 miles northwest of Stockholm. It was formerly of great importance, the seat of many councils and diets. . Population (1890), 4,576.

Arbogast (ar'bo-gast), or Arbogastes (ar-bogas'tez). Died 394 A. D. A Frankish general in the Koman service. Yalentinian I I . was slain by

his order while participating in the athletic sports of the soldiers, and Eugenius, a client of Arbogast, was proclaimed emperor. H e was defeated by Theodosius in 394, on the Frigidus north of Aquileia, and after marching about the mountains f o r t w o days fell upon his sword, and so perished.

Arbois (ar-bwa'). A town in the department of Jura, France, in lat. 46° 55' N., long. 5° 45' E., famous for its wines. It is the birthplace of Pichegru. Population (1891), 4,355. Arbois deJubainville(ar-bwa'dezhu-ban'vel), Marie Henri d\ Bom at Nancy, Deo. 5, 1827. A French archaeologist. Arboleda (ar-bo-la'THa), Julio. Born in Barbacoas, 1817: died Nov. 12, 1862. A Colombian poet and revolutionist. H e early took rank among the first poets of Spanish America, but the manuscript of his greatest work, " G o n z a l o de Oyon," was destroyed by a personal enemy, and only portions which had been copied were published. I n 1856 he joined the revolt in Antioquia, became its leader, and in alliance w i t h Moreno, president of Ecuador, carried on a war against Mosquera and the federalists. T h e states of western Colombia adhered to him, and he assumed the supreme p o w e r ; but in the midst of his success he was assassinated.

Arbon (ar'bon). A t o w n in the canton of Thurgau, Switzerland, situated on the Lake of Constance 16 miles southeast of Constance. Arbrissel or Arbrisselles (ar-bre-sel'), Robert d\ Born at Arbrissel or Arbrises, Brittany, Arbaces (ar'ba-sez or ar-ba'sez). [Gr. Ap- 1047: died Feb. 25, 1117. A French ecclesias/Sck^f.] The founder of the Median empire. tic, the founder of the order of Fontevrault. H e was appointed vicar-general of the Bishop of Rennes He reigned about 876-848 B. C. Arbaces. 1. In Beanmont and Fletcher's 1 ' King in 1085 ; became professor of theology at Angers in 1089; t w o years later retired to the forest of Craon. where Arauca (íi-rou'ká). A river in Colombia and and No King," the King of Iberia, whose nature and he founded the abbey of De Rota. Later he founded the western Venezuela, a tributary of the Orinoco. is a compound of vainglory and violence.— celebrated abbey of Fontevrault, near Poitiers, after which Araucana (a-rou-ka'na). A heroic poem, in 2. A character in Dr. Arne's opera "Arta- the order was named. thirty-seven cantos, by the Spanishpoet Alonso xerxes."—3. In Byron's " Sardanapalus," the d e E r c i l l a . I t is partly a geographical and statistical Governor of Media, who became, in place of Arbroath (ar-broTH'), or Aberbrothock (ab-6raccount of the province of Araucania and partly the story Sardanapalus, the king of Nineveh and As- broth'ok), or Aberbrothwick (ab-er-broth'of the expedition f o r the conquest of Araucania in which syria. ik). A seaport in Forfarshire, Scotland, the author took part. Arbailu (ar-bii-e'lo). [Assyr., 'cityof the four situated on the North Sea 17 miles northeast Araucania (a-rou-ka'né-á). A region in southof D u n d e e . I t has manufactures of jute, flax, linen, ern Chile which included the territory south of gods.'] Same as Arbela. etc. N e a r i t is a ruined abbey, founded in 1178. Poputhe Biobio River to the Gulf of Ancu—that is, Arbasto (ar-bas'td) the Anatomie of For- lation (1891), 22,821. nearly the modern provinces of Biobio, Arauco, tune. A novel bv Robert Greene, printed in Arbues (ar-bo-as'), Pedro. Born at Epila, AraMalleco, Cautin, and Valdivia. See Araucani- 1584. gon, 1442: died Sept. 17,1485. A Spanish AuArbate (ar-bat/). 1. A character in Moli&re's gustinian monk, appointed by Torquemada an ans. Araucanians (ar-á-ka'ni-anz). or Araucanos comedy " L a Princesse d'Elide."—2. A char- inquisitor of Aragon 1484. H e was fatally wounded in the night of Sept. 14-1.% 1485, as the result of a conspir(a-rou-ka'nos). [Said to be derived from a acter in Racine's play " Mithridate." verb of their language, aucani, to be savage, un- A r b e (ar'ba), Slav. Rab (rab). An island, acy of the relatives of his victims. conquerable.] A tribe of Indians in southern about 14 miles long, in the Adriatic Sea 35 miles Arbuthnot (ar'buth-not; Sc. pron. iir-buth'not), Chile. They were very numerous and warlike, and s u o southeast of Fiume, belonging to Dalmatia, John. Born at Arbuthnot, Scotland, 1667: died at London, Feb. 27, 1735. A British physician, céssfully resisted the Incas in the 15th century. F r o m Austria-Hungary. w i t , a n d m a n of letters. H e studied at Aberdeen the time when their territory was first invaded by Valdivia and St. Andrews, aud was appointed physician extraorArbedo (ar-ba'do). A village in the canton of (1544) they waged a continual war against the Spaniards. Ticino, Switzerland, 2 miles northeast of Bel- dinary to Queen Anne Oct. 30, 1705, and physician in orValdiviff himself was killed by them (1553), as was one of his successors, l l a r t i n Garcia Loyola (1598), and twice the linzona. Here, 1422, the Swiss defeated the dinary N o v . 11, 1709. The Tory ministry employed him as a political writer, and he joined with Swift, Pope, Gay, whites were completely driven f r o m their territory. T h e Milanese ( " b a t t l e of St. Paul"). and t'arnell to form the Scriblerus Club about 1714. His tribe still numbers over 20,000. Originally they were rovA r b e l a (ar-be'la). [See Arbailu.'] In ancient chief works are " L a w is a Bottomless P i t ; or, History of Ing and very savage, but they now practise agriculture and h a v e considerable herds. F e w of them are Catholics.

Arauco (a-rou'ko;. A province (capital Lebu) in southern Chile. Area, 4.248 square miles (formerly larger). Population (1891), 86,236. AraUCO. A f o r t a n d t o w n of Chile, south of Concepción, and originally about 6 miles from t h e s e a : f o u n d e d b y V a l d i v i a i n 1552. During the early Araucanian wars it was a post of great importance. Besieged by the Indians, it was abandoned and destroyed in 1553; rebuilt by Mendoza, 1559; again abandoned when attacked by Antihucno, 1563; rebuilt in 1506 and withstood what might be called a continuous siege f r o m 1559 to 1590, when it was removed to the present site on the coast. T h e modern town is a port of some importance. Population, about 4,000.

Araujo Lima (a-rou'zho le'm&), Pedro de. Bom at Antas, Pernambuco, Bee. 22, 1793: died at Rio de Janeiro, June 7, 1870. A Bra-

g e o g r a p h y , a t o w n i n A s s y r i a , lat. 36° 8 ' N . , long. 44° 4 ' E . , t h e m o d e r n A r b i i , E r b i l , o r E r v i l . I t was an early seat of the worship of Iatar, and a place of considerable importance. iNcar here, at Gaugamcla, the Macedonians (47,000) under Alexander the Great defeated the Persian army (about 1,000,000 ?) under Darius, in 331 B. o. This battle led to the final overthrow of the Persian empire.

Arber (ar'ber). The highest group of the Bohmerwald, situated in Bavaria about 50 miles east of Ratisbon. The height of the Grosser Arber is about 4,780 feet. Arber's English Garner. A series of selections of English prose and poetry in 10 volumes, printed by Edward Arber from manuscript or printed originals, ranging from 1-402 to 1715. T h e y are mostly tracts, poems, and short pieces, given with modern spelling. T h e series of " English Reprints " f o l l o w s the original exactly.

John B u l l " (1712), " M e m o i r s of Martinus mainly Arbuthnot's (1741).

Scriblerus,"

Arbuthnot, Marriot. Bom 1711: died at London, Jan. 31, 171)4. An English admiral, commander of the fleet in the siege and capture of Charleston in 1780. He became an admiral of the blue in 1793. A r c (ark). A river in the department of Savoie, France, which joins the Isere at Chamousset. Its length is about 90 miles. Arc, Joan Of. See Joan of Arc. Arcachon (ar-ka-shon'). A watering-place in the department of Gironde, France, situated on the Bassin d?Arcachon 35 miles southwest of Bordeaux. It is noted as a winter resort, and also as a place for sea-bathing. Population (1891), commune, 7,910.

72 Archilochus Arcades Arcades (&r'ka-dez). [Gr. AptcaSec, Arcadians.] wickshire, England, Nov. 10,1826. An English Archelaus (är-ke-lä'us). [Gr. 'ApxeTiaos."] One A mask, by Milton, acted shortly after u Cortrus" social reformer, fotinder of the National Agri- of the Heraclidte, the traditional founder of the cultural Laborers' Union in 1872. Macedonian royal house. ill 1634, and printed in 1645. Ajrch of Augustus, or Porta Romana. A fine Arcadia (&r-ka/di-a). [Gr. Apaadia, from Aptcas, simple Roman triumphal arch at Rimini, Italy, Archelaus. Lived about 450 B. C. A Greek Arcadian.] I n ancient geography, a region in built in 27 B. c. in honor of the restoration philosopher of the Ionian school, said to have the heart of the Peloponnesus, bounded by of the Flaminiau Way. It is of white travertine, been the instructor of Socrates and Euripides: Achaia on the north, by Argolis on the east, 4,5.9 feet high and 28.8 thick, with a single arch 2L>.5 feet surnamed. "Physicus" (" the physicist') from by Laconia and Messenia on the south, and by high and 26.9 wide. A Corinthianflutedcolumn on each his devotion to physical science, l i e regarded Elis on the west. It is nearly surrounded and is in- side of the archway supports an entablature, above which heat and cold as the principles of generation. tersected by mountains, and was proverbial f o r its rural there is a low pediment. In the spandrels are medallions ArchelaUS. Died 399 B.C. King of Macedon simplicity. I t s cities Tegea, Mantinea, etc., formed a of divinities. 413-399 B.C., the natural son of Perdiccas II, confederation about 370-360 B. c. A r c h of Constantine. An arch in Rome built H e was a patron of Hellenic art and literature, and atT h e history of the rise in modern literature of an ideal 312 A. D. in honor of Constantine's triumph over tracted to his court Zeuxis, Euripides, and Agathon, and A r c a d i a — t h e home of piping shepherds and coy shepherdesses, where rustic simplicity and plenty satisfied the ambition of untutored hearts, and where ambition and its crimes were u n k n o w n — i s a very curious one, and has, I think, been first traced in the chapter on Arcadia in my " R a m b l e s an-d Studies in Greece." Neither Theocritus nor his early imitators laid the scene of their poems in A r c a d i a ; this imaginary frame was first adopted by Sannazaro. Mahaffy, Hist. Classical Greek Lit., I . 420.

Maxentius. I t has a large central archway between two smaller ones, and four Corinthian columns on each front. The attic bears a long inscription. Much of its abundant sculpture was taken from the destroyed Arch of T r a j a n ; that of Constantiue'B artists, associated with it, is much iuferior.

invited Socrates, who declined.

Archelaus.

A Cappadocian general in the

service of Mithridates. H e was defeated by Sulla at Chceronea in 86 B. c., and at Orchomenua in 85, and deserted to the Romans in 81.

ArchelaUS. King of Egypt 56 or 55 B. C., a son A r c h of Drusus. An arch (wrongly named) of Archelaus of Cappadocia. He became high built by Caracalla to carry an aqueduct for the priest at Comana 63 B. C., and secured the hand of Beresupply of his thermae over the Via Appia near nice, queeu of Egypt, by representing himself to be the Arcadia (&r-ka-de'a). A nomarchy of modern the gate of San Sebastiano. it is built of traver- son of Mithridates Eupator. H e was defeated and slain Greece. Area, 2,028 square miles. Popula- tine, mcrusted with white marble, and decorated with by the Romans after a reign of six months. King of Cappadocia from about tion (1889), 148,285. Composite columns, and originally had on each side an ArchelaUS. 34 B . C . t o 17 A . r>., a g r a n d s o n o f A r c h e l a u s Arcadia (ar-ka'di-a), 1. A description of shep- entablature and a pediment. The style is very poor. herd life, in prose and verse, by Sannazaro, A r c h of Hadrian. A triumphal gateway at ( a b o u t 56 B. C . ) . H e owed his elevation to Mark Anwho was captivated by the charms of Archelaus's written toward the end of the 15th century. Athens, probably built by Hadrian, between tony, mother, Glaphyra. H e sided with Antony in the war with Though itself not a pastoral romance, it appears to have the old city and his new quarter, it is 59 feet Octavian; was suffered, after the defeat of Antony, to first opened the field to that species of composition.

2. A pastoral romance by Sir Philip Sidney, published in 1590, but written in 1580-81. Its whole title 13 " T h e Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia." Although the scenes are artificial, the freshness of Sidney's style gives reality and interest to it.

3. A romance by Robert Greene, published in

1589. I t is formed on the model of Sidney's celebrated pastoral, which, though it was not printed till some years after the publication of Greene's Arcadia, had been written a considerable time before it. Dunlop, Hist, of Prose Fiction, I I . 557.

4. A pastoral romance by Lope de Vega, modeled on Sannazaro, which, though written long before, was not printed till 1598.—5. A pastoral play by Shirley, printed 1640, having been acted some time previously. This is a dramatization of Sir Philip Sidney's romance.

A i c a d i u s (ar-ka'di-us). [Gr. 'Apnadtog.'] Bom in Spain 383 (377 ?) A. D. : died May 1,408. Byzantine emperor 395-408, the older of the two sons of Theodosius and Flaccilla. He succeeded, under the guardianship of Rutin us, to the eastern half of the empire on the death of his father and the permanent division of the Roman Empire. Rufinus claimed the civil government also of the Western Empire, and was murdered in 395 by Gainas, commander of the Gothic mercenaries at Constantinople, who acted under the instructions of Stilicho, the guardian of Arcadius's brother Honorius, emperor of the West. Arcadius now fell under the influence of the eunuch Eutropius, supported by Gainas. A f t e r the death of Eutropius (399) and of Gainas (401) he was governed entirely by his dissolute wife Eudoxia. I n this reign Alaric settled with his West Goths in Illyria, and was appointed

high, w i t h a'single arch 20 f e e t high. Above the arcli there is an attic with three large openings, originally closed. Above the central opening there is a pediment. The arch was decorated on each side with Corinthian columns. Arch of Janus Quadrifrons. A n a r c h in t h e Velabrum, R o m e , at the northeastern extremity of the Forum Boarium. I t is a four-way arch of marble, largely built of older architectural fragments., late in period and degraded in style. The interior is covered with a simple groined vault. The four fronts bear 32 niches f o r statues of divinities, and on the massive piers 16 blind niches flanking the archways. The attic is destroyed. The structure was used in antiquity as a kind of financial exchange. A r c h of Septimius Severus. A n a r c h i n t h e R o m a n F o r u m , d e d i c a t e d 203 A . X>., i n c o m m e m i t is of oration of victories o v e r the Parthians. Pentelic marble, with a central arch and two side arches, flanked by four Corinthian columns on each face. There are panels over the side arches and a frieze above all with reliefs of Roman triumphs. The attic bears inscriptions. A r c h of Titus. A n a r c h i n R o m e , b u i l t i n c o m m e m o r a t i o n o f t h e t a k i n g o f J e r u s a l e m , i t has a single archway, the opening flanked on each face by four Composite columns. The spandrels bear Victories in relief, and on the high attic is the dedicatory inscription. The vault is richly coffered and sculptured, and the interior faces of the piers display reliefs of Titus in triumph, with the plunder of the temple at Jerusalem, in which the seven-branched candlesticks are conspicuous.

retain his kingdom, to which was subsequently added part of Cilicia and Lesser Armenia; and was summoned to R o m e by Tiberius, where he was detained till his death.

ArchelaUS. Died at Vienna, Gaul. Ethnarch of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea about 3 B. c.7 A.D., a son of Herod the Great. He was deposed by Augustus. Archelaus. Lived probably in the 1st century A. D. A Greek sculptor. A bas-relief, the "Apotheosis of Homer," carved by him, is in the British Museum. Archenholz (är'chen-hölts), Baron Johann Wilhelm von. Born near Dantzic, Sept. 3, 1743: died near Hamburg, Feb. 28, 1812. A German historian. He wrote " Geschichte des siebenjährigen Kriegs" (1793; "History of the Seven Years' W a r " ) , etc. Archer (är'cher), Branch T. Born 1790: died Sept. 22, 1856. A Texan revolutionist and politician. H e removed to Texas in 1831, presided over the "Consultation" Nov. 3,1835, was a member of the first Texan congress 1836, was sent to Washington where he became speaker of the House and was secretary of war, 1839-42.

Archer. In Farquhar's comedy " The Beaux7 Stratagem," a friend of Aim we 11 who pretends to be his servant in order to further the success of the stratagem. He carries on various lively A r c h of Trajan. 1. An arch over the Appian adventures on his own account. See Aimwell. Way at Benevento, Italy, dedicated A. D. 114, Archer, The. See Sagittarius. and one of the finest of ancient arches, it is of Archer River. A river in Cape York Penindux in Illyricum orientate. white marble, 48 f e e t high and 30£ wide, w i t h a single sula, Queensland, Australia, which flows into A r c a d y ( a r ' k a - d i ) . An obsolete or poetical arch measuring 27 by 1 f e e t . On eacli face there are the Gulf of Carpentaria. four engaged Corinthian columns, with an entablature, form of Arcadia. [Gr. Ap~ above which is a paneled attic. The arch is profusely Archias (är'ki-as), Aulus Licinius. Arcagnolo. See Orcagna. sculptured with reliefs illustrating Trajan's l i f e and his ^/af.] A Greek poet, a native of Antioch (from A r c 3e Triomphe du Carrousel (&rk de tre- Dacian triumphs. There are Victories in the spandrels and a b o u t 120 B . C . ) . Cicero defended him (61 b. c.) against 6nf' du ka-ro-sel'). [F., 'triumphal arch of dedicatory inscriptions on the central panels of the attic. the tilting-yard.'] A triumphal arch built by 2. An arch erected at Ancona A. D. 112. It is of the charge of assuming Roman citizenship illegally, in an Napoleon I. at Paris, in commemoration of his white marble, and stands at the end of the breakwater oration (pro Archiä poetä) from which chiefly he is known. victories of 1805-06, in the square inclosed by built by Trajan, and is perhaps the best-proportioned of Archibald (är'chi-bäld), Sir Adams George. the Tuileries and the Louvre, it imitates, on a all Roman triumphal arches. I t has a single opening 46 Born at Truro, Nova Scotia, May 18,1814: died smaller scale, the Arch of Constantine at Rome. I t has by feet, two engaged Corinthian columns on the face at Halifax, Dec. 14,1892. A Canadian politician a large archway between t w o small ones{ flanked by Corin- of each pier, and a high attic above the entablature. and jurist, secretary of state for the Dominion thian columns, au entablature, and a high attic. Reliefs Archangel (ark-an'jel), or Archangelsk (ar- of Canada 1867-68, and lieutenant-governor of over the small archways represent incidents of the camchang'gelsk). The largest and northernmost Manitoba and the Northwest Territories 1870paigns ; over the columns are placed statues of soldiers of 1873. He was knighted in 1885. the empire, and in the spandrels of the large archway are government of Russia, bounded by the Arctic sculptured Victories. On the summit is a group in bronze Ocean, the White Sea, the Ural Mountains, Fin- Archidamus (är-ki-da'mus) II. [Gr. 'Apxifiarepresenting a four-horse chariot. The height is 48 feet, land, and the governments of Vologda and ^of.] King of Sparta 469 to about 427 B. C. the width 63£.

,

Olonetz. The surface is generally level, sterile in the north and covered with forests in the south. Area, 831,-

H e led the Peloponnesian army against Athens in the be-

ginning of the Peloponnesian war. A r c de Triomphe de 1'Etoile (ark de tre-onf' 505 square miles. Population (1887), 340,251. Archidamus III. V King of Sparta from 361 to de la-twal'). [F., 'triumphal arch of the star.'] A triumphal arch, the largest existing, Archangel, or Archangelsk. A seaport, the 338 B. C. He defeated the Arcadians and Argives in the at the head of the Champs ilysees, Paris, it capital of the government of Archangel, situ- "Tearless Battle," 367, and was killed in battle in 33S. was begun in 1806 by Napoleon I., but not finished until ated on the Dwina near the White Sea in lat. Archidamus. A Bohemian lord in Shakspere's 1836. The structure is 146 f e e t wide, 160 high, and 72 64° 32' N., long. 40° 33' E.: the chief commer"Winter's Tale." deep. Its chief fronts are pierced with a single archway cial town in the north of Russia, and long the 67 f e e t high and 46 wide, and the ends have smaller arch- only Russian seaport. The harbor is open from May Archigenes (är-kij'e-nez). [Gr. Apjiyt'vr/c.] A Greek physician, a native of Apamea in Syria, ways. T h e spandrels of the large archway are adorned to September. Archangel exports grain, flax, linseed, who practised in Rome in the time of Trajan w i t h Victories by Pradier, and flanked by large rectangupitch, skins, tar, etc. I t was visited by the English in lar panels representing military episodes, as do the reliefs (98-117 A. D.): the most celebrated of the eclec1553, and an English factory was built. A Russian f o r t of the frieze. Above the heavy cornice there is an attic tics. He was the author of a treatise on the was built in 1584. T h e town was blockaded by the British w i t h shields bearing titles of victories. Against the four pulse, to which Galen added a commentary. piers of the fronts are placed pedestals, upon which are in 1854 and in 1S55. Population, 17,802. Archilochus (är-kil'ö-kus). [Gr. 'A^tfo^of.] colossal high reliefs representing (east front) triumph of Archangel Bay, or Gulf of Archangel. An A Greek lyric poet of Paros who flourished Napoleon and Peace of Vienna (1810), by Cortot; departabout 700 B. c. (the date is much disputed). ure of troops for the frontier in 1792, by R u d e ; (west arm of the White Sea near Archangel. The person in Fletcher's " The Loyal H e was famous for his satiric iambic poetry. " T h e I m front) blessings of peace (1815), and resistance of France Archas. to invasion (.1814), both by Etex. T h e vaults are inscribed Subject" who gives to the play its name: a peror Hadrian judged that the Muses had shown a special w i t h the names of battles won by Frimcc, and of Republi- general of the Sluscovites whose loyalty is of mark of favor to Homer in leading Archilochus into a difcan and Imperial officers. _ that exaggerated description that bears all ferent department of poetry." (Smith.) T h e invention of elegiacs was attributed to him. See Callinus. kinds of outrage from an unworthy king. Arcesilaus (ar-ses-i-la'us), or Arcesilas (arYoung Archas, the son of the general, disguises himself ses'i-las}. [Gr. ApK.eci7.aoc, Doric Apnea.? a/;.^ H e [Archilochus] was born of a good family at Paros, but lived, owing to poverty, a l i f e of roving adventure, Born at Pitane, iEolis, about 316 B. c.: died as a woman, and takes the name of Alinda. it appears, as a mercenary soldier, partly as a colabout 241 B. c. A Greek skeptical philosopher, Archdale (arch'dal), John. An English colo- partly, to Thasos; nor do his wanderings appear to have nial official, governor of North Carolina about onist founder of the second Academy. been confined to eastern Hellas, for he speaks in praise of 1695-96. the lieh plains about the Siris in I t a l y (irag. 21). He waa A r c h (arch), Joseph. Born at Barford, War-

Ardennes, Forest of

73

Archilochus

betrothed to Neobule, the youngest daughter of Lycaru- village in the province of Verona, Italy, situ- Armenia, situated on the Kur 41 miles northbes, his townsman; but when she was refused him, prob- ated on the Alpone 15 miles southeast of Ve- west of Kars: stormed by the Russians May, ably oil account of his poverty, he vented his rage and dis- r o n a . Here a victory was gained by the French (about appointment in those famous satires which first showed 18,000) under Napoleon (Mas6éna and Augereau, division 1877, and ceded to Russia by Turkey 1878. the full power of the iambic metre, and were the wonder commanders) over the Austrians (about 40,000) under Al- A r d a s h i r ( a r - d a - s h e r ' ) . T h e r e a l f o u n d e r of the and the delight of all antiquity. He ended his life by the Sassanian dynasty, surnamed "iPapakan," the death he doubtless desired, on the field of battle. In vinczy, Nov. 15, 16, and 17, 1796, which prevented the re- son of P a p a k . He reigned from 2 1 1 or 212 A. D. to 241 coarseness, terseness, and bitterness he may justly be called lief of Mantua. I t was fought largely in the swamps near or 242. Beginning with Papak's kingdom about Istakkr, the Swift of Greek literature. But even the scanty frag- Arcole. Population, 2,000 to 3,000. he Bubdued Kerman and Susiana. In 224 he defeated and ments of Archilochus show a range of feeling and a wide- Arçon (âr-sôn'), Jean Claude Eléonore L e killed Ardavan, the last Parthian emperor, from which ness of sympathy far beyond the complete works of Swift. Michaud d\ Born at Pontarlier, France, 1733 : time he called himself "king of kings." While Istakkr Mahaffy, Hist. Classical Greek Lit., I. 159. died July 1, 1800. A French military engi- was in theory the capital, his real capital consisted of Archilochus, if not absolutely the inventor, was the cre- neer and writer, author of " Considérations Otesiphon and Veh-Ardashir (Seleucia), on the opposite ator of these two metres, the iambic and trochaic, as truly militaires et politiques sur les fortifications" bank of the Tigris. The important fact in his career is as Homer was the creator of the heroic measure. (1795), etc. He devised the floating batteries his effective patronage of the Zoroastrian religion. Symonds, Studies of the Greek Poets, I. 279. A r d a Viraf. See the following.

used at the siege of Gibraltar in 1782. Archimage (ar'ki-maj), or Archimago (ar-ki- Arcos de la Frontera (ar'kôs dà là fron-tà'râ). A r d a Viraf N a m a k (ar'da ve-raf na-mak'). ma'go). 1. The impersonation of Hypocrisy A town and strong fortress in the province of [ ' The Book of Arda Viraf.'] A favorite reliin Spenser's 14 Faerie Queene," a magician and Cadiz, Spain, situated on the Guadalete 30 miles gious book among the Parsis, written in Pahl a v i . In the reign of Shapur II., since doubts still exa compound of deceit and credulity. He deceives Una by assuming the appearance of the Red Cross Knight, but his falsehood is exposed. The whole story is taken from Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso," 11. 12.

2. The personification of Indolence in Thomson's " Castle of Indolence." Archimedes (ar-ki-me'dez). [GT. 'APXI/IFAFYE.] Born at Syracuse about 287 B. C. : died at Syracuse, 212 B. C. The most celebrated geometri-

northeast of Cadiz.

It was a Roman town, and was

isted as to the truth of the Zoroastrian religion, the Dasturs resolved to send one among them to the land of the dead to bring back certainty. Seven were chosen, and Arcot (ar-kot'). [Tamil Arkat, Anicati, six these chose three and these again one, Arda Viraf. Viraf forests.] A city in the district of North Arcot, drank three cups filled with a narcotie- ( mang), and slept British India, situated on the Pâlar in lat. 12° until the seventh day, during which time he made a jour54' N., long. 79° 24' E., once the capital of the ney guided by Sraosha, " t h e angel of obedience," and Ataro Yazad. "the angel of the fire," through heaven and Carnatic. I t was taken by Clive in 1751 and defended hell. The rewards of the one and tliepunislimentB of the by him in 1751 against the French and natives. Later it other are minutely described. Neither author nor date was successively held by the French, British, and Hyder is known, but the book belongs undoubtedly to Sassanian Ali, and was ceded to the British in 1801. Population, times. about 50,000. long a frontier town of Castile, toward Granada. lation (1887), 16^,199.

Popu-

c i a n of a n t i q u i t y . He is said to have been a relative of King Hiero of Syracuse, to have traveled early in life in Egypt, and to have been the pupil of Conon the Samiau at Alexandria. His most important services were rendered to pure geometry, but his popular fame rests chiefly on his application of mathematical theory to mechanics. He Arcot, or Arkat, North. A district in Madras, invented the water-screw, and discovered the principle of British India, about lat. 13° N. Area, 7,256 the lever. Concerning the latter the famous saying is at- square miles. Population, 1,817,814. tributed to him. "Give me where I may stand and I will Arcot, or Arkat, South. A district in Madras, move the world" (66? irov y modern astronomers it is A semi-allegorical personification of money, in Argenson, Marc Antoine René Voyer, M a r - commonly divided into four parts by adding the distinc- Ben Jonson's "Cynthia's Revels." The charquis de raubny. Born Nov. 22, 1722: died tive words navis, carina, puppis, and velum, or hull, keel, acter is afterward expanded in " T h e Staple Aug. 13, 1787. A French diplomatist and man stern, and sail. of News" as Lady Pecunia. of letters, son of René Louis Voyer. He collected the "Bibliothèque de l'Arsenal," consisting of 150,- Argolicus Sinus.E. Argolic G-ulf. See NaupUa, ArgUS (ar'gus). [Gr. 'Apyoc, surnamed HOI'ÓKTT/C, Gulf of. ' the All -seeing.'] In Greek legend, the guardian 000 volumes, which he sold to the Comte d'Artois in 1785 ; and published "Mélanges tirés d'une grande biblio- Argolis (ar'go-lis). [Gr. Apyolk.] In ancient of Io, slain by Hermes, famed to have had one thèque" (1779-87), etc. geography, a division of Peloponnesus, Greece, hundred eyes.

Argyle

76

A r g y l e . See Argyll. A r i c a ( a - r e ' k a ) . A t o w n and p o r t of P e r u , capiA r g y l l ( ä r - g i l ' ) , E a r l of, D u k e of. See Camp- t a l of the p r o v i n c e of the same name, i t is important, principally, as the seaport of Tacna. with which bell. it is connected by a railroad. The harbor is a roadstead A r g y l l , or A r g y l e . A county ill w e s t e r n Scot- protected by a point and a small island. T h e town was land, the second in size, bounded b y I n v e r n e s s nearly destroyed by earthquakes in 1868 and 1877. T h e on the north, b y P e r t h , Dumbarton, and the Chileans blockaded and bombarded Arica April, 1880, and F i r t h of Clyde o n the east, and b y the A t l a n t i c took it by assault June 7. Population, about 4,000. and the N o r t h Channel on the south a n d ' w e s t . A r i c c i a ( a - r e ' c h a ) . A t o w n in the p r o v i n c e of I t is much indented by lochs and firths, which form KinR o m e , I t a l y , nearly a d j o i n i n g A l b a n o : the L a t i n tyre and other peuinsulas, and includes the islands Mull, A r i c i a . P o p u l a t i o n , about 2,000. Iona, Colonsay, Staff a, Ulva, Hum, Coll, T h e e , Jura, Islay, B o r n at Brescia, Gigha, etc. T h e surface is generally mountainous. Within A r i c i ( a - : " ' c h e ) , C e s a r e . it are Lochs Shiel, Sunart, Eil, Linnhe, Awe, I''yne, etc. J u l y 2,17i d i e d there, J u l y 2,1836. A n I t a l The leading industries are the rearing of cattle and aheep, i a n didactic p o e t . He was appointed professor of the quarrying of building-stone, lead-mining, and Ashing history and literature in the lyceum at Brescia in 1810, (herring, salmon, and trout). Area, 3,213 square miles. and professor of the Latin language in 1824. Population (1891), 75,945. A r i c h a t (a-re-shat'). A small seaport on M a A r g y r o - C a s t r o ( ä r ' g e - r ö - k ä s ' t r ö ) . A t o w n in d a m e Island, off the southern coast of Cape A l b a n i a , v i l a y e t of Janina, T u r k e y , in lat. 40° B r e t o n Island, N o v a Scotia. 12' N . , l o n g . 20° 12' E . P o p u l a t i o n ( e s t i m a t e d ) , A r i c k a r e e s . See Ankara. 5,000. A r i d e d (ar'i-ded). [ A r . al-ridf\ ' t h e hindmost,' A r g y r o p o u l o s ( ä r - g e - r ö - p ö ' l o s ) , J o h a n n e s . the star b e i n g in the t a i l of the c o n s t e l l a t i o n . ] B o r n at Constantinople about 1416: d i e d at T h e second-magnitude star a C y g n i ; m o r e f r e R o m e about 1486. A G r e e k scholar, p r o f e s s o r q u e n t l y c a l l e d Dene6 Cygni. of the P e r i p a t e t i c philosophy i n F l o r e n c e (1456) A r i & g e (a-re-azh/). A d e p a r t m e n t i n F r a n c e , a n d i n R o m e ( 1 4 7 1 ) . Among his pupils were Piero eapital F o i x , bounded b y H a u t e - G a r o n n e on and Lorenzo de' Medici, Politian, and Reuchliu. H e trans- the w e s t and north, b y A u d e on the east, and lated Aristotle into Latin. b y Pyrenees-Orientales, A n d o r r a , and Spain on A r g y r o p o u l o s , P e r i k l e s . B o r n a t Constanti- the s o u t h : corresponding in general t o the n o p l e , Sept. 17, 1809: d i e d a t A t h e n s , D e c . 22, ancient county of F o i x . i t is rich in iron, and has 1860. A G r e e k p o l i t i c i a n and publicist, pro- various other mineral products. Area, 1,890 square miles. f e s s o r of l a w in t h e U n i v e r s i t y of A t h e n s . Population (1891), 227,491.

Arista A r i o b a r z a n e s I I I . , surnamed E u s e b e s a n d Philoromseus. [ G r . elaeßrjr, pious; QtÁopáfiaiog, f r i e n d l y t o w a r d the R o m a n s . ] D i e d 42 B. C. A son of A r i o b a r z a n e s I I . w h o m he succeeded a b o u t 5 1 B. C. H e aided Pompey against Caesar in the civil war, but was pardoned by Ccesar. H e was put to death by Cassius.

A r i o b a r z a n e s I . Satrap of P o n t u s i n the 5th c e n t u r y B. C., f a t h e r of M i t h r i d a t e s I. A r i o b a r z a n e s I I . K i n g of Pontus 363-337 B. c., son and successor of Mithridates I. H e rev o l t e d f r o m A r t a x e r x e s 362 B. C.. and f o u n d e d the independent k i n g d o m of P o n t u s . A r i o b a r z a n e s I I I . K i n g of P o n t u s 266-240 ( ? ) B.C., son of M i t h r i d a t e s I I I . A r i o b a r z a n e s . A satrap of P e r sis who, a f t e r the b a t t l e of Gaugamela, 331 B.C., secured t h e pass of the P e r s i a n Gates. Alexander was able t o f o r c e the pass only b y stratagem. A r i o c h ( a r ' i - o k ) . [ P r o b a b l y B a b y l o n i a n Erialcu, servant of the m o o n - g o d . ] 1. A k i n g of E l l a sar, one of the f o u r kings w h o at the t i m e of A b r a h a m made an attack on the cities in t h e v a l l e y of Siddim ( G e n . x i v . ) . in the book of Judith (i. 6) he is called king of Elam ; identified by some w i t h Erim-agu, king of Larsa.

2 . Captain of the guard of N e b u c h a d n e z z a r ( D a n . ii. 14 f . ) 3 . I n Milton's ' ' P a r a d i s e L o s t " ( v i . 371), one of the rebellious angels o v e r thrown by Abdiel.

A r i o d a n t e s . In Ariosto's "Orlando Furioso," A r i v e r i n southern F r a n c e w h i c h the l o v e r of Geneura, princess of Scotland. A r i a (ä'ri-ä). [ L . Aria, Gr. 'Apia. or 'Ape/a.] I n Arifege. ancient g e o g r a p h y , a region in A s i a correspond- rises i n the P y r e n e e s , flows past T a r a s c o n and A r i o n ( a - r l ' o n ) . [ G r . Apiov.~\ A Greek p o e t of i n g n e a r l y t o w e s t e r n A f g h a n i s t a n and eastern F o i x , and j o i n s the Garonne n e a r T o u l o u s e : the L e s b o s w h o flourished p r o b a b l y about 700 B. C. Khorasan: often confounded with Ariana. L a t i n A u r i g e r a . I t s l e n g t h is about 100 miles. ( l a t e r dates are g i v e n ) , and was famous as a Ariadne (ar-i-ad'he). [ G r . 'Apiäövr?.'] 1. I n A r i e l ( a ' r i - e l ) . [ H e b . , ' L i o n of G o d ' : used as an p l a y e r upon the cithara. lie lived chiefly at the Greek m y t h o l o g y , the daughter o£ Minos, k i n g e p i t h e t i n the Old T e s t a m e n t : r e n d e r e d 'lion- court of Periander, tyrant of Corinth. According to the legend Arion, while returning f r o m a musical contest in o f C r e t e . She gave Theseus the clue by means of which like ' in 2 Sam. x x i i i . 20,1 Chron. xi. 22.] 1. One he found his way out of the labyrinth, and went with him of the chief m e n sent b y E z r a t o procure minis- Sicily in which he had been victor, was thrown into the sea by the sailors, but was saved and carried to Tañar us to the Island of Dia (Naxos), where, according to the com- ters f o r the sanctuary. E z r a v i i i . 16.— 2 . U s e d by dolphins which had gathered about the ships to listen mon account, she was abandoned by Theseus, and became in Isa. x x i x . as a name f o r J e r u s a l e m . — 3 . I n to his lyre. the w i f e of Dionysus. cabalistic a n g e l o l o g y , one of the seven princes Arion, though a Lesbian by birth, belongs by art rather 2 . A n asteroid ( N o . 43) d i s c o v e r e d b y P o g s o n of angels, or spirits w h o preside o v e r the waters to the Dorian school. Iiis great work was to give the at O x f o r d , A p r i l 15, 1857. under M i c h a e l the a r c h - p r i n c e . — 4 . " A n a y r i e dithyramb, or choral hymn to Dionysus, a finished choral A r i a d n e . D i e d 515 A. D. A B y z a n t i n e em- s p i r i t " i n Shakspere's u T e m p e s t . " — 5 . One of form, by fixing the number (50) of the cyclic or circular p r e s s , d a u g h t e r o f L e o I . She was married to Zeno, the r e b e l angels i n M i l t o n ' s " P a r a d i s e L o s t . " chorus that was to sing it, grouped round the altar, and who became emperor 474, and after his death (491) became by dividing the singing and acting parts clearly from each — 6 . A sylph, guardian of B e l i n d a , i n P o p e ' s other. W e have a fragment by him [also ascribed to anthe w i f e of Anastasius I. " K a p e of the L o c k . " This particular spirit was the other poet], addressed to Poseidon, and telling of PoseiA r i a d n e , S l e e p i n g . See Sleeping Ariadne. chief of those whose

don's servants, the dolphins, who had wafted the poet

A r i a l d u s ( a - r i - a l ' d u s ) . D i e d June 28, 1066. A safely to land, when he had lost his course at sea. A " Humble province is to tend the fair . . . fable grew up that certain wicked sailors had thrown d e a c o n and r e f o r m e r i n the church of Milan, Arion overboard, and that the dolphins, charmed by his To save the powder from too rude a gale, m u r d e r e d b y the emissaries of the A r c h b i s h o p songs, had saved him. J ebb, Greek Lit., p. 62. Nor let the imprison'd essences exhale . . . of M i l a n w h o s e e x c o m m u n i c a t i o n he had se. . . to curl their waving hairs, cured f r o m the P o p e . H e w a s c a n o n i z e d b y A r i o n . I n G r e e k l e g e n d , a fabulous horse, the Assist their blushes and inspire their airs." Pope Alexander II. offspring of P o s e i d o n b y D e m e t e r (or, in other [ L . , ' a ram.*] 1. One of the accounts, Geea or a h a r p y ) w h o t o escape him A r i a n a (ä-ri-ä'nä). [ L . Ariäna, Gr. 'Ap/rm/.] A r i e s ( a ' r i - e z ) . zodiacal c o n s t e l l a t i o n s . — 2 . T h e first sign of I n ancient g e o g r a p h y , a r e g i o n in A s i a , of v a g u e the zodiac ( m a r k e d T ) , w h i c h the sun enters at had metamorphosed herself i n t o a mare, i t was owned by Copreus, Oncus, Heracles, and Ad"boundaries, e x t e n d i n g f r o m M e d i a on the w e s t the v e r n a l equinox, M a r c h 21, and l e a v e s A p r i l successively rastus. I t possessed marvelous powers of speech, and its t o the Indus on the east, and f r o m H y r c a n i a 20. Owing to the precession of the equinoxes, the con- right f e e t were those of a man. and Bactriana on the n o r t h to the P e r s i a n Gulf stellation Aries has moved completely out of the sign of A r i o n . A pseudonym of W i l l i a m F a l c o n e r . the same name, which is now occupied by the constella- A r i o s t o ( ä - r e - ö s ' t ö or ar-i-os'tö), L u d o v i c o . and A r a b i a n Sea on the south. B o r n at R e g g i o , northern I t a l y , Sept. 8,1474: A r i a n e (ä-re-än'). A t r a g e d y b y Corneille, tion Pisces. d i e d at F e r r a r a , I t a l y , June 6,1533. A e e l e b r a t e d composed in 1672. A n k a r a ( a - r e ' k a - r a ) , or R i c a r a ( r e ' k a - r a ) , or Italian poet, author of " Orlando Furioso.' 7 He A r i a n o (ä-re-ä'nö), or A r i a n o d i P u g l i a (ä-re- R e e ( r e ) . A tribe of the Caddoan stock of was forced by his father, who was commander of the citä ' n o de p ö l ' y ä ) . A t o w n i n the p r o v i n c e of N o r t h A m e r i c a n Indians, l i v i n g on the F o r t adel of Keggio, to study law; but at length, being allowed to T h e y follow his inclinations, studied the classics, having a strong A v e l l i n o , Italy, situated a m o n g the A p e n n i n e s B e r t h o l d r e s e r v a t i o n , N o r t h D a k o t a . inclination toward poetry. As early as 1495 he wrote sevA l s o AricJcaree. 50 miles northeast of N a p l e s . I t is the seat of n u m b e r 448. See Caddoan. eral comedies. T w o of them, the "Cassaria" and "Supa bishopric. P o p u l a t i o n , about 14,000. positi," were acted about 1512. These attracted the atA r i m a s p i a n s (ar-i-mas'pi-anz). [ G r . 'Apiftaciroi, A r i a n s ( ä ' r i - a n z ) . T h e f o l l o w e r s of A r i u s , a according to H e r o d o t u s a S c y t h i a n w o r d mean- tention of Cardinal Ippolito of Este, who took him into d e a c o n of A l e x a n d r i a , w h o i n the 4th c e n t u r y i n g i o n e - e y e d / ] I n classical m y t h o l o g y , a one- his service, where he remained till 1517, when he entered maintained, in opposition to b o t h Sabellianism e y e d p e o p l e of Scythia. T h e y w e r e at w a r w i t h that of the cardinal's brother, Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, by whom he was employed as governor of the district a n d Tritheisin, that the Son is of a nature sim- the Griffins w h o s e g o l d t h e y sought. of Gaifagnana 1522-25. The province was distracted by i l a r t o ( n o t the same as) the F a t h e r , and is banditti, but his government was satisfactory to his sovA r i m a t h e a (ar^i-ma-the'a). I n scriptural g e subordinate to him. The tendency of these doctrines was toward the denial of the divinity of Christ. ography, a t o w n i n Judea, P a l e s t i n e , of unde- ereign and his people f o r three years. He then declined an embassy to Pope Clement V I I . , and passed the last T h e Arian discussion raged fiercely in the 4 th century, and t e r m i n e d l o c a t i o n : p r o b a b l y the R a m a h of 1 years of his life at Ferrara writing comedies and correcting though Arianism waa condemned by the Council of Nicjea Sam. i. 1, 19. his "Orlando Furioso " ( w h i c h see), publishing the com(825), the heresy long retained great importance, theoloA r i m a t h e a , J o s e p h of. See Joseph of Ari- pleted edition a year before his death, which was due to gical and political. T h e strongholds of the Arians were in consumption. His seven satires, in the Horatian style, matliea. the East and among the Goths and other barbarians who were published in 1534, after his death. They are gay, were converted by Avian missionaries. See Socinians. A r i m i n u m (a-rim'i-num). T h e L a t i n name of easy, and full of Epicurean philosophy. His comedies are Rimini. placed next to those of ilaechiavulli by most Italian A r i a s d e A v i l a ( ä - r e ' ä s de ä ' v e - l ä ) , P e d r o . A r i m a z e s ( a r - i - m a ' z e z ) , or O r i o m a z e s (6-ri-o- critics. See Avila. m a ' z e z ) . T h e c o m m a n d e r of a fortress, c a l l e d A r i a s de S a a v e d r a ( ä - r e ' ä s de sä-ä-vä'drä), the R o c k ( K o h i t e n ?), in Sogdiana, n e a r the H e r n a n d o . Born ill A s u n c i o n about 1550: died pass of K o l u g h a or D e r b e n d . He surrendered to A r i o s t o of t h e N o r t h . Sir W a l t e r Scott. i n Santa F e de la V e r a Cruz about 1625. A Alexander 328 b. ¿ „ t l i o r o f " L a f a m i l i a di A l v a r e d a " remo. France was to receive Artois, Franche-Comté, (1850) etc A r o n d l g h t (a'ron-di ) I n m e d i e v a l legends, a n d o t h e r t e r r i t o r i e s . ¿ í o t T h e w e a s e l in " R c v n a r d t h e F o x . " t h e sword of L a n c e l o t ot t h e L a k e . A r i a t e y A c o s t a ( a r - r a ' t e è i i - k o s ' t a ) , J o s é a S o u x (iir-ro') A t r i b u t a r v of the L o i r e , a b o u t A r o o s t o o k (a-ros'tuk). A river in n o r t h e r n M a r t i n F é l i x . B o r n at H a v a n a , 1697: died I f m i l e s long, lving c h i e f l / i n the d e p a r t m e n t a n d n o r t h e a s t e r n M a i n e , w h i c h ] ( . i n s the St.. t h e r e i n 1 7 0 6 . A C u b a n h i s t o r i a n . He studied of S a ô n e - e t - L o i r e . I t flows p a s t A u t u n . J o h n m w e s t e r n N e w B r u n s w i c k : length over l a w l n I I a v t l [ l a a n d j I e x i c 0 > a l l i , P a s r e f r k l 0 1 . o f H a v a l l a " " w '' 100 m i l e s . from 1734, and alcalde in 1752. In 1762 he assisted in de"V ' n i l • n, i„ Arouet S e e Voltaire. fending the city against the English. Ilis "I.lave del A r r O W ( a r o) L a k e . A small l a k e m County / : : , , , . 1 - .1... .1 ' . A r n h a v n H i i K u c v o ilundo y Antemural de las Indias Occidentales" (:i bligo, I r e l a n d . 1,117C1, Was r u " " s h e l 1 in ^ J g r 01 CUba)' " ™ d r L a k e U p p e r and L o w e r Expansions 2 4 ; x i . 1 0 ) . — 2 . A S e m i t i c t r i b e a k country; ^ a w a k s . S e e Aravate. In u s u a l l y considered t h e same as A r r a p a e h i t i s . o n A r r e b o ( a r - e - b o ' ) , A n d e r s C h r i s t e n s e n . B o r n ^ X n l e l Deronda " a rari t h e iiiiper Z a b n o r t h e a s t o f N i n e ^ h . i n á l r o e J a n . 2 1 5 8 7 : died at Vordingborg, A r p a d (ar-pad ). A c i t y m n o r t h e r n S y r i a , D e n m a r k , M a r c h 12,1637. A D a u i s l i p o e t , author „..„,...*„„ i m t ^ „ s s e s s i n a - m u c h pood s e n s e a b o u t 15 m i l e s n o r t h of A l e p p o : the modern of " H e x a ë m e r o n " (1641 a n d 1661), e t c . H e was ^ ^ X f e S r i i M ^ R j m at S ^ t ó r M l S ^ S r « ^ S ^ y ^ '.' D a n i s h p o e t r y " : h e iiitroS I T s T d i c d t t LoSÎ S m ° renaissance then spreading d o B j A p ¿ j ^ lsa';!. n o t e d E n g l i s h geog_ scripticns it is called Ar-pad-da. It was taken by Tiglath- * . -, , . , . . VM.pher and ehartOffrapher. He published "A Chart Pileser II. in 740 u. c., after a siege of three yeai-s. A r r e e (ar-ra ), M o n t S d . A roountaiii group m o f \ h e \ y u M a 9 o n >jcreator's projection, showing all the 4rt»ácl ( á r ' p á d ) Died ^07 \ D The M a e v a r t h e d e p a r t m e n t of F i n i s t è r e , F r a n c e , eulrainat- New Discoveries," etc. (1790), "Maps of the World" Stot" n a t i o n a l hero, f o u n d e r of t h e ' A r p á d d y n a s t y in « > 8 i n M o n t S t - M i c h e l ( a b o u t 1.275 f e e t h i g h ) . ^ u n ^ a r v a b o u t 890 A r r e s t ( a r - r e s f ) , H e i n r i c h L u d w i g d . B o r n l a n d (1807), Atlas ot southern India etc. , L „ „ t , A dvriastv of Hungarian a t B e r l i n , A u g . 13. 1 8 2 2 : died at Copenhagen. A r r o w s m i t h , J o h n . B o r n 1790: died at L o n t S ^ T e i S ^ S r - t V l d n n ^ m 1000 Jime 14,'1875. A G e r m a n a s t r o n o m e r , ap- don, M a y 1, 1873. A n E n g l i s h g e o g r a p h e r and a™«!* a V S i U ) A ^ G r e ™ a , i T r i n e e s s in p o i n t e d professor a t L e i p s i c in 1852 and a t c h a r t o g r a p h e r , a n e p h e w of Aaron A r r o w s m i t h A r p a s i a (ar-pa Siila). A w e e i a n princess, m K , A • ls=7 t A f o T . his discoveries He was one of tlie founders of the Hoyal Geosraphical Howe's t r a g e d y •• T a m e r l a n e . " ixipeiiiiagen in i s o i , n o t e u l o r nis m s c o v e n e s tì(K;iet H published a "London Atlas" (1st ed. 1S34), A r p h a x a d . S e e Arpadtdmd. ot c o m e t s and o b s e r v a t i o n s of n e b u t o . etc. A r p i ( a r ' p i ) , or A r g v r i p p a (iir-ii-rip'a). In A r r e t i u m ( a r - r e shi-um). A n a n c i e n t a n d A r r o y o d e C h i n a ( a r - r ô ' y o de c h ë ' n â ) . [Sp., a n c i e n t geogi'aphv, a c i t v of Apulia, I t a l y , in powerful c i t y of E t r u n a : t h e modern A r e z z o . p e b b l e g o r g e . ' ] A f o r m e r n a m e of Conceplat 41° 31' N long 15° 3 3 ' E ' (which s e e ) , in an Italian coalition against Rome cion del Uruguav, in the A r g e n t i n e R e p u b l i c . Arnino S e e 'cesari, ni**Tim. (285-282 n. c.) Arretium refused to take part, and ™ be- ¿ j - m y o H o n d o ( a r - r ô ' y o h o n ' d ò ) . [ S p . , ' deep J j a i y i i i u . u c c ^ wur I, L o r o r ^ « . _ sieged by the whole force of the confederacy, ineludmg _ - ,. .... ..i,,.-..-,.. A r p i ñ o ( a r - p o ' n o ) . A town m the province of paid hordes of Gallic Senones. L. Orccilius iletcllus went g o r g e . ' ] T h e n a m e of two deep sluices or C a s e r t a , I t a l y , s i t u a t e d n e a r the Garigliano in to the relief of the city, but was defeated and slain, with gorges in N e w M e x i c o , one r u n n i n g west o f l a t . 41° 4 0 ' N . I o n " . 13° 3 7 ' E . : tlie a n c i e n t s e v m military tribunes and 13,000 men, the rest of the T a o s a d i s t a n c e of a b o u t 12 miles, the o t h e r Arpimmi, t h e b i r t h p l a c e of Marins a n d Cicero. ™ y being made prisoners r u n n i n g 5 m i l e s south of S a n t a F é toward t h e It was originally a Volscian town, and received the Roman A m u a S B U B (ar-i-de u s ) . L«r. Apptatuoç.J / 5 - m e r l S a n t a F é Creek. On the sides of tlie latter there franchise 302 n. o, and the suffrage 188 B. c. Population, 311 B. c . H a l t - b r o t h e r ot A l e x a n d e r t h e G r e a t , 3 r e t h e r , l l l i s of two ancient villages of the Tehuas called about 5,000. and one of M s successors, put to death b y order Knkua. A r q u à ( a r - k w a ' ) . A village 13 m i l e s southwest of O l y m p i a s . ' A r r o y o M o l i n o s ( a r - r ô ' y o mô-lê'nôs). Avillago o f P a d u a , I t a l y : t h e p l a c e where P e t r a r c h A r r i a ( a r ' i - a ) . D i e d 42 A. D. T h e wife of Cœ- in S p a i n , 43 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of B a d a j o z , t h e died (1374). Cina Psetus'.' Her hnsband was condemned to deaiH s c e n e of a B r i t i s h v i c t o r y over the F r e n c h , 1811. 3

Ir

Axru Islands ArrU I s l a n d s . See Aru Islands. A r r u d a d a O a m a r a (ar-ro'da (la ka'raa-ra), M a n o e l . Born in Alagoas, 1752: diedatPernambuco, 1810. A Brazilian botanist, author of various works on the economic "botany of B r a z i l . He studied medicine in France, and daring the latter part of his life -was a practising physician in Pernambuco.

Arthenice 82 fia&g (Plutarch).] A son of Tigranes the Great A r c t e d i u s . Born in Sweden, Feb. 22,1705: died at Leyden, Sept. 27,1735. An eminent Swedish (king of Armenia), co-ruler with his father, and naturalist, especially noted as an ichthyologist. his successor about 55-34 B. C. He became an intimate friend ofLmnecus at Upsal (1728-32), A r t a b a z e s , See Artabasdes. A r t a b a z u s (ar-ta-ba'zus). [Gr. Aprajia^og.'] A and the two reciprocally bequeathed to each other their manuscripts and books in the event of Artedi Persian general'distinguished in the campaigns was accidentally drowned at Leyden, aud hisdeath. manuscripts, of 480 and 470 B.C. He retreated to Asia after according to the agreement, came into the hands of Linthe defeat of Platgea. nseus, who published the '' Bibliotheea Ichthyologia " and

A r s a c e s (ar'sa-sez or ar-sa'sez) I. [L.; Gr. A r t a b a z u s . Id Xenophon's ''Cyropedeia," a Apca^s.] The founder of the Parthian king- Median, a friend and adviser of Cyrus. d o m . He is variously represented as the chief of a A r t a b a z u s . Lived about 362-328 B. c. A Pernomad tribe of Scythians, Bactrians, or Paithians who sian satrap of western Asia under Artaxerxes about 250 B. 0. headed a revolt of the I'arthians against III., against whom he rebelled. He was parSyria, and established the independent kingdom of Parthia doned and fought at Arbela under Darius. (250 B. C.-226 A. D.). r t a c h s h a s t (ar-tak-shast')» or A r t a c h s h a s t a Arsacidse (ar-sas'i-de). 1. A dynasty of Par- A(ar-tak-shas'ta). [Old Pers. Artakahatza (on thian king«,'established by Arsaces I. about the Babylonian monuments and 250 B. c. and overthrown by the Persians 226 Artakshassu), from arta, great,Artakshatsu and kshatza, or A. 1). The most noteworthy of the Arsacidse are Phra- kshathra, kingdom.] In passages of the Old ates III. (died 60 (?) B. c.), Orodes I. (died 37(?) B. c.), Phra- Testament (Ezra iv. 7, 8; vi. 14; vii. 1, 11, 21; ates IV. (died 4(?) A. D.), Artabanus I I . (died 44 A. D.), VO- Neh. ii. 1, v. 14, xiii. 6), a name referring to Arlosgescs I. (died 90 (?) A. b.),and Chosroes (died 122 (?) A. i>.). taxerxes I. Longimanus (465-425 B. C.) of the 2. A dynasty of Armenian kings founded (prob- Persian Aehiemenian dynasty, the son and sucably) by Valarsaces, brother of Arsaces III., cessor of the Xerxes who undertook the memoking of Parthia in 149 B. C. The history of the rable expedition for the subjugation of Greece. dynasty is obscure, Bee Armenia. the seventh year of the reign of Artaxerxes (459-458) A r s a m e s (ar'sa-mez). [Gr. Apad/i^g."] 1, The In Ezra came with a colony of exiles to Jerusalem authorized father of Hystaspes and grandfather of Darius. by the king to reestablish the worship of the temple — 2. A son of Darius and a commander in the (Ezra vii. 12 ff.). But when the Jews started to build walls army of Xerxes.—3, An illegitimate son of around the city, Artaxerxes was persuaded to suspend the Artaxerxes Mnemon. Smith. work. In 446-445 Nehemiah went to Jerusalem empowered to rebuild the walls and gates of the city. Artaxerxes A r s c h o t , See Aerschot. A r s e n i u s (&r-se'ni-us), surnamed 44 The Great." contiuued the war against the Greeks. [Gr. Apahtog.'] Born about 354: died450(449?). A r t a g n a n (ar-tan-yon')> D'. One of the prinA f a m o u s E g y p t i a n m o n k . He was tutor to the sons of the emperor Theodosius the Great, Arcadius and cipal characters in " T h e Three Musketeers" Honoring, about 383-394, and a hermit in the monastic "by Dumas, and also in its sequels "Twenty wilderness of Scetis iti Egypt 394-434. Driven from Scetia Years After" and "Bragelonne." He is a young in 434 by an irruption of barbarians, he went to Troe, near Memphis, and remained there till 444; then spent three years in the island of Canopus; and finally returned to Troe where he died. He is honored by the Greek Church on May 8, by the Latin on July 1!). Arsenius, s u r n a m e d Autorianus. Died 1267.

Gascon of an adventurous yet practical nature, with a genius for intrigue, who goes up to Paris to seek his fortune with an old liorse, a box of miraculous salve given to him by his mother, and his father's counsels. His career is one of hairbreadth escapes (with death, in the end, on the field of battle) in the society of " The Three Musketeers," Athos, Porthos, and Aramis.

"Philosophia Iehthyologiea," together with a life of the author, 1738. «

A r t e g a l ( a r ' t e - g a l ) . In Spenser's "Faerie Queene/' a knight errant, the impersonation of justice, supposed to be intended to represent Lord Grey, Spenser's patron. SoTnetimes spelled Arthegal. A r t e m a S (ar'te-mas). [Gr. Apreiiag.~\ A companion of St. Paul and, according to tradition, bishop of Lystra. A r t e m i d o r u s (ar''te-mi-d6'rus), surnamed Dald i a n u s ('of Daldis' in Lydia). [Gr. Aprsfi!dvpog, gift of Artemis.] Lived about 170 A. I>. A Greek writer, author of a work " The Interpretation of Dreams" (ed. by Hercher 1864). A r t e m i d o r u s of Onidos. In Shakspere's tragedy "Julius Ceesar/'a teacher of rhetoric. A r t e m i d o r u s of Ephesus. Lived in the 2d century A. i). (?). A Greek geographer. A r t e m i r e (ar-ta-mer'). A tragedy by Voltaire, produced in 1720. It was not successful, and the author preserved the best of it i n " M a r i arnne," which was produced in 1724. A r t e m i s (ar'te-mis). [Gr. "Aprefjtc.'} In Greek mythology, one of the great Olympian deities, daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) and Leto (Latona), and twin sister of Apollo. She may be regarded as a feminine form of Apollo. She chastised evil with her keen shafts and with deadly sickness, and also protected mortals from danger and pestilence. Unlike Apollo, she was not connected with poetry or divination, but, like him, she was a deity of light, and to her was attributed authority over the moon, which belonged more particularly to her kinswomen Hecate and Selene.

In art Artemis

is represented as a virgin of noble and severe beauty, tall Patriarch of Constantinople 1254-61. He was ap- A r t a g u e t t e (av-ta-get'). Killed 1736. A French and majestic, and generally bearing bow and quiver us the pointed, with George Muzalon, by Theodore Lascaris II. huntress or mountain goddess. She was identified by the military leader under Bienville, colonial French guardian of the latter's son John IV.; but was deposed and Romans with their Diana, an original Italian divinity. banished to Procomtesus by the emperor Michael VIII. governor of Louisiana. He had subdued the NatA court lady in Dryden's comedy Palaeologus, to whom he refused to grant absolution for chez Indians, and was engaged in lighting the Chickasaws, A r t e m i s . who, in connection with English traders from the Caro"Marriage A-la-Mode." usurping the throne and putting out the eyes of John IV. linas, defied French authority on the Mississippi, when he A r t e m i s Temple of. See Ephesvs, ; was wounded and captured in an attack upon the ChickaA r s h . See Arneb. A r t e m i s i a ( ar-te-mish'ia ). [Gr. ApTapima.'] Arsinoe iiir-sin'6-e). [Gr. Apoivar].'] 1. Born saw strongholds. He was burned at the stake. Queen of Caria ¿552-350 B. C. In memory of her 316 B. c." Daughter of Ptolemy I. of Egypt, Artamfene (ar-ta-man'), or T h e G r a n d Cyrus. husband Mausolus, she built at Halicarnassus the mauwife of Lysimachus and, afterward, of Ptol- A romance by Mademoiselle Scudery, published soleum which was reckoned one of the wonders of the emy II.—2. Lived about 280 B. c. The daugh- in 1650 in 10 volumes. Artamene is intended world. (See Mausolus.) To give further proof of her after of Lvsimachus, and first wife of Ptolemy II. for the great Conde. fection she is said to have mixed her husband's ashes with — 3. Lived about 220 B. c. The wife of Ptol- A r t a p h e m e s (ar-ta-fer'nez). [Gr. Apratptpvr/g.'] a precious liquid and to have drunk the potion so prepared. emy IV. Philopator, by whose order she was Liveu. about 500 B. C. A brother of Darius A r t e m i s i a . Queen of Halicarnassus. and vasput to death.— 4. Killed at Miletus, 41 B. c. Hystaspis by whom he was appointed satrap of sal of Persia, distinguished in the battle of Queen of Egypt in 47 B. c.. put to death by S a r d i s . He interfered ineffectually in behalf of Hipping, Salamis, 480 B. C. Mark Antony at the instigation of her sister the expelled tyrant of Athens, and took part in the war A r t e m i s i u m (ar-te-misli'ium). [Gr. 14pTe/uoiov, Cleopatra.— 5. In Moliere's comedy " T h e Mis- against the revolted Ionians. temple of Artemis.] A promontory in northanthrope," a woman whose age and ugliness A r t a p h e m e s . Son of the preceding. He com- ern Eubcea, Greece, near which occurred an have forced her to give up the admiration of manded, with Datis, the Persian army which invaded indecisive naval battle between the Greeks unmen: she assumes a hypocritical and prudish Greece in 490 B. c., and led the Lydians in the expedition der Eurybiades and the Persians under Achsespecies of piety.— 6. An opera by Thomas of Xerxes against Greece in 480. menes, 480 B. c. Clayton, produced in 1705. It was composed of a ArtaxamillOUS (ar-taks-am' i-nus). Tho King number of Italian songs which he brought with him from of Utopia, a character in "BombastesFurioso," A r t e m u s W a r d . See Ward, Artenrm. A r t e n a y (art-na')* A village in tlie department Italy and adapted to the words of an English play by Peter a burlesquo opera by "W. B. Rhodes. [Gr. Aprd^ara, Arm. of Loiret, France, 13 miles north of Orleans, Motteux called "Arsinoe, Queen of Cyprus." He called A r t a x a t a (ar-taks'a-tji). In ancient geography, the capital the scene of German victories Oct. 10 and Dee. it his own composition. According to I)oran It was the Artaskat.'] first attempt to establish opera in England as it was pro- of Armenia in the 2d and 1st centuries B. o., 3 and 4, 1870. situated in the plain of the Araxcs, probably A r t e v e l d e (ar'te-vel-de), Jacob v a n . Bora at duced in Italy. t h e a s t of A r a r a t , i t is said to have been built, Ghent about 1285: died at Ghent, July 24, Arsinoe. In ancient geographv, a town near nino raccordance with the plan of Hannibal, by Artaxias I., 1345. A Flemish popular leader, surnamed tho the head of the Gulf of Suez, in lat. 30° 3' N., 180 B. C.; was destroyed by Nero's general Corbulo in 58 "Brewer of Ghent," who, about 1837, became long. 32° 34' E. ruwart or president of Flanders, which was in A. D.; and was restored by Tiridates I. Arsinoe. In ancient geography, a town in against Count Louis of Flanders and Lower Egypt, situated near Lake Moeris 34 A r t a x e r x e s (ar-taks-erks' ez) I . [Gr. Apra- revolt N e v e r s . He formed an alliance with Edward III. of ijepfyg, Apro^epfyc. See Artachshast and Ardamiles southwest of Memphis. Also called CroEngland against France in 1335 ; induced the Flemings skir.] King of Persia 465-425 (424?) B. o., son c.odilopoUs. Xerxes: surnamed "Longimanus" ('the to recognize Edward as king of France in 1340; and was killed in a popular tumult, because, as it was said, he had Ars-sur-Moselle (ar-stir-mo-zel')» G. Ars-an- of Long-handed') from the excessive length of his der-Mosel. A town ill Lorraine. Alsace-Lor- r i g h t h a n d . His forces were defeated on sea and land attempted to secure the succession in Flanders for the Black Prince, llis surname was derived from the fact raine, situated on the Moselle 5 miles south- in 449 it. c. in the double action of Salamis in Cyprus. that, although an aristocrat by birth, he was enrolled in west of Metz. See Artachaha^t. the Gild of Brewers. A r t a (ar'ta). A river of Albania and Greece, There is every reason to believe that he was the king r t e v e l d e , P h i l i p v a n . Born about, 1340: the ancient Arachthus, which forms (since who sent Ezra and Xchemiah to Jerusalem, and sanc- Adied at Roosebck, Belgium, Nov. 27, 1382. A 1881) part of the boundary between Greece and tioned the restoration of the fortifications. Flemish popular leader, son of Jacob van ArteRauiiiison, Ilerod. Turkey, and flows into the Gulf of Arta 8 miles v e l d e . He was chosen ruwart or president of Flanders below Arta. A r t a x e r x e s I I . King of Persia 405-361 (359?) in 1381, in the course of a revolution against Louis 111., A r t a , or N a r d a (nar'da). A town in the nom- B.C., son of Darius II.: surnamed "Mnemon" Count of Flanders, whom he defeated at Bruges, May 8, archv of Arta, Greece, situated on the river (Gr. Mvrjuuv) from the excellence of his mem- 1382. He was conquered and slain by Charles VI. at Arta* in lat, 39° 8' N., long. 20° 59' E.: the o r y . He was defeated by his younger brother Cyrus (who Roosebek, Nov. 27, 1S82. killed in the battle) at Cunaxa in 401. and concluded A r t e v e l d e , P h i l i p v a n . A play by Sir Ilenry a n c i e n t A m b r a c i a . It was colonized by Corinthians was the Peace of Antalcidas with Sparta in :->87. During his about (J40 B.C.; was taken by the Komans 189 B. C.; and was reign the worship of Anaitis was adopted from the Baby- Taylor (published 1834): an attempt to revive the traditions of the tragic school of Marlowe ceded to Greece by Turkey in 1881. Population (1889X 7,084. lonians by the Persians. A r t a . A town in the eastern part of Majorca, A r t a x e r x e s I I I . King of Persia 3G1 (359 ?)-338 and Shakspere. A Balearic Islands. Population (1887), 5.893. B.C.,son of Artaxerxes II.: surnamed "Ochus." r t f u l Dodger, The. See Dan-kins, John. A r t a , Gulf of. An inlet of the Ionian Sea, the He reconquered Egypt and reduced Phoenicia, and was poi- A r t h (art). A town in the canton of Sohwyz, Switzerland, the starting-point of a railway up ancient Ambracian Gulf, lying between Albania soned by the eunuch Bagoas. his chief minister. on the north and Greece on the south, its length A r t a x e r x e s . An opera by Arne, produced in the Rigi. is about 25 miles, and its greatest breadth about 10 miles. 1762. The libretto was translated from Metas- Arth&lice (ar-ta-nes')« An anagram of ''Catherine " (Marchioness do Iiambouillet), invented A r t a b a s d e s (ar-ta-bas'dez), or A r t a b a z e s t a s e s " Artaserse." (ar-ta-ba'zez). [Gr. Aprafidij'drjg (Strabo), Apra-A r t e d i (ar-ta'de), P e t e r , Latinized as P e t r u s by tho poets Malherbe and Racine.

Arthur ( a r ' t h u r ) . [ME. Arthur, Arthour, f r o m O F . Arthure (ML. Arthur us, Arturus), from W. Arthur, earlier Artus, c o n j e c t u r e d t o "be f r o m Old Celtic (Old Ir.) art (artva-), s t o n e . T h e e x t a n t I r . Artur is f r o m E . or W . ] A B r i t ish c h i e f t a i n w h o lived in t h e 6th c e n t u r y . He fought many battles, and was finally killed at the battle of Mount Badon, near Bath, 520 A.D. l i e was buxied at Glastonbury. In the time of Henry II., according to Geraldus Cainbrensis and others, his remains were discovered there. Nennius. a Breton inonb, left in the 10th century a short l a t i n chronicle which is the earliest authentic account we have of him. He is celebrated in Welsh, Breton, and old French romance, but his actual existence and deeds have very little to do with the origin of the cycle of romances to which his name is given, as aroundhim myths relating probably to Bome remote ancestor or ancestors have crystallized. u

Arthur, King. In Fielding's burlesque

Asbury Park

83

Arthur

Tom

T h u m b , " a " p a s s i o n a t e sort of k i n g , " h u s b a n d to Dollallolla, of w h o m h e is a f r a i d , a n d i n love w i t h G-lumdalca. A r t h u r , Count or D u k e of B r i t t a n y . Born at N a n t e s , F r a n c e , M a r c h 29,1187' killed a t R o u e n , F r a n c e , April 3, 1203. Son of Geoffrey P l a n t a g e n e t , m u r d e r e d p r o b a b l y b y o r d e r of ids uncle, King John.

Arthur, Sir George. Bom at Plymouth, June

21, 1784: died S e p t . 19, 1854. A n English colonial g o v e r n o r in B r i t i s h H o n d u r a s , V a n Diemen's Land, Canada, and Bombay.

p r o v i n c e of n o r t h e r n F r a n c e , c a p i t a l A r r a s , cor- A r v i r a g U S ( a r - v i r ' a - g u s ) . 1 . A k n i g h t , t h e r e s p o n d i n g n e a r l y to t h e d e p a r t m e n t of P a s - d e - h u s b a n d of Dorigen, in t h e " F r a n k l i n ' s T a l e , " See Dorigen.— 2 . A m y t h i c a l son Calais. I t was a county under Flemish rule in the b y Chaucer. middle ages; was annexed to France under Philip Augustus in 1180; was made a countship by St. Louis in 1237 for his brother Robert; passed to Philip the Bold of Burgundy in 1384; on the death of Charles the Bold was temporarily taken by Louis XT. of France (1477); passed by the marriage of Mary of Burgundy (1477) with Maximilian of Austria to the Ilapsburgs; and was ceded in part to France in 1659, the cession being completed in the treaties of Nimeguen 1678-79.

Artois, Comte d \

The title of Charles X. of

Arthur, Chester Alan. Born at Fairfield, vt.,

Oct. 5, 1830: died at N e w York, Nov. 18, 1886. T h e t w e n t y - f i r s t P r e s i d e n t of t h e United S t a t e s .

He was graduated at Union College in 1848 ; taught school ; practised law in >"ew York city ; was appointed on the staif of the governor of New York in 1861; became inspector-general and quartermaster-general of New York troops in 1862 ; and was collector of the port of New York 1871-78. In 1880 he was elected (Republican) Vice-President, and held that office from March, 1881, to Sept. of the same year, when he succeeded Garfield (who died S e p t 19, 1881), and served as President from Sept. 20,1881, to March 4, 1885. He was an unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomination in 18S4.

Arthur's.

A L o n d o n c l u b e s t a b l i s h e d in 1765.

It was named from the keeper of White's Chocolate House who died in 1761.

A r t h u r ' s S e a t . A hill, 822 f e e t in height, which overlooks E d i n b u r g h f r o m t h e e a s t .

Arthur's Show. A representation, principally

ail e x h i b i t i o n of a r c h e r y , b y fifty-eight city w o r t h i e s who called t h e m s e l v e s b y t h e n a m e s of t h e K n i g h t s of t h e R o u n d T a b i c , r e f e r r e d t o in Sliakspere's H e n r y IV., II. iii. 2, 300. Aldis Wright.

Arthurian Cycle of Romances, The. A series o f ' r o m a n c e s r e l a t i n g to t h e exploits of A r t h u r

a n d h i s k n i g h t s . They were "Breton romances amplified in Wales and adopted at the court of the Plantagenets as the foundation of the epic of chivalry." Geoffrey of Monmouth (about 1140) mny perhaps be considered as the source of the legends. He collected or invented in such a manner as to give a chivalric interest to his material, on which the great mass of later romance was based or grafted. From about 1150 poems were sutig by wandei-ing minstrels on the adventures of Arthur and his knights. The French prose "Morte Arthur"was not compiled till the latter half of the 13th ccntury, and had not originally this name. I t was an abridgment and consolidation, by Rustighello (or Rusticicn) of Fisa, of a number of the prose romances which grew from these poems. The English "Morte Arthur" of Sir Thomas Malory is thought to have been translated from some earlier compilation, perhaps that of Hélie de Borron. The stories of Arthur, Guinevere, Merlin, The Hound Table, Lancelot, The Holy Grail, Tristan, Perceval, Meliadus, Guiron, Ysaie le Triste, and Arthus de Bretagne are the principal romances both British and French in this cycle. There is a large number of minor poems and prose romances which deal with special episodes.

Artichofsky (ar-te-shov'ske), or Arciszewski (art-se-ahev'ske), Crestofle d'Artischau.

B o r n in P o l a n d a b o u t 1585: d a t e of d e a t h n o t r e c o r d e d . A Polish soldier w h o e n t e r e d t h e service of t h e D u t c h W e s t India C o m p a n y in 1623. a n d d i s t i n g u i s h e d himself in t h e w a r s w i t h t h e P o r t u g u e s e in Brazil, 1631-39. He returned

to Holland in 16:37, and in Dec., 1638, vjas sent back in command of a reinforcement with a rank so high that it conflicted with the powers of the governor, Maurice of Nassau. A quarrel ensued, and in 16;-i9 Artichofsky was ordered back to Holland.

Arwidsson (ar'veds-son), Adolf Ivar. Born

a t P a d a s j o k i , F i n l a n d , A u g . 7, 1791: Viborg, F i n l a n d , J u n e 21, 1858. A p o e t . H e p u b l i s h e d a collection of folk-songs (1834-12). Aryabhata ( a r - y a - b h a ' t a ) . A H i n d u mer.

died a t Swedish Swedish

astronoOf his writings there are extant the Daaagitisutra

F r a n c o p r e v i o u s t o his accession to t h e t h r o n e . and the Aryashtasata (dasagiti,' ten poems,' Aryashtasata, Artotyrites ( a r - t o - t i ' r i t s ) . [ L L . ArtoUjritse, 'eight hundred distichs of Arya'). According to his own pi., f r o m Gr. aprorvpoc;, b r e a d a n d cheese, f r o m account he was born at Kusumapura (Palibothra) in 476 dp-roc, b r e a d , a n d rvpoc, cheese. ] A sect in of our era. His fame spread to the West. He is believed t h e p r i m i t i v e c h u r c h w h i c h u s e d b r e a d a n d by Weber to be the Andubarius, or Ardubarius. who is repcheese in t h e e u c h a r i s t , alleging t h a t t h e first resented in the "Chronicon Paschale " (A. l>. 330 ; reeditcd o b l a t i o n s of m a n w e r e t h e f r u i t s of t h e eartli under Ileraclius A. D. 610-641) as the earliest Hindu asand t h e p r o d u c e of t h e i r flocks. T h e y ad- tronomer. He is the Arabic Arjabahr. He tcachcs also m i t r e d w o m e n to t h e p r i e s t h o o d a n d to t h e a quite peculiar numerical notation by means of letters. The larger work, " Aryasiddhanta," belongs to a later age, episcopate. perhaps to the 14th century. A r t s m i l s h ( a r t s ' m i l s h ) . A collective n a m e f o r A r y a n ( a r ' y a n or a r ' i a n ) . 1 . A m e m b e r of t h e s e v e r a l t r i b e s of N o r t h A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s living E a s t e r n or A s i a t i c division of the I n d o - E u r o on S h o a l w a t e r B a y a n d "Willopah River, W a s h - p e a n f a m i l y , o c c u p y i n g t h e t e r r i t o r i e s b e t w e e n i n g t o n , i n c l u d i n g t h e Oopalis, Marhoo, Nasal, M e s o p o t a m i a a n d t h e B a y of B e n g a l , in t h e a n d Q u e r q u e l i n : t h e y h a v e b e e n classed w i t h t w o subdivisions of P e r s i a , or I r a n , and I n d i a . [This is the older, more scientific, and still widely current t h e L o w e r Chinook. See Chinookan. use of the word. More rccent, but increasingly popular, ArtUS. See Arthur.

Arthur William Patrick Albert, Prince, Aru, or Arru (a-ro')i or Aroe, or Arroe (a-ro') D u k e of C o n n a u g h t . B o r n May 1,1850. T h i r d son of Q u e e n V i c t o r i a .

of C y m b e l i n e . In Shakspere's "Cymbeline" he is the real son of Cymbeline, brought up as Cadwal, the son of Belarius, who is disguised as Morgan.

is the second use.]

I s l a n d s . A g r o u p of islands, s o u t h w e s t of 2 . A n I n d o - E u r o p e a n or I n d o - G e r m a n or J a P a p u a , i n t e r s e c t e d b y lat. 6° S., long. 134° 30' p h e t i t e ; a m e m b e r of t h a t section of t h e h u E., n o m i n a l l y u n d e r D u t c h c o n t r o l . P o p u l a t i o n m a n r a c e which i n c l u d e s t h e H i n d u s a n d I r a n i a n s ( P e r s i a n s ) a s i t s E a s t e r n o r A s i a t i c division, ( e s t i m a t e d ) , 25,000, of m i x e d P a p u a n races. a n d t h e G r e e k s , I t a l i a n s , Celts, Slavonians, and. A r u b a . See Oruba. G e r m a n s or T e u t o n s a s i t s W e s t e r n or E u r o A r u n d e l ( a r ' u n - d e l ) . A t o w n of Sussex, E n g - p e a n division. The languages of all these branches land, s i t u a t e d on t h e A r u n ( w h e n c e t h e n a m e ) or groups of peoples are akin ; that is to say, they are de19 miles west of B r i g h t o n , f a m o u s f o r its castle, scendants of one original tongue, once spoken in a limited t h e s e a t of t h e D u k e of N o r f o l k . P o p u l a t i o n locality by a single community, but where or when it is impossible to say. (1891), 2,644. A s (as), pi. i £ s i r ( a ' s e r ) . [ON. ass,pi. sesir, w i t h Arundel, Earl of. See Howard. a f e m . dsynja, pi. dsynjur.] I n Old N o r s e myArundel, Thomas. Born 1353: died 1414. All thology, a m e m b e r of one of t h e p r i n c i p a l r a c e s E n g l i s h p r e l a t e , a r c h b i s h o p of C a n t e r b u r y 1396- of gods, t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of A s g a r d . There were 1414, a n a c t i v e o p p o n e n t of t h e L o l l a r d s . H e two races of gods, the Ases (JLsir), and the Vans (Vanir), was i m p e a c h e d a n d b a n i s h e d i n 1397, a n d r e - who d w e l t in Vanaheim (OX. Vanaheimr). They were s t o r e d in 1399. originally at war with each other, but were subsequently reconciled, and several of the Vans (Heimdall, Njord, A r u n d e l . T h e h o r s e of Sir Bevis in t h e old Frey, and i'reyja) were received into Asgard. romances. Arundel House, l . A h o u s e b e l o n g i n g to A s a ( a ' s a ) . K i n g of J u d a h a b o u t 929-873 B. c . L o r d A r u n d e l , which f o n n e r l y stood n e a r H i g h - ( D u n c k c r ) , son of A b i j a m or A b i j a h . He endeavored to extirpate idolatry from the land, and in the g a t e , L o n d o n . L o r d Bacon died t h e r e i n 1626. thirteenth year of his reign defeated the C'ushite king — 2 . A n o t e d m a n s i o n , o n t h e S t r a n d , L o n d o n , Zerah, who had penetrated into the vale of Zephathah. w h e r e A r u n d e l , Norfolk, Surrey, and H o w a r d A s a k a s a ( sa-ka'sa) P a g o d a , A picturesque s t r e e t s now a r e . In i t s g a r d e n s were originally B u d d h i s t tao-w e r i n Tokio, J a p a n , i t consists of placed the Arundelian Marbles. five square red-lacqiiercd stages with widely projecting A r u n d e l S o c i e t y . A n E n g l i s h society f o r t h e roofs upturned at the corners, from which bells are susp r o m o t i o n of a r t , f o u n d e d a t L o n d o n in 1849. pended, and is surmounted by a tall hooped flnial. Arundelian (ar-un-de'lyan), or Oxford, Mar- A s a m a - Y a m a ( a - s a ' m a - y a ' m a ) . A volcano, b l e s . P a r t of a collection of a n c i e n t s c u l p t u r e s a b o u t 8,200 f e e t high, in t h e m a i n i s l a n d of a n d a n t i q u i t i e s f o r m e d b y T h o m a s H o w a r d , J a p a n , n o r t h w e s t of Tokio. e a r l of A r u n d e l , p r e s e n t e d to t h e U n i v e r s i t y Asaph ( a ' s a f ) . [ H e b . Asaph.'] 1. A L e v i t e , of Oxford in 1607. I t i n c l u d e s t h e P a r i a n a son of B a r a c h i a h (1 C h r o n . vi. 39, xv. 17), a Chroniclc, a m a r b l e s l a b d e t a i l i n g e v e n t s in n o t e d m u s i c i a n in t h e t i m e of David, l a t e r c e l e b r a t e d a s a p o e t a n d p r o p h e t . From him the Greek h i s t o r y . A r u n s ( a ' r u n z ) , T o m b o f . A s t r u c t u r e so n a m e d , choristers of the temple were called the " sons of Asaph." j u s t outside of t h e city of A l b a n o , I t a l y . It con- Twelve of the psalms are ascribed to him. sist» of a lar^e rectangular base of masonry, containing 2. S a i n t . Abbot- a n d b i s h o p of L l a n e l w y ( l a t e r a chamber, and surmounted by a massive cone with four St. A s a p h ) , in N o r t h "Wales, a b o u t 590. H e is smaller cones at the angles. The character of the dentil- c o m m e m o r a t e d in t h e R o m a n C h u r c h o n May cornice and other ornament shows that it is Roman and 1.— 3 . T h e n a m e u n d e r which 4 T a t e w r o t e of D r y d e n in t h e second p a r t of ' A b s a l o m a n d not very early. A r u w i m i I ar-o-we'me"). A r i g h t affluent of t h e A c h i t o p h e l . " Kongo, 1,800 miles long, w h i c h joins t h e K o n g o Asben. See Air. in 2° N. l a t . a n d 23° E . l o n g . It r u n s t h r o u g h Asbjornsen (as-byern'sen), Peter Christen. a t h i c k f o r e s t r e g i o n . On i t s b a n k s w a s S t a n - B o r n a t C h r i s t i a n : a , N o r w a y , J a n . 15, 1812: ley's f a m o u s Y a m b u y a c a m p . died 1885. A N o r w e g i a n m a n of l e t t e r s a n d A r u w i m i , A s t a t i o n ill t h e K o n g o F r e e S t a t e , zoologist. He wrote "Norske Folke-Eventyr" (1842-43, on t h e K o n g o b e l o w S t a n l e y Falls, a t t h e m o u t h " Norwegian Folk-Tales"), fairy tales relating to Norweof t h e r i v e r A r u w i m i , f o u n d e d i n 1884. gian life, etc. A r v a d (ar-vad'), or A r a d u s (ar'a-dus). A P h e - A s b o t h ( a s ' b o t h ; Hung. pron. osh'bot), A l e x n i c i a n city, s i t u a t e d on a r o c k y island, 3 miles ander Sandor. Bom at Keszthely, Hungary, f r o m t h e coast, n o r t h of S i d o n : f o u n d e d b y Dec. 18, 1811: died a t B u e n o s Ayres, J a n . 21, f u g i t i v e s f r o m t h a t p l a c e (Strabo, X V I . 2,13 f . ) . 1868. A H u n g a r i a n - A m e r i c a n g e n e r a l . He served I t is mentioned in Ezck. xxvii. 11 and 1 Mac. xv. 23. After Tyre and Sidon it was the most important city in Phoenicia. Remains of its walls still exist. I t is represented by the village of Ruad.

Arval Brothers (ar'val bruTir'erz).

[L. fra-

with Kossnth in the Hungarian rebellion of 1848-49; removed with him to the "United States in 1851; joined the volunteer service on the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861; commanded divisions under Fremont and Curtis; took part in the battle of Pea llidge and in the battle of Marianna; and resigned in 1865, with the brevet rank of majorgeneral. He was United States minister to the Argentine Republic from 1866 till his death.

trcs nrrftles, f r o m arrn.m, a field.] In R o m a n a n t i q u i t i e s , a p r i e s t h o o d of 12 m e m b e r s , inArticles of Confederation. See Confederation. c l u d i n g t h e emperor, w h o offered p u b l i c sacriA s b u r y ( a z ' b e - r i ) , F r a n c i s . B o r n at H a n d s fices f o r t h e f e r t i l i t y of t h e fields. Articles of Smalkald. See Smalkaldie. A r v e (arv). A r i v e r in the d e p a r t m e n t of w o r t h . S t a f f o r d s h i r e , E n g l a n d , A u g . 20 (21?), A r t i f i c e , T h e . A c o m e d y b y Mrs. Centlivre. 1745: died a t S p o t t s y l v a n i a , V i r g i n i a , M a r c h 3], H a u t e S a v o i e , F r a n c e , w h i c h rises in t h e Col A r t i g a s (ar-té'gas), J o s é . Born near Monte1816. T h e first b i s h o p of t h e M e t h o d i s t E p i s video, U r u g u a y , 1755: died in P a r a g u a y , S e p t . de Balme, t r a v e r s e s t h e valley of Chamonix, copal ChuTchin t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . Hewassentby 23, 1851. A S o u t h Amc-rican r e v o l u t i o n a r y a n d joins t h e R h o n e 1 m i l e s o u t h of G-eneva. Wesley as a missionary to the American colonies in 1771. I t s l e n g t h is a b o u t 55 miles. g e n e r a l , a n d d i c t a t o r of U r u g u a y , 1811-20. Asbury Park. A watering-place in Monmouth A t r i b u t a r y of t h e A r t o i s ( a r - t w a ' ) . [FromJj.Atrebates(sing.Atre- A r v e y r o n (ar-va-ron'). County, N e w J e r s e y , s i t u a t e d on t h e A t l a n t i c bas), Atrebatenscs, a Celtic t r i b e who i n h a b i t e d A r v e , t h e o u t l e t of t h e Mer d c Grlace, w h i c h O c e a n 6 miles s o u t h of L o n g B r a n c h a n d 35 t h e d i s t r i c t i n t h e t i m e of Cassar.] A n a n c i e n t joins t h e A r v e in t h e valley of Chamonix. m i l e s s o u t h of N e w Y o r k . A r t i c l e 47, L \ A d r a m a b y A d o l p h e Belot, f r o m a r o m a n c e , p r o d u c e d in 1871.

Ascagne

84

A s c a g n e ( a s - c a n y ' ) . T h e n a m e given t o t h e A s c h e r s l e b e n ( a s h - e r s - l a ' b e n ) . A t o w n in t h e d a u g h t e r of A l b e r t o , in Molière's c o m e d y " L e p r o v i n c e of Saxony, P r u s s i a , s i t u a t e d on t h e D é p i t A m o u r e u x . " She is substituted for her brother E i n e n e a r t h e W i p p e r , 28 miles s o u t h w e s t of Ascagne, who is dead, and appears in his dress. Unfor- M a g d e b u r g : t h e a n e i e n t c a p i t a l of t h e c o u n t tunately she does not assume the heart of a man, but falls s h i p of A s k a n i e n . It has v a r i e d a n d i m p o r t a n t in love with Valère whom she contrives to many secretly. m a n u f a c t u r e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), c o m m u n e , A s c a l a p h u s (as-kal'a-fus). [ G r . iVoxa/ia^-.] 22,865. I n Greek legend, a son of A c h e r o n , t r a n s f o r m e d A s c l e p i a d e s (as-kle-pi'a-dez). [Gr. 'Xaiih/Trmi n t o a n owl. L i v e d a b o u t 100 E. c. A B i t h y n i a n p h y Ascalon ( a s ' k a - l o n ) , o r Ashkelon, o r Askelon. s"r (which see), ' t h e great and majestic.' His reign was marked by great external prosperity and splendor, and the nourishing of art and literature, but also by frequent revolts and disturbances, which shook the huge empire to its foundations, and foreboded its near fall, which took place a score of years after hisdeath (COS u. c.). A t the beginning of his reign he had to suppress a revolt in 1-lgypt instigated by the dethroned Ethiopian king Tarhaka or Tarqu (the Tirhakah mentioned in the Old Testament — •> K i xi.x. f), Tsa. xxxvii. 9). But the most significant uprising was that of the coalition of Babylonia, Arabia, Ethiopia, Phoenicia, and Palestine, brought about by his own brother Shamash-shum-ukin (the Greek Saosduchinos), the viceroy of Babylonia, which was also quelled by Asurbanipal. Of his victories and conquest? may be especially mentioned the capture and destruction of Susa, after many expeditions, between 646 and 640 is. e. Asurbanipal held together the Assyrian empire under his iron scepter with great rigor, not shrinking from the most atrocious cruelties, inflicting punishment on so-called ''rebels." Under his protection and promotion Assyrian art, especially architecture, attained the height of its development, and literature celebrated its golden age. Being of a literary turn of mind, or, as he expresses himself, "endowed with attentive ears" and inclined to the study of " all inscribed tablets," he caused the collecting and reediting of the whole cuneiform literature then in existence, and the tablets, well arranged and marked, were deposited in the royal library of his palace. A great part of this library was discovered in the ruins of that palace on the mound of Kuyunjik, and transferred to the British .Museum, and to it is due the larger part of our present knowledge of Assyrian history and civilization.

K a u r a v a s . He and two others were the sole effective survivors of the Kaurava host after the great battle of the Mahabharata.

Asvin (as'vin). In Vedic mythology, properly an adjective meaning 'provided with horses,' 'consisting of horses,' in which sense it is used in a number of Vedic passages. As a substantive signifying 'horse-tamer' it is applied to Agni and to Agni and Indra, and as a masculine dual, ^sumo-M, ' t h e two charioteers,' to two gods of light, who are the first to appear in the eastern sky upon a golden chariot drawn by winged steeds, or birds. They are deliverers, bestowers of gifts, healers, and already in the Veda are the physicians of the gods. Later they are the constant attendants of Indra and paragons of beauty. They also appear as the Twins in the zodiac. They are the Dioscuri, the Castor and Pollux, of Greco-Roman mythology.

Ate and so failed to win. Because Hippomenes failed to give thanks to Aphrodite, the goddess changed the pair into lions.

2. An asteroid (No. 36) discovered by Goldschmidt at Paris, Oct. 5, 1855. Atalanta in Calydon fkal'i-don). A classical tragedy by Algernon Charles Swinburne, published in 1864. The truest and deepest imitation of the spirit of chylus in modem times is not to be sought iu the stiff formalism (if Racine or Allien, but in the splendid Atalanta in Calydon of Mr. Swinburne, whose antithcism brings him to stand iu an attitude between human freewill and effort on the one side; and ruthless tyranny of Providence on the other, not approached in poetry (so far as I know) from .-ilschylus' day down to our own. Mahaffy, Ilist. of Classical Greek Lit., I . 277.

Atalantis (at-a-lan'tis). The N e w .

See New

Atatantifi.

Ataliba (at-a-le'bii). In Sheridan's translation of Kotzcbue's "Pizarro," the king of Quito A s You Find It, A comedy by Charles Boyle, (Inca of Peru). the fourth earl of Orrery, printed in 1703. aA s You Like It. A comedy by Shakspere, Ajtaaz el -i td, "e a ( pa rt -i na c- leesds ' )i-n l oI nv eRwa ictihn el -' si a jtar zaegte. d yshe" Bkills which existed in some shape in 1600. Furness. herself on hearing of his assassination, instigated by her

Malone and others (Fleay, Hunter, etc.) think it was prorival Itoxana. reproaching herself with being in some sort duced in 1590. Iso copy of it is known to exist earlier the cause. than the folio of 1623. I t was founded on Lodge's roA t a l i Tsalaki. See Cherokee. mance "Rosalyndc.'' In the comedy the characters of In Gibber's c o m e d y '' T h e D o u b l e Touchstone, Audrey, and Jacques are Shakspere's, other- A t a l l ( a t ' a l ) . G allant,'-' t h e son of Sir H a r r y A t all. H e courts wise he has followed Lodge Quite closely. Clarinda under the disguise of Colonel Standfast, falls in love with Silvia and makes love to her as i l r . Freeman, There is on this Date of Composition a happy unanimity, which centers about the close of the year ir>!)!): if a f e w and finally discovers that she is the woman to whom he months carry it back into 1598 or carry it forward almost had been betrothed by hi3 father years before. In Thomas Shadwell's to 1601, surely w e need not lie more clamorous than a Atall, Sir Positive. parrot against rain over such trifles. comedy " T h e Sullen Lovers or The ImpcrtiFurness, App. to As you Like it, p. 304. nents," a foolish knight who pretends to under-

stand everything, and will not permit any one Asur-bel-nisesu (a'sSr-bel-ne-sa'so). [Assyrian, 'the god Ashur is the lord of his people.'] A t a . An ancient Egyptian king, the fourth of in his company to understand anything, l i e is a caricature of Sir Robert Howard. King of Assyria about 1480 B.C. He is the first the 1st dynasty. Assyrian king about whom some definite and certain Atacama (Ma-ka'ma), Desert of. An extenA t a r g a t i s (at-ar-ga'tis). [ L . , f r o m G t . 'ardpyaknowledge is preserved. He is mentioned in the cuneiform inscriptions as having entered into a treaty with Karaindash, king of Babylonia.

Asur-dan (a'sor-dan) I. [Assyrian, 'the god Ashur is judge.'J King of Assyria about 12081150 b . c . He conducted a victorious campaign against the Babylonian king Zamraashum-iddina, and conquered many cities. H e had the temple of Anu and Ramman in the city of Assur, which was threatening to fall, torn down, without, however, rebuilding it. This was done by TiglathPileser I . (1120-1100 b. c.).

Asur-dan II. King of Assyria about 930-911 B. c., son and successor of Tiglath-Pileser II. Asur-dail I I I . King of Assyria 772-754 B. 0. The most interesting event recorded of his reign is the mention of an eclipse of the sun at Nineveh in 763. As this is confirmed by the calculations of astronomers, who fix the date thereof on the 15th of June, 763, it has served as a basis for the establishment of the whole chronology of western Asia.

Asur-etil-ilani-ukinni (a'sor-a-tel-e-la'ne-oke'ne). [Assyrian. * Asur, the lord of gods, has established me.'] King of Assyria from 626 B.C., son and successor of Asurbanipal. Under him began the downfall of tile Assyrian empire, inaugurated by an invasion of the Scythians. H o w long he reigned is not known. His son and successor Sm-shar-ishkuu ( ' t h e moon-god has established the king'}, the Sarakos of the Greeks, was the last king of Assyria.

Asiir-nadm-sum ( a ' sor - n a ' den - som). [Assyrian, 'Astir is the giver of the name.'] Eldest son of Sennacherib, king of Assj'ria 705-681

sive r o c k y and rainless region in the northern part of Chile. A northern p r o v i n c e of Chile, capit a l C o p i a p o . I t is rich in copper, nitrates, silver, gold, salt, and various minerals. Area, about 28,000 square miles. Population (1891), 67,205. Atacama was formerly a maritime department of Bolivia. I t is largely a rocky waste. I t was occupied by the Chileans in IS79. Atahualpa ( a - t a - w a l ' p a ) , o r Atahuallpa, o r (erroneously)Atabalipaia-tii-ba'li-pa), Born p r o b a b l y a t C u z c o a b o u t 1495: e x e c u t e d a t C a j a m a r c a , A u g . 29,1533. A n I n c a s o v e r e i g n o f P e r u , son o f t h e I n e a H u a i n a C a p a c . HismothcrwasTutaPal la, a native of Quillaco, or according to others Pacchas, a princess of Quito. By the Inca laws he was illegitimate, and his younger half-brother, Huascar, was heir to the throne: but when Hnaina Capac died (Nov., 1525) he left the northern part of the kingdom, or Quito, to Atahualpa, Huascar retaining the rest. A war broke out between the two (1530), and resulted in the defeat and capture of Huascar (spring of 1532), leaving Atahualpa master of the whole empire. He was on his way from Quito to be crowned at Cuzco when he met Pizarro and his soldiers at Cajamarca (Nov. 15, 1532). A friendly interview was arranged, and Atahualpa entered the great square of Cajamarca with many thousand unarmed attendants. Suddenly the Spaniards fell on theiri, massacred a great number, and seized Atahualpa (Nov. 16). The Inca offered to fill a room half full of gold as a ransom, and an amount equal in value to 815,000,000 was actually collected. Meanwhile Pizarro attempted to treat with Huascar, but Atahualpa privately sent orders to have him slain. Charged with this, ancl with attempting to incite an insurrection against the Spaniards (a charge afterward shown to be false), he was tried and executed by strangling.

Atacama.

ri(;, a S y r i a n g o d d e s s w h o s e n a m e a p p e a r s a l s o i n t h e f o r m Derceto, G r . -ifpA'fTw.] A g o d d e s s of the Hittites, w o r s h i p e d i n Carehemish, corr e s p o n d i n g t o A s h t o r e t h ( A s t a r t e ) of t h e Canaanites (Assyro-Babylonian Ishtar). A t Ascalon she was worshiped under the name of Derceto in the form of a woman terminating in a lish. She also had a temple in Ephesus, and her numerous retinue of priestesses, which the Greeks found there, is supposed to have given rise to the myth of the Amazons.

Ataulf, Ataulphus. See Atuwulf. Atawuif (at'a-wulf). Died 415 (417). King of the West Goths, brother-in-law of Alaric I. w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d i n 410. He evacuated Italy in 412 ; conquered Aquitaine iu Gaul; formed a treaty with the emperor Honorius. whose sister Placidja he married iu 414 ; crossed into Spain to subdue a revolt of the Vandals aud Suevi against the empire : and was assassinated at Barcelona. Also written Ataulf. Athaulf, Adaulf, Ataulphus, etc. Under Alaric's successor, Athaulf, the first foundations were laid of that great West-Got hie kingdom which we are apt to look on as specially Spanish, but which in truth had its first beginning in Gaul, and which kept some Gaulish territory as long as it lasted. Freeman, Hist. Geog.

Atbara ( a t - b a ' r a ) . The largest tributary of the Nile with the exception of the Blue Nile. I t rises near J.ake Dembea in Abyssinia, flows in a northwesterly direction, and joins the N i l e south of Berber. Its chief affluent is the Takazze. Length, about 500 miles.

Atcha. See Atka. Atchafalaya (ach-af-a-li'a). An outlet of the Atakapa (a-ta-kii'pa), or Tuckapa (tuk'a-pii). Red and Mississippi rivers, in southern LouisiAsumazirpal (a'sor-na'zer-pal). [Assyrian A tribe of North American Indians. See Atana, about 150 miles long. Axur-napir-jyal, Asur is the protector of the tacapan. soil.] King of Assyria 884-860 B. c. He was one Ataki (a-ta'ke). A small town in the north- Atcheen, or Atchin. See Achin. Atchinsk (a-chensk'). A town in the governof the greatest and most warlike of Assyrian kings, and inaugurated a period of prosperity and power of the As- ern part of Bessarabia, Kussia, situated on the ment of Yeniseisk, Siberia, situated on the syrian empire. H e made numerous and successful cam- Dniester. Tchulym 100 miles west of Krasnoyarsk. Poppaigns especially to " t h e countries of N a i r i " (see Ar- A t a l a (a-ta-la')A romance by Chateaubriand ulation, about 7,000. menia) and Syria, and extended the boundaries of Assyr- which first appeared in the newspaper u L e Atchison (ach'i-sou), D a v i d E. Born at Frogian dominion westward. His victorious expeditions were M e r c u r e d e F r a n c e " i n 1801. The scene is laid in marked, according to his own annals, by atrocious cruel- North America. Atala, the daughter of a North American town, Kv., Aug. l i , 1807: died in Clinton County, ties and barbarous devastations. He also distinguished Indian chief, falls in love with Cliactas, the chief of another Mo., Jan. 26, 1886. An American politician. B. C. H e was established by his father king of Babylonia, but was made captive by Hallus, king of Elarn.

himself by works of peace. He rebuilt Calah, which he made his capital, adorning it with a temple of Adar (the god of war), his favorite divinity, and a palace for himself, and constructed a canal. The ruins of his buildings excavated show a great advance in architecture and sculpture over the preceding period. Asur-nirari (a'sor-ne-ra're). [Assyrian A»ur-

nirdri, the god Asur is my helper.] Assyria 754^745 b. c.

Atalanta (at-a-lan'tjl), or Atalante (at-a-lan'King of te). [Gt. WraAavTT]^ 1. In Greek legend, a maiden whose story appears in two versions :

Asvalayana. A Sanskrit author, represented as a pupil of Saunaka. H e w a s the author of a ritual treatise, the Asvalayanasutras.

Asvamedha.

tribe, who is a prisoner, delivers him from death, and flies into the desert with him. She has been brought up in tlio Christian faith aud vowed to virginity by her mother, and is faithful to this vow through incredible temptations, and finally poisons herself in despairing fanaticism.

[Skt., 'the horse-sacrifice.']

A

c e r e m o n y t h e a n t i q u i t y of w h i c h r e a c h e s b a c k into Vedic times. I t was then performed by kings desirous of offspring. As described in the Mahabharata, it implied that he who instituted it was a conqueror and king of kings. A horse of a particular color was consecrated and let loose to wander for a year. I f the liberator of the horse subdued all the countries through wliit:h the horse passed, he returned with the horse in triumph, and a great festival was held, at which the

(a) In the Arcadian version, a daughter of Zeus by Clymene, exposed by her father in infancy, suckled by a bear, brought up by a party of hunters, and developed into a beautiful and swift huntress. She took part in the Calydonian boar-hunt, was the first to strike the boar, and received from Mel eager the head and skin as prize of victory. She was also connected with the Argonautic expedition, and married Meilaiiion. (6) In the Bceotian version, a daughter of ftchoeneus, son of Athamas, of great beauty and very swift of foot. She was warned by an oracle not to marry, and rid herself of her suitors by challenging them to a race, overtaking them, and smiting them with a spear in the back. Hippomenes, however, overcame her by throwing before her in the race three golden apples given to him by Aphrodite, which she stooped to pick up,

He was Democratic United States senator from Missouri 1843-55, president pro tempore, of the Senate, and proslavery leader in the Kansas troubles of 1856-57.

Atchison. The capital of Atchison County, Kansas, situated on the Missouri Similes northw e s t of L e a v e n w o r t h . I t is an important railway center, and has manufactures of flour, machinery, etc. Population (1890), 13,968.

A t e (a'te). |_Ct1'. 'iirr/, a personification of art], strife.] 1. In Greek mythology, a daughter of Zeus (Homer) or of Eris, strife (Hesiod); the goddess of infatuation or reckless crime. For entrapping Zeus in a rash oath, at the birth of Heracles, she was hurled from Olympus to earth, where she continues to work mischief, walking over the heads of men without ever touching the ground. Behind her go the l i t a i (Prayers), daughters of Zeus, who are ready, if besought, to repair the evil she has done. In later forms of the myth she became an avenger of unrighteousness like Dice and Nemesis.

2. In Spenser's " Faerie Queene," a hag, a liar and slanderer, friend of Duessa.

Atella

90

A t e l l a (a-tel'a). In ancient geography, a town A t h a m a s (ath'a-mas). [ G r . 'ABduag.] I n G r e e k m C a m p a n i a , I t a l y , 10 m i l e s n o r t h of N a p l e s , l e g e n d , a s o n of v E o l u s , k i n g of T h e s s a l y , a n d S e e Avcrsa. E n a r e t e ,. a n d kki innag- of t h e Mi'iivm M i u y a i i n t h pe Rre>nHnn Bceotian He was the father, by Xephele, the A t e l l a n p l a y s (a-tel'an plaz). Early Roman Orchomenus. cloud-goddess, of Phrixus arid Jielle. He united himself c o m e d i e s so n a m e d f r o m A t e l l a , a s m a l l t o w n with Ino, daughter of Cadmus, and was thereupon abani n C a m p a n i a , f r o m w h i c h t h e y w e r e d e r i v e d . doned by Xephele, who in revenge brought a draught upon O r i g i n a l l y s i m p l e a n d c o a r s e f a r c e s , t h e y w e r e his land and carried away her children through the air on gradually raised to (burlesque) comedy. a golden-fleeccd ram. In the transit Helle fell into t h e A t e l l a n s e fabulse (at-e-la'ue fab'u-ll). S e e sea, thereafter named for her "Hellespont." He was later visited with madness by Hera, and slew his son Atellau plays. Learchus and persecuted lno who, with her other son A t e n ( a ' t e n ) . I n E g y p t i a n m y t h o l o g y , t h e s u n ' s lleliccrtes, threw herself into the sea. .Finally he settled d i s k . T h e w o r s h i p of A t e n w a s i n t r o d u c e d in a part of Thessaly named for him t h e "Athamanian plain," and wedded Themisto. by Amenhotep IV. The son and successor of Thothmes TV. found it necessary to support himself by entering into matrimonial alliance with the king of Nahat-iua. The marriage had strange consequences for Egypt. The new queen brought with her not only a foreign name and foreign customs, b u t a foreign faith as well. She refused to worship Amu n of Thebes and the other gods of ttgypt, and clung to the religion of lier fathers, whose supreme object of adoration was t h e solar disk [Atcn|. The Hittite monuments themselves bear witness to t h e prevalence of this worship in Northern Syria. The winged solar disk appears above t h e figure of a king which has been brought from Birejik on t h e Euphrates to the British Museum; and even at Boghaz Kcni, far away in Northern Asia Minor, t h e winged solar disk has been carved by Hittite sculptors upon the rock. Sayce, Hittites, p. 21.

Atena (a-ta'na).

Athanagild (a-thau'a-gild), L. Athanagildus (a-than-a-gil'dus). D i e d 5 6 7 A. D. A k i n g of the West Goths, n e ascended the throne in 554 by the aid of a Byzantine Ueet, and in return for this service ceded to the emperor Justinian nil t h e seaboard towns from . . . Of his two ... „ daughters , , l m S 1 a M a iBruneliilde ,m„c,inuc Valencia- to Gibraltar. and Galeswinfha, the former was married to Sigebert, kiner of Austrasia. and t h e latter to PbiinenV vi».y Constantius in 356; returned in 362 H i l l . and was expelled by .Tulian in the same year, taking refuge A t b p n i p n i n TTio a T i in I pper E g y p t ; returned to Alexandria in 3641 and was • IUOI ' * "StauiisiiiPu. expelled by Valens in 3(J5, returning in 366. His works i n I t was designed for the "association of indiwere edited by the Bonedictines (1698), and by Migne viduals known for their scientific or literary attainments in the "Patrologia." His memory is celebrated in t h e artists of eminence in any class of the .Fine Arts atid noEastern and Latin churches 011 May 2. blemen and gentlemen distinguished as liberal patrons of

N o r t h A m e r i c a which rises in the K o c k y Mount a i n s , flows g e n e r a l l y n o r t h e a s t , c r o s s e s t h e w e s t e r n e n d of A t h a b a s c a L a k e , a n d u n i t e s with Peace liiver to form Slave River. I t is A t h a p a s c a n ( a t h - a - p a s ' k a n ) , o r T i n n e h . (ti- ^ S ' M a i T t w ' . o r t h e A r t s ' " l t a h M d < " u r t e " " p r o p e r l y t h e u p p e r c o u r s e of t h e M a c k e n z i e . n ä ' ) . A l i n g u i s t stock'of North American Athenseus '(athle-ne'us). [Gr. W m t o c . l A L e n g t h , a b o u t 600 m i l e s . Athabasca Lake. A lake in British N o r t h i ™ ' t b e ' p ] r e p r r y d , ) ? 8 I o n 8 ' t h e n o r t h «reek grammarian, rhetorician, and p h i l o s ^ A m e r i c a , a b o u t l a t . 5 9 ° N . . l o n g . 1 1 0 ° W . Tt re- e r n , t h e P a c i f i c , a n d t h e s o u t h e r n . The northern n l i e r n f V m m « . TTm-vt „ - ! , „ a • v. Mr' -i * : r . ° * ' ^ f * '5> E B P t , flemished a W ceives the Athabasca River, and its outlet is bv the Slave division includes tribes of British North Z e i S a i d Alaska, among which are the Ah-tena, Kaiyuh-khotana, i r . ' , D , ' , 5 i l t h o r ^ Weipnosophistto" (ed. by River through the Mackenzie to the Arctic Ocean. Length K'naia^khotana, Koyukukhotana, Kutchin, "Montagnais, M c i l i e k e 1859). S e e I>ci]mosopliists. 230 miles. "Breadth, -20-30 miles. Montagnai-ds, Takulli andofr nWashington. a k h o t a n a . Oregon, The Pacific TGr. 'h6m>av6sinn is composed or tribes and diviCali- Athenagoras ( a t h - e - n a g ' S - r a s ) . Born at A t h e n s ! » , » , »Costa, « ™ .Chetco, » flourished about"176 h e i Chasta Ilupa, Kalts' w J Athabasca Pass. A p a s s o v e r t h e R o c k y fornia, including « t m A. D. A G r e e k P l a t o n i s t p h i l o s o p h e r a n d C h r i s M o u n t a i n s , i n B r i t i s h N o r t h A m e r i c a , b e t w e e n ereatunne, Kenesti, Kwalhiokwa, Kwatami, Mieikqwutme t i a n , a u t h o r of a n a p o l o g y o r i n t e r c e s s i o n i n tunne, Mikono tunne, Naltunne tunne, Owilapsb, QwincMounts Brown and Hooker. tunnetun Saiaz, Tcenie, Tuetlcstcan tunne, Tlatskauai, b e l i a l f of t h e C h r i s t i a n s , a d d r e s s e d t o t h e e m Athapascans. Athabascans. See Tolowa. Tutn, and Yukitce. The southern division con- p e r o r s M a r c u s A i i r e l i u > a n d C o m m o d u s . He sists of the various Apache and Navajo tribes in Oklahoma, states and refutes the accusations of atheism, cannibalism Atha-ben-Hakem. S e c Mokmma. New Mexico, Arizona, and J-lcxico. "While some of the and incest made against the Christians in his day A Atha Melik (ii'tha ma'lik), Ala-ed-Din (a-la- Oregon tribes have fought t h e United States, its more ed-den'). B o r n i n K h o r a s a n , P e r s i a , a b o u t notable opponents have been t h e .Apache, under such treatise on t h e resurrection of the dead is also attributed 1 2 2 7 : d i e d a t B a g d a d , 1282. A P e r s i a n h i s - famous leaders as Cochise, Mungus, Colorado, and Gero- ato him. mmo. The present (I89ii) number nf AXUenalS. See t o r i a n , a u t h o r of " C o n q u e s t of t h e W o r l d . " Endocia. _ this stock is 32 w899 air - • - --A t h a l a r i c ( a - t h a l ' a - r i k ) , o r A t h a l r i c ( a - t h a l ' - of: — wiioin about constituting t h e northern division! Athene ( a - t h e ' n e ) , o r Athena ( - n a ) . [G-r \ % v n rik). B o r n 5 1 7 : d i e d 534. A G o t h i c p r i n c e , I n G r e e k m yytt hh oo l o g y , t h e g o d d e s s of s o n of E n t h e l r i c o r E u t h a r i c a n d A m a l a s u i n t h a , prising the Pacific division, are in Washington, Oregon, k n o w l e d g e , a r t s , s c i e n c e s , a n d r i g h t e o u s w a r : and California ; and about 23.409, belonging to the southd a u g h t e r of T h e o d o r i c I . Oil Theodoric's death in e m division, arc in Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico, and p a r t i c u l a r l y , t h e t u t e l a r y d e i t y of A t h e n s : i d e n 52(5 he became king of the East Goths in Italy under Ama- Colorado, besides there are t h e Lipan and some refugee t i f i e d b y t h e E o m a n s w i t h M i n e r v s . s h e personified t h e clear upper air as well as mental clearness and Apache in Mexico, i^or the Athapasca proper, sec lasuintha's regency. acuteness, embodying the spirit of t r u t h and divine wisAthalia. 1 . A n o p e r a b y H a n d e l , p r o d u c o d i n tagnais. I n V e d i e m y t h o l o g y , dom, and was clothed with the ¡egis, symbolizing the dark 173».— 2 . A u o p e r a b y M e n d e l s s o h n , p r o d u c e d A t h a r v a n ( a - t ' h a r ' r a n ) . t h e p r i e s t of l i r e ( A g n i ) a n d S o m a , a n d t h e n , storm-cloud, and armed with the resistless spear —the i n 1844. v i e w e d a s a d e f i n i t e p e r s o n , t h e first p r i e s t shaft of lightning. Athaliah (ath-a-li'B). [Heb., 'Yahveh i s i n p r i m e v a l t i m e s w h o b r i n g s d o w n fire f r o m Professor Mas Müller, for instance, had identified m i g h t y . ' ] T h e d a u g h t e r of A h a b , k i n g of I s r a e l , h e a v e n , o f f e r s s o m a , a n d p r a y s . With miraculous Athena, t h e great deity of the Ionian Greeks, with t h e a n d J e z e b e l , a n d w i f o of J e l i o r a m , k i n g of J u - powers he subdues the demons, and he receives from v edic dahana, the " dawn " creeping over the sky. The d a l l . On t h e death of Jchoram and that of his son and the gods heavenly gifts. As a singular or as a plural the philological difficulty was considerable, and scholars are successor, Ahaziah, she usurped the throne of the kingnow inclined to believe t h a t Athena was not. the dawn h u t dom of J u d a h about 843 B. c. (Dnncker). In order to re- word also designates ' t h e spells ot Atharvan,' the Athar- t h e lightning. Taylor, Arvans p. 305 move all rivals she p u t to death all the male members of vaveda. the royal house, Joash alone escaping. She was p u t to Atharvaveda ( a - t ' h a r - v a - v a ' d a ) . [ S k t ' V i . l a Athene Parthenos CU-IIK-'HC p a r ' t h o - n o a ) . death by command of Jehoida about 837 B. c. (Duncker) of t h e A t h a r v a n s . ' ] T h e f o u r t h of t h e ' V e d a s . [to. »«Mr « ) * n f , Athene the virgin.] A Athalie ( a - t a - i c ) . [F. for Athaliah.] A t r a g - I t never attained in India t h e high consideration of the " « t a b l e R o m a n r e d u c e d c o p y , i n t h e N a t i o n a l e d v c o m p o s e d b v R a c i n e f o r t h e s c h o l a r s of " t y J 1 * » • S T i ® ^ ™>«™««»lly »eta>owl«d(t«d w M u s e u m , A t h e n s , o f t h e g r e a t c h r y s e l e p h a n t i n e S a i n t - C v r , b „ t not, p e r f o r m e d t h e r e . The sub- s'ecomfto t h a t " ? t h i ' S i f f i j ^ S ^ S t t f ' r n ^ t h ™ e b y ™ i ' i a s l n ll'le P a r t h e n o n . ject was from sacred ln-tory, and it was his last dramatic gical, collection. It goes bv a vavietv of names wb nh f-rtistioalljr the copy is poor, b u t from its evidently carework. It was written at the instigation of Madame de 0 4 to "ifi»' ^'0" « »•'« Mstorically highly imporMaintenon, was first performed in 16.X> (printed -in 1691) seem' at least in pari^fabricated to give I t 7 « y had no fair claim. I t was called the Veda of h e n e PoliaS (a-the'ne pol'i-as). at Versailles with choruses, and has since been produced which.it the Atharvans and the Ansirases t o u r i n g "it into eonnec- A tt n e n e - f O l i a S ( a - t h e ' n e p o l ' i - i i s ) . [ G r . MrjVT! from time to time with music by various great composers. tion with ancient mid venerated Indian families, and ^oMag A t h e n e , g u a r d i a n of t h e c i t y ( A t h e n s ) 1 Athalie was one of Rachel's greatest parts. Veda of the Atharvans " has come to be its most famil- A n o t a b l e o r i g i n a l G r e e k s t a t u e , ' i n t h e V i l l a

Athene Polias Albani, Rome.

91

The goddess, in her usual full drapery

On moat maps t h e r e is shown a t h i r d wall, c a l l e d t h e and iegis, has a lion-head drawn o v e r her head in place of Phaleric w a l l , starting f r o m t h e south side of Athens, a h e l m e t . T h e proportions are somewhat short, as in t h e near the Ilissus, and extending t o the east side of the .Bay o l d e r sculpture, and t h e statue is dated by experts i n t h e of Phalerum. iNo vestige of such a w a l l has, h o w e v e r , 5th century B. c. been discovered, nor has any trace of an ancient p o r t been f o u n d at t h e so-called Old Phalerum, at the eastern end of Athene, Temple of. See Assos, JEgina, Athens, the bay. I t is v e r y i m p r o b a b l e that such a wall ever exSyracuse. isted, and i t is safe to assume that Phalerum lay at t h e end of the bay. Old Temple of A thena, b e t w e e n the Athenian Bee, The. An epithet applied to western r e c h t h e u m and t h e Parthenon. I t s foundations w e r e Plato, a native of Athens, in allusion to the E recognizcd and studied by D o r p f e l d in 1885. I t was Dosweetness of his style. ric, peripteral, hexastyle, w i t h 12 columns on the flanks, Athenion (a-the'ru-on). A leader in the second and measured 70 by 137 f e e t . A number of t h e columnservile insurrection in Sicily, 103-99 B, c. He is drums, capitals, and other architectural elements are built said to h a v e been t h e c o m m a n d e r of banditti in Cilieia, i n t o the north w a l l of t h e Acropolis. T h e t e m p l e bad a l a r g e cult-cella t o w a r d t h e east, behind which t h e r e was w h e r e h e was captured and sold as a slave into Sicily, l i e a treasury w i t h t w o chambers o p e n i n g on a vestibule. was chosen l e a d e r of t h e insurgents in t h e western p a r t A notable a u t h o r i t y ( P e n r o s e ) combats Dorpfeld's restoraof the island, m a d e an unsuccessful attack on Lilybaeum, tion, and suggests t h a t t h e t e m p l e may have been Ionic, j o i n e d T r y p h o n (Salvius), k i n g of t h e rehels, by w h o m he of 8 by 16 c o l u m n s : but t h e D o r p f e l d t h e o r y may b e taken was f o r a t i m e thrown i n t o prison, f o u g h t under T r y p h o n as demonstrated. I'hi3 t e m p l e remained stauding cerin t h e battle w i t h L . Licinius Lucullus, and on t h e death t a i n l y until 406 B. o., and probably u n t i l t h e r e i g n of of T r y p h o n became king. H e was slain in battle by the Hadrian and later. I t is of unusual historical and archrchand of M . A q u i l l i u s w h o put d o w n t h e r e v o l t . o l o g i c a l importance. Panathenaic Stadium, a stadium practically c o m p l e t e c x c e p t f o r its sheathing of marAthenodorus (a-then-o-dd'rus). [Or. Adcvotiu- still ble. T h e arena measures 109 by 670 f e e t , and is b o r d e r e d pog.] Born at Tarsus, Asia Minor: lived in the on its l o n g sides and its semicircular east end b y t h e 1st century B. c. A Stoic philosopher of Tarsus, slopes w h i c h supported t h e seats (about 60 t i e r s ) f o r t h e a friend of the emperor Augustus: surnamed spectators. T h e r e w e r e at intervals 29 flights of steps to g i v e access to t h e seats. A cademy of Sciences, a beau"Cananites," from Cana, in Cilieia, his father's t i f u l building in P e n t e l i c marble, l a t e l y c o m p l e t e d in t h e birthplace. classical Greek style f o r t h e accommodation of a learned m o d e l e d a f t e r t h e F r e n c h Institute. Convent of Athenodorus. A Greek statuary, one of the body Daphni, a c o n v e n t f o u n d e d by the F r e n c h dukes of A t h e n s collaborators on the group of the "Laocoon." in the 13th century. (See also Arch of Hadrian ; Dexileos, See Laocoon. Monument of; Erechtheum; Hegeso, Monument of ; LysiAthens, Duke Of. See Brienne. Jerates, Choragic Monument of; Nike Apterox, or Wingless Athens (ath'enz). [Gr. 14 By vat, Homer (Odys- Victory, Temple of; Odeum uf Her odes ; Olymplevum. or Atkenes, G.Athen, s e y , v i i . 8 0 ) 'Adi/vy,L.Athenee,F. Temple of Olympian Zeu* ; Parthenon; Propylsea ; TheIt. Ate>te; origin unknown: traditionally from seum; Tower of the Winds.) T h e topographical f e a t u r e s the goddess.] Tho capital and largest of ancient A t h e n s are described under their names.

city of Greece and the chief city of Attica, situated about 5 miles from its seaport Pireeus (on the Saronic Gulf), in lat. 37° 58' N., long. 23° Athens. The capital of Athens County, Ohio, 44' E. T h e ancient city g r e w u p around t h e Acropolis. situated on the Hocking River 35 miles west T h e other noted h i l l s were the A r e o p a g u s and P n y x . L o n g of Marietta. It is the seat of Ohio University w a l l s j o i n e d t h e city to its p o r t . T h e modern city has ex(founded 1804). Population (1890), 2,620. t e n d e d northeastward t o w a r d Lycabettus, and contains, A city in Clarke County, Georgia, sitbesides the palace and g o v e r n m e n t buildings, a university, Athens. a museum, and f o r e i g n ( A m e r i c a n , French, German, e t c . ) uated on tho Oeonee 62 miles northeast of

Atkinson, Thomas W i t l a m Athlete, The. A Greek statue, held to be a copy of the famous Doryphorus (spear-bearer), the canon or type of Polyclitus, found at Pompeii, and now in the Museo Nazionale, Naples. T h e undraped figure is rather short and heavy, but is adm i r a b l y p r o p o r t i o n e d and in simple, u n p r e t e n d i n g pose.

At-hlit (ath'let). A town in Galilee (Palestine), on the Mediterranean south of Haifa. It contains the Castle of the P i l g r i m s , a splendid f o r t r e s s established by the T e m p l a r s in t h e early part of t h e 13th century. I t occupies a p r o m o n t o r y p r o j e c t i n g i n t o the sea, w h o s e isthmus is cut by glacis, d o u b l e ditch, and massive w a l l s w i t h rectangular towers. W i t h i n t h e inclosure t h e r e are v a u l t e d magazines, ruins of a hexagonal church, a fine hall of t h e P a l a c e of the Templars, and other remains.

Athlone, E a r l Of. See G-inlcd. Athlone (ath-lon'). A parliamentary borough in Westmeath and Roscommon, Ireland, situated on the Shannon in lat. 53° 25'N., long. 7° 51' W . I t was taken f r o m t h e I r i s h by General Ginkel in Jun e, 1691. Popul ation of p a r l i a m en tary boro ugh (1881). 6,901.

Athol, or Athole, or Atholl (ath'ol). A hilly district in northern Perthshire, Scotland. Area, about 450 square miles. Athol (ath'ol). A town in Worcester County, Massachusetts, situated on Miller's River 33 miles west of Fitchburg. Population (1890), 6,319. Athor, or Athyr, See ffathor. Athos (ath'os). [Gr. "Adas, wA0uv.] The easternmost peninsula of Chaleidice in Macedonia. I t p r o j e c t s i n t o t h e ^Egean Sea and is connected w i t h the mainland by a narrow isthmus ( p i e r c e d by a canal during the invasion of Xerxes). On i t w e r e the ancient cities Olophyxus, OharadriiE, Apollonia, A c r o t h o u m , and Cleonaj. L e n g t h , 30 miles. I t is believed that, w i t h t h e exception of t h e d w e l l i n g s of P o m p e i i , some b u i l d i n g s in A t h o s are t h e oldest specim e n s of domestic architecture i n E u r o p e . Encyc. Brit., I I I . 14.

schools f o r classical studies. A t h e n s was founded, acAtlanta. I t has a large trade i n cotton and cotton manAthos, Mount. [Gr. "Adcog, vAdioi>, NGr. "Ayiov c o r d i n g t o the o l d account, b y an E g y p t i a n colony l e d by ufactures, and is the seat of t h e University of Georgia A opog, the holy mount, It. Monte San to.'] Oecrops. I t became t h e chief place in Attica, w i t h Pallas ( f o u n d e d 1801). P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 8,639. A t h e n e as its especial d i v i n i t y , and was r u l e d by kings, mountain at the extremity of the peninsula of The capital of McMinn County, Ten- Athos, famous since the early middle ages for a m o n g w h o m Krechtheus, Theseus, and Codrus w e r e fa- Athens. Chattanooga. its communities of monks, which form a sort mous. I t was then ( f r o m the l e g e n d a r y date B. C. 1132) nessee, 50 miles northeast of ruled by t h e nobles (Eupatrids), and had archons as maPopulation (1890), 2,224. of republic tributary to Turkey. Height, 6,350 gistrates, w h o w e r e successively perpetual, decennial, and Athens. A borough in Bradford County, north- feet. a f t e r 683 u. c. annual. T h e laws of Draco w e r e enacted in eastern Pennsylvania, situated on the SusqueAthos (fc-thos'). One of the " Three Musketeers" 624 Is. c., and those of Solon in 594 B.O. Fisistratus behanna Dear tho New York border. Population in Dumas's novel of that name. See Trois came tyrant in 560, and his sons w e r e expelled in 510, T h e (1890), 3,274. r e f o r m s of Cleisthenes (509) made A t h e n s a pure democMousquctaires, Leu. racy : popular assemblies of all citizens m a d e t h e laws. Athens of America, The, or The Modern Athy (a-thi'). A town in the county of KiJT h e glorious period began w i t h the Persian wars, in w h i c h Athens. An epithet of Boston, Massachusetts. dare, Ireland, 39 miles southwest of Dublin. A t h e n s took a l e a d i n g part, as at Marathon 490, and SalaAn epithet of the Atia, or Attia, gens (at'i-a jenz). In ancient m i s 480. T h e city was temporarily held by t h e Persians Athens of Ireland, The. city of Cork, and also of Belfast. Rome, a plebeian clan or house whose family i n 480. U n d e r Themistocles, i m m e d i a t e l y after, t h e l o n g •walls were b u i l t . A t h e n s became t h e head of the Con- Athens of the North, The. Edinburgh: so names were Balbus, Labienus, Rufus, and f e d e r a c y of Delos in 477 (r), and f o r a short period had an called from its resemblance, topographically Varus. extensive e m p i r e and w a s t h e first p o w e r in Greece. The and intellectually, to Athens; also, an oc- Atilia, or Atillia, gens (a-til'i-a jenz). In " A g e of Pericles " (about 461-429) was n o t e d f o r t h e adorncasional epithet of Copenhagen. m e n t of t h e city. T h e Peloponnesian war, 431-404, reancient Rome, a patrician and plebeian clan An occasional or house whose family names under the Repubsulted in the displacement of A t h e n s by Sparta in t h e Athens of Switzerland, The. h e g e m o n y of Greece. A t h e n s was taken by Sparta in 404 epithet of Zurich. lic were Bulbus. Calatinus, Longus, Regulus, and an aristocratic faction was put in p o w e r ; but m o d e r Cordova, Spain, and Serranus. The first member of this gens who beate democracy was restored by Thrasybulus in 403. A t h e n s Athens Of the West, The. under Demosthenes resisted Macedon, but was o v e r t h r o w n which was an intellectual center from tho 8th came consul was M. Atilius Kegulus, 335 B. C. at the battle of Chfcronea 338, and was generally a f t e r to the 13th century. Atimuca. See Timuquanan. this under Macedonian influence. I t was s u b j u g a t e d by Atherstone (ath'er-ston). A town in "Warwick- Atin (a/tin). The personification of strife in R o m e in 146 B. C., and p i l l a g e d by Sulla in 86 B. c. It shire, England, 17 miles northeast of Birming- Spenser's 4' Faerie Queene." continued to f o r m part of t h e R o m a n and l a t e r of t h e ham. Population, about 4,000. Atina (a-te'na). A town in the province of Byzantine empire. Conquered b y the Latin Crusaders in 1205, i t became a lordship and soon a duchy under French, Atherstone, Edwin. Born at Nottingham, Caserta, Italy, 70 miles southeast of Rome. Spanish, and I t a l i a n rulers successively t i l l its conquest April 17,1788: died at Bath, England, Jan. 29, Population, about 4,000. b y the Turks in 14f>6. I t was devastated by a V e n e t i a n 1872. An English poet and prose-writer. He Atitlan (a-te-tlan'). A volcano in Guatemala b o m b a r d m e n t in 1687, and also in t h e W a r of Liberation was the author of " T h e Last Days of Hereu- near Lake Atitlan. Height, 11,849 feet. in 1821-27. I t became the capital of t h e n e w k i n g d o m of laneum," etc. Greece in 1834. Population (1889), 107,251. (See Greece, Atitlan, Lake. A lake in Guatemala, Central Peloponnesian War, Persian Wars, Solon, Pericles, etc.) Atherton (ath'er-ton), Charles Gordon, Born America, 50 miles west of Guatemala, noted T h e f o l l o w i n g are among t h e i m p o r t a n t structures of t h e for its great depth. It lias no outlet. 4 (?). 1804: died at at Amherst, N. July ancient and the m o d e r n city : Dionysiac Theater, a theaManchester, N. H., Nov. 15, 1853. An Ameri- A t k a (at'ka). The largest of the Andreanov ter on t h e southern slope of the Acropolis, where all t h e can politician, Democratic member of Congress Islands, Aleutian Archipelago. famous Greek dramas w e r e produced. I t was o r i g i n a l l y of w o o d , and was not c o m p l e t e d in stone until about 340 from New Hampshire 1837-43, and United Atkarsk (at-karsk'). A town in the governB. C. T h e existing remains of orchestra and stage-structure States senator 1843-49 and 1853. He introduced ment of Saratoff, eastern Russia, 55 miles northare modifications of R o m a n date. T h e front" w a l l of t h e the so-called " Atherton g a g , " a resolution w h i c h p r o v i d e d west of Saratoff. Population, about 7,000. stage bears e x c e l l e n t r e l i e f s of Bacchic myths. T h o dithat all bills or p e t i t i o n s on the subject of slavery should Atkins (at'kinz), John. Born 1685: died 1757. ameter of the c a v e a i s about 800 f e e t : i t has o n e precincb e " l a i d on the table w i t h o u t being debated, printed, or tion, and is d i v i d e d by radial stairways i n t o 13 w e d g e An English surgeon who, in 1721, accompanied shaped sections. T h e lowest t i e r consists of seats of honor r e f e r r e d , " and w h i c h remained in f o r c e 183S^5. the ships Swallow and Weymouth on a voyage cut f r o m m a r b l e in t h e f o r m of chairs. Gate of the Oil- Atherton, John. Born at Bawdripp, Somer- to West Africa and America, returning in 1723. Market, or New Agora, a gate built w i t h g i f t s f r o m Julius setshire, 1598: died at Dublin, Dec. 5, 1G40. H e published t h e " . N a v y Surgeon " (173-2), and " A V o y a g e Cajsar and Augustus. T h e w e s t f r o n t is Doric, tetrastyle, Bishop of Waterford and Lismore, hung for to Guinea, Brazil, and t h e W e s t I n d i e s " (1735). t h e columns, 26 f e e t high and 4 in base-diameter, still unnatural crime. Atkins, Tommy. See Tommy Atkins. supporting their entablature and p e d i m e n t . T h e m i d d l e intercolu initiation, f o r the passage of vehicles, ia l l ^ f e e t Atherton, or Chowbent (ehou'bent). Born at A man- Atkinson (at'kin-son), Edward. wide, the others 4J. Long ivuttx, t w o massive fortificaufacturing and mining town in Lancashire, Brooklino, Mass., Fet). 10,1827. An American t i o n walls e x t e n d i n g f r o m the ramparts of the city to England, 10 miles northwest of Manchester. economist and statistician. He is the author of "Our those of t h e Pirajus, at a distance apart, except near t h e i r N a t i o n a l Domain " (1S79X " C o t t o n Manufacturers of the d i v e r g i n g extremities, of about 550 feet. (See above.) Population (1891), 15,833. U n i t e d States "(1880)," Railroads of t h e U n i t e d States," etc. T h e y m a d e the ports and the metropolis practically one A t h e r t o n G a g . S e e Atherton, Charles Gordon. h u g e fortress, and assured Athenian supplies by sea Atkinson,Henry. Born in North Carolina, 1782: w h i l e r e n d e r i n g possible Athenian naval triumphs at Atherton Moor, Battle of. A victory gained died at Jefferson Barracks, Mo., June 14,1842. time3 w h e n t h e Spartans held t h e i r land w i t h o u t t h e near Bradford, England, J 643, by the Royalists An American general. He defeated the Indians walls. T h e y w e r e destroyed w h e n A t h e n s f e l l b e f o r e under the Earl of Newcastle over the Parliaat Bad Axe River in Black Hawk's war, 1832. Sparta toward the end of the 5th century, but w e r e rementarians under Fcrdinando Fairfax. Atkinson, Thomas Witlam. Born in Yorkstored in 393 B. c. by Conon. T h e long walls f o l l o w the The Latin name of the shire, England, March 6, 1799: died at Lower crests of t h e g r o u p of bills southwest of the A c r o p o l i s , Athesis (ath'e-sis). and run southwest. T h e northern wall, which was t h e Adige. Walmer, Kent, Aug. 13, 1861. An English longer, measured about 5 miles. T h e r e was at least one Athias (a-te'as). Joseph. Died 1700. A Jew- artist and traveler. He was the author of "Oriental cross-wall t o guard against the f o r c i n g of the passage. ish printer of Amsterdam, publisher of editions aud W e s t e r n S i b e r i a " (IS.'JS), " T r a v e l s in the R e g i o n s of t h e U p p e r and L o w e r A m o o r " (I860), etc. of the Hebrew Bible (1661-67).

Atkinson» Sergeant

92

Atkinson, Sergeant. A character in Fielding's Atlas, W i t c h Of. See Witch of Atlas. " A m e l i a . " With his devotion to Booth and Amelia, and his self-sacrificing generosity, he is an embodiment of goodness of heart.

Atlas Mountains. A mountain system in Mo-

rocco, Algeria, and Tunis, sometimes regarded as limited to Morocco. Its highest summit, A t k y n s (at'kinz), R i c h a r d . Born 1615: died Jebel Ajashi, in Morocco, is ft,600 feet high. 1677. An English writer on the history of print- Length, about 1,500 miles. ing: author of ' ' T h e Original and Growth of A t m (atm), A t m u (at'mo), or T m u (tmo). Printing, etc." (1664). In Egyptian mythology, the setting sun, a Atkyns, Sir Robert. Born in Gloucestershire, double of Ra, represented in human form, wor1621: died Feb. 18,1709. An English jurist, and shiped at Northern On, or Heliopolis. chief baron of the exchequer: author of " P a r - Atna« See Ahtemt. liamentary and Political T r a c t s " (1734), etc. Atna (at'na) River, or Copper River. A river A t l a n t a (at-lan'ta). The capital of Georgia in Alaska which flows into the Pacific west of and of Fulton County, situated in lat. 33° 45' N . , l o n g . 84° 25' W . It is an important railway center, Mount St. Elias. and has an extensive trade in cotton, tobacco, etc., and A t n a h ( a t ' n a ) . [From a Takulli word meaning manufactures of cotton, iron, flour, etc. I t is the seat of ' stranger.'j A tribe of North American InAtlanta University (colored), fonnded about 1345. At- dians dwelling on Fraser River, British Columlanta was taken by Sherman Sept. 1864, and was partly burned previous to his departure on his " March to the bia: to be distinguished from the Ahtena of Sea " (Xov. 1ft, 1S64). It became the State capital in 1863. the Athapascan stock. See Salishan. There was a cotton exposition at Atlanta in 1881. lation (181K)), 65,533.

Popu-

Atooi.

See Kauai.

A t o s s a ( a - t o s ' a ) . [Gr. ^Aroaaa."] 1. The daughA t l a n t a , B a t t l e of. A victory gained east of ter of Cyrus,' king of Persia, and wife sucAtlanta, J u l y 22, 1864, by the Federals under cessively of Cambyses, Smerdis, and Darius Sherman over the Confederates under Ilood Hystaspis. (who had made a sortie f r o m the city). FedAtossa, the daughter of Cyrus, and wife successively eral loss, about 3,600 (including General of her brother Cambyses, of the Pseudo-Smerdis, and of McPherson). Darius, is known to us chiefly from Herodotus and /Eschylus. is no mention of her in the Inscriptions, nor A t l a n t e s ( a t - l a n ' t e z ) . [PI. of 'kr/,ac.] In by anyThere writer of repute, except Herodotus and Greek architecture, colossal male statues used such ashistorical follow him. According to one accouut she was instead of columns to support an entablature. killed by Xerxes in a fit of passion. liawlinson, Herod., IV. 2o6. A t l a n t e s (lit-liln'tes). Araagician, inBoiardo's and Ariosto's " Orlando," who lived on Mount, 2. A poetical n a m e given to the first Duchess Carena in a castle surrounded with a wall of of Marlborough by Pope in his " Moral Essays." glass where h e educated the young Rogero. A t r a t o (a-tra'to). A river in Colombia which Atlantic (at-lan'tik). The capital of Cass flows into the Gulf of Darien in lat. 8°N., long. County, Iowa, situated on E a s t Nishnabatoue 77° W. Its length is about 275 miles, and it is Uiver 47 miles east of Omaha. Population navigable for over half its course. (1890), 4,351. A t r e b a t e s (a-treb'a-tez or at-re-ba'tez). In A t l a n t i c City, A seaside resort in Atlantic ancient history, a tribe of Belgic Gaul, dwellCountv, New Jersey, 60 miles southeast of ing chiefly in the later Artois. I t joined the Philadelphia. Population (1890), 13,055. confederation against Julius Caesar. One A t l a n t i c Ocean. [F. Mer Atluntiquc, G. Atlan- branch dwelt in Britain near the Thames. tisches Mcer. L. Atlanticum MURE, Gr. ru 'ATAUV-TIKOV irt/.ayog, // Wr'/.avTiKf/ Oa'Aaooa, the S e a Of Adventurers from Gaul probably led the way into TingAtlas, originally applied to the sea beyond l a n d ; and the names Brigantes and Parisi in Durham Mount Atlas in northwest Africa, f r o m 'Ar/tap and east Yorkshire, Cenomanni in East Anglia, and Atre(Ar'Aavr-), Mount Atlas.] That part of the bates in Berkshire, belong equally to the continental disof Bregenz, Paris, Maine, and Arras. There is some ocean which is bounded by the Arctic Circle tricts reason, from local names and language, to connect these on the north, Europe and Africa on the east, Gaulish tribes with the Kymric rather than with the Erse the Antarctic Ocean on the south, and America variety of the Kelts. Pearson, Hist. Eng., I. 5. o n t h e w e s t . It is sometimes regarded as terminating at lat. 40° S., the part southward being reckoned as be- A t r e k (a-trek'), or A t t r u c k (a-truk'). A river in longing to the so-called Southern Ocean. Its chicf currents northern Persia, and on the boundary between are the Gulf Stream, East Greenland Current, Labrador Persia and the Transcaspian territory of Russia. Current, Equatorial Current, South Connecting Current, I t flows into the Caspian Sea in lat. 37° 30' ft"., long. 54° 10' Guinea Current, and Brazilian Current. Length, 10,000 E. Length, about 250 miles. miles ; average breadth, 3,000 miles; average depth, about A t r e u S (a'tros). [Gr. Arpd'C.'] In Greek legend, 13,000 feet. a king of Mvcena?, son of Pelops and f a t h e r of

Atlantis (at-lan'tis). [L. Atlantis, Gr. ?/

Attic Muse, The A t t a k a p a s (a-tak'a-pa). A popular name f o i a district in southern Louisiana comprising the parishes of St. Mary's, St. Martin's, Vermilion, Iberia, and Lafayette. A t t a l i a (at-a-li'li). The ancient name of Adalia. Attalus ( a t ' a - l u s ) I., or Attalos (-los). [Gr. ''ATTCIAOQ.] Died 197 B. c. King of Pei'gamon

2 4 1 - 1 9 7 . He carried on war with the Galatians, Syria, and Macedon, and was allied with Rome in the latter p a r t of his reign. Votive groups were set up by him on t h e Acropolis at Athens, in honor of his victory over the Gauls. These groups, of figures of about half life-size, were : (1) Battle of the Gods and Giants ; (2) Combat between Athenians and Amazons : (3) Victory of -Marathon; (4) Destruction of the Gauls by Attalus. f o u r figures from these groups are in the Museo Xazionalc at Naples: a Fallen Giant, a Dead Amazon, a f a l l e n Persian, and a Dying Bearded Gaul.

Attains II., or Attalos. Born 220 B. C.: died 138 B. c. King of Pei'gamon 159-138, son of Attalus I. l i e was an ally of Rome.

Attains III., or Attalos. Died 133 B. c. King of Pergamon 138-133 B. c., nephew of Attalus II. By his will he left his kingdom to the Romans.

Attains, or Attalos. Died about 336 B. c. A

Macedonian general, assassinated by order of Alexander the Great. A t t a l u s . Lived about 32;") B. C. A Macedonian officer in the service of Alexander the Great.

Attalus, Flavins Priscus. Emperor of the

W e s t . He was probably an Ionian by birth, was prefect of Rome when the city was taken by A1 uric iu 409, and was proclaimed emperor by Alaric in opposition to HonoI'ius. He was deposed by Alaric iu 410, and was banished to Lipari by Honorius in 41t>.

Attar (ftt-tar'), or Athar (Mohammed ibn

I b r a h i m F e r i d - E d d i n ) . Born near Nishapur, Persia, 1119: died 1202 (1229 f). A Persian poet

a n d m y s t i c . He wrote forty poetical works, admired for elegance of style and insight into the Sufl doctrines. He is said t o have been killed at a great age by a Mongol soldier.

A t t e n d o r n (at'ten-dorn). A town in the province of Westphalia, Prussia, situated on the Bigge 43 miles northeast of Cologne. Population, about 2.000.

Atterbom (at'ter-bom),. Peter Daniel Ama-

d e u s . Born at Asbo, Ostergotland. Sweden, J a n . 19, 1790: died July 21, 1855. A Swedish poet, professor (first of philosophy and later of e s t h e t i c s ) a t U p s a l a .

He was the leader of the

Phosphorists (which see), editor of the "Phosphoros," and later of the "Poetisk kalender." lie wrote "Lycksalighetens 0," a romantic drama (1824-27, " T h e f o r t u n a t e Island"), "Svenskasiare ochskalder"(1841-55, "Swedish Seers and Bards "), etc.

A t t e r b u r y ( a t ' e r - b e r - i ) , Francis.

Born at

Milton, Buckinghamshire, March 6,1662: died at Paris, Feb. 15,1732. A noted English divine,

p o l i t i c i a n , a n d c o n t r o v e r s i a l i s t . He was appointed

Agamemnon. H e slew the sons of Thyestes bishop of Rochester and clean of Westminster 1713, and ATACIVTI^ vfjoog. the Atlantic Isle, from "Arhac, Mount and was slain by JEgisthus. banished as a Jacobite in 1723. Atlas.] A mythical island in the Atlantic A t r i (a'tre). A town in the province of Teramo, A t t e r c l i f f e (at'er-klif). A small town in YorkOcean, northwest of Africa, referred to by Abruzzi, Italy, 14 miles southeast of T e r a m o : shire, England, northeast of Sheffield. Plato and other ancient writers, which with its the ancicnt Adria or Hadria. Attersee (at'er-za), or Kammersee (kam'merinhabitants was said to h a r e disappeared in a A t r i (a'tre). A river in Bengal, British India, za). The largest lake of "Upper Austria, situwhich joins the Ganges at Pubria. convulsion of nature. ated iu the Salzkammergut 20 miles east of A t r i (a'tre). In the Veda, one of the most Salzburg. Its outlet is by the Agcr into the Atlantis, The New. See New Atlantis. frequently named rishis of primeval times. Traun. Length, about IB miles. Atlas (at'las). [Gr. VAR'LAC, lit. 1 the supporter' He enjoys the help of India, Agni, and the Asvins iu all (of the sky), from A- euphonic and r/.av (T'/M-) kinds of need. He frees the sun from the power of t h e A t t i c (at'ik). One of the dialects of ancient ( = L. tollerc), bear up, support.] 1. In Greek asura Svarbhanu. He is one of the seven rishis (in the Greek, spoken in Athens and the surrounding mythology, a Titan, brother of Prometheus and sky the seven stars of the Great Bear). To him are as- district (Attica). It was the most highly cultiEpiinetheus, son of Iapetus and Clymene (or cribed a number of hymns in the fifth Mandala of the vated of the Hellenic dialccts. Asia), and father (by Pleione) of the Pleiades Rigveda. Attica (at'i-ka). [Gr. ?/ Arm-?}, earlier A K T L K and (by ^Ethra) of the Hyades, and also (in from ¿ « r ^ a h e a d l a n d , a promontory.] In ancientH o m e r ) of C a l y p s o . According to Desiod he was A t r i d s e (a-tri'de). The sons of Atreus, Aga- geography, a division of central Greece, bounded condemned by Zeus, for his part in the battle of the memnon and Menelaus. by Bocotia (partly separated by Citha>ron) on A t r i d e s (a-tri'dess). [Gr. Arpeith^, a patronymic, Titans, to stand at the western extremity of the earth, the northwest, the Gulf of Egripos (separating near the dwelling-place of the Ilesperides, upholding the from 'Arpevr.'] A son of Atreus, especially Aga- it from Euboea) on the northeast, the i E g e a n memnon. heavens with his shoulders and hands. His station was on the east, the Saronic Gulf on the southwest, / / later said to be in the Atlas Mountains iti Africa. Ac- A t r o p a t e n e (at' ro-pa-te ne). In ancient geog- a n d M e g a r i s o n t h e w e s t , i t c o n t a i n s several mouncording to some accounts he was the father of the Hes- raphy, a mountainous district of Media, cor- tains (Cithseron. l'arncs, Pentelicus, and Kymcttus) and perides : also a king to whom the garden of the Hesperides responding in general to the modern province the plain of Attica watered by the Ocphissus and Ilissus. belonged. The details of the myth vary greatly. of Azerbaijan. Persia. Its chief city was Athens, with whose history it is in genIdeler has shown (see Humboldt's " Aspects of Nature," AtrOpOS (at'ro-pos). [Gr. "Arpoxog, inflexible, eral identified. vol. i. pp. 144-146, E. T.) that there was a confusion in f r o m a- priv. and rperreiv, turn.] I n Greek mythe Greek mind with respect to Atlas. The earlier writers thology, that one of the three Mceras (Gr. MoZThe names of the Attic tribes were Erechtheis, .•Egeis, (Homer, Hesiod, but eight individ- Indianapolis. Population (1890), 2,320. Algeria. Thus his mountain, if it is to be considered aa uals of the entire stock, all members of the Atakapa A t t i c a a n d Bceotia. A nomarchv of modern having any foundation at all on fact, must represent the tribe, were known to survive. Of these, three resided at Greece. Capital. Athens. Area, 2.472 square eastern, not the western, extremity of the Atlas chain. Lake Charles, Calasieu parish, Louisiana, the remainder miles. Population (1889), 257.764. RaivUtison, Herod., III. 159, note. in western Texas. The other tribes of the stock were the A t t i c Bee, T h e . A surname of the Greek tragic 2. The fourth-magnitude star 27 Pleiadum, Coco and Heyeketi. The Atakapa were accused of canni- poet Sophocles, and also of Plato. at the eastern extremity of the " h a n d l e " of balism, and their tribal name is derived from a Choctaw Attic Muse, The. An epithet of the Greek histerm signifying 'man-eater.'

the group.

Attacapas. [PI.] See Attacapan.

torian Xenophon.

Atticus, Titus Pomponius Atticus (at'i-kus), Titus Pomponius. Born at

Rome, 109 B. C. : died March, 32 B. C. A R o m a n scholar and bookseller, an intimate friend of Cicero, best know a from the letters addressed t o him b y t h e g r o a t o r a t o r .

His chief work was

" a synchronistic Roman history la the somewhat meagre form of tables, probably with the addition of the contemporary history of foreign peoples which had acquired importance in connection with that of Rome, and, as a supplement, the pedigrees of the chief Roman families"

(Teutfel and Schwabe, Hist. Rom. Lit. (tr. by (!. C. W. Warr), I. 263).

Atticus Herodes, Tiberius Claudius. Bom at Marathon, Greece, about 104 A. D. : died about 180. A celebrated Greek rhetorician and public benefactor.

He erected at his own ex-

93

'

Aubrey, John

have been called after his own name, and placed on an produces wine, etc., and has manufactures of iron, wool, equal footing with the Kamnes, Titienses, and Luceres. cotton, and linen. It comprises 5 arrondissements. Area, Tarquin, in mockery of the augur's art, s a i d : — " T e l l me 2,317 square miles. Population (1891), 255,548. now by thy auguries whether the thing I have now in my mind may be done or not." " I t may," replied Attius Na- A u b e . A river in F r a n c e which rises in the vius, after he had consulted the gods by augury. " Well, plateau of Langres, and joins the Seine 25 then," rejoined the king, " it was in my mind t h a t thou miles northwest of Troyes. Length, about 125 shouidst cut this whetstone in two with this razor." The miles. augur took the razor and severed the whetstone ; Tarquin desisted from his scheme, and lcnrnt to respect the omens. Aubé (ô-bâ')» Jean Paul. Born at Longwy, The whetstone and razor were buried under a sacred cov- Lorraine, J u l y 4,1837. A notedFrcneli senIptor. ing in the Comitium, and a veiled statue of Att[i]us Xavius In 1847 he came with his father to Paris; in 1849 he entered " L a Petite École" at the age of twelve, where was afterwards set up over the spot. he was associated with Dalou, Barrias, Delaplanelie, and Smith, Hist, of the World, II. 190. others. In, 18i>6 he entered the atelier of Buret, professor at the École des Beaux Arts, and later that of Danton, Attiwendaronk. See Neuter. whom he remained five years, lie served in the A t t l e b o r o i l g h (at'1-bur-ô). A town in Nor- with National Guard during the Franco-Prussian war.

folk, England, 14 miles southwest of Norwich.

A u b e n a s (ôb-na'). A town in the department pense many public works at Athens, Corinth, Olympia, Population, 5,047. and elsewhere, and restored several decayed towns in A t t l e b o r o u g h . A t o w n ill Bristol County, of Ardèche, southern France, situated on the various parts of Greece. Massachusetts. 31 miles southwest of Boston. Ardèche 14 miles southwest of P r i v a s : noted

for its silk trade a n d manufactures. PopulaA t t i g n y (a-ten-ye'). A small town in t h e de- Population (1890), 7,577. p a r t m e n t of Ardennes, Franco, situated on the A t t o c k (at-tok'), o r  t a k (a-tak'). A fort and tion (1891), commune, 7,824. Aisne 22 miles south by west of Hezieres, im- strategic point in the Pan,jab, British India, Auber (ô-bâr').Daniel François Esprit. Born p o r t a n t in the Merovingian a n d Carolingian situated on tho Indus in lat. 33° 54' N., long. at Caen, Normandy, J a n . 29,1782: died in Paris, May 13, 1871. A F r e n c h operatic composer. periods. 72° 15' E., built by Akbar in 1581. It is at the Among his works are " L e Maçon" (1825), " L a i l u e t t e

Attike. See Attica.

head of navigation.

The Indus is crossed here by a rail-

de Portici " (1828),

t;

Fra Diavolo " (1830),

li

Le Dieu et la

Bayadere" (1830), " L e s t o c q " (1834), " L e Cheval de A t t i l a (at'i-la). [LL. Attila, OHG. Azsilo,E-zzUo, way bridge. MHG. G. Etzel, Icel. Atl\ Hung. JCthele.] Died A t t r u c k . See A trek. Bronze" (1835), " L e Domino >'oir" (1837). "Les Diamants 453 A. D. A f a m o u s king of the Huns, sou. A t t u c k s (at'ukz), C r i s p u s . Died at Boston, de la Couronne " (1841), "Haydée " (1847), "Manon Lesof Mundzuk and brother of Bleda, together caut," "La Fiancée du Roi des Carbes," '"Le Rêve w i t h whom he ascended the throne in 433: March 5, 1770. A half-breed Indian or mulatto, d'Amour" (1869), etc. surnamed the 4 4 Scourge of God" by medieval the alleged leader of the mob at the " Boston writers, on account of the ruthless aud wide- massacre," March 5, 1770, in which he was the Auberge Rouge (ô^barzh-rdzh'), L'. [F., ' Tlie spread destruction wrought by his arias. On first to fall. Red Inn.'J A tale by Balzac, written in 1831. the death (assassination?) of his brother in 445 he beAuberlen (ou'bcr-len), Karl August. Bom at came sole ruler and extended his sway over German as A t t w o o d (at'wud). T h o m a s . Born at London, well as Slavonic nations, including the East Goths, Nov. 23, 1765: died at Chelsea, March 24, 1838. Fellbach, Nov. 19, 1824: died at Basel, May 2, Gepidie, Alani, Heruli, Longobards, Thuringians, and Bur- An English musician, a pupil of Mozart, organ- 1864. A German P r o t e s t a n t theologian, progundians. He laid waste the provinces of the Eastern Em- ist of St. Paul's Cathedral, and composer to tho fessor of theology in the University of Basel pire south of the Danube 442-447, exactiug from Theodo- Chapel Boval (1796). He was one of the founders 1851-1864. sius II. a tribute of six thousand pounds of gold, and es-

tablishing the annual subsidy at two thousand pounds; of the Philharmonic Society. His works comprise songs, Aubert, Alexander. Born a t London, May 11, laid claim to one half of the Western Empire as the be- glees, anthems, music for the stage, etc. He was "buried 1730: died at "Wygfair, St. Asaph, Oct. 19, 1805. An English astronomer. trothed husband of Honoria, the sister of Valeutinian, who beneath the organ of St. Paul's. years previously had scat him her ring and the offer of her A t t y s . See Atys. Aubertin (5-ber-tan'), Charles. Born at St. hand in marriage; invaded Gaul iu 451, in alliance with Atuamih (a-to-a'më), or Hamefkuttelli (haDizier, Dec. 24, 1825. A F r e n c h scholar, apGenseric, king of the Vandal3, and was defeated in the same year by the Roman general Aetius with the aid of mef-ko-tei'e). An almost extinct tribe of N o r t h pointed rector of the Academy of Poitiers in J'aiaihnihan. 1874. He has published " É t u d e critique sur les rapthe West-Gothic king Theodoric at Chalons-sur-Marnc ; American Indians. See ports supposés entre Sénèque et Saint-Paul " (1857), invaded Italy in 452, destroying Aquileia, but retired with- Atum. See Aim. out attacking Koine, being, according to the legend, dis- A t t i r e s (à-to'rez). A t o w n in Venezuela, situ- " L'Esprit public au X V i l l e siècle " (1872). "Les origines de suaded from sacking that city by Pope Leo I . ; aud died, ated on the Orinoco at one of its principal cata- la langue et de la poésie françaises " (1875), and "Histoire probably from the rupture of a blood-vessel, on the night racts, about lat. 5° 38' N. de la langue et de la littérature françaises au moyen-âge " of his marriage with a Gothic maiden named Ildico or Hilda, lie appears in German legend, notably in the Atwater (at'wà-tèr), Lyman Hotchkiss. Born (1876-78), etc. A s u b u r b of Nibelungcnlied, as Etzel, who, in his turn, is the Atli of at Now H a v e n . Conn.. Feb. 17, 1813 : died at A i i b e r v i l l i e r s (ô-ber-vê-lyâ')the heroic lays of the elder Edda. Between Etzel and Princeton, N. J'., Feb. 17,1883. An American Paris, 1 mile north of the fortifications. PopuAtli there arc differences as well as correspondences. Ac- clergyman, educator, and editor of the ' ' Prince- lation (18i)l), commune, 25,022. cording to the Edda, At) i, who married Gudruti, the widow ton Review." He was appointed professor of mental Aubigné, Françoise d'. See Maintenon, Maof Sigurd (the Siegfried of the Nibelungenlied), possessed a kingdom in the South. He is, however, nowhere called and moral philosophy at Princeton in 1854, and later (1869) dame de. Aubigné, Merle d'. See A[crie d'Aubif/né. a king of the Huns. Hunaland, located in the south of logic and moral and political science. Born 1746: died Aubigné (ô-bë-nyà')j Théodore Agrippa d'. of Germany, is here a possession of Sigurd's ancestors, A t w o o d ( a t ' w ù d ) , George. the Volsuiigs, and he himself is frequently called the at London, J u l y 11, 1807. A noted English Born n e a r Pons, Saintonge. France, F e b . 8, " H u n n i s h . " In the Nibelungcnlied the land of the Huns m a t h e m a t i c i a n . On leaving Cambridge (1784), after is located in the east, and belongs to Etzel as king. In the having been fellow and tutor of Trinity College, he was 1552 : died at Geneva, April 29,1030. A French later legend, as in this case, the whole external circum- given a sinecure as patent-searcher of the customs by Wil- Huguenot historian, satirist, and soldier, in tho stances of Attila have been transferred to Etzel, and the liam Pitt as an indirect remuneration for executing the administrative service of Henrv IV. He wrote historical and legendary person are regarded as one. Atli, calculations connected with the revenue. He wrote " A " H i s t o i r e universelle 1550-1001" (1616-20), on the other hand, has nothing in common with Attila, Treatise on the llectilinear Motion and Rotation of Bodies, " H i s t o i r e secrète," satires, etc. although the Old Norse material apparently came origi- etc. " (1784), "A Dissertation on the Construction and Propnally from German sources. There are other differences erties of Arches "(1801), etc. In the former of these works A u b i n (ô-ban'). À town in the d e p a r t m e n t of between the Germanic Atli and Etzel that are not due to occurs the first description of the well-known "Atwood's Avevron, France, in lat. 44° 32' N., long. 2° the confusion of the latter with Attila the Hun. The machine" for exhibiting the action of gravity. 15' Ë. Population (1891), commune, 9,052. earliest material of the legend was probably from two Aublet (ô-blà'), Jean Baptiste Christophe separate sources, a German and a Gothic, which were ulti- A t y s , or A t t i s (at-'is). A mythical personage F u s é e . Born at Salon, Provence, Nov. 4.1720: mately fused together. The crushing defeat of the Bur- in the worship of t h e P h r y g i a n goddess Cyguridians by Attila, 451, by transference made what was bele (Rhea), son of the Lydian supreme god died at Paris, May 6, 1778. A French botanist. Manes, or of Nana, d a u g h t e r of the river-god In 1752 he went to Mauritius, where he spent several probably at bottom only a feud between two families into the fearful climax in the second part of the Xibelungen- Sangarius, and beloved of C.vbele. He met his death years. From 1762 to 1764 he traveled iu French Guiana, in earlv youth at a pine-tree, which received his spirit, and iti t h e l a t t e r year was iu Santo Domingo. The results lied. while from his blood sprang violets. A tomb was raised of his voyages were published in 177'», in his "Ilistoiie him on Mount Diiidymum, in the sanctuary of Cybclc, des plantes de la Guyane française" (4to, 2 vols, text, 2 A t t i l a . 1. A tragedy by Corneille, produced in to the priests of which had to be eunuchs. A festival of or- of plates), containing also descriptions of species from 16G7.— 2. An opera by Verdi, produced in Ven- giastic character, lasting three days, was celebrated in his Mauritius, and many notes of general interest. ice in 184G. honor iu the spring. A pine-tree covered with violets was A mountain-group in tho Attila, or The Triumph of Christianity. An carried to the shrine nf Oybele as a symbol of the departed Aduebp raar tcm e(ô-brâk')n t s of Aveyron and Lozère. France, Then, amidst tumultuous mnsit: and the wildest exepic poem in twelve books, b y W. H e r b e r t Atys. hibition of grief, the mourners sought for Atys on the connected with the system of the Cévennes. (London, 1838), with a historical preface, on mountains. On the third day he was found, and the re- Its highest point is nearly 4,800 feet. the career of Attila f r o m his d e f e a t on the Cata- joicing which followed was as extravagant as the mourn- A u b r e y (â'bri), M r . 1. The principal character ing which preceded. The myth may be considered as the in Samuel Warren's novel ' ' T e n Thousand a launian plains (451) till his d e a t h (453). of the Greek legend of Aphrodite and Adonis, Preternatural machinery, both celestial and infernal, is counterpart Year," a f t e r w a r d succeeding to the title of supplied on a liberal scale. The most useful part of the which itself is borrowed from the Semitic legend of Tam- Lord Drelingcourt. A reserved and elegant country book to a historical student is the second half of it, "At- muz and Ishtar. According to Kawlinson the name means gentleman with an income of ten thousand a year, the tila and his Predecessors, an Historical Treatise." Here ' under the influence of Ate,' i. e., 'judicially blind.' loss and subsequent recovery of which form the main all the materials for writing the life of Attila are collected with great industry, b u t there is no sufficient separation An. See Aa. interest of the book. between the precious and the vile. A l l b a g n e (o-bany'). A town in the depart- 2, I n Cumberland's play " T h e Fashionable Hf/dylan, Italy and her Invaders, I I . 40. ment of Bouchès-du-Rhône, France, situated Lover," the f a t h e r of Augusta Aubrey. He re-

A t t i n g h a u s e n (at'ting-hou-zen). A small vil- on the H u v e a u n e 10 miles east of Marseilles. lage in the canton of Uri, Switzerland,situated Population (1891), 8.154. on the Keuss 20 miles southeast of Lucerne, Autianel (o-ba-nel'). Joseph Marie Jean-Bapt i s t e T h é o d o r e . Born at Avignon, F r a n c e , celebrated in the William Tell legend. Attiret (a-te-ra'), Jean Denis. Born at Bole, March 26. 1829: died there, Oct. 31, 1886. A French publisher and writer in the Provençal France, J u l y 31, 1702: died at Peking, Dec. 8 (17 ?), 1768." A F r e n c h painter, and Jesuit mis- language, a u t h o r of t h e poem " T h e Pomegranate Opened," in Provençal (1860), etc. sionary in China. A u b e (ôb). A d e p a r t m e n t of France, capital AttlS. * See Atys. Troyes, bounded by Marne on the north, H a u t e Attius. See Accius. Attius (at'i-us), or AttUS (at'us), NaviUS. An Marne on the east, Côte-cFOr oil the south, Yonne on the southwest, aud Seine-et-Marne augur u n d e r Tarquinins Priscus. on the west, formed f r o m parts of the old ChamThis augur forbade the king to carry out his intention of pagne and Burgundy. It is fertile in the southeast, creating three new centuries of horsemen, which were to

t u r n s in time to r e w a r d those who have befriended her. A u b r e y , A u g u s t a . The principal female character in Cumberland's " F a s h i o n a b l e Lover," persecuted by Lord Abberville, but lin ally married to F r a n c i s Tyrrel. A u b r e y , J o h n . Born at Easron Pierse, Wiltshire, March 12 (Nov. 3 '?), 1626: died in J u n e , 1697. An English antiquary, author of " M i s cellanies," a collection of ghost-stories and othet' t a l e s of t h e s u p e r n a t u r a l .

lie materially

aided Anthony à Wood in preparing his " Antiquities of Oxford " (1674). Parts of the valuable manuscript material left by him have been edited.

Aubry Aubry (ô-brê')> Claude Charles, Comte d\

B o r n a t Bourg-en-Bresse, Oct. 25, 1773: diod O c t . 19,1813. A F r e n c h g e n e r a l . He fought with

distinction in the campaigns of 1812-13, was rewarded with the title of count and promoted to general of a division for his services in restoring the bridge over the Beresina, and was fatally wounded at the battle of Leipsic.

Aubry de Montdidier (ô-brë' dé môn-dë-dyâ').

A T r e n c h g e n t l e m a n of t h e court of Charles V. w h o w a s m u r d e r e d i n 1371 in t h e f o r e s t of M o n t a r g i s b y a n o t h e r c o u r t i e r , Kiehard de Mac a i r e . I t is said that the murderer would have escaped hut for the fidelity of Aubry's dog, which followed him continually until, the attention of the king having been called to it, he ordered that Macaire should fight with his accuser the dog. Macaire was armed with a club, but was pulled down by the dog and confessed his crime. The subj ect has been dramatized and sung in ballads in French, German, and English.

* 94 Auerbach, Berthold A u d l e y ( â d ' l i ) , H u g h . D i e d 1662. A n English A u c h t e r a r d e r (âch-tér-âr'dôr). A t o w n in m o n e y - l e n d e r a n d m i s e r w h o a m a s s e d a l a r g e P e r t h s h i r e , Scotland, 13 miles s o u t h w e s t of f o r t u n e largely a t t h e e x p e n s e of i m p r o v i d e n t Perth. young gallants. Auckland. See Bishop-Auckland. A u c k l a n d ( â k ' l a n d ) . A f o r m e r p r o v i n c e in t h e Audley, or Audeley, James de. Born about n o r t h e r n p a r t of N o r t h I s l a n d , N e w Z e a l a n d . 1316: died a t F o n t e n a y - l e - C o m t e , 1369. A n A u c k l a n d . A s e a p o r t , c a p i t a l of t h e c o u n t y E n g l i s h c o m m a n d e r in t h e w a r s of E d w a r d I I I . , of E d e n , N e w Z e a l a n d , s i t u a t e d on H a u r a k i n o t e d f o r his b r a v e r y . Gulf in l a t . 36° 50' S., long. 174° 49' E. : t h e A u d l e y , T h o m a s ( B a r o n A u d l e y of W a i d e n ) . f o r m e r c a p i t a l of N e w Zealand, i t has one of the B o r n in Essex, E n g l a n d , 1488: died a t L o n d o n , best harbors in New Zealand, and contains a college and ca- April 30, 1544. A n E n g l i s h politician, s p e a k e r thedral. Population (1S91), 28,613, or 51,127 with suburbs. of t h e H o u s e of C o m m o n s 1529-33, a n d lord Auckland, Earl of. See Eden. c h a n c e l l o r of E n g l a n d 1533-44.

A u c k l a n d Islands.

A group of uninhabited Audouin (o-dö-aii')» Jean Victor.

i s l a n d s in t h e South Pacitic Ocean, s o u t h of N e w Zealand, in lat, 50° 30' S., long. 166° 13' E., claimed b y G r e a t B r i t a i n . T h e y w e r e discovered b y t h e British in 1806.

A u b u r n ( à ' b è r n ) . T h e h a m l e t d e s c r i b e d b y Audasus (â-dë'us), Audius (â'di-us), or Udo G o l d s m i t h in his " D e s e r t e d V i l l a g e , " com- ( u ' d o ) . B o m in M e s o p o t a m i a : died i n S c y t h i a m o n l y i d e n t i f i e d with Lissoy, C o u n t y W e s t - a b o u t 370 A. D. T h e f o u n d e r , a b o u t 330, of a meath, Ireland. r i g i d m o n a s t i c sect in Scythia, which s u b s i s t e d Auburn. T h e c a p i t a l of D e K a l b County, a b o u t a h u n d r e d y e a r s . He was an anthropomorI n d i a n a , s i t u a t e d on C e d a r Creek 22 miles phism and observed "Easter on the 14th of Kisan, accordn o r t h of F o r t W a y n e . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 2,415. ing to the .Jewish fashion. A u b u r n . A city a n d t h e c a p i t a l of A n d r o s c o g - A u d e (ôd). A d e p a r t m e n t of F r a n c e , c a p i t a l gin County, Maine, s i t u a t e d on t h e Androscog- Carcassonne, b o u n d e d b y T a r n a n d H é r a u l t g i n 34 miles n o r t h of P o r t l a n d , o p p o s i t e Lewis- on t h e n o r t h , t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n on t h e east, t o n . It h a s m a n u f a c t u r e s of cotton, b o o t s a n d P y r é n é e s - O r i e n t a l e s o n t h e s o u t h , H a u t e - G a r o n n e on t h e n o r t h w e s t , a n d A r i è g e on t h e west. shoes, e t c . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 11,250. A u b u r n . A city a n d t h e c a p i t a l of Cayuga It formed part of ancient Languedoc. There are outliCounty, N e w York, s i t u a t e d a t t h e o u t l e t of ers of the Pyrenees in the south and of the Cévennes in O wasco L a k e in l a t . 42° 55' N., long. 76° 40' the north. I t comprises i arrondissements. Area, 2,4;!G W . , t h e s e a t of a S t a t e prison, c o n d u c t e d on t h e square miles. Population (1891), 317,372. " s i l e n t " (or " A u b u r n " ) system, a n d of a P r e s - A u d e . A r i v e r in s o u t h e r n F r a n c e "which rises b y t e r i a n theological s e m i n a r y , c h a r t e r e d 1820 in t h e P y r e n e e s a n d flows i n t o t h e M e d i t e r r a a n d o p e n e d in 1821. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 25,858. n e a n Sea 11 m i l e s e a s t of N a r b o n n e . Carcass o n u e i s s i t u a t e d on it. L e n g t h , a b o u t 125 miles. Auburn, Mount. See Mount Auburn. A u b u s s o n (ô-bii-sôn'). A t o w n in t h e d e p a r t - Audebert (ôd-bâr'), Jean Baptiste. Born at R o c h e f o r t , F r a n c e , 1759: died a t P a r i s , 1800. m e n t of Creuse, F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d a t t h e Creuse A French naturalist and artist. in l a t . 45° 56' N., long. 2° 10' E., n o t e d f o r its Audefroy le B a s t a r d (ôd-frwà' lé bâs-tàr')c a r p e t s . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e , 6.672. See t h e e x t r a c t .

Aubusson, Pierre d\

Born in France, 1423:

died a t R h o d e s , J u l v 13, 1503. G r a n d m a s t e r of t h e K n i g h t s of St" J o h n 1476-1503. l i e succ e s s f u l l y c o n d u c t e d t h e heroic d e f e n s e of R h o d e s a g a i n s t t h e T u r k s in 1480.

Aucassin et Nicolette (ô-ka-san' â nê-kô-let'). 1. A F r e n c h r o m a n c e of t h e 13th c e n t u r y , n a m e d f r o m t h e h e r o a n d heroine. S e e t h e extract.

By far the best of them [romances] are those of Audefroy le Bastard, of whom nothing is known, but who, according to the late M. Paul in Paris, may be fixed at the beginning of the thirteenth century. Audefroy's poems ai e very much alike in plan, telling for the most part how the course of some impeded true love at last ran smooth. They rank with the very best mediœval poetry in colour, in lively painting of manners and feelings, and in grace of versification. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 63.

Born at

P a r i s , April 27,1797: died a t P a r i s , Nov. 9,1841. A noted French entomologist. H e wrote a " H i s t o i r e d e s i n s e c t e s n u i s i b l e s à la v i g n e " (1842), etc.

A u d r a n (ô-dron'), C h a r l e s . Born at Paris, 1594 : died a t P a r i s , 1674. A n o t e d F r e n c h engraver. His prints, which are numerous, are marked " C , " later " K . " A u d r a n , C l a u d e . B o r n a t P a r i s , 1597: died a t L y o n s , 1677. A F r e n c h e n g r a v e r , b r o t h e r of Charles A u d r a n . A u d r a n , C l a u d e . Born a t Lyons, 1039: died a t P a r i s , 1684. A F r e n c h p a i n t e r , second son of t h e e n g r a v e r Claude A u d r a n . A u d r a n , C l a u d e . B o r n a t L y o n s , 1658: died 1734. A F r e n c h p a i n t e r , eldest son of G e r m a i n A u d r a n : a n i n s t r u c t o r of t h e p a i n t e r W a t t e a u . A u d r a n , G é r a r d . B o r n a t L y o n s , 1640 : died at P a r i s , 1703. A n e n g r a v e r , t h i r d son of t h e e l d e r Claude A u d r a n , c e l e b r a t e d especially f o r his e n g r a v i n g s of L e b r u n ' s h i s t o r i c a l p a i n t i n g s . H e wrote " P r o p o r t i o n s d u c o r p s h u m a i n " (1693). A u d r a n , G e r m a i n . B o r n a t Lyons, 1631 : died 1730. A F r e n c h e n g r a v e r , n e p h e w of Charles Audran. A u d r a n , J e a n . B o r n a t L y o n s , 1667 : died a t P a r i s , 1756. A F r e n c h e n g r a v e r , t h i r d s o n of G e r m a i n A u d r a n . H i s b e s t - k n o w n w o r k is " T h e K a p e of t b e S a b i n e s , " a f t e r P o u s s i n . Audrey ( à ' d r i ) . [Also Aw drei/, Aw dry, etc., a r e d u c e d f o r m of A S . Jitheldryht ( M L . Etheldritha), St. A u d r e y , f r o m w h o s e n a m e c o m e s also t h e w o r d tawdry. ] 1. In Shakspere's comedy " A s you Like it," an awkward country g i r l . — 2 (or A w d r e y ) . A b r i d e , in J o n son's " T a l e of a T u b , " a bright a n d p e r v e r s e little person.

Audenarde. See Oudenarde. Audh. See Oudh. The finest prose tale of the Trench middle ages, Aucassin et Nicolette. In this exquisite story Aucassin, the soil A u d h u m l a (ou-T>Hura'la). [ I c e l . ] T h e cow, in Audubon (à'dû-bon), John James. Born near of the Count of Beaucairc, falls in love with Mcolette. a t h e O l d N o r s e c o s m o g o n y , f r o m w h o s e u d d e r s captive damsel. It is very short, and is written in mingled flowed t h e m i l k w h i c h n o u r i s h e d t h e first c r e - N e w Orleans, M a y 4, 1780: died a t N e w York, S h e J a n . 27, 1851. A n o t e d A m e r i c a n ornitholoverse and prose. The theme is for the most part nothing a t e d being, t h e g i a n t Y m i r , a n d his r a c e . hut the desperate love of Aucassin, which is careless of l i c k e d o u t of t h e s a l t y ice a b e i n g , Buri, w h o s e gist, of F r e n c h d e s c e n t , chiefly c e l e b r a t e d f o r religion, which makes him indifferent to the joy of battle, son, Borr, w a s t h e f a t h e r of Odin. Iiis d r a w i n g s of b i r d s . He was educated in France, and to everything except " Nicolette ma très-douce mie," Audians ( à ' d i - a n z ) . A m o n a s t i c s e c t f o u n d e d and which is. of course, at last rewarded. But the extreme b y A u d i u s or Audieus, a S y r i a n , i n t h e 4th where he was a pupil of the painter David, and on his beauty of the separate scenes makes it a masterpiece. c e n t u r y . Audius, after unsuccessful attempts to im- return to the United States made various unsuccessful Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 147. prove the morals of the clergy, separated from the church attempts to establish himself in business in New York. and was irregularly appointed bishop. Various heretical Louisville, and New Orleans. His time was chiefly de2 . A n o p e r a b y G r é t r y , first p r o d u c e d i n 1780. opinions were attributed to the sect. voted to his favorite study, in the pursuit of which he A u c h (5sh). T h e c a p i t a l of t h e d e p a r t m e n t of Audience. [Sp. Atuliencia.] Originally, a su- made long excursions on foot through the United States. Gers, F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d on t h e G e r s in l a t . 43° p e r i o r c o u r t of S p a i n . The audience as established His chief work, the "Birds of America." was published, 38' N., long. 0° 36' E. : t h e a n c i e n t E l i m b e r - in the Spanish colonies of America had very extensive 1827-30, by subscription, the price of each copy being r u m or Eliberris, l a t e r A u g u s t a A u s c o r u m , a powers, frequently in legislative and administrative mat- $1,000. In 1831-39 he published " Ornithological Biograflourishing t o w n , c a p i t a l of t h e Ausci. it was ters as well as in judicial ones. In the latter respect the chief town of (>a3cony and Armagnac, and the seat of it was the superior of crown governors, but inferior to phy "(5 volumes). His " Quadra peds of America "(chiefly an archbishop. It has a large trade in wine, brandy, etc., the viceroys. In criminal suits its decisions admitted by John Bachman and Audubon's sons) appeared 1840-54. and various manufactures. The cathedral of Auch, begun of no appeal ; in civil eases an appeal lay to the Council A u e ( o u ' e ) . T b e n a m e of varions small rivers under Charles VIII. in the florid Pointed style, is one of of the Indies only where the amount involved was large. in G e r m a n y . See Aa. the most interesting churches of southern France. The The audience properly consisted of four oidores (auditors A u e . A m a n u f a c t u r i n g t o w n in t h e k i n g d o m classical portico was added by Louis XIV. The imposing or judges), one of whom, as president, virtually ruled the of S a x o n y , s i t u a t e d on t h e Mulde 14 miles interior, 347 feet long and 87 high, displays fine Renais- rest. In regions governed by a viceroy, the president of s o u t h e a s t of Zwickau, P o p u l a t i o n (1S85), 4,364. sance glass and 113 16th-century choir-stalls carved with the audience commonly exercised the viceregal functions von Aue. figures iu rich niches and canopics, which arc among the in case of a temporary vacancy. Elsewhere, as in Charcas, Aue, Hartmann von. Sec Barlmann he governed the country as a province, subject to a vice- Auenbrugger von Auenbrug (ou-en-brög'er handsomest in France. Population (,1891), 14,782. f o n o u ' e n - b r ö g ) , L e o p o l d . B o r n a t G-ratz, roy in another place. The audiences could appoint temA u c h i n î e c k ( â è h - i n - l e k ' or a f - f l e k ' ) . A vilporary governors and remove them ; in the case of crown S t y r i a , Nov. 19, 1722: died a t V i e n n a , May 17, lage in A y r s h i r e , Scotland, 28 miles s o u t h of governors and captains-general, their powers were often 1809. A G e r m a n p h y s i c i a n , i n v e n t o r of t h e Glasgow. so nearly balanced by those of the audience as to give rise e t h o d of s t u d y i n g i n t e r n a l diseases by perAuchmuty (ok'mu-ti), Samuel. Born at Bos- to constant disputes. The first audience established in m c u s s i o n : a u t h o r of " l u v e n t u m N o v u m ex P e r t o n , Mass., J a n . 16, 1722: d i e d a t N e w York, America was that of Santo Domingo ; later there were auM a r c h 6, 1777. A r o y a l i s t E p i s c o p a l clergy- diences of Panama, Los Reyes (lima), Confines (Central cussione, e t c . " (1761). m a n , r e c t o r of T r i n i t y Church, N e w York city. America), New Spain, Charcas, Chile, Eogotà, etc. See A u e r b a c h ( o u ' e r - b ä c h ) . A small t o w n in t h e Franconian Jura, Upper Palatinate, Bavaria, Auchmuty, Sir Samuel. Born at New York, theso names. 1756 (1758 : died a t Dublin, I r e l a n d , A u g . 11, 1822. A British general, son of S a m u e l A u c h - A u d i e r n e (ô-dë-arn')-

31 miles n o r t h e a s t of N u r e m b e r g . A s e a p o r t in t h e de- A u e r b a c h . A m a n u f a c t u r i n g t o w n in t h e gov-

m u t y . During the American "Revolution he served in p a r t m e n t of F i n i s t è r e , F r a n c e , 22 miles w e s t e r n m e n t a l d i s t r i c t of Z w i c k a u . Saxony, s i t u a t e d the English army, attaining the rank of lieutenant. Later of Q u i m p e r . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 3.401. on t h e Groitzsch 15 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of Z w i c k a u . he served with distinction in India (1784-97), at the Cape Audiffredi (ou-dëî-fra ' ic Frau with distinction in India and .lava. In 1S21 he was ap- Oct. 23, 1823. A F r e n c h s t a t e s m a n , p r e s i d e n t Professorin " (1847), '-Rarfiissele " (18'>G, " Little Barefoot"), " JoBeph im Schnee " (I860), "Edelweiss" (1861), "Auf der pointed commander-in-chief in Ireland. of t h e S e n a t e 1876-79. Höhe" (1871, "On the Heights"), "Das Landhaus am Rhein " (1869), "Waldfried " (1874), "Brigitta " , 1745) to pay to Prussia a war indemnity of one million fix-dollars. lie became involved in the third Silesian (or Seven Years') war 17D(M>:i through a secret, treaty with Austria, The electorate during the whole of the war was occupied by the Prussians.

Augustus Frederick. Bom in London, Jan. 27,1773 : died a t Kensington, London, England, April 21, 1843. Prince of Great Britain and

Augustine, Life Of St. A series of seventeen Ireland and Duke of Sussex, t h e sixth son of

1550: died 1631. One of t h e F r e n c h Leaguers, commander at t h e battles of A r q u e s a n d Ivry, son of Claude de Lorraine.

Aumale, Duc d'(Henri Eugène Philippe Louis d ' O r l é a n s ) . Born at Paris, J a n . 10, 1822. The f o u r t h son of Louis Philippe. He served

with distinction in the army in Algeria 1840-47 ; was governor-general of Algeria 1847-48 ; became a member of the Assembly 1871, and of the French Academy ; and was appointed general of division in 1S72. In 1873 he was president of the B l a i n e tribunal. In 188G he was expelled from France. He has published "Histoires des PrineeB de Condé" (1869), "Institutions militaires d e l à France" (1867), etc. Aumont (o-môn'), Jeail d'. Born 1522: d i e d A n g . 19, ] 595. A F r e n c h g e n e r a l , a p p o i n t e d

frescos b y B e n o z z o Gozzoli (1465). in t h e choir G e o r g e I I I . He was a patron of literature and art, and m a r s h a l of F r a n c e i n 1579. He was one of the of S a n Agostino, in S a n (ximign ano, Italy. The president of the Royal Society 1830-39. first to recognize Henry IV., on the death of Henry III., •finest are t h e " D e a t h of S a n t a M o n i c a " and Augustus, Arch Of. See Arch of Augustus. and was made governor of Champagne and later t h e " Burial of St. Augustine." Augustus and Livia, Temple of. A Roman in 1589, Bretagne. He fought in the battles of Arques and A u g u s t o d u n u m (a-gus-to-du'num). [L., 'hill Corinthian temple in Vienne, F r a n c e , it is hexa- of Ivry. and placed on a raised basement of A u g u s t u s . ' ] The capital of t h e ancient style, pseudoperipteral, de. measuring 191, by 88! feet, with a flight of steps in front. Aungervyle, Richard. See_ Bury, Richard iEdui, on the site of the modern A u t u n . ( o-ii w a' ), or Aulnoy ( o-nwa ' ), Comtesse A u g u s t o n e m e t u m . The Roman n a m e of t h e The height is 57 feet. The building was transformed into Aunty a church in the middle ages. and injured, but is well re- d' (Marie Catherine Jumelle de Bernemodern Clermont, in F r a n c e . ville). Born a b o u t 1650 : d i e d 1705. A F r e n c h A u g u s t o r i t u m (a-gus-tor'i-tum). [L., 4 ford of stored, or ou-jé'la). A n oasis in t h e writer of tales, romances, a n d memoirs, b e s t Augustus.'] The R o m a n n a m e of t h e mod- ALui jbiyl aan (á-jé'la desert. Africa, about lat. 29°N., on t h e k n o w n f r o m h e r f a i r y stories, she wrote "Ilisern Limoges, t h e capital of t h e Lemorices, a route between Egypt and Murzuk, n o t e d for toire d'Hippolyte, Comte de Douglas" (1690), "Contes Gallic tribe. des fées" (1710), "Contes nouveaux" (1715\ «te. Most of its dates. her fairytales are borrowed from the " M g h t s " of StraA u k (ák). A tribe of North American Indians Augustowo (ou-gtfs-to'vo), or Augustow (ou- living in S t e p h e n s Passage a n d on A d m i r a l t y parola. Among her works are the " Vellow Dwarf" and the g o s ' t o v ) . A town in t h e government of Su.- a n d Douglas islands, Alaska. They n u m b e r " White Cat," stories which no doubt she did not invent, walki, R u s s i a n Poland, situated on a small 640. S e e Koluschan. to which she has given their permanent and welllake a n d on t h e N e t t a a b o u t lat. 53° 50' N., Auld Lang Syne. A song bv Burns, written but known form. She wrote much else, memoirs and novels long. 22° 58' E. Population, 9,476. which were bad imitations of the style of Madame de la about 1789. £ A u g u s t u l u s (a-gus'tii-liis), R o m u l u s . [L., litFayette, but her fairy tales alotie are of value. tle A u g u s t u s . ' ] T h e last Roman emperor of t h e A u l d R e e k i e (aid r e ' k i ) . E d i n b u r g h : so n a m e d Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 326. W e s t , 475-476 A. D., son of Orestes who deposed because of its smokiness, or f r o m t h e unclean- Aune, or Aulne (on). A river ill Brittany, F r a n c e , which flows into t h e Roads of Brest. t h e e m p e r o r J u l i u s Xepos, a n d seized t h e gov- liness of its streets. e r n m e n t of the empire, while he h a d t h e title of Auld Robin Gray. A ballad by Lady Anne L e n g t h , about, 70 miles. a r n a r d , p u b l i s h e d in 1772. It was written to an e m p e r o r c o n f e r r e d on h i s son. Augustulus was com- B old Scottish tune, " The Bridegroom grat," which has been A u n i s (ô-nës')- T h e smallest of t h e a u c i e n t pelled by Odoaccr to abdicate after the defeat and death of superseded by a modern English air. (Grove.) She after- governments of F r a n c e , lying between Poitou his father at Pavia. " He was called Romulus from his ma- ward wrote a second part in which Robin considerately on t h e north and Saintonge ou the south, a n d ternal grandfather, a Count Romulus of JSoricuni, while dies and Jeanie marries Jamie. principally comprised in t h e d e p a r t m e n t of ChaAugustus is known to have been a surname at Aquileia." A u l i a g e n s (a'li-a jenz). I n ancient Rome, a rente-Inférieure. I t was conquered by Louis (Smith, Hist, of the World.) Augustus was popularly elan, probably plebeian, whose only f a m i l y VIII. 1223-26. In general it shared the forchanged to the diminutive Augustulus in derision of the n a m e was Cerretanus. Q. Aulius C e r r e t a n u s t u n e s of Aquitaine. emperor's youth.

Aurai

97

A u r a i (ô-rà'), or A h u r e i (â-o-râ'). A seaport Aurigny (o-re-nye')» The French name of Alon t h e island of R a p a (or Oparo), A u s t r a l derney. Islands, S o u t h Pacifie, a coaling-station of t h e A u r i l l a c (o-rel-yak')- The capital of t h e deP a n a m a , N e w Zealand, a n d S y d n e y Line. I t p a r t m e n t of Cantal, F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d on t h e is a F r e n c h possession. J o r d a n n e in lat. 44° 56' N., long. 2° 25' E . A u r a n g a b a d . [ H i n d . Aurangabad, city of Au- I t has diversified manufactures and an active trade. r u n g - Z e b e . j A city in t h e Ni2am's dominions, Annual horse-races occur here in May. Population (1891), in lat. 19° 51' N., long. 75° 21' E., the f o r m e r 15,824. Mogul c a p i t a l a n d the f a v o r i t e residence of A u r i n i a ( a - r i n ' i - a ) . The E o m a n n a m e of AlAurung-Zebe, n o w p a r t l y i n r u i n s . P o p u l a t i o n derney. A u r i v i l l i u s ( a - r i - v i l ' i - u s , in G. pron. o u - r e (1881), 20,500. K a r l . B o r n a t Stockholm, 1717: Aurangabad (ou-rung-ga-bad'), or Aurenga- vel'le-os), 1786. A Swedish Orientalist. bad. or Aurungabad. A district in the Ni- Adied u r o n z o (ou-ron'dzo). A c o m m u n e in the zam's dominions, British I n d i a . Area, 6,159 province of Belluno, Italy, n e a r the A u s t r i a n s q u a r e miles. f r o n t i e r 31 miles n o r t h e a s t of Belluno. Its A u r a y (ô-râ'). A s e a p o r t in the d e p a r t m e n t chief t o w n i s Yillagrande. of Morbihan, F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d on t h e A u r a y 10 A u r o r a ( 4 - r o ' r a ) . [L., t h e dawn, t h e goddess miles west of V a n n e s . Near it is St. Anne, a place of the dawn, earlier *Auvosa, Gr. ¿CJC (Doric), of pilgrimage. It is an important center of oyster-cul- fag (Ionic), ¿0% (Attic), t h e dawn, goddess of ture. Population (1891), commune, 6,23(5. a w n , Skt. ushas, *ushdsa, dawn, f r o m t h e root Auray, Battle of. A victory gained 1364 by d?(sft,burn.] I n R o m a n mythology, t h e goddess of J e a n V., d u k e of B r i t t a n y , and Sir J o h n Chandos t h e d a w n : called Eos b y the Greeks. The p o e t s over t h e F r e n c h u n d e r Charles de Blois a n d r e p r e s e n t e d h e r as rising out of t h e ocean in a Duguesclin. chariot, h e r rosy fingers d r o p p i n g gentle dew. Amelia (âr-rë'lya). 1, III M a r s t o n ' s " M a l c o n - A u r o r a . 1. A f r e s c o b y Guido Reni, in the t e n t , " t h e duchess, a dissolute, p r o u d woman, Palazzo Rospigliosi, R o m e . Aurora, scattering w h o s e c h a r a c t e r is depicted i n Marston's high- flowers, advances before the chariot of Phoebus, who is est strain.— 2. A p r e t t y b u t i m p e r t i n e n t a n d attended by the Hours. affected c o q u e t t e in D r y d e n ' s comedy " A n 2 , A f r e s c o by Guercino, on t h e ceiling of a E v e n i n g ' s Love, or The Mock A s t r o l o g e r . " casino of t h e Villa Ludovisi, R o m e . The dawnA m e l i a g e n s ( â - r ë ' l y a jenz). I n a n c i e n t Rome, goddess advances through the air in a chariot, pursuing a plebeian clan or house whose f a m i l y n a m e s the ficeing Night. The Hours scatter dew before her, and w e r e Cotta, Orestes, a n d S c a u r u s . The first genii flowers. m e m b e r of this gens who o b t a i n e d t h e consul- A u r o r a . A city in K a n e County, Illinois, situship w a s C. A u r e l i u s Cotta (252 B. C.). d on t h e F o x "River 39miles w e s t of Chicago. Aurelian (â-rë'lyan) (Claudius Lucius Va- aI tt ehas shops, a n d m a n u f a c t u r e s of malerius Domitius Aurelianus). Born probably chinery,railroad flour, etc. P o p u l a t i o n (1890% 19,688. at Sirmium, P a n n o n i a , a b o u t 212 A. D.: killed A u r o r a . A m a n u f a c t u r i n g t o w n in D e a r b o r n n e a r B y z a n t i u m , 275. E m p e r o r of Rome 270-275. County, I n d i a n a , s i t u a t e d on t h e Ohio R i v e r He was of obscure birth, and rose from the rank of a pri- 22 miles southwest of Cincinnati. Population vate to the highest post in the army ; was designated by (1890), 3,929. Claudius as his successor ; and defeated the Alainanni A u r o r a L e i g h (&-ro'ra le). A n a r r a t i v e p o e m 271, and Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, 272-273. He was by Mrs. Browning, p u b l i s h e d i n 1857, n a m e d called by tlie senate the " Restorer of the Roman Empire. " f r o m i t s heroine. I t was w r i t t e n at t h e Casa Aurelian, Wall of. See Wall of Aurelian. Guidi in F l o r e n c e .

Aurelianus (â-rë-li-â'nus)? Cselius. Born per- Aurungabad. See Aurangabad. h a p s i n N u m i d i a : lived i n t h e 2d c e n t u r y A. D. Aurung-Zeb (a/rung-zeb'), or Aurang-Zebe, A R o m a n physician, a u t h o r of a t r e a t i s e in 8 books on chronic a n d a c u t e diseases. To t h e f o r m e r 3 books w e r e devoted, a n d t o the l a t t e r 5.

Aurelius, Marcus.

See Marcus Aurelius.

A u r e l i u s (â-rë'lyus). A n a m o r o u s squire i n Chaucer's ' ' F r a n k l i n ' s T a l e . " See Dorigen. A u r e l i u s V i c t o r (vik'tor). A Roman historian of t h e 4th c e n t u r y A. D. He was the author of a brief history of the emperors (the "Osesares ") to near the end of the reign of Constantius, and, perhaps, of a socalled " Epitome " in which the history is brought down to the death of Theodosius I. A later, unknown hand added to the "Cœsares" the "Origo gentis Romaiuo" and tho " De viris illustribns " which have been ascribed to him.

Aurelle de Paladines (o-rel' dé pa-la-dèn')?

Claude Michel Louis. Born at Malzieu, Lo-

zère, F r a n c e , J a n . 9, 1804: died a t Versailles, Dcc. 17, 1877. A F r e n c h general. He served in

Algeria and the Crimean war ; defeated the Germans under Von der Tarm near Couhniers, .Nov. 9, 1870; and was defeated at Beaune-la-Êolande Nov. 28, and before Orleans Dec. 2-i.

Aurengabad.

See Aurangabad,

Aureng-Zebe, or The Great Mogul. A rimed

t r a g e d y b y D r y d e n , p r o d u c e d in 1675, r e a d b y Charles II. in m a n u s c r i p t , a n d p a r t l y revised by him. A ù r i c h ( o u ' r i c h ) . A g o v e r n m e n t a l district of t h e p r o v i n c e of H a n o v e r , P r u s s i a . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 218,004. A u r i c h . A t o w n i n t h e province of H a n o v e r , P r u s s i a , in lat. 53° 28' N., long. 7° 27' E. : the chief t o w n of E a s t F r i e s l a n d . Population (1890), 5,640. A u r i f a b e r (as L . â r i f a ' b ê r , as G. ou-re-fii'#

bér) (Latinized from Otoldschmied), Johann,

B o r n at Breslau, Prussia, J a n . 30, 1517: died at Breslau, Oct. 19,1568. A G e r m a n L u t h e r a n divine, a p p o i n t e d p r o f e s s o r of theology at Rostock i n 1550, on t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n of Melanchthon.

Aurifaber (Latinized from Groldschmied),

J o h a n n . B o r n 1519: died at E r f u r t , Prussia, Nov. 18, 1575. A G e r m a n L u t h e r a n divine, a f r i e n d a n d a s s i s t a n t of L u t h e r , a n d editor of h i s works.

A u r i g a ( à - r î ' g a ) . [L., a c h a r i o t e e r ; as constellation, t h e W a g o n e r . ] A n o r t h e r n constellation, the Charioteer or W a g o n e r , c o n t a i n i n g t h e splendid s t a r Capella. It is supposed to represent a

Austin, Stephen Fuller in L a t i n verse addressed by him t o Count Arb o g a s t e s is e x t a n t . A u s p i t z ( o u ' s p i t s ) . A t o w n in Moravia, Aust r i a - H u n g a r y , 54 miles n o r t h e a s t of V i e n n a . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), commune, 3,654. A u s s a ( o u ' s a ) . A p l a c e in Adal, e a s t e r n A f r i c a , a b o u t lat. 11° 30' N . A u s s e e ( o u ' s a ) . A small t o w n in Styria, Aust r i a - H u n g a r y , on t h e head s t r e a m s of t h e T r a u n 38 miles s o u t h e a s t of S a l z b u r g . I t h a s n o t e d salt-works, a n d is a watering-place. A u s s i g ( o u ' s i e ) , or L a b e m ( l a - b e m ' ) . A t o w n in Bohemia, situated, a t t h e j u n c t i o n of t h e Biela a n d E l b e 44 miles n o r t h of P r a g u e , it has an important trade in coal, and manufactures of chemicals, woolens, etc. Here, June Lr>, 1426, the Hussites defeated the Saxons. Population (1891), 23,646.

A u s t e n (as'ten), J a n e . Born at Steventon, H a n t s , E n g l a n d , Dec. 16, 1775: died a t W i n chester, J u l y 18,1817. A f a m o u s E n g l i s h novelist, d a u g h t e r of George Austen, rector of D e a n e a n d S t e v e n t o n . she lived in Bath (1801), Southampton (1805), Chawton near Alton (1809), and Winchester (May, 1817), and was buried in Winchester Cathedral. Her works are "Sense and Sensibility" (published 1811), "Pride and Prejudice" (1813), "Mansfield Park" (1814),11 Emma" (1816), "JSorthanger Abbey "(1818), " Persuasion " (1818). Her letters were edited by Lord Brabourne in 1884.

A u s t e r (as'ter). [L.] The south wind. A u s t e r l i t z (ous'ter-lits). A t o w n in Moravia, A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y , s i t u a t e d on t h e L i t t a w a 12 miles east of Briinn. Here, Dec. 2, 1805, the French (about 60,000) under Napoleon (Soult, Lannes, Murat, Bernadotte) overthrew the Russo- Austrian army (over 80,000) under Kutusoff: called the "Battle of Three Emperors," from the presence of the emperors Alexander I., Francis, and Napoleon. The loss of the French was about 12,000; that of the Allies over 30,000. The battle was followed by the Peace of Presburg between France and Austria. Population (1890), commune, 3,475.

A u s t e r l i t z , S u n of. The b r i g h t sun which disp e r s e d t h e clouds a n d m i s t on t h e m o r n i n g of t h e b a t t l e of A u s t e r l i t z , p r o v e r b i a l as a symbol of good f o r t u n e . A u s t i n ( a s ' t i n ) , A l f r e d . [Austin and Austen are ult. c o n t r a c t e d f o r m s of Augustine.'] Born at H e a d i n g l e y , n e a r L e e d s , May 30,1835. A n E n g lish poet, critic, j o u r n a l i s t , a n d lawyer. He was graduated at the University of London in 1853 ; was called

to the bar at the Inner Temple in 1857; was correspondent or A u r e n g - Z e b e . [Hind., ' o r n a m e n t of t h e at Komeof the London "Standard"during the ecumenical t h r o n e . ' ] B o r n Oct, 20, 1619: died at A h m e d - council of the Vatican in 1870, and at the headquarters of nuggur, F e b . 21, 1707. E m p e r o r of H i n d u s t a n the King of Prussia during the Franco-German war ; and u 1 1658-1707, s u r n a m e d A l u m - G e e r " or ' Alarri- became editor of the " National Review" on its establishG i r " ( ' c o n q u e r o r of t h e w o r l d ' ) : t h i r d son of ment in 1883. Among his works are "The Human Trat h e emperor S h a h J e h a n . He became governor of gedy" (1862), "Savonarola" (1881), " A t the Gate of the Deccan in 1(538, and usurped the throne in 1658, after Convent," etc. having murdered his two elder brothers Dara and Shuja Austin, Mrs. (Jane Goodwin). Born 1831: and imprisoned his father and younger brother. He incor- died March 30, 1894: m a r r i e d L o r i n g H . Ausporated the vassal states Bejapoor and Golconda in the t i n i n 1850. A n A m e r i clia n authoress, she has empire 1683-87, and is regarded by the llussulmans of published, among other works, Outpost" (1866). "Cipher" " A Nameless Nobleman" (1881), " Nantucket India as one of their greatest raonarchs, although his reli- (1869), Scraps " (1882). gious intolerance impaired the resources of the country. A u s t i n , J o h n . B o r n a t Creeling Mill, Suffolk, A u r v a ( o u r ' w a ) . In H i n d u mythology, a rishi, M a r c h 3, 1790: died at W e y b r i d g e , in S u r r e y , son of Urva, g r a n d s o n of Bhrigu. in a persecu- Dec., 1859. A n o t e d E n g l i s h lawyer a n d w r i t e r tion of his race, which didnot spare even tho unborn child, Aurva Bhargava was miraculously preserved and brought on j u r i s p r u d e n c e , p r o f e s s o r of j u r i s p r u d e n c e a t to birth. The fire of his wrath threatened to destroy the the U n i v e r s i t y of L o n d o n ( U n i v e r s i t y College) world, when at the intercession of the manes of his an- 1826-32. l i e wrote " P r o v i n c e of J u r i s p r u d e n c e cestor he sent this fire into the ocean, where it has since D e t e r m i n e d " (1832), " L e c t u r c s on J u r i s p r u d e n c e " (1861-63). remained. A u S a b l e (o s a ' b l ) . A T i v e r in Michigan which Austin, Jonathan Loring. Born at Boston, flows into L a k e H u r o n n o r t h of Saginaw B a y . J a n . 2,1748: died a t Boston, May 10,1826. A n m e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n a r y p a t r i o t . He was sent to A u S a b l e . A small r i v e r i n n o r t h e a s t e r n N e w A Paris, 1777, with despatches to l)r. .Franklin announcing York which flows f r o m t h e Adirondacks a n d the surrender of General Burgoyne, and remained two e m p t i e s into L a k e Champlain. years with Franklin as his private secretary. A u S a b l e C h a s m . A deep, narrow, a n d picturesque chasm f o r m e d b y t h e A u Sable R i v e r A u s t i n , M o s e s . B o r n a t D u r h a m , Conn., a b o u t 1764 ( ! ) : d i e d J u n e 10, 1821. A n A m e r i c a n n e a r Keeseville, N e w York, A u s c h a ( o u ' s h a ) . A small t o w n in n o r t h e r n p i o n e e r i n T e x a s . He obtained about 1820 permission from the Mexican government to establish in Texas an Bohemia, east of Leitineritz. American colony of 300 families, but died before the proAuschwitz (ou'shvits), Pol. Oswiecim (os-vye- ject could be accomplished. The colony was, however, a t ' s e m ) . A t o w n in Galicia, A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y , founded by his son Stephen F. Austin. s i t u a t e d on t h e Sola 31 miles west of Cracow, A u s t i n , S a m u e l . B o r n a t N e w H a v e n , Conn., the seat of t h e Polish duchies of Auschwitz Oct. 7,1760: died a t G l a s t o n b u r y , Conn., Dec. 4, a n d Zator until 1773. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 5,414. 1830. A n A m e r i c a n Congregational clergyman, AuSCi ( a ' s i ) . or A u s c e n s e s (a-sen'sez). A n p r e s i d e n t of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of V e r m o n t 1815-21. A q u i t a n i a n t r i b e c o n q u e r e d b y P . Crassus in Austin, Mrs. (Sarah Taylor). Born at Nor56 B. c. T h e y gave n a m e t o A u g u s t a Auscorum, wich, Kngland, 1793: died a t W e y b r i d g e , S u r r e y , the modern Auch. Aug. 8, 1867. A n E n g l i s h writer, w i f e of J o h n A u s o n i a (a-so'ni-a). I n a n c i e n t geography, A u s t i n , b e s t k n o w n as a t r a n s l a t o r f r o m t h e the c o u n t r y of the Ausones, Italy, restricted in F r e n c h a n d G e r m a n (of R a n k e , Guizot, Niehistorical t i m e s t o a t e r r i t o r y on the b o r d e r s of b u h r , etc.). C a m p a n i a a n d L a t i u m ; poetically, t h e I t a l i a n Austin, Stephen Fuller. Born at Austinville, peninsula. Ausonius (&-so'ni-us), Decimus Magnus. Born Va., Nov. 3,1793: died a t Columbia, Tex., Dec. a t Burdigala (Bordeaux, F r a n c e ) a b o u t 310 25, 1836. T h e f o u n d e r of t h e S t a t e of Texas, A. D.: died a b o u t 394. A L a t i n Christian poet son Of Moses A u s t i n . He established in 1821, on the a n d m a n of l e t t e r s . He was appointed tutor to Gratianus, and later to political offices, including the consulate (379).

charioteer kncelingin his vehicle. He is often represented with a kid on his left shoulder, this being doubtless an A u s p i c i u s (a-spish'ius), S a i n t . Died a b o u t 474. ancient constellation figure coincident in position with Bishop of Toul, said t o h a v e b e e n one of t h e most l e a r n e d p r e l a t e s of his t i m e . A n epistle the Charioteer.

site of the present city of Austin, the colony contemplated by his father; was sent as a commissioner to .Mexico, 1833, to urge the admission of Texas into the Mexican Union aa a separate State, and was imprisoned there from February to June, 1834; and was appointed in 1835 a commissioner to the United States to secure the recognition of Texas aa an independent State.

Austin, William Austin, William. Born 1587: died Jan. 1G,

98 customs, rules of marriage, and etiquette are of a complexity apparently more ancient than even the similar rules among North Amerieau Indians, Kaffirs, and Polynesians. Lang, Myth., etc., II. 1.

1G34. A n E n g l i s h l a w y e r a n d w r i t e r o n relig i o u s a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s s u b j e c t s . His works, published posthumously, are "Devotionis Augustinianae Flamma, or Certayne Devout, Godly, and Lerned Medita- Australian Alps. A mountain-range in the tions, etc." (1635), "Hiec liomo, wherein the Excellency of e a s t e r n p a r t of V i c t o r i a a n d N e w S o u t h W a l e s , the Creation of Woman is described by way of an Essay" n e a r l y p a r a l l e l w i t h t h e c o a s t , c o n t a i n i n g t h e (1637), and a translation of Cicero's "Cato Major." highest point in Australia, Mount Kosciusko, A u s t i n , W i l l i a m . B o r n at C h a r l e s t o w n , M a s s . , 7,336 f e e t , M a r c h 2, 1778: d i e d t h e r e , J u n e 27, 1841. A n Australian Pyrenees. S e e Pyrenees, AustraA m e r i c a n l a w y e r a n d w r i t e r , a u t h o r of t h e t a l e lian. " P e t e r Rugg, the Missing Man," etc. A u s t r a s i a (äs-trä'siaor-zia). [ML., fromOHG. Austin. T h e c a p i t a l of M o w e r C o u n t y , M i n n e - östar, e a s t e r n . S e e Austria.] The eastern sota, s i t u a t e d OIL C e d a r R i v e r 97 m i l e s s o u t h of k i n g d o m of t h e M e r o v i n g i a n F r a n k s f r o m t h e S t . P a u l . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 3,901. 6 t h t o t h e 8th c e n t u r y A. r>. It e m b o d i e d a n Austin. T h e c a p i t a l of L a n d e r C o u n t y , N e - e x t e n s i v e r e g i o n o n "both s i d e s of t h e R h i n e , v a d a , 146 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of C a r s o n City. P o p - w i t h M e t z a s i t s c a p i t a l . u l a t i o n (1890), 1,215. A u s t r i a (äs'tri-ä). [G. Österreich, F . Anf r o m O H G . Ostarrih, G. Austin. T h e c a p i t a l of T e x a s a n d of T r a v i s triebe, M L . Austria; Oesterreich, e a s t e r n k i n g d o m . ] 1 . A n archCountv, situated on tho Colorado R i v e r in lat. 30° 18' N . , l o n g . 97° 40' W . It is a railroad center d u c h y i n t h e w e s t e r n part of A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y , and the seat of a State university and other institutions. c o m p r i s i n g t h e c r o w n l a n d s of U p p e r a n d L o w e r It was founded by Stephen F. Austin, pion eer (1793-1836). A u s t r i a ( w h i c h s e e ) : t h e n u c l e u s of t h e H a p s b u r g d o m i n i o n s . The emperoris its hereditary archPopulation (1890), 14,475. A u s t i n F r i a r s . T h e m o n a s t e r y of t h o F r i a r s duke. I t was originally the Ostmark formed by Charles E r e m i t e of t h e order of S t . A u g u s t i n e , on t h e the Great 799, destroyed by the Magyars, reerected by n o r t h s i d e of B r o a d s t r e e t , O l d L o n d o n , f o u n d e d Henry I. in 928, and made a duchy in 1156. Until 1246 it b y H u m p h r e y B o h u n , earl of H e r e f o r d a n d was under the Babenberg dynasty (which sec), and came E s s e x , ill 1253. The ground was considered especially under the rule of the Hapsburgs in 1282. Salzburg was sacred, and the tombs were equal in beauty to those of united with it administratively from 1814 until 1849. Westminster Abbey. Here were buried Hubert de Burgh; 2. T h e e a s t e r n d i v i s i o n of t h e a n c i e n t CaroEdmund Plantagenet, half-brother of Richard II.; those l i n g i a n k i n g d o m of I t a l y , c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o t h e who fell in the battle of Barnet; Richard Fitz Alan, earl of Arundel, beheaded 1897; the Earl of Oxford, beheaded l a t e r V e n e t i a . — 3 . T h e C i s l c i t h a n d i v i s i o n of 1463; and Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham, be- A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y , c o m p r i s i n g U p p e r A u s t r i a , headed 1521. At the dissolution the spire was destroyed L o w e r A u s t r i a , S a l z b u r g , T y r o l a n d V o r a r l and the monuments sold by the Marquis of Winchester. b e r g , S t y r i a , Carinthia, Carniola, Görz a n d The nave was walled up, and is now used as a church by G r a d i s k a , Istria, T r i e s t e , B o h e m i a , Moravia, the Dutch residents of London. I t was damaged by iire S i l e s i a , G a l i e i a , B u k o w i n a , a n d D a l m a t i a . — 4 . in 1862. Little of the old church remains in the present T h e d o m i n i o n s of t h e h o u s e of H a p s b u r g , building. The order is also called Augustinians. called officially t h e Austro-Hungarian m o n S e e Austria-Hungary.—5. S a m e as A u s t r a l I s l a n d s ( a s ' t r a l i ' l a n d z ) . S e e Tubuai a r c h y . Austrasia. Islands. Australasia ( & s - t r a - l a ' s h a or - z h a ) . [ N L . , [G. .Nietier-Österreich or ' s o u t h e r n A s i a / f r o m L . australis, s o u t h e r n , Austria, Lower. A crownland in a n d Jsirr.] A d i v i s i o n of O c e a n i c a , c o m p r i s - österreich-untcr-äer-Enns.] i n g A u s t r a l i a , P a p u a , T a s m a n i a , N e w Z e a l a n d , t h e C i s l e i t h a n d i v i s i o n of A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y , N e w C a l e d o n i a , B i s m a r c k A r c h i p e l a g o , a n d f o r m i n g t h e e a s t e r n p o r t i o n of t h e a r c h d u c h y s o m e l e s s e r i s l a n d s : o f t e n r e g a r d e d a s c o m p r i s - of A u s t r i a . I t is bounded by Bohemia and Moravia i n g o n l y t h e A u s t r a l i a n c o l o n i e s of G r e a t Brit- on the north, Hungary on the east, Styria ou the south, a i n , i n c l u d i n g N e w Z e a l a n d , T a s m a n i a , a n d and Upper Austria on the west. It is mountainous in the south, and is traversed by the Danube. The chief F i j i : s o m e t i m e s equivalent to Oceanica. Australasian Federation. A proposed federal city is Vienna. The prevailing language is German, and u n i o n of t h e B r i t i s h A u s t r a l i a n c o l o n i e s . A de- the prevailing religion Roman Catholic. Area, 7,654 liberative body, the Federal Council, met in 1886. A na- square miles. Population (1890), 2,661,799. [G. Ober-Österreich or Östional convention at Sydneyin 1891, under the presidency Austria, Upper. A crownland in the of Sir Henry Parkes, adopted resolutions and drafted a terreich-ob-der-Enns.'] C i s l e i t h a n d i v i s i o n of A u s t r i a H u n g a r y , capi"Bill to constitute a Commonwealth of Australia." This bill is (1893) under consideration by various colonial par- t a l L i n z , f o r m i n g t h o w e s t e r n p o r t i o n of t h e a r c h d u c h y of A u s t r i a , b o u n d e d b y B a v a r i a and liaments. B o h e m i a o n t h e north, L o w e r A u s t r i a o n t h e A u s t r a l i a (iis-tra'liji), f o r m e r l y N e w H o l l a n d . e a s t , S t y r i a a n d S a l z b u r g o n t h e s o u t h , a n d [ F . A astralie, G. Australien, NL. Australia, B a v a r i a a n d S a l z b u r g o n t h e w e s t . I t is moun* S o u t h l a n d , ' f r o m L . australis, s o u t h , s o u t h e r n . ] tainous, especially in the south, and is traversed by the A n i s l a n d - c o n t i n e n t a n d p o s s e s s i o n of Great Danube. The inhabitants are Germans, and the prevailB r i t a i n , s o u t h of A s i a , e x t e n d i n g f r o m lat. 10° ing religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 4,631 square miles. 41' t o 39° 8 ' S „ a n d f r o m l o n g . 113° t o 153° 30' E. I t is bordered by the Pacilic on the east, by the Indian Ocean Population (1890), 785,831. Rouse of. on the northwest, west, and southwest, and is separated Austria, House of. S e e Hapsburg, from Papna by Torres Strait on the north, and from Tas- A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y ( ä s ' t r i - ä - h u n g ' g ä - r i ) (offimania by Bass Strait on the south. Its principal natural cially, the Austro-Hungärian Monarchy; features are mountains along the eastern and southern l o o s e l y a n d p o p u l a r l y , A u s t r i a ) . [G. Östercoasts (Australian Alps, Blue Mountains, Liverpool Range, reich-Ungarn, or Österreichisch-Ungarische Monetc.), the Murray River system in the southeast, the lake archie.] A n e m p i r e of E u r o p e , c a p i t a l Vienna, district in the south, and extensive desert regions in tho interior. The chief products are wool, wheat, maize, and o n e of t h e " G r e a t P o w e r s / ' b o u n d e d b y Gerother cereals, hay, cotton, sugar, wine, etc. I t is also rich m a n y ( p a r t l y s e p a r a t e d f r o m i t b y t h e E r z in gold, silver, copper, and coal. Its political divisions arc g e b i r g e a n d S u d e t i c M o u n t a i n s ) a n d R u s Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia sia ( p a r t l y s e p a r a t e d f r o m i t b y t h e V i s t u l a ) (with NortherniTerritory), and Western Australia; and its o n t h e n o r t h , R u s s i a a n d R u m a n i a o n t h e chief cities, Melbourne and Sydney. In 1606 it was vis- e a s t , R u m a n i a ( s e p a r a t e d f r o m i t b y t h e Carited by Spanish and Dutch explorers, and was explored p a t h i a n s ) , S e r v i a ( p a r t l y s e p a r a t e d f r o m i t b y by Cook 1770-77. The first settlement was at Port Jack- t h e D a n u b e ) , a n d M o n t e n e g r o o n t h e s o u t h , son in 1788. Gold was discovered in 1851. Among the t h e A d r i a t i c S e a a n d I t a l y ( m a i n l y s e p a r a t e d explorers of Australia have been Bass, Flinders, Oxley, f r o m i t b y t h e A l p s ) o n t h o s o u t h w e s t , a n d Sturt, Eyre, Leichardt, Burke, Wills, Stuart, Warburton, S w i t z e r l a n d a n d G e r m a n y ( p a r t l y s e p a r a t e d Forrest, Giles, etc. Area, 2,944,628 square miles. Popula- f r o m it b y t h e I n n a n d t h e B ö h m e r w a l d ) o n tion, chiefly of British descent (1891), 3,118,125; abori- t h e w e s t . I t extends from lat. 42° to 51° N., and from gines, about 55,000. long. 9° 30' to 26° 20' E. Politically the monarchy is divided into the Cisleithan division, comprising Upper The natives of Australia were all, when discovered, and Austria, Lower Austria, Tyrol and Vorarlberg. Salzburg, still (when uninfluenced by the teaching of missionaries) Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, Küstenland, Dalniatia, Boheremain, on much the same low level of civilisation. The mia, Moravia, Silesia, Galieia, and Bukowina, winch are men, like tho animals of this continent, appear in some represented in the Reichsrat, which meets at Vienna, respects to belong to an older world than ours. They are T not only in an extremely rudimentary stage of material and is composed of an L pper House, and a Lower House culture, but they show few if any signs of ever having of 353 members; and the Transleithan division, comprising Hungary (including Transylvania), Croatia-Slavonia, been in a much higher condition. No people have less settled homos; destitute of the forms of agriculture prac- ana Fiume, represented at Budapest by the Diet, comtised by the natives of the other South Sea Islands, the posed of a House of Magnates, and a House of 453 Repretribes wander over large expanses of country, urged by sentatives. Legislation for the monarchy as a whole is the necessities of the chase, and attracted, now here, now vested in the Delegations (60 members from each of the there, by the ripening of wild berries or by the presence two parliaments). Bosnia and Herzegovina are adminof edible roots. Houses they have none, and their tem- istered by Austria-Hungary. The government is a porary shelters or gunyehs are of the rudest and most fragile character. Nothing can more clearly demonstrate constitutional hereditary monarchy. The inhabitants their barbarous condition than the entire absence of belong to various races whose relations are exceedingly native pottery and of traces of ancient pottery in the soil. complicated. The Slavs (Czechs, Poles. Ruthenians.Slovaks, They have scarcely made any progress in domesticating Slovens, Servians, and Croatians) lead, numerically formanimals. Their government is a democracy of the fight- ing about one half of the whole ; the Germans constitute ing men, tempered by the dictates of Birraark or sorcer- one fourth, the Magyars less than one sixth, aud the Ruers, and by the experience of tho aged. Yet their social

Austrian Succession, War of the mans about one fifteenth. There are also Jews, Bulgarians, Armenians, Italians, Gipsies, Ladins. The religion of the majority is Roman Catholic : there are several millions of Protestants, and about an equal number belong to the Greek Church. The country produces grain of all kinds (especially wheat), wine, beets, potatoes, fruits, timber, hemp, flax, tobacco; has manufactures of iron, glass, cotton, linen, wool, and silk ; and is very rich in mineral resources, including gold, silver, quicksilver, iron, coal, lead, copper, salt, zinc, and coal. It is on the whole unfavorably situated for commerce. The south and west of Austria belonged to the Roman Empire. The country was at various times overrun by the Goths, Huns, Lombards, Avars, etc. The nucleus was the March of Austria, which was erected by Charles the Great, remade by Henry the Fowler, and constituted a duchy in 1156. To this Styria was united in 1192. The Babenberg dynasty (which see) was extinguished in 1246, and was followed after someyears by the Hapsburg line. (See Ilapsburg.) Rudolf of Hapsburg (the ruler of various districts in Switzerland, Alsace, Swabia, aud Breisgau) was elected emperor of Germany in 1273. In 1282 he couferred Austria, Styria, and Carniola (having wrested tliem from Ottocar II. of Bohemia in 1276) upon his sons. Carinthia was acquired in 1335, Tyrol in 1363, and Trieste in 1382. The continuous line of Hapsburg emperors of Germany began in 1438. Austria was made an archduchy in 1453. Bohemia, with Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia, was added to the Hapsburg dominions in 1526. In the same year began the rule of the Hapsburgs in Hungary, at that time mainly in the possession of the Turks, who were not completely dispossessed until 1718. Austria took the leading part in the Thirty Years' War, and at its close (16-18) had to cede her possessions in Alsace to France; she also took part in the War of the Spanish Succession, and acquired in 1714 the Spanish (Austrian) Netherlands, Milan, Mantua, Naples, and Sardinia (the latter was exchanged for Sicily in 1720). By the treaties of 1735 and 17.'i8 Naples and Sicily were ceded to the Bourbons, part of northwestern Italy was ceded to Sardinia, and Austria received Parma and Piacenza. The accession of Maria Theresa in 1740 led to the War of the Austrian Succession. The greater part of Silesia was cedcd to Prussia in 1742 ; and by the treaty of 1748 Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla were ceded to Don Philip. Austria also took a leading part in the Seven Years' War. By the first partition of Poland, 1772, she acquired Galieia and Lodonieria. Bukowina was acquired in 177T, and Bavaria ceded the Innviertel in 1779. War was waged with France 1792-97. By the treaty of CampoFormio, 1797, Austria lost the Austrian Netherlands and Lombardy, but received Venice, Venetia, Istria, and Dalmatia, New Galieia (afterward lost) was obtained in the third partition of Poland, 1795. War with France was carried on 1799—1801, resulting in the treaty of Lun6villc (1801), by which the previous treaty was confirmed. Members of the Hapsburg family rcccivcd cessions in the arrangements of 1803. The emperor Francis took the title of "Emperor of Austria" in 1804. A disastrous war with France broke out in 1805, and Austria was forced to cede (1805) Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Breisgau, various territories in Swabia, etc., Venetia, Dalmatia, etc., to France and French allies, and received Salzburg and Berchtesgadcn. The dissolution of the German Empire took place in 1806. War with France again occurred in 1809, and Austria ceded in the same year Carniola, Trieste, Croatia, part of Carinthia, etc., Salzburg, the Innviertel, etc., and part of Galieia, to Napoleon. Austria joined the Allies against Napoleon in 1813. By the Congress of Vienna (18)5) she regained many of her former dominions, including Tyrol, tho Illyrian territories, Venetia, and Lombardy. She became the head of the German Confederation (1815-06), a member of the Holy Alliance, and a leader in the European reactionary movement. Revolutionary movements in Austrian and Italian dominions 1848-49 were repressed, and a rebellion in Hungary which took place at the same time was subdued with the aid of Russia. The Republic of Cracow was annexed in 1846. By the war of 18H9 against France and Sardinia, Austria lost Lombardy and her influence in Italy. She Joined with Prussia in a war against Denmark in 1864. In 1866 Prussia, in alliancc with Italy, made war upon Austria, and completely defeated her at Koniggnitz. She was obliged to retire from the Gcrmanic Confederation and to cede Venetia to Italy, The formation of the dual monarchy took placc in 1867. Iti 1878 the administration of Bosnia and Herzegovina was given to AustriaHungary. In 1883 Austria entered into the Triple Alliance with Germany and Italy. Area, 240,942 square miles. Population (1890), 41,359,204.

Austrian Hyena, The. A nickname given to Julius Jakob von Haynau, from his cruelties in I t a l y a n d H u n g a r y . His flogging of -women at the capture of Brescia, and his severity to the defeated Hungarians in 1849, roused such indignation that he barely escaped with his life when on a visit to the brewery of Bar.clay and Perkins, London. A u s t r i a n R i g i . A name sometimes given to the Schafbei'g in Austria.

Austrian Succession, War of the. The war

b e t w e e n Austria and E n g l a n d on the one side, a n d P r a n c e , B a v a r i a , P r u s s i a , S p a i n , Sard i n i a , e t c . , on t h e other, w h i c h b r o k e o u t on t h e s u c c e s s i o n of M a r i a T h e r e s a ( d a u g h t e r of the emperor Charles V I . ) to the Austrian lands i n 1740. The states whose adhesion to the Pragmatic Sanction (which see) Charles VI. had secured took up arms to despoil Maria Theresa of her dominions. The conflict with Prussia which was terminated in 1742 is known as the first Silesian war (which see). England became allied with Austria 1741, and King George II. defeated the French at Dettingen 1743. The second Silesiatt war, in which Saxony, originally the ally of Prussia, joined Austria, followed in 1744-45. French victories were gained at Fontenoy 1745, Raueoux 1746, and Lawfeld 1747. The American phase of the war between England and France is known as King George's war. The expedition of the Young Pretender in Scotland and England 1745-46 was a diversion in the Frcnch favor. Russia joined Austria in 1747. The war was ended by the Peace of Aix-la-ChapeUe 1748, and a mutual restitution of con-

Austrian Succession, W a r of the

99

guests, exccpt in regard to Austria, which euine out of the struggle with the loss of Silesia, as well as of l'arnia and Piacenza.

ing ; its great stone pyramid is hollow from base to apex. A m o n g the Rotmin remains are the Porte d'Arroux, a Jioman gateway of fine masonry, with two large arches tianked by small ones, and surmounted by an arcade of high, narrow arches between Corinthian pilasters; the Porte St. André, a Roman gateway of similar character to the Porte d'Arroux, but more massive, with two large and t w o small arches below, and an upper arcade of ten arches displaying Ionic pilasters ; and the temple of Janus, so called, a massive square Roman tower, in reality a defensive outwork of the ancient fortifications. I t has t w o tiers of openings. Population (1891), commune, 15,187.

1858. T h e autocrat (Holmes himself) discourses on matters in general with a genial philosophy from his position at a boarding-house breakfast-table. H e used this signature also in other works.

They are volcanic in structure. T h e chief peaks are T'uyde-Suncy (6,185 f e e t high). Plomb du Cantal, and Puy-deDôme.

lated into English by S. Oclsley (1711), and into Uerman by J. Cr. P. (Prilius), 1726.

A u x err ois. I t is noted for its wines, and lias varied manufactures. The cathedral of Auxerre is a beautiful 13th-century building with some later modifications. The transepts have magnificent portals and great traccried windows. The piers of the portals of the façade are covered with panels bearing reliefs of Old Testament subjects, aud the interior is beautifully proportioned and ornamented. I t possesses splendid medieval glass. The length is 330 feet, the height of vaulting 92 feet. Population (1891), 18,03(J.

Avedik A v a l l o n (a-val-ldn'). A town in the department of Yonne, France, on the Cousin 27 miles southeast of Auxerre: theKomanAballo. Gives name to a red Burgundy wine. Population (1891). commune, 6,076. Avalokiteshvara (a " va - lo - ki - tash' wa - ra). [Skt., ' the Lord who looks down from on higli.'J One of the two Bodhisattvas (see that word), the other being Manjushri, who had become objects of worship among the followers of the Great Vehicle at least as early as 400 A.D. Tliey are not

Austrian Switzerland, A name sometimes given to the Salzkammergut in Austria, on account of its picturesque scenery. Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. [G. Österreichisch- Unga risch e Monarch ie. ] Tlie oiBe Lai name (since Ì867) of Austria-Hungary. Austro-Prussian W a r . See Sevan Weeks' War. Austro-Sardinian W a r . See Italian War of But the special glory of which Autun was specially to mentioned in the Pitakas, or in the Lalita VJstara, or in 1859. boast itself, the possession of the Flavian name, has utthe older Nepalese and Tibetan books, and are the invenAuteuil (Ó-tèy'). A former village, now a terly passed away ; but for the witness of Eumenius itself, tion of Buddhists seeking gods to replace those of the portion of Paris, situated on the right bank of the world might have wholly forgotten that Autun had Hindu Pantheon. Avalokiteshvara is the personification ever borne it. Autun has been for ages as little used to the Seine east of Boulogne, noted as the place the name Flavia as Trier has been used to the name of of power, the merciful protector of the world and of men. Somewhat later his power was separated f r o m his proof residence of Boileau, Molière, Helvetius, Augusta. Freeman, Hist. Essays, 4th ser., p. 97. tecting care, and the former more specially personified as Talleyrand, Thiers, and other distinguished the Bodhisattva Vajradliara, ' t h e bearer of the thunderAutunois (ô-tu-nwâ'). A former division of people. bolt,' o r V a j r a p a n i , ' h e who has the thunderbolt in his Authentic Doctor, The. A title given to the Burgundy, corresponding in general to the mod- hand,' both formerly epithets of Indra. This new being, ern department of Saône-et-Loire and part of with the other t w o Bodhisattvas, forms the earliest triad schoolman Gregory of liimini (died 1358). of northern Buddhism, Vajrapani being the Jupiter ToAuthor (ä'thor), The. A comedy by Footc, Côte-d'Or. nans, Manjushri the deified teacher, anil Avalokiteshvara Auvergne (ô-varny'). [From Arrerni.] An the spirit of the Buddhas present in the church. These beproduced and printed in 1757. See Cadwalladcr. ancient government of France. It was bounded ings and one or t w o other less conspicuous liodhisattvas Author's Farce, The. A play by Fielding, by Bourbonnais on the north, Lyonnais on the cast, Lanproduced in 1730, and revived in 1734, with guedoc on the southeast, Guidino on the southwest, ami hail become practically gods, though the original teaching of Gautama knew nothing of God, taught that Arahats amusing ridicule of the Gibbers. Limousin and Marche on the west ; corresponding to the were better than gods, and acknowledged no f o r m of Autire (ou-ti-rä'), or Hoteday (hö-te^lä')- A departments of Puy-de-Dòme and Cantal, and part of prayer. tribe or division of North American Indians Haute-Loire. Capital, Clermont. I t was a county and then a duchy, and was finally united to the French crown which lived in the valley of the Shasta Kiver, in 1532. Avalon (av'a-lon), or Avallon, or Avelion California. In 1851 it had 19 villages with an Auvergne, Countess of. A minor character in (a-vel'ion), or Avilion (a-vil'ion). [W. Ynys estimated population of 1,140. See Sastcan, yr Afallou, island of apples.] In Celtic myAutocrat of the Breakfast-table, The. A Shakspere's " H e n r y VI.,"part 1. thology, the Land of the Blessed, or Isle of series of papers by Oliver Wendell Holmes, Auvergne, Mountains of. A branch of the Souls, an earthly paradise in tho western seas. Cévennes Mountains, situated chiefly in the depublished serially in the first twelve numbers T h e great heroes, such as Arthur and Ogierle Dane, w e r e of the "Atlantic Monthly," and together in partments of Cantal and Puy-de-Dôme, France. carried there at death, and the fairy Morgana or Morgan Auverney (ô-ver-në')» Victor d\ A pseudonym used by Victor Hugo about 182D. Autodidactus (a^to-di-dak'tus), The, or the A u x Cayes. See Cayes. Natural Man. [Ar. Hai-Ibn-yoqtdu ; L. auU>- Auxentiusiâks-en'sliius). Died 374. An Arian didactus, 'self-taught/] A psychological ro- bishop of Milan 355-374, who was condemned by mance by the Arabian philosopher lbn-Tofail the synod held at Home 370, although lie en( d i e d 1 1 8 8 ) . ID i t the author "supposes a child thrown joyed the favor of the imperial court. Ilo susupon a desert island at its birth, and there growing to mantained himself in his see till his death. hood, who comes by himself to the knowledge of nature, Auxerre (ô-sar'). The capital o f the departnot only in its physical but also in its metaphysical aspcct, ment of Yonne, France, situated on the Yonne and even of God." A Latin translation was published in in lat. 47° 48' N. long. 3° 32'E.: the Ko man ? Europe by the English Orientalist Edward i'ococke under Autissiodurum (whence the name), a town of the title " J'hilosophus Autodidactus " (1671). I t was transthe Senones; later the capital of the ancient Autolycus (à-tol'i-kus). [Gr. ,£LVT;J/.VKOV.~\ Born at l'itane, in ^Eolis: lived about 350 a. c. A Greek astronomer, author of treatises " O n the Motion of the Sphere" and " O n .Fixed Stars." Autolycus. In Greek legend, a sou of Hermes (or Duidalion) and Chione, and father of Anticleia, the mother of Odysseus. He was a famous

le Fay holds her court there.

of Avalon or Avilion.

I t is often called the Vale

Of all the qualities of Tir Tairngirc abundance of apples, the only important fruit known to the northern nations, seems to have been the only one which conveyed the highest notion of enjoyment. Hence the soul-kingdom was called by the Welsh the island of apples, Ynys yr Avallon, and sometimes Ynyxmtrin or Ynysyutrin, Glass Island, a name which identifies it with the Teutonic Ginsberg. W h e n these names passed into other languages untranslated, so that their meaning became obscured or forgotten, the kingdom of the/lead was localized at Glastonbury, the Anglo-Saxon Glaestinga burh. There, according to legend, Arthur lies buried; but another popular tradition has i t that he was carried away to the island of Avallon by his sister the fairy Morgana, the Morgue la Fae of French Romance. . . . I n the romance of Ogier le Danois, when Ogier, who Morgue la Fae determines shall be her lover, arrives at the palace of Avallon, he finds there besides Morgana her brother King Arthur, and her brother Auberon, the Oberon of fairy romance, and Mallabron, a sprite

of the sea.

Encyc. Brit, V. 325.

Avalon Peninsnla ( a v ' a - l o n pe-niu'su-la). Tlio peninsula at the southeastern extremity of Newfoundland, on which St. John's is situated, connected with the rest of the island by a narrow isthmus. thief, and possessed the power of making himself and the Auxerrois (o-sar-wii'). An ancient county of Avalos, Ferdinando Francesco d\ See Pesthings that he stole invisible, or of giving them new forms. France, capital Auxerre, formerly part of the cara, Marquis of. Autolycus. In Shakspere's "Winter's Tale," duchy of Burgundy. It was incorporated in Avalos, Gil Ramirez de. See Davalos. a witty thieving peddler, a "snapper up of unAvare, L \ [F., 'the miser.'] A comedy by considered trifles." He indulges in grotesque France under Louis X I . Auxois (ô-swii'). -A medieval count ship in M o l i e r e , p r o d u c e d in 1668. The plot was borrowed self-raillery and droll soliloquizing on his own .Burgundy, corresponding to the arrondissement from the " A u l u l a r i a " of Plautus. Fielding founded his sins. Automedon (à-tom'e-don). [Gr. ÀvTo/xéóuv.'] of Avallon in the department of Yonne and the " M i s e r " upon it. In Greek legend, the sou of Diores, and, ac- arrondissement of Semur in the department of Avariciim (a-var'i-kuni), The Roman name of the chief city of the Bituriges, a Gallic tribe: cording to Horner, the comrade and charioteer Côte-d'Or. A town in the department the modern Bourges. of Acliilles. I n another account^ he had an indepen- AuXOnne (o-son/). of Côte-d'Or, France, on the Saône 20 miles Avaris. See Zoan. dent command of ten ships in the Trojan war. V e r g i l 1. A people of Ural-Altaic southeast of Dijon, strongly fortified by Vau- A v a r s (a'viirz). makes him the companion in arms of Pyrrhus, sou of stock, allied to the Huns, who appeared on the ban. Population (1891), commune, G,G95. Achilles. Autran (o-tron'), Joseph Antoine. Bom at Auxonnois (ô-son-wà')- A former small district Danube about 55o A. i>., and settled in Dacia. They aided Justinian, and later assisted the Lombards Marseilles, June, 1813: died there, March C, of France, whose capital was Auxonne. the Oepidto : occupied Pannonia, and later Dalma1877. A French poet, author of " L a Fi lie Auzout (ô-zô')> Adrien. Died 1091. A French against tia, and invaded Germany, Italy, and the Balkan Penind'Eschyle," a tragedy which gained him a seat mathematician, astronomer, and maker of tel- sula. Their power was broken by Charles the (ireat about in the Academy. 79(i, and they disappeared w i t h the establishment of the escopes, inventor of the filar micrometer. Autriche (o-tresh'). The French name of Auzoux, Théodore Louis. Born at Saint Au- Moravians and Magyars. Austria. bin d'Escroville in 1797: died at Paris, May 7, 2. A people, probably allied to the Lesghians, Autricum (à'tri-kum). The Roman name of 1880. A French physician, inventor of a method who dwell in Daghestan. a town of the Celtic Carnutes: the modern of making paste models of anatomical prepara- Avasaxa (ii-va-sak'sii). A mountain in FinChartres. land, near Torneft, resorted to by tourists in tions. Autronia gens (a-trö'ni-ä jenz). In ancient summer on account of the view obtained there Rome, a clan or house whose only known A v a (a' va). The former capital of Burma, sit- of the midnight sun. family name is Partus. The first member of this uated on the Irawadi in lat. 21° 52' N., long. Avatcha (a-va'cha), or Avatchinskaya (a-va96° 1" E. : now largely in ruins. gens who obtained the consulate was P, Autronius Paetus, Avallenau, The, [Poem 'of the apple-trees.' chcn'ska-va). A volcano in Kaintchatka, in 65 B. c. Autun (o-tun'). A city in the department of See quotation under Avalon.] A poem ascribed lat. 53° 15' N., long. 158° 50' E., about 8,000 Saòne-et-Loire, France, situated on the Ar- t o t h e a n c i e n t M e r l i u . "The poem is considered by feet high. roux 42 miles southwest of Dijon: the ancient Mr. Stephens to be founded on a tradition of seven score Avatcha Bay. A bay on the eastern coast of Augustodunum (whence the name). It contains chiefs who were changed to sprites in the Wood of Cclyd- Kaintchatka, on which Petropaulovsk is situdon, to have been written in the latter part of the reign many Roman antiquities, the medieval Cathedral of St. ated. of Owaiu (i-wynedd, and to contain distinct historical alluLazare, theological seminaries, and collections, and has sion to affairs of the years 1165-1170. I t includes also a Avebury (a'ber-i), or A b u r y (a'ber-i). A small varied manufactures and some trade. The iloman town, notion of the return of Cadwallader, which was one of the village in Wiltshire, England, 6 miles west of which was the seat of a noted school of rhetoric, was deinventions of Geoffrey of Monmouth, set afloat by the stroyed by Tetricus in 270, and rebuilt by Con stanti us Marlborough, noted for its m^galithie antiquiwide popularity of his fictitious history. Apple-trees were Chlorus and Constantine : later it was sacked by northern ties. Near by is the barrow called Silbury chosen by the poet because, after Geoffrey's history apinvaders, Saracens, Normans, etc. T h e cathedral is in peared, Fairy-land was known among the bards as Y n y s Hill. great part early Romanesque, with fine western pyramidyr Avallon, the Island of the Apple-trees, which English Avedik (av'e-dik). Lived about 1700. A pacapped towers tianking a beautiful porch of two bays, in romancists, not knowing the meaning of Avallon, or not which opens the round-arched portal, with an impressive being so much impressed as the Welsh by the beauty triarch of Armenia who, at the instance of the Last Judgment in its tympanum. T h e ornamental details French ambassador, was deposed by the Porte of a blossoming apple-orchard, called ' t h e woody isle of of the interior are largely copied from the local Roman A v a l o n . ' " Morley, Eng. Writers, I I I . 25«. and exiled to Chios. See the extract. remains. There Is a l o f t y 15th-century spire at the cross-

100

Avedik

Hammer mentions the bauishment of the Armenian pa- Avenio (a-ve'nio). The Roman name of a town triarch to Chios, for opposing the influence of France, and of the Cavares, in G-allia Narbonensis: the modasserts that he was kidnapped by order of the I'rench ambassador, and carried to the isle of St. Marguerite, near ern Avignon. Antibes, where he died. But it appears that this patri- A v e n t i n e ( a v ' e n - t i n ) . [ L . Hons Aventinus, I t . arch, whose name was Avedik, was not in reality taken to Monte Aventino."] T h e farthest south of the St. Marguerite, but was secretly transported from Marseilles to the abbey of Mont St. Michel, where he was in- seven hills of ancient Rome, rising on the left trusted to the safe keeping and zealous teaching of the bank of the Tiber, south of the Palatine. monks, in whose custody he remained completely secluded Below it to tlie northeast lay the Circus Maximus, and to from the world for three years. He was then removed to the east the therm» of Caracalla. the Pastille. The terror of imprisonment for life in that Aventinus (av-en-ti'nus) (originally Thurcelebrated place overcame his fortitude, and he declared mayr, Johannes). Born at Abensberg, Bahimself a convert to Catholicism, yet he was detained in .France until his death. The complaints of the sultan varia, 1477 (?): died at Ratisbon, Bavaria, Jan. against this outrage on the law of nations caused the 9, 1534. A Bavarian historian, author of " A n French ambassador at Constantinople to deny the transac- nalium Boiorum libri V I I . , " etc. tion, and he even attempted to persuade the Porte that Averell (a've-rel), W i l l i a m Woods. Born at the Spaniards were the man-stealers who had kidnapped Cameron, Steuben County, N. Y., Nov. 5,1832. the unfortunate Avedik. At last, to ayoid a rupture with Turkey, Louis X I V . formally announced that Avedik was An American general and inventor. He waB dead, though he was still languishing in a French prison. graduated at West Point in 1855; distinguished himself during the Civil War as a leader of cavalry raids in VirFintay, Hist. Greece, V. 239, note. ginia 1863 and 1864 ; and resigned May 18, 1805, with the Aveiro (à-và'ro). A district in the northwest- brevet rank of major-general. Among his inventions are a process of manufacturing cast-steel directly from the ern part of tlie provinco of Beira, Portugal. ore, an asphalt pavement, and various electrical appliAveiro. A seaport, capital of the district of ances,

Avila ern France» bounded by Cantal on the north, Lozère and Gard on the east, Hérault and Tarn on the south, and Lot, Tarn-et-Graronne, and Tarn on the west, formed from the ancient R o u e r g u e ( i n G m e n n e ) . Its capital is Rodez. 3,376 square miles. Population (1891), 400,467.

Area,

Aveyron. A river in southern Prance which joins the Tarn 9 miles northwest of Montauban. Length, about 150 miles. On it are llodez and Ville franche. Ayezac (av-zâk'), Auguste Geneviève Valentin d'. Born in Santo Domingo, 1777: died Feb. 15,1851. An American lawyer and diplomatist of French descent.

He was chaîné d'affaires at The

Hague 1831 and 1845-49, and member of the New York legislature 1841-45 ; author of "Réminiscences of Edward Livingstone."

Avezzano (à-vet-sà'nô). A town in the province of Aquila, Italy, on the border of Lago di Fucino (now nearly drained) 53 miles east of Rome. Population, 0,000. Aviano (â-vê-a'nô). A small town in the province of Udine, Italy, 46 miles northeast of Venice.

Aveiro, situated at the mouth of the Vouga 35 miles south of Oporto : the seat of a bishopric. Averno (a-ver'no), L. lacus Avernus (a-ver'- Avianus (â-vi-â'nus), or Avianiiis (-ni-us), nus). [Gr. ''Aopvoc 'MUVT/ lit. ' the birdiess'lake': Population, about 7,000. it being said that its exhalations killed the Flavius. A Latin fabulist, probably of the Aveiro, Duke of (José Mascarenhas). Born birds flying over it. But this is prob. a popular 4th c e n t u r y A . D. He wrote forty-two fables in the 1708: executed Jan. 13, 1759. A Portuguese etym. due to the accidental resemblance of the manner of iEsop, in elegiac meter. The collection was nobleman, condemned to death for alleged par- name to the Gr. aopvoq, birdless.] A small lake used as a school-book, and was augmented, paraphrased, ticipation in the attempted murder of the king in Campania, Italy, 9 miles west of Naples, and imitated. A v i c e b r o n . See Salomon ibn Gebirol. in 1758. anciently believed to be the entrance to the Avicenna (av-i-sen'a) (a corrupt form of Ibn Avé-Lallemant (a-va ' lal-mon'), Robert infernal regions. Its circumference is nearly Sina). Bom at Afshena, Bokhara, Aug., 980: Christian Berthold. Born at Lubeck, July 2 miles, and it is about 200 feet deep. died at Hamadan, Persia, 1037. The most cele25, 1812: died there, Oct. 10, 1884. A German Averroes (a-ver'o-ez), or Averrhoes ( A b u l brated Arabian physician and philosopher, auW a l i d Mohammed ben Ahmed ibn Roshd). thor of commentaries on the works of Aristotle, traveler in South America. Aveline (àv-lén'), L e sieur. A pseudonym of Born at Cordova about 1126 (1120 ?): died at and of treatises on medicine based chiefly on Morocco, Dec. 12,1198. A distinguished Spanish- Galen: surnamed the ''Prince of Physicians." Voltaire. His works, most of which are brief, number over 100. Avellaneda (a-va-lya-na'Tna) ? Alonso Per- Arabian philosopher, physician, and commen- His writings upon Aristotle were held in great esteem, Eandes de. The name assumed by the writer t a t o r on A r i s t o t l e . He belonged to a noted family of and his Canon of Medicine" (Canon Medicinal, in Ar. of a spurious " second volume of the Ingenious jurists, and himself held judicial positions. His works Kitab el-qânûni fi-tibbi, 1593; L. trans, by Gerardua OreKnight Don Quixote de la Mancha," which ap- are numerous, and coyer the fields of medicine, philoso- monensis, 1595) was long regarded in Europe as one of peared in 1614 before the genuine ''second phy, natural history, astronomy, ethics, mathematics, and the highest authorities in medical science. )

p a r t " b y Cervantes w a s published,

its author-

ship has been assigned to Luis de Aliaga, the king's confessor, and also to Juan Blanco de Paz, a Dominican friar. The book contains vulgar abuse of Cervantes, and is in turn ridiculed by him in the later chapters of " Don Quixote."

Avellaneda y Arteaga (a-và-lya-nà'Tità e &rta-à'gà), Gertrudis Gomez de. Born in Puerto Principe, Cuba, March 23,1814: died in Madrid, Feb. 2,1873. A Cuban authoress. Most of her life was passed in Spain, where she was twice married. Iler lyrics are greatly admired. She wrote several successful dramas. Of her novels the best-known are "Dos Mujeres," "Espatolino," and " E l Mulato Sab," a kind of Cuban "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Some of her works are published over the pseudonym " La Peregrina."

Avellaneda, Nicolas. Born in Tucuman, Oct. 1, 1836: died Dee. 26, 1885. An Argentine statesman, journalist, and author of several historical and economical works, ire was profes-

jurisprudence. and Hebrew.

Many of them were translated into Latin

A v e r s (a'vers),or Averser Thai (a'ver-sertal). An alpine valley in the southern part of the canton of Grisons, Switzerland, west of the Upper Engadine: a tributary to the valley of the Hinter-Rhein. Aversa (a-ver'sa). A town in the province of Caserta, Italy, 9 miles north of Naples, noted for its white wine and fruits, it was founded by the Normans, about 1029, near the site of the ancient Atclla. Population, about 20,000.

Avicenna (Ebn Sina) was at once the Hippocrates and the Aristotle of the Arabians ; and certainly the most extraordinary man that the nation produced. In the course of an unfortunate and stormy life, occupied by politics and by pleasures, he produced works which were long revered as a sort of code of science. In particular his writings on medicine, though they contain little besides a compilation of Hippocrates ana Galen, took the place of both even in the universities of Europe ; and were studied as models at Paris and Montpellier till the end of the 17th century, at which period they fell into an almost complete oblivion. Whewell, Ind. Sciences, I. 279.

Avidius Cassius. See Casshts, Avidius. Averulino, Antonio. See Filarete. Averysboro, or Averysborough (a'ver-iz- Avienus (a-vi-e'nus), Rufus Festus. Lived about 370 A. D. A Roman poet. He bur^o). A village in Harnett County, iftorth probably !( C a r o l i n a , 32 m i l e s south o f R a l e i g h . Here, March 16, 1865, the Federals under Sherman repulsed the Confederates under Ilardce. Loss of Federals, 554; of Confederates, 865.

wrote Dcscriptio orbis t e m e " (based on the "Periegesis" of Dionysios), " Ora maritima " (a description of thewestern and southern coasts of Europe), " Aratea pluenome n a " (a poetical translation of the "Phenomena" [Gr. tfaifOMew] of Aratus), "Aratea prognostica," etc.

Aves (a'ves). [ ' B i r d ' islands.] A group of Avigliana (â-vel-yâ'na). A small town in the small islands in the Caribbean Sea, belonging province of Turin, Italv, 14 miles west of to Venezuela, southeast of Buen Ayre. Avesnes (a-van'). A town in the department Turin. of Nord, France, situated on the Helpe 26 miles Avigliano (â-vêl-yà'nô). A town in the provAvellino (a-vel-le'no),formerly Principato U l - southeast of Valenciennes. It was fortified by ince of Potenza, Italy, situated on the Bianco teriore (prin-che-pà'to ol-ta-rè-o're). A prov- Vauban. Population C1891), 6,495. northwest of Potenza. Population, 13,000. ince in Campania, Italy. Area, 1,172 square Avesta (a-ves'ta). The Bible of Zoroastrianism Avignon (a-ven-yôn'). [In E. formerly Amna n d t h e P a r s i s . The name comes from the Pahlavi ion; F . Avignon, I t . Avignoitc, L. Avcnio(n-), miles. Population (1891), 410,457. G r . Aveviôv,~\ T h e capital of the Avellino. The capital of the province of Avel- avistak, which possibly means 'knowledge.' The name Avenmo(n~), " Zendavesta " arose by mistake from inverting the Pah- department of Vaucluse, France, situated on lino, 29 miles northeast of Naples, celebrated lavi phrase Avistak va Zand, 'Avesta and Zend," or 'the for its hazel-nuts and chestnuts : the seat of a Law and Commentary,' Zend, 'knowledge, explanation,' the east bank of the Rhône, in lat. 43° 57' N., b i s h o p r i c . It retains tlie name, but is not on the exact referring to the later version and commentary in Pahlavi. long. 4° 50' E.: the Roman Avenio: called the " W i n d y City" and the " C i t y of Bells." site, of the ancient Abeiliuum, a city of the Hirpini de- The present Avesta is but a remnant of a great literaIt has a large trade in madder and grain, and manufacstroyed in the wars of the Greeks and Lombards. It has ture. It includes (1) the Yasna, a collection of liturgical tures of silk, etc., and is the seat of an archbishopric and several times been damaged by earthquakes. Population fragments and of hymus or Gathas; (2) the Vispered, a li- formerly of a university. It was aflourishingKoman turgical collection; (S) the Vendidad, a collection of re(1891), 20,000. ligious laws; (4) the Yashts, mythical fragments devoted town, and is celebrated as the residence of the popes Avellino, Francesco Maria. Born at Naples, to various Mazdayasnian divinities; and (5) different 1309-76, to whom it belonged until its annexation by French in 1791. At that time it was the scene of Aug. 14, 1788: died Jan. 10, 1850. An Italian prayers known under the names Nyayish, Afringan, Gah, the revolutionary outbreaks, and of royalist atrocities in sor of political economy in th e University of Buenos Ayres, minister of public instruction during the administration of Sarmiento, 1808-74, and succeeded that statesman as president of Argentina, 1874-80.

archaeologist and numismatist.

He became pro-

fessor of Greek in the University of Naples in 1815, director of the Museo Borbonico in 1839, and was editor of " Bollettino archeologico Napolitano " 1843-48. Avenare. S e e Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra.

Avenbrugger. See Aucnbrugger. Avenches (a-vonsh'), G-. Wifflisburg (vif'lisboro). A town in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland, 7 miles northwest of Fribourg: the Roman Aventicum, the ancient capital of the Helvetii. I t has remains of an amphitheater, various other Roman relics (including a Corinthian column), and a castle.

Avenel (av'nel), Mary. One of the principal characters in Sir Walter Scott's novel " T h e Monastery," the wife of Halbert Glendinning. She reappears in " The Abbot." Avenel, Julian. The usurper of Avenel Castle and the uncle of Mary Avenel in Scott's novel " T h e Monastery." Avenel, Knight Of. See Glendinning, Halbert.

Sirozah, and six various other fragments. The Yasna, 'sacrifice, worship,' is the chief liturgical work. In it 181f>. It is associated with the lives of Petrarch, Laura, are inserted the Gathas, ' hymns,1 verses from the sermons and Kienzi. Population (1891), 43,453. The cathedral of Zoroaster. These arc written in an older dialect. of Avignon is in great part of the llth century. There is an octagonal lantern with a dome of Byzantine appearThey form the oldest and most sacred part of the Avesta. The Vispered contains invocations to " a l l the lords" ance, arid Pointed barrel-vaulting. The sculptured tombs (vispe ratavoj. The Yashts (from yashti, 'worship by of Popes John X X I I . and Benedict X I I . and the papal praise') are twenty-one hymns to the divinities, "Yaza- throne remain in the church, which is much modernized. tas or Izads." The Vendidad, or 'law against the daevas The palacc of the popes is an enormous castellated pile, or demons' (vidaeva data), is a priestly code like the built during the 14th century, with battlcmented towers Pentateuch. The present form of the Avesta belongs to 150 feet high and walls rising to a height of 100 feet. the Sassanian period. According to the record of Khusro Much remains in the interior, though now difficult of Anoshirvan (A. D. 531-679), King Valkhash, one of the last access owing to the use of the palace as barracks. The of the Arsacidae, ordered a search for all surviving writ- Pope's Chapel and that of the Inquisition are both fresings, and required the priests to aid with their oral tradi- coed, the latter by Simone Martini. tion. The texts were reedited under successive Sassanian A Vila. A province of Spain, bounded b y V a l rulers, until under Shapur I I . (A. D. 309-379) the final ladolid on the north, Segovia and Madrid on redaction was made by hia prime minister Atur-pat Ma- the east, Toledo and Càceres on the south, and raspend.

Salamanca on the west. It is a part of Old Castile. Area, 2.981 square miles. Population Avesta (a-ves'ta). A mining town in Koppar- (1887), 193,093. berg lan, Sweden, situated on the Dal-elf 38 miles southeast of Falun. Avila. The capital of the province of Âvila, Avestan. See Zend. situated on the Adaja 58 miles northwest of Aveyron (a-va-r6n')- A department of soutli- Madrid. It has a cathedral and university.

Avila

Ayas

101

The cathedral is of early-Pointed work, in part castellated for defense. The effect of both exterior and interior is plain and somewhat heavy : the good tracery of windows and cloister is much blocked up to cxcludc the light, in the prevailing Spanish fashion. There are sorne beautiful sculptured tombs, and remarkable carved choir-stalls. The town walls are medieval. The circuit is practically complete. With its gates, very numerous semicircular towers, and its crowning of pointed battlements, it is one of the most picturesque of existing examples of the kind. Population (1887), 10,935.

456. As master of the armies in Gaul he distinguished of Tokio, Japan, formerly a Japanese penal himself against the Huns and Vandals, lie obtained the settlement. purple Aug. 15, 455, by the aid of Theodoric II., king of the West Goths, but was deposed by Ricimer after a reign A x (äks), or A c q s (äks). A small town in the department of Ariège, France, on the Ariège of fourteen months.

Avitus, Alcimus Ecdicius or Ecdidius, Saint. at the foot of the Pyrenees, 21 miles southeast

Died 523 (525 ?). Archbishop of Yienne 490-523, of Foix: celebrated for its hot sulphur baths. probably a nephew (grandson according to It was a Roman town. Wctzer and Welte) of the emperor Avitus. He Axayacatl (ä-tchä-yä-kä'tl). or Axayacatzlin was tho chief spokesman of the orthodox in a religious ( ä-tehä-yä-katz-leii' ), also Á x a j a c a t l . [LiterÁvila (a'vé-lá), Alonzo de (often written Alon- disputation with the Arians 499; converted Sigismund, ally, 'Face-in-the-Water.'] A war-chief or " e m ZO D á v i l a ) . Born about 1485: died a f t e r 1537. king of Burgundy, from Arianism ; and presided at the peror" of the Aztecs of Mexico from 1464 A Spanish soldier and adventurer in America. Council of Kpaone (Epaune) in 517. His works include u n t i l h i s d e a t h in 1477. He was a nephew of AcainHe went to America, where his name first appears as commander of one of Grijalva's ships in the expedition of 1518 to the Mexican coast. In 1519 he joined Cortés, was one of his most trusted captains, marched with him to Mexico and against Narvaez, and in 1521 was his agent to the Audience of Santo Domingo, where heohtained important concessions. In June, 1522, he was sent to Spain with treasure and despatches : near the Azores his ships were capturcd by French corsairs, and the treasure was lost. Avila managed to have his despatches sent to Spain, but was himself kept a prisoner for several years. Finally ransomed, he returned to Spain, was appointed contador of Yucatan, and set out for that region as second in command of the expedition of Montejo (1527). Arrived there, he was appointed to lead an expedition to a region on the west coast, in search of gold. He provoked conflicts with the Indians, was unable to return, and, after terrible sufferings, made his way to Trujillo in Honduras. In 1537 he was engaged in another unsuccessful expedition to Yucatan.

letters, homilies, and poems.

A v i z (a-vez'), A small town in the province of Alemtejo, Portugal, situated on a tributary of tho Zatas 75 miles northeast of Lisbon.

Aviz, Order of St. Benedict of. A Portu-

guese order of knighthood, originating in a military order founded by Alfonso I., 1143-1147, to

s u p p r e s s t h e M o o r s . It received the papal confirma- Axel. See Absalon. tion in 1162 as a religious order under the rules of St. A x e n b e r g (äks'en-bero). A mountain in the Benedict. Aviz became the seat of the order in 1187. In canton of Uri, Switzerland, near the eastern 1789 it was transformed into an honorary order for the re- shore of Urner Bay, Lake Lucerne, 18 miles southeast of Lucerne. At the foot is "Tell's ward of military merit.

A v i z e (a-vez'). A small town in the department of Marne, France, 20 miles south of Rheims. It is a depot for champagne. A v l o n a (av-lo'na), I t . V a l o n a (va-lo'na). A seaport in Albania, Turkey, situated on the Gulf of Avlona, Adriatic Sea, in lat. 40° 28' N., Á v i l a , G i l G o n z a l e z de. See Gonzales Davila. long. 19° 30' E.: the ancient Anion (Gr. Av'Auv). Á v i l a , J u a n de. Born at Almodóvar del Campo, Population, about 6,000. Spain, 1500: died May 10,1569. A Spanish pulpit Avoca (a-vo'ka), or Ovoca (o-vo'ka), Vale of. orator who preached forty years in Andalusia, whence his surname "Apostle of Andalusia." A valley in County Wicklow, Ireland, about 12 miles southwest of Wicklow, traversed by Chief work: "Epistolario espiritual" (1578). Ávila, Pedro Arias de, generally called Pe- the river Avoca (formed by the Avonmoro d r a r i a s (pa-dra're-as). Born at Arias, Segovia, and Avonbeg): celebrated for its picturesque Spain, 1442: died at Leon, Nicaragua, March beauty. 6, 1531. A Spanish soldier and administrator. After serving with distinction in the Moorish wars of Spain A v o g a d r o (a-vo-ga'dro), Count A m a d e o . Born and Africa, he was sent (1514) with a large fleet and over at Turin, Aug. 9, 1776: died there, July 9, 1856. 1,500 men to Darien as governor of Castilla del Oro, super- A noted Italian chemist and physicist, professeding Balboa, whom he imprisoned and tried on various sor at the University of Turin. He was the discovcharges. A reconciliation was effected, but later (1517) erer of the law (named for him) that equal volumes of Balboa was accused (probably falsely) of planning a rebellion, tried, and executed in the governor's presence. gas or vapor at the same temperature and pressure conPedrarias's government was marked by rapacity and tain tho same number of molecules. cruelty. I n 1519 he founded Panama and made it his A v o l a (a'vo-la). A seaport in the province of capital. He aided, or at all events encouraged, the enter- Syracuse, Sicily, 12 miles southwest of Syraprise of Pizarro and Almagro in search of Peru; but on cuse. Population, 12,000. the failure of the first expedition relinquished his share, forcing the partners to pay him an indemnity. In consequence of numerous complaints, Pedrarias was transferred to the governorship of Nicaragua in 1626.

Avon (a'von), or East Avon.

Meriendes de Avilés.

w e s t of B r i s t o l .

On it are Rath and Bristol. Length,

about 80 miles : navigable for large vessels to Bristol.

Avilés y del Fierro (a-ve'lath 5 del fé-er'ro), Gabriel, Marquis of Avilés. Born about 1745: Avon, or Upper Avon. A river which rises died at Valparaiso, Chile, 1810.

Chapel." A x e n s t r a s s e (äks'en-strä'se). A noted road leading along the eastern side of Urner Bay, in Switzerland, from Brunnen to Fliielen.

Axholme, Ol* Axholm (aks'ölm). An island in the land, Idle. in the

northwestern part of Lincolnshire, Engformed by the rivers Trent, Don, and Its marshes were reclaimed by Flemings 17th century.

A x i m (ä-sheng' or äks'im). A British station on the Gold Coast, West Africa, in lat. 4° 52' N., long. 2° 15' W. A x i u s (aks'i-us). [Gr. 'kfíoj-.] The ancient name of the Vardar. A x m i n s t e r (aks'min-stèr). [AS. Axan mynstcr, Acsan mymler, minster of the Axe (river).] A town in Devonshire, England, 24 miles east of Exeter, famous formerly for its carpet-manufactures. Population (1891), 4,985. A x u m (äk-söm'). An ancient town of Tigré, Abyssinia, in lat, 14° 8' N., long. 38° 45' E. t noted for its antiquities. It was formerly the capital of Abyssinia, and a religious center. A x u m i t e K i n g d o m ( a k s ' u m - i t king'dum). An

name of the Ethiopian kingdom. [A common Aancient y , or A ï (â'ë or 1). A town in the department

river-name, in other British forms Aven, Evan, Auue, Anne, Auney, Inney, etc.; from W. afon, Manx ami, Gael, abhuinn, water, cognate with ea, Goth, aJiwa, L. aqua, water, L. amnis, Ávila y Zúñiga (a'vé-la e tho'nyé-ga), Luis AS. d e . Born at Placencia, Spain, about 1490: river. Cf. Aa.] A river in Wilts and Hants, died a f t e r 1550. A Spanish historian. He England, which flows into the English Channel Christchurch near the mouth of the Stour. wrote " Commentarios de la guerra de Alemana, at It passes Salisbury. Length, about 65 miles. hecha por Carlos V., 1546-47" (1547). Avon, or Lower Avon, or Bristol Avon. A A v i l é s (á-vé-lás'). A seaport in tho province river in Wilts and Somerset, England, and on of Oviedo, Spain, in lat. 43° 38' N., long. 5° the boundary between Somerset and Glouces56' W. Population(1887), 10,235. ter, flowing into Bristol Channel 7 miles north-

Avilés (a-vé-lás'), Pedro Menendez de. See

pichtli, and a celebrated warrior, lie made raids in Tehuantepec and on the Pacitic coast, and brought back great numbers of victims for the altars. Tochtepeo and Huexotzinco were made tributaries of Mexico, and 'L'latelolco was conquered. He was the father of Montezuma II. who reigned at the beginning of the Spanish conquest.

of Marne, France, situated on the Marne 18 miles northwest of Cliâlons-sur-Marne : noted for its wines. Population (1891), commune, 6,701. A y a c u c h o (l-ä-kö'chö). [Quichua, í corner of d e a t h ' : so called from an Indian battle which took place there in the 14th century.] A small plain in the valley of the Venda-Mayu streamlet, near the village of Quinua, about midway between Lima and Cuzco, Peru, it was the scene

of the most memorable battle in the history of South America, in which a veteran force of 9,000 Spaniards, under the viceroy La Serna, wasdefeated by5,7t'0 patriots under General Sucre, Dec. 9, 1824, The battle lasted about an hour : the viceroy himself was taken prisoner, his army was completely routed and forced to capitulate, and the independence of Spanish South America was ünally secured.

A Spanish sol-

near Naseby, Northampton, England, forms A y a c u c h o . A department of P e r u : corresponds

A volume of short poems by

in Gloucestershire, England, at the mouth of Ayala (ä-yä'lä), Adelardo Lopez de. Bom the Avon northwest of Bristol. March, 1829: died Dec. 30, 1879. A Spanish dramatist and politician, president of the

d i e r a n d a d m i n i s t r a t o r , n c was colonel and after- part of the boundary between Northampton to the colonial intendencia of Guamanga. Area, ward general in the Spanish army in Peru ; took part in and Leicester, traverses Warwickshire, flows 25,789 square miles. Population, about 160,000. suppressing the rebellion of Tupac Amaru (1780-81); in Worcestershire, and joins the Severn at A y a c u c h o . A city of Peru, capital of the decommanded the forces against Diego Tupac Amaru (1783); and was one of the judges who condemned the rebels T e w k e s b u r y in G l o u c e s t e r s h i r e , i t passes Rugby, partment of the same name, situated in a valWarwick, Stratford, and Evesham. Length, nearly 100 ley 7,900 feet above the sea. It is the ancient to torture and death. He was successively president of Guamanga founded by Pizarro in 1539; the name was Chile(1795 to 1799), viceroy of Buenos Ayres(l799 to 1801), " miles. A suburb of Cincin- changed in honor of the battle of Ayacucho. The city is and viceroy of Peru (1801 to 1806), attaining the military A v o n d a l e (a'von-dal). grade of lieutenant-general. He died while on his way nati, in Hamilton County, Ohio. the seat of a bishopric and lias a university. Population, from Peru to Spain. A v o n m o u t h (a'von-mouth). A small seaport about 22,000.

Avilion. See Avalon. A v i s a (a-vi'sa).

H e n r y W i l l o b i o or W i l l o u g h b y . It was first printed Avont (a'vont), Pieter van den. Born at in 1594, and prefixed to the second edition in 1596 are some Mechlin, 1600: died at Deurne, near Antwerp, verses which allude to Shakspere's "Rape of Lucrece." Nov. 1, 1652. A Dutch historical and landscape The poems exemplify the character of a chaste woman re- painter, master of Antwerp Gild 1622-23. sisting all the temptations to which her life exposes her. A v r a n c h e s (av-ronsh'). A t o w n i n the departThe singular book known asWilloughby's Avisa, which, as having a supposed bearing on Shakespere, and ¡is con- ment of Manche, France, situated near tho taining much of that personal puzzlement which rejoices See 30 miles east of St. Malo: the ancient Incritics^ has had much attention of late years, is not strictly gena, later Abrincatte, a town of the Abrincatui, a collection of sonnets ; its poems being longer and of a G a l l i c t r i b e . I t was formerly a bishop s seat and a differing stanzas. fortress, and had a noted school under Lanfranc. The Saintsbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 111. revolt of the Nu-Pieds (which see) broke out here 1639. AVÍSÍO (a-vé'sé-o). An alpine valley in south- Population (181)1), commune, 7,785.

ern Tyrol, east of the Adige, and east and south A v r a n c l l i n (av-ron-shan'). An ancient diviof Botzen. It is subdivided into the Cembra, sion of Normandy, France, forming part of the Kiemme, and Fassa. Length, 60 miles. modern department of Manche. AvÍSÍO. A small river of Tyrol which joins the Awadsi (a-wad'ze), or Awaji (a-wa'je). An Adigo north of Trent. island of Japan, lying between the main island A v i s o n (av'i-son), C h a r l e s . Born at Newcastle- and Sikoku. upon-Tyne, 1710 (?): died there, May 9, 1770. A w e (a), L o c h . A lake in Argyllshire, ScotAjí English composer and writer on music. He land, 8 miles west of Inverary, bordered by Ben is best known from his "Essay on Musical Expression ' Cruaehan on the north. Its outlet is by the (1752), in which he placed German music below that of the Awe into Loch Etive. Its length is about 23 French and Italians. Avitus (a-vi'tus), Marcus Maecilius. Died at Amiles. Auvergne, 456 a . d. Emperor of the West 455- w o - S i m a (a'wo-se'mii). A small island south

c h a m b e r u n d e r A l f o n s o X I I . Among his dramas are " E l tanto por ciento"(1801), " E l nuevo Don J u a n " (1863), "Consuelo" (1878), etc.

Ayala, Pedro Lopez de.

Born in Murcia,

Spain, 1332 : died 1407. A Spanish poet, prose-

w r i t e r , a n d s t a t e s m a n . He was taken prisoner at the battle of Xajera (1367) and carried to England. On his return he was made grand chancellor to Henry II. He was again made prisoner at the battle of Aljjubarrota. " He was in some respects the first Spaniard of his age." ensi et R a r i " (posthumously, 1658), wealthy quarter of Boston, Massachusetts. " Sylva Sylvaruin " (posthumously, 1627). " >'cw Atlantis,''' Backbite (bak'bit), Sir Benjamin. A slan- " E s s a y s " (1597, 1612, 1625), " D e Sapientia V e t o r u m " derer in Sheridan's comedy " T h e School for (160E>X " A p o t h e g m s N e w and Old," " H i s t o r y oi H e n r y Bach, K a r l Philipp Emanuel. Born at WeiV I I . " (1622). W o r k s edited bv Ellis, Spedding, and H e a t h mar, March 14,1714: died at Hamburg, Dec. 14, Scandal." 1788. A distinguished composer, sou of Johann Backergunge (bak'er-gunj), or Bakerganj, or (7 vols. 1857); L i f e by Spedding (7 vols. 1861, 2 vols. Sebastian Bach. He went to Berlin in 1737, and in 1740Bakarganj (bak'ar-ganj). A district in the 1878). See Shakgpere. Born at London, Nov. 24,1740: entered the service of Frederick the Great as court musi- Dacca division, Bengal, British India, in the Bacon, John. died there, Aug. 4, 1799. An English sculptor. cian, remaining in this position until 1767: he then w e n t Ganges delta. Area, 3,(549 square miles. PopuA m o n g his works are monuments to 1'itt (Guildhall and to Hamburg. He was a voluminous composer of pianolation (1881), 1,900,889. Westminster Abbey), Dr. Johnson and H o w a r d (SI. Paul's), music, oratorios, etc.; he also wrote on tlie theory of pianoBackhuysen (bak'hoi-zen), or Bakhuyzen, and Pdackstone ( A l l Souls, Oxford). playing. Ludolf. Born at Emden, in East Friosland, Bacon, Leonard. Born at Detroit. Mich., Feb. Bach,Wilhelm Friedemann. Born at Weimar, 1802: died at Now Haven, Conn., Dec. 24, 1710: died at Berlin, July 1, 1784. The eldest Dee. 18, 1631: died at Amsterdam, Nov. 17, 19, 1881. An American Congregational clergyson of Johann Sebastian Bach, organist of the 1708 (1709 ?). A Dutch marine painter. m a n , editor, and author, l i e was pastor in N e w Church of St. Sophia in Dresden (1733) and of Backnang (bak'niing). A town in the Neckar Haven ( 1 s t church 1825-SI), professor and lecturer (1871) St. Mary's at Halle (1747-1767). He was an organ- circle, Wiirteinberg, on the Murr 15 miles in N e w H a v e n Theological Semi miry (1800-81). one of the ist and com poser of great ability, bub was of dissolute northeast ofStuttgart. Population (1890),comfounders of the " N e w Englander," and one of the founmune, 6,767. habits. H e died in want and degradation. ders and editors of the N e w Y o r k " I n d e p e n d e n t . " Bacharach (ba'chii-mch). A town inthe "Rhine Backstrom (bak'strem), Per Johan Edvard. Bacon, Nathaniel. Born 1593: died 1660. An Province, Prussia, on the Rhine 24 miles above Born at Stockholm, Oct. 27, 1841: died there, English Puritan lawyer, member of Parliament Coblentz: famous for its wines. Near it is the Feb. 12, 188(3. A Swedish poet and dramatist. 1045-60, and master of request« under Cromeastle Stableck, an ancient residence of the H e was editor of " T e a t e r och Musik " (1876), of " N u " well and Richard Cromwell. He was the author (1877), and of " P o s t och Inrikcs T i d n i n g a r " ( f r o m 1878 t o palatines. of a " H i s t o r i c a l Discourse of the U n i f o r m i t y of the Govhis death), and author of the tragedy " D a g v a r d i'rey " ernment of England " (1647-51). Bache (bach), Alexander Dallas. Born at (1877), etc. Philadelphia,^ July 19. 180G: died at Newport, Backtischwah. See BaJcktishwa. Bacon, Nathaniel. Born in England about R. I., Feb. 1/, 18*07. An American physicist, Backus (bak'us), Isaac. [ME. baltfious, AS. 1642: died Oct., 1670. An Anglo-Amei'ican son of Kiehard Bache and grandson of Benja- bcechui, bake-house.] Born at Norwich, Conn., lawyer, son of Thomas Bacon of Friston Hall, Suffolk, England. He emigrated to Virginia, min Franklin. H e was a graduate of "West P o i n t Jan. 9.1724 : died Nov. 20,1806. An American settled on the npper James, and became a member of the 1825; professor of natural philosophy and chemistry in Baptist minister, author of a "History of New governor's council. H e was clioscn by the Virginians, the University of Pennsylvania 1828 41; the organizer of England, with Special Reference to the Bap- w h o w e r e dissatisfied with Governor Berkeley's Indian Girard College 1836, and its first p r e s i d e n t ; aud superintists" (1777-96), etc. policy, t o lead an expedition against the Indians, hut was tendent of the Coast Survey 1843-67. H e w r o t e "ObserDied 1683. A refused a commission by the governor. H e nevertheless vations at the M a g n e t i c and Meteorological Observatory Backwell (bak'wel), Edward. invaded the Indian territory in l(>7ti, but was proclaimed London goldsmith and alderman who played at the Girard College," and various scientific papers. a rebel by Governor Berkeley, was captured, tried b e f o r e Bache, Francis Edward. Born at Birming- an important part in financial affairs under the governor and council, and acquitted. T h e enthusiasm Cromwell and Charles II. He is regarded as w h i c h Bacon's cause awakened was taken advantage of ham, England, Sept. 14, 1838: died there, the chief founder of the banking system in to demand the abolition of exorbitant taxes, the recently Aug. 24, 1858. An English composer, author England. imposed restrictions on the suffrage, aud other evils. of music for the pianoforte, operas, songs, a v i n g "been proclaimed a rebel a second time by the Bacler d'Albe (bak-lar dalb'), Louis Albert H etc. governor, Bacon captured and destroyed Jamestown, but Bache, Franklin. Born at Philadelphia, Oct. Orhislam, Baron. Born at Saint-Pol, Pas-de- died before he could accomplish his projects of reform. 25, 1792: died there, March 19, 1H64. An Am- Calais, France, Oct. 21, 1762: died at Sevres, Bacon, Sir Nicholas. Born at. Chiselhurst, erican physician and chemist, a cousin of Alex- Sept. 12,1824. A French painter, chartographer, Kent, 1509: died at London, Feb. 20. 1579. An ander Dallas Bache. He was professor of chem- a n d s o l d i e r . H e served w i t h distinction under Napo- English statesman, lather of Francis Bacon. meister t o the Duke of Weissenfels. His w o r k s — c h i e f l y church and piano music — are numerous. H e was t w i c e married, and had seven children b y his first w i f e and thirteen by the second.

istry in the Franklin Institute 1S26-32, in the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy 1831-41, and in Jefferson Medical Coll e g e 1841-64. W i t h Dr. W o o d he prepared a " P h a r m a c o poeia," (1830), which was the foundation of the " United States Pharmacopoeia " and " United States Dispensatory." H e was editor, with Dr. W o o d , of the " D i s p e n s a t o r y " 1833-64.

leon 1796-1814, especially as director of the topographical bureau, and attained (1813) the rank of brigadiergeneral. His best-known work is a picture of the battle of Arcole, in which he took part.

Bac-ninh (bak-neny'). A town in Tonkin, in the delta of the Red River northeast of Hanoi. Near it several engagements in the French war in Tonkin

H e was graduated B. A . at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge in 1527; was called to the bar in 1533; became solicitor of the Court of Augmentations iti 1637; attorney of the Court of Wards and L i v e r i e s in 1540; and was lord keeper of the great seal f r o m Dee. 22, 1558, to his death, exercising a f t e r A p r i l 14, 1559, the jurisdiction of lord chancellor.

Bache, Richard. Born at Settle, Yorkshire, took place in 1884. Bacon, Roger, Born at or near Ilchester, SomEngland, Sept. 12,1737: died in Berks County, Bacolor (ba-ko-lor')- A town in Luzon, Philip- e r s e t s h i r e , a b o u t 1 2 1 4 : d i e d p r o b a b l y a t O x f o r d Pa., July 29, 1811. Son-in-law of Benjamin pine Islands, northwest of Manila. Population i n 1294. A c e l e b r a t e d E n g l i s h p h i l o s o p h e r . H e was educated at Oxford and Paris ( w h e n c e he appears to Franklin, postmaster-general of the United (1887), 12,978. have returned to England about 1250), and joined the States 177i>—82Bacon (ba'kon), Anthony. Born 1558: died .Franciscan order. Tn 1257 he was sent by his superiors to May, 1601. An English diplomatist, son of Sir Bache, Sarah. Born at Philadelphia, Sept. 11, Paris where he was k e p t in close confinement f o r several 1744: died Oct. 5, 1808. Daughter of Benjamin Nicholas Bacon by his second wifo, and bro- years. A b o u t 1265 he was invited by P o p e Clement I V . ther of Francis Bacon. He attached himself (1593) to w r i t e a general treatise on the sciences, in answer to Franklin, and wife of Richard Bache. h i c h he composed his chief work, the " O p u s M a j u s . " H e Bachelor of Salamanca, The (F. " h e bachc- to the Earl of Essex, and followed his fortunes until his w was in England in 1268. I n 1278 his w r i t i n g s were conlier de Salamanque, ou les memoires do Don death, acting for seven years as his private foreign sec- demned as heretical by a council of his order, in conseCherubin de la lionda"). A romance by Le retary. quence of which he was again placed in confinement. H e Sage. A c c o r d i n g t o a statement of the author in the Bacon, Delia. Born at Tallmadge, Ohio, Feb. was at liberty in 1292. Besides the " O p u s M a j l i s , " his most notable works are " O p u s Minus," " O p u s T e r t i u m , " first edition (173G) it was taken f r o m a Spanish manuscript; 2, 1811: died at Hartford, Conn., Sept. 2, 1859. An American writer, sister of Leonard Bacon. and " C o m p e n d i u m Philosophise." See Siebert, " R o g e r but this was not really the case. I t was his last novel. (Bachelor

here means a ' bachelor of arts.')

Bachergebirge (ba'cher-ge-ber'ge). A mountain group in southern Styria, south of the Drave, an eastern continuation of the Karawanken, Bachian. See Batjan. Bachman (bak'man), John. Bornin Dutchess County. N. Y., tfeb. 4, 1790: died at Charleston, S. C., Feb. 25,1874. An American clergyman and naturalist, an associate of Audubon in his "Quadrupeds of North America." Bac.imann (bach'man), Orottlob Ludwiff E m s t . Born at Leipsic, Jan. 1, 1792: died April 15,1881. A German classical philologist, professor "-f classical philology in the University of Rostock 1833-65. Bacis (ba'sis), or BakiS (ba'kis). [G-r. Ba/uf.] In Greek legend, a name given to several seers or prophets, the most celebrated of whom was the Bceotian Bacis, whose oracles were delivered at Heleon in Bceotia. Specimens of these (spurious) oracles, in hexameter verse, have been preserved. Back (bak). Sir George. Born at Stockport, Cheshire, Nov. 6, 1796: died at London, June 23, 1878. An English admiral and Arctic exp l o r e r . H e accompanied Franklin to the Spitzbergen Seas in the Trent (ISIS), to the Coppermine R i v e r (by l a n d ) and the A r c t i c coasts of America (1819-22), and to t h e Mackenzie R i v e r (1825-27). H e conducted an expedition overland, and discovered the Great Fish or Back R i v e r (1833-35); and commanded the T e r r o r in an A r c t i c expedition (1836-37). H e was m a d e admiral in 1857. FTis chief works are " Narrative of the A r c t i c Laud Expedition t o the M o u t h of the Great Fish R i v e r , " and " N a r r a t i v e of ail Expedition in H . M. S. T e r r o r . "

Back Bay» The.

All expansion of the Charles

H e r best-known w o r k is the " Philosophy of the Plays of Shakespeare U n f o l d e d " (1857), in w h i c h she attempted to p r o v e that the plays attributed to Shakspcre are the work of Francis Bacon and others.

Bacon, Ezekiel. Born at Boston, Mass., Sept. 1, 1776: died t at Utica, N. Y., Oct'. 18, 1870. An American jurist and politician. He was member of Congress f r o m Massachusetts 1807-13, and first comptroller of the U n i t e d States Treasury 1813-15.

Bacon, Francis. Born at York House, London. Jan. 22, 1561: died at Higligate, April 9, 1626. A celebrated English philosopher, jurist, and statesman, sou of Sir Nicholas Bacon, created Baron Verulam July 12, 1618, and Viscount St. Albans Jan. 27,1621: commonly, but incorrectly, called Lord Bacon. He studied

at T r i n i t y College, Cambridge, April, 1573, to March, 1575, and at Gray's I n n 1575 ; became attached t o the embassy of S i r A m i a s P a u l e t i n France in 1576; wa3 a d m i t t e d to the bar in 1582; entered Parliament in 1584; was knighted in 1603; became solicitor-general in 1607, and attorneygeneral in 1613; was made a p r i v y councilor in 1616, lord keeper in 1617, and lord chancellor in 1618; and was tried in 1621 f o r bribery, condemned, fined, and r e m o v e d f r o m office. A notable incident of his career was his connection w i t h the Earl of Essex, w h i c h began in July, 1591, remained an i n t i m a t e friendship until the f a l l of Essex (1600-01), and ended in Bacon's active efforts to secure the Conviction of t h e earl f o r treason. (See Essex.) His g r e a t f a m e rests upon his services as a reformer of the methods of scientific i n v e s t i g a t i o n ; and though his relation t o the progress of k n o w l e d g e has been exaggerated and misunderstood, his reputation as one of the chief founders of modern inductive scicnce is w e l l grounded. I l i s chicf works are the " A d v a n c e m e n t of Learning, ' p u b l i s h e d in English as " T h e T w o Books of Francis Bacon of the Proficience and A d v a n c e m e n t of Learning Divine and H u m a n , " in 1605; the " . N o v u m orgamim sive indicia vera de interpretatione natur;e," published in Latin, 1620, as a " s e c o n d p a r t " of the (inc o m p l e t e ) " I n s t a u r a t i o m a g n a " ; the " D e dignitate et augmentis scientiarum," published in Latin in 1623;

Bacon," 1861; Held, " R o g e r Bacon's Praktische Philosop h i c , " 1881, a n d L . Schneider, " R o g e r Bacon," 1873.

Bacon's Rebellion. See Bacon, Nathaniel. Baconthorpe (ba'kqn-thorp), or Bacon, or Bacho, John. Died 1340. An Knglish Carmelite monk and schoolman, surnamed " t h e Resolute Doctor." Bacos. See Cacos. BacSelnyi -(bo'chan-ye), J&nos. Born at Tapolcza, western Hungary, May 11,1763: died at Linz, May 12, 1845. A Hungarian poet, prosewriter, and journalist. He founded, with Baroti and Kazinczv, a journal, the '' Magyar Museum," in 1788. Bactra. See Balkh. Bactria (bak' tri-a), or Bactriana (bak-tri-a'na). [From Bactra In ancient geography, a country in Asia, north of the Paropamisus Mountains on the upper Oxus, nearly corresponding to the modern district of Balkh in A f g h a n i s t a n . T h e population was Aryan in race ; the capital Zariaspa or Bactra, now Balkh. Bactria waB the cradle of the Persian religion which Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) reformed about (¡00 B. O. (?). A t a very early period it was the centcr of a p o w e r f u l kingdom which was conquered by the Medes, and together w i t h these by the Persians, and then by Alexander. I t was a part of the kingdom of the Seleucidce, and from 256 B. C. f o r about 100 years an independent Greco-Bactrian kingdom which extended t o the Kabul R i v e r and the Indus. Bactria belonged to the Sasanid® until about 040 A. D., aud has since been under Mohammedan rule.

Bactrian Sage, The. Zoroaster, who was a native of Bactria. Bacup (bak'up). A manufacturing and mining town in Lancashire, England, situated 16 miles north of Manchester. Population (1891), 23,498.

107

Baczko Baczko (bats'ko), Ludwig von. Born at Lick, Bast Prussia, June 8,1756: died March 27, 1823. A German historical "writer and novelist. Badagry (ba-dá-gré'). A town in West Africa, n e a r L a g o s . I t was formerly the capital of a native kingdom and a great slave-port.

Badajoz (bad-a-hos'; ¡3p. bá-i>a-Hóth'). A province of Estremadura, western Spain, popularly called Lower Estremadura. Area. 8,687 square miles. Population (1887), 480,418. Badajoz. The capital of the province of Badajoz, situated on the Guadiana near the Portuguese frontier, in lat. 38° 49' N., long. 6° 56' W . : the Roman Pax Augusta, or Bat allium, it is

leon; received further acccssions in 1805; joined the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, becamc a grand duchy, and again received increase of territoiy; joined the Allies in 1813; entered the Germanic Confederation in 1815; and received a constitution in 1818. It was the scene of revolutionary proceedings in 1848, and of the outbreak of revolution in May, 1849, which was suppressed by the aid of Prussian troops in July. I t sided with Austria in 18fi6, and became a member of the German Empire in 1871. Area, 5,821 square miles. Population (1890), 1,657,867.

Baden, or Baden-Baden. [G., 'baths.'] A town and watering-place in Baden, in the valley of the Oosbach 18 miles southwest of Carlsruhe, famous for its hot medicinal springs: the Roman Civitas Aurelia Aquonsis. It is a place of

annual resort of about 50,00(1 people, and was formerly strongly fortified and has a cathedral and castlc. I t has noted for its gambling establishments (closed 1872). I t belonged at various times to the Moors, Castile, and Portu- was long the capital of the margravate of Baden. Popugal. It ¡3 the birthplace of Morales. Badajoz has often lation (1890), commune, 13,884. been besieged, the most, notable of these events being (1) Baden, or Baden bei W i e n (ba'den bi ven). the unsuccessful siege by the Allies in 1705, when it was defended by the French and Spanish ; (2) its siege by the A town and watcring-plaee of Lower Austria, French under Soultf\vho captured it March, 1811; (8) three situated in a valley of the Wienerwald 14 miles sieges by the British, April-May, 1811, May-June, 1811, and southwest of Vienna, noted for its hot sulphur March-April, 1812. I t was stormed and taken by them springs, known to the Romans. Population April 0, 1812. Population (1887), 27,270.

(1890), commune, 11,263. Badakshan (bíid-ak-slian'). A territory in cen- Baden, or Oberbaden ( o ' b e r - b a ' d e n ) . [G., tral Asia, about lat. 36 0 -aS 0 N.,long. 69°-72°E., 'Upper Baden.'] A town and watering-place bounded by the Amu-Daria on the north, the in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland, situated Hindukush on the south, and Kunduz on the west, especially noted for its rubies. It is in- on tho Limmat 14 miles northwest of Zurich, noted for its hot sulphur baths, known to the habited largely by Tajiks. Capital, Faiznbad. Population Romans: the Roman Aquas Hclveticse. It was (estimated), 100, 000. Badalocchio (ba-da-lok'ke-o), Sisto, sumamod the meeting-place of the Swiss diet for three Rosa. Born at Parma, 1581: died at Bologna, centuries. Population, about 4,000. 1647. An Italian painter and engraver, a pupil Baden, Jacob. Born at Vordingborg, May 4, 17H5: died at Copenhagen, July 5,1804. A .Danand assistant of Annibale Carracei. Badalona (ba-i>a-lo'iia). A seaport ill the prov- ish philologist and critic, appointed professor ince of Barcelona, Spain, northeast of Barce- of cloqucn.ee and the Latin language at Copenhagen in 1780. He founded the "Kritisk Jourlona. Population (1887), 15,974. Badcock (bad'kok), John. A writer on pugi- nal" in 1768, and published " Grammatioa Lalistic and sporting subjects, who wrote between tina v (1782), etc. 1816 and 1830 under the pseudonyms of "Jon Baden, Margrave of. Sec Louis William I., B e e " and " J o h n H i n d s . "

in 1830 lie edited the

M a r g r a v e of B a d e n . "Works of Samuel Foote," with remarks, notes, and a B a d e n , T r e a t y of. A t r e a t y b e t w e e n the Germemoir (under the name of Jon Bee). m a n E m p i r e and F r a n c e , c o n c l u d e d a t Bad en. Baddeley (bad'li), Robert. Born probably in S w i t z e r l a n d , S e p t . 7. 1714, w h i c h , w i t h the 1733 : died in 1794. An English actor. Tie was t r e a t i e s of U t r e c h t a n d R a s t a d t , e n d e d t h e W a r originally the cook of Samuel Foote, and went on the stage of t h e S p a n i s h Succession. The Peace of Ryswick before 1701. He was the original Moses in the "School was ratified, the electors of Bavaria and Cologne were refor Scandal." In his will he left the revenue of his house instated in their lauds and dignities, and Landau was left in Surrey for the support of an asylum for decayed actors, in the possession of I'ranec. and also the interest of one hundred pounds to provide Baden-Baden. See Baden. wine and cake for the actors of Drury Lane Theater on Baden-Powell ( b a ' d e n - p o u ' l ) , Sir George S m y t h . Born at Oxford, Dec. 24, 1847. A n Twelfth Night. This is still done. Since 1843, then, the term of " Their," or " Her Majesty's E n g l i s h p o l i t i c i a n and p u b l i c i s t . He was appointed Servants," is amere formality, as there is no especial com- joint commissioner with Colonel Sir"YV. Grossman, in 1882, pany now privileged to serve or solace royalty. Mr. to inquire into the administration, revenues, and expendiWebster, who occupies Garrick's chair in the manage- ture of the British West India colonies; assisted Sir Charles ment of the Theatrical Fund, tells me, that Baddeley was Warren in his diplomatic relations with the native chiefs the last actor who wore the uniform of scarlet and gold of Bechuanaland in 1885; spent the winter of 1886-87 in prescribed for the "gentlemen of the household " who Canada and the United States, investigating the fishery were patented actors; and that he used to appear in it at dispute; and was made joint commissioner with Sir George rehearsal. He was proud of being one of their " Majes- Bowen, in 1887, to arrango the details of the new Malta ties'servants " ; — a title once coveted by all nobly-aspir- constitution. lie was British commissioner in the Bering ing actors. Doran, Eng. Stage, I I . 416. Sea inquiry, 18'J1; and British member of the Joint (VimBaddeley, Sophia. Born at London in 1745: mission, Washington, 1892. Author of " New Homes for died at Edinburgh in 1786. The wife of Rob- the Old Country" (1872), "Protection and Bad Times" (1879), " State Aid and State Interference " (188-2), etc. ert Baddeley, and an actress and singer.

Badeau (ba-dd'), Adam. Born Dec. 29, 1831: died March 19,1895. An American officer (cap- Badenweiler (ba'den-vi-ler). A village and tain and brevet brigadier-general, United States watering-place in Baden, near Miillheim, southarmy) and writer, military secretary to Gen- w e s t of F r e i b u r g . I t contains ruins of Roman baths, eral Grant 1864-69, and later in the consular one of the most interesting existing examples. There are s e r v i c e . He has written " Military History of Ulysses S. Grant" (1867-81), "Grant in Peace " (1S3G), " The Vagabond Papers " (a volume of literary sketches and dramatic criticism, 1859), etc.

Badebec (bad-bek'). The wife of Gargantua in the romance of " Pantagruel" by Rabelais.

two parts, corresponding in their subdivisions, one for men and one for women. Each part has a large atrium or outer court, whence there is access to tho apodyterium or dressing-room ; the caldarium, or hot-air bath; thefrigidarium, or cold bath; and the tepidarium, or warm bath. The entire structure measures 318 by 99 feet; the walls, pavements, and steps remain in position. The date assigned is the 2d century A. I>.

Baer Badia (ba-de'a). A small town in the province of Rovigo, Italy, situated on the Adige 29 miles southwest of Padua. Badia Calavena (ba-de'a ka-la-va'na). A small town in the province of Verona, Italy, 13 miles northeast of Verona, the chief place in tho "Tredici Communi." Badiali (ba-de-a'le), Gesare. Born at Imola, Italy: died there, Nov. 17, 1865. A celebrated Italian bass singer. BadiayLeblich(bii-TTTe'a e lab-lech'), Domingo. Born 1766: died 1818. A Spanish traveler in northern Africa and the Orient : better known by his Mussulman name of Ali Bey. Badikshis (ba-dek-shc/'). [ P L ] An Afghan tribe of Aryan origin. Badinguet (ba-dan-ga'), afterward Radot (ra-do'). Died 1883. A Moor in whose disguise Napoleon 111. escaped from th e fortress of Ham 1846; hence, a nickname of Napoleon HI. Badius (ba'de-os), Jodocus or Josse, surnamed Ascensius (from bis birthplace). Born at Asche, near Brussels, 1462: died 1535. A Flemish printer and writer. He established at Paris a printing-house, the "Prnelum Ascensianum," about 1499. B a d L a n d s . C e r t a i n l a n d s of t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n U n i t e d S t a t e s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y an a l m o s t ent i r o a b s e n c e of n a t u r a l v e g e t a t i o n , and b y the varied and fantastic forms into which the soft strata h a v e b e e n e r o d e d . At a little distance they appear like fields of desolate ruins. The name was first applied, in its Krcnch form mauvafaes terrc.a, to a Tertiary area (Miocene) in the region of the Black Hills in South Dakota, along the White River, a tributary of the Upper Missouri.

Badman (bad'man), The Life and Death pf M r . A work bv John Bunvan, published in 1680.

Badminton (bad'min-ton). The residence of the dukes of Beaufort, in Gloucestershire, England, 15 miles northeast of Bristol. Badminton. A cup made of special and sweetened claret, named for the Duke of Beaufort (of Badminton), who was a patron of pugilistics; hence, in the prize-ring, blood, the slang name for which is "claret." Badminton, The. A coaching and sporting club of 1,000 members, established in London in 1876. Badon (ba'don), Mount, L. Mons Badonicus (monz ba-don'i-kus). The scene of a battle said to have been gained by King Arthur over the Saxon invaders in 520 (?): variously identified with Badbury Kings (Dorset), a hill near Bath, and Bouden "Hill (near Linlithgow). Badonra (ba-dd'ra). The principal character in the story of the "Amours of Prince Camaralzaman and the Princess Badonra," in " T h e Arabian Nights' Entertainments. "' Their story is a proverbial one of love at first sight. Badrinath. See Bhadrinatk. Badroulboudour (ba-drol'bo-dor'). The wife of Aladdin in the story of "Aladdin or the Wonderful Lamp," in " T h e Arabian Nights' Entertainments." Baebia gens (be'bi-a jenz). In ancient Rome, a plebeian clan or house whose family names were Dives, Herennius, Sulca, and Tamphilus. The first member of this gens who obtained the consulship was Cn. Bsebius Tamphilus

(182 B . C . ) . She was the mother of Pantagiuel, at whose birth she died, owing to the surprising number of mules, camels, Bader (ba'der), Joseph. Born Feb. 24, 1805: Bseda (be'da). See Bede. dromedaries, wagons, and provisions of every kind which died 1883. A German writer on the history, Baedeker ("bad'e-ker), Karl. Born 1801: died she brought forth at the same time. 1859. A German publisher, noted as the

etc., of Baden. He was editor of the periodiBad-Elster. See Ehter. cal " B a d e n i a " 1839-64. Baden (bii'deii). [F. Bade."] A grand duchy of southern Germany, and a state of the Ger- Badger (baj'er), Squire. A character in Fieldman Empire, the fourth in area and fifth in ing's " D o n Quixote in England." population: capital Carlsruhe. It is hounded by Badger, George Edmund. Born at Newbern, Hesse and Bavaria on the north, Bavaria on the northeast, N. C., April 13, 1795: died at Raleigh, N. C., Würtemberg on the east, Switzerland (separated mainly May 11, 1866. An American politician. He was by Lake Constance and the Rhine) on the south, and Alsace

founder of a series of guide-books. Baegna ElV (bag'na elv). The chief head stream of the Drammen (or Drams) Elv, in southern Norway. Baele ( b a - a ' l e ) . A Nigritic tribe, northeast

of L a k e Chad. I t is pastoral and nomadic, owning' camels, sheep, and goats. I t is half heathen and half Moand the Rhine Palatinate (separated by the Rhine) on the secretary of the navy 1841, and Whig United States senhammedan. west. It produces grain, wine, tobacco, hemp, potatoes, ator from North Carolina 1846-55. hops, and chicory; manufactures clocks, woodenware, cot- Badger, G-eorge Percy. Born 1815: died Feb. Baena (ba-a'na). A town in the province of ton and silk goods, chemicals, cigars, machinery, straw 21, 1888. An English Orientalist, compiler of Cordova, Spain, 25 miles southeast of Cordova: hats, brushes, paper, etc.; and abounds in mineral springs. tho Latin Baniana or Biniana. Population I t comprises the four districts of Constance, JYeiburg, an English-Arabic lexicon (1881). Carlsruhe, and Mannheim. The government is a consti- BadghlS (bad-ghez'). A district in Afghan- (1887), 12,036. tutional hereditary monarchy under a grand duke, and a istan, north of Herat. By the recent de- Baena (ba-ya'nii), Antonio Ladislau MonteiLandtag with an upper house and a chamber of 63 repre- limitation it is included in the Russian ro. Born in Portugal about 1795: died in Par£, March 28,1850. A Portuguese-Brazilian author. sentatives. Baden sends 3 representatives to the Bundominions. He was an officer in the Portuguese and subsequently in desrat and 14 to the Reichstag. About two thirds of the population are Roman Catholic, one third Protestant. Its Badham (bad'am), Charles. Born at Ludlow, the Brazilian army, attaining the rank of colonel; his later ancient inhabitants were the Alamanni, and it formed a Shropshire, July 18, 1813: died at Sydney, years were spent in 1'ara, where lie took part in several part of the duchy of Alamannia. Its rulers have been de- Australia, Feb. 26, 1884. An English classical military expeditions against the Cabanaes rebels, 1835-36. Subsequently he studied the geography and history of the scendants of the house of Zahringen (a place near Freiburg). They ruled as margraves, with a separation in scholar and teacher, appointed professor of Amazon valley. His " Eras do ParA " and "Ensaio corothe 16th century into the lines liad en-Baden and Baden- classics and logic in the University of Sydney grafico sobre a provinciado Pard " are still standard workB on that region. Durlach, which were reunited in 1771. Radon entered in ] 807. He published editions of various G-reek the Flirstenbund in 1785, received accession of territory in classics, "Criticism applied to Shakspcre" Baer (bar), K a r l Ernst von. Born in Esthonia, 1803, and became an electorate. It was allied with Napo-

(1846), etc.

Russia, Feb. 28, 1792: died at Dorpat, Nov. 28,

Baer

108

Bagrima

1876. A celebrated Bussian naturalist, espe- Bagby, George W i l l i a m . Born in Virginia, B a g n e r e s - d e - B i gyo r rre a (ban-yar'de-be-eor'l cially noted for his researches in embrvoloev. Aue. 13, 13. 1828: died at Richmond, Richmond Va., V , Nov. n w 9«' . . ¿ > ? , ! 5 . . D e . f 0 . r . >< embryology. Aug. W, He was appointed extraordinary professor of zoology at 1883. A physician, journalist (became editor Bagneres-d'Adour fban-jar'dft-dOr')." A town in the department of Hautes-Pyrindes, Königsberg in 1819 (and two y ears later ordinary professor) and succeeded Burdach as director of the Anatomical In- of the Lynchburg " E x p r e s s " in 1853, and of Prance, situated on the Adour 13 miles south stitute. In 1829 he went to St. Petersburg as member of the " S o u t h e r n Literary Messenger" in 1859), of T a r b e s : the Roman Aquas Bigerrionuin Balthe Academy, returned to Königsberg in 1830, and again and humorist. H e wrote under the pseudonym neariai. It is one of the chief Pyrenean watering-places went to St. Petersburg in 1834 as librarian of the Academy. " Mozis Addums." on account of its hot springs (sulphate of lime. etc.). PopHis chief works are the "Entwickelungsgeschichte der Tiere" (1828-37), and " Untereuehungen über die Ent- B a g d a d , or B a g h d a d (bag-dad', commonly ulation (1891), commune, 8,638. w i c k l u n g der t i s c h e " (1835). bag'dad). [Pers., ' g i f t of God.' The name B a g n S r e s - d e - L u c h o n ( b a n - y a r ' do - lii - ch6n'), B a e r l e (bar'le), C o r n e l i u s v a n . The tulip-fan- Bag-da-da is found in the Assyrian cuneiform or L u c h o n . A town in the department of cier in Dumas's story " La Tulipe Noire." inscriptions, and appears to be of Aramean Haute-Garonne, France, 71 miles southwest of Baerle, Gaspard van. See Barlseus. origin.] A vilayet of Asiatic Turkey, in the Toulouse, near the Spanish f r o n t i e r : the Eoman Baert (bä-är'), Alexandre Balthazar Fran- lower valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris, B a l n e a r i s e L i x o v i e n s c s . i t is one of the chief watering-places in the Pyrenees, and is celebrated for its çois de Paule, Baron de. Born at Dunkirk between Persia and Arabia. warm salt and sulphur springs. Population (1S91), comabout 1750 : died a t Paris, March 23, 1825. A B a g d a d , or B a g h d a d . The capital of the vilamune, 3,528. French politician and geographer. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly in 1791, in which he vainly yet of Bagdad, situated on the Tigris in lat. Bagnet (bag'net), Mr. and Mrs. Joseph. Char; 33° 20' N., formerly a eity of great importance acters m Charles Dickens's novel" Bleak House." exerted himself to save Louis XVI. He wrote ' Tableau and still the seat of considerable commerce, it Bagnet is an ex-artilleryman, devoted to the bassoon. de la Grande-Bretagne, etc." (1800), etc. I h e i r children Malta, Quebec, and Woolwich are named has manufactures of leather, silk, cotton and woolen goods. B aetica (be'ti-kä). In ancient geography, the I t was founded in 702 by Abu Jaffar, surnamed "Al-— where they, were born. from the stations southernmost division of Hispania (Spain). Mansur " (' the Victorious'), second calif of the dynasty of B a g n i d i L u c c a (ban'ye Tit. ' ba1 . ,, .. , - d e l o k ' k a ) . — baths Baetis (bë'tis), or B œ t e s (bë'tëz). The Eoman the Abbassides, and it was.the capital of the Abbassides for ofLucca.HJ A watering-ilia ce in TtalV l 13 mi naine of the Guadalquivir. five hundred years, bearingthe thename name"ofofMansurijeh, M^TuriT^""^ " ? ' d ™i " " * 8 ears, bearing also „ „ „ t ^w™i „W/ V , ,^ „" i" "^ T 5 V " A B a e y e r (bâ'yér), A d o l f . B o m at Berlin, Oct. Dar-es-SelamCDwelling of Peace'), which latter name it ?-rthcast of Lucea, noted for hot springs, 31, 1835. A German chemist, son of Johann still has in official documents of the Ottoman government Population, 9,000. J a k o b B a e y e r . He became professor of chemistry at Strasburg in 1872, and succeeded Liebig at Munich in 1875. He is the discoverer of cerulein, eosin, and indol.

Baeyer, Johann Jakob. Born at Müggelheim, near Köpenick, Nov. 5, 1794: died at Berlin, Sept. 10, 1885. A Prussian soldier and geome-

t6

i ' , „ S e f ?'! gh i !? a

18

Under the Abbassides i t became a celebrated center of *• Arabic learning and civilization, and the glory and splendor of the eastern world. During the height of its prosperity it harbored a million ami a half people within its walLs. I t declined with the decay of tho Abbassidian cahfate, and came at the fall of this dynasty, in 1258, into the hands of the Mongols. I t is still the capital of the Turkish province Mesopotamia. Population, 180,000.

in the campaigns of 1813 B a g e (bag), R o b e r t . Born at Darley, Derbvshire, England, Feb. 29,1728: diedat Tamworth, England, Sept. 1, 1801. An English novelist!

#J conducted and attained the rank of lieutenant-general in 1858. He' several important geodetic surveys, and in 1870 became president of the Geodetic Institute at Berlin. He published various geodetical works.

Baez (bä'äth), Buenaventura. Bom at Azua,

H e was apaper-manufacturerby trade, and did not begin to write before the age of fifty-three. He wrote " M o u n t

Hayti, about 1810: died in Porto Rico, March 21,1884. A statesman of Santo Domingo. He B a g e h o t (baj'ot), W a l t e r . Born at Langport, cooperated with Santa Anna in the establishment of the Somersetshire, Feb. 3,1826: died there, March . Dominican Republic, and was president from 1849 to 1853, 24,1877. A noted English economist, publicist, when he was overturned and expelled by Santa Anna. He retired to New York, but Santa Anna being driven out in 1856, he was called back and again elected president. I n June, 1858, he was again supplanted by Santa AnnaElected a third time in 1865, he was supplanted in 1866 by a triumvirate headed by Cabral. Baez was recalled and made president a fourth time in 1808. After various negotiations he signed with President Grant two treaties

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bay of Samana. The annexation scheme was, ostensibly

at least, approved by the people of Santo Domingo but the United States Senate refused to ratify it. The failure of this resulted in renewed disorders, and the fall of Baez

B a e z a (ba-a'tha). A town in the province of Jaen, southern Spain, 22 miles northeast of J a e n : the Roman Beatia. It has a cathedral, and was formerly the seat of a university. I t was a nourishing Moorish city, and was sacked by St. Ferdinand in the 13th century. Population (1887), 13,911.

a n d j o u r n a l i s t , n e was graduated at the University of London 1846, was called to the bar in 1852, and was editor of the " E c o n o m i s t " 1860-7/. He wrote " T h e English Constitution" (1807), "Physics and Politics, etc." (1869), "Lombard Street, etc." (1873), "Literary Studies" (1879), "Economic Studies"(1880), "Biographical Studies" (1881), etc.

Baggara (bäg'gä-rä). A Ilamitic but Arabicspeaking tribe of the upper Nile valley.

a re

,

no

™adS, hunters, Egyptian

slave-raiders.

Baggesen . „

See

Shilluk.

soldiers,

They and

sen), Jens (Emmanuel).

Bagni (, b a n ' Bagni Adi dii San San Giuliano Giul -i i

v e d e s a n „„ io-lè-a • ,, , '' „ „

no). A town and watering-place in Italy, northeast of Pisa. B a g n i g g e W e l l s . A place of amusement in London which formerly (time of George II.) lay at the east of Gray's Inn Road, nearly opposite what is nowMecklenburg Square and northeast of St. Andrew's burying ground. It "included a great room for concerts and entertainments, a garden planted with trees, shrubs, andflowers,and provided with walks, aflsh-pond,fountain, rustic bridge, rural cottages Ci n/*l seats. eao+e and

Ba

frV^-wl^.^o,*...« The admission was threepence.'"n

s a ° a K i p o l i (ban'yo a re'po-le). An easto ^d T n T , ™ , , , V p o m a g n a (ban'yo en (or de) ro-man'ya). A town and "watering-place in the Apennines, Italy, 37 miles northeast of Florence. B a g n o l e s (bân-yôl'). A small watering-placo in the department of Orne, France, northwest of Alençon. B a g n o l i (ban-yô'lê). A small town in the province of Avellino, Italy, 45 miles cast of Naples. B a g n o l s - l e s - B a i n s (bân-yôl'lâ b a n ' ) . A watering-place in the department of Lozère, France, on the Lot east of Mende. It has sulphur springs.

~ ~ Born at Korsijr, Denmark, Feb. 15,1764: died at Hamburg, Oct. 3, 1826. A Danish poet, author Bagno ls-sur-cèze (ban-yol'siir-saz'). A town o f ' ' Comic Tales"(1785), "Labyrinthen "(1792), in the department of Gard, France, on the Cèze 25 miles northeast of Nîmes. Population (1891), " Parthenais " (1804), etc. 4,454. Baghdad. See Bagdad.

Baghelkhand (bii-gel-kund'). The collective Bagnuolo (ban-yo-o^lo), Count (Giovanni ViBorn about 1590: died about Baffin (baf'in), William. Died Jan. 23, 1622. name of several native states in central India, cenzo ^1650. SAa nNfeeal pi coel i)t.a n** • soldier, in 1624 (Naples beA n E n g l i s h n a v i g a t o r a n d e x p l o r e r . He was pilot the most important of which is Rewah. of the Discovery, Captain Robert Bylot, which in 1615 Bagheria (bä-ge-rä'ä), or Bagaria (bä-gä-re'ä). ing then under Philip IV. of Spain) he commanded a contingent of troops from his country sent with others to

ica in search of the northwest passage." The expedition A town on the northern coaft of Sicilf, Smiles the relief of Bahia, Brazil, then threatened by the Dutch He distinguished himself greatly in the following camPopulation, , — 12,000. resulted in the discovery of the bay between Greenland _ east of Palermo. . i and British America which has since received the name Baghirmi (ba-ger'me). An important African paigns, ultimately commanded at Bahia, and in 1638 re1 pelled an attack upon that city, l o r this service he was of Baffin Bay. An account of the expedition, written by kingdom, —1 " - TLake southeast of Chad on the Shari made , . ,, , ... niaue a prince pin i c e in ni nNaples. api es. Baffin, was printed by Purchas, who, however, took great t:, • u 0mi1 liberties with tho text. The original manuscript, with P » f ' ï ® i t » r i ? T d W a d a l ' . a n d s u b J e c t Bagoas (ba-gó'as). [Gr. B D i e d about map, is in the British Museum, and was edited for the t o t h e l a t t e r . The country is a fertile plain. The 336 B. c. An Egyptian eunuch, in the service Hakluyt Society in 1849 (Rundall, "Narratives of Voyages population is mixed: the mass is Nigritic; the higher of Artaxerxes Ochus of Persia, who for a short towards the North-west"). Baffin was killed while serv- class are pastoral Fulahs aud trading Arabs. Islam was time usui-pod the virtual sovereignty of the ing ill the allied English and Persian armies against the introduced in the 16th century, but many are still pagan. e m p i r e . He p u t to death Artaxerxes Ochus (338) and Capital, Massenya. The language is called Bwrrima • it Portuguese in the island of Kishm in the Persian Gulf. to Kuka and distinc t from Kanuri. Population, Arses (336), but was himself compelled to drink a poison Baffin B a y (baf'in A sea passage com- ^ is" related municatiug with theba). Atlantic Oc'ean by Davis iV^Ti, - • „ . t , „which he had intended for Arses's successor Codomannus.

Strait, and with the Arctic Ocean by Smith fin,,»,! o Sound, and lying west „of» Greenland: exploredj by Baffin 1616. Also Baffin's Bay. Baffin L a n d (baf'in land). An extensive territory in the Arctic rogions, lying west of Baffin Bay. Also Baffin's Land. Baffo (biif'fo), surnamed " T h e Pure." Lived about 1580-1600. A Venetian lady, sultana and counselor of the sultan Amurath III. Baling(bii'feng). O n e o f t h e c h i e f h e a d s t r e a m s of the river Senegal. B a g a r n o y o (bii-ga-mo'yo). A port, town, and the greatest commercial center of German East Africa, south of the Kingani Eiver opposite Z a n z i b a r . I t is a meeting-plaoe of inland roads and cai-avans. A railroad is building (1893) to the neighboring Dar es Salaam. Population, 20.000 to 30,000, consisting of Arabs, Hindus, and Africans.

B a - g a n d a (ba-gan'dii). See Ganda. Bagaudae (ba-ga'de). A body of Gallic peasants in rebellion against the Romans at intervals from about 270 A. D. to the 5th centurv.

Bagby (bag'bi), Arthur Pendleton. Bom in

B f - S ^ f a n (bag-is-tan ). The ancient name of B a g o a s . A favorite eunuch of Alexander the Betustun. breat. Born at Blithland, West Africa. Here Nachtigal hoisted the field, Staffordshire, Kugland, Sept. 23, 1781: died a t Kingston, Canada, May 18, 1843. A German flag in 1884.

Bagida (ba-ge'da). A town in German Togo- B a g o t (bag'ot), Sir C h a r l e s . Bagimont's Roll (baj'i-mouts rol). A list of

the ecclesiastical benefices of Scotland and their valuation in the latter part of the middle

HffP« +....1, its -.¡„ name from „ . , a g e s . "" II ft took an TItalian churchman, aBoiamond g e s . " I (or t took its name from aan Italian churchman, Bajimont) of Vicci, canon of the cathedra] Boiamond (or Bajimont) of Vicci, a canon of the of Asti in Piedmont, who was sent by the Popecathedral to Scotof Asti Piedmont, bv thepart PoneoftoallScot. laud in in 1274 to collectwho the was tithesent or tenth the church livings, for a Crusade." Chambers's Eneye., I. 657.

Bagirmi.

See Baghirmi.

British diplomatist.

He became Under-Secretary of

state for foreign affairs in 1807. minister to "France in 1814 ambassador to St. Petersburg in 1H20, ambassador to Ilolland in 1824, and governor-general of the Cauadas in 1842 Tinf/ot. ftii>WilHQTM r i ,, . . V »llllam: L i v e d a b o u t t h e e n d of i,le i 4 u i century. A n Lnglish statesman, min-

i s t e r of B i c h a r d I I .

He was one of tho council (with

Hussy, Green, and Scropc) left in charge of tile kingdom when Richard departed for Ireland in 1399.

Bagley (bag' li), John Judson. Bom at Medina, B a g r a d a s (bag'ra-das). The ancient name of N. Y., July 24,1832: died at Sau Francisco, the riser Medjerila (which see). J u l y 27,1881. An American politician, Repub- Bagratians. See BagratUlz.

B a g r a t i d a e (ba-grat'i-de). A dvnasty of Arlican governor of Michigan 1873-77. B a g l i v i (biil-ye've), Giorgio. Born a t Ragusa, menian monarchs which lasted from the 9th to . ^ Sicily, 1669: died at Rome, 1707. An Italian the 11th century. See Armenia. P h yysician, professor of anatomv and medicine B a ^ r a t i o n 1(bä-grä-tse-on'), Prince P e t e r . Born 81 the College de Sapienza at Rome. He was .-' A liussian general, descended the founder of the system medicine, „a as from a Georgian princely familv. He served with svstem of "solidism" "soiidism " in meHicino opposed to Galen ism or humorism.

His medical writings

distinction against the Turks and Poles, and in 1799 ir,

Virginia, 1794: died at Mobile, Alabama, Sept. were held in high esteem, and were frequently reprinted. Italy (Cassano) and Switzerland; opposed Murat at Hol21,1858. An American politician. He was gov- Bagnacavallo, Bartolommeo. See Kamenqhi. labrun, Nov. 16, 18115 ; served at Austerlitz, Eylau Friedernor of Alabama 1837-41, United States senator from B a g n e (biiny), o r B a g n e s (biiny), V a l d e . An al- land, and m Finland; was commander-in-chief in Turkey Alabama 1841-H18, and United States minister to ftussia pine valley in the canton of Valais, Switzerland, ill 1809; was defeated near Mohiieff.'jillv 23* W l i ^ ' a n d was mortally wounded at Sept. 7, 1812. ' I' . > IT ' I 111 Borodino, Ulli 1848—19. southeast of Martigny, traversed by the Dranse. B a g r i m a . See Baghirmi.

109

Bagshaw

Baily, Francis

Bagshaw (bag'shä), Edward. Died 1662. An Bahraich, or Bharech. A town in Oudh, Brit- tinghamshire, April 22,1816. An English poet. He "has written " Festua " (1839), "Angel World " (1850), sh India, 65 miles northeast of Lucknow. English. Royalist politician and author. OrigiMystic " (1855), "The Age, Universal Hymn " (1867), etc. nally a Puritan, he sat in the Parliament convened by Bahrdt (bart), K a r l Friedrich. Born at BisCharles I. at Oxford 1644, was taken prisoner in the same ehofswerda, in Saxony, Aug. 25,1741: died near Bailey, Samuel. Born at Sheffield, 1791: died Halle, April 23, 1792. A German theologian, Jan. 18,1870. An English writer on philosophy year by the Parliamentary army, and languished in the King's Bench prison at Southwark till 1646. While in noted for his extreme rationalism. He was pro- and political economy. fessor of biblical philology at Leipsic 1766-68, of biblical Bailey, Theodorus. Born at Chateaugay, prison he wrote, among other works, "JDe monarchia antiquities at Erfurt 1768-71, of theology (and pastor) at absoluta" (1659). Giessen 1771-75, and became director of Von Salis's Phi- N. Y., April 12. 1805: died at Washington, Bagshot (bag'shot) A village in Surrey, Eng- lanthropin at Marschlinz in 1775, a post which he held D. C., Feb. 10,1877. An American rear-admiral. land, 10 miles southwest of Windsor. fourteen months. He was superintendent-general and He entered the navy in 1818, and becamc lieutenant in Bagshot Heath. A tract of land on the border pastor at Diirkhemi when (1778) he was declared by the 18*27, commander in 1849, and captain in 1855. He was of Surrey and Berkshire, England. imperial aulic council incapable of holding an ecclesias- second in command in the naval attack oil the defenses New Orleans in 1862, and was sent by Admiral FarBagstock (bag'stok). M a j o r Joe. " A wooden- tical office and forbidden to publish any writing. Taking of ragut, April 25, to demand the surrender of the city. He featured, blue-faced" officer, a friend of Mr. refuge in Prussia, he lectured on philosophy and philology was made commodore in 1862, and in the same year was Dombey, in Dickens's novel " Dombey and at Halle 1779-89. He was condemned to one year's im- appointed commander of the Eastern Gulf blockading S o n . " He calls himself " J. 13.," " Old J, B.," "toughold Joe," and says "Joe is rough and tough, sir! blunt, sir, blunt is Joe."

prisonment (1789) for having published the pasquinade "Das Religion seriict, cin Lustspiel"(1788). His remainingyears were devoted to the management of a tavern of questionable repute.

squadron, iri which post he is said to have taken over 150 blockade-runners in eighteen months. He was made rearadmiral July 25, 1866, and placed on the retired list Oct. 10, 1866.

Bahalul (bä-hä-löl'). The court fool of Ha- Bahrein (ba-rau'), or A v a l (a-val'). Islands. Bailiff's Daughter of Islington, The. An rtm-al-Rashid: surnamed U A1-Megnum" ('the A group of islands in the Persian Gulf, near the old ballad preserved in Percy's t 4 Reliques" Crazy'). coast of Arabia, about lat. 26° N., long. 50° E. and Ritson's "Ancient Songs." It is a tale of Bahama Bank (ba-ha'mji bangk), Great. A The chief i»Ti1«f island is Samak (length about 30 miles^ r»f «a squire's snuiri»'« son snn a and miles);: the t+.Tio h e tf n r ui n e lInvo o v e of n d a fl/hfliliff's bailiff's bank or area of shoal water between Cuba and capital Manama. The islands are celebrated for their d a u g h t e r the Bahama Islands. W ) . f A — Bahama Bailk, Little. A bank north of Great I S p i r X l - A b i a d ( M f c r - e W - ^ - M ' ) . The White Bahama Island. ¿ ^ e l A z r a k ( « « H . ^ , . The Blue Bahama Channel, Old. The part of the ocean between Cuba and the southern part of the Bahamas. Also called G-ulf of Florida. ^ P s ^ ' w e t ' Bahr-el-Ghazal (bair-el-gha-zal'). One of *>rn at Bahamas (ba-hä'mäz), formerly Lucayos (lö- the chief western tributaries of the White f > x < » 0 - dl „ ed Q . i. ti (wniensee). _ width, 46 miles. Area, 12,500 square miles. Bâillon (ba-yon ), Ernest Henri. Born at Baikal Mountains. A rango of mountains Calais, Nov. 30, 1827. A French botanist, auwest and northwest of Baikal. thor of "Histoire des plantes'_ (1866-85),_ etc. Baikie (bâ'ki), W i l l i a m Balfour. Born at Baillot (M-yo'), Pierre Marie François de Kirkwall, Orknev, Aug. 27, 1825: died at Sierra Sales. Born at Passy,near Pans, Oct. 1,1771: Leone, Dee. 12." 1864. A surgeon (assistant died at Paris, Sept. 15,1842. A French violinist.

,s u , r, g„ e„o„n ;i n „ thp av vy v 1848-51 was a pupil of Viotti, became professor of the violm t h e Tovsil loyal n na i » 4 » - o i ) I, pxnlnrer e x p l o r e r jHo u tho o f M u s i c a t P a r i s iros, and perof the country; has a large harbor; comprises an upper aad and p i o n e e r m t h e v a l l e y ot the JNlger, A t n c a . i o r m e < i in Russia, Holland, and England. He wrote " A r t He was appointed surgeon and naturalist of the Niger exv i o l i n " (1835) a lower town; and is the seat oi an archbishopric. I t has regular steamship communication with various European and American ports ; exports sugar, tobacco, etc.; and has d i e d JblO. A i ' r e n C ñ pliVSlflourishing manufactures. It was peopled in 1536, but expedition ascended the river 250 miles beyond the high- sive trade in petroleum, grain, etc. ; is one of the leading B a - L a l a (ba-lal'a). ' S e e Bushmen. ably in Peru, after 158G. A Spanish historian. e served as a soldier in t h e French wars, b u t subsequently B a l a i n i ( b a - l a ' m e ) . A learned vizir of the H took orders, and went to America about 1566, residing p o r t s and by rail with the Black bea. i r o m ancient times It has boon a place of t h e fire-worshipers. I t h c l o n s e d to t h e Persians a n d Turks, and was t a k e n by t h e Russians in 1806 Population (1891), 92,601.

B a - K u a n d u (M-kwan'do). See Bushmen, B a - K u i s e (ba-kwe'se). See Bushmen.

v / S a m a m d e , A b u S a l i h M a n s u r b e n N u l l . He collected old I r a n i a n traditions, a n d in 963 wrote a Persian a b r i d g m e n t of t h e g r e a t Arabic history of Tabari.

B a l a n (ba-loii'). 1. All early French version of the romance of " F i e r a b r a s , " which appears in

for a t i m e at Bogotâ, and later in Lima a n d Cuzco. He w r o t e "Rfiscelanea Anàrtica y origen de los I n c a s del Perii," which remained in m a n u s c r i p t until 1840, when a French translation was p u b l i s h e d in t h e Teruaux-Coinp a n s collection, as " L'Histoire d u P é r o u . "

112

Balfour, Alexander

noted Italian scholar, mathematician, poet, and general writer. i 13n 1/Iinn/i/11 ("Viq1_ /io.TiA'f.lip'i P i l i r m n "Rn-m at Baldinucci (bàl-de-no'che), Filippo. Born at Florence, 1624: died Jan. 1, 1696. A Florentine art critic. He wrote "Notizie de' professori del diseeno da Cimabue 1260-1670" (16811688). Baldock (bal'dok), Ralph de. Died 1313. Bishop of London (1304) and lord chancellor (April, 1307). He was removed on the accession of. Edward II. _ _ , , i00_ , .. ,

Baldwin, OolUlt. The father of Biron and Carlos in Southorno's " F a t a l Marriage," an nn-

Darien with part of his forcc Sept. l, 1513, and after an l o r d c h a n c e l l o r ( 1 3 2 3 ) u n d e r E d w a r d I I . H e w a s adventurous journey reached, on Sept. 25, a mountain overthrown with the De Spencers, and died in London as f r o m which he first saw the Pacific. The shore itself was r e s u i t of ill treatment by a mob. attained on Sept. 29, and Balboa, entering the water, took T , Q 1 J A / - U K I ax VP NPF'TPI A I P R Q I O TWn poasession for or the kings of C Castile. He returned to Darien ü a l t t O V i n e t t l ( b a l - ü o - v e - n e t te), A i e S S l O . -DOrn Jan. 29, 1514. In the same year (June 30) Pedro Arias de at F l o r e n c e , Oct. 14, 3427: died there, A u g . 29, A v i l a (called Pedrarias) arrived as governor of the colony. 1499. A noted Florentine painter and worker T h e relations of the t w o men were unfriendly, but Balboa in mosaics. obtained permission to explore the South Sea. Cutting the timbers f o r his ships on the Caribbean side, he trans- Baldovini (bäl-dö-ve'ne), Francesco. Born at ported them with immense labor across the isthmus, and Florence, Feb. 27, 1635: died Nov. 18, 1716. had launched two vessels when he was arrested by PedraAn Italian poet, author of ' ' Lamento di Cecco rias, on a charge of contemplated revolt, and beheaded.

m i r a l i n 1883. H e served in the Mexican war on the Congress, and was commander of the Clifton of the mortar-fleet at N e w Orleans, under Farragut, and at Vicksburg, in 1862. H e was later ordnance inspector at the

Balboa, Vasco Nuñez Balboa Vasco Nunez B O T H at Xeres tie los Caballeros, 1475: died at Acla, near Darien, irifT ino o • ..»1 Jlr-nnt^nAM 1517 or 1518. A* Spanish soldier, 4-1, the.. discoverer - - P-a c-i f-i c - Ocean. In 1500 he went to America of- the with the expedition of Rodrigo Bastidas, and was left by him at Española. In 1510 he went to Darien where he was later elected alcalde in a new settlement formed by his advice. I n 1512 he received from Pasamonte, king's treasurer at Santo Domingo, a commission to act aa governor. Balboamade numerous explorations, generally conciliating the Indians; and from them he learned that there was a great sea to the south (the Pacific), and far southward a country rich in gold, where the people were civilized

(Peru).

yielding, self-willed man.

Baldwin. Abraham. Born at Guilford, Conn., Nov. 6,1754: died at Washington, D. C., March 4,1807.

A n American politician.

He was a dele-

gate to the Continental Congress; member of the Con* stitutional Convention 1787 ; member of Congress from Georgia 1789-99; United States senator 1799-1807; and president pro tempore of the Senate 1801 and 1802.

Baldwin, Charles H. Born in New York city, Sept. 3, 1822: died there, Nov. 17, 1888. An D i e d 132 i. A n E n g l i s h American naval officer, appointed rear-ad-

Determined to discover these, he set out from B a l d o c k , R o b e r t de.

Ma™ Island navy-yard.

He retired Sept. 3,1884.

Baldwin, Henry. Born at New Haven, Conn., Jan. 14, 1780: died at Philadelphia, April 21, 1844. An American jurist and politician. He

was member of Congress from Pennsylvania 1817-22, and associate justice of the United States Supremo Court 1830-44.

da Varlungo, etc." (1694), etc. Balbriggan (bal-brig'an). A watering-place Balducci (bäl-dö'che), Francesco. Born at Baldwin, Matthias William. Bom at Elizain County Dublin, Ireland, 20 miles northeast Palermo: died at Rome, 1642. One of the best bethtown, N. J., Dec. 10, 1795: died at Philadelphia, Sept. 7, ]866. An American inventor, of Dublin. It has manufactures of stockings, of the Anacreontic poets of Italy. Ho wrote noted as an improver and manufacturer oi etc. Population, about 2,000. Balbuena (bal-bwa'na), Bernardo de. Born ^Canzoni Siciliani,"in the Sicilian dialect, etc. locomotive engines. i n V a l d e Penas, 1568: died inPorto Rico, 1627. Balduin. See Baldwin. Baldwin, Roger Sherman. Born at New Born at Gmünd, Haven, Conn., Jan. 4, 1793: died there, Feb. A Spanish prelate and p o e t . Most of his life was Baidung (bäl'döng), Hans. Swabia, 1476 (?): died at Strasburg, 1545. A 19, 1863. An American politician and jurist. passed in Mexico, Jamaica, and Porto Rico, and he became He was governor of Connecticut 1844-45, United States bishop of the latter island in 1620. H e is best known for German painter, sumamed " G r ü n " ('green'), senator 1847-51, and member of the " P e a c e Congress" in his epics . and from his use of that color in his draperies. x ..„ " El Bernardo " and " La Grandeza Mexican»," his principal poem "ElSiglo deOro" (' The Age of Gold'). ß a l d U T ( b ä l ' d ö r ) , or B a l d e r ( b ä l ' d ö r ) .

Balbus (bal' bus), Lucius Cornelius. Born m Gades: flourished in the 1st century B. C. A Roman politician, sumamed " M a j o r " to distinguish him from his nephew Lucius Cornelius

Balbus. H e served in Spain in the war against Sertorius, and was made a Roman citizen in 72 B. C. His right to the citizenship was successfully defended by Cicero in 55 B. c. H e sided with Caesar against Pompey, being intrusted with the management of the former's affairs at R o m e ; and, on the death of Ccesar, attached himself to Octavius, under whom he obtained the consulship 40 B. c.

[ON.

so beautiful and bright that a light emanates from him. He is the wisest, most eloquent, and mildest of the Ases. His dwelling is Breidablik (ON. Breidhablik). His w i f e is Nanna. H e is finally slain, at the instigation of Loki. by a twig of mistletoe in the hands of the blind god Hodur

(ON. Hodhr).

tor to the propretor Asinius 44-43 B. c., where he acquired a pression and exaction; became A f r i c a ; and enjoyed a triumph a victory over the Gara mantes.

He was ques-

Pollio in Further Spain large fortune through opsubsequently governor of 19 B. C., in consequence of

among the other Germanic races there is no existing

('Iron

The same name is also given to a peak of the mountains north of Jemez, properly called Sierra de la Jara (Reed Mountains).

2. A peak in the Sangre de Cristo range, Colorado.

Baldur is specifically a Northern god; B a l e ( b a l ) , J o h n . B o r n at C o v e , n e a r D u n w i c h ,

Balbus, Lucius Cornelius. A Roman politi- record of him whatsoever. ,^ „ 3 „ cian, surnamed " Minor" to distinguish him from Baldwin (bal'dwin) I., sumamed "Bras de F e r " his uncle L u c i u s Cornelius Balbus.

1801.

Baldr; AS. bealdor, OHG. balder, prince, lord.] Baldy (bal'di) Peak. 1. A peak 12,660 feet high, northeast of Santa F6, New Mexico, In Old Norse mythology, a son of Odin, and one forming a part of the southernmost spur of the of the principal gods. Baldur's characteristics are Rocky Mountains called the Santa Fe range. those of a sun-god. He is the " w h i t e s t " of the gods, and

Armj).^ ^ [OF1. Baldwin^

Balduin,bold

ftnor»^ • T, P Tt/ilfhrin f\v Ttnujlnnin i n e n a . L,. Uaiaiiinus, X. ^atdmn.or mmomn, I t . Balduino, Gr. Balduin.j D i e d 879 ( 8 7 7 f ) . I h e first c o u n t o f F l a n d e r s , s o n - i n - l a w o f C h a r l e s

.

v ,..

- .....

,.

.

.

,

'

in Suffolk, Nov, 21, 1495: died at Canterbury, 1563. An English Protestant (originally Cathol i c ) prelate, bishop of Ossory (1552).

He was the

author of moralities (religious plays) and the compiler of i o g j c a i catalogue of British writers, « i l l u s t r i u m Majoris Britannia Scriptorum Sum niarium "(1548). H e w a s nicknamed " B i l i o u s Bale " o n account of his bad temper,

a chrono

the Bold of France. B&le. See Basel. [L. Balcarce (b&l-kar'sa), Antonio Gonzalez. Baldwin II. Died 918. Count of Flanders, son Balearic Islands (bal-e-ar'ik i'landz). Born at Buenos Ayres in 1774: died there, Aug. of„ B a l d w i n I. ~ H e^ m.a„r r i e d, A-l f r i t h , daughter Baliaricus, adj., f r o m BaUarcs, less prop. Bale5, 1819.

A Spanish-American soldier.

He served J > f 1 ^ l f ^ c d T i h e

G r e a t

o t

A

n s l

£ * t

in the defense of Buenos Ayres (1807), and was captured B a l d w i n V . , surnamed L e JDebOnnaire.

ares,

Died

1067. Count of Flanders, son of Baldwin IV., father-in-law of William of Normandy whom he accompanied in the invasion of England, Balcarce, Juan Ramon. Born at Buenos and regent of France 1060-67. Ayres, 1773: died at Entro Rios about 1833. An Baldwin I. Born 1058: died in Egypt, March, T Argentine general, brother of A. G. Balcarce. 1118. TKr i n g of " c Jerusalem. He was a brother of by the British; joined the revolutionary movement of May, 1810 ; and was sent w i t h an army to aid the patriots of Upper Peru (1811). H e was disastrously defeated by Goyeneche at the battle of Huaqui (June 20,1811).

I n 1818, and again in 1820, he was for a short time governor of Buenos A y r e s ; in 1824 was a member of the constituent assembly; in 1827 minister of war and marine, and in Dec., 1832, was elected governor of Buenos Ayres, but in Nov., 1S33, was driven out by Rosas.

Godfrey of Bouillon whom he accompanied on the first Crusade (1096-99), and whom he succeeded as king of Jerusalem. He conquered Acre in 1104, Beirüt in 1109, and Sidon in 1110.

Johannes Ewald, the Danish poet, also published a dramatic poem with this title in 1773.

emperor, in 1204. H e was defeated and made prisoner by the Bulgarians in 1205.

but ludicrous efforts to uphold the honor of the family.

deposed by Michael Palreologus, an event which marked the fall of the Latin empire.

G r . ~Ba/Mapei(;)'ikiAeapidEc,

etc., G.

Balearen,

F. Baleares.'] A group of islands in the Mediterranean, belonging to Spain, situated east of

Valencia. I t comprises Majorca, Minorca, Cabrera, Iviza, and Formentera (the ancient Fityusaj), and fiome smaller islands. The group forms a province, with Palma as capital. I t was long a possession of Carthage; was acquired by Rome in 123 B. c., and formed the kingdom of Mallorca from 1276 till its union with Aragon in 1343. The chief products are oil, wine, and fruit. The inhabitants were famous in ancient times as slingers. Area, 1,860 square miles._ Population (1887), 312,616.

Balechou (M-la-sho'), Jean Joseph Nicolas. Baldwin I I . Died Aug. 21, 1131. Count of Born at Aries, 1715 (?): died at Avignon, Aug. Balchen (bal'chen), Sir John. Said to have Edessa, king of Jerusalem 1118-31. in his reign 18, 1765. A noted French engraver. His best been born Feb. 4, 1670, at Godalming in Sur- the military orders of St. John and the Templars were es- work is a full-length portrait of Augustus III., king of Poland. rey: died 1744. An English naval officer, com- tablished for the defense of the Holy Laud. mander of various vessels 1697-1728, promoted Baldwin I I I . Born 1129: died at Tripolis, Feb. Balen (ba'len), Hendrik van. Born at Antadmiral of the w h i t e in 1743. He perished in the 10, 1162. K i n g of Jerusalem 1143-62. He lost werp, 1575 : died there, July 17,1632. A Flemwreck of the Yictory in the Channel on the night of Oct. 4, Edessa to Emadeddm Zenki (Zenghi), emir of Mossul, in ish historical painter. J744 1144, an event which gave rise to the second Crusade Balestier (bal-es-ter' ), Charles Wolcott. Bom B a l d Heads. See Comanche. hoscophornio.

Baltimore 114 Ballantyne, James Robert Ballantyne, James Robert. Born at Kelso, p r i n c i p a l s u m m i t s of t h e Vosges, n e a r the bor- B a l t a ( b ä l ' t ä ) , J o s é . B o r n a t L i m a , P e r u , 1816 : d e r of F r a n c e a n d Alsace, 25 miles n o r t h w e s t of M ü l h a u s e n . H e i g h t , 4,080 f e e t . g o v e r n m e n t Sanskrit College at Benares 1845-61, libra- B a l l o n d e G u e b w i l l e r ( b â - l ô n ' d è geb-vêl-lar'), Scotland, Dec. 13,1813: died F e b . 16, 1864. A Brit-isli O r i e n t a l i s t . lie was superintendent of the rian of t h e East India office 1861-64, a n d a u t h o r of grammars of H i n d u s t a n i , Hindi, Maltratta, and Sanskrit, and n u m e r o u s o t h e r works.

or Ballon de Soultz, G. Gebweiler (geb'vî-

k i l l e d a t L i m a , J u l y 26,1872. A P e r u v i a n soldier

and statesman. He retired f r o m t h e army with t h e r a n k of colonel in 1855; was minister of war for a short tini o in 1865 ; was one of the leaders of t h e insurrection which drove out t h e unconstitutional president P r a d o in 1868; was regularly elected p r e s i d e n t of P e r u Aug. 2, 1868, and served for f o u r years ; a n d was m u r d e r e d in a military mutiny.

lèr) (or S u l z e r ) B e l c h e n . T h e h i g h e s t s u m m i t of t h e Vosges, i n U p p e r Alsace, w e s t of G u e b B a l l a n t y n e , J o h n . B o r n a t Kelso, Scotland, willer and n o r t h of T h a n n . H e i g h t , 4,677 f e e t . B 1774: died a t E d i n b u r g h , J u n e 16, 1821. A a l l o n (ba-lö')t H o s e a . B o r n a t R i c h m o n d , B a l t a . A city in t h e g o v e r n m e n t of Pod olia, Seotcli w r i t e r a n d p u b l i s h e r , b r o t h e r of J a m e s N . H . , A p r i l 30, 1771: died a t B o s t o n , Mass., R u s s i a , s i t u a t e d on t h e K o d y m a in lat. 47° 55' J u n e 7, 1852. A n A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s a l i s t cler- N., long. 29° 35' E . It h a s a n o u r i s h i n g t r a d e . B a l l a n t y n e . See lUgdumfurniidos. Ballantyne, Robert Michael. Born at Edin- g y m a n , one of t h e f o u n d e r s of A m e r i c a n U n i - P o p u l a t i o n , 27,419. b u r g h , April 24,1825: died 1894. A B r i t i s h w r i t e r versalism, p a s t o r of t h e S e c o n d U n i v e r s a l i s t Balta-Limani (bäl'tä-le-mä'ni), Convention of juveniles. H e w a s in t h e service of t h e H u d - Society i n B o s t o n 1817-52. f . A t r e a t y c o n c l u d e d in 1849 a t B a l t a - L i m a n i Ballon, Hosea. Born at Halifax, Vt., Oct. 18, o(on son B a y C o m p a n y 1841-47. t h e B o s p o r u s ) , b e t w e e n T u r k e y a n d Russia, B a l l a r a t ( b a l - a - r a f ) . A city i n t h e p r o v i n c e 1796: died a t Somerville, Mass., May 27, 1861. g r a n t i n g t o t h e l a t t e r c e r t a i n r i g h t s in t h e of "Victoria, A u s t r a l i a , 66 miles n o r t h w e s t of A n A m e r i c a n U n i v e r s a l i s t c l e r g y m a n , first D a n u b i a n p r i n c i p a l i t i e s f o r seven y e a r s . M e l b o u r n e . I n its vicinity are celebrated gold-mines, p r e s i d e n t of T u f t s College : a g r a n d n e p h e w of Baltard (bäl-tär'), Louis Pierre. Born at discovered in 1851. N e x t to Melbourne it is t h e leading H o s e a B a l l o u (1771-1852). P a r i s , J u l y 9, 1765: died J a n . 22, 1846. A city in t h e colonv. I t consists of Ballarat East and Bal- Ballou, Maturin Murray. Born April 14,1820 : F r e n c h a r c h i t e c t a n d e n g r a v e r of a r c h i t e c t u r a l died M a r c h 27,1895. A n A m e r i c a n j o u r n a l i s t a n d o t h e r s u b j e c t s . l a r a t West. Population (1891), 46,033. B a l l a r e (bal-lii'ré). A d i s t r i c t i n M a d r a s , a n d w r i t e r , son of H o s e a B a l l o u t h e y o u n g e r . B r i t i s h I n d i a , b e t w e e n t h e N i z a m ' s d o m i n i o n s H e h a s been t h e editor a n d proprietor of " B a l l o u ' s Month- B a l t a r d ( b ä l - t ä r ' ) , V i c t o r . B o r n a t P a r i s , J u n e on t h e n o r t h , a n d Mysore o n t h e s o u t h . A r e a , ly," p a r t p r o p r i e t o r and, a f t e r 1872, editor f o r several 19, 1805: died J a n . 14, 1874. A F r e n c h a r c h i 11,007 s q u a r e miles. P o p u l a t i o n (1881), 1,336,- years of t h e " B o s t o n Daily G l o b e " and other journals. t e c t , son of L o u i s P i e r r e B a l t a r d . He was govA u t h o r of " D u e W e s t , " " D u e South," " T h e New Eldora- e r n m e n t architect of t h e city of Paris, a n d a u t h o r of 696. " M o n o g r a p h i e de la Villa Médicis " (1847), etc. B a l l a r i . T h e c a p i t a l of t h e d i s t r i c t of Ballari. do," " B i o g r a p h y of Rev. Hosea Ballou," etc. in l a t . 15° 1 0 ' N . , long. 76° 55' E. P o p u l a t i o n , B a l l ' s B l u f f (bâlz b l u f ) . A bluff in V i r g i n i a , Baltazarini (bäl-täd-zä-re'ne), or Baltagerini ( bäl-tä-je-re'ne). Flourished about the middle on t h e P o t o m a c R i v e r 33 miles n o r t h w e s t of i n c l u d i n g c a n t o n m e n t (1891), 59,467. of t h e 16th c e n t u r y . A n I t a l i a n m u s i c i a n , t h e B a l l e n s t e d t ( b a l ' l o n - s t e t ) . A t o w n in A n h a l t , W a s h i n g t o n . Here, Oct. 21,1861,1.900 Federals u n d e r first violinist of his t i m e . IJc became Intendant of G e r m a n y , a t t h e f o o t of t h o L o w e r H a r z , 36 Colonel Baker were d e f e a t e d by t h e Confederates u n d e r music and first valet de c h a m b r e to Catherine de' Medici, miles s o u t h w e s t of M a g d e b u r g . It has a castle, General N". 0-. Evans. Federal loss, 894. Confederate loss, who gave him t h e n a m e Beaujoyeulx. He apparently first tlie former residence of the dukes of Anhalt-Bernburg. 302. Colonel Baker was killed. i n t r o d u c e d t h e I t a l i a n dances into Paris, and f o u n d e d t h e B a l l s t o n S p a (bâl'ston spä). A w a t e r i n g - m o d e r n ballet. Population, about 4,000. B a l l e s t e r o s ( b à l - y e s - t à ' r o s ) , F r a n c i s c o . B o r n p l a c e in S a r a t o g a County, N e w York, 6 miles Balthazar, or Balthasar (bal-thä'zär). [The a t Saragossa, 1770 : died a t P a r i s , J u n e 29,1832. s o u t h w e s t of S a r a t o g a S p r i n g s . It h a s s e v e r a l G r e e k f o r m of Belshazear (which s e e ) . ] T h e P o p u l a t i o n (1890), n a m e of v a r i o u s p e r s o n a g e s , (a) One of the three A S p a n i s h g e n e r a l a n d p a t r i o t . He was minister n o t e d m i n e r a l s p r i n g s . Magi who came f r o m t h e East t o worship t h e i n f a n t J e s u s . of war for a short time in 1815, and vice-president of the 3,527. provisional ministry 1820. He was exiled after the French B a l l y - . [Ir. baile, a t o w n , p l a c e . ] A n e l e m e n t See Cologne, (b) Chaucer's n a m e for Belshazzar in " The Monk's Tale." (c) A m e r c h a n t in Shakspere's ''Comedy invasion of 1823. i n m a n y Irish p l a c e - n a m e s , m e a n i n g ' t o w n . ' Errors." (d) T h e n a m e assumed by P o r t i a as a doctor B a l l i a ( b a l ' l i - a ) . A d i s t r i c t in t h e B e n a r e s B a l l y c a s t l e (bal-i-kàs'l). A small s e a p o r t in of of law in t h e trial scene in Shakspere's " M e r c h a n t of division, N o r t h w e s t e r n P r o v i n c e s , B r i t i s h l n d i a . C o u n t y A n t r i m , I r e l a n d , 43 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of "Venice." (e) A servant of Portia in Shakspere's " M e r B a l l i n a (bàl-i-nà')- A port iu t h e c o u n t y of B e l f a s t . c h a n t of Venice." ( / ) A servant of Don Pedro in ShakMayo, n o r t h w e s t e r n I r e l a n d , s i t u a t e d on t h e B a l l y m e n a ( b a l - i - m e ' n a ) . A t o w n in C o u n t y spere's " M u c h Ado about N o t h i n g . " (17) A servant of r i v e r Moy, n e a r its m o u t h , 29 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t Ajitrim, I r e l a n d , 23 miles n o r t h w e s t of B e l f a s t , Borneo in Shakspere's " Borneo and J u l i e t . " (h) The p r o u d of Sligo. It w a s t a k e n b v t h e F r e n c h A u g . , o n t h e Braid, n o t e d for its l i n e n m a n u f a c t u r e s . a n d h o t - t e m p e r e d f a t h e r of .Juliana in Tobin's " Honeym o o n . " (t) One of t h e principal c h a r a c t e r s in J u l i u s Eich1798. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 4,846. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 8,655. berg's opera " T h e Doctor of Alcantara." B a l l i n a s l o e (bal-i-na-slò'). A t o w n i n counB a l t h i n g S ( b ä l ' t i n g z ) . See Amaliugs. B a l l y m o n e y (bal-i-mo'ni). A t o w n in C o u n t y t i e s R o s c o m m o n a n d Galway, I r e l a n d , on t h e B a i t i . ¡See Baltistan. S u c k 35 miles e a s t of Galwav. P o p u l a t i o n , A n t r i m , I r e l a n d , s i t u a t e d on a t r i b u t a r y of t h e B B a n n 40 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of B e l f a s t . P o p u l a - a l t i a ( b a l ' s h i - a ) . A n (unidentified) i s l a n d off (1881), 4,772. t h e coast of S c y t h i a , m e n t i o n e d b y a n c i e n t Balling (bal'leng), Karl Joseph Napoleon, t i o n (1891), 2,975. A s e a p o r t in w r i t e r s ( P l i n y a n d others). It g a v e n a m e t o B o r n at Gabrielshiitte, Saaz, B o h e m i a , April 21, B a l l y s h a n n o n ( b a l - i - s h a n ' o n ) . t h e B a l t i c Sea. P y t h i a s calls it Basilio. C o u n t y Donegal, I r e l a n d , s i t u a t e d on t h e E r n e , 1805 : died a t P r a g u e , M a r c h 17, 1868. A Bon e a r i t s m o u t h , 20 miles n o r t h e a s t of Sligo. B a l t i c ( b à l ' t i k ) . See Baltic Sea. hemian chemist. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 2,840. Baltic, Battle of the. See Copenhagen. Ballinrobe (bal-in-rob'). A s m a l l t o w n in C o u n t y Mavo, I r e l a n d , s i t u a t e d on t h e R o b e Balmaceda ( b ä l - m ä - t h ä ' T H ä ) , José Manuel. Baltic Port, Gr. Baltischport. A small seaB o r n a t S a n t i a g o i n 1838: died t h e r e , S e p t . 19, p o r t in E s t h o n i a , R u s s i a , on t h e Gulf of F i n l a n d 27 miles n o r t h of Galway. 3 891. A Chilean s t a t e s m a n . He was a pronounced w e s t of R e v a l .

Balliol.

See Baliol.

B a l l i o l C o l l e g e . A college of O x f o r d U n i v e r sity, E n g l a n d , r e p u t e d t o h a v e b e e n f o u n d e d b y Sir J o h n Baliol a n d his w i f e Devorguilla, p a r e n t s of J o h n Baliol, k i n g of S c o t l a n d , b e -

liberal, a n d acquired great p o p u l a r i t y as a leader of t h e Baltic Provinces. The collective name for R e f o r m Club, and a f t e r 1870 as a d e p u t y to t h e Chilean E s t h o n i a , Livonia, a n d C o u r l a n d , t h r e e governCongress. I n 1878 he was minister to Argentina, and in m e n t s of R u s s i a b o r d e r i n g on t h e Baltic. They 1881 was m a d e foreign minister by Santa Maria. He was contain an i m p o r t a n t German element, b u t the larger elected president by a g r e a t m a j o r i t y in 1886, at once in- p a r t of t h e population consists of E s t h o n i a n s and Letts. s t i t u t e d n u m e r o u s reforms, and began an elaborate sys- They have been largely Russianized in r e c e n t years. tem of railroads a n d other public works. Dissensions in B a l t i c S e a . [ F . Mer Baltique, It. Mare Baltico, his o w n p a r t y c u l m i n a t e d in a war between t h e president N L . Mare Balticunt, p r o b , f r o m L i t h . baltas, a n d Congress. A f t e r n u m e r o u s engagements h e was de- w h i t e , baiti, b e w h i t e . O t h e r n a m e s a r e Gr. f e a t e d and, unable to escape f r o m Santiago, r e m a i n e d con- Ostsee, e a s t sea, D a n . östersoen. Sw. Östersjön, Scythicealed in t h e Argentine legation u n t i l in a fit of despera- L . Mare Suevicum, Swedish sea, Pelagus cum, S c y t h i a n sea, or Sinus Codanus, Gothic (?) tion h e shot himself.

t w e e n 1 2 6 3 a n d 1 2 6 8 . T h e oldest of t h e existing buildings d a t e s f r o m t h e 15th centuty. T h e s o u t h f r o n t h a s recently been rebuilt, in t h e m a i n in t h e style of t h e 13th c e n t u r y . Between t h e original foundation and t h e beginning of t h e sixteenth century, Balliol College had received no less t h a n t h r e e codes of statutes, those issued by t h e Lady Devorguilla de Balliol in 1282, those issued by Sir Philip de h a p p l e (bal-m a - h w a p ' 1). I n S c o t t ' s Somerville in 1340, and those issued by Simon Sudbury, B a l m a w u W a v e r l e y , " a n o b s t i n a t e S c o t t i s h laird, Bishop of London, in 1364. Two other Bishops of London n o v e l a J a c o b i t e : his n a m e i s F a l c o n e r of B a l m a h a d moreover intervened in t h e coursc of the, fifteenth century to redress particular grievances. I n a s m u c h , how- w h a p p l e . ever, as some of t h e e n a c t m e n t s of t h e t h i r d code were B a l m e , Ool d e . See Col de Balme. ambiguous, and others inconvenient, t h e society s o u g h t (Ml'mes), a n d obtained f r o m Pope J u l i u s I I . a commission empower- B a l m e z ( b ä l ' m e t h ) , or B a l m e s J a i m e L u c i a n o . B o r n a t Vich in Catalonia, ing t h e Bishops of "Winchester and Carlisle, or either of A t h e m , to revise t h e statutes t h r o u g h o u t . T h e work was A u g . 28, 1810: died t h e r e , J u l y 9, 1848, accomplished by Bishop Fox, in 1507. Lyte, Oxford, p. 414. S p a n i s h publicist a n d philosophical w r i t e i . He f o u n d e d a political journal, " El Pensamiento de la Nacion " Ballivian (bal-yé-ve-an'), Adolfo, Born at (an organ of t h e clerical a n d monarchical party), a t MaL a P a z , Nov. 17, 1831: died F e b . , 1874. A drid in 1844.

B o l i v i a n s t a t e s m a n , son of G e n e r a l J o s é Bal- B a l m o r a l C a s t l e ( b a l - m o r ' a l k à s ' l ) . A resil i v i a n . H e was a colonel in t h e army, b u t headed t h e d e n c e of Queen V i c t o r i a in A b e r d e e n s h i r e , party of opposition t o t h e military rulers who f o r a long Scotland, s i t u a t e d on t h e D e e a b o u t 45 m i l e s t i m e governed Bolivia, and was kept in exile until his w e s t Oi. A b e r d e e n . The property was purchased in p a r t y elected him p r e s i d e n t (1873). H e died soon a f t e r 1852, a n d t h e castle was erected 1853-55, in Scottish baro-

his inauguration.

style. Ballivian, José. Born at La Paz, May, 1804 : Bnial died a t R i o de J a n e i r o i n 1852. A Bolivian a l m u n g ( b ä l ' m ö n g ) .

soldier a n d s t a t e s m a n .

In 1841 he headed the army

the ''Nibelungenlied."

S i e g f r i e d ' s sword, i n

B o r n a t Kirkwhich d e f e n d e d Bolivia against t h e invasion of Gam arra, B a l n a v e s ( b a l - n a v ' e s ) , H e n r y . gaining t h e b a t t l e of Yngavi {Nov. 20, 1841), in w h i c h Ora- caldy, F i f e s h i r e ( d a t e u n k n o w n ) : died 1579. A S c o t c h P r o t e s t a n t r e f o r m e r . He wrote " The m a r r a was killed ; and soon a f t e r was elected p r e s i d e n t of Bolivia, holding t h e office until t h e end of 1847, w h e n Confession of F a i t h : Conteining how t h e Troubled M a n he was deposed by t h e revolutionist Bclzu, and exiled. Should Seeke R e f u g e at his God, etc.," w h i c h was revised Ballo in Maschera (bario én mas'ke-rìi), Un. a n d prefaced by J o h n Knox. [ I t . , ' A M a s k e d B a l l . ' ] A n o p e r a b y Verdi, B a l n i b a r b i ( b a l - n i - b ä r ' b i ) . A l a n d v i s i t e d b y first p r o d u c e d in R o m e , F e b . 17. 1859. i t was Gulliver i n h i s t r a v e l s , a s r e l a t e d b y S w i f t . I t originally called Custavo I I I . , b u t d u r i n g its rehearsals w a s " o c c u p i e d b y p r o j e c t o r s / ' See Cagliostro, Count de. Orsini m a d e his a t t e m p t to kill Napoleon I I I . , and t h e title B a l s a m o , J o s e p h . waB t h o u g h t too suggestive.

B a l l o n d ' A l s a c e ( b à - l ò n ' d à l - z à s ' ) , or W e l -

Balsham (bâl'sham), Hugh de. Died 1286. A n E n g l i s h p r e l a t e , b i s h o p of Ely, a n d f o u n d e r

scher Belchen (vershcrbel'chen). One of the of P e t e r h o u s e , C a m b r i d g e .

gulf.] A n a r m of t h e A t l a n t i c , inclosed b y Sweden, Russia, Germany, and Denmark, it

communicates with t h e "North Sea by the Skager Back, Cattegat, Sound, Circat Belt, and Little Belt. I t s chief islands a r e Zealand, Fiineu, Langeland, Laaland, Falster, Möen, Alsen, F e h m a r n , Bornholm, Rügen, 0 sedom,Wollin, Öland, Gothland, Osel, 'Dago, Stockholm Archipelago, and Aland Archipelago. I t s chief arms are t h e g u l f s of Bothnia, Finland, a n d Riga, K u r i s c h e s Haff. Fri sc he s Haff, Gulf of Dantzic, Pomeranian Haif, Liibcck Bay, and Kiel Bay. I t s chief t r i b u t a r i e s are t h e Finland hike system, t h e Neva (with Lake Ladoga), Narova (with l a k e Peipus), Düna, Niemeiij Vistula, Oder, Dal Elf. Ljustian, Angerman Elf, U w e i Elf, Piteä Elf, Stora Luleà Elf, and Torneä Elf. Length, about 900 miles. Greatest width, about 200 miles. Area, a b o u t 184,000 square miles.

B a l t i m o r e ( b ä l ' t i - m ö r ) , L o r d . See Calvert. B a l t i m o r e . A small s e a p o r t in C o u n t y Cork, I r e l a n d , n e a r Cape Clear, a t t h e s o u t h e r n ext r e m i t y of t h e i s l a n d . B a l t i m o r e . A s e a p o r t , t h e p r i n c i p a l city of M a r y l a n d , s i t u a t e d on P a t a p s c o R i v e r n e a r i t s e n t r a n c e i n t o C h e s a p e a k e B a v , in l a t . 39° 18' N., long. 76° 37' W . : one of t h e chief A t l a n t i c s e a p o r t s : s u r n a m e d " t h e M o n u m e n t City." it

has a large export t r a d e in bread-stuffs, tobacco, cotton, provisions, oysters, coal, etc. ; large m a n u f a c t u r e s of flour, woolen and cotton goods, cigars and tobacco, iron and steel, clothing, e t c . ; and i m p o r t a n t oyster fisheries. I t is an i m p o r t a n t railroad c e n t e r and the t e r m i n u s of s t e a m b o a t lines. I t is t h e seat of a R o m a n Catholic archbishopric, and contains t h e J o h n s H o p k i n s University and t h e Peabody I n s t i t u t e . The city was laid out about 17S0, a n d was incorporated as a city in 1796. I t was un*

115

Baltimore successfully attacked by the British 1814, and was the scene of a conflict, April 19, 1861, between the Baltimore mob and Federal troops (6th Massachusetts and 7th Pennsylvania). Population (1890), 434,439.

Baltistan (bàl-te-stan'), or Balti (biil'te), or Little Tibet. A province of Cashmere, capital Iskardo, situated on the upper Indus north of Cashmore proper. The inhabitants are Mohammedans, of Tibetan and Aryan stock, and number about 60,000. Baltjik (bâlt-jëk'). A seaport of Bulgaria, on the Black Sea 22 miles northeast of Varna. Population (1888), 4,272. Baltzer (balt'zer), Johann Baptista. Born at Andernach, Prussia, July 16.1803: died at Bonn, Oct. 1, 1871. A German Roman Catholic theologian, noted for his opposition to the dogma of papal infallibility, which led to his suspension from his ecclesiastical office in 1870. He became professor of dogmatics at Breslau in 1830, and was suspended in 1860.

Baltzer, Wilhelm Eduard. Born at Hohenleine, circle of Merseburg, Germany, Oct. 24, 1814 : died at Durlach, Baden, June 24,1887. A G erman clergyman, and writer on theology and philosophy, noted as a vegetarian. Baluchistan (bal-o-ehis-tan'), or Beluchistan, or Biluchistan. [Pers., ' country of the Baluchis.'] A territory of Asia, bounded by Afghanistan on the north, India on the east, the Arabian Sea on the south, and Persia on the west. I t is largely a desert, and is traversed by mountain-ranges. Its chief divisions include Khelat, Jalawan, Sarawan, Mekran, Lus, and Kachh-Guridava. I t is subject to the Khan of Khelat, receives a British subsidy, and is under British control in its foreign affairs. There is a British garrison at Quettah. The Indo-Afghan Kailway extends to Quettah (since 1887) and beyond. The leading tribes are the Brahoes and Baluchis; the prevailing religion, Sunnite Mohammedanism. Baluchistan has several times been invaded by British forces in connection with the Afghan wars. Area (estimated), 130,000 square miles. Population (estimated), 400,000.

Baluchistan, British. See British Baluchistan. Balue (bà-lû')t Jean de la. Born at Poitiers, 1422: died at Aucona, Oct., 1491. A French cardinal and politician, imprisoned for his misdeeds by Louis X I . in an iron cage (1469-80) of

Bancroft, George

Vienna, Geneva, and St. Petersburg. H e died in Paris, just after his return from the wedding-trip. Balzac is considered the chief of the realistic school of French novelists.

Balzac, Jean Louis G-uez de. Born at Balzac, near Angouleme, 1597: died there, Feb. 18,1654. A noted F r e n c h w r i t e r .

With a thousand arms, who was a friend of Siva and an enemy of Vishnu. His daughter Usha, loving Aniruddha, Krishna's grandson, had him brought to her by magic. In the rescue the arms of Bana were cut off by Krishna's weapons. Upon Siva's intercession Bana was spared.

He published "Letters" Banack.

(1624), "LePrince"(1631), "Discours"(1644), " L e B a r b o n " (1648), and "Aristippe." H e is regarded as the foremost proBe-writer of his time.

Banagher

See Bannock. (ban'a-Her).

County, Ireland.

A town in King's

It is on the Shannon River.

It is

to the superiority of this town that the phrase " T h a t bangs Banagher, and Banagher bangs the world " alludes.

Bam (ham). A town in Kirman, southern Persia, 115 miles southeast of Kirman. Banal Frontier. A part of the former " M i l i Ba-Mangwato (ba-mang-gwa'to). See Ckuana. tary Frontier" of the Austrian empire. Bamba (bam'ba). See Mbamba and Kongo Na- Banana (ba-na/na). The seaport of the Kongo tion. State. The trading-factories and state houses are built Bambara (bam-ba'ra). A country of wostern on a land-spit. I n 1390, 132 ships called; but since the Africa, in the upper valley of the Niger, about ocean steam ers began to g o straight up to Matadi, the startl a t . 1 0 ° - 1 5 ° N . The chicf town is Stgu. The country has been opened lately to French influence. Population (chiefly Handingo), estimated, 2,000,000.

ing-point of the railroad, Banana has lost most of its commercial importance. The headquarters of the great Dutch firm have been removed to Cabinda and Kisanga, in Portuguese territory.

work. There are five admirably sculptured portals; the sculptures of the splendid chief portal represent the Last Judgment, with the apostles and prophets, and the church and synagogue. The effective interior possesses a richly carvcd choir-screen and highly interesting medieval tombs. There is an impressive early-Romanesque crypt, and a western choir with transepts, which date from 1274. The cathedral is 312 feet long, 92 wide, and 86 high. Population (1890), 35,815.

and the Danube on the south,

Its object was to determine the policy of these states in relation to that of Prussia and Austria with reference to the Eastern Question.

its cheese which was proverbially regarded as consisting of nothing but " p a r i n g . " Hence the allusions in Shakspere and other writers to persons thin as a Banbnry cheese. Insurgents were defeated here by troops of Edward I V . in 1469. I t was twice besieged in the civil war. Population (1891), 12,767.

Bambara. A tribe of French Senegambia, of the Nigritic branch, settled about the head Banana Islands. A group of small islands waters of the N i g e r R i v e r . It belongs to the Mande off the coast of Sierra Leone, Africa, belonging to Great Britain. nation. Once a great negro kingdom, it broke up, in 1864, into three divisions, Kaseta, Massina, arid Beledugu. In Bananal (ba-na-nal'), or Santa A n n a (san'ta 1890 their sultan, Amadu, and his capital, Segu Sikoro, a'na). An island in the river Araguaya, Brazil. were conquered by the French, and the country was anLength, 220 miles. Greatest width, 50 miles. nexed. This is a fertile, undulated plain. The people Ba-Nano (ba-na'no). A generic name, meanhave adopted Mohammedan civilization, and weave excel- ing ( Highlanders/ given to the natives of the lent cotton cloth. Caconda and Bihe plateau, east of Benguella, Bamberg (bam'bers). A city of Upper Fran- West Africa. eonia, Bavaria, situated on the Regnitz, near Banaras. See Benares. its entrance into the Main, 33 miles northwest of N u r e m b e r g . I t has important trade and manu- Banas (ba-nas')A river of Rajput ana, India, factures, the castle of the former prince-bishops, the which flows generally northeast, and joins the old and new palaces, the Church of St. Michael, and an Chambal. Length, about 300 miles. art gallery, and was formerly the seat of a university. A river of India which flows southThe cathcdral of Bamberg, one of the most interesting Banas. of German Romanesque structures, was founded by the west into the Ran of Kachh. emperor Henry I I . in 1004, but modified in the 12th cen- Banat (ba-nat'). [Hung, ban, lord, chief.] A tury. There are four towers, each of eight stages and region in southern Hungary situated between 265 feet high ; the two at the west end display fine openthe Maros on the north, the Theiss on the west, it comprises the

counties of Temes, Torontdl, Krass6, and part of the former " Military Frontier." I t s chief town is TemesvAr. It formed an Austrian crownland (the Servian waywodeship and Temeser Banat) 1849-60.

Banattee. See Bannock. Banbridge (ban'brij). A town in County Down, Ireland, 22 miles southwest of Belfast, noted B a l u e ' s o w n i n v e n t i o n . H e was liberated after eleven Bamberg, Bishopric of. A former bishopric for itslinon manufactures. Population (1891), years through the influence of Pope Sixtus I V . , went to 4,901. and state of the German Empire, now comRome, was sent back to France as legate a latere, and prised. in northern Bavaria, it was founded by Anally, on the death of the Pope, again retired to llome, the emperor Henry II. in 1007, secularized in 1801, and Banbury (ban'ber-i). A town in Oxfordshire, where he was made bishop of Orléans and of Prseneste. England, situated on the Cherwell 22 miles annexed to Bavaria in 1803. north of Oxford. I t s ancient cross, noted in nursery Baluze (ba-liiz')» Etienne. Born at Tulle, Bamberg Conference. A conference of the mid- rime, was destroyed in the latter part of the reign of France, Dec. 24, 1630: died at Paris, July 28, dle German states at Bamberg May 25, 1854. Elizabeth. I t was famous f o r its ale and cakes, and for 1718. A F r e n c h historian.

He wrote "Francorum

Capitularía Regum " (1077), "Epistolse Iunocentii papse I I I . " (1682), "Conciliorum nova Collectio" (1683), " L e s Vies des Papes d ' A v i g n o n " (1693), " H i s t o r i a Tutelensis" (1717), etc.

Bamberger (bam'berg-er), Ludwig. Born at Mainz, July 22, 1823. A German politician Balwhidder (bal'hwiTH-èr), Rev. Micah. A a n d e c o n o m i s t . H e took part in the revolutionary kind-hearted, sincere, but prejudiced Scottish movement 1848-49; was a member of the National Liberal minister in Gait's k4 Annals of the Parish." party in the German Reichstag 1873-80; and, with other disaffected National Liberals, seceded from the party in Baly. See Bali. Balzac (bal-zak'), Honoré de. Born at Tours, 1880 to form the later Liberal Union. France, May 16, 1799: died at Paris, Aug. 18, Bamboccio (bam-boch'o)_. See Laar, Peter van. 1850. A celebrated F r e n c h novelist. After at- Bamborough (bam'bur-o). A village on the tending school in Tours and Paris he became a lawyer's coast of Northumberland, England, 16 miles clerk. His inclination to write was strongly opposed by southeast of Berwick, celebrated for its castle, his family, but, " i n order to get his hand in," he composed a dozen novels. These appeared either anonymously or founded by Ida about 547, and often noted under a nom de plume, and when republished often re- in medieval wars. ceived an entirely different title. Some of them were ex- Bambuk, or Bambouk (bam-bok'). A region cluded by Balzac from the complete collection of his in Senegambia, Africa, between the upper works; others he absolutely disowned. A f t e r a disasSenegal and the Faleme, about lat. 12° 30'trous venture in publishing, printing, and type-casting, he 14° N., long. 10° 30'-12° 15' W. It contains iron gold out his entire stock and f e l l back on his pen to pay off his debts. His first novel of real merit, " L e dernier and gold. The inhabitants are Mandingoes. Chouan ou la Bretagne en 1800," was published in 1829 ; Bamian (ba-me-an'). A vallev in Afghanistan, then followed " La physiologie du mariage " and the first northwest of Kabul, in lat/34° 50' N., long. of the "Contes drolatiques" (1830), " L a peau de chag r i n " (1830), " L a femme de trente ans"(1831), "Eugénie Grandet," " L e médecin de campagne," and " l ' H i s t o i r e des T r e i z e " (18S3), "Serapbita," " L a recherche de l'absolu," and " L e Père G o r i o t " (1835), " L e lys dans la v a l l é e " (183(3), "Illusions perdues" (1837), " H i s t o i r e de la grandeur et de la décadence de Cesar Birotteau " and " Le cabinet des antiques " (1838), etc. For the stage Balzac did not write with success : " Vautrin," " L e s Ressources de Quinóla, " " Pamela Giraud," and " L a Marâtre " had very short runs; but " L e Faiseur," or " M e r c a d e t , " a comedy finished and put upon the stage by d'Ennery after Balzac's death, has been included since 1869 in the repertoire of the Théâtre Français. Balzac's ventures in publishing were, as has been said, unsuccessful : " L a Chronique de Paris " (1835) lived but one year, and " La Revue Parisienne" (1840) ended with the third number. Returning undaunted to a collective edition of " La comédie humaine," Balzac published " Ursule i l i r o u e t " and " M é m o i r e s de deux jeunes mariées" in 1842, " Une ténébreuse a f f a i r e " ih 1843, " A l b e r t Savarus," " U n début dans la vie," " L a muse du département," and " M o d e s t e M i g n o n " in 1844; but he did not complete the task he had undertaken. " Les Chouans " and " Une passion dans le d é s e r t " are the only parts extant of the "Scènes de la vie militaire." His latest productions, " L e s parents pauvres" ( " L a cousine Bette," " L e cousin Pons," and " L e s paysans"), are among his best. On March 14,1850, he married a widow, Madame Hariska, member of a noble Polish family, with whom he had opened a correspondence in 1833, and whom he had subsequently met in

6 7 ° 4 0 ' E . I t is an ancient seat of Buddhist worship, and is famous f o r its colossal idols carved in the rock (highest, 173 f e e t ) and other antiquities.

Banbury

Man.

A Puritan.

Prom the frequent

allusions in the writers of the 16th and 17th centuries, the town would seem to have been chiefly inhabited by them. Swift speaks of a Banbury saint, meaning a particularly rigid or even hypocritical Puritan. The name or e p i t h e t " Banbury " was applied in a depreciatory sense before the Puritan times. Thus Latimer, in a letter to Henry V I I I . about 1528, speaks of " l a w s , customs, ceremonies and Banbury glosses," apparently meaning 'silly/ 'useless.

Banca (bang'ka). An island east of Sumatra, belonging to the Dutch, famous for tin-mines. Capital, Muntok. Length, 135 miles. Area, 4,446 square miles. Population, about 58,000. Banca, Strait Of. A strait between Sumatra and Banca. Banco (ban'kd), N a n i d'Antonio. Born in Siena about 1374: died about 1420. A Florentine sculptor, a pupil of Donatello. About 14021408 he completed the Porta della Mandola on the south side of the Duomo, commenced by Is iccola d'Arezzo. The angels of this door are very characteristic. There are many of his works about Or San Michele.

Bammaku, or Bammakou (ba-ma/ko). Once Bancroft (bang'kroft or ban'kroft), Aaron. an important native town on the upper Niger, Born at Reading, Mass., Nov. 10, 1755: died at W e s t A f r i c a . It is now headquarters of the French Worcester, Mass., Aug. 1.9, 1839. An American domination on the upper Niger. The natives have withclergyman, father of George Bancroft. He wrote drawn . a " L i f e of George Washington " (1807), etc. Bamo. See Bhamo. Bancroft, Edward. Born 1744: died 1821. An Bampton (bamp'ton), John. Born about 1689: English chemist, naturalist, traveler, and novdied 1751. An English divine, and the founder e l i s t . I n early life he several times visited North and at Oxford of the "Bampton Lectures" on di- South America. Later he made some important discoveries in dyeing and calico-printing. H e published an vinity. The first lecturer was chosen in 1779. Bampur (bam-por'). A town and region in "Essay on the Natural History of Guiana "(1769), "Charles Wentworth " (a novel, 1770), and a work on colors and calsouthern Persia. ico-printing (1794 and 1813). Bamra (bam'ra). A feudatory state in connection with the Sambalpur district of the Bancroft, Gleorge. Born at Worcester. Mass., Central Provinces, British India. Area, 1,988 Oct. 3,1800: died at Washington, Jan. 17, 1891. An American historian, statesman, and diplosquare miles. Population (1881), 81.286. Ban (ban). In the Arthurian cycle of romance, m a t i s t . He was graduated at Harvard College in 1817; at Gottingen ; was tutor of Greek in H a r v a r d ; a king of Brittany, the father of Lancelot du studied opened with Cogswell the Round Hill School at NorthLac, and the brother of Bors, king of Gaul. ampton in 1823; was collector of the port of Boston He was the friend of Arthur, and with Bors 18S8-41; was Democratic candidate for governor of Massachusetts in 1844; was secretary of the navy 1845-46 came from Brittany to aid him in battle. Bana (ba'na). In Hindu mythology, a Daitya (established the Naval Academy at Annapolis), and was

Bancroft, George

116

Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss

United States minister to Great Britain 1846-49, and minister to Berlin 1867-74. He wrote a " History of the United States"(10vols. : vol.1 published 1834 ; vol. 10,1874; centenary edition, 6 vols., 1876); a " History of the formation of the Constitution of t h e United States" (2 vols. 1882; revised edition of the entire history, 6 vols., 1883-84), etc.

sculptor, son and pupil of the Florentine goldsmith Michelangelo Bandinelli di Viviano: a would-be rival of Michelangelo. He made the

Ohio, May 5, 1832.

Florence, Sept. 25, 1726; died 1800.

March 31, 1717, by Dr. Hoadley, bishop of Bangor, f r o m the text " M y kingdom is n o t of this world.^ H e argued t h a t Christ had not delegated judicial and disciplinary powers to the Christian ministry. B a n g o r - i s c o e d . A small town in Flintshire, Wales, situated on the Dee 14 miles south of Chester, formerly famous for its monastery.

copy of the Laocoon in the Uffizi, and the Hercules of the Palazzo Vecchio.

Bancroft, Hubert Howe. Born at Granville, Bandini (ban-de'ne), Angelo Maria. Born at An American

historian.

A n Ital-

I n 1852 he established an extensive book business in San ian scholar, antiquary, and librarian of the Francisco; and began to collect books and documents re- L a u r e n t i n e L i b r a r y . He wrote a life of Amerigo Veslating to the Pacific States, acquiring 60,000 volumes, pucci (1745), a catalogue of Greek, Latin, and Italian manutracts, and manuscripts (including the purchased collec- scripts in the Laurentine Library (1764-78), a "Dissertatio tion of Mr. Squier, and a large part of that of the emperor de saltationibus veterum," etc. Maximilian of Mexico). Upon this library, which was elaborately indexed, he founded his " History of the Pa- Bandon (ban'don), or Bandonbridge (ban'doncific States,", designed to embrace a history of Central b r i j ) . A town in County Cork, Ireland, 16 America, Mexico, and the States of the Pacific slope north- miles southwest of Cork. Population (1881), ward to Alaska, to be completed in 39 volumes. Those 3,997. on the Indian tribes, on Central America, and on Mexico are completed; the others are in course of publication (1893). B a n d o n . A small river in County Cork, Ire-

Bangweolo (bang-we-o'lo), or Bemba (bem'ba).

A lake in central Africa, about lat. 11° S. ?

l o n g . 3 0 ° E . I t receives the Chambesi on the east. I t was formerly supposed to give origin to the Luapula, the upper course of theKongo, but the researches of Delcommune and Franqui show t h a t that stream flows around it on the south, and not through it. I t was discovered in 1868 by Livingstone, who died near its shore in 1873.

Banholo, or Banhuolo, Count. See Bagnuolo. land, winch flows into Kinsale Harbor. B a n i a s (ba-ni-as'). A village of Palestine about Bancroft, Richard. Bom at Farnworth, Lan- Bandtke 45 miles southwest of Damascus. Also Paneas. (bant'ke), or Bandtkie (bant'kye), cashire, England, Sept., 1544: died at L a m b e t h , Nov. 2,1610. An English prelate, a vigorous opponent of Puritanism. He became bishop of London in 1597, was a leader in the Hampton Court Conference 1604, and was archbishop of Canterbury 1604-10.

B a n d a ( b a n ' d a ) . A district in the Allahabad division,Northwestern Provinces.British India, about lat. 2o°-26° N., long. 81° E. Area, 3,061 square miles. Population (1881), 698,608. B a n d a . The capital of the B a n d a district, situ a t e d on the Ken River 97 miles west of Allah a b a d . Population (1881), 28,974. B a n d a I s l a n d s . A group of twelve small islands in the Molucca, Archipelago, situated 70 miles south of C e r a m : a Dutch possession, its chief products are nutmegs and mace. ernment is Eanda Neira.

The seat of gov-

B a n d a Oriental (ban'da o-re-en-tal').

The

J a n W i n c e n t . Born a t Lublin, Poland, 1783: I t s castle is a fortress of the Crusaders, occupying a platabout 300 by 1,200 feet. The plan resembles a figure died at Warsaw, 1846. A Polish jurist, brother form 8, bordered by numerous rectangular and semicircular of J e r z y Samuel Bandtke, professor of law at towers connected by thick curtain-walls. The eastern exWarsaw, and author of a history of Polish law tremity constituted the donjon, and still displays a hall 30 by 100 feet, complete except in its vaultiug. (1850), etc. Bandtke, or Bandtkie, Jerzy Samuel. Born B a n i m (ba'nim), J o h n . Born at Kilkenny, at Lublin, Poland, Nov. 24, 1768: died at Cra- Ireland, April 3,1798: died n e a r Kilkenny, Aug. cow, J u n o 11, 1835. A Polish historian and 13,1842. A n Irish novelist, dramatist, and poet. grammarian, librarian and professor at Cracow He wrote the tragedies "Damon and Pythias " (produced (1811-35), and author of a history of the Polish 1821) and " The Prodigal," the " O'Hara Tales " (in collabon a t i o n (1820), etc. ration with his brother Michael), " T h e Noivlans," etc. Ban6r (ba-nar'), or Banier, or Banner, Johan. B a n i m , M i c h a e l . Born at Kilkenny, Ireland, Born at Djursholm, n e a r Stockholm, J u n e 23, Aug. 5, 1796: died at Booterstown, Dublin 1596: died at Halberstadt, Germany, J u n e 20, County, Ireland, Aug. 30, 1874. An Irish nov1641. A Swedish general in t h e T h i r t y Years' elist, brother of J o h n Banim. and his collaboW a r . He commanded the right wing at Breitenfeld, r a t o r in t h e writing of the " O'Hara Tales." Sept. 17, 1631; was made field-marshal after the death of G ustavus Adolphu s; and gained the victories of Wittstock,

common name in the Platine region for the Oct. 4, 1C36, and Chemnitz, April 14, 1639. territory now com prehended in Uruguay (which B a n f f ( b a n f ) . A county of Scotland, bounded see). by Moray F i r t h on t h e north, Aberdeenshire B a n d a S e a . A sea in the East Indies, east of on t h e east and south, and Elginshire and Int h e Sunda Sea, north of Timur-Laut, and south v e r n e s s - s h i r e o n t h e w e s t . Its eurface is mountainof Ceram. ous exceptnear the coast. Area, 641 Bquare miles. PopuB a n d a i s a n ( b a n - d i - s a n ' ) - A volcano in the lation (1891), 64,167. m a i n island of J a p a n , about lat. 37° 30' N., long. B a n f f . A seaport and chief town of Banffshire, 140° E. It u n d e r w e n t a disastrous eruption Scotland, situated 40 miles northwest of Aberdeen, at the m o u t h of the Deveron. The parliaJ u l y 15, 1888.

Banjaluka, or Banialuka (ban-ya-lo'ka). A

town in Bosnia, situated ou the Verbas in lat. 44° 40' N. It has been the scene of various battles between the Turks a n d Austrians. Population (1885), 11,357.

Banjermassin (ban-yer-mas'in), or Banjar-

mentary burgh includes the neighboring seaport of Mac-

m a s s i n . A Dutch residency in southeastern Borneo, formerly a sultanate. B a n j e r m a s s i n . The chief town of the residency of Banjermassin, situated n e a r the coast. B a n j u m a s (ban-yo-mas'). The capital of t h e residencv of B a n j u m a s . island of J a v a , situated in lat. 7° 32' S., long. l09° 17' E . B a n j u w a n g i s (ban-yo-wang'gis). A seaport in eastern J a v a , situated in lat. 8° 13' S., long. 114° 23' E. B a n k b a n (bonk'ban). A H u n g a r i a n drama

Banded Peak (ban'ded pek). A summit in Bangalur (bang-ga-lor') ? or Bangalore (bang-

tlie hero* a Hungarian governor and rebel against the queen, who lived about 1214.

Bandarra (ban-dar'ra), G-onpalo Annes. Born

* early in the 16th. century : died at Lisbon, 1556. duff. Population (1891), 3,871. A Portuguese cobbler and rimer, surnamed, on Bang (bang), Peder Georg. Born at Copenhagen, Oct. 7,1797: died April 2,1861. A noted account of his prophecies and thaumaturgical Danish jurist and statesman, professor of law character, " T h e Portuguese Nostradamus." at Copenhagen, secretary of the interior 1848He was condemned b y the Inquisition in 1541, 1849, and premier 1854-56. b u t escaped with his life. B a n g a l a (ban-ga'la). See Ngala and Mbangala. b y K a t o n a , p r o d u c e d i n 1827. southern Colorado. Height, 12,860 f e e t . Also called Mount Hesperus.

ga-lor'). A district i n Maisur, India. 2,901 square miles.

Area,

It is named from

B a n k e r - P o e t , T h e . A surname of Samuel Rogers, and also of Edmund Clarence Stedman. The chief city of Maisur, India, Bankes's horse. Sec Banks's horse. situated in lat. 12° 58' N., long. 77° 38' E . it has B a n k m p t , T h e . A comedy by Foote. produced considerable trade, and manufactures of silk, cotton, etc. in 1773. See Biscoimter, Sir Robert.

Bandel (ban'del), Joseph Ernst von. Bom B a n g a l u r . at Ansbach, May 17, 1800: died at Neudegg, n e a r Donauwortli, Sept. 25, 1876. A German sculptor, designer of the statue of H e r m a n n n e a r Detmold (completed 1875).

I t was fortified by Hyder Ali, and was taken from Tippu Banks (bangks), Mrs. George Linnaeus (VarSaib (by storm) by the British under Cornwallis, 1791. l e y ) . Born at Manchester, March 25,1821. An (1801), 180,366. E n g l i s h n o v e l i s t a n d p o e t . Iter works include the (bang-kok')T h e c a p i t a l of S i a m , novels "God's Providence House" (lS6n), " S t u n g to the s i t u a t e d o n t h e r i v e r M e n a m , a b o u t 20 m i l e s Quick" (1867), and " T h e Manchester Man"(1876): also f r o m i t s m o u t h , i n l a t . 1 3 ° 4 4 ' N . , l o n g . 100° the collection of poems " Ripples and Breakers " (1878). 3 1 ' E . : t h e c h i e f c o m m e r c i a l c i t y of t h e c o u n - B a n k s , J o h n . Born about ! 650: died a f t e r 1696. t r y . The houses are built largely in the river. On the An English dramatist of the period of the Resmainland are the royal palace and many Buddhist tem- t o r a t i o n . He wrote " T h e Rival K i n g s " (1677), " T h e ples. Its trade is largely in Chinese hands. The chief Destruction of Troy " (acted 1G78, printed 1679),41 The Unexports are rice, sugar, hides, cotton, silk, ivory, pepper, happy Favorite" (1682), " T h e Innocent U s u r p e r " (1683: sesame, cardamoms, etc. It became the capital after the published 1694), " The Island Queens" (1684 : acted 1704 destruction of Ayuthia. The Great Pagoda of Wat-ching as " The Albion Queens "), '' Virtue Betrayed " (1692), and at Bangkok is, in its general concave-conoid form, similar '' Cyrus the G r e a t " (1696). to the Burmese pagodas, but is much more frankly polyg- Banks, Sir Joseph. Born at London. Feb. 13, onal in plan, and is ornamental with the most elaborate 1744: died at Isleworth, J u n e 19, 1820. An exuberance in both color and carving. Instead of ter- English naturalist, especially distinguished as minating in a sharp flnial, it ends in a tall hexagonal a b o t a n i s t , a n d a p a t r o n of s c i e n c e . He equipped prism with a domical top. At the base and toward the the ship Endeavour, and accompanied Cook's first expesummit there are large rectangular niches with lavish dition 1768-71, visited Iceland 1772, and was president of adornment of flame-tongued pinnacles. Population, 400,- the Royal Society 1778-1820. Ilis herbarium and library are in the British Museum. He wrote " A Short Account 000 (J). B a n g l a (bang'gla). Same as Faizabad, i n O u d h . of the Causes of the Disease called the Blight, Mildew, and B a n g o r (ban'gdr). [W., ' h i g h choir.'] A city Rust "(1805), etc.

Ban-de-la-Roche. See SteinthaJ. Population Bandelier (ban-de-ler'), Adolph Francis Al- Bangkok p h o n s e . Born at Bern, Switzerland; Aug. 6, 1840. A Swiss-American archaeologist. He has

been employed by the Arch geological Instituteof America in explorations in New Mexico, Arizona, Mexico, Central America, and South America.

Bandelkhand. See Bundelkhand. Bandello (ban-del'lo), Matteo. Born at Cas-

telnuovo, Piedmont, 1480: died at Agen. France, 1562. A n Italian prelate (bishop of Agen 1550) and novelist. H i s tales (1554-78) furnished subjects for Shakspere, Massinger, and others. B a n d e N o i r e (bond nwar). [F., ' b l a c k band.'] 1. One of various i n f a n t r y companies in t h e French service in t h e 16th century.— 2. In France, speculators who, especially during t h e Revolution, purchased confiscated church prope r t y and ancient estates and buildings, and often destroyed time-honored relics for the purpose of using t h e material in the erection and seaport in Carnarvonshire, Wales, situated of new structures. on Menai Strait 9 miles northeast of Carnarvon.

Bandettini (ban-det-te'ne), Teresa. Born at Lucca, Aug. 12, 1763: died 1837.

poet and improvisatrice.

An Italian

Her works include " L a

Morte di Adonide," " I I Polidoro," " L a Rosmunda," etc. She married (1789) Pietro Landucci.

Bandiera (ban-de-a'rii), Attilio.

Born at Na-

It contains a cathedral, lately restored, and is the seat of the University College of North Wales. Population (1891). 9,892.

Mass., Jan.SO, 1816: d i e d t h o r e , S e p t . 1,1894. An American politician and general. In earlylifehe was a machinist, editor, and lawyer; served in the Massachusetts legislature; was member of Congress from Massa-

B a n g o r . A seaport and watering-place in chusetts 1853-57, elected first as a coalition Democrat, then County Down, Ireland, situated at the e n t r a n c e as a Know-nothing, at)cllater as a Republican; was speaker to Belfast Lough, 12 miles northeast of Belfast. of the House 1866-57; and was Republican governor of Massachusetts 1858-61. In 1861 lie was commissioned majorPopulation, about 3,000. B a n g o r . A seaport in Penobscot County, Maine, general of volunteers ; commanded a corps on the upper and in the Shenandoah Valley in 1862 ; comsituated on the west b a n k of the Penobscot, in Potomac manded at the battle of Cedar Mountain Aug. 9, 1862; lat. 44° 48' N., long. 68° 47' W., at t h e head of succeeded Butler in command at New Orleans at the end

ples, 1817. B a n d i e r a , E m i l i o . Born at Naples, 1819. Two Italian patriots, sons of Admiral Bandiera, executed by the Neapolitan government at Cosenza, J u l y 25, 1844, for a n at- n a v i g a t i o n . I t is one of the principal lumber depots of tempted rising on the coast of Calabria. They the world, and liasa considerable trade and ship-building industries. I t became a city in 1834. I t is the seat of a had previously joined a conspiracy for a n at- (Congregational) theological seminary, which was incortack on Sicily which had failed. porated in 1814, was opened at Hampden in 1816, and was

Bandinelli (ban-de-ncl'le), Bartolommeo or

Banks, Nathaniel Prentiss. Born at Waltham,

removed to Bangor in 1819.

Population (1890), 19,103.

B a c c i o . Born at Florence, Oct. 7, 1488: died Bangorian Controversy. A controversy stirred there, F e b . 7, 1560. An Italian painter and up by a sermon preached before George I. on

of 1862 ; invested'Port Hudson and captured it July, 1863; commanded the Red River expedition in 1864 ; was defeated at Sabine Cross Roads; and gained a victory at Pleasant Hill. He was Republican member of Congress from Massachusetts 1865-73; was defeated as Liberal-Republican candidate for Congress in 1872 ; was member of Congress from Massachusetts 1875-77, and again 1889-91; and was United States marshal.

Banks, Thomas

117

B a n k s , T h o m a s . Bora at Lambeth, England, D e e . 29.1735: d i e d at L o n d o n , F e b . 2,1805. A n o t e d English, sculptor.

in the same year 600 others were assigned to Fort Hall reservation. Most of the latter subsequently wandered away, but in 1874 returned with the Shoshoni and scattered Bannock of southeast Idaho. There are now (1893) 514 on Fort Hall reservation, and 75 on Lemhi reservation, Idaho. (See Digger and Shoshonean.) Also fíanack, Banattee, Bonack, Boonack, Panack, Panasht, I'aunaque, Ponack, Ponashfct, Punnak. BannOCkbum (ban'ok-bérn). A village in S t i r l i n g s h i r e , S c o t l a n d , 3 m i l e s s o u t h of S t i r ling. Here, June 24,1314, the Scots (about 30,000) under Robert Bruce totally defeated the English (about 100,000) under Edward I I . The loss of the English was about 30,000. At Sauchieburn, iu the vicinity, James III. of Scotland was defeated and slain by rebellious nobles in 1488. B a n n u (ba-no'), o r B a n u . A district in t h e P a n j a b , B r i t i s h I n d i a , a b o u t l a t . 3 3 ° is'., l o n g . 71° E . A r e a , 3,868 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1881), 332,577. B a ñ ó l a s (ban-yo'las). A town in the provi n c e of G e r o n a , S p a i n , 8 m i l e s n o r t h of G e r o n a . P o p u l a t i o n (1887), 5,021. BañOS de Bejar ( b á n ' y o s d a b á - H á r ' ) . [ S p . , ' b a t h s of B e j a r . ' ] A w a t e r i n g - p l a c e i n S p a i n , s i t u a t e d o n t h e b o r d e r s of S a l a m a n c a a n d C a c e r e s , 50 m i l e s s o u t h of S a l a m a n c a . Banq.UO ( b a n g ' k w o ) . T h e t h a n e of L o c h a b e r i n S h a k s p e r e ' s t r a g e d y " M a c b e t h . " He is a general in the king's army, with the same rank as Macbeth, and with the same ambitions, but is of a quieter nature and more discretion. He ¡3 killed by order of Macbeth on account of the future promised to him by the Weird Sisters, namely that Banquo's posterity should reign. In one of the most powerful scenes of the playfiis ghost appears to the guilty Macbeth while unseen by the other banqueters. Banquo and Fleance, though named by Holinshed, followed by Shakspere, are now considered by the best authors to be altogether fictitious personages. Chalmers says, "History knows nothing of Bauquo, the thane of Lochabcr, nor of Florence his son." Sir Walter Scott observes that " early authorities show us no such persons as Banquo and his son Fleance ; nor have we reason to think that t h e latter ever fled further from Macbeth than across the fiat scene according to stage direction. Neither were Banquo and his son ancestors of the house of Stuart." Y e t " Peerages" and " Genealogical Charts" still retain the names of Banquo and Fleance in the pedigree of the Royal Houses of Scotland and England. FurnesB, Shak. Var.

Banks, Thomas Christopher. Born 1765: died

a t G r e e n w i c h . E n g l a n d , S e p t . 30, 1854. An E n g l i s h l a w y e r a n d g e n e a l o g i s t - . He published a "Manual of tlie Nobility " (1807), "Dormant and Extinct Baronage of England " (1807-09: vol. 4 in 1837), and numerous minor works. Banks, The. S e e Grand Banks. B a n k s i d e (bangk'sid). T h a t p o r t i o n of t h e T h a m e s b a n k w h i c h lies on t h e s o u t h side b e t w e e n B l a c k f r i a r s a n d W a t e r l o o b r i d g e s , i n the time of the Tudors it consisted of a single row of houses, built on a dike, or levee, higher both than the river at high tide and the ground behind the bank. At one end of Bank Side stood the Clink Prison, Winchester House, and St. Mary Overies Church. At the other end was the Falcon Tavern with its stairs, and behind it were the Paris Gardens. . . . A little to the west of the Clink and behind the houses stood the Globe Theatre, and close beside it the Bullbaiting." Besant, London, p. 350. Banks Islands. A g r o u p of s m a l l i s l a n d s i n t h e S o u t h P a c i f i c , n o r t h e a s t of t h e N e w H e b rides: n a m e d (as were the following four) for Sir Joseph Banks. Banks Land. A large island in the Arctic O c e a n n o r t h w e s t of P r i n c e A l b e r t L a n d a n d s o u t h w e s t of M e l v i l l e I s l a n d .

Banks Peninsula. A peninsula on the eastern c o a s t of t h e S o u t h I s l a n d of N e w Z e a l a n d .

Banks Strait. A sea passage in the Arctic

Ocean, separating B a n k s L a n d f r o m Melville Island. B a n k s S t r a i t . A strait separating Tasmania f r o m the F u r n e a u x Group to the northeast. B a n k s ' s h o r s e . A celebrated trick-horse n a m e d M o r o c c o , t h e p r o p e r t y of a m a n n a m e d B a n k s w h o l i v e d a b o u t t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e 1 7 t h c e n t u r y . He could perform tricks with cards and dice and dance at his master's command. In 1600 or 1601 Banks is said to have made him " override the vane of St. Paul's Cathedral" in the presence of an enormous crowd. The first mention of him occurs about 1590. He is alluded to by Raleigh, Armin, Gay ton, and many others, and there are references to him in the plays of the period. Sir Kenelm Digby says,—"He would restore a glove to the due owner, after the master had whispered the man's name in his ear; would tell the just number of pence in any piece of silver coin newly showed him by his master." Bankes showed liis horse upon the continent, and in France had a narrow escape from the Capuchins, who suspected him of being in league with the devil. There was a report that he fell a victim to a similar suspicion at "Rome. Ben Jonson, in his epigram, speaks of "Old Banks the juggler, our Pythagoras, Grave tutor to the learned horse; . . . " Hudson, !Sote to Love's Labour's Lost. B a n k u r a ( b a n g - k d - r a ' ) . A d i s t r i c t of t h e B a r d h w a n d i v i s i o n , B e n g a l . B r i t i s h I n d i a , i n l a t . 23° N . , l o n g . 87° E . A r e a , 2,621 s q u a r e m i l e s . Popu l a t i o n (1881), 1,041.752. Bankura. T h e c a p i t a l of t h e B a n k u r a d i s t r i c t , s i t u a t e d o n t h e D h a l k i s o r R i v e r 100 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of C a l c u t t a . P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t 16,000. B a n n ( b a n ) . A r i v e r of n o r t h e a s t e r n I r e l a n d w h i c h flows t h r o u g h L o u g h N e a g h , a n d e m p t i e s into the Atlantic Ocean near Coleraine. Length, a b o u t 90 m i l e s . Bannacks. S e e Bannock. B a n n a t y n e (ban'a-tin), G e o r g e . Born in Scotl a n d , 1 5 4 5 : d i e d " a b o u t 1608. A c o l l e c t o r of e a r l y S c o t t i s h p o e t r y . His manuscript collection is preserved in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh. I t has been printed in part by Allan Ramsay and Lord Hailes, and completely by the Hunterian Club. B a n n a t y n e C l u b . A Scottish literary club, n a m e d from George Bannatyne, founded under t h e p r e s i d e n c y of S i r W a l t e r S c o t t i n 1823, a n d d i s s o l v e d i n 1859. I t w a s d e v o t e d t o t h e p u b l i c a t i o n of w o r k s o n S c o t t i s h h i s t o r y a n d l i t erature. Bannister (ban'is-ter), Charles. Born in G l o u c e s t e r s h i r e , E n g l a n d , a b o u t 1738 ( ? ) : d i e d a t L o n d o n , O c t . 26, 1S04. A n E n g l i s h a c t o r and bass singer.

Bannister, John. Bom at Deptford, England,

M a y 12, 1760: d i e d a t L o n d o n . N o v . 7, 1836. A n o t e d E n g l i s h c o m e d i a n , t h e s o n of C h a r l e s Bannister. Bannock (ban'ok). [ P L , a l s o Bannocks; a c o r r u p t i o n of Pan-i'ti, the tribal designation u s e d b y t h e p e o p l e t h e m s e l v e s . ] A t r i b e of North American Indians, also called " R o b b e r I n d i a n s . " I t was divided into two geographically distinct divisions, the first of which claimed the territory between lat. 42° and 45°. and from long. 113' to the main chain of the Rocky Mountains; while the second division, or northern Bannock, claim cd all of the southwestern portions of Montana, into which they had been forced by the Blackfeet. The southern branch was by far the more populous. In 1869 the Bannock of Salmon River numbered but 350, in 50 lodges, having been largely reduced by smallpox and the inroads of the Blackfeet. Upon the establishment of Wind River reservation in 1889, about 600 southern Bannock were placed on it, and

Bans war a (ban-swa'ra). A small tributary s t a t e i n R a j p u t a n a , B r i t i s h I n d i a , a b o u t l a t . 23° 3 0 ' N . , l o n g . 74° 3 0 ' E . B a n t a m ( b a n - t a m ' or b a n ' t a m ) . [Malay and J a v a n e s e Bantan.'] A d e c a y e d s e a p o r t of J a v a , 6 1 m i l e s w e s t of B a t a v i a , f o r m e r l y of g r e a t commercial importance. B a n t i a (ban'shi-a). In ancient geography, a t o w n i n s o u t h e r n I t a l y , s o u t h e a s t of V e n u s i a a n d n o r t h e a s t of t h e m o d e r n P o t e n z a . B a n t i n g ( b a n ' t i n g ) , W i l l i a m . B o r n 1797: d i e d a t K e n s i n g t o n , M a r c h 16,1878. A L o n d o n u n d e r t a k e r w h o , i n 1863, i n a p a m p h l e t e n t i t l e d " A Letter on Corpulence/' recommended a c o u r s e of d i e t f o r t h e r e d u c t i o n of c o r p u l e n c e , which has been named from him "banting." The diet recommended was originally prescribed for Banting by William Harvey, and consists of the use of lean meats principally, and abstinence from fats, starch, and sugar. B a n t r y (ban'tri). A seaport in County Cork, I r e l a n d , s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e h e a d of B a n t r y B a y , 39 m i l e s w e s t - s o u t h w e s t of C o r k . Population, a b o u t 2,000. Bantry Bay. A n i n l e t of t h e A t l a n t i c o n t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n c o a s t of I r e l a n d , i n C o u n t y C o r k . L e n g t h , 25 m i l e s . B a n t u (ban'to). T h e h o m o g e n e o u s f a m i l y of l a n g u a g e s s p o k e n , w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of t h e Hottentot, Bushmen, and P y g m y enclaves, throughout the vast triangle betweenKamerun, Z a n z i b a r , a n d t h e C a p e of G o o d H o p e . Ba-ntu (or ova-ndu, ba-tu, a-tu) signifies in almost all these languages ' t h e people,'and has therefore been adopted to denote the whole family. All the Bantu languages are clearly derived from one mother-tongue. Though they diifer in the vocabulary, their grammar is practically one. Although subdivided into hundreds of dialects, the Bantu family contains relatively few great national languages. Such languages are, in South Africa, the Kafir and Zulu, the Se-chuana, the Shi-gwamba; 011 the north and south of the Kunene River, a large cluster of dialects characterized by the prefix Ova- or Orí-; the Angola language, from Loanda to the Kuangu River; the Kongo language, from the Lifune River to Sette Kama, and from the Atlantic to Stanley Pool; the Lunda language; the Kibnkue or Kioko language, from the confluence of the Kassai to its source and beyond; the great Luba (and Lange) language, from the confluence of the Luebo and Kassai rivers to Lake Bangweolo; the Ki-lolo, in the horseshoe bend of the Kongo River; the Ki-teke, from t h e equator over Stanley Tool to lat. T S. ; the Fan, in northern- French Oabun and southern German Kainerun ; the Lu-ganda, on Victoria Nyanza; the Kinyanja. on Lake Isyassa; t h c K u a language, in Mozambique; aud Ki-suahili. from Zanzibar to the far west, northwest, and southwest. The term Bantu is also used to denote ' a race.' The negroes of both the Bantu stock and the Nigritic branch are physically one race, aud the difference is almost purely linguistic. See Nigritic, N~uba-b'ulah, Hamitic, Khoikhoin, and African languages, African ethno'jraphy(\mder Africa).

Barabas Banville ("bon-vël'), Théodore Faullain de. B o r n M a r c h 14. 1 8 2 3 : d i e d M a r c h 13, 1891. A F r e n c h poet, d r a m a t i s t , a n d novelist. Hewasthe son of an officer in the navy, and early devoted himself to literature, publishing in 1842 a volume of verse, entitled 4 'Les Cariatides, " which attracted attention. Hepublished "Odes Funambulesques" (1857), etc., and also wrote extensively for the stage. His most successful play, "Gringoire," was published in 1866. In 1882 appeared "Mes Souvenirs," in which he portrayed some of his contemporaries. B a n y u l s - S u r - M e r (bân-yiïl'siïr-mâr'). A seap o r t i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t of P y r e n é e s - O r i e n t a l e s , France, situated on the Mediterranean, n e a r t h e S p a n i s h f r o n t i e r , 20 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of P e r pignan. It p r o d u c e s fine Roussillon wine. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e , 3,119. Banynmas. S e e Btnijumas. B a n z (bânts). A Benedictine abbey, now a castle, near Liclitenfcl*, U p p e r Franconia, Bav a r i a , f o u n d e d a b o u t 1058. B a p a u m e ( b â - p ô m ' ) . A t o w n in t h e departm e n t of P a s - d e - C a l a i s , F r a n c e , 14 m i l e s s o u t h of A r r a s . Here, Jan. 2 and 3, 1871, the Germans under Von Goeben gained a victory over the French under Paidherbe. Population (1891), 3,001. B a p h o m e t ( b a f ' o - m e t ) . T h e i m a g i n a r y idol or s y m b o l w h i c h t h e T e m p l a r s w e r e a c c u s e d of w o r s h i p i n g . By some modern writers the Templars are charged with a depraved Gnosticism, and the word Baphomet has had given to it the signification of baptism of wisdom (as if from Gr. 8an, baptism, and wisdom), baptism of fire ; in other words, the Gnostic baptism. a species of spiritual illumination. But this and the other guesses are of 110 value. The word may be a manipulated form of Mahomet, a name which took strange shapes in the middle ages. B a p s (baps), M r . In Charles Dickens's novel ' ' l ) o m b e y a n d S o n , " a d a u c i n g - m a s t e r , '1 a very grave gentleman." Baptist, The. S e c John. B a p t i s t a (bap-tis'ta). In Sliakspere's " T a m i n g of t h e S h r e w , " a r i c h g e n t l e m a n of P a d u a , t h e f a t h e r of K a t h a r i n e .

Baptistery of San G-iovanni. A baptistery at

Florence, Italy, remodeled b y Arnolfo di Camb i o i n t h e 1 3 t h c e n t u r y . I t is octagonal in plan (108 feet in diameter); the exterior is in white and black marble, with arcades and inlaid panels; and the interior is domed, with a small lantern. It is famous for its three magnificent double gates in bronze, of which that on the south is by Andrea l'isano (1330). and those on the north and east by Ghiberti (1403-24). Andrea's gate has abeauful wreathed framing of leaves, flowers, and birds, and twenty-eight panel-reliefs of the story of John the Baptist. The north Ghiberti gate has also twenty-eight reliefs, mostly of the Jife of Christ ; and the chief gate, that toward the east, has in richly ornamented framing ten reliefs from the Old Testament.

Baquedano

( b a - k â - T H â ' n ô ) , Manuel. B o r n i n S a n t i a g o , 1826. A C h i l e a n s o l d i e r . He began the Peruvian campaign of 1879 as a brigadier-general under Escala, and in 1880 succeeded that general in command of the army of invasion, conducting the Tacna and Lima campaigns with an almost uninterrupted series of victories, the Peruvian forces being inferior. For his services he was made generalissimo of the Chilean army. Bâr, Karl Ernst von. S e e Baer. B a r (bar). A n ancient territory in eastern F r a n c e , w h o s e c a p i t a l w a s B a r - l e - D u c . i t was a county and later a duchy, was united with the duchy of Lorraine in 1473. was annexed by France in 1669, and was restored in 1661 to Lorraine, whose fortunes it followed. B a r . A t o w n i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t of P o d o l i a , R u s s i a , s i t u a t e d o n t l i e R o f f i n l a t . 49° 5 ' N . , l o n g . 27° 4 0 ' E . P o p u l a t i o n , 13,434. Bar. See Antivari. B a r , C o n f e d e r a t i o n of. A u n i o n of P o l i s h p a t r i o t s , l e d b y m e m b e r s of t h e n o b i l i t y , f o r m e d a t B a r , 17(58, a g a i n s t t h e R u s s i a n i n fluence and the dissidents. It carried on war against the Russians, deposed the king (Stanislaus), was suppressed by the Russians, and dissolved iu 1772. B a r a ( b a ' r a ) , J u l e s . Born at Tournay, Belg i u m , A u g . 31, 1835. A B e l g i a n l i b e r a l p o l i t i c i a n , m i n i s t e r of j u s t i c e 1 8 6 5 - 7 0 a n d 1878-84.

Baraba (ba-ra-bâ'), or Barabinska (ba-ra-

b c n ' s k à ) . A steppe in western Siberia, situated between the rivers Obi and Irtish, in the governm e n t s of T o b o l s k , T o m s k , a n d A k m o l i n s k . B a r a B a n k i (bâ'ra blin'kë). A district in the L u c k n o w division, Oudh, British India, a b o u t l a t , 27° N . , l o n g . 81° 3 0 ' E . A r e a , 1,768 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1881), 1,026,788. B a r a b a s , B a r a b b a s (ba-rab'as). [Aram., 'son of t h e f a t h e r ' ( t e a c h e r o r m a s t e r ) . ] A robber and insurrectionary leader whose release from p r i s o n i n s t e a d of t h a t of J e s u s w a s d e m a n d e d of P i l a t e b y t h e J e w s . Barabas. T h e J e w of M a l t a i n M a r l o w e ' s p l a y of t h a t n a m e . He is not only the incarnation of popular hatred of the Jew, but also of the Jew's reciprocal hatred and revenge. He dies in t h e end a defiant death in a caldron of boiling oil prepared for another. This character was originally played by Alleyne.

Baraboo

Barbey d'Aurevilly

118

Baraboo (bàr'a-bo). T h e capital of Sauk Greek and Hebrew at seven. He compiled a Hebrew die- Shakspere's " H e n r y V . / ? act ii., scene 1, a n d County, Wisconsin, s i t u a t e d on t h e Baraboo tionary at twelve, and published a French translation of " M e r r y Wives of Windsor," act ii., scene 2. R i v e r 35 miles n o r t h w e s t of Madison. Popula- the Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela at thirteen. I am not Barbason; you cannot conjure me. Hen. V. B a r a y a ( b a - r a ' y a ) , A n t o n i o . B o r n at San J u a n B a r b a s t r o (bàr-bâs'trô). A town in t h e provtion (1890), 4,605. de J e r ó n in 1791: executed a t Bogotá, J u l y 20, Barabra (ba-ra'bra), or Berabra. [Ar.] The 1816. A N e w Granadan general. He joined the ince of Huesca, northeastern Spain, situated on collective n a m e of t h e N u b i a n s who i n h a b i t t h e revolutionists in 1810, and was one of the members of the the Vero 60 miles east-northeast of Saragossa. Nile valley f r o m A s s u a n to W a d i H a i f a . first independent Junta. He was captured by Morilla and It h a s a cathedral. Population (1887), 8,280. B a r a c o a (bâ-râ-ko'â). A decayed seaport n e a r shot as a rebel. Barbauld (bar'bald), Mrs. (Anna Letitia t h e e a s t e r n e x t r e m i t y of Cuba. Baraza (ba-ra/tha), or Barax (ba-ra'), Cypri- A i k i n ) . Born at Kibworth-Harcourt, LeicesB a r a d a (bii-ra'dii). A river of Syria which a n o . Born in F r a n c e , 1642: died in Mojos, Bo- tershire, J u n e 20, 1743 : died at Stoke-Newingrises i n Anti-Libanus, flows through Damascus, livia, Sept. 16,1702. A J e s u i t missionary who, ton, March 9,1825. An English poet a n d essaya n d is lost in t h e d e s e r t : t h e ancient A b a n a . in 1674, was the first to visit t h e Mamoré region, d a u g h t e r of Rev. J o h n Aiken a n d t h e wife Baradas (bà-râ-dâ'), Count. A conspirator in w h a t is n o w n o r t h e r n Bolivia. He founded the ist, a g a i n s t Cardinal Richelieu i n Bulwer's play celebrated missions of Loreto and Trinidad; and was of Rev. Rochemont Barbauld. she wrote "Poems " murdered by the Baures Indians in the forests east of (1773), "Hymns in Prose for Children," "TheFemale Spec" Richelieu."

Baradla.

See Agtelek.

the Jlamoré. .

Baraçuay d'Hilliers (ba-ra-gà'

B a r b a c e n a (bár-ha-sá'na).

A small town in

tator " (1811), a poem "Eighteen Hundred and Eleven" (1812), etc.

h e s t a t e of Minas Geraes, Brazil, n o r t h w e s t of Barbazan (bâr-bâ-zon'), Arnauld Guilhelm dë-yà'), tRio de J a n e i r o .

A c h i l l e . Born at P a r i s , Sept. 6, 1795: died a t Araélie-les-Bains, F r a n c e , J u n e 6, 1878. Barbacena, Marquis of. See Caldeira Brant A F r e n c h marshal, son of Louis B a r a g u a y Pontes, Felisberto. d ' H i l l i e r s . He became governor of the military school B a r b a c o a s , (bár-bá-ko'ás). A small town in of Saint-Cyr 1833 ; was governor of Constantine, Algeria, t h e s t a t e of Cauca, Colombia, n e a r t h e south1843-44 ; commanded the .French forces in Rome in 1849 ; became marshal in 1854 ; commanded an army corps in the w e s t e r n corner. Italian war of 1859 ; and became commandant of Paris at the outbreak of the Franco-German war, but was removed Aug. 12, 1870.

d e . Died 1432. A F r e n c h general in t h e service of Charles VII., surnained t h e " K n i g h t witho u t R e p r o a c h . " He defeated the combined English and Burgundian army at La Croisette 1430, in consequence of which he was made governor of Champagne and Brie, with the title of Restorer of the Kingdom and Crown of France.

See Barbison. Barbadillo (bar-bá-dél'yo), Alfonso Salas. BBarbazon. [F., ' B l u e b e a r d / ] Born a t Madrid a b o u t 1580: died 1630. A a r b e - B l e u e ( b â r b ' b l ë ' ) .

1. A comedy b y Sedaine, with music by Grétry, produced in P a r i s in 1789,— 2 . An opera bouffe, words by Meilhac and Halévy, music b y OffenAn bach, produced in 1866.—3. See Bluebeard. F r e n c h soldier, made general of brigade in 1793, island of the British W e s t Indies, in t h e Wind- Barbé-Marbois. See Marbois. and g e n e r a l of division i n 1797. He served aB chief ward group, s i t u a t e d east of St. Vincent, i n B a r b e r ( b â r ' b é r ) , F r a n c i s . Born at P r i n c e of staff to General Custine ; fought in Italy under Napo- l a t . 13° 4 ' N . , l o n g . 59° 3 7 ' W . I t s chief exports are sugar, rum, and molasses. The capital is Bridgetown. ton, N. J . , 1751 : died a t Newburg, N.Y., F e b . 11, leon 1796-97 ; was made commandant of Venice ; served I t is governed by governor, executive committee, legisla- 1783. A n A m e r i c a n officer (lieutenant-col on el) under Macdonald in 1799 ; commanded in Tyrol in 1809 ; Spanish writer of note, author of tales, poems,

Baraguay d'Hilliers, Louis. Born at Paris, a n d n u m e r o u s comedies. Aug. 13, 1764: died a t Berlin, J a n . 6, 1813. A Barbados, or Barbadoes (bár-bá'dóz).

and led a division in the Russian campaign of 1812.

B a r a k ( b â - r â k ' ) . A river in British India which joins t h e B r a h m a p u t r a f r o m t h e east n e a r its mouth.

tive council, and House of Assembly. I t was col onized in i n t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y W a r . He taught at Elizabeth1625. Length,21 miles; width. 15miles. Area, 166square town 1769-76, having among his pupils Alexander Hamilmiles. Population (1891X 182,306. ton. In 1781 he was selected by Washington to quell the Barbalho Bezerra (bár-bál'yobe-zer'rá), Luiz. mutiny of the New Jersey and Pennsylvania troops.

Baralt (bâ-ràlt'), Rafael Maria. Born at Born at X > ernambuco, 1601: died a t Rio de Barber, John Warner. Maracaybo, J u l y 2, 1814: died at Madrid, J a n . 2, 1860. A V e n e z u e l a n historian a n d soldier, resident i n Spain a f t e r 1843. He wrote "Resumen

de la Historia antigua y moderna de Venezuela" (Paris, 1841 et seq. : the last two volumes with the collaboration of Ramon Diaz), etc.

J a n e i r o , 1644. A leader of t h e P o r t u g u e s e in t h e war with t h e D u t c h a t P e r n a m b u c o a n d

B a h i a , 1630—£0. For illegal acts he was called to Portugal in 1640 and for a time imprisoned, but was subsequently pardoned and employed in the war with Spain. In 1643 he returned to Brazil as governor of the capitanía of Rio de Janeiro.

Born at Windsor,

Conn., 1798 : died 1885. A n A m e r i c a n historical writer, a u t h o r of " H i s t o r y a n d Antiquities of N e w E n g l a n d , New York, a n d New J e r s e y , " 1841, etc. B a r b e r , M a r y . B o r n in Ireland (?) a b o u t 1690: died 1757. A n English poet, b e s t k n o w n a s a f r i e n d of Swift.

B a r a m u l a ( b â - r a - m ô ' l à ) . A locality i n t h e w e s t e r n p a r t of Cashmere, on t h e J h e l u m west B a r b a r a ( b a r ' b a - r a ) , Saint. [L. Barbara, Gr. Barber of Seville, The. See Barbier and Barof Srinagar. N e a r it is the f a m o u s gorge of Bápj3ap7¡, It. a n d Sp. Barbara, F . Barbe."] A Mere. the Jhelum. virgin m a r t y r a n d saint of t h e Greek a n d R o m a n B a r b e r P o e t . A n epithet of J a c q u e s J a s m i n . Baranoff (bâ-râ'nof). Alexander Andrevitch. Catholic churches, m a r t y r e d at Nicomedia (?), B a r b e r i n i ( b a r - b e - r ë ' n ë ) . A R o m a n princely B o r n 1746 : died 1819. A R u s s i a n t r a d e r , first Bithynia, about 235 A. D.~(or 306!). She is com- f a m i l y n a m e d f r o m B a r b e r i n o di Val d'Eisa, governor of R u s s i a n America. He founded a trad- m e m o r a t e d in t h e Greek a n d R o m a n churches n e a r Florence, in Tuscany, its power aud wealth ing colony on Bering Strait in 1796, and took possession on Dee. 4. of the island in the Sitka group which afterward bore his B a r b a r a . Ill Charles Dickens's talc " T h e Old were established by Carlo Maffeo Barberini, Pope Urban "VIII., who made his brother, Antonio, and two nephews, name in 1799, founding there a factory and fortress. He Curiosity Shop," " a little s e r v a n t girl, very Francesco and Antonio, cardinals, and gave to a third was ennobled by the emperor Alexander. tidy, modest, a n d demure, b u t very p r e t t y nephew, Taddeo, the principality of Palestrina. The famB a r a n o f f . See Sitka Island. ily has a magnificent palace and library at Rome. Barante (ba-ront' ), Aimable Guillaume Pros- t o o " : a f t e r w a r d Mrs. Kit Nubbles.

per Brugière, Baron de.

Born at Riom, Barbara Allen's Cruelty. An old ballad, given Barberini, Francesco. Born at Barberino,

F r a n e e , J u n e 10, 1782: died Nov. 22, 1866. A F r e n c h s t a t e s m a n , historian, a n d general writer, son of Claude I g n a c e Brugière, Baron de

in Percy's " R e l i q u e s , " r e l a t i n g t h e cruelty to Tuscany, 1264: died 1348. A n Italian p o e t and h e r lover, a n d subsequent remorse, of B a r b a r a jurist, a u t h o r of ' ' D o c u m e n t ! d'Amore " (printed Allen. There is another version called " B o n n y 1640). B a r b a r a Allan," which is not so popular. Barberini, Maffeo. See Urban VIII.

B a r a n t e . He held various offices under the Empire and Restoration, and was ambassador to Turin and St. Peters- Barbarelli. See Giorgioue. Barberini faun. An ancient statue now in the burg under Louis Philippe. Among his works are "Ta- B a r b a r o s s a (bar-ba-ros'a). [It., ' R e d - b e a r d . ' ] Glyptothek, Munich, Bavaria. I t formerly bebleau de la littérature française au dix-huitième siècle" See Frederick I., " B a r b a r o s s a , " E m p e r o r of longed to t h e Barberini f a m i l y at Rome. (1808), translations of Schiller's dramatic works and of Germany. B a r b e r i n i P a l a c e . A palace in Rome, n e a r t h e "Hamlet," " Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne de la maison de Valois " (1824-26), " Histoire de la convention natio- Barbarossa, Horuk. Died 1518. A Moham- Quirinal, b e g u n b y U r b a n VIII., and finished nale " (1851-53), and "Histoire du Directoire " (1855). m e d a n corsair, a n a t i v e of Mytilenc, who con- in 1640. I t is n o t e d f o r its a r t treasures.

vase. See Portland vase. Barante, Claude Ignace Brugière, Baron de. quered a n d b e c a m e t h e ruler of Algiers about Barberini B o r n at Riom, Dec. 10,1745: died May 20,1814. 1517. He was defeated and slain by an army sent against B a r b e r i n o (bàr-be-rë'nô). A small t o w n in TusA F r e n c h writer, f a t h e r of t h e preceding, aut h o r of a n " E x a m e n du principe f o n d a m e n t a l des Maximes," prefixed to a n edition of L a Rochefoucauld's " M a x i m s " (1798), etc.

him by the (later) emperor Charles V., 1518. Also written

Uruj, Aruch, Arooj, Horuxh, and Horuc.

cany, Italy, 18 miles south of Florence.

Barberino di Mugello (bar-be-rë'nô de mo-

Barbarossa, Knair-ed-Din, or Kheyr-ed-Din. jol'lô). A small t o w n i n Tuscany, Italy, 17 Died a t Constantinople, 1546. B r o t h e r of H o r u k miles n o r t h of Florence. h e succeeded 1518 as B e y of Algiers. B a r b e r t o n (bar'bér-ton). The largest t o w n in Barante, Prosper Claude Ignace Brugière, whom Having surrendered the sovereignty of Algiers to the B a r o n a e . Born at P a r i s , Aug. 27, 1816: died Turkish sultan Selim I., in order to gain support against t h e Transvaal, South A f r i c a , a b o u t 150 miles there, May 10, 1889. A F r e n c h senator, grand- the Spaniards, he was appointed governor-general, and re- west of Delagoa Bav. P o p u l a t i o n (1887), a b o u t son of t h e preceding. ceived 151& a reinforcement of 2,000 janizaries. He made 15,000. B a r a t a r i a (bâ-rà-tâ-rë'a). The island city ovei himself master of Tunis, but in 1535 the emperor Charles B a r b è s (bar-bâ"), A r m a n d . Born at P o i n t e which Sancho P a n z a , i n " D o n Quixote," was V. besieged and captured the city and liberated a vast à-Pître, Guadeloupe, Sept. 18, 1809: died a t m a d e g o v e r n o r . At his inauguration feast every diBh number of Christian slaves. He was appointed liigh ad- The Hague, J u n e 26, 1870. A F r e n c h revoluwas snatched away untasted, so that he starved in the midst of abundance. Disgusted with the joys of government, after a short trial, he abjured his ephemeral royalty, preferring his liberty.

miral of the Ottoman fleets 1537, and in conjunction with Francis I. captured Nice 1543.

Barbarous (bar-ba-ro'), Charles Jean Marie.

tionist. He was sentenced to death (commuted to perpetual imprisonment) for complicity in the attack on the Conciergerie May 12,1839 ; was released by the February Revolution 1848; was condemned to perpetual imprisonment for participation in the attempt to overthrow the National Assembly May 15, 18+8 ; and was restored to liberty in 1854. Author of " Deux jours de condamnation à mort" (1848).

Born a t Marseilles, March 6,1767: guillotined at Bordeaux, J u n e 25, 1794. A n o t e d Girondist B a r a t a r i a B a y (bar-a-tâ'ri-ji bà). A n inlet of orator a n d politician, a l a w y e r b y profession. t h e Gulf of Mexico, on t h e s o u t h e a s t e r n coast He led the Marseilles battalion in the attack on the Tuiof Louisiana, w e s t of t h e Mississippi. L e n g t h , leries Aug. 10, 1792, and was a Girondist deputy to the National Convention. He was proscribed May 31, 1793, Barbeu-Dubourg (bàr-bè'du-bor'), Jacques. a b o u t 15 miles. as a royalist and enemy of the republic. B a r a t h r o n ( b a r ' a - t h r o n ) . [Gr. fiâpadpov, a pit.] B a r b a r y , R o a n . T h e favorite horse of Rich- B o r n a t Mayenne, F e b . 12, 1709: died a t P a r i s , Dec. 14,1779. A F r e n c h physician, naturalist, A steep ravine on t h e western slope of t h e Hill a n d philosophical writer. He wrote botanical and of t h e Nymphs, at A t h e n s , outside of t h e an- ard II. See Shakspere's " R i c h a r d I I . , " v. 5. medical works, "Petit code de la raison humaine" (1774), B a r b a r y ( b a r ' b a r i ) . [Formerly Barbarie, F . cient walls, r e n d e r e d more precipitous b y an"Chronographie" (1753), "'Lecalendrier de Philadelphie" Barbarie, ML. L" Barbaria, MGr. Bapfiapia, land cient use of it as a quarry. This was the " pit " into (1778), etc. which the bodies of criminals were thrown in antiquity of b a r b a r i a n s , or foreigners, applied in L . to Barbey d'Aurevilly (bâr-ba'do-re-vê-yë'), I t a l y (as distinguished f r o m Greece), Persia, after execution, or in some cases while still living. Jules Amédée. Born at Saint-Sauveur-leBaratier (bà-râ-tër'), Johann Philipp. Born P h r y g i a , Scythia, Gaul, etc.] A general n a m e Vicomte, Manche, F r a n c e , Nov. 2, 1808: died at Schwabach i n Anspach, 1721: died 1740. A f o r t h e regions along or n e a r t h e n o r t h e r n coast at Paris, April 23, 1889. He came to Paris in 1851, G e r m a n scholar noted for his e x t r a o r d i n a r y of Africa, west of Egypt, comprising Morocco, and founded, with Escudier and Granier de Cassagnac, " L e réveil." He wrote "Une vieille maîtresse" (1851), p r e c o c i o u s n e s s . He is said to have read and written Algeria, Tunis, Tripoli, Barca, a n d F e z z a n . German and French at four years of age, Latin at five, and B a r b a s o n ( b a r ' b a - s o n ) . A fiend r e f e r r e d to in " L'Ensorcelée " (1874), ' ' Le prêtre marié " (1865).

Barbeyrac

Barclay Sound

119

Barbeyrac (biir-bâ-râk'), Jean. Bom atBéziers, 1842. An American statesman. He was admitted bronze, 197feet high, supporting a statue of the discoverer, and rising from a stone pedestal ornamented with bronze France, March 15,1674 : died March 3,1744. A to the bar 1794 ; became United States senator f r o m Vir- reliefs and Victories and surrounded with marble statues. 1815 ; resigned, 1825, on being appointed secretary of French writer on law, translator of Puffen- ginia war by I'resident John Quincy Adams; and was minister The cathedral of Barcelona is of the 14th century. The interior is highly picturesque in its perspectives, and impresdorf's " L a w of Nature and of Nations." to England 1828-29. in its effects of light. Close to the west end there is a Barbezieux (bâr-be-zë-è')- A town in the de- Barbour, John. Born about 1316: died March sive beautiful octagonal lantern. From here extends the nave, partment of Charente, France, 20 miles south- 13,1395. A Scottish poet, archdeacon of Aber- from the capitals of whose lofty piers the vaulting-ribs west of Angoulême. Population (1891), com- deen, and an auditor of the exchequer. His chief spring directly. The clearstory consists merely oi a row of small roses. The aisles are almost as high as the nave, and mune, 4,104. poem is " The B r u c e " (1375; edited by Skeat for the the church is lighted by windows in the deep galleries over Barbiano (bâr-bë-a/nô), Alberico, Count. E. E. T. S. 1870-77). See Bruce, The. the side-chapels. There are two beautiful Romanesque D i e d 1409. A i l I t a l i a n g e n e r a l . He formed, about Barbour, John S. Born in Culpeper County, doors belonging to an older cathedral, and a light and spa1370, the fust regular company of Italian as opposed to Gothic cloister, with fountains. Population (1887), Va., Aug. 8, 1790: died there, Jan. 12, 1855. cious 272,481. foreign mercenaries in Italy. I n this company, called the "Company of St. George," were trained some of the best An American politician, Democratic member Barcelona. A town in Venezuela, situated near generals of the time. Barbiano became grand constable of Congress from Virginia 1823-33. Barbour, Oliver Lorenzo. Born at Cambridge, the Caribbean Sea 160 miles east of Caracas. of Naples in 1384. Barbicali ( b a r ' b i - k a n ) . A l o c a l i t y in London, Washington County, New York, July 12, 1811: Population, about 11,000. A maritime s o c a l l e d , a s t h e n a m e i n d i c a t e s , f r o m a f o r m e r died at Saratoga, N. Y., Dec. 17, 1889. An Barceloneta (bar-tha-lo-na'ta). w a t c h - t o w e r of w h i c h n o t h i n g n o w r e m a i n s . American legal writer. suburb of Barcelona, Spain. Milton lived here in 1646-47, and here he wrote some of his Barbour, Philip Pendleton. Born in Orange Barcelonnette (bar-se-lon-net'). A town in shorter poems. Wheeler, Familiar Allusions. County, Va., May 25,1783: died at Washington, the department of Basses-Alpes, situated on Barbié du Bocage (bàr-bê-â' dii bô-kâzh'), D. C., Feb. 24, 1841. An American politician the Ubaye 32 miles east-southeast of Gap. It Jean Denis. Born at Paris, April 28, 1760: and jurist, brother of James Barbour. He was has suffered severely in the wars of the frontier. Popudied there, Dec. 28,1825. A French geographer member of Congress from Virginia 1814-25; speaker of lation (1891), commune, 2,009. the House 1821-23; member of Congress 1827-30; one of Barcena, or Barzena (bar-tha'na), Alonso de. and philologist. the candidates f o r the Democratic nomination for viceBarbier (bar-bè-à')> Antoine Alexandre. Born president in 1832; and associate justice of the United Born at Baeza, 1528: died at Cuzco, Jan., 1598. A Spanish Jesuit, called the "Apostle of Peru." at Coulommiers, Scine-et-Marne, France, Jan. States Supreme Court 1836-41. He was sent to Peru in 1570, and was one of those em11, 1765 : died at Paris, Dec. 6,1825. A French Barbox Brothers (bar'boks bruTH'erz), and ployed to instruct the young Inca Tupac Amaru before bibliographer, author of a "Dictionnaire des Barbox Brothers and Co. A story and its his execution. The remainder of Barcena's life was spent ouvrages anonymes et pseudonymes" (1806-08), sequel by Charles Dickens, included in "Mugby in laboring among the Indians of Peru, Charcas, Tucuman, and the Gran Chaco. H e wrote a polyglot work on etc. Junction," an extra Christmas number of " All their languages, which is supposed to be lost. Barbier, Henri Auguste. Born at Paris, April the Year Round," 1866. Barcia (bar-the a), Andres Gonzalez. Born 29,1805: died at Nice, Feb. 13,1882. A French See Caldas Bar- at Madrid, 1670: died there, Nov. 4, 1743. A p o e t . His best-known work is " L e s l a m b e s " (3831), a series Barboza, Domingos Caldas. Spanish historian. He was one of the founders of boza. of satires, political and social, occasioned by the revolution of 1830. The most famous is La Curée," a satire on Barboza, Francisco Villela. See Villela Bar- the Spanish Academy, and held various honorary offices. He wrote " Ensayo cronol6gicopara la historia general de the scramble for place under the Orleanist government. boza. la Florida " ( M a d r i d , 1723), and edited an extensive series Barbier, Paul Jules. Born at Paris, March 8, Barbuda (bar-bo'da). An island of the British of historical works relating to America, with the general West Indies, belonging to the Leeward group, 1822. A French dramatic poet and librettist. title " Historiadores primitivos de Indias." This includes He published the drama " U n p o ë t e " in 1847, and since situated 30 miles north of Antigua, in lat. 17° 35' reprints of Herrera, Ovietlo, Gomara, Zarate, Garcilaso, 1850 has worked much in collaboration with Michel Carré, as in " C o r a ou l'esclavage" (1866), etc.

N . , l o n g . 6 1 ° 4 5 ' W . I t is a political dependency of Antigua. Length, 10 miles. Population, about 800.

Barbier de Séville (bâr-bë-â' dé sâ-vël'). Le. Barby (bar'be). A town in the province of [F./Barber of Seville/] 1. A comedy by Beau- Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Elbe, near the marchais, first composed in 1772 as a comic mouth of the Saale, 17 miles southeast of Magopera. It was refused, and in 1775, after various vicis- deburg. It was the seat of a former countship. situdes, appeared in its present form as a comedy. It is Population (1890), commune,^>,471. in this play that 1'igaro makes his first appearance. 2 (It. Il Barbiere di Siviglia). An opera Barca (bar'ka), or Barcas (bar'kas). A surbouffe, after Beaumarchais's comedy, the music name, meaning (probably) 'lightning/ of sevby Paisiello, first plaved in St. Petersburg in eral Carthaginian generals. The most noted 1780 and in Paris in 1789.— 3 (It. Il Barbiere was Hamilcar. di Siviglia). An opera bouffe, after Beaumar- Barca, Conde de. See Araujo de Azevedo, Anchais's play, words by Sterbini, music by Ros- tonio de. sini, presented in Korne in 181G and in Paris in Barca (bar'kii). A vilayet of the Turkish em1819. It was hissed on the first night, but grew in favor pire (since 1§79), in northern Africa, bounded and became one of the most popular operas ever written. by the Mediterranean on the north, Egypt on Other operas of this name founded on the same play have the east, and the Gulf of Sidra on the west: been produced. a part of ancient Cyrenaica. A small part of it is Barbieri, Giovanili Francesco. See Quercino. very fertile ; the remainder is largely a desert. Capital, Barbieri (bàr-be-a're), Paolo Antonio. Born Bengazi. Area, about 60,000 square miles. Population, 1596: died 1640. A Bolognese painter of ani- about 300,000. mals, fruits, and flowers, brother of G-uercino. Barca. In ancient geography, a city of CyreBarbison (bâr-bi-sôn' ). A small village near the naica, Africa, situated near the coast: one of forest of Fontainebleau. It is noted as being the cities of the Pentapolis. one of the favorite haunts of what is known as Barca. A river in eastern Africa which flows the Fontainebleau group of painters. See Fon- toward the Red Sea south of Suakim. tainebleau. Barca. A district north of Abyssinia, about lat. 16° N., near the upper course of the river Barca. Barbon (bâr'bon), or Barebone (bâr'bôn), or Barebones (bar ' bónz), Praisegod. Born Barcellona (bar-chel-lo'nii). A town in the province of Messina, Sicily, 22 miles west by about 1596: died 1679. An English Baptist preacher, leather-dealer, and politician. He south of Messina. Population, about 14,000. Barcelona (bar-se-lo'nji; Sp. pron. bar-tha-ld'became a member of Cromwell's " l i t t l e parliament" of na). A province in Catalonia, Spain, bounded 1653, named, by its enemies, for him, " Barebone's Parliaby Gerona on the northeast, the Mediterranean ment." H e is said (probably erroneously) to have had Sea on the southeast, and Lerida and Tarrat w o brothers named respectively "Christ-came-into-thegona on the west. Area, 2,985 square miles. world-to-save," and "IE-Christ-had-not-died-thou-hadstPopulation (1887), 899,264. been-damned " (familiarly abbreviated to " D a m n e d " ) . Barbosa (bâr-bô'sâ), Duarte, Born at Lisbon : Barcelona. A seaport and capital of the provdied May 1, 1521. A Portuguese navigator. ince of Barcelona, situated on the MediterraHe visited India and the Moluccas, and prepared a manuscript account of his journey, which was printed by nean between the mouths of the Llobregat and fiamusio in Italian as "Sommario di tutti li regni dell' Besos, in lat. 41° 22' N., long. 2° 11' E . : the Indio orientale," the original Portuguese being printed by ancient Barcino or Barcelo (Roman Colonia the Lisbon Academy in the " N o t i c i a s Ultramarinas" in Faventia Julia Augusta Via Barcino), said to 1818. l i e accompanied Magellan in the voyage around have beenfounded or rebuilt by Hamilcar Barca, the world, and was killed soon after the death of his chief and named for him: called in the middle ages in the island of Cebu. Barcinona or Barchinona (Ar. Barchaluna). it Barbosa Machado, Diogo. Born at Lisbon, is the second city in Spain, and one of the principal .comMarch HI, 1682: died 1770. A Portuguese bib- mercial places in the peninsula, and a strong fortress. I t l i o g r a p h e r . He wrote a biographical and critical notice of Portuguese writers, " Bibliotheca Lusitana, etc." (17411759).

Barbotan (bâr-bo-ton'). A watering-placo in the department of G-ers, France, situated near the Douze 38 miles west-southwest of Agen. It has hot mineral springs. Barbou (bar-bo')- -A- noted French family of printers which flourished from about 1540 to

1808. The most famous were Jean, the founder of the family ; Hugues, his son ; and Joseph Gérard (about the middle of the 18th ccntury).

Barbour (bâr'bèr), James. [An archaic form of Barber.'] Born in Orange County, Va., Juno 10,1775: died near Gordonsville, Va., June 8,

has regular steam communication with the Mediterranean ports, Great Britain, and South America. I t is the seat of a noted university, founded in 1596. I t was an important .Roman and Gothic city ; became the capital of the Spanish March; was governed by counts of Barcelona and was annexed (12th century) to Aragon. I t was a great commercial and literary center in the middle ages; came f o r a short time under French rule in 1(340 ; returned to Spain in 1652, was occupied by France in 1697, and was restored to Spain by the Peace of R y s w i c k ; was taken by Peterborough in 1705 ; was stormed by the Duke of Berwick in 1714; was taken by the French in 1808, and held until 1814; and has been the scene of various insurrections (1835-36, 1840-42, Progressist outbreak 1856, Federalist 1874). I t was the seat of an international exhibition in 1887. The Column of Columbus, at the junction of the Rambla and marine Paseo, is a fine Corinthian column of

Torquemada, etc.

Barcino (bar'si-no). The ancient name of Barcelona, Spain. Barclay (bar'kla), Alexander. Born probably in Scotland about 1475 : died at Croydon, England, 1552. A British poet, author of " The Ship of Fools," " Eclogues," etc. See Ship of Fools-. He was a monk of Ely and Canterbury, priest in the College of Ottery St. Mary, vicar of Much Badew in Essex, and rector of A l l Hallows, Lombard street, London.

Barclay (bar-kia'), John. Born at Pont-aMousson, France, Jan. 28, 1582: died Aug. 15, 1621. A Scottish poet, a son of William Barclay. H e w r o t e " S a t y r i c o n " (1603 : second part 1607), " S y l v f e " (Latin poems, 1606), " A p o l o g i a " (1611), " I c o n Auimor u m " (1614), and the " A r g e n i s " (which see).

Barclay (bar'kla), John. Born at Muthill, in Perthshire, 1734: died at Edinburgh, July 20, 1798. A clergyman of the church of Scotland, founder of the sect "Barclayites," or "Bereans." Barclay, John. Born in Perthshire, Dec. 10, 1758: died Aug. 21,1826. A Scotch anatomist, lecturer on anatomy at Edinburgh. He wrote " A N e w Anatomical Nomenclature " (1803), " The Muscular Motions of the Human B o d y " (1808), " A Description of the Arteries of the Human Body " (1812), etc.

Barclay, Robert. Born at Gordonstown, Morayshire, Scotland, Dec. 23, 1648: died at Ury, Kincardineshire, Scotland, Oct. 3, 1690. A Scottish writer, a member of the Society of

F r i e n d s . TTe wrote the " A p o l o g y for the True Christian Divinity" (1678), a standard exposition of the doctrines of the sect. He was one of the proprietors, and nominal governor, of East New Jersey.

Barclay, Thomas. Born at Unst, in Shetland, June, 1792: died at Glasgow, Scotland, Feb. 23, 1873. A Scottish divine, principal of the University of Glasgow 1858-73. Barclay (bar-kia'), William. Born in Scotland about 1546: diedat Angers, July 3,1608. A Scotch jurist, professor of civil law at Pont-a-Mousson and Angers: author of " D e regno et regali potestate"(1600),' 4 De pot-estate pap8e"(1609),etc. Barclay-All ar dice, Robert. See Allardice, Robert Barclay. Barclay de Tolly ( b a r ' k l a d6 to'le), Prince Michael Andreas. Born at Luhde-Grosshoif, Livonia, Dec. 27 (N. S.), 1761: died May 26 (N. S.), 3818. A Russian field-marshal, of S c o t c h d e s c e n t . He served in the wars with Turkey, Sweden, and Poland; commanded the advance-guard at Pultusk; was wounded at Eylau 1807; served with distinction in the war with Sweden 1808-09 ; led an expedition across the Gulf of Bothnia on the ice in 1809; became minister of war 1810 ; and commanded against Napoleon in 1812. A f t e r his defeat at Smolensk he was replaced by Kutusoff. H e served with distinction at Borodino and at Bautzen ; conquered Thorn in 1813: became commander of the Russian contingent in 1813; and served at Dresden, Leipsic, and in France.

Barclay Sound (bar'kla sound). [From its discoverer, Captain Barclay, an Englishman.] An inlet of the Pacific on the southwestern coast of Vancouver Island.

Barco Centenera

Barker, George Frederic 120 A small island of Wales, (1840), a collection of burlesque poems, " a cross beoff the southwestern point of Carnarvonshire. tween Hood's whimsicality and that of Peter Pindar"

Barco Centenera (bar'kô then-tà-nâ'râ), Mar- B a r d s e y (bàrd'zi).

t i n d e l . Born at Logrosan, Spain , 1535 : died at (Stedman). A second scries was published in 1847, and a Lisbon, 1604. A Spanish ecclesiastic. He went B a r d w a n . See Burdwan, to the Plata in 1572, witnessed the founding of Buenos B a r e a (bâ're-a). A heathen tribe, pressed in third, edited by his son, in the same year. Bar-Hebrseus. See Abulfaraj. Ayres (1580), traveled extensively, visiting Peru in 1582, between Egypt and Abyssinia, and between the and became archdeacon of Paraguay. After 1596 he re- K u n a m a a n d B i s h a r i tri b e s. It has occupied its pres- B a r i (ba'ri). A Nigritic tribe of the eastern sided in Lisbon, Portugal, where his poem " L a Argen- ent habitation from the earliest period. The language is Sudan, near Lado and Gondokoro on the Whito tina " was published in 1602. I t i3 a chronicle in yerse of the Platine conquests, of great historical value in parts, but with little poetical merit.

generally held to be Hamitic, but mixed.

Barebones, Fraisegod. See Barbon, Pmisegod. Bar-Cocheba (bâr-kok'e-ba), or Bar-Cochba Barèges (bàr-àzh'), or Barèges-les-Bains(bâr-

N i l e . They are agricultural and pastoral, living in round grass huts. The men go naked. The language seems to be related to Dinka, and has a grammatic gender. The Nyangbara is said to be a dialectal variation of Bari, with Madi admixtures.

(bar-kok'ba), or B a r c o c h e b a s (bar-kok'e-bas). a z h ' ï a - b a n ' ) . A watering-place in the depart[Aram., ' s o n of the s t a r ' : cf. Num. xxiv. 17.] ment of Hautes-Pyrénées, France, 23 miles Bari (ba're), formerly Terra di Bari (ter'ra A H e b r e w whose real name was Bar Coziba south of Tarbes. It is a summer resort noted de b a ' r e ) . A province in Apulia, Italy, on (from the town Coziba), the heroic leader of for its mineral (sulphate of soda) baths. the Adriatic, noted for its fertility. Area, t h e Jewish insurrection against the Romans, Bareilly (bar-à'lë), or Bareli. A district in 2,300 square miles. Population (1891), 764.573. 182-135 A. D. He was believed by many Jews to h i the Iiohilkhand division, Northwest Provinces, B a r i . A seaport, the capital of the province the Messiah, was proclaimed king, and maintained his British India, about lat. 28° 30' N., long. 79° cause against Hadrian for two years, but was overthrown 30' E. Area, 1.614 square miles. Population of Bari, situated on the Adriatic in lat. 41° 8' N., long. 16° 51' E.: the ancient Barium, it has a amid the slaughter of over half a million Jews, and the (1881), 1,030,936. good harbor and important trade. It. was held in the 9th destruction of 985 villages and 50 fortresses. Jerusalem was destroyed and .Elia Capitolina founded on its ruins. B a r e i l l y . The capital of the Bareilly district, century by the Saracens; was taken from the Greeks by the Normans under Robert Guiscard in 1071; and was After his failure his name was interpreted to mean 'son near the Ramganga, 135 miles east of Delhi. destroyed in the 12th century. Later a duchy, and anI t was held by the mutineers 1857-58. Popu- nexed to the kingdom of Naples in 1558. The cathedral of lies.' of Bari was founded 1034, and has been remodeled. It is B a r d (bard), S a m u e l . Born at Philadelphia, lation (1891), including cantonment, 121,039. B April 1, 1742: died at Hyde Park, N. Y., May a r e n t i n (bâ-ron-tan'). A town in the depart- three-aisled, with a handsome dome at the crossing and a lofty Norman campanile. The facade has arcades and rich 24, 1821. An American physician and medical m e n t of Seine-Iuférieure, France, 11 miles bands of sculpture. There is an early and lofty circular writer, president of the College of Physicians northwest of Bouen. Population (1891), com- baptistery. The Church of San Nicola, founded in 1087, is mune, 4,418. and Surgeons at New York 1813-21. a most interesting pilgrimage church, three-aisled, with B a r d , T h e . A poem by Gray, published in 1758. round arcades springing from cylindrical shafts, and very 4i It begins with the familiar phrase Ruin seize Barentz (ba'rents), Willem. Died in the Arc- rich in sculptured tombs and other works of art. The thee, ruthless King." tic regions, J u n e 20, 1597. A Dutch Arctic remarkable crypt, with several ranges of round arches

Bard, It. Bardo

(bar'do). A v i l l a g e in t h e p r o v i n c e of T u r i n , I t a l y , s i t u a t e d o n t h e D o r a B a l t e a 38 m i l e s n o r t h of T u r i n , its fort commands the St. Bernard passes, and resisted Napoleon's passage of the Alps in 1800.

n a v i g a t o r , c o m m a n d e r of s e v e r a l e x p l o r i n g e x -

peditions to Nova Zembla and Spitzbergen,

1594-97. In his first voyage, which was an attempt to discover a passage to China through the Arctic Ocean, he reached lat. 77° or 78e ; on his last (1596-97), in which Spitzbergen was discovered, he reached lat. 80° 11'.

supported ou columns of varied style, resembles a section of the mosque of Cordova. Population (1891), commune, 72,000.

Bariatinski (bar-ya-teu'ske), or Barjatinskij,

Prince A l e x a n d e r . Born 1815: died at Geneva, March 9,1879. A Russian field-marshal. Bardas (bar'das). [MGr. Baptfaf.] Died at B a r e n t z S e a . [From Willem Barentz.] That He served in the Caucasus and the Crimean war distinKepos, in Caria, Asia Minor, April 21, 866. A p a r t of the Arctic Ocean which lies between guishing himself as commander in the Caucasus by the B y z a n t i n e p o l i t i c i a n . He was the brother of the em- Nova Zembla, Spitzbergen, and the mainland. final defeat of Shamyl in 1859. Also Bariatynsfci. B a r i n g (ba'ring or bar'ing), A l e x a n d e r , first press Theodora, and, on the death of her husband, the emperor Theophilus, was appointed one of the tutors of her son, Michael III. He killed his colleague Theoctistes, confined Theodora in the monastery of Ga3tria, and persuaded Michael to confer on him the title of Cecsar ; but was superseded in the favor of the emperor by Basil the Macedonian, and was assassinated.

Bardell (bar-del'), Mrs. M a r t h a . An accom-

Barère de Vieuzac (bâ-rar' dè vë-è-zâk'), Ber- Baron Ashburton. Born at London, Oct. 27, t r a n d . Born at Tarbes, France, Sept. 10, 1755: died J a n . 13, 1841. A F r e n c h lawyer,

p o l i t i c i a n , a n d a g i t a t o r , n e was deputy to the Constitutional Assembly in 1789, and to the Convention in 1792 ; president of the Convention during the trial of Louis XVI. ; member of the Committee of Public Safety ; and deputy in the hundred Days of 1815.

1774: died at Longleat, Wilts, England, May 13,1848. An English merchant and statesman, second son of Sir Francis Baring. lie was presi-

dent of the Board of Trade 1834-35, and as special commissioner to the United States negotiated the Ashburton treaty in 1842.

modating landlady who let lodgings to Mr. PickBaring, Sir Evelyn. Born Feb. 26, 1841. An wick, in Dickens's " P i c k w i c k P a p e r s , " and B a r é s , or B a r r é s (bà-ras'). A tribe of Indians English financier and diplomatist. lie was aplocated in northern Brazil and Venezuela, brought a suit for breach of promise against now one of the comptrollers-general representing on the upper Rio Negro and Cassiquiare. it pointed him. appears that they formerly occupied much of the region England and France in Egypt in 1879, and became finance B a r d e r a h (bâr'de-râ). A town in Somali Land, bordering the Negro, and that they were very numerous. minister of India in 18S0, and minister at Cairo in 1883. East Africa, situated on the river J u b a about They are an agricultural and unwarlike people, living in He was created Baron Cromer in 1892. fixed villages. By their language they are related to the B a r i n g , Sir F r a n c i s . Born at Larkbear, near lat. 2° 30' N. stock. The remnants are imperfectly civilized Exeter, England, April 18, 1740: died a t Lee, Bardesanes (bar-de-sa'nez), or Bardaisan Arawak in Kent, Sept. 11, 1810. An English financier, (bâr-dï-san'). Born at Edessa, Mesopotamia, and some of them are nominally Catholics. about 155 A. D.: died 223. A Syrian scholar. Baretti (bs-ret'te), Giuseppe Marc' Antonio. founder of the house of Baring Brothers and Co. He was the author of mystic hymns of a Gnostic character, Born at Turin, April 25, 1719 : died at London, He wrote "Observations on the Establishment of the which were employed by the Syrian Christians for more May 6, 1789. An Italian writer and lexicog- Bank of England " (1797), etc.

Baring, Sir Francis Thornhill. Born at Cal-

than two centuries, when they were driven out of use by the more orthodox work of Ephraem the Syrian. Of his numerous works only a dialogue on fate survives.

r a p h e r , He wrote " Lettcre famigliari ' (1762), and compiled an English-Italian and Italian-English dictionary (1760), a Spanish-English dictionary (1778), etc.

p h i l o s o p h e r . He was professor of philosophy in the gymnasium at Stuttgart, and the expounder of a system of rational realism which exerted considerable influence upon later metaphysical speculation (Schelling, Hegel). His " Grundriss der ersten Logik " (1800) is notable for its criticism of Kant.

brary at Copenhagen. Author of " Portiellingcr af Fsedrelandets Historié " (4th ed. 1874), etc.

Barfuss (bàr'fôs),Hans Albrecht, Count von.

tor for life. He is the author of "Les légistes et leur influence sur la société française " (1878), etc.

monplace, but it encloses many beautiful valleys and ravines, gradually worn in its side by the numerous streams which flow eastward and westward, to the Orontes or to the Mediterranean. Rawlimon, Phoenicia, p. 16.

p h y s i c i a n a n d m e d i c a l w r i t e r . He became professor of midwifery in the New York Medical College in 1850, and professor of clinical midwifery in the Bellevue Hospital Medical College in 1860.

m a n and poet.

sciences in the Western University of Pennsylvania in

cutta, April 20, 1796: died at Stratton Park, Sept. 6. 1866. An English statesman, eldest son of Sir Thomas Baring, created Baron B a r f l e u r (bâr-fièr'). A small seaport in the deB a r d i (bàr'dë), B a r d o d i . In George Eliot's N o r t h b r o o k J a n . 4, 1806. He was a lord of the partment of Manche, France, 15 miles east of novel " I t o m o l a , " a blind Florentine scholar, Nov., 1830,-June, 1834; chancellor of the exCherbourg. It was an important port in the treasury the father of Roinola. chequer Aug., 1839,-Sept., 1841; and first lord of the admiddle ages. miralty 1849-52. B a r d i . A small town in the province of Pia- Barfrush, or Barfurush. See Baifrush. (bar'ing-gold'), Sabine. Born cenza, Italy, 32 miles west-southwest of P a r m a . (bâr'fot), Paul Frederik. Born at Baring-Gould at Exeter, England, 1834. An English clergyBardili (bàr-dc'lë), ChristophGottfried. Born Barfod Lyngby, in Jutland, April 7, 1811. A Danish at Blaubeuren, in Wurtemberg, May 28, 1761: h i s t o r i a n , He was a member of the Rigsdag 1849-69, m a n a n d "Writer. His works include "Iceland, etc." died at Stuttgart, J u n e 5, 1808. A German and was afterward appointed assistant in the Royal Li- (1861), " The Book of Werewolves'' (1865), "Post-Medieval

Bardhwan.

See Burdwan.

Born 1635: died near Beeskow, Prussia, Dec.

rreachers" (1865), "Curious Myths of the Middle Ages" (1866-67), "The Origin and Development of Religious Belief" (1869-70). "Lives of the Saints" (1872-77), "Some Modern Difficulties, etc." (1874), "Mehalah," " J o h n Herring," and other novels, etc.

27, 1704. A P r u s s i a n field-marshal. He fought B a r i n g o (ba-ring'go), L a k e . A small lake in with distinction in the imperial army against the Turks central Africa, northeast of Lake Victoria B a r d o (bar'dô). A castle near Tunis, the seat at Salankamcn, Aug., 1691. Nyanza, discovered by J . Thomson in 1883. It of the government of Tunis. B a r d o l p h (bâr'dolf). 1. A character in Shak- B a r g a (biir'ga). A town in the province of has no outlet. Lucca, Italy, 26 miles north of Pisa. Popula- B a r i s a l (ba-re-sal'). The capital of the disspere's plays " H e n r y IV.," parts I. and II., trict of Baekergunge, British India, situated " I l e n r y V./ 7 and " M e r r y Wives of Windsor." tion, about 3,000. He is a sharper and hanger-on, one of Falstaff's dissolute Bargiel (bar'gël), Woldemar. Born at Ber- 125 miles east of Calcutta. and amusing companions, called " The Knight of the lin, Oct. 3. 1828. A German composer, ne was Bar-Jesus. See Ely-mas. Burning Lamp" by Fal staff on account of his red nose : a appointed professor at the Conservatory of Cologne in B a r j o l s (bar-zhol'). A town in the departcreature, like Nym and Pistol, without honor or principle. 1859, kapellmeister and director of the School of Music ment of Yar, France, 30 miles north of Toulon, at Rotterdam in 1805, and teacher at the Royal High School called the " T i v o l i of P r o v e n c e " on account 2 (Bardolph, Lord). A character in Shak- of Music in Berlin in 1874. of its picturesque surroundings. Population spere's " H e n r y IV.," p a r t II. B a r g r a v e (bàr'grâv), M r s . The woman to (1891), 2,378. Bardonnechia (bar-don-nek'kë-a), F. Bardon- whom the ghost (Mrs.Veal) appears in Defoe's Barka. See Tigre. Ilèche (bàr-don-nâsh'). A place in the prov- narrative of " M r s . V e a P s Ghost." ince of Turin, Italy, situated at the Italian en- Bargylus, See C-asius. B a r k a l ( b a r ' k a l ) . A hill with noted inscriptrance to the Mont Cenis tunnel. tions, situated on the Nile, below the f o u r t h Bargylus is a mountain tract of no very great elevation, B a r d o u x (bar-do'), A g é n o r . Born at Bourges, cataract, near the ancient Meroe or Napata. J a n . 15, 1829. A French politician and writer. intervening between the Orontes valley to the east and B a r k e r (bar'ker), F o r d y c e . Born at Wilton, the low plain of Northern Phrenicia to the west. I t is He was minister of public instruction, ecclesiastical mainly of chalk formation, but contains some trap and Franklin County, Maine, May 2, 1818: died in affairs, and fine arts from Dec. 14,1877, till the resignation serpentine in places. Its general outline is tame and comNew York city, May 29, 1891. An American of President MacMahon, and in 1882 was appointed sena-

B a r d o w i e k (bâr'dô-vëk). A small town in the province of Hanover, Prussia, situated on Barham (bar'am), Richard Harris. Born at Barker, George Frederic. Born at Charlesthe I l m e n a u 24 miles southeast of Hamburg. Canterbury. England, Dec. 6, 1788: died at town, Mass., July 14, 1835. An American phyI t has a ruined cathedral. I t was important in the early s i c i a n a n d c h e m i s t . He became professor of natural middle ages, was destroyed by Henry the Lion in 1189, and London, J u n e 17, 1845. An English clergybecame later the chief trading town in northern G ermany.

He wrote the "Ingoldsby Legends"

121

Barker, George Frederic 1864, professor of physiological chemistry and toxicology in the Y a l e Medical School in 1867, and professor o í chemistry and physics in the University of Pennsylvania in 1873.

Barker, Jacob. Born Oil Swan Island, Maine, Dee. 7, 1779: died at Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1871. An American financier and politician.

Barnard, Edward Emerson

Boccaccio's " D e c a m e r o n , " the " G o l d e n L e g e n d , " and the " Gesta Romanorum/' A n English translation of this was printed by W y n k y n de W o r d e about 1510-15, w h i c h contained the " Story of the Three Caskets." I t is considered probable that Shakspere read one of R i c h a r d Robinson's reissues (there w e r e six between 1577 and 1601). Rudolf von Ems wrote a p o e m of the Bame name and subject in the 13th century, probably based on Damascenus.

(1597), a work on navigation treating largely of compasses. " Science is indebted to Barlow f o r some marked improvements in the hanging of compasses at sea, f o r the discovery of the difference between iron and steel f o r magnetic purposes, and f o r the proper way of touching magnetic needles, and of ccmenting loadstones." Diet, o/ Nat. Biog.

manufactures of cotton, etc. I t is the birthplace of the great Duke of Guise and of Oudinot. Population (1891), commune, 18,761.

Barmen (bar'men). A city in the Rhine Province, Prussia, situated oil the Wupper 24 miles

in the manner of Abraham a Sancta Clara, endeavoring to

n o r t h e a s t of C o l o g n e . I t is divided into Ober-Mittel and Cnter-Barmen. I t is an important manufacturing center, and is closely connected with Elberfeld. See Elberfeld. Population (1890), commune, 116,144.

Barmbeck (barm' bek). A suburb of Hamburg. Barlseus (Mr-le'us) (Gaspard van Baerle). Barmecides (bar'me-sidz). A Persian family Born at Antwerp, Feb. 12, 1584: died at Am- so named from its founder. BarmakorBarmek, Barker, James Nelson. Born at Philadelphia. sterdam, Jan. 14, 1648. A Dutch historian. probably a native of Khorasan, who acquired Pa., June 17, 1784: died at Washington, D. C., H e was a professor of logic at the University of Leyden power under the calif Abd-ul-Malik. His grandMarch 9, 1858. An American politician, poet, (1617), and of philosophy and rhetoric at the Athenaeum son, Yahya, became vizir to the calif El-Mahdy, and and playwright. He was comptroller of the in Amsterdam (1631). His " R e r u n i per octennium in tutor of Harun-al-Rashid. Yahya's son Jaffar was vizir United States treasury 1838-58. Brasilia et alibi nuper gestarum " (Amsterdam, 1647; 2d to Harun, and by his eminent services contributed to Barker, John. Born at Smyrna, March 9,1771: ed., with additions by Piso, Cleves, l'JOO) is one of the stan- the glory of his master's reign, but f e l l under displeasure, died Oct. 5, 1849. A British consul in Syria, dard authorities on the wars between the Dutch and Por- and was put to death 802, together w i t h nearly all of the tuguese in Brazil. Barmecide family. and consul-general in Egypt. He is best known, aside f r o m his political services, f r o m his attempts, as a Barlaymont (bar-la-mon')» or Barlaimont, Barmecide's Feast. A feast where the dishes horticulturist, t o promote the cultivation of Western fruits Charles, Count of. Died 1579. A Dutch states- were empty and everything was imaginary; in the East. man in the service of Philip 11. in the Nether- hence, any tantalizing illusion: in allusion to the story of " T h e Barber's Sixth Brother " i n " T h e Arabian Barker, Joseph. Born at Bramlev, near Leeds, lands. He was a member of the consulta of N i g h t s , " in which a rich Barmecide gives a dinner of England, May 11, 3806: died at Omaha, Neb., the regent Margaret of Parma. this description to Shucabac, a starving wretch, and Bar-le-Duc (bar-le-diik'), or Bar-sur-Ornain Sept. 15, 1875. Án Anglo-American preacher obliges him to pretend that he eats what is not before him. (bar-stir-or-nan/). The capital of the depart- W h e n it comes to pretending to drink wine, Shacabac and political agitator. H e was expelled f r o m the M e t h o d i s t N e w Connexion in 1841, on theological grounds, ment of Meuse, France, situated on the Or- feigns drunkenness and knocks the B a n n e c i d c down, and and established a sect known as " B a r k e r i t e s . " Later he nain in lat. 48° 46' long. 5° 10' E. It has the latter, w i t h a pleasing sense of humor, not only forH e was employed by the government, on the outbreak of the war of 1812, to raise a loan of $5,000,000.

adopted deistical opinions, but fiually returned to the orthodox point of v i e w . In 1847 he visited America, on his return supported the Chartist agitation, was arrested at Manchester (1S48), and at the same time was elected to Parliament. I n 1851 he emigrated to the U n i t e d States, w h e r e he identified himself with the A b o l i t i o n movement, l i e was a lecturer and a voluminous writer.

Barlebta (bar-let'ta), Grabriello. Lived in the second half of the 15th century. A Dominican monk of Naples, noted as a preacher. He preached

Barker, Matthew Henry. Born at Deptford, corrcct by ridicule which degenerated into vulgarity. England, 1790: died June 29, 1846. An English Barletta. A seaport in the province of Bari, journalist ami novelist, best known from his sea Italy, 35 miles northwest of Bari: the ancient tales. H e wrote " L a n d and Sea T a l e s " (1836), " T o p - Bardoli, and the Barolum of the middle ages. sail-slieet B l o c k s " (1838), " L i f e of N e l s o n " (1836), " T h e It has a cathedral and castle. It was besieged V i c t o r y , or the Wardroom M e s s " (1844), etc. by the French in 1503. Population, about Barker, Thomas. Born near Pontypool, in 32,000. Monmouthshire, 1769: died at Bath, England, Dec. 11,1847. An English painter of landscapes Barley (bar'li), oiara. In Dickens's novel and historical subjects. His son, Thomas Jones '' Great Expectations," a pretty girl who marBarker (1815-82), was also a noted painter. H i s best- ries Herbert Pocket. known picture is " T h e W o o d m a n . " Barley. Old Bill. A drunken and gouty old Barking (bar'king). [ME. Berkyng, AS. Beor- man, the father of Clara Barley. cingas, orig. a tribe name, 'descendants of Barleycorn (bar'li-korn), John or Sir John. Beorc.'] A town in the county of Essex, Eng- The personification of malt liquor, as being land, situated on the Roding 7 miles east of made from barley. There is a ballad in which London. I t was celebrated in the m i d d l e ages f o r its he appears as a person. abbey for Benedictine nuns, f o u n d e d about 670. PopulaBarlow (bar'lo), or Barlowe, Arthur. Born tion (1891), 14,301. about 1550: died about 1620. An English naviBarkis (bar'kis), M r . Ill Dickens's "David gator. With Ainidas he conducted Raleigh's Copperiield," a bashful carrier who marries exploring expedition to America in 1584. P e g g o t t y . l i e conveys his intentions to her by sending Barlow, Francis Ohanning. Born at Brookher, by David, the message " Barkis is willin . " lyn, N. Y., Oct. 19,1834. An American lawyer Barksdale (bárks'dál), William. Born in Ruth- a n d s o l d i e r . H e joiued the Federal volunteer service erford County, Tenn., Aug. 21, 1821: died at at the outbreak of the Civil War, and became brigadierGettysburg, Pa., July 2, 1863. An American general in 1862 and major-general in 1865. H e participated politician. H e was Democratic member of Congress f r o m Mississippi 1853-61; joined the Confederate army at t h e outbreak of the Civil W a r ; and rose to the rank of brigadier-general. H e f e l l w h i l e leading an assault of his brigade on the f e d e r a l position at the Peach Orchard in the second day's fight at Gettysburg.

(as colonel) in the battles of Fair Oaks and Antietam, and commanded a division in the battles of the Wilderness and Spottsylvania Court House and in the assault on the defenses of Petersburg.

Barlow, Joel. Born at Reading, Conn., 1754: died near Cracow, Poland, Dec. 24, 1812. An Barksteed (bark'sted), or Barksted (bark'- American poet and politician, one of the ''Hartsted), William. Flourished about 1611. An English actor and poet. His name appears instead f o r d W i t s . " H e resided abroad, chiefly in France. 1788of Marston's on " T h e I n s a t i a t e Countess" in some copies, and for this reason, and on account of " H i r e u " (which see), he is noticed. W e know l i t t l e of Barksteed, b u t it is probable that he is t o be identified w i t h the W i l l i a m Barksted, or Backsted, w h o was one of P r i n c e Henry's players in August 1611 (Collier's " M e m o i r s of E d w a r d A l l e y n . " p. 89), and bel o n g e d to the company of the Prince Palatine's players in M a r c h 1615-10 (ibid., p. 126). l i e is the author of t w o poems, which display somo graceful fancy (though the subject of the first is ill-chosen),— " M y r r h a the Mother of A d o n i s , " 1607, and " H i r c n and the Jfair Greek," 1611. Bullen.

1806, w h e r e he identified himself w i t h the Girondist p a r t y ; was consul t o A l g i e r s 1795-97; and was United ¡States minister to France 1811-12. Author of " T h e Vision of C o l u m b u s " (1787: enlarged as " T h e Coluinbiad," 1807), ' ' Hasty P u d d i n g , " and ' ' A d v i c e to the P r i v i l e g e d Orders " ( P a r t I . 1791, Part I I . 1795).

gives him but heaps benefits upon him.

Barmouth (bar'inuth). A watering-place in Merionethshire, Wales, situated at the mouth of the Maw 31 miles southeast of Carnarvon. Population (1891), 2,045. Barmstedt (barm'stet). A small town in the province of Schleswig-Holstein, Prussia, situated on the Kruckau 21 miles northwest of Hamburg. Barn (barn). A town in Moravia, 16 miles north-northeast of Olmiitz. Population (1890); 3,585. Barnabas (bar'na-bas), Saint. [Aram., 'son of prophecy.7] The surname of the Cyprian Levite Joses, or Joseph, an apostle of the Christian church.

lie was one of the first to sell his

land f o r the benefit of the common f u n d ; introduced Paul after the latter's conversion; taught, with Paul, at Antioch ; undertook, with him, a missionary journey to Cyprus and various cities in Asia M i n o r ; was sent, w i t h him, to Jerusalem by the church at Antioch to consult the apostles and elders on the question of circumcision ; and, when about to undertake a second missionary journey w i t h Paul, separated f r o m him, o w i n g to a difference arising out of Barnabas's determination to take his sister's son, Mark, -with him. H e was, according to the legend, martyred at Cyprus, 61 A. D. His day is celebrated by the Greek, Roman, and Anglican churches on the 11th of June, and his symbol is a rake, as his day comes in the time of the hay harvest. I t was formerly a great feast among the English people.

Barnabas, The Epistle of. An anonymous epistle, containing no mention of the readers for whom it was intended, dating from an early period of the church, it was intended for persona in danger of Judaizing, and emphasizes the separation of Christianity from Judaism. Its authorship was ascribed to Barnabas (the apostle) in the early church ; but some modern critics assign it to a post-apostolic writer, perhaps a converted Jew of Alexandria. Barnaby (bar'na-bi). [Formerly Bamabie, Barnabee,

f r o m T" BarnaM,

from L L .

Barnabas,

Barlow, Henry Clark. Born at Newington etc.] A form of Barnabas. Butts, Surrey, May 12, 1806: died at Salzburg, Barnaby Rudge (bar'na-bi ruj). A novel by Dickens which came out in parts, and Austria, Nov. 8, 1*876. An English physician Charles was published in book form in 1841. it is based and scholar, noted as a student of Dante. He on the Gordon riots. Barnaby, a half-witted fellow, the w r o t e " Critical, Historical, and Philosophical Contribufriend of Grip the raven, becomes ignorantly involved in tions t o the Study of the ' D i v i n a C o m m e d i a ' " (18t>4), etc. the riot, and is condemned to death but pardoned. Barlow, peter. Born at Norwich, England, Barlaam (bár'lá-ám), Bernard. Died about Oct., 1776: died March 1, 1862. An English Barnacle (bar'na-kl), Lord Decimus Tite. A 1348. A Calabrian monk, of Greek descent, a mathematician, optician, and physicist. He pompous and windy peer, with a high position in scholar of high repute in his day, noted for the w r o t e " A n Elementary Investigation of the Theory of the Circumlocution Office, in Charles Dickens's part he took in various theological disputes, N u m b e r s " (1811), " A N e w Mathematical and Philosophi- " Little Dorrit." Clarence, an empty-headed, and Ferespecially for his attack upon the Hesychasts cal Dictionary " (1814)," N e w Mathematical Tables " (1814), dinand, a well-dressed and agreeable young man, his sons, of Mount AtliOS. In 1339 he was sent by the emperor " A n Essay on the Strength of T i m b e r and other Mate- are also employed in the office. r i a l s " (1817), ' ' E s s a y on Magnetic A t t r a c t i o n s " (1820), Andronicus I I I . on a mission to the P o p e in connection etc. H e was the inventor of the lens which bears his Barnadine (bar'na-din). A character in Shakw i t h the desired reunion of the Latin and Greek churches. spere's "Measure for Measure": a prisoner, name. H e became associated w i t h Pctrarch and other scholars, Barlow, Samuel Latham Mitchell. Born at sullen and savage, careless of past, present, and was instrumental in the restoration of Greek learning Granville, Hampden County, Mass., June 5, and future. in the \V est. 1826: died at Glen Cove, Long Island, N. Y., Barnard (bar'nard). Lady Anne. Born Dec. Barlaam, Saint. An Eremite of Sinai, coun- July 10, 1889. An American lawyer. He col- 8, 1750: died May 6, 1825. A Scottish poet, selor of Josaphat, in the romance "Barlaam lected an important library of Americana, which was sold daughter of the Earl of Balcarres. She pubat auction in 1890, and edited, w i t h H e n r y Harrisse, " N o t e s and Josaphat." lished the ballad " A u l d Robin Gray" (1772), on Columbus," 1866 (privately printed). Barlaam and Josaphat. A romance, written Barlow, William. Died 1568. All English and a sequel to it. probably by St. John of Damascus (DamasceBarnard, Daniel Dewey. Bom in Berkshire nus), a Syrian monk, in the 8th century, trans- Protestant prelate and controversialist, bishop County, Mass., July 16, 1797: died at Albany, successively of St. Asaph, St. David's, Bath lated into Latin before the 13th century, it and Wells, and Chichester. He was at one time a N. Y.,'April 24, 1861. An American politician recounts the adventures of Barlaam, a monk of the wilderness of Sinai, in attempting (successfully) to convert Josaphat (or Joasaph),the son of a king of India, to Christianity and asceticism. T h e incidents of the story were probably taken f r o m an Indian source. That part of the plot of Shakspere's " M e r c h a n t of Venice " which relates to the choosing of the casket came originally f r o m this romance, through the " S p e c u l u m Historíale " of V i n c e n t o f Beauvais (about 1290), the ' • Cento Is ovclle A n t i c h e , " sixty-flfth tale,

violent opponent of Cardinal Wolsey. and also attacked the church in a series of pamphlets which he afterward repudiated.

and diplomatist. l i e was member of Congress f r o m N e w Y o r k 1827-29 and 1839-45, and U n i t e d States minister to Prussia 1S50-53.

of St. David's.

1886, and has m a d e a number of astronomical discoveries

Barlow, William. Born at St. David's, Wales: Bafnard, Edward Emerson. Born at Nashdied 1625. An English ecclesiastic, archdeacon ville, Term., Dec. 16, 1857. An American astronof Salisbury, son of William Barlow, bishop o m e r . H e was graduated f r o m Vanderbilt University in H e wrote " T h e Navigators' S u p p l y "

Barnard, Edward Emerson

Barr

122

was formerly of greater importance. Population (1891), 13,058. B a r n s t a b l e . A seaport in eastern Massachusetts, situated on Cape Cod Bay 69 miles southeast of Boston. It has fisheries and coastingBarnard, Frederick Augustus Porter. Born B a r n e s , R o b e r t . Born near Lynn, Norfolk, trade. Population (1890), 4,023. at Sheffield, Mass., May 5, 1809: died at New 1495: executed at Smithfield, July 30, 1540. Barnum (bar'num), Phineas Taylor. Born York, April 27,1889. An American educator, An English Protestant divine, burned as a at Bethel, Conn., July 5,1810: died at Bridges c i e n t i s t , a n d author. He was professor in the l B r i t i s ?- 1 . . . . , . . . . Beni, in the Palazzo Barberini, Bornef It is a " f r f f Ä w B e a u j o l a i s (bo-zho-la'). An ancient territory three-quarter face seen over the shoulder, with golden ^ V ^ T 1 » 1 ' • ti, ^ + ot i rance, m tne government ot lyonnais, hair confined by a white turban ; the expression is of grief Betjort.] A town in the department ot now comprised m the departments of Rhône and gentle resignation. _ _ Maine-et-Loire, France, 18 miles east of Angers, and Loire, its chief towns were Beaujeu and ViiicB e a t r i c e - J o a n n a (be'a-tris-jo-an'ä). In Mid- Its castle gave their title to the English Beau- franche, it was a barony and county, and was united to dleton's play " The Changeling," aheadstrong, forts. Population (1891), commune, 4,4B2. the crown by Francis I., and was later in the possession of ! o t lts m m e s ' unscrupulous, unobservant giri, intent on p u t B e a u f o r t (bö'fört). A seaport, capital of Car- J * " 0 r i é a I l s ' a m l l y ' B ting an unwelcome lover out of the way. she teret Countv, North Carolina, situated on an BeaujOyeuiX. bee M i » un. indices De Flores, whom she loathes, to murder him, and inlet of the" Atlantic in lat. 34° 43' N. long, g e a u l e a , or i e a u l e a n . oee Hampnr Beauleah. is astounded when her honor is demanded as a reward in- 7fio dfl'W It lia« a , , | J . , T , , i i u B e a u l i e u (bo-le-ò'). [F., 'beautiful place.'] Stead of money. Unable to escape him, she yields, but is 1° ™ w it lias a good narooi. Population ^ town in the department of Oorrèze, France, finally killed by Be Flores when discovery of the double J T .. , . situated on the DmvWnp '>0 miles south nf crime is ruade. He also kills himself. B e a u f o r t bû'fôrt). A seaport and watering- situated on tne Dordogne miles south 01 B e a t r i x (bë'a-triks). [See Beatrice.] The maid place, the capital of Beaufort County, South J " ,,PT-?rl0Ii . and confidante of the two sisters Theodosia and Carolina, situated on Port Royal Island in lat. B e a u l i e u ( b u l l ) A billige and abbey in Jacintha in Dryden's comedy " A n E v e n i n g s 32° 26' N., long. 80° 40' W. it has a good harbor. ^ T i T 1 1 1 1 ® ' E " B l a n d > ß mües southwest ot Love or The Mock Astrologer " A settlement here was attempted by the French in 1562, öoutnampton. „ ' '. » i m m » ™ ™ ^ ! : ! . ^ and was m a d e by t h e E n g l i s h about 1680. I t was captured Beaulieu ( b o - l ë - è ' ) , Jean Pierre, Baron de. Beatrix, A novel b y B a l z a c , begun in 183W by t h e Federals Dec. 6, l s e i . Population (1890), 3,587. Born a t Namur Oct 2 6 1 7 2 5 - died near Linz and finished in 1 8 4 4 Beaufort, Due de. See Vendôme, François de. Dec. 2 2 . 1 8 1 9 . An Austrian general. H e served Beatrix Esmond. See Esmond, Beatrix. Beaufort (bü'fört), Sir Francis. [The Eng. in t h e Seven Y e a r s ' W a r ; commanded a t J e n i a p p e s in 1703, Beattie ( b e ' t i ; Sc. pron. ba'ti), James. Born surname is from OF. Beaufort the t o w n lit. and as commander-in-chief in I t a l y was defeated by h apoat Laurencekirk, Kincardine, Scotland, Oct. 'fair fort.'1 Born in Ireland 1774- died at leon(i796)atMontenotte,5iiilesimotMntesano,Mondovi, 25, 1735: died at Aberdeen, Aug. 18, 1803. A Brighton, Dec. 17, 1857. An English rear-adJ » , ? ™ , -,, Scotch poet, essayist, and philosophical writer. m i r a l and man of science, hydrogkpher to the B e a u l i e u - M a r c o n n a y (bo-le - e m a r - k o - n a ), H e was professor of moral philosophy and logic in Mari. , „ v v 1 S 9 D _ ,-)S „ . „^„„„^ ., R,.i>f n„ Karl Olivier, Baron VOn. Born a t M i n d e n , schal College. Aberdeen. He wrote " Original Poems and S t o n oi the konSl Coast of f s ™ nor » flifl rte Sept. 5, 1811 : died at Dresden, April 8, 1889. A T r a n s l a t i o n s " (1761), " J u d g m e n t of P a r i s " (1765), " T h e

hc

"I>"on

v o l u n t e e r t h r o u g h o u t t h e war, commanding, as colonel, a brigade in t h e t h r e e days' fight at Stone E i v c r , Dec. 31,

becamehishopof Wincbester(1405)andcardinal(1427),and was c h a n c e l l o r 1403-05, 1413-17,1424-26. H e was, during

01

t h e s o u t h (.oast ot Asia Minor

(1817), e t c .

1-

• „ f f l , , ; „ i „„.1 h i ' ^ o r i p n l

writer

Minstrel"(i77i-74)/"Essay oil Truth "(1770, «Disserta. Beaufort, Henry. Born at Beaufort Castle, t J ^ ^ Ä i A A y f f l Ä n « nriorv tions" (1783), "Elements Of «oral Science,'etc. Anjou: died at Winchester, England, April 11, B e a u l y (bu li). A village and ruined priory B e a t t y (be'ti), J o h n . Born near Sandusky, 1447. An English prelate and statesman, nat- ' n Inverness-store, Scotland, J miles west ot Ohio, Sept. 16, 1828. An American general 111 ural son of John of Gaunt bv Catherine Swyn- Inverness. , the Civil War. He served in the Union army as a ford, and half-brother of King Ilenrv IV. ' H e B , ? a " l 1 y E a S m ; b i r t h , c o n n e c t e d W l t n J l o r a y i ll'tll, of I n v e r n e s s . Length, 9 miles.

northwest

135

Beaumains

Bullen) they wrote together. The discussion of the separate authorship of the plays will be found under Fletcher, John. The Induction and the first two Triumphs in " Four I'lays or Moral Representations in O n e " are usually ascribed entirely to Beaumont. Beaumont,'Sir George H o w l a n d , B o r n . at D u n m o w , E s s e x , E n g l a n d , N o v . 6, 1 7 5 3 : d i e d F e b . 7, 1827. A n E n g l i s h p a t r o n o f a r t , c o n noisseur, and landscape-painter, one of the founders of the National Gallery at L o n d o n . B e a u m o n t , Sir J o h n . B o r n , p r o b a b l y at GraceD i e u , L e i c e s t e r s h i r e , 1 5 8 3 : d i e d A p r i l 19, 1627. A n English poet, brother of Erancis Beaumont. H e wrote " B o s w o r t h F i e l d , " sacred poems, " C r o w n of T h o r n s " ( n o w lost), etc.

Bebel rived the plot from Straparola's " Piacevoli N o t t i , " a collection of Italian stories published in 1550. There have been many English versions, of which the most noteworthy is Miss Thackeray's. T h e story gave Gr6try the subject for his very successful opera "Z6mire and A z o r . " TTM ' A rrViO nilYvi + ol /vf tVl O il il Vi «31 « f f i Ä Ä Ä Ä m e n t o f O i s e , F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d o n t h e T h é r a i n 43 miles north-northwest of Paris. I t is the ancient Cfesaromagus, the capital of the Bellovatìi, a Belgic tribe, whence its later name Bellovacum or Belvacum (modern Beauvais). In the middle ages it was a countship. Beauvais was defended against the English in 1433 ; and against Charles the Bold of Burgundy by the citizens under Jeanne Hachette in 1472. Many church councils have been held there. I t is an important industrial and commercial center, and has manufactures of Gobelin tapestries, carpets, cotton, woolens, lace, buttons, brushes, etc. The cathedral of Beauvais is a fragment consisting merely of choir and transepts,begun ill 1225 with the intention of surpassing all other existing churches. The plan failed owing to stinted expenditure on the foundations, which proved too weak for the stupendous superstructure. The choir, presenting the most beautiful 13th-century vaulting and tracery, is 104 feet long and 157 from vaulting to pavement. I t possesses superb medieval glass. The great transepts are Flamboyant. Population (1891), 19,382.

Beaumains. See Gareth. B e a u m a n o i r (bo-ma-nwar')> J e a n de. Lived i n t h e m i d d l e o f t h e 14th c e n t u r y . A French k n i g h t of B r i t t a n y . He is celebrated as the Trench commander in the " Battle of the T h i r t y " (which see), 1351, between Ploermel and Josselin, Brittany. B e a u m a n o i r , Sir L u c a s de. I n Sir W a l t e r Scott's novel " I v a n h o e , " the grand master of the K n i g h t s T e m p l a r . H e seizes Rebecca and tries her as a w i t c h . B e a u m a n o i r , P h i l i p p e de. B o r n a b o u t 1250: d i e d J a n . 7 , 1 2 9 6 . A F r e n c h j u r i s t . l i e was baUU at SenlLs in 1273, and at Clermont in 1280, and presided at assizes held in various towns. His chief work, highly _ of old French law, is "Coutumes esteemed in the study de lieanvoisis " (edited by De la Thaumassiire 1690, and B e a u m o n t d e l a B o n n i f e r e ( b o - m & n ' d e l a b o n by lîeugnot 1842). y â r ' ), G u s t a v e A u g u s t e . B o r n at B e a u m o n t B e a u m a r c h a i s (bö-mär-shä'), Pierre A u g u s l a - C h â t r e , S a r t h e , F r a n c e , F e b . 16, 1 8 0 2 : d i e d t i n C a r o n de. B o r n a t P a r i s , J a n . 24, 1732 : a t T o u r s , F e b . 6, 1866. A French politician d i e d t h e r e , M a y 18, 1799. A French polemic a n d m a n o f l e t t e r s . H e was the author of " D u sysa n d d r a m a t i c w r i t e r . H e was the seventh child of tème pénitentiaire aux États-Unis" (1832), " D e l'esclaCharles Caron, master clock-maker. A f t e r an elementary vage aux États-Unis " (1840), " l'Irlande, politique, sociale, schooling, he joined his father in the trade. Subsequently et religieuse " (1839), etc. Beauvais, Charles Théodore. Born at Orhe assumed the name of Beaumarchais, ill accordance B eaumont-de-Lomagne(bô-môn'dc-lô-mâny'). l é a n s , F r a n c e , N o v . 8 , 1 7 7 2 : d i e d a t P a r i s , 1830. with a usage prevalent in that centuiy. His claim to the invention of a new escapement in clock-work being dis- A t o w n i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t o f T a r n - e t - G a r o n n e , A F r e n c h g e n e r a l a n d w r i t e r . He compiled " VicCorresponputed, young Caron appealed to the Academy of Sciences F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d o n t h e G i m o n e 22 m i l e s w e s t - toires et conquêtes des français," and edited dance de Napoléon avec les cours étrangères," etc. and to public opinion, thereby attracting also the attens o u t h w e s t of M o n t a u b a n . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), tion of the court. On the death in 1770 of the celebrated B e a u v a l l e t (bô-va-lâ'), Léon. B o r n at Paris, c o m m u n e , 4,040. ^ __ ; l l n l a into financier Buvemey, who had taken Beaumarchais 1829 : d i e d t h e r e , M a r c h 2 2 , 1 8 8 5 . A F r e n c h litpartnership, a question of inheritance occasioned litiga- B e a U m O n t - S U r - O i s e ( b ô - m ô ù ' S i i r - w a z ) . A tion. Beaumarchais conducted his own case, and to vint o w n i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t o f S e i n e - e t - O i s e •, S y n - t e r a t e u r , s o n o f P i e r r e F r a n ç o i s B e a u v a l l e t . dicate himself published four " M é m o i r e s " (1774-76) repi etc with wit and eloquence, which made him famous, His earlier attempts to write f o r the stage, " E u g é n i e " D e u x AAnus, m i s , ou le iiegociant Négociant ue de Lyon," and " L e s Deux uyou, were weio „ „ „ ,years „ _ „ to ,„ failures. " L e Barbier de Seville" waited two c,.ut ¿erformlnce" t ¿,..1 to ,. the ,1. . public, and the , l,,. firrt he"prcsented Feb 23, 1775, was not very successful. Subsequently ' ji and greatly „*i..simproved the comedy. "ii Le t c Mahe altered nage de Figaro," begun in 1775 and completed in 1778, was suppressed for four years by the censure of Louis X V I . I t was given for the first time April 27, 1784, and was immediately .... , successful. I t is the jiiastcrpiece J 11 "'"' of French c o m e d y > _ the 18th century. His later plays, " T a r a r e " and " L a Mère Coupable," barely deserv tion. During the War of American Independence Beaumarchais sent to the United States a fleet of his own, carrying a cargo of weapons and ammunition for the American colonists. His poverty during the latter part of his life was largely due to the difficulty he experienced in recovering payment from the United States. Beaumarchais is the hero of one of Goethe's plays, " C l a v i g o " (which see). Beaumaris ("bo-mar'is). [ O F . beau marais, fair marsh. F o r m e r l y c a l l e d Bomover.~} A seaport and watering-place in Anglesea, Wales, s i t u a t e d o n B e a u m a r i s B a y 47 m i l e s w e s t b y s o u t h o f L i v e r p o o l . I t has a castle, a large 13th-century fortress, built by Edward I . The long, low line of the interior walls is impressive, with their many towers, surmounted by the huge cylindrical towers of the main structure. The central court is extremely picturesque, surrounded by ruins of the chapel and the great hall, with finely traceried windows, and of the interesting residential buildings profusely draped with ivy. Population (1891), •2,202.

Beaumaris Bay. A n inlet of the Irish Sea, between Anglesea and Carnarvon, Wales. Beaumelle (bo-mol')« A female character in Masainger and Field's p l a y " T h e Fatal Dowry."

. , Qj g m j l e g n o r t h o f P a r i s . Ii tt h a ss B e a u v a l l e t , P i e r r e F r a n ç o i s . t h Born at Pithi„i,,„„-u p „ ™ l . H m i (18911 c o m m u n e viers, F r a n c e , Oct. 13,1801 : d i e d at P a r i s , Dec. a noted church. P o p u l a t i o n (±SW±;, c o m m u n e , 21,1873. A French actor and dramatic writer, o3,099. ,uva. „»'i Born A V Jn 1 JJ± T>pal]Tlft (bon). A Ot OoI w m t h e ^d e p a r t m e n t „„ o l i s e a u v d . u . w - ™ .,1, C h a r l e s J u s t e d e . V 1 .I ¿1 , a t t L Iu n CMCWIU1V n rw,vi S v i i l111' e , F hr aI'll, n c e , Sept. 10,1720: d i e d M a v ( ? , ? t p ^ V r U O p V « t e r n F r a n c e " 24 m U e s ^ o u t l i w e s t C o t e - d O r e a s t e r n 1! r a n e e ^ m i i e s s marshal of F r a n c e , distinguished onff Dl ii inonrnt .. ITt. t has , .w „ v Tina an fin extensive p-xton sive trade trade in in Burgundy .Burgundy wines. wines. . j ' The hospital of Beaune remains almost precisely as when i n t h e b e v e n * e a i s War. completed in 1443. I t has a picturesque doorway covered B e a U V a U , R e n é F r a n c o i s d e . -Born l b b 4 : d i e d with a penthouse, a quaint court with two tiers of galleries, A F r e n c h prelate, bisliop of Ba> A 1739. and a remarkably high, steep ^ f -„^,T, h f Tiouuuri -nuaayy, , wvh he y>0X111«, 0 J i n e > aanu. n d lm a ti eer r i( 1Aiu/ 7 0 7 ) I 0ui. „ «e j j -r «aonmdxe salle^has 1-5 t7n * iei er ieu .u ^ Beaune-la-Rolande (bon'la-ro-londj. A v i l - B e a u x g ( b 6 ) ; C e c i l i a . _B o m ^ P h i l a d e l p h i a . A l ä g e in the d e p a r t m e n t of L o i r e t , F r a n c e .

the French under Aurelle de Faladines. The French loss was about 6,700. Population (1891), 1,792. B e a u p r é a u (hô-prâ-ô')[F., 'fair m e a d o w . ] A t o w n in the d e p a r t m e n t of M a m e - e t - L o i r e , F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d o n t h e E v r o 29 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of A n g e r s . I t w a s t h e s c e n e of a V e n d e a n v i c t o r y 1793. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e , 3,857. _ B e a u r e g a r d (bô're-gârd; F . prou bô-re-gar' or b ô r - g i i r ' ) , P i e r r e G u s t a v e T o u t a n t . [ F . l>eau reqard, fair view.] Born near N e w Orleans, „ „ 1 8 1 8 : d i e d t h e r e , F e b . 20, on 1893. iooo M a y 28, An American general. HetiraduatedatWestPointl838-, served with distinction in the Mexican war. being brevet^àiïàîrt Vnd meritorious conduct at ContreS a n d ^ C h S u f û s c ô , a,°d major f o r s i m i t o c o u d u c t a t ChaDultepec; 111 I L'. I , was appointed superintendent j ; a. t W„ e„ „s,t l ' o i n t . . a , ..( - » „ ' . n . i l in TSUI on the in 1860, with the rank of colonel ; resigned in 1861, on the secession of Louisiana from the Union, to accept an appointment as brigadier-fieiieral in the Confederate army ; bombarded and captured Port Sumter, April 12-13,1861; commanded at the battle of Bull Run, July 21, being raised in consequence of his services in this battle to the rank of general ; assumed command of the army at Shlloli, on the f a l l of General A. S. Johnston April 6,1862 ; commnnded at Charleston 18G2-64; defeated Butler at Drurys Bluff May l a i s i ™and surrendered with Johnston in 1865 ' H e was president of the N e w Orleans and Jackson Railroad Company 1865-70, and became adjutant.general of Louisiana in 1878. A castle celebrated Beaurepaire (bô-rè-pâr') a m s » ™ » » . » »

Beaumelle, L a u r e n t A n g l i v i e l de la. Bom a t V a J l e r a u g u e , G a r d , F r a n c e , J a n . 28, 1 7 2 6 : d i e d a t P a r i s , N o v . 17,1773. A F r e n c h m a n of letters, professor of F r e n c h literature at Copenh a g e n 1749-51. I n the latter year he went to Berlin, and in 1752 to Paris. His works brought him two periods of imprisonment in the Bastille and the active enmity of Voltaire. ^ o nn' ) . M — T B•e a «u m -o n «t ( b. o - m [ F . / f a i r m o u n t ?- ;. - r h.Bellas Möns, o r Beimontium.] A t o w n in the department of Ardennes, France, situated on the M e u s e H m i l e s s o u t h e a s t o f S e d a n . Here, Aug. 30, 1870, the Germans under the Crown Prince of Saxony deieated a army. t co o division of nf llacMahon's Mar-AT nhnn's arm v. B e a u m o n t (bo'mont, formerly lou'mont), B a s i l . B o r n 1 6 6 9 : d i e d N o v . 27, 1703. A n English rear-admiral. H e perished in the Downs in a terrible storm which destroyed 13 vessels, with 1,500 seamen. B e a u m o n t ( b o - r n o h ' ) , E l i e de. S e e Elie de Beaumont. Beaumont (bo'mont, formerly bu'mont), Francis. B o r n at Grace-Dieu, L e i c e s t e r s h i r e , in 1 5 8 4 : d i e d M a r c h 6, 1616, a n d w a s b u r i e d i n Westminster Abbey. A n English dramatist a n d p o e t . -He entered Oxford Feb. 4, 1596, at the . ... age of twelve. I n 1600 he entered the Inner Temple, hut apparently did not pursue his legal studies. In 1602 lie published " Salmacis and Hermapliroditus," a poem after Ovid (his authorship of this poem is doubted by Bullen). His friendship for Ben Jonson probably began shortly after this, and from 1607 to 1611 his commendatory poeins were prefixed to several of Jonson's plays. In 1613 Beaumont produced " A Masque for the Inner Temple," and about that time he married Ursula, daughter of Henry Isley of Sundridge in Kent. Ilis close personal and literary intimacy with John Fletcher dated from about 1607. They lived together not far from the Globe Theatre on the Bankside, sharing everything in common. Till 1616 (1614,

t a i n , a n d ( m F a n s ) o f H e n r y , K o u g u e r e a u , L'Ollstant, and others. B e a u x A r t s , A c a d é m i e des. See Academy. ] } e a u x ' Stratagem, The. A comedy by Farhis b e s t play, ( l u i l a r ) p r o d u c e d M a r c h 8, 1707: B e a u z £ e (bô-zà'), Nicolas. Born at Verdun, M a y 9 , 1 7 1 7 : d i e d a t P a r i s , J a n . 23, 1789. A French grammarian a n d littérateur. B e a V e r (bè'vêr), James A d a m s . B o m at Mill e r s t o w n , P a . , O c t . 21,1837. A n A m e r i c a n p o l i t i e i a n a n d g e n e r a l , n e was colonel and brigade-comm a n d e r i n the Army oi the Potomac ill the Civil Wai-; was the (unsuccessful) Republican candidate f o r governor of Pennsylvania in 1882 ; and was Republican governor of Pennsylvania 1887-91. B e a v e r , P M l i p . B o r n at L e w l m o ^ O x f o r d s h i r e , E n g l a n d , F e b . 28, 1 7 6 6 : d i e d a t T a b l e1 B a y , /, .. . • , :, r n j i n A :..I ^ 1,.. S o u t h A f r i c a , A p r i l 5, 1813. A c a p t a i n of t h e English n a w . H e attempted unsuccessfully to colonize the island of Bulama, W e s t A f r i c a , 1792-93. , . „ . _ .„ B e a v e r C i t y . T h e chief t o w n in B e a v e r b o u n t y , (-.vloVoyua n western Kan" K i a u o i a. I Lo' r1 t' h Jieaver UreeK. ' . ~ . , the s a s and southern N e b r a s k a , a tributary ot Republican River. L e n g t h , a b o u t 200 m i l e s . g e a v e r J)amA city in D o d g e County, W i s cousin, u l a t i o i l ( 1 8 9 1 ) , 4,222,

o f

Milwaukee.

Pop-

Arthurian ^ Òr e èek. B e a v e r D aa rm n C S e e_ Hechanicmlle. sieged here and f r e e d by M r -t^rcevai. Beaver Tails. A b o r o u g h 111 B e a v e r C o u n t y , B e a u r e p a i r e - R o h a n ( b o - r e - p a r r o - o n ) , H e n 4p l v a n i a . s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e j u n c t i o n au to B e e r s h e b a " — t h a t is, ' f r o m one end of the land to Begon(ba-goii'), Michel. BornatBlois, France, the other.' 1638: d i e d at R o e h e f o r t , F r a n c e , M a r c h 4,1710. Beeskow (bä'skö). A t o w n in the province A French magistrate and administrator. He of B r a n d e n b u r g , Prussia, s i t u a t e d o n t h e S p r e e was a naval officer and successively intendant of theFrench 43 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t o f B e r l i n . P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t "West Indies, of Canada, and of R o e h e f o r t and L a Rochelle. H e was noted f o r his l o v e of science, and the great genus 4,000. of plants Begonia was named in his honor. Beethoven (bä'tö-ven), L u d w i g van. Born

Behr nities of women. T h e y were condemned by Tope John X X I I . in the early part of the 14th century. T h e f a i t h f u l Beguins joined themselves in numbers with the different orders of friars. T h e sect, generally obnoxious and the o b j e c t of severe measures, had greatly diminished by the f o l l o w i n g century, but continued to exist till about the m i d d l e of the 16th. Also called Beghard.

Béguinage

( b à - g ê - n â z h ' ) , G-rand. [ F . ] A n u n nery (of Beguins) in Ghent, Belgium, removed r e c e n t l y f r o m its m e d i e v a l site to a n e w one outside of the city. I t forma a town by itself, walled and moated, with 18 convents, picturesque streets of small houses built in h i g h l y diversified medieval designs, and a handsome central church. T h e Petit Béguinage is similar.

B e h a i m (bä'Mm), or B e h e m (bä'hem). Martin. B o r n at N u r e m b e r g about the m i d d l e of t h e 1 5 t h c e n t u r y : d i e d a t L i s b o n , J u l y 29, 1506. A c e l e b r a t e d n a v i g a t o r a n d c o s m o g r a p h e r . From about 1484 he was in the service of Portugal, taking part in the expedition of Diogo Cam (14-84) and others on the A f r i c a n coast. H e was a friend of Columbus. T h e celebrated N u r e m b e r g globe, still preserved in that city, was constructed by him in 1492, during a visit t o his f a m i l y ; and is interesting as showing the idea of the world entertained by the first cosmographers, just previous to the discovery of America. Behaim was otic of the inventors of the astrolabe. B e h a i m , M i c h a e l . B o r n a t S u l z b a c h . ill W e i n s b e r g , 1 4 1 6 : d i e d t h e r e , 1474. A German meist e r s ä u g e r. B e h a m (bä'häm), Barthel. b e r g , 1502: d i e d at V e n i c e , engraver and painter.

Born 1540.

at A

NuremGerman

Beham, H a n s Sebald. B o r n at N u r e m b e r g a b o u t 1500: d i e d a t Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1550. A G e r m a n p a i n t e r a n d e n g r a v e r , b r o t h e r of Barthel B e h a m . B e h a r (be-här'), B a h a r (ba-här'), or Bihar (bi-här'). A province of Bengal, British India, in the basin of the G a n g e s in lat. 24°-28° N . , long. 83°-89° E. I t produces opium, indigo, rice, grain, sugar, etc., aud has various manufactures. I t has two divisions, Bhagalpur and Patna. Area, 44,139 square miles. Population (1891), 24,284,370. B e h a r . A t o w n in B e h a r , in lat. 25° 10' K , l o n g . 85° 35' E. F o r i n e r l v the residence of a governor. P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t 48,000. Behechio (bà-e-chë'ô). A n Indian cacique of X a r a g u a . in the i s l a n d of H i s p a n i o l a , at t h e t i m e Of i t s d i s c o v e r y . I n 1495 he j o i n e d his brother-inlaw, Caonabo, and other chieftains in war against the Spaniards. A f t e r the defeat of the Indians at the battle of the V e g a Ileal ( A p r i l 25,149o)he retired to his own province, w h e r e he ruled conjointly w i t h his sister, the celebrated Anacâona. Influenced by her. he made peace w i t h Bartholomew Columbus (1498). H e died about 1502. Behem. Seo Behaim. B e h i s t u n (be-his-tön'),orBisutun (be-sö-tön'). [ P e r s . Behistun.'] A rock in western P e r s i a on the road f r o m H a m a d a n (ancient A g b a t a n a ) to Bagdad, near the city of K i r m a n s h a h . The rock, w h i c h rises nearly perpendicular to a height of 1,700 feet, has been noticed f r o m ancient t i m e s as having on its surface mysterious figures and signa. Major-General Sir H e n r y Rawlinson, under great hardships and dangers, copied and afterward deciphered one of the greatest inscriptions in cuneiform characters. T h r e e hundred feet above the base, on a polished surface, is sculptured a basrelief picturing Darius w i t h a long row of fettered prisoners, representatives of the subjugated nations. T h e basrclicf is surrounded by numerous columns of inscriptions, making in all over one thousand lines of cuneiform writing. T h e long accountof Darius's reign is repeated three times in the different languages of the empire : in Persian, Assyrian, and the language of Susiana (Elam). T h e decipherment of this long trilingual inscription, executed by Sir H e n r y Eawlinson during the years 1835-37, formed an epoch in the history of Assyriology, as it p u t it on the basis of a science. B y the Greeks this gigantic monument was attributed to Semiramis. B e h m (bäm), Ernst. B o r n i n G o t h a . J a n . 4, 1 8 3 0 : d i e d t h e r e , M a r c h 15, 1884. A German geographer and statistician. H e was editor of Petermann's " Mitteilungen " ( f r o m 1856; cditor-in-chief after 1878), of the statistical parts of the " A l m a n a c de Gotha," and of the "Geographisches Jahrbuch " (1866-78). B eh men. S e e Böhme, Jakob. B e h n (ban), A p h r a , or A f r a , or A p h a r a . Born a t W y e , 1 6 4 0 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , A p r i l 16, 1689. A n English dramatic writer and novelist, she was the daughter of a barber, John Johnson, and w i f e of a Dutch gentleman named Behn, w h o died before 1666. I n her youth she spent several years in the W e s t Indies, w h e r e she made the acquaintance of the Indian who served a s t h e m o d e l o f h e r f a m o u s " O r o o n o k o " (whichsee). She wrote much, and " was the first f e m a l e w r i t e r w h o lived by her pen in E n g l a n d . " A m o n g her dramatic works are " T h e Forced M a r r i a g e " (1671), " T h e Amorous Prince (1(571), " T h e Dutch l o v e r " (1673), " A b d e l n z a r " (1677), " T h e R o v e r " (1677), " T h e D e b a u c h e e " (1677), " T h e T o w n F o p " (1677), " T h e False C o u n t " (1682). She also published " P o e m s " (1684), etc.

a t B o n n , P r u s s i a , p r o b a b l y D e c . 16, 1 7 7 0 : d i e d B e g - S h e h r ( b e g ' s h e h r ' ) . o r B e y - S h e h r (ba'at V i e n n a , M a r c h 26,1827. A celebrated Ger- shehr'), o r B e i - S h e h r . 1. A l a k e in A s i a Minor, m a n c o m p o s e r , o f D u t c h d e s c e n t . H e began his i n l a t . 3 7 ° 4 0 ' N . , l o n g . 3 1 ° 4 0 ' E . L e n g t h , a bout musical education at the age of f o u r years under his father, 25 m i l e s . — 2 . A t o w n i n t h e v i l a y e t o f K o n i e h , a musician in the court band of the Elector of Cologne. I n 1779 he was taught by P f e i f l e r , a tenor singer w h o lodged A s i a t i c T u r k e y , s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e e a s t e r n s h o r e with his parents ; and f r o m 1783 till 1792 filled various poof L a k e Beg-Shehr. sitions as court organist, conductor of the opera band or 1. A name orchestra, etc. I n this year the elector sent him to Vienna Beguins, o r Beguilies ( b e g ' i n z ) . to study music at his expense. H e was now about twenty- g i v e n t o t h e m e m b e r s o f v a r i o u s r e l i g i o u s c o m two, and began his lessons wich Haydn, principally in m u n i t i e s o f w o m e n w h o , p r o f e s s i n g a l i f e o f p o v strict counterpoint. I n 1794 Beethoven, dissatisfied with erty and self-denial, went about in coarse g r a y the lack of attention given him by Haydn, w h o was much clothing (of undyed wool), reading the Scripoccupied, and w h o went to England in that year s took lest u r e s a n d e x h o r t i n g t h e p e o p l e . T h e y originated in sons of 'Albrechtsberger and f r o m Schuppanzigh on the t h e 12th or 13th century, and formerly flourished in Gerviolin. H e published his three trios, known as Opus 1, in many, the Netherlands, France, and I t a l y ; and communi- B e h r ( b a r ) , W i l h e l m J o s e p h . Born at Sulz1795, and f r o m this time published his compositions w i t h ties of the name still exist in Belgium. [ N o w generally h e i m , A u g . 26, 1 7 7 5 : d i e d a t B a m b e r g , A u g . 1, regularity. In 1802 his deafness, which had previously w r i t t e n Beguine.] troubled him, began to be serious. I n 1814 lawsuits and 1851. A Bavarian publicist and liberal politi2 . {OvXv Beguins."] A c o m m u n i t y of men founded other anxieties and worries commenced, which, w i t h his c i a n . H e was professor of public law in the University now total deafness, clouded all his later years. On April on t h e s a m e g e n e r a l p r i n c i p l e of l i f e as t h a t of of Wiirzburg 1799-1821, and was t w i c e elected to the Ba20,1816, he made his last appearance in public. I n 1824 t h e B e g u i l i e s (see d e f . 1). T h e y became infected varian Diet. H e suffered imprisonment (1833-43) alhe m o v e d into Schwarzspanierhaus in Vienna, where, on w i t h various heresies, especially with systems of illuminleged lese-majesty, and became a m e m b e r of the FrankDecember 2,1826, his last illness began. A m o n g his comism, w h i c h w e r e afterward propagated among the commuf o r t Parliament in 1848.

Behring Behring. See Bering.

Belfort

139

Behring Island. See Bering Island. Behring Sea. See Bering Sea. Behring s t r a i t . See Bering Strait

received in 1846 a gold medal for his travels in Abyssinia. Frum 1847-fc>0 he published a series of works on t h e languages of Abyssinia and t h e sources of t h e .Nile. He m a d e a second expedition to Bible lands, and w r o t e several books on Bible geography.

B e i d (ba'id). [Ar. bid, the egg: this star and B é k é s (bà'kàsh). The chief town in the county a few others around it form ' the ostrich's of Békés. Hungary, situated at the junction of n e s t ' of the Arabs.] The fourth-magnitude the Black and White Koros, in lat. 46° 46' N., very white star o Eridani. long. 21° 10' E. Population (1890), 25,087. Beierland, or Beyerland (bì'èr-lant). An isl- B e k k e r (bek'er), B a l t h a z a r . Born at Hctsand in the province of South Holland, Nether- lanier, in Friesland, March 30,1634: died July lands, lying between the Oude Maas and the 11, 1698. A D u t c h t h e o l o g i a n . He was pastor Hollandsch Diep and Haring Vliet. of a R e f o r m e d congregation in A m s t e r d a m l(i70-9'2. He B e i l a n (bà-làn'). A town in Asiatic Turkey, w r o t e a book, " D e betoverde weereld," in which h e adsituated near the summit of the Beilan Pass, vances views of demoniacal possession substantially t h e i n l a t . 36° BO' N . , l o n g . 30° 10' E .

Here, July 29,

1832, t h e E g y p t i a n s u n d e r I b r a h i m P a s h a defeated t h e Turks.

his r e v e l s " ; and t h a t t h o u g h " n o t Sir John, nor a f a i n t e r sketch of him, yet he has an odd sort of a family likeness to h i m . " Hudxon, I n t . to T w e l f t h î i i g h t .

Belcheil (bel'chen). A German name for various summits of the Vosges, better known by their French name Ballon.

Belchen, Gebweiler. willcr.

Belchen, Wàlsche.

See Ballon de Gueb-

See Ballon d'Alwee.

B e l c h e r (bel'dier). Sir E d w a r d . Born ill Nova Scotia, 1799 : died March 18, 1877. A British

a d m i r a l a n d e x p l o r e r . He commanded an unsuccessf u l expedition in search of Sir J o h n F r a n k l i n 1852-04. He wrote " Narrative of a Voyage round t h e W o r l d " (1848), " Last of t h e Arctic Voyages " (1855).

same as those held by m o d e r n rationalists. Jonathan. Born at Cambridge, Bekker, Elizabeth. Born at Vlissingen, Hol- Belcher, land, J u l y 24, 1738 : died at The Hague, Nov. Mass., J a n . 8, 1681 : died at Elizabetlitown,

4, 1804. A Dutch, novelist, wife of Adrian N. J., Aug. 31, 1757. An American merchant and politician, governor of Massachusetts and B e i l n g r i e s (biln'grés). A small town in Middle W o l f f . She w r o t e (conjointly with Agatha Dekcn) " S a r a New Hampshire 1730-41, and appointed govu r g e r h a r t " (1790), " W i l l e m " l . e e v a n d " (1785), " C o r n e l i a Franconia, Bavaria, situated on the Ludwigs- B W i l d s c h u t " (1793-96), etc. ernor of New Jersey in 1747. canal, near the Altmiihl, 29 miles west of Bekker, Immanuel. Born at Berlin, May 21, B e l c h i t e (bel-chë'tâ). A town in the province Ratisbon. 1785: died at Berlin, J u n e 7, 1871. A distin- of Saragossa, Spain, situated on the AguasB e i r a (bà'rà). A province of Portugal, bounded g u i s h e d G e r m a n p h i l o l o g i s t , p r o f e s s o r of philol- Vivas 25 miles south-southeast of Saragossa. by Traz-os-Montes and Minho on the north, o g y i n B e r l i n . H e edited critical editions of Plato, Here, J u n e 16-18, 1809, t h e F r e n c h u n d e r Suchet defeated Spain on the east, Alemtejo and Estremadura t h e Attic orators, Aristotle, Sextus Empiricus, Thucydi- t h e Spaniards u n d e r Blake. on the south, and the Atlantic on the west. des, Theognis, Aristophanes, H e r o d o t u s , Pausanias, Po- Belcredi (bel-krà'dc), Richard, Count von. The surfr.ee is p a r t l y a p l a t e a u and partly m o u n t a i n o u s . lybius, Livy, Tacitus, etc.; also of Byzantine, Provençal, Born Feb. 12, 1823. An Austrian politician, The popular divisions are Beira-Mar, Beira-Alta, and Beira- a n d old F r e n c h a u t h o r s ; and w r o t e "Anecdota graaca," etc. premier 1865-67. Baixa; t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e district«, Aveiro, Castello Bran- Bek Pak, Bed Pak, or Hungry Desert. A B e l e d - e l - J e r i d (bel'ed-el-je-rëd')- A region in co, Coimbra, Guard, and Vizeu. Capital, Coimbra. Area, desert in Asiatic Russia, about lat. 46° N., Tunis and Algeria, lying south of the Atlas 9,248 square miles. Population, 1,377,432. long. 68°-73° E. range, and north of the Sahara. Beirut, or Beyrout, or Bairut (bà-rot'). [F. Bekri (bek'ri), Al-, Obeid Abd-Allah. An Belem. See Fard. Beyrouth.] A seaport in Syria, Asiatic Turkey, situated on the Mediterranean near tho foot of Arabian traveler and geographer, born in An- B e l e m (bà-lang'). A suburb lying to the west o f L i s b o n , P o r t u g a l . I t c o n t a i n s a monastery founded Lebanon, in lat. 33° 54' N., long. 35° 31' E. : dalusia, Spain, where he died in 1095. the ancient Berytus. It is the chief seaport of B e l (bel). [ ' L o r d . ' ] One of the most impor- in 1500, in commemoration of t h e voyage of V a s c o da Syria, and h a s a considerable commerce with Great tant of the Babylonian gods of Semitic origin. G am a, a n d now used as an orphan-asylum. I t is one of

Beilan, Pass of. See Syrian Gates.

Britain, France, Egypt, etc. I t was a n ancient Phenician town, and l a t e r a Roman colony (Augusta Felix), a noted seat of learning u n d e r t h e l a t e r empire, twice devastated b y e a r t h q u a k e s . T h e Crusaders held i t f o r m a n y y e a r s ; l a t e r it was occupied by Druses. I t was conquered f r o m t h e T u r k s by a Russian iieet in 1772, was h e l d by t h e Egyptians in 1S40, a n d was b o m b a r d e d by t h e British fleet (Sept. 10-14) and occupied by t h e Allies. The American Presbyterian mission in Syria h a s its h e a d q u a r t e r s at Beirut. Exports m a d d e r , silk, wool, olive-oil, g u m s , etc. Population (1889). 105,400.

Bei-Shehr. See Beg-Shehr. Beissel (bis'sel), Johann Conrad. Born at

Eberbach, Palatinate, Grermany, 1690: died at Ephrata, Pa., 1768. A G e r m a n m y s t i c . He emigrated to Pennsylvania in 1720, and f o u n d e d t h e G e r m a n Seventh-Day Baptists at E p h r a t a in 1728.

Beit-el-Fakih ( b à t ' e l - f à ' k è H ) . [Ar.,'house of the learned.'] A town in Yemen, southwestern Arabia, near the Red Sea, situated 80 miles north of Mocha: noted for its coffee trade. Population, about 8,000. B e i t h (beth). A town in Ayrshire, Scotland, 16 miles southwest of Glasgow.

Beitzke (bita'ke), Heinrich Ludwig. Born at

Muttrin, in Pomerania, Feb. 15, 1798: died at Berlin, May 10, 1867. A German historian.

His works i n c l u d e " Geschichte der deutBchen Freiheitsk r i e g e " (1855), " G c s c h i c h t e des russischen Kriegs im J a h r e 1812 " (1856), " G c s c h i c h t e dea J a h r e s 1815 "(1865), etc.

I n t h e e n u m e r a t i o n of the twelve great gods he holds t h e second place in t h e first triad. H i s importance in AssyriaBabylonia was about t h e same as t h a t of Baal among t h e Canaanites, but he h a d no solar character. To him is ascribcd t h e creation of t h e world, and especially of mankind, whence t h e Assyrian kings call themselves " g o v e r nors of Bel," " r u l e r s over Bel's subjects." He is also o f t e n entitled " f a t h e r of t h e gods," a n d his spouse, Belit ( ' l a d y ' ) , " t h e m o t h e r of t h e g r e a t gods." I t is Bel who b r i n g s about t h e deluge and destroys mankind. H i s n a m e occurs in Isa. xlvi. 1, J e r . 1, 2. T h e principal seat of his worship wa3 N i p p u r (modern differ), while t h e t u t e l a r deity of t h e city of Babylon was Merodach (Marduk), who is often called B e l - i l c r o d a c h , or simply Bel, a n d is alluded to in t h e passages of t h e Old T e s t a m e n t cited above. Bel being k n o w n as t h e supreme god of Babylonia, H e r o d o t u s considered the great Nebo t e m p l e of Borsippa as t h a t of Bel. See Baal.

B e k (bek).

An architect of Amenhotep IV.,

k i n g of E g y p t . H e supervised t h e building of t h e city of K h u a t e n , m o d e r n Tel-el-Amama. The inscription on his tombstone h a s been preserved a n d deciphered.

B e k (bek), A n t h o n y .

Died 1311.

prelate and commander.

He s t r e n g t h e n e d t h e royal authority, suppressed t h e last p a g a n uprising, a n d i n t r o d u c e d financial and commercial

spere's play " Cymbeline."

He steals Arviragus

and Guiderius, Cymbeline's sons, out of revenge ; b u t when Cymbeline is m a d e prisoner by the R o m a n general, Belarius comes t o his rescue a n d is reconciled a n d restores t h e princes.

Belbeis, or Belbeys (bel-bas')«

A town in

Lower Egypt, situated 30 miles northeast of

C a i r o . I t was besieged by Crusaders u n d e r Amalric (1163-64), a n d t a k e n by him in 11(®. Population, estimated, 5,000.

An English B e l b e k (bel'bek). A small river in the Crimea, northeast of Sebastopol.

He was consecrated bishop

of D u r h a m 1285, a n d joined E d w a r d I. in his expeditions a g a i n s t Scotland 1296 a n d 1293. H e reduced, in t h e l a t t e r expedition, t h e castle of Dirleton, and c o m m a n d e d t h e second division of t h e English in t h e b a t t l e of F a l k i r k .

Beke (bek), Charles Tilstone. Bora at Stepney, England, Oct. 10, 1800: died at London, July 31, 1874. An English traveler and geogr a p h e r . A f t e r traveling t h r o u g h Palestine, h e explored Shoa a n d Gojam, Abyssinia, r e t u r n i n g via Massowa, and

Bel-epus. See_2teft&t«.

B e l e r i u m (be-le'ri-um). See the extract. Also said to be named from a Cornish giant Bellerus. [Posidonius'sl visit t o Cornwall, w h i c h he callcd " B e l e r i u m , " a name a f t e r w a r d s a p p r o p r i a t e d by Ptolemy to t h e p a r t i c u l a r cliff now called Land's End. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 34.

Belerma.

See Darandarte.

B e l e s t a (be-les-ta'). A town in the department of Ariège, France. 18 miles east of Foix. I t is B è i (bài), K a r l A n d r e a s . Born at Presburg, noted for the intermittent spring of FontesJuly 13, 1717 : died at Leipsic, April 5, 1782. torbe. A Hungarian historian, son of M. Bèi, pro- Belfegor, Story of (Novella di Belfegor). fessor of poetry at Leipsic. He was the author of A satirical tale by Macchiavelli (published in " De vera origine et epocba H u n n o r u m , Avarorum, etc.," 1549) of the devil who takes refuge in liell to a n d editor of t h e " Acta Eruditoriun," and of t h e "Leipavoid a scold. It has frequently been transziger gelehrte Zcitung " (1753-81). lated, and was remodeled by La Fontaine. See Bèi, or Belius (bë'li-us), Matthias. Born at Belpkegor. Ocsova, March 24, 1684: died at Presburg, B e l f a s t (bel-fast' or bel'fast). A city, the capAug. 29, 1749. A noted Hungarian historian. ital of County Antrim, Ireland, situated at the H i s works include "Hungariae prodromus," " A d p a r a t u s entrance of the river Lagan into Belfast Lough, ad historiam Hungarife," " X o t i t i a Hungariœ," etc. B é l a (bâ'lo) I . King of Hungary 1061-63. in lat. 54° 37' N., long. 5° 57' W. it is the second

B e j a (bà'zha). A town in the province of reforms. Alemtejo, southern Portugal, 85 miles south- B é l a I I . King of Hungary 1131-41. He aceast of Lisbon : the Roman P a x Julia, it has quired Bosnia. a c a t h e d r a l a n d R o m a n antiquities. Population, a b o u t B é l a I I I . King of Hungary 1174-96. He mar8,000. ried a sister of Philip Augustus of France. Bejapur. See Bijapur. B é l a I V . King of Hungary 1235-70. Son of B e j a r ( b à - s a r ' ) . A town in the province of Andreas II. In his reign Hungary was inSalamanca, Spain, situated 47 miles south of vaded by the Mongols under Batu Khan. Salamanca on the Cuerpo de Hombro. I t has Bela, or Beila (bâ'la). A town in Lus, manufactures of cloth. Population (1887), southeastern Baluchistan, in lat. 26° 10' N., 12,120. long. 66° 25' E. B é j a r t (ba-zhàr'). The name of a family of Bel and the Dragon. One of the books of comedians who played Molière's comedies and the Apocrypha (which see). b e l o n g e d to his t r o u p e . There were four, Jacques, B e l a r i u s (be-lâ'ri-us). A banished lord disLouis, Madeleine, a n d Armande. A r m a n d e was born in guised under the name of Morgan in Shak1(>45, and died in 1700. She was a c h a r m i n g actress, particularly in such p a r t s as " C é l i m è n e " in " T h e Misant h r o p e . " Molière married her in 1662. She was t h e sister and not t h e d a u g h t e r of Madeleine Béjart, as was scandalously asserted, t h e l a t t e r having been his mistress. A f t e r Molière's d e a t h his wife m a r r i e d Guérin Estriché, a n d l e f t t h e stage in 1694.

t h e m o s t florid examples existing of t h e Pointed style. The church, w h i c h contains t h e tombs of Oamoens, Vasco da Gama, and m a n y Portuguese sovereigns, is divided into t h r e e aisles of equal h e i g h t by very slender and lofty c o l u m n s ; it has a raised choir at t h e west end, as in t h e Escorial a n d other Spanish churches.

Belbella.

See Haeltzuk.-

B e l c h (belch), S i r Toby. The uncle of Olivia in Shakspere's comedy " Twelfth Night." Of Sir Toby h i m s e l f , — t h a t m o s t whimsical, madcap, frolicsomc old toper, so f u l l of antics and fond of sprees, with a p l e n t i f u l stock of wit and an equal lack of money t o keep it in motion,—it is e n o u g h to say, with one of tho best of Shakespearian critics, t h a t " h e certainly comes out of t h e same associations where t h e Poet Falstaff holds

city in I r e l a n d in population a n d t h e first in i m p o r t a n c e of m a n u f a c t u r e s and t r a d e : t h e c e n t e r of t h e I r i s h linen m a n u f a c t u r e and trade. I t contains Queen's College (opened 1849). t h e Belfast Academy, Academical Institution, Presbyterian College, a n d o t h e r institutions. Population (1891), 256,896.

B e l f a s t (bel'fast). A seaport, the capital of Waldo County, Maine, situated on the west side of Penobscot Bay, in lat. 44° 25' N., long. 6 9 ° W . I t h a s ship-building industries, fisheries, and considerable commerce and m a n u f a c t u r e s . I t was settled in 1773, and incorporated in 1853. Population (1890), 5,294.

B e l f a s t L o u g h (bel-fast' loch). An inlet of the Irish Sea, northeast of Belfast, between counties Antrim and Down. Length, 13 miles. Belfield (bel'fëld). A character in Miss Burney's "Cecilia," said to have been drawn from the "animated, ingenious, and eccentric Percival Stockdale." B e l f o n d (bel'fond). A courteous, good-tempered, and accomplished gentleman in Shadwell's comedy " T h e Squire of Alsatia," extremely dissipated and nearly ruined by women. His elder brother is a vicious, obstinate, and clownish boor. B e l f o r d (bel'ford). The intimate friend of Lovelace, in Richardson's "Clarissa Hai'lowe." B e l f o r t (bel-fôr'), o r B é f o r t ( b à - f ô r ' ) . [ F . / f a i r fort.' Cf. Beaufort."] The capital of the territory of Belfort, France, situated on the Savoureuse in lat. 47° 38' N., long. 6° 51' E. It has great strategic importai]ce,commanding t h e Trouée de Belfort, a n d being the meeting-place of t h e various r o u t e s between Prance, Germany, and Switzerland. I t is dominated by t h e citadel, near which is t h e Lion of Belfort (by Bartholdi). I t was united to France in 1048, and was fortified by Vauban. I t resisted t h e Allies 1814-15 ; was besieged by t h e Germans Nov. 3,1870, and was b o m b a r d e d f r o m Dec. 3, 1870, t h e garrison surrendering (by order of

Belfort

140

Bell, Adam

the French government) with honors of vrai Feb. 16,18 7L has been the scene of many battles and sieges, as in the Philip of Spain. Massinger altered Sebastian into AntioI t was retroceded to France by the treaty of 1871. Popula- wars of the 17th century, the Spanish Succession, the chus, Spain into Home, etc., wrote an ironical prologue, tion (1391), 25,455. Austrian Succession, the French Revolution, and the and told his hearers to interpret as they liked 'Believe wars. The Kongo Free State was mortgaged as you List' " {Fleay). B e l f o r t , B a t t l e of. A b a t t l e " b e t w e e n t l i e Napoleonic to Belgium in 1890. The constitution was reformed in a F r e n c h a n d G e r m a n s , J a n . 1 5 - 1 7 , 1871. The democratic direction in 1893. Area, 11,373 square miles. B e l I n c o n n u ( b e l a n - k o - n i i ' ) 7 L e . [OF., ' T h e F r e n c h , u n d e r Bourbaki, forced the Prussians, under Yon Population (1893), 6,195,365. F a i r U n k n o w n . ' ] O n e of t h e s e c o n d a r y r o m a n c e s Werder, who were besieging Belfort, to take u p a favorof t h e R o u n d T a b l e . I t is by Renauld de Beaujeu. Bielgorod. able position along the Lisaine, without raising the siege. Belgorod. S e e The hero is a young knight who appears before the Kouud Von Werder successfully defended his position, and com- B e l g r a d ( b e l - g r a d ' ) , o r B e l g r a d e ( b e l - g r a d ' ) , pelled Bourbaki to retreat. Serv. B i e l g o r o d , [ ' T h e W h i t e City.'] T h e Table and, on being questioned, says he has no name, his mother having always called him Beau-fils, whereupon Belfort, Territory of, or Haut-Rhin. A ter- cSaapviet aalnofd DS ea rnvui ba e, ,s iitnu altaetd. a4t4 °t h4e7j' u Nn c. ,t i loonn gof. t2h0 e° Arthur commands that he be called LeBel Inconnu. The r i t o r y o r d e p a r t m e n t of e a s t e r n F r a n c e , b o r d e r - 2 5 ' E . : t h e a n c i e n t S i n g i d u n u m . I t is a center of romance was printed for the first time in Paris in 1860. 1 . O n e of t h e p r i n c i p a l i n g o n A l s a c e , a n d f o r m e d a f t e r t h e w a r of trade between Austria-Hungary and the Balkan Peninsula, B e l i n d a ( b e - l i n ' d a ) . 1 8 7 0 - 7 1 . C a p i t a l , B e l f o r t . A r e a , 2 3 5 s q u a r e and an important strategic point. I t belonged at varions c h a r a c t e r s i n E t f i e r e g e ' s c o m e d y " T h e M a n times to the Roman and Byzantine empires, Avars, Bul- of M o d e . " — 2 . A g a y , w i t t y , a n d s e n s i b l e g i r l m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 83,670. Belfort, Trouée de. A depression near Bel- garians, and Servians ; passed to Hungary about 1433 ; was i n V a u b r u g h ' s c o m e d y " T h e P r o v o k e d W i f e . " f o r t , b e t w e e n t h e s o u t h e r n l i m i t of t h e V o s g e s taken by the Turks and held for short periods by Christians She loves Heart-free, and marries him ostensibly to get her aunt, Lady Brute, out of a scrape. a n d t h e n o r t h e r n s l o p e of t h e J u r a . I t is of (by Austria 1718-1739) ; and became the capital of Seryia in the beginning of the 19th century. The citadel was re- 3 . A r i c h w o m a n i n C h a r l e s S h a d w e l l ' s p l a y great strategic importance. tained by the Turks (who bombarded the city in 186'2) " T h e F a i r Q u a k e r of D e a l . " — 4 . A n a f f e c t e d B e l f o u r ( b e l ' f ô r ) . T h e n a m e u n d e r w h i c h L a d y until 1867. Population (1891), 54,249. fine l a d y i n l o v e w i t h B e 11m o u r , i n C o n g r e v e ' s B r a d s l i a i g h c a r r i e d o n a c o r r e s p o n d e n c e w i t h Belgrad, Battles of. 1. A victory of the c o m e d y " T h e O l d B a c h e l o r . " — 5 . T h e p r i n c i H u n g a r i a n s u n d e r H u n y a d i over t h e Turks, p a l c h a r a c t e r in P o p e ' s serio-comic p o e m " T h e Kichardson. Belfry of Bruges, The. A poem by Long- 1 4 5 6 . — 2 . P r i n c e E u g e n e , w h o w a s b e s i e g i n g K a p e of t h e L o c k . " Belinda's curl, stolen by her B e l g r a d , g a i n e d a d e c i s i v e v i c t o r y o v e r a r e - lover, flew to the skies, and became a meteor which fellow. " S h o t through liquid air, B e l g a e ( b e l ' j ë ) . I n a n c i e n t h i s t o r y , a p e o p l e l i e v i n g a r m y of 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 T u r k s , A u g . 16, 1717. I n consequence, Belgrad surrendered Aug. 18, 1717, and And drew behind a radiant trail of hair." i u n o r t h e r n G a u l , m a i n l y of C e l t i c o r i g i n , o c - the peace of Passarovitz was concluded July 21, 1718. Belinda was intended for Arabella Fernior, and the incic u p y i n g w h a t is m o d e r n B e l g i u m , L u x e m b u r g , n o r t h e a s t e r n F r a n c e , s o u t h e r n H o l l a n d , a n d Belgrad, Sieges of. The city has been be- dent of the ".Rape of the Lock " is founded on fact. s i e g e d a t v a r i o u s t i m e s : (a) By the Turkish sultan 6 . A p r o u d b u t t e n d e r - h e a r t e d g i r l in Jove w i t h p a r t of w e s t e r n G e r m a n y . Amurath 1442 (?). (&) By the Turkish sultan Mahomet B e v e r l e y , i n M u r p h y ' s p l a y " A l l i n t h e W r o n g . " B e l g a e . A p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n of I l o l l a n d i n S p e n - 1456. (c) By the Turkish sultan Soliman II. 1521 : cap- B e l i n d a . A n o v e l b y M i s s E d g e w o r t h , p u b l i s h e d s e r s ' ' F a e r i e Q u e e n e . " S h e h a s 17 s o n s , t h e tured and annexed. (d) By the Imperialists under the i n 1801. Elector of Bavaria 1(588 : taken from the Turks, (e) By 17 p r o v i n c e s of H o l l a n d . The mercenary second wife the Turks 1690: taken from the Imperialists. ( / ) By B e l i n e ( b a - l e n ' ) . B e l g a m ( b e l - g à m ' ) . A d i s t r i c t i n t h e s o u t h e r n Prince Eugene 1717: stormed and taken, (g) By the of A r g a n i n M o l i f c r e ' s c o m e d y * " L e M a l a d e division of t h e g o v e r n o r s h i p of B o m b a y , Austrians under Laudon 1789 : taken, but restored to I m a g i n a i r e . " She pretends to love him, but her B r i t i s h I n d i a , a b o u t l a t . 16° N . , l o n g . 7 4 ° - 7 6 ° È . the Turks 1791. falsehood is discovered by his ruse of pretending to be A r e a , 4,657 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1881), B e l g r a d , T r e a t y o f . A t r e a t y c o n c l u d e d a t dead, when she bursts into exclamations of joy. B e l g r a d , S e p t . , 1739, b e t w e e n T u r k e y , A u s t r i a , Belinski. See_ BieUnsJci. 864,014. Belgam. T h e c h i e f t o w n of t h e d i s t r i c t of a n d R u s s i a . Russia renounced naval rights in the B e l i s a i r e ( b a - l e - z a r ' ) . 1 . A t r a g e d y b y R o t r o u , B e l g a m , 50 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of G-oa. P o p u l a - Black Sea, and restored to Turkey conquests in Moldavia p r o d u c e d i n 1 6 4 3 . — 2 . A p o l i t i c a l r o m a n c e b y and Bessarabia ; Austria yielded territory in Wallachia, M a r m o n t e l , p u b l i s h e d i n 1767. t i o n , a b o u t 32,000. Bosnia, and Servia, including Belgrad. B e l g a r d ( b e l ' g â r d ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of Belgrano (bel-grà'nô), Manuel. Born at B e l i s a r i o ( b a - l e - s a ' r e - o ) . A n o p e r a b y D o n i P o m e r a n i a , P r u s s i a , i n l a t . 54° N . , l o n g . 16° B u e n o s A y r e s , J u n e 3, 1 7 7 0 : d i e d t h e r e , J u n e z e t t i , i n t h r e e a c t s , p r o d u c e d a t V e n i c e " F e b . 7, E . , o n t h e P e r s a n t e . P o p u l a t i o n ( 1 8 9 0 ) , c o m - 20, 1820. A n A r g e n t i n e g e n e r a l . Joining the 1836, a t L o n d o n A p r i l 1, 1837, a n d a t P a r i s movement of independence in 1810, he was sent with a O c t . 24, 1843. m u n e , 7,046, small army to free Paraguay, but was unsuccessful. In Belisarius ( b e l - i - s a ' r i - u s ) . [ S l a v . Beti-tzar. i. e . B e l g a r d e (bel-gard')A p o o r a n d p r o u d c a p - 1812 he led an army against Upper Peru (the present Bot a i n . i n M a s s i n g e r ' s p l a y " T h e U n n a t u r a l C o m - livia), defeating the Spaniards at Tucuman (Sept. 24,1812) W h i t e P r i n c e . ] B o r n i n I l l y r i a , o r D a r d a n i a (?), a b o u t 5 0 5 : d i e d M a r c h 13, 565. T h e g r e a test b a t , " w h o , w h e n t o l d n o t t o a p p e a r a t t h e g o v - and Sal ta (Feb, 20, 1813), and advancing to Potosi, but e r n o r ' s t a b l e in h i s s h a b b y c l o t h e s , a r r i v e s i n was defeated at Vilcapujio (Oct. 1, 1813) and Ayouma g e n e r a l of t h e B y z a n t i n e e m p i r e . He was general of the eastern armies 529-532 ; rescued Justinian by the (Oct. 26), and soon after -was superseded by San Martin. full a r m o r — a l l that he h a d beside. was restored to his command in 1815, but owing to suppression of the " G r e e u " faction at Constantinople iu Belger, Mrs. Fanny Courtenay (Baylor). See He sickness took little part in the subsequent movements. 532; overthrew the Vandal kingdom in Africa 533-534; won Baylor. B e l g r a v e (bel'grâv). A p a r i a h i n L e i c e s t e r - famous victories over the Goths in Italy 534-540; conBelgica, or Gallia Belgica (gal'i-a bel'ji-kii). s h i r e , E n g l a n d , i m m e d i a t e l y n o r t h of L e i c e s t e r . quered Sicily in 535, and southern Italy 536-537 : conquered .Ravenna in 540; conducted the war against the Persians [ F r o m the Belgse.] A p r o v i n c e of t h e R o m a n B e l g r a v e S q u a r e . A square in Belgravia, E m p i r e i n e a s t e r n a n d n o r t h e a s t e r n G a u l , e x - L o n d o n , d e s i g n e d b y G e o r g e B a s e v i . i t is 684 541-542 ; again took command against the Goths in Italy in 644 ; was superseded by Narses in 548 ; rescued Constant e n d i n g n o r t h e a s t w a r d of t h e p r o v i n c e of L u g - feet long by 637 feet wide, and is named from Belgrave in tinople from northern (Bulgarian) invaders iu 559; and d u n e n s i s . The frontier here was the lower Seiue, aud fol- Leicestershire, which belongs to the Duke of Westminster. was imprisoned a short time by Justinian about 5ti8. The B e l g r a v i a ( b e l - g r â ' v i - a ) . A f a s h i o n a b l e d i s t r i c t tale that in old age he was blind and obliged to beg his lowed nearly the line of the Marne. i n t h e W e s t E n d of L o n d o n , i t is bounded by Hyde Belgien (bel'gyen). T h e G e r m a n n a m e of Park, Green Park, Sloane street, and Pimlico. I t was ori- bread from door to door is false. The exploits of Belisarius. looked at in themselves, are Belgium. ginally marshy ground, and occupies in great p a r t what was B e l g i o j o s o ( b e l - j ô - v ô ' s ô ) . A s m a l l t o w n i n t h e known as the Ebury Farm. In 1825 it was tilled u p with enough to place him in the very first, rank of military commanders; when we consider the circumstances under p r o v i n c e of P a v i a , I t a l y , s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e P o earth obtained in excavating St. Katharine's Docks, and residences were built. I t derives its name from Belgrave which they were achieved, he may fairly claim the first 8 m i l e s e a s t b y s o u t h of P a v i a . Square, which, with Eaton Square, Grosvenor Place, etc., place of all. Hannibal is his only rival, as Ileraclius had Belgiojoso, Princess of (Christina di Trivul- is included in it. no Justinian to thwart him at home. z i o ) . B o r n a t M i l a n , J u n e 28, 1 8 0 8 : d i e d a t Hist. Essays. Belial ( b ê ' l i a l ) . [ E a r l v m o d . E . a l s o Behjall, B e l i s e ( b a - l e z ' ) . T h e s i s t e rFreeman, M i l a n , J u l y 5, 1871. A n I t a l i a n a u t h o r a n d of P h i l a m i n t e i n M E . Belial, L L . ( i n V u l g a t e ) Belial, G r . BeMoliere's comedy " L e s F e m m e s Savantes." patriot, exiled for participation in t h e revolu/.tal, H e b . blya'al, u s e d i n t h e O l d T e s t a m e n t She is gifted with remarkable sclf-appreciation, and thinks t i o n of 1848. u s u a l l y i n p h r a s e s t r a n s l a t e d , i n t h e E n g l i s h every man is in love with her. B e l g i q u e (bel-zhëk'), L a . T h e F r e n c h n a m e v e r s i o n , " m a n of B e l i a l . " i l s o n of B e l i a l , " a s B e l i t ( b e - l i t ' ) . [ B a b y l o n i a n , ' l a d y . ' J O n e of t h e of B e l g i u m . if Belial w e r e a p r o p e r n a m e e q u i v . t o Satan; p r o m i n e n t f e m a l e d e i t i e s of t h e A s s y r o - B a b y B e l g i u m ( b e l ' j i - u m , c o m m o n l y b e l ' j u m ) . [ F r o m h e n c e o n c e i n N e w T e s t a m e n t ( G r . B t / u a p ) a s l o n i a n p a n t h e o n , w i f e of B e l . She is called " l a d y L . Belgica ; F . La Belgique, G . Belgien.'} A k i n g - a n a p p e l l a t i v e of S a t a n ( 2 C o r , v i . 1 5 ) . B u t t h e of t h e nations," " mother of the great gods." As goddess d o m of E u r o p e , b o u n d e d b y t h e N o r t h S e a o n t h e H e b . blya'al i s a c o m m o n n o u n , m e a n i n g w o r t h - of the nether world her name is Allat. She is, however, n o r t h w e s t , t h e N e t h e r l a n d s on the north, t h e Nesometimes identified with Jshter, the Ashtoreth (Astarte) t h e r l a n d s ( s e p a r a t e d b y t h e M e u s e ) , P r u s s i a , l e s s n e s s o r w i c k e d n e s s . ] T h e s p i r i t of e v i l p e r - of the Canaanites, the goddess of love and war. Belit seems a n d L u x e m b u r g o n t h e e a s t , a n d F r a n c e o n t h e s o n i f i e d ; t h e d e v i l ; S a t a n ; i n M i l t o n , o n e of t h e i n "Faust's to have also been used as an honorary title of any goddess. s o u t h w e s t a n d w e s t . I t is divided into & provinces : f a l l e n a n g e l s , d i s t i n c t f r o m S a t a n , East Flanders, West Flanders, Brabant, Antwerp, Lira- Book of Marvels " (1469) he is called the Viceroy of the B e l i z a ( b e - l e ' z a ) . T h e w 1a i t i n g - w o m a n of D o r alice i n D r y d e n ' s c o m e d y ' M a r r i a g e a la M o d e . " burg, Liège, Luxemburg, Namur, and Hainaut. The Infernal Kingdom under Lucifer or Satan. Belize. S e e Balize. capital is Brussels. The government is a hereditary constitutional monarchy, with king, senate, and chamber of Belianis (bâ-lë-à'nës) of Greece. One of the Belkin (bel-ken'), Ivan. A nom de plume of representatives. The prevailing religion is Roman Cath- c o n t i n u a t i o n s of t h e r o m a n c e " A m a d i s of P u s h k i n , t h e R u s s i a n p o e t . olic; the languages, French and Flemish. The surface G a u l . " I t first appeared, in Spanish, in 1547. and was B e l k n a p ( b e l ' n a p ) , J e r e m y . B o r n at Boston, is generally level, hut hilly in the southeast (the ArdenneB written by Jeronimo Fernandez. I n 1586 an Italian ver- M a s s . , J u n e 4, 1 7 4 4 : d i e d t h e r e , J u n e 20, 1798, rise to a height of about 2,200 feet). I t has flourishing sion appeared ; in 1598 it wa3 translated into English, A n A m e r i c a n h i s t o r i a n a n d C o n g r e g a t i o n a l c l e r agriculture ; is very rich in coal and iron ; has mines of and in 1625 into French. g y m a n . He wrote a "History of New Hampshire "(1784lead, copper, zinc, calamine,manganese, etc.; and has im- B e l - I b n i ( b e l - i b ' n i ) . [ A s s y r . , ' t h e g o d B e l h a s 1792), "American Biographies "(1794- 98), " Tlie Foresters, portant manufactures of linen, lace, woolen and cotton an American Tale " (1796), etc. lie was the founder of the c r e a t e d . ' ] G o v e r n o r of B a b y l o n i a u n d e r A s u r goods, firearms, gloves, beet-sugar, glass, etc. It is the Massachusetts Historical Socicty. most thickly settled country in Europe. Belgium was a b a n i p a l , k i n g of A s s y r i a ( 6 6 8 - 6 2 6 b . c . ) . part of the Roman and Frankish dominions, and was B e l i b u s ( b e ' l i - b u s ) . [ P e r h a p s c o n t r a c t e d f r o m Belknap, "William Worth. Born at Newburg, divided in the middle ages into various counties, duchies, B a b y l o n i a n Bel-epus, Bel has made.] K i n g N. Y., Sept. 22,1829: died at W a s h i n g t o n , D.C., etc. I t s cities, Ghent, Bruges, Brussels, Antwerp, etc., of B a b y l o n i a , a p p o i n t e d b y S e n n a c h e r i b , k i n g O c t . 1 1 ( 1 3 ? ) , 1890. A n A m e r i c a n p o l i t i c i a n a n d were great commercial and manufacturing centers in the of A s s y r i a ( 7 0 5 - 6 8 1 b . c . ) . ' g e n e r a l . He served in the volunteer army throughout 13th-lCth centuries. I t formed part of the later duchy of Belidor (bâ-le-dôr'), Bernard Forest de. t h e Civil War, participating in the Shiloh, Vicksburg, and Burgundy; passed to the house of Hapsburg; as the Georgia campaigns, and obtaining the rank of major-genSpanish Netherlands, did not unite with the northern B o r n i n C a t a l o n i a , 1697 ( 1 6 9 3 ? ) : d i e d a t P a r i s , eral in 1S(J5. lie was collector of internal revenue in Iowa provinces in the revolt of the l(5th century ; passed to S e p t . 8, 1761. A n o t e d F r e n c h e n g i n e e r . His 1865-69, and Republican secretaiy of war 18GiJ-7(i, resigning Austria as the Austrian Netherlands in 1713; was con- works include "Architecture hydraulique" (1737-51). in consequence of charges of official corruption. quered by France in 1704, and annexed to France; and " L e bombardier f r a n ç a i s " (1731), " T r a i t é des fortificaB e l l ( b e l ) , A c t o n . P s e u d o n y m of A n n e B r o n t e . was united with the Netherlands in a kingdom in 1815. tions " (1735), etc. B e l l , A d a m . An English outlaw, celebrated for Belgium revolted against Holland in 1830 : the resistance of Holland was subdued by the aid of France and Great Believe as You List. A plav licensed May 7, h i s s k i l l i n a r c h e r y , s a i d t o h a v e l i v e d i n t h e Britain 1831-33. Limburg and Luxemburg were divided 1631. I t is "unquestionably an alteration of the play of t i m e of E o b i n H o o d ' s f a t h e r . About him nothing between Belgium and the Netherlands in 1839. Belgium Massinger's which Herbert refused to license for its dan- certain is known. He is the hero of several old ballads, gerous matter, the deposing of Sebastian of Portugal by notably "Adam Bell, Clym of the Oloughe, and Wyllyam

Bell, Adam

Belle Hélène, La

141

daughter of a Mrs. Bellamy and Lord Tyrawley, who acof Cloudesle,'' printed without date by William Copland Bell, Peter. See Peter Bell. about 1550. There are several allusions to him in dra- B e l l , R o b e r t . Born at Cork, Ireland, J a n . 16, knowledged her and supported her. She first appeared on the stage (Nov. 22, 1744) a3 Monimiain " T h e Orphan/' matic literature. Shakspere alludes to him in " Much 1800: died at London, April 12, 1867. A Britand she rose rapidly in her profession, hut never reached Ado about Nothing " and in " Borneo and Juliet," and Davenant iu a poem called "A Long Vacation in London." ish journalist, compiler, and general writer. the first rank. In 1785 her "Apology" was brought out Ben Jon son speaks of Clym o' the Cluugh i n i f The Alchem- H i s chief work is a n '4 Annotated Edition of the in live volumes, to which a sixth was added. Alexander Ëicknell is believed to have written it from her material. ist." Percy and Rit3on both adhere mainly lu Copland's The name George Anne was given her, in mistake for text, and Child reprints from Ritson with some im- British P o e t s " (1854-57). provements. 'J'he real person or persons of the name Bell, Samuel. Born at Londonderry, N. H., Georgian a apparently, in her certificate of birth. are thought by Child to have no connection with the hero F e b . 9, 1770: died a t Chester, N. H.', Dec. 23, B e l l a m y (D. pron. bel'a-mi), J a c o b u s , Born of the ballads. 1850. A n American politician, governor of New

at Flushing, Holland, Nov. 12,1757: died March Bom at Edin- Hampshire 1819-23, and United States senator 11, 1786. A Dutch poet. He wrote patriotic and burgh, Scotland, March. 3, 1847. An American 1823-35. anacreontic poems, and is the author of the popular balphysicist, son of Alexander Melville Bell. He B e l l , T h o m a s . Born at Poole, Dorsetshire, lad "Jtoosje." came to the L'nited States in 1872, and became a professor England, Oct. 11,1792 : died at Selborne, Hants, B e l l a m y (bel'a-mi), J o s e p h . Born at N o r t h of vocal physiology in the Boston University. Ho first ex- March 13,1880. An English dental surgeon and hibited his apparatus for the transmission of sound by z o o l o g i s t . He was professor of zoology in King's Col- Cheshire, Conn., 1719 : died at Bethlehem, electricity, the telephone, in 1876. He invented the photo- lege, London, 183(j-80 ; a secretaiy of the Royal Society Conn., March 6,1790. An American Congregaphone, and has developed his father's system of " Visible 1848-53 ; president of the Linnean Society 1853-61 ; and tional clergyman and theologian, author of Speech." president of the Kay Society 1S43-59. His works include " T r u e Religion D e l i n e a t e d " (Î750), etc. Bell, Alexander Melville. Born at Edinburgh. a "Monograph of Testudinata" (1832-86), "History of B e l l a m y , L o r d . A character in T h o m a s Shad1819. A Scottish-American educator, inventor British Quadrupeds " (1837), "History of British Reptiles" well's comedy ' ' B u r y - F a i r . " of a method of phonetic notation called by him (1833), and "History of British Stalk-Eyed Crustacea" " v i s i b l e s p e e c h / ' because the characters indi- (1858), an editiou of the " N a t u r a l History of Selborne" B e l l a n o (bel-lâ'nô). A town in n o r t h e r n Italy, situated on the eastern shore of the L a k e of cate by th eir form and p osition t h e physiological (1877X etc. f o r m a t i o n of t h e s o u n d s . He has written "Visible Bell Rock, or Inchcape Rock. A rock in the Oomo, 18 miles northeast of Como. Speech," "Principles of Phonetics," works onelocutionand North Sea off the F i r t h of Tav, Scotland, in lat. B e l l a r i a (bel-la'ri-a). The wife of P a n d o s t o i n shorthand, and ""World-English," an adaptation of the 56° 26' N., long. 2° 23' W. Greene's " P a n d o s t o , or the Triumph of Time." Roman alphabet to the phonetic spelling of English. B e l l , T h e . A noted old inn in Warwick Lane, She is the original of Hermione in Shakspere's B e l l , A n d r e w . Born at St. Andrew's, Scotland, London. Archbishop Leighton died suddenly " Winter's Tale." March 27, 1753: died at Cheltenham, England, here in 1684. B e l l a r i o (bel-la 'ri-o). I n Beaumont and J a n . 27,1332. A clergyman of the Church of B e l l , T h e . A noted inn at Edmonton, not f a r Fletcher's play " P h i l a s t e r , " a page. She is EuEngland, noted as the f o u n d e r of the so-ealled from London. It was to this spot t h a t J o h n phrasia in disguise, who follows the fortunes of Phil aster " Madras s y s t e m " of popular education. From Gilpin pursued his mad career in Cowper's with romantic tenderness and fidelity. I t is a character which suggests Shakspere's Viola. 1774 till 1781 he lived in Virginia, and from 1787 till 1796 ballad. in India, where as superintendent of the Madias Male OrB e l l a r i o , D o c t o r . The erudite lawyer of P a d u a , phan Asylum he developed his educational system, in which Bella (berla), Stefano della. Born at Flor- as whose substitute Portia appears in the trial the pupil s were led to teach one another und er the direction ence, May 18, 1G10: died there, J u l y 12, 1664. scene in Shakspere's " M e r c h a n t of Venice." of a master. His originality was disputed by Joseph Lan- A n I t a l i a n e n g r a v e r . lie was commissioned by CarAn impertinent caster (see Lancastp.r)a.nd the contestbetwcen their systems dinal Richelieu to executc designs of and engrave the B e l l a r m i n e (bel-lar-mën'). 4i J o s e p h Anassumed considerable public importance. He wrote " An principal military events of the minority of Louis XIII. fine gentleman in Fielding's drews," the mercenary lover of Leonora. Experiment ill Education made in the Asylum of Madras." His works number more than fourteen hundred pieces. Bell, Sir Charles. Born at Edinburgh, Nov., B e l l a . A town in the province of Potenza, B e l l a r m i n e (bel'ar-min). A drinking-jug with 1774: died at Hallow P a r k , n e a r Worcester, Italy, 18 miles northwest of Potenza. Popu- the face of Cardinal Bellarmino on it, and the shape of which was supposed to resemble h i m : April 28,1842. A distinguished British physi- lation, about 5,000. ologist and anatomist, noted as the discoverer Bella Wilfer. See Wilfer, Bella. originated by the P r o t e s t a n t s of Holland to of the distinct functions of the sensory and B e l l a c (be-lak'). A town in the department of ridicule him. m o t o r n e r v e s . He was the author of "Anatomy of Haute-Vienne, France, situated on the Vincou Bellarmino (bel-lar-më'nô), E. Bellarmine Expression " (1806), "Anatomy of the Brain " (1811), "Sys- 23 miles northwest of Limoges. Population (bel'ar-min), R o b e r t o . Born at Montepultem of Comparative Surgery " (1807), etc. cianoj Tuscany, Oct. 4, 1542: died at Rome, (1891), commune, 4,903. Bell, Currer. A pseudonym of Charlotte Bellacoola. See Bilqula. Sept. 17, 1621. A noted Italian cardinal, and Bronte. B e l l a f r o n t (bel'a-frunt). 1. The principal fe- Jesuit theologian and controversialist. He was B e l l , E l l i s . A pseudonym of Emily Bronte. male character "in Middleton and Dekker's professor in Louvain and in the Roman College, and arch-

Bell, Alexander Graham.

Bell, G-eorge Joseph. Born at Fountain Bridge, near Edinburgh, March 26, 1770: died 1843. A Scotch advocate, b r o t h e r of Charles Bell. H e published various works on the laws of Scotland.

" I l o t i e St W h o r e . " She gives its name to the play, but turns out a true penitent, resisting the temptations of Hippolito, who at first reclaimed her from vicc. She is a true wife to an unsatisfactory husband, Matheo.

bishop of Capua. His works include "Disputationes de Controvcrsiis, fidei, etc." (15S1), "Tractatus de potentate summi pontificis in rebus temporalibus " ("On the Pope's Temporal Sovereignty"), "Christian« doetrinse applieatio" (1603).

Bellair, Young. The son of Old Bel lair, a well-

1633, and cardinal in 1535. He was a friend of letters, and is noted as the patron of Rabelais.

2 . The false mistress in N. Field's comedy of Bellary. See JBaJlari. B e l l , H e n r y . Born at Torphichen Mill, n e a r t h a t name. Bellaston (bel'as-ton), Lady. A fashionable Linlithgow, Scotland, 1767: died at Helens- B e l l a g g i o (bel-la'jò). A town in the province demirep in Fielding's ' ' T o m J o n e s , " a sensual, burgh, Scotland, 1830. A Scotch engineer. He of Como, Italy, situated at the separation of is famous as the builder of the steamship Comet which t h e Lake of Como into two arms, 15 miles north- profligate, and imperious woman. B e l l a t r i x (bel'a-triks). [ L . . t h e ' warrioress.'] began to ply on the Clyde Jan., 1812, and thus as the east of Como. Population, about 3,000. originator of steam navigation in Europe, I t has been Bellair (bel-ar')> Count. A character in Far- A v e r y white glittering star of the second magasserted t h a t Fulton derived his ideasof steam navigation ci uhar's " B e a u x ' Stratagem," a F r e n c h officer, nitude, in the l e f t shoulder of Orion. It is > from Bell. Orionis. B e l l , H e n r y H . B o m in North Carolina about a p r i s o n e r a t L i c h f i e l d . This part was cut out by Bellay, Q-uillaume du. See Langey, Sei1808: drowned in t h e Osaka River, J a p a n , J a n . the author after the llrst night's representation, and the gneur de. 11,1868. A n A m e r i c a n r e a r - a d m i r a l , n e became words added to tho part of Foigard. Bellair, Old. All amorous old man who imaB e l l a y (be-lâ')> J e a n d u . Born 1492: died at fleet-captain to Farragut In 1862, commanded a division of the fleet in the attack on the defenses of New Orleans, April gines he disguises his love for women, in Ether- Rome, Feb. 16, 1560. A F r e n c h cardinal and 18-25; hauled down, in the midst of an angry mob, the edge's comedy " T h e Man of Mode, or Sir Fop- diplomatist, brother of Guillaume du Bellay. He became bishop of Bayonne in 1526, bishop of Paris in State flag from the United States custom-house on the oc- ling F l u t t e r . " cupation of the city ; commanded the Western Gulf Blockading Squadron for a time in 18Ö3; and obtained the rank of rear-admiral in 1866.

Bell, Sir Isaac Lowthian. Born at Newcastleou-Tyne, England, 1816. facturer and politician.

An English

manu-

He founded, with his bro-

thers Thomas and John Bell, the Clarence iron Works on the Tees in 1852, and was member of Parliament for Hartlepool 1875-80. Author of " T h e Chemical Phenomena of Iron Smelting " (1872), and " Keport on the Iron Manufacture of the United States, and a Comparison of it with that of Great Britain " (1877).

Bell, J a m e s .

Born 1825.

A British chemist.

He became principal of the Somerset House Laboratory, Inland Revenue Department, in 1875, and is the author of "Chemistry of Foods" (1881-83).

bred, polito youth of the period : a character in which Etheredge is said to have drawn his own portrait. B e l l a i r e (bel-ar'). A m a n u f a c t u r i n g city in Belmont County, Ohio, situated on the Ohio River 5 miles south of Wheeling. Population (1890), 9,934.

Bellamira (bel-la-me'ra), her Dream, or the Love Of Shadows. A tragicomedy in two parts by Thomas Killigrow. It is in the folio edition of his works published in 1664.

Bellamira, or The Mistress._ A comedy by C h a r l e s Sedley, p r o d u c e d i n 1678.

This play was

B e l l , J o h n . Born at Antermony, Scotland, 1691: partly fouuded on the " liunuchus" of Terence, and in it died there, J u l y 1, 1780. A Scotch traveler in Sedley exhibited the frailty of Lady Castlemaine and the European and Asiatic Russia, China, and Tur- audacity of Churchill. key. His " T r a v e l s " were published in 1768. Bellamont, Earl of. See Coo(e, Richard. B e l l , J o h n . Born at Edinburgh, May 12,1763: B e l l a m y (bel'a-mi). 1. The lover of J a c i n t h a died at Rome, April 15,1820. A Scotch surgeon in Hoadly's "Suspicious H u s b a n d . " — 2 . In and anatomist, brother of Charles Bell. Dry den's play " A n Evening's Love, or the B e l l , J o h n . Born in Norfolk, England, 1811. Mock Astrologer," a young lively gallant, a A n English sculptor. His works include "Eagle f r i e n d of Wildblood. H e disguises himself as Slayer," "Andromeda," " Guards' Memorial "(at "Waterloo a n astrologer, and gives the second name to Place, London), "United States directing the Progress of t h e play. America " (copy at Washington), etc. Bellamy, Edward. Born 1850. An American B e l l , J o h n . Born near Nashville, Tenn., Feb. 15,1797: died at Cumberland IronWorks, Tenn., economist and journalist, the leading advocate of " n a t i o nalism." He has written "Looking Sept. 10,1869. A noted American politician. He wa3 member of Congress from Tennessee 1827-41, B a c k w a r d " (188b), etc. speaker 1834-35, Whig secretary of war 1841, United States senator 1847-59, and candidate of the Coostitntional I n i o n Party for President in 1860. He received 39 electoral and 589,581 popular votes.

Bellay, Joachim du. Born at the Château de Lire, near Angers, a b o u t J524: died at Paris, J a n . 1, 1560. A F r e n c h poet and prose-writer, surnamed " t h e F r e n c h Ovid," and l < Prince of the Sonnet," one of t h e most noted members of t h e f a m o u s

Pléiade."

He wns a cousin of Car-

dinal du Bellay, and for a time served as his secretary. He wrote 'L'Olive" (sonnets to his mistress, Mademoiselle de Viole, of whose name Olive " is an anagram), 4" sonnets upon the antiquities of Rome (1558), translated into English by Spenser as " T h e Ruins of Rome "(1611), " Kegrets" (sonnets), "Discours de la Poésie," "Défense et illustration de la langue françoise" (a notable work in prose), etc. The " Visions " of Bellay aie sonnets translated and adapted by Spenser.

Belle (bel), Jean François Joseph de. Born

at Voreppe, Isère, France, May 27, 1767: died J u n e , 1802. A F r e n c h general. He served in the Italian campaign of 1799, and subsequently under Le Clerc in Santo Domiugo, where he fell in battle.

Belle Dame Sans Merci, La. lady without mercy.']

2 . A poem h v Keats. B e l l e F o u r c h e (bel fôrsh). [ F . , ' n i c e fork.'] A n a m e given to t h e North Fork of the Cheyenne Hiver in Wyoming and South Dakota.

Bellamy, George Anne. Born at Fingal, in Belle Hélène (bel â-lân'), La. Ireland, in 1731 (?) : died at London (?), Feb. 16,1788. A n Irish-English actress. She was the

[F., 'the fair

1. A French poem by

A l a i n C h a t t i e r . I t was translated into English by Sir Richard Ros. and not by Chaucer, though the translation has been attributed to him.

An opera

bouffe, words by Meilhac and Halévy, music by Offenbach, produced in 1864.

Bellius 142 Belle Jardinière, La Belle Jardinière (bel zhar-dën-yar'), La. [F., 1761. A French marshal and politician. He B e l l e v u e (bel-vu') A village in Sandusky and

' t h e pretty gardener/] A Madonna and Child s h a r e d w i t h Broglie t h e c o m m a n d of t h e F r e n c h forces ir Huron counties, Ohio, 14 miles south-southwest h e War of t h e Austrian Succession, and captured P r a g u e with St. John, "by Raphael (1507), in his early tNov. 1741, b u t was forced by t h e treaty of peace be- of Sandusky. Population (1890), 3,052. manner, in the Louvre, Paris. A fair-haired Ma- tween2, Austria and Prussia at Breslau to r e t r e a t to Eger, B e l l e v u e H o s p i t a l . A hospital situated a t the donna is seated amid a beautiful conventionalized land- Dec. 17, 1742. H e b e c a m e commander-in-chief of t h e foot of East 26th street in New York. It acscape, and the children stand and kneel at her knee. It F r e n c h army in I t a l y in 1746, and was m i n i s t e r of w a r commodates about 1,200 patients. ia familiar in reproductions, and is one of Raphael's most f r o m 1757 to his death. B e l l e y (bel-lâ'). A town in the department of pleasing works. B e l l ê m e (bel-âm'). A small town in the de- Ain, France, 40 miles east of Lyons. It conBelle Laitière (bel let-yar'), La. [F., 'the partment of Orne, France, 22 miles east of tains a c a t h e d r a l a n d h a s R o m a n antiquities. T h e r e are pretty milkmaid.'] A painting by Wouvernoted cascades and quarries of lithographic stones in man, in the National Gallery, London. The Alençon. its vicinity. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e , 6,295. composition is strong, t h e figures "standing o u t d a r k B e l l e n d e n (bel'en-den), or B a l l e n d e n ("baTenden), or B a l l e n t y n e (bal'en-tm). Bora at B e l l f o u n d e r (bel'foun-dèr). A Norfolk trotting against t h e b r i g h t landscape, a n d t h e coloring delicate. 4 t o N e w Y o r k a b o u t 1831. Through Belle Mignonne, La. [F., the pretty darling.'] Haddington, in Berwick, about the beginning hhiso r ds aeu gbhrtoe ur ,gt hh et Charles K e n t m a r e , h e became the grandA name given in Franco in the 18th century to a of the 16th century : died at Borne, 1550 sire of H a m b l e t o n i a n (10), and t r a n s m i t t e d to him and his skull illuminated with tapers and highly dec- according to some, and as late as 1587 accord- descendants t h e partially developed t r o t t i n g tendency a n d orated, which was an accepted furnishing of a ing to others. A Scottish poet and prose- action. He was a brown horse 15 i h a n d s high. He t r o t t e d devout lady's boudoir. The queen was said to pray writer, chiefly known as the translator of a mile in t h r e e minutes, a n d 17 miles in an hour. before t h e skull of Ninon de L'Enclos. Lecky, Hector Boece's " H i s t o r i a Scotorum" (trans. Belliard (bel-yâr'), Count Augustin Daniel. B e l l e P l a i n e (bel plan). A city in Benton 1533). Born at Fontenay-le-Comte. Vendée. France, Countv, Iowa, 42 miles northwest of Iowa City. Bellenden, Edith. The heiress of Tillietudlem March 25,1769: died at Brussels, J a n . 28, 1832. A French lieutenant-general, distinguished in Population (1890), 2,623. in Sir Walter Scott's novel " Old Mortality." B e l l e - A l l i a n c e (bel âl-yons')?La. A f a r m a b o u t B e l l e n d e n , W i l l i a m . Died probably about the Napoleonic campaigns, particularly at Borodino, 1812. He took part in the Egyptian campaign, 13 miles from Brussels, between Waterloo and 1633. A Scotch classical scholar. G e n a p p e , in B e l g i u m . It was occupied by the center Bellenz (bcrients). The German name of and, as governor of Cairo, s u r r e n d e r e d t h a t place to t h e of t h e .French i n f a n t r y at t h e b a t t l e of Waterloo ( J u n e IS, E n g l i s h J u n e 27,1801. 1815), Napoleon himself being stationed in the vicinity. By Bellinzona. this n a m e t h e Prussians designate t h e b a t t l e of Waterloo. Bellermann (bel'lêr-mân), Ferdinand. Bom B e l l i c e n t (bel'i-sent). The half-sister of King in. the Arthurian romances. Tennyson Belleau (bel-lô'), Rémy. Bom at Nogent-le- at Erfurt, March 14, 1814: died at Berlin, Aug. Arthur, Rotrou, Maine, France, 1528: died at Paris, 11,1889. A German landscape-painter. He was alters her story somewhat in "G-areth and Lynette." March 16,1577. A French poet, one of the most employed by A. von H u m b o l d t in Venezuela 1842-46. notable members of t h e " P l é i a d e " (which see). Bellerophon (be-ler'o-fon), or Bellerophontes Bellin (bel-lan'), Jacques Nicolas. Born at His life was spent in t h e service of R é m i de Lorraine, ( b e - l e r - o - f o n ' t e z ) , [Gr. BEA'Aepoeu dinande ehatel and Valangin and Prince of Wagram. Bernoulli, or Bernouilli, Jacques. Born at died April 17,1870. Wife of Charles Ferdinand, B o m at Versailles, Nov. 20, 1753: died at BamBasel, Dec. 27, 1654: died there, Aug. 16, 1705. due de Berry, and mother of the Comte de Cham- berg, Bavaria, June 1, 1815. A marshal of the A noted mathematician, professor of mathe- bord. She promoted an unsuccessful attempt French empire, and confidential friend of Namatics in the University of Basel 1687-1705. at revolution in favor of her son in 1832. poleon I. His " Mémoires " were published in He improved the differential calculus inveutcd by Leib- BeiTy, Charles, DUC de. Born Dec. 28, 1446: nif>r and ond Newton, K'oirl/in solved anluod the thr>isoperimetrical iennpTimptrif.n.lproblem, nrnhlf.m.and fmd died"ilay j - . j nr 24cm(28 /no?),9\1472. lATO The rru^ second r, ^ .-,,-.•»-. nitz son of^.t 1 8 2 6 . discovered the properties of the logarithmic spiral. Charles VII. and Marie of Anjou, duke of Berry, B e r t h o l d (ber'tôld). Died 1198. " The Apostle o f L i v o n i a . " While abbot of the Cistercian monastery B e r n o u l l i , or B e r n o u i l l i , J e a n . Born at Basel, Normandy, and Guienne. July 27,1667: died there, Jan. 1, 1748. Amath- ß e r r v , C h a r l e s , Due de. Born Aug. 31, 1686 : of Loccum he was (1196) consecrated bishop of the Livonir>4-{,iîrt« and n V» Hphysicist, vihTTcnniof. brother riVd't" h CP . fldniiM . '. -. r , mi j-i • -t . . . nans, to succeed Meinhard, the first missionary in Livonia. ematician of Jacques died at Marly, May 4, 1714. The third son of He raised an army in Lower Germany for the purpose of Bernoulli. He became professor of mathematics at Louis,the Grand Dauphin, selected as successor converting the heathen by force of arms, and was killed (rroningen in 1695, and in the University of Basel in 1705. to the Spanish throne in case the Duke of An- in battle near the mouth of the Duna. c o r n at at-tfasei, n a m e d M g s u e c e s s 0 r by Charles II., should B e r t h o l d o f R a t i s b o n . Born at Ratisbon (?) BJeerrnnoouulllhi , or B e r n o u i l l i , J e a n ,. Born Basel, , May 18, 1710: died there, July 17, 1/90. A ^ e c o m e k i n g o f F r a n c e . about 1220: died at Ratisbon, Dec. 13,1272. A jurist and mathematician, son ol Jean Ber- g e r r y C h a r l e s F e r d i n a n d . Due de. Born at German Franciscan preacher and missionary noulli. He was professor ot rhetoric at Basel y e r ^ a i l l e s j a r L 24,1778: assassinated at Paris, in Austria, Moravia, Thuringia, and elsewhere. 1743-48, and later of mathematics. F e b . 13, 1820. The second son of the Comte B e r t h o l l e t (ber-to-lä'), Claude Louis, Comte. B e r n s t o r f f (bems'torf), Count A n d r e a s P e - d'Artois (later Charles X . of France), and father Born at Talloire, in Savoy, Nov. 9,1748 : died t e r von. Born at Gartow, near Liineburg, o f t h e C o m t e d e C h a m b o r d . He emigrated during near Paris, Nov. 6,1822. A" noted French chemGermany, Aug. 28, 1735: died at Copenhagen, the Revolution, and served in the army of Cond6 and later ist, professor in the Normal School at Paris. He June 21, 1797. A Danish statesman, nephew in that of Russia. He went to England in 1801, and there joined Napoleon's Egyptian expedition, returning in 17,99. a wife whom he afterward repudiated, again His works include " E s s a i de statique chimique," " E l é of Johann Hart-wig Ernst von Bernstorff, min- married marrying on his return to France. His second wife was ments de l'art de la teinture," "Méthode de nomenclaister of foreign affairs 1772-80 and 1784-97. the Princess Caroline of Naples. ture chimique, "etc. Bernstorff, Count J o h a n n H a r t w i g E r n s t B e r r y (ber'i), Sir J o h n . Born at Knoweston B e r t h o u d (ber-tô')- F e r d i n a n d . Born at Neuvon. Born at Hannover. Germ an v, May 13, Dcvonshire, 1635: died at Portsmouth, England, ehâtel, March 19, 1725 : died June 20, 1807. A 1712: died at Hamburg, Feb. 19,1772. A Dan- about 1690. An English naval officer. He en- Swiss mechanician, famous for the accuracy of tered the merchant service, passed to the royal navy in ish statesman, minister of foreign affairs 1751- 1663, and attained the rank of vice-admiral. In 1667 he de- h i s c h r o n o m e t e r s . He was the author of " E s s a i sur 1770: called by Frederick the G r e a t " tlie Oracle feated the French and Dutch fleet otf Nevis, West Indies. l'horlogerie" (17C5), "Traité des horloges marines" (1773), In 1682 he commanded the Gloucester, which was wrecked "Longitudes par la mesure du temps, ctc." (1775), etc. of Denmark." with the Duke of York and train on board : the duke es- Bertie (bèr'ti), Peregrine, Lord Willoughby B e r o d a c h B a l a d a n . See Merodach-baladan. caped, and Berry was relieved from all blame. de E r e s b y . Born at. Lower Wcsel, Cl eves, B e r o s u s (be-ro'sus). Lived in the first part of Oct. 12, 1555: died June 25, 1601. A noted the 3d century B. c. A Babylonian priest and B e r r y , M a r i e Louise E l i s a b e t h d'Orléans, English soldier and statesman. He served with historian, author of a history of Babylonia (in Duchesse de. Born Aug. 20, 1695: died July distinction in the Low Countries 1586-89, was appointed Greek), fragments of which have been pre- 21,1719. The eldest daughter_of Philippe d'Or- Sir Philip Sidney's successor us governor of Bergen-opZoom in March, 1586. and succeeded Leicester as coms e r v e d b y l a t e r w r i t e r s . " l i e was a priest of the leans and wife of the Duke of Berry, the grand, temple of Bel at Babylon, and is said by Eusebius and Ta- son of Louis X I V . : notorious for her profligacy. mander-in-chief in Nov., 1587. Later he served under Henry of Navarre. tian to have been a contemporary of Alexander the Great, Born at Kirkbridge, and to have lived into the reign of Autiokhos Sot er. He B e r r y (ber'i), M a r y . had, therefore, special opportunities of knowing the his- Yorkshire, March 16,1763: died at London, Nov. B e r t i e , W i l l o u g h b y , fourth Earl of Abingdon. Born J a n . 16, 1740: died Sept. 26, 1799. An She and her sis20, 1852. An English authoress. tory and astronomy of his country, upon which he wrote iu Greek. Recent discoveries have abundantly established ter Agnes (1764-1852) were the friends, and she was lit- English liberal statesman and political writer. the trustworthiness of this Manetho of Babylonia, whose works, unfortunately, are known to us only through quotations at second and third hand. Since a cylinder of Antiokhos, the son of Seleukos, has been found inscribed in Babylonian cuneiform, while bilingual fragments in cuneiform aud cursive Greek of the Seleukid age have also been discovered, and a contract tablet in Babylonian cuneiform, dated in the fifth year of the Parthian king Pakoros, the contemporary of Domitian, exists in the museum of Zürich, there is no reason why Bcrösos should not have been equally well acquainted with both the Greek language and the old literature of his native country. And in spite of the fragmentary and corrupt state in which his fragments have come down to us, we now know that he was so. His account of the Deluge, for instance, agrees even in its details with that of the cuneiform texts. 1 ' Saycc, Anc. Empires, p. 100.

B e r q u i n (ber-kan'), A r n a u d . Born at Langoiran. near Bordeaux, 1749: died at Paris, Dec. 21, 1791. A French man of letters, especially noted as a writer of juveniles: surnamed* " t h e Friend of Children." He wrote

" L'Ami des enfants " (24 vols., 1782-83), " Le petit GrandiBon " (1807), etc.

erary executor, of Horace Walpole. Iler chief work is "England and I'rance, a Comparative View of the Social Condition of both Countries" (1844), originally published in two volumes : the first (1828) entitled " A Comparative View of the Social Life of England and France, etc.," and the second (1831) entitled " S o c i a l Life in England and

France, ctc."

Berry, William. J u l y 2, 1 8 5 1 .

Born 1774: died at Brixton,

An English genealogist.

He pub-

at Paris. 1797: died at Paris, Sept. 13, 1871. A French journalist and artist. He succeeded his brother, Louis Mane Armand Bertin, in the editorship of

lishëd "Introduction to Heraldry" (1S10), "Getiealogia the "Journal des Débats." Antiqua, etc."(1816), "EncyclopediaHeraîdica, etc."(1828- B e r t i n , Louis F r a n ç o i s . Born at Paris, Dec. 1840), etc. 14.1766: died at Paris, Sept. 13,1841. A French B e r r y e r (ber-ya ), P i e i T e Antoine. Born at ] o u r n a l i s t founder in 1800, with his brother, Paris, J a n . 4, 1/90: died Nov. 29, 1868. A L o u i s F r a i l ( ? . o i s Bertin de Veaux (1771-1842), of French advocate and political orator, a leader t h e « J o u r ^ a l d c g Débats/' changed bv Napoof the legitimist party. leon I. (1805-14)into t h e " Journal del-Empire." B e r s e a m i t e . See Montagnais. Bertin, Louis Marie Armand. Bom at Paris, B e r t (bar), P a u l . Born at Auxerre, Yonne, Aug. 22, 1801 : died J a n . 12, 1854. A French France, Oct. 17,1833: died at Keteho, Tonquin, journalist, successor of his father. Louis FranNov. 11, 1886. AFrench physiologist and poli- çois Bertin, in the editorship of the " J o u r n a l tician, minister of public instruction and wor- des Débats." ship in Gambetta's cabinet 1881-82. He was gov- •D the Blind Begnates in the terrible conviction that through a mistake he gar's daughter of Bethnal Green. The subject has compassed the abduction and dishonor of his own of a favorite popular ballad, and introduced child instead of that of the wife of his enemy. His hysterical efforts to play the fool, when maddened with agony, by Chettle and Day, and Sheridan Knowles, in in order to gain admittance to the banquet-room into their plays " T h e Beggar of Bethnal Green." which his daughter has been carried, form a powerfully Bess, Good Queen. A popular epithet of Queen Elizabeth of England. dramatic scene.

de. Born in Leon : died at Valladolid, Spain, 1549. A Spanish missionary in Hispaniola, Mexico, a n d G u a t e m a l a .

His representation of the

cruelty practised by the Spaniards on the natives occasioned the promulgation of the bull " Veritas ipsa," 1537, by Pope Paul I I I . , in which all Christians are commanded to treat the heathen as brothers.

Betancourt (bc-ton-kör'), Agustin de.

Born

in Mexico City, 1620 : died 1700. A Franciscan monk and historian, curate of the parish of

S a n J o s é . His principal work, "Teatro Mejicano," is primarily a history of his order in llexico, but contains

much of general interest. B e r t u l p h e . A peasant who b y his own energy B e s s a r a b a (bes-sa'ra-bâ). A family of Walla- Betanzos. See Betanços. rose to be the Provost, of Bruges, in G. W. Lov- chian waywodes, prominent in the politics of Betanzos, Juan José de. A Spanish soldier ell's play of that name. He is reduced to the con- southeastern Europe from the 13th to the 18th who went to Peru, probably with Pizarro in dition of a serf by an extraordinary decree, as he had never century, which has given the name of Bessa- 1532. Ho settled at Cuzco, and married a daughter of been actually manumitted. He rises, slays the earl, the rabia to the region comprised between the the Inca Atahualpa. He became au adept in the Quichua author of the law, and kills himself. Jfacready was very P r u t h and the Dniester. language, and wrote in it a doctriìia and two vocabu-

Bessaraba (bes-sâ'râ-bâ), Constantine Bran(ber'ik), or Berwick-on-Tweed. c o v a n . Died Aug. 26, 1714. A waywode of

successful in the part.

Berwick

[Formerly Aberwick.'] A seaport in Northumberland, England, long regarded as neutral between Scotland and England, at the mouth

Berwick, Duke of. See Fits-James, James. Berwick (bèr'wik), Miss Mary. The pseudo-

W a l l a c h i a 1688 - 1 7 1 4 . He acted as the secret agent of Leopold of Austria in the war which terminated with the peace of Carlowitz in 1699, while ostensibly supporting his suzerain the Sultan of Turkey ; and served as the ally of Peter the Great in the war against the Turks in 1711, with the result that he was p u t to death with his four sons by order of the sultan. With his death the Bessaraba dynasty was extinguished.

Berwickshire (ber'ik-shir), or Berwick. A

of R u m a n i a .

of t h e T w e e d . I t was frequently an object of dispute between the countries. I t has remains of the old walls, population Q8D1), 13,878. -

nym of Miss Adelaide Anne Procter in " L e - B e s s a r a b i a (bes-a-râ'bi-a). A government of gends and L y r i c s " (1858). southwestern Russia, lying east and northeast

county in southeastern Scotland, lying between Haddington on the north, the North Sea on the northeast, Berwick Bounds and Northumberland on the southeast, Roxburgh on the s o u t h , a n d E d i n b u r g h on t h e w e s t ,

its divisions

are the M erse, Lammermuir, and Lauderdale. Its agriculture is important. Area, 461 square miles, Population (1891), 32,398.

B e r y n , H i s t o r y of. A Middle English poem formerly ascribed (by Urry) to Chaucer as 4 4 The

Capital, Kishineff.

It was overrun

by nomadic raccs from the 2d to the 13th century; was ceded to Russia by Turkey in 1812 ; was ceded in part to Moldavia in 1S56 ; and was restored to Russia iu 1878. Area, 17,619 square miles. Population, 1,588,329.

Bessarion(be-sà'ri-on), Johannes or Basilius.

laries, now lost. By order of the viceroy Mcudoza he wrote an account of the Incas and of the conquest. It was finished in 1551, but remained in manuscript until 1880, when it was printed for the "Biblioteca Hispanor i t r a m a r i n a , " with the title "Suma y Narracion de los Incas."

Betchwa. See Beczwa. Betelgeuze, or Betelgeux (bet-ei-gèrz'). [Ar. ibt-al-jauza, the giant's shoulder.] The bright, red, slightly variable star a (Monis, in the right shoulder of the constellation. It is sometimes called Mirzam, from ai-mirzam, the roarer.

Betham (beth'am), Sir William.

Born at

Stradbrooke, Suffolk, England, May 22, 1779 : died Oct. 26, 1853. An English antiquary, U l s t e r k i n g at a r m s .

His works include "Irish

Antiquarian Researches " (1827), "Origin and History of the Constitution of England, and of the early Parliaments of Ireland" (1«34 : a reissue, with a new title, of an earlier work), " T h e Gael and the Cymbri, etc,"(1834), etc.

[MGr. Btcoop/wv.] Born at Trebizond, 1395 (1403?): died at Ravenna, Nov. 19, 1472. A Greek scholar and Roman Catholic ecclesiastic, Betham-Edwards. See Edwards. notable as a patron of learning and a collector B e t h a n y (beth'a-ni). [Heb., 'house of povof m a n u s c r i p t s . He entered the order of St, Basil in erty.'] A place about forty minutes' ride f r o m

Bethany

Beth-Arbel

(beth-iir'bel).

Bevis of Hampton

153

(bè-là'), Charles Ernest. Born at Saumur, Anjou, France. June 29, 1826 : died April 4,1874. A French archœologist and politician. Benrnonville (bér-nôn-vël'), Pierre de Ruel, M a r q u i s de. Born at Champignolle, Aube, France, May 10, 1752: died at Paris, April 23, 1821. A French general and politician, made other parts of Spanish America. The members a marshal of France in 1816. lived according to the monastic rules of the Beust (boist),Count Friedrich Ferdinand von. Born at Dresden, Jan. 13, 1809: died at AltenAugustinians. near Vienna, Oct. 24,1886. A Saxon and Bethnal Green (beth'nal grën). A district in berg, Austrian statesman and diplomatist, n e became London, on the left bank of the Thames, east minister of foreign affairs in Saxony in 1849, and during of Spitalfields, formerly occupied by silk-weav- the decade preceding the Austro-Prussian war was the ers partly descended from the Huguenot refu- chief opponent of Bismarck in German politics. His ob-

other clergy, but have never been formally adopted without modification by the whole Orthodox Eastern Church. New Testament as the home of Lazarus, Martha and Sometimes called Synod of Jerusalem. Bedlam. Mary, and of Simon the Leper (Matt. xxi. 17, xxvi. 6; Bethlehem Hospital. See A religious Mark xî. 1 ff. ; Luke xix. 29; John xi. 1: A. V.). I t is iden- Bethlehemites (beth'ls-em-its). tified with the modem El-Azariyeh, a village with forty order founded in Guatemala in 1653, extended huts, inhabited by Mohammedans exclusively. to Mexico a f e w years later, and ultimately to

Jerusalem, on t h e road to Jericho, southeast of the Mount of Olives. It is often mentioned in the

A place mentioned

i n H o s . x. 14 us t h e s c e n e of a s a c k and m a s -

sacre by Shalman : probably identical with the modern Irbid, cast of the Jordan and n o r t h e a s t

of F e t t a . Shalman may be either Shalmaneser III., king of Assyria 782-772 b. c., who made a campaign against Damascus, or Salaman, king of Moab, who is mentioned in the Assyrian inscriptions as having paid tribute to Tiglath-Pileser III., king of Assyria (745-727 B. 0.). Bethel ( b e t h ' e l ) . [LL. Bethel, G r . Baêif/., H e b . Beth-ei, h o u s e of G o d . ] In scriptural geog-

g e e s . I t is noted as being the locality mentioned in the old ballad " T h e Blind Beggar's Daughter of Bethnal Green." The beggar's house is still shown. (Hare,') The Bethnal Green Museum is a branch of the South Keusington Museum, and was opened in 1872 in Victoria Park Square, Cambridge road, for the poor of East London.

raphy, a town (originally named Luz) in Palest i n e , 12 m i l e s n o r t h of J e r u s a l e m , t h e r e s t i n g place of the ark, and, later, a seat of idolatrous B e t h p h a g e ( b e t h ' f a j ; properly b e t h ' f a - j e ) . worship: the modern Beitin. [Heb., 'house of unripe figs.'] In scriptural Up to the last, customs that had originated in a primi- geography, a village in Palestine, situated on tive period of Semitic belief survived in .Phoenician re- the Mount of Olives eastward from Jerusalem ligiou. Stones, more especially aerolites, as well as trees, a n d n e a r B e t h a n y . The exact site is in dispute. were accounted sacred. The stones, after being consecrated by a libation of oil, were called . . . . Beth-els, " The traditional site is above Bethany, halfway between "habitations of God," and regarded as filled with the in- that village and the top_of the mount." Smith. dwelling presence of the Deity. The Caaba at Mecca is B e t h s a i d a ( b e t h - s a ' i - d a ) . [Heb., 'fishinga curious relic of this old Scmitic superstition, which is place.'] In scriptural geography, a place in alluded to in the Gisdhubar Epic of Chaldea, and may have suggested the metaphor of a rock applied to the Deity in Palestine, probably situated on the shore of the Hebrew poetry. Prof. Robertson Smith, again, has pointed Sea of Galilee b e t w e e n Capernaum and Magout that numerous traces of an early totemism lasted dala. down into the historical period of the Semitic race, more Beth-shean ( b e t h ' s h ë ' a n ) . [ H e b . , ' h o u s e of especially among the ruder nomad tribes of Arabia, r e s t ' or 'of security.'] S e e ScythopoHs. Sayee, Anc. Empires, p. 200.

Béthune

(bâ-tiin').

A town in the depart-

Bethel, Slingsby. Born 1617: died Feb., 1697. ment of Pas-de-Calais, Prance, situated on the A n English merchant and politician of republican views. H e was tried and heavily fined in May, 1683, for an assault during a n election of sheriffs.

Brett-e in lat. 50° 30' N., long. 2° 35' E. : the s e a t of an a n c i e n t b a r o n y , i t has a noted belfry

and church (of St. Vaast). ' I t was taken by Marlborough and Prince Eugene in 1710. Population (1891), commune, 11,098. Bethell (beth'el), Richard. Born at Bradford- Betlis. S e e Bitlis. on-Avon, England, June 30,1800: died at LonBetrothed, The. See Promessi Sposi.

don, July 20, Ì873. A n English jurist and statesman, created first Lord Westbury in 1861. H e became attornev-general in 1856, and was lord chancellor 1861-65.

Bethencourt

( b a - t o n - k o r ' } , Jean de. Died 1425 ('?). A F r e n c h a d v e n t u r e r , c o n q u e r o r of t h e C a n a r y I s l a n d s . He organized with Gadifer de la Salle an expedition which sailed from La Rochelle, Slay 1,1402, in quest of adventure. Having arrived in the Canaries, he built a fort on Lanzarote, which he left in charge of Gadifer while he returned for reinforcements. He came again with the official title of seigneur of the Canary Islands ; converted the king of the islands in 1404 an event which was followed by the baptism of most of the natives ; and returned to France in 1406, after deputing his nephew as governor. His exploits are recorded in a "Histoire de la première descouverte et conqueste des Canaries, faite dès l'an 1402 par messire Jean de Bethencourt, escrite du temps mesme par F. Pierre Bontier . . . et Jean le Verrier, etc." (1630).

B e t h e s d a ( b e - t h e s ' d a ) . [ I l e b . , ' h o u s e of mercy, or 1 place of the flowing water.'] In scriptural history, an intermittent spring near the sheepgate in Jerusalem, Palestine : commonly identified with the modern Birket Isrâil. Bethesda. A town in Carnarvonshire, "Wales, 5 miles southeast of Bangor. Near it are the great Penryhn slate-quarries. Population (1.891), 5,799.

Beth-Gellert. See Gellert. Beth-horon (beth-ho'ron), Upper

and Nether. [Heb., ' place of the hollow.'] Two villages of Palestine, about 12 miles northwest of Jerusalem. At the pass between them Joshua defeated the kings of the Amorites. It is also the scene of a victory of Judas ilaccabseus in the 2d century B. c. Bethlehem ( b o t h ' l e - e m ) . [Heb., 'house of bread.'] A town in Palestine, 6 miles south of Jerusalem : the modern Beit-Lahm. It was the birthplace of David and (according to Matthew, Luke, and John) of Christ. The Convent of the Nativity at Bethlehem is a complex body of structures distributed between the Greek and Latin creeds, and grouped around the church, a basilica of 5 naves, with apse and apsidal transepts, built by tlie empress Helena aud Constantine. There are four long ranges of monolithic Corinthian columns 10 feet high, above which rise the walls of the nave with round-arched windows. The choir is richly ornamented with attributes of the Greek rite ; beneath it is the tortuous Grotto of the Nativity. The apse and parts of the walls bear beautiful Byzantine mosaics. The church measures 86 by 136 feet, Population, about 5,000.

Betrothed, The.

One of Scott's ''Tales of the Crusaders/' published in 1825.

Beulé

ject was to form a league of the minor German states strong enough to hold the balance of power between Austria and Prussia, n e caused Saxony to side with Austria in the Austro-Prussian war of 3806. Having entered the Austrian service as minister of foreign affairs in Oct., i860, he succeeded Beleredi as prime minister on L eb. 7,1867, and on June 23,1867, was created chancellor of the Austrian empire. He reorganized the empire, in 1868, on the basis of the existing dualistie union between Austria and Hungary. lie was dismissed from the control of the government iJov. 8,1871, and was ambassador to London 1871-78, and to Paris 1878-82.

Beuthen (boi'ten), or Niederbeuthen (në-der-

boi'ten). A town in the province of Silesia, Prussia, situated on the Oder in lat. 51° 45' N., long. 15° 47' E. Beuthen, or Oberbeuthen (o-ber-boi'ten). A manufacturing and mining c i t v i n the province of Silesia, Prussia, in lat. 50° 21' N., long. 18° 55' E. Population (1890), commune, 36,905. Beuzeval-Houlgate (bèz-viil-ol-gât'). A watering-place in the department of Calvados, France, situated on the English Channel 15 miles southwest of Le Havre. Beveland (D. pron. bâ've-lànt), North. A n island in the province of Zealand, Netherlands, northeast of Walcheren. Length, 13 miles. Beveland, South. A n island ill the province of Zealand, Netherlands, east of Walcheren and north of the West Schelde. Its eastern coast (the Verdronken l a n d ) was inundated in 1532. Its chief

town is Goes. Length, 23 miles. Betterton (bet'èr-ton ), Thomas. Born in Beveren (bâ'ver-en). A town in the province Tothill street, "Westminster, 1635 (?): died in

Russell street, Covent Garden, April 28, 1710. A n English actor and dramatist, son of an under cook of Charles I. He was apprenticed to a

bookseller. Little is known of his early life. It is supposed that he began to act in 1656 or 1657. He joined Davenant's company at the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre in 1661. Pepys at the beginning of his career and Pope at the end spoke of him as the best actor they had ever seen. He was intimate with Dryden and with the most intellectual men of his time. Of Betterton's eight plays, I find one tragedy borrowed from Webster ; and of his comedies, one was taken from Marston ; a second based on Molière's George Dandin ; a third was never printed ; his " Henry the Fourth" was one of those unhallowed outrages on Shakespeare, of which the century in which it appeared was prolific *, his " B o n d m a n " was a poor reconstruction of Massinger'a play, in 14which Betterton himself was marvellously great ; and his Prophetess " was a conversion of Beaumont and Fletcher's tragedy into an opera, by the efficient aid of Henry Purceli. who published the music in score, in 1691. Doran, Eng. Stage, I. 128.

Bettina Bettris

of East Flanders, Belgium, 6 miles west of Antwerp. It has manufactures of lace. Population (1890), 8,637.

Beveridge (bev'èr-ij), William. Born at Barrow, Leicestershire, England, 1637: died at Westminster, March 5, 1708. An English prel-

a t e . He became archdeacon of Colchester in 1G81, president of Sion College in 1689, and bishop of St. Asaph in 1704. Beverley (bev'èr-li). [ME. Beverly, Bevcrli, Beverlïke, A S . Beferlic, Be tier lie, BeoferUc, Bcoforlic, f r o m befer, b e a v e r , and lie, b o d y (by

Bos worth supposed to stand for led, ledh, lea, field).] A t o w n in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England, in lat. 53° 5 0 ' N . , long. 0 ° 2 6 ' W.

It contains Beverley Minster and St. Mary's Church. The former is a church of the 13th and 14th centuries, with double transepts, and a Perpendicular façade flanked by two towers resembling that of York. The fine nave dates from about 1350 ; the choir is Early English, with a modern sculptured screen and handsome old stalls. The minster measures 334 by 64 feet. Population (1891), 12,539.

(bet-të'nâ). See Ar»im, Elizabeth von. (bet'ris). A country girl who loves George-a-Greene, in Greene's play of that Beverley. A town in E s s e x County, Massachusetts, situated 17 miles northeast of Boston. name. (1890), 10,821. Bettws-y-Coed (bet y us-ë-kô'cd). A t o w n in BPopulation e v e r l e y (bev'èr-li). The gamester in Edward Carnarvonshire, Wales, situated at the junction Moore's t r a g e d y of t h a t n a m e . Garrick created of the Llugwy and Conway 17 miles southeast the part. Mrs. Beverley was a favorite character with of Bangor, i t is a tourist center. the actresses of the time. Betty (bet'i). A diminutive abbreviation of Beverley. The jealous lover of Belinda in Elizabeth. Murphy's play " A l l in the Wrong." de. The perjured nun in Betty, William Henry West, known as Beverley, Constance 1 ''Master B e t t y " and the " Y o u n g Roscius." Scott's p o e m ' Marmion. " she loves Marmion, and "bows her pride Born at Shrewsbury, Sept. 13, 1791: died at A horseboy in his train to ride." London, Aug. 24, 1874. A n English actor, especially famous for his precocity. He made his She is walled in alive in the dungeons of a convent as a first appearance, on Aug. 1!), 1803, as Oswyn in " Zar;i," and played Douglas, Holla, Borneo, Tancred, and Hamlet within two years with great success. He left the stage in 1806, returned to it in 1812, and finally abandoned it iri 1824. Betty Modish, Lady. See Modish, Lady Betty.

punishment for her broken vows.

Beverley, Ensign.

The character assumed by Captain Absolute in Sheridan's comedy " T h e Rivals" to win the love of the romantic Lydia, who will not marry any one so suitable as the son of Sir Anthony. Betwa (bet'wa). A tributary of the Jumna, in Beverley, John of. See John of Beverley. British India. Length, 360 miles. Beudant (bè-don'), François Sulpice. Born at Beverly (bev'ér-li), Robert. Born in Virginia a b o u t 1675: An American historian. Bethlehem. A borough in Northampton County, Paris, Sept. 5, 1787: died there, Dec. 9, 1850. He became clerkd iofe dthe1716. Council of Virginia about 1697, an Pennsylvania, situated on the Lehigh River 50 A F r e n c h m i n e r a l o g i s t and p h y s i c i s t . He became office previously held by his father, Major Pohert Beverly, m i l e s north of Philadelphia, settled~by the Mo- professor of mathematics at Avignon in 1811, later (1813) ravians in 1741. It has manufactures of iron professor of physics at Marseilles, and later (1818) profes- and published "A History of the Present State of Virginia " an d machinery. Popul ati on ( 1890), 6,762, (1705). sor of mineralogy in the faculty of sciences at Paris. Bethlehem, Synod of. An important synod Beulah (bii'lji). [Heb., 'she who is married.'] B e v i l (bev'l). 1. A m a n of wit and pleasure of the G-reek Church held at Bethlehem in Ì672. 1. In Isa. lxiï. 4, the name of the land Israel in Shadwell's comedy " Epsom Wells."—2. A I t condemned Calvinism and Lutheranism. and defended the memory of Cyril Lucar, the famous patriarch of Alex- when it shall be "married." — 2. A land of model of everything becoming a gentleman, in andria and afterward of Constantinople, who had died r e s t , " w h e r e the sun shineth night and day," Steele's play " T h e Conscious Lovers." in 1638, against the imputation of Calvinism. The acts of in Bunyan's " Pilgrim's Progress." The Pilgrims Bevis (bë'v'is) of Hampton or Southhampthis synod were signed by the Patriarch of Jerusalem and stay here till the time comes for them to go across the t o n , S i r . A brave knight whose adventures are river of Death to the Celestial City. celebrated in Arthurian romance and by Dray-

Bevis of Hampton

154

t o n i n h i s " P o l y o l b i o n . " An old English poem on Bevis was in the 15th or 16th century turned into a prose romance and printed about 1650. He was originally called

Bianca

humoured scoundrel." Its original sense is ' a raw recruit'; heuee, as a term of contempt, 'a beggar, a needy person.' Used by Shakspere in "2 Henry IV.," v. 3.

Beuves d'Antotie, from the Italian Buovo d'Antona, a name corrupted into d'Hantone in French anil Hampton in Bhadrinath (bha-dri-nath'), or Badrinath English. " Beuves d'Hantone or Bevis of Hampton is the ( b i i - d r i - n a t h ' ) . A s a c r e d t o w n in G-urhwal, subject of an old i'rencli story which was embodied in the H i n d u s t a n , 80 miles n o r t h of Alrnora. 'Reali di Francia' and is only connected with Charlemagne by the mention of King Pippin and the hero's kin- B h a g a l p u r ( b h a g - a l - p o r ' ) . A division in B e h a r , ship with the sons of Ay mon (he was the father of JVlaugis British I n d i a . A r e a , 20.492 s q u a r e miles. P o p (Malagigi in Italian) and the uncle of Renaud (Rinaldo), u l a t i o n , 8,063,160. one of the four sons of Aymon). As a French prose ro- B h a g a l p u r . A d i s t r i c t in t h e B h a g a l p u r divimance it was printed by Vérard about 1500. It has been sion, B r i t i s h I n d i a . A r e a , 4,268 s q u a r e miles. printed separately in Italian at Bologna in 1480." EHCUC y Brit, XX. (¡53. P o p u l a t i o n , 1,966,158. Bhagalpur. Tin- c h i e f town of B h a g a l p u r . B e v i s . T h e horse of L o r d M a r m i o n in Sir W a l - P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 69,106. t e r Scott's p o e m " M a r i n i o n s Bhagavadgita ( b h a " g a - v a d - g e ' t a ) . I n S a n Bevis Marks. A thoroughfare in St. Mary Axe, s k r i t l i t e r a t u r e , ' t h e s o n g of B h a g a v a t , ' t h a t i s , n e a r H o u n d s d i t c h , L o n d o n . I t is r e f e r r e d t o i n t h e m y s t i c a l d o c t r i n e s s u n g b y ' t h e a d o r a b l e D i c k e n s ' s " Old Curiosity S h o p . " o n e , ' a n a m e of K r i s h n a w h e n i d e n t i f i e d w i t h Bewick ("bù'ik), Thomas. Bom at Cherryburn, t h e S u p r e m e B e i n g . The author is unknown. He n e a r N e w e a s t l e - o n - T y n e , Aug., 1753: died a t is supposed to have lived in India in the 1st or '2d century G a t e s h e a d , n e a r N e w c a s t l e , Nov. 8, 1828. A n of our era. His poem was at an early date dignified by a E n g l i s h w o o d - e n g r a v e r , u e was apprenticed at the place in the Mahabharata, but is of a much later date age of fourteen to Ralph Bielby, a copperplate engraver than the body of that epic. Its philosophy is eclectic, at Newcastle. His first work of any importance was the combining elements of the Sankhya, Yoga, and Vedanta woodcuts to Hutton's book on mensuration (1770); after systems with the later theory of Bhakti, or 'faith.' The this he did most of Bielby's wood-engraving business. whole composition is skilfully thrown into the form of a At the expiration of his apprenticeship he went to Lon- dramatic poem or dialogue, characterized by great loftidon, but returned shortly to Newcastle, where he entered ness of thought and beauty of expression. The speakers into partnership with Bielby and occupicd his old shop in are the two most important personages of the MahabhaArjuna and Krishna. In the great war Krishna reSt. Nicholas Churchyard till a short time before his death. rata, fused to take up arms on either side, but consented to act Among his chief works are the illustrations of "(Say's as Arjuna's charioteer and to aid him with counsel At Fables" (177i)X "Select Fables" (1784), a "General History the commencement of the Bhagavadgita the two armies of Quadrupeds" (1700). and his most famous work, " T h e are in battle array, when Arjuna is struck with compuncHistory of British Birds" (1797), in which he showed the tion at the idea of fighting his way to a kingdom through knowledge of a naturalist combined with the skill of an the blood of his kindred. Krishna's reply is made the ocartist. His last work was the illustrations of " ¿Esop's casion of the dialogue which in fact constitutes the BhaFables," upon which he was engaged six years. He was gavadgita, the main design of which is to exalt the duties assisted by his son Robert Elliot, and by some of his of caste above all other obligations, including the ties of pupils. friendship and affection, but at the same time to show that the practice of those duties is compatible with the B e x (bâ). A small t o w n in t h e c a n t o n of V a u d , self-mortification of the Yoga* philosophy as well as with S w i t z e r l a n d , n e a r t h e l l h ô n e 27 miles s o u t h e a s t the deepest devotion to the Supreme Being, with whom Krishna claims to be identified. of L a u s a n n e .

Bexar (bâ-nar' or bâ-âr') Territory or Dis-

t r i c t . A r e g i o n in w e s t e r n T e x a s a d j o i n i n g B h a g a v a t a p u r a n a ( b h a " g a - va - t a - p o - r a ' n i i ) . N e w Mexico, a n d b o u n d e d "by t h e Rio P e c o s ' T h e p u r a n a of B h a g a v a t a ' or Vishnu, a w o r k on t h e s o u t h w e s t . A r e a , a b o u t 25,000 s q u a r e pofo wger re faut l c ienl felburei nt yc ei nu pI no dn i at,h ee x oe rpci insiionngs aof m ot hr ee miles. p e o p l e t h a n a n y of t h e o t h e r p u r a n a s . i t con-

Bexley, Baron. See Vansittart. Beyerland. See Beierland. Beylan.

See Jieilan.

Beyle (bâl), Marie Henri. Born at Grenoble,

sists of 18,000 verses, and is ascribed by Colebrooke to grammarian Vopadeva, of about the 13th century A.D. most popular part, the tenth book, which narrates history of Krishna, has been translated into many of vernaculars of India.

the Its the the

F r a n c e , J a n . 23,1783 : died a t P a r i s , M a r c h 23, 1842. A F r e n c h w r i t e r a n d critic, b e s t k n o w n B h a i r a v a (bM'ra-va) (masc.), B h a i r a v i (-ve) b y his p s e u d o n y m < £ De S t e n d h a l . " He was the (fern.). [Skt., ' t h e t e r r i b l e . ' ] N a m e s of Shiva author of lives of Napoleon, Haydn. Mozart, Rossini, and a n d his w i f e Devi. T h e Bliairavas a r e e i g h t inMetastasio, " Histoire de la peinture en Italie" (1817), f e r i o r f o r m s or m a n i f e s t a t i o n s of S h i v a , all of "Racine et Shakespeare 1 ' (1823-2&), novels "Ai-malice" t h e m t e r r i b l e . (1827), " L e rouge et le noir" (1830), " l a Chartreuse de Parme " (1839), etc. For a time lie called himself de Beyle. B h a m o ( b h a - m o ' ) . A t o w n in B u r m a , in B r i t i s h I n d i a , s i t u a t e d on t h e I r a w a d i in l a t . 24° 16' Beylerbeg Serai (bâ'lèr-beg' se-rï'). A sum- N., long. 95° 55' E. I t is a t r a d i n g c e n t e r . m e r - p a l a c e in C o n s t a n t i n o p l e , finished in 1865 B h a n d a r a ( b h n n ' d u - r a ) . A d i s t r i c t in t h e b y A b d u l - A z i z , on t h e B o s p o r u s . The water N a g p u r division. C e n t r a l P r o v i n c e s , B r i t i s h I n façade displays great purity and harmony of design, and dia, in l a t . 20°-22° N., long. 79°-81° E . A r e a , the grand staircase and ceremonial saloons, decorated in 3,922 s q u a r e miles. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 742,887. a Turkish modification of the Moorish style, are master- B h a r a t a ( b l i a ' r a - t a ) . I n H i n d u m y t h o l o g y a n d pieces in their way. l e g e n d : («) A h e r o a n d k i n g f r o m w h o m t h e Beyrout. See Beirut. p e o p l e called B h a r a t a s , o f t e n m e n t i o n e d in t h e B e z a . See Bcze, Theodore de. R i g v e d a , a r e r e p r e s e n t e d a s d e s c e n d e d . (b) B e z a l e e l ( b e - z a l ' ë - e l ) . [ H e b . / i n t h c s h a d o w Son of D a s h a r a t h a b y Kaikeyi, a n d h a l f - b r o t h e r of G-od.'] T h e artificer w h o e x e c u t e d t h e w o r k s of R a m a e h a n d r a . His mother brought about the exof a r t on t h e t a b e r n a c l e . ile of Rama, but Bharata refused to supplant him. On B e z a l i e l . In D r y d e n a n d T a t e ' s s a t i r e " A b s a - his father's death, Bharata went to bring Rama back to l o m a n d Acliitophel." a c h a r a c t e r m e a n t f o r t h e Ayodhya and place him on the throne. Rama refused M a r q u i s of W o r c e s t e r , a f t e r w a r d d u k e of Beau- to return until the end of his exile, and Bharata declined to f o r t . H e w a s n o t e d f o r h i s devotion t o l e a r n - reign, but at last consented to rule in Rama's name. ing. A p r i n c e of t h e P u r u b r a n c h of t h e L u n a r race, Bèze, or Besze (bâz), L. Beza (be'za), Théo- s o n of D u s l l y a n t a a n d S h a k u n t a l a . Through their d o r e d e . B o r n a t V e z e l a v , F r a n c e , J u n e 24, descent from Bharata the Kauravas and Pandavas, but 1519: died a t Geneva, O c t / l 3 , 1605. A n o t e d especially the Pandavas, were called Bharatas, ' descent h e o l o g i a n , t h e successor of Calvin a s l e a d e r dants of Bharata.' of t h e R e f o r m e d C h u r c h at G e n e v a . He studied B h a r t r i h a r i ( b h i i r ' t r i - h a ' r i ) . Ill S a n s k r i t litthe classics under the humanist Melchior Wolmar at Or- e r a t u r e , a b r o t h e r of K i n g V i k r a m a d i t y a , t o leans and Bourges 1528-35 ; studied law in the University w h o m a r e ascribed t h r e e S h a t a k a s , o r ' c e n t u r i e s

Bhavishyapurana (bha-vish'ya-po-ra'na). 1 Sanskrit literature,

In

t h e p u r a n a of t h e f u t u r e . '

I t is one of the eighteen puranas, supposed to have been a revelation of future events by Brahma and communicated by Sumantu to Satanika, a king of the i'andu family. The extant purana is not prophetic, but a manual of rites and observances. The commencement, treating of creation, is scarcely more than a transcript of Manu.

Bhawalpur. See Bakmadpur.

B h i l (bkel) s t a t e s . A g r o u p of n a t i v e s t a t e s in C e n t r a l B r i t i s h I n d i a , in t h e V i n d h y a a n d Satpura Mountains. Bhima ( b h e ' m a ) . [ S k t . lihima, t h e t e r r i b l e . ] I n H i n d u mythology, t h e r e p u t e d second son of P a n d u , b u t in r e a l i t y t h e son of h i s w i f e P r i t h a or K u n t i b y V a y u , t h e god of t h e w i n d , lie was remarkable for his vast size and strength and voracious appetite. Also called Bhlniascna and Vrifoidaru. ( b h o ' j a ) . A n a m e b o r n e b y a n u m b e r of H i n d u k i n g s ' . A king Blioja, ruler of Malava, who dwelt at Ilhara and Ujjayini, and who, according to an inscription, lived about 1040-1090 A. D., is said by tradition to have been the Vikrama at whose court the " n i n e gems " flourished.

Bhoja

Bhopal ( b h ô - p â l ' ) .

A political agency connected w i t h C e n t r a l I n d i a . It includes, among others, the native state Bhopal, lit, 23" N., long. 77° E. Area, 6,950 square miles. Population (1801), 952,486. Bhopal. T h e c a p i t a l of t h e s t a t e of B h o p a l . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 70.338.

BhrigU

(bhri'gô). In Vedic m y t h o l o g y , t h e n a m e of a c l a s s of b e i n g s w h o ' d i s c o v e r f i r e a n d b r i n g i t t o m e n . The Bhrigus have shut up fire within the wood. They are enumerated with other divine beings, especially with the Angirascs and the Atharvans. One of the chief Brahmanical tribes bears the name, and also a rishi as representative of the tribe.

Bhurtpore (bhèrt-pôr'), or B h a r t p u r (bhartpftr'). A feudatory state in R a j p u t a n a , British I n d i a . A r e a , 1,961 s q u a r e miles. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 640,103. Its capital, Bhurtpore, has a p o p u l a t i o n (1891) of 68,033.

Bhutan (bho-tan'), or Bootan (bo-tan'). A

c o u n t r y i n Asia, l y i n g b e t w e e n T i b e t o n t h e n o r t h , Sikhim on t h e west, a n d British I n d i a , occ u p i e d l a r g e l y b y t h e H i m a l a y a s . The capital is Punakha. Power held by the Deb Raja(secular head), the Dharni Raja (spiritual head), and chieftains. Religion, Buddhism. Part of it was annexed by Great Britain in 1865. Area, 13,000 square miles. Population, about 200,000.

Biard (bê-iir'), Auguste François. Born at

L y o n s , P r a n c e , J u n o 27, 1800 : died n e a r F o n t a i n e b l e a u , J u l y 8, 1882. A French genre painter. B i a f r a ( b ë - a ' f r a ) . A small d i s t r i c t in w e s t e r n A f r i c a , s i t u a t e d on t h e B i g h t of B i a f r a a b o u t l a t . 3° N .

Biafra, Bight of.

The eastern part of the

Gulf of Guinea, on t h e w e s t e r n coast of A f r i c a , between capes Formosa aud Lopez. B i a i n i a . A n a n c i e n t n a m e of V a n . See Armenia. B i a l a ( b y â ' l a ) . A t o w n in Galicia, A u s t r i a H u n g a r y , s i t u a t e d o n t h e B i a l a , opposite Bielitz, 42 miles w e s t - s o u t h w e s t of Cracow. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), c o m m u n e , 7,622.

Bialowicza (bya-lô-vë'ehii), Forest Of. A fore s t in L i t h u a n i a .

See t h e e x t r a c t .

" The Hercynian Forest," in Gibbon's words, " overshadowed a great part of Germany and Poland." It stretched from the sources of the Rhine and Danube to regions far beyond the Vistula. Its relics remain in the Black Forest, the forests of the Hartz, and the woods of Westphalia and Nassau. Only one portion remains in its primeval state : the Imperial Forest of Bialowicza covers 350 square miles of marsh and jungle in Lithuania, and is reserved by a benevolent despotism as the home of the aurochs and the elk. In the days of Pytheas the natural forests stretched eastwards from the Rhine " for more than two months' journey for a man making the best of his way on foot." Elton, Origins Eng. Hist., p. 51.

Bialystok. See Bielostolc.

[It., f e m i n i n e of biavco, of Orleans 1535-39 ; repaired to the University of Paris in of v e r s e ' : (a) The Sringarashataka, or ' Oentury of B i a n c a ( b i - a n ' k a ) . 1539, where he eventually devoted himself to humanistic Verses on Love'; (h) Nitlshataka,' Oentury on Politics and f r o m ML. blancits (E. Haiti-), w h i t e . ] 1. T h e studies ; published a collection of poems, "Juvenilia," in 1 s i s t e r of K a t h a r i u e in S h a k s p e r e ' s " T a m i n g of Ethics ; (c) Vairagyashataka, 'Century on Austerity'; a 1548 ; fled in the saine year to Geneva, where he abjured t h e S h r e w " : a m i l d a n d well-bred m a i d e n , a Catholicism; became professor of Greek in the academy grammatical work, the Vakyapndiya; and by some the c o n t r a s t t o " K a t h a r i n e t h e C u r s t . " — 2 . A at Lausanne in 1549 ; accepted the rectorship of the acad- Bhattikavya. w o m a n of Cyprus with w h o m Cassio h a d a n emy at Geneva and a pastorate in Geneva in 1559 ; partici- B h a r t p u r . See Bhurtpore. tragedy pated in the Colloquy of Poissy in 1561, and St. Germain B h a s k a r a ( b h a s ' k a - r a ) . I n S a n s k r i t l i t e r a t u r e , a m o r o u s i n t r i g u e , in S h a k s p e r e ' s in 1562 ; became the successor of Calvin at Geneva on the a c e l e b r a t e d a s t r o n o m e r a n d m a t h e m a t i c i a n " O t h e l l o . " — 3 . A V e n e t i a n b e a u t y in Middlelatter's death in 1564; presided a t t h e synodsof the French of t h e 12th c e n t u r y . H e w r o t e t h e S i d d h a n t a - t o n ' s p l a y " W o m e n b e w a r e W o m e n , " m a r r i e d Reformers at La Rochelle in 1571, and Nlmes in 1572 ; and t o L e o n t i o a n d t e m p t e d t o b e c o m e t h e duke's participated in the Colloquy at Montbéliard iti 15S6. He siromani, w h i c h c o n t a i n s t r e a t i s e s on a l g e b r a , m i s t r e s s b y a s h a m e l e s s w o m a n . — 4 . T h e D u c h wrote "De Ilferoticis a Civili Magistrate Puniendis," in a r i t h m e t i c , and g e o m e t r y . ess of P a v i a i u F o r d ' s p l a y " L o v e ' s S a c r i f i c e " : B h a t t i k a v y a (bhat-te-kiiv'ya). I n S a n s k r i t litwhich he defends the execution of Scrvetua, etc. a gross a n d profligate w o m a n w h o lias t h e a r t

B é z i e r s ( b à - z i â ' ) . A c i t v i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t of H é r a u l t , F r a n c e , in l a t . 43° 21' X., long. 3° 12' E . : t h e R o m a n Biterra S e p t i m a n o r u m . i t con-

tains the noted Cathedral of St. Nazaire. Thousands of its citizens were massacred in 1209, in the Albigensian war. Population (1891), 45,475. Bezonian. A b e g g a r ; a m e a n , low p e r s o n . According to Florio a bisogno is " a new levied soldier, such as comes needy to the wars." Cotgrave, in bisongne, says, " a fllthie knave, or clowne, a raskall, a bisonian, base-

e r a t u r e , ' t h e p o e m of Bhatti,'' an artificial epic p o e m b y Bliatti, c e l e b r a t i n g t h e exploits of R a m a , and i l l u s t r a t i n g S a n s k r i t g r a m m a r b y t h e e m p l o y m e n t of all p o s s i b l e f o r m s a n d construct i o n s . By some i t is a s c r i b e d t o B h a r t r i h a r i . B h a v a b h u t i (bha-va-bho'ti). A Sanskrit poet w h o lived in t h e 8th c e n t u r y A. D., a u t h o r of t h e three dramas "Malatimadhava," "Mahaviracharita," and " Uttararamacharrita."

of a p p e a r i n g i n n o c e n t b y d e n y i n g t h e f a v o r s s h e m o a n s to g r a n t . — 5 . A p a t h e t i c and b e a u t i f u l c h a r a c t e r , " t h e F a i r Maid of t h e I n n , " in Massinger, R o w l e y , a n d F l e t c h e r ' s p l a v of t h a t n a m e . — 6 . ^ The w i f e of F a z i o in D e a n M i l m a n ' s p l a y " F a z i o . " Out of jealousy she ruins her husband, but repents, and, not being able to undo lier work dies of a broken heart.

Bianca villa

155

Biancavilla (bë-iLn-ka-vël'la). A town in Bibliander ( b i b ' l i - a n - d è r ) (originally BuchSicily, 9 miles west-northwest oi' Catania : tke maiin), Theodore. Born at Bischoffszell, Thurancient Inessa. Population, 13,000. gau, 1504: died at Zurich, Nov. 26, 1564. A Bianchi (bë-an'kë), The. [It./the Whites.'] A Swiss divine and Orientalist,. He was professor of political faction which arose in Tuscany about theology and Oriental philology in the University of Zu1300. The Guelph family of the Oancellieri at Pistoia having banished the Ghibelline family of the Paneiatichi, a feud arose between two distantly related branches of the former, distinguished by the names of Bianchi and Neri, which. 1296-1300, becamc so violent that Florence, in order to pacify Pistoia, engaged that city to banish the whole family of the Oancellieri, but at the same time opened its own gates to them. In Florence the Neri allied themselves with Oorso Donati and the violent Guelphs, and the Bianchi with Veri de Cerclii and the moderate Guelphs, and subsequently with the Ghibellines and the Panoiatichi. Boniface V I I I . espoused the party of the Neri. and sent, nominally to bring about a reconciliation, Charles de Valois to Florence in 1301, with the result that the Bianchi, among whom was Dante, were exiled.

rich 1532-60, when, on account of his opposition to the Calvinistic doctrine of predestination, he was deposed. He wrote a Latin translation of the Koran, and made many valuable contributions to the history of Mohammedanism.

Bibliophile Jacob, Le. A novel by Balzac, written in 1830. Bibliothèque de Ste. Geneviève. Originally, the library of the Abbey of Ste. Geneviève,

f o u n d e d i n 1624. The present structure and organization date from 1850. The library is especially rich in incunabula, fine Aldines and Elzevirs, and other impressions of early printers. I t has also a fiue collection of manuscripts.

Bibliothèque Mazarin. A library of about 140,Bianchini (bê-àn-kë'në), Francesco. Born at 000 volumes and 3,000 manuscripts, founded by Verona, Italy, Dec. 13. 1662: died at Rome, Cardinal Mazarin. It is rich in bibliographic March 2, 1729. A noted Italian astronomer curiosities. and antiquary. Bibliothèque Nationale. The great French Bianco (bë-ân'ko), or Biancho (bë-an'kô), l i b r a r y , t h e l a r g e s t i n t h e w o r l d . I t has been called Andrea. A Venetian chartographer who lived successively La Bibliothèque du Roi, Royale, .Nationale, in the first half of the lôth century. He left a Impériale, and Nationale. The Bibliothèque du Roi was collection of hydrographical charts anterior to the discovery of the Cape of Good Hope and of America. In a chart dated 1436 he shows two islands west of the Azores, named " Antillia " and " De laman Satanaxio," which some claim indicate a knowledge of the two Americas.

Biarritz (bë-ar-rëts'). A watering-place in the department of Basses-Pyrénées, France, situated on the Bay of Biscay 5 miles west-southw e s t of B a y o n n e . I t is one of the chief bathingplaces in France, and is also a noted winter resort. I t was developed during the second empire. Population (1891), commune, 9,177.

Bias (M'as). [G-r. Bia^.] In Greek mythology, the son of Amythaon, and brother of Melampus. He obtained a third part of the kingdom of Argo s. Bias. Born at Priene, in Ionia : lived in the middle of the 6t.h century B. c. One of the " Seven Sages" of Greece, noted for his apothegms. Bias. See Seas. Bibbiena (bëb-bë-â'na) (Bernardo Dovizio or Devizio), Car4), " D i e narkotischen Biddenden (bid'en-den) Maids. Two sisters Genussmittel und der M e n s c h " (1855), "Erinnerungen aus Südamerika" (1861), " A n s Chile. Peru, und Brasilien " (1862), "Reiseskizzen und N o v e l l e n " (1864), etc.

Bibracte (bi-brak'të). In ancient geography, atown in central Gaul, the capital of the üidui, on the site of Mont Beuvray 8 miles west of Autun, with which it was formerly identified. Near it. Csesar defeated the ^ d u i . Bibrax (bi'braks). [ L . Bib rade or Bibrax, Gr. Bißaccording to Zouss 'beaver town,' from Oöaui. *hebros = L. jiber = E. beaver. Cf. Beverley."] In anci ent geography, a town of the Remi, in Gaul. It is placed by d'Anville at Biòvres on t.ho Aisne. Bibulus (bib'ü-lus), Lucius Calpurnius. Died near Corcyra, Greece, 48 B. C. A Roman poli-

joined like the Siamese twins, born at Biddend e n , K e n t , E n g l a n d ( 1 1 0 0 - 3 4 ) . They were the reputed donors of the "Rread-and-Oheese-land," Biddenden, f o r the defrayal of the cost of a yearly distribution of bread and cheese at Easter.

Biddle (bid'l), Clement, surnamed " T h e Quaker Soldier." [The surname Biddle is another form of Beadle, from beadle.] Born at Philadelphia, May 10, 1740: died there, July 14, 1814. An American Revolutionary officer, jic was one of the signers of the non-importation resolutions framed at Philadelphia 1765, and although a Quaker joined the Revolutionary army on the outbreak of hostilities, serving as colonel in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, and Monmouth. He was a personal friend and correspondent of Washington.

Bibesco (bë-bes'kô), George Demetrius. Born 1804 : died at Paris, June 1,1873. A Wallachian politician, hospodar of Wallachia 1842-48. Bibesco, Barbo Demetrius (adopted name Biddle, Clement Cornell. Born at PhiladelStirbei). Born 1801: died at Nice, France, An i c i a n . He was Julias Ciesar's colleague in the consul- phia, Oct. 24, 1784: died Aug. 21, 1855. April 13, 1869. A "Wallachian politician, tship 59 B. 0., having been elected through the efforts of American lawyer and political economist, son of brother of George Demetrius Bibesco, hospo- the aristocratic party. A f t e r an ineffectual attempt to Clement Biddle. He fought in the War of 1812. dar of Wallachia 1849-56. oppose Cfosar's agrarian law, he shut himself up in his Biddle, James. Born at Philadelphia, Feb. 28, own house, whencc he issued edicts against Ciesar's meaBibena. See Bibbiena. 1783: died at Philadelphia, Oct, 1, 1848. An sures. He was appointed by Pompey commander of the Bible (bi'bl), The. Sec Miles Cover (laic, Wyclif, Heet in the Ionian Sea, 49 R. n., to prevent Cœsar from American naval commander, distinguished in Thomas Bcntham, Scptuttyinl, Mazarin Bible, crossing over into Greece. His vigilance was, however, t h e W a r o f 1812. H e commanded the Hornet, which eluded by the latter in January of the following year. etc. fought and captured the British brig Penguin off the Bible of Forty-two Lines, The. An edition of Bicêtre (bë-sâtr'). A village l i miles south of island of Tristan d'Acunha, March 2 oept- ¿0, 1SIZ. A G e r m a n a n ( j North B r a b n u t southeast of TïmvlrocM resting on an ingeniously combined system of pendentives publicist, politician, and historian. He was (ex. ïts „utlefïo fh e K h lea is HollandLh d £ d « f i n i s h the area to be covered by the dome traordiuary) professor of philology at Leipsic 1838-54. I t ™ formed 1421 by ainundationrf the Meule and by their weight counteract its outward thrust. At In the latter year he was imprisoned, as editor of the u - I /V. » * . mu""iI1"1'111 Meuse. e a c h corller of t h e talwlIlg i 4 m s a n ootagonal domed "Deutsche Annalcn," for political reasons and lost his " l e t (Oya), A n t o i n e . A 1 ranch missionary tower of eight stages. The decoration, inside and out, is professorship, but was reinstated in 1865. He has been w h o accompanied the 600 colonists sent to of great elegance and excellent in proportion, active in the politics of Saxony and of the empire. Cayenne in 1652, and remained there eighteen B i j n o r ( b i j - n ô r ' ) . A district in the B o h i l k u n d B i e f v e ( b v e f ) , E d o u a r d de. B o r n at Brussels m o n t h s . He published "Voyage de la France Equinox- division, N o r t h w e s t Provinces, British India. 1W4), with a Galibi dictionary at the end. Dec. 4,1809: died at Brussels, F e b 7 1882 A A r e a , 1,868 squaro miles. P o p u l a t i o n (1881), B e l g i a n painter. H i s chief w o r k is " Compro- B l f r ° s t ( b e frfist). In Old N o r s e mythology, the 721,450. a m b o w t i i e mise of the N o b l e s at Brussels, F e b . 16, 1566 " J > bridge of the gods which reached B i k a n i r ( L i - k a - n ê r ' ) . A n a t i v e state in northern Biel. See Bienne. f r o m heaven to earth. Every day the gods rode over R a j p u t a n a , under the supervision of British B i e l , or B y l l ( b e l ) G a b r i e l . B o r n at Speyer, ï î ± ; otf^-23'090 Population ¡»1,95a. G e r m a n y : died at T u b i n g e n , G e r m a n y , 1495. Asbrii). TS-C A G e r m a n scholastic philosopher (nominalist), B i g B e g g a r m a n . A nickname o£ O'Connell. ™ n l r - . capital of Bikanir. Population professor of theology and philosophy at the B i g B e n . T h e n a m e given to the b e l l in the J. 1 , '> ,>b 't 5 - 2 ', .• .. „ „ „ , University of T u b i n g e n : called mistakenly clock-tower of the n e w houses of P a r l i a m e n t ® « a s p n r _ (be-las-por ) . A feudatory state in " t h e last of the schoolmen." H i s chief w o r k L o n d o n . It is said to be the largest bell in England! t h Î P a n i a b ' B ^ t i s l i ^fadia. Area,, 448 square is Collectorium ex O c e a m o " (1508, etc.). It was cast in 1858. It is the second of tho name, the J ? , l l e s Population (1881), 80,o46. B i e l a ( b e ' l a ) , W i l h e l m v o n . B o r n at E o s s l a u flrst b e i n s defective. Wai/ord, Old and New London. Bllaspur. A district in the Chattisgarh diviGermany, March 19,1782 : died at Venice, F e b ' B i g B e t h e l ( b i g b e t h ' e l ) . A village in eastern s i o n > Central Provinces, British India. Area, 18,1856.' A n Austrian military officer noted Virginia, 10 miles northwest of Fortress Monroe. 7,798 square miles. Population (1881), 1,017,e r e J u n e f o r the discoverv of a comet, n a m e d for him f . ' 1«, 1861, the Federals (2,500) uuder General 327. F e b . 27, 1826, at Josephstadt, Bohemia. ' Sud"?16 Confederates (1,800) under B l l a t . See Bern.

P r u s s i i , s i t u a t e d ^ miles ^^outhw s f of B r i t lau. It is noted f o r its length, which is about Smiles. Population (1890), commune, 15,860.

It was noted in Grant's campaign before Vicksburg May I«»ÏÏt^Ï^T^

.louinalist and piopagandist. '^reS.J1!,?6

feiM^^t^î^^ Banished from Chile ^ l?16

he

B i e l a y a - T s e r k o f f ( b y â ' l a - ya - tser ' k o f ) , or B i g B o n e L i c k . A salt spring in Boone County, SbtnSof' ' » d ^ ^ ' ï ï i t i S S f Uielatserkoff ( b y a ' la-tser 'kof). ['White Kentucky, situated about 20 miles southwest and Buenos Ayres. His death was due to exposure inChurch.'] A town in the government of Kieff, of Cincinnati : noted f o r its fossil deposits. curred while saving a drowning woman. A seaport, capital of the province of Russia, in lat, 49° 4 5 ' N . , long. 30° 8 ' E . I t h a s B i g e l o w ( b i g ' e - l ô ) , J o h n . B o r n at Maiden, N e w B i l b a o . an extensive commerce. Y o r k , N o v . 25, 1817. A n A m e r i c a n author, V l z ° a y a , Spain, situated on the N e r v i o n in lonK- 2 ° 5 6 ' B i e l e f e l d ( b e ' l e - f e l d ) . A city in the province journalist, and diplomatist. Ho was an editor and l a t - 4 3 ° u ' » has a thriving of W e s t p h a l i a , Prussia, in lat. 52° 1' N . , long, one of the proprietors of the New York "Evening Post " t r a « e > and was formerly noted for the manufacture of 1 8 5 M : 1 ; O O I , s u l a t P i u l s 1881~., which was p u t down by Suetonius Paulinus. Boadicea has been made the subject of a tragedy by Fletcher (see Bonduca), which was altered in separate plays by Powell, Oolman, and Planché. Hopkins wrote a "Boadicea," actediu 1697, and Glover produced a play of the same name in 1735. Mason wrote a play on the same subject., called "Caractacus," in 1759. Both Cowper and Tennyson have made Boadicea the subject of poems.

They wore a blue gown with a pewter badge, and were al- v o n . Born J u l y 30, 1810: died May 15, 1892. lowed to beg in any part of Scotland. A P r u s s i a n g e n e r a l . He became chief of the gen. B o a n e r g e s (bô-a-rièr'jêz). [G-r. Boavrpyéç: etyB l u e - G r a s s R e g i o n . A popular n a m e given to eral staff of the army in Schleswig-Holstein in 1849; mology d o u b t f u l : meaning, perhaps, ' s o n s of t h a t p a r t of central K e n t u c k y which abounds served with distinction in the war with Austria, becom- tumult.'] A surname, explained in Mark iii. 17 ing a lieutenant-general in Oct., 1866; distinguished himi in blue-grass {Geranium prate me). self in the Franco-Prussian war as chief of staff in the as m e a n i n g sons of t h u n d e r / given to J a m e s B l u e G r o t t o . A celebrated cavern on the shore army of the Crown P r i n c e ; and was made general field- and John, the sons of Zebedee. of Capri in Italy. marshal in 1888. Boardman (bôrd'man), George Dana. Born B l u e H e n , T h e . A nickname of the State of B l ü m l i s a l p (blüm'lis-älp). A mountain-group at Livermore, Maine, Feb. 1, 1801: died n e a r D e ¡.aware. The regiment furnished by Delaware in the in the Bernese Oberland, Switzerland, west of Tavoy, British Burma, Feb. 11,1831. An AmerAmerican War for independence was, on account of its the J u n g f r a u . Height of the Blümlisalphorn, ican Baptist missionarv in Burma. fighting qualities, known as the " Game Cock Regiments" 12,042 feet. Boardman, George liana. Born at Tavoy, One of its officers, Captain Caldwell, who was noted as a 4 fancier of game-cocks, maintained that a true game-cock B l u n d e r b o r e (blun'der-bör). A giant i n ' J a c k British Burma, Aug. 18, 1828. An American m u s t of necessity be che progeny of a blue hen. Hence the Giant Killer." J a c k scuttled his boat, and Baptist clergyman, son of George Dana Boardhe was drowned. arose the application of this name to the State. man. His works include ( i Studies in the CreaB l u e H i l l s . A range of hills in Norfolk County, Blunderstone Rookery (blun'der-stön ruk'- tive W e e k " (1878), '' Epiphanies of the Risen The residence of David Copperfield, se- L o r d " (1880). Massachusetts, n e a r Milton, south of Boston. er-i) nior, in Dickens's novel " D a v i d Copperfield." The height of Great Blue Hill is 635 feet.

(blun'de-vil), Thomas. An Eng- Boardman, Henry Augustus. Born at Troy, Blue Knight, The. In medieval romance, Sir Blundeville N. Y., J a n . 19,1808 : died at Philadelphia, J u n e P e r s a u n t of India, overthrown b y Sir Gareth. l i s h a u t h o r . He was the son of Edward Blundeville, on H e is described in Malory's " P r i n c e A r t h u r " and in Tennyson's idyll " G a r e t h andLynette.'B l u e - m a n t l e . The English pursuivant-at-arms. H i s official robe is of t h a t color.

Blue Mountains. 1. A range of mountains in

the e a s t e r n part of J a m a i c a . Height of highest point, Blue Mountain P e a k , 7,300 f e e t . — 2 . A r a n g e of mountains in t h e eastern p a r t of New South Wales, Australia, n o r t h of the Australian Alps, and west of Sydney. Height, a b o u t 4,600 f e e t . — 3 . A range of m o u n t a i n s in northeastern Oregon. Average height, about 7,000 feet. — 4 . I n P e n n s y l v a n i a and New Jersey, the second main ridge of the Appalachian Mount a i n s : also known in their n o r t h e a s t e r n p a r t s as t h e K i t t a t i n n y and in New York as the Shawangunk Mountains.

whose death in 1568 he inherited an estate at Newton Ilotman, Norfolk. He is supposed to have been educated at Cambridge. In 1571 he erected in the church of Newton i l o t m a n a monument under which he lies buried. He wrote, besides a number of treatises on horsemanship and other subjects, "A Briefe Description of universal Mappes and Cardes and of their u s e ; and also the use of Ptholemey his Tables," etc. (London, 1589), " M. Blundeville his Exercises " (six treatises on cosmography, astronomv, geography, and the art of navigation: London, 1594), " T h e Arte of Logike, etc." y John of Bologna. From the terrace is a magnificent view of Flornibal, Missouri, f r o m its position. set at liberty on condition of being a vassal of Spain. The land was bought in 1549 by Eleanora of Toledo, B l u m (blom), R o b e r t . B o m at Cologne, Prus- B o a d e n (bo'den), J a m e s . Born at "Whitehaven, ence. wife of Cosimo I., duke of Tuscany. The laying out was sia, Nov. 10,1807: executed at Vienna, Nov. 9, Cumberland, England, May 23, 1762: died F e b . commenced by the sculptor Tribolo who died 1550, and 1848. A German political agitator a n d writer, 16,1839. An English dramatist and biographer. finished by Buontalenti. leader of t h e liberal p a r t y in Saxony in 1848. His works include " T h e Secret T r i b u n a l " (1795), " A n o b o l i n a (bô-bô-lë'nâ). Died 1825. A Greek Blum, Robert Frederick. Born at Cincinnati, Italian Monk " (1797), " Aurelio and Miranda " (1799), ctc., Bheroine, the widow of a Spetziot ship-owner Ohio, 1857. An American painter, illustrator, and lives of Kemble, Mrs. Siddons, Mrs. Jordan, and Mrs. who was assassinated by order of the sultan in Inchbald. a n d etcher, also noted for decorative work. 1812. She equipped three vessels in the revolution of Blurnenau, Battle of. An action between the B o a d i c e a (bö-a-di-se'ä). [L. Boadicea, Boadit- 1821, one of which she commanded. She participated in P r u s s i a n s and Austrian s at Blurnenau in Aus- ca, Bonduca, Bouducca, Voadicca, corrupt man- the siege of Tripolitza, Sept., 1821. tria, J uly 22, 1866. I t was i n t e r r u p t e d by news uscript forms of Boudicca, a name which also of the armistice. a p p e a r s , a p p l i e d t o o t h e r p e r s o n s , a s Bodicca, B o b r u i s k (bo-bro-isk' ). A town in the governlit. ' victress,' fem. of *Boudiccos, *Bodiccus, ment oi Minsk, situated on the Beresina in Blumenbach (blô'men-bàch), Johann Fried- Bodicus, lit. 'victor,' f r o m Old Celtic boudi-, lat. 53° 15' N., long. 29» 10' E. It contains a n r i c h . Born at Gotha, Germany, May 11,1752 : bodiOIr. buaid, W . bud, v i c t o r y . ] D i e d 62 A. D. important fortress. Population, 58.056. died at Gôttingen, Germany, J a n . 22, 1840. A The wife of P r a s u t a g u s , k i n g of the Iceni, a tribe Bobs (bobz), or Bobs Bahadur. [Hind., 'hero,' celebrated German naturalist and physiologist, i n e a s t e r n B r i t a i n . Thinking to secure his kingdom 'champion,' a title of respect.] An affectiont h e f o u n d e r of a n t h r o p o l o g y . He was professor and family from molestation, Prasutagua, who died about 60 ate nickname given to General Sir Frederick of medicine and anatomy in t h e University of Gottingen A. D., bequeathed his greatwealth to his daughters jointly Roberts by the British soldiers in India. 1776-1835, and editor of the " Medicinische Bibliotek" 1780-94. He was the first to teach natural history on

with the Roman emperor. The will was made by the Roman officials a pretext for appropriating the whole property.

Boca del Drago (bo'kâ del dra'go). ' dragon's mouth.']

[Sp.,

The strait between the isl-

Soca del Drago

Boca del Sierpe (bö'kä del se-er'pä). [Sp., Bock, Karl Ernst. Born at Leipsic, Feb. 21, 'serpent's mouth.'] The strait between the s o u t h w e s t e r n p o i n t of the island of T r i n i d a d a n d the lowlands a t the m o u t h of the Orinoco.

I t was so named by Columbus, who first passed through it into the Gulf of Paria, Aug. 3,1498. The passage is subject to heavy currents and eddies.

B o c a g e (bo-käzh'), L e . 1. A district in Poitou, F r a n c e . — 2 . A district i n N o r m a n d y . B o c & r d o ( b ö - k ä r ' d ö ) . A n old g a t e (north g a t e ) of Oxford, b y t h e Church of St. Michael, des t r o y e d i n 1771. T h e r o o m over it w a s u s e d as a prison.

Boca Tigris (bö'kä té'gris), or the Bogue,

Chin. H u M u n (hö m u a ' ) . [ ' T h e tiger's m o u t h . ' ] A n a r r o w p a s s a g e in t h e C a n t o n River, 40 miles s o u t h e a s t of C a n t o n , China. T h e Bogue f o r t s w e r e s t o r m e d by t h e British i n 1841 a n d 1857. B o c c a c c i o ( b o k - k ä ' c h ö ) , G i o v a n n i . B o r n proba b l y at Certaldo, Italy, 1313: died a t Certaldo, Dec. 21, 1375. A c e l e b r a t e d I t a l i a n novelist

B a r b o s a d u . B o r n a t Setubal, P o r t u g a l , Sept. 15, 1765: died at L i s b o n , Dec. 21, 1805. A n e m i n e n t P o r t u g u e s e p o e t . A complete collection of his poetical w o r k s w a s p u b l i s h e d a f t e r his d e a t h .

Boccanera (bok-kä-nä'rä), or Bocanegra (bök ä - n a ' g r ä ) , S i m o n e . B o r n a b o u t 1300: poisoned a t Genoa, 1363. T h e first Doge of Genoa. H e w a s elected i n 1339, a b d i c a t e d i n 1344, a n d w a s reelected i n 1356.

Boccardo (bok-kär'dö), Grirolamo. Born at

Genoa, I t a l y , M a r c h 16,1829. A n I t a l i a n political economist, a n d w r i t e r on h i s t o r y a n d geogr a p h y , long p r o f e s s o r of political economy a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y Of Genoa. He became senator in 1877, and since 1888 has lived in Rome. His works include "Trattato teorico-pratico di economía política" (1853), " I principii della scienza e dell' arte della flnanze " (1887), etc.

Boccher ini (bok-kä-re 'ne), Luigi. Born at Lucca, Italy, J a n . 14,1740: died a t Madrid, M a y 28, 1805. A n I t a l i a n composer of c h a m b e r music.

Bocchoris, or Bokkhoris. An Egyptian king

B o d e n s e e ( b ö ' d e n - z ä ) . The G e r m a n n a m e of t h e L a k e of Constance.

Bodenstedt (bö'den-stet), Friedrich Martin

v o n . B o r n a t Peine, H a n n o v e r , April 22,1819 : died a t W i e s b a d e n , April 19, 1892. A G e r m a n p o e t , a u t h o r , a n d j o u r n a l i s t . He studied at (Böttin-

gen, Munich, and Berlin, and went to Moscow as a tutor, then to Tiflis, where he taught at the gymnasium, and, later, traveled extensively through the Caucasus and the East. He was subsequently a newspaper editor in Triest and Bremen. In 18f>4 he was made professor at the "University of Munich, a position which lie renounced in 1866 to undertake the direction of the theater at Meiningen, where he remained until 1870. He was ennobled in 1867. The Berlin journal " Tägliche Rundschau " appeared under his direction 1880-88. Among his many prose works are "Tausend und ein Tag im Orient"("Thousand and One Days in the Orient," 1849-50), "Shakespeare's Zeitgenossen und ihre Werke " ("Shakespere's Contemporaries and their Works," 3 vols., 1858-60), etc. In collaboration with Paul Hey se, Kurz, and others he made a new translation of Shakepere's dramatic works (9 vols., 18681873), and he himself translated the sonnets. A journey to the United States in 1881 is described in "Vom Atlantischen zum Stillen Ocean" ("From the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean," 1882). His most celebrated poetic work is "Lieder des Mirza-Schaffy" ("Songs of Mirza-Schaffy," 1851), which, are, with a few exceptions only, original poems. "Aus dem Nachlass des Mirza-Schaffy" ( " F r o m the Posthumous Works of Mirza-Schaffy ") appeared in 1874.

given b y M a n e t h o as t h e sole k i n g of t h e 24th B o d h i s a t t v a ( b ö - d h e - s ä t ' v ä ) . [ S a n s k r i t ; in d y n a s t y : identified as K i n g Nah-ka-ra Bek-en- P a l i Bodhisatta.'] One who h a s p e r f e c t knowrau-ef of t h e m o n u m e n t s . ledge as his essence. He is one who is on his way

Boccone (bok-ko'ne), Paolo, later Sylvio.

to the attainment of perfect knowledge when he has only

B o r n at P a l e r m o , Sicily, April 24, 1633: died one birth or certain births to undergo before reaching n e a r P a l e r m o , Dec. 22,1704. A n o t e d Sicilian the state of a supreme Buddha ; a future Buddha or n a t u r a l i s t , p r o f e s s o r of b o t a n y a t P a d u a , a n d Buddha elect. l a t e r a Cistercian m o n k . B o d i n ( b ô - d a n ' ) , J e a n . B o r n a t Angers, F r a n c e , B o c h a r t (bö-shär'), S a m u e l . B o r n a t R o u e n , 1530: died at L a o n , F r a n c e , 1596. A c e l e b r a t e d F r a n c e , M a y 30, 1599: died at Caen, F r a n c e , F r e n c h publicist a n d political economist. His M a y 16,1667. A n o t e d F r e n c h Orientalist a n d works include "De la république" (1576), "Methodua ad biblical scholar, a H u g u e n o t p a s t o r at Caen. facilem Historiarum Cognitionen» " (1566), "-Réponse aux B o c h i c a ( b ö ' c h e - k ä ) . T h e n a m e given b y t h e paradoxes de Malestroit" (1568), etc. The first-named is Chibeha I n d i a n s t o t h e i r conception of t h e " t h e only work of great excellence on the science of poliS u p r e m e B e i n g . After creating the earth he gave it in charge of Chibchacum, who carried it on his shoulders; if Chibchacum changed his posture from fatigue, an earthquake resulted. Both Bochica and Chibchacum were objects of revcrcnce, but apparently not of worship.

Bochnia(boch'ne-ä). AtowninGalicia, AustriaH u n g a r y , 25 miles east of Cracow, n o t e d f o r i t s salt-mines. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), c o m m u n e , 8,849. B o c h o l t ( b o c h ' ö l t ) . A t o w n in t h e province of Westphalia, Prussia, near the Dutch frontier. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 13,034.

Bochsa (bok-sa'), Robert Nicolas Charles.

Switzerland, Dec. 6,1786: died at Zurich, M a y 29,1864. A n o t e d Swiss m e c h a n i c . He invented the screw- and cross-wheels (1808), and made improvements in firearms and industrial machinery, especially in the machinery for wool-spinning.

Bodmer, Johan Jakob. Born at Greifensee,

n e a r Zurich, Switzerland, J u l y 19,1698: died a t 1809: died a t W i e s b a d e n , F e b . 19, 1874. A Zurich, J a n . 2. 1783. A Swiss critic and poet. G e r m a n a n a t o m i s t a n d medical writer, ap- He was professor of Helvetic history in the University of p o i n t e d e x t r a o r d i n a r y p r o f e s s o r in t h e U n i v e r - Zurich (1725-75), and founded, with others, the " Discours sity of Leipsic in 1839. der Mahlern " (1721), which opposed the French school of B o c k e n h e i m ( b o k ' e n - h ï m ) . A s u b u r b H miles poetry aud became the organ of a new G erman school soon n o r t h w e s t of F r a n k f o r t - o n - t h e - M a i n , P r u s s i a . after made illustrious by Klopstock, Goethe, and Schiller. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), c o m m u n e , 18,675. B o d m e r , K a r l . B o r n a t Zurich, Switzerland, BÔclkh (bèk), A u g u s t . Born at K a r l s r u h e , 1805. A Swiss l a n d s cape-artist a n d e t c h e r . Baden, Nov. 24, 1785: died a t Berlin, A u g . 3, B o d m i n ( b o d ' m i n ) . A t o w n i n Cornwall, E n g 1867. A d i s t i n g u i s h e d G e r m a n archaeologist land, 28 miles w e s t of P l v m o u t h . P o p u l a t i o n and philologist. H e was a p p o i n t e d professor (1891), 5,151. at H e i d e l b e r g i n 1807, and a t Berlin i n 1811. B o d o ( b o ' d e ) . A s e a p o r t in w e s t e r n N o r w a y , a b o u t lat. 67° 15' N . : t h o chief place in S a l t e n . H e w a s five t i m e s r e c t o r of t h e university. S ö c k i n g (bèk'ing), E d u a r d . Born a t Trar- P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 8,822. bach, K h e n i s h Prussia, May 20, 1802 : died at Boaoni (bo-do'ne), G-iambattista. Born at Bonn, P r u s s i a , May 3, 1870. A noted G e r m a n Saluzzo, Italy, F e b . 16. 1740: died a t P a d u a , jurist, p r o f e s s o r of R o m a n law a t B o n n 1829- Italy, Nov. 29, 1813. A n I t a l i a n p r i n t e r , n o t e d f o r his editions of Homer, Vergil, a n d other 1870. classic a u t h o r s . H i s " M a n u a l e T i p o g r a f i c o " B ö c k l i n (bék'lin), A r n o l d . B o r n at Basel, w a s p u b l i s h e d in 1818. Switzerland, Oct. 16,1827. A Swiss l a n d s c a p e - Bodtcher, Ludwig Adolph. Born in Copenpainter. hagen, 1793: died t h e r e , 1874. A Danish poet.

a n d p o e t . As a youth he came to Florence; about 1330 settled at Naples; and returned to Florence about 1341. Bocksberger (boks'berg-èr), or Bocksperger He served the Florentine state several times as ambassa- (boks'perg-er), Hans or Hieronymus. Bom dor, and lectured at Florence on the " Divina Commedia " from 1373 to 1374. His chief work was the " Decamerone," at Salzburg, A u s t r i a , 1540: died about 1600. ft collection of one hundred stories. These were not pub- A G e r m a n p a i n t e r , n o t e d especially f o r h u n t lished together un til 1353, though most of them were writ- ing-scenes a n d b a t t l e s . ten earlier. (See Decamerone.') Among his other works Bode (bö'de). Johann Ehlert. Born at Hamare " I I Filocopo," " I I Teseide," "Ameto," "L'Amorosa Visionc" and "L'Amorosa Fiammetta," the latter written b u r g , J a n . 19, 1747: died a t Berlin, Nov. 23, about 1341, and " I I Filostrato," written between 1344 and 1826. A c e l e b r a t e d G e r m a n a s t r o n o m e r , t h e 1350. During the ten years following 13(33 he also wrote f o u n d e r of t h e " A s t r o n . J a h r b ü c h e r " (1776), four important Latin works: "De Genealogía Deorum, a n d a s t r o n o m e r of t h e a c a d e m y a t Berlin libri XV." (on mythology), "De Montium, Silvarum, Lacuum et Marium nominibus l i b e r " (on ancient geogra- (1772-1825). phy), and two historical books, "De Casibus Virorum et B o d e n b a c h ( b ö ' d e n - b ä c h ) . A t o w n in Bohemia, Feminarum Illustriiim, libri IX.," and " D e Claris Mu- on t h e E l b e 48 miles n o r t h of P r a g u e . Populieribus." His death was hastened by that of his friend lation (1890), c o m m u n e , 7,574. Petrarch. See Fiammetta.

Boccage, or Bocage (bo-käzh'), Maiioel Maria

Boer War, The

165

a n d of T r i n i d a d , W e s t Indies, a n d the South B o c k (bok), F r a n z . B o r n a t Burtscheid, P r u s A m e r i c a n m a i n l a n d of P a r i a , i t was so named by sia, M a y 3, 1823. A G e r m a n w r i t e r on ecclesiColumbus, who first passed through it, Aug. 15,1498. The astical archaeology. H e became a n h o n o r a r y passage is obstructed by three islands in it, and is noted for its furious currents, caused partly by the equatorial c a n o n of t h e c a t h e d r a l a t Aix-la-Chapelle in 1864. ocean current and partly by the outflow of the Orinoco.

tics before the eighteenth century " (Saintsbury).

Bodleian (bod-le'an or bod'le-an) Library. A l i b r a r y of OxfordTJniversity, E n g l a n d , which was originally established i n 1445, f o r m a l l y o p e n e d i n 1488, a n d r e e s t a b l i s h e d b y Sir T h o m a s Bodley

Most of his life was spent in Copenhagen. In 1824 he went to Italy and lived for eleven years in close association with Thorwaldsen in Rome. A number of his poems, which are wholly lyric, are on Italian subjects.

Boece (bo-es')i properly Boyce, L. Boetius,

H e c t o r . B o r n a t D u n d e e , Scotland, a b o u t 1465: died at A b e r d e e n , Scotland, 1536. A n o t e d S c o t c h h i s t o r i a n . The family name was Boyce (Boys, Bois, Boyis), Boyis being an adaptation pf Boetius (modern Boice, Boyce). His chief work is a history of Scotland, "Scotorum Historic, etc." (1527), translated into Scotch by John Bcllenden between 1530 and 1533.

Boehm (bem), Sir Joseph Edgar. Born at

V i e n n a , 1834: died Dec. 12, 1890. A H u n g a r i a n - E n g l i s h s c u l p t o r . In 1859 he went to Paris, and

to London in 1862, where he exhibited a bust in the Royal Academy. His most important works are busts of Ruskin, Gladstone, Huxley, Lord Wolseley, etc.; figures: Carlyle on the Thames Embankment; Dean Stanley in Westminster Abbey; Sir Francis Drake at Tynemouth; equestrian statues: Lord North brook at Calcutta; Prince Consort at Windsor, etc. Among his best works are various statues and statuettes of unmounted horses.

Boenechea (bo-a-na-cha'a), Domingo. Born

a b o u t 1740: died at O j a t i t u r a , O t a h i t e (or T a h i t e ) , J a n . 26, 1775. A Spanish n a v a l offi-

c e r ( c a p t a i n ) . He found the island of Otahite in 1772, which he called Amat in honor of the Viceroy of Peru.

B o e o t i a (be-o'shia). [Gr. Bo/wrm.] In a n c i e n t geography, a district in c e n t r a l Greece, b o u n d e d b y t h e c o u n t r y of Loeri Opuntii on t h e n o r t h , t h e E u r i p n s a n d A t t i c a on the east. Attica, Megaris, a n d t h e Gulf of Corinth on t h e south, a n d P h o c i s o n t h e w e s t . Its surface is generally level, forming a basin in which is Lake Copais. The inhabitants were proverbial for their dullness. The chief city of Bteotia was Thebes, which with other cities formed the Boeotian League (which see).

Boeotian League or Confederacy, The. A

l e a g u e of i n d e p e n d e n t c i t i e s in Bosotia, s u p -

posed to have been originally fourteen in num-

ber, with Thebes at t h e head,

its common sanctu-

aries were the temple of the Itonian Athene near Coronea, where the Pambceotia were celebrated, and the temple of Poseidon in Onchestus. Its chief magistrates were called bceotarchs, and were elected annually, two for Thebes and one for each of the other cities. It was iiually dissolved, 171 B. C. or 146 b. c.

Boerhaave (bor'ha-ve), Hermann. Born at

Voorhout, n e a r Leyden, Holland, Dec. 31,1668: died at Leyden, Sept. 23,1738. A f a m o u s D u t c h physician, p r o f e s s o r of botany, medicine, a n d chemistry a t L e y d e n 1701-29.

Boeroe, or Burn (bo'ro), or Bouro (bo'ro). An

island in t h e E a s t Indies, in lat. 3° S., long. 127° E., claimed b y t h e N e t h e r l a n d s . A r e a , e s t i m a t e d , 1,970 s q u a r e miles. Boer (bor). [D. bocr, f a r m e r . ] One of t h e p o p u l a t i o n of D u t c h d e s c e n t in S o u t h A f r i c a .

This element is prominent in Cape Colony and dominant in the Orange Free State and in the South African Republic (Transvaal). The first Boers immigrated from Java in 1652, and were reinforced by Huguenots in 1687. Since 1795 they have had to struggle with British influence and rule. As the English push up from the south, the Boers advance toward the north. Their farthest colony is that of Humpata in southern Angola, founded in 1881 and reinforced in 1893. See Transvaal and Orange Free State.

i n 1597-1602. I t was formally opened Nov. 8,1603, and in 1604 James I. granted letters patent styling it by Bodley's name. The library has lately absorbed the quadrangle and buildings of the old Examination Schools, whose Jacobean entrance-tower, with columns of all five classical orders, is an architectural curiosity. The library contains about 460,000 printed volumes, 27,000 volumes of manuscripts, and 50,000 coins ; also many portraits, models of B o e r W a r , T h e . T h e war which f o l l o w e d the ancient buildings, and literary antiquities. p r o c l a m a t i o n of t h e T r a n s v a a l Republic, Dec.,

B o r n at M o n t m é d y , F r a n c e , Aug., 1789: died a t Sydney, A u s t r a l i a , 1855. A F r e n c h h a r p i s t B o d l e y (bod'li), Sir T h o m a s . B o r n â t E x e t e r , E n g l a n d , March 2, 1545 : died at London, J a n . a n d operatic composer. B o c h u m ( b o c h / u m ) . A t o w n in t h e province 28,1613. A n E n g l i s h d i p l o m a t i s t a n d scholar, of W e s t p h a l i a , P r u s s i a , 26 miles n o r t h e a s t of f o u n d e r of t h e Bodleian L i b r a r y (which see) Düsseldorf. I t h a s large m a n u f a c t u r e s . Pop- at Oxford. B o d m e r ( b o d ' m é r ) , Georg» B o r n at Zurich, u l a t i o n (1890), 47,601.

1880, b e t w e e n t h a t c o u n t r y a n d G r e a t B r i t a i n .

Its chief events were the defeat of the British at Laing's Neck Jan. 28, 1881, and at l l a j u b a Mountain Feb. 27,1881 (the British commander Colley being killed). By treaty of March, 1881, the independence of the republic was recognized, b u t the Boera acknowledged the suzerainty of the

queen.

166 Boethius Boethius (bô-ê'thi-us). An early Provençal Republie of Colombia, situated on a plateau poem of 258 decasyllabic verses, consisting 8,678 feet high, in lat. 4° 41' N., long. 74° 20' W. mainly of moral reflections taken from the 6 ¿ De I t has a cathedral, university, museums, a rich library, Consolationc " of Boethius. " it dates from the and an observatory. It was founded by the Spaniards in

Boileau-Despréaux (bâ'men), Jakob. Born at Altseidenberg, Silesia, Prussia, 1575 : died at Gorlitz, Prussia, Nov., 1624. A celebrated German mystic. His works include "Aurora" (1612), " Der Weg zu eleventh century, or at latest from the beginning of the 1538. Population (1891), about 100,000. Christo " (1624), etc. twelfth, but is thought to be a, rehandling of another poem Bogra (bog-rä'). A district in the Rajshahye Bôhmisch-Brod (bè'mish-brôt). A town in which may have been written nearly two centuries earlier." division, Bengal, British India. Area, 1,458 Bohemia, 20 miles east of Prague. Near here, Saintsbury. square miles. Population (1881), 734,358. May 30,1434, the Taborites were defeated by the Calixtines Boethius (bô-ë'thi-us), Anicius Manlius Seve- Boguslawski (bö -go - slav ' skë), Adalbert. and Roman Catholics (also called " the battle of Lippau"). rinus (less correctly Boetius). Born about 475 Born at Glinno, near Posen, Nov. 4,1760 : died Population (1890), 4,087. A. v.: died about 524 A. D. A Roman philoso- at Warsaw, July 23, 1829. A Polish dramatist Bôhmisch-Leipa (bè'mish-li'pà). A manufacpher, probably grandson of Flavius Boethius turing town in Bohemia, situated on thePolzen who was put to death by Valentinian III. in and actor. 455. He was consul in 510, and became magister ofQcio- Bohain (bö-an'). A town in thedepartment of 42 miles north of Prague. Population (1890), commune, 10,406. Aisne, France, 31 miles north by west of Laon. rum in the court of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths. Having incurred suspicion on account of his bold defense Population (1891), commune, 6,980. Bohn (bon), Henry George. Born at London, Bohemia (bo-he'mi-ä). [F. Bohème, G. Böhmen, of Albums who was accused of treason, he was put to Jan. 4,1796: died at Twickenham, Aug. 22,1884. Boiohsemum, death by Theodoric without trial on the charge of treason e t c . ; M L . Bohemia, L . Boihsemum, An English publisher and bookseller. He is best Boiand magic. His most famous work is the " D e Consola- Gr. Boviaifiov, t h e r e g i o n , Bohemi, Boihemi, known for his editions of standard works in erni, the tribe so named, from Boii (see Bori) tione Philosophiœ," written probably during his imprisonvarious "libraries." ment at Pavia. Parts of this were translated by King and OHG. heim, OS. hem, etc., home, dwellingAlfred and by Chaucer. Ilis translations from and com- place.] 1. A crownland, capital Prague, in the Bohol (bo-hol')- One of the Philippine Islands, Cisleithan division of Austria-Hungary, and in lat. 10° N., long. 124° 20' E. Length, 45 mentaries on the logic of Aristotle were very influential the northernmost portion of the empire. It is miles. during the middle ages. thekingdomof Saxony (separated by the ErzgeBoëtHus(bô-ë'thus). [Gr. Boz/flóf.] BornatChal- boundedby birge) on the northwest and north, Prussian Silesia (sepa- Bohorquez, Francisco. See Enim. cedon (or Carthage, according to Pausanias). rated by the Ricsengebirge and other mountains) on the Bohtlingk (bèt'lingk), Otto. Born at St. PeA sculptor of the Alexandrian school (2d cen- northeast, Moravia (partly separated by the Mährische tersburg, June 11 (N. S.), 1815. A noted Rustury B. c.), famous in antiquity for genre work Gebirge) and Lower Austria on the southeast, Upper Aus- sian Orientalist. His chief work is the" Sanskritof a h i g h c h a r a c t e r , piiny (N. n . 54,84) mentions a tria on the south, and Bavaria ("mainly separateli by the bronze, a boy strangling a goose, of which there isa beau- Böhmerwald) on the southwest. Its surface is moun- Worterbuch" (with Rudolf Roth; published tiful replica in the Louvre. The boy extracting a thorn, tainous and undulating, and is traversed by the Elbe and 1853-75). found i ii replica in many museums, is supposed to represent its tributaries, the üoldau, Eger, Iser, etc. I t produces Bohun (bo'bun), Edmund. Born at Ringsfield, his famous statue of the same subject. The beautiful wheat and other cereals, fruit, flax, and hops, has exten- Suffolk, England, March 12, 1645: died in Carolittle girl playing with dice, now in Berlin, maybe copicd sive forests, and is the chief region of the empire in the lina, Oct. 5, 1699. An English publicist and from Boëtîms. ^ production of coaL I t has also mines of iron, silver, lead miscellaneous writer, appointed chief justice Boétie (bô-â-së'), Etienne delà. Born at Sar- Bulphur, alum, and graphite. It has manufactures of linen, of the colony of Carolina in 1698 (f). Ilis chief lat, Dordogne, France, Nov. 1530: died at glass, calico, woolens, paper, chemicals, porcelain, beer, work is a " Geographical Dictionary" (1688). sugar, iron, etc. It has 92 representatives in the Austrian Germinac, near Bordeaux, France, Aug. 18, Reichsrat, and has a landtag of 242 members. The lan- Bohun, Henry ae. Born 1176 : died on a pil1563. A French writer, chiefly known as a guage of the majority is Czech ; but about 35 per cent, grimage to the Holy Land, June 1, 1220. The friend of Montaigne. speak German. The prevailing religion is Roman Catho- first Earl of Hereford (created April, 1199), Boffin ( b o f ' i n ) , Nicodemus (otherwise the lic. The early inhabitants of this district were the Boii, and constable of England. Golden Dustman and Noddy). A disinter- and after them the Marcoinanni. It was colonized by ested old man left in charge of the Harmon prop- Czechs in the early part of the 6th century ; was the seat Bohun, Humphrey de. Died Sept. 24, 1274. erty, in Dickens's novel "Our Mutual Friend." of a temporary realm under Samo in the 7th century ; The second Earl of Hereford and the first Earl of Essex, the fifth of the name, lie was constable formed part of Svatopluk's Moravian realm at the end of S e e Wegt/, Silas. of England. In 1258 he joined the barons in their conBoffin's Bower. The residence of the Boffins, the 9th century, and became a fief of Germany in 929. It federation for the redress of jfrievances, but went over to 4 4 was a duchy and became a kingdom in 1198. Moravia was in Dickens's Our Mutual Friend." Mrs. Boffin, the king in 1263, and was taken prisoner in the battle of not liking its former name, Harmon's Jail, given it from its late owner's habits of life, gave it this cheerful appellation. Miss Jennie Collins established a successful charity for working-girls in Buaton in 1870 under this name.

Bogardus (bô-gâr'dus), Everard. [NL. Bogardus, from D. Bogacrd (whence E. Bogart, Bogert),

f r o m bognerd,

contraction of

boomgaerd

(Kilian), orchard, from boom, tree, and gaerd, yard, garden. Of. G. Baamgarten.] Born in Holland : drowned in Bristol Channel, Sept. 27, 1647. A Dutch clergyman in New Amsterdam. He owned the farm "the Dominie's Bouwerie," now the property of the Trinity Church corporation in New York city.

united to it in 1029. Under Ottocar II. (1253-78) it acquired temporarily Austria, Carinthia, and Styria ; lusatia and Silesia were annexed in the 14th century. Bohemia was one of the electorates of the Holy Roman Empire. After the extinction of the dynasty of Premysl (1306) the kingdom was ruled by the house of Luxemburg, 1310-1437. I t waa united with Austria in 1526. I t suffered in the Hussite wars, and was the scene of the outbreak of the Thirty Years'War in 1618. Frederick (elector palatine) was chosen king of Bohemia in 1619,and overthrown in 1620, after which Protestantism was extirpated by the Hapsburg ruler, Ferdinand I I , In recent times a vigorous agitation in favor of national autonomy has been carried on by the Czechs, Area, 20,060 square miles. Population (1890), 5,843,094.

Lewes, May 14, 1264.

Bohun, Humphrey de. Died 3298. The third Earl of Hereford and the second Earl of Essex, and constable of England: the seventh of the

n a m e . He was associated with Roger Bigod, earl of Norfolk, and other barons in opposition to the reforms of Edward I.

Bohun, Humphrey de. Born 1276 : killed at the battle of Boroughbridge, March 16, 1322. The fourth Earl of Hereford and third Earl of Essex, and constable of England : the eighth of t h e n a m e .

He joined the barons in their opposition

2. A name for any place where people, espe- to Gaveston (see Gaveston) and the Despensera. He was cially artists and literary people, lead an un- taken prisoner at the battle of Bannoekburn, June 24,1314, Bogardus, James. Born at Catskill, N. Y., conventional or somewhat irregular life ; or the but waa exchanged for the wife of Robert Bruce. March 14, 1800: died April 13,1874. An Amer- people collectively who lead such a life. This Boiardo, or Bojardo (bô-yàr'dô), Matteo ican inventor. His numerous inventions include a usage, with that of the adjective Bohemian in corre- Maria, Count of Scandiano. Born at Scansenses, was introduced from the French, who as"ring-spinner" for cotton-spinning (1828), an engraving- sponding sociated Bohemia (ta Bohème) with gipsies, by Thackeray. diano, near Reggio di Modena, Italy, about machine (1831), and the lirst dry gas-meter (1832). 1434 (?) : died at Reggio di Modena, Dec., 1494. Stanford Dictionary. A noted Italian poet. He]was the author of " Orlando Bogdanovitch (bog-da-no'vich), Ippolit FeoBohemian Brethren. A religious sect in Bohedorovitch. Born at Perevolotchna, Little mia, 15th-17th century, a branch of the Hussites. innamorato"(1495), "Sonettiicanzoni"(1499), " I l T i m o n e " Russia, Dec. 23, 1743: diednear Kursk, Russia, Bohemian Girl, The. An opera by Balfe, pro- (a comedy), etc. See Orlando innamorato. Jan. 18, 1803. A Russian poet. His chief work d u c e d i n L o n d o n i n l 8 4 3 . ThelibrettowasbyBunnfrom Boieldieu (bwol-dyè' ), Francois Adrien. Born at Rouen, France, Dec. 16 (Grove), 1775: died is ''Dushcnka," a romantic 2>oem, published in a ballet by St. Georges, which was taken from Cervantes. I t near Paris, Oct. 8, 1834. A celebrated French was brought out again in London in 1858 as " La Zingara." 1775. It was translated into French,Italian, and German, and had composer of comic operas. His works include " La Boggs (bogz), Charles Stuart. Born Jan. 28, a great success. ' ' Bohemian " here means " gipsy. " The famille Suisse " (1797), "Beniowski" (1800), " Le calife de 1811: died April 22, 1888. An American rear- opera appeared in Hamburg as " La Gitana," in Vienna as Bagdad" (1800), " M a tante Aurore (1803), "Jean de a d m i r a l . He was commander of the gunboat Varuna which, in Farragut's attack on the defenses of New Orleans in 1802, destroyed six Confederate gunboats before she was herself disabled and sunk by two rams.

" D i e Zigeunerin," and in Paris as " L a Bohémienne."

Paris" (1812), " L a dame blanche" (1825), etc. His son Adrien (born in 1810) has composed several successful

Bohemond (bö'he-mond), or Bohemund (bö'- comic operas. hf-mund), I. Marc." Born 1056 (1065?): died Boii (bo'i-ï). 1. A Celtic people living in CisBôgh (bèg), Erik. Born at Copenhagen, Jan. at Canossa, Italy, 1111. A Crusader, son of alpine Gaul, prominent in Roman annals from 17, 1822. A Danish dramatist, poet, and gen- R o b e r t Guiscard. He became prince of Tarentum in the 4th to the 2d century B. c. They later mieral writer. 1085, joined the first Crusade in 1096, and captured An- grated to Bohemia, to which and to Bavaria Boghaz-keui (bô'gaz-kc'ë), or Boghas-kôi tioch in 1098. they gave their name.—2. A Celtic tribe which (bô'gas-kè'e). A village in Asiatic Turkey, in Bohio (bo-yo'). A name given by the Cuban joined the Helvetii in their invasion of Gaul in lat. 40° V N., long, 34° 35'E. Its ruins are identified Indians, in the time of Columbus, to Haiti or 58 B. c. Ceesar assigned them land in the terwith the ancient Pteria. They include a Hittite palace, Hispaniola. It is said to have meant 'a house/ ritory of the iEdui. placed on an artificial terrace, and otherwise analogous and to have referred to the populousness of Boileau-Despréaux (bwâ-lô'dâ-prâ-ô'), Nichto Assyrian monuments. The foundations are of polyg- that island. olas. Born at Paris, Nov. 1, 1636 : died at onal masonry, and measure 188 by 187 feet ; the superParis, March 13, 1711. A famous French critic structure was of brick. The chief gate is a great tower 59 Böhl von Faber, Cecilia. See Arrom, feet deep. There are also Hittite sculptures consisting of a Bohlen (bo'len), Peter von. Born at Wüp- and p o e t . He studied law, and was admitted to the bar in Dec., 1656. His first satire dates from 1660 or 1661, pels, Oldenburg, Germany, March 9,1796 : died long frieze on the walls of two rock-hewn chambers and and was the forerunner of a series of seven, composed a corridor. They consist of processions of personages, at Halle, Germany, Feb. 6, 1840. A German between 1660 and 1665. To this same period belong his men and women in semi-Assyrian costume, winged and Orientalist, professor of Oriental languages in "Dissertation sur Joconde," and his "Dialogue des héanimal-headed divinities, animals, and two-headed eagles. Königsberg. ros de roman." His satires were published without hia The figures range in height from 3 to 11 feet. sanction by a Dutch bookseller, who issued the book unBogomiles ( b o g ' 5 - m ï l z ) , or Bogomilians ( b o g - BÖhler (bê'ler), Peter. Bom at Frankfort-on- der the title "Recueil contenant plusieurs discours libres ô-mil'i-anz). A h e r e t i c a l sect of t h e 12th cen- the-Main, Germany, Dec. 31, 1712: died at et moraux, en vers " (1665). Boileau issued his own cort u r y , f o u n d e d b y Basil, a m o n k o f P h i l i p p o p o l i s , London, April 27, 1775. A German clergyman, rected version in 1666, and within the next two years who was put to death at Constantinople in bishop of the Moravian Church in America and there appeared some twenty editions, both authorized 1118. They were Manicheean and Docetist in doctrine, England. and unauthorized. These models of elegant writing and were probably an offshoot of the Paulician sect. served as the foundation of literary criticism in France. Böhm (bèm), Theobald. Born at Munich, Boileau was attacked from many Quarters, and framed Bogos (bô'gôz). A small Hamitic pastoral tribe Auril 9, 1794: died at Munich, Nov. 25, 1881. his reply In two satires, published in 1669. Little ia on the lower plateau of Abyssinia, west of A German flutist and composer. He was the in- known of his life between 1660 and 1677. During that Massowa. ventor of several improvements in the flute, especially of interval, however, he wrote his second and third "Építres " translated the "Treatise on the Sublime" of Longinus Bogotá (bô-gô-ta'), or Santa Fé de Bogotá a new system of Angering. (sàn'ta fâ da bo-go-tà')- The capital of the Böhme (bè'me), or Böhm (bèm), or Behmen published fragments of the "Lutrin" in 1673, and Anally

Boileau-Despréaux

167

Bolsover Castle

was made dictator of Peru. He defeated Canterac at Juuin, Aug. 6, 1824. and on Dec- 9,1824, Sucre's great victory at Ayacucho ended the Spanish power in South America. In June, 1825, Bolivar visited upper Peru; a congress met there in August, decreed the formation of the republic of Bolivia, invited Bolivar to frame the constitution, and named him perpetual protector. But Pern declared against him in 1826; Bolivia soon followed; and though he remained president of the three countries forming Colombia until his death, the great republic created by him fell to pieces soon after. B o l i v a r . A p r o v i n c e of E c u a d o r , c a p i t a l G u a r a n d a . A r e a , 1,160 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n , 43,000. ff ni . m(iT .i«7- f i n « a t t h n n "i A « t « t p of V e n e S O i l V a r ( t o r m e t t j Ijliayian;aj. A Sta-ice z u e l a , i n t h e s o u t h e r n part. A r e a , 88, / 01 s q u a r e m i l e s , b e s i d e s t h e t e r r i t o r y of l u r u a r y , n o w a d d e d t o it, of u n c e r t a i n e x t e n t . Population . (1891), 70,681. B o l i v a r . A n o r t h e r n d e p a r t m e n t of C o l o m b i a , c a p i t a l C a r t a g e n a . A r e a , 27,000 s q u a r e m i l e s . Boisard (bwà-zàr'), Jean Jacques François M a r i e ? B o r n at C a c n r F r a n c ^ T 7 4 3 " d i e d , ' a t B o k h a r a . T h e c a p i t a l of B o k h a r a , s i t u a t e d i n P o p u l a t i o n (1885), 350,000 Caen, 1831. A F r e n c h f a b u l i s t . He was the l a t . 39° 48' N . , l o n g . 64° 25' E. It is sur named the B o l i v a r , or C i l l d a d B o l i v a r ( f o r m e r l y A n g O S Noble," and is renowned* as an intellectual center of author of ' T a b l e s nouvelles" (1773), "Fables et poésies ' ' " -* t u r a ) . T h e c a p i t a l of t h e s t a t e of B o l i v a r , central Asia. It contains many mosques and Mohammediverses " (1804), " Mille et une fables " (1806), etc. dan theological schools. I t is now reached by the Russian V e n e z u e l a , o n t h e Orinoco. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), B o i s B r û l é s ( b w a brii-là')- [ F . , ' b u r n t w o o d s . ' ] Transcaspian Railway. Population, about 100,000. 10.861. See Sitcanxu. rthern Balu- B o l i v i a ( b o - l i v ' i - a ; Sp. pron. b o - l e ' v e - a ) . Bois de Boulogne (bwa dé bo-lôny')- [F., Bcohlias tna n( ,b oa-dl amni'n) -i s t eAr e dd i sbtyr i cBtr iitni s hn oofficials. [ N a m e d f o r Bolivar.] I n c o l o n i a l t i m e s , Charens or Upper Peru. A r e p u b l i c of S o u t h A m e r ' B o u l o g n e wood,'from the t o w n Boulogne-surB o l a n d s h a h r ( b o ' l a n d - s h a r ' ) . A d i s t r i c t i n t h e i c a , c a p i t a l L a P a z , b o u n d e d b y B r a z i l on t h e S e i n e . ] A park i n P a r i s r e a c h e d b y t h e C h a m p s M e e r u t d i v i s i o n of t h e N o r t h w e s t P r o v i n c e s , n o r t h a n d e a s t , t h e A r g e n t i n e R e p u b l i c a n d É l y s é e s , t h e a v e n u e of t h e G r a n d e A r m é e , or B r i t i s h I n d i a . A r e a , 1,915 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p - P a r a g u a y s o u t h , a n d Chile a n d P e r u o n t h e t h e a v e n u e of t h e B o i s de B o u l o g n e . It covers w e s t . The western part is a plateau traversed by the oi 2,158 z,jas acres, hiiu uie uaiuons • , 924,822. ,, , . an area of and contains the Gardens oi of me the n u l *a t i o n (1881). £ Acclimatization Society and the race-courses of Long- Bolan Pass. A g o r g e m t h e m o u n t a i n s of n o r t h - AndeB. I n the southeast is the Gran Chaco (which see), champs and Auteuil, and is celebrated for its turf, trees, and e a s t e r n B a l u c h i s t a n . I t is traversed, since 1885-86, and in the northeast the plains of the Madeira. I t proornamental sheets of water. The present park was ceded by a British military railway which connects Quettah with duces coca, india-rubber, cinchona, coifee, wheat, maize, to the city and laid out in 1853. Rind in India. Height* 5,800 feet. gold, silver, copper, tin. It has 8 departments, and is bv a president and a congress consisting of a Bois de Vincennes (bwa dé van-sen')- A pub- B o l b e c ( b o l - b e k ' ) . A t o w n i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t governed l i c park i n P a r i s , s o m e w h a t l a r g e r t h a n t h e B o i s of S e i n e - I n f é r i e u r e , F r a n c e , 18 m i l e s e a s t - n o r t h - senate and chamber of deputies. I t became independent d e B o u l o g n e . It contains " L a Faisanderie" (a farm e a s t of H a v r e . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e , in 1825, was united to Peru 1836-39, and has undergone frequent political revolutions. Attacked by Chile 1879-83, for agricultural experiments), a drill-ground, a race- 12,028. it was defeated, and was forced to cede its seaboard with course, etc. Bolbitinic (bol-bi-tin'ik), or Bolbitine (bol'bi- the niter districts. Area, 567,431 square miles. PopulaBoise (boiz), James Robinson. Born at Bland- tin), or Bolbitic (bol-bit'ik) Mouth of the tion (estimated), 2,500,000. f o r d , M a s s . , J a n . 27, 1815. A i l A m e r i c a n e d u - Nile. [ L . Ostium Bolbitinum A town in the governo r Bolbiticum Nili, B o l k h o f f ( b o l - k h o v ' ) . cator. He was professor of Greek at Brown University m e n t of Orel, R u s s i a , i n l a t . 53° 2 5 ' N . , l o n g . arôfia rov SeïXov ; from Bolbitine, 1843-50, at the University of Michigan 185-2-68, and after Gr. Bo'ÀfiiTivov 36° 5 ' E . P o p u l a t i o n , 26.165. Gr. 'BQIQIT'LVV, a t o w n i n t h e D e l t a , o n t h i s 1808 at the University of Chicago. He wrote " Greek b r a n c h of t h e r i v e r . ] O n e of t h e p r i n c i p a l B o l l a n d ( b o l l a n d ) , L . B o U a n d u s ( b o - l a n ' d u s ) . Syntax," etc. JT o- 1hU a- n n . T> B -~ o r n a t T i r l e m —* o n t /( f ) , i n B r a b a n t , B o i s é C i t y ( b o i ' z e s i t ' i ) . T h e c a p i t a l of I d a h o , a n c i e n t m o u t h s of t h e N i l e , p a r t l y r e p r e s e n t e d A u g . 13, 1596: d i e d at A n t w e r p , S e p t , 12, 1665. s i t u a t e d oil t h e B o i s é R i v e r i n lat. 43° 36' b y t h e m o d e r n R o s e t t a M o u t h . A c e l e b r a t e d J e s u i t m a r t y r o l o g i s t . He edited the N . , l o n g . 116° 15' W . I t is the chief town in the Bold Stroke for a Husband, A. A comedy early volumes of the "Acta Sanctorum "(which sec), a work State, and has gold- and silver-mines. Population (1890), b y Mrs. C o w l e v , b r o u g h t o u t i n 1783. which was continued by his collaborators and successors, 2,311. Bold Stroke for a Wife, A. A comedy by the _ _so-called _ Bollandists. _ Boisgobey (bwâ-gô-bâ'). Fortuné Abraham Mrs. C e n t l i v r e w i t h i l Mr. M o t t l e y , " p r o d u c e d m B o l l a n ( i i s 1 . g ( ^ 0 l ' a n - d i s t s ) , T h e . T h e n a m e d l l . B o r n a t G r a n v i l l e ( M a n c h e ) , P r a n c e , S e p t . 1718. _ g i v e n t o t h e c o l l a b o r a t o r s a n d s u c c e s s o r s of 11, 1821: d i e d F e b . , 1891. A F r e n c h n o v e l i s t . B o l e r î u m ( b ô - l ë ' r i - u m ) , or B e l e r i u m . I n a n - J o h a n n B o l l a n d , t h e first e d i t o r of ' ' A c t a S a n c 1 11 He served as paymaster in the army in Algiers 1844-18. c-=-—-'iger basin. Q u e e n ' s C o l l e g e , Cork. His chief works are a "Trea- d i s c o v e r e d b y J o h n K o s s in 1829. On its west coast B o n v i n ( b o n - v a n ' ), F r a n ç o i s . B o r n a t V a u g i tise on Differential Equations"(1859), a Treatise on the (lat. 70' 5' 17" N., long. 96° 4o 45" W . ) James Clarke Boss rard, S e i n e , i n 1817: d i e d l 8 8 7 . A F r e n c h p a i n t e r . Calculus of Finite Diiferences" (1860), "Mathematical located the north magnetic pole. H e produced genre pictures recalling the best B o o t h i a G u l f . A continuation of Prince R e Analysis of Logic'' (1847), "Laws of Thought" (1854). s p e c i m e n s of t h e F l e m i s h s c h o o l . B o o m ( b o m ) . A t o w n in the p r o v i n c e of A n t - g e n t I n l e t , n o r t h of B r i t i s h N o r t h A m e r i c a , i t B o n y t h o n (bon'i-thon), Richard. Born in w e r p , B e l g i u m , s i t u a t e d 10 m i l e s south of lies between Cockburn Island on the east and Boothia E n g l a n d , 1580: d i e d a b o u t 1650. A n E n g l i s h Felix on the west. Length, 310 miles. Antwerp. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 13,892. s o l d i e r who r e c e i v e d a g r a n t of a t r a c t of l a n d B o o t l e ( b o ' t l ) . A suburb o f L i v e r p o o l , in L a n Boonack. S e e Bannock. on t h e east side of t h e S a c o R i v e r , i n M a i n e , Boone (bon), Daniel. B o r n i n B u c k s C o u n t y , cashire, E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d a t the m o u t h of the and s e t t l e d t h e r e in 1631. He was commissioner P a . , F e b . 11, 1735: d i e d a t C h a r e t t e , M o . , M e r s e y . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 49,127. for the government of Maine under Gorges in 1686, and S e p t . 26, 1820. A f a m o u s A m e r i c a n p i o n e e r B o - P e e p ( b o - p e p ' ) ? L i t t l e . A s m a l l shepherd later (1640-47) one of his council. His son. John Bonython, i n K e n t u c k y . About 1748 his father settled at Hol- m a i d e n , i n a p o p u l a r nursery s t o r y , w h o l o s t introduced by Whittier in " Mogg Mcgone, '* was a turbuman's Ford, on the Yadkin, North Carolina. He began h e r sheep. lent character, and was outlawed for contempt of court. the exploration of Kentucky in 1769, and founded BoonesThe term bo-peep appears to have been connected at a Booby (bo'bi), Lady. I n F i e l d i n g ' s n o v e l borough in 1775. He emigrated to Missouri, then a posvery early period with sheep. Thus in an old ballad of 41 J o s e p h A n d r e w s , " a v u l g a r w o m a n w h o t r i e s session of Spain, in 1795. the time of Queen Elizabeth, in a MS. in the library of t o seduce J o s e p h A n d r e w s , h e r f o o t m a n , and B o o n t o n ( b o n ' t o n ) . A c i t y of H o r r i s C o u n t y , Corpus Christi College, Cambridge,— d i s m i s s e s h i m on account of his v i r t u e . N e w J e r s e y , 2o m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of N e w Y o r k . Halfe Englande ys uowght now but shepe, In everye corner they playe a boe-pepe. B o o k of C o m m o n O r d e r . T h e l i t u r g y of t h e B o o n v i l l e , or B o o n e v i l l e ( b t f n ' v i l ) . A c i t y i n Halliwell, Nursery Khymes, p. 211. Church of S c o t l a n d . In 1562 the Book of Common M i s s o u r i , s i t u a t e d o n t h e M i s s o u r i R i v e r 43 Order, commonly termed "Knox's Liturgy," was partially m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of J e f f e r s o n C i t y . Here, June B o p p ( b o p ) , F r a n z . B o r n at M a i n z , G e r m a n y , introduced in place of the Book of Common i'rayer, and 17,1861, the Federals under Lyon defeated the ConfedS e p t . 14, 1791: died at B e r l i n , Oct, 23,1867. A in 1564 its use was authoritatively ordained in all the churches in Scotland. This liturgy wa6 taken from the erates under Marmaduke. Population (1890), 4,141. celebrated German philologist, noted f o r re-

Bopp s e a r c h e s in S a n s k r i t , a n d especially in comp a r a t i v e philology, w h i c h h e first p l a c e d u p o n a

s c i e n t i f i c b a s i s . He became professor (" extraordinary") of Oriental literature and philology at Berlin in 1821 ( " o r d i n a r y " professor, 1825). His chief work is a "Comparative Grammar of the Sanskrit, Zend, Armenian, Greek, etc." ("Vergleichende Grammatik, etc.,"published 1833-52).

B o p p a r d ( b o p ' p ä r t ) . A t o w n in t h e R h i n e P r o v ince, P r u s s i a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e R h i n e 9 miles s o u t h of C o b l e n t z : t h e R o m a n B a u d o b r i c a or B o d o b r i g a . I t has a castle and the remains of a Roman wall. I t was an ancient Celtic and Roman town. Population (1890), commune, 5,610.

171

Borneo

P6trus Borel, one of the strangest figures in t h e history B o r g n e ( b o r n y ) . A l a k e or b a y in s o u t h e a s t of literature. Very little is known of his life, which was e r n L o u i s i a n a , t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n of Mississippi spent partly at Paris and partly in Algeria. He was perhaps the most extravagant of all the Romantics, surnam- S o u n d . I t communicates with the Gulf of Mexico on ing himself " L e Lycantlirope," and identifying himself the east, and with Lake Pontchartrain by the Rigolet? with the extravagances of the Bousingots, a clique of polit- Pass on the northwest. Breadth, 25 miles. ical literary men who for a short time made themselves B o r g o ( b o r ' g ô ) . A t o w n in Tyrol, 17 miles e a s t conspicuous after 1830. Borel wrote partly in verse and partly in prose. His most considerable exploitin the former of T r e n t . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 3.909. was a strange preface in verse to his novel of "Madame Borgo, Pozzo ai. See Tozzo di Borgo. Putiphar"; his best work in prose, a series of wild but Borgo San Donnino (bor'go sân don-në'nô). powerful stories entitled " Champavert." His talent alto- A t o w n in t h e p r o v i n c e of P a r m a , Italy, 1 4 m i l e s gether, lacked measure and criticism, but it is undeniable. n o r t h w e s t of P a r m a : t h e a n c i e n t F i d e n t i a . its Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 545. cathedral, rebuilt at the end of the l l t h century, is a rich structure, with an unfinished façade flanked Borelli (bo-reHe), Giovanni Alfonso. Bom Romanesque by towers, and three sculptured lion-columned portals. at Castelnuovo, n e a r Naples, J a n . 28,1608: died The nave is round-arched, with Pointed vaulting ; there a t Rome, Dec. 31,1679. A n I t a l i a n a s t r o n o m e r , are two triforia and much curious sculpture. p r o f e s s o r of m a t h e m a t i c s a t Messina a n d l a t e r Borgognone. See Fossano.

B o r a (bö'rä), K a t h a r i n a v o n . Born at Löben, n e a r Merseburg, G e r m a n y , J a n . 29, 1499: died a t T o r g a u , G e r m a n y , Dec. 20, 1552. A Cisterc i a n n u n at N i m p t s c h e n , Saxony, 1515-23, a n d a t Pisa, f o u n d e r of t h e i a t r o m a t h e m a t i c a l Borie (bo-rë')t Pierre Rose Ursule Dumoulin. w i f e of M a r t i n L u t h e r w h o m she m a r r i e d J u n e school. H i s chief w o r k is " D e m o t u a n i m a - B o r n a t B e y n a t , Corrèze, F r a n c e , F e b . 20,1808 : lium " (1680-81). 13, 1525. b e h e a d e d in Tong-king, Nov. 24, Î838. A n o t e d Borachia ( b o - r ä ' c h ä ) . [Sp.. f. of Borachio.'] A Borgcl ( b o r ' g o ) . A d e c a y e d s e a p o r t in t h e p r o v - F r e n c h m i s s i o n a r y in Tong-king, 1832-38. w o m a n given t o drink, a comic a n d u n w h o l e - i n c e of N y l a n d , F i n l a n d , s i t u a t e d on t h e Gulf B o r i s G-odonof. A t r a g e d y b y P u s h k i n , f o u n d e d some c h a r a c t e r i n M a s s i n g e r ' s p l a y " A V e r y of F i n l a n d i n l a t . 60° 25' N., long. 25° 45' E . o n t h a t episode in E u s s i a n h i s t o r y k n o w n as P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 4,214. Woman." t h e I n t e r r e g n u m . L o p e de V e g a w r o t e a p l a y B o r a c h i o ( b ö - r ä ' c h ö ) . A villain, a follower of B o r g e r h o u t (bor'gfer-hout). A m a n u f a c t u r i n g on t h i s s u b j e c t , called " E l G r a n D u q u e d e M u s miles e a s t of A n t w e r p , B e l g i u m . P o p - c o v i a . " S e e Godonof. Don John, in Shakspcre's "Much Ado about town N o t h i n g . " Borachio is the Spanish name for a leathern u l a t i o n (1890), 28,882. B o r i s s o g l i e b s k (bo-ris-so-glvebsk'). A t o w n i n wine-bottle (hence the name is frequently given in old Borghese (bor-ga'se), Prince Camillo Filippo t h e g o v e r n m e n t of Tamboff, R u s s i a , s i t u a t e d on writers either as a proper name or a mark of opprobrium L u d o v i c o . B o r n at R o m e , J u l y 19, 1775: died t h e r i v e r Y o r o n a in l a t . 51° 20' N., long. 42° E . to drunkards). a t F l o r e n c e , M a y 9, 1832. A n I t a l i a n n o b l e , P o p u l a t i o n , 17,665. Borandon, Borondon. See Brendan, Saint, b r o t h e r - i n - l a w of N a p o l e o n I. B o r j a ( b ô r ' H â ) , Doîia A n a d e , V i c e - q u e e n of B o r ä s ( b ö ' r o s ) . A t o w n of s o u t h e r n Sweden, Borghese Gladiator, so named, in reality an P e r u . B o r n a b o u t 1640: died S e p t . 23, 1706. 37 miles e a s t of G o t h e n b u r g . a t h l e t e or p e r h a p s a w a r r i o r . A n o t a b l e a n - A d a u g h t e r of t h e D u k e of B e j a r , a n d t h e t h i r d B o r b e c k ( b o r ' b e k ) . A c o m m u n e in t h e R h i n e t i q u e s t a t u e b y Agasias of E p h e s u s . it is hi the wife of t h e Count of L e m o s w h o m she a c c o m P r o v i n c e , P r u s s i a , 3A- miles n o r t h w e s t of E s s e n . Louvre, Paris. It dates from about the beginning of the p a n i e d to P e r u i n 1667. During the absence of the Christian era. The vigorous figure, un draped, is in an atP o p u l a t i o n (1890), 28,707. viceroy in Charcas she was left in charge of the govern-

Borda (bor-dä'), Jean Charles. Born at Dax,

titude of rapid advance, the left arm, encircled by the shield-strap, raised above the head, and the right (re-

in L a n d e s , P r a n c e , M a y 4,1733: died a t P a r i s , stored) extended downward and backward in the line of F e b . 20, 1799. A F r e n c h m a t h e m a t i c i a n a n d the body, grasping the sword. Also Fighting Gladiator. n a v a l officer, n o t e d f o r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s in n a u t i - B o r g h e s e M a r s . A n a n t i q u e s t a t u e of M a r s in cal a s t r o n o m y a n d h y d r o d y n a m i c s . the Louvre, Paris. Bordeaux ( b o r - d ö ' ) . [ M E . Bur dews, O F , Bor- Borghese Palace. The famous palace of the deux ( F . Bordeaux), e a r l i e r O F . Bördele, f r o m B o r g h e s e f a m i l y i n R o m e , n o t e d f o r i t s a r t colL . Burdigala, Burdegala, G r . TSovpÖiyaÄa; s u p - lections. I t w a s b u i l t t o w a r d t h o e n d of t h e p o s e d to b e a n I b e r i a n or else a Celtic n a m e . ] 16th c e n t u r y b y M a r t i n o L u n g h i a n d F l a r a i n i o T h e c a p i t a l of t h e Gironde, F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d on P o n z i o . I t is situated in the Via della Fontanella, and t h e G a r o n n e in lat. 44° 50' K , long. 0° 35' W . : though its galleries contained originally the most imt h e f o u r t h city a n d t h i r d p o r t of F r a n c e , i t portant art treasures of Rome, save those of the Vati-

has a large and fine harbor, with extensive quays and float- can, many of them have now been removed to the ing basin. Its commerce is with the Atlantic and Baltic ports, America, India, and Africa; its trade is in wine, private apartments of the Prince Borghese. See Villa brandy, metals, timber, coal, grain, etc. I t contains a cele- Borghese. brated bridge, Pont de Bordeaux (which see), and a ruined Borghesi (bor-ga'se), Count Bartolommeo. ltoman amphitheater, and is the seat of a university. Bor- B o r n a t S a v i g n a n o . n e a r Rimini, Italv, J u l y 11, deaux was a leading Roman city in Gaul, the capital of 1781: died a t S a n Marino, I t a l y , A p r i l 16, i860. Aquitaniu Secunda, and passed under the sway of the Van- A d i s t i n g u i s h e d I t a l i a n n u m i s m a t i s t a n d epigdals, West Goths, Franks, and Normans, becoming a part of the duchy of Aquitaine, whose fortunes it followed. r a p h i s t . H e w r o t e " Nuovi f r a m m e n t i d e i f a s t i I t flourished under English rule. I t revolted against consolari e a p i t o l i n i " (1818-20), etc. the salt tax, and was severely punished in 1548. It had a Borghi-Mamo (bor' ge-ma 'mo), Adelaide. Born Parliament, It revolted against the Convention in the a t Bologna, I t a l y , A u g . 9, 1829 (1830?). A n Girondist period, 1793. I t was the seat of the provisional I t a l i a n opera-singer, government and of the National Assembly, 1870-71. The cathedral was "built during the English rule. The north B o r g i a ( b o r ' j a ) , O e s a r e , D u k e of V a l e n t i n o i s . transept is flanked by two graceful spires, and has a good B o r n S e p t . 18, 1478: killed b e f o r e t h e c a s t l e portal and rose-window. The choir is notable for the great of V i a u a , Spain, M a r c h 12, 1507. T h e n a t u r a l beauty of its Ave radiating and two lateral chapels. The son of Rodrigo L e n z u o l i B o r g i a ( P o p e A l e x a n d e r nave, without aisles, has round arcades below and two \ I . ) . He was created cardinal by his father in 1492, ranges of pointed windows above. Population (1891), com- procured the murder of his brother Giovanni, duke of mune, 252,415. Gandia, in 1497, resigned the cardinalate in 1497, was inwith the duchy of Valentinois by Louis X I I . in Bordeaux, Due de. See Chcimbord, Comte de. vested married Charlotte d'Albrct, daughter of Jean d'AlBordelais ( b o r d - l ä ' ) . [ L . Burdigalensis, a d j . 1498, bret, king of Navarre, iu 1499, and was created duke of f r o m Burdigala, B o r d e a u x . ] A n a n c i e n t sub- Romagna by his father in 1501. He reduced by force and division of F r a n c e , n o w c o m p r i s e d in t h e de- perfidy the cities of Romagna, which were ruled by feudatories of the Papal See, and, with the assistance of his p a r t m e n t s of Gironde a n d L a n d e s . endeavored to found an independent hereditary B o r d e l o n (bord - I o n ' ) , L a u r e n t . B o r n a t family, power in central Italy, including Romagna, Umbria, and Bourges, 1653: died a t P a r i s , April 6,1730. A the Marches. His father having died in 1503, he was deFrench dramatist and theologian. tained in captivity by Pope Julius II. 1503-04, and by of Aragon 1504-06, when he escaped to the B o r d e n t o w n ( b ö r ' d e n - t o u n ) . A city in B u r - Ferdinand court of Jean d'Albret of Navarre, in whose service he fell l i n g t o n C o u n t y , N e w J e r s e y , s i t u a t e d on t h e before the castle of Viana. Handsome in person, educated, D e l a w a r e R i v e r 6 miles s o u t h e a s t of T r e n t o n . eloquent, a patron of learning, and an adept in the cruei and perfidious politics in vogue in his day, he is repreP o p u l a t i o n (1890), 4,232. sented as a model ruler by Macchiavelli in his " Principe."

B o r d e r S t a t e s . F o r m e r l y t h e slave S t a t e s Dela w a r e , M a r y l a n d , V i r g i n i a , K e n t u c k y , a n d Missouri, s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e f r e e S t a t e s : in a wider m e a n i n g t h e n a m e c o m p r i s e d also N o r t h Carolina, T e n n e s s e e , a n d A r k a n s a s . B o r d i g h e r a ( b o r - d ö - g ä ' r ä ) . A small t o w n in n o r t h w e s t e r n I t a l y , on t h e Riviera 15 m i l e s e a s t of Monaco. B o r d o n e ( b o r - d ö ' n e ) , P a r i d e . B o r n a t Treviso, Italy, a b o u t 1500: died a t Venice, J a n . 19,1571. A p a i n t e r of t h e V e n e t i a n school, a p u p i l of T i t i a n . H i s m o s t n o t e d p a i n t i n g is t h e " F i s h e r e x t e n d i n g a R i n g to t h e D o g e . " Boreas ( b ö ' r e - a s ) . [Gr. Bopeaq or B o p ä f . ] I n G r e e k m y t h o l o g y , t h e personification of t h e n o r t h w i n d . According to Hesiod, he is a son of Astneus and Eos, and brother of Hesperus, Zephyrus, and Notus. His home was a cave in Mount Hsemus, in Thrace.

B o r e l (bo-rel'), P e t r u s . Born at Lyons, J u n e 28, 1809: died a t M o s t a g a n e m , J u l y i4, 1859. A F r e n c h j o u r n a l i s t a n d m a n of l e t t e r s . See t h e extract.

ment (1668 and 1669). This is almost the only instance of the kind in Spanish America. See Fernandez de Castro Andrade y Portugal.

Borja y Arragon (bôr'nâ ë ar-ra-gôn'), Fran-

c i s c o d e . B o r n a t Madrid, 1582: died t h e r e , 1658. A S p a n i s h s t a t e s m a n . By his marriage he became prince of Esquilache or Squillace in Calabria. From Dec., 1615, to Dcc., 1621, he was viceroy of Peru.

Bôrjesson (bèr'yes-son), Johan. Born at Ta-

n u m , B o h u s l a n , S w e d e n , M a r c h 22, 1790 : died a t TJpsal, Sweden, May, 1866. A Swedish dram a t i c p o e t . H i s chief d r a m a is " E r i k X I V . " (1846). B o r k u ( b ô r ' k o ) , or B o r g u (-go). A g r o u p of oases in t h e S a h a r a , b e t w e e n F e z z a n a n d W a dai, i m p o r t a n t as t h e m e e t i n g - p l a c e of comm e r c i a l r o u t e s . I t is i n h a b i t e d b y a B e r b e r t r i b e of m i x e d blood. B o r k u m ( b o r ' k o m ) . One of t h e w e s t e r n i s l a n d s of t h e E a s t F r i e s i a n group, b e l o n g i n g t o Germany. I t is f r e q u e n t e d f o r s e a - b a t h i n g . L e n g t h , 5 miles.

Borlace (bôr'las), or Burlace, Edmund. Died

a t C h e s t e r , E n g l a n d , a b o u t 1682. A n English physician, and writer upon Irish history. B o r l a s e , W i l l i a m . B o r n a t P e n d e e n , Cornwall, E n g l a n d , F e b . 2,1695: died A u g . 31,1772. A n E n g l i s h a n t i q u a r y a n d n a t u r a l i s t . H i s chief w o r k s are " A n t i q u i t i e s of C o r n w a l l " (1754) a n d " N a t u r a l H i s t o r y of C o r n w a l l " (1758). B o r m i o (bor'më-ô). A small town in northern Italy, a t t h e h e a d of t h e V a l t e l l i n e , n e a r t h e f r o n t i e r of S w i t z e r l a n d .

Bormio, District of. The territory around Bor-

mio in I t a l y , whose h i s t o r y w a s l a r g e l y conn e c t e d w i t h t h a t of t h o Valtelline.

Born (bôrn), Bertran or Bertrand de. Born

a t B o r n , P é r i g o r d , F r a n c e , a b o u t 1140 : died b e f o r e 1215. A n o t e d F r e n c h t r o u b a d o u r and soldier. B o m , I g n a z v o n . Born a t K a r l s b u r g , T r a n s y l v a n i a , Dee. 26,1742: died at V i e n n a , J u l y 24, 1791. A n A u s t r i a n m i n e r a l o g i s t a n d m e t a l l u r B o r g i a , S a i n t F r a n c e s c o , D u k e of G a n d i a . gist. B o r n a t Gandia, Spain, a b o u t 1510: died a t B o r n a ( b o r ' n à ) . A t o w n in t h e k i n g d o m of SaxR o m e , 1572. G e n e r a l of t h e Society of J e s u s ony, s i t u a t e d 16 miles s o u t h - s o u t h e a s t of Leip1565-72. sic. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 8,849. B o r g i a , L u c r e z i a . B o r n 1480: died J u n e 24, BÔrne (bér'ne), Ludwig (originally Lôb Ba1519. D u c h e s s of F e r r a r a , d a u g h t e r of P o p e r u c l l ) . B o r n a t F r a n k f o r t - o n - t he-Main, May 6, A l e x a n d e r VI., a n d s i s t e r of Cesare Borgia. She married Giovanni Sforza, lord of Pesaro, in 1493. 1786: died a t P a r i s , F e b . 12,1837. A n o t e d GerThis marriage was annulled by Alexander, who (1498) m a n s a t i r i s t a n d p o l i t i c a l writer, of H e b r e w defound a more ambitious match for her in Alfonso of Bis- scent. H i s collected w r i t i n g s w e r e p u b l i s h e d ceglie, a natural son of Alfonso II. of Naples. Alfonso 1829-34. having been murdered by Cesare Borgia in 1500, she married (1501) Alfonso of Este, who subsequently succeeded to the duchy of Ferrara. She was a woman of great beauty and ability, a patron of learning and t h e arts. She was long accused of the grossest crimes, but recent writers have cleared her memory of the worst charges brought against her.

Borneil (bor-nây'), Guiraut or Giraud de.

Lived in t h e l a t t e r p a r t of t h e 12th c e n t u r y . A F r e n c h t r o u b a d o u r , m a n y of w h o s e p o e m s h a v e survived. D a n t e m e n t i o n s him in t h e " D i v i n a Commedia." Borneo ( b ô r ' n ê - ô ) . [Also Brunai, Bruni, B'r?iif B o r g i a , S t e f a n o . Born a t Velletri, Italy, Dec. etc., M a l a y Bur ni, Bïtrni. T h e n a t i v e n a m e is 3, 1731: died a t L y o n s , N o v . 23, 1804. A n Pulo Ealamantin.) T h e l a r g e s t of t h e E a s t I n Italian cardinal, statesman, historian, and pad i a I s l a n d s . I t lies west of Celebes, north of Java, and t r o n of science, s e c r e t a r y of t h e p r o p a g a n d a east of Sumatra, in lat. 7° JS\-4°20' S.. long. 100°-119° E. 1770-88. A large part of it is mountainous. I t is divided into the

Borneo

Boston

172

Dutch possessions and British North Borneo, Brunei, and order founded "by the Abbé d'Estival in 1652. of the inhabitants are Mohammedans. It was founded by Hungarians about 1263. Population (188S), 26,286. Sarawak. The inhabitants are Dyaks, Malays, Negritos, Its chief seat is at Nancy, F r a n c e . B o s n i a (boz'ni-a). [F. Bosnie, G-. Bosnien, NL. Bugis, and Chinese. Borneo was first visited by Portuguese about 1518. Length, 800 miles. Breadth, 700 miles. B o r r o w (bor'ô), G e o r g e . Born at E a s t Dere- Bosnia, Pol. Bosnia, Turk. Bosna.~\ A territory Area, 286,161 square miles. Population of Dutch posses- ham, Norfolk, England, F e b . , 1803: died at in southeastern Europe, capital Bosna-Serai, sions, about 1,100,000; of British North Borneo, 175,000; of Oulton, Suffolk, England, J u l y 30, 1881. A n bounded b y Croatia-Slavonia (separated by the Sarawak, 300,000. E n g l i s h p h i l o l o g i s t , t r a v e l e r , a n d r o m a n c e - U n n a and bave) on the north, Servia (separated r i t e r . His works include " Targura, or Metrical Trans- partly by t h e Drina) on t h e east, Montenegro Borneo, British North. See British North wlations from thirty Languages, etc." (1835), " T h e Bible in and Herzegovina on the south, Dalmatia on Borneo. Spain " (1848), "The Zincali, or an Account of the Gypsies the west, and Novi-Bazar on the southeast. B o r n h e i m (born'him). A quarter in F r a n k f o r t - in Spain" (1841), "Lavengro, the Scholar, the Gypsy, and Its surface is generally mountainous, and its inhabitants on-the-Main. the Priest" (1851), "The Romany Rye, a sequel to Laven- are occupied mainly with agriculture. It belongs nomiB o m h o l m (born'holm). A n island in t h e Baltic gro " (1857), " Wild Wales, etc. " (1862V " Romano Lavo-Lil, nally to Turkey, but is occupied and administered by Sea, in lat. 55°-55° 20' N., long. 15° E., forming or Word-book of the Romany " (1874). Austria-Hungary. The language is Servo-Croatian. Relia n a m t of D e n m a r k , i t is mountainous, and contains gions, Greek, Mohammedan, and .Roman Catholic. Bosnia porcelain-clay. Capital, Bonne. Length, 25 miles. Area, B o r r o w d a l e (bor'ô-dâl). A vale in t h e Lake was a part of the Roman Empire, was governed by bans District of England, south of Derwentwater. 2-28 square miles. Population (1890), 38,765. in the middlq ages, under the Kings of Hungary, and beB o r n u (bor-no'). A country in Sudan, Africa, B o r s (bôrs). I n A r t h u r i a n legends, king of longed to the kingdom of Stephen of Servia in the 14th l a t . 11°-16° N., long. 10°-17° B. Capital, Kuka. Gaul, brother of King Ban of Benwicke (Be- century. The kingdom of Bosnia originated in 1376. It Its inhabitants are negroes, Tuaregs, Arabs, and mixed noic). Tbey went to K i n g Arthur's assistance was subjugated by the Turks in 1463. Bosnia has been the theater of many conflicts between Austria and Turkey, races, the prevailing religion is Mohammedanism, and the w h e n he first mounted t h e throne. and of revolts. It was provided in the treaty of Berlin government that of a sultan. Bornu formed part of the Kanem monarchy in the middle ages, and became a sepa- Bors (bôrs), or Bohort (bô'hôrt), or Bort (bôrt), (1878) that Bosnia and Herzegovina be occupied by Ausrate kingdom in the 15th century. I t was conquered by S i r . A knight of the Round Table, called Sir tria-Hungary. The Mohammedans could, however, be H e subdued only after a bloody conflict (1878). There was a Fellatahs in the beginning of the 19th century. Area, es- Bors de Ganis, nephew of Sir Lancelot. timated, 50,000 square miles. Population, estimated, over was one of the f e w who were puro onough to popular revolt in 1881. Area, including Herzegovina and Novi-Bazar, 23,262 square miles. Population, 1,504,095. 5,000,000. see the vision of the Holv Grail.

B o r o d i n o (bor-o-de'no). A village in tlie government of Moscow, Russia, situated near t h e river Moskva 70 miles west of Moscow. Near here, Sept. 7,1812, Napoleon's army (about 140,000) gained a victory over the Russians under Kutusoff (about 140,000). The loss of Napoleon's army was 30,000; that of the Russians, nearly 50,000. Also called the " b a t t l e of the Moskva."

B o r o r d s (bo-ro-ros'). A n I n d i a n tribe of western Brazil, living about t h e head waters of the

B o r s i p p a (b6r-sip'a). An ancient city of Baby- B o s o l a (bo-so'la). A character in Webster's Ionia, probably aT s u b u r b of Babylon, it con. tragedy - ' T h e 'Duchess of Malfi," gentleman tained a temple of > ebo, its tutelar deity, called Ezida

of

t h e

h o r g e

t o t h e

duchess.

H e is a villain,

e., eternal house), which was constructed m the form , , , „ ,. . t of a pyramid consisting of seven stories, which are termed a b l o o d t h i r s t y h u m o r i s t n o t e d f o r h i s c y n i c a l , in the inscriptions " t h e seven spheres of heaven and s a v a g e m e l a n c h o l y . earth." The imposing ruins of the mound Birs Nimrud B o s p o r u s ( b o s ' p o - r u s ) , o r B o S p h o r U S ( b o s ' f o -

tp the northeast of Babylon are ^identified as the site of

Borsippa and its celebrated temple.

[O r . Boairopog, ox-ford: so named f r o m tlie legend t h a t Io, transformed into a cow, swam

See Birs Nimrxid.

Bory de Saint Vincent (bô-rë' dé san van- across it.] A strait which connects the Black son'), Jean Baptiste Georges Marie. Born Sea and Sea of Marmora, and separates Eu-

r i v e r P a r a g u a y . They were formerly very numerous and powerful, but were depleted, partly by the slave-mak- at Agen, France, 1780: died at Paris, Dec. rope f r o m Asia : the ancient Bosporus Thracius, iug raids of the Portuguese in the 18th century, and partly 22 (f), 1846. A distinguished F r e n c h natural- Thracian Bosporus. On it are Constantinoby disease: a few hundred remain, nearly in their abori- i s t a n d t r a v e l e r . He wrote an 44 Essai sur les îles forLength, 18 m i l e s ; greatest ginal condition. By their language and customs they are tunées et l'antique Atlantide" (1803), "L'Homme, essai ple and Scutari. breadth,. - miles? narrowest point, 1,700 feet. closely allied to the Tupis and Guaranis, and are evidently zoologique " (1827), etc. . . . an offshoot of that stock. They live in fixed villages of the highland, and practise agriculture, and their chiefs B o r y s t h e n e s (bô-ris'thë-nëz). [Gr. BopveOévttç.] B o s p o r u s . I n ancient history, a kingdom il] The ancient n a m e of tlie river Dnieper. southern fearmatia, n e a r the Cimmerian Boshave only a nominal power. 0 8

B o r o u g h , T h e . A poem, by Crabbe, published Bos, H i e r o n y m u s . See Bosch. in 1810. B o s a (bö'sä). A seaport in the island of SarB o r o u g h b r i d g e (bur'o-brij). A town in York- dinia, province of Cagliari, lat. 40° 17' N., long. shire, England, 17 miles northwest of York. 8° 30' E. Population, 6,000. Here, March 16, 1322, Edward II. defeated the Bosboom (bos'böm), Johannes. Born Feb. 18, 1817: died Sept. 14,1891. A Dutch p a i n t e r . ' Earl of Lancaster. B o r o v i t c h i (bor-o-ve'che). A town in the gov- Bosboom, Mme. (Anna Luize Geertruide e r n m e n t of Novgorod, Russia, situated on the T o u s s a i i t ) . B o m t t A l k m a a r , Sept. 16, 1812: river Msta in lat. 58° 23' N., long. 33° E . Popu- died at The Hague, April 13, 1886. A Dutch historical novelist. She married the painter Boslation, 10,944. B o r o v s k (bo-rovsk'). A town in the govern- boom in 1851. Her works include " H e t Huis Lauerm e n t of Kaluga, Russia, in lat. 55° 14' N., long. nesse," " Leycester in Hederland," "Do Vrouwen van het Leycester sche Tijdperk," and "Gideon I'lorenoz." 36° 30' E. Population, 10,091.

Borowlaski (bor-ov-las'ke), or Boruwlaski, Bosc (bosk), Louis Augustin G-uillaume. Born J o s e p h . Born at Halicz, (Jalicia, 1739: dieu n e a r Durham, England, Sept. 5, 1837. A Polish dwarf, erroneously called a " count," who traveled from place to place exhibiting himself and giving concerts. H i s height was a little under 39 inches. H e published an autobiogr a p h y (1788).

B o r r e , S i r . A n a t u r a l son of K i n g A r t h u r , in the A r t h u r i a n legends ; sometimes called Sir Bors. Borrioboola-gha(bor-'i-o-bo'la-ga/). Animagin a r y place on t h e left b a n k of tiie Niger, selected b y Mrs. Jellyby (in Dickens's " Bleak H o u s e " ) as a field for h e r missionary philanthropic exertions, to the neglect of all home duties. B o r r i s s o f f (bor-res'sof). A town in the governm e n t of Minsk, Russia, 50 miles n o r t h e a s t of Minsk. Population, 18,103.

Borromean (bor-9-rae'an) Islands, It. Isole

B o r r o m e e (e'zo-le bor-rd-ma'e). A group of islands in Lago Maggiore, province of Novara, Italy, near the western shore. The two most noted,

Iaola Bella and Iaola Madre, belong to the Borromeo family, and were converted into pleasure-gardens by Count Borromeo in the 17th century. Another island is Isola dei Pescatori.

B o r r o m e o (bor-ro-ma'o), Count C a r l o . Born at Arona, 011 Lago Maggiore, Italy, Oct. 2, 1538: died at Milan, Nov. 3,,1584. An Italian cardinal, archbishop of Milan, noted as a n ecclesiastical reformer, and philanthropist. H e was canonized in 1610. H i s death is commemorated in t h e R o m a n Church on Nov. 4. B o r r o m e o , Count F e d e r i g o . Born at Milan, 1564: died 1631. A n Italian cardinal, and archbishop of Milan, founder of t h e Ambrosian L i b r a r y at Milan in 1609.

a t Paris, J a n . 29, 1759: died at Paris, J u l y 10, 1828. A distinguished F r e n c h n a t u r a l i s t . H e

wrote/'Histoire nat^elledescoquilles^lSOl),

" Histoire Hiar.mrA naturelle Tlfl.t.lirp IA des HPS ci»l»n ilHwil. etc. r u sSr.fl.f.AK t a c é s " "(1802).

Boscan Almogaver (bos-kân' al-mô-ga-vâr'),

Borromeo, San Carlo, Sisters of. A religious

Bosquet (bos-kä ), Pierre Joseph Francois. H rmi Born

aat t Landes, France, ^Mont-de-Marsan, t-rl.-Mav*,. T^rW Nov. 8, 1810: died at Toulouse, France, F e b . 5, 1861. A marshal of F r a n c e . He served with

distinction in Algeria, and in the Crimea at Alma and Inkerman 1854, and at the MalakolT 1855.

B o s s i (bos'sè), G i u s e p p e . Born at Busto-Arsizio, in t h e Milanese, Italy, Aug., 1777: died at Milan, Dec. 15,1815. A n Italian p a i n t e r and w r i t e r u p o n a r t . He wrote "Del cenacolo di Leonardo da Vinci " (1810), etc.

B

¿ Giuseppe 'Carlo Aurelio, Baron de.

ir-TO.died a;'. -Tat- i Paris, T->-_ • t* ' at_ ,Turin, m *_rNov. 15,i r 1758: Born J a n . 20, 1823. An Italian lyric poet and di-

J u a n . Born at Barcelona, Spain, about 1493 : p l o m a t i s t . His chief poems include " Independenza died near Perpignan, France, about 1542. A Americana" (1785), "Monaca" (1787), "Oromasia" (1805), Spanish poet, f o u n d e r of the Italian poetical etc. school in Spain. His collected works were pub- Bossi, Count L u i g i . Born at Milan, F e b . 28, 1758 : died at Milan, April 10,1835. An Italian lished in 1543. Boscawen (bos 'ka-wen), E d w a r d . Born in historian, archaeologist, and writer on art. Cornwall, England, Aug. 19, 1711 : died near B o s s u , Lô. See Lebossu. Guildford, Surrey, England, J a n . 10, 1761. A Bossuét (bo-sti-â' or bo-swa'), Jacques Bén o t e d English admiral. He commanded at the tak- n i g n e . Born at Dijon, France, Sept. 27, 1627: ing of Louisburg, 1758, and defeated the French at La- died at Paris, April 12, 1704. A F r e n c h prelate and celebrated pulpit orator, historian, gos Bay, Aug., 1759. B o s c h (bosk), or B o s (bos), or BOSCO (bos'ko), and theological writer. He was preceptor to the in 1670-81, and became bishop of Meaux in 1681. H i e r o n y m u s , surnamed " The Joyous." Born Dauphin His chief works are "Exposition de la doctrine cathoat Bois-le-Duc, Netherlands, about 1460: died lique " (1671), " Discours sur l'histoire universelle " (1681), at Bois-le-Duc about 1530. A Dutch painter. "Histoire des variations des églises protestantes" (1688), His chief works are at Madrid, Berlin, and and funeral orations ( " Oraisons funèbres "). Vienna. B o s s u t (bo-sü'), A b b é , A n a m e assumed b y B o s c o b e l ( b o s ' k o - b e l ) . A farm-house n e a r Sir Charles Phillips in several educational ShifEnal, in Shropshire, England, noted in con. works in F r e n c h . nection with the escape of Charles II., Sept., B o s s u t , C h a r l e s . Born at Tarare, n e a r Lyons, 1651. The " royal o a k " was in the vicinity. France, Aug. 11, 1730: died at Paris, J a n . 14, Boscovich (bos'ko-vich), Ruggiero Giuseppe. 1814. A noted F r c n c h m a t h e m a t i c i a n . His chief Born at Ragusa, Dalmatia, Mav 18, 1711: died work is an " Essai sur l'histoire générale des mathéat Milan, Feb. 12, 1787. An "Italian Jesuit, matiques " (1802). [ME. Boston, celebrated as a mathematician, astronomer, B o s t o n ( b ô s ' t o n or "bos'ton). a n d p h y s i c i s t . His works include " Theoria philoso- contr. of *Botulfeston, ' Botolph's town,' n a m e d from AS. Botulf, Botuulf, Botnlf, later misphise naturalis " (1738), " De maculis solaribus " (1736), etc. spelled Botolph.j A seaport in Lincolnshire, B o s i o (bo'ze-o), A n g i o l i n a . Born at Turin, England, situated on the W i t h a m in lat. 52° 58' Aug. 22, 1829: died at St. Petersburg, April 12, N . , l o n g . 0 ° 2 ' W . It was an important trading town 1859. A n Italian opera-singer. in the middle ages. It contains the parish church of St.

Bosio, Baron Francois Joseph. Born at Mo-

March 19, 1769: died at Paris, J u l y 29, Borromeo, San Carlo. A colossal statue on a naco, hill n e a r Arona on Lago Maggiore, Italy, it 1845. A F r e n c h sculptor. His best-known works stands 70 feet high, on a pedestal measuring 42 feet, and wasfinishedin 1697. Thefigure,bareheaded, is in the act of blessing the town, and has some artistic merit. The head, hands, and feet are of bronze, the remainder of welded sheets of beaten copper, braced with iron, and supported on a central pier of stone.

P ™ - , ^ founded m o02 b. c., and e x t m guished in the 4th century A. d. B o s p o r u s C i m m e r i u s (si-me'n-us). T h e O m merian Bosporus: the ancient name of the Strait of Yenikale. See Cimmerians, B o s p o r u s T h r a c i u s . See Bosporus.

are the bas-reliefs of the Column Vend6me (Paris), an equestrian statue of Louis XIV. (Paris), etc.

Bosna-Serai (bos-na-se-ri,), or Serajevo (se-

Botolph's, a long, low Decorated building, with a high Perpendicular tower surmounted by an octagonal lantern, îocally known as "Boston Stump." The tower is 300 feet high. The light and spacious interior has very lofty arches resting on slender pillars, a small clearstory, and a fine east window. Population (1891), 14,59a

r a ' v e - y o ) , or S a r a j e v o ( s a - r a ' y e - v o ) . The B o s t o n . [Named a f t e r Boston in Lincolnshire, capital of Bosnia, situated in t h e valley of the E n g l a n d . ] The capital ot Massachusetts, situMiliaSka in lat. 43° 54' N., long. 18° 25' E. ated in Suffolk County, on Massachusetts Bay, It contains a bazaar, castle, and several mosques. Most at t h e mouths of the Charles and Mystic, in

173

Boston l a t . 42° 2 1 ' N . , l o n g . 71° 4 ' W .

i t is the largest

city in N e w England, and one of the chief commercial cities and literary centers in the country. I t has an extensive foreign and coasting trade, and is the terminus of many railroad lines, and of steamship lines to Liverpool, etc. T h e city now contains various annexed districts (Roxbury, Dorchester, Neponsct,Charlestowo). Boston was founded b y English colonista (some of them f r o m Boston, E n g l a n d ) under W i n t h r o p in 1630. I t was first named Trimountain, f r o m the three summits of Beacon H i l l , and later received its present name in honor of R e v . John Cotton who had been settled in Boston in Lincolnshire. I t e x p e l l e d Governor Andros in 16S9 ; was inv o l v e d in the witchcraft delusion in 1692 ; was the scene of the " Boston massacre " in 1770, and of the "Boston teap a r t y " in 1773 ; was besieged by the American army under Washington. 1775-76 ; and was evacuated by the British, M a r c h 17, 1776. I t was incorporated as a city in 1822. I t suffered f r o m üres in 1676, 1679, 1711,1760, and especially îvov. 9-11, 1S72 (loss about 880,000,000). I t annexed Roxbury in 1S68, Dorchester 1870, and Cliarlestown, Brighton, and W e s t R o x b u r y 1874. Population (1890), 448,477.

B o s t o n . A n A m e r i c a n race-horse, f o a l e d in 1833.

H i s sire was Timoleon, by Sir A r c l i y , by R i o m e d ; his dam was by Ball's Florizel, by Diomed. H e was the sire of Lexington, and as the sire of Sallie Russell, dam of Miss Russell, was the great-grandsire of Maud S.

Boston, T h o m a s . Born at Dunse, Scotland, March 17,1676 : died at Ettrick, Scotland, M a y 20,1732. A noted Scotch Presbyterian divine. H e 'wrote " H u m a n N a t u r e in its F o u r f o l d S t a t e " (1720), etc. B o s t o n M a s s a c r e . A collision in Boston, March 5, 1770, between the British soldiers stationed there and a c r o w d of citizens, it was occasioned by the prejudices excited against the soldiers, a guard of whom, provoked by words and blows, fired at the crowd, killing three and wounding five. T h e members of the guard were tried (defended by John A d a m s and Josiah Quincy) and acquitted, except two who w e r e convicted of manslaughter and punished lightly.

Boufarik

lish politician, governor of V i r g i n i a 1768-70. B o t t o m ( b o t ' u m ) , N i c k . A n A t h e n i a n w e a v e r , l i e dissolved the House of Burgesses in 1769 f o r passing in Shakspere's " M i d s u m m e r Night's D r e a m , " resolutions condemning parliamentary taxation and the w h o plays the part of P y r a m u s in the interpotrial of Americans in England. H e attempted to influence the home government to abandon the principle of parliamentary taxation, f a i l i n g in which, he resigned.

B o t h n i a (both'ni-ä). A f o r m e r province of Sweden, east and west of the Gulf of Bothnia. B o t h n i a , Crulf of. The northern extension or arm of the Baltic Sea, b e t w e e n Finland on the east and Sweden on the west. Length, 400 miles. Breadth, about 100 miles. B o t h w e l l ( b o t h ' w e l ) . A v i l l a g e in Lanarkshire, Scotland, 8-J miles southeast of Glasgow. Bothw e l l Castle is in the v i c i n i t y . B o t h w e l l . A tragedy on the subject of M a r y Queen of Scots, b y Swinburne, published in 1874. B o t h w e l l , E a r l s of. See Hepburn. B o t h w e l l B r i d g e , B a t t l e of. A battle fought near Bothwell, Scotland, in which the Scotch Covenanters were d e f e a t e d by the Royalist forces under the Duke of Monmouth, June 22, 1679. Botocudos (bo-to-kö'dos). [ F r o m P g . botoque, a p l u g : in allusion to the wooden cylinders which they w e a r in orifices of the lower lip and ears.] A n Indian tribe of eastern Brazil, f o r merly called Aimores.

At the time of the conquest

they were very numerous, occupying the inland regions between latitudes 22° and 15° 3ty S., w i t h portions of the coast. A f e w thousand remain, principally in Espirito Santo and Bahia. T h e y are very degraded savages, having little intercourse w i t h the whites. They are apparently a v e r y ancient race, and skulls found in caves with the remains of extinct animals have been ascribed to them.

B o t o l p h ( b ö - t o l f ' ) , or B o t o l p h u s , Saint. English monk.

An

lated play. H e is g i f t e d by Puck with an ass's head, and the dainty Titania is obliged by magic spell f o r a t i m e t o l o v e him.

B o t t o m the W e a v e r , T h e M e r r y Conceited H u m o u r s of. A farce made f r o m the comic scenes of ' ' M i d s u m m e r Night's D r e a m , " published in 1672, attributed to Kobert Cox, a comedian of the time of Charles I . B o t t s (bots), J o h n M i n o r . Born at Dumfries, V a . , Sept. 16, 1802: died in Culpeper County, Va., Jan. 7, 1869. A n A m e r i c a n politician, member of Congress 1839-43, 1847-49. He w r o t e " T h e Great Rebellion, its Secret Hist o r y " (1866), etc. B o t u r i n i B e n a d u c i (bo-to-re'neba-nii-dô'che), L o r e n z o . Born at Milan about 1680: died at Madrid, 1740. A n o t e d antiquarian, in 1735 he went to M e x i c o . During eight years he traveled and lived among the Indians, and amassed many hundred specimens of their hieroglyphic records, as w e l l as manuscripts in Spanish of great value. Some of the manuscripts still exist ; but the greater part perished through ncglect at Mexico.

B o t u s h a n i . See Botoshan. B o t z a r i s . See Bozzaris. B o t z e n . See Boeen. B o u c h a r d o n (bo-shâr-dôri'), E d m e . B o m at Chaumont, France, M a y 29,1698: died at Paris, July 27, 1762. A F r e n c h sculptor. B o u c h e r (bô-shâ'), F r a n c o i s . Born at Paris, Sept. 29, 1703: died there, M a y 30, 1770. A noted French painter of historical and pastoral subjects and genre pieces.

The especial strength

According to Anglo-Saxon chronicles he

of Boucher lay in the grouping and decorative treatment

da q u e l l a d e l G u i c c i a r d i n i , etc."(1832),"Storia d e l l a g u e r r a d e l l ' i n d e p e n d e n z a d e g l i Stati Uniti d ' A m e r i c a " (1809).

H e wrote a " Histoire véritable et naturelle des moeurs et des productions de la N o u v e l l e France " (1663).

B o s t o n P o r t B i l l . A bill introduced b y L o r d founded a monastery in 654 at Ikanho in Lincolnshire, now of w o m e n and children, especially in the nude. North, and passed b y the British Parliament, called Boston (Botolphstown). H e instituted the rule of March, 1774, closing the port of Boston, Massa- St. Benedict there. H i s death was commemorated June 17. B o u c h e r ( b o u ' e h e r ) , J o n a t h a n . Born at BlenB o t o s h a n (bö-tö-shän'), or B o t u s h a n i (bö-tö- cogo, near W i g t o n , in Cumberland, England, chusetts, a f t e r June 1, 1774. March 12,1738: died at Epsom, England, A p r i l B o s t o n T e a - p a r t y , The. A concourse of A m e r - s h ä ' n e ) . A c i t y in northern Moldavia, R u - 27, 1804. A n English clergyman and writer. ican citizens at Boston, D e c . 16, 1773, designed mania, 60 miles northwest of Jassy. P o p u l a - H e collected materials f o r a " G l o s s a r y of Archaic and as a demonstration against the attempted im- tion, 31,024. Provincial Words," a part of w h i c h (the l e t t e r A ) was p o r t a t i o n o f t e a i n t o the c o l o n i e s . A large popular B o t t a ( b o t ' t ä ) , C a r l o G i u s e p p e G u g l i e l m o . published in 1807, and another part (as f a r as " B l a d e " ) assembly m e t at the Old South Church t o protest. A s their Born at San Giorgio del Canavese, Piedmont, in 1832. protest was ineffectual, the same evening a body of about Italy, N o v . 6,1766: died at Paris, A u g . 10,1837. B o u c h e r (bô-shâ'), P i e r r e . Born iu Porche, fifty men, disguised as Mohawks, boarded the three BritA n Italian historian. His works include " S t o r i a France, 1622: died at Boucherville, Canada, ish tea-ships in the harbor, and threw 342 chests of tea d'Italia dal 1789 al 1814 " (1824),'' Storia d ' l t a l i a continuata A p r i l 20, 1717. A F r e n c h pioneer in Canada. (valued at £18,000) into the water. B o s t o n U n i v e r s i t y . A n institution of learning, situated at Boston, Mass., chartered in 1869. I t comprises departments of the liberal arts ( f o u n d e d 1873), music (18?2), theology (1871), law (1872), medicine (187.1), school of all sciences (1874).

B o s w e l l ( b o z ' wel), J a m e s . Born at Edinburgh, Oct. 29,1740 : died at London, M a y 19,1795. T h e biographer of Dr. Johnson. He was the son of

Alexander Boswell, a j u d g e of the Scottish Court of Session ; was admitted to the Scottish bar in 1766, and to the English bar in 1786 ; was appointed to the reeordership of Carlisle iu 1788; and r e m o v e d to London in 1789. I n 1766, w h i l e traveling on the Continent, he paid a visit to Corsica, where he was entertained by Paoli. T h e f r u i t of this visit appeared in 1768 in the f o n n of a volume entitled " A n Account of Corsica : the Journal of a Tour to that I s l a n d ; and Memoirs of Pascal P a o l i . " I n 1763 ho made the acquaintance at London of Dr. Johnson w h o m he accompanicd on a journey to the Hebrides in 1773. A f t e r the death of Johnson he published in 1786 an account of this journey under the title " T h e Journal of a Tour t o the Hebrides w i t h Samuel Johnson, L L . D.," which was f o l l o w e d in 1791 by his famous " L i f e of Samuel Johnson."

B o t t a , P a u l Ernile. B o m at Turin, Dec. 6,1802: B o u c h e r d e Crèvecceur d e P e r t h e s (bo-shâ' died at Acheres, near Poissy, France, March dè krav-kér' dè p a r t ' ) , Jacques. Born at R e 29,1870. A French archaeologist and traveler, thel, Ardennes, France, Sept. 10, 1788: died at son of Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo B o t t a : noted A m i e n s , France, A u g . 5,1868. A F r e n c h archœf o r discoveries in Assyria. o l o g i s t a n d l i t t é r a t e u r . His works include " D e la B o t t a r i ( b o t - t ä ' r e ) , G i o v a n n i G a e t a n o . B o r n c r é a t i o n " (1839-41), " A n t i q u i t é s celtiques et antédiluat Florence, Jan. i5, 1689: died at R o m e , June v i e n n e s " (1847-65), etc. 3, 1775. A n Italian prelate and archaeologist. B o u c h e s - d u - R h ô n e ( b o s h ' d i i - r ô n ' ) . [French, Bottesini ( b o t - t e - z e ' n e ) , G i o v a n n i . Born at ' m o u t h s of the R h ô n e . ? ] A department of Crema, L o m b a r d y , Dec. 24, 1822, A celebrated F r a n c e (capital Marseilles), bounded by V a u p l a y e r on the double bass, conductor, and com- cluse on the north, V a r on tho east, the Mediposer. terranean on the south, and Gard on the west. B ö t t g e r ( b e t ' e h e r ) , A d o l f . B o r n at L e i p s i e , M a y 21,1815: died at Gohlis, near Leipsie, N o v . 16. 1870.

A German poet.

He translated poems of

Byron, Goldsmith, Pope, Milton, e t c . ; and wrote " H a b a f i a " (1853), " D e r F a i l von Babylon " (1855), " T i l l Eulens p i e g e l " (1850), etc.

T h e surface is generally l o w . I t was a part of ancient Provence. A r e a , 1,971 square miles. Population (1891), 630,622.

B o u c i c a u l t ( b o ' s ë - k ô ) , D i o n . Born at Dublin, Dec. 26,1822: died at N e w Y o r k , Sept. 18,1890. A n A n g l o - A m e r i c a n dramatist, manager, and actor.

H e married Agnes Robertson, an actress of note,

B ö t t g e r , or Böttcher, or B ö t t i g e r , J o h a n n but separated f r o m her many years later, declaring that B o s w o r t h ( b o z ' w è r t h ) , or M a r k e t B o s w o r t h . F r i e d r i c h . B o r n at Schleiz, Reuss, Germany, he had never been l e g a l l y married. His plays includc [ M E . Bosworth, A S . prob. * Bosamvorth (found F e b . 4, 1682: died at Dresden, March 13, 1719. " L o n d o n A s s u r a n c e " (1841), " O l d Heads and Y o u n g as Bosworth in a spurious L a t i n charter, A. D. A German alchemist, noted as the discoverer of Hearts " (1843), " C o l l e e n Bawn "(1860), " A r r a h - n a - l ' o g u e " (1865), a version of " R i p V a n W i n k l e " (1866), " T h e 833), f r o m Bosan, gen. of Boxa, a man's name Saxon porcelain. (cf. A S . Bosanham, n o w Bo-sham), and worth, B o t t i c e l l i ( b o t - t e - c h e l ' l e ) , S a n d r o (originally Shaughraun " (1874), etc. Brougham claimed a share in " L o n d o n Assurance." f a r m s t e a d . ] A market t o w n in Leicestershire, A l e s s a n d r o F i l i p e p i ) . Born at Florence, 1447: England, 12 miles west of L e i c e s t e r . At Bosworth died there, M a y 17, 1515 (1510 ?). A n I t a l i a n B o u d e t ( b o - d â ' ) , Jean, Count. Born at Borp a i n t e r . H e was a pupil of F i l i p p o Lippi, and was indeaux, F e b . 19, 1769: died at Budweis, Sept. Field, Aug. 22, 1485, R i c h a r d I I I . was defeated and slain by the forces of the Earl of R i c h m o n d , w h o became H e n r y VII.

B o s w o r t h ( b o z ' w è r t h ) . Joseph. Born in Derbyshire, England, 1789: died M a y 27. 1876. A n English philologist, appointed Rawlinson professor of A n g l o - S a x o n at O x f o r d in 1858. His chief work is a " Dictionary of the Anglo-Saxon Language," published in 1838. I n 1848 he published an abridgment of it ( " A Compendious Dictionary of Anglo-Saxon "). T h e larger work was edited after its author's death by Professor T o l l e r ( P a r t I., 1882 ; not completed in 1893).

B o t a n y B a y (bot'a-ni b â ) . A l l inlet on the eastern coast of N e w South "Wales, Australia, 5 miles south of S y d n e y .

fluenced by A n t o n i o P o l l a j u o l o and Castagno. A m o n g his earliest works are the " F o r t i t u d e "and the series of circular pictures in the Uffizi at Florence, and Madonnas in the (Jfflzi and at London. I n 1478 he painted f o r the V i l l a di Castcllo the " A l l e g o r y of Spring " ( n o w in the Academy of Florence), and the " Birth of Venus " in the Uffizi. A m o n g his notable pictures is a reconstruction of the " C a l u m n y " of Apelles f r o m the description of Lucian. F o r Pier Francesco de' M e d i c i he made a series of illustrations to the " D i v i n a Commedla " of Dante, 84 of w h i c h are now in the Museum of Berlin and 8 in the Vatican. I n 1482 lie was invited by P o p e Sixtus I V . to assist in the decoration of the Sistine Chapel. H e was one of the f o l l o w e r s of Savonarola.

I t was first visited by B ö t t i g e r ( b e t ' t e - g e r ) , K a r l A u g Ü S t .

Cook in 1770, and was named by the naturalists of his expedition. A penal colony was sent there f r o m England, 1787-88, but was transferred t o Port Jackson.

Born at Reichenbach, Saxony, June 8, 1760: died at Dresden, N o v . 17, 1835. A German archaeologist, director of the gymnasium at "Weimar i791-1804.

A f t e r 1804 he l i v e d in Dresden.

He wrote

14, 1809.

A French general.

He was sent, in 1794,

to the W e s t Indies, w h e r e he recovered Guadeloupe f r o m the English anil aided in the attacks on St. V i n c e n t and Grenada. On his return (1706) he was made general of division ; f o u g h t in Holland and I t a l y ; and in 1802 commanded under Leclerc in the Santo Domingo expedition. H e subsequently served under Napoleon until 1809, especially distinguishing himself at Essling and Aspern.

B o u d i n o t ( b o ' d i - n o t ) , E l i a s . Born at Philadelphia, M a y 2,1740: died at Burlington, N . J., Oct. 24, 182i. A n A m e r i c a n patriot and philanthropist, president of the Continental Congress 1782. B o u e t - W i l l a u m e z ( b ô - â ' v ë - y ô - m â ' ) , Comte L o u i s E d o u a r d de. B o r n near Toulon, France, A p r i l 24, 1808: died at Faris, Sept. 9, 1871. A French admiral.

He published "Description nau-

B o t e î n ( b ô - t ë - i n ' ) . [ A r . el-hatîn, s i g n i f y i n g ' t h e " Sabina oder Morgenscenen im P u t z z i m m e r einer reichen tique des côtes comprises entre le Sénégal et l ' é q u a t e u r " little b e l l y / a s f o r m i n g with the star p the sec- R ö m e r i n " (1803), " G r i e c h i s c h e V a s e n g e m ä l d e " (1797- (1849), etc. ond chamber of the Lunar Mansions-] A name 1800), etc. B o u f a r i k ( b o - f a - r ë k ' ) . A town and m i l i t a r y B ö t t i g e r , K a r l V i l h e l r n . Born at "Wester&s, post in the province of A l g i e r s , A l g e r i a , 21 g i v e n to the t w o stars â and e Arietis. B o t e t o u r t ( b o t ' e - t o r t ) , N o r b o r n e B e r k e l e y , Sweden, M a y 15,1807: died a t U p s a l a , Sweden. miles southwest of A l g i e r s , founded b y the B a r o n . B o r n in England about 1734 (?) : died Dec. 22, 1878. A Swedish p o e t . H i s collected French in 1835, Population (1891), commune, 8,064. at Williamsburg, Va., Oct. 35, 1770. A n Eng- writings were published in 1856.

Bonifiera, Louis François de 174 Bonifiera ( b o - f l â r ' ) , Louis François, D u e de. Bouilly ( b ô - y é ' ) , Jean Nicolas.

B o m at CouB o r n J a n . 10, 1644: d i e d a t F o n t a i n e b l e a u , d r a y e , n e a r T o u r s , F r a n c e , J a n . 2 4 , 1 7 6 3 : d i e d a t F r a n c e , A u g . 20, 1711. A m a r s h a l of F r a n c e , P a r i s , A p r i l 14, 1842. A F r e n c h d r a m a t i s t a n d c a l l e d C h e v a l i e r d e B o u f f l e r s . H e s e r v e d w i t h n o v e l i s t . He wrote "Pierre le Grand," a comic opera d i s t i n c t i o n i n t h e c a m p a i g n s i n t h e L o w C o u n - (1790), " L a famille américaine" (1796), " J e a n Jacques Rousseau à ses derniers moments " (1791), and other plays tries. designed to glorify French celebrities, "Contes populaires" Boufflers, Stanislas, M a r q u i s de, c a l l e d Abbé (1844), etc. and then Chevalier de Boufflers. Born at Boulainvilliers ( b ô - l a n - v ë - y a ' ) , C o m t e Henri N a n c y , F r a n c e , M a y 31, 1 7 3 8 : d i e d a t P a r i s , d e . B o r n at S t . S a i r e , S e i n o - ï n f é r i e u r e , F r a n c e , J a n . 18, 1815. A F r e n c h l i t t é r a t e u r a n d c o u r - O c t . 11, 1658: d i e d a t P a r i s , J a n . 23, 1722. A t i e r , a u t h o r of " V o y a g e e n S u i s s e " (1770), e t c . F r e n c h h i s t o r i a n . He wrote a "Histoire de l'ancien Boufflers-Rouvrel ( b ô - f l â r ' r ô v - r e l ' ) , C o m t e s s e gouvernement de la France, etc." (1727), "L'État de la Marie Charlotte Hippolyte de. Born at France, etc." (1727), "Histoire des Arabes" (1731), "HisP a r i s , 1 7 2 4 : d i e d a b o u t 1800. A F r e n c h l a d y , toire de la pairie de France et du parlement de Paris" l e a d e r i n P a r i s i a n l i t e r a r y c i r c l e s . After the (1753), etc. death of her husband, the Comte de Boufflers-Rouvrel, Boulak. See Bulak. 1764, slie became the reputed mistress of the Prince de Boulanger ( b ö - l o n - z h ä ' ) , Georges Ernest Jean Conti, over whose receptions she presided. She was the Marie. B o r n a t R e n n e s , A p r i l 2 9 , 1 8 3 7 : d i e d at Brussels, Belgium, Sept. 30,1891. A F r e n c h friend of J. J. Rousseau, Hume, and Grimm. o l d i e r a n d p o l i t i c i a n . He entered the army in 1856, Bougainville ( b ô - g a n - v ë l ' ) , Louis Antoine de. stook part in the Kabyle expedition in 1857, was with the B o r n a t P a r i s , N o v . 11, 1729: d i e d t h e r e , A p r i l expedition to Cochin China in 1861, was chief of battalion 31, 1814. A F r e n c h n a v i g a t o r . He entered the in the army of Paris during the Franco-German war, and army in 1754, went to Canada in 1756 as an aide-de-camp (1884) was placed in command of the army of occupation of Montcalm, and was at the battle of Quebec ; subse- in Tunis, with the rank of a general of division. He bequently he fought in Holland. In 1763 he left the army came minister of war in the cabinet formed by AI. de for the navy, and three years after was given command of Freycinet, Jan. 7, 1886, which post he retained during the a fleet destined to establish a French colony on the Falk- ministry of M. Goblet. He organized democratic reforms land Islands, and thence to circumnavigate the globe. in the army, and posed as the leader of the party of reAfter leaving his colony he explored the Straits of Ma- venge against Germany, which gave him great popularity. gellan ; visited a great number of t h e Pacific islands, Left out of the ministry formed by M. Rouvier, May 30, some of which he discovered ; coasted New Ireland and 1887, he entered into secret alliance with the various revNew Guinea ; touched at the Moluccas ; and returned to olutionary groups—the Intransigeants of M. de RocheFrance by the Cape of Good Hope in 1709. His "Voyage fort, the League of Patriots of M. Déroulède, the anarautour du monde, " a description of the circumnavigation, chists, and with the Comte de Paris and the Orléanists. was published in 1771. In 1781 Bougainville commanded Hoping by means of this alliance to make himself dictaunder the Count de Grasse in the expedition to America, tor, he adopted t h e cry for the revision of t h e constituand had a fight with Admiral Hood oft Martinique. On tion, and by means of money furnished by the Duchesse his return he left the navy, with the title of chef d'escadre, d'ITzès and the Comte de Paris was elected by a large and rejoined the army as a field-marshal. He retired in majority in the Department of the Nord in April, 1888. 1790. In July, 1888, he fought a duel with the then premier M. Boughton ( b â ' t o n ) , George Henry. B o m n e a r Floquet, in which he was severely wounded. In JanuN o r w i c h , E n g l a n d , 1834. A n E n g l i s h - A m e r i - ary, 1889, he was elected by the city of Paris, and later by c a n g e n r e a n d l a n d s c a p e p a i n t e r . His family emi- a number of departments. The Boulangist movement had grated to the United States in 1839, and settled at Albany, now grown to such proportions that the Tirard cabinet was New York. He returned to London in 1853 to study his formed specially with a view to putting it down. Frightprofession, came to New York in 1858, and fixed his resi- ened by the attitude of M. Constans, the minister of the interior, he fled to Brussels, April 2,1889. Tried by the dence near London in 1861. Senate for conspiracy, he was senteuced in contumaciam Bougie ( b ô - z k ë ' ) , Ar. Bujayah. A s e a p o r t i n to deportation. He passed his exile in Belgium and Jert h e p r o v i n c e of O o n s t a n t i n e , A l g e r i a , s i t u a t e d sey, and shot himself on the grave of hismistress, Madame o n t h e G u l f of B o u g i e i n l a t . 3 6 ° 4 5 ' N . , l o n g . Bonnemain, in Brussels. 4 ° 55' E. : t h e R o m a n Saldse. I t w a s a n i m p o r - Boulanger, Gustave Rodolphe Clarence. t a n t m e d i e v a l c i t y . P o p u l a t i o n (1892), 7,862. B o r n a t P a r i s , A p r i l 25, 1824: d i e d t h e r e , S e p t . Bouguer (bo-ga'), Pierre. Born at Croisic, 22, 1888. A F r e n c h p a i n t e r , n o t e d e s p e c i a l l y B r i t t a n y , F r a n c e , F e b . 16, 1698: d i e d a t P a r i s , f o r h i s p a i n t i n g s of O r i e n t a l s u b j e c t s . Among his A u g . 15, 1758. A F r e n c h m a t h e m a t i c i a n , i n - works are " L e s Kabyles en déroute" (1863), "Cavaliers sahariens " (1864). „ v e n t o r of t h e h e l i o m e t e r . Boulangists. T h e p a r t i s a n s of B o u l a n g e r . Bouguereau (bog-rô '), William Adolphe. S e e Boulanger, Georges Ernest Jean Marie. B o r n a t L a R o c h e l l e , F r a n c e , N o v . 30, 1825. [ F r o m boulder.'] A city in A d i s t i n g u i s h e d F r e n c h painter, a pupil of P i c o t B o u l d e r (bôl'dèr). a n d of t h e É c o l e d e s B e a u x A r t s . He took the grand n o r t h e r n C o l o r a d o , n o r t h w e s t of D e n v e r : a m i n i n g c e n t e r . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 3,330. prix de Rome in 1850. On his return to Paris he was intrusted with important decorative works in public build- B o u l o g n e ( b ö - l ö n ' ; F . p r o u . b ö - l ö n y ' ) , or B o u [Forings, and in 1866 painted "Apollo and the Muses " in the l o g n e - S U r - M e r ( b ö - l ö n y ' stir - m ä r ' ). O F . Beulogne, Bologne (ef. A S . foyer of the Théâtre de Bordeaux. He received medals of m e r l y Bullen; from LL. Bononia, t h e second class in 1855, first class in 1857, and third class Bune, Bunne. M D . Bönen), Cf. Bologna.] A in 1867, and medals of honor 1878-85. He became a member e a r l i e r c a l l e d Gesoriacum. s e a p o r t in t h e d e p a r t m e n t of P a s - d e - C a l a i s , of the Institute in 1876. F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d o n t h e E n g l i s h C h a n n e l i Bouilhet ( b ô - l y â ' ) , Louis. B o r n a t C a n y , l a t . 5 0 ° 44' N . , l o n g . 1 ° 37' E . : t h e R o m a n B onSeine-Inférieure, France, May 27,1822 : died at R o u e n , F r a n c e , J u l y 19, 1869. A F r e n c h l y r i c n o n i a G e s s o r i a c u m a n d t h e m e d i e v a l B o l o n i a . a n d d r a m a t i c p o e t . He wrote " Meloenis" (1852), I t is the fourth seaport in France, and has an increas"Fossiles" (1854), "Hélène Peyron" (1858), "Festons et ingly important harbor ; it is the terminus of the steampacket line to Folkestone. England. It is the birthplace astragales" (1858), etc. of Sainte-Beuve and Mariette. In 1544 it was taken by Bouillabaisse, The Ballad of. A b a l l a d b y Henry VIII., and restored in 1550. I t was the rendezvous T h a c k e r a y c e l e b r a t i n g t h e c h a r m s of a M a r s e i l - of Napoleon's projected expedition against England. The cathedral of Boulogne is a modern Italian Renaissance laise c h o w d e r of that n a m e . Bouillé (bo-yâ'), François Claude Amour, structure of some note for the impressive effect of its M a r q u i s d e . B o r n at C l u z e l , i n A u v e r g n e , N o v . spacious interior, and for the size of its dome (300 feet 19, 1739: d i e d a t L o n d o n , N o v . 14, 1800. A high). The very large three-aisled Romanesque crypt is a F r e n c h g e n e r a l . From 1768 to 1782 he was governor remnant of t h e cathedral destroyed in the Revolution. in the Antilles, and not only defended himself against the The Column of the Grand Army is a marble Doric column, English but took several islands from them. Promoted to 176 feet high, capped by a bronze statue of Napoleon I., lieutenant-general, he was commander at Metz when the commemorating the intended invasion of England in 1804French Revolution broke out. In 1790 he quelled a mutiny 1805. Population (1891), 45,205. of his soldiers, and soon after defeated the revolted garri- B o u l o g n e - s u r - S e i n e ( b ö - l ö n y ' s ü r - s ä n ' ) . A t o w n son of Nancy. In June, 1791, he had secretly arranged i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t o f S e i n e , F r a D c e , 1 m i l e with the king to get him out of the country ; the plan failPopulation ing, Bouillé fled to England. He published an account of w e s t of t h e f o r t i f i c a t i o n s o f P a r i s . (1891), c o m m u n e , 32,569. the Revolution. Boult ( b o l t ) . A s e r v a n t i n S h a k s p e r e ' s " P e r i Bouillon ( b o - l y ô n ' o r b o - y o n ' ) . [ M L . Bullo- c l e s . " nium.'] A former duchy, now comprised in the p r o v i n c e of L u x e m b u r g , B e l g i u m , i t became a Bounce (bouns), Benjamin. The pseudonym duchy about the time of Godfrey (of Bouillon), who sold it of H e n r y Carey, u n d e r w h i c h h e w r o t e " C h r o to the Bishop of Liège in 1095. In later times it belonged to the houses of La Marck and La Tour d'Auvergne, and n o n h o t o n t h o l o g o s , " a b u r l e s q u e . the descendants of Turenne (under the suzerainty of Bouncer ( b o u n ' s è r ) , Mr. T h e f r i e n d of Mr. France). Verdant Green in Cuthbert Bede's novel " V e r Bouillon, Duc de (Frédéric Maurice de la d a n t G r e e n . " H e i s a g o o d - h e a r t e d l i t t l e f e l Tour d'Auvergne). B o r n a t S e d a n , F r a n c e , l o w , w h o s e d o g s H u z a n d B u z a r e a f e a t u r e of O c t . 22, 1605: d i e d a t P o n t o i s e , F r a n c e , A u g . t h e b o o k . 9, 1652. A F r e n c h g e n e r a l , s o n of H e n r i d e la Bounderby ( b o u u ' d è r - b i ) , Joseph. A c h a r a c T o u r d ' A u v e r g n e , a n d b r o t h e r of T u r e n n e . ter i n Charles Dickens's " H a r d T i m e s " : " a Bouillon, Godfrey de. S e e Godfrey de Bouillon. r i c h m a n , b a n k e r , m e r c h a n t , m a n u f a c t u r e r , Bouillon, Duc de (Henri de la Tour d'Au- a n d w h a t n o t . . . a s e l f - m a d e m a n . . . t h e vergne). B o r n i n A u v e r g n e , F r a n c e , S e p t . 28, B u l l y of h u m i l i t y . " H e m a r r i e s Mr. Grad1555 : d i e d M a r c h 2 5 , 1 6 2 3 . A m a r s h a l of F r a n c e , g r i n d ' s d a u g h t e r L o u i s a . a n d diplomatist, f a t h e r of Turenne. Bountiful ( b o u n ' t i - f u l ) , Lady. I n F a r q u h a r ' s

Bourbon comedy " T h e Beaux' Stratagem," a kindhearted country gentlewoman. Her name has b e c o m e a p r o v e r b for a charitable woman. Bounty, The. A n E n g l i s h s h i p w h o s e c r e w , a f t e r l e a v i n g T a h i t i , m u t i n i e d in 1789 u n d e r t h e l e a d of F l e t c h e r C h r i s t i a n . Thecaptain, Bligh, and 18 of the crew were set adrift in a small boat, and ultimately reached England. The mutineers, under the lead of John Adams, settled on Pitcairn Island in the Pacific, and mingling with the natives formed eventually a curiously isolated bnt civilized community.

Bourbaki

( b ô r - b â ' k ë ) , Charles Denis Sauter. B o r n at P a n , F r a n c e , A p r i l 22,1816. A F r e n c h g e n e r a l . He fought with distinction at Alma and Inkerman in 1854, Halakoif in 1855. and Solferino in 1859, and commanded the Imperial Guard in the battles of the 16th and 31st of August, 1870, at Metz, which he left Sept. 25 on a secret mission to the empress Eugénie in England. .Tan. 15-Ì7, 1871, he endeavored to break through the Prussian line under General Werder at Belfort, with the result that he was compelled to retreat to Switzerland ; and, after an attempt at suicide, Jan. 26, was relieved of his command by General Clinchant. In July, 1871, he was given the command of the 6th army corps, and in 187S that of the 14th army corps and the government of Lyons. He retired in 1881.

Bourbon (bôr-bôn'), Charles, Cardinal de.

B o m Bec. 22,1520: died May 9,1590. A French p r i n c e , b r o t h e r o f A n t o i n e of N a v a r r e a n d u n c l e of H e n r y I V . He was one of the leaders of the Catholic League, by which he was proclaimed king, with the title of Charles X., 1589, in opposition to Henry IV.

Bourbon, Charles, Duc de, commonly called Constable Bourbon (Connétable de Bourbon).

B o r n F e b . 17, 1 4 9 0 : d i e d a t R o m e , M a y 6, 1527. A c e l e b r a t e d F r e n c h g e n e r a l . He was descended from a younger branch of the house of Bourbon, being a son of Gilbert, count of Montpensicr, and married Susanne, heiress of Bourbon, with whom he obtained the title of duke. In 1515 he was created constable of France. l i e concluded in 1522 (on the death of Susanne) a private alliance with the emperor Charles V. and Henry VIII. of England. He was promised, by the emperor, the emperor's sister, Eleonora, in marriage, with Portugal as a jointure, and an independent kingdom which was to include Provence, Dauphiné, Bourbonnais, and Auvergne. He fled from Prance in 1523, aided in expelling the French from Italy in 3524, and contributed to the victory of Pavia in 1525, in spite of which his interests were neglected in the treaty of peace between Spain and France in 1526. He commanded with George of Frundsberg the army of Spanish and German mercenaries which stormed Rome, May 6, 1527, and fell in the assault.

Bourbon, Duc de (Louis Henri de Bourbon).

B o r n a t V e r s a i l l e s , F r a n c e , 1692: d i e d a t C h a n t i l l y , F r a n c e , J a n . 27, 1740. A F r e n c h p o l i t i c i a n , p r i m e m i n i s t e r 1723-26. Bourbon ( b o r ' b o n ; F . p r o n . b o r - b ô n ' ) , House o f . [ M E . Burbon, O F . Bourbon, Borbon, F . Bourbon, S p . Borbon, I t . Borbone, ML. Borbo(n-), Burbo(n-), i n a b l . Burbonc castro, Burbune castro, B o u r b o n c a s t l e . Cf. Borbona, nowBourbonne-lesBains, Borbone vicaria, now Bourbon-VArchambault.] A royal house of F r a n c e , Spain, and N a p l e s : so called f r o m a castle in the q u o n d a m d i s t r i c t of t h e B o u r b o n n a i s i n c e n t r a l F r a n c e . The first sire of Bourbon was Adhémar or Aimar, who lived about 920. His descendant Beatrix, heiress of Bourbon, married 1272 Robert, count of Clermont (sixth son of Louis IX. of .France), who bccamo the founder of the Bourbon branch of the Capetian dynasty. Antoine de Bourbon married Jeanne d'Albrct, heiress of Navarre, 1548, and became king of Navarre 1555. Their son Henry became king of France as Henry IV., 1589. The Spanish branch of the house of Bourbon was founded by Philippe, duke of Anjou (grandson of Louis XIV.), who became king of Spain 1700. His second son Charles became king of Naples (and Sicily) as Charles IV., 1735. Charles acceded to the Spanish throne 1759, whereupon he resigned Naples (and Sicily) to his son Ferdinaud IV. who became the founder of the Neapolitan branch. In France Henry IV. was succeeded by six descendants in the direct line : Louis XIII., 1610-43; Louis XIV., 1643-1715; Louis XV 1715-74; Louis XVI., 1774-93; Louis XVIII., 1814-24; and Charles X., 1824-30. The interval between Louis XVI., who was deposed and executed by order of the National Convention, and Louis XVIII. was occupied by the French Revolution and the reign of Napoleon I. Charles X was compelled to abdicate by the July revolution 1830, which placed Louis Philippe on the throne. Louis Philippe represented a younger branch of the house of Bourbon, known as Bourhon-Orléans, which derived its origin from Philip, duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIV. Louis Philippe was deposed bv the revolution of 1848. In Spain, Philip V. was succeeded by Ferdinand VI., 1746-59; Charles III., 1759-88; Charles IV., 17881808; Ferdinand VII., 1314-33; Isabella II., 1833-68; Alfonso XII., 1875-85 ; and Alfonso XIII., the present occupant of the throne. The interval between 1808 and 1814 was occupied by the reign of Joseph Bonaparte ; that between 1868 and 1875 by a revolutionary provisional government, by the reign of Ama or Bovines (bô-vën')-

A

village 7 miles southeast of Lille, France.

Here, J u l y 27,1214, t h e F r e n c h u n d e r Philip A u g u s t u s defeated t h e army of Otto IV. (loo.000-150,OoO Germans, Flemings, English). The loss of Otto was about 30,000.

Bovary, Madame.

See Madame Bovary.

Boves (bò'ves), José Tomas. Born at Gijon,

Asturias, Spain, about 1770 : killed at the battle of Urica, near Maturin, Venezuela, Dec. 5, 1814.

A partizan chief.

In 1809 he was imprisoned

at P u e r t o Gabello as a contrabandist. Banished t o Calabozo, he was again imprisoned there. On his release in 1812 lie declared against t h e revolution, drew about h h n an i r r e g u l a r guerrilla band, a n d carried on a war in t h e interior with horrible cruelties u n t i l his death.

B o v i a n u m (bô-vi-â'num). In ancient geography, a citv of Samnium, Italy, in lat. 41° 29' N„ long. 14° 25' E. B o v i n o (bo-ve'no). A town in the province of Foggia, Apulia, Italv, 17 miles southwest of Foggia. Population, 7,000. B o w u h u r c h . See Saint Mary de Arcubus {Mary le Bow).

(bou'dich), Thomas Edward. Born Bourmont (bor-môn'), Louis Auguste Victor, Bowdich at Bristol, England, June 20, 1791: died at

VIIIAnti- Comte d e Grhaisne d e .

Born at Bourmont, Bathurst, Isle of St. Mary, West Africa, Jan. Maine-et-Loire, France, Sept. 2. 1773: died at 10, 1824. A noted English traveler in Africa, A French soldier s c i e n t i f i c w r i t e r . H e w e n t to Cape Coast Castle at Alençon. France, July 16,1799 : died at Paris, and politician, minister of war in 1829, and com- ainn d1814, and in 1815 w e n t on a mission, for t h e African March 15,1854. A French mathematician, au- mander-in-chief of the Algerian expedition in Company, to Ashanti. H e published an a c c o u n t of this thor of ' ' Éléments d'Algèbre " and other mathe- 1830. expedition ( " A Mission f r o m Cape Coast Castle to Ashanmatical works. B o u r n e (born), H u g h , Born at Stoke-upon- t e e " ) in 1819. Bourg (bôrg), or Bourg-en-Bresse (bork'oû- Trent, England, April 3, 1772 : died atBemers- Bowditch (bou'dich), Nathaniel. Born at bres')- The capital of the department of Ain, ley, Staffordshire, Oct. 11, 1852. An English Salem, Mass., March 26, 1773: died at Boston, France, 38 miles northeast of Lyons: the me- clergyman, founder of the first society of Prim- March 16, 1838. An American mathematician. d i e v a l T a n u m . I t contains the noted c h u r c h of N o t r e itive Methodists 1810. H e visited the United H e translated Laplace's " M é c a n i q u e c é l e s t e " (1829-38), a n d w r o t e " T h e New American Practical N a v i g a t o r " D a m e de Brou. I t was the ancient capital of Bresse. Pop- States 1844-46. B o u r n e , V i n c e n t . Bornl695: died Dec. 2,1747. (1802). ulation (1S91), c o m m u n e , 18,968. 1 Bowdoin (bô'dn), James. [The surname BowAnEnglish writer of Latinverse, author o f 'PoeBourgade (bor-gàd'), François. Born at G-andoin is from F. Baudouin = E. Baldwin.1 Born jou, France, July 7,1806 : died 1866. A French mata, etc." (1734), and other works, missionary in Algiers, and Orientalist. He wrote B o u r n e m o u t h (bôrn'muth). A watering-place at Boston, Mass., Aug. 8,1727: died at Boston, " T o i s o n d'or de la l a n g u e phénicienne"(1852), " S o i r é e s and winter resort in Hampshire, England, Nov. 6, 1790. An American politician, goverde Carthage " (1852), etc. situated on the English Channel 22 miles south- nor of Massachusetts 1786-87. Ho suppressed Bourgas, or Burghas (bor'gas). A seaport in west of Southampton. Population (1891), 37,- Shays's rebellion. Bowdoin College. Maine, was eastern Rumelia, Bulgaria, situated on the 650. named in his honor. Black Sea in lat. 42 3 28' X., long. 27° 36' E. It Bourrienne (bo-re-en'), Louis Antoine Fauve- B o w d o i n , J a m e s . Born at Boston, Sept. 22, is a chief port in the country, and has a large l e t de. Born at Sens, France, July 9, 1769: 1752: died at Naushon Island, Mass., Oct. 11, trade. Population (1888), commune, 6,543. died at Caen, France, Feb. 7, 1834. A French 1811. Son of James Bowdoin, minister to Spain Bourgeois, Anicet. See Anicet-Bourgeoix. H e was a benefactor of Bowdoin d i p l o m a t i s t . H e was private secretary of Napoleon I . 1804-08. Bourgeois (bôr-zhwâ'), Dominique François. in Egypt a n d d u r i n g t h e consulate, minister plenipoten- College. Born at Pontarlier, France, 1698: died at Paris, tiary in H a m b u r g (1804), a n d minister of state u n d e r Bowdoin College. An institution of learning Juno 18,1781. A French inventor, especially Louis X V I I I . H e wrote " M é m o i r e s sur Napoléon, le situated at Brunswick, Maine, opened in 1802. noted for his inventions in regard to lanterns. directoire, le consulat, l ' e m p i r e et la r e s t a u r a t i o n " (1829). I t comprises a collegiate d e p a r t m e n t and medical school, pope.

Bourdon (bdr-dôn' ), Louis Pierre Marie. Born Bourmont, Oct. 27, 1846.

Bourgeois Gentilhomme (bôr-zhwâ' zhon-të- Bourru Bienfaisant (bô-rii' byan-fâ-zon')? Le.

a n d h a s (1893) 317 s t u d e n t s and 28 instructors.

I t is u n d e r

yom'), L e . A comedy by Molière, with music [F., ' The Benevolent Misanthrope.'] A comedy t h e control of t h e Congregationalists. by Carlo Groldoni, written in French at Paris, B o w e n (bo'en), F r a n c i s . Born at Charlesby Lulli, produced in 1670. town, Mass., Sept. 8,1811: died at Cambridge, B o u r g e s (bôrzh). [L. Bituriges, a Gallic tribe, first played Nov. _4, 1771. Mass., Jan. 21, 1890. An American writer callcd specifically Bihiriges Cub-i, with capital B o u r s a u l t (bôr-sô'), E d m e . Born at Mussy- on philosophy and political economy. He was l'Évêque, Burgundy, Oct., 1638: died at MontAvaricum.] The*eapital of the department of editor a n d proprietor of t h e " N o r t h American R e v i e w " France, Sept. 15, 1701. A French (1843-54), and becamc Alford professor of n a t u r a l religion, Cher, France, situated at the junction of the luçon, dramatic poet and miscellaneous writer. His Yèvre and Auron in lat. 47? 5' N., long. 2° 22' works i n c l u d e " L e Mercure g a l a n t " (his chief play), moral philosophy, a n d civil polity in Harvard University in 1853. He wrote " A m e r i c a n Political Economy," etc. E.: the Gallic Avaricum, and later Biturica. " E s o p e à la ville." " É s o p e à la cour," " P h a é t o n , " etc. (1870), and " Modern Philosophy " (1877), and compiled a n d I t contains a strong arsenal, a n d foundry of cannon, a n d a noted c a t h e d r a l (see below). I t was t h e capital of t h e Bituriges, and was saeked by Caesar in 52 B. o. For a t i m e in t h e reign of Charles V I I . i t was t h e capital of France, a n d was also t h e capital of Berry. I t h a d a noted university ( f r e q u e n t e d by Beza, Atnyot, a n d Calvin). It was t h e b i r t h p l a c e of Louis XI., J a c q u e s Cœur, a n d Bourdaloue. T h e c a t h e d r a l of Bourges is one of t h e Ave greatest in France, a n d of t h e m o s t magnificent existing. T h e west façade h a s 5 splendid canopied portals, admirably sculptured. On t h e north a n d south sides of t h e nave t h e r e are R o m a n e s q u e doorways, with vaulted porches. There are no transepts, and t h e h u g e interior is in general soberly o r n a m e n t e d , b u t b e a u t i f u l from the excellent proportions of its subdivisions and t h e g r a c e f u l arcades of i t s windows. The nave is 117 f e e t h i g h ; t h e r e are double aisles, t h e i n n e r of which h a s t r i f o r i u m and clearstory. T h e

H i s d r a m a t i c works were p u b l i s h e d in 1725, enlarged edition in 1746. Several of his plays were imitated by Vanbrugh.

edited " D o c u m e n t s of t h e Constitutions of E n g l a n d a n d America f r o m Magna C h a r t a to t h e Federal Constitution of 1789," w i t h notes (1854), etc.

B o u r s e , L a . [F., ' The Purse.'] A novel by Bal- B o w e r (bou'êr), A r c h i b a l d . Born at or near zac, written in Î832. Dundee, Scotland, Jan. 17, 1686: died at LonBoursoufle, Le Comte de. Se© Comte de Bour- don, Sept. 3, 1766. An English historian, for soufle. time a member of the order of Jesus, and Bouterwek (bo'tèr-vek), Friedrich. Born at asecretary of the Court of the Inquisition at Oker, near Goslar, Prussia, April 15, 1766: died at Gottingen, Germany, Aug. 9, 1828. A Macerata, and later a Protestant. He published a " History of the Popes" (1748-66). German writer on philosophy and the history of literature, appointed professor at Gottingen Bower, or Bowmaker, Walter. Born at Hadi n 1797. H i s chief work is a " G e s c h i c h t e der n e u e r n dington, 1385: died 1449. An English writer, Poesie und B e r e d s a m k e i t " (1801-19). author of the "Scotichronicon" (which see).

176

Bower of Bliss, The

Bozrah

Bower of Bliss, The. 1. The garden of the enchantress Arrnida in Tasso's "Jerusalem

occupy the same room, though neither knows it, one being Boyle, Charles. Born at Chelsea, England, employed all night, the other all day. 1676: died Aug. 28, 1731. A British nobleman,

"Fourteen Sonnets " (1789), "Coombe Ellen " (1798). "St. Michael's Mount" (1798), "Battle of the N i l e " (17991 "Sorrows of Switzerland" (1801), " T h e Picture" (1803), " T h e Spirit of Discoveiy " (1804), u Ellen Gray " (1823), and various proBe works, including "Hermes Britannicus" (1828).

"Boyd's," at which Johnson alighted on his arrival in mance, " Parthenissa " (1664-77). Edinburgh, was the White Horse Inn, in Boyd's Close, St. To Roger Boyle, Earl of Orrery (1621-1679), belongs the Mary's Wynd, Canongate; but tavern, close, and wynd have all been swept away by the besom of improvement. doubtful fame of having been the first to "revive " (not, St. Mary's "Wynd stood where now stands St. Mary Street, as Dryden insisted, to introduce) the writing of plays in and the site of the tavern, on the northeast comer of rhymed verse for the English stage, and of having thus beWard. Boyd's Entry and the present St. Mary Street, is marked come the father of the English "heroic " drama. with a tablet recording its association with Eoswell and Boyle Lectures. A course of eight lectures in Johnson. Hutton, Literary Landmarks of Edinburgh, p. 18.

D e l i v e r e d . " See Arrnida.— 2 . T h e enchanted Boxtel (boks'tel). A small place in the Neth- fourth Earl of Orrery in Ireland, and first home of Acrasia in Spenser's " Faerie Que eue." erlands, south of s'Hertogenbosch. It was the B a r o n M a r s t o n . His dispute with Bentley over the Bowers (bou'èrz), Elizabeth Crocker. Born scene of a French victory over the Allies under "EpiBtlesof Phalaris," which Boyle edited, is famous, and led to Swift's "Battleof the Books." (See Bentley.) He at Stamford, Conn., March 12,1830. Ail Ameri- York, Sept. 17, 1794. can actress and manager. Boy and the Mantle, The. An Arthurian was imprisoned in 1721 on a charge of complicity in LayBowery (bou'èr-i), The. [From D. bouwerij, a l e g e n d . I t originated in the fabliau of the "Mantel er's plot but was released on bail. farm, prop, farming, husbandry, from bouwer, mautaillé " (or niai taillé), which dates from the latter Boyle, John. Born Jan. 2, 1707: died at Marsa farmer.] A wide thoroughfare in New York, part of the 13th century. In the ballad preserved by Percy, ton, Somerset, England, Nov. 16, 1762. A Britboy brought to King Arthur's court a " mantel " which ish nobleman, fifth Earl of Cork, son of the running parallel to Broadway, from Chatham the could be worn only by a wife who had never been unfaithSquare to about 7th street where it divides ful to her husband. Sir Craddock's wife was the only fourth Earl of Orrery. He published " Remarks into Third and Fourth avenues, it received its woman upon whom it would stay : on all the others, in- on the Life and Writings of Jonathan S w i f t " name from the fact that it ran through Peter Stuy vesant's cluding Queen Guinevere, it crinkled up and split iûto (1751), etc, farm or bouwerie. It was at one time notorious aa a haunt shreds. Boyle, Richard. Born at Canterbury, England, of ruffians ( " Bowery Boys "). It is now very cosmopolitan Boyacâ (bô-yâ-kâ'). A department in the east- Oct. 13, 1566: died Sept. 15, 1643. An English in character, frequented by Chinese, Russians, Oriental and ern part of Colombia, bordering on Venezuela. politician, created first earl of Cork in 1620: Polish Jews, and many other nationalities, and abounds Area, 33,315 square miles. Population (esti- commonly called " the great Earl of Cork." He in small and cheap shops of all kinds. became lord treasurer of Ireland in 1631. mated, 1890), 645,000. Bowes (boz), Sir Jerome. Died 1616 An English diplomatist, appointed ambassador to the Boyacâ. A village 12 miles south of Tunja, in Boyle, Richard. Born April 25,1695: died Dec., the present state of Boyacâ, Colombia. Here, 1753. A British nobleman, third Earl of BurRussian court by Elizabeth in 1583. on Aug. 7, 1819, Bolivar defeated the superior Spanish lington and fourth Earl of Cork, noted as an Bowides. See Buyides. force of BaiTeiro, taking him prisoner with more than architect and as a patron of the arts. Bowie (bo'i), James. Born in Burke County, half of his army. This victory decided the independence Boyle, Robert. Born at Lismore Castle, Ireland, Jan. 25, 1627: died at London, Dec. 30, Ga., about 1790 : killed at Alamo, Texas, March of Colombia. 6, 1836. A n A m e r i c a n soldier. He became noto- Boyce (bois), William, Born at London, 1710 : 1691. A celebrated British chemist and naturious in 1827 from a duel which resulted in a general mêlée, died at Kensington, Feb. 7,1779. A noted Eng- r a l p h i l o s o p h e r . He was the seventh son of the first Earl of Cork, studied at Eton and Geneva (which he left in in the course of which he killed Major Norris Wright with lish composer of church music. a weapon which had been made from a large flic or rasp. Boyd (boid), Belle, The pseudonym of Mrs. 1641), settled at Oxford in 1654, and removed to London in 166S. He is best known as the discoverer of Boyle's law of After the flght it was made by a cutler into the kind of Belle Boyd Hardinge. knife which is still known as a bowie-knife. He took Boyd, M a r k Alexander. Born in Galloway, the elasticity of air, and as the founder of Boyle's Lecpart in the Texas revolution, and was made colonel ill 1835. Scotland, Jan. 13,1563: died at Penkill Castle, tures for the defense of Christianity. Author of " New Bowles, Caroline. See Southey. Ayrshire, Scotland, April 10, 1601. A Scotch Experiments, etc." (1(365, 1669, and 1682), "Hydiostatical Bowles (bôlz), Samuel. Born at Springfield, w r i t e r of L a t i n v e r s e . He studied civil law in Paradoxes"(1666), "Discourse of Things above Reason" Mass., Feb. 9, 1826: died at Springfield, Jan. France and Italy, was an accomplished classical scholar, (1681), etc. 16, 1878. An American journalist and author, Boyle, Roger. Born at Lismore, April 25,1621: editor of the Springfield "Republican" (1844- and, though a Protestant, fought with the Catholic League died Oct. 16, 1679. A British statesman, sol1878). He wrote "Across the Continent" (1865), " T h e in France 1587-88. He was the author of " M , Alexandri dier, and dramatist , third son of Richard Boyle, Switzerland of America " (1869), "Our New "West" (1869), Bodii Epistoûe Heroides, et Hymni " (1592), etc. first Earl of Cork: created Baron Broghill in Boydell (boi'del), John. Born at Dorrington, 1627, and first Earl of Orrery in 1660. Though a etc. Bowles, W i l l i a m Lisle. Bora at King's Sut- Shropshire, England, Jan. 19,1719: died at Lon- Koyalist he served under Cromwell in the conquest of ton. Northamptonshire, England, Sept. 24,1762 : don, Dec. 12, 1804. An English engraver and Ireland, aud continued to support him and his son ltichHis dramatic works include ''Henry V." (acted in dieà at Salisbury, England, April 7, 1850. print-publisher, founder of the Shakspere Gal- ard. 1664, published in 1668), "Mustapha, etc." (acted 1665X An English poet, antiquary, and clergyman, lery at London. He was elected lord mayor of " T h e Black Prince " (acted 1667), '' Tryphon " (acted 1668), v i c a r of B r e m h i l l in W i l t s h i r e . He became canon London in 1790. "Guzman," a comedy, aud "Mr. Anthony," a comedy (pubresidentiary of Salisbury in 1828. His works include Boyd's (boidz). See the extract. lished 1690). He also wrote a number of poems and a ro-

Bowley (bou'li), Sir Joseph. A very stately gentleman, ''the poor man's friend," with a very stately wife, in Charles Dickens's story Boyer (bwâ-yâ'), Abel. Born at Castres, France, " T h e Chimes." June 24,1667 : died at Chelsea, England, Nov. 16, Bowling (bô'ling), Tom. A sailor in " Roderick 1729. An English lexicographer aud historical Random," by Smollett : also the hero of Dibdin's writer, compiler of a French-English dictionary (1702) which appèared in many later editions. song Boyer, Baron Alexis de. Born at Uzerche, Here, a sheer hulk, lies poor Tom Bowling. Bowling Green (bô'ling grên). A small open Limousin, France, March, 1757: died at Paris, space in New York, at the foot of Broadway, Nov. 25, 1833. A celebrated French surgeon. He was the son of a tailor, anil was raised to the rank of in the old governmental and aristocratic cen- baron of the empire by Napoleon I. who also made him ter of the city. his first surgeon. He wrote "Traité complet d'anatoBowling Green. A town in Warren County, mie " (1797-99), " Traité des maladies chirurgicales " (18141822), etc. Kentucky, in lat. 37° N., long. 86° 28' W . It was an important strategic point in 1861-62. Boyer, Jean Baptiste Nicolas. Born at MarPopulation (1890), 7,803. seilles, Aug. 5,1693 : died April 2,1768. A French Bowness (bou-nes'). A town and tourist cen- physician and philanthropist, author of u Reter in the Lake District, Westmoreland, Eng- lation historique de la peste de Marseille " (1721), land, on Lake Windermere. etc. Bowring (bou'ring), Sir John, Born at Exeter, Boyer (bwà-yà'), Jean Pierre. Born at Port England, Oct. 17, 1792: died at Exeter, Nov. au Prince, Feb. 28,1776 : died at Paris, July 9, 23, 1872. An English statesman, traveler, and 1850. P r e s i d e n t of H a i t i . He was a free mulatto,

defense of Christianity, instituted by Robert Boyle, commenced in 1692, and delivered annually at St.-Mary-le-Bow Church, Jjondon. Boyne (boin). [Ir. Bo-inn."] A river in eastern Ireland, flowing into the Irish Sea 4 miles east of D r o g h e d a . On its banks, 3 miles west of Drogheda, July 1, 1690, the army of William I I I . (36,000) defeated that of JameB 11.(26,000). The loss of William was 500; that of James, 1,500.

Boyse, or Boys, or Bois (bois), John. Born at Nettleshead, Suffolk, England, Jan. 3, 1560: died Jan. 14, 1643. An English clergyman and biblical scholar, one of the translators and revisers of the Bible under James I. Boythorn (boi'thorn), Lawrence. A boisterously energetic and handsome old man of sterling qualities, a friend of Mr. Jarndyce, in Charles Dickens's " Bleak House." The character was intended as a portrait of "Walter Savage Landor, Boz (boz. See definition). A pseudonym asbut with others of his race joined the negro slaves in the sumed by Charles Dickens in his "Sketches insurrection of 1791-93. After the accession of Toussaint by Boz," first published together in 1836. He

l i n g u i s t . He was a member of Parliament 1835-37 and 1841-47. His works include translations from the poetry of Russia, Poland, Seivia. Hungary, Holland, Spain, etc. ; "Kingdom of Siam and its People " (1857), "Visit to the Philippine Islands " (1859), etc.

Louverture, Boyer with Pëtion andothers retired to France, returning in 1802 as captain in the French army, and was made general. On Pétion's death (1S18) Boyer became his successor. By the death of Christophe (1820), and his conquest of the Spanish territory soon after, he brought the whole island under his rule, practically as dictator. He was expelled by a revolution in 1843, and took refuge in Jamaica.

Bows (bôz). A little old humpbacked violinplayer, the family friend of the Costigans, in

T h a c k e r a y ' s " P e n d e n n i s . " He has taught "the Fotheringay" (Miss Costigan) all she knows, and is her Boyesen (boi'e-sen), H j a l m a r B j o r t h . Bom at faithful lover, though he knows she has no heart.

first used the name in the second part of "The Boarding House," which came out in " The Monthly Magazine " for Aug., i834. He himself says: " 'Boz' was the nickname of a pet child, a younger brother (Augustus), whom I had dubbed Moses in honour of the Vicar of Wakefield; which being facetiously pronounced through the nose became Boses, and being shortened became Boz." Many, not knowing the derivation, pronounce the name according to the nearest analogy, boz.

A Frederiksvarn, Norway, Sept. 23,1848. A Nor- Bozen, or Botzen (bot/sen), It. Bolzano. wegian-American novelist, poet,and littérateur. town in Tyrol, Austria-Hungary, situated at the junction of the Talfer and Eisak 32 miles He was graduated at the University of Christiania in 1868, removed to America in 1869, was professor of German at northeast of Trent. It is the chief commercial Cornell University 1874-SO, and became professor at Co- place in Tyrol. Population (1890). 11,744. lumbia College in 1880. His works include "Gunnar : a Bozman (boz'man), John Leeds. Born at OxTale of Norse Life " (1874), etc. Boyet (F. pron. bwa-ya')- A mocking, mirth- ford, Maryland, Aug. 25,1757: died there, April ful lord attending on the Princess of Franee in 23, 1823. An American jurist and historian. Shakspere's " Love's Labour's Lost." He wrote a k 'Historv of Maryland, 1633-60" Boyle (boil). A tovvikin the county of Roscom- (1837), etc. mon, Ireland, in lat. 53° 58' N., long. 8° 18' W . Bozrah (boz'ra). [Heb., 'sheepfold,' also 'forIt contains an abbey, a fine ivy-clad medieval ruin. The tified placc.'J In ancient history, a city of spacious church has a well-proportioned west front with Bashan, Syria, in lat. 32°28'N., long. 36°36'E.: a single large early-Pointed window, and a square chevet, the Roman Bostra (?), and the modern Busra.

B o w street. A street in London, by Covent Garden, forming the connecting-link between Long Acre and Russell street, in which is located the principal police court of the city, established there in 1749. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was a fashionable quarter, ana contained " Will's " or the " Wits' Coffee House " (which see).

Bowyer (bô'yèr), Sir George. Born at Radley Park, Berkshire, England, Oct, 8, 1811 : died at London, June 7,1883. An English jurist. His works include " Commentaries on the Constitutional Law of England" (1841), "Commentaries on Modern Civil Law " (1848), ctc. B o w z y b e u s (bou-zi-bë'us). [Bowzy = boozy and betis, as i n Melibeusf Melibceus.] A m u s i c a l Si-

lenus in Gay's " Shepherd's Week." Some of the best songs in this pastoral are put in his mouth. Box and. Cox. A play by John M. Morton. The chief characters are two men with these names who

also with a large window. The north side of the nave is early Pointed; the south side Norman, with curiously sculptured capitals. The crossing, surmounted by a tower, is very fine, and the transepts mingle Norman and EarlyEnglish forms. Much remains of the secular buildings, especially the kitchen and the guest-house.

Under Trajan it became the capital of the Roman province of Arabia, under Alexander Severus (222-235) a Roman military colony, and under Philip (244-249) the seat of a bishop (metropolitan). Later it becamc the seat of an archbishop. On its site are many ruins, including the following : Cathedral, built in 512 A. D. I t is square without,

Bozrah the interior a circle 91 f e e t in diameter, w i t h an apse in every angle. T h e circle was covered with a woodcti dome. Ou the east side projects a choir flanked by parabemata, outside of w h i c h are two large chapels. Musqué of Omar el-Eetab, an example of a very early type, resembling an open cloister having on two sides a vaulted double gallery w i t h fine columns, t h e shafts monolithic, of green cipollino marble, and the w h i t e marble capitals antique, of various orders. T h e walls bear a rich frieze of arabesques. T h e liandsome square minaret is 150 feet high. Roman Triumphal Arch, w i t h three openings, besides a transverse archway. T h e chief opening is about 40 f e e t high. T h e arch is ornamented with pilasters. Roman Theater, in great part covered by a strong, square-towered Arabian castle. Several tiers of seats of the cavea are exposed in the castle court. T h e cavea, about 250 feet in diameter, is supported on vaulted substructions. Flights of steps ascend f r o m outside t o the precinction, and there was a gallery w i t h Doric columns above the cavea. T h e stagé-structure is unusually perfect. T h e stage is about 25 f e e t deep.

Bradstreet, John

177 Bracebridge Hall, or The Humourists. A collection of sketches of English life by Washington Irving, published in 1822 under the pseudonym "Geoffrey Crayon." The "SketchBook " also contained some"sketches the scenes of which w e r e laid at Bracebridge H a l l . T h e original is said to have been B r e i e t o n H a l l .

land, about 1510: died July 1, 1555. An English Protestant preacher and martyr. He became chaplain t o Edward V I . in 1552 ; was arrested in 1553, shortly after the accession of Queen Mary, on a charge of sedition and h e r e s y ; was tried b e f o r e a commission consisting of Bishops Gardiner, Bonner, and other p r e l a t e s ; and, w i t h a young man named John Leaf, was burned at the stake at Smithfteld.

Bracegirdle (bras'ger^dl), Anne. Born about Bradford, William. Born at Austerfield, York1663: died at London in 1748. A famous Eng- shire, England, 1590: died at Plymouth, Mass., l i s h a c t r e s s . I t is said that she played the page in May 9, 1657. An American pioneer and histo• ' T h e Orphan " before she was six years o l d but " T h e rian, one of the "Pilgrim Fathers." He was O r p h a n " was first played in 1630. She was on the stage till 1707, when the celebrated trial of skill with Mrs. Oldfield took place, both playing Mrs. Brittle in Betterton's " A m o r o u s W i d o w " on alternate nights. T h e preference was g i v e n to Mrs. Oldfield, and Mrs. Bracegirdle, disgusted, l e f t the stage. She played once more in 1709 at Betterton's benefit. Both R o w e and Congreve were d e v o t e d to her, and she was suspected of being married to the latter.

governor of the P l y m o u t h colony 1621-57 (except in 1633-34, 1686, 1638, 1644), and w r o t e a " H i s t o r y of the P l y m o u t h Plantation, 1602-47 " (MS. lost 1774, found at Fulliain library, England, 1855; printed 1856).

Bradford, William. Born in Leicestershire, England, May 20,1663: died at New York, May 23, 1752. An American printer, the founder, Bozzaris or Botzaris (popularly b o - z a r ' i s , Brachiano (bra-che-a'no), Duke of. In Web- in 1725, of the " N e w York Gazette," the first properly bot'sa-res), Markos. Born about ster's tragedy " The White Devil/' the husband n e w s p a p e r i n N e w Y o r k . H e sailed w i t h P e n o f o r 1788: died near Missolonghi, Greece, Aug. 20, America, Sept. 1,1682,returned to England, and again sailed 1823. A noted G-reek patriot. He became a mem- of Isabella and the besotted lover of Vittoria f o r A m e r i c a in 1685. H e became printer f o r Pennsylvania, Corombona (the White Devil). ber of the Heteeria in 1813 ; joined A l i Pasha against the N e w York, N e w Jersey, and R h o d e Island, and (1702) P o r t e in 1820 ; was made a general in the army of Western Brachylogus (bra-kil'o-gus). [Gr. fipaxvloyoc, Maryland. T h e first book issued f r o m his press (1685) was H e l l a s in 182S ; and is especially noted f o r hi3 desperate brief.] A name given in the 16th century to a an a l m a n a c , " A m e r i c a ' s Messenger," f o r 1686. defense of Missolonghi, 1822-23. H e was killed in a sucmanual of Roman law, "Corpus legum," com- Bradford, William. Born at Philadelphia, cessful n i g h t attack on a superior Turkish force near Carposed, probably, in the llth-12th century (pub- Sept. 14, 1755: died Aug. 23, 1795. An Amerpenisi, which has been made the subject of a p o e m by lished at Berlin, 1829, as "Brachylogus juris ican lawyer, attorney-general of the United Fitz-Greene Halleck. States 1794-95. Bozzy (boz'i). A nickname of James Boswell, civilis ")• Bracidas. See Amidas. the biographer of Dr. Johnson. Bradford, William. Born at New Bedford, Bracton (brak'ton), or Bratton (brat'on), or Mass., 1827: died at New York, April 25,1892. B r a (brâ). A town in the province of Cuneo, (bret'ou), Henry de. Died" 1268. An American artist, painter of coast scenes, Piedmont, Italy, 28 miles south of Turin. It has Bretton An English ecclesiastic (chancellor of the ca- and especially of the scenery of the Arctic an active trade. Population, 9,000. thedral of Exeter) and jurist. He was the author r e g i o n s . A m o n g his works are " T h e Land of the M i d Brabançonne (bra-bon-son' ), La. The Belgian of a famous w o r k , D e legibus et consuetudinibus Anglice " night Sun," " C r u s h e d by I c e b e r g s , " " A r c t i c W r e c k e r s , " national song, with words by Jenneval and (printed ill part in 15(57 and entire in 1569), " t h e first " Sunset in the North,'' etc. music by Van Campenhout, composed in the attempt to treat the whole extent of the [English! l a w in manner at once systematic and practical." " For the Bradlailgh (brad'lá), Charles. Born at Lonrevolution of 1830, and so named from the astatement that he discharged the duties of Chief Justice province of Brabant, in 1848 De Lonlay wrote new f o r twenty years no foundation is now discoverable. Dur- don, Sept. 26, 1833: died Jan. 30, 1891. An English radical politician and advocate of secwords f o r it, and in 1852 Louis H y m a n s w r o t e others, all appropriate to the political situation.

Brabant (bra-bant' or brà'bant; F. pron. brabon')- [F. Brabant, D. Braband, Brabant, ML. Brabantia.'] A province of Belgium, bounded by Antwerp on the north, Limburg on the east, Namur and Hainaut on the south, and East Flanders on the west. The surface is low. Capital. Brussels. Area, 1,268 square miles. Population (1893), 1,154,126. Brabant. Â former county and duchy, which corresponded to the modern North Brabant (Netherlands) and Antwerp and Brabant (Belg i u m ). I t was at first a county, and became a duchy in 1190 (?). L i m b u r g was united w i t h it in 1288. Philip the Good of Burgundy succeeded to Brabant in 1430, and it f o l l o w e d the fortunes of Burgundy and of the House of Hapsburg.

Brabant, North. A province of the Netherlands, bounded by South Holland and Gelderland on the north, Limburg on the east, Belgium on the south, and Zealand on the west. Capital, s'Hertogenbosch. Area, 1,980 square miles. Population (1891), 516,670. Brabantio (bra-ban'shiô). In Shakspere's ' 4 Othello, " a Venetian senator, father of Desdemona. He violently denounces Othello for his marriage with, the latter. Brabine. The anagram with which Thomas Barnibe (Barnaby) signed his complimentary verses to Greene's 4i Menaphon." Brabourne, Lord. See Kna tchbull-Hugessen. Bracciano (brâ-châ'nô). A town in the province of Rome, Italy, situated on the Lake of Bracciano 21 miles northwest of Rome. It has a medieval castle. Bracciano, Lake of. A lake in Italy, 20 miles northwest of Rome: the Roman Lacus Sabatinus. Length, 6 miles. Braccio da Montone (bra'chô dâ mon-tô'ne), Andrea. Born at Perugia, 1368: died 1424. A celebrated Italian condottiere. He took Rome in 1417, and fought in the service of Naples against Sforza. Bracciolini. See Poygio Bracciolini. Bracciolini (brâ-chô-îë'në), Francesco. Born at Pistoia, Italy, Nov. 26,1566: died at Florence, Aug. 31,1646. An Italian poet and ecclesiastic. His works include " L o Scheruo d e g l i D e i " (1618), " L a Croce racïjuistata" (1605), " L'Eleziutie di papa Urbano V I I I . " ( 1 6 2 8 ) , " L a Rocella e s p u g n a t a " (1630), and the tragedies " L ' E v a n d i ' o , " " L ' A r p a l i c e , " and " L a P e n t e s i l e a . "

i n g the earlier portion of his official l i f e (1246-58) the office was in abeyance, and if Bracton was ever Chief Justice, it must have been either before 1268 or after 1265." (Diet, of Nat. Biog.) W i t h regard t o most of the facts of his l i f e there is great uncertainty.

u l a r i s m . H e served w i t h the 7th Dragoon Guards 18501853, when he became a lawyer's clerk in London, ne founded the " N a t i o n a l R e f o r m e r " in 1860. H a v i n g been elected t o Parliament f r o m .Northampton in 1880, he refused to take the parliamentary oath, on atheistic grounds, and was not a l l o w e d to sit on affirmation. T h o u g h several times reelected, and though he expressed his willingness to take the oath, he was excluded f r o m his seat till lfc86, when no objection was offered to his taking the oath. H e wrote " A F e w Words about the Devil, and other Biographical Sketches and Essays" (1873), " T h e True Story of m y Parliamentary S t r u g g l e " (1882), etc.

Bracy (bra'si), Maurice de. A handsome and not ungenerous mercenary, a follower of Prince John, in Scott's novel "Ivanhoe." ' He carries off Rowena, but she is speedily rescued. Bradamant (brad'a-mant). The sister of Rinaldo in Boiardo's 4'Orlando Innamorato" and Ariosto's ''Orlando Furioso." She is a Christian Bradley (brad'li), E d w a r d : pseudonym Cuthbut loves Rogero, and after incredible adventures in which bert Bede. Born at Kidderminster, 1827: died her prowess, assisted by her enchanted spear, is equal to 1889. An English author. He was rector of Denthat of a knight, she marries h i m after he has been baptized. R o b e r t G a m i e r wrote a tragicomedy w i t h this name. I t was produced in 1580, and Thomas Corneille produced a tragedy w i t h the same name in 1695 (this was his last play). T h e r e have been several other plays on the same subject, notably one by L a Calprenfede w r i t t e n in

1637. Also written Bradamante, Brandamante. Braddock (brad'ok), Edward.

Born in Perth-

s h i r e , S c o t l a n d , " 1 6 9 5 : d i e d J u l y 13, 1755. A British general. H e entered the Coldstream Guards in 1710, served in Holland 1746-48, and in 1753 became colonel of a r e g i m e n t stationed at Gibraltar. H e was promoted major-general in 1754, and in the same year was appointed to the command in America, w i t h a v i e w to expelling the French f r o m their recent encroachments west of the A l l e g h a n y Mountains. T h e plan of a general campaign against the French, which was to include several independent expeditions, having been agreed upon w i t h the colonial governors, he marched f r o m a spot known as L i t t l e Meadows w i t h an army of 1,200 chosen men, regulars and provincials, against F o r t Duquesne, June 18,1755. H e crossed the Monongahela, July 8, and on the f o l l o w i n g day, when about ten miles f r o m the f o r t , f e l l into an ambuscade of French and Indians, who put his army to rout after two hours' fighting. H e was mortally wounded w h i l e trying to r e f o r m his men, and died at a place called Great Meadows, about 60 miles f r o m F o r t Duquesne, the present Pittsburg.

ton, Huntingdonshire, 1859-71, and of Stretton, Rutland, 1371-83, when he became vicar of Lent on. H e w r o t e " A d ventures of M r . Verdant G r e e n " (1853), " T h e Curate of C r a n s t o n " (1861), " A T o u r in T a r t a n l a n d " (1863), " T h e Rook's Garden " (1865), and " M a t i n s and Muttons " (1866).

Bradley, James. Born at Sherbourn, Gloucestershire, March, 1693: died at Chalford, Gloucestershire, July 13,1762. A celebrated English astronomer. H e became Savilian professor of astronomy at Oxford in 1721, lecturer on experimental philosophy at Oxford in 1729, and astronomer royal in 1742. H e is especially famous f o r his discovery of the aberration of light, and his demonstration of the nutation of the earth's axis. H i s observations were published in t w o volumes, the first in 1798, the second in 1805.

Bradley Headstone. See Seachtone. Bradshaw (brad'shá), Henry. Born at Chester, England, about 1450: died 1513. An English Benedictine monk and poet. He wrote "De Antiquitate et Magnificentia Urbis Ccstrise," and a " L i f e of St. W e r b u r g h , " in English verse, mainly a translation of a Latin w o r k by an unknown author.

Bradshaw, John. Born at Stockport, in Cheshire, England, 1602: died at Westminster, Nov. 22, 1659. An English judge and politician, famous as a regicide. He was judge of the sheriff's court in London 164&-49; became chief justice

Braddon (brad'on), M a r y Elizabeth. Born of Chester 1647; was president of the H i g h Court of Jusat London in 1837. AIL English novelist, wife tice which tried Charles I., Jan., 1649; was president of of John Maxwell: author of 4 i Ladv Audley's the Council of State 1649-52 ; became chancellor of the Secret" (1862), ''Aurora F l o y d " (1862), "Elea- duchy of Lancaster and attorney-general of Cheshire and N o r t h Wales, 1649 ; opposed the dissolution of the L o n g nor's Victory" (1863), ete. &he also conducted Parliament by Cromwell, 1653 ; and refused to sign the "Belgravia," to which she contributed mauy " r e c o g n i t i o n " pledging the members of Parliament to novels. sustain the government, 1654, His memory was attainted Bradford (brad'ford). [biE.Bradford,AS. Bra- by Parliament, M a y 15, 1660, and his body hanged in its danford, dat. of brad ford, 'broad ford': the coffin, Jau. 30,1661. name of several places.] A town in the West Bradstreet (brad'stret), Anne. Born at NorthRiding of Yorkshire. England, 9 miles west of ampton, England, 1612: died at Andover, Leeds, in lat. 53° 49'N., long. 1° 45' W. it has Mass., Sept. 16, 1672. An Anglo-American manufactures of worsted, cotton, etc. I t is the seat of poet, daughter of Governor Thomas Dudley. 3he Airedale College (an independent seminary).

Population

was married in 1628 to Simon Bradstreet, afterward governor of Massachusetts, with whom she emigrated to S e w

Brace (bras), Charles Loring. Born at Litch- (1891). 216,861. Englantf in 1630. A collection of her poems was pubfield, Conn., June 19, 1826: died in the Tyrol, Bradford. A city in McKean County, Penn- lished in London in 1650, under the title T h e Tenth Aug. 11, 1890. An American traveler, author, sylvania, lat. 41° 55' N., long. 78° 43' W., noted M u s e , " the second edition of which (Boston, 1678) confor oil manufactures. Population (1890), 10,514. tains the best of her poems, Contemplations.'' and philanthropist. H e devoted himself to the reBorn at Duxbury, Mass., Bradstreet, John. Born 1711: died at New demption of the criminal and pauper classes in N e w Y o r k Bradford, Alden. Nov. 19, 1765: died at Boston, Oct. 26,1843. A York, Sept. 25, 1774. An English soldier in city, becoming the chief founder of the Children's A i d historical writer and journalist, originally a the French and Indian war. He served as lieuSociety in 1853. Besides books of travel he wrote chicfly Congregational clergyman. He was secretary of tenant-colonel in the expedition against Louisburg in on sociological subjects. Brace, Julia. Born at, Newington, Conn., June state f o r Massachusetts 1812-24, and edited the " B o s t o n 1745; became lieutenant-governor of St. John's, N e w 13, 1806: died at Bloomington, Conn., Aug. 12, G a z e t t e " in 1826. H e wrote a " H i s t o r y of Massachusetts, foundland, in 1746 ; participated in the attack on Ticonderoga in 1758 : captured F o r t Frontenac in 1758; and was 1884. A bliud deaf-mute, noted in the history 1764-1820." Bradford, John. Born at Manchester, Eng- made major-general in 1772. of the instruction of such unfortunates. 12

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B r a d s t r e e t , S i m o n . B o r n a t H o r b l i n g , L i n c o l n - citizens of Paris to Gargantua to object to his hanging s h i r e , E n g l a n d , M a r c h , 1603 : d i e d a t S a l o m , the bells of Notre Dame around the neck of his horse. M a s s . , M a r c h 27, 1697. A n A m e r i c a n politi- B r a h a m ( b r a ' a m ) , J o h n . B o r n at L o n d o n about c i a n , g o v e r n o r ' s a s s i s t a n t 1630-79, a n d g o v e r - 1 7 7 4 : d i e d a t ' L o m l o n , F e b . 1 7 , 1 8 5 6 . A n E n g l i s h t e n o r s i n g e r , a n d c o m p o s e r of p o p u l a r n o r of M a s s a c h u s e t t s 1679-86 a n d 1689-92. Bradstreet, Simon. Born at New London, s o n g s , a m o n g t h e m " T h e D e a t h of N e l s o n . " C o n n . , M a r c h 7, 1671: d i e d a t C h a r l e s t o w n , B r a h e ( b r a ; D a n . p r o n . b r a ' e ) , T y c h o . Born M a s s . , D e c . 31. 1741. A n A m e r i c a n c l e r g y - a t K n u d s t r u p , i n S c a n i a , S w e d e n , D e c . 14 m a n , g r a n d s o n of G - o v e r n o r S i m o n B r a d s t r e e t . ( O . S . ) , 1546: d i e d a t P r a g u e , B o h e m i a , O c t . 24 Bradwardine (brad'war-din), Baron. An old ( N . S . ) , 1601. A c e l e b r a t e d D a n i s h a s t r o n o m e r . m a n , t h e m a s t e r of T u l l y V e o l a n , i n S c o t t ' s He built, under the patronage of Frederick II. of Den" W a v e r l e y . " He was a scholar, and of very ancient mark, an observatory, the Uranienborg, completed 1580, family, of which he was inordinately proud. He hail on the island of Hven; and, entering the service of the been bred to the bar, and had served in the army. He emperor Rudolph II., settled at Prague in 1599. He a new star in Cassiopeia in 1572, discovered had been in arms for the Stuarts, arid was in concealment discovered the variation of the moon and the fourth inequality of after the rebellion of 1745 till released by pardon. the motion of the moon, and is said never to have been surpassed as a practical astronomer, although he rejected Bradwardine, Rose. The daughter of Baron the Copemiean system. B r a d w a r d i n e i n Scott's " "Waverley " : ' ' t h e Brahma ( b r a / m a ) , Brahman ( b r a / m a n ) . [ T h o R o s e of T u l l y V e o l a n . " S h e s a v e s W a v e r l e y ' s S a n s k r i t h a s a n e u t e r w o r d brahman (nomlife, a n d h e m a r r i e s her. i n a t i v e brahma), and a masculine brahman Brad"wardin(e), Thomas. Born at Hartfield, ( n o m i n a t i v e brahmd); f r o m t h e r o o t brh, ' b e S u s s e x . E n g l a n d , a b o u t 1290: d i e d a t L a m - t h i c k , g r e a t , s t r o n g , ' c a u s a t i v e ' m a k e g r e a t , brahman 1. The neuter word b e t h , E n g l a n d , A u g . 26, 1349. A c e l e b r a t e d s t r e n g t h e n . ' ] E n g l i s h p r e l a t e , t h e o l o g i a n , a n d m a t h e m a t i c i a n , m e a n s : (a) Devotion, (b) A sacred formula; especially, s u r n a m e d 4 ' D o c t o r P r o f u n d u s . " He was appointed a spell. Hence the designation Brahmaveda for the colarchbishop of Canterbury in 1349. IIis works include lection usually known as the Atharvaveda. (c) The Brah'•De causa Dei," " D e quadratura circuli," "G-eometria man (neuter), the highest obj ect of theosophy, (rod thought of as impersonal, the Absolute. (d) The class speculativa," "Ars memorativa," etc. that axe possessors and fosterers of sacred knowledge B r a d y (bra'di), N i c h o l a s . Born at Bandon, theologians, Brahmans. C o u n t y C o r k , I r e l a n d , O c t . 28, 1 6 o 9 : d i e d a t 2 . T h e m a s c u l i n e w o r d brahman (nominative R i c h m o n d , E n g l a n d , M a y 20, 1726. A n E n g brdhma) m e a n s : (a) A prayer, worshiper, and then a l i s h d i v i n e a n d p o e t , c o l l a b o r a t o r w i t h T a t e i n prayer by profession, a priest, a Brahman; also one who t h e " N e w V e r s i o n of t h e P s a l m s of D a v i d " knows the sacred formulae or spells, or sacred kuowledge in general, (b) He who knows sacrcd science iu the nar(1695-1703). rower sense ; the chief priest, who conducts the sacrifice Brady, Widow. S e e Irish Widow, The. and is obliged to know the three Vedas. (c) A particular Brag, Jack. See Jack Brag. priest, the assistant of the Brahman in the Boma sacriB r a g , S i r J a c k . A n i c k n a m e g i v e n t o G e n e r a l fice. (d) Brahma, i. e., the neuter Brahman conceived as a person, etc. Brahma is a product of theological abJ o h n B u r g o y n e ( d i e d 1792). Braga ( b r a / g u ) . [ L . Bracara, Bracara Augusta, straction, not a god of popular origin. He is not known Bracarauguxta, f r o m Bracares o r Bracari, a t r i b e in the older books. In many passages the word that the name.] A c i t y i n t h e d i s t r i c t of B r a g a , p r o v - native commentators regard as masculine is to be taken i n c e of M i n h o , P o r t u g a l , 8 3 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of as neuter. Brahmanism has no Creator in the Christian Oporto. I t contains a cathedral, founded in the 12th sense. The personal god Brahma (masculine), who is century, but remodeled almost throughout in the latest called " t h e Creator," is himself evolved out of the one Pointed style. The early west doorway has a graceful impersonal, self-existent Being, Brahma (neuter). The triple porch of florid work, elaborately carved. There is a personal Brahma then becomes the Evolver of the Uniraised choir with well-sculptured Renaissance stalls, and verse, while Vishnu is associated with him as its maina cloister, connected with which is a maze of chapels with tainer, and Shiva as its destroyer. These three gods consome historic tombs. There is also a pilgrimage church stitute the well-known Hindu Triad (Trimurti). There of Bom Jesus, on a high hill, the ascent to which is bor- are believed to be only two temples of Brahma in I n d i a : dered with 12 grated chapels containing groups of large one at Pushkara (Pokhar), the other about 15 miles from colored wooden figures illustrating the stations of the Idar. The reason lies in the fact that the functions of cross, etc., and with fountains typifying the Ave senses Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva are interchangeable, and that and the Christian virtues. The great church, simple in both Vishnu and Shiva may be identified with Brahma, or design and well proportioned, is preceded by pyramids be worshiped as Brahma. The image at Pushkara lms and statues: the fine wooden retable portrays the Cruci- four black faces, each of which is supposed to be directed fixion. The combination of nature and art is both curi- toward one of the four quarters of the compass. In fact three look at the observers, each having two great glass ous and beautiful. Population, about 19,000. eyes. The four-faced head is covered by a broad red turban, and over that hang umbrella-shaped ornaments. The Braga. See Bragi. is dressed in red clothes. B r a g a n ç a ( b r â - g â n ' s à ) , o r B r a g a n z a ( b r â - g a n ' - Bimage r a h m a g u p t a (brah-ma-gop'ta). A H i n d u asz a ) . A t o w n i n t h e d i s t r i c t of B r a g a n ç a , p r o v - t r o n o m e r w h o s e d a t e , a c c o r d i n g t o A l b i r u n i , i n c e of T r a z - o s - ^ l o n t e s , n o r t h e r n P o r t u g a l , i n i s A. D. 664. Albii'uni gives a notice of his recast of l a t . 4 1 ° 5 0 ' N . , l o n g . 6 ° 45'"VV. I t gives name to the an earlier Brahmasiddhanta. To him also belongs, achouse of Bragança. It contains a castle, a splendid me- cording to the same author, a work named "Ahargana," This Arkand, the dieval fortress, in great part ruinous, with an isolated cen- corrupted by the Arabs into Arkand. Sindhends (i. e. the Ave Siddhantas), and the system of tral keep inaccessible except by a flying-bridge. (Aryabhata) were the works which were princiBragança, or Braganza, House of. The reign- Arjabahr pally studied and in part translated by the Arabs in the Sth i n g f a m i l y of P o r t u g a l a n d , u n t i l 1889, of B r a - and 9th centuries. z i l . In 1385 the Portuguese crown was seized by Joào, B r a h m a n a ( b r a h ' m a - n a ) . [ S k t , brahmana, apbastard of Pedro the First, and his illegitimate son Al- p a r e n t l y ' r e l a t i n g t o t h e b r a h m a n o r w o r s h i p / ] fonso was created duke of Bragança in 1442. In 1640 a D i c t a o n m a t t e r s of f a i t h a n d w o r s h i p ; e s p e u duke of this house headed the revolution by which Por- c i a l l y a B r a h m a n a , " a s d e s i g n a t i o n of o n e of tugal was separated from Spain : he assumed the crown a c l a s s of Y e d i c w r i t i n g s w h i c h c o n t a i n t h e s e as Joào IV., and it has been retained by the family, though d i c t a . Their object is to connect the songs and sacrifiwith some changes in the line, until the present time. cial formulae of the Vcdas with the rites. They contain Pedro I. of Brazil was son of Joào VI., and heir to the the oldest rituals, linguistic explanations, traditional narPortuguese throne ; Pedro II. of Brazil was his son ; and ratives, and philosophical speculations we have. They a daughter became queen of Portugal in 1834. originated from the opinions of individual sages, imparted by oral tradition, and preserved as well as supplemented Braganza. See Bragança. in their families and by their disciples. A comparatively Bragelonne (brâzh-e-lon'). Le Vicomte de, ou large number of Brahmanas is still extant, owing to their D i x a n s a p r è s ( T h e Vicomte do Bragelonne, being each annexed to a particular Veda, as well as to a o r T e n Y e a r s A f t e r ) . A n o v e l b y A l e x a n d r e sort of jealousy among the families in which the study of D u m a s . It is the third part of the trilogy of which the different Vedas was hereditarily transmitted. The "Les Trois Mousquetaires " ( " T h e Three Musketeers") Brahmanas of the Rigveda treat especially of the duties was the first, and "Vingt ans après" ( " T w e n t y Years of the Hotri, who recites the verses: those of the Yajurveda to the sacrifices by the Adhvaryu; and those of the After ") the second. B r a g g ( b r a g ) , B r a x t o n . B o r n i n " W a r r e n C o u n - Samaveda to the chanting by the L'dgatri. The Braht y , N . C., 1817: d i e d a t G a l v e s t o n , T e x a s , S e p t . manas embrace also the treatises called Aranyakas and Upanishads. 27, 1876. A n A m e r i c a n o f f i c e r , d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n t h e M e x i c a n "war, a n d a g e n e r a l i n t h e C o n f e d e r a t e s e r v i c e . He invaded Kentucky in 1862 ; com(brah/Ama-po-ra'na). In Sanmanded at Murfreesboro 1862-63, and at Chickamauga Brahmapurana s k r i t l i t e r a t u r e , o n e of t h e e i g h t e e n P u r a n a s : so and Chattanooga in 1S63. c a l l e d a s r e v e a l e d b y B r a h m a t o D a k s h a . This B r a g g a d o c c h i o ( b r a g - a - d ô t ' s h i ô ) . I n S p e n s e r ' s Purana is sometimes placcd first, and therefore called " F a e r i e Q u e e n e , " a b i g b r a g g i n g f o o l . He per- Adipurana. Its main object appears to be the promotion sonifies cowardice, and is the comic element in the book. of the worship of Krishna. I t describes the creation, the He was taken from Martano, a similar character in Ari- Manvantaras or the life or period of a Mann, the history of the solar and lunar dynasties to the time of Krishna, osto's "Orlando Furioso." Orissa with its temples and groves, the life of Krishna, B r a g i (brà'gë). [ O N . ] I n O l d N o r s e m y t h o l - and the mode of Yoga or contemplative devotion. I t was o g y , a s o n of O d i n , a n d t h e g o d of p o e t r y . He is not compiled earlier than the 13th or 14th century. Odin's principal scald in "Walhaila." His wife'is Idun. Bragi's prototype was probably a historical person, the B r a h m a n d a p n r a n a ( b r a h - m a n ^ l a - p o - r a ' n a ) . Norse scald Bragi, who lived about the year 800. I n S a n s k r i t l i t e r a t u r e , o n e of t h e e i g h t e e n P u r a B r a g m a r d o ( b r a g ' m a r - d o ; F . p r o n . b r a g - m â r ' - n a s : so called as r e v e a l e d b y B r a h m a , a n d cond ô ) , J a n o t U S d e . "A. c h a r a c t e r i n R a b e l a i s ' s t a i n i n g a n a c c o u n t of " t h e e g g of B r a h m a , " t h e " G a r g a n t u a a n d P a n t a g r u e l . " He was sent by the m u n d a n e e g g , a n d t h e f u t u r e K a l p a s o r d a y s of

Bramah B r a h m a . I t i s e x t a n t o n l y i n a n u m b e r of u n authentic fragments. B r a h m a p u t r a ( b r a h ^ m a - p O ' t r a ) . A r i v e r of Asia, probably the ancient Dyardanes or C E d a n e s . In its upper course in Tibet it is called the Sanpo (Tsa/i-pu, etc.); in Assam D-ihomj. It rises near Lake Manasowar, and flows east and south. The name (Brahmaputra) is sometimes given to the stream formed by the main river, the Dihong, with the Dibong and Bralimakunda. I t sends part of its water to the Ganges, and forms with the Ganges a vast delta at the head of t h e bay of Bengal. Length, 1,800 miles. Navignble to Dibrugarh, about 800 miles.

Brahmaputra Valley Division. A division of A s s a m , I n d i a . A r e a , 21,414 s q u a r e P o p u l a t i o n (1881), 2,249,185.

miles.

Brahmasabha (brah//ma-sa'blia), or Brahmi-

y a s a m a j (brah-me^'ya-sa-maj'). u The society of b e l i e v e r s i n G o d " : t h e t h e i s t i c c h u r c h f o u n d ed b y the H i n d u religious a n d social r e f o r m e r R a m m o h u n R o y a t C a l c u t t a i n 1830. B r a h m a s a m a j (brah-ma-sa-mlij'); in Bengal,

Brahmosomaj (brah^ino-so-maj'). "The so-

c i e t y of b e l i e v e r s i n G o d " : t h e l a t e r n a m e of t h e B r a h m a s a b h a of K a m m o h u n R o y . i t was joined in 1841 by Debendranath Tagore, who undertook the task of organizing it with properly appointed officers and teachers, a settled form of worship, and a fixed standard of faith and practice. This was completed by the end of 1843. The year 1844 may be given as the date of the real commencement of the first organized theistic church of India. Its history has been marked by various schisms, but it has exercised a powerful influence against idolatry and greatly promoted social reform. B r a h m i n s ( b r a ' m i n z ) , aJso B r a h m a n s ( b r a ' m a n z ) , H i n d u s of t h e h i g h e s t o r p r i e s t l y c a s t e . See Brahma. B r a h m s (bramz), J o h a n n e s . Born at H a m b u r g , M a y 7, 1833. A n o t e d G e r m a n c o m p o s e r of c h o r a l a n d c h a m b e r m u s i c , a n d p i a n i s t . He went to Vienna in 1862, where he has directed the famous concerts of the " Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde," and filled other similar positions. His numbered works in 1887 were 102; his most representative compositions are his symphonies. Among his other works arc " Deutsche» Requiem " (188), " Schicksalslied," "Triumphlicd," etc. B r a i d (brad), J a m e s . Born in Fifeshire, Scotl a n d , a b o u t 1795: d i e d a t M a n c h e s t e r , E n g l a n d ; , M a r c h 2 5 , 1 8 6 0 . A B r i t i s h m e d i c a l "writer, e s p e c i a l l y n o t e d f o r h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n of h y p n o t i s m (named by him originally ''nourohypnotism"). B r a ' i l a (bra-e'la), or B r a i l o v (bra-e-lov'), or I b r a l l ( e - b r a - e l ' ) . A c i t y in W a l l a c l i i a , R u m a n i a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e D a n u b e i n l a t . 45° 1 7 ' N . , l o n g . 27° 5 5 ' E . I t w a s f o r m e r l y a f o r t r e s s . I t w a s t a k e n b v t h e R u s s i a n s i n 1770 a n d i n 1828. P o p u l a t i o n , 46.715.

Brainard (bra'nard), John Gardiner Calkins. B o r n a t N e w L o n d o n , C o n n . , O c t . 21, 1796: d i e d t h e r e , S e p t . 26, 1828. A n A m e r i c a n p o e t a n d j o u r n a l i s t . He was editor of the "Connecticut Mirr o r " (1822-27). He published a volume of poems (1825), a second enlarged edition of which appeared (1832), with a sketch of the author by John G. Whittier, under the title of " Literary Remains."

Braine-l'Alleud, or Braine-la-Leude (bran-

la-led'). Flem. E i g e n - B r a k e l . A manufact u r i n g t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of B r a b a n t , B e l g i u m , 12 m i l e s s o u t h of B r u s s e l s . I t w a s t h e s c e n e of p a r t of t h e o p e r a t i o n s of t h e b a t t l e of W a t e r l o o . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 7,296. B r a i n e - l e - C o m t e (bran-le-kont'), Flem. 's G r a ven Brakel. A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of H a i n a u t , B e l g i u m . 1 4 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of M o n s . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 8,790.

Brainerd (bra'nerd), David. Born at Had-

d a m , C o n n . , A p r i l 20, 1 7 1 8 : d i e d a t N o r t h a m p t o n , M a s s . , O c t . 9, 1747. A n A m e r i c a n m i s sionary among the Indians. His biography w a s w r i t t e n b v J o n a t h a n E d w a r d s (1749: e n l a r g e d e d i t i o n 1822). B r a i n t r e e (bran'tre). A town in Essex, E n g Popul a n d , 1 1 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of C h e l m s f o r d . l a t i o n (1891), 5,303. B r a i n t r e e . A town in Norfolk County, Massac h u s e t t s , 10 m i l e s s o u t h of B o s t o n . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 4,848. B r a i n w o r m (bran'werin). In Ben Jouson's ' ' E v e r y M a n i n h i s H u m o u r , " a s e r v a n t of o l d K n o w e l l , w i t t y a n d shrewd, w h o s e v a r i o u s disguises contribute to the perplexities and elabor a t i o n of t h e p l o t . B r a k e (bra'ke). A t o w n of O l d e n b u r g , G e r m a n y , u n t i l 1888 a f r e e p o r t , s i t u a t e d o n t h e "Weser 22 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of B r e m e n .

Braklond (brak'lond), Long and Little. Two

a n c i e n t streets in St. E d m u n d s b u r y , E n g l a n d . S e e Jocelin de Brakelonde. B r a m a h (bra'ma), J o s e p h . Born at Stainboro u g h , Y o r k s h i r e , E n g l a n d , A p r i l 2, 1749: d i e d at Pimlieo, Dec. 9,1814. A n E n g l i s h m e c h a n i cian and engineer. He patented the Bramah l o c k i n 1784, a n d t h e h y d r a u l i c p r e s s i n 1796.

Bramante

Brass

179

B r a m a n t e (bra-man'te), D o n a t o d ' A n g n o l o . D u r h a m , E n g l a n d , A u g . 19,1744: died at L o n B o r n a t M o n t i A s d r u a l d o , n e a r U r b i n o , a b o u t d o n , S e p t . 11, 1806. A n English antiquary 1444: d i e d M a r c h 11,1514. A c e l e b r a t e d I t a l - a n d t o p o g r a p h e r , r e c t o r of t h e p a r i s h e s S t . i a n a r c h i t e c t . H e studied painting before architec- M a r y - a t - H i l l a n d S t . A n d r e w H u b b a r d i n t h e ture. About 1172 he established himself in Milan, and c i t y of L o n d o n . H e published " Observations on Populived in northern I t a l y the greater part of his life, i l e lar Antiquities: including the whole of Mr. Bourne's ' Anabandoned Milan f o r R o m e in 1439, and became the greattiquitates Vulgares,' etc." (1777), and other works. est master of the Bom an style growing up about the antique ruins. His principal works in Home are : ( a ) The B r a n d a n . See Brendan. Chaucelleriabuiltforthe Cardinal Raffaello Riario,nephew B r a n d e ( b r a n d ) , W i l l i a m T h o m a s . B o m at of Pope Rixtus I V . , his first work in Rome. The columns L o n d o n , F e b . 11, 1788: d i e d a t T u n b r i d g e in the famous courtyard were taken from the old Basilica W e l l s , E n g l a n d , F e b . 11,1866. A d i s t i n g u i s h e d of San Lorenzo in Damaso, and were originally taken from the Portico of Pompey. (6) The Tempietto (1502). (c) E n g l i s h c h e m i s t . He bccaine professor of chcmistry to the Apothecaries' Company 1812; professor of materia Palazzo Giraud-Torlonia (1503). (d) The cloisters of Santa mcdica 1813; master of the company 1851; was professor Maria della Pace (1504). H e was employed by Popes Alexof chemistry at the Royal Institution 1813-54; became ander V I . and Julius I I . His works at the Vatican were the long gallery connecting the old palace with the Belvesuperintendent of the die department of the mint 1825, and dere, the court of the Loggia finished by Raphael, contain- of the coining department 1854: and edited with M. Faraing the frescos of Raphael, and the first plan of St. Peter's. day the " Quarterly Journal of Science and A r t " (1816-36). (See St. Peter's.) Bramante's design ha3 been considered B r a n d e n b u r g ( b r ä n ' d e n - b ö i ' G ) . A city i n the by Michelangelo and all architectural critics as the best of p r o v i n c e of B r a n d e n b u r g , P r u s s i a , s i t u a t e d o n the many which were made f o r this church. I t was a t h e H a v e l 35 m i l e s w e s t - s o u t h w e s t of B e r l i n . Greek cross with a dome and t w o spires, and instead of I t contains a cathedral and church of St. Catherine. I t the single greatorderof the interior employed t w o orders was an old Slavic stronghold ; was taken by Albert the superimposed as in the Ospidali Maggiori. The first stone Bear in 1153; and was long the principal place in the mark was laid on A p r i l 18, 1506. As a military engineer Bra- of Brandenburg. Population (1890), commune, 37,817. mante assisted Julius I I , in the sieges of Bologna and Mirandola, and built the fine old i o r t at Civita Vecchia Brandenburg. A f o r m e r m a r g r a v a t e and. e l e c near Rome. torate of the G e r m a n E m p i r e , the nucleus of t h e k i n g d o m o f P r u s s i a . The Nordmark (see NordBrambanan (bram - ba ' nan). A village i n mark) was granted in 11S4 to Albert the Bear, who subs o u t h e r n J a v a , 10 m i l e s e a s t of D j o k j o - k a r t a , dued the Slavic Wends, Christianized the region and colnoted for ruins of temples. onized it with Germans, and took the title of Margrave of Brandenburg, making the town of Brandenburg his capB r a m b l e (bram'bl), Frederick. The nephew of S i r R o b e r t i n C o l m a n ' s p l a y ' 1 T h e P o o r G e n - ital. Brandenburg was recognized as one of the seven electorates in the Golden Bull of 1356. I t was united with t l e m a n . " H e is generous, enthusiastic, and the preBohemia 1373-1415. I n 1415 .Frederick of Hollenzollern server of Emily. He insults her abductor " w i t h all the (Burgrave of ^Nuremberg) received the mark and electocivility imaginable. " rate of Brandenburg, and was formally invested with it in 1417. The mark consisted then mainly of the Altmark, Bramble, Matthew. In Smollett's novel Vriegnitz, and the M i t t e l m a r k ; the Ukermark was added " H u m p h r e y Clinker," a hot-tempered, kind(mainly) about 1415-40, the Denmark (mainly) about 1450. hearted, g o u t y squire, w h o s e opinions are supBrandenburg early embraced the Reformation. I t acp o s e d to r e p r e s e n t Smollett's. quired Cloves, Mark, and Ravensburg in 1614 (formally Bramble, Sir Robert. In Colman's play " The 1666), and the duchy of Prussia was united with it in 161S. P o o r G e n t l e m a n , " a c h a r a c t e r of t h e s a m e During the reign of Frederick "William, the Great Elector stamp as M a t t h e w B r a m b l e . (1640-88), it became an important military power. In 164-S Bramble, Tabitha. T h e s i s t e r of Matthew it acquired eastern (Further) Pomerania, and the bishopB r a m b l e , a prying and ugly old m a i d , " e x c e e d rics of Halberstadt, Minden, and Kamin, and in 1680 the i n g l y s t a r c h e d , v a i n a n d r i d i c u l o u s , " w h o finally archbishopric of Magdeburg. I t became the kingdom of insnares " t h e immortal Lismahago." Prussia in 1701. See Prussia,. B r a m h a l l (bram'hal), John. B o r n at P o n t e - B r a n d e n b u r g . A p r o v i n c e of P r u s s i a , i t is f r a c t , Y o r k s h i r e , E n g l a n d , 1594: d i e d i n I r e - bounded by Mecklenburg and Pomerania on the north, l a n d , J u n e , 166S. A n E n g l i s h p r e l a t e i n I r e - West Prussia, Posen, and Silesia on the east, Silesia and the province of Saxony on the south, and the province of l a n d , a n d c o n t r o v e r s i a l i s t . H e became bishop of Saxony, Anhalt, and Hannover on the west. I t contains Berry in 1634 ; was impeached by the Irish House of Commons, March 4,1641, and arrested on the charge of compli- the government districts Potsdam and Frankfort. Since 1881 Berlin has been separated from the province. I t is city in the alleged treason of Strafford ; was liberated, composed of the Mittelmark, Ukermark, Priegnitz, and without acquittal, through the exertions of L'ssher with most of the Xeumark, and is the nucleus of the Prussian the king, 1641; retired to Hamburg after the battle of monarchy. T h e surface is generally level. Area, 15,376 Marston Moor, 1644 ; became archbishop of Armagh 1661 ; square miles. Population £L8£)0), 2,541,783. and in the same year became speaker of the Irish House Brandenburg, Friedrich Wilhelm, Count of. of Lords. H e induced the Church of Ireland to embrace B o r n a t B e r l i n , J a n . 24, 1792: d i e d N o v . 6, the Thirty-nine Articles, and disputed with Hobbes on 1850. A Prussian general and statesman, son liberty and necessity. of F r e d e r i c k " W i l l i a m I I . of P r u s s i a b y h i s m o r g a n a t i c w i f e , t h e C o u n t e s s v o n D o e n h o f f . He beB r a m p t o n ( b r a m p ' t o n ) , L a d y . A character in came the head of a strongly reactionary minority, Nov. 2, Steele's p l a y " T h e F u n e r a l . " 1848, and represented Prussia at Warsaw, Oct. 29," 1850, beBran. T h e n a m o of F i n g a l ' s d o g . fore the Czar of Russia, who acted as arbiter between B r a n , surnamed " T h e Blessed." A knight Prussia and Austria in the difference arising out of Austria's interference in the politics of Hesse-Cassel. w h o s e history is g i v e n in Taliesin's p o e m ' ( M y v y r i a n . " H e discovered a wonderful and mystic vessel Brandes (brän'des), G-eorg Morris Cohen. which was adorned like the San Graal and had traditions B o r n a t C o p e n h a g e n , F e b . 4, 1842. A Danish resembling it. w r i t e r o n e s t h e t i c s a n d t h e h i s t o r y of l i t e r a t u r e . Between 1865 and 1871 (time spent principally in France Brancaleone (bran- kà - là - o ' ne), Dandolo. and Germauy) he published "Ästhetiske Studier" (''EsD i e d a t K o i n e , 1258. A n I t a l i a n s t a t e s m a n of thetic Studies"), " K r i t i k e r og P o r t r a e t e r " ("Criticisms Bolognese origin, elected by the people podestà, and Portraits "), and " D e n franske Ästhetik i vore Dage " o r s e n a t o r , o f R o m e i n 1258, w i t h t h e p o w e r o f ( " F r e n c h Esthetics in Our Day." 1870). Returning to Dene n f o r c i n g justice, and the c o m m a n d of the milimark, he bccamc docent at the University of Copenhagen. t a r y f o r c e s . H e repressed the nobles and forced the His Iccturcs (which afterward appeared under the title Pope (Innocent I V . ) to recognizc the power of the people, u Hovedströmninger i det 19Jo Aarhundredes Literatur," but he exercised his power with such severity that he "Principal Tendencies in the Literature of the Nineteenth was driven f r o m the city. T w o years later, however, he Century," 1872-75) brought upon him the charge of radiwas recalled. calism and free-thinking, and accordingly, in 1877, he J eft Branchidse (brang'ki-dé). [ G r . BpayxJtiai, d e - Denmark for Germany, and settled in Berlin. I n the same year fall "Söreu K j e r k e g a a r d " and "Danske D i k t e r e " s c e n d a n t s of B r a n c h u s (Bpàyxog), and the name ("Danish Poets"). In Berlin appeared "Esaijas Tegu6r" of t h e i r s e a t n e a r M i l e t u s , A s i a M i n o r . ] In and " B e n j a m i n d'lsraeli," both in 1878. ancient geography, a small t o w n in Sogdiana, B r a n d i m a r t ( b r a n ' d i - m ä r t ) , or B r a n d i m a r t e s a i d t o h a v e b e e n b u i l t b y t h e p r i e s t s of A p o l l o (bi'än-de-m ä r ' t e). T h e h u s b a n d of F l o r d e l i s , D i d y i m e u s n e a r M i l e t u s : it w a s d e s t r o y e d b y A l e x a n d e r t h e G r e a t . Temple of Apollo Didymteus, a a n d t h e K i n g of t h e D i s t a n t I s l a n d s , i n b o t h very ancient sanctuary rebuilt at a late date on so great a B o i a r d o ' s a n d A r i o s t o ' s " O r l a n d o . " H e is k i l l e d See Flordelis. scaie that it was never finished. The temple was in plan 168 b y G r a d a s s o . Bom by 362 feet, Ionic, decastyle, dipteral, with twenty-one col- Brandis (brän'dis), Christian August. umns on each flank, and four between anta in the pronaos. a t H i l d e s h e i m , G e r m a n y , F e b . 13, 1790: d i e d The columns are 63 feet high. A sacred way, bordered a t B o n n , P r u s s i a , J u l y 24, 1867. A German with archaic seated statues, the best of which are now in p h i l o s o p h i c a l w r i t e r a n d h i s t o r i a n , p r o f e s s o r a t the British Museum, led from the sea-shore to the temple. B o n n (1821). R e w r o t e a " H a n d b u c h der Geschichte der griechisch-römischen Philosophie" (lSSfj-66), ' ' G e The name Branchidas, as the name of a place, is curious. The term properly applied to the priestly family to which schichte der Entwickelungen der griechischen Philosowas committed the superintendence of the oracle, and phie " (1802-64), etc. may be compared with such names as Eumolpidae, Iami( b r a n ' d p n ) , Saint. See Brendan, dee, «fee. . . . According to the local tradition they were B r a n d o n descended from Branchus, a Thessalian, or according to Saint. others a Delphian, the original founder and priest of the B r a n d o n . A character in Shakspere's " K i n g temple, of whom a legend was told similar to that of HyaHenry VIII." ciDthus. Rawlinson, Herod., III. 287, note. Brandon, Charles. Died at Guildford, E n g B r a n c o (brang'kd), Rio. A r i v e r i n n o r t h - l a n d , A u g . 24, 1545. A n English nobleman, e r n B r a z i l w h i c h joins t h e K i o N e g r o i n l a t . s o n of W i l l i a m B r a n d o n , H e n r y V I I . ' s s t a n d a r d 1 ° 22' S . , l o n g . 6 1 ° 5 7 ' "W. L e n g t h , a b o u t 375 b e a r e r a t B o s w o r t h F i e l d , c r e a t c d d u k e o f S u f f o l k F e b . , 1514. He was a favorite of Henry V I I I . , miles. served him in various diplomatic missions, and secretly B r a n d (brand), John. B o r n at W a s h i n g t o n ,

married his sister, the widow of Louis X I I . of France. He commanded the armies which invaded France in 1523 and 1544. In the latter year he captured Boulogne.

Brandt (brant), Marianne (Marie Bischof). B o r n a t V i e n n a , S e p t . 12, 1842. A German singer. She has b e e n particularly successful as B r a n g a n e and Fidelio. B r a n d y w i n e (bran'di-win) Creek. A river in southeastern P e n n s y l v a n i a which joins the D e l a w a r e R i v e r at W i l m i n g t o n , D e l a w a r e . Here, Sept. 11, 1777, General Howe defeated the Americans under Washington. The force of the British was about 18,000 ; that of the Americans, 11,000. Loss, British, over 1,000 ; Americans, about 1,000. B r a n g t o n s (brang'tonz), The. A f a m i l y of the m i d d l e class in M i s s B a r n e y ' s n o v e l " E v e lina." T h e i r n a m e is p r o v e r b i a l f o r v u l g a r malicious jealousy.

Brangwaine, or Brangwayne, or Brengwain. T h e c o n i i d a n t e of I s o l d e ( I s e u l t ) i n t h e r o m a n c e of " T r i s t r a m , a n d I s o l d e " : i n W a g n e r ' s o p e r a called Brangane. The group of the "Children of Lir " included several other divinities who came to be regarded as characters of romance. The Lady Brangwaine, who helps and hides the loves of Tristram and Iseult, is no other than "Branwen of the Fair Bosom,' Hie Venus of the Northern Seas, whose miraculous fountain still preserves her naine in an islet off the shore of Anglesea. Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 280. B r a n i c k i (brâ-nyits'kë), J a n K l e m e n s . Born 1688: d i e d a t B i a l v s t o k , P o l a n d , O c t . 9, 1771. A P o l i s h p o l i t i c i a n , l e a d e r of t h e r e p u b l i c a n party. H e was the champion of the nobility against Augustus I I . , and after the death of Augustus I I I . put himself, with K a r l Radziwill, at the head of the republican party, by which he was offered the crown ; but the xnonarchical party, under Czartoryiski, triumphed in the diet of 1764, and he was banished, remaining in exile till the accession of Poniatowski.

Branicki

(originally

Branetzki),

Xavery.

D i e d 1819. A P o l i s h p o l i t i c i a n , of t h e R u s s i a n party. H e was the agent of Catherine I I . in her amours with Poniatowski, and in 1771 becamc grand general of the kingdom of Poland. He was convicted of treason in 1794, and Bpent the rest of his life in the Ukraine. Brant (brant), Joseph (Thayendanegea). B o r n i n O h i o a b o u t 1742 : d i e d n e a r L a k e O n t a r i o , C a n a d a , N o v . 24,1807. A M o h a w k chief in the B r i t i s h service d u r i n g the R e v o l u t i o n a r v War. B r a n t ( b r a n t ) , S e b a s t i a n . B o r n at S t r a s b u r g , 1458: d i e d at S t r a s b u r g , M a y 10, 1521. A Germ a n s a t i r i c p o e t . H e studied jurisprudence at Basel, and was made doctor of laws in 1489. He was afterward town clerk i n Strasburg. His most celebrated work is the "^Narrenschiif" ( " S h i p of F o o l s " ) , a satirical didactic poem, published first at Basel, 1494. A translation into Latin appeared in 1407, and versions were made in French, Dutch, and English. The principal edition of the ",NTarrenschiff " is by Zarncke, Leipsic, 1854. See Ship of Fools. B r a n t f o r d (brant'ford). A town in Ontario, C a n a d a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e G r a n d R i v e r 23 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of H a m i l t o n . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 12,753. B r a n t ô m e ( b r o n - t ô m ' ) . A t o w n in the d e p a r t m e n t of D o r d o g n e , F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d o n t h e D r o n n e 13 m i l e s n o r t h - n o r t h w e s t of P é r i g u e u x . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e , 2,422.

Brantôme, Seigneur de (Pierre' de Bourdeilles). B o r n in P é r i g o r d , France, a b o u t 1540: d i e d J u l y 15, 1614. A F r e n c h c h r o n i c l e r . H e was made Abbé de Brantôme at the age of sixteen, without taking orders ; served in the army against the Huguenots, and traveled extensively. His " M é m o i r e s " (lf>(!5-66) are valued for their lively description of the chief historical persons and events of his time. "Œuvres " (1740).

B r a n v i l l e (bran'vil), Sir A n t h o n y . A pedantic a n d s o l e m n l o v e r in M r s . S h e r i d a n ' s p l a y u The Discovery." He talk? most passionately, without showing a spark of meaning in his action or features, and has made love in this manner to eight women in thirteen years. Garrick created the character. Brasenose (brâz'nôz) College. A college of Oxford University, founded b y Bishop W i l l i a m S m i t h of L i n c o l n a n d S i r R i c h a r d S u t t o n , a b o u t 1509 ( ? ) , u p o n t h e site of a n o l d a c a d e m i c a l i n s t i t u t i o n n a m e d B r a s e n o s e H a l l ( f r o m its s i g n , a brasennose). The foundation-stone was laid June 1. 1509. and the charter was granted in 1512. The quadrangle is very picturesque ; the Tudor gate-tower and hall remain unaltered. The library and chapel are later, and architecturally incongruous. A new quadrangle has lately been added. B r a s i d a s (bras'i-das). [ G r . T>p5).

Brentano, Elizabeth. See Arnim, ran,

B r e n t f o r d ( b r e n t ' f o r d ) . A town in Middlesex, England, situated on t h e Thames 9 miles west of London. H e r e E d m u n d " I r o n s i d e " d e f e a t e d t h e D a n e s , M a y , 1010, a n d P r i n c e R u p e r t d e f e a t e d t h e P a r l i a m e n t a r i a n s u n d e r H o l i e s , M o v . 1 2 , 1 0 4 2 . P o p u l a t i o n (1801), 13,736.

Brentford, Two Kings of. Two characters

which always appear t o g e t h e r and do exactly B r e i s g a u (bris'gou). An old district of souththe same things, in Buckingham's farce " T h e ern Germany, corresponding practically to the B r e n d a . See Trail, Brenda. districts of F r e i b u r g and Lörrach in southern Brendan (bren'dan), or Brenainn, of Birr, Rehearsal." I t i s n o t k n o w n w h a t p a r t i c u l a r p l a y , i f Born at Birr, now Parsonstown, King's a n y , s u g g e s t e d t h e m , b u t t h e y h a v e p a r s e d i n t o a b y w o r d . B a d e n : a possession of the house of H a p s b u r g Saint. County, Ireland, 490 (?) : died Nov. 28, 573. An since t h e l a t e r middle ages. B y t h e t r e a t y o f L u n e - Irish monk. H e w a s a d i s c i p l e of St. F i n n i a n of C l o n B r e r a ( b r ä ' r ä ) . The name given to the " P a l ace of Sciences and A r t s " at Milan, i t c o n t a i n s v i l l e i t w a s c e d e d t o t h e D u k e o f M o d e n a (1801). I n 1805 a r d ; w a s a f r i e n d of St. C o l u m b a , t o w h o m h e i s s a i d t o t h e g r e a t e r p a r t w a s c e d e d t o B a d e n a n d a p a r t t o "VVurt e m b e r s , a n d B a d e n a c q u i r e d a l l i n 1S10.

B r e i s l a k (bris'läk), S c i p i o n e . Born at Rome, 1748: died at Milan, F e b . 15, 1826. An Italian geologist. H e w a s p r o f e s s o r o f n a t u r a l p h i l o s o p h y a n d

h a v e r e c o m m e n d e d H y as a p l a c e of e x i l e ; a n d f o u n d e d t h e m o n a s t e r y o f B i r r a b o u t 5 6 3 . St. C o l u m b a i s r e p r e s e n t e d to have seen at Brendan's death " heaven open and choirs of a n g e l s d e s c e n d i n g " t o m e e t h i s soul. H e is c o m m e m o r a t e d o n N o v . 29.

a n o t e d art gallery, a n d t h e Brera Library, f o u n d e d in 1770, w i t h a b o u t 1 7 5 . 0 0 0 v o l u m e s ,

B r e s c i a ( b r e ' s h ä ) . A province in Lombardy, Italy. Area, 1,845 square miles. Population (1891), 487,812.

Brescia Brescia. [L.

The capital of the province of Brcscia, Italy, situated at tho foot of the Alps, in lat. 45° 32' N., long. 10° 13' E. : the Brixia.']

Bridge of Sighs

182 leased K i n g J o h n of France. F r a n c e p e r m i t t e d E n g l a n d t o retain Gascony, Guiennc, Poitou. Ponthieu, Calais, ctc., a n d paid 3,000,0u0 gold crowns.

ute.] Born 926 r killed at Clontarf, Ireland, Good Friday, 1014. A noted Irish king. He became sovereign of Munster in 978 (?), and principal king of Ireland in 1002.

G a l l i c B r i x i a . I t h a s m a n u f a c t u r e s of linen, woolen, silk, weapons, etc. I t was originally a Gallic and later a R o m a n town, a n d was wealthy a n d i m p o r t a n t till its sack by Gaston d e F o i x i n l 5 1 2 . Till 1797 it was u n d e r Venetian rule. I t took p a r t in t h e revolutionary m o v e m e n t s of 1848-40, a n d was b o m b a r d e d a n d t a k e n by t h e Austrians in 1849. The Duomo Veccliio, or old cathedral, is a circulai- c h u r c h w i t h a rect a n g u l a r porch, p e r h a p s as old as t h e 7th century, and of m u c h a r c h i t e c t u r a l i n t e r e s t as a m o r e probable p r o t o t y p e t h a n San Vitale at R a v e n n a of t h e circular c h u r c h e s of n o r t h e r n Europe. The d i a m e t e r is 125 f e e t ; t h a t of t h e nave, with its lofty dome r e s t i n g on eight plain round arches, 65. There is also a R o m a n temple, which now serves as t h e Museo Antico. I t is Corinthian, on a high b a s e m e n t , with a p i c t u r e s q u e portico of twelve c o l u m n s a n d f o u r piers in front. There are t h r e e shallow cellas, side by side : t h a t in t h e m i d d l e p r o j e c t s beyond t h e others, a n d is p r e c e d e d by a hcxastyle porch, while each side cella has t w o c o l u m n s between s q u a r e piers. This t e m p l e is rem a r k a b l e in having t h e portico on one of its long sides. I t was dedicated by Vespasian in A. D. 72, a n d one of t h e cellas was sacred t o Hercules. Population (commune),

Breton (bre-tôn'), Emile Adélard. Born at

l o n g . 1 7 ° 3 ' E . I t is t h e second city of Prussia, and is one of t h e chief commercial centers in Germany, having t r a d e in grain, wool, timber, metals, cloth, etc., a n d manuf a c t u r e s of cloth, spirits, etc. I t contains a cathedral, university, Rathaus, S t a d t h a u s (with library a n d collections), etc. I t was a t o w n as early as 1000 A. IX, a n d was t h e capital of t h e medieval d u c h y of Silesia. I t came u n d e r Bohemian rule in 1335, a n d passed w i t h Bohemia to t h e Hapsburgs. I n 1741 it was captured by Frederick t h e Great, and was besieged a n d t a k e n by the F r e n c h 1806-07. I t was t h e scene of an uprising a g a i n s t t h e F r e n c h in 1813. Tho c a t h e d r a l is in t h e m a i n of t h e 14th century, with earlier choir a n d later vestibule. I t possesses a great n u m b e r of chapels, several of t h e m very richly o r n a m e n t e d w i t h sculpture a n d c o n t a i n i n g fine t o m b s with statues and reliefs, besides brasses a n d paintings. Population (1890), 335,186.

F r e n c h W e s t Indies, m o s t of t h e t i m e living among t h e Oaribs. H e p u b l i s h e d several works on t h e i r language a n d customs, and his manuscripts were largely used by I t o c h e f o r t a n d others.

Bretschneider'(bret'shm-der), Karl Gottlieb.

i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t o f A i n . I t s chief city was Bourg. Bresse formed p a r t of t h e Burgundian k i n g d o m ; passed to t h e house of Savoy 1272-1402 ; and was ceded by Savoy to F r a n c e 1601. I t formed p a r t of the general g o v e r n m e n t of B u r g u n d y .

" L i n g u a , or t h e Combat of the Five Senses, etc." (1607), a n d '•' The Merry Devil of E d m o n t o n " (1608), were formerly ascribed t o him. " T h e Country G i r l " (1047), signed " T. B.," h a s also been erroneously identified as his.

n o t a b l y one by J . W. Cole u n d e r t h e n a m e of " J o h n William Calcraft," called " T h e Bride of L a m m e r m o o r , " a n d one by "Merivale, called "Ravenswood." See also Lucia di Lamw,ermoor.

suicide. H e negotiated at Madrid, 1846, t h e double F r e n c h Spanish m a r r i a g e of Queen Isabella and of h e r sister.

l i g h t . H e invented t h e kaleidoscope in 1816 ; p e r f e c t e d t h e stereoscope 1849-50 ; a n d improved t h e l i g h t h o u s e

has a large roadstead, a commercial harbor, a n d a military h a r b o r with a f a m o u s swing-bridge, a castle and large quays and docks, a n d is t h e t e r m i n u s of a t r a n s a t l a n t i c cable (to Duxbury, Massachusetts). I t figured in t h e H u n d r e d Y e a r s ' W a r , resisted an English attack in 1513, was developed by Itichelieu, and was fortified by Vauban. The English were d e f e a t e d here by t h e F r e n c h in 1694, a n d t h e French were d e f e a t e d by t h e English fleet u n d e r H o w e in J704. Population (1891), commune, 75,851.

E n g l a n d . He is said t o have s t u d i e d a s h o r t t i m e at t h e University of Cambridge; was employed, 1684-87, in t h e service of "William Davison, ambassador tu t h e Low Countries, w h o m he accompanied abroad ; was keeper of t h e post-office at Scrooby 1594-1607; participated in t h e unsuccessful a t t e m p t of t h e Brownist congregation at Scrooby to escape to Holland, 1607i r e m o v e d with t h e congregation to Leyden in 1609; sailed in t h e Mayflower in 1620 ; a n d became r u l i n g cider in t h e c h u r c h at New Plymouth, as he h a d been in Leyden.

T h e r e was a royal residence h e r e as early as t h e reign of H e n r y I I I . , if not in t h a t of J o h n . H e n r y V I I I . is said t o h a v e r e b u i l t t h e palace, a n d h e and -Katharine lived t h e r e w h e n t h e cardinals sat on t h e divorce in Blackfriars opposite. In 1553 E d w a r d VI. gave his f a t h e r ' s palace of Bridewell t o t h e city of London for a workhouse, a n d form u l a t e d t h e system of m u n i c i p a l charity. I t later b e c a m e a t e m p o r a r y prison or h o u s e of detention, w i t h which use its n a m e is especially familiar. In old views and m a p s it a p p e a r s as a castellated building of some architectural pretensions. T h e n a m e has b e c o m e a gencrio t e r m for a h o u s e of correction, or lockup.

Courrières, Pas-de-Calais, France, March 8, 1831. A F r e n c h landscape-painter, brother and Brian Boroihme (Brian Boru), or The Maid He left the army to pursue of E r i n . A play by James Sheridan Knowles, his studies in art, a n d was decorated w i t h t h e cross of t h e 1811, adapted from an earlier work of the same Legion of Honor in 1878. H i s favorite s u b j e c t s a r e Au- name. t u m n , W i n t e r , Twilight, a n d Sunset. B r i a n g o n (bre-on-s6n'). A town in the departBreton, Jules Adolphe Aimé Louis. Born at ment of Hautes-Alpes, France, situated on the Courrières, Pas-de-Calais, France, May 1,1827. Durance near Mont Genevre and the Italian A noted French genre painter. He is a pupil of frontier, in lat. 44° 56' N., long. 6° 35' E . : the Drolling and of Devigne, and has devoted himself to t h e It is an important strater e p r e s e n t a t i o n of incidents taken f r o m t h e life of t h e Roman Brigantium. Poppeasantry. He was in 1861 decorated w i t h t h e cross a n d gic point, and a fortress of the first class. in 1889 b e c a m e a c o m m a n d e r of t h e Legion of Honor. ulation (1891), commune, 6,580. Among his best-known paintings a r e " Le r e t o u r des moiss o n n e u r s " (1853), " L e s g l a n e u s e s " (1855), " L a bénédic- B r i a n z a (bre-an'dzii). A district in northern tion des blés"(1857), " L a fin de la j o u r n é e " (1865), etc. Italy, between t h e Lake of Como and the Lake H e h a s w r i t t e n poems, a n d an autobiography e n t i t l e d of Leeco. It is noted for its fertility. " V i e d ' u n artiste, art et n a t u r e " (1890). Briareus ( b r i - a ' r e - u s ) . [Gr. Bpiapeuc.] In B r e t o n (brit'on), N i c h o l a s . Born at London Greek mythology, a son of Uranus a n d G e , a monster with a hundred arms. Also called 67,000. about 1545 : died about 1626. A n English poet and prose-writer, a stepson of George G-as- JEgseon. Brésil. See Brazil. B r i c e , Saint. Born at T o u r s : died there, Nov. coigne. H e was a voluminous writer. Breslau (bres'lou). [Pol. Wracîaw or Wracis- Breton (bre-tôn'), Raymond. Born at Aux- 13, 444. A F r e n c h prelate, made bishop of lawa, L . Wratislaciu.'] T h e c a p i t a l of t h e p r o v Tours on the death of St. Martin. He is comerre, 1609 : died a t Caen, 1679. A F r e n c h Doince of Silesia, Prussia, situated at the junction of the Ohlau with the Oder, in lat. 51° V N., m i n i c a n m i s s i o n a r y . From 1635 to 1643 he was in the m e m o r a t e d o n Nov. 13. On St. Brice's day, 1002, t h e r e p u p i l of J u l e s B r e t o n .

Breton de los Herreros, Manuel. See Server os.

B r e t o n s (bret'onz).

The natives of Brittany.

w a s a massacro of t h e Danes in E n g l a n d by order of Ethelred.

B r i c e n o (bre-tha'no), R a m o n . Born at Santiago, 1814. A Chilian bibliophilist and author.

I n 1840 he was chosen professor of philosophy and n a t u r a l law in t h e Chilian University, and in 1864 director of t h e National Library. He has held various judicial offices. Besides books on l a w and philosophy h e has p u b l i s h e d " E s t a d i s t i c a Bibliografioa de l a L i t e r a t u r a Chilena." H i s p r i v a t e library is one of t h e largest in South America.

Born at Gersdorf, Saxony, Feb. 11, 1776: died at Gotha, Germany, J a n . 22, 1848. A German Brick (brik), Jefferson. A correspondent of P r o t e s t a n t theologian, general superintendent a New York journal in Charles Dickens's " M a r at Gotha (1816). tin Chuzzlewit." H e is of excessively mild and B r e t t e n ( b r e t ' t e n ) . A small t o w n in Baden, youthful aspect, but bloodthirsty in the ex15 miles east of Karlsruhe: the birthplace of treme in his political views. Bridal of Triermain, The. A poem by Scott, Melanchthon. B r e s l a u . A governmental district in the prov- Breval (brev'al), John Durant. Born at "West- published in 1813. ince of Silesia, Prussia. Population (1890), minster (?) about 1680: died at Paris, Jan., 1738. Bridal Veil Fall. A noted f a l l in the Yosemite A n E n g l i s h m i s c e l l a n e o u s w r i t e r . He wasof French V a l l e y , C a l i f o r n i a . T h e h e i g h t of t h e m a i n f a l l is 1,599,232. descent, b u t wrote m u c h u n d e r t h e n a m e of J o s e p h Gay. B r e s l a u , P e a c e of. Lord Hyndford, represent- l i e a t t a c k e d Pope u n d e r t h i s pseudonym, a n d is in r e t u r n 630 feet, a n d t h a t of t h e cascades about 300 feet. T h e total fall (nearly vertical) is about 900 f e e t . ing the Queen of Hungary, Maria Theresa, held u p to ridicule in t h e " D u n c i a d . " Bridget. signed J u n e 11, 1742, with Podewilz, the Prus- B r é v e n t (brâ-von')« A summit of t h e Alps of Bride, Saint. See sian minister, the preliminaries of a treaty Mont Blanc, northwest of Chamonis. Height, Bride of Abydos, The. 1. A poem by Lord Byron, a Turkish tale, published in 18i3.— 2. concluded at Berlin, J u l y 28, 1742. Austria 8,285 feet. melodrama adapted from the poem by Diceded Silesia to P r u s s i a / Alaricanum (bre-vi-a'ri-um 5a-lar- A ( Bressant (bre-son'), Jean Baptiste Prosper. Breviarium i - k a ' n u m ) . [L., s h o r t code of Alaric. ] A mond, produced about 1819. Born at Châlons-sur-Saône, France, Oct. 24, code of Roman law, compiled in 506 A. D. b y B r i d e Of t h e S e a . A name poetically given to Venice, f r o m the medieval ceremony by which 1815 : died at Nemours, J a n . 22,1886. A F r e n c h direction of Alaric II., king of the Visigoths. the city was wedded to the Adriatic. comedian. Brewer, Antony. Lived about 1655. An Eng- Bride of Lammermoor. The. A novel bv Sir l i s h d r a m a t i c w r i t e r . He wrote " T h e Love-sick B r e s s e (bres). A former district of eastern S e e Axhton, etc." (1655). which was r e p r i n t e d as " T h e P e r j u r e d "Walter S c o t t , p u b l i s h e d i n 1819. France, lying east of the Saône, and comprised King, Several plays have been w r i t t e n on t h e subject, N u n . " H e is b e t t e r known, however, f r o m t h e f a c t t h a t Lucy.

Bridewell ( b r i d ' w e l ) . [From St. Bride's, or Arlevelde. B r e s s o n (bTe-sôn'), C h a r l e s , Comte. Born a t Brewer of Ghent. See Jacob van Bridgefs, zcell, a s p r i n g o f s u p p o s e d m i r a c u Paris, 1798: died at Naples, Nov. 2, 1847. A Brewster (brô'stér), Sir David. Born at Jed- l o u s p o w e r s , i n t h o v i c i n i t y . ] A celebrated F r e n c h d i p l o m a t i s t . H e was first secretary of lega- burgh, Scotland, Dec. 11, 1781: died at Aller- L o n d o n p r i s o n , o r h o u s e o f d e t e n t i o n , m o s t of tion at London about 1829 ; chargé d'affaires a t Berlin by, Montrose, Scotland, Fob. 10,1868. A cele- w h i c h w a s d e m o l i s h e d i n 1 8 6 3 . i t was f o u n d e d 1833 ; m i n i s t e r of foreign affairs 1834 ; a n d ambassador a t brated Scotch physicist, noted especially for u p o n a f a v o r i t e palace of H e n r y V I I I . , w h i c h stood at t h e m o u t h of t h e Fleet between Blackfriars and W h i t c f r i a r s . M a d r i d 1841, and a t Naples 1847, where h e c o m m i t t e d discoveries in regard to the polarization of 1

B r e s s u i r e (bre-swër')- A town in the depart- system. H e w r o t e a " Treatise on Optics' (1831), " More m e n t of Deux-Sèvres, France, 45 miles south of "Worlds t h a n O n e " (1854), " M e m o i r s , etc., of Sir Isaac " (1855), etc. I n 1838 h e b e c a m e p r i n c i p a l of t h e Angers. It has a medieval castle and church. Newton u n i t e d college of St. Salvator and St. Leonard in t h e uniPopulation (1891), commune, 4,723. versity of St. Andrews. B r e s t (brest). A seaport in the department B r e w s t e r , W i l l i a m . Born at Scrooby, Notof Finistère, France, situated on the Roads of tinghamshire, England, about 1560 (1564 f) : Brest in lat. 48° 24' N., long. 4° 29' W. it is died at Plymouth, Mass., April 10, 1644. One t h e principal naval p o r t of France, a n d a s t r o n g fortress. I t of the founders of the Plymouth Colony in New

Brest-Litovski (brest-le-tov'ski), Pol. Brzesc

Bridgeman (brij'man), Laura Dewey. Born at

Hanover, N. H.. Dec. 21, 1829: died at South Boston, Mass., May 24,1889. A blind deaf-mute noted in connection with educational methods for u n f o r t u n a t e s of her class. Having lost sight and h e a r i n g and having been partially deprived of t h e senses of taste and smell by scarlet fever at t h r e e years of age, she was placed in t h e Blind Asylum at South Boston, a t t h e age of eight, where she was educated by means of a raised alphabet devised by t h e principal, Dr. S. G. Howe.

L i t e w s k i . A city in the government of Grodno, situated on the river Bug in lat. 52° 8' N., long. Brialmont (brë-âl-môn'X Henri Alexis. Born a t Venloo, Netherlands, May 25,1821. A noted B r i d g e m a n , L u c i n d a . A vulgar city girl in 23° 40' E. Population, 45,137. Belgian general and writer on military affairs. Cumberland's " F a s h i o n a b l e Lover." B r e t a g n e (bre-tany'). The F r e n c h n a m e of His works include " C o n s i d é r a t i o n s politiques et mili- Bridgenorth, or Bridgnorth (brij'north). A Brittany. taires sur la B e l g i q u e " (1851-52), " P r é c i s d'art m i l i t a i r e " parliamentary and municipal borough in ShropB r e t e u i l (bre-tèy')- A town in the depart- (1854), " H i s t o i r e d u duc de Wellington" (1856-57), etc. shire, England, situated on the Severn 18 miles ment of Oise. France, 18 miles south of Amiens. B r i a n a (brï-â'na). The owner of a strong cas- s o u t h e a s t of S h r e w s b u r y . Its castle was taken by tle in Spenser's " F a e r i e Queene,"who could H e n r y I. in 1102, by n e n r y I I . in 11.^7, and by t h e ParliaPopulation (1891), commune, 3,108. not obtain the lovo of Crudor unless she made mentarians in 1646. Population (1891), 5,723. Bret Harte. See Hnrte. Bretigny (bre-tên-yi'), Treaty or Peace of. him a mantle of " beards of knights and locks B r i d g e n o r t h , A l i c e . The principal female A t r e a t y concluded at Bretigny, n e a r Chartres, of ladies." No one was allowed to pass with- character in Scott's i( Peveril of the P e a k . " France, May 8, 1360, between England and out paying this toll. B r i d g e of S i g h s . 1. A bridge in Venice which F r a n c e . E n g l a n d renounced its claims to t h e French Brian Borohma (brï'an bo-rô'mâ) or Boru spans the Rio della Paglia, and connects the crown, Maine, Anjou, Normandy, and Touraine, a n d re- ( b o - r o ' ) . [ I r . Brian nd boromi, B r i a n t h e t r i b - ducal palace with the Carceri, or prisons. The

Bridge of Sighs

Bril

183

Bridport (brid'port). A seaport and munici- etry at Gresham College, London, 1596-1620, and Savilian pal and parliamentary borough in Dorsetshire, professor of astronomy at Oxford 1620-1631. England, situated 14 miles west of Dorchester. Brighella. In old Italian comody, a Bergamask type. Population (1891), 6,611. 2. A poem by Thomas Hood, composed, in 1844. Brie (bre). An ancient territory of northern Bright (brit), Jesse D. Born at Norwich. N. Y., Bridgeport (brij'port). A city in Fairlield Franco, situated east of Paris. It is a level re- Dee. 18, 1812: died at Baltimore, Md., May 20, County, Connecticut, situated on an inlet of gion, noted for its corn, dairy products, and especially A for 1875. An American politician, Democratic Long Island Sound, in lat. 41° 11' N., long. 73° its cheese. I t was divided into the Brie Fran$aise (in Ile- United States senator from Indiana 1845-62. de-France), whose capital was Brie-Comte-Robert, and the He was expelled from the Senate for disloy12' W . I t is one of the chief manufacturing cities in Brie Champenoise (in Champagne). T h e latter was subthe State. Formerly called Newfield. Population (1890), alty, Feb. 5, 1862. divided into Haute-Brie, capital Meaux; Basse-Brie, cap48,866. Bright, John* Bora at Greenbank, near Rochital Provins; and Brie-Ponilleuse, capital Chateau-Thierry. Bridget (brij'et), Brigit, or Bride (bi-id), Saint, I t was a county under the successors of Charlemagne, dale, in Lancashire, England, Nov. 16, 181.1: died there, March 27, 1889. A distinguished l a t e r it generally f o l l o w e d the fortunes of Champagne. [ l r . Brigit, M i d . I r . Brighki (ML. Brigida, English Liberal statesman and orator. He was Brigitta), from an OCelt. *Briganti, repr. by L L . Brigantia, the name of a Celtic goddess.] Brieg (breG). A c i t y i n the province of Silesia, an agitator f o r the Anti-Corn-Law League 1838-46; first entered Parliament in 1843; was president of the Board Prussia, situated on the Oder 28 miles southDied at Kildare, Ireland, Feb. 1, 523. A patron saint of Ireland. According to an ancientlrish east of Breslau. It has a Renaissance castle of of Trade 1868-70: chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster 1873-74 and 1880-82; and became lord rector of the I niaccount of her life, she was born at Fochart (now Faugher) the princes of Brieg. Population (1890), 20,154. i n 453 A. !>., and was the daughter of Dubhthach by his Brieg. A small town in the eastern part of versity of Glasgow in 1883. Author of ' 1 Speeches on Parbondmaid Brotsech or Broiceseach. She obtained her free- the canton of Yalais, Switzerland, situated liamentary Reform " (1867), "Speeches on Questions of d o m through the intervention of the K i n g of Leinster, who on the Rhone at the eastern terminus of the Public Policy"(1869), "Speeches on Public Affairs " (1869). was impressed by her piety, and became the founder of Bright, Richard. Born at Bristol, England. a nunnery, in the shadow of which the present town of railway. Sept. 28,1789: died at London, Dec. 16,1858. A Briel (brel), or Brielle (bre-el'), or Brill (bril). noted English physician. In 1827 he published "ReK i l d a r e sprang up. She is commemorated on Feb. 1. A seaport in the province of South Holland, ports of Medical Cases," in which he traced to its source A goddess called Brigit, poetess and seeress, worshipped in the kidneys the morbid condition named for him by the poets of ancient E r i n n ; that she was daughter Netherlands, situated on the Maas 14 miles bridge dates from 1597; i t is an elliptical arch, 32 f e e t above the water, inclosed at the sides and arched overhead. I t contains two separate passages, through which prisoners >vere led for trial or judgment. See Tombs, The.

of the Irish god known as Dag da the Great; and that she had t w o sisters who were also called Brigit, the one the patroness of the healing art, and the other of smith-work. This means, in other words, that the Goidels formerly worshipped a Minerva called Brigit, who presided over the three chief professions known in Erinn : to her province in fact might be said to belong just what Csesar terms operum atque artiflciorum initia. Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 74.

Bridget, Saint, of Sweden. See Birgitta. Bridge ton. (brij'ton). The capital of Cumberland County, New Jersey, situated on Cohansey Creek 36 miles south of Philadelphia. It has manufactures of iron, woolens, and glass. Population (1890), 11,424. Bridgetown (brij'toun). The capital of Barbados, West Indies, situated on the southwestern coast in lat. 13° 6' N., long. 59° 37' W. Population (1891), 21,000. Bridgewater, Duke of, E a r l of. See Egerton. Bridgewater (brij'wa-t6r). A town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, 26 miles south of Boston. It is the seat of a State Normal School. Population (1890), 4?249. Bridgewater, Battle of. See Lunch/s Lane. Bridgewater House. The town residence of the Earl of Ellesmere, London, built 1847-49 on the site of Cleveland House. Wheeler, Familiar Allusions. Bridgewater Madonna, The. The small painting by Kaphael (1512) in Bridgewater House, London. The Child lies on the Virgin's knees and clutches her veil. Bridgewater Treatises. A series of treatises written in compliance with the terms of the will of the Earl of Bridgewater, who died in 1829. He l e f t £3,000 to be paid to the author of the best treatise on " The Power, Wisdom, and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation." Those w i t h whom the selection of the author was l e f t decided to give the subjcct to eight persons for separate treatises. These were " The Adaptation of .External Nature to the Moral and Intellectual Constitution of Man " (Thomas Chalmers, 1833), "Chemistry, Meteorology, and Digestion " ( W i l l i a m Prout, 1834), History, Habits, and Instincts of Animals " (Kirby, 1835), " G e o l o g y anrl M i n e r a l o g y " (Dean Bucklnnd, 1S36), " T h e Hand, as evincing D e s i g n " (Sir Charles Bell, 1833)/' T h e Adaptation of External Nature to the Physical Condition of M a n " (J. K i d d , AI. D., 1833), " A s t r o n o m y and General Physics"' ( W h e w e l l , 1833), " A n i m a l and V e g e t a b l e P h y s i o l o g y " (P. M. Roget, M . D., 1824).

Bridgman (brij'man), Frederick Arthur. Born at Tuskegee, Ala., 1847. An American genre painter, a pupil of L. Gerome, resident in Paris. His subjects are chiefly Eastern. Bridgwater (brij' wa-ter), or Bridgewater. A seaport in Somersetshire, England, situated on the Parret, near its mouth, 29 miles southwest o f B r i s t o l . I t is the birthplace of Blake. Near it is Scdgemoor. I t w a s taken by the Royalists in 1643, and by the Parliamentarians in 1&45. I t declared for Monmouth in 1685. Population (1891), 12,429.

w e s t o f R o t t e r d a m . I t was taken f r o m Spain by the " W a t e r - B e g g a r s " u n d e r W i l l i a m d e l a Marck, A p r i l 1,1572.

Brienne, or Brienne-le-Chateau (bre-en'leshii-to'). A town in the department of Aube, France, 23 miles northeast of Troyes. It contained, until 1790, a military school which was attended by Napoleon 1779-84. Here, Jan. 29, 1814, Napoleon defeated the Allies under Bliicher.

Brienne, John de. Titular king of Jerusalem 1210-25. Brienne, Lom^nie de. See Lomcnie. Brienz (bre-ents'). A town in the cantonof Bern, Switzerland, situated at the northeastern extremity of the Lake of Brienz. Brienz, L a k e of. A lake in the canton of Bern, Switzerland, east of the Lake of Thun. It is traversed by the Aare. Length, 8f miles. Breadth, 3 miles. Brier Creek. A river in eastern Georgia which joins the Savannah River 57 miles southeast of Augusta. Here, March 3,1779, the British under General Prevost defeated the Americans under General Ashe. Brierly (bri'er-li), Bob. The Ticket-of-Leave Man in Tom Taylor's play of that name. Brigadore (brig'a-dor). The horse of Sir Guyon in Spenser's£t Faerie Queene," named from Brigliadoro, the horse of Orlando in Boiardo's "Orlando Innainorato." Brigantes (bri-gan'tez). A tribe of Britain which in the 1st century A. D. occupied the region north of the Humber. See Brigantia. Brigantia (bri-gan'shi-a)- The kingdom of the Brigantes. See the extract. T o the north of the Coritavi stretched a confederacy or collection of kingdoms to which the Romans applied the single name of " B r i g a n t i a . " W e first hear of these confederated states about the year A. D. 50, when their combined territories extended on one coast f r o m Flamborough Head to the Firth of Forth, and on the other from the Dee or Mersey to the valleys on the upper shore of the Sol way. " A l i n e , " says Mr. Skene, " d r a w n from the Sol way Firth across the island to the eastern sea exactly separates the great nation of the Brigantes f r o m the tribes on the north, the ' Garteni' and the ' O t a d e n i ' : but this is obviously an artificial separation, as it closely follows the line of'Hadrian's W a l l : otherwise it would imply that the southern boundary of these barbarian tribes was precisely on a line where nature presents no physical demarcation." Elton, Origins of Eng. Hist., p. 236.

" B r i g h t ' s disease."

Brighton (bri'tori), formerly Brighthelmston. A city and watering-place in Sussex, England, situated on the English Channel in lat. 50° 50' N., long. 0° 8' W . : the leading seaside resort in G r e a t Britain, Among its chief features are the Royal Pavilion (founded by the Prince of W a l e s (George I V ' ) 1784). the Esplanade, N e w Pier, Aquarium, etc. I t was developed in the second half of the 18th century. Population (1891), 115,402.

Brighton. Formerly a town in eastern Massachusetts 4 miles west of Boston, since 1874 the 25th ward of Boston. Brigit. See Bridget. Brigliadoro (brel-ya-do'ro). [< Golden bridle/] The name of Orlando's horse in Boiardo's " Orlando Innamorato." Brignoles (bren-yol'). A town in the department of Var, in Provence, France, 23 miles northnortheast of Toulon. Population (1891), 4,811. Brignoli (bren-vo'le), Pasquale. Born in Italy about 1823: died at New York, Oct. 29, 1884. A n I t a l i a n t e n o r s i n g e r . A f t e r singing with marked success in the principal cities of Europe, he came to N e w Y o r k in 1855, w h e r e he achieved his highest reputation.

Brihaddevata (bri-had-da'va-til). An ancient Sanskrit work ascribed to Shaunaka. its object is to specify the deity f o r each verse of the Rigveda. so doing it supports its views w i t h many legends.

In

Brihaspati (brPhas-pa'ti). [ ' L o r d of devotion.'] In Vedic mythology, a god in whom the activity of the pious man toward the gods is p e r s o n i f i e d . Brihaspati is the prayer, sacrificer, priest, intercessor for men with the gods, and their protector againstthe wicked. H e appears as the prototype of the priest, and is called the puroliita, or "house-priest," of the gods. T h e Brahma of the later Triad is a development of this conception.

Brihatkatha (bri-hat'ka-tha). In Sanskrit literature, the " Great Narration," a collection of tales by Gunadhya, stated by Somadeva to be the source of his Kathasaritsagara (which s e e ) . The Brihatkatha is believed to go back to the 1st or 2d century of the Christian era, but no manuscript of i t has yet beeu published. Important evidence of its character is afforded by the t w o works founded upon it, the Brihatkathamanjari and Kathasaritsagara.

Brihatkathamanjari (bri-hat-ka-tha-man'jai'c). In Sanskrit literature, the "Great Blossomcluster of Tales," a collection of tales by Kshemendra Vyasadasa, based on the Brihatkatha.

Brigantia. The anciont name of Bregenz. Its date is not far from 1037 A. 1>. Part of it has been Brigantinus Lacus (brig-an-ti'nus la'kus). given in text and translation by Sylvain L e v i in the " JourThe Roman name of the Lake of Constance. nal Asiatique." Brigantium. The Roman name of Bregenz. Briggs (brigz), Charles Augustus. Born at Brihatsanhita (bri-hat-san'lii-ta). In SanNew York, Jan. 15, 1841. A Presbyterian the- skrit literature, the ''Great Collection," an asologian. H e studied at Union Theological Seminary, trological work by Varaha ilihira, who is beN e w Y o r k city, 1861-63, and at the University of Ber- lieved to have flourished about the beginning lin, Germany, 1866-69; became pastor of a Presbyterian of the 6th century A. D. church at Rosclle, N e w Jersey, in 1870, and in 1874 beBrihtnoth ( b r i c h t ' n o t h ) . Died 991. An ealcame professor of Hebrew and the cognate languages in dorman of the East Saxous. He was the son-in-law Uniou Theological Seminary.

In 1880 he became a mem-

of tlie ealdorman ^E If gar whom he succeeded about 953.

Bridlington (brid'ling-ton, now pron. locally ber of the editorial :53 British Baluchistan. A British chief commisB r i o n ( b r ë - ô n ' ) . P e d r o L u i s . B o r n in t h e D u t c h s i o n e r s h i p i n A s i a , f o r m e d i n 1887 out of disi s l a n d of Curaçao, 1783 : d i e d t h e r e , S e p t . 27, B r i s t o i B o y / T h e . T h o m a s C h a t t e r t o n . 1821. A n a d m i r a l of t h e C o l o m b i a n n a v y , ne B r i s t o l C h a n n e l . A n arm of the ocean l y i n g tricts in southeastern A f g h a n i s t a n , joined Bolivar in 1812, and commanded the patriot fleet in b e t w e e n W a l e s and M o n m o u t h s h i r e o n t h e S 1 ^ 8 ? 5 u r ? i a ; ^ Bur mi. the Venezuelan and Colombian revolutions; in 1815 and n o r t h , a n d s o u t h w e s t e r n E n g l a n d o n t h e e a s t B r i t i s h C e n t r a l A f r i c a , b e e C. ABritish. 1816 he furnished the vessels and arms with which Bolivar a n d south. I t extends from the estuary of the Severn B ' r i t i s h C o l u m b i a . A province in the D o m i n recommenced the war. He was president of the council i o n of Canada, l y i n g b e t w e e n t h e N o r t h w e s t westward to the southwestern points of England and of which condemned General Piar to death at Angostura, T e r r i t o r y n o r t h , A t h a b a s c a a n d A l b e r t a east, Wales. Oct., 1817. B r i s t o w e ( B r i s t o l ) M e r c h a n t , T h e . A p l a y t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s south, a n d A l a s k a and t h e Brioude (brë-od'). A t o w n i n the d e p a r t m e n t P a c i f i c O c e a n w e s t , i n lat, 49°-60° N . The capib y F o r d and D e k k e r , l i c e n s e d i n 1624: p r o b a b l y tal is Victoria. I t includes Vancouver and Queen Charof H a u t e - L o i r e , F r a n c e , i n l a t . 45° 17' N . , l o n g . an a l t e r a t i o n of B a y ' s " B r i s t o l T r a g e d y . " lotte islands. I t has a lieutenant-governor and legisla3 ° 23' E . : t h e a n c i e n t B r i v a s . T h e r e is a n o t e d B r i s t o w e T r a g e d y , T h e , o r t h e D e a t h of S i r tive assembly, and sends 6 members to the Dominion b r i d g e at Vieille-Brioude. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), Charles Bawdin. O n e of t h e R o w l e y p o e m s House of Commons, and 3 members to the Senate. Area, c o m m u n e , 4,928. b y C h a t t e r t o n , t h e first one s e p a r a t e l y p r i n t e d . 382,300 square miles. Population (1891), 97,013. B r i s a c ( b r ë - s a k ' ) , C h a r l e s . T h e e l d e r b r o t h e r I t w a s w r i t t e n i n 1768 and p r i n t e d i n 1772. S e e B r i t i s h E a s t A f r i c a . See East Africa, British. i n F l e t c h e r a n d M a s s i n g e r ' s ( ? ) p l a y of t h a t Chatterton. British East A f r i c a Company, imperial. A n a m e . He is a bookworm despised by his father, who [ME. Britaine, B r i t i s h c o m m e r c i a l c o m p a n y , d e v e l o p e d f r o m proposes to make his younger son Eustace his heir and B r i t a i n ( b r i t ' a n o r b r i t ' n ) . t h e B r i t i s h E a s t A f r i c a A s s o c i a t i o n , and charBretayne, etc.',' O F . Bretagne, L . Britannia.'] marry hiin to Angelina. Charles, however, sees her, and, G r e a t t e r e d in 1888. Its head was Sir William Mackiiuion. love working a total change in him, shows himself to be T h e E n g l i s h e q u i v a l e n t f o r Britannia; B r i t a i n . In Arthurian romance " Britain " always means The territory of the company (about 200,000 square miles) a strong and manly lover. lay within the newly acquired British "sphere of inB r i s a c , E u s t a c e . T h e y o u n g e r b r o t h e r i n F l e t - Brittany (Bretagne): England is called Logris or Logria. fluence" of East Africa, northeast of Victoria Nyanza. cher and Massinger's (?) " Èlder Brother." At The word "Britain," in the mouth of an Englishman, is The company had extended its operations into Uganda, reserved either for artificial poetry, for the dialect of for- but in 1892 it decided to abandon that region. first a f o p , h e r e d e e m s his c h a r a c t e r . eign politics, or for the conciliation of Scottish hearers. Brisach. See Breisach. A collective term f o r the Before England and Scotland were united, the name B r i t i s h E m p i r e . Brisbane (briz'bân). T h e c a p i t a l o f Q u e e n s - "Briton," as including Englishmen, was altogether un- U n i t e d K i n g d o m of G r e a t B r i t a i n and I r e l a n d , l a n d , i n A u s t r a l i a , s i t u a t e d on t h e r i v e r Brisheard of. Freeman, Hist. Essays, I. 165. w i t h i t s c o l o n i e s a n d d e p e n d e n c i e s . Area of the United Kingdom, India, and colonies, 9,180,700 square b a n e . 25 m i l e s f r o m M o r e t o n B a y , a b o u t l a t . 27° •d^ìj.«,»^ /v •' • • ' r miles ; population, 345,282,960. Area of protectorates and L l t « 20' à , l o n g . 153° E . I t export, ,vool, cotton, gold, ^ « n . . ^ ^ spheres of influence, 2.240,400; population, 36,122,000. hides, ete. Until 1842 it was a penal colony. It became t i e . I n C h a r l e s D i c k e n s ' s s t o r y " T h e B a t t l e of L i f e , " a t first a s e r v a n t , a f t e r w a r d l a n d l o r d , Grand total of British Empire: area, 11,421,100 square the capital in 1859. _Population (1891), 48,738. miles; population, 381.404,900. B r i s b a n e ( b r i z ' b a n ) , Sir T h o m a s M a k d o u g a l l . of t h e N u t m e g G r a t e r I n n . H e is v e r y small, S e e Gniana. B o r n at B r i s b a n e H o u s e , L a r g s i n A y r s h i r e , a n d a n n o u n c e s h i m s e l f as k n o w i n g a n d c a r i n g B r i t i s h G u i a n a . B r i t i s h H o n d u r a s , or B a l i z e ( b a - l e z ' ) . A S c o t l a n d . J u l y 23, 1773: d i e d t h e r e , J a n . 27, f o r a b s o l u t e l y n o t h i n g . [ L L . Britanni, Britones.] c r o w n c o l o n y of G r e a t B r i t a i n , l y i n g b e t w e e n 1860. A B r i t i s h g e n e r a l and a s t r o n o m e r , g o v - B r i t a n n i ( b r i - t a n ' I ) . Y u c a t a n on t h e n o r t h , t h e C a r i b b e a n S e a o n e r n o r of N e w South "Wales 1821-25. He served A C e l t i c p e o p l e i n t h e n o r t h w e s t p a r t of Gaul, in Flanders 1793-95, in the West Indies 1795-98, in the first m e n t i o n e d i n t h i s l o c a t i o n b y Sidonius t h e east, a n d G u a t e m a l a o n t h e south and w e s t . C a p i t a l , B a l i z e . I t exports mahogany, logwood, fruit, A p o l l o n i u s . According to Jordanes they were leagued Peniusula in 1812, and in Canada in 1813. sugar, etc. It was settled by wood-cutters from Jamaica Briseis (bri-sé'is). [ G r . Bpco^lg: a p a t r o n y m i c , with the Romans against the West Goths. Gregory of Tours makes them subject to the neighboring ^Franks. at the end of the 17th century, and since 1870 has been a 4 d a u g h t e r of B r i s e u s . ' ] See Hippodameia. They were called by the Franks Breton; by Latin writers crown colonv of Great Britain, Area, 7,562 square miles. B r i s k (brisk), Fastidious. A p e r t , p e t u l a n t , after the 5th century, Britanni, Britones, and their land Population (1891), 31,471. a n d l i v e l y f o p in B e n Jonson's c o m e d y " E v e r y Britannia Cismarina, modern Bretagne. Brittany. They B r i t i s h I n d i a . See India.

British Legion

185

Broglie, Comte Victor Maurice de

British Legion. A body of British troops, com- Brittle (brit'l), Barnaby, The husband of German Orientalist, son of Friedrich Arnold manded by Colonel Evans, which fought for Mrs. Brittle in Betterton's play " The Amorous B r o c k h a u s . He was the editor of Ersch and Gruber's Queen Isabella of Spain against the Carlists, Widow," a sort of George Dandin: played by " Allgemeine Encyklopadie " after 1856, and also of variin 1836. ous Persian and Sanskrit works. Charles Macklin at Covent Garden. A city in Plymouth British Museum. A celebrated museum at Brittle, Mrs. A character in Betterton's play Brockton (brok'ton). Great Russell street, Bloomsbury, London, " T h e A m o r o u s W i d o w . " It was chosen by Mrs. County, Massachusetts, 20 miles south of Bosf o u n d e d i n 1753. I t contains collections of antiquities, Bracegirdle and Mrs. Oldfield as a test of their popularity ton. It has manufactures of boots and shoes. drawings, prints, and a library of 1,600,000 volumes, 55,000 with the public and superiority of method. Formerly called North Bridgewater. PopulaMSS., arid 45,000 charters. The growth of the British tion (1890), 27,294. Museum has been very rapid. Montague House was first Britton. An early summary of English law, employed in 1753 when room was needed for Sir Hans •written in French, probably in the 13th century. Brockville (brok'vil). A town and port of Sloane's library and collections, which were bought for the A MS. is in existence. I t was first printed in London about entry in Ontario, Canada, situated on the St. nominal price of £20,000, raised by a lottery. The collec- 1530, Seiden and others thought it an abridgment of Lawrence in lat. 44° 34' N., long. 75° 45' W . tion was opened to the public Jan.. 1759. The Harleian Bracton. manuscripts, purchased in 1755, and the royal library, Britton (brit'n), Colonel. The lover of Isa- Population (1891), 8,793. largely taken from the monasteries by Henry V I I I . , and bella in Mrs. Centlivre's comedy " T h e Wonder, Broderip (brôd'rip), W i l l i a m John. Born at Bristol, England, Nov. 21,1789 : died at London, 65,000 volumes given by George I I I . and George IV., raised the library to a position of great importance. The new a Woman keeps a Secret." It is to keep the Feb. 27, 1859. An English lawyer and naturalbuilding, designed by Sir Robert Smirkc and completed secrct of Colonel Britton and Isabella that Vio- ist, secretary of the Geological Society. He was by his brother Sydney Smirke, was commenced soon after lante nearly loses her own lover. the author of numerous scientific books and papers, inthe beginning of the present century. In 1816 the Elgin Britton, John. Born at Kingston-St.-Michael, cluding zoological articles in the "Penny Cyclopaedia,'1 marbles were bought for the sum of £35,000. The first Wiltshire, England, July 7, 1771: died at Lon- "English Cyclopaedia," and "Proceedings and Transacgreat Egyptian acquisition consisted of the objects taken tions of the Zoological Society " ; also ' ; Zoological Recrewith the French army in 1801. In 1804 the Rosotta Stone don, Jan. 1, 1857. An English antiquary. His ations " (1847), "Leaves from the Note Book of a Natuand several sarcophagi were exhibited. A little later the works include "The Beauties of Wiltshire" (1801-25), ralist "(1852), etc. collection of Sir Gardiner Wilkinson was added. The As- "Architectural Antiquities of Great Britain" (1805-26), syrian, Babylonian, coin, and Greek vase collections are un- " Cathedral Antiquities of England " (1814-35), etc. Brodhead (brod'hed), John Romeyn. Born questionably the best in any contemporary museum. The Brive, or Brives (brev), or Brives-la-Gail- at Philadelphia, Jan. 2, 1814: died at N e w natural history collections have been removed to the Mu- larde (brev'lä-gä-yärd'). A town in the deYork, May 6, 1873. An American historian. seum of Natural History at South Kensington. The present building, finished in 1847, is one of the best structures partment of Correze, France, situated on the He wrote ''History of the State of New York"' of the "Classic Revival." The annual increase of the li- Correze in lat. 45° 9' N., long. 1° 35' E. It has (1853, 1871). brary is about 40,000 volumes. Modern English publica- an important trade in truffles. It is the birthplace of Brodie (bro'di),Sir Benjamin Collins. Born tions are added free of expense by a privilege, shared with Cardinal Dubois and Marshal Brune. Population (18Ö1), at "Winterslow, Wilts, England, June 9, 1783 : the universities, of receiving gratis a copy of every book commune, 1G,803. died at Broome Park, Surrey, England, Oct. 21, entered at Stationers' Hall. Brixen (briks'en), lt. Bressanone (bres-sä-nö'-

British North Borneo. A British colonial possession in the island of Borneo,

i t is a protec-

1862. An eminent English surgeon, surgeon ne). A town in Tyrol, Austria-Hungary, situ- to St. George's H o s p i t a l (1822). His works inated on the Eisak 40 miles south of Innsbruck. elude "Pathological and Surgical Observations on the

torate under the British Xortli Borneo Company (charter I t is an important strategic point, and was the capital of Diseases of the Joints " (1818), "Psychological Inquiries "' granted 1881). I t produces tobacco, timber, rice, sago, an ecclesiastical principality till 1803. Population (1890), (1854-€2), etc. coffee, gums, etc. The chief town is Sandakan. Area, commune, 5,525. Brixham (briks'am). A seaport and watering- Brody (bro'di). A town in the crownland of 31,106 square miles. Population, 175,000.

place in Devonshire, England, 23 miles south of Exeter, on the English Channel. Population (1891), 6,224. i n g r e g i o n s . The leader was Mr. Cecil Rhodes. The Brizeux (bre-ze'), Julien Auguste Pelage. company has built Fort Salisbury, and developed MashoBorn at Lorient, Sept. 12, 1805: died at Montnaland tu some extent. Its territory has been extended to include British Central Africa (north of the Zambesi) pellier, May, 1858. A French idyllic poet. His with the exception of Nyassaland. In 1893 the company works include "Marie," " L a fleur d'or," " P r i mel et Nola," Co™tjí. P°"eKa1' I r e I m f > soldier, n e became brigadier-general of volunteers in nhilo r > , , [ , , ., , , l e n i - .I]...! a t 1832. A n E n g l i s h c l e r g y m a n a n d w r i t e r . He the Federal army in 1861, was commander of the departS ' iiTTn ira ¡ í 1 i, , •' r « became curate of St. Matthew, Marylehone, London, in ment of the Monongahela 1863-64. and led tlie 10th arrnv l^ans, ± et). 19,18íb. A r r e n c n ootailist, son Ot 1 8 5 T . c u r a t e of Kensington in 1860; minister of St. James's corps at Swift's Creek, Drury's Bluff, Bermuda Hundred, A l e x a n d r e B r o n g n i a r t , p r o f e s s o r a t t h e J a r d i n Chapel, York street, in 1866 ; minister of Bedford Chapel, Cold Harbor, and Petersburg.

Brooks's

187

Brown

University

B r o o k s ' s (brùk'sez). A L o n d o n club (Con- B r i g h t o n , T h o m a s , B o n , at L o n d o n J u l y 5, « ^ g servat-ivo) e s t a b l i s h e d m 1764 b y t h e D u k e of 1/04: d i e d at B e d i n m s t e r , L n g i a n d , JJec. 21, c l a g * H e removed to LoiulorwniTSfi, and died in neglect, R o x b o r o u g l i , t h e D u k e of P o r t l a n d , and o t h e r s . 1774. A i l E n g l i s h d i v i n e and m i s c e l l a n e o u s though much of liis therapeutic practice has since been I t was formerly a gaming-house kept by Âltnack, and af- -writer. He wrote the lives marked " T " in the original universally adopted. Diet. Nat. Biog. tor ward by "Brooks, a wine merchant and money-lender," edition of the "Biographia Britannica," was the author of B ï O W I l , J o h n , of O s s a w a t o r m e . B o r n at for whom it was named. " A n Historical Dictionary of all Reli gions from the Créa- I ' o r r i n g t o n Oonn M a v 9, 18001 c x c o u t e d at B r o o k s o f S h e f f i e l d . T h e imaginary person tira « I « » W W d to t l » S w ^ TOje» C h a r l e s t o w n , V a . , Dec,"2, 1859. A c e l e b r a t e d named b y Mr. Murdstono when speaking of mshed the words to the m u s ^ l drama Hercules, by A m e r i e a n a i , 0 l i t i ' 0 I l i s t , ân a n t l s l a v e r y leaderD a v i d O o p p c r f l e l d , i n his p r e s e n c e . Hence fre- B r o i l k h u s i u s J a n U S See Droekhuisen Jan i n K a n s a s 1855-58. n o removed with his parents to quently used for some person spoken of whose name it , , ' ' Ohio in 1805, learned the trade of a tanner and currier, is not convenient to mention. tan. and in 1840 became a dealer in wool. Having conceived ..«um,«,.^

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InSmi

( M - K o i a i . d e .

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S , laughing i ¿ S up b ^ i ^ S F r a n c e , 1647: d i e d i t M o n t p e l l i e r ^ F ^ n e e , N o v . „ activep^t J the contest a ^ t J M j ^ know. "Only Brooks of Sheffield," sai.l Mr. Murdstone. 4, 1698. A F r e n c h P r o t e s t a n t t h e o l o g i a n anu » 5™ ™ n u „ f b £ ' o f w h o h l d ^ l S a W I was Quite relieved to And it was »¡¡lyBrook. of Shef- ^ ^ S S J X S S S S P ^ S S S S Î S i ^ to the S l i t p u t t o death o s t e n s i b l y f o r p o l i t i c a l r e a field, for at fust 1 really thOTghtit was Jof Oct. 1«, 1859, he seized the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, sons_ H g WI . 0 te"T.'lttat des réformés deFrance"(1684), avl L'uIJPBmelu. " lettres au clergé de France " (1686), "Lettres aux Cath- Virginia, at the bead of a small band of followers, witn B r o o m e (brom), W i l l i a m . B o r n at H a s l i l l g oliques Romains " (1689), etc. a view to arming the negroes and inciting a servile lllt o n , Cheshire, E n g l a n d , S l a y 3, 1689: d i e d at B r o u s s o n n e t ( b r o - s o - n à ' ) , P i e r r e M a r i e A l l J ^ i n K t 27 s ^ a n ^ w S « ¿ c u t e d B a t h , E n g l a n d , N o v . 16,1745? A n E n g l i s h p o e t g u s t e . B o r n a t M o n t p e l l i e r , F r a n c e , F e b . 28 S S ^ t T S T0i,n Born at Biggar, Lanarkshire, and divine. He assisted, as an accomplished Greek 1761: d i e d a t M o n t p e l l i e r , J u l y 27, 1807. A g scholar, in Pope's translation of Homer. Having remained F r e n c h p h y s i c i a n and n a t u r a l i s t , b e s t k n o w n ?" „ A ' i lgl(1, ]fiM silent in respect to the indictment of Pope's originality botanist S c o t l a n d , b e p t . , 181U . diett J l a y 11, I B M A a s S e o t t l s h implied in the following couplet by Henley, _ f T , r a l l w „ (Virou'ér) Adrian p h y s i c i a n and author, son of J o h n Broome went betore, ana Kindly swept the w ay, A n t w e r p , Jan., 1638. A p a i n t e r of t h e F l e m i s h "Eat, and his Friends" : the latter was first published in he was given a place in the "Dunciad," school. His chief works are at Munich and Dresden. 1859). "Hibernian politics, O Swift, thy doom, He studied in France, and died in the hospital at Ant- B r O W n , J o h n G . B o r n at D u r h a m , E n g l a n d , And Tope's, translating fourwhole years with Broome," werp. The subjects of Brouwer are similar to those of }g3J A n A m e r i c a n figure a n d g e n r e ¡ S T e i ^ ' / e x ' T t o ¿ " t i S p a i n t e r . He studied at Newcastle-on-Tync, at Edinwhich was altered, after a reconciliation had taken place, to ^ S A,T„MmoIhtatlllie turgh, and in 1853 at New York. Elected national acad" T h y fate, greatest technician ot ms time. emioiin 1883. He is noted for his characteristic pictures And Pope's, ten years to comment and translate." B r O W a i e ( b r o i l d l ) , J o h n . A Dig, g o o d - n a t u r e d Qf street boys. Diet. Sat. Biog. T o r k s h i r e m a n i n C h a r l e s D i c k e n s ' s " N i c h o l a s g T O w n N i c h o l a s . B o r n at P r o v i d e n c e , E . I., B r o s e l e y (brôs'li). A t o w n i n Shropshire, Nickleby." H e marries Matilda Price. S e e A p r i l Î1, 1769: d i e d O c t . 27, 1841. A n A m e r i w e s t e r n E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d o n t h e S e v e r n 13 Price, Matilda. He was a patron of Brown University eaT1 merchant. m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of S h r e w s b u r y . Population B r o w n (broun), B e n j a m i n G r a t z . B o r n a t (formerly Rhode Island College), to which he gave in the (1891) 4 9?6 L e x i n g t o n . K y . , M a y 28,1826: d i e d at S t . L o u i s , aggregate 9100,000. B r o s s e s d e ' S e e Debrosses. D e c . 13, 1885. A n A m e r i c a n p o l i t i c i a n a n d B r o w n , R o b e r t . Born at Montrose, Scotland, •Rrnt.hor«! ( b n i T H ' é r z ) R i c h a r d B o r n a t P I a- j o u r n a l i s t . He was United States senator from Missouri D e c . 21, 1773: d i e d a t L o n d o n , J u n e 10,1858. D e e a ? " 1757- died at 1863-87 ; governor of Missouri 1871-72 ; and unsuccessful A B r i t i s h b o t a n i s t . He was the naturalist of Flinder's e e n t i a , N e w f o u n d l a n d , D e e . 20, 1(0 . d i e d a t c a n i l d a t i f o f the Democrats and liberal Republicans for A u s t r a l i l n expedition, 1801-05, and keeper of the botaniL o n d o n , J a n . ¿a, 18¿i. A n -bnglisn r e l i g i o u s Vice-President in 1872. He c a i department of the British Museum after 1S27. enthusiast a n d p r o p h e t . He was a naval officer (lieu- B r O W l l , C h a r l e s B r O C k d e n . B o r n at P h i l a d e l - published "Prodromusflorrc Nova) Hollandite" (1810: suptenant), discharged on half pay in 17S3. He prophesied, „ ^ i a J i m y j 1771" d i e d F e b . 22, 1810. A l l plcment 1830), "General Remarks on the Botany of imericanno^list. „ B o r n in .Barnwell District, r ^ r ^ W M ^ S ^ » . SbS W ' ^ . d i e d M A n American Eevolu lunatic He wrote " A Revealed Knowledge of the etc. . t i o n a r y s o l d i e r . He served throughout the War of Prophecies and Times " (1794), etc. Brown, Ford Madox. B o r n a t Calais, 1 r a n e e , Independence, obtaining the rank of captain, and wrote B r o t h e r s , T h e . 1 . See AMjiki - 2 . Aplayby 1821: d i e d a t L o n d o n O c t . 6, 1893 A n Eng1 " S h i r l e v , l i c e n s e d i n 1 6 2 6 . — 3 . A t r a g e d v b y E d - lish p a i n t e r . His works include " \) ychf etc. (1S49), ward Young, produced in 1 7 5 2 . - 4 . A comedy B r o w n , T h o m a s or T o m . Born at Shifnal, in Feet" (1852), etc. Shropshire, 1663: d i e d at L o n d o n , J u n e lb, b y K i c h a r d C u m b e r l a n d , p r o d u c e d m 1(69. Brothers, The. A p o l i t i c a l c l u b of w i t s a n d B r o w n , G e o r g e . B o r n at E d i n b u r g h , N o v . 29, 1704. A i l E n g l i s h s a t i r i c a l p o e t and p r o s e s t a t e s m e n e s t a b l i s h e d i n L o n d o n i n 1713. Swift 1818: d i e d a t T o r o n t o , C a n a d a , M a y 9, 1880. w r i t e r . A c o l l e c t e d e d i t i o n of his w o r k s w a s was treasurer of this club. In 1714 it was merged in the A C a n a d i a n p o l i t i c i a n and j o u r n a l i s t . He founded p u b l i s h e d i n 1707-08. Scriblerus Club (which see). " G l o b e " in 1844; entered the Dominion B r O W n T h o m a s . B o r n at K i l m a b r e c k , K i r k the Toronto B r o t h e r S a m . A comedy b y John Oxenford House of Commons in 1851 ; and became senator in 1873. eudbri'ghtshire S c o t l a n d , J a n . 9, 1778: d i e d f r o m a G e r m a n p l a y b y C o r n e r , a l t e r e d b y B r o w n , G e o r g e L o r i n g . B o r n F e b . 2,1814: d i e d a t B r 0 5 n p t ( m ¿ e a r L o n d o n , A p r i l 2. 1820. A E . A . Sothern and J. B. Buekstone, produced June 25,1889. A n A m e r i c a n l a n d s c a p e - p a i n t e r , s o t t i s h p h y s i c i a n , p h i l o s o p h e r , and i n 1874. Brother Sam Is the brother of lord Dundreary, B r o w n , G o o l d . B o m at P r o v i d e n c e , E . I . , ( . „ H e a ^ j e of D u g a l d S t e w a r t f r o m 1810. t and the part was written for Sothern. The play is a sort March. 7 1791 ; d i e d at L y n n , M a s s . , M a r c h 31, His works include " A n Inquiry into the Relation of of sequel to "Our American Cousin. A l l A m e r i c a n g r a m m a r i a n . He conducted Cause and Effect " (1818), "Lectures on the Physiology 1857 B r o u c k è r e ( b r o - k a r ' ) , C h a r l e s M a n e J o s e p h a n „ c a d e m y i,, N e w York city for many years. He wrote of the Human Mind" (1820) " Poems (1804) G h i s l a i n d e . B o r n a t B r n g e s , B e l g i u m , Jan. 18, "Institutes of English Grammar" (1823), " First Lines of of Coquettes" J1S14), "Tho ^ar-flend (1817) Agnes 1 7 % : d i e d A p r i l 20, I860! A B e l g i a n p o l i t i - W j h « » « « " ^ » ^ H » ^ ? / « ^ " ^ c i a n , m i n i s t e r of w a r 1831-32. g r o w n H e n r y K i r k e . B o r n l 8 l 4 : died Julv 1 0 , B r o w n , T h o m a s , t h e Y o u n g e r . A pseudoBrouckère, H e n r i M a n e Joseph G h i s l a m de. s c u l p t o r . His works include n y m of T h o m a s k o o r e , u n d e r w h i c h he w r o t e B o r n at B r u g e s , B e l g i u m 1801. d i e d a t B i n s - a n the"InterceptedLetters,ortheTwopennyPost s t r i a n a t a t u 0 o f W a s h i n g t o n at New York, of sels, J a n . 2o, 1891. A B e l g i a n statesman, bro- 6 e n e r a l Scott at Washington, etc. B a g " i n 1813 t h e r of t h e p r e c e d i n g , p r e m i e r a n d m i n i s t e r of B r o w n , J a c o b . Born in Bucks County, Pa., B r o w n T o m S e e u n d e r TTui/hcs, Thomas. f o r e i g n a f f a i r s 1852-do. M a y 9, 1775: d i e d a t W a s h i n g t o n , D . C., F e b . B r o w n ' V a n B e e s t See Bertram, Barry. B r o u g h a m ( b r o ' a m or b r o m ; o n g . tec., brocli - 24, 1828. A n A m e r i c a n g e n e r a l . In 1813 he re- B r o w n ' W i l l i a m B o r n i n I r e l a n d , 1777 : d i e d am), H e n r y P e t e r ( B a r o n B r o u g h a m a n d ceived an appointment as brfeadier-general in the régulai B u e n 0 s A v r e s , M a y 3, 1857. A n a d m i r a l Voiiv) Rnrri at, E d i n b u r g h Sent 19 1778' army, having been previously in the militia. He was placed n^ai u m a j i c o , i i a j », „ B O m ai, IT . 7 Ifififi \ „Jlo in command of the army of the Niagara, with the rank ot t h e A r g e n t i n e l i a v v . He emigrated to America d i e d at Cannes, F r a n c e , M a y 7, 1868. A c e l e - « , " " ¿ ¡ . ^ 1 8 1 4 . defeated General Riall at Chip- with his family when a child, and in IS! 2 settled at Buenos b r a t e d B r i t i s h s t a t e s m a n , o r a t o r , jurist, a n d Ayrcs. Ill the war with Brazil, 1820-27, he did efficient e w a J,,!,- 5; ¡ „ ^ Drummond at I.undy's lane July 25, s c i e n t i s t . He was one of the founders of the-Edinand at Firt Erie Sept. 17, 1814; and became general-in- service, but was finally defeated In the civil war of 1812burgli Review " i n 1802; entered Parliament in 1810; chief of the United States army 1821. 1845 he commanded the fleet of Buenos Ayres, blockading was counsel for Queen Caroline 1S20-21 ; and was lord B r O W n , J o h n . B o r n at B o t h b u r y , N o r t l i u m . „ „ „ „ , . „ . . „ „ „ f William Makechancellor of England 1830-34. berland England, N o v . 5,1715: committed B r o w n , M r . A p s e u d o n j m ot « U l i a m M a k e B r o u g h a m , J o h n . B o r n at D u b l i n , I r e l a n d , ^¿fde S e p t 23, 1766. i n E n g l i s h c l e r g v - p e a c e T h a c k e r a y , u n d e r w h i c h he w r o t e M r . M a y 9 18l'4 : d i e d at N e w Y o r k , J u n e 7, 1880. S a n a n d S e r , ' a u t h o r of " A n ° E s t i m a t e % f W s letters to a young man about t o w n m A n I r i s h - A m e r i c a n a c t o r and p l a y w r i g h t M a n n e r s and P r i n c i p l e s of t h e T i m e s ' ' Punch m i»4J. t]le Broughton, Baron. S « » l W (1757^58) e t e B r o w n B e s s . A p o p u l a r n a m e of t h e E n g l i s h Brouihton'(brou'tqn), Hush. Born at Owl- ^ C a r p o w , p a r i s h of r e g u l a t i o n flint-lock m u s k e t t o w a r d the e n d of B o m a t b u r y , parish of B i s h o p ' s Castle, Shropshire, A b e r n e t h y , i n P e r t h s h i r e , S c o t l a n d , 1722: d i e d «10 18t.n c e n t u r y . _ E n g l a n d . 1549: d i e d at L o n d o n , A u g . 4, 1612. ^ ^ H a d d i n g t o n , S c o t l a n d , Juno 19, 1787. A B r o w n , J o n e s , a n d R o b i n s o n T h e A d v e n A11 E n g l i s h d i v i n e a n d r a b b i n i c a l scholar He l e o t t i s l i b i b l i c a l scholar. His works' inch, dc " A toes of A p e r i e s of i l l u s t r a t e d a r h e l e s ^ published a Scripture chronology and genealogy, entitled D i o t i o n „ , . y o f the Bible" (1769), " T h e Self-interpreting K i c h a r d D o y l e , begun m funcn anfl e o m "AConcentof Scripture" (15S&), and an " Explication of y,j|,|(. • >1773) " A Compendious History of the British p l e t e d f o r h i s publishers m 18o4. It is a satire 011 the the Article of Christ's Descent into Hell "(l.rJ9), 111 which churches" (1784 • new edition 1823). manners of the middle-class Englishman abroad or on he maintains that hades never means a place of torment, •[> „ . _ Tnhn Born at Buncle, Berwickshire, his travels. Anthony Trollope published in 1862 " T h e hut the state of departed souls. He was.satirized byBen D l U ' « O c t 17 1788 Struggles of Brown, Jones, and Robinson," a story illusa t T.nndn, Jonson in "Volponc "(1605) and the "Alchemist" (1810). S c o t l a n d , 173o . d i e d a t L o n d o n , UCt. 1 ( , i i o o M.]]aK Works edited by lightfoot (1662). T h e founder of the " B r u n o m a n system m g r o w n U n i v e r s i t y A n i n s t i t u t i o n of l e a r n i n g B r o u g h t o n , R h o d a . B o r n at S e g r w v d H a l l , m e d i c i n e . He published (1787) " Obs^ations on the Rhode Island, f o u n d e d it t d t p r o r i d c n c c D e n b i g h s h i r e , W a l e s , N o v 29, 1840. A n E n g . I n 1764. I t Was called "Rhode Island College" uuHl l i s h n o v e l i s t . She has w r i t t e n " C o m e t h up as ™ •• j,, w hichbe projected a new theoryol 1804. (Sec Brown, Z i M a i i . ) It is under control of the a F l o w e r " (1867), " B e d as a K o s e is S h e " medicine He divided diseases into two classes, sthenic Baptists. It has (1893) 667 students, 82 instructors, and a (1870) " N a n c y " (1873) ete. and asthenic, the former resulting from excess, the latter library of 80,000 volumes.

188 Browne, Charles Farrar Browne (broun), Charles Farrar: pseudonym Brownell, Thomas Church. Born at WestArtemus Ward. Born at Waterford, Maine, A p r i l 26, 1 8 3 4 : d i e d a t S o u t h a m p t o n , E n g l a n d , M a r c h . 6, 1867. A n A m e r i c a n h u m o r i s t . His chief work is "Artemus Ward: His Book " (1862). He also wrote " A r t e m u s Ward: His Travels" (1865), " A r t e m u s Ward iu London " (1867), etc. B r o w n e , Count G e o r g e de. Born at Camas, Limerick, J u n e 15,1698 : died a t Riga, Russia, F e b . 1 8 , 1 7 9 2 . A n I r i s h a d v e n t u r e r . He entered the Russian service in 1730; served with distinction in the Polish, French, and Turkish wars; was captured by the Turks and three times sold as a slave. On gaining his freedom he was made major-general and served under Lacy in Finland, and in the Seven Years' War (as lieutenant-general). He was made field-marshal and given the chief command in the Danish war, by I'eter I I I .

p o r t , M a s s . , O c t . 19, 1 7 7 9 : d i e d a t H a r t f o r d , C o n n . , J a n . 13, 1865. A b i s h o p of t h e P r o t e s t a n t E p i s c o p a l C h u r c h , p r e s i d e n t of T r i n i t y C o l l e g e , H a r t f o r d , 1824-31. He wrote " Religion of the Heart and Life" (1839-40), " T h e Family Prayer Book," etc.

Browning (brou'ning), Mrs. (Elizabeth Bar-

Bruges d i p l o m a t i s t a n d s t a t e s m a n , e i g h t h E a r l of E l g i n a n d t w e l f t h E a r l of K i n c a r d i n e . He was governorgeneral of Canada 1846-54; special envoy to China and Japan 1857-59; postmaster-general 1859-60; and governor-general of India 1862-63.

Bruce, Michael. Born at Kinneswood, Kinr o s s - s h i r e , S c o t l a n d , M a r c h 27, 1 7 4 6 : d i e d a t K i n n e s w o o d , J u l y 6 ( 5 f ) , 1767. A Scottish p o e t a n d s c h o o l - t e a c h e r . H i s " P o e m s " "were p u b l i s h e d b y J o h n L o g a n , 1770.

r e t t ) . Born at Coxhoe Hall, Durham, Engl a n d , M a r c h 6, 1 8 0 6 : d i e d a t F l o r e n c e , I t a l y , J u n e 30, 1861. A n o t e d E n g l i s h p o e t . She was Bruce, or IJrus, Robert de, surnamed "The the eldest daughter of Edward Moulton (who took t h e C o m p e t i t o r . " B o r n 1 2 1 0 : d i e d a t L o c h m a b e n name of Barrett shortly after her birth), married Robert C a s t l e , S c o t l a n d , 1295. A S c o t t i s h n o b l e . L o r d Browning in 1846, and resided in Italy, chiefly at Florence, of A n n a n d a l e , a n d t h e g r a n d f a t h e r of K i n g during the remainder of her life. Author of "Prome- R o b e r t B r u c e . He was one of the fifteen regents of theus Bound and MiscellaneousPoemB "(1838), "Seraphim Scotland during the minority of Alexander III., and the and Other Poems"(1838), " P o e m s " (1844), "Casa Guidi chief rival of John Baliol for the Scottish throne in the Browne, Hafclot Knight: pseudonym Phiz. Windows" (1S51), "Aurora Leigh" (1857), "Poems before competition at Norham 1291-92, where, as arbiter, Edward B o r n a t K c n n i n g t o n , S u r r e y , J u n e 1 5 , 1 8 1 5 : d i e d Congress " (I860), etc. An elaborate edition of her poetical I. of England decided in favor of Baliol. at W e s t Brighton, E n g l a n d , J u l y 8,1882. A n works was published at New York in 1884. E n g l i s h a r t i s t , n o t e d e s p e c i a l l y a s a c a r i c a t u r - B r o w n i n g , R o b e r t . B o r n a t C a m b e r w e l l , n e a r Bruce, Robert de. Born 1253: died 1304. A i s t . He is best known from his illustrations of the novels L o n d o n , M a y 7, 1 8 1 2 : d i e d a t V e n i c e , I t a l y , S c o t t i s h n o b l e , f a t h e r of K i n g R o b e r t B r u c e . of Dickens, Lever, and Ainswortli. D e c . 12, 1889. A c e l e b r a t e d E n g l i s h p o e t . He is said to have accompanied Edward, afterward EdI., in t h e Crusade of 1269, and married Marjory, Browne, Henriette, the pseudonym of Sophie He was educated at the London University. In 1846 he ward married Elizabeth Barrett, whose lifetime he re- countess of Carrick, becoming by the courtesy of Scotland d e B o u t e i l l e r ( l a t e r M a d a m e d e S a u x ) . B o r n sided chiefly at Florence. during After her death in 1861 he earl of Carrick. He was appointed constable of the castle a t P a r i s , 1829. A F r e n c h p a i n t e r a n d e t c h e r . lived mainly at London and Venice. His chief works are of Carlisle by Edward I., 1295, and sided with the English Among her paintings are "Consolation" (1861), " I n t é - "Paracelsus" (1835-36), " S t r a f f o r d " (1837), "Bordello" when Baliol attempted to assert his independence of Edrieur de harem à Constantinople " (1861), "Ecolier Israél- (1840), "Bells and Pomegranates" (1841-46, including ward I. ite à Tanger " (1865), "Danseuses en Nubie " (1869), " L a "Pippa Passes," " King Victor and King Charles," " A Blot B r u c e , R o b e r t d e . B o r n J u l y 11, 1 2 7 4 : d i e d in the 'Scutcheon," " T h e Return of the Druses," ''Co- a t C a r d r o s s , J u n e 7, 1329. A f a m o u s k i n g of Perruche" (1875), etc. Birthday," ' A Soul's Tragedy," " Luria"), "Men Browne,Isaac Hawkins. B o r n â t B u r t o n - u p o n - lombo's S e e Robert I . (of S c o t l a n d ) . and Women" (1855), "Dramatis Personse" (1864), " T h e S c o t l a n d . T r e n t , E n g l a n d , J a n . 2 1 , 1 7 0 5 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , Ring and the Book" (1868-69), "Balaustiou's Adveuture" B r u c e , T h o m a s . B o r n J u l y 20, 1 7 6 6 : d i e d a t F e b . 14, 1760. A n E n g l i s h p o e t . His chief poet- (1871), Prince Hohenstiel-Schwangau" (1871), "Fiflne at P a r i s , N o v . 14, 1841. A B r i t i s h n o b l e , s e v e n t h ical work was a Latin poem, " D e animi immortalitate " the Fair " (1872), " R e d Cotton Night-Cap Country " (18731 E a r l of E l g i n a n d e l e v e n t h E a r l of K i n c a r d i n e . "Aristophanes' Apology " (1875), " The Inn-Album " (1876), He was envoy to Constantinople 1799-1802, and removed (1754). Browne, James. B o r n a t C a r g i l l , S c o t l a n d , "ThcAgamemnonof iEschylus"(1877), " D r a m a t i c I d y l s " from Athens to England the "Elgin marhles," purchased 1 7 9 3 : d i e d n e a r E d i n b u r g h , A p r i l , 1841. A (1879), " Asolando " (1889). by the nation in 181(i, and now in the British Museum. See S c o t t i s h w r i t e r . He was assistant editor of the 7th B r o w n i s t s ( b r o u ' n i s t s ) . T h e f o l l o w e r s of R o b - Elgin Marbles. edition of the " Encyclopedia Britannica," and author of Bruce, or Brus, The. A poem bv John Bari; e r t B r o w n e o r B r o w n ( a b o u t 1 5 5 0 1 6 3 3 ) , a A History of the Inquisition," " A History of the HighP u r i t a n , w h o i s r e g a r d e d a s t h e f o u n d e r of t h e b o u r , o n t h e s u b j e c t of K i n g R o b e r t I . of S c o t lands and Highland Clans" (1838), etc. l a n d (1375). S e e Robert I. (of S c o t l a n d ) . s e e t of I n d e p e n d e n t s o r C o n g r e g a t i o n a l i s t s . Browne, John Ross. Born in Ireland, 1817 : Born at Cologne, Prusd i e d i n O a k l a n d , Cal., D e c . 8,1875. A n Irish- B r o w n l o w ( b r o u n ' l o ) , M r . A k i n d - h e a r t e d a n d B r u c h ( b r ö c h ) , M a x , s i a , J a n . 6, 1838. A n e m i n e n t G - e r m a n c o m A m e r i c a n t r a v e l e r a n d h u m o r i s t . He was United b e n e v o l e n t o l d g e n t l e m a n , t h e p r o t e c t o r of p o s e r . In 1880-83 he was director of the Liverpool States minister to China 1868-69. He wrote "Yusef, or O l i v e r T w i s t , i n C h a r l e s D i c k e n s ' s n o v e l " O l i - Philharmonic Society. His works include the operetta the Journey of the Fragi : a Crusade in the East " (1853), etc. v e r T w i s t . " "Scherz, List und Rache," the opera " Lorelei," " Sccrien Browne, Junius Henri. Born about 1837. An Brownlow, William G-annaway, called "Par- aus der .bYithjofssaga," "Odysseus," "Armineus," "Lied A m e r i c a n j o u r n a l i s t a n d m a n of l e t t e r s . H e s o n B r o w n l o w . " B o r n i n W y t h e C o u n t y , V a . , von der Glocke," "Kol Nidrei" (for violoncello), ctc. w a s a c o r r e s p o n d e n t of t h e N e w Y o r k " T r i - A u g . 29, 1 8 0 5 : d i e d a t K n o x v i l l e , T e r m . ' A p r i l Bruck (brök), Karl Ludwig, Baron. Born at 29, 1877. A n A m e r i c a n j o u r n a l i s t a n d p o l i t i - E l b e r f e l d , R h e n i s h P r u s s i a , O c t . 8, 1 7 9 8 : d i e d b u n e " in t h e Civil W a r . i a n . Originally an itinerant preacher in the Methodist A p r i l 23, 1860. A n A u s t r i a n s t a t e s m a n . He was Browne, Count Maximilian Ulysses von. Born cChurch, he became editor of the Knoxville " W h i g " in a t B a s e l , S w i t z e r l a n d , O c t . 23, 1 7 0 5 : d i e d a t 1839, in which, although an advocate of slavery, he op- minister of commerce and public works 1348-51. and minP r a g u e , B o h e m i a , J u n e 26, 1757. A n A u s t r i a n posed secession, with the result that his paper was sup- ister of finance 1855-60, when, being ungraciously disfield-marshal. He was a commander in the War of the pressed by the Confederate government in 1861. He was missed, he committed Buicide. He was one of the chief Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, and was arrested for treason Dec. 6, 1861, but was released and founders of the Austrian Lloyd's at Triest. defeated by .Frederick the Great at Lobositz in 175(3, and sent inside the Union lines March 3, 1862; was elected B r ü c k e n a u ( b r i i k ' e - n o u ) . A w a t e r i n g - p l a c e i n at Prague in 1757. governor of Tennessee in 1865, and reelected in 1867; and L o w e r F r a n c o n i a , B a v a r i a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e Browne, Patrick. B o r n a t " W o o d s t o c k , C o u n t y became United States senator in 1869. S i n n in l a t . 50° 19' N., l o n g . 9° 4 7 ' E . : n o t e d M a y o , ¿ e l a n d , a b o u t 1720 : d i e d a t B - u s h b r o o k , for mineral springs. s a m e c o u n t y , A u g . 29,1790. A n I r i s h p h y s i c i a n B r o w n r i g g ( b r o u n ' r i g ) , E l i z a b e t h . A n o t o r i B o m at Augsburg, a n d a u t h o r . He was twice in the West Indies, residing o u s m u r d e r e s s l i v i n g i n E n g l a n d i n t h e m i d d l e B r u c k e r ( b r ö k ' e r ) , J a k o b . B avaria, J a n . 22,1696 : died at A u g s b u r g , Nov. several years at Jamaica. His "Civil and Natural History of t h e 1 8 t h c e n t u r y . S h e w a s h u n g , a n d h e r of Jamaica " was published in 1756 (2d ed. 176ft), and he 2 6 , 1 7 7 0 . A G e r m a n p h i l o s o p h ical writer, rector wrote several papers relating to the natural history of s k e l e t o n i s s t i l l p r e s e r v e d . t h e school in K a u f b e u r e n , and later p a s t o r Brownrigg Papers, The. A collection of es- of Ireland. i n A u g s b u r g . H i s c h i e f w o r k i s t h e '4 H i s t o r i a says and sketches by Douglas Jerrold, pubcritica philosophise, e t c . " (1742-44). Browne, or Brown, Robert. Born at Tolethorp, l i s h e d i n 1860. Bructeri, R u t l a n d s h i r e , E n g l a n d , a b o u t 1550: d i e d a t Brown-Séquard (broun'sà-kàr'), Charles Éd- B r u c t e r i ( b r u k ' f c e - r i ) . [ L . ( T a c i t u s ) G r . ( S t r a b o ) Rpovxrepoi. ] A German tribe N o r t h a m p t o n , E n g l a n d , a b o u t 1633. T h e f o u n d e r of t h e B r o w n i s t s e c t , w h i c h d e v e l o p e d i n t o t h e O U a r d . B o r n a t P o r t L o u i s , M a u r i t i u s , A p r i l w h i c h a p p e a r s t o h a v e o c c u p i e d t h e t e r r i t o r y 8, 1 8 1 8 : d i e d a t P a r i s , A p r i l 1 , 1 8 9 4 . A n o t e d I n d e p e n d e n t s or Congregational! sts. He was a b o u t t h e u p p e r E m s a n d o n b o t h s i d e s of t h e educated at Cambridge, and subsequently preached at F r e n c h p h y s i o l o g i s t . He studied at Paris, was placed L i p p e . Strabo divides them into " greater " and "lesser." Cambridge and elsewhere. About 1580 he organized at in charge of a hospital for the paralyzed and epileptic at They contributed to the defeat of Varus in the Tcutoburg Norwich a congregation of dissenters, who became known London in 1860, was professor of the physiology and paas Brown ists, and who, finding themselves persecuted by thology of the nervous system in Harvard University 1864- Forest^ and took part in the rising of Civilis. Their tribal the ecclesiastical authorities, removed in a body under 1869, and was appointed to the chair of experimental physi- name appears as late as the 8th century. They were ultihis leadership to MidcUeburg, Holland, in 1581. He left ology in the Collège de France in 1878. He has published mately merged in the Franks. Holland in 1583, in conscquencc of dissension among his numerous w o r t s and papers on physiological subjects. Brudenel (bröd'nel), James Thomas, seventh followers, became master of Stamford Grammar School in B r o w n s v i l l e ( b r o u n z ' v i l ) . A c i t y i n C a m e r o n E a r l of C a r d i g a n . Born at Hambleton, H a m p 1586, and in 1591 became rector of Achurch in Northamp- C o u n t y , s o u t h e r n T e x a s , s i t u a t e d o n t h e R i o s h i r e , E n g l a n d , O c t . 16, 1 7 9 7 : d i e d a t D e e n e tonshire, where he remained until his death. G r a n d e 23 m i l e s f r o m i t s m o u t h . I t w a s P a r k , N o r t h a m p t o n s h i r e , E n g l a n d , M a r c h 28, Browne, Sir Thomas. Born at London, Oct. 19, b o m b a r d e d b y t h e M e x i c a n s , M a y , 1846. P o p - 1868. A n E n g l i s h g e n e r a l , c o m m a n d e r of t h e 1605 : d i e d a t N o r w i c h , E n g l a n d , O c t , 19, 1682. u l a t i o n (1890), 6,134. " L i g h t Brigade" in the charge at Balaklava, A c e l e b r a t e d E n g l i s h p h y s i c i a n a n d a u t h o r . He B r o y k a r r e . T h e h o r s e of M a u g i s o r M a l a g i g i studied at Oxford (at Broadgate Hall, now Pembroke Col- i n t h e o l d r o m a n c e s : t h e n e s t b e s t h o r s e i n O c t . 25, 1854. Brueys (brti-a'), David Auguste de. See Palege), Montpellier, Padua, and Leyden (where he was made doctor of medicine about 1633), and settled at Norwich t h e w o r l d t o B a y a r d . laprat. S e e David I I . , K i n g of B r u g e s ( b r ö ' j e z ; F . p r o n . b r ü z k ) . in 1637. HewasknightedSept.,1671. His works include B r u c e ( b r o s ) , D a v i d . [P. Bruges, "Religio Medici " (1643 : two unauthorized editions by S c o t l a n d . G-. Brugge, 1). F l e m . Brugge, M L . Brugge, Ö D . Andrew Croke appeared 1642), " Pseudodoxia Epidemica, B r u c e , E d w a r d . K i l l e d n e a r D u n d a l k , I r e l a n d , Brugge o r Brüggen, Bridges.] T h e c a p i t a l of or Inquiry into Vulgar Errors "(1646), and "Hydriotaphia, t h e p r o v i n c e of W e s t F l a n d e r s , B e l g i u m , s i t u a t e d or Urn Burial" and " T h e Garden of Cyrus: or tho Quin- O c t . 5, 1318. A S c o t t i s h a d v e n t u r e r , y o u n g e r 8 m i l e s f r o m t h e N o r t h S e a o n c a n a l s ( t o G h e n t , cuncml Lozenge, etc."(1658). "Miscellany Tracts" and b r o t h e r of R o b e r t B r u c e ( 1 2 7 4 - 1 3 2 9 ) , c r o w n e d t h e N o r t h S e a , e t c . ) , i n l a t . 5 1 ° 1 2 ' N . , l o n g . 3 ° "Christian Morals" were published posthumously. k i n g of I r e l a n d i n 1316. 1 3 ' E . It is noted for its laces. I t was an important town Browne, William. B o r n a t T a v i s t o c k , D e v o n - Bruce Pryce, Henry Austin. Born April 16, as early as the 7th century, was subject to the counts of s h i r e , 1591 : d i e d a b o u t 1643. A n E n g l i s h p o e t , 1 8 1 5 : d i e d F e b . 25, 1895. F i r s t B a r o n A b e r - Flanders and later to the dukes of Burgundy, and was a u t h o r of " B r i t a n n i a ' s P a s t o r a l s " ( 1 6 1 3 - 1 6 ) , d a r e . A B r i t i s h p o l i t i c i a n . He was home secre- a leading Hanseatic city. Its most brilliant commercial tary 1868-73, and was raised to the peerage in 1873, and period was from the 13th to the 16th century: at one time " S h e p h e r d ' s P i p e ' 7 (1614), etc. it was the commercial center of Europe. The Order of the lord president of the council. Browne, William George. Born at London, Bbecame Golden Fleece was established at Bruges in 1430. Bruges J u l y 25. 1768 : k i l l e d i n n o r t h e r n P e r s i a , 1813. r u c e , J a m e s . B o r n a t K i n n a i r d , S c o t l a n d , surrendered to the Spanish in 1584, and was bombarded D e c . 14, 1 7 3 0 : d i e d t h e r e , A p r i l 27, 1794. A A n E n g l i s h t r a v e l e r i n A f r i c a a n d t h e O r i e u t , c e l e b r a t e d A f r i c a n t r a v e l e r . He successively ex- by the Dutch in 1704. The cathedral of Bruges is an earlya u t h o r of ' ' T r a v e l s " i n A f r i c a . E g y p t , a n d plored Syria, the Mie Valley, and Abyssinia(1768-78). His Pointed structure of brick, with later additions. The exS y r i a (1800). "Travels to Discover the Sources of the Nile," 5 vol- terior, with castellated west tower, is clumsy, "but the interior is lofty and effective, and contains many tine Brownell (brou'nel). Henry Howard. Born umes, appeared in 1790. He reached the source of the paintings (several of them notable examples of the early a t P r o v i d e n c e , R . I . , F e b . 6. 1820 : d i e d a t E a s t Blue Nile. " H e will always remain the poet, and his Flemish school), good 16th-century glass, and interesting brasses and other monuments. The dimensions are 330 H a r t f o r d , C o n n . . O c t . 31, 1872. A n A m e r i c a n work the epic, of African travel." Diet. Nat. Biog. p o e t , n i s works include " P o e m s " (1847), "Lyrics of a B r u c e , J a m e s . B o r n J u l v 20, 1 8 1 1 : d i e d a t by 120 f e e t ; length of transepts, 174 ; height of vaulting, D h u r m s a l a , I n d i a , N o v . 20, 1863. A B r i t i s h 90. Population (1893), 48,530. Day " (1864), " W a r Lyrics and Other Poems " (1866), etc.

Brunswick

189

Brugg

Bruee ibrog). A small town in the, canton of Brunehaut (briin-ho'), or Brunehilde (brim- Stockholm. Ar.fi^c Here, Oct., 1471, the Swedes under •"*»» ©/ . T-X. _ -t . _ A A .I -.4--»^. .-.; n f l l n i o t i n n T /-,-P H f l t i m d A Aargau, Switzerland, situated on the Aare in hild'). Died 613 A. D. A queen of Austrasia, Stan Sture defeated Christian I. of Denmark, lat. 47° 29' X., long. 8° 12' E. it was called the daughter of Athanagild, king of the Visigoths. Brunn (bron), Heinrich. Born at Worlitz, in " Prophets' Town " in the Reformation (as being the birth- She m a r r i e d S i g e b e r t , k i n g of A u s t r a s i a , 56L S h e i n c i t c d A n h a l t , G e r m a n y , J a n . 2 3 , 1 8 2 2 : d i e d a t M u n i c h , place of many theologians). h e r h u s b a n d t o m a k e w a r o n his b r o t h e r C h i l p ^ r i c , k i n g JulV 23,1894. A German archseologist, professor Brugger (brög'er), Friedrich. Born at Mu- of N c u s t r i a , w h o h a d m u r d e r e d his w i f e Galsuinda ( G a l e - o f a r c h i e o l o g v a t M u n i c h . H i s w o r k s i n c l u d e " Ges w i n t h a ) , sister of B r u n e h a u t , in o r d e r t o e s p o u s e h i s s c h i c h t e d e r g r i e c h i s c h e n K ü n s t l e r " (1853-5i>), " I r i l i e v i nich, Jan. 13," 1815: died at Munich, April 9, m istress Fredegonda (Fredegunde). Sigebert was murd e l l e u r n e e t r u s c h e " (1870), e t c . 1870. A German sculptor. d e r e d in 575 b y F r e d e g o n d a , and B r u n e h a u t b e c a m e r e g e n t Brugsch (bröksh), Heinrich Karl. Born at for her minor son Ohildebert. She was captured, after Brünn (briin), Slav. Brno (ber-no'). The capital m a n y r e v e r s e s of f o r t u n e , at the age ot eighty, byClothaire Berlin, Feb. 18,1827 : died there, Sept. 10,1894. 0 f Moravia, situated at the base of the Spielbetween the Zwittawa and Schwarzawa, A distinguished German Egyptologist. His works II., who suffered her to he dragged to death by a wild b i n c l u d e " H i e r o g l y p h i s c h - d e m o t i s c h e s W o r t e r b u c h '(1867- horse. _ in lat. 49° 12' N., long. 16° 37' E.: one of the 1882); also " R e i s e b e r i c h t e aus Ä g y p t e n " (1855), " M o n u - Brunei (bro-m ). [See Borneo.} A sultanate manufacturing towns in Austria. It m e n t s d e l'F-gypte "(1857), ' ' R e c u e i l d e m o n u m e n t s é g y p m the northwestern part of Borneo, placed lwas m ^ u c o e s B f u l I y beB ie g edly the Hussites in 1128, by t i e n s " (1862-66), " G e s c h i c h t e Ä g y p t e n s u n t e r d e n Phaunder British protection m 1888. Capital, King George of Bohemia in 1407, by the Swedes in 1645, r a o n e n " (1877), " D i c t i o n n a i r e g é o g r a p h i q u e d e l ' a n c i e n n e Brunei. Area, about 8,100 square miles. and by the Prussians in 1742, and was occupied by Kapol e o n in 1805, and by the Prussians in 1866. Population É g y p t e " (1879-80), e t c . ru-nel') JIsambard Brühl (brül). "A small town in the Rhine Prov- Brunei (bru-nel') s a m b a r d Kingdom. Kingdom^ Born aVPortsmouth, England, April 9, 1806: died (1890), »4,462 ince, Prussia, 8 miles south-southwest of CoB' — - ~ — at "Westminster, England, Sept. 15, 1859. ^ j j Brunnen (bron neu). [G., 'springs.'] A villogne. Near it is the royal palace of Brühl. English civil engineer and naval architect, son lage in the canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, Brühl, Count Heinrich von. Born at Weissen- of Sir Marc Isambard Brunei. He was engineer situated on the Lake of Lucerne 15 miles eastfels, Prussia, Aug. 13, 1700: died at Dresden, of t h e G r e a t W e s t e r n R a i l w a y . H e d e s i g n e d t h e G r e a t southeast of Lucerne. Here, in 1315, the three Oct. 28,1763. A Saxon politician under Augus- W e s t e r n (1838), t h e G r e a t B r i t a i n (1845), t h e G r e a t E a s t - Forest Cantons renewed their confederation. ern tus III. H e b e c a m e p r i m e m i n i s t e r i n 1747, and i n d u c e d _ _ (1858). Brunner (briin'ner), Johann Conrad. Born t h e e l e c t o r A u g u s t u s I I I . to t a k e s i d e s a g a i n s t Prussia t j -i o : T U T a r p T c s m n l i f l r H Born a.tHaeauenear SchafEhausen, Switzerland, Jan. 16, 1653: i n t h e S e v e n Y e a r s ' W a r . H i s l i b r a r y of 62,000 v o l u m e s - B ^ i e l , ö l r 1 V l a r c J - S a m D a r a . B O M M nacque ville, Eure, France, April 25,1769: died at Londied at Mannheim, Baden, Oct. 2, 1727. A f o r m s a c o n s i d e r a b l e p a r t of t h e R o y a l L i b r a r y at D r e s d e n . don, Dec. 12,1849. A civil engineer. He emigrated German anatomist, noted for researches in reBruhns (hröns), K a r l Christian. Born at f r o m F r a n c e t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s ill 1793 ( w h e r e h e de;ard to the pancreas and the duodenum. Ploen, in Holst ein, Germany, Nov. 22,1830: died s i g n e d and b u i l t t h e B o w e r y T h e a t e r , N e w Y o r k ) ; w a s ap, T— T at Leipsie, July 25.1881. A distinguished Ger- p o i n t e d c h i e f e n g i n e e r of N e w Y o r k ; s e t t l e d i n E n g l a n d Brunner, Sebastian. Born at Vienna, Dec. in 1TOQ mttnliinATv ma «Viiria' b l o c k s i n 10,1814." An Austrian man of letters and Roman astronomer. H e w a s p r o f essor o f a s t r o n o m y a n d in 1799;• nim.nl c o m p l ectoil ted m a c h i n e r y ff,our m a kViinnge ships' I 8 0 6 i a n d c o n s t r u c t e d t h e T h a m e s t u n n e l 1825-43. man Catholic theologian. He is the author of a sad i r e c t o r of t h e o b s e r v a t o r y at L e i p s i e , a n d w a s e s p e c i a l l y noted for his observations and for the discovery of several BrunelleSChi (bro-nel-les'ke), FilippO. Born t i r i c a l p o e m , " N e b e l j u n g e n L i e d " (1845% d i r e c t e d against fa " iDip ftt F l o r e n c e j Italy, 1879: died there, April 16, t h e H e g e l i a n s , and o t h e r p o e m s , s e v e r a l tales, " C l e m e n s comets. W H ef>wwrntp rote " D e a snfitrrmnmisclifi t r o n o m i s c h e S tStrahlenbrechuns? rahlenbrechung i n i h r e r h i s t o r i s c h e n E n t w i c k l u n g " (1861), etc.

Bruill (brö'in, prop, broin). [D. bruin = E. drown.) The bear in "Reynard the Fox." Bruin. A rough, overbearing man in Footers play u The Mayor of Garratt." He is a contrast t o t h e h e n p e c k e d J e r r y Sneak.

Mrs. Bruin

is

roughly

treated by him. Brûlés. See Sitcan-xu. Brulgruddery (brul-grud'èr-i), Dennis. In Colman the Younger's comedy "John Bull," an eccentric, whimsical Irishman, the host of the Red Cow. H e has murried " t h e f a t w i d o w to M r . S k i t m y g a u g e , " w h o is d e s c r i b e d as " a w a d d l i n g w o m a n wi' a mulberry face. "

1446.

A noted Italian architect.

He at first

studied j e w e l r y and goldsmiths' work, and later experi-

M a r i a H o f b a u o r u n d s e i n e Z e i t " (1858), " D i e n o s s e n d e r K l o s t e r z e l l e " (1863), e t c . .. ' Tyuiii»

Kunstget>„

m e n t e d w i t h m e c h a n i c s , c o n s t r u c t i n g c l o c k s and m a c h i n e s B r u m i O W ( b r o n ' n o ) , C o u n t P h l l i p p V O n . Born of all sorts. I n 1401 h e en-H e also " a t t e m p t e d" sculpture. ' ~ at Dresden, Aug. 31, 1797: died at Darmstadt, t e r e d i n t o c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h G h i b e r t i f o r t h e d o o r s of t h e Germany, April 12, 1875. A Rnssian diplomab a p t i s t e r y at F l o r e n c e . H e associated h i m s e l f w i t h Dontist. H e w a s a m b a s s a d o r at L o n d o n 1840-54, at F r a n k a t e l l o , a n d a b o u t 1403 t h e t w o m a d e a f a m o u s v i s i t t o R o m e . H i s s t u d y of t h e R o m a n m o n u m e n t s w a s m o s t f o r t 1855, at B e r l i n 1856, a n d at L o n d o n 1858-74. e x h a u s t i v e , a n d w h e n h e r e t u r n e d t o F l o r e n c e h e had re- Bruno (bro'no), surnamed " The Great." Born c o n s t r u c t e d f o r h i m s e l f t h e e n t i r e s c h e m e of a n t i q u e archi925 : died at Rhcims, France, Oct. 11, 965. The t e c t u r e . H e b u i l t t h e f a m o u s d o m e of Santa M a r i a del brother of Otto I. of Germany, made archF i o r e , w h i c h w a s b e g u n a b o u t 1417. T h e v a u l t w a s s t a r t e d i n 1425 and finished in 1436. B e t w e e n 1445 and 1461 t h e bishop of Cologne and duke of Lorraine in 953.

lantern was built after his designs. This was the most Bruno, Saint. Born at Querfurt, Prussian Saxony, about 970: killed at Braunsberg, East Prussia, Feb. 14, 1009. A German prelate, Brumaire (brü-mär'). [ F . (after L. *brumacalled " t h e apostle to the Prussians." rius), from brume, fog, from L . bruma, "winter.] Bruno, Saint. Born at Cologne about 1040: T h e n a m e a d o p t e d i n 1793 b y t h e N a t i o n a l C o n died at Delia Torre, Calabria. Italy, 1101. The v e n t i o n o f t h e first F r e n c h R e p u b l i c f o r t h e s e c A thief in Boiardo's founder of the order of Carthusian monks, at o n d m o n t h o f t h e y e a r , i n t h e y e a r s l , 2,3,13,6,7 i t be- Brunello (brö-nel'lo). Chartreuse, near Grenoble, France, about 1084. gan Oct. 23, and e n d e d N o v . 20 ; in y e a r s 4, 8. 9 , 1 0 , 1 1 , I S , ''Orlando Innamorato" and Ariosto's Orlando Furioso." He was of mean extraction, but was made Bruno (bro'no), Giordano. Born at Nola, 14 i t b e g a n on Oct. 23, and e n d e d N o v . 21 ; and i n y e a r 12 king of Tingitana by Agramont for his services, and alter I t a l y > about 1548: died at Rome, Feb. 17, i t b e g a n on Oct. 24, and e n d e d N o v . 22. Brumaire, The 18th. In French history, Nov. a l i f e s p e n t i n t h e f t a n d subtle k n a v e r y was h a n g e d . 1600. A n Italian philosopher. H e entered the 9, 1799, when the coup d'état by which the Di- Brunet (brii-nâ'), Jacques Charles. Born at D o m i n i c a n o r d e r at N a p l e s in 1563, l e f t I t a l y i n 1576 t o rectory was overthrown was commenced. It Paris, Nov. 2, 1780: died at Paris, Nov. 16, a v o i d t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s of h i s d i s b e l i e f in t h e d o c t r i n e s 1867. A noted French bibliographer. He pub- of t r a n s u b s t a n t i a t i o n and of t h e i m m a c u l a t e c o n c e p t i o n was completed on the 19th Brumaire. o f M a r y , w a s at G e n e v a in 1577. a n d a r r i v e d at P a r i s in i s h e d a s u p p l e m e n t t o t h e b i b l i o g r a p h i c a l d i c t i o n a r y of Brumath (brö'mät), or Brumpt (brömpt). A lDucloB 1579. I n 15S3 h e w e n t t o L o n d o n , w h e r e s o m e of h i s m o s t (1790), " M a n u e l d u l i b r a i r e e t d e l ' a m a t e u r d e town in Lower Alsace, Alsace-Lorraine, situ- l i v r e s " (1810: 5th ed. 1865), ' 1 R e c h e r c h e s b i b l i o g r a p h i q u e s i m p o r t a n t w o r k s w e r e w r i t t e n , and w h e r e h e r e m a i n e d ated on the Zorn 11 miles north of Strasburg: e t c r i t i q u a i sur l e s é d i t i o n s o r i g i n a l e s d e s c i n q l i v r e s d u t w o y e a r s u n d e r t h e p r o t e c t i o n of t h e F r e n c h a m b a s s a d o r I n 1586-88 he l e c t u r e d at t h e U n i v e r s i t y of W i t t e n b e r g , the ancient Brncomagus. Population (1890), r o m a n s a t i r i q u e d e R a b e l a i s " (1852), etc. a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y v i s i t e d o t h e r c i t i e s in G e r m a n y , F r a n c e , commune, 5,548. Brunetière (brun-tyâr'), Ferdinand. Born and S w i t z e r l a n d , r e t u r n i n g t o I t a l y in 1592. H e w a s arBrummell (brum'ei), Gteorge Bryan, called at Toulon, July 19, 1849. A French editor and r e s t e d at V e n i c e , M a y 22,1592, b y o r d e r o f t h e I n q u i s i t i o n , w a s b u r n e d at t h e stake as a h e r e t i c i n t h e C a m p o d c i Beau Brummell. Ëorn at London. June 7,1778 : c r i t i c . H e b e g a n h i s s t u d i e s at t h e L y c é e d e M a r s e i l l e s , and estia died at Caen, France, March 30,1840. An Eng- and w a s g r a d u a t e d f r o m t h e L y c é e L o u i s - l e - G r a n d i n tFriioorni f aatn tRco"m( e" E. x Hp ui sl scihoine f ofw ot rhkes Tar ri ue m" pShp aa cncti oB edae sl lta, " b1584), lish gentleman famous as a leader in fashion- P a r i s . I n 1875 h e j o i n e d t h e staff of t h e " R e v u e des " D e l l a causa, p r i n c i p i o e d uno " (1584), " D e l l ' i n f i n i t o , able society in London. He was an intimate friend D e u x M o n d e s , " of w h i c h h e is n o w (1893) t h e e d i t o r - i n - u n i v e r s o e m o n d i " (1584), " D e m o n a d e n u m e r o e t flgura" i m p o r t a n t s t r u c t u r a l p r o b l e m of t h e 15th e c n t u r y . Brun e l l e s e l i i also b u i l t t h e c h u r c h of San L o r e n z o at F l o r e n c e , t h e B a d i a at F i e s o l e , t h e c l o i s t e r of Santa Croce, t h a t of S a n t o S p i r i t o ( f i n i s h e d f r o m h i s d e s i g n s a f t e r his d e a t h ) , and t h e C a p e l l a d e i Pazzi, also t h e S p e d a l e d e g l i I n n o centi, t h e P i t t i P a l a c e , a n d t h e P a z z i P a l a c e .

chief. I n 1886 h e w a s a p p o i n t e d l e c t u r e r at t h e E c o l e (1591). N o r m a l e ; i n 1887 b e c a m e a m e m b e r of t h e L e g i o n o f H o n o r ; and i n 1893 w a s e l e c t e d t o t h e F r e n c h A c a d e m y . B m n O Leonardo. See Brunì, H i s p u b l i c a t i o n s i n c l u d e " E t u d e s c r i t i q u e s sur r h i s t o i r e B r u n s w i c k (brunz'wik), G. Braunschweig d e l a l i t t é r a t u r e f r a n ç a i s e ( f i v e series, 1880-93), " L e r o "'twirA A rvf n n r t l i P m der man n a t u r a l i s t e " (1884). " H i s t o i r e et l i t t é r a t u r e (1884(broun shviG). A. ducaj ot northern Uermany, and state of the German Empire. CapiQuestions cle c r i t i q u e " (1889), " N o u v e l l e s questal, Brunswick (Braunschweig). It is mainly surt i o n s ' d e c r i t i q u e " (1890) ; and m o r e r e c e n t l y still, " L ' E v o r o u n d e d b y t h e Prusßian p r o v i n c e s of H a n n o v e r , Saxony, l u t i o n des g e n r e s dans l ' h i s t o i r e d e l a l i t t é r a t u r e " and and W e s t p h a l i a , and c o m p r i s e s 3 m a i n d e t a c h e d por" L ' E v o l u t i o n d e l a p o é s i e l y r i q u e au d i x - n e u v i è m e sièBrun (brön), Friederike Sophie Christiane. c l e . " T h e f i r s t t w o series of t h e " E t u d e s c r i t i q u e s " and t i o n s ( t h e B r u n s w i c k - W o l f e n b ü t t e l - H e l m s t e d t d i v i s i o n , Born at Gräfentonna, near Gotha, Germany, " L e r o m a n n a t u r a l i s t e " h a v e b e e n c r o w n e d b y t h e F r e n c h t h e B l a n k e n b u r g d i v i s i o n , and t h e G a n d e r s h e i m - H o l z m i n d e n d i v i s i o n ) , and also 6 s m a l l e r enclaves. I t p r o d u c e s A c a d e m y . I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e w o r k s , B r u n e t i è r e has June 3, 1765: died at Copenhagen, March 25, c o a l , iron, m a r b l e , salt, c o p p e r , l e a d , e t c . , and has flour1835. A German poet and writer of travels. e d i t e d a n u m b e r o f b o o k s f o r F r e n c h c o l l e g e s . ishing agriculture. T h e g o v e r n m e n t is a h e r e d i t a r y conH e r w o r k s i n c l u d e p o e m s (1795, 1812, 1820). " Prosaische ' ' Brunhild (bron'hild). [MHG. BrilnUlt, Priin- s t i t u t i o n a l m o n a r c h y ( P r i n c e A l b e r t of Prussia is r e g e n t ) , S c h r i f t e n " (1799-1801), " E p i s o d e n " (1807-18). Romisches hilt. Icel. Brynhildr.~] w i t h a c h a m b e r of 46 m e m b e r s . B r u n s w i c k has 2 m e m 1. In the NibelungenL e b e n " (1833), - ' B r i e f e aus R o m " v " R r i v i h i \ \ +1, s i t u a t e d on t h e B i e i a 4o m i l e s n o r t h west of P r a g u e . Population (1890), c o m m u n e , 14,894. * B r i , v x r p Tpa-n He In S P P T„ Rr uuZr* e r e J e a a 5™?L ,', . ¥ J§ l a " , ? e e , Xrmjere.

Bniyn (broin), Cornelius de. Born at The

Hague, Holland, 1652: died at Utrecht, Holland, about 1719. A Dutch travelerand painter. He "wrote "Voyage an Levant, etc." (1698), "Voyage par la Moscovie, en Perse, etc." (1711).

Bruvs .

or B r u i s ( b r i i - ê ' ï P i e r r p d o . ? n H 8 i - . D r 5 . ? . >' ™ W 9 « * •

Timnrwl -t™™ed

at the stake at St. Gilles, France, about 1126. A French religious reformer. His followers were called Petrobrusians (which see).

Bry, or Brie (bre), Theodore de. Born at Liege, 1528: died at Frankfort-on-the-Main, 1598. A goldsmith, engraver, and painter.

About 1570 he established a printing, and engraving-house at Frankfort-on-the-Main, liis two sons assisting him. They illustrated many books, but are best known for their great collection of travels, of which there are different editions in Latin and German. The first was entitled "Collectiones peregrinationum in Indiam orientaleni et occidentalem " (Frankfort, 1590). The volumes are illustrated with many plates from De Bry's hand.

B r u t (brot). [ME. and OF., orig. same as AS. See Brutus the Trojan.] A Born at Brunswick, Oct. 9, 1771: killed at poetical version of the legendary history o£ Brit- B r y a n (bri'an), Sir F r a n c i s . Died at Clonmel, Quatre-Bras, Belgium, June 16. 1815. The ain, by Layamon, a semi-Saxon paraphrase of Ireland, Feb. 2, 1550. An English poet, solfourth son of Charles William Ferdinand, duke the French "Eoman de B r u t " of Wace. See dier, and diplomatist.

Brunswick, Duke of (Frederick William). Bnjt, a Briton. Of B r u n s w i c k . He reigned 1813-15. He commanded the " B l a c k Brunswickers" 1809, and lived in England 1809-13.

Wace. Its subject is the deeds and wanderings of the legendary Brutus, grandson of Ascauius, great-grandson of -Eneas, and king of Britain. I t is about twice the length of Wacc's " B r u t , " containing 32,250 lines. The latter is thought to be a mere versification of Geoifrey of

Brunswick. A town in Cumberland County, Maine, situated on the Androscoggin 25 miles northeast of Portland. It is the seat of Bow- Monmouth. There are two manuscripts oi iayamon's poem, both in the British Museum. rloin College. Population (1890), 6,012, rf";ri" See Brutus the Trojan. B r u n s w i c k . A seaport, the capital of Glynn S i r J o h n . A drunken, roisterCounty, Georgia, 72 miles south-southwest of • M 1. Savannah. It exports lumber, cotton, and ing, rough fellow in Vanbrugh's comedv " T h e Provoked Wife." He passes through ever/phase of naval stores. Population (1890), 8,459. Brunswick-Liinetiurg (brunz'wik-lil'nc-borG). riot and debauchery, and is unbearably insolent to his " provoked wife," though too much of a coward to resent L i n e of. A branch of tho house of Bruns- her consequent actions.

wick from which the reigning house of Great Britnm is descended. Britain " " B r u n s w i c k - W o l f e n b i i t t e l (brunz'wik-vol'fenbiit-tel). Line of. A branch of the house of Brunswick from which the late reigning house of Brunswick was descended. B r u n t o n (brun'ton), Mrs. ( M a r y Balfour), Born at Barra, Orkneys, Nov. 1, 1778: died at Edinburgh, Dec. 19,1818, An English novelist, wife of Rev. Alexander Brunton. She wrote "Self-Control" (1810), "Discipline"(1814), etc. Brunton, Louisa. Born 1785 (f): died 1860. A n E n g l i s h a c t r c s s . She became countess of Craven in 1807, when she left the stage. She was remarkable for her beauty

Bryan, Michael. Born at Newcastle-on-Tyne,

England, April 9,1757: died at London, March 21,1821. An English art critic. He compiled a "Biographical and Critical Dictionary of Painters and Engravers" (1813-16).

B r v a n i t e s f h r i ' n r i its'! j ~

A „i„„ A Methodist body, also

called "Bible Christians,"founded by a Cornish Poacher William Bryan (O Bryan), about 1815. ant) J a c o b . Bom at Plymouth, " i 0 ^ 1 ^ * t ^ J P e n h a m near Winds o r > England, Nov. 14, 1804. An English antlquary, author of " A i ' e w System or an Analysis of Ancient Mythology" (1774-76), etc. B r u t S (brii-tä'), Simon Gabriel. Born at B r y a n t , W i l l i a m Cullen. Born at CummingKennes. France, France. March 20,1779,: 20. 37j9: died rlied June .Tmin va i,.. Mass., ir., . died • , at New York, ? Bennes, 26, ton, Nov. o 3, i1794: 1839. A French-American prelate of the Roman June 12, 1878. A noted American poet and Catholic Church, bishop of Vincemies, Indiana, j o u r n a l i s t . He studied at Williams College 1810-11 • took up the study of law in 1812; and was admitted to the 1834-39. bar at Bridgewater in 181S. He published " Thanatopsis " Bruttium(brut'i-um), o r B r u t t i i (brut'i-i). In in 1810; printed a volume of poetry in 1821; gave up the ancient geography, the southernmost division practice of law in 1825; was appointed to a place on the o i Italy, corresponding to the modern provinces New York "Evening P o a f ' i u 1826, and became its ediand part proprietor in 1829. He published a of Beggio and Catanzaro: originally Bruthius tor-in-chief collection of his poems in 1832, which was reprinted by an o r Bruttiorum Ager. Now called Calabria. English publisher, under "Washington l i ving's auspices B r u t u s (bro'tns). A tragedy by Voltaire, pro- (The line " T h e British soldier trembles," in the " S o n g of dueed at the Comédie Française Dec. 11, 1730. Marion's Men," was changed to " T h e foeman trembles in ¿ l a ? r i ,7™',®,'?° tragedies bearing this name ("Marcus and ' Junms Brutus ), both inspired b y \ ultaire (l/8a). Catherine Bernard also produced a tragedy, " B r u -

M . s œ s Albinu, vilayet of» Khodavendikyar, Asiatic Turkey, œ Executed 43 B. C. A Roman general, one of the situated at the foot of Mount Olympus, in lat! assassins of Julius Ceesar.

his camp.") As editor of the "Evening Post" he opposed the extension of slavery and supported the Union. He published translations of the Iliad (1870), and the Odyssey (1871). "Poetical Works," edited bv Parke Godwin 1883; "Prose Writings "(including letters of travel, origi'. nally contributed to the "Evening Post," and orations and addresses), edited by Parke Godwin, 1884.

He was "betrayed, B r y c e (bris), J a m e s . Born at Belfast, Ireland, May 10, 1838. A noted English historian and

andcarpcts. There are noted hot springs in its vicinity. J s n i t U S , i i U C l U S J U M l l S . A K o m a n consul in I t was the capital of Bithynia in the 2d and 1st centuries 5 0 9 B . C. According to the (unhistorical) legend, he B. c., and for a time the capital of the Ottoman empire, feigned idiocy (whence the name Brutus, stupid: probafter its capture by Orkhan in 1326. Population, 60,000. ably an erroneous etymology) to avoid exciting the fear of his uncle Tarquin the Proud, who had put to death Brusasorci, II. See Eiccio. elder brother of Brutus to possess himself of thenBrush (brush), George de Forest. Born at the wealth. Tarquin, alarmed at the prodigy of a serpent apShelbyville, Tenn., 1855. An American painter. pearing in the royal palace, sent his sons Titus and Aruns He was a student of the Academy of Design, New York to consult the oracle at Delphi. They took with themfor city, from 1871-73, and from 1874-80 in the studio of Gè- amusement Brutus, who propitiated the priestess with a róme in Paris. His best-known works arc paintings of hollow staff filled with gold. When the oracle, in response American Indian subjects. In 1888 he won the Hallgarten to an inquiry of Titus and Aruns as to who should sueprize at the National Academy Exhibition. ceed to the throne, replied, " He who first kisses his Brush, Charles Francis. Born at Euclid, mother," Brutus stumbled to the ground and kissed moOhio, Marchl7,1849. An American electrician, tlier earth. After the outrage on lucretia, Brutus threw He is the inventor of the Brush dynamo-electric machine off his disguise, expelled the Tarquins, and established the and the Brush electric-arc lamp, both of which were ex- republic 610 (?). While consul he condemned his own sons Titus and Tiberius to death for having conspired to restore tensively introduced in the United States in 1876. Tarquin. He led in 507 (?) an army against Tanjuin, who Brussels ( b r u s ' e l z ) . [ F . Bruxelles, S p . Bruselas, was returning to Rome. Brutus aiklAruns fell in tile baV1 by G. Briissel, D. Jin*.?« ?.] T h e c_a p, i t a l o f. B e l - tie, pierced . „ each other's speai-s. ^ II 1 L . •, T> T.l t i l l - TV/Ti il T n n i n n .. ^ ,., . rt..

L i b e r a l p o l i t i c i a n . He became regius professor of civil law III Oxford University in 1870, under secretary for foreign affairs in 1886, chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster in 1892; and president of the board of trade in 1894 Chief works : " T h e Holy Koman Empire " (1864 7th ed' 18.-7), " T h e American Commonwealth" (1888' 3d ed

, ( b r i j ' e z ) , James. B o r n J a n (j 1 6 7 3 " died A u g . 9, 1744. A n E n g l i s h nobleini'n „ » ' a t e d first d u k e o f V h ^ r K l i i o ' J " ™ H i s t a u k e Ot C h a n d o s m 1 / 1 9 . B r y d g e S , Oir Samuel Egerton. B o r n a t W o o t o n H o u s e , K e n t , E n g l a n d , N o v 3 0 17B2 • rtipd T,P«r iiPT11'VB S^t^prloT,,! a iiiai f n e a r UeilL\a, ¡Switzerland, b e p t . 8, 1837. An E n g l i s h l a w y e r , mi s c e l l a n e o u s writer, a n d g e n e a l o g i s t , m e m b e r o f P a r l i a m e n t 1 8 1 2 - 1 8 He wns the author of poems, novels, "Censura Literaria " (1805 1809)," " B r i t i s h BibiiograVhS'" (181^1*4) " ì S s Ì S e r a H ^ (1821-22), "Autobiography , i J r „ T i i "(1834), etc. T, . . ^ ..

Brydges

gium and of the province of Brabant, situated Brutus, Marcus Junius (adoptive name Quin- Brvn Mawr Colleee' A nou-sectnrisiT, coll»™ on ™ the Seime in lat. ^ 50° 51' wN., long. 4°

2 2 ' E . Besides the city proper it comprises ten suburbs. I t has important manufactures of lace, leather, lirien, woolen and cotton goods, furniture, bronzes, etc. I t is the seat of a university. Brussels appears in history jn the 8th century, and became important in the middle ages. It had a brilliant period under Charles V. and Philip I I . . who made it the capital of the Low Countries,

tnsO»pioBnrtns). Born 85 B O . : dieinear A K o m a n polinoli, A Roman t i c i a n a n d s c h o l a r . Originally an adherent of Pompev, he went over to Csesar after the battle of Pharsalia in 48 ; was governor of Cisalpine Gaul in 46, and prietor urbanux in 44 ; joined, induced by Oassius, in the assassination of Cjesar, March 15, 44 ; gathered troops in Macedonia, with which he Joined Cassius in Asia Minor in 42 ; and defeated

Philippi, Macedonia, 42 B. c.

F O R W ^ T O R G A N I F F D aT M T A S ^ S r 5.° in TT^J« » ISM it had 29 instructors . ' J vaniarm"l88 271 st„

dents, and a library of about 22 000 volumes TCrTr+Tirm I,,,,, -, rT ' r, ( [ B"to»es> n^/D • V ?. Bnttones, lTr' (rrocopius) BpiTTUves, A S . Bretene, Brettas, Bryttas.~\ T h e n a m e applied to themselves b v the Celts of southern Britain who successfully

Brython resisted the Teutonic invaders in the mount a i n o u s r e g i o n s of t h e w e s t e r n c o a s t , a n d w h o s e l a n g u a g e ( B r y t h o n e g ) is s u b s e q u e n t l y f o u n d in "Wales, C u m b r i a , a n d p a r t s of D e v o n a n d C o r n wall. The name is used interchangeably with Cyrnry (C'limbri). Girale!us (12th century) in his " Deseriptio Camb r ì » " uses indifferently lingua Britannica and Cambrica. B r z e z a n y (bzho-zha'mi). A t o w n in Galicia, A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y , 49 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of L o m borg. P o p u l a t i o n ( 1 8 9 0 ) , c o m m u n e , 11.221. B u a ( b o ' a ) . A n i s l a n d off t h e c o a s t of D a l m a ti a, A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y , opposite T r a u , in lat. 43° 3 0 ' N . , l o n g . 16° 1 5 ' E . : t h e a n c i e n t B a v o o r B o t e . I t w a s a p l a c e of b a n i s h m e n t u n d e r t h e Roman emperors. Buache(bxi-ash'), P h i l i p p e . Born at Paris, Feb. 7, 1 7 0 0 : d i e d J a n . 27, 1773. A F r e n c h g e o g r a p h e r . His works include " Considérations géographiques et physiques sur les nouvelles découvertes de la grande mer "(1753), "Atlas physique" (1754), etc. B u a c n e d e l a N e u v i l l e ( b u - a s h ' d è lit n è - v ë l ' ) ?

Jean Nicolas. Born at La Neuville-au-Pont,

M a r n e , F r a n c e , F e b . 15, 1 7 4 1 : d i e d a t P a r i s , N o v . 2 Î , 1825. A F r e i i c h g e o g r a p h e r , n e p h e w of Philippe Buache. H e w r o t e " Géographie élém e n t a i r e a n c i e n n e et m o d e r n e " (1769-72), e t c . B u b a s t u s (bû-bas'tus), or B u b a s t i s (bu-bas't i s ) . [ G r . Bov;ia/j~oç, Rovfiaa-iç, E g y p t . Pa-Bast, t h e a b o d e of B a s t . ] A c i t y of a n c i e n t E g y p t , the scriptural Pi-Beseth and the modern TelB a s t a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e P e l u s i a c b r a n c h of t h e N i l e , i n l a t . 3 0 ° 3 3 ' N . , l o n g . 3 1 ° 3 0 ' E . i t was the holy city of the Egyptian goddess Bast or Pasht (Greek Bubastis), whose sacred animal was the cat. The Twenty-second Dynasty (B. c. 980) chose Bubastis for its capital. I t does not appear to have given many conquerors to Egypt. Its first king, the Shishak of the Bible, the Shashanq of the monuments, took an army into Palestine and carried away the treasures of the Temple. Mariette, Outlines, p. 58. B u b b l e (bub'l). A servant in Cooke's comedy " G r e e n e ' s T u Q u o q u e . " H e becomes rich, and undertakes to appear like a gentleman by using the affectations of society, particularly the phrase "Tu Quoque," which is ever in his mouth. The character was played by a favorite actor named Greene (hence the title of the play). Bubble, Mississippi. S e e Mississippi Bubble. Bubble, South Sea. S e e South Sea Bubble. Bubi, o r Booby ( b o ' b i ) . S e e Ediya. Bubona ( b u - b o ' n a ) . [ L L . , f r o m bos (bov-), o x . ] I n R o m a n mythology, a female divinity, prot e c t r e s s of c o w s a n d o x e n . Bucaneers ( b u k - a - n ê r z ' ) . [ F r o m F . boucanier, a c u r e r of w i l d m e a t , a p i r a t e , f r o m boucaner, s m o k e m e a t , f r o m boucan, a p l a c e f o r s m o k i n g meat.] A g a n g of a d v e n t u r e r s a n d p i r a t e s w h i c h , in t h e 17th c e n t u r y , a t t a i n e d a n a l m o s t n a t i o n a l i m p o r t a n c e in t h e W e s t Indies a n d o n t h e c o a s t s of S o u t h A m e r i c a . I t had its nucleus in t h e English, French, and Dutch smugglers who carried on a clandestine trade with the Spanish island of Santo Domingo : they hunted the wild cattle there, drying the meat over fli es ; and gradually they formed regular settlements, not only on Santo Domingo but on many of the smaller islands. As they became stronger they began to prey on Spanish commerce. In 1680 theyseized the island of Tortuga and made it their headquarters. I n 1655 they aided the English in the conquest of Jamaica, and this became another center ; and in lt>64 they settled the Bahamas. Under their celebrated leader Morgan, they ravaged the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, and made expeditions inland; Porto Bello was sacked ; in 1671 Morgan crossed the isthmus and burned Panama ; and from that year to 1685 the Bucaneers practically commanded the West Indian seas. Their immense spoils were divided equally, only the captain of a ship taking a larger share : French, Dutch, English, and Germans were banded together, their only bond being common interest and hatred of the Spaniards. I n 1680 they again crosscd the isthmus, seized some Spanish ships in the Pacific, and raided the western coasts of Mexico, Peru, and Chile for several years. After 1690 the war between France and England tended to separate the pirates of these two nations, and the impoverished coasts could no longer support their excesses. They gradually returned to the West Indies and Europe, and were drawn into the armies and navies of different powers.

Bucareli y Urzua (bò-kii-rà'lé è or-tho'à),

A n t o n i o M a r i a . B o r n a t Seville. J a n . 24,1717: d i e d a t M e x i c o , A p r i l 9, 1779. A S p a n i s h g e n eral and administrator. From 1760 to 1771 he was governor of Cuba, and from 1771 until his death viceroy of New Spain (Mexico). B u c c a n e e r (buk-a-nër'), The. A poem by R i c h a r d H e n r y D a n a , first p u b l i s h e d i n 1827. T h e scene is p a r t l y laid on Block Island. B u c c a r i (bok-ka're). A free haven in Fiume, Austria-Hungary, situated on the Adriatic in l a t . 4 5 ° 1 8 ' N . , l o n g . 14° 3 2 ' E . Bucentaur ( b u - s e n ' t â r ) . [ F r o m G r . fiovç, o x , a n d nêvTavpoç, c e n t a u r : b u t a l s o s a i d t o b e a c o r r u p t i o n of L . ducentorum, of t w o h u n d r e d ( o a r s ) , o r of Bucintoro {=buzino (Voro), golden b a r k . ] T h e s t a t e s h i p of t h e V e n e t i a n R e p u b l i c , u s e d i n t h e . c e r e m o n y of w e d d i n g t h e A d r i -

191

Buckland, Francis Trevelyan

atic, w h i c h w a s enjoined u p o n the V e n e t i a n s b y B u c h h o l z (böch'hölts). A t o w n in the k i n g d o m P o p e A l e x a n d e r I I I . t o c o m m e m o r a t e t h e v i c t o r y of S a x o n v. in t h e E r z g e b i r g e 19 m i l e s s o u t h of of t h e V e n e t i a n s u n d e r D o g e S e b a s t i a n o Z i a n i C h e m n i t z . ' P o p u l a t i o n ( 1 8 9 0 ) , 7,808. o v e r t h e fleet of F r e d e r i c k B a r b a r o s s a , i n t h e Born at 1 2 t h c e n t u r y . On Ascension day of each year a ring was Büchner (bücli ' ner), Alexander. dropped from the Bucentaur into the Adriatic, with the D a r m s t a d t , G e r m a n y , O c t . 25, 1827. A G e r words " W e espouse thee, Sea. in token of true and last- m a n m a n of l e t t e r s , b r o t h e r of G e o r g B ü c h n e r . ing dominion." The ceremony was attended by the en- His works include '-Geschichte der englischen P o e s i e " tire diplomatic corps. The ship perhaps took her name (1855), "Französische Litcraturbildcr"(1858), etc. from the figure of a bucentaur (head of a man and body Büchner, Friedrich Karl Christian Ludwig. of a bull) in her bows. Three of the name were built. B o r n a t D a r m s t a d t , G e r m a n y , M a r c h 28, 1824. The last was destroyed by the French in 17!)8. A G e r m a n physician, physiologist, and m a t e Bucephalus ( b û - s e f ' a - l n s ) . [ G r . 3ovK.i.22 ; married the former nun Eliza- S h e w r o t e " D i e F r a u e n u n d i h r B e r u f - " ( 1 8 5 5 ) . beth Pallass in 1522 : became pastor of St. Aurelia's in B ü c h n e r , M a x . B o r n i n H a m b u r g , A p r i l 25, Strasburg in 1524 ; refused to sign the Augsburg Interim 1846. A n o t e d A f i n c a n t r a v e l e r . He made a tour in 1548 ; and accepted, at the invitation of Cranmer, a pro- of the world in 1875 as ship's doctor. In 1878 the African fessorate of theology in Cambridge in 1549. He is chiefly Association of Berlin sent him to iluatyamvo, the king of noted for his efforts to unite the different Protestant bodies, Lunda, east of Angola, with instructions to explore t h e especially the Lutherans and Zwinglians, in which he was country to the east and north of Lunda. H e reached Huabut partially successful. tyamvo, and spent six months at his capital ; b u t all his Buch (boôh), Christian Leopold von. Born efforts to go beyond proved vain, and he returned. At a t S t o l p e , P r u s s i a , A p r i l 2 6 , 1 7 7 4 : d i e d a t B e r - Malange he met Pogge and Wissmann, who were to be l i n , M a r c h 4,1853. A c e l e b r a t e d G e r m a n g e o l - more fortunate by trying the northern route to the Bashiogist a n d traveler. His works include "Geognos- lange. In 1884 Büchner accompanied Xachtigal to West tische Reobachtungen auf Reisen durcli Deutschland und Africa, and was active in the annexation of Togoland and Italien " (1802-09), " Physikalische Beschreibung der Cana- Kamerun. As curator of the Ethnologic Museum of Munich rischen Inseln " (1825), "Keise durch Norwegcti und Lapp- he made (1888-90) a voyage to Australia and New Guinea. land " (1810), etc. Buchon(bu-shôn')? Jean Alexandre. Born at B u c h a n (buk'an), D a v i d . B o r n 1780: died a b o u t 1839. A B r i t i s h n a v a l c o m m a n d e r a n d M e n e t o u - S a l o n , C h e r . F r a n c e , M a y 21, 1 7 9 1 : A r c t i c e x p l o r e r . He explored the Exploits River, d i e d a t P a r i s , A p r i l 29, 1846. A F r e n c h h i s t o Newfoundland, in 1811, penetrating 160 miles into t h e in- r i a n . He edited a "Collection des chroniques nationales terior ; commanded an Arctic expedition in 1818, reaching françaises " (1824-29), and was the author of works on Greek Spitsbergen with the Dorothea and the T r e n t ; became history and other topics. high sheriff of Newfoundland, and was subsequently pro- B u c k ( b u k ) , D u d l e y . B o r n a t H a r t f o r d , C o n n . , moted to the rank of captain ; and was lost with the ship M a r c h 10, 1839. A n A m e r i c a n c o m p o s e r a n d Upton Castle. His name was struck from the list of liv- o r g a n i s t . H e has written cantatas, church ing captains in 1889. music, etc. B u c h a n } o r S i m p s o n ( s n n p ' s o u ) , E l s p e t h . B o r n B ü c k e b u r g (bii ' k e - b o r a ) . T h e c a p i t a l of n e a r B a n f f , S c o t l a n d , 1738 : d i e d n e a r D u m f r i e s , S c l i a u m b u r g - L i p p e , G e r m a n y , 20 m i l e s w e s t S c o t l a n d , 1791. A S c o t t i s h r e l i g i o u s e n t h u s i P o p u l a t i o n (1890), a s t . She was the daughter of John Simpson, an inn- s o u t h w e s t of H a n n o v e r . keeper, and married Robert Buchan, a potter, from whom 5 , 1 8 6 . she separated. She removed to Glasgow in 1781, where B u c k e y e ( b u k ' i ) . A popular n a m e for a n inshe heard Hugh "White, of the Relief Church at Irvine, h a b i t a n t of O h i o . preach in 1783, with the result that she removed to Irvine B u c k e y e s t a t e , T h e . A p o p u l a r n a m e of O h i o , and converted Mr. White to the "belief that she was the woman of Revelation xii., in whom the light of God was f r o m t h e n u m b e r of b u c k e y e s i n t h a t S t a t e . restored to men, and that he was the man child she had Buckhurst ( b u k ' h è r s t ) , Lord. S e e SackHUe, brought forth. They with others of the so-called "Bu- Thomas. chanites " were banished from Irvine in 1784, and settled Bul-yngeham, at New Cample, where they enjoyed community of goods Buckingham ( b u k ' i n g - a m ) . [ M E . Bolct/ngani,AS. Buccinga ham, d w e l l i n g of t h e and person. The sect became extinct in 1848. B u c c i n g s ( d e s c e n d a n t s of B u c c a ) . ] A t o w n i n Buchanan (bu-kan'au), Franklin. Born at B u c k i n g h a m s h i r e , E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d o n t h e B a l t i m o r e , M d . , S e p t . 17, 1 8 0 0 : d i e d M a y 11, O u s e i n l a t . 5 2 ° N . , l o n g . 0 ° 5 8 ' W . It has 1874. A n A m e r i c a n n a v a l o f f i c e r , i n t h e C o n - m a n u f a c t u r e s of l a c e . P o p u l a t i o n ( 1 8 9 1 ) , 3 , 3 6 4 . f e d e r a t e s e r v i c e 1 8 6 1 - 6 4 . l i e commanded the l l e r - Buckingham, Dukes of. S o e Stafford, Villiers, rimac in Hampton Road a, l l a r c h 8, 18(52 ; and was de- a n d GrenviUe. feated by Farragut in Mobile Bay, Aug. 5, 1864. B u c h a n a n , G e o r g e . B o r n a t K i l l e a m , S t i r l i n g - Buckingham, James Silk. Born at Flushing, s h i r e , S c o t l a n d , F e b . , 1506 : d i e d a t E d i n b u r g h , n e a r F a l m o u t h , E n g l a n d , A u g . 2 5 , 1 7 8 6 : d i e d a t A n English traveler S e p t . 2 9 , 1 5 8 2 . A S c o t t i s h h i s t o r i a n a n d s c h o l a r , L o n d o n , J u n e 30, 1855. t u t o r of J a m e s V I . ( 1 5 7 0 ) . His principal works are a n d m a n of l e t t e r s . He wrote " Travels in Palestine, " Do jure regni apud Scotos " (1579), " R e r a m Scoticarum etc. "(1822), "Travels in Mesopotamia, etc. "(1827), "Travels historia" (1582), "Detection, etc. " (1571), a version of the in Assyria, Media, and Persia " (1829), etc. The London residence Psalms, translations of the " Medea " and " Alcestis," and B u c k i n g h a m P a l a c e . of t h e q u e e n , s i t u a t e d a t t h e w e s t e r n e n d of the dramas " B a p tis tea/' " J e p h t h e s / ' etc. Buchanan, James. B o r n a t S t o n y B a t t e r , S t . J a m e s ' s P a r k . I t was settled by act of Parliament F r a n k l i n C o u n t y , P a . , A p r i l 22, 1 7 9 1 : d i e d a t in 1775 upon Queen Charlotte, and was hence known as t h e W h e a t l a n d , L a n c a s t e r , P a . , J u n e 1 , 1 8 6 8 . T h e "queen's house." I t was remodeled under George IV.; fifteenth p r e s i d e n t of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . He was and the eastern façade, hall-room, and some other portions have been added by Queen Victoria, who began to a member of Congress 1821-31 ; minister to Russia 1831-33; occupy it in 1837. The chief façade is 3130 feet long, hut is United States senator 1833-45 ; secretary of state 1845-49 ; architecturally uninteresting. The state apartments are minister to Great Britain 1853-56 ; and president 1857-61. magnificently adorned and furnished, the grand staircase, He published a history of his administration (1806). the throne-room, and the state ball-room being especially There is a priceless collection of French buhl Buchanan, Robert Williams. Born in "War- notable. and other furniture, and the picture-gallery contains a w i c k s h i r e , A u g . 18, 1841. A S c o t t i s h p o e t a n d number of old and modern masterpieces. p r o s e w r i t e r . His poems include "Idyls and Legends of Inverburn " (1865), " London Poems " (1866), " Napoleon Buckinghamshire (buk'ing-am-shir), Buck[AS. Bnceingahamst-ir.] Fallen " (1871), f: The City of Dreams " (1888), " The Wan- ingham, o r Bucks. dering Jew " (1893). He has published a number of plays, A c o u n t y of E n g l a n d , l y i n g b e t w e e n N o r t h and in 1876 he wrote his first novel, The Shadow of the a m p t o n o n t h e n o r t h , B e d f o r d s h i r e , H e r t f o r d , Sword," followed by " A Child of S a t u r e " (1879), etc. a n d M i d d l e s e x o n t h e e a s t , B e r k s h i r e 011 t h e Buchanites ( b u k ' a n - i t s ) . S e e Buchan. Elspeth. s o u t h , a n d O x f o r d s h i r e o n t h e w e s t . I t is a n Bucharest. S e e Jiukharest. agricultural county. T h e c h i e f t o w n is B u c k Bûchez (bii-shâ'), Philippe Joseph Benjamin. i n g h a m . A r e a , 746 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n B o r n a t M a t a g n c - l a - P e t i t e , N a r r i u r , B e l g i u m , ( 1 8 9 1 ) , 185,190. M a r c h 31, 1 7 9 6 : d i e d a t E o d o z , F r a n c e , A u g . 1 2 , 1 8 6 5 . A F r e n c h m a n of l e t t e r s a n d p o l i t i - Buckland (buk'land), Francis Trevelyan. c i a n . He wrote an "Introduction h la science de l'his- B o r n a t O x f o r d , I ) e e . 17, 1 8 2 6 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , toire " (1833), "Essai d'un traité complet de pliilosophie " D e c . 19, 1880. A n E n g l i s h n a t u r a l i s t , s o n of (1839), " H i s t o i r e d e la formation de la nationalité fran- W i l l i a m B u c k l a n d , n o t e d f o r r e s e a r c h e s i n fishçaise" (1859), and edited " Histoire parlementaire de la c u l t u r e . He wrote ''Curiosities of >"atural History" révolution française" (1833-88). (1857), " Natural History of British Fishes" (1881), etc.

Buckland,

William

192 Bugenhagen the spiritual struggle of a recluse. After seven years he Sào Paulo to seek the same route. He was absent three believed himself possessed of perfect truth, and assumed years, and discovered the gold-mines of Goyaz, In 1728 the title of Buddha, ' the enlightened.' He is represented he was made captain of the Goyaz colony. as having received a sudden illumination as he sat under the Bo-tree, or ' tree of knowledge,' at Bodhgaya or Bud- B u e n o s A y r e s ( b w à ' n ô s î ' r e z ; Sp. pron. b w à ' [Sp., ' g o o d airs.'] A p r o v i n c e of dha-Gaya, For twenty-eight or, as later narratives give nos i ' r e s ) . it, forty-nine days he was variously tempted by Mara. the A r g e n t i n e R e p u blic, l y i n g b e t w e e n C o r d o b a , One of his doubts was whether to keep for himself the S a n t a F é , E u t r e R i o s , a n d t h e R i o de la P l a t a on knowledge won, or to share it. Love triumphed, and he t h e n o r t h , the o c e a n on the e a s t a n d south, a n d began to preach, at first at Benares. For forty-four years t h e t e r r i t o r i e s of P a m p a a n d R i o N e g r o on the he preached in the region of Benares and Behar. Primi- w e s t . C a p i t a l , since 1882, L a P l a t a , its chief intive Buddhism is only to be gathered by inference from the literature of a later time. Buddha did not array him- dustry is cattle-raising. During most of the time from 1827 self against the old religion. The doctrincs were rather to 1862, Buenos Ayres was separated from the other provthe outgrowth of those of certain Brahmanical schools. inces. Area, about 106,000 square miles. Population (1893* His especial concern was salvation from sorrow, and so about 800,000. from existence. There are "four noble truths": (1) exT h e capital of the A r g e n t i n e istence is suffering; (2) the cause of pain is desire; (3) B u e n o s A y r e s . cessation of pain is possible through the suppression of C o n f e d e r a t i o n , s i t u a t e d on t h e e s t u a r y of t h e desire; (4) the way to this is the knowledge atid obser- R i o de l a P l a t a , i n lat. 34° 36' S., l o n g . 58° 22' vance of the "good law " of Buddha. The end is Nirvana, W . It is the Becond city of South America in size, and has the cessation of existence. Buddhism was preached in the greater share of the export trade of the country, and the vulgar tongue, and had a popular literature and an also considerable manufactures. I t is a railway terminus elaborately organized monastic and missionary system. of importance. It contains a cathedral, university, and It made its way into Afghanistan, Bactriana, Tibet, and military school. Buenos Ayres was settled by the SpanChina. I t passed away in India not from Brahman persecution, but rather from internal causes, such as its too iards in 1535; abandoned; and resettled in 1580. The abstract nature, too morbid view of life, relaxed discipline, revolution which led to the independence of the republic and overgrowth of monasticism, and also because Shivaism began there in 1810. Population (1893), 556,934 (including and Vishnuism employed many of its own weapons more suburbs). effectively. The system has been variously modified in B u e n o s A y r e s , o r C o l o n i e s o f t h e P l a t a ( C o l o dogma and rites in the many countries to which it has n i a s d e l a P l a t a ) . A viceroyalty established spread. I t is supposed to number about 350,000,000 of adherents, who are principally in Ceylon, Tibet, China, i n 1776, a n d c o n t i n u e d u n t i l t h e r e v o l u t i o n of 1810. It included Buenos Ayres (colony), Tucuman, and Japan. Cnyo (separated from Chile), Uruguay, Paraguay, and Buckner (buk'ner), Simon Bolivar. B o m in H a r t C o u n t y , K y . , A p r i l 1, 1823. A n A m e r i - B u d d h a - G a y a ( b o ^ d a - g a ' a ) . A n a n c i e n t c e n t e r Charcas or Upper Peru : in other words, all now included in the Argentine Republic, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Boc a n g e n e r a l , i n t h e C o n f e d e r a t e s e r v i c e 1861- o f B u d d h i s m , n o w i n ruins, i n t h e G a y a d i s t r i c t , livia, with the former Pacific coast of Bolivia, now an1865. He surrendered Fort Donelson to Grant, Feb. 16, B e n g a l . The temple is a celebrated foundation in the Buddhist faith. I t is a quadrangular pyramidal struc- nexed to Chile. The capital was Buenos Ayres. 1862, after the escape of General Floyd, and commanded ture on a plain raised basement, 60 feet square and 160 B u f f a l o ( b u f ' a - l û ) . A c i t y , p o r t of e n t r y , a n d a corps at Chickamauga, Sept. 19 and 20, 1863. He was high. The exteriorfaces are divided into piers, and orna- c h i e f p l a c e of E r i e C o u n t y , N e w Y o r k , situgovernor of Kentucky 1887-91. mented with molded bands and panels forming nine stages a t e d on L a k e E r i e i n l a t . 4 2 ° 53' N . , l o n g . 78° or stories, and surmounted by a conical flnial. In the 55' W . : the t h i r d c i t y i n t h e S t a t e , i t has a good B u c k s ( b u k s ) . A b b r e v i a t i o n of BiicJcingJiamsliire, Buckstone (buk'ston), John B a l d w i n . B o r n interior is a cclla with radiating arches, which date prob- harbor protected by breakwaters, aud is the terminus of ably from a 14th-century restoration. the Erie Canal and an important rail way-center. It is a t H o x t o n , L o n d o n , S e p t . 14, 1802: d i e d a t connected by steamer lines with ports on the Great Lakes. See Buddha. S y d e n h a m , n e a r L o n d o n , O c t . 31, 1879. An Buddhists (bo'dists). B o r n It has a large trade in grain, live stock, lumber, coal, ceE n g l i s h c o m e d i a n and d r a m a t i s t , a u t h o r of B u d 6 ( b i i - d a ' ) ( L . B u d s e u s ) , G u i l l a u m e . ment, and salt, and manufactures of fiour, iron, steel, a t P a r i s , 1467,: d i e d A u g . 23, 1540. A F r e n c h numerous plays. scholar. He was a friend'of Erasmus, and was elevated beer, oil, leather, etc. Buffalo was founded in 1801, and Bucktails (buk'talz). A n a m e o r i g i n a l l y g i v e n by Francis I. to the post of royal librarian. He was sus- incorporated as a city in 1832. It was the sccne of extent o t h e m e m b e r s of t h e T a m m a n y S o c i e t y i n pected of favoring Calvinism. He wrote an excellent sive railroad strikes in 1892. Population (1890), 255,664. N e w Y o r k c i t y , b u t a b o u t 1817-26 e x t e n d e d i n work un ancient coins, entitled " D e Asse, etc " (1514). Buffalo Bill. S e e Cody, William Frederick. i t s a p p l i c a t i o n t o m e m b e r s of t h a t f a c t i o n of B u d g e l l ( b u j ' e l ) , E u s t a c e . Born in Poland, B o r n at S t . T h o m - B u f f i e r ( b i i f - y â ' ) , C l a u d e . t h e D e m o c r a t i c - R e p u b l i c a n p a r t y i n t h e S t a t e as, n e a r E x e t e r , E n g l a n d , A u g . 19, 1686: c o m - M a y 25, 1661: d i e d a t P a r i s , M a y 17,1737. A which opposed De W i t t Clinton. m i t t e d suicide i n t h e T h a m e s , n e a r L o n d o n , F r e n c h g r a m m a r i a n , p h i l o s o p h e r , a n d l i t t e r a B u c o l i c M o u t h o f t h e N i l e . A n a n c i e n t m o u t h M a y 4,1737. A n English miscellaneous writer. teur. He was called to the bar, but his association with his of t h e N i l e , i n t h e m i d d l e of tho D e l t a . Buczacz (bo'chach). A t o w n i n e a s t e r n Gali- cousin Joseph Addison induced him to turn his attention B u f f o n ( b û - f ô ï i ' ) , C o m t e d e ( G e o r g e s L o u i s c i a , A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y , i n lat. 49° 4" N . , l o n g . to literature. He contributed thirty-seven papers to the L e c l e r c ) . B o r n a t M o n t b a r d , Cote-d'Or, P r a n c e , A "Spectator," in Addison's style. He wrote many pam- S e p t . 7, 1707 : d i e d at P a r i s , A p r i l 16, 1788. 25° 23' E . By a treaty concluded here in 1672, Poland phlets of a political nature, and in 1733 started " The c e l e b r a t e d F r e n c h n a t u r a l i s t . He was the son of ceded the Ukraine and Podolia to Turkey. Population Bee,'' a weekly periodical which ran for about two years. M. Leclerc de Buffon, a counselor of the parliament of (1890), commune, 11,096. He filled a number of positions after the accession of Bourgogne, from whom he inherited a competent fortune. Budseus. S e e Bade, Guillaume. George I., when Addison became secretary to the lord About the age of nineteen he traveled in Italy in company B u d a p e s t ( b o ' d a - p e s t ; H u n g . p r o n . b o ' d o - lieutenant of Ireland, being at various times chief secre- with Lord Kingston, and in 1740 published a translation p e s h t ' ) , since 1872 t h e o f f i c i a l n a m e of t h e unit- tary to the lords justices, deputy clerk of the council, of Newton's "Treatise on Fluxions." He was elected a e d B u d a a n d P e s t h or P e s t , T h e c a p i t a l of accountant-general, and member of the Irish House of member of the Academy of Sciences at Paris in 1739, and in the same year was appointed director of the Jardin du H u n g a r y , a n d tho s e c o n d c i t y o f the A u s t r i a n Commons. He fell into money difficulties which affected his brain, and after a disgraceful affair connected with Roi, the present Jardin des Plantes. His chief work is e m p i r e , c o n s i s t i n g of B u d a on t h e w e s t bank the disappearance of some bonds belonging to the estate the "Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière, avec la of t h e D a n u b e , a n d P e s t on t h e o p p o s i t e b a n k . of Matthew Tindal, he took his own life. He left a natu- description du cabinet du roi." the first three volumes The Danube is crossed here by a suspension-bridge and ral daughter, Anne Eustace, who went upon the Btage. of which were published in 1749. The first volume contained " L a théorie de la terre" and " L e système sur la other bridges. The city contains ten municipal districts. I t has a large trade in grain, wool, hides, etc., and exten- B u d w e i s ( b o d ' v i s ) , C z e c h B u d e j o w i c e . A c i t y formation des planètes"; the second, "L'Histoire gésive manufactures. I t is alBo the seat of a university. i n B o h e m i a , s i t u a t e d on t h e M o l d a u i n l a t . 48° nérale des animaux" and "L'Histoire particulière do Buda was the Roman Aquincum, and Pest was a Roman 58' N . , l o n g . 14° 27' E . I t has a c a t h e d r a l . l'homme"; the third, a "Description du cabinet du r o i " (by Daubenton) and a chapter on " l.es variétés de l'esP o p u l a t i o n (1890) 28,491. colony. Buda was the capital of Hungary from the midB u e l l ( b u ' e l ) , D o n C a r l o s . B o r n n e a r M a r i - pèce humaine." The next twelve volumes (1755-67) dealt dle of the 14th century. I t was taken by the Turks in 1526, e t t a , O h i o , M a r c h 23,1818. A n A m e r i c a n g e n - with the history of quadrupeds. Subsequently he pub1529, and 1541. The Turks were expelled in 1686. In 1784 e r a l . He was graduated from West Point 1841; served lished in ten volumes "L'Histoire naturelle des oiseaux Buda again became the capital. Budapest was occupied in the Mexican wax; was placed in command of the et des minéraux " (1771-86), besides seven volumes of " Supby the Austrians Jan., 1849. The Hungarians reentered Department of tlie Ohio 1861; became major-general of pléments" (1774-89). The most striking of these is the Pest in April and stormed Buda in May, 1849. The Austri- volunteers 1862; arrived at Pittsburg Landing, April 6, fifth volume, "Les époques de la nature" (1779). Lacéans reoccupied both places Aug., 1849. The German name 1862, in time to contribute to the victory of Grant over pède completed Buffon's work from his notes by publishing a volume, " Les serpents," in 1789. The credit for the of BudaisO/en. Population(1890),withthegarrison,506,384. Beauregard on the following day; drove General Bragg six volumes on " L e s poissons et les cétacés" (1799-1804) B u d a u n ( b o - d a - o n ' ) . A d i s t r i c t i n t h e R o h i l - out of Kentucky 1862, fighting the indecisive battle of belongs to Lacépède alone. When Buffon was admitted Perryville Oct, 8. He was blamed for permitting General cund division, Northwest Provinces, British to the French Academy in 1753, he delivered as his inIndia. A r e a , 2,002 square m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n Bragg to escape, and was removed from hia command, augural address the famous "Discours sur le style." Oct. 24, 1862. B u f f o n e ( b o f - f ô ' n e ) , C a r l o . A i l impudent glut(1881), 906,451. B u d d e u s ( b o d - d a ' o s ) , J o h a n n F r a n z . B o r n at B u e n a V i s t a ( b w a ' n a v e s ' t a ) . [ S p . , ' g o o d t o n o u s j e s t e r i n B e n J o n s o n ' s " E v e r y M a n out A n k l a m , P r u s s i a , J u n e 25,1667: d i e d a t G o t h a , v i e w . ' ] A p l a c e i n t h e s t a t e o f Coahuila, of h i s H u m o u r . " He is identified with Marston by some critics ; others think he is meant for Dekkcr. G e r m a n y , N o v . 19, 1729. A G e r m a n L u t h e r a n M e x i c o , 6 m i l e s south o f S a l t i l l o . Here, Feb. 22-23, d i v i n e and s c h o l a r . He wrote "Historia juris na- 184£ 5,000 Americans under General Taylor defeated 15,000 B uffoon, Sir Hercules. S e e Sir Hercules Bufture, etc." (1695), "Elementa philosophise instruments Mexicans under Santa Anna. Loss of Americans 746 • of foon-, u n d e r Lacif, John. lis" (170:5), ''Historia ecclesiastica veteria testament!" Mexicans, about 2,000. B u e n A y r e ( b w a n i ' r a ) , or B o n a i r e ( b d - n a r ) . B u g ( b o g ) , or B o g . A r i v e r i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t s (1709), etc. [ S p . a n d F . r e s p e c t i v e l y , ' g o o d a i r . ' ] A n island of P o d o l i a a n d K h e r s o n , R u s s i a , w h i c h j o i n s B u d d h a ( b o M l i ) . [ S k t . , ' the enlightened.'] T h e i n t h e D u t c h W e s t I n d i e s , s i t u a t e d n o r t h of t h e l i m a n of t h e D n i e p e r 30 m i l e s w e s t of K h e r t i t l e of S i d d h a r t h a or G a u t a m a , t h e f o u n d e r of son: the ancient Hypanis. L e n g t h , a b o u t 400 Buddhism. From three newly discovered inscriptions V e n e z u e l a , i n l a t . 12° 15' N . , l o n g . 68° 27' W . Navigable from Voznesensk. P o p u l a t i o n (1892), m i l e s . of the emperor Asoka it follows that the 37th year of his A r e a , 129 s q u a r e m i l e s . B u g . A r i v e r w h i c h r i s e s in Galicia and joins reign was reckoned as the 257th from the death of Buddha. 4,900. t h e V i s t u l a in R u s s i a n P o l a n d , 17 m i l e s n o r t h Hencc it is inferred that Buddha died between 482 and 472 li. c. It being agreed that he lived to be eighty, he B u e n d e ( b w a n ' d e ) , or B a - B u e n d e ( b & - b w a n ' - w e s t of W a r s a w . L e n g t h , a b o u t 500 m i l e s . S e e Kongo language. was born between 562 and 552 B. c. The Buddhist narra- d e ) . B u g e a u d d e l a P i c o n n e r i e ( b u - z h ô ' dè l a p ë tives of his life are overgrown with legend and myth. B u e n o d a S i l v a ( b w a ' n 5 da s e l ' v a ) , B a r t h o l o kon-re')T T h o m a s R o b e r t , Due d'Isly, Born Senart seeks to trace in them the history of the sun-hero. m e w c a l l e d A n h a n g u e r a . B o r n i n S a o P a u l o Oldenberg finds in the most ancient traditions —those of a b o u t 1635 : d i e d t h e r e a b o u t 1695. A B r a z i l i a n a t L i m o g e s , F r a n c e , Oct. 15,1784: d i e d at P a r i s , Ceylon —at least definite historical outlines. Siddhar- e x p l o r e r . In 1682, at the head of a party in search of In- June 10, 1849. A m a r s h a l of F r a n c e , and m i l i tha, as Buddha was called before entering upon his great dian slaves and mines, he penetrated to Goyaz, and prob- t a r y w r i t e r . He served in Africa 1836-47 ; was govmission, was born in the country and tribe of the Sakhernor of Algeria 1840 ; and gained the victory of I sly yas, at the foot of the Xepalese Himalayas. His father, ably beyond the Araguaya, bringing the first definite ac- Morocco,, Aug. 14,1844. Suddhodana, was rather a great and wealthy landowner account of these regions. B u e n o d a S i l v a , B a r t h o l o m e w B o r n i n S a o B u g e n h a g e n ( b o ' g e n - h â ' g e n ) , J o h a n n , surthan a king. He passed his youth in opulence at Kapilavastu, the Sakhya capital. He was married and had a P a u l o , 1670: d i e d in G o y a z , S e p t . 19, 1740. S o n n a m e d P o m e r a n u s , or D r . P o m m e r . B o r n a t son Rahula, who became a member of his order. At the of t h e p r e c e d i n g . He was with his father in the ex- W o l l i n , P o m e r a n i a , G e r m a n y , J u n e 24,1485: d i e d age of twenty-nine he left parents, wife, and only son for ploration of 1682, and in 1722 was sent by the governor of a t W i t t e n b e r g , G e r m a n y , A p r i l 20,1558. A G e r B u c k l a n d , W i l l i a m . B o r n at T i v e r t o n , D e v o n shire, E n g l a n d , M a r c h 12, 1784: d i e d a t C l a p h a m , n e a r L o n d o n , A u g . 15,1856. A n E n g l i s h g e o l o g i s t a n d c l e r g y m a n , a p p o i n t e d d e a n of W e s t m i n s t e r ill 1845. His.chief works are " Reliquise Biluvianaj, etc." (1823), and the Bridgewater treatise 011 "Geology and Mineralogy " (1836). B u c k l a w ( b u k ' l a ) , L a i r d of. Frank Hayston, the d i s s i p a t e d b u t g o o d - n a t u r e d suitor of L u c y A s h t o n i n Scott's " B r i d e of L a m m e r i n o o r . " He waa married to her by her mother's machinations, and was thus the cause of the tragedy which ensued. See Ashton, Lucy. Buckleibuk'l), Henry Thomas. Born at L e e , K e n t , E n g l a n d , N o v . 24, 1821: d i e d a t D a m a s cus, S y r i a , M a y 29, 1862. A n E n g l i s h hist o r i a n . His health in early youth waa delicate, on which account he waa educated at home, chicflyby his mother. In 1840, 011 the death of his father, a wealthy ship-owner in London, he inherited an ample fortune which enabled him to devote himself wholly to literary pursuits. In 1857 he published the first volume of his "History of Civilization in England." The appearance of thia volume, which is characterized by vigor of style and boldness of thought, produced a sensation in Europe and America, and raised the author from obscurity to fame. The special doctrine which it sought to uphold was that climate, soil, food, and the aspects of nature are the determining factors in intellectual progress. A second volume, inferior in execution and interest, appeared in 1861.

Bugenhagen man Reformer, a coadjutor of Luther. He was preacher and (1525) professor of biblical exegesis at Wittenberg. H e organized the ProtestautChurch in northern and central Germany, and Denmark; translated the Bible into Low German; and published "Interpretatio in librum psalmorum "(1524), etc.

Bugey (bu-zhà'). All ancient district of eastern Prance, lying north and west of the Rhône, and south of Franche-Comté: comprised in the dep a r t m e n t of A i n . I t formed part of the old Burgundian kingdom, was ceded to Savoy 1137-1344, was ceded by Savoy to France in 1601, and was made part of the general government of Burgundy.

Bugge (bog'ge), Thomas. Born at Copenhagen, Oct. 12, 1740 : died June 15, 1815. A Danish astronomer and geographer, Bugi (bo'gi). See Kabaih Bug Jargal. A novel by Victor Hugo. Its sub-

193 part of the Roman Empire. I t was colonized about the 6th century by Bulgarians (a Slav icized Finnish (?) people). There were three Bulgarian kingdoms successively in the middle ages, and about the 10th century, and again in the 18th century, the kingdom had a wide extent. I t was overthrown by the Turks about the end of the 14th century. I t has been the theater of many struggles in recent Russo-Turkish wars. I t was constituted a principality by the treaty of San Stefano and the Congress of Berlin (1878), and Prince Alexander of Battenberg was installed in 1879. A union of Eastern liumelia with Bulgaria was effected in 1885. A war with Servia occurred in 1885, which resulted in favor of Bulgaria. Prince Alexander resigned in 1886, and Prince Ferdinand of Coburg was elected in 1887. Area, 37,860 square miles. Population (1893), 3,309,816.

Bundelkhand Agency earl, in a clandestine marriage with Clara Mowbray, and later endeavors to rob Tyrrel of the proofs of the latter's right to his title.

Bulnes(böl'nes), Manuel. Born at Concepcion, Dec. 25,1799: died at Santiago, Oct. 18,1866. A Chilian general and statesman. In 1831 he became brigadier-general, and in 1838 commanded 5.000 men sent against Santa Cruz in Peru. His victories destroyed the Peru-Bolivian confederation. He was elected president of Chile in 1841, and reelected in 1846, serving for ten years.

Bülow (bü'lö), Friedrich Wilhelm von. Born at Falkenberg, Altmark, Prussia, Feb. 16,1755: died at Königsberg, Prussia, Feb. 25, 181.6. A P r u s s i a n g e n e r a l . H e defeated Oudinot at Luckau and Grossbeeren and Ney at Dennewitz in 1813; served

Bulgaria, Black. Same as Bulgaria. with distinction at Leipsic in 1813, at Laon and MontBulgaria, Great or White. A former name of martre in 1814, and at Waterloo in 1815; and was made the region between the Kama and Volga, which count of Dennewitz in 1814. was occupied by Bulgarians. Bülow, Hans Guido von. Born at Dresden, ject is the revolt of the Santo Domingo negroes. The Jan. 8,1830: died at Cairo, Egypt, Feb. 12,1894. Bulgarians (bul-gà'ri-anz). See Bulgaria. principal character, giving his name to the book, is a Bulearin (bol-gâ'rin), Thaddeus. Born in A f a m o u s p i a n i s t , c o n d u c t o r , a n d c o m p o s e r . He negro passionately in love with a white womau. Lithuania, 1789: died at Dorpat, Russia, Sept. made his first concert tour in 1853, and in 1864 was made Bugres (bo'grez). A name commonly given in 13, 1859. A Russian novelist, journalist, and conductor of the Hoyal Opera and director of the ConserBrazil to the Botocudos and other savage In- general writer. His chief work is the novel vatory at Munich. He held many important positions, including that of royal court kapellmeister at Hannover dians. I t is also applied to howling monkeys, and is 4 'The Russian Gil Bias" (1829). (1878), and a similar position with the Duke of Meiningen. probably corrupted f r o m some aboriginal word. He was director at Hamburg and Berlin from 1885. Bulgars, See Bulgarians. Buhle (bo'le), Johann Gottlieb. Born at Brunswick, Germany, Sept. 29,1763 : died at Bruns- Bulgarus (bul-gâ'rus). Born at Bologna, Italy, Biilow, K a r l Eduard von. Born at Berg, near Eilenburg, Prussia, Nov. 17. 1803: dicnl in the 11th century: died 1166. An Italian wick, Aug. 11, 1821. A German historian of philosophy. H e wrote " Lchrhuch der Geschichte der jurist, one of the ''Four Doctors" of Bologna. at Ötlishausen, Thurgau, Switzerland, Sept. a 16, 1858. A German novelist and miscellanePhilosophie " (1796-1804), "Geschichte der neuern Philos- His chief work is a commentary, D e regulis ous writer. He wrote " Novellenbuch," a collection of juris." ophie " (1800-05), etc. Bull (bo-el'),Bernardo. Born in Catalonia about Bulkley, or Bulkeley (bulk'li), Peter. Born at one hundred tales from the Italian, Spanish, etc., pub1450: died at the Cuxa convent in 1520. A Odell, Bedfordshire, England, Jan. 31,1583 : died lished 1834-36. Spanish Benedictine monk, in 1493 he was chosen at Concord, Mass., March 9, 1659. An Anglo- Bulstrode (bul'strod), Nicholas. A dishonest with eleven other Benedictines to go with Columbus to American clergyman. He removed from England banker, in George Eliot's novel "Middlcmarch," Hispaniola. The Pope named him superior and apostolto Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1635, and in the following with a Calvinistic conscience and a constant ical vicar of the N e w World. His position gave him much terror of being found out. year founded the settlement of Concord, Massachusetts. influence at Hispaniola, where he acted as councilor ; but he showed an unrelenting disposition toward the Indians, Bull (bill), John. Born in Somersetshire, Eng- Bulti (bul'te), or Bultistan (bul-te-stän'), or and joined the malcontents who opposed Columbus'. In land, about 1563 : died at Antwerp, March 12 or Baltistan (bäl-te-stän'), or Little Tibet. A 1494 he returned to Spain to prefer charges against him, 13, 1628. An English composer and organist. former state in central Asia, tributary to and he was long a most dangerous enemy of the admiral. The song "G-od save the King " w a s wrongly Kashmir, situated in lat, 35°-35° 30' N., long. H e did not g o again to America, but was made abbot of 75°-76° E. Chief town, Iskardo. Area, estiattributed to him. the Cuxa convent. AIBO written Boyle, Boyl, Boil, and Buell. mated, 12,000 square miles. Bull, John. See John Bull. Buitenzorg (boi'ten-zoTG). The capital of an Bulwer, E d w a r d George Earle Lytton, first (bôl), Ole Bornemann. Born at Bergen, assistant-residency in Java, Dutch East Indies, Bull Norway, Feb. 5, 1810 : died near Bergen, Aug. Baron Lytton. See Lytton. 36 miles south of Batavia. It contains the 17,188Ô. A Norwegian violinist and composer. Bulwer (btil'wer), John. Lived about 1654. palace of the governor-general, and botanical From about 1831, when he went to Paris and developed A n E n g l i s h p h y s i c i a n . H e wrote a treatise on dacgardens. his powers under the influence of Paganini, he traveled tylology, entitled "Chirologia, or the Naturall Language Blijalance (bo-Hâ-lân'the). A town in the from one city to another till the year of his death, playing of the Hand " (1644), and " Philocophua, or the Deafe and province of Cordova, Spain, 25 miles east of with great success. H e came five times to America be- Dumbe Man's Friend, e t c . " (1648). tween 1843 and 1879. Cordova. Bulwer, W i l l i a m Henry Lytton Earle, Baron Bull, A Young. A famous painting by Paul Bukharest, or Bucharest (bo-ka-rest'), Ru- Potter, in the Royal Gallery at The Hague, Dalling and Bulwer, usually known as Sir manian Bucuresci, or Bukureshti. ['City of H o l l a n d , i t is a large canvas, with strong light effects Henry Bulwer. Born at London, Feb. 13. delight.'] The capital of Rumania, situated in and some deficiency in half-tones. The bull is grouped 1801: died at Naples, May 23. 1872. An English diplomatist, politician, and writer, brother a plain on the Dimbovitza, lat. 44° 25' N., long. 2 6 ° 6 ' E . I t is one of the strongest fortresses in Europe, and has important commerce with Austria and the Balkan Peninsula. I t contains a university, government buildings, and cathedral. Has been often besieged and taken. Capital, before 1861, of Wallachia. Population (1890), 194,633.

Bukharest, Treaty of.

A treaty concluded

M a y 28, 1812. i t put an end to the war which had been carried on between Russia and Turkey sincc 1806, and established the Pruth and the Lower Danube as the boundary between the t w o countries.

under a tree with a cow, a ram, a sheep, a lamb, and a herdsman, with animals in the distant landscape.

Bull, The. See Taurus. Bullant (bii-lon')? Jean. Born about 1515, proba.bly at Écouen: died Oct. 10, 1578. A

French architect. Of his early career nothing is known. A f t e r 1570 he became architect of the Tuileries, and erected the pavilion called by his name. I n the same year he succeeded Primaticcio at Fontainebleau.

of L o r d L y t t o n . He was minister to Spain 1843-48, and to the United States 1849-52 ; negotiated the BulwerClayton Treaty in 1850; was minister to Tuscany 18521855, and ambassador to Turkey 1&58-65. He wrote " Historical Characters " (18fi7), etc.

Bulwer-ölayton Treaty. A treaty between Great Britain and the United States, concluded at Washington April 19, and ratified J u l y 4, 1850.

Both parties pledged themselves to re-

Bullcalf (bul'kaf). A recruit in Shakspere's spect the neutrality of the proposed ship-canal across ''Henry I V . , " part 2. Central America. Great Britain was represented by Sir Bukhtarma (bokh-târ'mâ). Atributary of the Bulle (biil). A small town in the canton of Henry Bulwer, the United States by J. M. Clayton. Fribourg, Switzerland. 13 miles south by west Bulwer Lytton, Edward Robert Lytton, Irtish, in southern Siberia. first Earl of Lytton. See Lytton. Bukowina (bo-kô-vë'na). A duchy and crown- of Fribourg: the chief place in Gruyère. land of the Cisleithan division of Austria-Hun- Bullet (bii-lâ') ; Pierre. Born 1639: died 1716. Bumble (bum'bl). A fat and officious beadle gary. Capital, Czernowitz. It is bounded by Galicia A French architect, a pupil of François Blondel. in Charles Dickens's u Oliver Twist." From his on the north. Moldavia east and south, and Transylvania, H e constructed, after the plans of his master, the Porte Hungary proper, and Galicia west. I t is occupied in great part by the Carpathians. I t sends 9 members to the Reichsrat and has a Diet of 31 members. The leading nationalities are Ruthenian and Rumanian ; the leading religion is the Greek (not united). Its early history is obscure. I t was acquired from Turkey by Austria in 1775, and became a crownland in 1849. Area, 4,035 square miles. Population (1890), 646,591.

Saint Denis, and built on his own designs the Porte Saint Martin (1674). He also built the porch of the Church of Saint Thomas d'Aquin, and made the decorations of t w o chapels at Saint Germain des Prés.

arrogant self-importance and magnifying of his parochial office the word " b u m b l e d o m " has come to have a place in the language.

Bumper (bum'per), Sir Harry. A character Bullinger ( b o l ' i n g - è r ) , Heinrich. Born at in Sheridan's " School for Scandal." See Bremgarten, Aargau, Switzerland, Jnly 18,1504: Bumpo, or Bumppo (bum'po), Natty. died at Zurich, Switzerland, Sept. 17, 1575. A LcathcrstocJcing. Bunce (buns), John. A pirate in Scott's novel Swiss Reformer and historian, successor of Bulacan (bo-la-kan')» A town in Luzon, Phil" The Pirate." He had been a strolling player, Zwingli at Zurich. ippine Islands, 20 miles northwest of Manila. Bullom (bo-lorn'). A small and waning tribe and had assumed the name of Frederick AltaPopulation (1887), 12,180. north of Sierra Leone, West Africa. Their mont. Bulacq. See Birtak. language has preserved many elements of Bantu grammar. Bunch (bunch), Barnaby. An English botcher Bulak (bô-làk'). The port of Cairo, Egypt, on The Mampua dialect of Bullom, spoken at Sherbro, south or mender of old clothes, an amusing person, the Nile. It formerly contained the National of Freetown, forms a link with the stronger Timne. in Webster's play " T h e Weakest goeth to the Bull Bun (bul run). A small river in eastern Wall." Museum now at Gizeh. Virginia, which joins the Occoquan (a tributary Bunch, Mother. A derisive name given by Bulala (bo-la'la). See Kuka. Potomac) 25 miles southwest of WashingBulama (bo-la'ma). The easternmost of the tofo nthe Tucca to Mistress Miniver, an alewife, in Dek. Near it occurred two battles in the American Civil Bissagos Islands, west of Senegambia, in lat. War. ( a ) The Confederates under the immediate command kcr's '' Satiro-mastix." The name was used for the 11° 34' N., long. 15° 33' W . hypothetical author of various books of jests in 1604 and of Beauregard (about 31,000) defeated the Federals under Bulgaria (bul-gâ'ri-a). [F. Bulgarie, G. Bid- McDowell (about 28,000), July 21,1861. Loss of Federals, 17GÖ, and " M o t h e r Bunch's Fairy T a l e s " are well known. garien, Russ. Bulgariya, etc., ML. Bulgaria, 2,952 ; of Confederates, 1,752. Called by Confederates the Bunde, John. See John Buncle. from Bulgarus (Eng. Btt?. 406, o c c u p y i n g t h e w h o l e v a l l e y of t h e t h e order at R o m e in 1656, a c t e d f o r t h e I n q u i s i t i o n , a n d 1854. A comedian. He was the son of T h o m a s Saône and l o w e r R h o n e f r o m D i j o n t o t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n , and i n c l u d i n g also t h e w e s t e r n half of S w i t z e r l a n d . I t Burke, an Irish actor, and Cornelia Thomas, d u r i n g h i s l a t e r y e a r s w a s g u a r d i a n of H u a x o l o t i t l a n a n d w a s d e s t r o y e d b y t h e s o n s of Clovis in A. D. 584. who a f t e r w a r d married Joseph Jefferson. o t h e r c o n v e n t s . H i s " G e o g r á f i c a d e s c r i p c i ó n . . . de esta II. The k i n g d o m of B u r g u n d y ( r e g n u m Burgundise), m e n - B u r k e , E d m u n d . Born at Dublin, probably P r o v i n c i a d e P r e d i c a d o r e s de A n t i q u e r a " is a c h r o n i c l e of t i o n e d o c c a s i o n a l l y u n d e r t h e M e r o v i n g i a n k i n g s as a sepJ a n . 12, 1729 (N. S.): died at Jk-aconsfield, h i s order i n Oaxaca, of g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l value. Like h i s o t h e r arate p r i n c i p a l i t y , c o n f i n e d w i t h i n b o u n d a r i e s a p p a r e n t l y England, J u l y 9, 1797. A celebrated British h i s t o r i c a l a n d b i o g r a p h i c a l w o r k s , it is n o w v e r y rare. s o m e w h a t n a r r o w e r t h a n t h o s e of t h e older k i n g d o m l a s t statesman, orator, and writer. He was graduated B u r g o s (bor'gos). A province in Old Castile, n a m e d . at T r i n i t y College, D u b l i n , i n 1748 ; b e c a m e a m e m b e r of Spain. Area, 5,650 square miles. Population I I I . T h e k i n g d o m of P r o v e n c e or B u r g u n d y ( r e g n u m P a r l i a m e n t in i7f5t>; d e l i v e r e d h i s s p e e c h on A m e r i c a n (1887). 337,822. Provincise s e n Burgundia?) — also, t h o u g h l e s s a c c u r a t e l y , BurgOS, Iberian B r i g a . The capital of the prov- c a l l e d t h e k i n g d o m of C i s - J u r a n e B u r g u n d y — w a s f o u n d e d t a x a t i o n i n 1774 ; w a s p a y m a s t e r - g e n e r a l a n d p r i v y c o u n ince of Burgos, Spain, situated on the Arlan- b y B o s o in A. P. 879. and i n c l u d e d P r o v e n c e , D a u p h i n c , cilor 1782-83; and c o n d u c t e d t h e i m p e a c h m e n t of Warzon in lat. 42° 21' N., long. 3° 42' W. its chief t h e s o u t h e r n part of Savoy, a n d t h e c o u n t r y b e t w e e n t h e r e n H a s t i n g s 1787-95, w h e n h e r e s i g n e d his seat in Par-

Burghley, or Burleigh, Lord. See Cecil.

b u i l d i n g is t h e c a t h c d r a l ; i t a l s o c o n t a i n s a r u i n e d castle, t o w n hall, and s e v e r a l c h u r c h e s , a n d is n o t e d a s t h e birthp l a c e of t h e Cid. I t w a s f o u n d e d at t h e e n d of t h e 9 t h century, and w a s f o r a l o n g t i m e t h e capital of Castile, a n d t h e r i v a l of T o l e d o . M a r s h a l S o u l t g a i n e d a v i c t o r y h c r e over t h e Spaniards, N o v . 10, 1808, a n d it w a s u n s u c c e s s f u l l y "besieged b y W e l l i n g t o n in 1812. I t h a d f o r m e r l y a univ e r s i t y . T h e c a t h e d r a l , in t h e m a i n of m i d d l e - P o i n t e d a r c h i t e c t u r e , is n o t a b l e f o r i t s g r a c e f u l t w i n w e s t e r n spires of o p e n w o r k , 300 f e e t h i g h , i t s r i c h o c t a g o n a l c e n t r a l l a n t e r n , a n d t h e p i n n a c l e d c r o w n of t h e C o n d e s t a b l e Chapel, b e h i n d t h e a p s e . T h i s richly s c u l p t u r e d c h a p e l c o n t a i n s t h e t o m b s of t h e C o n s t a b l e of Castile, D o n P e d r o de V e l a s c o , and h i s w i f e . T h e r e is a l a r g e c l o i s t e r of P o i n t e d work, w i t h m u c h figure- and f o l i a g e - s c u l p t u r e comparable w i t h the best French. P o p u l a t i o n (1887), 31,301.

BurgOS, L a w s of. A system of laws for tho regulation of I n d i a n labor in America, promulg a t e d at Burgos, Spain, Dec. 27, 1512. The D o m i n i c a n s of H i s p a n i o l a h a d r e p r e s e n t e d t h a t t h e I n dians were very badly treated : t h e colonists opposed the monks, aud the junta appointed to consider the question f r a m e d t h e s e l a w s . T h e y p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e I n d i a n laborers s h o u l d h a v e h o u s e s , g r o u n d f o r c u l t u r e , and r e l i g i o u s i n s t r u c t i o n , w i t h a p e s o of g o l d a n n u a l l y t o b u y c l o t h e s : t h o s e in t h e m i n e s t o w o r k only five c o n s e c u t i v e m o n t h s , and t o h a v e official i n s p e c t o r s . T h e l a w s c a u s e d m u c h dissatisfaction.

B u r g o y n e (bér-goin')i J o h n . Born about 1722: died at London, J u n e 4, 1792. An English lieutenant-general and dramatist. He commanded t h e B r i t i s h a r m y w h i c h i n v a d e d N e w Y o r k 1777; w a s def e a t e d at S t i l l w a t e r , Sept. 19 a n d Oct. 7, 1777; a n d surr e n d e r e d w i t h 5,791 t r o o p s t o Gates at Saratoga, Oct. 17, 1777. I n 1782 h e w a s m a d e c o m m a n d e r - i n - c h i e f in I r e land, a n d in 1787 w a s o n e of t h e m a n a g e r s of t h e i m p e a c h m e n t of W a r r e n H a s t i n g s . H e w r o t e satires d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i o n of P i t t ( t h o g r e a t e r part of t h e " W e s t m i n s t e r G u i d e " ) , " T h e Lord of t h e M a n o r ' ' ( 1 7 8 0 , t h e l i b r e t t o of a c o m i c opera), " T h e H e i r e s s " (1786, a c o m e d y w h i c h w a s v e r y s u c c e s s f u l ) , etc.

Burgoyne, Sir John Fox. Born July 24, 1782: died at London, Oct. 7, 1871. An English engineer, the illegitimate son of G-eneral J o h n Burgoyne (1722-92). He was commanding engineer

of t h e e x p e d i t i o n to 2s e w Orleans 1814 ; c h a i r m a n of t h e Board of Public W o r k s in I r e l a n d 1831-45; and i n s p e c t o r g e n e r a l of f o r t i f i c a t i o n s in E n g l a n d 1845-68. H e w a s s e n t t o C o n s t a n t i n o p l e t o r e p o r t on t h e d e f e n s e of T u r k e y 1854; c o n d u c t e d t h e s i e g e of S e b a s t o p o l Oct., 1854,-Feb., 1855; w a s c r e a t e d a b a r o n e t 1856; w a s c o n s t a b l e of t h e T o w e r of L o n d o n 1 8 6 5 - 7 1 ; and b e c a m e a field-marshal 1868. A u t h o r of " Our D e f e n s i v e F o r c e s " (1868), etc.

Burgschmiet (borg'shmet), Jakob Daniel.

B o r a at Nuremberg, Bavaria, Get. 11, 1796: died at Nuremberg, March 7, 1858. A noted G-erman sculptor. H i s chief w o r k s are s t a t u e s of Alb r e c h t Diirer, M e l a n c h t h o n (at N u r e m b e r g ) , B e e t h o v e n (at Bonn), C h a r l e s I V . (at Prague), L u t h e r (at Mohra), e t c .

B u r g - S t e i n f u r t . See Steinfurt. B u r g u n d i a n (bér-gunMi-an). 1. One of t h e Burgundii or Burgundiones, a Germanic (Gothic) tribe which settled in Gaul and founded t h e

Burke, Sir John Bernard. Born at London,

1815: died at Dublin, Dec. 13, 1892. A n English genealogist, Ulster king at arms. He was e d i t o r of " B u r k e ' s P e e r a g e " ( e s t a b l i s h e d by h i s f a t h e r . .Tohw .Burke, 1831), and a u t h o r of " H i s t o r y of t h e L a n d e d G e n t r y " (1843), etc.

Burke, John Daly. Died near Campbell's Bridge, Va., April 11,1808. An Irish-American

historian. H e e m i g r a t e d f r o m I r e l a n d t o A m e r i c a in 1797, and e v e n t u a l l y s e t t l e d i n P e t e r s b u r g , Virginia, w h e r e h e d e v o t e d h i m s e l f to t h e p r a c t i c e of l a w and t o literature. l i e w a s k i l l e d by F e l i x C o q u e b e r t i n a d u e l a r i s i n g f r o m a political d i s p u t e . A u t h o r of " H i s t o r y of V i r g i n i a f r o m i t s F i r s t S e t t l e m e n t t o 1804 " (1804).

Burke, Robert O'Hara. Born at St. Clerans,

Gal way, Ireland, 1820: died in Australia, J u n e 28,1861. A n Australian explorer. lie was succes-

s i v e l y a c a p t a i n i n t h e A u s t r i a n army, m e m b e r of t h e I r i s h c o n s t a b u l a r y , and i n s p e c t o r of p o l i c e in V i c t o r i a , Australia, w h i t h e r h e e m i g r a t e d in 1853. H e t r a v e r s e d w i t h W i l l s t h e A u s t r a l i a n c o n t i n e n t 1800-61. and d i e d of starv a t i o n on t h e r e t u r n j o u r n e y .

B i i r k e l (biir'kel), H e i n r i c h . Born at Pirniasens. Bavaria. May 29, 1802; died at Munich, J u n e 10, 1869. A G-erman p a i n t e r of landscapes and genre scenes. B u r k e r s d o r f (bor'kers-dorf). A village situated 4 miles southwest of Scliweidnitz, in Siles i a , P r u s s i a . Here. J u l y 21,1762. Fredericktlie Great of Prussia repulsed the Austrians u n d e r Marshal Daun.

James Bryce, Holy Rom. Emp. Appendix, p. 447.

Burlamaqui (biir-la-ma-ke')> Jean Jacques.

X . T h e D u c h y of B u r g u n d y ( l o w e r B u r g u n d y ) , a g r e a t F r e n c h fief h e l d b y various C a r l o v i n g i a n and Oapetian p r i n c e s , and c e d e d by J o h n t h e Good to h i s son. P h i l i p t h e Bold. I t s capital w a s Dijon. F l a n d e r s and t h e C o u n t y of B u r g u n d y w e r e u n i t e d t o it in 13S4. I t w a s r u l e d by P h i l i p t h e ' B o l d 1363-1404; by J o h n t h e F e a r l e s s 14041419: bv P h i l i p t h e Good 1410-67; a n d b y Charles t h e B o l d 1467-77.' U n d e r t h e t w o l a t t e r i t w a s g r e a t l y e x t e n d e d i n B e l g i u m and eastern and c e n t r a l France, and b e c a m e o n e of t h e m o s t p o w e r f u l m o n a r c h i e s of E u r o p e . On t h e d e a t h of C h a r l e s t h e B o l d (1477) t h e d u c h y proper p a s s e d (1479) to Franco. T h e o t h e r p o s s e s s i o n s — F r a n c h e - C o m t c and L o w C o u n t r i e s — p a s s e d b y t h e m a r r i a g e of Mary ( d a u g h t e r and s u c c e s s o r of C h a r l e s t h e B o l d ) t o t h e h o u s e of

Burleigh (ber'li), or Burghley, Baron. See

Born at Geneva, J u l y 24.1694: died at Geneva, April 3, 1748. A noted Swiss jurist, professor of law at Geneva. He wrote "'Principes du droit n a t u r e l " (1747). Principes du droit polit i q u e " (1.751), etc. Cecil.

Burleigh, Lord.

Hapsburg. (Compare Maximilian, Charles the Bold.) The

D u c h y of B u r g u n d y p r o p e r b e c a m e a p r o v i n c e a n d g r e a t g o v e r n m e n t of France. I t lay b e t w e e n C h a m p a g n e on t h e north, F r a n c h e - C o m t é a n d Savoy o n t h e east, D a u p h i n é a n d L y o n n a i s on t h e s o u t h , and B o u r b o n n a i s , "Nivernais, and Orléanais on t h e w e s t , and c o r r e s p o n d e d t o t h e dep a r t m e n t s CAte-d'Or, Saône-et-Loire, Ain, and a part of Y o n n e . T h e r e g i o n is f a m o u s for i t s w i n e s .

A character in Mr. Puff's

tragedy " The Spanish A r m a d a / ' rehearsed in Sheridan's " C r i t i c . " He has not a word to say, but c o n f i n e s h i m s e l f to t h e m e m o r a b l e n o d )>y w h i c h e x p r e s s e s v o l u m e s a c c o r d i n g t o Mr. Puff.

he

Burleigh (ber'li), Lord of. See Lord of Burleigh .

Burleigh, William Henry. Born at "Wood-

stock, Conn., Feb. 2, 1812: died at Brooklyn, N. Y., March 18, 1871. An American poet, journalist, and abolitionist.

Burley, John Balfour of Burley (ber'li), John Balfour of. See Balfour. Burley, Walter. Born in 1274 or 1275: died

196 school. From 1857 to 1858 he was associated with Rossetti, Morris, and others in painting the Arthurian legends at Oxford. In 1861 he was one of the originators of the house of Morris and Company, and he made many designs for decorative work. He was an associate of the Koyal Academy 1885-93. In 1895 he was made a baronet.

p r o b a b l y i n 1345. A n E n g l i s h s c h o o l m a n , s u r n a m e d ' ' T h e P l a i n D o c t o r . " lie studied first at Oxford, then at Paris, where he became a pupil of Duns Scotus. l i e was appointed almoner to the Princess Philippa of Hainault about 1327, and subsequently became Burnes (bèrnz), Sir Alexander. Born at tutor to the Black Prince. He wrote numerous philo- M o n t r o s e , S c o t l a n d , M a y 16, 1805: k i l l e d a t sophical treatises and commentaries on the classics, most K a b u l , A f g h a n i s t a n , N o v . 2, 1841. A B r i t i s h of which have remained in manuscript. His printed g e o g r a p h e r , a n d t r a v e l e r i n c e n t r a l A s i a . works include " D e vita et moribus philosophorum " (prob- B u r n e t ( b è r ' n e t ) , G i l b e r t . Born at Edinably published at Cologne in 1467), and "Tractatus de b u r g h , S e p t . 18, 1 6 4 3 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , M a r c h materia et f o r m a " (Oxford, 1500). 17, 1715. A British prelate, historian, and Burlingame (ber'ling-gam), Anson. Born at t h e o l o g i a n . H e accompanied William I I I . from HolN e w B e r l i n , N . Y . , N o v . 14, 1 8 2 0 : d i e d a t land to England in 1688 as his chaplain, and was made S t . P e t e r s b u r g , F e b . 23, 1870. A n A m e r i c a n bishop of Salisbury in 1689. His chief works are a "Hisd i p l o m a t i s t a n d p o l i t i c i a n . He was representative tory of the Reformation of the Church of England " (1679, 1681, 1715), "A History of his own T i m e " (edited by his to Congress from Massachusetts 1855-61; ambassador to son, 1723, 1734), "Exposition of the Thirty-nine Articles" China 1861-67; and negotiated, as special ambassador from (1690). China, treaties with the United States, England, Denmark, Burnet, Thomas. B o r n at Croft, Yorkshire, Sweden, Holland, and Prussia. E n g l a n d , a b o u t 1635: d i e d a t L o n d o n , S e p t . B u r l i n g t o n (ber'ling-ton). See Bridlington. 27, 1715. A n E n g l i s h a u t h o r . He became fellow Burlington. A c i t y ( c a p i t a l of D e s M o i n e s of Christ's College in 1657, and master of the CharterC o u n t y , I o w a ) s i t u a t e d o n t h e M i s s i s s i p p i R i v e r , house in 1686. He is noted chiefly as the author of " Teli n l a t . 4 0 ° 4 8 ' N . . l o n g . 9 1 ° 10' W . I t i s a n i m - Iuris Theoria Sacra," etc. (1681), remarkable for its vivid p o r t a n t r a i l w a y c e n t e r , a n d h a s l a r g e a n d v a r i e d imagery and pure Latinity, in which he attempts to prove t h a t the earth originally resembled an egg, t h a t at the m a n u f a c t u r e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 22,565. deluge the shell was crushed and the waters rushed out, Burlington. A c i t y a n d p o r t of e n t r y i n V e r - t h a t the fragments of the shell formed the mountains m o n t , s i t u a t e d on L a k e C h a m p l a i r i i n l a t . 4 4 ° and t h a t the equator was diverted from its original coincidence with the ecliptic. Diet. Nat. Biog. 2 9 ' N . , l o n g . 73° 14' W . It h a s a l a r g e t r a d e in l u m b e r , a n d is t h e s e a t of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Burnett (bèr-net'), Mrs. (Frances Hodgson). V e r m o n t . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 14,590. B o r n a t M a n c h e s t e r , E n g l a n d , N o v . 24, 1849. Burlington. A c i t y a n d p o r t of e n t r y i n B u r - A n E n g l i s h - A m e r i c a n n o v e l i s t . She has written l i n g t o n C o u n t y , N e w J e r s e y , s i t u a t e d o n t h e " T h a t Lass o' Lowrie's" (1876), " Ha worth'a " (1878), D e l a w a r e R i v e r 19 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of P h i l a d e l - " Louisiana " (Ï880), " A Fair Barbarian " (1881), " T h r o u g h p h i a . I t w a s b o m b a r d e d b y t h e B r i t i s h i n One Administration" (1882), "Little Lord T a u n t l e r o y " (1886), " T h e One I knew best of All" (1893), etc. 1776. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 7,264. Burlington Arcade. A covered pathway be- B u r n e t t (bér'net), J a m e s , Lord Monboddo. B o r n at Monboddo, K i n c a r d i n e s h i r e , i n Oct. t w e e n Piccadilly and Burlington Gardens. It h a s s h o p s o n e a c h s i d e f o r a l l k i n d s o f s m a l l o r N o v . , 1714 : d i e d a t E d i n b u r g h , M a y 2 6 , 1 7 9 9 . A S c o t t i s h j u d g e . He became sheriff of Kincardinewares. shire in 1764, and in 1767 became an ordinary lord of session, on which occasion he assumed the title of Lord Burlington House, Old, A house standing bet w e e n B o n d s t r e e t a n d S a c k v i l l e s t r e e t , L o n - Monboddo. Author of "Of the Origin and Progress of d o n . I t was built by Richard Boyle, Lord Burlington, Language" (1773-92), and "Ancient Metaphysics "(17791695-1753. I t was purchased for the nation, 1854, from the 1799). Cavendishes for ¿140,000, including the Gardens, upon B u r n e t t P r i z e s . P r i z e s a w a r d e d e v e r y f o r t y which three new edifices have been erected, effacing all the artistic features of the old house. Nearest to Picca- y e a r s , i n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h t h e w i l l o f M r . B u r dilly, and on the site of the famous gateway and curved n e t t , a S c o t t i s h g e n t l e m a n ( 1 7 2 9 - 8 4 ) , f o r t h e Leccolonnade, pulled down in 1868, rises New Burlington b e s t e s s a y s o n t h e C h r i s t i a n e v i d e n c e s . House (1872), containing rooms for the meetings and man- t u r e s h i p s n o w t a k e t h e p l a c e of t h e e s s a y s . agement of learned societies—the Royal, Geological, and B u r n e y ( b ê r ' n i ) , C h a r l e s . B o r n a t S h r e w s Chemical east of the entrance ; the Antiquarian, Astro- b u r y , E n g l a n d , A p r i l 7, 1 7 2 6 : d i e d a t C h e l s e a , nomical, and Linnean on the west of it. Old Burlington n e a r L o n d o n , A p r i l 1 2 , 1 8 1 4 . A n E n g l i s h c o m House itself was in 1868 handed over to the Royal Acad- p o s e r a n d h i s t o r i a n of m u s i c . H e w a s t h e f a t h e r emy. Murray, Handbook of London, p. 58. B u r m a , o r B u r m a h ( b e r ' m a ) . A f o r m e r k i n g - o f M a d a m e d ' A r b l a y . H e w r o t e a " H i s t o r y of d o m i n s o u t h e a s t e r n A s i a , " n o w a p a r t of t h e M u s i c " ( 1 7 7 6 - 8 9 ) , e t c . British empire and a chief commissionership. Born at Lvnn, Norfolk, I t is divided into Lower Burma (the former British Bur- B u r n e y , C h a r l e s . ma) and Upper Burma (the recently annexed kingdom). E n g l a n d , D e c . 4, 1757: d i e d a t D e p t f o r d , D e c . I t is bounded by Assam and China on the north, China, the 28, 1817. A n E n g l i s h c l a s s i c a l s c h o l a r , s o n of Shan States, and Siam on the east, the Bay of Bengal on the C h a r l e s B u r n e y . He is noted chiefly as the collector west, and India on the northwest. It is hilly and moun- of the Burney Library, which was purchased by Parliatainous, and is rich in minerals. Its exports are rice, teak, ment for £13,500 and deposited in the British Museum. etc. The subdivisions of Lower Burma are Arakan, Pegu, S e e Arblay, Madame d\ and Tenasserim. Buddhism is the prevailing religion, B u r n e y , F r a n c e s . the kingdom having been a Buddhist monarchy from the Burney, James. Born 1750: died Nov. 17, middle ages. Lower Burma was conquered by the British 1821. A n E n g l i s h n a v a l o f f i c e r a n d a u t h o r . 1824-26 and in 1852, and Upper Burma was annexed in He entered the navy in 1764, attained the rank of captain, 1886, in consequence of the misgovernment of the last and served in America and India. H e was with Cook on king, Thebaw (dethroned 1885). Total area, 171,430 square his third voyage, 1770-79. After 1784 he retired on half miles: of Upper Burma, 83,473 square miles; of Lower pay and devoted himself to literature. His principal Burma, 87,957 square miles. Total population (1891), works are " A Chronological History of the Discoveries 7,605,560: of Upper Burma, 2,946,933; of Lower Burma, in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean " (5 vols. 4to, 1803—17), " H i s t o r y of the Buccaneers of America" (1816), and " A 4,658,627. Chronological History of >Torth Eastern Voyages of Discovery" (1810).

Burma, British. See Burma.

Burma, Lower. T h a t p a r t of B u r m a f o r m e r l y c a l l e d British Burma. Burma, Upper. T h a t p a r t of B u r m a w h i c h w a s i n d e p e n d e n t d o w n t o 1886.

Burmeister (bor'mis-ter), Hermann. Born at

S t r a l s u n d , P r u s s i a , J a n . 15, 1 8 0 7 : d i e d a t B u e nos Ayres, May 1,1892. A Prussian naturalist. He was professor at Berlin and subsequently at Halle, and represented the latter university in the National Assembly in 1S48; subsequently he was a member of the first Prussian chamber. From 1850 to 1852 he traveled in Brazil, and in 1861 went to Buenos Ayres, where he was director of the National Museum until his death. He published several well-known handbooks of zoology and entomology, besides the " Uebersicht der Thiere "Brasilicns " (-2 vols. 1854-56), and numerous scientific papers, especially on the Tertiary and Quaternary mammalia of Argentina.

Burmese Wars. The wars (l) of 1824-26, (2) of 1852, w h i c h t h e B r i t i s h w a g e d w i t h B u r m a , a n d w h i c h r e s u l t e d i n t h e c e s s i o n of L o w e r B u r m a . See Burma.

Burne-Jones (bera'jonz'). Sir Edward. Born at B i r m i n g h a m , E n g l a n d , A u g . 28,1833. A n E n g l i s h p a i n t e r . He was a student at Exeter College, Oxford, with William Morris and Swinburne, the latter of whom dedicated to him his first volume of poems. He went to London in 1S50, and became a pupil of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, whose manner he imitated for several years; but he soon formed a style of his own, inclining more to idealism and abstract beauty than to realism, and is now one of the chief exponents in England of the romantic

Burton, Sir Richard Francis year. He published a volume of poems at Kilmarnock in 1786, on which occasion he changed the spelling of his family name to Burns. In 1786 he paid a visit to Edinburgh, where he was admitted to the society of the Duchess of Gordon, Lord Monboddo, Robertson, Blair, Gregory, Adam Ferguson, and Fräser Tytler, and where a second edition of his poems was published by Creech in the next year. In 17S8 he married Jane Armour, by whom he had previously had several children. He took a farm at Ellisland in the same year, and in 1789 became an oflicer in the excise. In 1791 he removed to Dumfries, where he devoted himself to literature and to the duties of his office as an exciseman. Here also appeared in 1793 the third edition of his poems. A collective edition of his worka was edited by Currie in 1800, and another by Cunningham in 1834.

Burnside (bem'sid), Ambrose Everett. Bom

at L i b e r t y , I n d i a n a , M a y 2 3 , 1 8 2 4 : d i e d at B r i s t o l , R . I., S e p t . 1 3 , 1 8 8 1 . A n A m e r i c a n g e n e r a l a n d p o l i t i c i a n . He captured Roanoke Island Feb. 8, and Newbern March 14,1862; fought at Antietam Sept. 17; commanded the Army of t h e Potomac Nov. 10,1862,Jan. 25, 1863; was defeated at Fredericksburg Dec. 13, 1862; was besieged at Knoxville 1863 ; served under Grant 1864; was governor of Rhode Island 1867-69; and was United States senator 1875-81.

B u r n t i s l a n d (bernt'i'land). A seaport and watering-place in Fifeshire, Scotland, situated on t h e F i r t h o f F o r t h 8 m i l e s n o r t h of E d i n b u r g h . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 4,692. B u r o w (bö'ro). J u l i e . B o r n at K y d u l l e n , Pruss i a , F e b . 24, 1806: d i e d at B r o m b e r g , P r u s s i a , F e b . 1 9 , 1 8 6 8 . A G-erman n o v e l i s t . She wrote " A u s dem l e b e n eines Glücklichen " (1852), "Johann Kepler " (1857-65), etc. B u r r (ber), A a r o n . B o r n at Fairfield, Conn., Jan. 4,1716: died Sept. 24,1757. A n A m e r i c a n c l e r g y m a n , p r e s i d e n t of t h e C o l l e g e of N e w J e r s e y 1748-57.

Burr, Aaron. Born at Newark, N.J., Feb. 6,

1756: died at P o r t R i c h m o n d , S t a t e n Island, N . Y., Sept. 14,1836. A n A m e r i c a n politician, s o n of A a r o n B u r r ( 1 7 ] 6 - 5 7 ) . He served with distinction in the Canada expedition in 1775, at Monmouth in 1778 ; began the practice of law in New York in 1783; was United States senator from New York 179-1-97; and Vice-President of t h e I'nited States 1801-05. He killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel July, 1804, an event which destroyedhls political prospects. About 1805 he conceived the plan, as was subsequently charged at his trial, of conquering Texas, perhaps Mexico, and of establishing a republic at the South, with New Orleans as the capital, of which he should be the president. By the aid of 331 ennerhasset and others he was enabled to purchase a vast tract of land on the Washita River, which was to serve as the starting-point of an expedition to be led by him in person. He was arrested in Mississippi Territory Jan. 14, 1807, was indicted for treason at Richmond, Virginia, May 22, and was acquitted Sept. 1.

Burrhus, or Burrus (bur'us), Afranius. Killed

62 ( 6 3 ? ) A. D. A R o m a n o f f i c e r . He was appointed sole pretorian prefect by Claudius in 52, and was, together with Seneca, intrusted with the education of Nero. By his influence with the pretorian guards he secured the undisputed succession of his pupil in 54. Having offended the latter by his sternness and virtue, he was p u t to death by poisou. B u r r i t t ( b u r ' i t ) , E l i h u , surn a m e d ' 1 ' T h e L e a r n e d B l a c k s m i t h . " B o r n at N e w Britain, Conn., D e c . 8, 1811: d i e d t h e r e , M a r c h 7 , 1 8 7 9 . A s o c i a l r e former and linguist, a blacksmith by trade. H e was an advocate of the abolition of war, and wrote "Sparks from the A n v i l " (1848), "Olive Leaves " (1853), " Thoughts and Things at Home and Abroad " (1854), etc. B u r r o u g h s (bur'oz), G e o r g e . Died at Salem, Mass., A u g . 19,1692. A n A m e r i c a n clergyman. He was graduated at Harvard College in 1070, and* served as pastor at Falmouth (Portland), Maine, and at Salem. He was accused of having bewitched one Mary Wolcott, B u r n l e y (bérn'lë). A m a n u f a c t u r i n g t o w n i n and was condemned on the evidence of confessed witches, who affirmed that he had attended witch-meetings with L a n c a s h i r e , E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d o n t h e r i v e r them. He moved many to tears by his Inst words at his B u r n 2 1 m i l e s n o r t h of M a n c h e s t e r . P o p u l a - execution, b u t Cotton Mather, who was sitting on horseback in the crowd, reminded the people that Satan often t i o n ( 1 8 9 1 ) , 87,058. Burnouf (biir-nof), Emile Louis. Bom at assumes the appearance of an angel of light. Y a l o g n e s , M a n c h e , F r a n c e , A u g . 25, 1821. A Burroughs, John. Born at Roxbnry, N. Y., n o t e d F r e n c h p h i l o l o g i s t , d i s t i n g u i s h e d a s a n A p r i l 3 , 1 8 3 7 . A n A m e r i c a n e s s a y i s t . He has a r c h a e o l o g i s t a n d O r i e n t a l i s t . He was collaborator written "Wake-Robin "(1870), " W i n t e r Sunshine "(1873), "Birds and P o e t a " (1875), " P e p a e t o n " (1881), " F r e s h with Leupol on a Sanskrit-French dictionary (1863-05). Burnouf, Eugène. B o r n a t P a r i s , A u g . 12, Fields " (1884), " Signs and Seasons " (1886), etc. 1 8 0 1 : d i e d a t P a r i s , M a y 28, 1852. A F r e n c h B u r r o u g h s , W i l l i a m . B o r n n e a r P h i l a d e l p h i a , O r i e n t a l i s t , s o n of J e a n L o u i s B u r n o u f , c e l e - O c t . 6 , 1 7 8 5 : d i e d n e a r P o r t l a n d , M a i n e , S e p t . b r a t e d f o r r e s e a r c h e s i n t h e Z e n d l a n g u a g e . 5 , 1 8 1 3 . A n A m e r i c a n n a v a l officer, i n comHis chief works are " Commentaire sur le Yaçna" (1835), mand of the Enterprise he captured the British brig "Introduction h l'histoire du Bouddhisme i n d i e n " (1845), Boxer, near Portland, Maine, Sept. 5, 1813. Both commanders fell in the action. " L e lotus de la bonne loi, traduit du Sanscrit " (1852). rdshire, Burnouf, Jean Louis. Born at Urville, Manche, BEunr gs llaenmd , ( b17e rms 'illeems ) n. o rAt h t oofw nS tianf f oSrtda,f f o it^is the F r a n c e , S e p t . 14, 1 7 7 5 : d i e d a t P a r i s , M a y 8, chief town of the potteries district, and contains the 1844. A n o t e d F r e n c h p h i l o l o g i s t . He wrote Wedgwood Institute. Population (1891), 30,862. "Méthode pour étudier la langue grecque" (1814), "Mé- Burton (ber'ton), John Hill. Born at Aberthode pour étudier la langue latine" (1840), translation of d e e n , S c o t l a n d , A u g . 22, 1 8 0 9 : d i e d a t M o r t o n Tacitus (1827-33), etc. House, near Edinburgh, A u g . 9,1881. A ScotB u m s (bèrnz), R o b e r t . B o r n a t A l l o w a y , n e a r t i s h h i s t o r i a n a n d j u r i s t - His chief works are "A A v r , S c o t l a n d , J a n . 25, 1759 : d i e d a t D u m f r i e s , History of Scotland from Agricoln's Invasion to the ReS c o t l a n d , J u l y 21, 1796. A f a m o u s S c o t t i s h bellion of 1745 " (1853-70), " A History of the Reign of l y r i c p o e t . Hewas the eldest son of William Burness Queen Anne" (1880). or Burnes, a nurseryman, whose ancestors had long been farmers iu Kincardineshire, and Agnes, the daughter of a Burton, Sir Richard Francis. Born at BarCarrick farmer. He received a meager education, and in h a m H o u s e , H e r t f o r d s h i r e , E n g l a n d , M a r c h 19. 17S3, in conjunction with his brother Gilbert, rented a 1 8 2 1 : d i e d a t T r i e s t , A u s t r i a , O c t . 20, 1890. farm at Mossgiel, whither he removed in the following A n o t e d e x p l o r e r a n d p r o l i f i c w r i t e r of t r a v e l s .

197

Burton, Sir Richard Francis After serving in the East Indian army lie went in 1853 to Mecca. His "First Footsteps in Eastern A f r i c a " (1856) were in 1854, when he accompanied Speke to Harrar. Iu 1858 he was again in East Africa with Speke, and discovered Lake Tanganyika, while Speke discovered Lake Victoria. In 1861 he was in West Africa as British consul at Fernando P o ; ascended the peak of Kamerun; and spent three months at the court of Dahomey. To the end of his life he continued in the consular service : at Santos, Brazil (1864); at Damascus (1868-72) ; at Triest, where he died (1872-90). Of the more than thirty volumes published by him, the principal are "Personal Narrative of a Pilgrimage to El Medinah and Meccah " (1855), "Lake Regions of Central Africa"(1860), " A Mission to the King of Dahomey " (1864), " Explorations of the Highlands of Brazil," etc. (1868), " G o l d Mines of Midian" (1878), and a literal version of the "Arabian Nights."

Burton, Robert. Born at Lindley, Leicestershire, Feb. 8,1577: died at Oxford (?), Jan. 25, 1640. A noted English writer. He entered the University of Oxford in 1593, was elected student of Christ Church in 1699, and became rector of Segrave, Leicestershire, in 1628. He was the author of the famous "Anatomy of Melancholy" (which see).

Burton, W i l l i a m Evans. Born at London, Sept. 24, 1804: died at New York, Feb. 10, 1860. Ají English, comedian, theatrical manager, and writer. He came to America in 1834, and made his first professional appearance in September of that year at the Arch Street Theater, Philadelphia, in which city he lived fourteen years. In 1837 he started " T h e Gentleman's Magazine." In 1848 he came to New York. With others he organized the American Shaksperian Club in 1852.

Bute, Marquis of

at Dresden, Feb. 13,1821. A German journal- Bussang (bii-soù'). A town in the department ist and man of letters. lie was employed by Bis- of Vosges, France, 27miles southeast of Épinal. marck in the department of state. His works include It is noted for its mineral springs. "Schleswig-Holsteinische Briefe"(1854), "Graf Bismarck Bussey (bus'i), Benjamin. Born at Canton, und seine Leute " (1878), etc. Mass., March 1, 17ñ7: died at Roxbury, near Büsching (büsh 'ing), Anton Friedrich. Born at Boston, Jan. 13,1842. An American merchant, Stadthagen, in Schaum burg-Lippe, Germany, founder of the "Bussey Institution," a college Sept. 27, 1724: died at Berlin, May 28, 1793. A noted G-erman geographer. His chief work is of agriculture and horticulture connected with " Erdbeschreibung,J (1754-92, "Description of the Globe ": Harvard University, opened near Boston 18691870. translated in part into English, 1762). Buschmann (bösh'män), K a r l Eduard. Born Bussorah. See Basra. at Magdeburg, Feb. 14, 1805: died at Berlin, Bussy(bii-së')jComte de (RogerdeRabutin), April 21,1880. A Prussian philologist. He spent called Bussy-Rabutin. Born at Epiry, Nivera year in Mexico, 1827-28, and on his return was associ- nais, France, April 13, 1618: died at Autun. ated with Wilhelm von Humboldt in philological work. France, April 9, 1693. A French soldier and After 1832 he was employed in the Berlin Royal Library, eventually becoming librarian. After the death of Wil- man of letters, author of "Histoire amoureuse helm von Humboldt, Buschmann waB engaged by Alex- des Gaules" (1665), " M é m o i r e s " (1696), " L e t ander von Humboldt, assisting him in the preparation of tres" (1697). " K o s m o s " a n d other works. His principal, independent Bussy d'Anibois(bii-së' doù-bwâ'). A tragedy writings are " Ueber die aztekischen Ortsnamen " (1853), by Chapman, published in 1607. The allusions in " D i e Spuren der aztekischen Sprache im nördlichen Mexico" (185$), 2 vols.), several works on the Apache and Athapascan languages, and "Grammatik der sonorischen Sprachen " (1864-69). He edited Wilhelm von Humboldt's •'Ueber die Kawisprache," the third volume being his own work.

it to the knights of James I., and to Elizabeth as an " o l d queen," forbid a dato earlier than 1603 ; and the statement in i. 2, " 'T is Leap Year," which must apply to the date of production, fixes the first representation at 1604 (Fleay). D'Urfey produced a play, adapted from Chapman's, with this title in 1691.

Bushire (bö-sher'), or Abushehr (ä-bö-sher'), Bussy d'Ambois, The Revenge of. A sequel or Bushahr (bö-shär'). A seaport in Farsis- to " Bussy d'Ambois," by Chapman, published tan, southern Persia, situated on the Persian in 1613. Gulf in lat. 28° 59' N., long. 50° 50' E. it is an Bustamante (bôs-tà-man'te ), Anastasio. Bom important commercial center, and a station of the British- at Tiquilpan, Michoacan, July 27, 1780 : died Indian Steam Navigation Company. It was taken by the at San Miguel Allende, in Guanajuato, Feb. British in Dec., 185G. Population, about 15,000. 6, 1853. A Mexican jjolitician and soldier. He Bushiri bin Salim (bö-she're bin sa-lem'). A entered the Spanish army in 1808, and served against the mulatto Arab of East Africa, head of the Arab early revolutionists. Joining Iturbide in 1821, he comwar against the Germans 1888-89. Bushiri was manded a division in the march on Mexico, and was a

Burton Junior. A pseudonym once used by Charles Lamb in the "Reflector," in an article entitled " O n the Melancholy of Tailors." Burton-on-Trent (bèr'ton - on - trent'). [ME. Burton, Burton upo Tren i, AS. By r tün.'] A to wn in Staffordshire, England, situated on the Trent born about 1834, and owned a plantation at Pangani when 11 miles southwest of Derby. It is noted for the the Germans annexed that region. In May, 1889, he was brewing of pale ale, stout, etc., in the establishments of Bass and Allsopp. Population (1891), 46,047.

Burtscheid (bort'shid). [ L . Por ce turn, F. Bored te.] A town in the Rhine Province, Prussia, 1-J miles southeast of Aix-la-Chapelle. It is noted

beaten by Captain Wissmann; in June' he captured Mpwapwa and induced the Maflti tribe to attack the Germans; in Oct. he again lost a battle with the Germans, and fled to the Nguru mountains. There he was captured by the natives, and in December hanged by the Germans at Pangani.

member of the provisional junta. The fall of Iturbide (1823) forced him into retirement,but in 1828 he was elected vice-president under Guerrero, commanding the army. Soon after he revolted against Guerrero, heading the Centralist party, and its success made him acting- president of Mexico. Santa Anna declared against him (18152), and after a bloody war Bustamante was deposed (Dec.) and banished. After Santa Anna was captured hy the Texans, Bustamante was called back and elected president of Mexico (1837). There was a brief war with France in 183S, and new disorders which broke out iu 1839 forced Bustamante to give up the presidency te 3anta Anna (1841). He served in the army until 1848.

Bushman Land (büsh'man land), Great. A region in the northwestern part of Cape Colony, South Africa, in lat. 29°-30° S., long. 19°-21° E. Buru. See Bocroe. Bury (ber'i). A town and parliamentary bor- It is inhabited chicfly by Bushmen. ough in Lancashire, England, situated on the Bushmen (bush'men). [Tr. FromS. African D. Bustamante, Carlos Maria. Born in Oajaca, A n African race. See Hottentot, Nov. 4, 1774: died at Mexico, Sept. 21, 1848. river Irwell 8 miles north of Manchester, its Bosjesman.'] Khoikkoin, and Pygmies. The Bushmen are also A Mexican statesman and historian. He comchief industries are manufactures of cotton and woolen for the manufacture of cloth and needles, and for its mineral springs. It has also an old Benedictine monastery. Population (1890), commune, 13,388.

(the latter introduced under Edward I I I . ) . (1891), 57,206.

Population

Bury, Ange Henri Blaze de. See Blaze de Bury. Bury, Richard de. Born at Bury St. Edmunds in 1281: died at Auckland, England, 1345. An English prelate and scholar. Hewasthe son of Sir Richard Aungerville, and received his name from his birthplace. He studied at Oxford, and became a Benedictine monk at Durham. He was tutor to Edward of Windsor (afterward Edward I I I . ) , became dean of Wells in 1333, was consecrated bishop of Durham in the same year, and was appointed high chancellor of England in 1334. He founded a library at Oxford in connection with Durham College, and wrote a treatise on the art of collecting and preserving books, entitled "Philobiblon," which was first printed at Cologne in 1473.

Bury Fair. A play by Thomas Shadwell, produced about 1690. It is an imitation of Molière'B " Les Précieuses Ridicules. "

called San, and Th. Hahn proposes this name for all the Bushmen, as Ekoikkoin is applied to the Hottentots. The Sanlanguage is evidently a sister branch of the Khoikhoin, but poorer and less regular in grammatic forms, while richer in clicks. The dialects diverge considerably. The Bushmen are known by different names, according to the Bantu tribes on whose skirts they live. Thus the Ama-Xosa

manded a regiment under Morelos (1812), was captured and imprisoned at Vera Cruz, but was released by Santa Anna and marched with him to the capital (1821). Thereafter he took an active part in political life. His historical works are of great importance for the revolution ary and modern period: the best-known is "Cuadro histórico call them Aba-tua; the Ba-suto, Ba-rua. Ba-tua, Da-fcxa, de la revolución de la América mejicana." Ba-tshua, is the name most generally given to the Pyg- BustamanteyGuerraibôs-tà-màn'teêgâr'ra), mies aud Bushmen from Galla-land to the Cape, and would, it seems, be the best name for the whole race. José. Born about 1750 : died about 1822. A Owing to the fact that the Pygmies and Bushmen also Spanish naval officer and administrator, from speak the dialects of their Bantu neighbors, most of the March, 1811, to March, 1818, captain-general of Pygmy vocabularies given by travelers are Bantu. The Guatemala. principal Bushmen tribes are the Ba-Bumantsu in Ba- Bustan (bos-tan'). [Pers. (from bû, fragrance, sutoland; the'Ba-Lala in Bechuanaland; the Ma-Denas- and stân, place ), 1 a flower-garden, a place in sana, serfs of the Ba-Mangwato, of Chuana stock; the which grow fragrant fruits, an orchard. ] The Ma-Sarwa in the Kalahari desert; the Ba-Kankala in the name of several Persian works, among which Kunene valley; and the Ba-Kasekele northeast of them. the " Bustan" (or tree-garden) of Sadi is the I t is not yet settled whether the Ba-Kuise, Ba-Kuando, and Ba-Koroka near Mossamedes, southern Angola, are most famous. Bushmen or degenerated Bantu negroes. Busto Arsizio (bos'tô âr-sët'së-ô). A town in

Bury Saint Edmunds (ber'i sant ed'mundz). Bushneil (bush'nel), Horace« Born at Litch- the province of Milan, Italy, 19 miles northA town in Suffolk, England, situated on the field, Conn., April 14, 1802: died at Hartford, west of Milan. Population, 9,000. Lark in lat. 52° 15' N., long 0° 43' E. it con- Conn., Feb. 17,1876. A distinguished Congre- Busy (biz'i), Zeal-of-the-Land, known as Rabtains the ruins of a Benedictiue abbey founded by Canute, gational clergyman and theologian. He preached bi Busy. Aii unctuous, gormandizing Puritan, the abbey gateway, Norman tower, and several churches. at Hartford 1833-59. His works include " God in Christ" of gross ignorance and a scorn of culture, in The Roman Villa Faustini was probably here. I t is the (1849), "Christ in Theology " (1851), "Nature and the Su- Ben Jonson's play " Bartholomew Fair." capital of East Anglia, and has been the seat of several pernatural " (1858), " Vicarious Sacrifice " (1865), etc. Busybody (biz'i-bod^i), The. A pseudonym parliaments. I t was also the scene of the murder of St. Bushy (btish'i), Sir John. A follower of the used by Benjamin Franklin in a series of artiEdmund. Population (1891), 16,630. cles written in 1728. king in Shakspere's " K i n g Richard I I . " Bus (btis), César de. Born at Cavaillon, Vau- Busirane (bü-si-rän'). An enchanter, in Spencluse, France, Feb. 3, 1544: died at Avignon, ser's "Faerie Queene," who imprisoned Amo- Busybody, The. A comedy by Mrs. Centlivre, France, April 15, 1607. A French priest, retta, whom he kept in most grievous torment: produced and printed in 1/09. In this play Marplot is first introduced. The plot is partly from Jonson's founder of the "Congregation of the Chris- named from Busiris. " Devil is an Ass. " A second part, called " Marplot, or the tian Doctrine." He wrote "Instructions fa- Busiris (bü-si'ris). [Gr. Hovoipcc.'] l . A m y t h i c a l Second Part of the Busybody," was produced by Mrs. milières" (1666), etc. k i n g o f E g y p t w h o s a c r i f i c e d e a c h y e a r t o t h e Centlivre in 1710. Henry Woodward altered it and called Busaco (bô-sa'kô). A hamlet in Beira, Portu- g o d s , t o i n s u r e t h e c e s s a t i o n o f a f a m i n e , o n e it " Marplot in Lisbon. " gal, 17 miles northeast of Coimbra. Here, Sept. s t r a n g e r w h o h a d s e t f o o t o n his s h o r e s . Hercules Butades. Sec Dibutaâes. 27, 1810, the British and Portuguese under Wellington was seized by him, and would have fallen a victim had he Butcher (bûch'ér), The Bloody. An epithet defeated the French under Masséna. The loss of the not broken his bonds and slain Busiris with his club. Bu- applied to the Duke of Cumberland, from his French was about 4,500 ; of the Allies, 1,300. siris in Milton, who follows other writers, is the name crueltyin suppressing the Jacobite rising after Busbec, or Busbecq £büs-bek'), or Busbecqué given to the Pharaoh who was drowned in the Red Sea. the battle of Culloden, 1746. (Latinized Busbequius), Augier G-hislain ae. Paradise Lost, i. 306. Bute (but). An island situated in the Firth Born at Comines, Flanders, 1522: died near 2. A tragedy by Dr. Young, author of "Night of Clyde, south of Argyll and west of AyrRouen, France, Oct. 28, 1592. A Flemish di- Thoughts." It was produced in 1719. shire, in the county of Bute. Its chief town is plomatist and scholar, ambassador of Ferdi- Busiris, modern Abusir (ä-bö-ser'). In ancient Rothesay. Length, 15£ miles. Area. 60 square geography, a town in the Delta, Egypt, near nand I. at Constantinople. miles. Busby (buz'bi), Richard. Born at Lutton or the Damietta branch of the Nile. Bute, or Buteshire (but'shir). A county in Sutton, Lincolnshire, England, Sept. 22,1606: Bussa (bös'sä). A place situated on the Niger, S c o t l a n d . I t comprises the islands of Bute, Arran, Inchdied April 6, 1695. A noted English teacher, in West Africa, about lat. 10° N. Mungo Park marnock, Great Cumbra6, Little Oumhrae. and Holy Isle. lost his life there. Its capital is Rothesay. Area, 213 square miles. Populahead-master of Westminster School 1640. Busca (bos'kâ). A town in the province of Bussahir, Bassahir (bus-sä-her')> or Bisser tion (1891), 18,401. Cuneo, Piedmont, Italy, situated on the Maira (bis'ser). A feudatory state connected with Bute, B a r i of. See Stuart, John. the lieutenant-governorship of the Pan jab, Bute, Marquis of. See Stuart, John Patrick 9 miles northwest of Cuneo. Busch (bosh), Julius Hermann Moritz. Born British India, in lat. 31°-32° N., long. 78° E. Crichton.

19S Bute, Kyles of B u t e , K y l e s of. A strait between the island of B u t l e r , R e u b e n . In Scott's novel " T h e H e a r t Bute a n d Argyllshire, Scotland. of Mid-Lothian," a weak and sensitive minister Buthrotum (bu-thro'tum), modern B u t r i n t o of the Scottish Church, who m a r r i e s J e a n i e (bo-tren'to). I n ancient geography, a seaport Deans. in Epirus. It is said to have been founded by B u t l e r , S a m u e l . Born at Strensham, WorcesHelenus, son of Priam. tershire, England, F e b . , 1612: died at London, Butkhak (bot'khak), or Boothauk (bot'hak). Sept. 25, 1680. An English poet. He is said A pass in the m o u n t a i n s of Afghanistan, east to have s t u d i e d for a short t i m e at Cambridge about 1627; was a t t e n d a n t to Elizabeth, countess of Kent, about 1628, of Kabul. in whose h o u s e he m e t J o h n Selden; and served as clerk B u t l e r ( b u t ' l e r ) , A l b a n . Born at Appletree, or a t t e n d a n t to a sucoession of c o u n t r y g e n t l e m e n , inNorthampton, England, 1711: died at St. Omer, cluding t h e Presbyterian Sir Samuel Luke, who is supto be t h e original of Hudibras. H e was t h e a u t h o r F r a n c e , May 15,1773. A n English Koman Cath- posed of " H u d i b r a s " ( 1 6 6 3 - 7 8 ) , a heroic-comic poem satirizing olic hagiographer. H e wrote '"Lives of the P u r i t a n i s m . F a t h e r s , Martyrs, a n d other principal S a i n t s " Butler, Samuel. Born at Kenilworth, War(1756-59), etc. wickshire, England, J a n . 30, 1774: died at EeButler, Andrew Pickens. Bom in Edgefield cleshall Castle, Staffordshire, England, Dec. 4, District, S. C.. Nov. 17, 1796: died n e a r Edge- 1839. An English prelate and classical scholar, field Court House, S. C., May 25, 1857. A n bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. American politician, United States senator B u t l e r , W a l t e r . Died n e a r Schorndorf, Wurf r o m South Carolina 1846-57. Butler, Benjamin Franklin. Born at Kinder- temberg, 1634. An Irish adventurer, in the hoo-k Landing, N. Y., Dec. 17, 1795: died at imperial service in the Thirty Years' W a r , a n Paris, Nov. 8. 18;)8. A n American lawyer and accomplice in t h e assassination of Wallenstein. politician, attorney-general of the United States Butler, William Allen. Bom at Albany, 1833-38, and acting secretary of war 1836-37. N. Y., Feb. 20, 1825. An American lawyer Butler, Benjamin Franklin. Born at Deer- a n d poet, son of B e n j a m i n Franklin Butler field, N. H . , Nov. o, 1818: died at Washington, ( 1 7 9 5 - 1 8 5 8 ) , He was g r a d u a t e d at t h e University of t h e J a n . 11,1893. An American lawyer, politician, City of New York in 1843; studied l a w w i t h his f a t h e r ; a n d g e n e r a l . H e c o m m a n d e d t h e Army of t h e J a m e s ; was defeated a t Big Bethel, J u n e 10,1861; c a p t u r e d Porta H a t t e r a s a n d Clark, Aug., 1861; and was military governor of New Orleans May-Dec., 1862. I n 1864 he was " b o t t l e d u p " at B e r m u d a H u n d r e d by the enemy (a historic p h r a s e used by General Barnard, Grant's chief of engineers). H e was m e m b e r of Congress f r o m Massachusetts 1867-75 a n d 1877-79; governor of Massachusetts 1883; a u d candidate of t h e Anti-Monopoly, National Greenback-Labor, and People's p a r t i e s for President in 1884. I n 1861 h e r e f u s e d to deliver u p slaves who h a d come within his lines, saying they were " c o n t r a b a n d of w a r " ; h e n c e arose t h e designation " c o n t r a b a n d s " for slaves.

traveled in E u r o p e 1846-48; a n d took u p t h e practice of law in New York city. H e is t h e a u t h o r of " N o t h i n g to "Wear: an Episode in City Life "(1857), etc., " T w o Millions " (1858), " G e n e r a l Average " (i860), and o t h e r poems.

Butler, William Archer. Born at Annervillc,

Byng, George physician in ordinary t o H e n r y V I I I . H e a p p e a r s as one of t h e characters in Shakspere's H e n r y V I I I . " (v. 2).

Buturlin (bo-tor-len'), Dmitri Petrovitch. B o r a at St. Petersburg, 1790: died near St. Petersburg, Oct. 21, 1849. A Russian military

writer. H i s works include " R e l a t i o n de la campagne e n I t a l i e 1799" (1810), " T a b l e a u d e l a c a m p a g n e de 1813 en Allemagne " (1815), etc.

B u x a r , or B a x a r (buk-sar')- A t o w n in British India, situated 60 miles east-northeast of Benares. Here, Oct. 23 ; 1704, t h e British force (7,000) u n d e r H e c t o r M u n r o defeated t h e n a t i v e army (10,000). T h e loss of t h e l a t t e r w a s over 6,000.

Buxhowden (boks-hev'den), Count Friedrich

W i l h e l m v o n . B o m at Magnus thai, island of H o l m , Baltic Sea, Sept, 25 (N. S.), 1750: died at Lohde, Esthonia, Iiussia, Sept. 4 (N. S.), 1811. A Kussian general, distinguished in t h e campaigns in Poland and Sweden. H e comm a n d e d t h e Russian l e f t w i n g at Austerlitz. B u x t o n ( b u k s ' t o n ) . A t o w n and watering-place in Derbyshire, England, situated 20 miles southe a s t of M a n c h e s t e r .

It is celebrated for its mineral

springs. I t s chief s t r u c t u r e is t h e " C r e s c e n t , " a n d t h e objects of interest in t h e vicinity a r e Poole's Hole (stalact i t e cave), Diamond Hill, and t h e cliff Chec Tor. P o p u lation (1891), 7,424.

Buxton, Charles. Born Nov. 18, 1823: died

Aug. 10, 1871, Ail English politician and philanthropist, son of Sir Thomas Powell Buxton. He was g r a d u a t e d at Trinity College, Cambridge, 1843; bec a m e a p a r t n e r in t h e b r e w e r y of T r u m a n , Han bury a n d Co., London, in 1845; was m e m b e r of P a r l i a m e n t for Newport, Isle of Wight, 1857-50, for Maidstone 1859-65, and for East Surrey 18f>5-71. He edited " M e m o i r s of Sir T h o m a s Fowell B u x t o n " (1848), and " S l a v e r y a n d Freedom in t h e British West I n d i e s " (1860), etc.

n e a r Clonmel, Ireland, about 1814: died J u l y 5, 1848. A n Irish clergyman and philosophical and theological writer, professor of moral phi- B u x t o n , J e d e d i a h . Born at Elmton, D e r b y losophy in the University of Dublin. His works shire, England, March 20, 1705: died there, i n c l u d e " Sermons " (1840), " L e t t e r s on t h e Development 1772. A n English mathematical prodigy. He of Christian Doctrine " (1850), "LectureB on t h e History was the son of a schoolmaster, but remained throughout life a farm laborer, because of incapacity to acquire an of A n c i e n t Philosophy " (1856), etc. Butler, William Orlando. Born in Jessamine education, his mind being occupied by an absorbing pasButler, Charles. Born at London, Aug. 14, County, Ky., 1791: died at Carrollton, Ky., sion for mental calculations. 1750: died at London, J u n e 2, 1832. An Eng- Aug. 6, 1880. A n American general a n d poli- Buxton, Sir Thomas Fowell. Born April 1, lish jurist, Roman Catholic historian, and mis- t i c i a n . H e served in t h e W a r of 1812; c o m m a n d e d t h e 1786: died F e b . 19, 1845. A n English philancellaneous writer, nephew of Alban Butler. army in Mexico, F e b . - M a y , 1848; was a m e m b e r of Con- t h r o p i s t . H e was an advocate of t h e abolition of slaH i s works i n c l u d e '-Horse Biblicre " (1797-1807), " H o r s e juridicte subseciv® " (1804), " .Reminiscences " (1822-27), etc.

gress 183£M3; a n d was Democratic c a n d i d a t e for ViceP r e s i d e n t in 1848.

very, and was p a r l i a m e n t a r y leader of t h e a n t i s l a v e r j p a r t y a f t e r 1824.

u ' t o ) . An Egyptian divinity, identified Buxtorf, or Buxtorff (boks'torf), Johann, the Butler, Lady (Elizabeth Southerden Thomp- Bbuyt ot h (eb Greeks w i t h L e t o : the eponymous god- elder. Born at K a m e n , Westphalia, Germany, s o n ) . B o r n at L a u s a n n e , Switzerland, in 1844. A n English artist, ehieflv n o t e d as a p a i n t e r of

m i l i t a r y s u b j e c t s . Among her p i c t u r e s are " M i s s i n g " (1873), " T h e R o l l CaH"(1874), "Balaklava"(1876), " I n k e r m a n " (1877), " Evicted " (1890), etc.

B u t l e r , J a m e s . Born at Clerkenwell, England, Oct. 19, 1610: died at Kingston Hall, Dorsetshire, England, J u l y 21. 1688. The first Duke o f O r m o n d e . H e was t h e son of Thomas Butler, Visc o u n t Thurles, and became earl of Ormonde on t h e d e a t h of his g r a n d f a t h e r in 1G32. He was the f r i e n d a n d confid e n t i a l adviser of t h e Earl of Stratford : was a p p o i n t e d l i e u t e n a n t - g e n e r a l of the army in Ireland in 11541; d e f e a t e d t h e I r i s h rebels at Killsalghen, Kilrusli, a n d R o s s ; a n d became lord lieutenant of Ireland in 1644. A f t e r t h e execution of Charles I. h e a t t a c h e d himself t o t h e cause of Charles I I . , whom h e accompanied into exile. At t h e Restoration h e was created d u k e of Ormonde and lord h i g h s t e w a r d of England. He was restored in 1662 t o t h e lordl i e u t e n a n c y of Ireland, a post w h i c h he r e t a i n e d , with an i n t e r r u p t i o n of seven years, u n t i l 1686.

dess of Buto or Butos, a t o w n in t h e western part of the Nile delta.

Buton (bo-ton'), or Boeton, or Bouton.

An

British, ami was killed in t h e massacre at Cloud's Creek.

Born in Connecticut: died at An American Tory commander

in the Revolutionary War.

He was made deputy-

s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of I n d i a n affairs by t h o British at t h e beginning of the Revolutionary War, a n d Jed a force of 000 I n d i a n s a n d 200 loyalists, w h i c h desolated t h e i n f a n t s e t t l e m e n t of Wyoming in 1778, in t h e so-called " W y o m i n g massacre." A f t e r t h e war he fled to Canada, a n d his est a t e s were confiscated: b u t h e was r e w a r d e d by t h e British g o v e r n m e n t with t h e office of I n d i a n agent, 5,000 acres of land, and a salary a n d pension of 63,500 a year.

B u t l e r , J o s e p h . Born at Wantage, Berkshire, England, May IB. 1692; died at Bath, England, J u n e 16,17o2. An English prelate a n d theologian, m a d e "bishop of Bristol in 1738, a n d of D u r h a m i n 1 7 5 0 . H i s most noted work is t h e " A n a l ogy of Religion, N a t u r a l a n d Revealed, to t h e Constitution a u d Course of N a t u r e " (1736).

as a Hebraist. He was professor at Basel 1591-1629. H i s chief works are " Manuale hebraicum et chaldaicum "

island in the E a s t Indies, southeast of Celebes, (1602), "Lexicon hebraicum et c h a l d a i c u m " (1607), " B i b in lat. 5° S., long. 123° E., belonging to t h e lia hebraica r a b b i n i c a " (1618-19). Netherlands. Area, estimated, 1,700 square Buxtorf, or Buxtorff, Johann, the younger. miles. Born at Basel, Switzerland, Aug. 13,1599: died B u t t (but), I s a a c . Born at Glenfin, Donegal, at Basel, Aug. 16, 1664. A German H e b r a i s t , Ireland, Sept. 6, 1813: died n e a r Dundrum, son of J o h a n n Buxtorf. County Dublin, May 5, 1879. A n Irish lawyer Buyides (bu'yidz), or Bowides. A Persian a n d p o l i t i c i a n . He entered P a r l i a m e n t in 1852, as mem- d y n a s t y of t h e 10th a n d 11th centuries, overb e r for Harwich, a n d was leader of t h e H o m e l l u l e p a r t y thrown about 1055. 1871-77. H e was t h e a u t h o r of a " History of I t a l y f r o m B u z f u z ( b u z ' f u z ) , S e r g e a n t , In Charles Dickt h e Abdication of Napoleon I . " (1860), etc. ens's " P i c k w i c k P a p e r s , " the pompous a n d Butte (but), or Butte City. A city in Silver b r u t a l counsel for Mrs. Bardell in the BardellBow County, Montana, situated in t h e heart of Pickwick breach-of-promise suit. t h e Rocky Mountains, in lat. 46° 3' N., long. 112° 27' W .

I t contains t h e A n a c o n d a and m a n y o t h e r

B u t l e r , J a m e s , Duke of Ormonde. Born in mines, and p r o d u c e s large q u a n t i t i e s of gold, silver, a n d Dublin Castle, April 29, 1665: died Xov. 16, copper. Population (1890), 10,723. 1745. A n Irish s t a t e s m a n . He was the son of the B u t t e r m e r e (but'er-mer). A small lake in the E a r l of Ossory, and b e c a m e d u k e of Ormonde on t h e d e a t h Lake District of England, situated 6 miles qf his g r a n d f a t h e r .Tames JButler (1610-S8). He espoused southwest of Dervventwater. t h e cause of t h e Prince of Orange in t h e same year, a n d c o m m a n d e d t h e Life Guards at t h e b a t t l e of the Boyne B u t t e s (but), L e s . A village in the canton of in 1690. I n 1712 he succcedcd Marlborough in the con- Neuchatel, Switzerland, situated 20 miles southd u c t of t h e campaign in Flanders. I n accordance with west of N e u c M t c l . It is noted for its position, secret instructions f r o m the ministry, he declined to co- inclosed b y mountains. o p e r a t e w i t h t h e Allies against the F r e n c h , on which A place in Monta c c o u n t he wa? impeached by t h e W h i g s in 1715. H e fled B u t t i n g t o n (but'ing-ton). to France, was attainted, a n d in 1719 c o m m a n d e d an ex- gomery, Wales, situated on t h e Severn 8 miles pedition fitted out by Spain against E n g l a n d in behalf of n o r t h of Montgomery, llero, in 894, the Engt h e P r e t e n d e r : the expedition was dispersed by a storm. lish uudcr the ealdormau i E t h e l r e d d e f e a t e d B u t l e r , J a m e s . Born in Prince William Coun- t h e Danes. ty, V a . : died at Cloud's Creek, S. C., 1781. An B i i t t i s h o l z (but'tis-holts). A village i n the American patriot in the Revolutionary W a r . canton of Lucerne, Switzerland, situated 11 H e distinguished himself in t h e partizan w a r f a r e with t h e miles northwest of Lucerne. Here, in 1375, the Butler, John. Niagara, 1794.

Dec. 25,1564 : died at Basel, Switzerland, Sept. 13,1629. A German P r o t e s t a n t theologian, noted

Buzzard (buz'ard), Mr. Justice.

A character

l y i n g s o u t h e a s t of M a s s a c h u s e t t s .

It is separated

in Fielding's " A m e l i a " whose " i g n o r a n c e of law is as g r e a t as his readiness to take a bribe." B u z z a r d ' s B a y . A n inlet of the Atlantic Ocean f r o m Vineyard Sound by t h e Elizabeth Islands. 30 miles. B r e a d t h , 5-10 miles.

Length,

B y b l i s (bib'lis). In classical mythology, the daughter of Miletus and sister* of Caunus. F r o m her tears arose t h e f o u n t a i n of Byblis. B ^ b l o s (bib'los). I n ancient geography, a city of Phenicia. It was t r i b u t a r y to Assyria. See Gebal.

B y b l o s . A town in t h e Delta, Egypt, south of Bubastis. Bycorne. See CMchcvache.

Bye Plot (bi plot), or Surprise Plot. A con-

spiracy in 1603 t o seize the person of J a m e s I. of England, and extort certain religious concessions. I t s members were Markham, Brooke, Buttmann (bot'man), Philipp Karl. Born at Lord Grey of Wilton, and others. Frankfort-on-the-Main, Germany, Dec. 5, 1764: Byerly Turk ( b i ' c r - l i t e r k ) , The. One o f t h e ames died at Berlin, J u n e 21,1829. A noted German ti nh r et he e Osrt iuedn-tbaol o kh o tr rs ae cs e f dr oe smc e wn th. i c hS eael l nDarley's philologist. His works include " Griechisehe Arabian a n d Godolphin Barb. H e was r i d d e n by a G r a m m a t i k " (1792), " S c h u l g r a m m a t i k " (181G), Captain Byerly in t h e first Irish campaign of K i n g Wil" L e x i l o g u s " (1818). liam I I I . , 16S9. N o t h i n g more seems to be k n o w n of hia Swiss peasants defeated a u d slew 3,000 English u n d e r I n g e l r a m de C o u c y : t h e i r bodies were b u r i e d in t h e " E n g l a n d e r h i i b e l " (Englishman's mound).

Button (but'n), Sir Thomas. Died 1634. An English navigator.

He commanded an expedition to

search for t h e n o r t h w e s t passage, 1012-13, on which he explored for t h e first t i m e t h e coasts of H u d s o n Bay, a n d n a m e d Kelson Kiver, New Wales, a n d Button's Bay. Butts ( b u t s ) , Sir William. Died Nov. 22,

origin. breds.

F r o m h i m springs t h e H e r o d family of thorough-

B y l e s (bllz). M a t h e r . Born at Boston. March 26, 1706: died at Boston, J u l y 5, 1788. A n American clergyman a n d poet, pastor of the Hollis Street Church at Boston 1733-76. H e 1545. An English physician. He was bom in Norfolk, a n d was e d u c a t e d at Cambridge, being a d m i t t e d was imprisoned as a Tory in 1777, t o t h e degree of 1L D. in 1518. H e subsequently became Byng (bing), George. See Torringion, Viscount.

Byng, John

199

Byzantium

Byng, John. Born 1704: executed in Ports- Byron. See Biron. Byron, Harriet, An affected orphan, attached mouth. harbor, England, March 14, 175/. A Byron (bï'ron), George Noel Gordon Byron, to Sir Charles Grandison, and the principal British admiral, son of Viscount Torringtou. Lord. Born at London, Jan. 22, 1788: died at writer of the letters, in Richardson's novel of H e was unsuccessful in an expedition to relieve Minorca, Missolonghi, Greece, April 19, 1824. A cele- that name. w h i c h was threatened by a French fleet under the Duke brated English poet. He was the son of John Byron, of R i c h e l i e u in 1756; and at the instance of the ministry, Born Nov. 8, 1723: died April captain in the Guards, by his second w i f e Catherine Cor- Byron, John. whose ineffectual w a r policy had rendered it unpopular, was tried by a court martial, and found g u i l t y of neglcct of duty. H e was shot in spite of the unanimous recommendation to mercy b y the court, which deplored that the article of war under which he was condemned adm i t t e d of no mitigation of punishment, even if the crime w e r e committed by a mere error of judgment.

B y r ("bur), Robert. The name under which Karl Robert Emmerich Bayer wrote, arid by which he was frequently known. B y r d (berd), William. Born at "Westover, Va., March 28 (16?), 1674: died there, Aug. 20, 1744. An American lawyer. He was educated in E n g l a n d ; was called to the bar at the M i d d l e T e m p l e ; studied in the N e t h e r l a n d s ; visited the court of F r a n c e ; was chosen f e l l o w of the Royal Society ; was receiver-general of the r e v e n u e in V i r g i n i a ; was three times colonial agent iu E n g l a n d ; was f o r thirty-seven years m e m b e r aud finally president of the council of the c o l o n y ; and in 1728 was one of the commissioners appointed to fix the boundary between "Virginia and N o r t h Carolina, an account of w h i c h is contained in the so-called " W e s t o v e r Manuscripts " (Petersburg, 1841), w r i t t e n by him.

Byrgius (b6r'ji-us), Justus, Latinized from Jobst Biirgi (biir'gi). Born at Lichtensteig, St. Gall, Switzerland, Feb. 28, 1552: died at Caesel, Germany, Jan. 31, 1632. A Swiss inventor and mathematician. He published logarithmic tables (1620), and constructed a celestial globe, sector, etc. Byrom (bi'rom), John. Born Feb. 29, 1692, at Kersall Cell, Brougbton, near Manchester: died Sept. 26, 1763. An English poet and stenograp h e r . H e studied at Trinity College, Cambridge,of w h i c h h e became a f e l l o w in 1714. H e invented a system of shorthand w h i c h was published in 1767 under the title " T h e Universal English Shorthand." A collective edition of his poems, the most notable of w h i c h are " Colin t o Phcebe," " T h r e e Black Crows," and " F i g g and Sutton," a p p e a l e d at Manchester in 1773.

don. H i s f a m i l y traced its origin back to the N o r m a n conquest. He was born with a malformation of both f e e t . H i s mother, w h o had been deserted by her husband, resided with her son at Aberdeen, .Scotland, 1791-98. On the death of his granduncle W i l l i a m , f i f t h L o r d Byron, in the latter year, he inherited his titles and estate, including N e w s t e a d Abbey. H e subsequently studied at H a r r o w and at Cambridge, where he took the d e g r e e of M . A . in 1808. I u 1807 he published " H o u r s of Idleness," which elicited adverse criticism from a w r i t e r in the " E d i n b u r g h R e v i e w , " probably L o r d Brougham. Byron responded with the satire " E n g l i s h Bards and Scotch R e v i e w e r s " (1809), which attracted considerable attention. I n 1809-11 he traveled in Portugal. Spain, Turkey, and Greece, and in 1812 published the first t w o cantos of " C h i l d e H a r o l d , " the others appearing in 1816and 1818. I n 181.i he married Miss Anne Isabella Milbanke, by whom he became, in 1810, the father of Augusta A d a (afterward Countess of Lovelace), and w h o l e f t him for some unexplained reason in 1816. H e abandoned England in 1816, and in this year m e t at Geneva Miss Clairmont, who bore him, in 1817, an illegitimate child, Allegra, who was placed by h i m in a R o m a n Catholic convent at Bagna-C avail o, near Ravenna, where she died in 1822. I n 1819 he met, at Venice, Teresa, Countess Ouiecioli. w i t h whom he maintained a liaison during the remainder of his residence in Italy. He subsequently lived at Ravenna. Pisa, and Genoa, taking an active interest in the revolutionary movement of the Carbonari. In 1823 he joined the Greek insurgents at Cephaloula, and in the f o l l o w i n g year became the commandcri n - c h i e f a t l l i s s o l o n g h i , where he died o f a f e v e r . Besides the titles already mentioned, his works include " T h e Giaour " (1813), " T h e Bride of A b v d o s " (1813), " T h e Cors a i r " (1814), " L a r a " (1814), " H e b r e w M e l o d i e s " (1815), " Poems by L o r d Byron " (1816), " Prisoner of Chillon, and other Poems " (1816), " M a n f r e d " (1817), " Mazeppa"(1819). " M a r i n o Falicro " (1820), " T h e T w o P o s c a r i " arid " C a i n " (one volume, 1821), " T h e D e f o r m e d T r a n s f o r m e d " (1824), " D o n J u a n " (181.0-24), etc. " L i f e and W o r k s " published by Murray (1832-35). See Moore's " L i f e of Byron " (1830), Gait, " L i f e of Byron " (2d ed. 1830), Trelawney, " R e c o l l e c t i o n s of t h e Last Days of Shelley and B y r o n " (1858), and Guiccioli, Comtesse de, " L o r d Byron j u g é par les témoins de sa v i e " (1868).

10, 1786.

A

British

naval

officer, second

of William, fourth Lord Byron.

son

He entered the

navy when a boy, and in 1740 \vas midshipman of the W a g e r , in Anson's syuadrou, w h i c h was wreckcd near Cape Horn. P r o m 1764 to 1760 he commanded t w o vessels in a voyage of exploration around the w o r l d ; but beyond the curious observations on the Indians of Patagonia and the discovery of some small islands in the Pacific he accomplished little. H e was governor of N e w f o u n d l a n d 1769-72 ; became vice-admiral in 1778 : and on July (i, 1779, had an engagement w i t h the t'rench fleet of D'Estaing off Grenada, W e s t Indies, but was defeated.

Byron's Conspiracy, and Byron's Tragedy. Two plays "by Chapman, produced in 1605, printed in 1008: they may he regarded as one. T h e y w e r e r e p i i n t e d during the author's lifetime, w i t h revisions, in lt£5. Charles, duke of Biron ( w h o was executed in 1002), is represented in these plays as a self-confident braggart of " b o u n d l e s s v a i n g l o r y . "

Byrsa (ber'sa). [Gr. Bvptra.] The citadel of Carthage. Bytown (bi'toun). The former name of Ottawa, Canada. Byzantine Empire. See Eastern Empire. Byzantine Historians. A collective term for the Greek historians of the Eastern Empire. T h e most important w e r e Zosimus, Procopius, Agathias, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, A n n a Comnena, Joannes Cinnamus, Nicetas, etc.

Byzantium (bi-zan'tium). [Gr. Bv^avrtov.] In ancient geography, a Greek city "built on the eastern part of the site of Constantinople, in which it was merged in 330 A. D. it was noted f o r its control of the corn-trade and for fisheries. I t was founded by Megarians in the 7th century B. c., and was recolonized after the b a t t l e of Platsea(47» B. C.). A l c i biades conqu ercd it in 408 B. c., and Lysander in 40") B. C. I n 339 b. c. it was besieged by Philip of i l a c e d o n and r e l i e v e d by Phocion, and again besieged and taken by Severus 194-196 A. v, See Constantinople.

,aba.

See Kaaba, —• .. , , C a a g U â s ( k ä - ä - g w ä s ' ) , or Caâs ( k ä - ä s ')• ['Forestmen.'] A h o r d e of wild South A m e r i c a n Indians livi n g on the river P a r a n a i n northwestern P a r a g u a y and t h e a d j a c e n t p a r t s of B r a z i l . They are the degraded remains of Guarani tribes. During the 18th century they sometimes took refuge in the Jesuit missions of Paraguay from the oppressions of the slave-hunters of Sao Paulo; but they subsequently renewed their w i l d life. Very little is known of them.

Holia-nric fVä h n - H 5 M Onmtft P r a n r o i R d p to the Eleusinian in sanctity. The initiated were supposed O a t o a r r u s ( k a - ba ru tßmte x r a n ç o i s ae. protection against mishaps, especially y B o r n a t B a y o n n e , F r a n c e , 1752: d i e d a t b e v i l l e , b a S p a i n , A p r i l 27,1810. A S p a n i s h financier, o f C a b l e ( k â ' b l ) , G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n . Bornât F r e n c h origin. H e w a s m i n i s t e r of ù n a n c e O r l e a n s , O c t . 1 2 , 1 8 4 4 . ALL A m e r i c a n n o v e l N e w u n d e r J o s e p h B o n a p a r t e 1808-10. Creole i s t > n o t e d e s p e c i a l l y f o r d e s c r i p t i o n s of Cabeça de V a c a . S e e Cabeza de Vaca. l i f e i- n L - o u i•s i•a n a . H e has written " O l d Creole D a y s " C a b e l ( k ä - b e l ' ) , M m e . ( M a r i e J o s è p h e D r e u l - G u i l l a u m e d e . A Provon§al poet acl i e was probably a native of Genoa or its neighborhood, 1883, and was regularly elccted president Feb. 17, 1884. and 1890 c o r d i n g t o P a p o n , K o u s s i l l o n n a i s a c c o r d i n g to S f t Q »»1 1 SW and in 1476 became a citizen of Venice after a residence holding the office until June 30, 1888. In 11889 Millot. He lived toward the end of the 12th century, of fifteen years. He subsequently removed to Bristol, he was minister to Washington. and was killed from jealousy by Raymond of Roussiilon. England. Believing that a northwest passage would Caas. See Caaquds. shorten the route to India, he determined to undertake an According to the legend, Raymond caused his wife to cat, C a b a d e s ( k a - b a ' d e z ) , or C a v a d e s ( k a - v a ' d e z ) , expedition in search of such a passage, and in 1496 obunwittingly, of Cabcstaing's heart. When she learned tained from Henry V I I . a patent for the discovery, at his Pers. K o b a d (ko-bad')K i n g of P e r s i a . Seo what she had done she declared that her lips, which had own expense, of unknown lands in the eastern, western, Sassanids. tasted such noble food, should touch no other, and died of or northern seas. He set sail from Bristol in May, 1497, starvation. Seven of his poems, reflecting a pure and inC a b a l (ka-bal'), The. A n unpopular ministry in company with his sons, and returned in July of the same _h _ a r l e s I I . , c o n s i s t i n g of C l i f f o r d , A s h l e y tense passion, have been preserved. year. The expedition resulted in the discovery of Cape of C Breton Island and IN ova Scotia. I n the spring of 1499 he B u c k i n g h a m , A r l i n g t o n , " a n d L a u d e r d a l e , the C a b e t ( k a - b a ' ) , E t i e n n e . B o r n at D i j o n , J a n . made a second voyage (north to Labrador (',')> south tu 30°), i n i t i a l s of w h o s e n a m e s h a p p e n e d J t o c o m p o s e i ? 1788: d i e d a t S t . L o u i s , M o . , N o v . 8,1856. A on which he died ( V ) . the word. I t h e l d office 1667 to 1673. _ _ French communist. H e was an advocate by profesC B o r n at Bristol, E n g l a n d , sion ; was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1831 ; a b o t , S e b a s t i a n . C a b a l l e r o y d e l a T o r r e ( k à - b à l - y a ' r o e da la A celebrated founded " L e Populaire " in 183;-) ; and fled to England in 1474: d i e d a t L o n d o n i n 1557. tor're), José AgUStin. B o r n at H a v a n a , F e b . , 1834 in order to escape punishment on account of an ar- e x p l o r e r , s e c o n d s o n of J o h n C a b o t . He probably 1771: d i e d t h e r e , A p r i l 6, 1835. A C u b a n e d u ticle which he had published in that journal. He re- accompanied his father in the voyage of 1497, when the c a t o r a n d n o t e d p u l p i t o r a t o r . He studied at the turned to France in consequence of the amnesty of 1839. shore of North America was discovered (his name apSeminary of San Carlos and the Havana University, and H e wrote " Histoire populaire de la révolution française pears with his father's in the petition to Henry V I I . ) : and was long the director of the former institution and lec- de 1789 à 1830," " V o y a g e en Icarie, roman philosophique it is probable that he was with him also in the voyage of et social " (1840). H e established a communistic settleturer 011 philosophy. 1499. In 1517, it is said (probably erroneously), he went ment, called Icarie, iti Texas in 1848, which was removed C a b a l l e r o y G ó n g o r a ( k a - b à l - y a ' r o e g o n g o - to Nauvoo, Illinois, in 1850. See ¡carta. in search of a northwest passage, visiting Hudson Strait and penetrating as far north as lat. 67" 30'; and later was an the ra), A n t o n i o . A S p a n i s h p r e l a t e w h o i n 1780 . ...1.1 a. r J- - i n . - . n . . 1 »1., «.'„„*. T

four ships which left San Lucar April 3, 1526. The ini n t h e s o u t h . H e was appointed viceroy, and ruled N e w Granada from 1782 to 1789, uniting the religious, military, C a b e z a d e V a c a ( k i i - b a ' t h a d a v a ' k a ) , A l v a r tention was to sail to the Moluccas by the Strait of MaNunez. B o r n a t J e r e z d e l a F r o n t e r a , S p a i n , gellan, but, lacking provisions, he landed on the coast of and civil powers. p r o b a b l y i n 1490: d i e d a t S e v i l l e a f t e r 1560. Brazil, where he had some encounters with the PortuCabanagem ( k a - b i i - n a ' z h a m ) , or C a b a n o s A S p a n i s h soldier. I n 1528 he was comptroller and guese; thence sailed southward, discovered the river (ka-ba'nosh). [Pg., 'cottagers,' from caroyal treasurer with the expedition of Pampnilo de Nar- Uruguay, and erected a fort t h e r e ; discovered and asbana, a hut.] T h e name given in Brazil to vaez to Florida. He and three others were the only ones cended the Paraná; and explored the lower Paraguay to t h e r e b e l s w h o , f r o m 1833 t o 1836, o v e r r a n t h e the present site of Asuncion. Convinced of the imporwho escaped from shipwreck and the savages; after livA m a z o n v a l l e y . The abdication of Pedro I . was foling for years among the Indians, they reached the Span- tance of this region, and joined by I>iego Garcia, he relowed by a rumor that the regency desired to turn Brazil linquished the voyage to the Moluccas and despatched a ish settlements in northern Mexico in April, 1536. Cabeza ship to Spain f o r reinforcements: meanwhile he estabover to Portugal. Certain liberal leaders in ParA took adde Vaca returned to Spain in 1537, and in 1540 he was aplished himself at the fort of Espirito Santo on the Paraná vantage of this report, called to their aid the ignorant pointed governor of Paraguay. H e Bailed with 400 men, / Indian and mulatto population, murdered the president, landed on the coast of southern Brazil, and marched over- (lat. 32' 50 S.). Not receiving aid from Spain, he returned, in 1530, leaving a garrison at Espirito Santo. Cabot reand committed many atrocities. Matters went from bad land. to Asuncion, the journey occupying nearly a year. In mained in the service of Spain until the end of 1546, when 1543 he explored the upper Paraguay. On A p r i l 25, 1544, to worse until the whole province was in a state of anarchy he returned to England. Edward V I . gave him a pension, he was deposed and imprisoned by the colonists f o r alleged and Pard was abandoned by the whites. The rebellion and he was interested in various explorations in the Bal» arbitrary acts. Sent to Spain the next year, he was tried was subdued by Andrea in 1836. t i c ; in 1555 he was made life governor of the Company of by the Council of the Indies and sentenced to be banished Merchant Adventurers destined to trade with Russia. A C a b a n a s ( k a - b a n ' y a s ) , T r i n i d a d . B o r n iti H o n to Oran, A f r i c a ; but he was subsequently recalled by the map of the world published in 1544 is ascribed to Cabot. d u r a s a b o u t 1802: d i e d J a n . 8,1871. A Central M A. wí»t(»T , ÍTifT-nlapA in the» king, received a pension, and was made judge of the Su- loVírtiii««* i L-S , . , . ,, A m e r i c a n g e n e r a l . H e was an officer with Morazan, A w a t e r i n g - p l a c e in t h e I n 1844 he preme Court of Seville. W h i l e h i s cascwaspendingbefore C a b o u r g ( k f e - b o r ' ) and an upholder of Central American unity. the Council of the Indies he published two works: one, d e p a r t m e n t of Calvados, F r a n c e , situated on aided in the defense of Leon, Nicaragua, against Malespin, "Naufragios, peregrinaciones y milagros," describing his ^¿g E n g l i s h C h a n n e l 1 4 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of C a e n . and in 1845 he led the Salvadorean troops which attempted Florida adventures, and the other, "Commentaries, relat- n g v T g f / > a h r U l M " P o / l r n A l v n r p Q - p a t ' I v w r i t to overthrow Malespin. He was made president of Honing to his administration in Paraguay. Both were written ^ b r a l ( k a - b r a I ), r e a r O A i V a r e S . e a i i y w i i t duras March 1, 1852. A n attempt to interfere with the e r s a b b r e v i a t e t h e n a m e t o F e a r a l v a r e z Oi' affairs of Guatemala led to his deposition by Guatemalan for his own justification; but, making allowances for this, PedralveZ. B o r n a b o u t 1460: d i e d a b o u t 1526. troops aided by revolutionists of Honduras, July, 18n5. H e they are of great historical value. There are modern editions in several languages. A P o r t u g u e s e n a v i g a t o r . A f t e r Vasco da Garna refled tu to Salvador uea csuivauor and auu remained roiutuiicu in m exile CA.1IO several years. — . . . ,-i .. -i - / - w , k ± turned from India (1499), Cabral was put in command of C a b a n e l (kä-bä-nel'), A l e x a n d r e . B o r n at. C a b i n d a , or K a b m d a ( k a - b e n d a ) . A town a fleet destined to follow up Gama's discoveries. Leavywwwuv* \ /•) , j ; _ -i - i A Th a r b o r of « Í P o r t u g u e s e Wûc-f and W e s t AA-Pt-h-.q f r i c a , so ii t+ un aa ftne/di M o n t p e l l i e r , F r a n c e , S e p t . 28, 1823: d i e d a t ing Lisbon March 9, 1500, he followed his instructions P a r i s , J a n . 23, 1889. A n o t e d F r e n c h h i s t o r i - a f e w m i l e s n o r t h of t h e K o n g o e s t u a r y , i n l a t . and kept far out in the A t l a n t i c : by this means he disc a l , g e n r e , a n d p o r t r a i t p a i n t e r , a p u p i l of P i c o t . covered the coast of Brazil near lat. 1GJ 20' S. (April 22, 5 ° 30' S . , l o n g . 12° 10' E . i t is the capital of the He won the grand prix de R o m e in 1845, a medal of the K o n g o district of the province of Angola, and is a favorite 1500). This was two months after Vicente Yaucz Pin2on had discovered the northeast coast. Cabral took possessecond class in 1862, a medal of the first class in 1855, and rendezvous of American whalers. I t has developed rapsion for Portugal of the new land, which he called Santa medals of honor in 1865,1867, and 1878. He became a memi5, pontifcx maximus in 63, pretor in 62, and propretor in Spain in 61. He formed the " first t r i u m v i r a t e " with Pompey a n d Crassus in 60 ; was consul

in 59, and proconsul in Gaul and lllyricum in 58 ; defeated

t h e Helvetii and Ariovistus in 58, a n d t h e Belgaïiii57; inv a d e d Britain in 55 a n d 54 ; crossed the R h i n e in 55 a n d 53 ; d e f e a t e d Vercingetorix in 52 ; a n d crossed the ltubicon a n d commenced the civil war in 49. l i e was d i c t a t o r in 49, 48, 46, 4.' ; d e f e a t e d Pompey at Pharsalia in 48 ; e n d e d the Alexandrine war in 47; a n d defeated P h a r n a c e s a t Zela in 47, a n d t h e Pompeians at T h a p s u s in 46, a n d at M u n d a in 45. He r e f o r m e d t h e calendar in 40. Feb. 15, 44, he r e f u s e d t h e diadem. H e was assassinated by B r u t u s , Cassius, a n d others in t h e senate-house March 15. T h e " Comm e n t a r i e s " (or Memoirs) of Cœsar, t h e only one of his literary works extant, contain t h e history of t h e first seven years of t h e Gallic war, in seven books, a n d t h r e e books of a history of t h e civil war. T h e n a m e Cœsar was assumed by all male m e m b e r s of t h e J u l i a n dynasty, and a f t e r t h e m by t h e successive emperors, as inseparable f r o m the imperial dignity. I t t h u s became t h e source of the G e r m a n Kaiser a n d t h e Russian Tsar or Czar. A f t e r t h e d e a t h of H a d r i a n the title Cœsar was specifically assigned to those who were designated by t h e emperors as t h e i r successors

and associated with them in the government.

gustus.

SeeiL«/.

Café Procope (ka-fa'prô-kop')« A coffee-hou se C a i c o s ,

T h e p r i m i t i v e name of Caere was Agylla, t h e " r o u n d town, " which indicates t h a t it was originally a Phoenician s e t t l e m e n t . An a n c i e n t tradition, preserved by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Strabo, a n d Pliny, affirmed t h a t Agylla was a " Pelasgian " city prior to t h e Etruscan conquest. Taylor, T h e Alphabet, I I . 74, note.

Caermarthen.

seph, Jewish high priest 27 (18 ?)-36 a. d., noted in N e w Testament history : son-in-law of Annas. or C a y c o s (kï'kôs). Four islands in opposite the Comédie Française, frequented by the Bahama group, situated about lat. 21° 3 0 ' 22° N . , long. 71° 30'-72° W. They are under the wits in the 18th century. the government of Jamaica. Population (1891), Caffa, or Kaffa. See Feodosia. 1,784. Caffarelli (ka-fa-rel'ië), François Marie Aug u s t e . Born at Falga, Haute-Gíaronne, France. C a i e t a . The ancient name of Gaeta (which see). Oct. 7, 1766: died at Leschelles, Aisne, France, Caifung-Fu. See Kaifung-Fu. Jan. 23, 1849. A French general, brother of Caille. See La Caille. C a i l l e t (ka-yà'), G u i l l a u m e . A F r e n c h peasant Caffarelli du Falga. Caffarelli (kaf-ta-rel'le), called Gaetano Ma- who assumed the name of Jacques Bonhomme, j o r a n o . Born in the province of B a n , Italy, and was leader of the Jacquerie in 1358. April 16,1703 : died at Naples, Nov. 30, 1783. C a i l l i a u d (kâ-yô'), F r é d é r i c . Born at Nantes, France, June 9, 1787: died at Nantes, May 1, A noted Italian singer. Caffarelli du Falga (ka-fa-rol'le dii fal-ga'), 1869. A French traveler in E g y p t and Nubia.

Csesars, E r a of. See Spain, Era of

[Gr. C a f .

In ancient geography,

or Caillé (ka-y?¿'), René. Born at Louis Marie Joseph Maximilien. Bom at Caillié, Manze, Poitou, France, Sept. 10, 1799: died at

Falga, Haute-Garonne, France. Feb. 13, 1756: d i e d n e a r Acre, Syria, April 27, Í799. A French Paris, May 8,1838. A French traveler in cengeneral, commander of the engineer corps in tral Àfrica. H e penetrated t o Timbuktu in 1828. the Egyptian campaign. Caffi. ( k â f f ë ) , I p p o l i t o . Born at Belluno, Italy, Cailloux. See Cayuse. 1814: killed in the battle of Lissa, July 20, C a i n (kân). [Heb. ; of uncertain origin.] The eldest son of Adam and Eve, and the murderer 1866. A n Italian painter. of his brother Abel, according to the account in Caffraria. See Kaffraria. Genesis. H e w a s condemned to be a fugitive Caffristan. See Kafir is tan. Cagliari, or Caliari, Paolo. See Veronese. for his sin. C a g l i a r i (kal-ya'ro). A province in the south- C a i n , a M y s t e r y . A dramatic poem by Lord ern part of the island of Sardinia, Italy. Area, Byron, published in 1821. It w a s written at 5,204 square miles. Population (1891), 450,820. Ravenna. C a g l i a r i . A seaport, the capital of the island Caine (kân), Thomas Henry Hall. Born at of Sardinia, Italy, situated on the Gulf of Ca- Runcorn, Cheshire, England, in 18¿>3. A n Enggliari in lat. 39° 13' N . , long. 9° V E. : the lish novelist, known as Hall Caine. Among his works are " The Shadow of a (.'rime " (1885), " The DeemKoman Caralis or Carales. It contains a cathe- ster " (1887), '' T h e Manxman " (1893). He has c o n t r i b u t e d dral, castle, university, museum, Roman amphitheater, to various j o u r n a l s and reviews, and, with 'Mr. Wilson and other antiquities. Population (1891), estimated, Barrett, has produced two plays "Ben-ma'-Cliree " and 42,000.

Cagliostro (kâl-yôs'tro), Count Alessandro di:

" G o o d Old Times," t h e f o r m e r a dramatization of " T h e Deemster. '

A Gnostic sect of the 2d Born at Palermo, Sicily, June 2, 1743: died at century, which reverenced Cain, Esau, Korah, San Leone, i n U r b i n o , Italy, Aug. 26,1795. A n and Judas Iscariot. Italian adventurer, notorious for his imposi- Ç a i r a (sa ë - r à ' ) . [ F , ? ' it will go.'] T h e first tions in Russia, Paris, the East, and elsewhere. p o p u l a r s o n g w h i c h w a s t h e offspring of t h e It was probably first sung in A m o n g o t h e r adventures h e was involved in t h e affair of F r e n c h R e v o l u t i o n . See A u- t h e diamond necklace in Paris, a n d was imprisoned in t h e 1789 by the insurgents as they marched to Versailles. *

the assumed name of Giuseppe Balsamo. C a i n i t e s ( k â n ' ï t z ) .

Bastille, b u t eâcapcd. H e visited England, a n d was t h e r e imprisoned in t h e Meet. On emerging h e w e n t to Home,

(Cfrove.~) T h e music was t h a t of a contre-dance which was

extremely popular under the name ''Carillon national."

Ça ira I t "was composed by a drummer in the orchestra of the opera, named Bécourt, and was a great favorite with Marie Antoinette. The words were suggested by Lafayette to Ladre, a street-singer ; he remembered them from hearing Franklin say at various stagesof the American Revolution, when asked for news, " Ça ira, Ça ira. " There are five verses with different refrains, becoming more ferocious as the ¿evolution progressed, one of which was : " Ah ! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira Les aristocrat' à la lanterne ; Ah ! ça ira, ça ira, ça ira ! Les aristocrat' on les pendra ! "

Caird

( k â r d ) , Edward. B o r n 1835. A S c o t t i s h • m e t a p h y s i c i a n , b r o t h e r of J o h n C a i r d . n e was educated at Balliol College, Oxford, and became fellow and tutor at Merton in 1864, professor of moral philosophy at Glasgow University in 18^6, and master of Balliol, Oxford, in 1893. Among his works are " A Critical Account of the Philosophy of K a n t " (1877), "Hegel" (1883), "Social Philosophy and Religion of Comte " (1385), " T h e Evolution of lteligion " (Gifford Lectures, St. Andrews, 1890-

203 borders the central court .while on the north there are three ranges, on the south four, and on the cast side, which is the sanctuary, six ranges. There are in all ^29 columns. The arches are round or keel-shaped, and a few are pointed. Milometer, a monument for measuring the rise of the Nile, on the island of Rod a. The present Mlometer dates from about 860 A. D.; it is a chamber about 18 feet square, originally domed, in each side of which there is a niche covered with a pointed arch, an important example of the early use of this form. Iu the middle stands a pillar divided into 17 cubits of about 21 f 5 inches. Population, 400,000.

Cairo ( k a ' r o ) .

A c i t y„ i n A l e x a n d e r C o u n t y. ., III. . s i t u a t e d a t t h e c o n t i n e n c e of t h e O h i o a n d M i s s i s s i p p i r i v e r s . I t was nearly destroyed by an inundation in 1858. The Ohio is here crossed by a railway bridgc. Population(1890), 10,324.

Caites, or Caetes, or Cahetes (ka-e-taz').

Calancha marshal. Tor about six months in 1760 he was viceroy ad interim of Mexico. Oakchiquels, o r Cackchiquels ( k a k - c h e - k e l s ' ) . A t r i b e of I n d i a n s of t h e M a y o s t o c k , i n h a b i t i n g c e n t r a l a n d n o r t h e r n G u a t e m a l a . They appear to have been an offshoot of their neighbors, the Quiches, whom they closely resembled in manners and customs. At the time of the conquest they were divided into the Cakchiquels proper ami a northern and weaker branch, theZutugils. The former had their capital atPatinamit, near the present city of Guatemala ; the latter were „ were at war with Patinamit. at Atitlan,, and in 1524 they Cakes, Land of. A n a m e g i v e n t o S c o t l a n d , which is f a m o u s for its o a t m e a l cakes, C a l a b a r (kal-a-bar' or. m o r e correctly, ka-la"bar'), O l d . A c o u n t r y s i t u a t e d b e t w e e n t h e /-i r>; ~ x> r/U i^il Cross a n d Rio del R e y rivers, i n t h e British Oil Rivers Protectorate, West Africa, named after t h e O l d C a l a b a r R i v e r . The importance and wealth of this district are due to the palm-oil which is produced on the banks of the river. The Cross River is navigable for some distance. Duketown, the residence of the British consul, has about 10,000 population, the neighboring Creektown about 5,000, all belonging to the Efik tribe. They are semi-civilized and semi-Christianized. The climate is very insalubrious. New Calabar is a branch of the Niger; also a town near its mouth. n a l a ^ o z o (ka-la-bo'thd). A city in the state V * ™ ™ * ! « « i t n n t P d or, t h o r i v * r of M i r a n d a , V e n e z u e l a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e r i v e r Gruarico. It was founded in 1730, and during the Venezuelan revolution was a central post ef the royalist Boves. It is the seat of a bishopric. Population (1893), about 6,000. (ka-la'toi-a). The n a m e given until c l b i , . t i m e of, t h e••' NN oo rr mm aa nn ecoonnaquue es st t iinn tthhee S theaBtem f

[ P r o b a b l y f r o m t h e T u p i Cad, f o r e s t , a n d ete, r e a l , t r u e , i. e . ' t r u e f o r e s t - d w e l l e r s . ' J A t r i b e of B r a z i l i a n I n d i a n s , of t h e T u p i r a c e , w h i c h i n t h e 1 6 t h c e n t u r y o c c u p i e d m u c h of Caird ( k ä r d ) , John. B o r n a t G r e c n o c k , S c o t - tchi sec oe ,a sitne r Pn e cr on aa smt brue cg oi o, n Rnioor t Gh rofa n tdhee dSoa o NForratne -, l a n d , 1820 (1823 ?). A S c o t t i s h c l e r g y m a n a n d p u l p i t o r a t o r . He became professor of divinity in the P a r a h y b a , a n d C e a r a . They were very powerful University of Glasgow in 1862, and principal of the uni- and warlike, and were cannibals. They dwelt iu fixed versity in 1873. His works include li An Introduction to villages, practised a little agriculture, and were skilful the Philosophy of Religion " (1880), "Religions of India : hunters. In 1554 they murdered the Bishop of Bahia Brahmanism, Buddhism " (1881), " Spinoza " (1880), etc. and his companions, who were shipwrecked on their and they long carried on war with the colonists. Cairnes ( k ä r n z ) , John Elliott. B o r n a t C a s t l e coasts, As a tribe they are now extinct. B e l l i n g h a m , C m m t y L o i i t h I r e l a n d ^ e c 26 1823: (kath'nes). A county in northern m d i e d n e a r L o n d o n , J u l y 8, 1 8 / d . A n o t e d B r i t i s h lVinc, l ^ t w ^ n t h e A t l a n t i c O c e a n Scotland, lying between the Atlantic Oeean p o l i t i c a l e c o n o m i s t . He was appointed professor of t h e n o r t hn , t nh e iN Noo r tmh political economy in University College, London, in 1866. a n d P e nn t l aanncdl F i r tmh o n m His works include "Character and Logical Method of S e a o n t h e e a s t a n d s o u t h e a s t , a n d S u t h e r l a n d Political Economy"(1857), "Essaysin Political Economy" to f ™ ^ t ^andH Wick. S ^ ™ ° ^ (1873), "Political Essays "(1873), "Some Leading Principles S towns are Thurso of Political Economy Xewly Explained" (1874), etc. —, Population (1891), 37,177. (the heel). . . .... Cairns ( k â r n z ) , Hugh MacCalmont, first E a r l Cains ( k à ' y u s ) , o r G a i n s ( g a ' y u s ) . L i v e d m Calabria. T h e n a m e g i v e n m t h e l a t e r m i d d l e C a i r n s . B o r n a t C u l t r a , D o w n , I r e l a n d , D e e . , t h e first p a r t of t h e 3 d c e n t u r y A. D. A C h r i s - a g e s a n d i n m o d e r n t i m e s t o t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n 1819 : d i e d a t B o u r n e m o u t h , H a n t s , E n g l a n d , tian controversialist. " p a r t o f I t a l y ( t h e t o e ) . i t comprises the provinces Co. A p r i l 2, 1885. A n E n g l i s h s t a t e s m a n . He en- C a i l l S ( k a ' y u s ) , o r G a i l l S ( g â ' y u s ) , S a i n t . B o r n senza, Catansaro, and R e g g i e T h e surface is mountainous, tered Parliament in 1852, and was lord chancellor in the D a l m a t i a : d i e d A p r i l 22, 29(). B i s h o p of O a l a C t m U S . , , , „ ^, Disraeli administration, 1868 and 1874-80. B o m e 283-296. The Roman Church commemm e n t i o n e d a s o n e of t h e f o u r c i t i e s f o u n d e d b y Cairo ( k l ' r ô ) . [AT. Maçr-el-QâHra. F . Le C a i r e . ] o r a t e s h i a d e a t l l o n A p r i l 2 2 . A s u r . t h e a n c e s t o r of t h e A s s y r i a n s , i t is the T h e c a p i t a l of E g y p t , s i t u a t e d 1 m i l e e a s t of t h e Cains T h e a s s u m e d n a m o of K o n t i n S h a k - Assyrian city called in the inscriptions Kalliu, now represented by the ruins of Nimrud, about 20 miles north of N i l e , i n l a t . 30° 3 ' N . , l o n g . 31° 1 6 ' E . it has im- s p e r e ' s " K i n g L e a r . " portant transit trade, and is thé starting-point for tours to p / j -r>r A F r e n c h d o c t o r i n S h a k a p c r o ' s the ruins of Nineveh (Kuyunjik), situated on an irregular neighboring pyramids, the sites of Memphis and Heliopolis ^ l U S , i l r JL 1! r e n c û u o e t o r m o n a K s p c i o s wedge of land formed by the Tigris and the Upper Zab, (in the vicinity), and the upper Nile. Its chief suburb is " M e r r y W i v e s of W i n d s o r . " According to the Assyrian monuments it was founded by Bulak. I t wasfounded by the Fatimite califs about 970, and C a i n s ( k ë z ) ( p r o b a b l y L a t i n i z e d f r o m K a y o r Shalmancser I. about 1300 B. c. His successors abandoned made the capital. I t was taken by the Turks in 1517, was I f e v e ) J o h n B o r n a t N o r w i c h , E n g l a n d , O c t . it for Nineveh. Asurnazirpal (884-860) rebuilt it and h e l d b y t h e French 1798-1801, and was occupied by the Briti " f c / n ' . flipd « t T,ryny the Countess of Clare in 1359; PemCamaráo (ka-má-ráú'), Antonio Felippe. t h e B i c ê t r e , n e a r P a r i s , i n 1825. A n I t a l i a n broke, by the Countess of Pembroke in 1347; Gonville B o r n i n R i o G r a n d e d o N o r t e a b o u t 1580 : d i e d v i o l i n i s t , a n d c o m p o s e r of s y m p h o n i e s , quar- and Caius, by Gonville in 1348 and Cains in 1558; Trinity Hall, by Bateman in 1360; Corpus Christi, or Benet Col« t h e r e i n 1648. A B r a z i l i a n I n d i a n , chief of t h e t e t s . e t c . P o t y g u a r é s t r i b e . His Indian name Poty (' shrimp') Cambodia (kam-bô'di-a), or Camboja, or Kam- lege, by Cambridge gilds in 1352 ; King's, by Henry VI. in 1441; Queens', by Margaret of Anjou in 1448 and Elizawa3 translated into the Portuguese Camarâo when he was boja ( k a m - b o ' j a ) . [ M a l a y Kumboja.] A depenbaptized. He joined the Portuguese in the wars against d e n c y of F r a n c e i n s o u t h e a s t e r n A s i a , b o u n d e d beth Woodville in 14G5; St. Catherine's, by Woodlark in 1473; Jesus, by Alcock in 1496; Christ's, by William Bingthe Dutch of Pernambuco, and made several destructive raids into the Dutch territory. His wife, Clara, always b y S i a m o n t h e n o r t h w e s t a n d n o r t h , A n n a m ham as a school in 1439, refounded by Margaret Beaufort, accompanied him and fought by his side, and she is a o n t h e e a s t , F r e n c h C o c h i n - C l i i u a on t i i e s o u t h - mother of Henry VII., in 1505 ; St. John's, fouuded as a favorite heroine of Brazilian history. On Aug. 23 and 24-, e a s t , a n d t h e G u l f of S i a m o n t h e s o u t h w e s t . hospital in 1135, refounded in 1511 by Margaret Beaufort; 1636, Camarâo and his Indians defeated a regular Dutch Its surface is generally level, and it is traversed by the Magdalene, established as a hostel for students in 1428, Mekong. Pnom-Penh is its capital, and its seaport is given to Lord Audley who founded it as a college in 1519; force under Artichoisky. by Henry VIII. in 15it> on several earlier foundaCamarâo, Diogo Pinheiro. D a t e s of b i r t h a n d Kampot. It wits formerly a kingdom of large extent, but Trinity, death not recorded. A B r a z i l i a n I n d i a n , became a protectorate under French mile in 1863, and is tions; Emmanuel, by Mildrnay in 1584; Sidney Sussex, by n e p h e w of A n t o n i o F e l i p p e Cainarao. He was now united with other French dependencies in Indo- the Countess of Sussex in 1595; Downing, by Sir George one of the Indian allies of the Portuguese in their wars China. Area, 38,600 square miles. Population, about Downing, died 1749 (charter in 1800); Ayerst Hall, founded in 1884, "to provide an economical education for theowith the Dutch, and on the death of his uncle in 1648 1,500,000. logical students and otherB " ; Cavendish College, in 1873, succeeded him in command of the Potyguarcs tribe. Cambodia River. S e e Mel:ong. by an association, for younger students; Selwyn College, Camargo ( k á - m á r - g ó ' ) (Marie Anne Cuppi). Cambon ( k o n - b ô ù ' ) , Joseph. B o r n a t M o n t - in 1882, in memory of George Augustus Selwyn. (Sec B o r n at B r u s s e l s , A p r i l 1 5 , 1 7 1 0 : d i e d a t P a r i s , p e l l i e r , F r a n c e , J u n e 17, 1754: d i e d a t B r u s - these names.) The university library contains about s e l s , F e b . 15, 1820. A F r e n c h r e v o l u t i o n i s t . 400,000 volumes, 5,723 manuscripts; the library of Trinity A p r i l 20, 1770. A c e l e b r a t e d F r e n c h d a n c e r . Camargo ( k á - m á r ' g o ) , Diego Muñoz. B o r n a t He was a member of the Legislative Assembly in 1791, of College, 90,000 volumes. It has (1893) 2,209 students and T l a s c a l a a b o u t 15:23 : d a t e of d e a t h n o t r e c o r d e d . the Convention iu 1792, and of the Committee of Public 120 instructors. Cambridge P l a t f o r m . A declaration of prinA M e x i c a n , s a i d t o h a v e b e e n t h e s o n of a S p a n - Safety in 1793. i a r d b y a n I n d i a n m o t h e r . In 1585 he finished an Camboricum ( k a m - b o r ' i - k u m ) , or Cambori- c i p l e s r e s p e c t i n g c h u r c h g o v e r n m e n t a n d d o c t r i n e a d o p t e d b y a s y n o d , c o m p o s e d of r e p r e tlim. T h e R o m a n n a m e of a n a n c i e n t t o w n account of Mexican aboriginal history and customs, and s e n t a t i v e s of t h e C o n g r e g a t i o n a l c h u r c h e s of of the conquest. It was first published, in a faulty French w h i c h o c c u p i e d t h e s i t e of t h e m o d e r n C a m - N e w E n g l a n d , h e l d at C a m b r i d g e , M a s s a c h u Cambridge. translation, in the "Nouvelles annales des voyages " (1845). b r i d g e , E n g l a n d . S e e s e t t s , i n 1648. Camboricum was without doubt a very important town, Camargo, Sergio. Born at Tiravitoba, 1833. A s t a t e s m a n of C o l o m b i a . He studied law, but en- which commanded the southern fens. It had three forts C a m b r i d g e p o r t ( k a m ' b r i j - p o r t ) . A m a n u f a c tered the army, attained the highest military rank, and was or citadels, the principal of which occupied the district t u r i n g d i s t r i c t of t h e c i t y of C a m b r i d g e , M a s s a commander-in-chief and secretary oiwar. He was several called the Castle-end in the modern town of Cambridge, c h u s e t t s , l y i n g o n t h e C h a r l e s R i v e r , o p p o s i t e appears to have had a bridge over the Catn or Granta; B o s t o n , 1* m i l e s w e s t of t h e s t a t e - h o u s e . times representative and senator in the Colombian con- and of the others, one stood below the town, at Chesterton, and Cambridgeshire (kam'brij-shir), or Camgress, president of the state of Boyacá, and iu 1877 presi- the other above it, at Granchester. Wright, Celt-, p. 135. dent ad interim of Colombia. bridge. A n e a s t e r n c o u n t y of E n g l a n d , l y i n g C a m a r g u e (ka-màrg')> L a . A n i s l a n d i n t h e C a m b o r n e ( k a m ' b ô r n ) . A mining t o w n in b e t w e e n Lincoln on the north, Norfolk and d e p a r t m e n t of B o u c h e s - d u - R h ô n e , F r a n c e , C o r n w a l l , E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d 12 m i l e s s o u t h - S u f f o l k o n t h e e a s t , E s s e x a n d H e r t f o r d o n t h e south, and Northampton, Huntingdon, and Bedf o r m e d b y t h e b i f u r c a t i o n of t h e R h ô n e . w e s t of Truro. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 14,700. L e n g t h , 28 m i l e s . A r e a , a b o u t 300 s q u a r e Cambrai, or C a m b r a y (kam-brâ'; F. pron. f o r d o n t h e w e s t . It is divided into Cambridge proper and the Isle of Ely; it forms part of the fen country which miles. k o n - b r a ' ). [ R o m . Camcracum, l a t e r Camaracus; was largely reclaimed iu the 17th and 18th centuries. It C a m a r i n a ( k a m - a - n ' n a ) . [&r.Ka/ia/Ki>r¿.] I n a n - G-. Camerik or Kambryk, L L . Camaracum.] A formed part of East Anglia, and was included in the Danec i e n t g e o g r a p h y j ' a c i t y o n t h e s o u t h e r n c o a s t of t o w n i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t of N o r d , F r a n c e , o n law. It was celebrated for its resistance to William the S i c i l y , 45 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of S y r a c u s e , i t was t h o S c h e l d e i n l a t . 50° 10' N . , l o n g . 3° 14' E . Conqueror, and sided with Parliament in the 17th century. founded as a Syracusan colony 599 b, C. ; a Roman fleet was It has been long noted for the manufacture of cambrics, It contains ttoman remains. Area, 859 Bquare miles. Popu. wrecked near here, 255 B. C. which derived their name from it. It is a fortress, and lation (1891), 188,961. The first destruction of Camarina took place within á6 contains a cathedral and citadel. It was finally acquired Cambronne ( k o n - b r o n ' ) , C o u n t Pierre Jacques years of its foundation, B. c. 653. It had revolted from by France in 1678. Fin el on and Dubois were archbishops Etienne. B o r n at St. S e b a s t i e n , n e a r N a n t e s , Syracuse, and on being reduced was razed to the ground (Thucyd. vi. 5). On the cession of the site to the Geloans, of Cambrai. Population of commune (1891), 24,122. F r a n c e , D e c . 26, 1770: d i e d at N a n t e s , J a n . 8, Hippocrates rebuilt the town, which was a second time Cambray, League of. A n a l l i a n c e b e t w e e n 1842. A c e l e b r a t e d F r e n c h g e n e r a l . He fought destroyed by Gelo, about B. c. 484. The date and circum- L o u i s X I I . of F r a n c e , t h o e m p e r o r M a x i m i l i a n against theVendeans, participated as colonel in the camstances of its later re-establishment are uncertain. They I., F e r d i n a n d '"the C a t h o l i c r of S p a i n , a n d paigns of 1812 and 1813, accompanied Napoleon to Elba, fall,however, into the time of Pindar, who speaks of Cama- P o p e J u l i u s II., f o r m e d h e r e , D e c . 10, 1508, t h e was made lieutenant-general and admitted to the Chamber rina as newly founded. Rauiinson, Herod., IV. 127, note. o b j e c t of w h i c h w a s t h e p a r t i t i o n of t h e V e - of Peers during the Hundred Days, and commanded a division of the Imperial Guard at Waterloo. He is the reCambacérès ( k o n - b a - s â - r â s ' ), Jean Jacques n e t i a n t e r r i t o r i e s . puted author of the expression "La garde meurt et ne so Régis de. B o r n at M o n t p e l l i e r , F r a n c e , Oct. Cambray, Peace of. A p e a c e n e g o t i a t e d at rend pas "("The guard dies, but never surrenders"), in1 8 , 1 7 5 3 : d i e d a t P a r i s , M a r c h 8,1824. A F r e n c h C a m b r a y , A u g . 5, 1529, b e t w e e n F r a n c i s I . of correctly said to have been used by him at Waterloo when s t a t e s m a n a n d jurist. He became a member of the F r a n c e a n d C h a r l e s V . France abandoned Italy to asked to surrender. Convention in 1792 ; president of the Committee of Public the emperor and relinquished her claim to suzerainty over C a m b u s c a n ( k a m - b u s - k a n ' or k a m - b u s ' k a n ) . Safety in 1794, and of the Five Hundred in 1796 ; minister Flanders and Artois ; her title to the duchy of Burgundy was A T a t a r k i n g i n C h a u c e r ' s lC T h e S q u i r e ' s of justice in 1799 ; 2d consul in 1799 ; and arch-chancellor recognized. Called " La paix des dames " (' Ladies' Peace '), of the empire in 1804. He was made duke of Paima in because the preliminaries were condnctedby Louise,mother T a l e , " w h o h a d m o s t w o n d e r f u l m a g i c a l p o s s e s s i o n s — a ring, a glass, a sword, and a brazen 1808. He published ''Projet du code civil " (1796). of Francis I., and Margaret, aunt of Charles V. h o r s e . H e i s t h e f a t h e r of Canace, C a m b a l l o , T h e L a t i n n a m e of C a i n b a l l o (kam-bal'ó). T h e s e c o n d s o n of Cambria ( k a m ' b r i - a ) . a n d A l g a r s i f e . C h a u c c r did n o t finish t h e s t o r y . C a m b u s c a n i n Chaucer's " S q u i r e ' s Tale." H e Cambuskenneth (kam-bus-ken'etli) Abbey. i s i n t r o d u c e d b y S p e n s e r , w h o c a l l s h i m Cam- Cambrian Shakspere. A n a m e g i v e n t o E d A n abbev situated near Stirling, Scotland. ward Williams. bel, in the " F a e r i e Queene." N e a r h e r e , 1297, t o o k p l a c e t h e b a t t l e of Stir[ M E . Cambrigge, CamC a m b a l u c ( k a m - b a - l o k ' ) . T h e n a m e g i v e n b y Cambridge ( k a m ' b r i j ) . l i n g . S e e Stirling, Battle of. ; e a r l i e r Grantebrigge, GraimteM a r c o P o l o t o K h a m b a l u or K h a n b a l i g h , a bri, 1818, the army commanded by Generals the present day. The Campo Santo is noted especially elevation of 19,514 feet. ItB capital is Ottawa, and its San Martin and O'Higgins was defeated at the same place for its remark; ible frescos, particularly the twenty-three government consists of a governor-general and Parliament by a night attack of the Spanish troops under General large Olrl Testament subjects by Benozzo Gozzoli, and the (Senate and House of Commons). I t exports timber, Osorio, I t derived its name from aracing-track for horses. Triumph of Death and Last Judgment, formerly attrib- cheese, wheat, coal, cattle, etc. Canada was explored by uted toOrcagna, but now assigned to Ambrogio and Pie- Cartier 1534-35. It was permanently settled at Quebec in Cancrin (kän-kren'), Count Georg. Born at 1603 by the French, and called New France. I t was ceded H a n a u , P r u s s i a , D e c . 8 , 1 7 7 4 : d i e d a t S t . P e t e r s tro lorenzetti (about 1350). Great Britain in 1763. The Americans attacked it un- b u r g , S e p t . 22, 1845. A R u s s i a n g e n e r a l of i n Campos de Vacaría ( k a m ' p o s h d e v a - k á - r é ' a ) . to successfully in the .Revolution and in the War of 1812. [ P g . , ' c a t t l e - p a s t u r e s . ' ] A n e l e v a t e d o p e n r e - Unsuccessful rebellion 1837-3^. The provinces reunited f a n t r y , a n d p o l i t i c i a n , m i n i s t e r of finance 1 8 2 3 g i o n i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of t h e s t a t e of R i o in 1841. and the confederation was formed in 18(37. The 1844. He wrote a romance "Dagobert, Geschichte aus dem jetzigen Freiheitskrieg " (1796), and economic works. G r a n d e d o S u l , B r a z i l , i n l a n d f r o m t h e m o u n - KedEiver Rebellion, under Louis Riel, took place in 18C91870, and the second Riel rebellion in 1S85. In 1886 the IG*- Kav. I t was destroyed by t h e Saracens in 840, and its i n h a b i t a n t s colonized modern Capua. I t s site is occupied by the village of Santa Maria di Capua Vetere. I t contains t h e r u i n s of a t r i u m p h a l arch and of a R o m a n a m p h i t h e a t e r w h i c h dates f r o m t h e early empire. I n t h e early middle ages it was fortified as a citadel, a n d h a s suffered from sieges. I t was an imposing m o n u m e n t ,

T h e r e were other I n d i a n s of t h e same n a m e a n d probably of t h e same race in the highlands south of Coro, a n d on t h e llanos to t h e rivers Sararé and Apuré. C a r a b a s (kar'a-bas), M a r q u i s of. The master for w h o m " Puss in Boots" performs such prodigies in Perrault's tale " L e Chat B o t t é " ( " P u s s i n Boots")T h e n a m e is used proverbially for a p r e t e n t i o u s aristocrat who r e f u s e s to m a r c h w i t h his age. T h e H a r q u i s of Carabas in Disraeli's " V i v i a n G r e y " is i n t e n d e d for t h e Marquis of Clanricarde. Carabaya, See Caravaya. C a r a b o b o (kâ-ra-bô'bô). A state in Venezuela, b o r d e r i n g 011 t h e C a r i b b e a n S e a . I t s c a p i t a l i s Valencia. A r e a , 2,984 s q u a r e m i l e s . Populat i o n (1891), 198,021. Carabobo. A p l a i n s o u t h of V a l e n c i a , V e n e zuela, in the same valley. Here, 011 May 28, 1814, Bolivar with 5,000 m e n defeated t h e Spanish captain-general Cajigal w i t h 6,000 m e n . On J u n e 24, 1821, Bolivar won a second victory on t h e same plain over t h e Spanish a r m y of La Torre. This was t h e last Spanish force of consequence in Venezuela, a n d t h e victory secured t h e indep e n d e n c e of n o r t h w e s t e r n South America. C a r a c a l l a (kar-a-kal'a), or C a r a c a l l u s (kar-a-

C a r a c u l i a m b o (kâ-râ-ko-lë-âm'bô). A mythical giant w h o m D o n Quixote proposes to conquer. U a r a d o c (kar'a-dok). See Caractacus. C a r a d o c , or C r a d o c k . A k n i g h t of t h e R o u n d T a b l e , i n t h e A r t h u r i a n c y c l e of r o m a n c e . H e h a d t h e only chaste wife iu t h e court. The story of t h e magic m a n t l e w h i c h she alone could wear is told in " T h e Boy and t h e M a n t l e " (which see). C a r a f a (kâ-ra'fâ), Michele. Born at Naples, N o v . 2 8 , 1 7 8 5 : d i e d a t P a r i s , J u l y 26, 1 8 7 2 . An I t a l i a n c o m p o s e r of o p e r a s , a u t h o r of " L e S o l i t a i r e " (1822), " M a s a n i e l l o " (1827), e t c . Carajâs (kâ-râ-zhâs')A t r i b e of I n d i a n s d w e l l i n g in. t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e r i v e r A r a g u a y a , i n t h e s t a t e s of G-oyaz a n d M a t t o G-rosso, B r a z i l . They n u m b e r at least several thousand, are uncivilized, b u t f r i e n d l y to t h e whites. They speak a language very different f r o m t h e dialects of the s u r r o u n d i n g tribes. T h e C a r a j â s live in villages, a n d a r e a g r i c u l t u r i s t s a n d fisherm e n . The Carajais, Javahais, and Chimbioas a i e b r a n c h t r i b e s in t h e same region. Caraman. See Karaman.

Caramania, See Karamania.

Caramurii. S e e Alvares, Diogo. C a r a m u r û (kâ-râ-mo-ro'). The nickname given nally B a s s i a n u s ) . [Caracalla, a n i c k n a m e to a political party in Brazil which, after the g i v e n h i m o n a c c o u n t of t h o l o n g G a u l i s h a b d i c a t i o n of t h e e m p e r o r P e d r o I . i n 1831, h o o d e d c o a t or t u n i c which h e i n t r o d u c e d . ] sought to secure his restoration. T h e name, if B o r n a t L y o n s , A p r i l 4 o r 6 , 1 8 8 A. D. : d i e d n e a r E d e s s a , M e s o p o t a m i a , A p r i l 8, 2 1 7 A. D. E m - n o t virtually adopted by t h e party, b e c a m c t h e i r common designation, and is used by historians. A f t er the death p e r o r o f H o m e , s o n of S e p t i m i u s S e v e r u s . H a v i n g b e c o m e j o i n t e m p e r o r of R o m e with his brother of t h e ex-emperor most of t h e m e m b e r s of t h e Caramurii Geta in 211, he m u r d e r e d t h e l a t t e r with m a n y of his party joined t h e conservatives. T h e m o t h e r of V a t h e k , friends, including the j u r i s t Pacinian, and m a d e himself C a r a t h i s ( k a r ' a - t h i s ) . sole emperor in 212. He extended by t h e ConstituHo An- i n B e c k f o r d ' s " V a t h e k , " a n a d e p t i n j u d i c i a l toniana t h e f u l l citizenship to all f r e e inhabitants of the a s t r o l o g y . empire, in order t o increase t h e p r o d u c e of t h e succession d u t y of five per cent, w h i c h A u g u s t u s h a d imposed on Carausius (ka-râ'gi-us), Marcus Aurelius Valerius. D i e d 2 9 3 A, D. A R o m a n i n s u r g e n t . t h e property of citizens. H e was m u r d e r e d on a plunder- H e was a Menapian or Belgo-German by b i r t h , a n d in his i n g expedition against t h e Parthians. youth is said to have been a pilot. I n 286 h e distinguished himself in t h e campaign of t h e A u g u s t u s Maximian a g a i n s t I t h a d h i t h e r t o been t h e peculiar felicity of t h e Ro- t h e revolted Bagaudte in Gaul, a n d was about this period mans, and in the worst of times t h e consolation, t h a t t h e i n t r u s t e d with t h e enterprise of suppressing t h e F r a n k i s h and Saxon pirates who ravaged t h e coasts of Britain a n d virtue of t h e emperors was active, a n d t h e i r vice indolent. Augustus, T r a j a n , Hadrian, and Marcus visited Gaul. Suspected of a c t i n g in collusion with t h e pirates, t h e i r extensive dominions in person, a n d t h e i r progress orders were issued for his execution, w h e r e u p o n h e m a d e was marked by acts of wisdom and beneficence. T h e himself master of Britain and p a r t of Gaul in 287, and ast y r a n n y of Tiberius, Nero, and Domitian, who resided sumed t h e title of Augustus. He was recognized as a almost constantly at Rome, or in t h e a d j a c e n t villas, was colleague in t h e government of t h e e m p i r e by t h e Auconfined t o t h e senatorial and e q u e s t r i a n orders. B u t g u s t i Maximian and Diocletian in 290. On t h e appointCaracalla was t h e common enemy of m a n k i n d . H e l e f t m e n t of Galerius and Constantius ChloruB as Caesars in t h e capital (and he never r e t u r n e d to it) about a vcar a f t e r 292, the l a t t e r u n d e r t o o k a campaign against Carausius, t h e m u r d e r of Geta. The rest of his reign was s p e n t who waB assassinated in t h e following y e w by his chief in t h e several provinces of t h e empire, particularly those minister, Allectus. of t h e east, and every province was by t u r n s t h e scene of A town in the provhis r a p i n e and cruelty. Gibbon, Decline and Fall, I. 160. C a r a v a c a ( k â - r à - v a ' k a ) . i n c e of M u r c i a . S p a i n , s i t u a t e d o n t h e r i v e r Caracalla, Baths of. See Baths of Caracalla. C a r a v a c a i n l a t . 3 8 ° 4 ' N . , l o n g . 1 ° 5 3 ' W . Caracaras(kâ-râ-kà-râs'). [ G u a r a n v , ' h a w k s . ' ] P o p u l a t i o n (1887), 15,053. A h o r d e of S o u t h A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s , of t h e C a r a v a g g i o (kâ-ra-vâd'jô). A town in the T u p i - G u a r a n y r a c e , w h o , i n t h e 1 6 t h c e n t u r y , p r o v i n c e of B e r g a m o , I t a l y , s i t u a t e d 2 2 m i l e s l i v e d o n t h e w e s t e r n s i d e o f t h e r i v e r P a r a n a , e a s t of M i l a n . P o p u l a t i o n , 6,000.

kal'us) (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, origi-

215

Caravaggio, da Caravaggio, da.

See Caldarat

Polidoro.

Caravaggio, da (Michelangelo Amerighi or

M e r i g h i ) . B o r n a t Caravaggio, n e a r Milan, 1569: died n e a r P o r t o E r c o l e , I t a l y , 1609. A n Italian painter belonging to the naturalistic

s c h o o l . His most noted work is the "Entombment of Christ" (in the Vatican). After painting many important pictures in Rome, he fled to Naples to escape justice for the homicide of a companion.

C a r a v a y a ( k a - r a - v a ' y a ) , or C a r a b a y a (ka-riib a ' y a ) . [A c o r r u p t i o n of Collahuaya, t h e Quic h u a n a m e . ] A p r o v i n c e of e a s t e r n P e r u , in t h e d e p a r t m e n t of P u n o . Gold was discovered there about 1543, and for a century the mines of this region were famous. Its towns, especially Sandia, San GaSan, and San Juan del Oro, were important. In 1767 they were all destroyed by theChuncho Indians, not a Spaniard "being left east of the Andes. The region is now almost unknown, being frequented only by cinchona-collectors. Area, 12,000 square miles.

C a r a v e l l a s ( k a - r a - v a ' l a s ) . A s e a p o r t in t h e s t a t e of Bahia, Brazil, in l a t . 17° 43' S., long. 39° 14' W . P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t 5,000.

Carbajal (ka-Ba-aar), or Carvajal (kar-vaH a i ' ) ? Francisco. B o r n in A r a v a l o , 1464: died

m 1548. te AO Ax S p a n i s h n e a r Cuzco, -r» P e r u , A. .p r..il i l 10, soldier in S o u t h A m e r i c a . In 1528 he went to

Mexico, and in 1536 Cortés sent him with others to aid Pizarro in Peru. As field-marshal under Vaca de Castro, he directed the battle of Chupas, where the younger Almagro was overthrown. He took an active part in the struggle of Gonzalo i'izaiTo against Gasea, was captured at the battle of Sacsahuana April D, 1548, and condemned

to death. C a r b e r r y H i l l ( k a r ' b e r - i nil). A place n e a r M Musselburgh, u s s e l b u r g h , M i da - iLj o t hn i a n , Ocotlana. Scotland. Here, m in , h W C U ä i 0 r Ä Äprisoner Ä r Mary took Queen of Scots. C a r b o n a r i (kar-bo-nii'ri). [It., pi. of

C

and ^ carbonaro,

Carey, Henry

To Mr. Skene, for many years the English consul at Aleppo, is due the credit of first discovering the true site of thes old Hittite capital [CarchemishJ. [Carchemish], On the western bank of the Euphrates, Eiiph midway between Eire ik and the Sajur, rises an Artificial mound of earth, mouthh of the Saj^-, 1 under which ruins and sculptured blocks of stone 'had been found from time to time. It was kuown as Jerablus, or Kalaat Jcrablils, "thefortress of JerabMs," sometimes wrongly written Jerabis; and in the name of Jerabltis Mr. Skene had no difficulty in recognising an Arab corruption of Hierapolis. In the Roman age the name of Hierapolis or ''Holy City" had been transferred to its neighbour Membij, which inherited the traditions and religious fame of the older Carchemish; but when the triumph of Christianity in Syria brought with it the fall of the great temple of Membij, the name disappeared from the later; city, and was remembered only in connection with the ruins of the ancient Carchemish. Sayce, Hittites, p. 98. .. B ^ n t l ^ ^ C a r d a l e ( k a r d a l ) , J o h n B a t e . Born at London,

w e s t of D u m b a r t o n , J u n e 7, 1329.

R o b e r t B r u c e died t h e r e ,

n a P j , l w j / m - fls'Pliil O i o s u ^ Born at Baldi^ a r d U C C l ( k a r (lo c m ) , UlOSUe. c o r n a t D a t a c a s t c l l o , T u s c a n y , J u l y I I . 1836. A noted

I t a l i a n p o e t , since 1861 p r o f e s s o r ot I t a l i a n l i t e r a t u r e a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y of Bologna. C a r d u c h o ( k a r - d o ' c h o ) , or C a r d u c c i ( k a r - d o ' -

che), Vincenzo. BornatFlorence. 1568(1860 ?):

died a t Madrid, Spain, a b o u t 1638. A n I t a l i a n painter, patronized by Philip III. a n d Philip I V . of S p a i n . H i s chief works a r e in S p a i n . H e w r o t e " D e l a s e x c e l e n c i a s de la p i n t u r a , " etc. (1633).

C a r d u e l . See Cardoile. C a r d w e l l (kard'wel), E d w a r d . B o m at Blackb u r n , L a n c a s h i r e , 1787: died a t Oxford, E n g l a n d , May 23,1861. Ail E n g l i s h c l e r g y m a n a n d

Nov. 7,1802: d i e d a t L o n d o n , J u l y 18,1877. A n c h u r c h h i s t o r i a n . He was appointed select preacher E n g l i s h l a w y e r , first a p o s t l e of t h e Catholic to the University of Oxford in 1823, Camden professor of Apostolic C h u r c h (Irvingites), a n d a u t h o r of n u - ancient history in 1826, and principal of St. Alban Hall in m e r o u s ( a n o n y m o u s ) c o n t r o v e r s i a l a n d r e l i g i o u s 1831. He wrote "Documentary Annals of the Reformed Church of England " (1839), etc. works. C a r d w e l l , E d w a r d , V i s c o u n t Cardwell. B o r n C a r d a n . See Cardano. J u l y 24, 1813: died a t T o r q u a y , Cardano ( k â r - d â ' n ô ) , or Cardan ( k â r ' d a n ) , Gi- aFte bLiverpool, . 15,1886. A n E n g l i s h s t a t e s m a n , n e p h e w Born a t P a v i a , Italy, S e p t . 24, 1501: r 0 i a m 0 j of E d w a r d C a r d w e l l . He was presidentof the Board died a t R o m e , Sept. 21,1576. A n o t e d I t a l i a n of Trade 1852-55, secretary for Ireland 1859-61, chanp h y s i c i a n , m a t h e m a t i c i a n , philosopher, a n d as- cellor of the duchy of Lancaster 1861-&1, colonial secretrologer, n a t u r a l son of F a c i o Cardan, a Milan- tary 1864-66, and secretary for war 1868-74. ese j u r i s t . C a r e l e s s ( k a r ' l e s ) . 1 . T h e f r i e n d of M e l l e f o n t CardanUS. See Cardano. in Congreve's " D o u b l e D e a l e r " : a g a y g a l l a n t C a r d e n a s ( k á r ' d á - n á s ) . A s e a p o r t i n n o r t h e r n w h o m a k e s lovo t o L a d y P l i a n t . — 2 . A suitor s i t u a t e d 25 miles e a s t of M a t a n z a s . I t of L a d y D a i n t y in Gibber's " D o u b l e G a l l a n t . " C u b - "A fellow t h a t ' s wise enough to be but half in love, and e x p o r' t s sugar. Population_(1887), 23,354. Cardenio (Sp. p r o n . k â r - d â ' n ê - ô ) . A n intel- makes his whole life a studied idleness." 3: . T h e f r i e n d of C h a r l e s S u r f a c e in S h e r i d a n ' s P i t S m a Z a n c r a z c d b y d i s a p p o i n t e d love, ' S c h o o l f o r S c a n d a l . " It is he who says of the porw i t h l u c i d i n t e r v a l s , in a n episodo of Cervan- trait of Sir Oliver in the auction scene : " An unforgiving tes's ' ' D o n Quixote." H e is i n t r o d u c e d i n Col- eye, and a damned disinheriting countenance." m a n ; s " M o m i t a i n e e r s " a s O c t a v i a n , a n d also A . Ught-Uead^Uover in D ' L- r.f ^ ' s " D o n .Quixote." . . , , „ „ ¿ „ . . j of R u t h m Sir E . H o w a r d ' s p l a y " ' J l i e Com-

ST] -- Ja p l e s_ during, 4.1.ot N t h e „r eji g n oft AI M u r a»4t /iana_i.-.\ (1808-15) m i t t e e . " The play was slightly altered and produced b y r e p u b l i c a n s a n d o t h e r s dissatisfied with t h e C a r d e n i o , T h e H i s t o r y o f . A p l a y e n t e r e d by T. Knight as "The Honest Thieves." Careless is tlie o n t h e " S t a t i o n e r s ' B e g i s t e r " in 1653 a s b y F r e n c h r u l e . They were originally refugees among the " F l e t c h e r a n d S h a k s p e r e . It is said to be identified same in both plays. mountains of the Abruzzi provinces, and took their name 1 from the mountain charcoal-burners. Their aim was to with the lost play 'Cardano* or ' Gardenia,' acted at court C a r e l e s s H u s b a n d , T h e . A b r i l l i a n t c o m e d y free their country from foreign domination. After having in 1613." Late seventeenth-ccntury entries in the "Sta- b y Gibber, p r o d u c e d i n 1704. p r i n t e d in 1705. aided the Austrians in the expulsion of the French, the tioners' Register " carry no authority as far as Shakspere See Easy, Sir Cfutrles. organization spread overall Italy as the champions of the is concerned. Bullen, Diet. Nat. Biog. C a r e l e s s L o v e r s , T h e . A comcdy b y H a v e n s National Liberal cause against the reactionary governments. At one time the Carbonari numbered several hun- Cardiff ( k a r ' d i f ) . A s e a p o r t i n G l a r a o r g a n s h i r e , c r o f t , p r o d u c e d i n 1673. W ^ ^ e d o » t h e T ^ near i t s m o u t h , ta d ^ f i ^ & T e X ^ f t o . " . dred thousand adherents. T h o y w e ^ S ^ K T e arious revolutions of the times until crushed out by the Austrian power in Italy. About 1820 they spread into France, and played an important part in French politics until the revolution of ISSoT

l a t . 51° 28 I s . , l o n g . 10 W. It 13 noted for lis C a r e m e (k>i.-rain'), M a r i e A l l t O i n O . Boruat export ot coal and iron, and contains large docks and a p . j J a n , 12, 1833. g 17g4; d i e d t t e r e noted castle. It has greatly increased in late years. It ^ W n c l i nook H e WTOte 11 L e T>awas the p k e e rf imprisonmeii^of Bobert of Koimandy, A A nc en l e hb rr aa tteeidl 1F6, and was drowned near Lisbon in 1674 as he was returning to France from the East. Author of a "Description of J a p a n " (Dutch), 1636.

Caron (ka-rôn'), René Édouard. Born in Stc.

Anne, Côte de Beaupré, Canada, 1800: diodDec. C a r n a v a l de V e n i s e (kàr-nâ-val' dé ve-nëz')13,1876. A Canadian politician and jurist. He [F., 'Carnival of Venice.'] A popular air judge of the Court of Queen's Uench in 18G3, served heard by Paganini in Venice, which he embroi- Carnot, Marie François Sadi. Born at Li- became as commissioner for codifying the laws of Lower Canada dered with a series of burlesque variations, and moges, Aug. 11, 1837: died at Lyons, June 24, in 1857, and was appointed lieutenant-governor of the which became a favorito all over the world. 1894. A French statesman, son of Lazare province of Quebec in February, 1873, which post he reAmbroise Thomas introduced t h e air in the overture to

his opera to which he gave the same name, and which he produced Dec. 9, 1853.

Carné (kàr-nà')> Louis Marcien, Comte de.

Born at Quimper, France, Feb. 17, 1804: died at Quimper, Feb. 12, 3 876. A French publicist. His works include " É t u d e s sur l'histoire du gouvernement représentatif en Prance de 1789 il 1848 "(1855), etc.

C a r n e a d e s ( k a r - n ë ' a - d ê z ) . Born at Cyrene about 213 B. C. : died'129 b. c. A Greek skeptical philosopher and rhetorician, called the founder of the third or New Academy. C a r n e g i e (kâr-ne'gi), A n d r e w . Born at Dunfermline, Scotland, Nov. 25, 1837. A ScotchAmerican

steel-manufacturer.

Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi.

Bom at

Paris, June 1, 1796 : died there, Aug. 24, 1832. A noted F r e n c h physicist.

His most noted work is

"Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et les machines propres k développer cette puissance" (1824), famous in the history of modem physics.

Hia father was a G a r n u t e s (kàr-nû'tëz), or C a r n u t i (-tï).

weaver. I n 1843 he emigrated to the United States, went to Pittsburg, acquired wealth by various speculative operations, and established iron and steel works which have become the largest in the world. He has written " R o u n d the World " (1884), " Triumphant Democracy " (1886), etc.

Carneia(kar-në'ya). [Gr. Kápveia.] A Spartan festival, lasting 9 days, in the month of August. T h e Carneian festival fell in the Spartan month Carneius, the Athenian Metageitnion, corresponding nearly to our August. I t was held in honour of Apollo Carneius, a deity worshipped from very ancient times in the Peloponnese, especially at Arayclac. Miiller (Orchom., p. 327) supposes this worship to have been brought to Amyclfe from Thebes by the -Egidte. I t appears certainly to have beon anterior to the Dorian conquest (Dorians, vol. i. pp. 373375, E . T.). The Spartan festival is said to have been instituted B. C. 676 (Athen. xiv. p. 635, E . ; Euseb. Chron. Can. pars i. c. 33). I t was of a warlike character, like the Athenian Boëdromia. Rawlimon, Herod., I V . 167, note.

Carneiro de Campos (kár-ná'ro de kam'pos),

J o s é J o a q u i m , Marquis of Caravellas. Born at Bahia. March 4,1768 : died at Rio de Janeiro, Sept. 8, 1836. A Brazilian statesman. He was one of three regents chosen in April, 1831, to govern during the minority of Pedro II.

Carneiro Leáo (kâr-nâ'ro là-an'), Honorio Hermeto.

H i p p o l y t e C a r n o t . H e became prefect of the department of Seine-Inférieure and member of the National Assembly in 1871 ; was elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1876 ; became under secretary of state in the depart« ment of public works, Aug. 26, 1878 ; and minister of public works under Ferry Sept. 23, 1880. He was vice-president of the Chamber 1883-84 ; minister of finance 1885-86 ; and was elected president of the republic Dec. 3,1887. He was assassinated by an anarchist.

B o m at Jacahy, Minas Geraes, Jan.

tained until his death.

C a r o o r . See Karur. C a r o u g e (kS-ro^h'). A town in the canton of Geneva, Switzerland, situated on the Arvc adjoining Geneva. Population (1888), 5/703. C a r p a c c i o (kâr-pa'chô), V i t t o r e . Born in Istria, 1450 (?): died after 1522. A Venetian painter. Little is known of his life. He was a pupil of the elder Vivarini, and afterward of Gentile Bellini. He is reported to have accompanied Bellini to Constantinople, to which experience may be attributed his fondness for Oriental costumes in his pictures. The great series of subjects from the life of St. Ursula, iD t h e academy at Venice, gives the best as well as the most favorable conception of his work executed after 1490. The scries of pictures iu San Giorgio degli Schiavoni which Ruskin has made so prominent was painted by the order of the Hospice of St. George, 1502-08.

An ancient tribe of central Gaul, living in the vicinity of Orléans and Chartres. They were C a r p a n i (kâr-pa'në), Giuseppe. Born at Vilat war with. Cassar 52-51 B. C. lalbese, near Milan, Jan. 28,1*52 : died at VienC a r o f J u g g e r n a u t . See Juggernaut. C a r o l a n (kar'o-lan), T u r l o g n . Born at New- na, Jan. 22,1825. An Italian librettist and mu4 town, near Nòbber, Westmeath, Ireland, about sical writer. He published ' L a Haydine" (a 1670: died March 25, 1738. An Irish itinerant work on Haydn, 1812). Carpathian (kâr-pâ'thi-an) Mountains. [G. minstrel. L . * Car pates, Gr. Kapirarr/c (PtolC a r o l i n a (kar-o-li'nft). [Fem. of ML. Carolus, Karpaten, emy).] A mountain system in central Europe. Charles. See Caroline.'} Sec North Carolina I t extends from Presburg in Austria-Hungary in a semiand South Carolina. circle, separating Hungary and Transylvania on one side C a r o l i n a M a r i a (kâ-rô-lë'na ma-rè'â), Queen from Moravia, Silesia, Galicia, Bukowiua, and .Rumaniaon of Napks. Born at Vienna, Aug. 13, 1752: the other. I t s chief divisions are the West Carpathians (or BeskidenX the Central Carpathians (containing the died at Schônbrunn, near Vienna, Sept. 8, Tâtra Mountains, Oerlsdorfer Spitze—8,737 feet), East 1814. A daughter of Francis I., emperor of Carpathians (Ostbeskiden), and Transylvanian Alps (NeGermany, and wife of Ferdinand IV. of Naples. goi, 8,320 feet). I t is noted for mineral wealth. She caused Acton's appointment as prime min- Carpathian Sea, L. C^rpathium Mare (karister in 1784. pa thi-umma'rë). The ancient name for a small Caroline (kar'o-iin), Amelia Elizabeth. [NL. part of the .«SSgean Sea lying north of Carpathu^. Carolina: see Carolina.'] Born May 17, 1768: Carpathus (kâr'pa-thus),orKarpathos (-thos). died Aug. 7,1821. Queen of George IV. of Eng- [Gr. KâpTtadoç.] An island in the JFugeun Sea land, and second daughter of Charles "William southwest of Rhodes : the modern Skaipanto Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick, and Augusta, o r K a r p a t h o s . I t belongB to Turkey. In ancient sister

of

George

m .

She married George, then

times i t was under Rhodian rule.

Length, 32 miles.

Carpeaur Carpeanx (kar-po'), Jean Baptiste. Born at Valenciennes, France, May 11, 1827: died at the Castle of Becon, near Asnieres, Oct. 11,

219 creation, the domain of inferior beings. But the Oarpocratian system was much simpler and, in some respects, rejecting generally the system of ..Eons, or Emanations, approached much nearer to Christianity than those of most of the Gnostics. Milraan, Hist, of Christianity, II. 83.

Carron Chile. Ife was deposed in favor of O'Higgins in 1813, and though the rivals joined forces in 1814, they were defeated by the Spaniards at the battle of Kancagua (Oct. 2, 1814). Carrera fled to Buenos Ayres, and in 1815 went to the United States. He returned in 1816, but was forbidden to proceed to Chile. Driven in 18-21 to take refuge among the Indians, he was betrayed by his own men and shot as a rebel.

1875. A n o t e d F r e n c h sculptor. He studied first at the Ecole d'Architecture of Valenciennes, and later went to Paris where he remained until 1844. He was associated with Chapu and Charles Gamier, and was a pupil Carpzov (karp'tsof), Benedict. Born at Branof ftude and Duret. In 1853 he made the bas-relief of denburg, Germany, Oct. 22, 15G5: died at Wit- Carrera, Rafael. Born in Guatemala City, the '' Submission of Ahd-el-Kadir" (which secured for him tenberg, Germany, Nov. 26, 1624. A noted 1815: died there, April 4,1865. A Guatemalan the interest of Napoleon I I I . ) for the pavilion de Rohan German jurist. revolutionist of mixed white and Indian blood. du Louvre; Sept. 9,1854, he won the grand prix de Rome Carpzov, Benedict. Born at Wittenberg, Ger- He joined the revolt against the Federal party of Central with "Hector and Astyanax." Host of his works are in many, May 27, 1595: died at Leipsic, Aug. 30, America in 1837, became commander of the Guatemalan Paris. 1666. A German jurist, son of Benedict Carp- insurgents, and 1844-48 was president of Guatemala. In Carpentaria (kar-pen-ta'ri-ii), Gulf of. A gulf zov. He wrote "l>efmitiones forenses" (1G68), 1852 he was reelected, and in 1854 he was made president for life, and practically dictator. which indents the northern coast of Australia,

" Practicanovarerumcriminalium "(1635), etc. west of Cape York peninsula. Width, 300-400 CarpZOV, Benedict Gottlob. Born at Dresden, miles. Named (1644) for Captain Pieter Car- Sept. 26,1679 : died at Llibeck, Germany, April penter. 7, 1767. A German theologian. Carpenter (kar'pen-ter), Lant. Born at Kid- Carquin (kâr-kën'). A tribe of North American derminster, Sept. 2,1780: drowned off the Ital- Indians. They formerly lived south of Carian coast (probably washed overboard), April quinez Strait s /California, and eastward to the 5,1840. An English Unitarian clergyman, pas- mouth of San Joaquin River. See Costanoan. tor at Exeter 1805-17, and subsequently at Carr (kâr), or Ker, Robert. Died July, 1645. B r i s t o l . He wrote an "Introduction to the Geography A British politician, of Scotch birth, created of the JN ew Testament" (1806), a " Harmony, a synoptical Viscount Rochester March 25,1611, and Earl of arrangement of the Gospels" (1835), etc. S o m e r s e t N o v . 3, 1613. He came to England as a Carpenter, Mary. Born at Exeter, April 3, page of James I . ; became a favorite of the king; was 1807: died at Bristol, June 14, 1877. An Eng- 41 the first Scotchman promoted by James to a seat in the lish philanthropist and writer, eldest child of Rev. Lant Carpenter, and sister of William English House of Lords"; fell in love with Lady Essex B e n j a m i n C a r p e n t e r , she founded a girls' school at Bristol in 1829; established various societies and schools for the poor, and reformatories; visited India 1866-67» to study the education of Indian women 1868-69, when she took charge of a female normal school at Bom bay 18f>9-70, and for the last time 1875-76; and visited the United States and Canada in 1873, speaking on prison reform.

Carpenter, Matthew Hale. Born at Moretown, Vt., Dec. 22, 1824: died at Washington, D. C., Feb. 24, 1881. An American politician and lawver, United States senator from Wisconsin 1869-75 and 1879-81. Carpenter, W i l l i a m Benjamin. Born at Exeter, Oct. 29, 1813: died at London, Nov. 19, 1885. A noted English naturalist, eldest son

Carrey (ka-ra'), Jacques.

Bom at Troyes,

1646: d i e d 1726. A F r e n c h p a i n t e r , a p u p i l of L e b r u n . He made numerous journeys to the Orient, during one of which he executed a series of sketches from the Parthenon, then (Nov., 1674) in a good state of preservation. These drawings, preserved in the Bibliotheque Rationale in Paris, have been invaluable to students of Greek art. Carrey also assisted Lebrun in his great compositions. Carrhae ( k a r ' e ) . I n ancient geographv, a t o w n i n M e s o p o t a m i a , i n l a t . 36° 52' N . , long". 39° 2' E . I t is usually identified with the scriptural Ilaran, or Harran. Near here, 53 B. 0., the Roman triumvir Crassus suffered a decisive defeat at the hands of the Parthians, by whom he was shortly after killed in an interview with one of their satraps.

who, with the aid of the king, procured a divorce from Carrick (kar'ik). The southern district of Ayrher husband and married Carr (then Earl of Somerset), Dec. shire, Scotland. It is south of the Doon. 26,1613 ; was implicated in the poisoning by Lady Essex Carrick, E a r l of. See Bruce, Robert de. of Sir Thomas Ovcrbury, who had at first promoted their Carrickfergus (kar-ik-fer'gus). A seaport in Ulster, Ireland, situated on Belfast Lough 9 intrigue, but later opposed their marriage ; and was tried miles northeast of B e l f a s t . it forms a county and condemned to death in 1015, but was Anally pardoned. (with the adjacent districts, inclosed by Antrim). The The prosecution was conducted by Bacon as attorney, leading industries are fisheries and cheese manufacture. general. William I I I . landed here in 1690, and it was captured by Carr, Sir Robert. Born in Northumberland, the French in 1760. The castle, a splendid Norman forEngland: died at Bristol,England, Juno 1,1667. tress, was built by De Courcy in 1178, and is now occupied A British commissioner in New England in by a royal garrison. It stands on a rock, with water on 1664. With Nicolls he took New Amsterdam three sides. The entrance is by a gateway flanked by from the Dutch (1664), and named it New York. semicircular towers and defended by portcullis ami other Carracci (kâr-ra/chê), or Caracci (kâ-ra'chë), medieval devices. The donjon is an enormous square Agostino. Born at Bologna, Italy, Aug. 16, tower of five stories. Population (1891), 8,923.

of K e v . L a n t Carpenter. He studied medicine at 1558: died at Parma, Italy, March 22, 1602. Carrick'S Ford. A place on the Cheat River, University College, London, and at the Edinburgh Medi- An Italian engraver and painter of the Bo- i n T u c k e r County, W e s t V i r g i n i a . Here, July 14, 1861, the Federals under Morris defeated the Confedcal School, graduating at the latter institution ; became lognese school, brother of Annibale Carracci. I'ullerian professor of physiology at the ltoyal Institution Carracci, Annibale. Born at Bologna, Nov. 3, erates under Garnett. (1844), fellow of the Royal Society (1844), professor of foren- 1560: died at Rome, July 15,1609. An Italian Carrier. See Takuiu. sic medicine at University College, lecturer on geology painter of the Bolognese school, a pupil of his Carrier (kar-ya'), Jean Baptiste. Born at Yoat the British Museum, principal of University Hall cousin Lodovico Carracci. In 1580 he went to Par- let, near Aurillac, France, 1756 : guillotined at (18')l-59), and registrar of the University of London (1856- ma to study the works of Correggio, and in 1600 deco1879). He took part as naturalist in several expeditions rated the ceiling of a gallery in the Farnese palace, which Paris, Dec. 16, 1794. A French revolutionist, for deep-sea exploration—in the Lightning (1868), between was declared by Poussin to excel all other works but deputy to the Convention in 1792, notorious for his cruelty in the revolutionary tribunal at the north of Ireland and the Faroe Islands ; in the Porcuthose of Raphael. He was associated with his cousin pine (1869-70); in the Shearwater (1871), between Great Nantes 1793-94. Britain and Portugal; and in the Challenger (1872-76). He Lodovico in conducting the academy at Bologna. Carriere (kar-v ar'),Moritz. BornMarch5,1817: published numerous papers on physiological and zoologi- Carracci, Lodovico. Born at Bologna, Italy, died Jan. 19,1895. A German philosopher and cal topics, including "The Principles of General and Comparative Physiology" (1839: "Comparative Physiology" April 21,1555: died at Bologna, Nov. 13,1619. writer on esthetics, professor of philosophy at separately published 1854), " A Popular Cyclopedia of An Italian painter, founder of the Bolognese Giessen. Science " (1843), " Introduction to the Study of the Fora- school, noted as a teacher. The best pupils of Carries (kar-ias') 5 Jean. Born about 1856: died minifera" (1862), "The Microscope and its Revelations" his school were Domenichino and Guido. His July 1,1894. A noted French sculptor. He first (1856), " T h e Principles of Mental Physiology " (1874), etc. chief works are at Bologna. exhibited in the Salon of 1892 : on the opening day he re-

Carpentras (k&r-pon-tras'). A town in tho de- Carrara (kâr-ra/ra). A town in the province partment of Vaucluse, southeastern France, of Massa-e-Carrara, Italy, in lat. 44° 5' N., (the ancient Carpentoracte), situated on tho long. 10° 6' E. It is famous for the neighborriver Auzon 15 miles northeast of Avignon. It ing quarries of marble. Population, 11,000. contains many antiquities. Population (1891), CarrascO (ka-ras'kô; Sp. pron. kar-ras'kô), Samson, Sp. Sanson. A bachelor or licenti9,778. C a r p i ( k a r ' p e ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of M o - ate in Cervantes's " D o n Quixote,"who played d e n a , I t a l y , s i t u a t e d 10 m i l e s n o r t h - n o r t h w e s t practical jokes. o f M o d e n a . Its cathedral was built by Peruzzi in 1520, Carratalâ (kàr-râ-tà-la')> José. Born at Aliand is interesting as based on Bramarite's design for St. cante, Dec. 14, 1781: died at Madrid, 1854. A Peter's. A fragment in the sanctuary, with some curious sculpture, belongs to the original cathedral of the 11th ceutury. Population, 6,000.

Carpi. A village in tho province of Verona, Italy, situated on the Adige 28 miles southeast of Verona. It was the scene of a victory of Prince Eugene over the French under Catinat in 1701. Carpini (kar-pe'ne), Giovanni Piano. Bom at Fian dei Carpini, near Perugia, about 1200. An Italian Franciscan, papal legate to the Khan of Tatary 1245-47. He wrote " L i b e r Tartarorum" (ed. by d'Avezac 1838). Carpio, Bernardo del. See Bema rdo del Carpio. Carpocrates (kar-pok'ra-tez), or Carpocras (kar'po-kras). Lived probably in the reign of Hadrian (117-138 A. D.). A celebrated Alexandrian Gnostic. See Carpocratians. Carpocratians (kar-po-kra'shianz). A sect of Gnostics of the 2d century, followers of Carpocrates or Carpocras of Alexandria. See the extract. The Carpocratians were avowed Eclectics: they worshipped, as benefactors of the human race, the images of Zoroaster, Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle, and Jesus Christ, as well as that of their own founder. By this school were received, possibly were invented, many of the astrologic or theurgic books attributed to Zoroaster and other ancient sages. The Jewish Scriptures were the works of in* ferior angels; of the Christian, they received only the Gospel of St. Matthew. The supreme, unknown, uncreated Deity was the Monad; the visible world was the

ceived the cross of the Legion of Honor. He was the discoverer of a stoneware in which many of his best effects were produced.

Carrillo de Mendoza y Pimentel (kar-rel'yo da men-do'tha e pe-men-tel'), Diego, Count of Priego and Marquis of Gelves. Born about 1560: died after 1627. A Spanish general and administrator, tho second son of tho Marquis of T a v a r a . He was viceroy of New Spain (Mexico) from Sept. 21,16-21. In 1623 he had a quarrel with the archbishop on questions of jurisdiction : this resulted in the triumph of the archbishop, and the viceroy was deposed and imprisoned by the audience Jan., 1624. He returned to Spain in 1626.

S p a n i s h g e n e r a l , i n 1815 he went with Morillo to Venezuela, passed theuce to Peru, and fought against tho revolutionists there, 1819-24, attaining the rank of fieldmarshaL In 1833 he commanded the forces in Tarragona against the Carlists, and shortly after he fought against Carrington, Lord. See Primrose, Archibald, them in Biscay. In March, 1835, he was made captain- and Smith, Eodert. general of Estremadura, and he subsequently held the Carrington (kar'ing-ton), Richard Christosame office in Valencia, Murcia, and Old Castile. In 1840 pher. Born at Chelsea, England, May 26, he was named senator and minister of war, and his rank 1826: died at Churt, Surrey, Nov. 27,1875. An was raised to lieutenant-general. English astronomer. He was noted for his observaCarré (kâ-râ'), Michel. Born at Paris, 1819: tions of tho minor planets, fixed stars, and the sun, made at his private observatory at Red Hill, near Keidied there, June 27, 1872. A French drama- chiefly gate, Surrey.

tist and librettist for vaudevilles and comic operas. H e collaborated with Jules Barbier Carrion (kar-re-on'). Geronimo. An Ecuadorian politician, elected president of the reafter 1849. p u b l i c A u g . 4, 1865. In Jan., 18fi6, he joined with Carrel (k!i-rel'), Nicolas Armand. Born at Chile and Peru in the defensive alliance against Spain. Rouen, France, May 8,1800 : died at St. Mandé, After being subjected to a vote of censure by Congress, near Paris, July 24, 1836. A French journalist he resigned Nov., 1807. and republican leader. He was editor of the "Na- Carrizo Indians. See Comecrudo. tional " at Paris, 1830-36, and was mortally wounded in a Carroll (kar'ol), Charles, "ofCarrollton." Born duel July 22, 1830. at Annapolis; Md., Sept. 20,1737: died at BalCarreno de Miranda (kar-ra'nyo dâ mê-rân'- timore, Nov. 14, 1832. An American patiiot, dâ), Juan. Born at Avilés, in Asturias, Spain, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. March 25,1614: died at Madrid, Sept., 1685. A He was United States senator from Maryland Spanish painter, chiefly of portraits and reli- 1789-91. gious compositions. Carroll, Lewis. A pseudonym of Charles LutCarrera (kâr-râ'ra), José Miguel de. Born at widge Dodgson. Santiago, Oct. 15, 1785: d i e d at M e n d o z a , i n Carrollton (kar'ol-ton). A former town in the A r g e n t i n e , Sept. 4, 1821. A Chilian r e v o Louisiana. It is now a part of New Orleans. lutionist. In 1811, with his brothers, Juan José and Carron (kar'on). 1. A river in Stirlingshire, Luis, he headed the revolt against the Spaniards which had already broken out, and became the first president of Scotland, wlilcli flows into the Firth of Forth

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Carron 10 m i l e s southeast o f S t i r l i n g . A t ono t i m e i t •was t h e n o r t h e r n b o u n d a r y of t h e R o m a n E m p i r e . — 2 . A v i l l a g e o n the r i v e r Carron, 9 m i l e s southeast of S t i r l i n g . It is noted for its iron-works: the first carronades were cast here in 1779. Carrousel, A r c du. S e e Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel. C a r r o u s e l ( k a r - o - z e l ' ) , P l a c e d u . [ F . carrousel, a t i l t or t i l t i n g - m a t c h , I t . car ose llo, f r o m garosello, a f e s t i v a l or t o u r n a m e n t . ] T h e space e x t e n d i n g a l o n g t h e e a s t e r n court of t h e T u i l e r i e s , and i n c l o s e d b y t h e b u i l d i n g s of t h e O l d and N e w L o u v r e . It was originally the space between the eastern façade of the Tuileries and the enceinte of Charles V., which was laid out about 1600 as a garden called the "Parterre de Mademoiselle" in honor of Mademoiselle Montpensicr, who then lived in the Tuileries. In the reign of Louis XIV. a great carrousel or tilt, which surpassed all previous onus, was held here June 5 and 8. 1062, and the place was called Place du Carrousel, and has since kept that name. All sorts of knightly games were played by the king, his guests, and courtiers, in costumes of all nations. As late as 1850 the space between the old city fosse and the Louvre was still occupied by streets and houses. When the northern gallery was built between the two palaces (the Old and New Louvre ?), under Unpoleiin III., the entire space was cleared, and is now called Place du Carrousel. Carruthers (ka-rô'thèrz), Robert. Born at D u m f r i e s , N o v . 5,1799 : d i e d at I n v e r n e s s , M a y 26. 1878. A S c o t t i s h j o u r n a l i s t and m a n of l e t ters, e d i t o r and p r o p r i e t o r of t h e " I n v e r n e s s C o u r i e r . " He was the biographer and editor of Pope, and the compiler, with ltohcrt Chambers, of " Chambers's Cyclopedia of English Literature," etc. C a r s e o f Growrie. S e e Gowrie. C a r s o n ( k â r ' s o n ) , Christopher, usually called " K i t " O a r s o n . B o m i n M a d i s o n County, K y . , D e c . 24,1809 : d i e d a t F o r t L y n n , Col., M a y 23, 1868. A n A m e r i c a n t r a p p e r , g u i d e , soldier, a n d I n d i a n a g e n t in N o w M e x i c o . Carson City. T h e c a p i t a l of N e v a d a , situated i n l a t . 39 3 10' N . , l o n g . 119° 40' W . T h e r e are g o l d - a n d silver-mines in the vicinity. Populat i o n (1890), 3.950. Carstares(kar-starz'),"William. BornâtCathcart, n e a r G l a s g o w , F e b . 11,1649 : d i e d D e c . 28, 1715. A n o t e d S c o t t i s h P r e s b y t e r i a n d i v i n e . He was chaplain to William, prince of Orange, 1686, royal chaplain 1688-1715, principal of the University of Edinburgh 1703, and four times moderator of the assembly. C a r t a g e n a , o r C a r t h a g e n a (kar-ta- ( t h a ) j ê ' n a ; S p . proD. k a r - t a - H a ' n à ) . A s e a p o r t in t h e p r o v i n c e of M u r c i a . Spain, s i t u a t e d on t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n in l a t . 37° 36' N . , l o n g , 0 ° 56' " W . : t h e a n c i e n t C a r t h a g o N o v a . There are mines of copper, lead, etc., in the neighborhood. It lias a cathedral, and an excellent harbor. It exports barilla. It was colonized by the Carthaginians, and captured by Scipio Africanus in 203 Ji. c. It, was taken by the British and retaken by Berwick in 1706. I t was held by the Intransigcutists 1873-74. Population (1887), 84,230. Cartagena. A s e a p o r t c i t y of C o l o m b i a , capit a l o f the d e p a r t m e n t of B o l i v a r , on a l o w i s l a n d b e t w e e n t h e C a r i b b e a n S e a and t h e B a y of Cart a g e n a . It was founded in 1533 by Pedro de Heredia, and was long the principal port, and stronghold of this part of Spanish America. Several times taken and sacked by corsairs, it was fortified in the 18th century at an expense of $50,000,000, and in 1741 resisted the attack of Vernon. I t was the first Kew Granadan city to declare for independence, and in 1815 was taken by the Spaniards after a four months' siege in which nearly all the garrison and inhabitants perished : for this it received the title of the " Heroic City." Population (1892), 12,000. C a r t a g e n a d e l a s I n d i a s ( k â r - t â - H à ' n a dà l a s en'de-as). [ S p . , 4 C a r t a g e n a of t h e I n d i e s . ' ] T h e n a m e used, d u r i n g the c o l o n i a l p e r i o d , f o r t h e c i t y of C a r t a g e n a i n N e w G r a n a d a , n o w i n C o l o m b i a , t o d i s t i n g u i s h it f r o m C a r t a g e n a in Spain. C a r t a g o ( k a r - t â ' g ô ) . A t o w n in t h e d e p a r t m e n t of Cauca, R e p u b l i c of C o l o m b i a , i n l a t . 4° 50' N., long. 76310' W . P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t 8,000. CartagO. A t o w n in Costa R i c a , C e n t r a l A m e r i c a , s i t u a t e d 13 m i l e s east-southeast of San Josô. I t is f r e q u e n t l y v i s i t e d b y e a r t h q u a k e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1888), 4,575. Cartaphilus. Sue Wandering Jew. C a r t a s d e I n d i a s ( k a r ' t a s dà ë n ' d ë - â s ) . A coll e c t i o n of l e t t e r s f r o m e a r l y Spanish e x p l o r e r s , p u b l i s h e d b y t h e Spanish g o v e r n m e n t at M a drid, 1877. S o m e of t h o s e f r o m Columbus, V e s m c c i , and o t h e r s are g i v e n i n f a c s i m i l e , arte (kart), Thomas. B o r n at C l i f t o n - u p o n Dunsmoor, Warwickshire, England, April, 1686: d i e d n e a r A b i n g d o n , E n g l a n d , A p r i l 2, 1754. A n E n g l i s h s c h o l a r a n d h i s t o r i a n . He was the author of a " L i f e of James, Duke of Ormonde " (1736), an important history of England to 1654 (1747-55), etc. Ile was a strong Jacobite. Cartel (kar-tel') Combination. In German p o l i t i c s , t h e t e m p o r a r y union in t h e R e i c h s t a g a b o u t 1887 of t h e m e m b e r s of the G e r m a n C o n -

d

servative, jarties.

Carus, K a r l

Gustav

Imperialist C a r t h a g o N o v a (nö'vä). T h e R o m a n n a m e of C a r t a g e n a , Spain. " ^ C a r t i e r ( k ä r - t y ä ' ) , Sir G e o r g e E t i e n n e . Born a r t e r ( k a r ' t e r ) , E l i z a b e t h . B o r n at D e a l , D e c . at St. A n t o i n e , L o w e r C a n a d a , S e p t . 6, 1814: 16,1717: d i e d at L o n d o n , F e b . 19,1806. A n E n g - d i e d a t L o n d o n , M a y 20, 1873. A F r e n c h - C a lish p o e t , translator, and m i s c e l l a n e o u s w r i t e r . n a d i a n l a w y e r a n d p o l i t i c i a n . He became provinShe is best known for her friendship for Dr. Johnson, cial secretary in 18^5: attorney-general for Lower Canada which lasted for fifty years. Her letters to Mrs. Vesey, in 1856; and premier in 18f>8. He was the author of " O Mrs. Montagu, and Miss Catharine Talbot were collected Canada, mon pays, mes amours " and other popular song3. and printed in seven volumes 1809-17.

J

National

L i b e r a l , and

Carter, Franklin. B o m at " W a t e r b u r y , Conn.. C a r t i e r ( k ä r - t y ä ' ) , J a c q u e s . B o r n a t S t . M a l o , S e p t . 30,1837. A n A m e r i c a n e d u c a t o r . He was P r a n c e , D e c . 31, 1494: d i e d a f t e r 1552. A c e l e graduated from Williams College in 1862. lYom 1865 to b r a t e d F r e n c h n a v i g a t o r . He made three voyages 1868 he was professor of Latin and French at Williams, to Canada. In the first (1534) he explored the Gulf of St. from 1868 to 1872 of Latin only. From 1872 to 1881 he was Lawrence; in the second (1535) he sailed up the St. Lawprofessor of German at Yale College. In 1881 he became rence to Montreal; and in the third (1541-12) he made president of Williams College. an unsuccessful attempt at colonization in Canada. Carter, Henry. T h e o r i g i u a l n a m e of F r a n k L e s l i e , c h a n g e d b y a c t of t h e l e g i s l a t u r e i n 1849. C a r t i s m a n d u a ( k ä r - t i s - m a n ' d ü - ä ) . A q u e e n o f t h e B r i g a n t e s i n the t i m e of Claudius. S h e f a S e e Leslie, Frank. C a r t e r e t ( k a r ' t é r - e t ) , S i r G e o r g e . B o r n a t S t . v o r e d the R o m a n s , a n d was f o r c e d t o s e e k a n O u e n , J e r s e y , b e t w e e n 1609-17: d i e d J a n . , 1680. a s y l u m i n t h e i r c a m p . A n E n g l i s h s a i l o r a n d r o y a l i s t p o l i t i c i a n , a C a r t o o n s Of R a p h a e l . I > r a w i n g s e x e c u t e d i n n e p h e w o f S i r P h i l i p de C a r t e r e t . He became cap- 1515-16, f o r L e o X - , t o b o r e p r o d u c e d i n tain in the navy in 1633, and comptroller of thcuavy in 1639; F l e m i s h t a p e s t r y . They were long in Hampton Court supported actively the royalist cause, and was appointed Palace, and are now in the South Kensington Museum, by the king lieutenant-governor of Jersey (from which he London. One of the two sets of tapestries made from expelled the Parliamentary governor) and vice-admiral them is in the Vatican, the other in the Old Museum, (Dec. 13,1644); was granted by Charles I I . ' ' a certain island Berlin. The cartoons are seven in number: Christ's and adjacent islets in America in perpetual inheritance, Charge to Peter, Death of Ananias, Peter and John Healto be called New Jersey " ; surrendered Dec. 12,1651, and ing the Cripple, Paul and Barnabas at Lystra, Elymaa went to France and obtained a command in the French Struck Blind, Paul Preaching at Athens, The Draught navy; was imprisoned in the Bastille Aug.-Dec., 1657; of Fishes. In composition and vigor of drawing they are returned to England at the Restoration; was treasurer of among Raphael's best works. the navy 1661-67; and was suspended from the House of Dominique. Commons for mismanagement of the funds of the navy, C a r t o u c h e ( k ä r - t ö s h ' ) , L o u i s Dec. 10,1669. He was one of the original proprietors of B o r n at P a r i s a b o u t 1693: b r o k e n o n t h e A Carolina, and, with Lord Berkeley, was granted the land w h e e l a t Ch&telet, F r a n c e , N o v . 28, 3721. lie was the son of a between the Hudson and the Delaware, named in hia c e l e b r a t e d P a r i s i a n r o b b e r . wine merchant, and was stolen by gipsies, from whom he honor New Jersey. learned rascality. He established himself in Paris, and Carteret, John, Lord. B o r n A p r i l 22, 1690: after a short period of service in the army formed a d i e d a t B a t h , J a n . 2,1763. A n E n g l i s h states- famous band of robbers. His history was extremely popm a n , son of t h e first B a r o n C a r t e r e t . He became ular, and was the foundation of various plays. Baron Carteret Sept. 22,1695, and Earl Granville (through (kärt'rit), Edmund. B o m at the death of his mother) Oct. 18,1744. He was appointed C a r t w r i g h t ambassador extraordinary to Sweden in 1719; mediated M a r n h a m , N o t t i n g h a m , E n g l a n d , A p r i l 24,1743: a peace between Sweden, Prussia, and Hanover in 1720; d i e d a t H a s t i n g s , E n g l a n d , O c t . 30, 1823. An attended as ambassador extraordinary the congresses of E n g l i s h c l e r g y m a n and m e c h a n i c i a n , t h e r e Brunswick and Cambray in 1720; was appointed secretary p u t e d i n v e n t o r of t h e p o w e r - l o o m . He was gradof state for the southern province under Walpole, March uated at University College, Oxford, and became a fellow 5, 1721; became lord lieutenant of Ireland, April 3, 1724, of Magdalen College in 1764, curate of Brampton, and retiring 1730; was an activeopponentof Walpole, moving rector of Goadby Marwood, Leicestershire, in 1799. In Feb. 13, 1741, in the House of Lords, that the king be re- 1784, during a visit to Arkwright's cotton-mills at Crom« quested to remove him from hia "presence and counsels ford, the idea of a weaving-machine, according to the acfor e v e r " ; became secretary of state for the northern count given by him, occurred to him. His tirst patent province Feb. 12,1742, under Lord Wilmington; resigned Nov. 24, 1744; and attempted unsuccessfully to form a was taken out April 4, 1785, and this was followed by others, on improvements, on Oct. 30, 178«, and Aug. 18, ministry Feb., 1746. 1787. He also patented (1789) a wool carding machine, Carteret, Philip. D i e d at S o u t h a m p t o n , E n g - and (1797) a steam-engine in which alcohol was used, and l a n d , J u l y 21, 1796. A n E n g l i s h reaT-admiral assisted Robert Fulton in his experiments with steama n d e x p l o r e r in t h e s o u t h e r n h e m i s p h e r e . He was boats. He was the brother of John Cartwright. lieutenant of the Dolphin in Byron's expedition, 1764-456 ; C a r t w r i g h t , J o h n . Born at Marnham, N o t commanded the Swallow in the expedition under WaJlis t i n g h a m , E n g l a n d , S e p t . 17, 1740: d i e d at to the southern hemisphere, 1766-69 ; and discovered Pitcairn Island (July 2, 1767), Osnaburg, Gower's Island, L o n d o n , S e p t . 23, 1824. A n E n g l i s h r a d i c a l Simpson's Island, Carteret's Island, Wallis's Island, and p o l i t i c i a n a n d p u b l i c i s t , s u r n a m e d " t h e F a t h e r others. His "Journal" was published in Hawkesworth's of R e f o r m , " an a d v o c a t e of p a r l i a m e n t a r y r e f o r m a n d of t h e a b o l i t i o n of s l a v e r y : b r o t h e r " Voyages " (1773). of E d m u n d C a r t w r i g h t . He was the author of " A C a r t e r e t , Sir P h i l i p d e . B o r n o n t h e island Letter to Edmund Burke, controverting the Principles of of J e r s e y , F e b . , 1584: d i e d i n J e r s e y , A u g . 23, American Government laid down in his lately published 1643. A n E n g l i s h r o y a l i s t , s e i g n e u r o f St. Ouen, Speech on Aincrican Taxation "(1775), and of other politiJ e r s e y , a n d of S a r k , and l i e u t e n a n t - g o v e r n o r cal pamphlets. of J e r s e y , w h i c h h e h e l d f o r t h e k i n g u n t i l C a r t w r i g h t , P e t e r . B o r n i n A m h e r s t C o u n t y , his d e a t h . V a . , S e p t . 1,1785: d i e d at P l e a s a n t P l a i n s , I i i . , C a r t e s i n s . Seo Descartes. S e p t . 25, 1872. A n A m e r i c a n circuit p r e a c h e r C a r t h a g e ( k a r ' t h a j ) . [ L . Carthago, P h e n . Kar- of t h e M e t h o d i s t E p i s c o p a l Church. thadasht, N e w T o w n , as o p p o s e d t o t h e m o t h e r Cartwright, Thomas. B o r n in H e r t f o r d s h i r e , c i t y T y r e , or t o t h e o l d e r c o l o n y of U t i c a ( f r o m P h e n . atiq, o l d ) w h i c h w a s s i t u a t e d t o the north- E n g l a n d , 1535: d i e d at W a r w i c k , D e c . 27,1603. east, a b o u t 17 m i l e s f r o m C a r t h a g e . ] A n an- A c e l e b r a t e d E n g l i s h P u r i t a n c l e r g y m a n , c o n c i e n t c i t y and s t a t e i n n o r t h e r n A f r i c a , s i t u a t e d t r o v e r s i a l i s t , and scholar. o n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n i n l a t . 36° 52' N . , l o n g . C a r t w r i g h t , T h o m a s . B o r n a t N o r t h a m p t o n , 10° 18' E . , a f e w m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of m o d e r n S e p t . 1, 1634: d i e d at D u b l i n , A p r i l 15, 1689. T u n i s , a n d n o t f a r f r o m U t i c a . i t was founded by Pheuicians in the middle of the 9th century ('¡). It was A n E n g l i s h p r e l a t e , p r e b e n d a r y of W e l l s a n d a great commercial and colonizing center as early as the of D u r h a m , d e a n of R i p o n , a n d (1686) b i s h o p 6th century B. C., and was one of the largest cities of anti- of Chester. quity. It had two harbors, a naval and a mercantile. Its C a r t w r i g h t , W i l l i a m . Born at Northway, first treaty with Rome was made in 503 B. C. I t was de- n e a r T o w k e s b u r v , E n g l a n d , S e p t . , 1611: d i e d feated at Himera in Sicily in 480, and overthrew Selinus at O x f o r d , E n g l a n d , N o v . 29, 1643. A n E n g and other Sicilian cities about 400. It was the rival of lish d i v i n e and d r a m a t i s t . He was the son of an Syracuse under Dionysius, Agathocles, etc. At the height innkeeper at Cirencester, a student of Christ Church, of its power it had possessions in Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia, Oxford, a member of the Council of War iu 1642, ana northern Africa, and Spain. Its wars with ¿orne have the junior proctor of the university in 1643. He wrote "The following dates : First Punic War, 264-241; Second Punic Ordinary," ''The Royal Slave, a Tragi-Comedy," " T h e War, 218-201; Third Punic War, 149-146. It was recolo- Lady-Errant, a Tragi-Comedy," and The Siege, or Love's nized as a Roman city by Caius Gracchus and successfully Convert," etc. His plays and poems were collected in 1651. by Augustus in 29 (?) B, C. ; was taken by the Yandals in A seaport i n t h e 439 A. D.; and was retaken by Belisarius in 533. It was C a r u p a n o ( k ä - r ö ' p ä - n ö ) . an important center of Latin Christianity. The Saracens s t a t e of B e r m u d e z , V e n e z u e l a , i n l a t . 10° 4 0 ' P o p u l a t i o n , 12,000. destroyed it about 697. At present some cisterns, broken N . , l o n g . 63° 18' W . arches of an aqueduct, and tne Roman Catholic monastery C a r u s ( k ä ' r ö s ) , J u l i u s V i k t o r . Born at L e i p of St. Louis mark the site of the former rival of Rome. See sic, A u g . 25, 1823. A n o t e d G e r m a n z o o l o g i s t . Punic Wars. He wascustodian of the Museum of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford (1849-511 professor of comparative anatomy at Carthage. T h e c a p i t a l o f J a s p e r C o u n t y , Leipsic (1853), ana Professor Wyville Thomson's substisouthwestern Missouri. Near here, July 5, 1861, tute at Edinburgh (1873-74). His works include "Zur was fought the battle between the Federals (1,500) under nähern Kenntnis des Generationswechse]s"(1849), "SysSigel and the Confederates (3,500-5,000) under Governor tem der tierischen Morphologie " (1853), " Icones zootomiJackson. e s " (1857), etc. Carthagena. See Cartagena. C a m s , K a r l G u s t a v . B o m at Leipsic, Jan. Carthago (kar-tha'go). T h e R o m a n n a m e of 3, 1789: d i e d a t D r e s d e n , J u l y 28, 1869. A Carthage. German physiologist and psychologist. His

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works include " L e h r b u c h der Zootomie " (1818), ''Grundzüge der vergleichenden Anatomie una Physiologie" (1828), " Ü b e r den Blutkreislauf der Insekten" (1827), "Vorlesungen über Psychologie" (1831), "Psyche, etc." (1851).

Casablanca (ka-za-byan'ka), Louis. Born at Bastia, Corsica, about 1755: killed off Abukir, Egypt, Aug. 1, 1798. A French naval officer.

London, July 12, 1614. A famous classical scholar and Protestant theologian, of French

I n company with his son (Giacomo «Tocante Casabianca) he perished with his ship, L : Orient, at the battle of the Nile. This event is the subject of a poem by Mrs. Hemans.

neva 1582-9B, and of languages at Montpellier 1596-16'jO; librarian to the king, in Paris, 1601-Id ; and from that time until his death a prebendary of Canterbury and a pensioner of K i n g James. H e published commentaries on Athenrcus, Tlieophrastus (with a Latin translation), Suetonius, etc., and " Epliemerides," a journal of his studies.

turning in 1708. I n 1769 he went to England. He published " Travels to the Interior Parts of North America," including an account of the manners, customs, languages, etc., of the Indians (1778), " A Treatise on the Cultivation of the Tobacco-plant " (1773), etc.

Monferrato. I t has a cathedral, founded in the 8th ceutury by the Lombards. Population, 17,000.

o£ N a p l e s , i t contains a royal palace, begun 1752 in emulation of Versailles and La Granja, and one of the finest palaces in Europe. The pian is a rectangle; the façade is 780 f e e t long and 125 high, with t w o stories and au attic above a basement. Population (1891), estimated, commune, 36,000.

Cams, K a r l Gustav

(Gascon) origin.

He was professor of Greek at Ce-

öarus (ka'rus), Marcus Aurelius. Born in Narona, Dalmatia, about 222: died near Ctesiphon, Mesopotamia, 283. Emperor of Rome 282- Gasa de Contratación de las Indias (ka'sá 283. H e was prefect of the Pretorian Guard under Pro- da kon-trá-tá-the-ón' da las en'de-az), or Council of Seville. [Sp., ' house of commerce with bus, and was elevated to the throne by the soldiers on the murder of Probus at Sirmium. H e was killed (accord- the Indies,' Consejo de Sevilla.'} An office es- Gasanbon, Méric. Born at Geneva, Aug. 14; ing to one account by lightning) on an expedition against tablished at Seville in 1503 for the regulation 1599 : died at Oxford, England, July 14, 1671. the Parthians, as ho was about to push Ms conquests of commerce with the Indies. It maintained the A divine and classical scholar, son of Isaac strict Spanish monopoly of American commerce which was across the Tigris. Casaubon, resident in England after 1611. He Oarvalho (kär-väl'yö) Paes de Andrade (piz one of the principal causes of complaint in the colonies. published a large number of works, of which the most imde ân-dra'dç), Manuel de. Born about 1795: Gasa d'oro (ka'sá do'ro). [It.,'house of gold.'] portant is an edition of his father's "Epliemerides." died in Rio de Janeiro, June 18,1855. A Bra- A Venetian medieval (14th century) palace, it Gasbin. See KasMn. z i l i a n p o l i t i c i a n . H e was elected temporary president has been marred by restoration. I t has three stories, diof Pernambuco Dec., 1823, and during the succeeding year vided vertically into two divisions. The left-hand divi- Casca (kas'kji), Publius Servilius. Died after headed a revolt against the emperor Pedro I., proclaiming sion has in the lowest story five open arches, the middle 42 B. c. One of the assassins of Julius Caesar (44 b. C. ), and the first of them to strike a blow. (July 2, 1824) a republic with the name of the Confedera- one round, and in the two upper ones most rich and graceful foliated arcades set between larger arches. The Cascade Mountains. A range of mountains in Çâo do Equador. The revolt was put down in October, right-hand division consists of ornamented paneling, also Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia, and Carvalho escaped to England. H e returned to Brazil, set between decorated arches. Above there is a pictu- nearly parallel to the Pacific, it is connected with and was a senator from 1835. Carvell (kär'vel), Nicholas. Died 1566. An resque cresting in marble. T o beauty of form this facade the Sierra Nevada on the south. I t contains many exEnglish poet, reputed author of two poems in adds great and diversified charm of color in its incrusted tinct volcanoes. Among its chief peaks are Mounts Pitt, and inlaid marbles. the "Mirror for Magistrates." Scott, Three Sisters, Jetierson, Ilood, Baker, St. Helen's, Carver (kâr'vèr), John. Born in England, Gasa Grande (ka'sa griin'dá). [Sp., 'great and 1'acoma (or .Rainier), the highest (14,444 feet). about 1575: died at Plymouth, Mass., April, house.'] A ruin of an ancient Pima village ou Cascate delle Marmore, or Falls of the Vethe south bank of the Gila River, in Arizona, 1621, One of the leaders of the " P i l g r i m Its aborigi- lino. See Marmore. Fathers," and first governor of Plymouth Col- 80 miles northwest of Tucson. Casco Bay (kas'kô bà). A bay on the southo n y , 1620-21. H e took refuge in Holland about 1608, nal name is Sivano-Ki ('house of Sivano'). A ern coast of Maine, extending from Cape Elizwas deacon in Robinson's church at Leydcn, and was Gasa Guidi (ká' sa g w e ' dé) Windows. poem by Mrs. Browning, published in 1851. abeth, near Portland, northeastward for about agent for the Puritan emigrants to .New England. 20 miles. It abounds in islands. Named from the Casa Guidi, a house in Florence where Carver, Jonathan. Born at Stillwater, Conn., the authoress resided during the composition of the poem. Case is Altered, The. A comedy of intrigue, 1732: died at London, Jan. 31, 1780. An by Ben Jonson, acted by 1599, based on two American soldier and traveler, explorer of Casale ( k á - z a ' l e ) , or Casale Monferrato the region beyond the Mississippi. To find a (mon-fer-ra'tó). A town in the province of plays byPlautus, the "Aulularia "andtbe "Captivi." northern passage to the Pacific, he started from Boston, Alessaudria, Italy, situated on the Po 38 miles June, 17tf ican habit at Santo Domingo (1522), and remained in retirement for eight years ; and finally returned to Spain. From 1544 to 1547 he was bishop of Chiapa in Mexico. H e published " Breuissima relación de la destruycion de las Indias " ( " D e s t r u c t i o n of the Indias," Seville, 1552), " Historia de las l u d i a s " (published 1875, but well known before by manuscript copies), etc.

Gary, Sir Henry. Died Sept., 1633. An English statesman, son of Sir Edward Cary of Gasas Grandes (ka'sás grán'des). [Sp.,'great Berkhamstead and Aldeuham, Hertfordshire, houses.'] An extensive ruin in northwestern created Viscount Falkland in the Scottish Sonora, about 120 miles south of the United States boundary line in New Mexico. The setpeerage, Nov. 10, 1620. tlement appears to have been considerable, and to have Gary, Henry Francis. Bom at Gibraltar, contained as many as 4,000 souls at least. The edifices Dec. 6, 1772: died at London, Aug. 14, 1844. were of large adobe with very thick walls and as many as An English poet and scholar, chiefly known four and perhaps five stories. The pottery accompanying as the translator of Dante. He studied at Christ the ruins and ¿lithe artifacts show an advance in culture Church, Oxford ; became vicar of Abbot's Bromley, Staffordshire, in 1796 ; removed to the living of Kingsbury, Warwickshire, in 1800; became reader at Berkeley Chapel, London, in 1807 ; and was appointed assistant keeper of printed books at the British Museum in 1826, resigning in 1837. His translation of the " I n f e r n o " of Dante was published in 1805, and the whole was completed in 181*2,

beyond the Indians of N e w Mexico. Concerning its inhabitants nothing is known, except that they had disappeared long previous to the discovery of the ruins by the Spaniards in 1660. A t that time the site was occupied by a tribe called Sumas, which has since disappeared also. A mile south of the ruins there is a village of Mexican inhabitants numbering about 1,000 souls. The name Casas Grandes is also given £o various similar ruins in northern Mexico.

H e was a member of Parliament in 1640, and secretary of state in l(»41. H e sided with the Royalists in 1642.

ploration Bent him to the basin of the Bahr-el-Ghazal, where he arrived in 1880. A f t e r exploring the country of the Nyam-Nyam and the Monbutto, he joined Emin Pasha and Dr. Junker in 1883. I n 1880 Kabrega, to whom Emin had sent him ou a mission, detained him in semi-captivity. Stanley's arrival, in 1889, set him free. His reports were published in "Bolletino della Society d'Esplorazione " (1883-88). His " Dieci Anni in Equatoria" appeared in 1891.

Gary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland. Born at Burford, Oxfordshire, England, about 1610 : Casati (ká-sá'té), Gaetano. Born at Lesmo, killed at the first battle of Newbury, Sept. 20, Italy, 1838. An Italian soldier and African ex1643. An English politician and littérateur. p l o r e r . I n 1879 the Italian Society f o r Commercial ExGary, Phoebe. Born near Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 4,1824: died at Newport, K. I., July 31, 1871. An American author, sister of Alice Cary. She wrote " P o e m s of Faith, Hope, and L o v e " (1868), etc., and was the author of the hymn " One Sweetly Solemn Thought."

Caserta. A province in Campania, Italy: the former Terra di Lavoro. Area, 2,033 square miles. Population (1891), 734,884. Cases, Las. See Las Cases. Cashan. See Kashan. Castel (kash'el). A town in the county of Tipperary,Ireland,inlat.52°31'N.,long. 7°53' W. The " r o c k of Cashel" is a limestone formation, about 300 feet in height. On its summit are the ruins of a Golliiu cathedral (12th century), castle, abbey, chapel, and round tower.

Cashfar. Seo Kashgar. Cashibos. Same as Cachibos Cashmere. See Kashmir. Casilear (kas'i-lër), John W . Born at New York, June 25,1811: died at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., Aug. 18,1893. A landscape-painter. He

began to study engraving at the age of ilfteen, and in 1831 was an engraver of bank-notes. In 1840 and 1857 he went l o Europe to study oil-painting. He was elected a member of the National Academy of .Design in 1851.

Casilinum (kas-i-lï'num). See Capua. Casimir (kas'i-mër) I. [G. Kasimir, Pol. Kasitniers.'] Died Nov. 28, 1058. King of Poland 1040-58, surnamed " T h e Peaceful" and " T h e

M o n k . " U c was the son of Jiiecislas I I . and Rixa, a German princess. On the death of his father (1034) his mother became regent, but was obliged to flee from an outbreak of national hatred, aroused by the favoritism which she displayed toward her countrymen. H e was recalled 1040, from Germany, where he was living in retirement devoted to religious exercises. l i e restored Christianity, which had been hotly persecuted during his absence, and added Masovia and Brcslau to Poland. H e is called " the restorer of Poland."

Casimir I I . Born 1138 : died May 4,1194. King of Poland 1177-94, surnamed " T h e Just." He organized the Polish senate, which consisted of bishops, palatines, and castellans, and introduced laws protecting the peasants against the nobles.

Casimir I I I . Born 1309: died Nov. 8, 1370. King of Poland 1333-70, surnamed " T h e Great," son of Vladislav Lokietek. He promul-

gated a double code of laws for Great and Little Poland in 1347, projected the University of Cracow in 1364, and made conquests in Silesia, Russia, and Lithuania. Among his mistresses was a Jewess, Esther, who is supposed to have secured the humane protection which, at this time, was accorded to her people in Poland.

Casimir I V . Born Nov. 29,1427: died at Grodno, Poland, June 7,1492. King'of Poland 1447-92, brother of Wladislaw TTI. He carried on a war of fourteen years against the Teutonic knights, which was terminated in 1466 by the peace of Thorn, and which gave

Casa (kä'sä), Giovanni della. Born at Mu- Casaubon (ka-s&'bon), Rev. Edward. In Poland possession of West Prussia, with suzerainty over gello, near Florence, June 28, 1503: died at George Eliot's "Middlemareh," the husband of East Prussia. Rome, Nov. 14, 1556. An Italian poet and D o r o t h e a B r o o k e . She marries M m in the belief that Casimir-Périer, Jean. See Périer. ecclesiastic, clerk of the chamber to Pope his high and noble ideals will raise her into a broad Gasiri (ka-sê'rë), Michael. Born at Tripoli, Paul III., and charged with various diplo- and generous intellectual life, but finds him to be only a Syria, 1710: died at Madrid, March 12, 1791. A M a r o n i t e O r i e n t a l i s t . He bccame chief librarian matic duties: author of " G a l a t e o " (poem on timid, self absorbed pedant. etiquette, 1558, 1752). His collected works Casaubon (ka-sá'bon; P. pron. ka-zo-bóñ'), of the Escoriai in Spain in 1763. His chief work is " BiblioIsaac. Born at Geneva, Feb. 18,1559: died at theca arabico-hispana escurialensis" (1760-70). were published in 1707.

Casius Oasius (ka'si-us). [ L , Casius mons, Gr. Kaatov fipof; n o w El Eas.] T h e a n c i e n t n a m e of t h e m o u n t a i n o u s r e g i o n south of A n t i o c h . S e e the extract.

222

Castellamare di Stabia

a c l a n or house, o r i g i n a l l y p a t r i c i a n , a f t e r w a r d C a s t a g n e t t e ( k a s - t a n - y e t ' ) , C a p t a i n . I n E r n e s ; p l e b e i a n , its family names under the republic were L ' E p i n e ' s n o v e l of t h e same n a m e (1862) a m d v ' S i i S u s " " 3 ' J ' a n n ' m s i s ' K - m a , Sabaco, Varus, c h a r a c t e r r e m a r k a b l e f o r h a v i n g a n a r t i f i c i a l

.s\ . , . , . The mountain region varied in its elevation from about C a s s i a n u s ( k a s - i - a ' n u s ) , c a l l e d J o h a n n e s M a s - f í í ^ ^ í « /vs. W ¡ A n d r e a or A n d r i n o 6,00.) feet in the north, where it was known as Casius and s i l i e n s i s ( " of M a s s i l i a " ) , o r E r e m i t a ( " ' t h e Bargylus, to above 9,000 feet in the south, where Lebanon e r e m i t e " ) . B o r n a b o u t 360 A . d . : d i e d a f t e r d e l . B o r n i n t h e e n v i r o n s of F l o r e n c e , 1390: culminates in the snowy peak of Makmel. 4 3 3 ( a b o u t 4 4 8 f ) . A recluse a n d S e m i - P e l a g i a n died of t h e p l a g u e a t F l o r e n c e , A u g . 19, 1457. Jlauitmott, Phcenicia, p. 4. t h e o l o g i a n . lie founded the monastery of St. Victor, A F l o r e n t i n e p a i n t e r . In 1454 he was called to Eome by Pope Nicholas V. to take part in the decoration of the Caslon (kas'lon), W i l l i a m . B o r n a t C r a d l e y , Dear Marseilles, and was a diligent promoter of monasti- stanze of tlie Vatican. He was a draftsman rather than W o r c e s t e r s h i r e , 1692: d i e d at B e t h n a l G r e e n , ncistn. a painter, and his work is characterized by a certain bruJ a n . 23,17B6. A L o n d o n t y p e - f o u n d e r , f a m o u s C a s s i b e l a u n u s . S e e Cassivellaunus. tality of style. f o r h i s skill as a t y p e - c u t t e r . He established an C a s s i n i ( ITti . p r o n . k a s - s e ' n e ; F . p r o n . k a - s e - n e ' ) , O a s t a h a n a . S e e Comanche. important business which was carried on in partnership G i o v a n n i D o m e n i c o . B o m a t P e r i n a l d o , n e a r C a s t a i g n e ( k i L s - t a n ' ) , A n d r é . A c o n t e m p o r a r v with his son William, and after his death by the latter N i c e , J u n e 8,1625: d i e d at P a r i s , S e p t . 14,1712. F r e n c h p a i n t e r , born at A n g o u l é m e . H e is esalone. A n I t a l i a n a s t r o n o m e r , d i r e c t o r of t h e obser- p e c i a l l y n o t e d as an i l l u s t r a t o r , C a s p a r ( k a s ' p ä r ) . A h u n t s m a n w h o sells h i m - v a t o r y at P a r i s . H o d i s c o v e r e d f o u r s a t e l l i t e s C a s t a l d i ( k a s - t a l ' d e ) , P a m f i l o . A n I t a l i a n self t o Z i m e e l , t h e b l a c k h u n t s m a n , in W e b e r ' s of Saturn 1671, 1672, 1684 ( t w o ) . p r i n t e r a n d p h y s i c i a n of t h e m i d d l e of t h e 15th opera " D e r F r e i s c h ü t z . " C a s s m i , J a c q u e s . B o r n a t P a r i s , F e b . 18,1677: c e n t u r y , s u p p o s e d b y s o m e I t a l i a n s t o h a v e Caspar Hauser. S e e Hauser, Easpar. d i e d a t T h u r y , i n F r a n c e , A p r i l 16, 1756. A b e e n t h e i n v e n t o r of p r i n t i n g . C a s p e ( k ä s ' p e ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of F r e n c h a s t r o n o m e r , s o n of G i o v a n n i D o m e n i c o C a s t a l i a ( k a s - t a ' l i - a ) . [ G r . Kaara/.ia.'] AnailSaragossa, Spain, s i t u a t e d on t h e r i v e r GuadaCassini w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d as d i r e c t o r of t h e c i e n t f o u n t a i n o n t l i e slope of M o u n t P a r n a s s u s l u p e in l a t . 41° 13' N . , l o n g . 0° 5 ' W . P o p u - o b s e r v a t o r y a t P a r i s i n 1712. He is chiefly known Greece, sacred to the Muses and A p o l l o . ' l a t i o n (1887), 8,439. by his labors in relation to the determination of the figure The Castalian spring may he distinctly recognized, from C a s p i a n S e a ( k a s ' p i - a n s e ) . [ L . Mare Casjrinm, of the earth. this passage and the description of Pausanius (X. viii. or Mure Myrcanium,' Gr. K m Oàiaaca, Kau- C a s s i n i , J a c q u e s D o m i n i q u e , C o m t e d e . B o r n Sec. 5), in the modern fountain of Aio Jánni. It lies at TTiov KéAayos; f r o m L . Caspii, Gr. Kàomoi, d w e l l - at P a r i s , J u n e 30, 1748: d i e d a t P a r i s (t), Oct. the base of the precipices of Parnassus, on the right of e r s on t h e c o a s t . ] A salt i n l a n d sea on t h e 18, 1845. A F r e n c h a s t r o n o m e r , son of Cassini the road by which alone Delphi can be approached from b o u n d a r y b e t w e e n E u r o p e and A s i a , b o u n d e d d e T h u r y w h o m he s u c c e e d e d as d i r e c t o r o f t h e the east, at the mouth of a ravine which separates the two great Delphian peaks. Kawlinmn, Herod., IV. 291. b y R u s s i a n t e r r i t o r y on the w e s t , n o r t h , and o b s e r v a t o r y a t P a r i s i n 1784. H e r e s i g n e d i n east,, a n d b y P e r s i a on tho south, i t is the largest Castalides (kas-tal'i-déz). [ L . , ' C a s t a l i a . ' ] A 1793. H e c o m p l e t e d his f a t h e r ' s m a p of F r a n c e inland sea in the world. Its chief tributaries are the poetical name f o r the Muses. Volga, Ural, Kuma, Ernba, Terek, Kur, Atrek, and Seitd. (1793). C a s t a l y ( k a s ' t a l i ) . A u E n g l i s h f o r m of CasI t has no outlet There is a Russian fleet upon it, and Cassini de Thury (dè ta re'), César François. steamers connecting with the Transcaspian Railway. I t B o r n a t P a r i s , J u n e 17,1714: d i e d S e p t . 4,1784. talia. is S3 feet below the level of the Black Sea. Length. 680 C a s t a n h e d a (kas-tan-yá'da), F e r n á o Lopes miles. Greatest width, about 270 miles. Area, about A F r e n c h a s t r o n o m e r , son of J a c q u e s Cassini d e . B o r n a t S a n t a r e m a b o u t 1500: d i e d a t w h o m he s u c c e e d e d as d i r e c t o r o f t h e o b s e r v a 1139,000 square miles. C o i m b r a , M a r c h 23, 1559. A P o r t u g u e s e hist o r y at P a r i s in 1756. H e c o m m e n c e d a t o p o C a s q u e t s ( k a s ' k e t s ) . A g r o u p of d a n g e r o u s t o r i a n . In 1528 lie went with his father to India, where g r a p h i c a l m a p of F r a n c e , w h i c h w a s c o m p l e t e d he resided 20 years. His " Historia do descobrimcnto e r o c k s in t h e E n g l i s h C h a n n e l , 8 m i l e s w e s t of by his son. conquista da India pelos Portuguezes" appeared in parts Aldemey. T h e y a r e t h e t r a d i t i o n a l s c e n e of C a s s i n o ( k a s - s ë ' n ô ) , f o r m e r l y S a n G e r m a n o _from 1551 _ to 1561 (incomplete). , t h e s h i p w r e c k o f P r i n c e W i l l i a m i n 1120. ( s ä n j e r m ä ' n o ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of C a s t a n o s ( k ä s - t ä n ' y o s ) , F r a n c i s c o X a v i e r de, Cass (kas), L e w i s . B o r n at E x e t e r , N . H . , Born at Madrid ( f ) , A p r i l O c t . 9, 1782: d i e d at D e t r o i t , M i c h . , J u n e 17, C a s e r t a , I t a l y , a b o u t 45 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of N a - D u k e of B a y l e n . • site • of t h e R o m a n 22, 1756: d i e d a t M a d r i d , S e p t . 24, 1852. A 1866. A n A m e r i c a n s t a t e s m a n a n d soldier. p i e s , on the K a p i d o n e a r the He defeated the Trench at Baylen He served in the war of 1812-13. He was governor of C a s i n u m . I t has a r u i n e d a m p h i t h e a t e r . P o p - Spanish g e n e r a l . July, 1808, was defeated by them at Tudela Nov., 1808, u l a t i o n , 6,000. Michigan Territory 1813-31, secretary of war 1S31-38, minand served with distinction under Wellington at Vittoister to i'rance 1836-12, United States senator 184&-48, C a s s i n o , M o n t e . S e e Monte Cassino. Democratic candidate for President 1848, United States C a s s i o i ' k n s h ' i ô l ' M i i - b a o l T h o i;o,i+nr„,„+ ^f ria 1813. He became the guardian of Queen Isabella in senator 1819-57, and secretary of state 1857-60. He wrote , „ ^ . ,„ 1 0 i> m i c i l a e l V16 i1®u.teSa™ o f "Inquiry respecting the History, etc., of the Indians" O t h e l l o i n S h a k s p e r e ' s t r a g e d y " O t h e l l o C a s t a r a ( k a s - t ä ' r ä ) . A c o l l e c t i o n of p o e m s (1823). somewhat weak but honorable man, caused by the device i n p r a i s e of L u c y H e r b e r t , issued a n o n v m o u s l y Cassaba. See Sassaia. of lago to be the object of Othello's jealousy. Bee lago. bb yv VWi illll i a »™ m H Haabh i ulgnt o^nn in n T 1634. n ^ i f fH l ie i h" a" d^ ^m^a^r - 1 Cassagnac. S e e Granier de Cassagnac. Cassiodorus (kas'i-o-do'rus), Magnus Aure r„i„e „ d h „ e r b e t w e e n 1630 and 1633. Cassander (ka-san'dèr). [Gr. Kârruavâpoç.] B S 8 - B ° ™ a t S c y l l a ¿ e u m , s o u t h e r n I t a l y , a b o u t C a s t e . A p l a y b y T. W . E o b e r t s o n , p r o d u c e d B o r n a b o u t 334 b. c. : d i e d 297. T h o son of 4bS: d i e d a t V í v i e r s , in C a l a b r i a , a b o u t 560. i n 1867. A n t i p a t e r . He became cliiliarch in 321 ; waged war A n I t a l i a n s t a t e s m a n a n d h i s t o r i a n . He was an C a s t e g s i o ( k a s - t e d ' i o ) . A t o w n i n t h e n r o v -i i with Alexander s successors after 319 ; and received Mace- admlnistrative officer under Odoacer Thcodoric and his ¡ " c "e oSt p „ _ v : T t T l J 1 9 successors, and became a monk at Viviers about 538. His 2 ? . n o r t h e r n I t a l y , 12 m i l e s south of donia and Greece after the battle of lpsus, 301. state papers and works were published by Garet (1679). P a v i a . Near here were fought the two battles of MonC a s s a n d r a ( k a - s a n ' d r a ) , or A l e x a n d r a ( a l - e g - „ . , tebello (1800 and 1859), which see. zan'drii). [ G r . Kauaavópa, F . Cassandre.] I n C a s s i o p e i a ( k a s " i - o - p e ' y a ) , o r C a s s i e p e i a ( k ia s [ G r . lvaucidireia or Kaouik-Eia.'] 1." C a s t e l a r ( k a s - t a - l a r ' ) , E m i l i o . B o r n at C a d i z , G r e e k l e g e n d , a p r o p h e t e s s , the d a u g h t e r of i-e-pe y a ) . S p a i n , S e p t . 8, 1832. A n o t e d S p a n i s h s t a t e s P r i a m and H e c u b a . By command of Apollo (whose I n c l a s s i c a l m y t h o l o g y , t h e w i f e of Cepheus, a n m a n , o r a t o r , a n d a u t h o r . He fled from Spain after advances she had repelled), her predictions, though true, E t h i o p i a n k i n g , a n d m o t h e r of A n d r o m e d a . the rising of 1866; became a republican leader in 1868; were always discredited. She was enslaved by Agamem- 8 h e was t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e h e a v e n s as a c o n - and was minister oí foreign affairs in 1873, and president of the executive Sept., 1873,-Jan., 1874. His works include s t e l l a t i o n . — 2 . A b e a u t i f u l circurnpolar c o n non after the fall of Troy. " La civilización en los cinco primeros siglos del cristianCassandra. T h e w e s t e r n m o s t p e n i n s u l a of s t e l l a t i o n , supposed t o r e p r e s e n t t h e w i f e o f ismo" (1865), "Cuestiones políticas, etc." (187o), "DiscurChalcidice: the ancient P a l l e n e . C e p h e u s seated in a c h a i r a n d h o l d i n g u p "both sos parlamentarios "(1871)," Miscelánea de historia, etc." C a s s a n d r a ( k i i - s a n ' d r a ) , G u l f o f . T h e m o d e r n a r m s . It contains thirty stars brighter than the sixth (1874), "Historia del movimiento republicano" (1875), etc. n a m e of t h e T o r o n a i c G u l f . magnitude, and is always found opposite the Great Bear C a s t e l d e l M o n t e ( k a s - t e l ' d e l m o n ' t e ) . A Cassandre (ka-soh'dr). [F., 'Cassandra.'] A on the other side of the pole-star. In this constellation t o w n i n I t a l y , 19 m i l e s east of A q u i l a . i t con. romance b y L a Calprenede. appeared in 1572 a temporary star brighter than Venus at tains a castle, a hunting-seat of the emperor Frederick its brightest. C a s s a n g e , or K a s a n j i . Sco Mbangala. II., one of tho most splendid medieval monuments in Cassano (kas-sa'no). 1. A t o w n i n t h e p r o v - C a s s i q u i a r e ( k i i s - s e - k e - a ' r a ) , or C a s s i q u i a r i Italy, The plan is octagonal, with 8 hexagonal towers ( r e ) , o r C a s i q u i a r e . A r i v e r i n s o u t h e r n V e n of tine masonry. The windows are pointed and roundi n c e of Bari, I t a l y , 18 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of B a r i . arched ; the ribs of the vaulted halls are received by triple — 2 . A t o w n i n the p r o v i n c e of M i l a n , I t a l y , e z u e l a . It diverges from the Orinoco 20 miles west of vaulting-shafts of marble. Esmeralda, and joins the Rio Negro in lat. 2° N., long. s i t u a t e d on t h e A d d a 16 m i l e s e a s t - n o r t h e a s t // 67° 40' W.. thus connecting the Orinoco system with that of M i l a n . Here, Aug. 16, 1705, the l'rench under Ven- of the Amazon. The current is from the Orinoco to the C a s t e l f i d a r d o ( k i i s - t e l f e - d a r ' d d ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e o t A n c o n a , I t a l y , 10 m i l e s south of dome defeated the Imperialists under i'rince Eugene; Negro. Length, about 190 miles. A n c o n a . Near here, 8ept. 18,1860, the Italians under and April 27,1709, the Austriansand Russians under SuvaCassiterides (kas-i-ter'i-dez). [Gr. Kaocirepi- Cialdini defeated the papal troops under Lamoricitre. roif defeated the Trench under Moreau. Atowninthe 3 . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of C o s e n z a , I t a l y , in rfef, f r o m maeÎTepoç, t i n . ] I n a n c i e n t g e o g r a - C a s t e l f r a n c o ( k ä s - t e l " f r ä n ' k ö ) . l a t . 39° 47' N . , l o n g . 16° 19' E . I t lias sulphur- p h y , t h e " t i n i s l a n d s , " g e n e r a l l y i d e n t i f i e d w i t h p r o v i n c e of T r e v i s o , I t a l y , n o r t h w e s t of V e n i c e . t h e S c i l l y I s l a n d s . B y E l t o n t h e y are i d e n t i f i e d Here, Nov. 23,1806, the French under St. tlyr defeated the b a t h s . P o p u l a t i o n , 7,000. Austrians under Prince 'Rohan. C a s s e l , or K a s s e l ( k i i s ' s e l ) . T h e c a p i t a l of w i t h t h e i s l a n d s n e a r V i g o i n S p a i n . Castell (kàs'tel), Edmund. Born at East H a t t h e p r o v i n c e of H e s s e - N a s s a u , P r u s s i a , s i t u a t e d C a s s i u s , D i o n . S e e Dion Cassitis. o n the F u l d a in l a t . 51° 18' N . , l o n g . 9 ° 29' E . : C a s s i u s L o n g i n u s ( k a s h ' i u s l o n - j i ' n i i s ) , C a i u s . l e y , C a m b r i d g e s h i r e , E n g l a n d , 1606: d i e d a t t h e l i o m a n C a s t e l l u m M e n a p i o r u m , Chasella. D i e d n e a r P h i l i p p i , M a c e d o n i a , 42 B. c. A H i g h a m G o b i o n , i n B e d f o r d s h i r e , 1685. A n o t e d I t consists of the Altstadt, the Ober-Neustadt, and the Un- K o m a n g e n e r a l a n d p o l i t i c i a n . He was distin- E n g l i s h O r i e n t a l i s t , c a n o n of C a n t e r b u r y a n d His chief tcr-Neustadt. I t contains a noted picture-gallery and the guished in the Parthian war 53-51 ; was the leading con- p r o f e s s o r of A r a b i c at C a m b r i d g e . electoral palace. Near it arc the palace and park of Wil- spirator against Julius Csesar in 44 : commanded in Syria work is a " Lexicon heptaglotton, Hebraicum, Chaldaicum, Syriacuni, Samaritanum, .¿Ethiopicum, Arabicum heluishohe. It was the ancient capital of electoral Hesse, and Asia 44-42 ; and was defeated by Antony at Philippi eonjunctim et Persicum separatim " (1669). and the capital of the kingdom of Westphalia 1807-13. in 42 ami killed himself. Population (1890), commune, 72,477. C a s s i u s P a r m e n s i s ( k a s h ' i u s p a r - m e n ' s i s ) , C a s t e l l a m a r e d e l G o l f o (kas-tel"la-mii're del A s e a p o r t i n the p r o v i n c e of T r a p a n i , Cassel (ka-sel'). A t o w n i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t of T i t u s . B o r n a t P a r m a , I t a l y ( w h e n c e his sur- g o l ' t ' o ) . N o r d , F r a n c e , 20 m i l e s south of D u n k i r k : t h e n a m e ) : e x e c u t e d at A t h e n s , b y o r d e r of O c t a - S i c i l y , on t h e G u l f of C a s t e l l a m a r e 27 m i l e s K o m a n Castellum Morinorum. P o p u l a t i o n vius, a b o u t 30 B. o. A B o m a n p o e t , one of t h e w e s t - s o u t h w e s t of P a l e r m o . I t w a s f o r m e r l y t h e s e a p o r t of S e g e s t a . P o p u l a t i o n , 14,000. (1891), c o m m u n e , 3,931. c o n s p i r a t o r s a g a i n s t Julius Csesar. Cassel, Battles of. V i c t o r i e s g a i n e d a t Cassel, C a s s i v e l l a u n u s ( k a s " i - v e - l â / n u s ) . F l o u r i s h e d C a s t e l l a m a r e d i s t a b i a ( k ä s - t e l " l ä - m ä ' r e d ë Krtb.^ (j... A A BTl-Ü! -T. p r i n c e_, _r u l e1r _of .. .nil úii tAhne B a yDat. F r a n c e : ( a ) B y R o b enut r t Hiû t h e Pvin^inn Friesian V oY v*e-.-,• r»>PD1.J1 h i l i p a b o u t 50 ' b e -VlP.ä.i a ) . A cAi t(11 y if.V n IIn t a lT+O y , sItt i t uoí+tm a t e d +on ritish t h e s t aStÜ. of F r a n c e i n 1071. ( b ) B y P h i l i p V I . of F r a n c e C a t u v e l l a u n i ( o c c u p y i n g , a p p r o x i m a t e l y , m o d - o f N a p l e s 15 m i l e s southeast of N a p l e s , n e a r o v e r t h e F l e m i n g s i n 1328. ( c ) B y t h e F r e n c h ern H e r t f o r d s h i r e , B u c k i n g h a m s h i r e , and B e r k - t h e site of the a n c i e n t Stabise ( w h i c h s e e ) , it is noted as a watering-place. Near here, 1799, the French o v e r t h e P r i n c e of O r a n g e i n 1677. s h i r e ) , a l o c a l c o n q u e r o r and o p p o n e n t o f t h e under General Macdonald defeated the Anglo-Neapolitan Cassia gens (kaeh'ia jenz). I n a n c i e n t R o m e , R o m a n s , c o n q u e r e d b y Ceesar. army. Population (1881), 22,207; of commune, 33,102.

223

Castellanos Castellanos (käs-tel-yä'nös), Juan de. Born at Seville early in the 16th century. A Spanish

c u r a t e a n d p o e t . He passed moat of his life at Tunja, New Granada, He wrote "Elegias de varones ilustres de las Indias," a versiüed account of the exploits of early Spanish conquerors in America. I t has considerable poetical and historical value. (Part I., Madrid, 1583 ; reprinted with parts I I . and I I I . in the " Biblioteca de Autores Españoles," Madrid, 1847 to 1850.)

Castelli (kâs-tel'lê), or Castello (käs-tel'lö), Bernardo. Born near Genoa, Italy, 1557 : died 1629. A Genoese painter. Castelli, Ignaz Franz. Born at Vienna, March 6,1781 : died at Vienna, Feb. 5,1862. An Austrian dramatist, poet, and journalist. Castelli, or Castello, Valerio. Born at Genoa, Italy, 1625: died at Genoa, 1659. A Genoese painter, particularly of "battle-scenes: son of Castile, N e w . [Sp. Castilla la Nueva.] See Bernardo Castelli._ Castile. Castello (käs-tel'lö), Giovanni Battista, sur- Castile, Old. [Sp. Castilla la Vieja.] See named II Bergamasco. Born at Bergamo, Castile. Italy, a"bout 1500: died at Madrid about 1570. Castilla (kas-tel'ya), Ramon. Born at TaraAn Italian historical painter. pacd, Aug. 30,1706: diednearthatplace, May30, Castellón (käs-tel-yön ' ), A province in Va- 1867. A Peruvian general and statesman. He lencia, eastern Spain, lying between Teruel and joined the patriots in 1821; was exiled in 1836, but reTarragona on the north, the Mediterranean on turned in 1838; and was presideut of Peru 1845-51. In the east, Valencia on the south, and Teruel on 1854 he headed the insurgents in southern Peru; took tho west. Area, 2,446 square miles. Popula- the title of provisional president, June 1.1854; decreed the emancipation of slaves and the abolition of Indian tion (1887), 292,437. tribute; defeated Echcnique's army at La Palma, near Castellón, Francisco. Born about 1815: died Sept. 2,1855. A Nicaraguan revolutionist, in

Lima, Jan. 5, 1855 ; and was regularly reelected president for four years, July 14, 1855.

1853 he headed a revolt of the liberal party at Leon, was Castilla del Oro (kas-tel'ya del o'ro), or Castilia del Oro. ['Grolden Castile.'] A name defeated, and fled to Honduras, but returned in June, 1854, first applied by Columbus to the northern coast assumed the title of "provisional director," and for a time of the Isthmus of Panama, which he visited in reduced the government of President Chamorro to the city 1502. In 1508 it was officially made the name of a provof Granada. I t was by his invitation that Walker came ince ceded to Nicuesa, extending from Cape Gracias a Dios, from the United States ostensibly to aid the liberals. In now in Honduras, to the Gulf of Darien, the inland extent the midst of these struggles Castellón died of cholera. beingunknown. By the failure of Ojeda(lolO), the northCastellón de la Plana. The capital of the ern coast of South America from the Gulf of Darien to province of Castellón, situated 4 miles from Cape de la Vela was added to it. Early maps often use the coast, in lat. 39° 57' N., long. 0° 5' W . the name Castilla del Oro for this latter region, embracing It is in a fertile plain (la Plana). Population, what is now northern Colombia to the exclusion of the isthmus; and this mistake has been adopted by Helps (1887), 25,193. other modern authors, who distinguished the Castelñau (käs-tel-no'), Francis, Count. Born and original Castilla del Oro as Castilla Nueva, or New at London, 1812: died at Melbourne, Australia, Castile.

F e b . 4, 1880.

A F r e n c h traveler.

He visited the

Castriota

of t h e p e n i n s u l a . Castile proper comprised Old Cas- Scotland, 17 miles southwest of Dumfries. Poptile, containing the modern provinces of Santander, Bur- ulation (1891), 2,870. gos, Palencia, Yalladolid, Logrofto, Segovia, Soria, and Avila; and New Castile, south of Old Castile, containing Castleford (kas'l-ford). A town in the West the modern provinces of Madrid, Toledo, Guadalajara, Riding of Yorkshire, England, situated on the Cuenca, and Ciudad Real. It fell under Moorish rule; Aire 9 miles southeast of Leeds. Population was governed by counts under the supremacy of Asturias (1891), 14,143. and Leon; and was annexed by Sancho of Navarre (1026- Castle Garden. A circular building situated 1035), who gave Castile to his son Ferdinand X. in 1033. Leon on the Battery, N e w Y o r k , i t was built in 1805 as was united to Castile in 1037, separated in 1065, and re. a fort, and was called Fort Clinton. In 1822 it was granted united under Alfonso VI. iu 1072, who also annexed Ga- to the State. I t was for some years used as an opera-house licia. Afterward Castile and Leon were separated, but (Jenny Lind iirst sang there), and civic receptions were were finally reunited under Ferdinand I I I . in 1230, who held there. From 1855 till 1891 it was used as a place of conquered large parts of southern Spain, Seville, Cordova, etc., from the Moors. Other noted kings were Al- reception for immigrants, but the immigrant station has fonso X. and Pedro the Cruel. Isabella of Castile married been transferred to the Barge Office, and thence to Ellis Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, and became queen of Cas- Island, and the building is now in possession of the municitile iu 1474. Ferdinand became king of Aragon in 1479, pal government, and has been converted into an aquarium. and thenceforth Castile and Aragon were united. See Castlemain, Countess of. See Villiers, BarSpain.

bara. Castlemain, E a r l of. See Palmer, Roger. Castlemaine (kas'l-man). A borough in the gold region of Victoria. Australia, 75 miles northwest of Melbourne. Population (1891), 5,982. Castle of Europe. See Dardanelles. Castle of Indolence, The. A poem by James Thomson, published in 1748. Castle of Otranto (o-tran'to). A romance by Horace "Walpole, published in 1765. Castle Rackrent. A story by Miss Edgeworth, p u b l i s h e d in 1800. In it the trials and difficulties of landlord and tenant ate described with sympathy and dramatic force.

Castlereagh (kas-l-ra'), Viscount. See Stewart, Robert. Castle of Sant' Angelo. See Sant' Angelo. Castle of the Seven Towers. Sec the extract. As the eye passes St. Stefano an imposing block of graywalls and feudal-looking battlements comes into the vision. This is the Castle of the Seven Towers, where it was the usual custom of the Porte to incarcerate the minister of a foreign power upon declaration of war. Poole, Story of Turkey, p. 261.

Castle Spectre, The. A play by " M o n k " Lewis, produced in 1797. Castleton (kas'l-ton). A town in the Peak, Derbyshire, England, 12 miles west of Sheffield. It is the site of Peveril Castle. Castletown (kas'l-toun). A town in the Isle oif Man, on the southern coast, the former capital of the island. It contains Castle Rushen. Castlewood (kas'l-wud), Colonel Francis Esmond, Lord. The second Lord Castlewood in Thackeray's novel " H e n r y Esmond,'' tho

Canadian lakes, the United States, and Mexico, 1837-41. Castillejo (kas-tel-ya'Ho), Cristoval de. Born In 1843 he went to South America as chief of a gov- at Ciudad Rodrigo, Spain, about 1494: died at ernment scientific expedition which explored central and Vienna, June 12, 1556. A Spanish poet. He western Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and the Amazon. He re- was secretary to Don Ferdinand, brother of the emperor turned to France in 1847, and was subsequently consul Charles V., for upward of thirty years. at Bahía, Cape of Good Hope, and Singapore, and consul« Castillejos (kas-tel-ya/Hos). A place in northNear here, Jan. l, i860, the Moors were f a t h e r of B e a t r i x and Francis. He is a drunken general at Melbourne. He published "Expédition dans e r a M o r o c c o . les parties centrales de l'Amérique du sud " ("Paris, 6 vols. defeated by General Prim, who received as a reward the sensualist who ill-treats and insults his wife, spoils hia children, gambles away his property, and is killed in a 8vo, 1850-51 : the last volume, on Bolivia, by his assistant, title of Marquis of Castillejos. M. Weddell; an atlas and scientific supplements were Castillo (kas-tel'yo), Bernal Diaz del. See duel. published later). Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. Castlewood, Lady. The mother of Beatrix

Castelnau, Michel de, Sieur de la Mauvissière. Castillo, Diego Enriquez de. Born at Segovia, Esmond, and wife of the second Lord CastleBorn at Mauvissière, Touraine, France, about Spain: lived about lfTD. A Spanish chronicler, wood, in Thackeray's " Henry Esmond." Slio 1520: died at Joinville, Haute-Marne, France, author of "Annals of tho Reign of Henry IV., afterward marries Henry Esmond. 1592. A Frencll diplomatist. He was ambassador 1454_74» (published 1787). Castor (kas'tor). [Gt. Kuorwp.] In Greek and to England 1574-84; and wrote "Mémoires" for the per- Castillon-sur-Dordogne (kas-te-yon'siir-dor- Roman mythology, the twin brother of Pollux, iod 1559-70 (published 1621). dony'). A town in the department of Gironde, regarded as the son of Zeus and Leda, wife of Castelnaudary (käs-tel-nö-dä-re'). A town in France, situated on the Dordogne 26 miles Tyndareus, king of Sparta, or of Tyndareus the department of Aude, France, 31 miles east o f B o r d e a u x . Here, in 1453, the French defeated and Leda: notedforhis skill in the management southeast of Toulouse, an important trading the English under Talbot (the last battle of the Hundred of horses. According to one version of the legend, Zeus assumed the form of a swan. Two eggs were produced by center on the canal of Languedoc, it suffered Years' War). Leda from one of which came Castor and Clytajmnestra, during the Albigensian crusade in the 13th century, and Castillos (kiis-tel'yos), los tres. [Sp., 'the from the other Pollux and Helen. The Jtioscuri (Castor was burned by the Black Princo in 1355. Near it, on Sept. three castles/] A mountain cluster in north- and Pollux) were the heroes of many adventures, and were 1, 1632, the royalists under Schömberg defeated the Duke ern Chihuahua, to which the Apache chief Vie- worshiped as divinities, particularly by Dorians and at of Montmorency. Population (1891), 10,059. Castelnuovo (kas;/tel-n0-o'v0). A seaport in torio retreated in the fall of 1880, and where he Rome. They were placed in the heavens as a constellaDalmatia, on the Bocche di Cattaro 13 miles and his band were exterminated by the Mexi- tion. See also Dioscuri. can troops under Colonel Terrazas. Castor (kas'tor). [L., from GT. Kdorup, a northwest of Cattaro. Castel Sarrasin (käs-tel' sär-rä-zaü/). A town Castine (kas-ten'). A port of entry and water- beaver: a word of Eastern origin.] Among French Canadians, ono of the party which called in the department of Tarn-et-Garonne, France, ing-place in Hancock County, Maine, situated 13 miles west of Montauban. It has a noted on Penobscot Bay 30 miles south of Bangor. itself the National party, the beaver being tho national emblem of Cauada. Population (1890), 987. church. Population (1891), commune, 7,772. Castor and Pollux (kas'tor and pol'uks). Tho Castiglione (kas-tël-yo'ne), Count Carlo Ot- Castine (kas-ten'), or Castin (kas-tan'), Vin- constellation of tho Twins, or Gemini; also, tavio. Born at Milan, 1784: died at Genoa, cent, Baron de. Born at Oleron, France, in the zodiacal sign named from that constellaApril 10, 1849. An Italian philologist and an- 1G50: died there about 1722. A French soldier. tion, although the latter has moved completely tiquary. He was the coadjutor of Mai in the He went to Canada in 1665, and established a trading out of the f o r m e r . Castor, a Geminorum, is a greenat Penobscot (Castine) in 1687, where he married editing of the Gothic version of the Scriptures, house the daughter of the Pcnobscot chief. He captured Pema- ish star of the magnitude 1.«, the more northerly of the 1819-39. quid at the head of 200 Indians in 1696. In 1706 he as- two that lie near together in the head of the Twins. PolCastiglione, Giovanni Benedetto, called II sisted in defending Port Royal, and was wounded there in lux, 0 Geminorum, is a very yellow star of the magnitude G-rechetto, and Benedetto. Born at Genoa, 1707. His son, who succeeded him as commander of the 1.2, the more southerly of the same pair. Italy, 1G1G: died at Mantua, Italy, 1670. An Pcnobscots, was taken as a prisoner to Boston in 1721. Castor and Pollux, House of. See Pompeii. Italian painter (particularly of animal life) and Castle (kas'l), The. Specifically, Dublin Castle, Castores. See Dioscuri. etcher. especially as the seat of government. Gastrin (kas-tren'), Matthias Alexander. Castiglione delle Stiviere (kas-tël-yô'ne del'- Castle of Asia. See Dardanelles. Born at Tervola, near Tornea, Finland, Dec. 2, le stë-ve-a/re). A town in the province of Castlebar (kas-l-bar'). The capital of County 1813: died at Helsingfors, Finland, May 7, Mantua, Italy, 22 miles northwest of Mantua. Mayo, Ireland, in lat. 53° 52' N., long. 9° 18' Here, Aug. 5, 1796, the French under Bonaparte defeated "W. I t was taken by the French and Irish Aug. 27,1798, in 1852. A Finnish philologist and traveler in Lapland, northern Russia, and Siberia. Ho the Austrians under Wurmser ; Augereau received after- the battle called "the Race of Castlebar," in which Genward the title of Duc de Castiglione. Population of com- erals Lake and Hutchinson, with 2,000 Irish militia, a large published a Swedish translation of the " K a mune, 5,2öl. levala" (1841), etc. body of yeomanry, and Lord Rodeti's fencibles, were routed, Castiglione Fiorentino (kâs-têl-yô'ne fë-o-ren- Aug. 26,1798, by General Humbert, with about 1,000 Irish Castres (kas'tr). A city in the department of tê'nô). A town in the province of Arezzo, insurgents and 800 French troops, the latter of whom had Tarn, France, on the river Agout 39 miles east Italy, 10 miles south of Arezzo: notod for silk- landed at Killala, Aug. 17. Humbert took 14 guns and of T o u l o u s e . I t has a cathedral, a college, and impor200 prisoners. Low, I>ict. Eng. Hist. culture. tant manufactures of textiles. I t was an Albigensian and Castile (kas-tël'). [Sp. Castilla, F. CasMle. It. Castle Dangerous. A tale by Sir "Walter Scott, later a Huguenot stronghold. Population (1891), comCastiqlia, G. Castilien: so named from the published in 1831. mune, 27,50;). number of its frontier castles.] An old king- Castle Douglas. A town in Kirkcudbright, Castriota, or Castriot,George. See Scanderbeg. dom of Spain, in the northern and central part

Castro, Alfonso y 224 Catharine de' Ricci Castro (kas'tro), Alfonso y. Born at Zamora, C a t a l a u n i (liat-a-la'ni), or Catelauni (kat-e- rtne, Eatlwrine; ME. Katherine, Katerin} Spain, 1495: died at Brussels, Feb. 11,1558. A celebrated Franciscan theologian and preacher.

He p r e a c h e d at Bruges a n d Salamanca ; r e p r e s e n t e d t h e Spanish church a t the first session of t h e Council of T r e n t ; was one of t h e chaplains of Challes V. ; accomp a n i e d Philip I I . to E n g l a n d in 1554 as counselor a n d spiritual director, a n d opposed the extreme measures of t h e English Catholics, strenuously condemning t h e burni n g of heretics ; a n d was a p p o i n t e d archbishop of Oompostella 1557. I l i s m o s t noted work is his treatise " A d v e r s u s H i c r e c e s " (Paris, 1534).

la'ni). An ancient people of Belgica Secunda. Their name survives in the modern Chalons.

C a t a l a u n i a n Fields (kat-a-la'ni-an feldz). [L.

Campi Catalaunici.] A plain near Chalons-surMarne, famous for the victory (451 A. D.) of Aetius and the Gothic king Theodoric I. over Attila. See Gluttons.

Catalaunian Plain. See Catalaunian Fields. Catalogue of Women. See Eoise.

F. Catherine; Sp. Catarina, Pg. Catkarina, It. Caterina, Llj.Cathariua,LGv.KaOapiv?/, fromKadapoe, clear, pure. J According to tradition, a martyr of the primitive church, tortured on the wheel and beheaded at Alexandria b y order of the emp e r o r M a x i m i a n , N o v . 25, 307.' According to some accounts t h e t o r t u r e was prevented by a miracle. T h e wheel became h e r symbol. She is commemorated on Nov. 26.

(kath' a -rin) I., or Catherine C a s t r o , C r i s t ó v a l V a c a de. See Vaca de Castro. C a t a l o n i a (kat-a-lo'ni-a). [F. Catalogue, Sp. Catharine (kath'e-rin). Born at Jakobstadt, Courland, C a s t r o , G u i l l e n de. Born at Valencia, Spain, Cataktna, Pg. Catalunha, ML. Catalonia, earlier Russia, April 15, 1679 (?): died at St. Peters1569 : died at Madrid, July 28,1631. A Spanish *Gothalania, f r o m Gothi, Goths, an Jacques. Born at Spartacus in 72. served as military tribune in Macedonia Catulus, Quintus Lutatius. Born about 152 Pin-en-Mauges, Maine-et-Loire, France, Jan. in 67, and was questor in 65, tribune of the people in 62, B. c.: died 87 B. C. A Roman general. He was 5, 1759: died at St. Florent, France, July 11, and pretor in 54. H e supported Cicero against the Cati- consul w i t h Marius 102 B. c., and was associated w i t h him in the victory over the Cimbri, at Vercellae, in 101 B. C. 1793. A French royalist, leader of the Yen- linarians, and sided with Pompey against Classar on the H e joined Sulla in the civil war, and, having in conseoutbreak of the civil war in 49. A f t e r the battle of Fhardeans in 1793. salia he retired to Utica, where he put himself to death quence been proscribed by Marius, committed suicide Catherine. See Catharine and Katharine. on receiving intelligence of the victory of Csesar at Thap- 87 B. C. Catulus, Quintus Lutatius. Died 60 B. C. Cathlamet (kath-lâ'met), or Katlamat. A sus. A Roman politician, son of Quintus Lutatius tribe of North American Indians. Their former habitat was Oregon and Washington on both sides of the Cato, Marcus Porcius, surnamed " T h e Cen- C a t u l u s . H e was consul 78 B. c., and ccnsor 65 B. C. sor," and Priscus. Born at Tusculum, Italy, H e was a strong supporter of Cicero against the CatiliColumbia River, near its mouth. See Chinookan. 234 B. C. : died 149 B. c. A Roman statesman, narian conspiracy, 63 B. c. Cathlapooya. See Calapooya. Catholicon Anglicum. All English-Latin dic- g e n e r a l , a n d w r i t e r . H e was questor under Scipio Caturiges (ka-tu'ri-jez). [ L . (CiBSar) Caturiges, tionary, compiled about 1483. It was edited by Mr. in 204 ; consul in 195 ; served in Spain in 194, and against Gr. (Ptolemy) Karovptyec, (Strabo) KarSpiyes; Antiochus in 191 ; was censor in 184 ; and was ambassador pi. of Catiirix, lit. ' war-chief.'] A Celtic tribe Sidney J. H. H e i r t a g e for the Early English T e x t Society to Carthage in 150. H e sought to restore the integrity which dwelt among the Cottian Alps. in 1881. H e believes it to have been compiled in the of morals and the simplicity of manners prevalent in the Catuvellauni (kat-u-vel-la'ni). An ancient East R i d i n g of Yorkshire. T h e name " Catholicon " was early days of the republic, and was one of the chief insti- British people who lived in the region of first used for such a work in a Latin grammar and dicgators of the third Punic war, in his effort to incito to Hereford and Bedford, west of the Trinobantionary written by Giovanni dei Balbi, a Genoese monk, Cathcart, W i l l i a m Shaw. Bom at Petersham, Sept. 17, 1755: died at Cartside, near Glasgow, June 16, 1843. A British general and diplomatist, tenth Baron Cathcart in the Scottish peerage, created Viscount (Nov. 3, 1807) and Earl (July 16, 1814) Cathcart in the peerage of the United Kingdom. He served in the

frequently called Jannensis. I t was finished in 1286, and the first edition was printed by Gutenberg in 1460.

which he for years closed every speech in the senate with the words, Ceterum censeo Carthaginem esse delendam." H e wrote " D e re r u s t i c a " (ed. Keìl, 1882), and " O r i g i n e s " (extant in fragments).

t e s a n d I c e n i . The Catuvellaunian state was a central kingdom formed, or greatly extended, by the con-

quests of Oassivellaunus. There arc various forms of Catholic Majesty. Atitle of the kings of Spain, the name. assumed at times after the Council of Toledo, and permanently since the time of Ferdinand Cato Street Conspiracy, or Thistlewood Conspiracy. In British history, a conspiracy un- Caub (feoub). A town in the province of Hesse" t h e Catholic" 1474-1516. Cathos (ka-tos')- A female character in Mo- der the lead of Arthur Thistlewood, which aimed Nassau, Prussia, situated on the Rhine above lière's11 ' Les Précieuses Ridicules," who assumes to assassinate Castlereagh and other ministers. Oberwesel. The passage of the Rhine was T h e plot was discovered Feb. 23,1820, at the rendezvous, t h e n a m e A m i n t e . She affects the fashionable sentieffected here by Blucher. Jan. 1, 1814. Cato street, near Edgeware road, London. mentality of les précieuses, and is Anally taken in by a Cats (kàts), Jakob. Born at Brouwershaven, Cauca (kou'ka). The largest department of Covalet who adopts the same style with greater success. Holland, 1577: died 1660. A Dutch poet. He lombia, forming the western and southern part. Catilina (kat-i-li'na)j E. Catiline (kat'i-lin), studied at Leyden and Orléans, where he received a doc- Capital, Popayan. Area, 257,4G2 square miles. Lucius Sergius. Born about 108 B. C. : killed tor's degree, and was subsequently advocate in The Hague Population (estimated, 1892), 700,000. Portions at FsesuliB, Italy, 62 B. C. A Roman politician and in Middelburg. In 1636 he was made pensionary of are claimed by Brazil and Ecuador. Holland. H e died on his estate near Scheveningen. and conspirator. H e was of an ancient but impovA river in Colombia, between the cen".Father Cats," as he was affectionately called, was for Cauca. erished patrician family. A s a partizan of Sulla he rentral and western Cordilleras of the Andes, joindered himself infamous by his complicity in the horrors generations the favorite poet of the people. H i s " H o u ing the river Magdalena about lat. 9° N. w e l i j e k " ( " F i d e l i t y " ) appeared in 1625, " S p i e g h e l van of the proscription, destroying with his own hand his den Ouden en N i e u w e n T i j d t " ( " Mirror of the Old and Length, over 600 miles. brother-in-law. Q. Csecilius. H e was pretor in 68, and N e w T i m e " ) in 1632, " Trouringh " ( ; < W e d d i n g R i n g " ) in Caucasia (ka-ka'sia). governor of Africa in 67. A f t e r an abortive attempt, in A general name for the conjunction w i t h P. Autronius, to murder the consuls 1637. elect for 65, w i t h a v i e w to seizing the fasces, and after Catskill (kats'kil). A town in Greene County, Caucasus region. Caucasians (ka-ka'sianz or ka-kash'ianz). an unsuccessful candidacy in the consular elections of 64, New York, situated on the west bank of the [ML. Cauca siani (L. Caucasii), from Gr. Kavicahe organized a wide-spread conspiracy against the repub- Hudson, 30 miles south of Albany. Population lic, whose object is said to have been the cancellation of aof.] In Blumenbach's ethnological system, (1890), 4,920. debts, the proscription of the wealthy, and the distribu- Catskill Mountains. A group of mountains the highest type of the human family, including tion among the conspirators of all offices of honor and in southeastern New York, west of the Hudson, nearly all Europeans, the Circassians, Armeniemolument.

I t was defeated by the vigilance and elo-

15

*

Caucasians

226

He gave this Cftumont (ko-môn'), Aldrick Isidore Ferdiname to the race because he regarded a skull he had ob- nand. Born at St. Vincent-Cramesnil, Seinetained from the Caucasus as the standard of the humau Inférieure, France, May 15, 1825. A French type. jurist and political economist. His chief work Caucasus (kâ'ka-sus). A general government is " Dictionnaire universel de droit commercial of the Russian empire, lying north of Persia maritime" (1855-69). and Asiatic Turkey, oast of the Black Sea, and west of the Caspian, it comprises the northern Caumont, Arcisse de. Born at Bayeux, France, Caucasus, including the governments or provinces of Stav- Aug. 28, 1802 : died at Caen, France, April 15, ropol, Kuban, and Terek ; and Transcaucasia, including 1873. A French archaeologist. Daghestan, Kutais, Tiflis, Baku, Yelissavetpol, Kars, and Erivan. Its chief cities are Tiflis and Vladikavkaz. Old Caussade (kô-sàd'), A town inthe department divisions were Georgia, Mingrelia, Imeritia, Svauetia, etc. of Tarn-et-G-aronne, France, 13 miles northThe inhabitants are Russians, Armenians, Tatars, Geor- east of Montauban. It was a Huguenot stronggians, Mingrelians, Imeritians, Ossets, many mountaineer hold. Population (1891), commune, 3,747. tribes, etc. The chief natural features of the region are Causses (kôs), The. [F. chaux, limestone.] A the Caucasus Mountains and the rivers Kur, Ricin, Kuban, and Terek. Georgia was annexed in 1801. The Russian war group of limestone plateaus in the department of subjugation of the mountain tribes continued many of Lozère and the vicinity, southern France, years. Shamyl was subdued in 1859. The Tcherkesses near the head waters of the Tarn. submitted in 1864. Russian Armenia was annexed in Caussin de Perceval (kô-san' dê pers-val')? 18.78. Area, 182,457 square miles. Population, 7,536,828. Armand Pierre. Born at Paris, Jan. 13,1795 : Caucasus. [F. Caucase, G. Kaukasus.] A died at Paris, Jan. .15,1871. A French Orientalmountain system in Russia, between the Black ist and historian, a traveler in Syria, and (1822) and Caspian seas, extending southeast and professor of Arabic at the College of France. northwest, often taken as the conventional He was a son of J. J. A. Caussin de Perceval. He wrote boundary between Europe and Asia. The chief "Essais sur l'histoire des Arabes " (1847), etc. ans, Persians, Hindus, Jews, etc.

summits are Elbruz (18.526 feet) and Kazbek. There are numerous passes, some of them reaching an elevation of Caussin de Perceval, Jean Jacaues Antoine. 10,000-11,000 feet. The glaciers rival those of the Alps, Born at Montdidier, France, June 24, 1759 : but lakes are almost entirely wanting. Length of the sys- died July 29, 1885. A French Orientalist and tem, about 800 miles; greatest width, about 120 niileB. It historian. S i s best-known works are translahas been very important historically as a barrier to migrations. " I t has also preserved . . . fragments of the tions from Greek and Arabic. different peoples who from time to time have passed by Caustic (kâs'tik), Colonel. A character in the it, or who have been driven by conquest into it from the "Lounger," a periodical published by Henry lower country." Bryce, Transcaucasia and Ararat, p. 51. Mackenzie 1785-86.

Cavendish, Thomas Cavalieri (ka-va-le-a're), or Cavalleri, Buonaventura. Born at Milan, 1598: died at Bologna, Italy, Dec. 3, 1647. An Italian mathematician, celebrated as the inventor of the geometrical " method of indivisibles." His chief work is " Geometria indivisibilium continuorum nova quadam ratione promota."

Cavall (ka-val'). King Arthur's dog. Cavalleria Rusticana (ka-val-la-re'a rus-teka'na). [ I t . , ' rustic gallantry.'] An opera by Masca^ni, first played in Rome May 18, 1890. Cavalli (ka-val'le), Pietro Francesco (originally Caletti-Bruni). Born at Crema, Italy, 1599 or 1600: died at Venice, Jan. 14, 1676. An Italian composer, organist, and chapel-mast e r . He began to compose operas in 1637, and continued to produce them for 32 years. Among them are "Giasone" (1655),"Serse" (16«0), "Ercole amante " (1662). He is now considered to have been the inventor of the "Da Capo," which was long attributed to Scarlatti.

Cavan (kav'an) 1. A county in Ulster. Ireland, lying between Fermanagh and Monaghan on the north, Monaghan and Meath on the east, Meath, Westmeath, and Longford on the south, and Longford and Leitrim on the west. Area, 746 square miles. Population (1891), 111,917.-2. The capital of the county of Cavan, in lat. 54° X., long. 7° 22' W. Cave (kav), Edward. Born at Newton, Warwickshire, England, Feb. 27,1691: died at London, Jan. 10, 1754. A noted English printer

and b o o k s e l l e r . In 1731 he started a printing-office at London under the name of " R . Newton," and founded the " Gentleman's Magazine," which he edited uuder the pseudonym "Sylvanus Urban,Gent." He began in 1732 the publication of regular reports of parliamentary debates, based on the memory of reporters who had listened to the speeches, and put in proper literary shape by William Guthrie and, after him. for several years, by Dr. Johnson. This publication of these reports brought upon him the censure of Parliament.

Cauchy (kô-shë'), Augustin Louis. Born at Cauterets (kot-râ'). A watering-place in the Paris, Aug. 21, 1789: died at Paris, May 23, department of Hautes-Pyrénées, France, 28 1857. A celebrated French mathematician and miles southwest of Tarbes. Elevation, 3,055 p o e t . His works include a memoir, " Sur la théorie des feet. It has hot sulphur springs. ondea" (1815), "Cours d'analyse" (1821), "Leçons sur le calcul différentiel " (1826), " Sur l'application du calcul de Caution (kâ'shon), Mrs. A character in Wycherley's "Gentleman Dancing-Master." résidu3, etc." (1827), etc. Cautionary Towns. A name given to the four Caudebec (kôd-bek')- A town in the depart- towns in the Netherlands—Briel, Flushing, "Wal- Cave, The. See Adullam. Cave of. ment of Seine-Inférieure, France, on the Seine cheren, Rammekens—held 1585-1616 by Eng- Cave, William. Born at Pickwell, Leicestershire, England, 1637: died at Windsor, Eng20 miles west-northwest of Rouen: the ancient land as security for payment due. capital of the Pays de Caux. It contains a Cautley (kât'li), Sir Proby Thomas. Born at land, July 4,1713. A noted English divine and noted church of the 15th century. Population Stratford St. Mary's, Suffolk, 1802: died at patristic scholar. (1891), commune, 2,336. Sydenham, near London, Jan. 25, 1871. An Caveau (ka-vo'). [F., 'small (wine) cellar.'] A Caudebec-les-Elbeuf(kod-bek'lâ-zel-bèf). A English colonel of engineers in India, and pa- Parisian literary and convivial club, founded in manufacturing town in the department of Seine- leontologist. He was especially noted as the superin- 1729, dissolved in 1739, and refounded in 1806 Inférieure, France, near Elbeuf on the Seine, tendent of the construction of the Gauges canal, 1843-54. and 1834: named from a tavern " Caveau." south of Kouen. Population (1891), commune, He explored as a geologist the Sivalik range, making Cavedoni (ka-va-do'ne), Celestino. Born at 10,434. large collections of fossils which he presented to the Levizzano Rangone, near Modena, Italy, May Caudi (ka-o-de'). [Origin unknown.] A deity .British Museum. He published numerous papers on scien- 18, 1795: died at Modena, Nov. 26, 1865. An Italian archaeologist and numismatist. of the Tehuas or Taos of New Mexico, whose tific (chiefly paleontological) topics. Cavelier (ka-ve-lva'), Pierre Jules, Born Aug. worship played a part in the incantations that Cauvery, or Cavery. See Kâveri. 30,1814: died Jan. 28,1894. A French sculptor. preceded the uprising of the Pueblos in 1680. Caux, Marchioness de. See Patti, Adelina. Caudine Forks (kâ'dinfôrks), L . Furculse Caux (kô). A territory in Normandy, France, His chief works are "Penelope" (1849), "Truth," "Ab6Caudinae (fér'kù-lë kâ-di'ne). Two passes in comprised in the department of Seine-Inféri- lard," "Cornelia" (all at Paris), etc. the mountains of ancient Samnium, Italy, lead- eure, and situated north of the Seine, bordering Cavendish (kav'n-dish or kan'dish). The name ing to an inclosed valley, identified with the the English Channel. Its chief town is Caude- under which Henry Jones wrote on whist, etc. Val d'Arpaja (?), or probably with the valley of bec. Cavendish, Lord Frederick Charles. Born at Eastbourne, Nov. 30,1836: died May 6,1882. t h e I s c l e r o . Here, 321 b. c., the Romans under the consuls Sp. P. Albinus and T. Veturius were forced to Cava (ka'vii), La. A town in the province of The second son of William Cavendish, seventh surrender to the Samnites under Pontius. The Romans Salerno, Italy, 26 miles southeast of Naples. Duke of Devonshire. He was private secretary to were forced to swear to a treaty of peace, and to give G00 The Benedictine abbey of La Trinità, contains a remarkable collection of parchments, paper MSS., etc. The town Roman équités as hostages, while the whole Roman army is a favorite pleasure-resort. Population, .

Cavendish, Spencer Compton. Born July 23, 1833. Eighth Duke of Devonshire: known till his father's death, Dec. 21,1891, by the courtesy title of Marquis of Hartington. He was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, and entered Parliament as a member for North Lancashire in 1857. He has held various offices in the Liberal ministries of his time, and from 1875 to 1880 was leader of his party in the House of Commons. The position of prime minister was offered to him by the Queen in 1880, but was declined. Since the secession of Liberals caused by Mr. Gladstone's Home Rule Bill in 18S6, he has been the recognized leader of the liberal Unionist party.

Cavendish, Thomas. Born in the parish of Trimlay St. Martin, Suffolk, England, about 1555: died at sea in the South Atlantic, June, 1592. A noted English navigator and freebooter.

In 1585 he commanded a ship in the fleet of

Cavendish, Thomas Richard Grenville, sent by Raleigh to Virginia. On July 21,1586, he sailed from Plymouth with three small vessels, the Desire, the Content, and the Hugh Gallant (which was sunk in the Pacific) ; touched at Africa and Brazil ; passed the Strait of Magellan, Jan., 1587; ravaged the shores of Spanish South America and Mexico, taking many vessels ; and on Nov. 14, 1587, captured a ship from the Philippines with an immense booty. He then crossed the Paciiic, and returned by way of the Cape of Good Hope, reaching England Sept. 10, 1588. This was the second circumnavigation of the world. Cavendish undertook a similar voyage in 1591 with five ships ; but, after enduring great hardships, he was unable to pass the Strait of Magellan. His ships were scattered, and he died while attempting to return. Only a few of his crew ever reached England.

Cavendish, Sir William. Born at Cavendish,

Suffolk, about 1505: died Oct. 25, 1557. An English politician, treasurer of the royal chamber under Henry VIII., Edward VI., and Mary. H e was a younger brother of George Cavendish, biographer of Wolsey.

Ceballos Cortés y Calderón

227 ship in 1860; secretly supported the expedition of Garibaldi against Sicily in t h e same year; and achieved the unification of Italy, except Venice and the Patrimonium Petri, under the scepter of Victor Emmanuel in 1861.

of Tarn-et-Garonne, southern France, 24 miles northeast of Montauban. Population (1891), commune. 4,265.

ish in Nairn and Inverness, Scotland, 5 miles southwest of Nairn. Cawdor Castle is the traditional scene of the murder of Duncan by Macbeth, 1040.

V l l l e t t e ) . Born in Poitou, France, 1673 : died April 15,1729. A French court lady and author.

Cawdor (ká'dor), or Calder (kál'dér). A par- Caylus, Marquise de (Marthe Marguerite de

Cawdor, Thane of. In Shakspere's "Macb e t h / ' " a prosperous gentleman" whose rank was promised to Macbeth by the witches. He

was executed by order of Duncan for treason. He died nobly: "nothing in his life became him like the leaving it." Steevens remarks that his behavior corresponds in almost every circumstance with that of the unfortunate Earl of Essex beheaded by Elizabeth. "Such an allusion could not fail of having the desired effect on an audience many of whom were eye-witnesses to the severity of that justice." The Thane of Cawdor does not appear upon t i e stage at all, but Macbeth succeeds to his office.

(kan-por'), or Cawnpur (kan-por'). Cavendish, William. Born 1592: died Dec. Cawnpore A district in the Allahabad division, North25, 1676. A n English statesman and writer, created earl of Newcastle March 7, 1628, and duke of Newcastle March 16, 1665. He was gov-

ernor of the Prince of Wales 1638-41 ; rendered important military services to the Royalist cause during the civil war ; fought as a volunteer at Marston Moor ; and left England in 1644, returning at the Restoration. He wrote poems, several plays, and two works on horsemanship entitled " L a méthode et invention nouvelle de dresser les chevaux " (Antwerp, 1657), and " A New Method and Extraordinary Invention to dress Horses and work them, according to Nature, etc." (1667). He was a skilful horse-trainer.

Caylus, Comte de (Anne Claude Philippe de

T u b i è r e s ) . Born at Paris, Oct. 31,1692: died at Paris, Sept. 5, 1765. A French archœologist, son of the Marquise de Caylus. Caymans (ki-manz'). [From cayman, alligator : ' Alligator Islands.'] Three islands in the Caribbean Sea, northwest of Jamaica, to which t h e y b e l o n g . Grand Cayman, the largest, is situated in lat. li>° 20' N., long. 81° 20' W. Area of group, 225 square miles. Population (1891), 4,919.

western Provinces, British India. Area, 2,370 Cayster (ka-is'tèr), or Caystrus (ka-is'trus). square miles. Population (1881), 1,181,396. A city in the North- In ancient geography, a river in Lydia, Asia western Provinces, British India, situated on Minor, which flows into the JEgean Sea 35 miles the Ganges in lat. 26° 28' N., long. 80° 30' E. south-southeast of Smyrna: now called KutIt is an important military station. Here, in the Sepoy shuk Mendere (Little Meander). Length, over mutiny (June and July, 1857), the Europeans (many women 100 miles. and children) were massacred by the mutineers under Cayuga (ka-yo'ga). [Pl., also Cayugas,] A Nana Sahib. Population (1891), includiug cantonment, tribe of North American Iudians. The name is

Cawnpore, or Cawnpur.

188,712.

Caxamarca. See Cajamarca. Died March 3; 1626. Caxton (kaks'ton), Pisistratus.

Cavendish, William.

She was the niece of Madame de Maintenon, under whose protection she was educated at the court of Louis XIV., and married, 1686, the Marquis de Caylus, who died 1704. She left a work, much admired for its naïveté and beauty of style, which was edited by Voltaire. 1770, under the title "Souvenirs de Madame de Caylus."

The princi-

derived from that which they gave themselves, "Gwé-ugweh-o-nó," 'people of the mucky land,' referring to the marsh at the foot of Cayuga Lake. The French name was Goiogouen and the Huron Ouiownronnon, both corrupted from the t r u e tribal name. This tribe was the smallest of the Iroquois Confederacy. They aie now distributed between Indian Territory, Wisconsin, and Ontario, Canada, and their total number is about 1,300. See Iroquois.

Second son of Sir William Cavendish by his pal character in " T h e Caxtons/' by Bulwer. third wife (afterward Countess of Shrewsbury), Under this name Bulwer Lytton wrote "My created first earl of Devonshire Aug. 2. 1618. Novel" (the sequel to'' The Caxton s ") and other C a v e n d i s h , W i l l i a m . Born Jan. 25,1640: died works. at London, Aug. 18, 1707. A n English noble- C a x t o n , W i l l i a m . Born in Kent about 1422: C a y u g a L a k e (kâ-yo'gâ lák). A lake in central man, eldest son of the third Earl of Devon- died at Westminster, 1491. The first English N e w York, lat. 42° 25'-42° 55' N., long. 76° 45'. . Its outlet is through the Cayuga, Seneca, and Oswego shire (died 1684), created first duke of Devon- p r i n t e r . He was first apprenticed to a London mercer, W rivers into Lake Ontario. Length, 38 miles. Average shire and marquis of Hartington May 12,1694. Robert Large (Lord Mayor of London 1439-40), and after width, 2 miles. The chief town on it is Ithaca, his master's death (1441) went to Bruges, where he served H e erected Chatsworth (1687-1706), the famous out the remainder of his apprenticeship (1446), and then Cayuse (kâ-yos'), or Cailloux (kâ-lyô' or kaseat of the dukes of Devonshire. established himself as a mercer, becoming about 1465 gov- yo'), or W i l l e t p o o (wil-et-po'). [Pl., also CaCavendish, William. Born 1720: died at Spa, ernor of the English Association of Merchant Adventurers yuses.] The leading tribe of the Waiilatpuan Oct. 3, 1764. An English statesman, fourth in that city. In 1469 he began to translate into English stock of N o r t h A m e r i c a n Indians. Their former " Recueil des Histoires de Troye " (completed in 1471 habitat was the region between the Des Chutes .River and Duke of Devonshire, lord lieutenant and gov- the in Ghent and Cologne), and to supply the great demand for ernor-general of Ireland 1755 (as Marquis of copies of the book set himself to learn the art of printing. the Blue Mountains, Oregon, and also parts of Klikitat Hartington until Dec. 5, when he succeeded The " Recueil," the first printed English book, probably ap- and Yakima counties, Washington, south of the Yakima to the dukedom), and prime minister Nov., peared in 1474, and may have been printed either at Cologne River. There are 415 individuals presumably of Cayuse or at the press of Colard Mansion in Bruges. In 1476 he blood on the Umatilla reservation. See Waiiiatpuan, 1756,-May, 1757. completed and had printed (by Mansion ?)a translation of

Cavendish College. A college of Cambridge University, founded in 1873. Cave of Adullam. See Adullam. Cave of Jeremiah. See Jeremiah. Cave of Machpelah. See Machpelah.

Cave of Mammon.

The dwelling-place of

Cazalès (ka-zà-lâs'), Jacques Antoine Marie

a French version of the "Ludus Scacchorum " of J . de Ces- d e . Born at Grenade, Haute-Garonne, France, solis, under the title " T h e Game and Playeof the Chesse" — the second printed English book. He left Bruges in 1476, Feb. 1, 1758: died at Engalin, Gers, France, and set up his press in Westminster (the exact site is un- Nov. 24,1805. A French politician and orator, certain), from that time until his death being constantly royalist advocate in the National Assembly of engaged in translating and printing with several assis- 1789. tants, among whom was Wynkyn de Worde, his successor. C a z e m b e (kà-zem'be). A country in central

Mammon, described in the second book of C a x t o n s (kaks'tonz), T h e . A novel by Bulwer Africa, north of Lake B a n g w e o l o : so called Spenser's " F a e r i e Queene." Lytton, first published anonymously in '' Black- from the title of the ruler. It is included in Cave of Trophonius. See Trophoaim. wood's Magazine" in 1848, in book form in the British South Africa Company's territory. C a v e of t h e W i n d s . A recess behind the falls 1850. C a z e n o v i a (kaz-e-nô'vi-a). A t o w n and village of Niagara, between them and the wall of rock : C a y a m b é (ka-yam-bá'). A volcano in Ecuador. in Madison County, N e w York, 18 miles southoften visited by tourists. Height, 19,187 feet (Whymper). east of Syracuse. It is the seat of a Methodist semCaverne de l'Homme Mort. [F.,1 cave of the C a y a p ó s (ka-ya-pos'). A tribe of Indians of inaiy. Population (1890), village, 1,987; town, 4,182. dead mau.'J See the extract. central Brazil, living about the head waters Cazin (ka-zañ'). Jean Charles. Born at JD'or the determination of the characteristics of this Ibe- of the river Araguaya, westward in Matto Samer, Pas-de-Calais, about 1840. A French rian or Aquitanian race no more typical sepulchre can be Grosso and southward in Sao Paulo. During the p a i n t e r . He studied with Lecoq de Boisbaudran, and selected than the celebrated Caverne de l'Homme Mort in 18th century they often attacked travelers on the way to afterward with the Preraphaeîite school in England. the Department of the Lozère. I t lies in an inaccessible Cuyabá. A*few thousand at most remain in a wild state. Among his pictures are "La fuite en Egypte " (1877), ^Lo and desolate ravine which traverses a barren limestone By their language they are classed, doubtfully, with the voyage de Tobie" (1878), etc. plateau. Here the feeble Iberian race seems to have Botocudos. C a z o t t e (ka-zot'), J a c q u e s . Born at Dijon, maintained itself for a time, after the more fertile surFrance, Oct. 17, 1719 : died at Paris, Sept. 25, rounding lands had been seized by the brachycephalic in- Caycos. See Caicos. 1792. A F r e n c h m a n of letters. His works include C a y e n n e (ka-yen' or ki-en'). A seaport and truders whose descendants now occupy the region. In this cave some fifty persons must have been interred, and the capital of French Guiana, situated on the "Olivier" (1763), " L e diable amoureux" (1771), "Le lord in fifteen eases the skeletons have been so well preserved island'of Cayenne in lat. 4° 56' N., long. 52° impromptu " (1772), etc. He was arrested by the revoluas to admit of accurate measurement, and even of the 2 0 ' W . Political prisoners have been banished there at tionary tribunal and guillotined. determination of the sex. Taylor, Aryans, p. 94. Yujninqui. several periods in French history, but at present only col- Ccapac Yupanqui. See Capac Ceaada, Samt. See Chad. ored convicts are sent, population, about 10,000. Cavery, or Cauvery. See Kâveri.

A llame often given to French C e a r á (së-à-râ'). A state in eastern Brazil, lying between the Atlantic Ocean on the north, Cayes (ka), or Aux Cayes (ó ka), or Les Cayes Rio Grande do Norte and Parahyba on the east, (la ka). A seaport on the southern coast of Pernambuco on the south, and Piauhy on the Haiti, in lat. 18° 25' N., long. 73° 30' W . Popu- west. Area, 40,253 square miles. Population lation, estimated, 8,000. (1888), about 950,000. Cayla (ká-la'), Comtesse du (Zoé Victoire C e a w l i n (ke-ou'lin). Died 593. A king of the T a l o n ) . Born at Boullay-Thierry, near Dreux, West Saxons, son of Cynric whom he suce e d e d i n 560. He took part in the battle of BeranFrance, Aug. 5, 1785: died at St. Ouen, near cbyig (Barbury Hill, near Marlborough) in íiíHi ; fought Paris, March 19, 1852. A favorite of Louis anddefeated iEthelberht, king of Kent, at Wimbledon in XVIII. of France. After his death (1824) she 5G8; defeated three British kings at Deorham in 577 ; was became a patroness of agriculture and industry. defeated in 583 by the Britons ; and in 591 was driven C a y l e y (ká'li), A r t h u r . Born Aug. 16,1821: from his throne by a popular revolt. died Jan. 26, Í895. A noted English mathemati- Ceballos (tlia-bal'yos), Juan Bautista. Born c i a n . He was graduated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in Durango, 1811 : died after 1854. A Mexican

Caviana (ka-vë-à na), or Cavianna (kà-vë- C a y e n n e . à'nà). An uninhabited delta island in Brazil, situated at the mouth of the Amazon under the equator, in long. 50° W, Length, 50 miles.

Caviedes (ka-vë-à' ®Hâs), Eloi Temistocles. Born at Rancagua, 1849.

A Chilian journalist

a n d a u t h o r . Among his works are " Viva San .Tuan ! " a novel, and " Las Is!as de Juan Fernandez," the result of a voyage made in 1883.

C a v o u r (kà-vôr'). A town in the province of Turin, Italy, 27 miles southwest of Turin.

Cavour, Count di (Camillo Benso). Born at

Turin, Aug. 10, 1810: died at Turin, June 6, 1861. A celebrated Italian statesman. He en-

Guiana.

tered the Sardinian Parliament in 1848 ; was a member of D'Azeglio's cabinet 1850-52 ; became prime minister in 1852 ; joined the alliance of the western powers and Tur- in 1842, was called to the bar in 1849, and became Sadlekey agaiust Russia in 1855 ; sent in the same year a con- rian professor of pure mathematics in the University of tingent of 15,000 Sardinian troops under La Marmora to Cambridge in 1863. the Crimea; represented Sardluia at the Congress of Cayley, Charles Bagot. Born near St. PetersFaris in 1S56 ; formed an alliance with Napoleon I I I . burg, July 9, 1823: died at London, Dec. 6, against Austria at Plombières in 1858 ; carried on, with the assistance of the French, a successful war against 1883. An English poet, brother of Arthur CayAustria in 1859, and in the same year resigned the pre- ley the mathematician, known chiefly as a miership, dissatisfied with the terms of peace imposed translator of Dante. by Napoleon at Villafranca. He resumed the premicr- C a y l u s (ká-lüs'). A town in the department

j u r i s t . He was a member of Congress, and in 1S52 was made president of the Supreme Court. On the resignation of Arista he was chosen president ad interim of Mexico, Jan. tí, 1853, and was given extraordinary powers for three months, but resigned on Feb. 7.

Ceballos Cortés y Calderón (thá-bal'yós kortas' e kál-da-ron'), P e d r o d e : often writteu Z e v a l l o s . Born at Cadiz, June 29,1715 : died at Cordova, Dec. 26,1778. A Spanish general,

228

Ceballos Cortés y Calderón

Cellini

In 1756 he was made governor of Buenos Ayres ; forced upper half was human and the lower half a dragon; later C e l e s t i a l E m p i r e , T h e . I n western countries, the surrender of the Portuguese fort at Colonia cle he was represented to be of Egyptian origin. a popular name f o r th e Chinese empire, translatSacramento, taking 26 English vessels, Nov. 2, 1762; re- C e d a r C r e e k ( s e ' d a r k r e k ) . A stream in the i n g the Chinese " T i e n C h a o " ( ' H e a v e n l y D y turned to Spain in 17C7 ; was appointed first viceroy of Shenandoah Y a l l e y j V i r g i n i a , w h i c h joins the n a s t y ' ) . Buenos Ayres in 1776; took Santa Catharina from the Shenandoah 4 miles f r o m Strasburg. Here, Oct. Portuguese, Feb., 1777 ; retook and destroyed the Colonia T h e Chinese: 19,1864, the Confederates under Early BurpriBed the Fed- C e l e s t i a l s ( s f - l e s ' t i a l z ) , T h e . de Sacramento, which had reverted to the Portuguese by the peace of 17Ó3 ; and returned to Spain in 1778. erals under "Wright Later in the day the Confederates f r o m " t h e Celestial E m p i r e " ( w h i c h see). C e l e s t i n a (Sp. thà-les-të'nâ). A Spanish prose were defeated by Sheridan. Loss of the Federals, 5,995; of C e b a l r a i (se-bal'ra-o). [ A T . kalb al-rá'í, the d r a m a in twenty-one acts, or parts, originally shepherd's d o g . ] T h e fourth-magnitude star the Confederates, 4,200. See Sheridan and Sheridan's Bide.

C e d a r F a l l s ( s e ' d a r f&lz). A city in B l a c k fi Serpentis, in the head of the creature. C e b e s ( s ë ' b ê z ) . [G-r. Kéfb/ç.'] L i v e d at Thebes, H a w k County, Iowa ? situated on the Cedar R i v e r 99 miles west of D u b u q ue. Population Bceotia, 5th century b . c. A Greek philosopher, a friend and pupil of Socrates. He is one (1890), 3,459. C e d a r K e y s ( s e ' d a r kez). A seaport in L e v y of the interlocutors in Plato's " P h œ d o . " Three works were ascribed to him, one of which, Ilípa^ ( " T h e Pic- County, Florida, on the G u l f of Mexico in lat. 29° 7' N . , long. 83° 2' W . I t is on Way Key and ture"), is a philosophical explanation of a table symbolically representing the dangers and vicissitudes of life.

Atsena Otil Key. etc.

I t has a trade in sponges, fish, turtles,

called " The Tragicomedy of Calisto and M e l i bœa." Though, from its length and structure, it can never have been represented, its dramatic spirit and movement have l e f t traces that are not to be mistaken of their influence on the national drama ever since. The first act, which is much the longest, was probably written by Rodrigo Cota, of Toledo, and in that case wo may safely assume that it was produced about 1480. Ticknor, Span. Lit., I . 235.

Cebóla. See Zufii. C e d a r M o u n t a i n (se'dar moun'tan). A hill C e l e s t i n e ( s e r e s - t i n ) I . , or C c e l e s t i n e ( s e l ' e s C e b o l l i t a (thâ-bôl-yë'tà). [Sp./little onion/] 2 miles west of Mitchell's Station, Culpeper t m ) , Saint. D i e d at Rome, 432. Bishop of A r a n c h in central N e w Mexico, south of the County, V i r g i n i a . Here, Aug. 9, 1862, the Confeder- R o m e 422-432. H e convoked the Council of Ephesus, A t l a n t i c and P a c i f i c R a i l r o a d . Some of the most ates (20,000-25,000) under ' ' S t o n e w a l l " Jackson defeated which in 431 condemned the heresy of Nestorius, and is interesting ancient ruins in the Southwest are found in the valley in which the ranch is situated.

part of Pope's army (7,500) under Banks. Confederates, 1,307 ; of the Federals, 1,400.

Loss of the

said by some to have sent St. Patrick to Ireland and Palladius to Scotlaud, although it is not clear that cither of

these missionaries had any connection with Rome. H e is C e b r i a n y A g u s t i n (sâ-brë-ân' ê a-gos-tën'), C e d a r R a p i d s ( s e ' d a r r a p ' i d z ) . A city in L i n n commemorated on April 6. P e d r o de, Count of Fuenclara, Grandee of County, eastern I o w a , situated on the R e d C e Spain, etc. A Spanish administrator of the Celestine II., or Ccelestine (Guido di Casdar River in lat. 41° 58' N . , long. 91° 43' W . 18th c e n t u r y . From Nov. 3,1742, to July 9,1746, he was t e l l o ) . D i e d at Rome, March, 1144. P o p e 1143I t is a railway, trading, and m a n u f a c t u r i n g cenviceroy of N e w Spain (Mexico). Subsequently he was 1144. H e absolved Louis V I I . of France. ter. Population (1890), 18,020. Spanish ambassador to Vienna. Celestine III., or Ccelestine (Giacinto OrC e d d ( k e d ) , or C e d d a ( k e d ' d a ) , Saint. Born C e b ú ( s e - b o ' ) , or Z e b ú ( z e - b S ' ; Sp. pron., in in N o r t h u m b r i a : died Oct. 26, 664, A n E n g - s i n i ) . Born about 1106: died at Rome, Jan. 8, P o p e 1191-98. He crowned Henry V I . of both spellings, t h â - b o ' ) . A n island in the P h i l - lish missionary saint, bishop of the E a s t S a x - 1198. Germany in 1191, and confirmed the Teutonic Order in ippines, in lat. 9° 3 0 ' - l l ° N . , long. 123°-124° ons. 1192. E . L e n g t h , 135 miles. A r e a of province (inCelestine I V . (Goffredo Castiglione). Died See Csedmon. cluding adjacent islands)^ 1,813 square miles. C e d m o n . C e c i l ( s e s ' i l or s i s ' i l ) , R o b e r t . B o r n at C e d r i c o f R o t h e r w o o d ( k e d ' r i k ov r o T H ' e r - Oct. 10,1241. P o p e , elected Sept. 22,1241. H e The father of reigned only 18 days. W e s t m i n s t e r (?) about 1563: died at M a r l - w u d ) , or C e d r i c t h e S a x o n . R o w e n a in Sir "Walter Scott's novel " I v a n - C e l e s t i n e v . , Saint ( P i e t r o d i M u r r h o n e ) . borough, M a y 24, 1612. A n E n g l i s h stateshoe." B o r n in central I t a l y about 1215 : died at the man, son of W i l l i a m Cecil, L o r d Bnrghley, b y castle Fumone, in the C a m p a g n a , Italy, M a y See Eedron. his second w i f e (Mildred, daughter of Sir A n - C e d r o n . 19, 1296. He founded the order of the Celestines about thony Cooke), created earl of Salisbury M a y 4, C e f a l u ( c h a - f a - l o ' ) . A seaport in the province of Palermo, Sicily, in lat. 38° 1' N . , long. 14° 4' 1254, and was electcd pope, at the age of eighty, .Tuly, 1605. E . : the ancient Cephaloedium or Cephaloedis. 1294, Being unfitted f o r this exalted station by his preC e c i l , L o r d R o b e r t . See Salisbury, Marquis of. I t has a cathedral and a ruined castle. I t was taken vious life as a hermit and consequent ignorance of the Cecil, T h o m a s . B o r n M a y 5, 1542 : died F e b . by the Arabs in the 9th century. The cathedral, founded world, he abdicated," Dec., 1294, and was imprisoned at 7, 1622. A n English nobleman, eldest son of in 1131 by K i n g Roger, is one of the fin est of Sicilian monu. Fumone by Boniface V I I I . , who feared that, if left at W i l l i a m Cecil, L o r d Burghley, b y his first w i f e , ments. The front, of Norman character, has a triple porch liberty, he might become the occasion of schism. created first earl of E x e t e r M a y 4, 1605. between two four-tiered towers, a beautiful sculptured C e l i a ( s ë ' l i - a ) . [ F e m . of L . Celius.'] 1. A charCecil, W i l l i a m . B o r n at Bourn, Lincolnshire, portal, and pointed arcades with tooth-molding. The acter in Spenser's " F a e r i e Q u e e n e , " mother of Sept. 13, 1520 : died at L o n d o n , A u g . 4, 1598. nave has cylindrical columns and wooden r o o f ; the aisles Faith, H o p e , and Charity. She lived in the A celebrated English statesman, son of R i c h a r d are vaulted. Choir and apse are lined with magnificent hospice called H o l i n e s s . — 2, I n Shakspere's Cecil of Burleigh, Northamptonshire, created mosaics on gold ground; the semidome of the apse is oc- comedy " A s you L i t e i t , " t h e cousin and de"baron of B u r g h l e y F e b . 25, 1571. He studied cupied by a colossal half-figure of the Saviour. On the voted f r i e n d of Rosalind, and daughter of the at St. John's College, Cambridge, 1535-41, but did not take north side of the cathedral there is a beautiful cloister of usurping I)uke Frederick. She masquerades with a degree ; was entered as a student at Gray's Inn. May, the type of that at Monreale. Population, 12,000. Rosalind in the forest of Arden, in the disguise of Aliéna, C e l a d o n ( s e l ' a d o n ) . 1. A witty, inconstant 1541 ; married Mary Cheke (died Feb. 22, 1544), sister of a shepherdess. John Choke, the celebrated scholar, May 5,1642 ; and took g a l l a n t in D r y d e n ' s p l a y " Secret L o v e , or T h e H e marries the flirt Florimel, with 3 . A straightforward, affectionate English girl, as his second w i f e Mildred, daughter of Sir Anthony M a i d e n Q u e e n . " and Cooke, Dec. 21, 1545. In Nov.. 1547, he entered Parlia- the understanding that they may each have their own way with no squeamishness, in B e a u m o n t after marriage. Fletcher's p l a y " T h e H u m o r o u s Lieutenant/' ment, and in the same year became secretary to Somerset, made love to b y both A n t i g o n u s and his son who was then protector ; and when hi3 patron f e l l (1548) 2. The lover of the b e a u t i f u l A s t r e e ( A s t r e a ) Demetrius. She disguises as E n a n t h e . — 4 . The H i s is one of was committed to the Tower, where he remained for two in D ' U r f e ' s romance u A s t r e e . " months, l i e was appointed a secretary of state, Sept. 5, the stock names f o r a lover in the F r e n c h d r a - w i f e of C o r v i n o i n Jonson's " V o l p o n e . " — 5 . A 1550, and for the rest of his l i f e occupied a position of m a . — 3. A sort of generic name in pastoral v e r y young girl in W h i t e h e a d ' s " S c h o o l f o r great influence successively under Edward V I . , Mary, poetry f o r a rustic lover, as Chloe is f o r his mis- L o v e r s . " The part w a s written f o r Mrs. Gibber, and Elizabeth. I t was as chief minister to Elizabeth f o r tress.— 4. A character in Thomson's " S e a s o n s . " then over fifty years old. forty years that he won his great faîne. C é l i m è n e ( s â - l ë - m â n ' ) . 1. A n artificial, coquetCelaense ( s e - l e ' n e ) . [ G r . Ke/lamzi.] A n ancient C e c i l i a (se-sil'i-a). A novel b y M a d a m e d ' A r tish, b u t charming and sparkling fine lady in city of P h r y g i a , once of great size and imporblay, published in 1782. Molière's comedy " L e Misanthrope." She makes tance. It became a royal residence in the Acaste and Clitandre both believe she loves them, but C e c i l i a , Saint. D i e d at Rome. 230. A Christian time of X e r x e s . finally consents to marry the "Misanthrope," Alceste, martyr, According to the legend, she was compelled, though declining to scclude herself f r o m the world with in spite of a v o w of celibacy, to marry a young nobleman, The site of Celsense, unknown until within these f e w him, whereupon he rejects her. Her name is applied proValerian. She succeeded in converting him to her views years, has been determinately fixed by Mr. Hamilton (Asia Minor, vol. i., pp. 498-500). I t is the modern Deeand also to Christianity, f o r which they suffered death. verbially to a coquette. nair (lat. 38° 3', long. 30° 20'). This town, which abounds She has generally been considered the patron saint of 2. A character in Molière's " L e s Précieuses in remains of high antiquity, is situated near the source music, particularly church music, and is represented in of the southern or main stream of the Mfeander, and in R i d i c u l e s , " w h o has nothing to say. art as singing and playing on some musical instrument, all respects corresponds to the accounts l e f t of the anC e l l a m a r e ( c h e l - l a - m a ' r e ) , P r i n c e of ( A n t o n i o or as listening to the music of an angel who has been cient Celeenee. Rawlimon, Herod., I V . 28, note. drawn from heaven by her harmony. Dryden alludes to G i u d i c e . D u k e of G i o v e n a z z a ) . Born at N a p l e s , this in his " O d e for St. Cecilia's Day." Her story is also A Celseno ( s e - l e ' n o ) . [ G r . Ke/mivu.] I n clas- 1657: died at Seville, Spain, M a y 16, 1733. told by Chaucer in the Second Nun's Tale, one of the " Cansical mythology, one of the H a r p i e s (see Har- Spanish general and diplomatist, ambassador terbury Tales." In the Roman and Anglican calendars to F r a n c e 1715-18. pies) ; also, a Pleiad, a daughter of A t l a s and her feast is celebrated on Nov. 22.

Cecilia, Saint. One of the ftnest paintings of Pleione. C e l l e ( t s e l ' l e ) . A city in the province of H a n Raphael, in the A c c a d e m i a at Bologna, Italy. C e l f e n o . [ L . Celseno, Gr. Kelaivu, one of the nover, Prussia, situated on the A l l e r 22 miles The beautiful figure of the saint, richly clad, occupies the daughters of A t l a s and P l e i o n e . ] The &§-mag- northeast of H a n n o v e r . It has an ancient ducal middle of the picture : she listens entranced to the heavnitude star 16 Pleiadum, b a r e l y visible with castle. Population (1890), commune, 18,901. enly choir of angels above her, while discarded earthly C e l l i n i ( c h e l - l e ' n ë ) , B e n v e n u t o . B o r n at F l o r the n a k e d eye. musical instruments lie at her feet. ence, Italy. N o v . 10, 1500: died F e b . 13, 1571. See Czelakowsby. C e c i l i a , S a i n t . A painting b y Rubens, in the C e l a k o v s k y . A famous Italian sculptor and w o r k e r in gold O l d M u s e u m at B e r l i n . The saint is playing on a C e l a n o , L a k e o f . See Fucino. a n d silver. H e studied with Michelangelo Bandinelli, harpsichord and singing, attended by four angels. I t is C e l e b e s ( s e l ' e - b e s ) . [ P r o m the name of a na- father of the sculptor Bandinelli, and Mareone the goldin reality a portrait of the painter's second wife, Hélène tive p e o p l e . ] The third in size of the East smith. From 1516-17 he worked in Pisa. In 1517 he reFourment. I n d i a Islands, situated east of Borneo, about turned to Florence, where he met Torregiano (see Torre• .1710710), who tried to secure him for his work in England. C e c i l i a , S t o r y Of S a i n t . Five celebrated fres- lat. 1° 4 5 ' - 5 ° 45' S., long. 118° 45'-125° E . : a cos b y Doinenichino, in San L u i g i dei F r a n -

eesi, R o m e . The subjects are the saint distributing her clothes among the poor, her contempt for idols, her martyrdom, her reception of the martyr's crown, and her assumption. There are no better examples of Domenichino's somewhat cold and academical style.

D u t c h p o s s e s s i o n . I t is very irregular in shape, with four large peninsulas. Its chief export is coffee. The principal tribes are the Bugis, Macassars, and Alfuras. Menado is the seat of the Butch resident. Celebes was discovered by the Portuguese in the 16th century; they were expelled by the Dutch in 1660. Area, 7(5,260 square miles. Population, estimated, 1,500,000.

Cecropia ( s e - k r o ' p i - a ) . The w i d o w of the younger brother of K i n g Basilius in Sidney's C e l e s t e ( s a - l e s t ' ) ( C e l e s t e - E l l i o t t ) , M a d a m e . B o m at Paris, 1814 ( ? ) : died at Paris, F e b . 12, romance " A r c a d i a . " 1882. A n actress a n d noted dancer, she began Cecrops (së'krops). [ G r . K¿Kpoij).'] In A t h e - her professional career, in the latter capacity, at the Bownian tradition, the first king of Athens, and the ery Theater, New York, Oct., 1827, and afterward danced introducer of civilization into Greece. He was and acted chiefly in London, visiting America a second at first regarded as autochthonous, and as a being whose time 1834-37.

Benvenuto's loyalty to Michelangelo, however, prevented the engagement. From 1523-40 he was in Rome, occupied entirely with his work as goldsmith. I n May, 1527, occurred the siege and sack of R o m e by the troops of the Constable de Bourbon, in which Cellini assisted in the defense of the Castle of St. Angelo, and claimed to have killed Bourbon and wounded the Prince of Orange. A t the instigation of Tier L u i g j Farnese, bastard of Paul I I I . , he was imprisoned in the Castle of St. Angelo, Oct., 1538. The account of his escape, T)ec., 1539, is the greatest marvel of his marvelous autobiography. From 1540-44 he sojourned in France at the court of Francis I. He had his atelier in the Petit Nesle. (See Petit Nesle.) A t this time his first attempts at sculpture were made, the chief being the Nymph of Fontainebleau. From 1544 to his

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death in 1571 he served Cosimo I. and the Medici family in Florence. His story of the casting of the Perseus of the Loggia dei Lanzi at this time has played a great rule in literature. His autobiography, one of the most famous of Italian classics, circulated in MS. until it was printed in 1730. I t was translated into German by Goethe. The latest English translation is by J. A. Symonds. Celman, Miguel Juarez, S e e Juarez Celman.

counts are probably exaggerated. In 1519 the Cempoalans gave Cortés a friendly reception, and some of their chiefs marched with him to Mexico. The inhabitants were removed to a mission village near Jalapa about 1600, and the original site of Cempoala is now uncertain, though there is a village with the same name. Also writteu Cempoalla, Cempoal, Cempohual, or Zumpual. Cenci ( c h e n ' c h e ) , Beatrice. B o r n a t R o m e , F e b . 1 2 , 1 5 7 7 : e x e c u t e d a t K o m e , S e p t . 11,15D9. T h e d a u g h t e r of F r a n c e s c o C e n c i , a R o m a n n o b l e m a n , a n d E r s i l i a S a n t a - C r o c e . Her father, a dissipated and passionate man, treated his family with such severity that his second wife Lucrezia Petroni, his eldest son Giacomo, Beatrice, and the two younger sons Bernardo and Paolo, procured his murder at the palace of Petrella in the kingdom of Isaples, Sept, 9, 1598. For this crime lucrezia, Giacomo, and Beatrice were hanged at Home, Sept. 11,1599, and Bernardo was condemned to the galleys for life, being, however, pardoned March 20, 1606. Paolo died shortly after the murder. At the trial Beatrice's counsel, in order to justify the murder, accuscd Francesco, apparently without foundation, of having attempted the commission of incest upon his client, which has placed her in the light of a martyr. Her tragic end and her patrician birth have made her a favorite theme in poetry and art. She has been made the subject of a tragedy by Shelley, " The Cenci" (1819), and of a painting by Guido Ren i, in the Barberini palace, Rome. Ceneda. S e e Vittorio.

Celsius (sel'si-us or sel'shius), A n d e r s .

Born

Cephalus Cento Novelle Antiche ( c h e n ' t ô

n ô - v e r i e antê'ke). [It., ' o n e h u n d r e d old t a l e s . ' ] A c o l l e c t i o n of t a l e s f r o m a n c i e n t a n d m e d i e v a l h i s t o r y , t h e r o m a n c e s of c h i v a l r y , a n d t h e f a b l i a u x of t h e t r o u v è r e s , m a d e i n I t a l y a b o u t t h e e n d of t h e 13th c e n t u r y . Central Africa, British. T h e B r i t i s h s p h e r e of i n f l u e n c e n o r t h of t h e Z a m b e s i . The total a r e a i s a b o u t 500,000 s q u a r e m i l e s ; t h e t o t a l n a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t 3,000,000. Central America. A n a m e a p p l i e d c o l l e c t i v e l y t o t h e five r e p u b l i c s of G u a t e m a l a , H o n d u ras, S a l v a d o r , N i c a r a g u a , a n d C o s t a R i c a . Central India Agency. T h e official n a m e f o r a c o l l e c t i o n of n a t i v e s t a t e s i n I n d i a , u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l of G r e a t B r i t a i n , s i t u a t e d b e t w e e n Rajputana and the Northwestern Provinces on t h e n o r t h , a n d t h e Central P r o v i n c e s o n t h e s o u t h . C h i e f s t a t e s , G w a l i o r , Indur, B h o p a l , B e w a . A r e a , 77,808 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 10,318,812. Centralists ( s e n ' t r a l - i s t s ) . [ S p . Ccntralistas.'} A political party in Mexico w h i c h b e g a n in 1823. w a s r e o r g a n i z e d i n 1837, a n d h a s e v e r since boon prominent. Tbe Centralists favor a single centralized republican government, and are opposed by the Federalists, who desire autonomy of the states. The struggles for ascendancy of these two parties have caused most of the civil wars which have desolated Mexico. Temporarily each of the parties or branches of them have been known by other names. Santa Anna was long the leading spirit of the Centralists. Centralist and Federalist parties have been prominent in the alfairs of other Spanish-American countries, notably Argentina, Venezuela, and Central America, but they are commonly distinguished by other names. Central Park. T h e p r i n c i p a l p a r k i n N e w Y o r k , e x t e n d i n g f r o m 5 9 t h s t r e e t t o 110th street, a n d f r o m F i f t h a v e n u e t o E i g h t h a v e n u e , i t was designed by Olmsted and Vaux, and contains, besides numerous drives, the Mall, the Croton Reservoirs, Cleopatra's Needle (the Obelisk), the Metropolitan Art Museum, etc. Length, miles. Area, 840 acres. Central Provinces. A c h i e f - c o m m i s s i o n e r s h i p of B r i t i s h I n d i a , lat. 1 8 ° - 2 4 ° N . , l o n g . 7 7 ° - 8 4 ° E. It contains four divisions : Nagpur, Jabalpur, Nerbudda, and Chatisgarh. Its chief town is Nagpur, Area, 86,601 square miles. Population (1891), 10,784,294. Connected with the Central Provinces are 15 vassal states : Bastar, Bamra, Patna, etc. Area, ¿9,435 square miles. Population (1891), 2,160,511.

a t U p s a l a , S w e d e n , N o v . 27, 1701: d i e d at U p s a l a , A p r i l 25, 1744. A Swedish, a s t r o n o m e r , n e p h e w of Olaf C e l s i u s , p r o f e s s o r of a s t r o n o m y a t U p s a l a . H e i n t r o d u c e d , a b o u t 1742, tlie c e n t i g r a d e or C e l s i u s t h e r m o m e t e r . Celsius, Olaf. B o r n J u l y 19, 1670: d i e d a t U p s a l a , S w e d e n , J u n e 24, 1756. A S w e d i s h b o t a n i s t , u n c l e of A n d e r s C e l s i u s . He was professor of theology and Oriental language in the University of Upsala, and rendered himself famous by his researches in regard to the plants mentioned in the Scriptures. He was the instructor and patron of Linnaeus. Celsius, Olaf. B o r n at U p s a l a , S w e d e n , D e c . 15, 1716: d i e d at L u n d , S w e d e n , F e b . 1 5 , 1 7 9 4 . A S w e d i s h h i s t o r i a n , s o n of Olaf C e l s i u s ( 1 6 7 0 1756). He became professor of history in the University of Upsala in 1747, and bishop of Lund in 1777. He wrote a history of Gustavus I. (1746-53), and a histoi-y of Uric XJV. (1774). He was ennobled in 1766. C e n i m a g n i (sen-i-mag'nl). [L. (Csesar).] A Celsus ( s e l ' s u s ) . L i v e d i n t h e 2d (?) c e n t u r y Celtic p e o p l e l o c a t e d b y Ceesar i n t h e e a s t e r n A. D. A P l a t o n i s t p h i l o s o p h e r . He was the c o a s t r e g i o n of B r i t a i n , n o r t h of t h e T h a m e s . Cenis. author of a famous treatise against Christianity, 'AArjfft)? Cenis, Mont. S e e Mont [L. (Caesar) CenoAoyoi (" True Discourse "), the substance of which is pre- Cenomani ( s e n - o - m á ' n í ) . served in the "Contra Celsum " by Origen. mani, Gr. ( P o l y b i u s ) K t w / í á w ¿ . ] A C e l t i c p e o Celsus, Aulus (or Aurelius) Cornelius. L i v e d p l e . a p a r t of t h e a r m y of B e l l o v e s u s , w h o w i t h i n t h e first h a l f of t h e 1st c e n t u r y A. r>. A h i s s a n c t i o n c r o s s e d t h e A l p s u n d e r a l e g e n d a r y R o m a n w r i t e r , a u t h o r of a c o m p r e h e n s i v e e n - l e a d e r , E t i t o v i u s , a n d s e t t l e d n o r t h of t h e P o c y c l o p e d i a t r e a t i n g of f a r m i n g , m e d i c i n e , m i l - a b o u t B r e s c i a a n d V e r o n a a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d e i t a r y art, o r a t o r y , j u r i s p r u d e n c e , a n d p h i l o s - t a i l e d a c c o u n t of L i v y . They were a branch of the o p h y . " Of this only the eight books de medicina have Aulerci. Their original seat in Gaul, where they are come down to us, being b. 6-13 of the complete work, the called Aulerci Cenomani, was on the Sarthe near Lc only one of this kind in the good age of Roman literature. Mans. The Aulerci were included among the tribes conIn those Celsus gives an account of the whole medical stituting the ArmoricL system of the time, writing as a layman and following C e n t a u r . See Centauras. chiefly Hippokrates and Asklepiades, with sound judg- C e n t a u r a s (sen-tá'rus). [L., 'the Centaur.'] ment and in simple, pure diction. The parts dealing with A n a n c i e n t s o u t h e r n c o n s t e l l a t i o n , s i t u a t e d b e surgery aro especially valuable ; next to these the diag- t w e e n A r g o a n d S c o r p i o , p i c t u r e d t o r e p r e s e n t nosis of internal maladies." Teuffel and Schivabe, Hist, of a c e n t a u r h o l d i n g a B a c c h i c w a n d , its brightest star, a Centauri, is the third brightest in the heavens, Horn. Lit. (tr. by Warr), II. 22. Celsus, or Cellach ( k e l ' l a c h ) , S a i n t . B o r n being a quarter of a magnitude brighter than Arcturus. 1079: d i e d a t A r d p a t r i c k , M u n s t e r . I r e l a n d , I t is of a reddish color. Its second star, 0, a white star, A p r i l 1, 1129. A n I r i s h e c c l e s i a s t i c , a r c h b i s h o p is about as bright as Betelgeuze, and is reckoned the eleventh in the heavens iu order of brightness. The two of A r m a g h a f t e r 1104. stars are situated near each other on the parallel of 60° Celtiberi. S e e Celtiberia. a little east of the Southern Cross. Centaurus has, Centuripe (chen-to'rë-pe), or Centorbi (chenCeltiberia ( s e l - t i - b e ' r i - a ) . [ F r o m t h e Celtiberi. south, besides, two stars of the second magnitude and seven of t o r ' b e ) . A t o w u i n t h e p r o v i u c e of C a t a n i a , S e e t h e d e f . ] I n a n c i e n t g e o g r a p h y , a r e g i o n the third, and is a splendid constellation. S i c i l y , 20 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of C a t a n i a : t h e a n in Spain corresponding to the modern southA n a n c i e n t t o w n s i t u a t e d c i e n t Centui'ipge. It has Roman antiquities. I t was w e s t e r n A r a g o n a n d t h e g r e a t e r p a r t of Soria, Centla ( s a n t ' l a ) . C u e n c a , a n d B u r g o s : i n an e x t e n d e d a p p l i c a t i o n n e a r t h e p r e s e n t F r o n t e r a , i n T a b a s c o , s o u t h - destroyed by the emperor Frederick II. in 1233. Popun e a r l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h H i s p a i i i a Citerior. The Cel- e r n M e x i c o : s c e n e of t h e first v i c t o r y of Cortes, lation, 8,000. C e n t u r y W h i t e . A nickname given to John tiberi (Celtiberians) were thought to be a mixture of the 1519. indigenous Iberians and invading Celts from Gaul (whence Centlivre ( s e n t - l i v ' é r or s e n t - l e ' v e r ) , Susan- W h i t e (1590-1645), f r o m h i s work " F i r s t Centheir name). They offered a vigorous resistance to Home, n a b . B o r n i n I r e l a n d (?), of E n g l i s h p a r e n t s , t u r y of S c a n d a l o u s M a l i g n a n t P r i e s t s , e t c . " T h e n a m e g i v e n a b o u t 1515 t o A n Cenû ( s à - n o ' ) . and were Anally subdued after 72 B. C. Among their chief a b o u t 1667: d i e d at L o n d o n , D e c . 1, 1723. E n g l i s h a c t r e s s a n d d r a m a t i s t . She is said to have a r e g i o n o n t h e n o r t h e r n c o a s t of S o u t h A m e r towns were Numantia and Segobriga. been the daughter of a Mr. Freeman, of Lincolnshire, ica, a b o u t m i d w a y b e t w e e n D a r i e n a n d CartaCeltica ( s e l ' t i - k a ) . T h e c e n t r a l d i v i s i o n of who removed to Ireland shortly before her birth. About g e n a . Enciso, sent from Darieu to conquer it (1515), T r a n s a l p i n e Gaul, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t h r e e f o l d 1706 she married Joseph Centlivre, chief cook to Queen tried to treat with the Indians, but afterward ravaged d i v i s i o n of t h e G a u l s b y J u l i u s Caesar ( G a u l s Anne and George I. Among her numerous plays are o r Celts, A q u i t a n i a n s , B e l g i a n s ) , i t coincided "The Platonic Lady" (acted 1706), ' The Busybody" their country. A second expedition, sent soon after, under with the province of Lugdunensis, except that it ex- (acted 1709), " A Gotham Election" (published 1715: 2d Becerra, was entirely destroyed by the natives. tended south westward to the Garonne. [Gr. K t ^ - or K / « . ] cd., 1737, entitled "Humours of Elections"), " A Bold Ceos ( s e ' o s ) , or Cea ( s e ' a ) . Celts, or Kelts ( s e t t s , k e l t s ) . [ L . Celtx, f r o m Stroke for a Wife" (acted 1718). A n i s l a n d of t h e C y c l a d e s , s i t u a t e d i n t h e Gr. Ktvi-rai, a n a m e at first v a g u e l y a p p l i e d t o a Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles ( s o n n o - v e l ' n o - ^ E g e a n S e a 13 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of A t t i c a : t h e W e s t e r n p e o p l e , a f t e r w a r d t h e r e g u l a r d e s i g - v e l " ) . [ F . , ' o n e h u n d r e d n e w t a l e s . ' ] A n o l d m o d e r n Z e a , or T z i a . I t f o r m e r l y c o n t a i n e d n a t i o n of t h e C e l t i c r a c e . O r i g i n u n k n o w n , ] F r e n c h c o l l e c t i o n of t a l e s , first p r i n t e d i n f o l i o , f o u r c i t i e s , a n d w a s t h e b i r t h p l a c e of S i m o n The peoples which speak languages akin to t h o s e of W a l e s , I r e l a n d , t h e H i g h l a n d s of S c o t - b y V é r a r d , w i t h o u t d a t e , f r o m a m a n u s c r i p t of i d e s a n d B a c c h y l i d e s . I t b e l o n g s t o G r e c c e . Ceos. T h e c a p i t a l of t h e i s l a n d of C e o s . Dunlop. l a n d , a n d B r i t t a n y , a n d c o n s t i t u t e a b r a n c h or t h e y e a r 1456. L i v e d a b o u t 643-672. p r i n c i p a l d i v i s i o n of t h e I n d o - E u r o p e a n f a m i The Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles are to all intents and Cenwalh ( k â n ' w a l c h ) . l i e s . Formerly these peoples occupied, partly or wholly, purposes prose fabliaux. They have the full licence of S o n of C y n e g i l s , w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d as k i n g of France, Spain, northern Italy, the western parts of Ger- that class of composition, its sparkling fun, its truth to t h e W e s t S a x o n s i n 643. many, and the British islands. Of the remaining Ccltic the conditions of ordinary human life. Many of them are Cepeda ( t h â - p â ' T H à ) , Diego. B o r n a t T o r d e from the work of the Italian novelists, but all are languages and peoples there are two chief divisions, viz., taken handled in a thoroughly original maimer. The style is s i l l a s a b o u t 1495: d i e d at V a l l a d o l i d , 1549 or the Gadhclic, comprising the Highlanders of Scotland, perhaps the best of all the late mediaeval prose works, 1550. A S p a n i s h j u d g e . H e « as oidor of the Canary the Irish, and the Manx, and the Cymric, comprising the being clear, precise, and definite without the least ap- Islands, and subsequently one of the royal audience which Welsh and Bretons; the Cornish, of Cornwall, related to pearance of baldness or dryness. accompanied the viceroy Blasco Nunez Vela to Peru the latter, is only recently extinct. Saintsbury, French Lit., p. 148. (1544). There he led the judges in their opposition to Vela, imprisoned him, joined Gonzalo Pizarro, and took Amalgamation of race lias since been effected to a cer- Cento ( c h e n ' t o ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of part in the battle of Anaquito, where the viceroy was killed tain extent; but still iu many parts of Wales. Scotland, F e r r a r a , I t a l y , s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e R e n o 17 m i l e s (.Tan. 18, 1546). Foreseeing Pizarro's defeat, he deserted and Ireland the mass of the population is mainly or en- n o r t h of B o l o g n a . P o p u l a t i o n , 5,0U0. him on the battle-field of Sacsahuana (April 8, 1548), was tirely Celtic. Four Celtic dialects - the Manx, the Gaelic, sent to be tried in Spain, and, it i3 said, poisoned himseli the Erae, and the Welsh—are spokeu iu our couutry; and Centoatl ( t h e n - t o - a t i ' ) . I n M e x i c a n ( N a h u a t l ) in prison. the pure Celtic type survives alike in the Bretons, the m y t h o l o g y , t h e g o d d e s s ( a c c o r d i n g t o s o m e aut h o r i t i e s a g o d ) of m a i z e , a n d c o n s e q u e n t l y of Welsh, the native Irish, the people of the Isle of Man, Cephalonia ( s e f - a - l ô ' n i - a ) , a n c i e n t Cephalleand the Scottish Highlanders, of whom the two former a g r i c u l t u r e . Her principal feast was in the fourth nia ( s e f - a - l ë ' n i - a ) , m o d e r n Gr. Kephallenia. represent the Cimbric, and the three latter the non-Cim- Mexican month (April-May), and she was also honored in bric branch of the nation. Rawliiison, Herod., I I I . 186. the eleventh month (Sept.). She was one of the patrons [Gr. K£(j>a/,Ar/vta or K e y a f y v l a . ] O n e of t h e I o n i a n I s l a n d s , w e s t of G r e e c e , f o r m i n g w i t h I t h a c a The Celts appear to have crossed to Britain from Belgic of childbirth. The offerings made to her were generally a n d n e i g h b o r i n g s m a l l i s l a n d s a n o m a r c h y of Gaul. In the neolithic age a race indistinguishable from grain and fruits. Some authorities identify this goddess G r e e c e . Its surface is mountainous. Its capital is Arthat of the British round barrows occupied Belgium. with Cihuatcoatl, Tiazoltcotl, etc. Also written Cintcotl, gostoli. The island was called by Homer Same or Samos. Taylor, Aryans, p. 81. Centeutl, Tzinteutl. It became subject toKomc in 189 B. c., and later came Centones (sen-to'néz ho-mer'i-si). under Byzantine, Venetian, and Turkish rule, and a BritCemetery Ridge. A l o w r i d g e n e a r G e t t y s - S e e t h e e xHomerici ish protectorate. Area, 302 square miles. Length, SO tract. b u r g , c e l e b r a t e d i n t h e b a t t l e of t h a t n a m e . Even the life of Christ was put together in Homeric miles. Population (1889), 80,178. Cempoala ( t h a m - p o - a / l a ) . A n a n c i e n t t o w n of hexameters, called Centones Homerici, which were at- C e p h a l u s ( s e f ' a - l u s ) . [Gr. Kt S u ^ G X , Sept. 29,1691: died at London, An English Roman Catholic Eretria, some considerable time before this, all Greece J a n . 12, 1781. had been concerned on the one side or the other (Thucyd. divine, made bishop of Debra in 1740, and i. 15, and infra, ch. 99). Few cities sent out so many or vicar apostolic of London in 1758. He was edusuch distant colonies. The whole peninsula situated be- cated at the English College at Douai, and was professor tween the Thcrmaic and Strymonic gulfs acquired the of philosophy there 1713-20, and vice-president and proname of Chalcidicpseudonytn of Jules C h a m b e r l a y n e , J o h n . Born about 1666 : died lière" (1769), the plays "Le marchand de F l e u r y - H u s s o n . Born atLaon, Prance, Sept. 1723. A younger son of Edward Chamberlayne. Smyrne" (1770)," Mustapha et Zéangir" (1776), 10,1821 : died at Sèvres, Dec. 5,1889. A French He continued his father's "Magnae Britanni® notitia," novelist and miscellaneous writer. His works intranslated Brandt's "History of the Reformation in the etc. " Chien-Callou " (1847), " Les bourgeois de MolinLow Countries," etc. Chamisso (shâ-mes'so), Adelbert von. Born clude the castle of Boncourt, in Champagne, Jan. chart" (1854), "Histoire de la caricature " (1865), etc. Chamberlen (chàm'bèr-len), Hugh. Born at at C h a m p i g n y (shon-pën-yê'). A village situated 30 (27?), 1781: died at Berlin, Aug. 21, 1838. London about 1630 : died after Nov., 1720. An

English physician (physician in ordinary to the king, 1673), celebrated as the projector of a financial scheme designed "to make England rich and happy/' "based on the issue of a large quantity of bank-notes on the security of landed property. C h a m b e r s (chàm'bèrz), E p h r a i m . Born at Kendal, England, about 1680 (?) : died at London, May 15, 1740. An English writer, compiler of a " Cyclopedia, an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences" (1728), the first of its kind in English Chambers. Sobert. Born at Peebles, Scotland, July 10, 1802: died at St. Andrews, March 17, 1871. A. Scottish publisher (at — Edinburgh)

a n d w r i t e r . He was the author of "Illustrations of the Author of Waverley" (1822), "Traditions of Edinb u r g h " (1823), "Walks in Edinburgh" (1825), "Historyof the Rebellion of 1745" (1828), "Biographical Dictionary of Eminent Scotsmen" (1832-34). "Book of Days" (18621864), "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" (1844: anonymous), etc. The last-named work, the au-

He was of an old

on the Marne 5 miles east-southeast of Paris.

are included the long poems ' Salas y Gomez/' «Matteo Falcone," "Die R e t r a i t e " ( " The Retreat"). His collected works appeared first at Leipsic, 1836-49, in six volumes.

m H i n d s County, Mississippi, west ot J a c k s o n . Here, May 16, 1863, the Federals (32,000) under Grant defeated the Confederates (about 25,000) under Pemberton. ^ ^ Also called

A German author and poet.

French family. In 1796 his parents, who had left France Here, Nov. 30 and Dec. 2, 1870, occurred battles between in 1790, went to Berlin, where he became a page of the the Germans and the French under Ducrot. Loss of the queen. In 1798 he entered the Prussian army, from Germans, over 5,000 ; of the French, 10,000 to 12,000. which he, however, retired in 1808. In 1815 he accom- C h a m p i o n (cham'pi-on), T h e . Ajournai which panied as naturalist the exploring expedition of Count first appeared in 1739, edited by Henry Fielding llomantsoif in a journey around the world. He was subse- and a m a n n a m e d Ralph. It is based on the model quently custodian of the botanical collections in Berlin. of the "Spectator»' and "Tatler." Two volumes of the His most celebrated prose work, "Peter Schlemihls wun- paper were republished in 1741. I t ridiculed the Jacobite flacsiVt l/tlits f" ("The MTV,a "Wonderful TXVinilarfnl History TTict-nmr of /if Peter Pofcr p a Jty derbare Geschichte' Schlemihl"), appeared in 1814. His poetry comprises Champion's JHill (cham'pi-onz hil). A locality J popular songs, ballads, and romances. In the last class ° -LJ;J-t \ . r ... ;1

Chamonix (sha-mo-ne')r or Chamouni (sha-

mo-ne'), or C h a m o u n y . A valley inthe depart- C h a m p i o n of t h e V i r g i n . An epithet bestowed ment of Haute-Savoie F ^ n c e at the foot of ^ f f ^ biskoiAf Alexandria (5th cenMont Blanc, w a t e r e d b y the A r v e . I t i s a c e l e brated resort for tourists, and the starting-point for excursions to Mont Blanc, the Mer-de-Glace, Montanvert, Fingere, Martigny, etc. Its center is the village of Chamonix. Length of valley, 12 miles. Elevation, 8,445 feet

Champlain (sham-plan ;

W S S S S L M S :

A French navigator and explorer

'

W y D d h a m 1,1 1743 a m i

.

.

.

'

. , / ^ ' nnnrmiMit nf NPstoriariiRrn as a n o p p o n e n t 01 JNestorianism. r . pron. S h o n - p J a n ), S a m u e l de. Born at B r o u a g e , S a i n t o n g e , F r a n c e , 1567: d i e d a t Q u e b e c , D e c . 25, 1635.

t p j )> noted

He: „M e ex-

plorations in Canada and .New England 1603-07, founded Quebec 1608, and discovered Lake Champlain 1609. He wrote " Des sauvages " (1603),41 Voyages" (1613,1619,1632). Complete works published 1870. Samuel de Champlain has been fitly called the Father of Hew France. In him were embodied her religious zeal and romantic spirit of adventure. Before the close of his career, purged of heresy, she took the posture which she held to the day of her death—in one hand the crucifix, in the other the sword. His life, full of significance, is the true beginning of her eventful history. Parkman, Pioneers of France, p. 165.

which its heterodox views aroused. He was joint editor ' 4 the orphan," in Otway's tragedy of that n a m e , of "Chambers's Journal," and a member of the publishing ChamOITO (cha-mor'ro), FrutO. Born in Guafirm of W. and It. Chambers. temala about 1810 : died near Granada, March C h a m b e r s , Sir W i l l i a m . Born at Stockholm, 12, 1855. A N i c a r a g u a n statesman. From April, 1726: died at London, March 8,1796. A British 1853, until his death he was president of Nicaragua. a r c h i t e c t . He rebuilt Somerset House in London, 1775. During a part of this time his rule was limited to Granada, where he was besieged by revolutionists. He wrote " A Treatise of Civil Architecture " (1759). C h a m b e r s , W i l l i a m . Born at Peebles, Scot- Champa ( c h a m ' p â ) . A c i t y i n Anga, t h e p r e s land, April 16, 1800: died at Edinburgh, May e n t B h a g a l p u r o r n e a r i t . It is said to have been C h a m p l a i n (sham-plan'), L a k e . [Xamed for by Champa, a descendant of Yayati ; but was 20, 1883. A Scottish publisher (head of the foundedrather from its abundant champa or champaka Samuel de Champlain.] A lake between Verfirm of W. and R. Chambers) and writer,brother named trees {Miclielia Champaka), whence it was also called mont and New York, extending from "Whiteof R o b e r t C h a m b e r s . He wrote " Things as they Mâlinï, ' garlanded, ' from its being surrounded with chamhall, New York, to St. John's, Canada. Its outlet are in America" (1854), "History of Peebles" (1864), etc. paka trees as with a garland (mala). the Richelieu or Sorel River (into the St. Lawrence), and C h a m b e r s b u r g (cham'berz-berg). A borough, Champagne (shon-pany'), or Champaigne is it is connected with the Hudson by a canal. It was discapital of Franklin County, Pennsylvania, 49 covered by Samuel de Champlain in 1609. On Oct. 11,1776, (shon-pâny'), P h i l i p p e de. Born at Brussels, miles southwest of Harrisburg. It was burned by a British flotilla defeated the Americans under Arnold. May 26, 1602: died at Paris, Aug. 12, 1674. A Sept. 11, 1814, an American squadron consisting of 14 vesthe Confederates July 30,1864. Population (1890), 7,863. C h a m b e r t i n (shon-ber-tan')- -A- vineyard in painter of the Flemish school. His best works sels of all classes, carrying 86 guns and about 850 men, under the command of Captain Macdonough, defeated a the commune of Gevrey, 8 miles south-south- are at Paris, Yincennes, and Vienna. British force consisting of 16 vessels of all classes, carrywest of Dijon, France. It gives its name to C h a m p a g n e (sham-pail' ; F. pron. shon-pàny'). ing 95 guns and about 1,000 men, under the command of An ancient government of France. It was Captain Downie, which supported an invasion of .New York a noted red Burgundy wine. Chambery (skori-ba-re')- [It. Ciamberi.'} The bounded by Belgium on the north, Lorraine on the east, by Sir George Prevost. A precipitate retreat of the land on the southeast, Burgundy on the south, force succeeded the battle. Length, about 110 miles. capital of the department of Savoie, France, in Franche-Comté and Orléanais, Île-de-France, and Picardy on the west. in the northern part, 10 to 12 miles. Elevation lat. 45° 34' X., long. 5° 53' E. It was the capital of It is celebrated for its wines. Its chief city is Troyes. I t Width, above sea-level, 91 feet. the department of Mont Blanc 1792-1SIS, and passed with formed the modern departments of llarne, Haute-Marne, Champlin (champ'lin), James Tift. Born June Savoy from Sardinia to France in 1860. Population (1891), Aube, Ardennes, parts of Aisne, Yonne, Seine-et-Marne, and Mouse. In the middle ages it was a countship and 9, 1811: died March 15, 1882. An American commune, 20,922. one of the great flefs of France. Some of its counts were clergyman and teacher, president of Colby C h a m b e z i (cham-be'zi). A river in central noted as poets. Its heiress married Philip the Fair in University (Waterville, Maine) 1857-72. Africa,rising as the Chasi, and continuing (south 1284. It was annexed to France in 1336, and incorporated Champmesl6 (shon-ma-la/), Charles Cheviland west of Lake Bangweolo) as the Luapula — with France in 1361.

let, Sieur de. Born at Paris, 1645: died there, Champagny (shon-pân-yë'), François Joseph April the head waters of the Kongo. 22, 1701. A French dramatic author and C h a m b o r d (shoïi-bor'). A village in the de- N o m p è r e a e . Born at Vienna, Sept. 10, 1804 comedian. partmentof Loir-et-Cher, France, 11 miles east died May 4, 1882. A French publicist, son of ChampmeslS, Marie Desmares de. Born at of B l o i s . It contains a famous château, built by Fran- the first Due de Cadore. His chief work is Rouen in 1641 (1644?): died at Auteuil, May çois I., a large structure illustrating the application of «L'Histoire des Césars" (1841-43). Renaissance principles to a French medieval type. The 15,1698. A French actress, the wife of Charles most striking feature is the six huge cylindrical, cone- Champagny, Jean Baptiste Nompère de, first Champmesle. roofed towers, 60 feet in diameter, with decorated dor- Due de Cadore. Born at lioanne, Loire, France, mer-windows and high chimneys. The central tower Aug. 4, 1756: died at Paris, July 3, 1834. A This French lady was the original Hermione, Berenice, contains a remarkable double spiral stair, so devised that two sets of persons may ascend and descend at the same time without meeting; this tower is surmounted by ail openwork lantern. The château contains 440 rooms, and the stables can receive 1,200 horses.

F r e n c h politician and diplomat. He was ambassador at Vienna 1801-04, minister of the interior 1804-07, and minister of foreign affairs 1807-11.

Honimia, and Phedre. These were written expressly for her by Racine, who trained her exactly as Rochester did Elizabeth Barry,—to some glory on the stage, and to some infamy off it. Doran, Eng. Stage, I. 111.

Bordeaux). Born at Paris, Sept, 29,1820: died at Frohsdorf, near Vienna, Aug. 24, 1883. A French Legitimist prince, son of the Due de Berry, and grandson oi Charles X., styled Due do Bordeaux before 1830, and sometimes called 'Henri V." chambre Introuvable (shon'br an-trô-va'bl). [F., ' Undiscoverable Chamber.'] A nickname

politieian, son of the first Due de Cadore. He was ambassador at Eome in 1861. ir — district in the C h a m p a r a n (chum-pa-run'). A PatniT"division, Behar, v - i — British t u h - i . India. Area, a„„„ 3,531 square miles. Population, 1,500,000. Champ-de-Mars(shon'dè-mârs'). [F.,'fieldof Mars'; L. Campus Martins.'] A large square in the quarter Grenelle of Pans, on the left bank

field, Feb. i, 1875. An English clergyman and writer, a graduate of Oxford (Brasenose College), appointed dean of Lichfield Nov., 1868. C h a m p o l l i o n (sham-pol'i-on; F. pron. shon-

Champagny, Louis Alix Nompère de, second Chambord, Comte de (Henri Charles Fer- Due de Cadore. Born Jan. 12, 1796: died at C h a m p n e y s (champ'niz) William Weldon. 1870. A French Born at London, April 6, 1807: died at Liehdinand Marie Dieudonné d'Artois, Bue de Boulogne,7 France, Jan. , 27, TV _ _ /-I- J TT« U A 1 OTK \ r. Tri^KnV. ft^»

pol-yôn') Figeac, Jean Jacques.

Born at

Figeac, Lot, France, Oct. 5, 1778: died at Fontainebleau, France, May 9, 1867. A noted French archaeologist, brother of J. F. Cliampol-

Champollion Figeac, Jean Jacques l i o n . He wrote "Antiquités de Grenoble" (1807), "Annales des Lagides " (1819), " Paléographie universelle, etc. " (1839-41), "Le palais de Fontainebleau" (1867), etc.

Chapeau de Faille

234 taken by the English in 1757, 1793, etc. ; and was ceded finally to France in 1816. Area, .'Ji square miles. Population (1888), 25,395.

scholar, brother of William Ellery Channing. He was one of the founders of the "North American Review " in 1815. Channing, W i l l i a m Ellery. Born at Newport, R. I., April 7, 1780: died at Bennington, Vt., Oct. 2,1842. An American clergyman, writer, and philanthropist, one of the chief founders

Champollion, Jean François. Born at Fi- Chandipatha (chan-de-pat'ha). [Skt., 'readgeac, Lot, France, Doc. 23, 1790 : died at Paris, ing or text regarding Chandi.'] A poem of March 4, 1832. A celebrated French. Oriental- seven hundred verses, forming an episode of ist, the discoverer of the key to the Egyptian the Markandeyapurana. It celebrates Durga's hieroglyphic inscriptions (1822). His chief works victories over the Asuras, and is read daily in of A m e r i c a n Unitarian ism. He became pastor of are "Précis du système hiéroglyphique"(1824), "Grammaire the temple of that goddess. the Federal Street Church, Boston, in 1803. His complete égyptienne" (1836-^1), "Dictionnaire égyptien "(1841-44), Chandler (chand'ler), Zachariah. Born at works were published in 1848. "Monuments de l'Egypte et de la Nubie" (1835-45). Bedford, N. H., Dec. 10,1813: died at Chicago, Channing, W i l l i a m Ellery. Born at Boston, Champs-Elysées (shoñ^á-lé-zá'). [F.,'Elysian Nov. 1,1879. An American politician. He was June 10, 1818. An American poet, journalist, Fields.'] An avenue, and the gardens surround- United States senator from Michigan 1857-75 and general writer, nephew of William Ellery and 1879, and secretary of the interior 1875-77. ing it, in Paris, extending from the Place de Channing (1780-1842). la Concorde 1¿ miles to the Place de l'Étoile, Chandos (chan'dos), Sir John. Died at Morcelebrated as a place of public resort. It was temer, France, Jan. 1, 1370. An English sol- Chanson de Geste (shon-sôn' dè zhest'). [F., acquired by the crown in 1616, and ceded to d i e r . He served at the siege of Cambrai, at Crdcy, and 'song of heroic deeds.'] The name given to at Poitiers (where he saved the life of the Black Prince); epic or narrative poems which first appeared the city in 1828. was appointed regent and lieutenant of the King of Eng- in France about the beginning of the 11th cenChamunda (châ-môn'dà). In Hindu mythol- land in Trance about 1361, and constable of Guienne in t u r y . Nearly all the best date from the 12th century. ogy, an emanation of the goddess Durga. said 1362; commanded the English forces at the battle of Au- The technical definition of a chanson de geste is 11 a narto have been so named by Durga on account of ray (Oct. 6, 1364), and, with John of Gaunt, the English rative poem, dealing with a subject connected with French her destruction of the two demons Chanda and advance-guard at Navarette (April 3, 1367); was made history, written in verses of ten or twelve syllables, which Munda. verses are arranged in stanzas of arbitrary length, each seneschal of Poitiers 1369; and died from the effects of a Cbanak Kalessi (châ-nâk' ka-les-së'). A town wound received in an engagement at LUBSSC, Dec. 31,1369. stanza possessing a distinguishing; assonance or rhyme in in Asiatic Turkey, on the Dardanelles. Pop- Chandra (chan'dra). [Skt.] The moon, either the last syllable of each line." Saintsbury, French Lit., ii. Chanson de Roland (shon-sôn' dé rô-lon'), or ulation, 6,000 (*).' as a planet or as a tleity; hence, any eminent or de Roncevaux (dè rôns-vo'). [F., - song of Chanakya (cha'na-kya). A celebrated Brah-' illustrious person (the moon being regarded as Roland, or of Roncevaux.'] A French epic man (the Machiavelli of India) who took a the most beautiful of planets). poem, or chanson de geste, ascribed to Théleading part in the overthrow of the Nanda dy- Chandragupta (chan-dra-gop'ta). [Skt., 'the roulde or Turoldus, a Norman trouvère (11th nasty of Magadha, and the elevation of Chan- moon-protected.'] A name identified by Sir c e n t u r y ? ) . I t was first published as a whole by M. F. dragupta to their throne ,*în 315 B. C. A work upon "William Jones with the " Sandrokottos" or Michel in 1837. TheOxfordMS.givesitsearliestform. The morals and politics called " Chanakyasutra " is ascribed to " Sandrokyptos" of the Greek historians of text of this MS. is probably that of the end of the 11th him. He is the chief character in the drama "Mudrarak- Alexander. See Sandrocottos. century ; the date of the MS. probably the middle of the shasa" (which see). Other names of Chanakya are Vish- Chandrakanta (chan - dra - k a n ' ta). [Skt., 12th. I t contains about 4,000 lines, and is the story of the nugupta and Kautilya. 'lovely as the moon.'] A fabulous gem, the death of Roland with the peers of Charlemagne at RonceChanca (chan'ká), Dr. (believed to "have been moon-stone, supposed to be formed from the vaux or Roncesvalles, and Charlemagne's vengeance. Diego Alvarez Chanca). A Spanish physi- congelation of the rays of the moon, and to dis- Chant du Départ (shon dii da-par'). [F., 4 song cian, native of Seville, wHo accompanied Co- solve under the influence of its light. of departure.'] A popular French military song lumbus on his second voyage in 1493. He wrote Chandur (chan-dor'), or Chandor (chan-dor'). by Marie Joseph Chénier. a letter to the cathedral chapter of Seville, giving an A fortified town in Bombay, British India, in Chan-ta-bon (shân-tâ-bun'). A city in Siam, account of what he saw, and this is one of the main hislat. 20° 20' N., long. 74° 10' E. It was ceded situated near the Gulf of Siam 150 miles southtorical authorities for the voyage. Nothing is known of east of Bangkok. Population (estimated), 30,to the British in 1818. his previous or subsequent life. 000. Chancas (chán'káz). An ancient Indian nation Changs (cha-nas'). A South American Indian of Peru, of the Quichua race, who occupied tribe which formerly occupied the western side Chantal (shon-tal'), Jeanne Françoise Frémiot, Baronne de. Born at Dijon, France, Jan. the valleys of the Andes between the Apuri- of the river Paraguay, about lat. 17° S. They 23,1572: died at Moulins, France, Dec. 13,1641. mac and the Mantaro. About the year 1400 their were probably the same as the modern Guands (which king, Usavalca, made war on the Incas of Cuzco, but was A French devotee, founder of the Order of the defeated in two great battles near Cuzco by Pachacutec see). There was another tribe of this name in Uruguay. Visitation at Annecy in 1610. Yupanqui. The survivors fled eastward to the Upper Changarnier (shon-gar-nya'), Nicolas Anne Chanticleer (chan'ti-klër). [Also accom. chantAmazonian plains, where some of the modern tribes may Theudole. Born at Autun, France, April 26, it-clear (B. Jonson), ME. chantcclere, chauntebe their descendants. A number of the Peruvian ruins 1793: died at Paris, Feb. 14, 1877. A French cleer, OF. Chantecler, the name of the cock in g e n e r a l . He was distinguished in Algeria 1830-48; was are ascribed to the Chancas. in command in Paris 1848-51; was banished for his opposi- the epic of Renart (Reynard the Fox) ; from Chancellor (chân'sel-or), Richard. Died Nov. tion to Louis Napoleon in 1852; and was with Bazaine in chanter, sing, and cler, clear: so called from the 10, 1556. An English navigator. He accompanied Metz, Oct., 1870. He became a deputy in 1871, and a life clearness or loudness of his voice in crowing.] 1. The cock i n " R e i n e c k e Fuchs." — 2. The Roger Bodenham on a journey to Candia and Chio in 1550. senator in 1875. cock who is the hero of the Nun's Priest's Tale In 1553 he became captain of the Edward Bonaventure and A city in the in Chaucer's (i Canterbury Tales." pilot-general of the expedition which set out in that year Chang-Chow (chang'chou'). under the command of Sir Hugh Willoughby in search of province of Fukien, China, 35 miles west of Chantilly (shon-të-yë'). A town in the departa northeast passage to India. Becoming separated from Amoy. It is an important center of the silk ment of Oise, France, 23 miles north-northeast the other ships of the expedition in a gale off the Lofoden trade. of P a r i s . I t has noted lace manufactures, is the place Islands, he pushed on alone into the White Sea, whence Chang-Chow. A city in the province of Ki- of the races of the French Jockey Club, and contains a he made his way overland to Moscow. He obtained valu- angsu, China, 60 miles southeast of Nanking. Renaissance castle, formerly the property of the family able trade concessions from the Russian court in behalf of Change A l l e y (chanj a l ' i ) . An alley in the English, which led to the organization of the Muscovy Cornhill, London, formerly Exchange Alley, Montmorency, later of the family Condé, of the Due d'Aumale, and now (by gift of the Due d'Aumale) of the French Company on his return to England in 1554. He made a secleading into Lombard street, "it was the chief Institute. I t was rebuilt by a Montmorency in the 16th ond visit to Moscow in 1555, and was shipwrecked off Pitsligo, on the coast of Aberdeenshire, on the return voyage. A narrative of his first visit to Moscow, written by Clement Adams, was published in Hakluyt's ''Navigations," and is the first considerable account of the Russian people in the English language.

Chancellorsville (chàn'sel-orz-vil). A postoffice in Spottsylvania County, Va., 55 miles' northwest of Richmond.

Here, May 2-4,1863, the

centre of the money transactions of the last century, when the Stock Exchange was held here at 'Jonathan's Coffee House.' I t was the great scene of action in the South Sea Bubble of 1720, by which so many thousands of credulous persons were ruined. Another coffee house in this alley which played a great part in the same time of excitement was ' Garraway's,' BO called from Garway, its original proprietor. I t was here that tea was first sold in Lon-

Confederates (about 65,000) under Lee defeated the Federals (132,000) under Hooker. Loss of the Federals, 16,030; of the Confederates, 12,281 (including " Stonewall " Jackson).

don." Hare, London, I. 362.

F l e t c h e r . I t was published in 1647, but had been played before 1625. The plot is from " L a Señora Cornelia," a novel by Cervantes. The Duke of Buckingham produced an alteration of it in 1682, and Garrick brought out a second alteration in 1773. l a 1821 a musical drama founded on it. called "Don John, or the Two Violettas," was produced. The original play had two Constantias.

were driven southward by the invasion of the Chimus, ana subsequently of the Incas, and took refuge on the desert coasts between lat, 22° and 23° S. There some of their descendants remain, but their language is lost. Thoy are a dwarf race, seldom exceeding five feet in height, and they now live entirely on fish, crustaceaus, and seals. They are hospitable, and have never resisted tho whites.

century, and transformed into a magnificent palace by the Great Condé in the 17th. Population (1891), commune, 4,231.

Chantilly ( s h a n - t i l ' i ) . A village in Fairfax County, Virginia, 20 miles west of Washington. I t was the scene of a battle, Sept. 1,1862, between the Confederates under Jackson, and a part of Pope's army under Reno, StevenB, and Kearny (the two latter were killed). Loss of the Federals, 1,300 ; of the Confederates, 800.

Changeling (chanj' ling), The. A play by Middleton and William Rowley, acted as early Chantry (chan'tri), Sir Francis Legatt. Born as 1623. near Norton, Derbyshire, April 7, 1781: died Chancery Lane (chàn'se-ri lan). A street in ChangOS (chan'gos). A tribe of Indians which, Nov. 25, 1842. A noted English sculptor and London leading from Fleet street to Holborn, it is believed, once occupied most of tho valleys p o r t r a i t - p a i n t e r . H e is known chiefly for his portrait and passing by the Inns of Court. sculpture, his sitters including many of the most distinChances (chân'sez), The. A comedy by John o f t h e P e r u v i a n c o a s t . According to tradition they guished men of his time. The greater part of his property

The capital of the Chanda (chan'dá). In Hindu Aiythology, a Changsha (chang-slia'). name of the goddess Durga, applied especially province of Hunan, China, on the river Siang. to her incarnation for the purpose of destroy- Channel, The. See English Channel. ing the demon Mahisha. This exploit, which is Channel islands. A group of islands in the Engtreated in a section of the Markandeyapurana, is particu- lish Channel, belonging to Great Britain, 7-30 larly celebrated in Bengal at the Durgapuja, or festival miles from the coast of Normandy, France, near held in honor of the goddess toward the close of the year (about Oct. to >'ov.).

was left to the Royal Academy to make provision for its president and to establish a fund for the purchase of the most valuable work in sculpture and painting executed in Great Britain by artists of any nation.

Chanzy (shon-zë'), Antoine Eugène Alfred. Born at Nouart, Ardennes, France, March 18, 1823: died at Châlons-sur-Marne, France, Jan. 4, 1883.

A French general.

He became comman-

der of division in Oct., 1870, and of the 2d Army of the Loire in Dec., 1870 ; was distinguished in the battles near Orléans, Dec., 1870 ; was defeated at Le Mans, Jan. 10-12, 1871 ; and became governor-general of Algeria in 1873.

t h e B a y o f S t . M a l o . They comprise Jersey, Guernsey, Chaos (shâ'os) or Bird Islands (bèrd i'landz). Alderney, Sark, and a number of islets. They are noted A group of small islands in Algoa Bayj Cape for their picturesque scenery and mild climate, and for Chanda (chan'dà). 1. A district in the Nagpur their breeds of cattle. The prevailing language is old Colony, South Africa. division of the Central Provinces, British India, Norman French. They came under Norman rule early in Chapala (châ-pâ'lâ). A lake situated chiefly lat. 20° N., long. 79°-80°E. Area, 10,785 square the 10th century, and were Norman and English after 1066. in the state of Jaliseo, Mexico, in lat. 20° 30' miles.—2. The capital of the Chanda district, They are the only part of Normandy which remained to the N., long, about 102°-103° W. Area, over 1,300 English after 1204. Area, 75 square miles. Population square miles. in lat, 19° 57' N., long. 79° 15' E. Chandemagor (chan-dèr-na-gor'). A town and (1891), 92,272. Chapeau de Paille (shâ-pô' dè pay'). [F., territory in Hindustan, situated on the Hugli Channing (changing), Edward Tyrrel. Born ' straw hat.?] A noted painting by Rubens, in at Newport, R. I., Dec. 12, 1790: died at Camthe National Gallery, London, it is a half-length 20 miles north of Calcutta. It was a possession of the French, under the jurisdiction of Pondicherry ; was bridge, Mass., Fob. 8, 1856. An American portrait of a young girl robed in black velvet and crim*

Chapeau de Faille son, and wearing a broad-brimmed plumed hat which shades the face completely, yet without obscuring its brilliant color.

235 States the castle was stormed by General Pillow, Sept. 13,1S47. The emperor Maximilian made Chapultepec his principal palace, and it is now occupied as a summer residence of the president, portions being still reserved for the military school and observatory. The hill is surrounded by a beautiful park, a favorite resort of the Mexicans.

Chapelain (shap-lan')> Jean. Born at Paris, Dec. 4, 1595: died at Paris, Feb. 22, 1674. A French poet and littérateur, one of the first members of the French Academy, and influen- Chara (kâ'ra). [ L . ] Properly, the name of the tial in determining the character of its labors : southern of the two dogs in the constellation author of " L a Pucelle" (1656). of Canes Venatici, but also used as the name Chapel Hill (chap'el hil). A town in Orange of the fourth-magnitude star 8 Canum. County, North Carolina, 25 miles west-north- Charaes (cha-ra'es), or Xaraes, or Jaraes west of Raleigh. It is the seat of the University (Hà-r&'es). [From the name of an Indian tribe, of North Carolina (founded 1789), Population possibly the modern Guatos (which see).] The name given in maps of the 16th and 17th cen(1890), 1,017. Chaplin (chap'lin). Charles. Born at Les An- turies to a great lake near the center of South America, represented as the source of the Paradelys, Eure, France, June 8,1825: died at Paris, g u a y . The Upper Paraguay is bordered by vast plains Jan. 30, 1891. A painter and engraver, of Eng- which are flooded every year, and are still known as the lish parentage, naturalized in France. He was a Charaes marshes or flood-plains. Probably the story of the pupil of Drolling. H e obtained a medal of the second class in 1862, and a medal in 1865.

lake originated with them, but some suppose that it refeired to one of the small lakes which communicate with

Chaplin, Jeremiah. Born at Rowley, Mass., the Paraguay on the western side, between lat.170 and 19° 30'. Jan. 2, 1776: died at Hamilton, N. Y., May 7, The Charaes marshes cover 80,000 square miles, and are 1841. An American Baptist clergyman and now uninhabited. educator, first president of "Waterville College Charalois (cha-ra-lwa')- In Massinger and Field's "Fatal Dowry," a character of dignity (Maine), 1821-33. Chapman (chap'man), George. Born near and noble daring. Hitchin, Hertfordshire, about 1559: died at Charasiab (châ-râ-së-âb'). A place in AfghanLondon, in the parish of St. Giles-in-the-Fields, istan, 10-12 miles south of Kabul. Here, Oct. May 12, 1634. An English poet and dramatist, chiefly celebrated for his translation of Homer. 6, 1879, the British under General Baker deH e is said to have studied at Oxford and afterward at feated the Afghans. Cambridge. He lived in straitened circumstanccs, but Charbar. See Chubar. was intimate with Jonson, Fletcher, and other great men Charcas (char'kas). An Indian tribe of southof the time. Among his dramatic works are " T h e Blind ern Bolivia, principally in the highlands of Beggar of Alexandria" (printed in 1598), " A l l F o o l s " (produced in 1598, printed in 1605), " E a s t w a r d I I o " w i t h Jonson and Mars ton (printed 1605), " T h e Gentleman Usher" (1606), "Monsieur d ' O l i v e " (1606), "Bussy d'Amb o i s " (1607), " T h e Kevenge of Bussy d ' A m b o i s " (1013), " The Conspiracy and Tragedy of Charles, Duke of Byron " (1608), " May Day " (1611), " T h e Widow's Tears " (1612), "Cœsar and Potiipey" (1631), "Alphonsus, Emperor of Germany " (published in 1654, after his death), " T h e Ball " w i t h Shirley (1639), " T r a g e d y of Chabot, Admiral of F r a n c e " with Shirley (1639). H e completed Marlowe's fragment of " H e r o and L e a n d e r " in 1598. The first part of his translation of the Iliad was published in 1598 ; the whole was not issued beforo 1609 (entered on the " Stationers' Register " in 1611). T h e translation of the Odyssey was entered on the "Stationers' R e g i s t e r " in 1614. Finally, the Iliad and Odyssey were issued together w i t h the date 1616 on Chapman's portrait prefixed. About 1624 he Issued his translation of the " Batrachomyomachia " ( " B a t t l e of the Frogs and M i c e " ) .

Chuquisaca. They are a branch of the Aymarâ or Colla stock, and like other tribes of the family are now partially civilized and Christianized.

Charcas (cbâr'kàs). A portion of the old viceroyalty of Peru, nearly corresponding to the modern Bolivia. I t was formed into an audiencia in 1559, with four auditors or judges, who resided at Chuquisaca and were responsible to the viceroy at Lima. T h e desert of Atacama, with its ports, was included in Charcas, and it extended eastward to Paraguay and southward to Tucuman. In 1776 it was annexed as a province to the new viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres. Charcas was also called Upper Peru.

Charcot (shar-kô'), Jean Martin. Born at Paris, Nov. 29, 1825: died Aug. 16, 1893. A n o t e d F r e n c h p h y s i c i a n . H e was particularly noted for his treatment of nervous and mental diseases and for his experiments in hypnotism and mental suggestion at the Salpêtrière, where he founded a clinic for nervous diseases in 1880. H e published a number of works on the diseases of old age, insanity, hysteria, etc.

Chapman, John Gradsby. Born at Alexandria, Va., in 1808. An American painter, etcher, and wood-engraver. He was elected national academician in 1836, and has lived in Rome Chardin, Jean Baptiste Siméon. Born at Paris, Nov. 2, 1699: died there, Dec. 6, 1779. since 1848. Chappe d'Auteroche (shâp dôt-rôsh')» Jean. A French painter, famous for his work in still Born at Mauriac, Cantal, France, March 2, life. He was admitted to the Academy in 1728. 1722: died at San Lucar, California, Aug. 1, Charente (sha-ronf). 1. A river in western France which flows into the Bay of Biscay 14 1769. A F r e n c h a s t r o n o m e r . H e observed the transit of Venus at Tobolsk in 1761 ( " V o y a g e en Sibérie," miles south of La Rochelle. Length, over 200 1768), and went to California in 1769 to observe another miles.—2. A department of western France, transit ( " V o y a g e de la Californie," 1772), but died soon lying between Deux-Sèvres and Vienne on the after his arrival. north, Haute-Vienne on the east, Dordogne on Chaptal (shâp-târ), Jean Antoine, Comte de the east and south, and Charente-Inférieure Chanteloup. Born at Nogaret, Lozère, France, J u n e 5, 1 7 5 6 : d i e d a t P a r i s , J u l y 30, 1832. A noted F r e n c h chemist and politician, minist e r o f t h e i n t e r i o r 1800-04. H e wrote " Le perfectionnement des arts chimiques en F r a n c e " (1800), " Chimie appliquée aux arts " (1806), etc.

on the south and west, i t is formed chiefly from the ancient Angoumois. I t exports brandy (cognac), etc. Capital, Angoulême. Area, 2,294 square miles. Population (1891), 300,259.

Charente-Inférieure (shà-ront' an-fâ-rè-èr'). Chapter Coffee House. A London coffee-house A department in western France, lying besituated at the corner of Chapter-house Court, tween Vendée and Deux-Sèvres on the north, o n the south side of P a t e r n o s t e r R o w , n o t e d in Charente and Dordogne on the east, Gironde t h e 18th e e n t u r v a s t h e r e s o r t o f m e n o f l e t t e r s . on the south, and the river Gironde and the I t was famous for its punch, pamphlets, and good supply of newspapers. I t was closed as a coffee-house in 1854, and then altered to a tavern. Timbs. C h a p u (cha-po' or shâ-po')A seaport in the province of C h e - K i a n g , China, situated-on the e s t u a r y o f t h e T s i e n - t a n g 55 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t o f N i n g p o : t h e p o r t o f H a n g - c h o w . I t has an important trade, especially with Japan. The heights were stormed by the British, May 18,1842.

B a y o f B i s c a y o n t h e w e s t , i t is nearly identical with the ancient Saintonge and Aunis. Capital, La Rochelle. Area, 2,635 square miles. Population (1891), 456,202.

Charenton-le-Pont (shâ-ron-tôn'lè-pôn'). A town in the department of Seine. France, situated on tho Marne miles southeast of Paris. Population (1891), commune, 15,306. Chares (kà'rêz). [Gr. Xâpqç.'] Died at Sigeum ('?), Chapultepec (châ- pol - te - pek'j. [Nahuatl, in Troas, before 324 B. C. An Athenian gen' h i l l of t h e g r a s s h o p p e r s / ] A rocky eminence eral, prominent in the wars from 367-338 B. c. a b o u t 3 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of t h e c i t y of M e x i c o . Chares. Born at Lindus, Rhodes: lived about About 1245, when it was surrounded by swamps, it was 290-280 B. c. A Rhodian sculptor, a pupil of occupied by the Aztecs, and subsequently an aqueduct f r o m the hill furnished water to Mexico. I t is said by Lysippus (see Lysippus), and sculptor of the some historians that the Aztec monarchs had a summer Colossus of Rhodes : the founder of the Rhodian residence at Chapultepec, but this has been denied by recent investigators. Like all places strong in position and in natural resources, it was the site of some kind of worship, but no buildings of any kind were erected there previous to the 16th century. A t the foot of the hill and in the park there arc Bome interesting vestiges of rockcarvings, which date from the first decennium of the 16th century. About 1785 the viceroy of Mexico, Galvez, began the crection of a palace on the Chapultepec hill. This was made in the form of a fort or castle, and was, in fact, intended f o r a stronghold as well as a summer residence. The building remained unfinished until after the revolution. Under the republic a portion was used for a military school, and the National Astronomical Observatory was erected ou the hill. During the war with the United

school. The Colossus of Rhodes was made to commemorate the successful defense of that place against Demetrius Poliorcetes in 303 b. c.. I t required 12 years for its completion, and cost $470,000. I t was profrably finished before 280 B. o. I t represented the Rhodian sungod, Helios; was over 105 feet high ; and was considered one of the seven wonders of the Old World. I t stood 66 years. Its artistic qualities are unknown. I t is said to have been made from the engines of war which Demetrius was obliged to abandon.

Charlemagne Cycle of Romances republic. H e placed himself at the head of a force of insurgents in 1793 ; gained a number of victories over the republicans 1793-94 ; signed a treaty of peace, Feb. 15, 1795, which he soon violated ; suifered a dccisivc defeat at St. Cyr, March 25, 1796; and, being taken prisoner shortly after, was executed at Nantes. Chariord (chàr'fqrd). A place in Hampshire, England, on the L o w e r A v o n , w h e r e Oerdie def e a t e d t h e B r i t o n s i n 519: i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e ancient Cerdicsford.

Charge of the Light Brigade. A poem by Tennyson, written in the meter of Drayton's "Battle of Agincourt." It commemorates the heroic charge at Balaklava. See Light Brigade. Chariclea (kar-i-kle'a). The heroine of Heliodorus's novel "iEthiopica." See Tkeagenes and Chariclea.

Charing Cross (châr'ing krôs). A cross in memory of Queen Eleanor, erected by Edward I., miles west-southwest of St. Paul's, London.

I t was demolished by the Long Parliament in 1647, and restored by the South Eastern Railway Company in 1865. In traveling northward to join her husband in Scotland, Eleanor was seized with a fever at Hardeby, near Grantham in Lincolnshire, and died there Nov. 29,1290. Edward I. followed her corpse in person during a thirteen days' progress from Grantham to Westminster Abbey ; and wherever the royal bier rested, at the end of each stage, a memorial cross was erected. Thirteen of these monuments once existed : those of Northampton and Waltham still remain.

Charioteer or Wagoner, The. See Auriga. Charis ( k a ' r i s ) . [Gr. Xâpiç, L . Gratia, E. Grace."] In Greek mythology, the personification of grace and beauty: also regarded as a triad, the three Charités. See Graccs. In the Iliad Charis is tho name given to the spouse of Hephcestus (383) : in the Odyssey, according to a certain portion of it, it is Aphrodite. Moreover Charis seems in the latter poem to have multiplied into Charités (known also to the Iliad, 267), and these have further subsided into handmaids to Aphrodite (Od. 564 and 194). I t would therefore appear that Hephœstus in the Iliad had mar. ried one who was the handmaid to his Odyssean wife, and the Chorizontes thought the relation was an awkward one. Geddes, Problems of the Homeric Poems, p. 54.

Charisi (châ-rë'zë), Judah ben Solomon. A Jewish poet who lived in the 13th century in S p a i n . Among his works most known are his 50 Makamat under the title of " T a e h k e m o n i " ( " W i s d o m Town "), a Hebrew counterpart to the Arabic poems of Hariri.

Charité (shâ-rë-tâ'), La. A town in the department of Nièvre, France, situated on the Loire 15 miles north-northwest of Nevers. Population (1891), commune. 5,443. Charités (kar'i-tëz). See Charis and Graces. Chariton (char'i-ton). A river in southern Iowa and northern Missouri, which joins the Missouri 60 miles northwest of Jefferson City. Length, about 200 miles. Chariton of Aphrodisias (kar'i-ton ov af-rod i s ' i - a s ) . [Gr. Xapiruv.J Probably the assumed name ofthe Greek author of theromance "Chaereas and Callirrhoe" (which see). Chariui. See Tckardjui. Charlatan (shâr-la-ton'), Le, A novel by Balzac, written in 1830. Charlemagne (charge-man; F. pron. shârlmany/), or Charles the Great. [G. Karl der Grosse,

I t . Carlo

Magno,

M L . Carolus

Magnus.]

Born at Liège (Ingelheim, Aachen (?), Saizburg (Bavaria)?),April 2, 742 or 747: died at Aachen, Germany, Jan. 28, 814. A great king of the Franks and emperor of the Romans. He was the

son of Pepin the Short, king of the Franks, on whose death in 768 he acceded to the throne conjointly with a brother Kailman. H e usurped the entire government on the death of the latter in 771. I n 772 he began a war against the Saxons, the most notable events of which were the storming of Eresburg, the destruction of the Irminsul, the May-field at Paderborn (777), and the sub* mission of the Saxon leader Wittekind (786), and which resulted in 804 in the complete subjugation and Christianization of Saxony. In 773. at the instance of the Pope, he made war upon Desiderius, king of the Lombards, who had occupied the Pentapolis and was threatening Rome. H e captured the Lombard capital. Pavia, in 774, and the same year incorporated the kingdom of the Lombards with that of the Franks. I n 778 he made an expedition against the Arabs in Spain, which terminated in the destruction of the Frankisli rear-guard under Roland at Roncevaux. H e subdued Bavaria in 788 ; conquered the Avars 791-796 ; was crowned emperor at St. Peter's, Dec. 25, 800 ; find in 80&-810 defeated the Danes, whom he compelled to retire behind the Eider. His kingdom, for the protection of which he erected in the border districts the so-called marks or niargravates, extended at the close of his reign from the Ebro to the Raab, and from the Eider to the Garigliano. n e resided chiefly at Aix-la-Chapeile, and by his patronage of letters attracted to his court the scholars Eginhard, Paul Warnefried, and Alcuin, the last-mentioned of whom wrote an account of his l i f e entitled " Vita Caroli Magni. "

Charette de la Contrie (shâ-ret' dè la kôn- Charlemagne. A tragedy in five acts by Letre')> François Athanase. Born at Confié, mercier, first played at the Théâtre Français, Loire-Inférieure, Prance, April 21, 1763: died June 27, 1816. at Nantes, France, March 29, 1796. A leader Charlemagne Cycle of Romances. A series of the Veudean insurgents against the French of medieval romances having Charlemagne or

Charlemagne Cycle of Romances

236

s o m e o n e o f h i s t w e l v e p e e r s o r p a l a d i n s a s a s o n of L o u i s l e D é b o n n a i r e : a s k i n g o f F r a n c e , Louis died in 840, a f t e r dic e n t e r . T h e Frankish heroic ballads were reduced to r e c k o n e d a s C h a r l e s I . writing by t h e order of Charlemagne, a n d f r o m these simi- viding his empire among his sons Lothaire, Louis, a n d lar ballads were w r i t t e n a b o u t himself a n d his warriors. Charles, t h e last of w h o m received all of F r a n c e lying These chansons de geste were arranged as cyclic poems west of t h e Rhône. Lothaire having claimed t h e preemiin t h e 13th century, a n d may be divided into t h r e e groups : nence, his b r o t h e r s u n i t e d against him, defeated him at t h e " G e s t e of t h e K i n g " (Charlemagne), t h e " G e s t e of Fontenay J u n e 25,841, and compelled him to accept t h e Provence or of Garin de Montglane." and t h e " Geste of t r e a t y of Verdun, concluded in Aug., 843. I n 875, on Doon or Doolin of Mayence. " These are all composed of the d e a t h of Louis I I . of I t a l y w i t h o u t issue, Charles inm a n y parts, but may be described, as a whole, as a mythi- vaded Italy, a n d a f t e r defeating t h e a r m y of his b r o t h e r cal history of Charlemagne, his peers, and t h e wars t h e y Louis, t h e r i g h t f u l h e i r of Louis I I . , was crowned e m p e r o r undertook. T h e n a m e s a n d n u m b e r of t h e p e e r s vary, by Pope J o h n V I I I . at R o m e Dec. 25, 875. During his but Roland a n d Oliver are included iu each or t h e series. reign F r a n c e was ravaged by t h e Normans, w h o sacked About 890 a monk of St. Gall wrote a chronicle called ' ' De Gcstis K a r o l i Magni," a n d a n o t h e r was w r i t t e n by Bene- Bordeaux, Tours, Rouen, Orléans, and o t h e r cities, includdict, a m o n k of St. A n d r é , i n 968. " T h e Pseudo-Chronicle ing some q u a r t e r s of Paris. of T u r p i n " was c o n s t r u c t e d f r o m t h e c h a n s o n s : it was C h a r l e s I I I . , s u r n a m e d " T h e F a t " ( F . le written in Latin by various h a n d s f r o m 1000 t o 1150, and Gros, G . der Diche). B o r n 839: d i e d at Neiwas believed to be a g e n u i n e history. T h e first prose version of Carolingian romance was t h e " R e a l i di Francia " d i n g e n , S w a b i a , J a n . 1 3 , 8 8 8 . K i n g o f F r a n c e ('• Princes of F r a n c e "), w r i t t e n i n Tuscan, early in t h e 14th a n d e m p e r o r o r t h e R o m a n s , s o n o f L o u i s t h e century. The first p r i n t e d F r e n c h prose version of the G e r m a n : a s k i n g o f F r a n c e , r e c k o n e d a s C h a r l e s cycle was t h a t of Bagnyon, 1478. I t became very popular. I I . Louis died 876, a f t e r dividing his kingdom a m o n g T h e chronicle of Turpin, however, was r e d u c e d t o prose his sons Carloman, Louis, and Charles. H i s b r o t h e r s dyearly in t h e 13th century. A m o n g these r o m a n c e s are ing w i t h o u t l a w f u l issue, Charles inherited t h e i r portions. ; " F i e r a b r a s , " ' G a r i n de M o n t g l a n e " ( " G u e r i n de i l o n t - H e waa crowned e m p e r o r in 881, a n d in 885 became k i n g glave"), '^Gallon l e R h e t o r é , " " M i l l e s e t A m y s " ( " A m i l e s et Amys"), ' ' O g i e r le Danois," "Doon or Doolin of May- or r e g e n t of France, whose heir, Charles the Simple, was a ence," " Q u a t r e Filz Aymon " ( ' F o u r Sons of Aymon'). m i n o r . I n Sept., 886, h e concluded a h u m i l i a t i n g t r e a t y " Maugis d ' A i g r e m o n t , " " H u o n of Bordeaux," a n d others with t h e N o r t h m e n a t Paris. H e was deposed by Arnulf of widely differing dates. of C a i i n t h i a in 887. C h a r l e s I I I . , s u r n a m e d " T h e S i m p l e " ( F . le o r le Sot). B o r n S e p t . 17, 8 7 9 : d i e d a t C h a r l e m o n t (shàrl-mòn'). A f o r t r e s s o n t h e Simple, B e l g i a n f r o n t i e r , n e a r G i v e t , A r d e n n e s , F r a n c e . P é r o n n e , F r a n c e , O c t . 7,929. A k i n g of F r a n c e , s o n o f L o u i s " t h e S t a m m e r e r . " H e w a s crowned See Givet. in 893 by his purtizans in opposition to Eudes, who h a d Charlemont, Viscount and Earl of. See been elected k i n g by t h e nobles in 888 d u r i n g his minority ; Caul field. a n d on t h e d e a t h of t h e l a t t e r in 898 became sole king. C h a r l e r o i (shàr-lè-rwa'). A c i t y i n t h e p r o v - I n 911 h e ceded Normandy t o Rollo. i n c e o f H a i n a u t , B e l g i u m , s i t u a t e d o n t h e S a m - C h a r l e s I V . , s u r n a m e d " T h e F a i r " ( F . le b r e 3 1 m i l e s s o u t h o f B r u s s e l s , i t is t h e center Bel). B o r n 1294: d i e d a t V i n c e n n e s , near of a coal- and Iron-mining district, a n d h a s m a n u f a c t u r e s P a r i s , 1 3 2 8 . A k i n g o f F r a n c e , y o u n g e s t s o n of iron, glass, etc. I t is one of t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t indus- o f P h i l i p " t h e F a i r . " H e r e i g n e d 1322-28. H i s sister trial t o w n s in Belgium. I t was fortified by Yauban. In Isabella was m a r r i e d to E d w a r d I I . of England, w i t h whom 1794 it was c a p t u r e d by t h e French. Population (189a), h e was at war concerning t h e h o m a g e for t h e d u c h y of 22,062. Guienne. Isabella having been s e n t t o F r a n c e to negoC h a r l e s ( c h a r l z ) I . [ L . Carolus, F . Charles, It. t i a t e t h e question, h e p e r m i t t e d h e r to p e r f e c t preparaCarlo, S p . P g . Carlos, G-. Karl. See Carl.] Born tions for t h e d e t h r o n e m e n t of Edward. a t D u n f e r m l i n e , S c o t l a n d , N o v . 19, 1600 : d i e d C h a r l e s V . , s u r n a m e d " T h e W i s e " ( F . le a t L o n d o n , J a n . 30, 1649. A k i n g o f E n g l a n d , Sage). B o r n a t V i n c e n n e s , n e a r P a r i s , J a n . 21, s e c o n d s o n of J a m e s I. He became p r i n c e of 1 3 3 7 : d i e d a t V i n c e n n e s , S e p t . 16, 1 3 8 0 . King Wales in 1616, a n d in 1623, accompanied by t h e Duke of o f F r a n c e , s o n of J o h n I I . H e reigned 1364-80. H e B u c k i n g h a m , presented in person an ineffectual suit at was lieutenant-general or r e g e n t of France, 1356-60, durt h e c o u r t of Madrid for t h e h a n d of t h e infanta Maria. i n g t h e captivity of his f a t h e r i u E n g l a n d . During his H e acceded to t h e t h r o n e on t h e d e a t h of his f a t h e r in reign F r a n c e recovered nearly all t h e t e r r i t o r y t h a t h a d 1625, a n d in tho same year m a r r i e d H e n r i e t t a Maria of been conquered by E d w a r d I I I . , except Calais and BorFrance. H e retained in office t h e Duke of Buckingham, his f a t h e r ' s u n p o p u l a r minister, in consequence of which deaux. H e waa a p a t r o n of learning, a n d f o u n d e d t h e he became involved in a d i s p u t e w i t h P a r l i a m e n t amount- Royal Library of Paris. ing in substance t o a question of sovereignty. He g r a n t e d t h e Petition of Right, J u n e 7,1628. On t h e assassination C h a r l e s v l . , s u r n a m e d " T h e " W e l l - B e l o v e d " B o r n a t P a r i s , D e c . 3, 1 3 6 8 : of the Duke of Buckingham iu A u g u s t following, h e ( F . le Bien-Aimé). K i n g of F r a n c e , m a d e Laud and W e n t w o r t h his chief advisers. H e gov- d i e d a t P a r i s , O c t . 2 1 , 1 4 2 2 . He reigned 1380-1422. Being a erned w i t h o u t P a r l i a m e n t from 1029 t o 1640, m e e t i n g t h e s o n o f C h a r l e s V . expenses of g o v e r n m e n t b y forced loans, poundage and m i n o r at his accession, t h e regency was c o n d u c t e d by his tonnage, ship-money, a n d o t h e r extraordinary m e a n s of uncles t h e d u k e s of Anjou, B u r g u n d y , a n d Berry. H e derevenue. H i s ecclesiastical policy, w h i c h looked, among f e a t e d t h e F l e m i n g s u n d e r Philip van Artevelde at Roseo t h e r things, to t h e introduction of t h e Episcopal liturgy b e c q u e Nov. 27,13S2. I n 1388 h e assumed t h e governin Scotland, provoked t h e adoption by t h e Scots of t h e m e n t . Becoming deranged in 1392, a d i s p u t e f o r power Solemn League and Covenant, Feb. 28,1638, a n d t h e out- arose between t h e l ) u k e of B u r g u n d y and t h e Duke of Orbreak of a civil war, w h i c h t e r m i n a t e d w i t h o u t a battle léans, t h e king's brother. T h e ascendancy was gained by in t h e Pacification of Dunse or Berwick, J u n e 18, 1639. t h e f o r m e r , who died 1404. H i s son J e a n procured t h e The war having broken o u t anew in 1640, he was com- m u r d e r of the Duke of Orléans (1407), w h i c h provoked civil pelled to s u m m o n Parliament, which m e t Nov. 3, 1640. war, t h e so-called war of t h e B u r g u n d i a n s and Armagnacs. This Parliament, t h e so-called Long Parliament, impeached H e n r y V. of England invaded t h e country, a n d Oct. 25, L a u d a n d W e n t w o r t h (who h a d been created Earl of 1415, defeated t h e F r e n c h a t Agincourt. Supported by Strafford), a n d proceeded to t h e redress of grievances. Queen Isabella, t h e B u r g u n d i a n s concluded a t Troyes T h e House of Commons h a v i n g ordered t h e publication May 21,1420, a treaty w i t h H e n r y V., according t o which he of t h e Grand Remonstrance, Dec. 14,1641, h e replied by was to be k i n g of F r a n c e on t h e d e a t h of Charles. i m p e a c h i n g a n d a t t e m p t i n g to arrest (Jail. 4,1642) five of t h e Parliamentary leaders, failing in w h i c h h e l e f t Lon- C h a r l e s V I I . , s u r n a m e d " T h e V i c t o r i o u s " ( F . B o r n a t P a r i s , F e b . 22, 1 4 0 3 : don, J a n . 10, 1642. H e raised t h e royal standard at Not- le Victorieux). t i n g h a m , Aug. 22,1642 ; suffered a decisive d e f e a t at t h e d i e d a t M e h u n - s u r - Y è v r e , n e a r B o u r g e s , F r a n c e , K i n g of F r a n c e , s o n of C h a r l e s h a n d s of t h e P a r l i a m e n t a r y forces u n d e r Fairfax a t Nase- J u l y 2 2 , 1 4 6 1 . H e reigned 1422-61. At his accession h e found a by, J u n e 14, 1645 ; delivered himself t o t h e Scottish army V I . at Newark, May 5,1646 ; was s u r r e n d e r e d t o Parliament, rival in H e u r y VI. of England, who claimed t h e t h r o n e by J a n . 30, 1647 ; was tried for treason, J a n . 20-27,1649, and virtue of t h e treaty of Troyes (see t h e preceding article). The English were m a s t e r s of t h e country n o r t h of t h e was executed a t Whitehall. See Stuart. Charles II. B o r n a t S t . J a m e s ' s P a l a c e , L o n - Loire, including t h e capital, and in 1428 invested Orléans, d o n , M a y 2 9 , 1 6 3 0 : d i e d a t S t . J a m e s ' s , F e b . 6, which was delivered by J o a n of Arc in 1429. He was 1685. À. k i n g o f E n g l a n d , s o n o f C h a r l e s I . crowned a t R h e i m s in 1429, and entered P a r i s in 1437. H e H e was appointed t o t h e c o m m a n d of t h e Royalist forces effected a reconciliation between t h e Armagnac and Burin t h e western counties of England in t h e civil war, and gundian factions, and regained all of F r a n c e f r o m t h e a f t e r t h e decisive victory of t h e P a r l i a m e n t a r y army at English, except Calais. Naseby l e f t England March 2,1646, living d u r i n g his exile C h a r l e s V i l i . Born at Amboise, France, J u n e chiefly in F r a n c e a n d Holland. He was proclaimed k i n g 3 0 , 1 4 7 0 : d i e d a t A m b o i s e , A p r i l 7 , 1 4 9 8 . King at E d i n b u r g h Feb. 5,1649; arrived in t h e F i r t h of Croo f F r a n c e , s o n o f L o u i s X I . H e reigned 1483-98. m a r t y J u n e 16, 1650 ; was crowned at Scone J a n . 1,1651 ; H e invaded I t a l y in 1494 w i t h a view t o c o n q u e r i n g Nawas totally d e f e a t e d by Cromwell at Worcester Sept. 3, 1651 ; a n d escaped, a f t e r n u m e r o u s adventures, to Fécamp, ples, which h e entered 1495. F e r d i n a n d of Aragon, Normandy, Oct. 16,1651. Owing t o t h e influence of Gen- Maximilian, and t h e I t a l i a n powers having u u i t e d against eral Monk, he was proclaimed k i n g at W e s t m i n s t e r May him, he l e f t t h e Duke of M o n t p e n s i e r w i t h a strong force 8,1660 ; entered London May 29,1660; and was crowned in Naples and r e t u r n e d to F r a n c e w i t h t h e r e m a i n d e r of April 23,1661. He m a r r i e d Catherine of Braganza May his army, d e f e a t i n g on t h e way the numerically superior 20,1662. He assented at his restoration to t h e abolition allies at Fornuovo, J u l y 6, 1495. T h e F r e n c h were soon of t h e f e u d a l r i g h t s of k n i g h t service, wardship, a n d pur- a f t e r expelled f r o m Naples by t h e Spaniards. B o r n a t St. G e r m a i n - e n - L a y e , veyance, in consideration of a yearly income to t h e crown C h a r l e s I X . of £1,200,000, and to an act of indemnity f o r all political n e a r P a r i s , J u n e 27, 1 5 5 0 : d i e d a t Y i n e e n n e s , offenses c o m m i t t e d between J a n . 1, 1637, a n d J u n e 24, n e a r P a r i s , M a y 3 0 , 1 5 7 4 . K i n g o f F r a n c e , t h e 1660, f r o m t h e operation of which act, however, t h e regi- s e c o n d s o n of H e n r y I I . H e reigned 1560-74. Being cides were excluded. a m i n o r at his accession, h e was placed u n d e r t h e regcncy C h a r l e s I M surnamed " T h e Great." See Charle- of his m o t h e r , Catharine de' Medici. H e was declared magne. of age in 1563, b u t t h e policy of t h e g o v e r n m e n t continu e d to be dictated by his mother, u n d e r whose influence h e consented to t h e massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24, C h a r l e s (chàrlz; F. pron. sharl) II., surnamed 1672. " T h e B a l d " ( F . IcChauve, G . derKahle). Born a t F r a n k f o r t - o n - t h e - M a i n , J u n e 13, 8 2 3 ; d i e d C h a r l e s X . B o r n a t V e r s a i l l e s , F r a n c e , O c t . 9, n e a r M o n t C e n i s , A l p s , O c t . 6, 8 7 7 . K i n g of 1757 : d i e d a t G o r z , A u s t r i a , N o v . 6 , 1 8 3 6 . K i n g F r a n c o a n d e m p e r o r o f t h e R o m a n s , y o u n g e r o f F r a n c e 1824r-30, y o u n g e r b r o t h e r o f L o u i s

Charles I. or VII. X V I I I . He received at b i r t h t h e n a m e of Charles Philippe and t h e title of Comte d'Artois. H e Joined t h e royalist emigration of 1789. I n 1795, h a v i n g obtained ships a n d m e n from England, he commanded an expedition which was to land ou t h e coast of B r i t t a n y and join t h e Vendean chief Charette, b u t which resulted in f a i l u r e t h r o u g h t h e cowardice of its leader, who did not v e n t u r e to a t t e m p t a landing. H e entered Paris with the Allies in April, 1814, a n d Sept. 16, 1824, succeeded his b r o t h e r Louis X V I I I . H i s government, whose policy was dictated by t h e ecclesiastical party, b e c a m e extremely u n p o p u l a r . A f t e r t h e d e f e a t of t h e ministries of Villèle a n d Martignac t h e k i n g formed an e x t r e m e royalist ministry u n d e r t h e Prince de Polignac, Aug. 8, 1829. The Chamber of Deputies voted in March, 1830, an address hostile to t h e ministers, who, appealing to t h e country, were defeated. Resolving on a coup d'état, t h e k i n g a n d m i n i s t r y issued, J u l y 26, 1S30, a body of ordinances w h i c h restricted t h e f r e e d o m of t h e press, established a new mode of election, a n d declared t h e r e c e n t elections illegal. As a consequence t h e so-called J u l y revolution, which lasted f r o m J u l y 27-29, b r o k e out, iu t h e course of which Charles was expelled f r o m t h e throne. C h a r l e s I V . B o r n a t P r a g u e , B o h e m i a , M a y 14, 1316: d i e d a t P r a g u e , N o v . 29,1378. Emperor of t h e H o l y R o m a n E m p i r e , s o n o f J o h n o f L u x e m b u r g , k i n g of B o h e m i a . lie reigned 1347-78, a n d p u b l i s h e d t h o G o l d e n B u l l ( w h i c h s e e ) i n 1356. Charles V. B o r n a t G h e n t , F l a n d e r s , F e b . 24, 1500: d i e d a t Y u s t e , n e a r P l a c c n c i a , E s t r e m a d u r a , S p a i n , S e p t . 2 1 , 1 5 5 8 . E m p e r o r of t h e H o l y Roman Empire. He was t h e son of Philip of Burg u n d y by Joanna, d a u g h t e r of F e r d i n a n d a n d Isabella, and was t h e grandson of t h e emperor Maximilian I. He became king of Spain (as Charles I.) in 1516, was elected e m p e r o r in 1519, a n d was crowned a t Aix-la-Chapelle in 1520. H e a t t e n d e d t h e diet at W o r m s 1521, defeated Francis I . at Pavia 1525, concluded (with h i m ) t h e peace of Cambray 152!), held t h e diet at Augsburg 1530, conquered Tunis 1535, m a d e a f r u i t l e s s invasion of Provence in 15361537, conducted an unsuccessful expedition against Algiers i n 1541, concluded w i t h F r a n c i s I. of F r a n c e t h e peace of Crespy in 1544, defeated t h e forces of t h e Smalkaldio League a t Miihlberg in 1547, was a t t a c k e d by Maurice of Saxony 1551, a n d forced to conclude t h e convention of Passau in 1552, a n d concluded with t h e P r o t e s t a n t s t h e peace of Augsburg in 1555. He abdicated t h e government of t h e N e t h e r l a n d s (1555) and of Spain (1556) in favor of his son. Philip II., a n d t h a t of Germany (1556) in favor of his brother, F e r d i n a n d I., to w h o m at t h e beginning of his reign h e h a d relinquished t h e sole sovereignty over t h e hereditary Austrian dominions, a n d who h a d i n a u g u r a t e d H a p s b u r g r u l e in Bohemia a n d H u n g a r y . I n t h e reign of Charles V. t h e Spaniards conquered Mexico a n d P e r u . He subsequently lived in the monastery of Yuste in Spain. The p o r t r a i t s of this e m p e r o r a r e : (a) A portrait by Titian (1548), in t h e Old P i n a k o t h e k a t Munich. (6) A f a m o u s p o r t r a i t by Titian (1533), in t h e Royal M u s e u m at Madrid, (c) An equestrian p o r t r a i t by Titian, in t h e Royal Museum at Madrid. This is held by m a n y to be t h e finest portrait ever painted. (d) A portrait by Titian, in t h e Royal M u s e u m at Madrid. T h e e m p e r o r is portrayed in his privacy, with the m a r k s of illness and care on his face. Charles VI. B o r n Oct. 1,1685: died at V i e n n a , O c t . 20, 1 7 4 0 . E m p e r o r o f t h e H o l y R o m a n E m p i r e , s o n o f L e o p o l d I . He reigned 1711-40. H e issued his p r a g m a t i c sanction (which see) in 1713, and was p r e t e n d e r to t h e t h r o n e of Spain (as Charles I I I . : see Spanish Succession, War o f ) 1700-14.

Charles VII. (Karl Albrecht). Born at Bruss e l s , A u g . 6, 1 6 9 7 : d i e d a t M u n i c h , J a n . 20, 1745. E m p e r o r of t h e H o l y K o m a n E m p i r e , s o n of M a x i m i l i a n E m m a n u e l , e l e c t o r of B a v a r i a , w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d i n 1 7 2 6 . A claimant of t h e Austrian inheritance, h e p a r t i c i p a t e d in t h e W a r of t h e Austrian Succession, w h i c h broke out in 1740, was proclaimed king of B o h e m i a in 1741. and was crowned emp e r o r in 1742. He died d u r i n g t h e war. Charles I. B o r n A p r i l 20, 1 8 3 9 . K i n g of R u m a n i a , s o n of t h e P r i n c e of I l o h e n z o l l e r n . He w a s e l e c t e d p r i n c e of R u m a n i a i n 1866. a n d p r o c l a i m e d k i n g i n 1881.

C h a r l e s I . , k i n g of S p a i n . S e o Charles V., e m peror. Charles II. B o r n N o v . 6, 1 6 6 1 : d i e d N o v . 1, 1 7 0 0 . K i n g of S p a i n , s o n o f P h i l i p I V . H e reigned 1665-1700. He was t h e last of t h e H a p s b u r g l i n e in Spain, and his death was t h e signal f o r t h e o u t b r e a k of t h e so-called W a r of t h e Spanish Succession. See Spanish Succession, War of. Charles III. B o r n J a n . 20, 1 7 1 6 : d i e d a t M a d r i d , D e c . 14,1788. K i n g of S p a i n , s e c o n d s o n of P h i l i p V . H e was k i n g of t h e T w o Sicilies 1735-59, a n d k i n g of Spain 1759-88. H e sided w i t h F r a n c e in t h e Seven Years' W a r and in t h e American war of independence. I n 1767 h e expelled t h e J e s u i t s f r o m Spain and all its dependencies. Charles IV. B o r n a t N a p l e s , N o v . 12, 1 7 4 8 : died in Italy, J a n . 19,1819. K i n g of S p a i n , s o n of C h a r l e s I I I . w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d i n 1788. H e was completely u n d e r t h e influence of his wife, i l aria Louisa Theresa of P a r m a , who in 1792 elevated h e r favorite Godoy to t h e post of p r i m e m i n i s t e r . A revolution h a v i n g been provoked by t h e i n c o m p e t e n c e of t h e minister, Napoleon embraced t h e o p p o r t u n i t y to expel in 1808 t h e house of Bourbon f r o m Spain.

Charles I. or VII. (Swerkerson). Died 1167 ( 1 1 6 8 ? ) . K i n g o f S w e d e n . H e succeeded his f a t h e r , Swerker I.. as k i n g of Gothland in 1155, a n d in 1161 assumed t h e g o v e r n m e n t of Sweden also. T h e primacy of Upsala

Charles I. or VII. was established in his reign (1164). Although the first historical Swedish king of the name of Charles, he is comtnonly styled the seventh, in accordance with the Swedish chronicler Johati Magnus, who inserts six mythical kings of that name before him.

Charlottesville

237 Trevylyan" (1864), "Draytons and Davenants Charleville " Winifred Bertram " (1866), " Against the Stream " (1873), t o w n i n t h e " Lapsed but not Lost" (1881), etc. i t u a t e d on Charles. A w r e s t l e r i n Shakspere's " A s you szières, and L i k e it "

(shar-Ie-vêl'). A m a n u f a c t u r i n g d e p a r t m e n t of A r d e n n e s , F r a n c o , t h e Meuse 1 mile n o r t h of Mcp r a c t i c a l l y a p a r t of t h a t t o w n . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e , 17,390.

Charles VIII. (Knutsson). Born 1409: died Charles'. A river ill Worcester, Middlesex, and Charlevoix (shiir-le-vwa'), Pierre François 1470.

K i n g of Sweden, elected in 1448. He was

occupicd in almost continuous warfare against the Danes, by whom he was twice expelled from the government.

N o r f o l k counties, M a s s a c h u s e t t s , w h i c h flows into Boston H a r b o r at Boston ( s e p a r a t i n g Cambridge). L e n g t h , a b o u t 75 miles.

X a v i e r d e . Born àt Saint Quentin, F r a n c e , Oct. 29, 1682: died a t L a F l è c h e , F r a n c e , F e b . 1,1761. A F r e n c h J e s u i t m i s s i o n a r y a u d his-

C h a r l e s I X . B o r n Oct. 4, 1550: died at Nyko- Charles Albert. Born Oct., 1798: died at t o r i a n . In 1720 he visited the missions of Canada, ping, S w e d e n , Oct. 30, 1611. K i n g of Sweden, Oporto, P o r t u g a l , J u l y 28, 1849. K i n g of Sar- where he traveled extensively. Descending the Missisf o u r t h son of G u s t a v u s Y a s a . H e reigned sippi in 1721, he went from Louisiana to Santo Domingo, d i n i a 1831-49. He put himself at the head of the returning to France in Dec., 1722. He subsequently trav1604^11. movement for Italian independence iu 1848, was defeated Charles X. Gustavus. B o r n a t Nykoping, by the Austrians at Custozza in the same year, and abdi- eled in Italy. His " Histoire de la Nouvelle France " conS w e d e n , Nov. 8, 1622: d i e d at Gothenburg, cated after his decisive defeat at Novara, March 23, 1849. tains the account of his voyages and a history of the CanaSweden, F o b . 13, 1660. K i n g of Sweden, a C h a r l e s A u g u s t u s . B o m Sept. 3 , 1 7 5 7 : died dian and Louisiana missions. He also wrote well-known cousin of Queen Christina. He reigned 1654-60; at Graditz, n e a r Torgau, P r u s s i a , J u n e 14, historical works on Santo Domingo, Paraguay, and Japan. defeated the Poles near Warsaw in 1656 ; invaded Den- 1828. G r a n d D u k e of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. C h a r l i e s ( c h â r ' l i z ) . A n i c k n a m e given t o t h e mark in 1658 ; and unsuccessfully besieged Copenhagen He succeeded to the dukedom in 1775 ; belonged to the n i g h t - w a t c h m e n of L o n d o n a b o u t 1040, f r o m confederacy of the Rhine 1806-13 ; and was created grand K i n g Charles I . , w h o i m p r o v e d t h e police system. 1658-59. Charles XI. B o r n Nov. 24, 1655: died at duke in 1815. He formed the friendship of Goethe in 1775. C h a r l i e u ( s h a r - l y é ' ) . A t o w n in t h e d e p a r t Stockholm, April 5, 1697. K i n g of Sweden, son C h a r l e s d e B l o i s (sharl de blwa), or d e C h a - m e n t of Loire, F r a n c e , 41 miles n o r t h w e s t of of Charles X . : r e i g n e d 1660-97. t i l l o n (de sha-te-yon'). Killed a t t h e b a t t l e Lyons. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e . 5,247. C h a r l e s X I I . Born a t Stockholm, J u n e 27, of A u r a y , 1364. D u k e of B r i t t a n y , n e p h e w of C h a r l o t t e ( s h a r ' l o t ) . [ F . Charlotte, I t . Carlotta, 1682: killed at F r e d e r i k s h a l d , Norway, Dec. P h i l i p V I . of F r a n c e , a n d c l a i m a n t to t h e Sp. P g . Carlota, tt. Charlotte; f r o m Charles.'] 11, 1718. A c e l e b r a t e d k i n g of Sweden, son of d u c h y of B r i t t a n y . 1. I n Fielding's " M o c k D o c t o r , " t h e d a u g h Charles XI. He reigned 1697-1718; invaded Denmark Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir, t e r of Sir J a s p e r , who p r e t e n d s t o be d u m b t o in 1700; defeated the Russians at JJarva, .Nov. 30,1700; de- s u r n a m e d " T h e Y o u n g P r e t e n d e r . " B o r n a t avoid a m a r r i a g e with D a p p e r . H e r p r o t o t y p e feated the Saxons and Poles 1701-06; was defeated by T - . o, 1790* /I IR.I-1 a t "Rnmp I n N '11 Peter the Great at Paltowa, July 8, 1709 ; escaped into S o m e , D e c . 31, 1 7 2 0 . died, a t K o m e , J a n . tfi, i n Molière's " M é d e c i n Malgré L u i " i s called Turkey, 1709 ; and returned to Sweden in 1714. 1788. T h e e l d e s t s o n o t t h e C h e v a l i e r d e S t . L u c i n d e . — 2 . In Bickerstaffe's " H y p o c r i t e , " a C h a r l e s X I I I . B o r n Oct. 7,1748: died F e b . 5, George (called J a m e s I I I . b y his J a c o b i t e p a r - lively, giddy girl who finally m a r r i e s D a r n l e y , 1818. K i n g of S w e d e n (1809-18) a n d Norway, tizans) a n d P r i n c e s s Clementine, d a u g h t e r of t h o u g h she' h a s b e e n p r o m i s e d t o Cantwell He sailed for Scotland t h e H y p o c r i t e . In Molière's " T a r t u f e , " f r o m s e c o n d son of A d o l p h u s F r e d e r i c k . He took part P r i n c e J a m e s S o b i e s k i . in the revolution of 1772 ; was regent 1792-96; and became July 13, 1745, to head an insurrection for the recovery which" t h e p l a y is t a k e n , she is called Mariof the British crown for his father, and landed in the a n n e . — 3 . T h e domestic a n d simple wife of king of Norway in 1814. Aug. 2. The Highlanders Socked to his stanCharles XIV. John (originally Jean Baptiste Hebrides dard, and he marched to Edinburgh, defeated the forces A l b e r t , a n d t h e object of t h e affections of W e r Jules Bernadotte). Born at Pau, France, sent against him at Prestonpans, captured Carlisle, and t h e r , i n Goethe's " Sorrows of W e r t h e r . " She J a n . 26,1764: died a t Stockholm, M a r c h 8,1844. marched upon London; but after reaching Derby he was i s t h e p o r t r a i t of a p e r s o n n a m e d L o t t e Buff, K i n g of S w e d e n a n d N o r w a y 1818-44. He was a forced to retreat, and was utterly routed at Culloden, a n d is also called L o t t e i n t h e n o v e l . — 4 . I n French general 1794-1809 ; was French minister of war in April 16,1746. Gibber's comedy " T h e B e f u s a l , or T h e L a 1799; became a marshal of France in 1804; served with C h a r l e s E m m a n u e l I . , s u r n a m e d " The G r e a t . " dies' P h i l o s o p h y , " t h e d a u g h t e r of Sir G i l b e r t distinction at Austerlitz in 1805 ; was elected crown B o r n a t l i i v o i i , I t a l y , J a n . 12, 1562: d i e d a t prince of Sweden in 1810 ; and commanded the "army of g a v i g l i a n o P i e d m o n t , J u l y 26, 1630. D u k e of W r a n g l e a n d sister of Sophronia, courted by S a v o y 1580-1630. H e a c q u i r e d S a l u z z o i n 1601. F r a n k l y , w i t h whom she is in love. the North" against Kapoleonin 1813 C h a r l e s X V . B o r n a t Stockholm, M a y 3,1826: ( ¡ j ^ e g E m m a n u e l I . (Charles E m m a n u e l III., Charlotte (Marie Charlotte Amélie Auguste died at Malmö, Sweden, Sept. 18, 1872. K i n g D u k e of Savoy). B o r n a t T u r i n , April 27,1701: Victoire Clémentine Léopoldine). Born at of S w e d e n a n d N o r w a y , son of Oscar I . H e d i e d F e b . 19, 1773. K i n g of Sardinia 1730-73: L a e k e n , n e a r Brussels, J u n e 7, 1840. E m p r e s s r e i g n e d 18o9-72. H e of M e x i c o . She is the only daughter of Leopold I. a s D u k e of Savoy, Charles E m m a n u e l III. of Belgium, and Louise, princess of Orléans ; and married, C h a r l e s I . F r e d e r i c k A l e x a n d e r . B o r n a t t l e £ e a t e d t h e A u s t r i a n s a t Guastalla, 1734. July27, 1857, Maximilian, archduke of Austria, whom, on S t u t t g a r t , W i i r t e m b e r g , M a r c h 6, 1823: died o h a r l e s E m m a n u e l I I . B o r n May 24, 1751: his acceptance of the imperial crown (1864), she accomOct." — 1 ~ " " — "" " ' panied to Mexico. She was sent by Maximilian in 1866 T I

his

man Empire in 1871.

c a t e d J u n e 4, 1802.

gia, Italy, 1285. K i n g of N a p l e s a n d Sicily, b r o t h e r of L o u i s IX. of F r a n c e . At the invitation

A novel b y S a m u e l R i c h a r d s o n , p u b l i s h e d in 1753. See Grandison, Sir Charles.

Charles I. (of Anjou). Born 1220: died at Fog- Charles Grandison (charlz gran'di-son), Sir.

to Napoleon I I I . and L'ius IX. to secure assistance against the republicans. Failing in her mission, and foreseeing the fall of her husband, she became hopelessly insane, and has been confined sincc 1879 in the care of her family near Brussels.

of the P o p e heattacked Manfred, king of Naples, who was Charles Martel ( m a r - t e l ' ) ( " T h e H a m m e r " ) , C h a r l o t t e . T h e c a p i t a l of M e c k l e n b u r g Coundefeated and slain in the battle of Benevento, Feb. 26, „ h r m t 6 9 0 : d i e d s.t O n i e r z v - s u r - O i s e . ty, N o r t h Carolina, in lat. 3o° 12' X., long. 80° B o r n a b o u t 690: died at Quierzy-sur-Oise. 52' W . T h e " M e c k l e n b u r g Declaration of In1266, and ascended his throne. He defeated and captured F r a n c e , Oct. 22, 741. D u k e of A u s t r a s i a , son d e p e n d e n c e " (which see) w a s p a s s e d here, on l a g o di Celano, between Scurcola and Tagliacozzo, Aug. 23, 1268, Conradin, who claimed Naples as the son and of P é p i n d ' H é r i s t a l . He became mayor of the pal- May, 1775. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 11,557. heir of Conrad IV. His tyranny and extortion provoked ace in 719, and defeated the Saracensbetween Poitiers and Charlotte Amalie (shar-lot' a-ma'lye). The s e a p o r t of t h e island of St. Thomas, i n t h e a rebellion in Sicily (see Sicilian Vespers) in 1282, which Tours in 732. cost him that island. C h a r l e s R o b e r t . K i n g of H u n g a r y f r o m a b o u t Danish W e s t Indies. P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t l 0 , 0 0 0 .

Charles III. (of Durazzo). Born 1345: died 1309 till 1342. H e b e l o n g e d t o t h e h o u s e of C h a r l o t t e , A u n t . at Buda, H u n g a r y , 1386.

A k i n g of Naples.

Instigated by Pope Urban VI., he attacked Joanna I., queen of Naples, whom ho put to death,and whose throne

Anjou.

Charles City Cross Roads. See Frayser's Farm, (Jhaj-legton ( c h a r l z ' t o n ) . A seaport, Capital

he ascended 1382. _ He was chosen krng of Hungar y U85, ^ and. was killed at Buda iu the following year.

C h a r l e s I I . , s u r n a m e d " T h e B a d " ( F . le Mauvais). B o r n 1332: d i e d 1387. K i n g of N a v a r r e 1349-87. C h a r l e s , A r c h d u k e of A u s t r i a . Born a t F l o r ence, Sept. 5, 1771 : died April 30, 1847. A n A u s t r i a n g e n e r a l , t h i r d son of t h e G e r m a n emperor Leopold II. He was distinguished as commander oi the Rhine armies, 1796 and 1799; defeated Massèna at Caldiero in 1805 ; defeated Napoleon at Aspern, May, 1809 ; and was defeated by him at Wagram, July 5-6, 1S09.

Charles, G. Karl Theodor Maximilian Au-

f

USt, P r i n c e of B a v a r i a . B o r n at Munich, uiy 7, 1795: died n e a r T e g e r n s e e , Bavaria, Aug. 16,1875. A_Bavarian g e n e r a l , son of K i n g Maximilian I. Ho w a s c o m m a n d e r of t h e Bav a r i a n c o n t i n g e n t in 1866. Charles,surnamed "TheBold"(F.IcTemeraire). Born a t Dijon, F r a n c e , Nov. 10, 1433: killed a t N a n c y , F r a n c e , J a n . 5, 1477. D u k e of B u r g u n d v 1467-77, son of P h i l i p t h e Good. He was called'at first Comte de Charolais He conquered Lorraine in 1475 ; and was defeated by the S«ri» at Grandson March 3, aud at Morat June 22, 1476, and at Nancy Jan. 5, 1477.

C h a r l e s v . , L e o p o l d . B o r n at V i e n n a , April 5, l&é3: died a t W e b , A u s t r i a , April 18, 1090. A n A u s t r i a n general, t i t u l a r d u k e of L o r r a i n e .

lotte Yonge.

A p s e u d o n y m of M a r y Char-

C h a r l o t t e A u g u s t a , Princess. B o r n a t Carlt o n H o u s e , L o n d o n , J a n . 7, 1796: died a t Claremont, Surrey, E n g l a n d , Nov. 5, 1817. Ouly d a u g h t e r of George IV. and Caroline of I t has a large harbor (defended by Forts Sumter, Moul- Brunswick, w i f e of P r i n c e Leopold of Saxetrie, and Castle Pinckney), and is one of the chief com- Coburg (later K i n g of t h e Belgians), whom mercial cities of the South. It exports cotton, rice, she m a r r i e d May 2, 1816. ¿

"

j

^

C m m t y

;

8'0uth

Carolina, situated

on a p e n i n s u l a b e t w e e n t h e Ashley a n d Cooper rivers, i n lat, 32° 46' N., long. 79° 56' W.

phosphate, naval stores, fertilizers, etc. It was founded Charlotte Elizabeth. The pseudonym of Mrs. in 1680. A British attack on Sullivan's Island was re- Charlotte E l i z a b e t h (Brown P h e l a n ) T o n n a . pulsed by Moultrie June 28,1776. I t was unsuccessfully Charlotte Sophia. Born 1744: died at Kew, attacked in 1779, and was besieged by Clinton and taken in Nov. 17, 1818. Y o u n g e s t d a u g h t e r of Charles May, 1780. Charleston was the center of the nullification movement of 1832-33. It was the place of meeting of Lewis, "brother of F r e d e r i c , d u k e of Mecklenthe Democratic National Convention of I860. The Seces- burg-Strelitz, a n d w i f e of George III. of E n g l a n d . [Named sion Ordinance was passed here Dec. 20,1860, and the bom- C h a r l o t t e n b u i g (shar-lot' ten-borG). bardment of Fort Sumter, April 12,1861, by the Confeder- f r o m Sophia Charlotte, w i f e of F r e d e r i c k I . ] ates began the Civil War. (See Fort Sumter.) The town A city in t h e province of B r a n d e n b u r g , P r u s was evacuated by the Confederates Feb. 17, 1865. I t was sia, s i t u a t e d on t h e Spree 3 m i l e s w e s t of Berlin. visited by an earthquake Aug. 31,1886. Population (1890), I t is a municipality, but is practically a part of Berlin. 54,955. C h a r l e s t o n , s o m e t i m e s called K a n a w h a (ka- I t contains a royal palace, the mausoleum of the recent Hohenzollerns, a technical high school, and a royal porcena'wa)« T h e c a p i t a l of W e s t Virginia a n d of lain factory. The royal palace is an extensive group of K a n a w h a County, s i t u a t e d on t h e G r e a t K a - buildings built in 1699 and later. The total frontage I t has reaches 1,650 feet. The central part is surmounted by n a w h a R i v e r 44 miles f r o m i t s m o u t h . e x t e n s i v e salt-works a n d coal-mines. P o p u l a - an impressive dome, and the interior is decorated in the Louis XV. style. The apartments of Queen Louise are in t i o n (1890), 6,742. rjharlestOWn (charlz'toun). A f o r m e r c i t v , the Louis XVI. style. Connected with the palace is the district of Boston, Sep a- mausoleum, with Doric interior, in which are buried Fredr a t e d f r o m Boston b y the Charles River. i t erick William I I I . and Queen Louise, and the emperor contains the State prison, a United States navy-yard, and William I. and empress Augusta. The altar-tombs of the Bunker Hill monument. It was settled in 1629. was burned first two, with recumbent figures by Ranch, are justly adby the British J u n e 17, 1775, and was incorporated with mired. The city is on the site of the earlier Lietzow. Population (1890), commune, 76,859. Boston in 1874.

^theS^t«™

He was distinguished at the relief oE Vienna in 1683, and C h a r l e s t o w n .

The c a p i t a l of J e f f e r s o n Coun- C h a r l o t t e s v i l l e (shlir'lots-vil).

A t o w n in Al-

defeated the Turks at Harsàny (or Mohäcs) in 1687. W e s t Virginia, 8 miles s o u t h w e s t of Har- b e m a r l e County, Virginia, 65 miles n o r t h w e s t Charles, Mrs. Andrew (Elizabeth Rundle). ty, B ™ a b o u t 1826. A n p r ' s T e r r y a n d S3 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of W a s h - ot R i c h m o n d : t h e seat of t h e U n i v e r s i t y of general writer. Her works include " Chronicles of the Schonberg-Cotta Family "(1863)," Diary of Mrs. Kitty

">gt™. 2, 1859.

J o h n B r o w n was executed here, Deo. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 2,287.

Virginia. (See Virginia, lation (1890), 5,591.

Vmvenity

of.)

Popu-

Charlotte town

238

Chassé

The F r a n c e ( M L . Cartusia), n e a r t h e s e a t of t h e o r i g . C h a r t r e u s e ( s h â r - t r ê z ' ) , L a G r a n d e . m o n a s t e r y of t h e order, c a l l e d d i s t i n c t i v e l y La l e a d i n g C a r t h u s i a n m o n a s t e r y , s i t u a t e d 13 G-rande Chartreuse.'] A Carthusian m o n a s t e r y m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of G r e n o b l e , i n the d e p a r t ( l a t e r a h o s p i t a l , a n d a school f o r b o y s ) i n L o n - m e n t of I s è r e , F r a n c e . I t w a s f o u n d e d b y St. don, f o u n d e d i n 1371 b y Sir W a l t e r M a n n y a n d B r u n o a b o u t 1084. I t g i v e s n a m e to the lit h e B i s h o p of N o r t h b u r g h . At the dissolution the queur Chartreuse, manufactured there. Charter House was given by Henry V I I I . to Sir Thomas Audley, and passed through various hands to Sir Thomas C h a r t r e u s e d e P a r m e ( s h a r - t r é z ' dé p â r m ) , L a . A novel b y Stendhal (Beyle), published Sutton, who in 1611 endowedit as a charity under tiie name of the Hospital of St. James. This foundation long ex- i n 1839. Charmides (kar'mi-dez). [ G r . Xapfûâqç.~\ A isted as a hospital tor decayed gentlemen and a school for S e e Harudes. d i a l o g u e of P l a t o , the n a r r a t i o n "by S o c r a t e s boys. The school was transferred to Godalming, Surrey, C h a r u d e s . [ G r . Xâpvftàiç.'] In of a c o n v e r s a t i o n on t h e s u b j e c t of t e m p e r - in 1872, and the premises are now occupied by the school C h a r y b d i s ( k a - r i b ' d i s ) . G r e e k m y t h o l o g y , a sea-monster which three a n c e ( m o d e r a t i o n o r p r a c t i c a l w i s d o m ) b e - of the Merchant Taylors'Company. The buildings are for t w e e n h i m s e l f , C h a r m i d e s (a b e a u t i f u l y o u t h the most part of the early 16th century, and the great hall t i m e s a d a y sucks in t h e sea a n d d i s c h a r g e s i t r e n o w n e d f o r his m o d e r a t i o n ) , Critias, and is one of the finest architectural interiors of that time. The a g a i n i n a t e r r i b l e w h i r l p o o l : d e p i c t e d as a great staircase, great chamber, chapel, and cloister are m a i d e n a b o v e , b u t e n d i n g b e l o w i n the b o d y of Chgerephon, w h i c h t o o k p l a c e i n A t h e n s a t t h e also of much interest. a fish b e g i r t w i t h h i d e o u s d o g s . Opposite her was the Paleestra of T a u r e a s , n e a r t h e p o r c h of t h e C h a r t e r O a k , T h e . A t r e e c e l e b r a t e d i n A m e r - other monster Scylla. In later times they were placed K i n g Archon, immediately after the battle of P o t i d œ a , f r o m w h i c h S o c r a t e s h a d j u s t r e - i c a n ( l e g e n d a r y ) h i s t o r y , w h i c h f o r m e r l y s t o o d in the Straits of Messina, Scylla being identified with a According to tradition, projecting rock on the Italian Bide. The name of Charybt u r n e d . Charmides was an Athenian, son of Glaucon, in H a r t f o r d , C o n n e c t i c u t . when Governor Andros came to Hartford in 1687 todemarjd dis is derived by some from Semitic fyur obed, 'hole of per cousin of Ctitias, and uncle of Plato. of the Assembly the surrender of the colonial charter, dition, abyss.' Charmouth (char'mouth). A v i l l a g e o n t h e the debate in that body over the governor's demand was I n Spenser's 'i Colin coast o f D o r s e t s h i r e , E n g l a n d , 2 m i l e s n o r t h - prolonged beyond daylight, when suddenly the lights C h a r y l l i s ( k a - r i l ' i s ) . e a s t of L y m e R e g i s . It is usually identified with were extinguished, and in the darkness a patriot, Captain Clout 'a C o m e H o m e A g a i n , " a c h a r a c t e r i n t e n d e d f o r L a d y A n n e O o m p t o n , one of t h e six Carrum, the scene of a victory of the Danes over Egbert in "Wadsworth, escaped with the charter and hid it in a hol836. Jithelwulf was defeated here by the Daues in 840 or low oak. There is, however, no contemporary record of d a u g h t e r s of S i r J o h n S p e n s e r of A l t h o r p e . this event. The Charter Oak was overthrown by a storm 842 (?). C h a s d a i b e n I s a a c ben S h a p h r u t (châs-dï' in 185a ben l ' z a k ben shàp-rôt'). A J e w i s h statesman C h a m o c k ( c h a r ' n o k ) , S t e p h e n . Born at L o n - C h a r t i e r (shar-tya')? A l a i n . B o r n at B a y e u x , a n d p h y s i c i a n i n C o r d o v a , S p a i n , 915-970, b o d y d o n , 1628: d i e d a t L o n d o n , J u l y 27, 1680. A n F r a n c e , a b o u t 1392: d i e d a b o u t 1430 or 1433 p h y s i c i a n a n d m i n i s t e r of finance u n d e r t h e E n g l i s h n o n c o n f o r m i s t c l e r g y m a n , a g r a d u a t e ( G a s t o n P a r i s ) . A f a m o u s F r e n c h p o e t a n d c a l i f s A b d - e r - R a h m a n I I I . a n d A l - H a k i m . He was of E m m a n u e l C o l l e g e , C a m b r i d g e : a u t h o r of m a n of l e t t e r s . He wrote " L e quadrilogue ixivec- appointed by them Nasi (prince, head) over the Jews in 4i A T r e a t i s e o n t h e E x c e l l e n c e a n d A t t r i b u t e s tif," "L'Espérance," " L a belle dame sans mercy," and the califate. He was a generous promoter of literatnre, numerous other works. His poetry consists mainly of al- and translated the botanical work of Dioscorides from of G o d , " e t c . legorical and controversial love-poems and moral verse. Latin into Arabic. His correspondence with Joseph, the C h a r n w o o d Forest (chârn'wûd for'est). A He is best known by the story that Margaret of Scotland Jewish king of the Khazar kingdom, near the Caspian f o r e s t i n t h e n o r t h w e s t e r n p a r t of L e i c e s t e r - stooped and kissed his lips while he lay asleep, to the Sea, is ertant. shire, E n g l a n d . astonishment of the attendants, for the poetry and virtuC h a s e (châs), P h i l a n d e r . B o r n a t Cornish, O h a r o l a i s , or C h a r o l l a i s ( s h â - r ô - l â ' ) - A f o r - ous sentiments that had issued from them. N . H . , D e c . 14,1775: d i e d a t R o b i n ' s N e s t , 111., m e r c o u n t y of F r a n c o , i n the d e p a r t m e n t of C h a r t i s t s ( c h â r ' t i s t s ) . A b o d y o f p o l i t i c a l re- S e p t . 20,1852. A n A m e r i c a n m i s s i o n a r y b i s h o p f o r m e r s ( c h i e f l y w o r k i n g - m e n ) t h a t s p r a n g u p of t h e E p i s c o p a l Church, o n e of t h e f o u n d e r s Saône-ot-Loire. i n E n g l a n d a b o u t t h e y e a r 1838. The Chartists ad- of K e n v o n C o l l e g e , Ohio, a n d J u b i l e e C o l l e g e , O h a r o l a i s , C o m t e d e . S e e Charles the Bold. vocated as their leading principles universal suffrage, the C h a r o l l e s ( s h a - r o l ' ) . A t o w n i n t h e d e p a r t - abolition of the property qualification for a seat in Parlia- I l l i n o i s . m e n t of S a ô n e - e t - L o i r e , F r a n c e , i n l a t . 46° ment, aunual parliaments, equal representation, payment Chase, S a l m o n P o r t l a n d . B o r n at Cornish, 26' N . , l o n g . 4 ° 18' E . I t w a s t h e a n c i e n t of members of Parliament, and vote by ballot, all of which N . H . , Jan. 13,1808: died at N e w Y o r k , M a y c a p i t a l of Oharolais. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m - they demanded as constituting the "people's charter." 7, 1873. A n A m e r i c a n s t a t e s m a n a n d j u r i s t , The meriibers of the extreme section of the party, which m u n e , 3,246. favored an appeal to arms or popular risings if the charter n e p h e w of P h i l a n d e r Chase. He was United States Charon (ka'ron). [ G r . Xapuv.-] I n G r e e k m y - could not be obtained by legitimate means, were called senator from Ohio 1849-55 ; governor of Ohio 1856-60 ; t h o l o g y , the f e r r y m a n , a s o n of E r e b u s , w h o "physical-force men." The Chartists disappeared as a secretary of the treasury 1861-04; and chief justice of the Supreme Court 1864-73. t r a n s p o r t e d t h e souls of t h e d e a d ( w h o s e b o d - party after 1849. Also Charterists. Chase, Samuel. Born in Somerset County, i e s h a d b e e n b u r i e d ) o v e r t h e r i v e r s of t h e Charton (shàr-tôn'), E d o u a r d Thomas. Born M a r y l a n d , A p r i l 17, 1741: d i e d J u n e 19, 1811. l o w e r w o r l d . His fee was an obolua or danace, and a t Sens, Y o n n e , F r a n c e , M a y 11, 1807. A this coin was placed for him iu the mouth of the dead F r e n c h a u t h o r . He was elected to the Constituent A n A m e r i c a n j u r i s t , a s i g n e r of t h e D e c l a r a previous to burial. Assembly in 1848, and to the National Assembly at Bor- t i o n of I n d e p e n d e n c e . He was appointed associate C h a r o n d a s ( k a - r o n ' d a s ) . [ G r . Xapuvtiag.] B o r n deaux and Versailles in 1871, and became a senator in justice of the Supreme Court in 1796 ; was impeached for a t C a t a n a , S i c i l y : l i v e d a b o u t 500 B. c . A 1878. He founded the " Magasin Pittoresque " (1833), the misdemeanor 1804 ; and was acquitted 1805. B o r n at F r a n k l i n , S i c i l i a n l a w g i v e r w h o l e g i s l a t e d f o r t h e c i t i e s "Illustration" (1853), and " L e Tour du Monde" (1860). C h a s e , W i l l i a m M e r r i t t . Author oi " L e s voyageurs anciens et modernes"(1855- I n d . , N o v . 1, 1849. A u A m e r i c a n p a i n t e r o f o f C h a l c i d i a n o r i g i n in S i c i l y a n d I t a l y . p o r t r a i t s , still l i f e , a n d l a n d s c a p e s . He was a 1857), etc. Charon's staircase. S e e the e x t r a c t . C h a r t r e s (shartr). T h e c a p i t a l of the d e p a r t - pupil of the schools of the National Academy of New At the middle point of the [Greek] stage, some steps — m e n t of E u r e - e t - L o i r , F r a n c e , on t h e E u r e York. In 1871 he went to St. Louis, where he had some known as "Charon's staircase," because the ghost some- 48 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of P a r i s : t h e a n c i e n t A u - success as a portrait-painter, and in 1872 to Germany, times comes up by them —lead down into what we should t r i c u m , l a t e r C a r n u t u m . It has a large trade in where he studied under Piloty at Munich, returning to call the pit. The Greeks call it the orchestra or dancing- grain, and is famous for its cathedral, one of the great New York in 1878. He is a member of the National place. Jebb, Gr. Lit., p. 7(3. churches of tho world, built in the 12th and 13th centu- Academy, president of the Society of American Artists, ries, and notable for both beauty and solidity. The old- and has been the recipient of many honors at home C h a r r a s ( s h à - r a ' ) , J e a n B a p t i s t e A d o l p h e . est part is the west front, with three admirably sculp- and abroad. B o r n at P f a l z b u r g , L o r r a i n e , J a n . 7,1810 : d i e d tured portals, and south tower and spire considered the C h a s i d i m ( c h â - s ë ' d i m ) , or A s s i d e a n s . [Heb., a t B a s e l , S w i t z e r l a n d , J a n . 23, 1865. A n o t e d finest of their type. The elegant and ornate north spire ' p i o u s ones, p i e t i s t s . ' ] A p a r t y w h i c h a r o s e F r e n c h m i l i t a r y w r i t e r . H i s chief w o r k is a is much later. The great triple porches of the transepts, a m o n g t h e J e w s d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d of t h e M a c c a covered with sculpture, are matchless. The interior is b e a n s t r u g g l e s . Its object was the defense and main" H i s t o i r e d e la c a m p a g n e de 1 8 1 5 " (1857). simple, but of most impressive dignity. Over 160 of the C h a r r i è r e ( s h â - r y â r ' ) , M a d a m e d e S a i n t - H y a - great windows retain their 13th-century glass, forming a tenance of the Jewish law in all its particulars against the encroachments of Greek customs (Hellenism). It is not c i n t h e d e ( I s a b e l l e A g n è s V a n T u y l l ) . B o m display of jeweled color un equaled elsewhere. Other improbable that they were the forerunners of the Essenes. a t U t r e c h t , N e t h e r l a n d s , 1746: d i e d n e a r N e u - remarkable features arc the rose of the west front, and In modem times a similar sect has Bpread among the the series of sculptures of the life of Christ and of the c h â t e l , S w i t z e r l a n d , D e c . 27, 1805. A F r e n c h "Virgin, framed in the richest Flamboyant tracery, which Jews of eastern Europe and the Orient, which is supposed a u t h o r e s s w h o w r o t e under t h e p s e u d o n y m adorns the exterior of the choir-screen. Chartres was the to have originated with a certain Israel Baal Shetn in the 18th century. They strive after a closer communion with A b b é de l a T o u r . H e r chief w o r k s are " L e t - capital of the Carnutes, and a center of Druid worship. It God by means of the Kabbalah ('mysticism^ and the tres n e u f c h â t c l o i s e s " (1784), " C a l i s t e , o u l e t - was the capital of the county and later duchy of Chartres mediation of a rabbi or zaddik ('just man') whom they crowned here king and capital of Beauce. Henry I V . was tres é c r i t e s de L a u s a n n e " (1786). believe to be a special favorite of God, and to be endowed of France in 1594. It was taken by the Germans, Oct., with the power of performing miracles by prayer. C h a r r o n (shà-rôn'), Pierre. B o r n at P a r i s , 1870. Population (1891). commune, 23,108. 1541 : d i e d at P a r i s , N o v . 16, 1603. A n o t e d C h a s l e s (shâl), M i c h e l . Born at Épernon, F r e n c h p h i l o s o p h e r a n d E o m a n C a t h o l i c t h e o - C h a r c r e s , C o u n t y of. A n a n c i e n t d i s t r i c t in E u r e - e t - L o i r , F r a n c e , N o v . 15, 1793: d i e d a t l o g i a n . H i s w o r k s i n c l u d e ' ' T r a i t é des t r o i s n o r t h e r n F r a n c e , c o m p r i s e d i n t h e g o v e r n - P a r i s , D e c . 19,1880. A c e l e b r a t e d F r e n c h g e o m v é r i t é s " (1594), " T r a i t é d e la s a g e s s e " (1601), m e n t of O r l é a n a i s , a n d p a r t l y c o r r e s p o n d i n g eter, p r o f e s s o r a t t h e É c o l e P o l y t e c h n i q u e , a n d t o the department of Eure-et-Loir. C a p i t a l , l a t e r a t t h e S o r b o n n e . He was the author of "Aperçu etc. Chartres. I t was united to Champagne 1125-52, and historique sur l'origine et le développement des méthodes C h a r r u a s ( c h i i - r i j ' a s ) . T h e n a m e u s u a l l y g i v e n was purchased by St. Louis in 1234. It was afterward a en géométrie, etc." (1837), "Traité de géométrie supét o a n u m e r o u s r a c e of I n d i a n s w h o , i n t h e 16th duchy and a royal appanage. rieure" (1852), "Traité des sections coniques" (18G5), c e n t u r y , o c c u p i e d the r e g i o n on b o t h sides of "Rapport sur les progrès de la géométrie "(1870), etc. He the r i v e r U r u g u a y , r a n g i n g t o t h e P a r a n a and C h a r t r e s ( s h a r t r ) , D u c d e ( R o b e r t P h i l i p p e was the victim of a literary forgery (by Irène Lucas) in L o u i s E u g è n e F e r d i n a n d d ' O r l é a n s ) . B o r n t h e southern coast. The Bohanes, Minuanes, Yaroa, 1867, being persuaded of the genuineness of a large numA French prince, and Guenoas were subtribes : but all these names aie a t P a r i s , N o v . 9, 1840. ber of forged letters of Pascal, Dante, Shakspere, and sometimes applied to the whole group. The Charruas y o u n g e r b r o t h e r o f t h e C o m t e de P a r i s , a n d others. On those of Pascal he made a report to the were a dark race, apparently allied to the Chaco tribes. g r a n d s o n of L o u i s P h i l i p p e . He served in the Academy. They were wandering hunters and robbers, very savage Italian army 1859, and on General McClellan's staff 1861Born and treacherous, and waged a destructive war on the 1862. After the revolution of Sept. 4, 1870, he returned C h a s l e s , V i c t o r E u p h é m i o n P h i l a r è t e . Spaniards. Solis, the discoverer of the Plata, was killed incognito to France, served under an assumed name in a t M a i n v i l l i e r s , n e a r Chartres, F r a n c e , O c t . 8, General Chanzy's army, and in 1871, when the National 1798: d i e d at V e n i c e , J u l y 18, 1873. A F r e n c h by them. They fought principally with the bolas or Assembly revoked the law banishing tlie Orléans family, weighted lasso ; later they became skilful horsemen literary critic, novelist, and g e n e r a l w r i t e r . About 1750 they were partly subdued and formed into was appointed major. He became colonel in 1878, and H i s essays h a v e b e e n c o l l e c t e d i n e l e v e n v o l was in command of the 12th Chasseurs, stationed at villages. The modern Gauchos of Uruguay have much u m e s , u n d e r the t i t l e ' ' E t u d e s d e l i t t é r a t u r e Chamia blood, and portions of the race remain in a nearly Rouen, when by the decree of Feb. 24, 1883, he was suspure state. They are much employed as soldiers and pended from the active list: by the law of June 23,1886, c o m p a r é e . " he was expelled from the army. He married Françoise Chassé (shas-sà'), D a v i d H e n d r i k , Baron. herdsmen. Marie Amélie of Orléans, June 11,1S63, and has issue two B o r n at T h i e l , N e t h e r l a n d s , M a r c h 18, 1765: Charter, The Great. S e e Magna Charta. daughters and two sons, Prince Henri Philippe Marie and A Charterhouse (châr'tèr-hous). [ A c o r r u p t i o n Prince Jean Pierre Clément Marie (born at Paris, Sept. 4, d i e d at B r e d a , N e t h e r l a n d s , M a y 2, 1849. of Chartreuse; o r i g . t h e n a m e of a v i l l a g e in 1874). D u t c h g e n e r a l . He was distinguished in the French

Charlottetown (shar'lot-toun). A seaport a n d t h e c a p i t a l of P r i n c e E d w a r d I s l a n d , C a n a d a , i n l a t . 46° 14' N . , l o n g . 63° 7 ' W . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 11,374. C h a r m i a n (char'mi-an). Cleopatra's f a v o r i t e w a i t i n g - w o m a n in S h a k s p e r e ' s " A n t o n y and C l e o p a t r a . " S h e kills h e r s e l f a f t e r C l e o p a t r a ' s death.

Chassé

239

Chaucer, Geoffrey

service in the Peninsular campaign, and in the Dutch ser- Henry II., was issued here in 15f>l. Population (1891), malefactors, but occasionally persons of a better class were confined in it. vice at Waterloo in 1815, and at Antwerp 1830-32. From commune, 6,523. his predilection for attacking with the bayonet, he was Châteaubriant, Comtesse de (Françoise de Châtelet, Le Petit. [F., ' the little fort.'] An nickuamed by the soldiers ''General Bayonet." ancient fortress in Paris, situated on the left

Chasseloup-Laubat (shas-lo' lô-bâ'), François, Marquis de. Born at St. Sornin, Charente-Inférieure, France, Aug. 18,1754: died at Paris, Oct. 10, 1833. A French military engineer, distinguished in the campaigns from 1792-1812. Chasseloup-Laubat, Justin Prudent, Marquis de. Born at Paris, 1802: died at Paris, Dec. 17,1863. A French general and politician, son of François de Chasseloup-Laubat. Chasseloup-Laubat, Justin Napoléon Samuel Prosper, Comte de. Born at Alessandria, Italy, March 29,1805 : died at Versailles, March, 1873. A French politician, son of François de Chasseloup-Laubat, minister of marine and the colonies 1859-67.

Foix). Born about 1490: died at Châteaubriant, France, Oct. 16,1537. A mistress of Fran- bank of the Seine, near the Hôtel-Dieu, used for a prison. It was destroyed in 1782. cis I., kiûg of France. Châtelet, Marquise du._ See Du Châtelet. Château-Chinon (shâ-tô'shë-nôn')- A town in Châtellerault (shâ-tel-rô'). A town in the dethe department of Nièvre, France, 20 miles partment of Vienne, France, situated on the west-northwest of Autun. Vienne 19 miles northeast of Poitiers : the Château de Meillant (shà-tò' dè mâ-yon'). A medieval Castrum H e r a l d i . it is noted for its castle at St. Amand Montrond, France, now a

it is of very ancient manufactures of cutlery and firearms. Population (1891), foundation, bat received its present great development in commune, 22,522. the florid Pointed style at tlie end of the 15th and the he- Chatham (chat'am). A town in Kent, Engginning of the 16th century. It resembles the Maison de land, adjoining Rochester on the Medway, 25 Jacques Cœur at Bourges in its many towers, its high miles east-southeast of London, it is one of the roofs and dormers, and its most picturesque and ornate chief military stations and naval arsenals in England, and court. The interior is richly fitted out and dccorated in is strongly fortified (by the "Chatham Lines "). Its royal the style of the architecture. dockyard (founded by Queen Elizabeth) contains extenChâteaudun (sha-tô-dun'). A town in the de- sive docks, wharves, mills, etc. I t contains also extensive partment of Eure-et-Loir, France, situated on barracks for infantry, artillery, and engineers. I t was Chassepot (slias-po'), Antoine Alphonse. the Loir 30 miles west-northwest of Orléans: attacked by the Dutch fleet under De Ruyter in 1667. Born at Mutzig, Alsace, May 4,1833. A French the R o m a n Castrodunum. It contains a castle of the Population (1891), 31,711. mechanic, inventor of the Chassepot rifle, former counts of Dunois, I t was stormed and burned by Chatham. A town in Kent County, Ontario, the Germans in 1870. Population (1891), commune, 7,147. Canada, situated on the Thames 45 miles eastseat of the Duc de Mortcmart.

adopted for the French army in 1868. Chasta Costa (cha/sta kôs'ta). A tribe of the Château Gaillard (sha-tô' ga-yàr'). A cele- northeast of Detroit. Population (1891), 9,052. Pacific division of the Athapascan stock of brated ruin near Les Andelys, Eure, France, Chatham, E a r l of. See Pitt. North. A m e r i c a n Indians. They formerly lived in on a cliff 300 feet above the Seine. It was built Chatham Islands. A group of islands in the in 1197 by Richard Cœur de Lion, and was taken by Philip Pacific Ocean, about lat. 44° S., long. 176° W., about 86 villages along the upper Rogue River, Oregon, Augustus of France in 1204. The castle proper represents connected politically with New Zealand. The and are now on the Siletz reservation, Oregon. Their dialect differs but slightly from that of the Tutu and other tribes on the lower Rogue River. See Athapascan,

in plan a circle of waved outline, of very massive masonry. Outside rise flanking towers, and on the river side of the circle stands the huge cylindrical donjon, with walls 15 feet thick.

Chaste Maid in Cheapside, A . A play by Middleton, acted about Dec. 25, 1612 (Fleay), Château-G-ontier (sha-tô'gôn-tyâ'). A town in the department of Mayenne. France, situated printed in 1630. on the Mayenne in lat. 47° 50' N., long. 0° 42' C h a s t e l , J e a n . See Châtel, Jean. Chastelain (shât-lan'), or Chastellain, W . It was the scene of a Vendean victory, Oct. Georges. Born near Alost, Flanders, about 27, 1793. Population (1891), commune, 7,281. 1405: died at Valenciennes (?), Feb. or March, Châteauguay (sha-tô-gà'), Sieur de. See LcAntoine. 1475. A Flemish chronicler and poet, author moynet of "Chronique des ducs de Burgoyne," etc. Châteaulin (sha-tô-lan'). A town in the deHis collected works were edited by Kervyn de partment of Finistère, France, 14 miles north of Quimper, on the Aune. Population (1891), Lettenhove, 1863-66. Chastelard (shat-lar'), Pierre deBoscosel de. commune, 3,677. Born in Dauphiné, France, about 1540: exe- Châteaurenault (shâ-tô-rè-nô' ). A town in the cuted at the Tolbooth, Edinburgh, 1563. A department of Indre-et-Loire, France, 19 miles French poet at the court of Francis II. and northeast of Tours. Population (1891), comMary Queen of Scots, a descendant of the mune, 4,397. Chevalier Bayard. He was a page in the household of the constable Montmorency, and afterward in that of Châteauroux (shâ-tô-rô'). The capital of the Marshal Damville. When Mary went to Scotland alter department of Indre, France, situated on the the death of her husbaud, in 1561, Chastelard followed Indre in lat. 46° 50' N., long. 1° 42' E. it has

chief islands are Chatham, or Wairikaori, and Pitt. They were discovered by Lieutenant Broughton in the English ship Chatham in 1791. Area, 375 square miles. Population, about 400.

Chatillon(shâ-të-yôn'). In Shakspere's "'King John," an ambassador from France. Châtillon-SUr-Seine (sha-të-yôn'siir-sân'). A town in the department of Côte-d'Or, France, situated on the Seine 44 miles northwest of D i j o n . I t was an important town in the middle ages. I t was the birthplace of Marmont, Population (1891), commune, 5,127.

Châtillon-sur-Seine, Congress or Conference of. An unsuccessful conference of the Allies,

F e b . 5 - M a r c h , 1814. The Allies offered Napoleon, through his envoy, Caulaineourt, the possession of France with the boundaries of 1791. The negotiations came to nothing in consequence of the attitude of Napoleon.

Chatimacha. See CMtimachan. Chat MûSS (chat môs). A peat bog in Lancashire, England, between Manchester and Liver-

p o o l . A railway was built across it by George Stephenson, 1828-30. Area, about 6,000 acres. her in the train of Damville who escorted her. He was manufactures of coarse cloth, woolen goods, etc. I t con- Chatrian (sha-tre-yon'), Alexandre. See Erckviolently in love with her, and she amused herself with tains the Church of St. Andrew. Population (1891), com- mann-Chatrian. him and his amorous verses. He went back to France, mune, 23,924. Chatsworth (chats'wèrth). The seat of tho but returned in 1563. His love for her was not without Châteauroux, Duchesse de (Marie Anne de Duke of Devonshire, situated on the Derwent encouragement. He was twice discovered in her bed- Mailly, Marquise de la Tournelle). Born Oct., about ^ miles northeast of Bakewell, Derbychamber ; she pardoned him the first oifense, but for the 1717: died at Paris, Dec. 8, 1744. A mistress shire, E n g l a n d . This imposing Renaissance palace, second sacrificed him mercilessly to public opinion, and 500 feet long, was begun in 1688. The interior is lavishly of Louis XV., 1742-44. he was taken to the Tolbooth and hung. adorned with painting and sculpture, and contains a splenChâteau-Thierry (shà-tô'tyâr-rë'). [ L . Cas- did collection of drawings by the old masters, some fine Chastelard. A tragedy by Swinburne,published iruiH Theodorici.~\ A t o w n i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t old and modern paintings, a Venus by Thorwaldsen, and in 1865. of Aisne, Franco, situated on the Marne 50 Canova's Napoleon, Madame Létitia, and Endymion. The Chasteler (shat-la'), Jean Gabriel Joseph m i l e s east b y n o r t h of P a r i s . In 1566 it was raised formal gardens are famous. They contain elaborate founAlbert, Marquis du. Born at Malbais, near to a duchy by Charles IX. I t contains a ruined castle, tains and fine conservatories. Mons, Belgium, Jan. 22, 1763: died at Venice, built by Charles Martel (?). I t was the birthplace of La Chattahoochee (chat-a-hô'chë). A river in May 7, 1825. An Austrian general, distin- Fontaine. Here, .Feb. 12,1814, Napoleon defeated the Rus- Georgia which forms part of its western bounguished at Wattignies 1793, in Italy 1799, and sians and Prussians. Population (1891), commune, 6,863. dary, and unites with the Flint to form the

in the Tyrol 1800, 1805, and 1809. Châtel (shâ-tel'), Ferdinand Toussaint Fran- Appalaehicola at the southwestern extremity Chastellain. See Chastelain. cois. Born at Gannat, Allier, France, Jan. 9, of the State. Length, over 500 miles. It is Chastellux (shiit-lu'), François Jean, Mar- 1795: died at Paris, Feb. 13, 1857. A French navigable to Columbus (over 200 miles). The capital of quis de. Born at Paris, 1734 : died at Paris, religious reformer. He wrote "Profession de Chattanooga (chat-a-no'ga). Oct. 28, 1788. A French general and author. foi de l'église catholique française" (1831), etc. Hamilton County, Tennessee, situated on the He served in the Seven Years' and American Revolutionary Châtel, or Chastel (shâ-tel'), Jean. Born Tennossee River in lat. 35° 4' N., long. 85° wars. His chief works are " D e la félicité publique" about 1575: executed at Paris, Dec. 29, 1594. 19' W . It is an important railway and commercial center, with trade in lumber and grain, and manufactures (1772), "Voyages dans l'Amérique Septentrionale " (1786). A French fanatic who attempted to assassinate of iron, steel, machinery, cotton, etc. It was a strategic Chat, Nation de. See Erie. Henry IV., Dec. 27, 1594. point in the Civil War. Population (1890), 29,100. Châteaubriand (shà-tô-brë-où'), François Chatelain (shat-lan'), Heli. Born at Morat, René Auguste, Vicomte de. Bornât St. Malo, Switzerland, 1859. A Swiss-American African- Chattanooga, Battle of. A series of engageFrance, Sept. 14,1768 : died at Paris, July 4, ments near Chattanooga, Nov. 23-25,1863. The 1848. A celebrated French author and states- ist. He came to the United StateB in 1883, and went to TederalB (about 60,000) under Grant defeated the Con-

m a n . He entered the army in 1786 ; traveled in America Angola in 1884 as missionary linguist. He became phi- federates (40,000-60,000) under Bragg. Loss of Federals, 1791-92 ; served in the royalist army at Thiouville in Sep- lologist of a United States scientific expedition to West 5,616 ; of Confederates, 8,684 (6,142 prisoners). See further tember, 1792 ; and subsequently emigrated to England, Africa in 1889, and United States commercial agent in 1891. where in 1797 he published " Essai historique, politique He has published "Grammatica do Kimbundu" (1889), under Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. et moral sur les révolutions anciennes et modernes, etc." "Grundziige des Kimbundu" (1890), "Folk-tales of An- Chatterton (chat'èr-ton). Thomas, Born at gola " (1894), etc. Bristol, England, Nov. 20, 1752: committed He returned to France iu 1800, and, having been converted by the death of his mother from infidelity to the ltoman Châtelain de Coucy et de la dame de Fayel, suicide at London, Aug. 25, 1770. An English Catholic faith, published in 1802 a brilliant eulogy of Histoire du. A French romance, of which the poet, famous for his precocity and for his literary impostures. S e e Rowley Poems. Christianity, entitled " L e génie du christianisme." In personages were real, written about the begin- Chatti (kat'ï), or Catti (kat'i). [L. (Tacitus) 1803 he was appointed by Napoleon Bonaparte secretary of legation at Rome, and in Nov. of the same year ning of the 13th century. It was published with Chatti, Gr. ( S t r a b o ) Xarroi.] A German tribe, a minister to the republic of Valais, a poBt which he re- a modern version in 1829 by M. Crapelet. See branch of the Suevi, first mentioned by Strabo. They originally occupied the 'l'aunus region north of the signed on the execution of the Duke of Enghien in 1804. In Coucy. 1814 he supported the Bourbons in a pamphlet entitled " De Main, but were assigned by Drusus to the old tenitory of Buonaparte et des Bourbons." ne was created a peer of Châtèlet (shât-lâ'), Le Grand. [F., < the great the Sugambri further northward, back from the Rhine, in France in 1815, was ambassador at london in 1822, and fort.'] An ancient fortress in Paris, situated the region about the Fulda and the middle Weser, They was minister of foreign affairs 1823-24. Besides those on the right bank of the Seine, on the present took part in the rising under Civilis, and were afterward, already mentioned, his chief works are " A t a l a " (1801), Place du Châtelet, used for a prison and for down into the 3d century, in frequent conflict with the "René " (1802), "Les martyrs" (1809), "Itinéraire de Paris courts of justice until 1802, when it was de- Romans. They were one of the most powerful of the à Jérusalem " (1811). "LeuNatchez" (1826), " L e s aventures s t r o y e d . Its origin is very obscure. I t was at first German inland tribes. Two minor tribes of the Chatti, du dernier des Âbencerages" (1820), and "Mémoires simply a tower commanding the northern approach to the the Batavi and the Canninefates, were ultimately merged d'outre-tombe " (1849-50). city. There was probably a wooden tower here as early as in the Salic Franks. Those left behind in the old territory 885. The earliest mention is in a charter of Louis le became, finally, the Hessians, a name which appeals early Châteaubriant (shà-tô-brë-on'). A town in Jeune in 1147. The Châtelet was the city prison of Paris in the 8th century. the department of Loire-Inférieure, France, on in the medieval and Renaissance periods, and was one of the Chère 35 miles north-north east of Nantes. the most terrible prisons of the Old World. The prisoners Chancer (châ'sêr), Geoffrey. [ME. Chaucer, lit. ' Shoemaker,' f r o m O F . chancier, M L . calcearius, It has a castle. An edict against the Protestants, by were generally of the more or less helpless class of city

240 Chancer, Geoffrey calciarius, a shoemaker, from L. calceus, calcius, place in the department of Cantal, France, lat. a shoe.] Born at London about 1340: died at 44° 50' N., long. 3° E. : the Roman Calentes London, Oct. 25, 1400. A celebrated English Aquœ. It is noted for its hot springs. p o e t . H e was t h e son of a well-to-do London v i n t n e r , J o h n Chaudière (sh5-dyâr'). [F., ' caldron/] A river Chaucer. H e waa liberally educated, b u t t h e r e is no certain evidence t h a t he was a s t u d e n t at e i t h e r Oxford or in Quebec, Canada, which joins the St. Lawrence Cambridge. I n t h e year 1357 he is twice m e n t i o n e d as 7 miles above Quebec. Length, about 120 miles. b e i n g in t h e service of P r i n c e Lionel, t h e second son of Chaudière Falls, 1. A cataract in the ChauE d w a r d I I I . I n 1359 he was with t h e king's a r m y in Brit- dière River, near its mouth. Height, about 100 tany, w h e r e he was t a k e n prisoner. According to his own feet.—2. A cataract in the Ottawa River, near s t a t e m e n t , in 1386, he bore arms for twenty-seven years. I n 1367 he is described as a valet of t h e king's household Ottawa. Height, about 40 feet. ( l I d i l e c t u s v a l e t t u s noster "). A b o u t this t i m e i t is t h o u g h t Chaudière Lake. An expanson of the Ottawa t h a t he m a r r i e d P h i l i p p a Roet, t h e eldest d a u g h t e r of Sir River, on which Ottawa is situated. Payne Roet, t h e k i n g a t a r m s f o r Guienne, a n d a native of Chauffeurs (shô-fèr'), or G a r r o t t e u r s (ga-rôH a i n a u l t , who c a m e t o E n g l a n d in t h e t r a i n of Queen Phi- tèr'). [F., 'burners 7 or 'garrotera.'] A band l i p p a probably in 1328. (Morley.) By 1374 Chaucer h a d been of French brigands, organized under the leaderraised to a higher rank, s e n t on royal embassies to Italy, etc., a n d called " E s q u i r e " inofficial records. H e w a s also ship of Johann Bückler, surnamed "Schinderm a d e comptroller of t h e customs of wools, skins, a n d t a n n e d hannes," which during the Reign of Terror inhides in London, a n d received other g r a n t s , missions, a n d fested the forests of Argères, near Chartres, and pensions. J o h n of Gaunt, t h e younger b r o t h e r of P r i n c e which was dispersed by the consulate in 1803 : Lionel, became t h e p a t r o n of C h a u c e r : in 1396 m a r r i e d so called from the practice of garroting their for his t h i r d wife Catherine Swinford, a widow, w h o h a d been his mistress, and who was t h e sister of Chaucer's wife. victims, or of burning (chauffer) their feet to 1'rom 1374 to 1386 Chaucer lived in t h e Gate-house of Aid- make them reveal their treasures. gate. I n 1378 he was sent again to I t a l y , a f t e r w h i c h h e w a s Chauliac (shô-lyak'), or Cauliac (kô-lyak'), a p p a r e n t l y closely confiued by his business to London till or Chaulieu (sho-lyè'), Qui de. Lived in the 1385, when he was allowed to have a d e p u t y in t h e office of second half of the 14th century. A French comptroller of c u s t o m s of wool, etc. Iri 1386 he was elected surgeon, physician at Lyons and later at Avik n i g h t of t h e shire for K e n t , b u t was dismissed f r o m all his various offices and became poor before t h e end of t h e year. By 1399, however, he had, t h r o u g h t h e p a t r o n a g e of H e n r y IV., t h e recently crowned son of J o h n of Gaunt, a sufficient income, and took a fifty-three years' lease of a house on t h e spot in W e s t m i n s t e r w h e r e H e n r y V I I . ' s chapel now Btands: here, however, ke lived less t h a n a year. A m o n g his w o r k s are — G e n u i n e works before 1380: " T r o i l u s a n d Cressida," " T h e Translation of Boët h i u s on t h e Consolation of Philosophy," " T h e Dream of C h a u c e r " (about 1369), " T h e Assembly of I'owls," "Of Queen Anelida a n d False Arcite," " T h e H o u s e of F a m e , " " C h a u c e r ' s A. B. C.j called La Prière de nostre Dame."— Genuine works a f t e r 1380 : " T h e C a n t e r b u r y Tales," ' ' T h e Legend of Good W o m e n , " " T h e Conclusions of t h e Astrolabe," " T h e Complaint of Mars," " G o o d Counsel of Chaucer," "Lenvoye to Scogan," " C h a u c e r u n t o his E m p t y P u r s e , " " C h a u c e r ' s W o r d s u n t o his own Scrivener."— G e n u i n e works,dates u n k n o w n : " T h e Complaint of Mars," " The Complaint of V e n u s " (a t r a n s l a t i o n — Skeat), " T h e F o r m e r Age," " How Pity is l)ead a n d Buried in a Gentle H e a r t . " — D o u b t f u l works : " T h e R o m a u n t of t h e Rose," "Orison t o t h e Holy Virgin," " A n Amorous Complaint." —Spurious works : "A Goodly Ballade of Chaucer," " T h e Flower of Courtesy, w i t h a Ballade," " L a Belle Dame sans Mercy, ' " T h e Assembly of Ladies," " A Praise of W o m e n , " " T h e T e s t a m e n t of Love," " T h e l a m e n t a t i o n of Mary Magdalen," " T h e R e m e d y of Love," " A Ballade in Comm e n d a t i o n of o u r Lady," " T h e Plowman's Tale," " B a l a d e de bon Consail," " A g a i n s t Women U n c o n s t a n t , " " T h e C r a f t of Lovers, a Ballade," " T h e Ten CommandmcntB of Love," " T h e Nine Ladies W o r t h y , " " A l o n e Walking," " J a c k e Upland," " T h e Tale of Gamelin," " T h e Prologue, or t h e M e n y A d v e n t u r e s of t h e P a r d o n e r a n d T a p s t e r at t h e I n n at Canterbury," " T h e M e r c h a n t ' s Second Tale, or t h e History of Beryn," " T h e Testament a n d Complaint of Cressida" (by R o b e r t Henryson, about 1490), " T h e Comp l a i n t of t h e Black K n i g h t " (by Lydgate, first half of the 15th century), " The Cuckoo and t h e N i g h t i n g a l e " (about 1400, perhaps, b u t uncertain), " T h e L e t t e r of C u p i d " (by Occleve, 1402), " T h e Court of L o v e " (about 1500), " C h a u cer's Dream," " T h e I s l e of L a d i e s " (about 1450), a n d " T h e Flower a n d t h e L e a f " (about 1420). Loumbury.

Cheapside w a n g o Creek, e m p t i e s into Alleghany River. miles. H e i g h t above sea-level, 1,290 f e e t .

Length, 18

Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle.

An association for the purpose of promoting home reading and study, founded in 1878 by Bishop John H.Vincent of the Methodist Episcopal Church. It was an outgrowth of the Chautauqua summer assemblies. Its organ is " The Chautauquan."

Chauveau (shô-vô'), Pierre Joseph Olivier.

Born at Quebec, May 30,1820 : died there, April 4, 1890. A Canadian politician and man of letters, premier of Quebec 1867-73. He is the author of a novel, "Charles Guerin" (1853), etc. Chauveau-Lagarde (shô-vô'la-gârd'), Claude François de. Born at Chartres, France, Jan. 21,1756 : died at Paris, Feb. 28,1841. A French advocate, noted as the defender of Miranda, Marie Antoinette, Charlotte Corday, and Brissot. Chauvenet (shô-ve-nâ'), W i l l i a m . Born at Milford, Pa., May'24, 1819: died at St. Paul, Minn., Dec. 13,1870. An American mathematician, professor in the United States Naval Academy 1845-59. g n o n . H e w r o t e a n o t e d treatise on surgery, long an Chaux-de-Fonds (sho-de-fon'X La. A town in authority, " I n v e n t o r i u m , sive collectorium p a r t i s chirur- the canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland, situated gicalis medicinœ " (published 1489 or 1490). H e h a s l e f t in a vaHey of the Jura 10 miles northwest of a description of t h e g r e a t p l a g u e of 1348. Neuchâtel. It has manufactures of watches and clocks. Population (1888), 25,835. Chaulieu (shô-lyé'), Guillaume A m f r y e de. Chavantes (shâ-vân'tes). An Indian tribe of Born at Fontenay, Eure, France, 1639: died Brazil, occupying most of the northern part of at Paris, June 27, 1720. A French poet and the state of G-oyaz, between the rivers Tocanecclesiastic, a member of the libertine society t i n s a n d A r a g u a y a . They were formerly very powof the Temple (and called the "Anacreon of erful, a n d are still numerous, having several large vilt h e T e m p l e ' ' ) . H e w a s the a u t h o r of l i g h t verses of an occasional character. His work is closcly associated w i t h t h a t of t h e Marquis d e la Fare.

lages. Very savage a n d warlike, t h e y have only recently a d m i t t e d some intercourse w i t h t h e whites : for years t h e y were t h e terror of t h e n e i g h b o r i n g s e t t l e m e n t s and of travelers. These I n d i a n s are generally classed w i t h t h e Crens or Botocudo stock, believed to be t h e m o s t ancient in Brazil.

Chaumette(siiô-met')j Pierre Gaspard. Born at Nevers, France, May 24, 1763: guillotined at Paris, April 13, 1794. A French revolutionist, appointed attorney of the commune of Paris in 1792. Chaumière (shô-myâr') Indienne, La. [F., 4 The Indian Cottage.'] A philosophical tale by Bernardin de_St._Pierre (1791). Chaumonot (shô-mô-nô')> Pierre Marie Joseph. Born near Châtillon-sur-Seine, France, 1611: died at Lorette, near Quebec, Canada, Feb. 21, 1693. A French Jesuit missionary among the Indians of Canada. He arrived at Que-

Chaves (sha/ves). A town in the province of Traz-os-Montes, Portugal, in lat. 41° 45' N., long. 7° 33' W. : the Roman Aquxe Flaviœ. It containshot saline springs. Population (1878), 6,524. Chaves (châ'ves), Francisco de. A Spanish knight who weut to America and was with Pizarro in the conquest of Peru (1532-33). He was

bec 1639, and resided among t h e H u r o n s u n t i l t h e y were dispersed by t h e Iroquois about 1 P- 2 0 "

Chevalier de MaiS0n-R0Uge (she-va-lya' de ma-zoh'rozh')> L e .

[F., ' T h e K n i g h t of t h e

ground." This version is in a manuscript in the Ashmolean Collection at Oxford. I t was printed by Thomas Hearne, in the year 1719, in his preface to an edition of William of Newbury's "Chronicle." Its date seems to be about 1500, and if not the original, it is much nearer to the original than the version given in Percy's "Reliques." — Note.) The battle of Ottcrburn is an incident minutely described by Froissart, but there is no record whatever of any similar battle that arose out of a Hunting on the Cheviots. Morley, English Writers, VI. 233.

Cheyenne (shl-en').

[PI., also Cheyenne,s': from 4 n i a n ^ r d meaning' 'enemies.'] A tribe of North American Indians that claim lands watered by the north and south forks of the a

P l a t t e "River. About 1800 they lived in the Black Hills and on the Cheyenne River of Dakota. They are divided into Northern or Upper Cheyennes, now on the Tongue River reservation in eastern Montana, and Southern Cheyennes, at the Cheyenne and.Arapaho agency, Indian Territory. Others are at Pine Ridge agency, South Dakota, and altogether thoy number 3,026. See Alyonqulan.

Cheyenne, or Sheyenne, or Shyenne. A river in North Dakota which joins the Red Elver of the North 12 miles north of Fargo. Length, » W 350 miles. I l h QTfan n a ' 'ha capital of Wyoming, situated Cheyenne. The siti in lat. 41° 7' N., long. 104° 50' W. it is a portant station on the Union Pacific and other railroads, and the headquarters of large cattle companies. Its elevation above sea-level is 6,000 feet. Population (1890), 11,690.

Cheyne (elian), George. Born at Methlick, Aberdeenshire, 1671: died at Bath, April 13, 1743. A noted British physician. lie wrote " A Hew Theory of Fevers " (1702), "Observations on the G o u t " (1720), ''The English Malady, Hypochondria" (1733),'etc. He began and earned on the practice of his profession in London.

Red House.'] A historical novel by Alexandre Chézy (shà-zè'), Antoine Léonard de. Bojn Dumas, published in 1846. France, atf Pans, Chevalier de Saint George (she-va-lya' de at Neuillv, • Jan. , .15,1773 :. died .. . Q1 . 0 M . A title assumed by James Stuart, 31, 1832. A noted French Orientalist, s a n Z horzh). old Pre-tpniW author of various translations from Persian the Old Pretender. surrounding district, thus sundering the Cymryof Strath- Chevalier d'Harmental (she-va'lya dar-mon- and Sanskrit, etc. clyde from those of Wales. A thousand Cymric monks, tal')i Le, A romance by Alexandre Dumas, Chezy, Mme. de (Wilhelmine Christiane von who prayed on the field of battle for their countrymen, p u b l i s h e d i n 1 8 4 3 . He wrote in collaboration with Klencke). Born at Berlin, Jan. 26, 1783: died were killed by the order of iEthelfrith. Maquet, and these two authors produced a play near Geneva, 1856. A German poet and novChester, Joseph Lemuel. Born at Norwich, Auguste 1840 with the same title. D'Harmental is the type of elist, wife of A. L. do Chczy, and granddaughConn., April 30, 1821: died at London, May 26, in exaggerated honor. 1882. A noted American genealogist, resident 0 h e v e r e l ( s hev'e-rel) ? Sir Christopher and ter of Karschin. T w o o f t h e p r i n c i p a l c h a r a c t e r s i n Ch£zy, Wilhelrn von. Born at Paris, March i n E n g l a n d a f t e r 18o8. He engaged in various occu- L a < j y . J \ p,. pations (teacher, clerk, commissioner of deeds, journal,, , u A x ~ o+^^tt « 21, 1806: died at Vienna, March 14, 1865. A ist), and was aide-de-camp with the rank of ¿olonel to G e o r g e L l i o t ' s n o v e l " M r . G i l f i l ' s L o v e - S t o r y , German novelist and general writer, son of the governor of Pennsylvania (1855-58). His gcnealogi- C h e v e r U S ( s h e v ' e - r u s ; F . p r o n . s h e - v r u s ' ) , J e a n A. L. de ChSzy. cal work was begun in England, " y e t when he died he Louis Anne Madeleine Lefebvre de. Born had no superior as a genealogist among English-speaking at Mayenne, France, Jan. 28, 1768: died at Chhandogya (chan-do'gya). In Sanskrit literature, an Upanishad(which see) of the Samaveda. people" (Diet, A7 at. Ring.). He compiled the "Matriculations at the University of Oxford," " T h e Marriage, Bap- Bordeaux, France, July 19, 1836. A French The name means literally ' relating to the chhandogas' tismal, and Burial Registers of the Abbey of St. Peter, prelate, first Roman Catholic bishop of Boston, (meter-singers), chanters of the Saniaveda, and so (as noun) Mass., 1808, archbishop of Bordeaux 1827, and their doctrine. Its object is to explain the various mean"Westminster" (1876), etc. ings which the sacred syllable Om (which see) may asChesterfield (ches'ter-feld). A manufacturing sume in the mind of the devotee till at last the highest is town in Derbyshire, England, situated on the Cheves(chëvz),Langdon. Born at Rocky Ki ver, rcâched, vil" Brahman\he Absolute! rivers liother and Hipper 11 miles south of s. C., Sept 17, 1776: died at Columbia, S. C., Chhatisgarh (chut-tës-gar')- A division of bhetheld. Population (Ibyi), 1-V4J. j u n e 25,185/. An American politician. He en- the Central Provinces, British India, situated Chesterfield, Earl of. bee btannope. teredthe House of Representatives in 1811, was speaker about lat. 20°-23° N.? long. - - - - - - E. J. 81°-83° Area, Chesterfield Inlet. An arm of Hudson Bay 1814-15, and was president of the National Bank 1819-22. 24.204 square miles. Population (1881), 3,115,in British America, about lat. 64° N., long. 91°- Cheveux Relevés. See Ottawa. 997. 97° W. Length, 200 miles. Greatest breadth, Cheviot Hills (chev'i-ot, or chiv'i-ot. hilz). A about 25 miles. mountain-range in Northumberland, England, Chiabrera (ke-a-bra'ra), G-abriello. Born at Savona, Italy, June 8, 1552: died at Savona, Chester-le-Street (ches'tèr-le-strët). A town and in Roxburghshire, Scotland. The highest Oct. 14, 1637. An Italian lyric poet. in Durham, England, 6 miles north of D u r h a m : peak is Cheviot Hill (2,845 feet). Length, 35 miles. These Chiaja (ke-a'ya), La. [It. cliiaja, a dial. form,= a r e the Roman Condercum, and later Cnneceastre. celebrated in history and romance C a s t e r P l a y s The. A - collection of mys- Cheyrenl (she-vrel' , Michel Eugène Born Sicilian chiazza for piazza, place, plaza.] A f a r Î A ^ f nm.rl PH .Tnm, " s e r m t u r a l s u b i e c t « " a t A n g e r s , F r a n c o , A u g . 3 1 , 1 7 8 6 : d i e d a t P a r i s , fashionable drive in modern Naples, extending about a mile along the coast between the open teries l o u n d e d iipon bcripturai suDjeccs, celebrated French chemist, n Q l g g 9 formerly r e p r e s e n t e d b y the gilds of Chester H|Jwas c^lcmist a t t h e G o b c I i l l s f a c t o r y 1824^9f a i ) d p r o . Villa Nazionale (a public park) and hotels and a t W h i t s u n t i d e . They were twenty-four in number, fessor at the Museum of Natural History 1830-83. His other handsome buildings on the other side. It and were played during three days. scientific works are numerous and important. begins at the Largo Vittoria. Its full name is According to the proclamation for the holding of these C h e v r e u s e ( s h e - v r i i z ' ) , D u c h e s s e d e ( M a r i e ^ ^ T ï î v i I ™ XCÏ^hÎ* i m plavs made in the year lo33, they were devised " o f old time by one Sir Henry Francis, some time monk of this monastery dissolved," . . . "which plays were (in the 14th century) devised to the honor of God by John Am. wav . . . to be brought forth, declared and played," etc. . . . A note, written in a later hand, adds to the MS. copy of this proclamation written at the end of the sixteenth century, that Sir John Ai •tiway was mayor of Chester in 1327-8, at which time these plays were written by Randal Higffenct. a monk of Chester Abbey, and played openly in Whitsun week. Eandal Iliggenet is one of the corrnptions of the name of Ttandulph or Ralph Higden, author of the " Polychvonicon." . . . There are several MSS. of the Chester Mysteries, none early. A MS. belonging

to the Duke of Devonshire is dated 1581._A MS. once

possessed by Mr. Heber was dated 1592. The two MSS. in the British Museum are dated 1600 and 1607; that at Oxford is dated 1604. A specimen of these Chester Mysteries was printed in 1818 by Mr. llarkland for the members of the Roxburghe Club, and in 1831 these and other Mysteries, then unpublished, were described by Mr. Collier in his " History of Dramatic Literature " ; but the only complete publication of them has been that made for the Shakespeare Society in 1843, when they were edited by Mr. Thomas Wright. Morley, English Writers, IV. 79-86.

Chestes. See Sastean. Chetco (chet'ko). A tribe of the Pacific division of the Athapascan stock of North Amer-

ican Indians. They formerly lived in nine villages along Chetco River and a tributary in Oregon, and are now on the Silctz reservation, Oregon. See Athapascan.

Chetemacha.

See Chitimachan.

•Rnhanï B o r n DpC 1 6 0 0 * d i e d a t (i-acrnv Air.J . m T, n -KOnan;. i i o r n i^ec., ibuu. a r e a a t t r a g n y ( J h i a n a ( k e - à ' n â ) . A river m Tuscany, Italy, n e a r f a n s , A u g . 1 - , l b / y . A -t r e n c f t p o l i t i c a l jt partiv c o l l ( j u c t o d by engineering works intriguer. She was the daughter of Hercule de Rohan, A r n 0 -nartlv i n t o t h e T i b e r duc de Montbazon, and was the wife first of Charles . . j ' . 1 n u" 1 1 1 c 1 n TT d'Albert, duc de Luynes, and, after his death, of the l)uc Oniana, Vai Cll. l i r e l e \ e l a n d t r u i t t u l v a l l e y de Chevreuse. She was one of the most formidable ene- o f t h e C h i a n a , n e a r Chiufii. mics at court of Cardinal .Richelieu, by whom she was, C h i a n t i ( k e - a n ' t e ) . A mountain group near however, eventually forced to leave France. Onthedeath q^ T+Qi-.r r+ a-ivo« n q >r-i a t n /--nlohfntPil »lena, iiaiy. IT g i \ e s n a m e 10 C t i t u i c u e u 0 f Louis X I I I . she returned, but was coldly received by the queen regent, Anne of Austria. Having acted in "Wines. concert with Cardinal de Retz against Mazaiir^ slic was a Chiapa, Bishop of. The title of Bartolome de second time sent into exile. las Casas, 1544-47. I t i s o f t e n u s e d in s p e a k i n g OheVY Chase (chev'i chas). A famous old 0 f \,\m a e

E n g l i s h b a U a d w hich

recounts the incidents of ChiapaneCS (che-a-pa-neks'), or ChapaneCS the battle of Otterburn, though not with the (eha-pa-neks'), or Chap as (cha'pas). [Probaexactness of the Scotch ballad " T h e Battle of -•• • name for - the red macaw, bly from chapa, their Otterburn," which is historical. The name is which was the totem or emblem of the tribe.] A race of Indians formerly powerful in that variously explained. part of southern Mexico which now forms the

In the warfare against English settlements in France s t a t e o f C h i a p a s . They had considerable and wellsuch a raid was called by the French allies of Scotland a built towns, practised agriculture, had made some adchevauchée, and, by a common process, that name was vances in mechanic arts, and understood picture-writing. corrupted into Chevy Chase. I t lives yet among school- The Chiapanecs were never conquered by the Aztecs, but boys as a "chivy." 'Now, since there are in Northumber- were easily reduced by the Spaniards. Remains of the land Cheviot Hills as well as an Ottcrburn, Chevy Chase was interpreted into the Hunting of the Cheviot. The tribe exist in central Chiapas, and still speak their own old ballad of the " B a t t l e of Otterburn," or "Chevy language. The Mangnes of Nicaragua and the (iuetares Chase "— the battle of the chevauchée which was its cause of Costa Rica seem to be ancient offshoots of this race. was therefore recast as, The Hunting of the Cheviot, ( J ^ i a p a s ( e h e - a ' p a s ) . The southeasternmost always with some confused sense of identity between one -f f ¥ • Ivincr b p t w p p n T a b a s c o o n t h e incident and the other. [In the oldest extant version of s t a ™ Ol M e x i c o , i \ m g u e r w e e n i d u d f e c o o n u i e "Chevy Chase," the name means " t h e Cheviot hunting- n o r t h , G u a t e m a l a o n t h e e a s t , t h e b u l l o r l e -

Chiapas

244

Child, Mrs.

huantepec on the south, and Vera Cruz and

known since the conquest, and have been studied in mod- of Cadiz, Spain. 12 miles southeast of Cadiz. O a x a c a OE t h e w e s t . The limits with Guatemala are ern times by Charnay, Le Plongeon, and other archaeolo- Population (1887), 12,348. disputed. Chiapas contains antiquities (at Palenque, gists. Le Plongeon discovered there the remarkable ChicomecQatl(che-ko-me-kd-atl'). ['Sevenseretc.). Capital, San Cristóbal. Area (claimed, 1894), 29,725 statue which he called Chac-mool (which see). Chichester (chich'es-ter). [L. Cissse- Castrum, pents.'] In Mexican (Nahuatl) mythology, the square miles. Population (1893), 248,608.

C h i a r a m o n t e (ké-a-ra-mon'te). A town in the province of Syracuse, Sicily, 30 miles west of Syracuse.

P o p u l a t i o n , 9,000.

A S . Cissanccaster:

the R o m a n Regnuin,

de-

stroyed in the 5th century by Ella, and restored b y his son, Cissa, king of Sussex, from whom it was named.] A city in Sussex, England, 14

C h i a r i (ké-a'ré). A town in the province of m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of P o r t s m o u t h , i t contains a noted Brescia, northern Italy, 14 miles west of Bres- cathedral, for the most part a Norman building of the 12th c i a . Here, Sept 1,1701, Prince Eugene of Savoy defeated the French and Spaniards under Villeroi. Population, 6,000.

C h i a v a r i (ké-á'vá-ré). A seaport in the province of Genoa, Italy, 21 miles southeast of Genoa. It has varied manufactures. Chiavenna ( k é - á - v e n ' n i i ) . [L. Clavemia, G. Claven or Clef e n . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of

goddess of abundance and provisions. By some she has been identified with Ccntoatl, the goddess of maize : both were worshiped at the period of sowing, and olferings of fruits and seeds were made to them.

Chicomoztoc ( c h e - k o - m o t h - t o k ' ) . [Nahuatl, lit. ' seven caves.'] A mythical place where and 13th centuries, showing many details, as the paired lancets surmounted by quatrefoils of the central tower, t h e v a r i o u s b r a n c h e s of " t h e N a h u a t l t r i b e which might have been transported bodily from Normandy. a r e s a i d t o h a v e c o m e o u t of t h e c e n t e r of The tradition The tall, slender spire awkwardly placed on this tower is t h e e a r t h , o r t o h a v e s e p a r a t e d . later. The interior has double aisles and narrow nave, is not quite clear in regard to the real mythological sigand very beautiful carved choir-stalls. There are Perpen- nificance of the spot. dicular cloisters, and a late, detached bell-tower. The Chicopee (chik'o-pe). A town of Hampden dimensions are 410 by 91 f e e t ; width of transepts, 131; County, Massachusetts, situated at the junction height of nave, 62. The town was refounded by Cissa in of the Chicopee River with the Connecticut, the 6th cent-u ly. Population (1891), 7,842.

Sondi-io, Italy, situated on the Mera at the en4 miles north of Springfield. It has manufactures trance to the Val Bregaglia, in lat. 46° 19' N., long. 9° 24' E. It is at the junction of the C h i c h e s t e r , A r t h u r . Born at Rawleigh, near of cotton goods, arms, cutlery, etc. Population (18i)0), 14,050. Barnstable, England, May, 1563: died Feb. 19, routes over the Splügen and Maloya. 1625. An English soldier and statesman, sec- C h i e m s e e (chem'za). The largest lake in BaChibchacum. See Bochica. Chibchas(cheb'chás), or Muyscas (md-es'kas). ond son of Sir J o h n Chichester of Rawleigh, varia, 40 miles southeast of Munich, noted for A tribe of South American Indians which, pre- made Lord Chichester of Belfast, i n the Irish i t s fish. Its outlet is the Alz (into the Inn, thence to vious to the conquest, occupied t h e highlands p e e r a g e , F e b . 2 3 , 1 6 1 3 . Hewas appointed governor of the Danube). Length, 7s miles. east of the Magdalena, from the head waters Carrickfergus and sergeant-major general of the English C h i e r i 3(j. vicinity. Population (1892), about 25,000. l e u t e t r i b e s . I t f o r m e r l y occupied the western coast Childebert I I . Born 570: died 596. Son of Chillian walla, or Chilianwalla (chiFi-an- of P u g e t Sound, f r o m Port Townsend to P o r t Ludlow, and Sigebert I. of Austrasia by the West-Gothic wal'a). A town in the Panjab, British India, a small area on the Pacific coast of Washington, t h i r t y princesa Brunehaut. Having remained under the near the river Jhelum, in lat. 32° 45' X., long. miles below Cape Jflattery, about Quileute R i v e r . T h e y regency of his mother, 575-585, he attempted, on reachi n g his majority, to deprive the young son of I'redegunde of Neustria, Clothaire I I . , of his kingdom, but was himself signally defeated by Predegunde.

Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (child har'oldz A city and the pil'gri-maj). A poem by Lord Byron, of which Chillicothe (chil-i-koth'e). the tirst and second cantos were published in county-seat of Ross County, southern Ohio, Chimakum (chim'a-kum), more correctly situated on the Scioto 45 miles south of Co- Tsemakum (tscin'â-kum). A tribe of North 1811, the third in 1816, and the fourth in 1817. Childeric (chil'de-rik; F. pron. shel-de-rek') I. lumbus. It was the State capital until 1810. American Indians which formerly occupied the coast of Puget Sound, Washington, from Population (1890), 11,288. Died 481. Father of Clovis, and Prankish king A village in the Port Townsend to Port Ludlow. Their wars with f r o m a b o u t 4 5 8 . H e sustained f r i e n d l y relations with Chillingham (chii'ing-am). the Romans, w h o assisted, him against the W e s t Goths, northern part of Northumberland, England, their Salishan neighbors early reduced their number, and in 1853 they amounted to only ÍM) souls, l i v i n g in about the Alamanni, and the Saxons. His tomb was discovered 11 miles northwest of Alnwick. 15 l o d g e s : subsequently placed on the Skokomish reserat T o u m a i in 1653, and contained, among other things, Chillingworth (chii'ing-werth), Roger. The vation, Washington. T h e y are now practically extinct. his seal-ring and a number of g o l d bees, w h i c h latter had injured and malicious husband of Hester See Chimakuan. presumably served to ornament his mantle, and w h i c h Prynne in Hawthorne's romance " T h e Scar- Chimalakwe ( c h i - m a l ' a - k w à j , A tribe of suggested to N a p o l e o n I . the adoption of the bee as an North American Indians formerly living on New let Letter." imperial emblem. Chillingworth, William. Born at Oxford, River, a tributary of the Trinity, California. Childe Roland. See Roland. England, Oct., 1602: died at Chichester, Eng- I t was once a comparatively populous tribe, but chiefly Childers, Flying. See Flying Childers. through constant aggression by the Hupa, who cxactcd an Childers, Hugh Culling Eardley. Born at land, Jan. 30,1644. A noted English divine and annual tribute, was overpowered and as a tribe became controversialist. H e was graduated at Oxford (B. A. London, June 25, 1827. An English politician. 1620), became a f e l l o w of T r i n i t y College 1628, was con- extinct. See Chimarikan. H e was first lord of the admiralty 1868-71, chancellor of verted t o Romanism about 1630, returned to Protestant- Chimalpain Quautlehuanitzin (chë-mâl-pïn' the duchy of Lancaster 1872-73, secretary f o r war 1880-82, ism 1634, was made a chancellor of Salisbury 1638, and kwâ-ô-tle-wa-ne-tsen'), Juan Bautista de chancellor of the exchequer 1882-85, and home secretary became a member of the Royalist army. H e was captured San Anton Muñón. Lived in the latter part in 1886. by W a l l e r at Arundel Castle, Dec. 9, 1643. T h e m o s t faof the 16th century. A Mexican Indian, a deChilders (chil'dèrz), Robert Caesar. Bom 1838 : mous of his works is " T h e R e l i g i o n of Protestants, a Safe scendant of the chiefs of Amecameca. He was died July 25,1876. An English Orientalist, au- W a y to Salvation, e t c . " (16S7). educated by the Franciscans, and taught in their c o l l e g e 4 4 thor of Pali-English Dictionary" (1875), etc. Chillip (chil'ip), Mr. A mild and gentle little of Santiago Tlatelolco. H e wrote several works on ancient Child Of Nature, The. A play by Mrs. Inch- doctor who attended Mrs. Copperfield, in Charles Aztec history, and is said to have written one on the conquest : these are known only in manuscript. T h e " H i s bald, produced at Covent Garden Nov. 28,1788. Dickens's " David Copperfield." toria de las Conquistas de Hernando Cortés," attributed t o It is taken from Madame de Genlis. Chillon (she-yon'). A castle inVaud, SwitzerChild of the Sea. The legendary Amadis de land, at the eastern end of Lake Geneva. Itcov- him, is merely a translation of Gomara. Chimalpopoca (chë-inal-pô-pô'ka). The third Gaul, who, being illegitimate, was set adrift ers an isolated rock on the edge of the lake, and is a upon the sea in his cradle by his mother to very picturesque combination of semicircular and square ruler of ancient Mexico, from 1417 to 1428, or according to other chronologies from 1410 to towers and machicolated curtains grouped about a higher hide her shame. central tower. I t is famous in literature and song (Byron), 1422. H e was the brother of his predecessor, H u i t z i l i Children (chil'dren), John George. Born at especially as the prison of Bonnivard (1530-36), a defender huitl. H e i n t e r f e r e d in a quarrel of rival Tepanec chiefs, Tunbridgc, England, May 18,1777 : died at Hal- of Swiss liberties against the Duke of Savoy in the 16th was seized by one of them, Maxtla, and committed suicide stead Place, Kent, Jan. 1, 1852. An English century. T h e castle is of v e r y early foundation, though, while in confinement. as it now stands, essentially of the 13th century. Some of physicist and naturalist, best known for his the Sec Jumanas. rooms preserve curious wooden ceilings, and the mas- Chímanos. experiments in electricity. He was a secretary of sive ribbed vaulting of the two-aisled dungeon-crypt is Chimarikan (chim-à-rë'kan). A linguistic the Royal Society 1826-27 and 1830-27, and was librarian impressive. I t was taken by the Bernese in 1530, and was stock of North American Indians, comprising in the department of antiquities in the British Museum used f o r a state prison in the 18th century, and later as an the Chimariko and Chimalakwe tribes, formerarsenal. 1816-40. ly living on Trinity and New rivers, Trinity Children in the Wood, or Babes in the Wood. Chilmari (chil-ma're), Hindustani Chalamari C o u n t y , C a l i f o r n i a . T h e y w e r e once comparatively Ail old English ballad, of unknown authorship, (chal-a-ma're). A town in the district of Rung- numerous, but constant oppression by the Hupa Indians, preserved in Ritson's, Percy's, and other col- pur, Bengal, British India, in lat. 25° 25' N., as w e l l as by the early w h i t e settlers, has resulted in their lections. T h e ballad was entered in the " Stationers' long. 89° 40' E., on the Brahmaputra. It is the extinction as tribes. R e g i s t e r " in 1595. In 1601 a play was published " of a seat of a religious and commercial festival. Chimariko (chim-â-rë'kô). A tribe of North young child nmrthercd in a wood by two ruffins w i t h the American Indians which formerly inhabited 1. A southern province consent of his unkle. " T h e plot of this play was undoubt- Chilo6 (che-lo-a'). edly derived f r o m the Italian, and the ballad may have of Chile, including the island of Chilo6 and the banks of Trinity River, California, from Burnt Ranch northward to the junction of the been produced f r o m the same source. Child. the islands to lat. 47° S. Area, 3,995 square north and south forks. It was reduced to about six Children of the Mist. A band of Highland miles. Population (1891), 79,514.-2. An is- individuals in 1876, and is now probably extinct. See outlaws in Scott's " L e g e n d of Montrose." land in the province of Chilo6, west of the Chimarikan. There is a famous picture with this title by mainland, discovered by the Spaniards in 1558. Chimay (shë-ma/). A town in the province of Length, 120 miles. Greatest width. 40 miles. Lands e cr. The chief town of island and province is An- Hainaut, Belgium, 32 miles southeast of Mons. Childs (childz), George William. Born at cud, or San Carlos. Place of Froissart's death. Population (1890), Baltimore, Md., May 12, 1829: died at Phila3,308. delphia, Feb. 3, 1894. An American publisher Chilon (M'lon), or Chilo (ki'lo). [Gr. Xeihuv, Chimay, Princesse de (Jeanne Marie Ignace and philanthropist. Publisher of the '"Public XiAov.] Lived in the first part of the 6th cen- Thérèse de Cabarrus). Born at Saragossa, tury B.C. A Spartan, one of the "Seven Spain, Jnlv 31,1773 : died at Brussels, Belgium, Ledger » in Philadelphia 1864-94. Chile (chil'e; Sp. pron. che'li), or Chili(chil'i). S a g e s " o f G r e e c e . H e was ephor eponymos at Sparta Jan. 15, 1835. The daughter of the Comto do [Probably from the Quichua chiri, cold.] A 556 B. c., and is said to have died of j o y caused by the vic- Cabarrus, married at an early age to the Marquis republic of South America, capital Santiago, tory of his son in boxing at the Olympic games. de Fontenay, who obtained a divorce from her l y i n g b e t w e e n P e r u o n t h e n o r t h , B o l i v i a a n d Chilperic (ehil'pe-rik) I. Died 584. King of i n 1793. I n the same year *he made the acquaintance the Argentine Republic on the east, and the N e u s t r i a 5 6 1 - 5 8 4 . H e murdered his second w i f e , the at Bordeaux of Tallien, whom she married, and on whose Pacific Ocean on the south aud west, it has West-Gothic princess Galeswintha, sister of Brunehaut of career in the Convention she exercised a profound influ24 provinces : Aconcagua, Arauco, A tac ama, Biobio, Chiloé, Colchagua, Conccpeion, Coquimbo, ("urico, Linares, Llanquihue, Malleco, Maule, Ñuble, O'Higsins, Santiago, Talca, Tacna, Valdivia, "Valparaiso, Antofagasta, Magallanes, Tarapacá, and Cautín. I t lies between the crest of the Andes on the east and the Pacific on the w e s t ; in the northern part portions east of the western Amies are included. T h e mountains send ramifications over the surface, connecting w i t h a lower coast-chain, and including extensive plains and valleys. I t exports niter, copper, silver, wool, wheat, etc. T h e government is a republic under a president and Congress (Senate and Chamber of Deputies). T h e prevailing religion is Ruman Catholic. T h e language is Spanish, and the inhabitants :tre chiefly of Spanish descent. T h e name Chile was applied by the natives only t o the valley of Aconcagua, including Quil o t a ; it was extended by the Spaniards to all their conquests south of the Atacama desert. During the 17th century the government of Chile included considerable tracts east of the Andes. A f t e r the revolution conquests w e r e extended south into Patagonia, and by treaty w i t h Argentina the region was divided between the t w o countries, the boundary being the Andes. Chile acquired Atacama and a portion of southern Peru by the war of 1879-83, waged against Peru and Bolivia, I t was invaded

Chiltern Hills (chil'tern hilz). A range of low Chimay, Principality of. A small principalchalk hills in Oxfordshire, Bucks, Hertfordshire, ity in Hainault. It passed in 1804 to the present possessors (French family De Riquet and Bedfordshire, England. Chiltern Hundreds (chil'tern hun'dredz). The de Caraman). three hundreds of Stoke, Des borough, and Bo- Chimb or azo (chim-bô-ra/zo ; Sp. pron. chemdenham, in Buckinghamshire. The stewardship of bô-ra'thc*). A province of western Ecuador. the Chiltern Hundreds (originally an office charged with Population, 122,300. the suppression of the robbers w h o infested the Chiltern H i l l s ) is a nominal office, conferred upon a m e m b e r of Chimhorazo. One of the highest mountains of Parliament w h o wishes to resign his seat, such resignation the Andes, situated in Ecuador in lat. I o 30'

Chilula (chil'o-la).

A division of North Amer-

Chimène (she-mail'). The faithful daughter of Don Gomes in Corneille's tragedy " The Cid." Chimes, The. Dickens^s Christmas story for Chimaera (ki-me'ra)- [Gr. Xi/j.atpa.'] In Greek 1844. mythology, a fire-breathing monster of divine Chimihuahua. See Chemehuevi. ican Indians. They f o r m e r l y l i v e d in H u m b o l d t County, California, b u t were r e m o v e d to t h e H u p a reservation and absorbed. See Weitspekan.

Chimmesyan

246

C h i m m e s y a n (ehim' ma -se-an). [From the n a m e of t h e T s ' e m s i a n t r i b e , s i g n i f y i n g ' o n t h e K s i d n ( S k e e n a ) r i v e r . ' ] A l i n g u i s t i c s t o c k of North American Indians inhabiting the region of t h e N a s s e a n d S k e e n a r i v e r s , B r i t i s h C o l u m b i a , a n d n e a r l y all t h e P a c i f i c i s l a n d s n e a r t h e coast, b e t w e e n l a t . 52° 1 5 ' a n d 5n° N . i t embraces the Nasqa and Ts'cmsiati or Tsimshian divisions, which comprise a number of tribes. The estimated number is 5,000. In 1887 about 1,000 removed to Annette Islaud, 60 miles north of the southern boundary of Alaska, where they are making rapid progress in civilization. Chimsian. S e e Tsimshian. C h i m u ( c h e ' m o ) , also as pi. C h i m u s . [From t h e t i t l e of t h e i r s o v e r e i g n . ] A n a n c i e n t c i v i l i z e d n a t i o n of t h e P e r u v i a n c o a s t - v a l l e y s , "bet w e e n l a t . 3 ° a n d 11° S. They were entirely distinct from the Incas in language, architecture, and customs. According to tradition they came from beyond sea, and drove out the savages who hacl occupied this region (about the 12th century). They built great cities, remarkable for the size of some of the buildings, the walls ornamented with elaborate arabesques and paintings. Their aqueducts and irrigation works were very extensive. The Chimu people excelled in gold and silver work and in the manufacture of cloth and pottery. The Incas called them Yuncas. Descendants of the race still live in the same region, but their language, called Mochica, is extinct. A grammar and list of words are extant. The ruins of the Chimu cities are the moststrikiug archieologieal remains in Peru. The black pottery commonly seen in museums, and loosely called "Peruvian," was of their manufacture.

Chinan tecs (ehe-nan-teks'), or Chinantlas

Chimu.

T h e n a m e given b y archaeologists to t h e r u i n s of t h e c a p i t a l a n d c h i e f c i t y of t h e Chimu people, on the sea-shore about 4 miles n o r t h of T r u x i l l o , P e r u . The remains cover a space 15 miles long and 5 or 6 broad, and embrace the walls of vast palaces and temples, some of them ornamented with arabesque work and paintings. An aqueduct many miles long supplied the city with water, which was received in large reservoirs. There are several sepulchral mounds from which many objects of interest have been obtained. China ( c h l ' n a ) . [ i \ Chine, S p . P g . China, I t . Cina, M L . China, Sina, A r .Sin; i n O r . , a s t h e n a m e of t h e p e o p l e , hlvat, Qtvat ( P t o l e m y ) , a n a m e of u n i d e n tified E a s t e r n origin. A n o t h e r n a m e k n o w n to t h e a n c i e n t s w a s L . Serica, G-r. XqptK?} ( P t o l e m y ) , f r o m L . Seres, G-r. 2?//)ef, t h e p e o p l e . In later t i m e s Cathay (Eitai). Chinese designations, Chung Kwoh ( ' M i d d l e K i n g d o m ' ) , Chung Hwa Kwoh ( ' M i d d l e F l o w e r y K i n g d o m ' ) , e t c . ] T h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t d i v i s i o n of t h e C h i n e s e e m p i r e , e x t e n d i n g f r o m a b o u t l a t . 18° N . t o M o n g o l i a a u d M a n c h u r i a o n t h e n o r t h , i t comprises 18 provinces: Chihli, Shantung, Shansi, Shensi, Kansu, Honan, Anhwei, Kiangsu, Chekiang, Fuhkien, Kiangsi, Hupeh, Hunan. Sz'chuen, Kweichow, Yunnan, Kwangsi, Kwangtung. The capital is Peking. The surface, exceptin part in the northeast, is largely mountainous, with many of the summits attaining an elevation of 10,000ll,00i) feet. The chief rivers are the Peiho, Hwangho, Yaugtsz' Kiatig, llin, and Pearl. The leading products are rice, tea, silk, cotton, sugar, pulse, cereals, tobacco, coal, iron, copper, etc. The chief exports are tea, silk, straw goods, porcelain, etc. The government is administered by viceroys of provinces, who report to the central autocratic power at Peking. The principal religions are Sitiism, Buddhism, and Taoism: the philosophical system known as Confucianism is sometimes erroneously classed with them. The Chinese assign a fabulously early origin to their nation. Among the semi-mythical kings is Fuhi. From about the era of Confucius (in the 6th century B. c.) the dates become more trustworthy. In the 3d century B. e. was the Tsin dynasty which built the Great Wall. To it succeeded the Han dynasty when the empire was consolidated. Buddhism was introduced in the 1st century A. l). Soon after the empire became disorganized, but was again consolidated about 600. There followed a brilliant period, especially in literature, interrupted by Tatar attacks. Jenghiz Khan occupied the northern portion of the empire inT215, and the Mongol dynasty was fully established by Kublai Khan in 1280. The Ming dynasty followed in 1368. In the 10th century Portugal obtained a foothold at Macao. The present Manchu dynasty of Tsi ng acceded in 1(544. The empire attained a westward extension in the 18th century. The Opium War with Great Britain began in 1840, and ended in 184*2 with the cession of Hong-Kong and the opening of certain treaty ports: ports were opened to France and the United States in 1844. The Taiping rebellion (which see) broke out in 1850, and was suppressed in 1864. Meanwhile Anglo-French wars in 1850-58 and 18o';)-60 resulted in the victory of the allies. China ceded the Amur country to Russia in 1858. In 1881 she recovered Kuldja from Russia. War with France 1884-85 terminated in favor of the French. In 1894 disturbances in Korea, wliithcr Chinese and Japanese troops were despatched. led to the seizure of the Korean government by Japan and a war (declared July 31) between that country and China in which the latter was completely defeated on land and sea. A treaty of peace, which included the payment of a heavy indemnity by China, the cession of Formosa, the independence of Korea, and other concession, was signed April 10, 1895. Area of China proper, estimated, 1,5'JO,000 square miles; with the territory of SinTsiang, sometimes recognized as a 19th province, about 2,100,000 square miles; population, 348,000,000. Area of the whole empire, 4,200,000 square miles; population, about 360,000,000._

C h i n a l a p h ( s h e - n a - l a f ' ) « T h e a n c i e n t n a m e of t h e Sheliff. Chinandega (che-nan-da'ga). A town in N i c a r a g u a , C e n t r a l A m e r i c a , s i t u a ' t e d a b o u t 20 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of L e o n . P o p u l a t i o n (1889), 8,000.

Chinsura I t is a monosyllabic tongue, and on this ground is generally classed with the other languages of the same character in southeastern Asia, in Further India and the Himalayas, : as constituting the monosyllabic family. It exists in mauy dialects, of which the so-called Mandarin is the leading and official one. I t is composed of only abouc 500 words, as we should distinguish them in writing, all of them ending in a vowel-sound or in a nasal, although some of the dialects still retain final mutes, lost in Mandarin. This small body of words, however, is raised to 1,500 by differences of the tone of utterance, as rising, failing, even, abrupt, and so on. The language is without inflection, and even without distinction of parts of speech ; but words arc classed as " f u l l " or "empty," according as they aie used with their full meaning or as auxiliaries in forming phrases: like our u-ill and have in " I will it," " they have it," on the one hand, and in "they will have seen it,"on the other. Chinese records go back to about 2000 B. c., and the literature is immense and varied. The mode of writing is by signs that represent each a single word in one of its senses or in a certain set of senses. The signs are of ideographic or hieroglyphic origin ; but the greater part of them at present are compound, and many contain a phonetic element along with an ideographic. They number in the dictionaries about 40,000 ; but only the smaller part of these are in current and familiar use. They are written iu perpendicular columns, and the columns follow one another from right to left. The language and mode of writing have been carried to the neighboring nations that have received their culture from China, especially Japan, Corea, and Annam, and have been more or less borrowed or adopted by such nations.

( c h e - n a n t ' l a s ) . A n a n c i e n t t r i b e of M e x i c a n I n d i a n s w h o a t t h e t i m e of t h e c o n q u e s t o c c u p i e d t h e S i e r r a M a d r e M o u n t a i n s , a b o u t 200 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of M e x i c o C i t y . They had little civilization, but were bold warriors, using long lances tipped with obsidian or copper. They had been conquered by the Aztecs, and, anxious to avenge their wrongs, they sent two thousand warriors to aid Cortés in the siege of Mexico. The Chinantecs are now amalgamated with other tribes. Their language, which was very harsh and guttural, has been preserved only in the "Doctriua" of the missionary Barreda, published iu 1730. C h i n a n t l a (ché-nant'lá). The ancient name for the mountainous region in the northern p a r t of t h e p r e s e n t s t a t e of O a j a c a , M e x i c o , occupied by the Chinantec Indians. C h i n a S e a ( c h l ' n a s é ) . T h a t p a r t of t h e P a c i f i c O c e a n w h i c h is i n c l u d e d b e t w e e n China, I n d o c h i n a , Borneo, t h e Philippines, a n d .Formosa. Its chief indentations are the gulfs of Siam and Tongking. I t is noted for its typhoons, and notorious for piracy. Sometimes the name is used to include also the Yellow Sea. C h i n c h a I s l a n d s ( c h i n ' c h a or, a s Sp., c h é n ' c h a l'landz), Three small islands in the departm e n t of L i m a , P e r u , i n l a t . 13° 4 0 ' S. ? l o n g . 76° 20" W . , 12 m i l e s f r o m P i s c o , l o n g n o t e d f o r their guano deposits, now exhausted. C h i n e s e E m p i r e . A n e m p i r e of A s i a , b o u n d e d C h i n c h a s ( c h é n ' c h á z ) . A n a n c i e n t p e o p l e of b y A s i a t i c R u s s i a o n t h o n o r t h , t h e P a c i f i c o n P e r u w h o o c c u p i e d t h e c o a s t v a l l e y s s o u t h of t h e e a s t , T o n g k i n g a n d I n d i a o n t h e s o u t h , a n d t h e C h i m u p e o p l e , i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e p r e s e n t t h e P a m i r s a n d A s i a t i c R u s s i a o n t h e w e s t . S i t e of L i m a . They were of Quichua origin, and had It includes China proper, or the eighteen provinces, and attained a considerable degree of civilization before they its dependencies, Manchuria, Mongolia, Tibet, Eastern were conquered by the Inca Tupac Yupanqui, about 1450. Turkestan, and Dzungaria. The independence of Korea Their renowned temples of Rimac and Pachacamac is now acknowledged. See China. Gordon. (which see) were preserved by the conquerors and held Chinese Gordon. S e e in great veneration. The cemeteries of the Chinchas were C h i n e s e T a t a r y . A n a m e g i v e n v a g u e l y t o a of vast extent, the dead being buried in a sitting position v a s t r e g i o n i n t h e n o r t h e r n a n d n o r t h w e s t e r n in baskets or sacks. Owing to the dryness of the climate p a r t s of t h e C h i n e s e e m p i r e , i n c l u d i n g M o n g o these bodies were naturally desiccated: mauy have been l i a , D z u n g a r i a , E a s t e r n T u r k e s t a n : s o m e t i m e s exhumed, and are the so-called "Peruvian mummies" of r e s t r i c t e d t o E a s t e r n T u r k e s t a n . the museums.

Turkestan. A dependency of China, Chinchaycocha (chén-ehi-ko'eha), or Laguna Chinese de Junin or Beyes. A lake in the depart- s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d L i t t l e B o k h a r a , o r E a s t T u r -

m e n t of J u n i n , P e r u , i n l a t . 10° 5 0 ' S . , l o n g . k e s t a n ( w h i c h s e e ) . C h i n g - h a i (ching-M'), or C h i n - h a e (chin-hi'). 75° 4 0 ' W . A s e a p o r t i n t h e p r o v i n c e of C h e k i a n g , C h i n a , s u y u ( c h e n - c h á - s o ' y o ) . A g r e a t p r o v i n c e of 12 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of N i n g p o . I t w a s t a k e n b y t h e I n c a e m p i r e of P e r u , c o m p r i s i n g t h e r e - t h e E n g l i s h i n 1841. g i o n n o r t h of C u z c o , i n c l u d i n g e v e n t u a l l y Q u i t o Chingiz Khan. S e e Jenghiz Khan. a n d t h e r e g i o n of t h e U p p e r M a r a ñ o n . Chingleput (ching-gle-put'), or Chengalpatt. C h i n c h e r o ( c h é n - c h á ' r o ) . A v i l l a g e a b o u t 15 1 . A d i s t r i c t of I n d i a , i n M a d r a s . — 2. The m i l e s n o r t h of C u z c o , P e r u , i t was an ancient c h i e f t o w n of t h e d i s t r i c t , s i t u a t e d 35 m i l e s country-seat of the Incas, and Vira-Cocha "built a palace s o u t h w e s t of M a d r a s . It was taken by the French there. The walls of this, with the surrounding buildings, in 1751, by Clive in 1752, and was besieged by Hyder Ali remain in an almost perfect state. 1780-81. Chinchew, or Chinchu, or Chincheu (chin- Chingli River. S e e Xingu. chu'). 1 . A n a m e g i v e n t o t h e c i t y of C h a n g C h i n - k i a n g (chin-ke-àng'). A city in t h e provc h o w , i n F u k i e n , C h i n a , 50 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of i n c e of K i a n g s u , C h i n a , i n l a t . 32° 10' N . , l o n g . A m o y : formerly an important port, a n d proba b l y i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e m e d i e v a l Z a i t u n or Z a y - 119° 2 8 ' E . , s i t u a t e d a t t h e j u n c t i o n of t h e G r a n d C a nal w i t h t h e Yangtsz'. It is a t r e a t y ton.— 2. A name given by the Spanish and P o r t u g u e s e ( a n d f o r m e r l y b y t h e E n g l i s h ) t o p o r t . I t w a s t a k e n b v t h e E n g l i s h J u l y 21, 1842. P o p u l a t i o n , 135,000. C h a n g c h o w ( w h i c h s e e ) , s o u t h w e s t of A m o y . C h i n c h i l l a ( c h é n - c h e l ' y á ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v - C h i n g t u ( c h i n g - t o ' ). T h e c a p i t a l of t h e p r o v i n c e i n c e of A l b a c e t e , S p a i n , l a t . 38° 5 4 ' N . , l o n g . of S z e c h u e n , C h i n a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e r i v e r M i n . I o 43' W . Chin-India. S e e Indo-China. Chinon ( s h é - n ò n ' ) , A t o w n i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t C h i n c h ó n ( c h e n - e h o n ' ) . A s m a l l t o w n i n S p a i n , of l n d r e - e t - L o i r e , F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d o n t h e V i e n n e 26 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of T o u r s , i t contains a s o u t h e a s t of M a d r i d . castle, a royal residence from the 12th century to Chinchón, Count of. Viceroy of Peru. See ruined the reign of Henry IV. The remains occupy a large rockCabrera Éobadilla Cerda y Mendoza. platform. The exterior walls are ruinous, except the high Chinchón (chén-chón'), Ana, Countess of, towers. The royal apartments are chiefly of the 12th cenB o r n a t A s t o r g a , C a s t i l e , i n 1 5 7 6 : d i e d a t C a r - tury, and include armory, kitchen aud other commons, t a g e n a , D o c . , 1639. A S p a n i s h l a d y , d a u g h t e r the king's room, the great hall, where Charles VII. first of t h e e i g h t h M a r q u i s of A s t o r g a . She married saw Jeanne d'Are, etc. The great keep is of the latli century. Chinon has a considerable trade. Population (1891), Don Luis de VelaBco, marquis of Salinas, twice viceroy of commune, 6,119. Mexico and once of P e r u ; and, after his death, Don Luis Geronymo de Cabrera, count of Chinchón, who was ap- Chinook (ehi-mik'), or Tchinuk, or Tsinuk. pointed viceroy of Peru in 1629. During her second resi- [ P I . , a l s o Chinool's.'] T h e p r i n c i p a l t r i b e of dence in Lima she was attacked with a tertian ague, and t h e L o w e r C h i n o o k d i v i s i o n of N o r t h A m e r i c a n was cured by some powdered Peruvian bark which had I n d i a n s . Its former habitat was from Gray's Bay, Washbeen sent to her physician by the corregidor of Loxa, Don Juan Lopez de Cañizares. When the countess embarked ington, on the north shore of Colum bia River to its mouth, for Spain she carricd a quantity of the bark with her. and the strip of coast northward as far as and including She died on the voyage, at Cartagena, Dec., 1639, but it Shoalwater Bay. There were 1C0 left in 1857. There still was through her cure that the cinchona bark was first in- remain three or four families about six miles above the troduced into Europe. In honor of her Linneeus named the mouth of the Columbia. See Chinookan. genus of quinine-bearing plants Cinchona, or, as it should Chinookan ( c h i - n u k ' a n ) . [ F r o m Chinook a n d have been written, Chinchona. -an.'] A l i n g u i s t i c s t o c k of N o r t h A m e r i c a n Chindwara (chind-wá'ra). 1. A district i n Indians, n a m e d a f t e r t h e Chinook, t h e l e a d i n g t h e N e r b u d d a d i v i s i o n of t h e C e n t r a l P r o v i n c e s , t r i b e . Their former habitat was Oregon and WashingB r i t i s h I n d i a , s i t u a t e d a b o u t l a t . 22° N . , l o n g . ton, on both sides of the Columbia River from the Dalles, about 200 miles from its mouth, to the Pacific Ocean, and 79° E . A r e a , 3,915 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n along the coast in both directions, northward nearly to (1881), 3 7 2 , 8 9 9 . - 2 . T h e c h i e f t o w n of t h e the northern extremity of Shoalwater Bay, Washington, and southward to about Tillamook Head, Oregon, 20 miles d i s t r i c t of C h i n d w a r a . the mouth of the Columbia River. Thè stock is diChinese ( c h i - n e s ' o r - n e z ' ) . [ F r o m China a n d from vided into Upper and l o w e r Chinook. The principal -ese; — P . chinois = S p . chino — P g . chinez = G-. tribes remaining are the Artsmilsh, Chinook, and Clatsop chinesisck, e t c . ] 1 . sing, a n d pi. ( p l u r a l a l s o of the Lower Chinook; and the Cathlamet, Clackama, f o r m e r l y Chineses). A n a t i v e o r n a t i v e s of Wasco, and Watlala of the Upper Chinook. They number C h i n a ; s p e c i f i c a l l y , a m e m b e r o r m e m b e r s of between 500 and 600, and are now chiefly on reservations in Oregon and Washington. t h e p r i n c i p a l i n d i g e n o u s r a c e of C h i n a p r o p e r , a s d i s t i n g u i s h e d f r o m o t h e r M o n g o l o i d s , s u c h Chinziros. S e e UMnzir. as t h e M a n c h u s , t h e p r e s e n t r u l i n g r a c e in t h e C h i n s u r a (chin-si3'rà). A t o w n i n Bengal, BritC h i n e s e e m p i r e . — 2 . T h e l a n g u a g e of C h i n a . i s h I n d i a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e H u g l i 24 m i l e s n o r t h

Chinchay-suyu (chen-chl-so'yo), or Chincha-

settled by the Dutch in 1656, and ceded to the English in 1824 I t is now included in Hugli (which see).

Chocos

247

Chinsura of Calcutta: the seat of Hugli College. It was

stock. They inhabited the lowlands and valleys south and east of the present site of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and were partially conquered by the Incas of Peru about 1450. In 1572 they repulsed an invasion of the Spaniards under the viceroy Toledo. They were Christianized in the ISth century, and their descendants, to the number of 15,000 or more, inhabit the eastern highlands of Bolivia, in the provinces of Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Chuquisaca.

of Cases on Practice and Pleading, with Notes " (1820-23), " On Commercial Contracts " (1823), " A Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence " (1834), etc.

the stars.

with curious friezes representing games, dancing, a feast,

Babylonian, from which the Hebrew names of the months are derived, it is Kislimu or Chùlev (R. V.). The name is explained by Haupt to mean ' month of wrath,' by Fried. Delitzsch 'month of clouds.'

Little Dorrit.

Chiusa San Michele (kö-ö'sä sän më-kâ'le). Chintamani (chin-ta'ma-ni). In Sanskrit folkA village 11 miles northeast of Turin, Italy, lore, a "thought j e w e l " : a jewel that possesses formerly called the "Gates of Lombardy." It the magic power of securing that to which the has a noted Benedictine abbey. possessor has directed his thoughts; the philosoChiusi (kë-ô'së). A town in the province of pher's stone. The word appears in the names of a number of manuals and commentaries. Chiriqui (chè-ré-kè'). A lagoon on the north- Siena, Italy, in lat. 43° 2' N., long. 11° 57' E. : the ancient Clusiuin (whence the modem name), ern coast of the isthmus of Panama, west of See Abhidhana-ehintamani. o r i g i n a l l y C a m a r s . I t has a cathedral and a museum Chioggia (ke-od'jii), or Chiozza (ke-ot'sa). A Aspinwall. of Etruscan antiquities. I t contains an Etruscan necrop[Gr. Xeipuv.'] seaport in the province of Venice, Italy, situ- Chiron, or Cheiron (ki'ron). olis, of great extent and variety, remarkable especially ated on the island of Chioggia, in the Gulf of In Greek mythology, a centaur, son of Kronos for its architectural monuments, which are cut from the and Philyra. H e was the pupil of Apollo and Artemis, Venice, 15 miles south of Venice. It was caprock, tier over tier, in the form of houses with heams and friend and protector of Peleus, and the instructor of tured by the Genoese in 1379. They were de- the rafters. One tomb has a circular chamber 25 feet in diAchilles. He was renowned for his wisdom and skill in feated in 1380 by the Venetians. Population, medicine, hunting, music, and prophecy. H e dwelt on ameter, with a massive column in the middle. Many 20,000. tombs consist of several chambers, and some arc painted Mount Pelion, and on his death was placed by Zeus among Chios (ki'os), or Scio (si'o or she'd). [Turk. Chiron. A son of Tarnora, queen of the Goths, etc. Many painted vases, mirrors, bronzes, etc., have been found. The town was one of the twelve confederated Saki-Adassi.'] An island in the JEgean Sea, in Shakspere's (?) " Titus Andronicus." Etruscan cities, and the residence of Lars Porsenna. west of Asia Minor, in lat. 38° 20' N., long. Chisedec. See Montagnais. Chivasso (ke-väs'sö). A town in the province 26° E., formerly celebrated for its wines and Chiselhurst (chiz'l-hèrst). A village in Kent, of Turin, Italy, situated on the Po 15 miles figs. I t forms part of the vilayet Jesairi-Bahri-Sefid, England, 9 miles south of London. It was northeast of Turin. Its fortifications were deTurkey. I t was settled by Ionians ; joined the Athenian the residence of Napoleon III. 1871-73, and of stroyed by the French in 1804. Confederation about 477 u. c.; revolted 412 ; came under Chivery (chiv'e-ri), John. " The sentimental Roman dominion in the 2d century b. c. ; and was con- Eugénie until 1880. The ninth month of the He- son of a turnkey" in Charles Dickens's " L i t t l e quered by the Genoese in the 14th century, and by the Chisleu (kis-lu'). Turks in the 16th century. I t was the scene of massacres brew year, correspondingtoNoveinber-DecemD o r r i t . " H e passed his time in composing heartbreakby the Turks in 1822, and was visited bv earthquakes in ber, mentioned in Zach. vii. 1 ; Neh. i. 1 ; 1 Mac. ing epitaphs. H e was very weak and small, but " g r e a t 1881 and 1882. Length, 32 miles. Breadth, 8-18 miles. 1. 54 and iv. 59; 2 Mac. i. 9,18, x. 5. in Assyro- of soul, poetical, expansive, f a i t h f u l , " and in love with Population, about 3(3,000.

Chios, or Kastro. The chief town of the island of Chios, situated on the east coast, it is one of the places which claimed to be the birthplace of Homer. I t was nearly destroyed by earthquakes in 1881.

Chippawa (chip'a-wa), or Chippewa (cliip'ewa). A manufacturing village in Well and County, Ontario, Canada, 21 miles northwest of Buffalo. Here, July 5, 1814, the Americans (1,900) under the immediate command of Scott defeated the British (2,100) under Kiall. Loss of the Americans, 335; of the British, ,r>03.

Chladni (chläd'ne), Ernst Florens Friedrich. Born at Wittenberg, Prussia, Nov. 30, 1756: died at Breslau, Prussia, April 4,1827. A GerChlswick (chiz'ik). A suburb of London, in man physicist, noted for his discoveries in Middlesex, situated on the Thames 6 miles west acoustics. His works include "Entdeckungen über of Charing Cross. Population (1891), 21,964. die Theorie des K l a n g e s " (1802), " D i e A k u s t i k " (1802), C his wick House. A villa belonging to the "Über Feuermeteore " (1819), etc. Duke of Devonshire, situated at Chiswick. Chloe ( k l ö ' e ) . [Gr. XÂô//, the verdant or Fox died here in 1806, and Canning in 1827. blooming.] 1. A country maiden in love Chitimachan (shet-i-mash'an). [Choctaw, with Daphnis, in the Greek romance "Daphnis 'they possess cooking-vessels.'] A linguistic and Chloe," written in the 4th or 5th century. stock of North American Indians, represented — 2 . Ashcpherdess in Sidney V A r c a d i a . " — 3 . by the Shetimasha, a once populous and pow- The ambitious wife of an honest, commonplace erful tribe which inhabited the shores of Grand citizen in Ben Jonson's comedy " T h e Poetor Chetimashes Lake, and bayous Plaquemine aster."— 4. A wanton shepherdess in Fletcher's and Lafourche, Louisiana. In 1718, after a treaty "Faithful Shepherdess/' intended as a conwith the French, by whom they were overcome, they re- trast to the chaste Clorin. moved to the mouth of Bayou Lafourche on the Missis- Chlopicki (chlö-pits'ke), Jözef. Bom in Gasippi, near the present Donaldsonville, where their vil- licia, March 24,1771: died at Cracow, Sept. 30, lage still existed in 1784. The remnants of the tribe, 1854. A Polish general. He fought on the side of

Chippenham (chip'n-am). Atown in Wiltshire, England, situated on the Avon 12 miles northeast of Bath. It has trade in grain and cheese, and manufactures cloth, etc. Population (1891), 4,618. Chippewa. See Ojilma. Chippewa (ehip'e-wa), or Ojibway (o-jib'wa). A river of Wisconsin which joins the Mississippi 64 miles southeast of St. Paul. Length, about 50 half-breeds, are now on Bayou Plaquemine and the French in the Napoleonic wars, and joined the ltussian over 200 miles. at Charenton, St. Mary's parish, on the southern shore of service in 1815, but resigned in 1818. He acted as dictaChippewa Falls (chip'e-wa falz). A lumber Bayou Tèche. tor Dec. 5, 1830,-Jan. 23, 1831, in the revolution which city in Chippewa County, western Wisconbroke out at Warsaw N o v . 29, 1830. Having resigned in sin, situated on Chippewa River. Population Chitradurg (chit-ra-dorg'), or Chitteldrug: deference to the opposition aroused by his policy, which (chit-tel-drog'). The capital of the district of sought to attain the objccts of the revolution by diplo(1890), 8,670. Chitradurg, in Maisur, British India, in lat. macy rather than by war, he f ought with distinction Chippeways. See Ojibica, 14° 13' N., long. 76° 23' K. It contains a re- against the Russians until wounded in .Feb., 1881. Chipping Wycombe. See Wycombe. Chiquimula (che-ke-mo'la). The capital of a markable rock-fortress. It was besieged by Clll or is (klö'ris). [Gr. XAoptç: x'Mpôç, pale, Hyder Ali in 1776, and taken by him in 1779. pallid.] 1. In Greek mythology, the goddess department of the same name in Guatemala, ['Bright peak.'] of flowers, wife of Zephyrus: identified with Central America, situated 62 miles northeast Chitrakuta (chit-ra-kd'ta). A hill and. district, the modern Cbitrakote or the Roman Flora.— 2. In Greek legend, a daughof Guatemala. Population, about 6,000. Chiquimula Isthmus. The narrow portion of Chatarcot, in lat. 25° 12' N., long. 80° 47' E. ter of Amphion and Niobe,"who with her broCentral America, between the Bay of Honduras I t was the first habitation of Rama and Lakshmana in ther Amyclas escaped when the other children their exile after leaving Ayodhya, and, as the holiest spot of Niobe were slain by Apollo and Artemis. and the Pacific. of the worshipers of Kama, was crowded with temples In her terror she turned perfectly white (whence her Chiquinquira (che-ken-ke-ra'). Atown in the and shrines. name). Another name f o r her was Melibcea. stato of Boyaca, Colombia, north of Bogota. Chitral (chit-nil'), 1. Asmall state under the Chlothar. See Clotaire. Ifc is noted for a shrine of the Virgin which has beeu Chmielnicki (chmyel-nits'kë), Bogdan. Born supremacy of Cashmere, about lat. 36° N., visited by 80,000 pilgrims in one year. Population, about long. 72° E.— 2. town in the state, on the 1593 : died Aug. 25, 1657. A Cossack hetman 12,000. of Polish descent, leader of the Cossack revolt Chiquitos (che-ke'tos). [Sp./little.' The first Kunar (or Kashgar) River. about 1648. whites who visited their country observed that Chittagong (chit-ta-gong'). 1. A division in the houses had very low doors, and erroneously eastern Bengal. British India. Area, 12,118 supposed that these Indians were below the square miles. Population (1881), 3,574,048.— Choate (chot), Rufus. Born at Essex, Mass., medium size (hence the name).] A numerous 2. A district in the Chittagong division, in lat. Oct. 1,1799 : died at Halifax, Nova Scotia, July race of Indians in northeastern Bolivia, on 21°-23° N „ long. 91° 30'-92° E. Area, 2.567 13,1859. A distinguished American lawyer, orathe lowlands bordering the affluents of the square miles. Population (1881), 1,132.341.— t o r , a n d s t a t e s m a n . He was graduated at Dartmouth in 1819, was admitted to the bar in 1823, was elected a Madeira and the Paraguay. They were gathered 3. A seaport and chief town of the Chittagong representative to Congress from Massachusetts in 1830, into mission villages in the 17th century, and were readily district, situated on the Karnafuli in lat. 22° and was reelected in 1832, but resigned his seat in 18:54. civilized. The Chiquitos spoke a peculiar language, and 20' N., long. 91° 50' K. It has considerable I n 1841 he became the successor in the Senate of Daniel were a gentle race, practising agriculture. They were trade. Also called Islamabad. Population, Webster, who accepted the office of secretary of state divided into a great number of subtribes, and had no under President Harrison. H e remained in the Senate general chief. Other tribes were joined to them in the about 20,000. Chittagong Hill Tracts. A district in the Chit- until 1845, when Webster was reëlected. mission villages, and adopted their language. The deSee Shoslioko. scendants of all theso are the modern Chiquitos of the tagong division, Bengal, British India, east of Chochocois. the Chittagong district. Area, 6,882 square Chochone. See Shoshoni, same region, numbering about 20,000. Host of them still speak their own language. miles. Population, about 70,000. Choco (chö-kö'). A province of the Spanish Chiricahua (che-re-ka'wli). [From two Apache Chittenden (chit'en-den), Martin. Born at viceroyalty of New Granada, embracing the words meaning 1 great mountain.'] A tribe of Salisbury, Conn., March 12, 1766: died a t W i l - Atrato valley and the region westward to the North American Indians near the Gila Kiver. liston, Vt'., Sept. 5, 1840. An American poli- Pacific. It forms a portion of the present deThey are included by some writers among the tician, governor of Vermont 1813-15. He was partment of Cauca. Gileno, or Gila Apache. See Apaches. a son of Thomas Chittenden. Chocolate, Paso de. See Paw de Chocolate. Chiricahui (che-re-ka'we). [Opata, properly Chittenden, Thomas. Born at East Guilford, Chocolatière, La Belle. The portrait, by Jean Chihui-ca ku i, t urkey-mo un t ain; fro m ck ih u i, turConn., Jan. 6, 1730: died at Williston, Vt., Etienne Liotard of Annette Beldauf, a servant key, and eahni. mountain.] A mountain-range Aug. 25, 1797. An American politician, govin a Vienna café. She married the Prince of of southeastern Arizona, south of the Southern ernor of Vermont 1790-97. Dietrichstein, The picture is in the Dresden Pacific Railroad. During the wars with the Apaches, See Kittim. gallery. and earlier, the Chiricahui were the refuge and strong- Chittim (kit'im). One of the principal hold of some of the wildest bands, and they gave their Chitty (chit'i), Joseph. Born 1776: died at Chocorua (cho-kôr'u-ii). London, Feb. 17, 1841. A noted English legal name to that band of the tribe which has become famous outlving peaks of thc'White Mountains in New in the outbreaks since 1880. See Apaches. •writer and special pleader. His works include Hampshire, north of Lake Winnepesaukee. Chiriguanos (she-re-gwii'nos), or Xiriguanos, " A Treatise on Bills of Exchange " (1799), " A Treatise on Height, 3,508 feet. or Siriguanos, or ChirihuanoS (she-re-wa- the Law of Nations " (1812), " A Treatise on Criminal Law " Chocos (cho-kos'). A race of South American nos'). An Indian tribe of Bolivia, of the Tupi (1816), " A Treatise on Commercial Law " (1818), " R e p o r t s Indians in western Colombia. They were formerlj

248

Chocos scattered over the region from the isthmus of Panama southward probably to lat. áa N., occupying the Pacific coast, the Atrato valley, and extending eastward in some places to the Cauca. I t is probable that other and more warlike tribes were interspersed over the same region. They were divided into many small tribes, and their houses, instead o! being gathered into villages, were often scattered singly through the forests. I t is said that in the marshy Atrato valley they lived in trees. The descendants of the Chocos are either civilized or lead a miserable existence in the marshy forests.

Choctaw (chok'tá), or Chacatos, or Chactaws, or Cháhta. A large tribe or division of North American Indians, whose chief habitat in historic times was the middle and north of Mississippi. They were engaged on both sides in the French and English contests ending with 1763. They compressed the heads of male infants, whence the term "Flatheads " or " T ê t e s plates,"used f o r them by early writers (not to be confoundcd with the Flatheads of the Salishan stock). Their present lands are in the southeast angle of Indian Territory. They number about 18,000 : 9,996 of them are stated to be of pure blood. See Muskhogean.

Chowanoc

Choisy-le-Roi (shwâ-zè'lê-rwa')- A suburb of These are the people of Chief Joseph, who, during the Nez war, ordered his men not to molest any w h i t e nonParis, situated on the Seine 7£ miles south of Percé combatants, including women and children as well as men. the city. Population (1891), commune, 8,449. The Chopunnish on the Nez Percé reservation, Idaho, Choke (ehôk), General Cyrus, in Dickens's number 1,515. See Shahaptian and Tu$hc-pau\ "Martin Chuzzlewit," an American, "one of Choragic Monument of Lysicrates. See Lythe most remarkable men in the country," ensicrates. countered by Martin Chuzzlewit. Choleric Man, The. A play by Richard Cum- Chorazin (kô-râ'zin). In New Testament geography, a city of Palestine, situated near the berland, produced in 1774. Choies (chô'les). A tribe of American Indians northwestern shore of the Sea of Galilee, 24 of the Maya stock, formerly very numerous miles north of Tel Hum : the modern Kerazeh. in southeastern Guatemala. After the Spanish con- Choris (ëhô'ris), Ludwig. Born at Yekaterinoquest they abandoned their homes, and led a wandering slaff, Russia, March 22, 1795: murdered near Jalapa, Mexico, March 22, 1828. A Russian l i f e in the mountains and forests. In the 17th century some of them were induced to live in mission villages, and traveler and painter. Hci]]ustratcdtheworks"Yoythey gradually became amalgamated with the Spanishspeaking population. Some Indians called Choies, probably of the same stock, now live in Chiapas, Mexico.

Cholet (shô-là'). A town in the department of Maiue-et-Loire, France, 33 miles southwest of A n g e r s . I t has considerable trade in cattle, and manufactures of cotton and linen. I t was the scene of various

age pittoresque autour du m o n d e " (1821-23), " V u e s et paysages des régions équinoxialcs" (1826).

Chorizontes (kô-ri-zon'tëz). [Gr. XopiÇovre.ç, the separators.] The separatists, a party among the older critics who maintained that the Iliad and Odyssey were by different authors and belonged to different ages. Chorley (chôr'li). A manufacturing town in Lancashire, England, 8 miles southeast of Preston. Population (1891 ), 23,082. Chorley (chôr'li), Henry Fothergill. Born at Blacklev Hurst, near Billinge, Lancashire, England, Dec. 15, 1808: died at London, Feb. 16, 1872. An English journalist, novelist, dramatist, and poet, musical critic and reviewer for the London "Athenteum." His works include

Choczin. See vito tin. conflicts in the Vendean wars, including a Vendean defeat, Chodzko (éhodz'kô), Alexander. Born at Oct. 17, 1793. Population (1891), commune, 16,891. Krzywicze, Lithuania, July 11,1804. A Polish poet, Orientalist, and Slavic scholar. His works Chollup (chol'up), Major Hannibal. In Dickinclude ( i Grammaire persane " (1852), transla- ens's " Martin Chuzzlewit/' an American, a worshiper of freedom, lynch-law, and slavery. tions from the Persian and Old Slavic, etc. Chodzko, Leonard Jacob. Born at Oborek, Cholmondeley (chum'li), George. Died May near "Wilna, Russia, Nov. 6, 1800: died at Poi- 7, 1733. The second Earl of Cholmondeley, an tiers, France, March 12, 1871. A Polish his- English general and poet. torian, author of " L a Pologne historique, lit- Cholovone(chô-lô-vo'ne), or Tcholovone. The téraire, etc." (1835-37), etc. northern division of the Mariposan stock of " M o d e r n German M u s i c " (1854), and " T h i r t y Years' Choëphori (ko-ef'o-ri), The. [G-r. Xonôôpoi, per- North American Indians, formerly on lower Musical Recollections " (1S02) ; also a number of unsuccesssons offering xoa'h o r libations, to the dead.] A San Joaquin River, California. See Mariposan. ful novels, including "Koecabella," which was published tragedy of Süschylus: so named from the cho- Cholula (chô-lô'la). [Nahuatl of central Mexi- under the pseudonym " P a u l Bell," and several dramas, rus bearing vessels with offerings to the tomb co, probably.] A considerable Indian town of among them " O l d Love and New Fortune." of A g a m e m n o n . In it Orestes returns to Argos to Mexico, inhabited, at the time of the conquest, Choron (shô-rôn'), Alexandre Etienne. Born avenge the murder of his father Agamemnon, and slays by an independent tribe of Nahuatl Indians. I t lies about 60 miles southeast of the city of Mexico, about at Caen, France, Oct. 21, 1771 : died at Paris, his mother Clytemnestra and lier paramour .Egisthus. June 29, 1834. A French musical writer, 15 miles from the foot of the great volcano on the east, and, in a direct line, 5 or 6 miles west of the city of Pue- teacher, and composer. He wrote " Principes Chœrilus (ker'i-lus). [G-r. XoipÏAoç or XoipiA- bla. A t this day the town of Cholula has 5,500 inhabi- de composition des écoles d'Italie" (1808), etc. Âoç.] 1. An Athenian tragic poet, a contem- tants, and the surrounding villages contain nearly five Chorrillos (chôr-rël'yôs). A coast city and porary of JEschylus.—2. A Samian poet of the times that number. A l l those villages except two are noted watering-place of Peru, 30 miles southmodern. Previous to the 16th century Cholula had a 5th century B. C. east of L i m a . Here the Peruvians under Iglesias and population of not over 25.000 souls, and these were conChœrilus (of Sainos also), a younger contemporary of Herodotus, and said by Plutarch to have been intimate witli Lysander, is remarkable for having attempted a great novelty — to relate in the epic form the very subject with which Herodotus founded Greek history. His Persei's sang the struggle of Hellenedom w i t h Persia. Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 147.

gregated in the central settlement. The tall mound, erroneously called the " P y r a m i d of Cholula," was probably a very ancient settlement erected on an artificial basis of sun-dried brick, with a second platform of lesser extent and greater elevation, and a central mound, the average elevation of which is now 170 feet. Of the fate of this prehistoric settlement there are not even definite traditions. There are, besides the great mound, several other sites of ruins in and around Cholula. The average elevation of the district above the sea-level is 7,000 feet.

Caceres were defeated by the Chilians Jan. 13,1881, Iglesias surrendering with 5.000 men. Population, about 3,000,

Chort (chôrt). [Àr.] The third-magnitude star 0 Centauri. Chosroes. See Khusrau. Chota (chô'ta), or Chutia, Nagpur (cho'të-â nàg-por'). A division in Bengal, IBritish India, lying south of Behar. Area, 26,966 square miles. Population (1881), 4,225,989. Chota, or Chutia, Nagpur Tributary States. A collective name for the seven states "Udaipur, Sirguja, Gangpur, Bonâi, Koriâ, Chang and Bhakâr, situated west of the Chota Nagpur division. Area, 16,054 square miles. Population (1881), 678,002 (chiefly aboriginal tribes). Chotin (chô-tën'), or Chocinx (chô'chim), or Khotin (éhô-tën')A town in the government of Bessarabia, Russia, situated on the Dniester in lat. 48° 33' N., long. 26° 28' E.

Choi. See Kho't. Choiseul (shwa-zel'), César, Duc de, Sieur du Plessis-Praslin. Born at Paris, Feb. 12, 1598: died at Paris, Dec. 23,1675. A French general. Chonos Archipelago (chô'nôs ar-ki-pel'a-gô). A group of about 120 islands on the coast of H e distinguished himself at the siege of La Rochelle 1628, served in Piedmont 163G-4.r>, became marshal 1645, and Chile, between lafcs. 44° and 47° S. gained the decisive victory of Trancheron over the Span- Chons. See Khons. iards 1648. H e commanded the royal forces in the war Chontales (chôn-ta'les). A department of of the .Fronde, and defeated Turenne at Rethel in 1650. Nicaragua, Central America, east of Lake NiI l e was created duke 1663. Also known as Marshal du caragua, noted for its mineral weaîth. Choiseul, or Choiseul-Amboise, Etienne Chontals (chon-talz'), or Chontallis (chon-t&l '[Nahuatl, François, Duc de. Born June 28, 1719: died yës), or Chontales (chon-tâ'les). at Paris, May 7, 1785. A French statesman. 'strangers/'foreigners.'] The name given in The Turks were defeated here by the Poles in 1621 and H e entered the army in his youth, and in 1759 obtained southern Mexico, G-uatemala, and Nicaragua 1673, and by the Russians in 1739 and 1769. Population, the rank of lieutenant-general. Through the influence of to various Indian tribes which are not ethni- 20,070. Madame de Pompadour, mistress of Louis X V . , he was apcally related, but were originally distinguished pointed ambassador to Rome in 1756. Some months after Chotusitz (chô'tô-zits), Czech. Chotusiee. A this appointment he succeeded the AbbéBernis as ambas- by the Nahuatl s as different from themselves. sador to Vienna. In Nov., 1758, he was appointed min- Most of them are now known to ethnologists by village near Czaslau, Bohemia, 45 miles southeast Of Prague. Here, May 17, 1742, the Prussians ister and created Duc de Choiseul (having hitherto been other names. under Frederick the Great defeated the Austrians under known as Comte de Stainville). On his accession to office he continued the alliance of Prance with Maria Theresa Chopin (shô-pan'), Frédéric François. Born Charles of Lorraine. Also called battle of Czaslau. of Austria in the Seven Years' War. He sought to prose- at Zelazowa-Wola, near Warsaw, Poland, March Chotzim. See Vhotin. cute hostilities against England with vigor in Europe, to 1, 1 8 0 9 : d i e d a t P a r i s , O c t . 17, 1849. A celeChouans (shô'anz; F. pron. shô-on'). [Perthe neglect of the proper defense of the colonies : a policy b r a t e d P o l i s h c o m p o s e r a n d p i a n i s t . His father which resulted in the Loss of Canada and Cape Breton was French, his mother a Pole. His earliest compositions haps from Jean Cottereau, called Chouan, one Island to England, and of Louisiana to Spain, at the peace were dances, mazurkas, polonaises, etc. A t nineteen he of their leaders : Chouan being a corruption of of Paris in 1763. He negotiated the " Family Compact " was a finished virtuoso. His masters were a Bohemian, chal-huant, a screech-owl.] During the French between the Bourbon sovereigns of France, Spain, and the Zwyny, and Eisner, the director of the School of Music at Revolution, a name given to the royalist insurT w o Sicilies in 1761, and in 1764 expelled the Jesuits from "Warsaw. He began at this age, with his two concertos gents of Brittany. France. H e was dismissed from office in 1770 through the and some smaller works, to give concerta in Vienna, Muinfluence of the king's new mistress, Madame du Barry. nich, and Paris. In the latter place he settled. In 1837 Chouans, Les. A novel by Balzac, published in romantic connection with George Sand. In 1838 1829: properly " L e dernier Chouan." It has Choiseul-Grouffier, Comte de (Marie Gabriel beganhis she took him to Majorca f o r his health, and nursed him been dramatized. Florent Auguste de Choiseul-Gouffier). there. She depicted him as •'Prince Rarol " in her novel Chouman. See Comanche. Born at Paris, Sept. 27,1752: died at Aachen, " L u c r e z i a Floriani," as a "high-flown, consumptive, and Chouteau (sho-tô'), Auguste. Born at NewGermany, June 20,1817. A French diplomatist exasperating nuisance. " She left him after a friendship of Orleans, 1739: died at St. Louis, Mo., Feb. and archaeologist. His chief work is " V o y a g e eight years, and he lived in retirement» giving lessons and 24, 1829. One of the founders of St. Louis. composing. His works include t w o concertos for piano pittoresque de la Grèce" (1782, new ed. 1841). W i t h his brother Pierre, he joined in August, 1763, the Choiseul-Praslin (-pra-lañ'), Comte Eugène and orchestra, and 27 études, 52 mazurkas, and many pre- expedition of Laclède to establish the fur-trade in the Antoine Horace de. Bom Feb. 23, 1837. A ludes, nocturnes, rondos, etc., and 16 Polish songs. Grove. region watered by the Missouri and its tributaries ; and French statesman. He was elected representative Choptank (chop'tangk). A river and estuary was in command of a party which, Feb. 15,1764, began of Seiue-ct-JIarne to the "National Assembly Feb., 1871 ; in eastern Maryland which flows into Chesa- the establishment of a trading-post called St. Louis on the same year, in AI arch, he was sent to Italy as minister peake Bay about 25 miles southeast of Annap- the site of the present city of that name in Missouri. plenipotentiary, where he remained till November. He is a republican, and supported Thiers. In 1880 he was sec- olis. Length, about 100 miles. It is navigable Chouteau, Pierre. Born at New Orleans, 1749 : died at St. Louis, Mo., July 9,1849. An Ameriretary of state in the ministry of foreign affairs. He has for 45 miles. c a n p i o n e e r . He was associated with his brother, Aubeen several limes reelected to the legislature, and in 1887 Chopunnish (cho-pun'ish), or Nimapu (nim'a-po),or Nez Percé(na per-sa')>orSnahaptan guste Chouteau, in the founding of St. Louis in 1764. was sent on a botanical mission to Ceylon and the United (sha-hap'tan), or Sahaptin (sa-hap'tin). The Chouteau, Pierre, Born at St. Louis, Jan. States. Choîsy (shwa-ze'), François Timoléon de. leading tribe of the Shahaptiao stock of North 19, 1789: died at St. Louis, Sept. 8, 186-1. An Born at Paris, Aug. 16,1644: died Oct. 2, 1724. A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s . Their former habitat (in 1804) American fur-trader, son of Pierre Chouteau. A French ecclesiastic and littérateur. His works was western Idaho, northeastern Oregon, and southeast- Chowanoc (cho-wan'ok). [Algonquian, ' Southern Washington, on the lower Snake River and its tributainclude " H i s t o i r e de France sous les règnes île Saint Louis, landers.5] A tribe of North American Indiansde Philippe de Valois, etc." (1750), " H i s t o i r e de madame ries. They crossed the Rocky Mountains to the head waters formerly on the Chowan River in northeastof the Missouri. Of late years the Nez Percé ( ' p i e r c e d la comtesse des Barres" (I73ï), 4 Mémoires pour servir a l'histoire de Louis X I V . " (1727), etc.

nose ') have not pierced the noBe for ornamental purposes.

ern North Carolina.

Wheu first known, 1584-85, they

« Chowanoc w e r e t h e leading t r i b e in that region. T h e y joined in t h e T u s c a r o r a o u t b r e a k i n 1711, and a f t e r w a r d t h e s u r v i v o r s , a b o u t 240 in n u m b e r , w e r e s e t t l e d on a s m a l l r e s e r v a t i o n o n B e n n e t t ' s c r e e k . A l s o Chowanock. See IroqwÀaa.

Ohrestien (krâ-të-an'), Florent. Horn at Or- s u c c e e d e d . H e m a r r i e d I s a b e l l a , sister of t h e e m p e r o r léans, .France, 1541 : died at Vendôme, France, C h a r l e s V . , in 1515. H e c o n q u e r e d S w e d e n i n 1520; b u t 1596. A French satirist, composer of Latin by his massacre of t h e S w e d i s h n o b i l i t y at S t o c k h o l m t h e verse, and one of the authors of the Satyre s a m e y e a r p r o v o k e d an u p r i s i n g u n d e r G u s t a v u s Vasa, Ménippée" (which see). w h i c h r e s u l t e d i n t h e l i b e r a t i o n of S w e d e n . H e w a s deOhrestien, or Chrétien, de Troyes (dé trwâ). p o s e d in 1523, and d r i v e n o u t of D e n m a r k . H e m a d e a Born at Troyos (?), France, about 1140-50: d e s c e n t on N o r w a y in 1531, b u t w a s c a p t u r e d i n 1532 and died before 1191 (?). A noted French poet d e t a i n e d i n p r i s o n t i l l h i s d e a t h . (trouvère) attached to the courts of Hainault and Champagne and of Philip of Alsace, count Christian I I I . Born 1502: died at Koldirtg. of Flanders. Little is known of his life beyond the Denmark, Jan. 1, 1559. King of Denmark and fact that he was under the patronage of Mary, daughter N o r w a y 1 5 3 4 - 5 9 . H e i n t r o d u c e d The R e f o r m a t i o n i n t o of King Louis VII., who was married in 11&4 to Henry I., D e n m a r k and N o r w a y , d e s t r o y e d t h e i n f l u e n c e of t h c H a n s e count of Champagne. He was among the first trouvères t o w n s in his d o m i n i o n s , and r e d u c e d N o r w a y t o a p r o v i n c e . to write after the model set by the troubadours in southernChristian I V . Born at Frederiksborg, Denïrance, and in his Arthurian legends he set forth the theo- mark, April 12, 1577: died at Copenhagen, Feb. 28, 1648. King of Denmark and Norway 1588r i e s of l o v e as a c c e p t e d by t h e n o b l e l a d i e s of his day. H i s extant Arthurian w o r k s are " L e Chevalier à la Charrette," taken f r o m a prose " L a n c e l o t d u Lac " (concluded by Geoff r e y d e L i g n y , or G o d e f r o y d e L a g ti y), " L e C h e v a l i e r au L y o n , " ( a t t r i b u t e d b y t h e A b b é d e la l i u e t o W a c e ) , " E r e c

and Knìde " (the same legend that Tennyson used in the " I d y l l s of t h e K i n g " ) , " L e r o m a n d e C l i g è s or C l i g e t , " " P e r c e v a l e " ( a w o r k c o n t i n u e d b y successive v e r s i f i e r s t o t h e e x t e n t of s o m e f i f t y t h o u s a n d lines, and p r o b a b l y r e p r e senting in p a r t a w o r k of R o b e r t d e Burron). H e also transl a t e d Ovid, and w r o t e a p o e m o n " W i l l i a m t h e C o n q u e r o r . "

Christison

249

Christian II. Born fit Nyborg, Denmark, July Christian, Fletcher. Lived in the last half of 2, 1.481: died at Kallundborg, Denmark, .Tan. the 18th century. Master's mate and leader 25,1559. King of Denmark and Norway 1513-23, of the mutineers of the Bounty, younger brosurnamed 44 The Cruel," son of John whom he ther of Edward Christian. See ".Bounty. After the

1648. s o n o f F r e d e r i c k I I . H e c a r r i e d on a successf u l w a r against S w e d e n 1G11-13. A s d u k e of I i o l s t e i n he was i n v i t e d in L625, in t h e T h i r t y Y e a r s ' W a r . t o t a k e t h e l e a d in t h e r i s i n g of t h e l ' r o t e s t a u t s in n o r t h e r n G e r m a n y . H e was d e f e a t e d h y T i l l y at L u t t c r a m B a r e n b e r g e , i n B r u n s w i c k , A u g . , 1626, and f o r c e d to a c c e p t t h e p e a c e of L i i b e c k M a y , 1620. I n a s e c o n d w a r w i t h S w e d e n , b e g u n 1(543, and c o n c l u d e d A u g . , 1645, b y t h e p e a c e of B r o m s e b r o , h e l o s t t h e N o r w e g i a n d i s t r i c t s of .7 e m t l a n d and H e r j e l a n d , a n d t h e islands of G o t h l a n d and Osel, and w a s f o r c e d t o m a k e o t h e r i m p o r t a n t concessions. H e prom o t e d c o m m e r c e and e n t e r p r i s e , f o u n d e d t h e Danish sett l e m e n t at T r a n q u e b a r in t h e East I n d i e s , and b y his c o u r a g e and m a g n a n i m i t y a c q u i r e d i n a h i g h d e g r e e t h e f a v o r of h i s s u b j e c t s . T h e w e l l - k n o w n b a l l a d " K i n g K r i s t i a n stood b y t h e l o f t y M a s t " c o m m e m o r a t e s h i s h e r o i s m i n t h e s e a - f i g h t w i t h t h e S w e d e s b e f o r e K i e l , J u l y , 1644.

ship r e a c h e d T a h i t i , w h a t b e c a m e of C h r i s t i a n is n o t k n o w n : a c c o r d i n g to A d ¡iui£j t h e s u r v i v i n g iuutiiiC6r fouud on l'itcairn Island, he was murdered by t h e Taliitians. I t is p o s s i b l e t h a t lie e s c a p e d a n d r e t u r n e d t o England.

Christian, Zarah. See I'mella. Christiana (kris-ti-an'a). [Pern, of Christian.] The wife of Christian, and tlie chief female character ill the second part of Bunyan's ' ' P i l grim's Progress." Christian Cicero. An epithet given to Laetantius. Christian Hero, The. A work by Bichard Steele^ published in 1701. Christiania ( k r i s - t e - a ' n e - a ) . [Named from Christian IV. of Denmark.] The capital of Norway, and the chief seaport and city of the country, situated 011 Christiania Fjord in lat. 59° 55' N . , long. 10° 44' E . I t has a l a r g e f o r e i g n and coiisting t r a d e , a n d e x p o r t s l u m b e r , fish, e t c . I t is t h e seat of a u n i v e r s i t y . I t t a k e s t h e p l a c e of t h e o l d m e d i e v a l a n d c o m m e r c i a l t o w n Oslo, and was f o u n d e d b y C h r i s t i a n I V . i n 1C-24. P o p u l a t i o n (1&91), 148,:U9.

Christiania. A diocese (stift) in southeastern Norway. Chriemhild. See Krianhild. Christiania Fjord (kris-te-a'ne-a fvord). An Christ (krist). [ L . Christus, Grr. Xpioróc (ó Xpitrarm of the sea on the southern coast of Nortó(j, the Anointed).] The Anointed One, the way, south of Christiania. It is very pictuGreek translation of Messiah (Hebrew iyiâêïah) : resque. Length, about 50 miles. a title of Jesus of Nazareth. Christabel (kris'ta-bel). 1. The daughter of Christian V . Born April 15, 1646: died at Christian of Troyes. See Chrestien de Troyes, the king who secretly betrothed herself to Sir Copenhagen, Aug. 2o, 1699. King of Denmark Christiansand (liris'te-an-sand). A diocese C a u l i n e , i n t h e o l d b a l l a d o f t h a t n a m e . The king and Norway 1670-99, son of Frederick III. He (stift) in southern Norway. d i s c o v e r e d it> and Sir C a u l i n e p e r f o r m e d p r o d i g i e s of v a l o r [Named from Christian IV. of c a r r i e d on an u n s u c c e s s f u l w a r a g a i n s t S w e d e n 1675-79, Christiansand. t o w i n h e r . H e w a s at l e n g t h k i l l e d w h i l e f r e e i n g h e r Denmark.] A seaport and the capital of the and p u b l i s h e d i n 1683 a c o d e w h i c h b e a r s his n a m e . f r o m t h e soldan, and she " b u r s t e h e r g e n t l e li c a r t e in diocese of Christiansand. situated on ChrisChristian V I . Born Nov. 30, 1G99 : died Aug. twayne." 6, 1746. King of Denmark and Norway 1730- tiansand Fjord in lat. 58°'l0' N., long. 7° 58' E. 2. The heroine of Coleridge's poem of that 1746, soil of Frederick IV. He was completely under I t has a g o o d h a r b o r a n d a l a r g e trade, and c o n t a i n s a name, published in 1816. The gentle and pious t h e i n f l u e n c e o f h i s w i f e , S o p h i e M a g d a l e n e of B r a n d e n - c a t h e d r a l . I t w a s f o u n d e d b y Christian I V . P o p u l a t i o n d a u g h t e r of Sir L e o l i n e , ahe is i n d u c e d by a p o w e r f u l spell t o b r i n g i n t o h e r f a t h e r ' s castle t h e enchantress w h o c a l l s herself t h e L a d y G e r a l d i n e .

b u r g - K u l m b a c h , w h o s q u a n d e r e d his r e v e n u e in m a g n i f i c e n t b u i l d i n g o p e r a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g t h e p a l a c e of Christiansborg.

len grieving. On t h e s i d e p a n e l s are St. J o h n t h e A p o s t l e a n d a V i r g i n and C h i l d .

of E n g l a n d . C h r i s t i a n ' s reason h a v i n g b e c o m e imp a i r e d a3 a c o n s e q u e n c e of d i s s i p a t i o n , t h e r o y a l physician i n o r d i n a r y , Struensee, s u p p o r t e d by t h e q u e e n , Caroline M a t i l d a , sister of G e o r g e I I I . of E n g l a n d , obtained, t h r o u g h h i s a p p o i n t m e n t in 1770 as p r i m e minister, t h e p a r a m o u n t i n f l u e n c e i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t . Struensee w a s d e p r i v e d of p o w e r Jan. 17, 1772, a n d p u t t o d e a t h ( w h i l e t h e q u e e u w a s b a n i s h e d ) by t h e q u e e n - d o w ager and the minister O v e Hoegh-Guldberg. T h e crown p r i n c e F r e d e r i c k a s s u m e d t h e g o v e r n m e n t A p r i l 14, 1784, and had himself declared regent.

Christ à la Paille. [P., 'of the straw.'] A Christian V I I . Born at Copenhagen, JaD. 29, painting by Rubens, in the Museum of Ant- 1749: died at Rendsburg, Holstein, March 13, werp, Belgium. I t r e p r e s e n t s t h e d e a d Christ l y i n g 1808. King of Denmark and Norway 176Gon a stone b e n c h c o v e r e d w i t h straw, s u p p o r t e d by J o s e p h 1808, and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein: son of o f A r i n i a t h e a , w i t h t h e V i r g i n , St. John, and t h e M a g d a Frederick V. by Louisa, daughter of George II. Christ among the Doctors. A highly esteemed painting by Ingres, in the Musée Municipal at Montauban, France. Christ bearing the Cross. A celebrated statue by Michelangelo, in Santa Maria sopra Minerva, Rome. Christchurch (krïst ' chèrch). A seaport in Hampshire, England, situated at the junction of the Avon and Stour, 20 miles southeast of Southampton. It contains a priory church. Population (1891), 3,994. Christchurch. A city ill New Zealand, situated in the county of Selwyn, South Island, in lat. 48° 35' S., long. 172° 35' K Its haven is Port Lvtteiton. Population (1891), with suburbs, 47,846. Christ Church. One of the largest and most fashionable colleges of Oxford University, founded in 1525 by Cardinal Wolsey as Cardinal College, remodeled as King Henry VIII.'s College in 1532, and refounded as Christ Church by Henry V I I I . i n 1546. T h e fine Perpendicular gateway to the g r e a t q u a d r a n g l e ( " T o m Quad "), w h i c h is t h e l a r g e s t in Oxford, opens beneath the T o m T o w e r , whose upper stage w a s b u i l t b y W r e n i n 1632. On t h e south side of t h e quadr a n g l e is t h e "beautiful P e r p e n d i c u l a r hall, 115 b y 40 f e e t , and 50 h i g h to t h e c a r v e d oak c e i l i n g . I t possesses m a n y f i n e o l d and m o d e r n p o r t r a i t s .

Christian V I I I . Born at Copenhagen, Sept. 18, 1786 : died at Copenhagen, Jan. 20, 1848. King of Denmark 1839-48, and Duke of Schleswig-Holstein and Daiienburg : eldest son of Frederick, stepbrother of Christian V I I . He w a s g o v e r n o r o f N" or w a y w h e n t h e p e a c e of K i e l , conc l u d e d Jan. 14, 1814, w h i c h c e d e d N o r w a y t o S w e d e n , w a s r e p u d i a t e d b y t h e N o r w e g i a n s , Jan. 28, 1814. H e c a m e f o r w a r d as t h e c h a m p i o n o f t h e n a t i o n a l i n d e p e n d e n c e , c o l l e c t e d an a r m y of 12,000 men, c o n v e n e d a d i e t at Eidsw o l d A p r i l 10, w h i c h a d o p t e d a c o n s t i t u t i o n 3 t a y 17, and w a s p r o c l a i m e d k i n g of N o r w a y u n d e r t h e t i t l e of Christ i a n I . M a y 19, 1814. U n a b l e , h o w e v e r , t o m a i n t a i n his p o s i t i o n a g a i n s t t h e S w e d e s , s u p p o r t e d by t h e a l l i e d p o w e r s , h e c o n c l u d e d a t r u c e at M o s s A u g . 14, and r e l i n q u i s h e d t h e c r o w n Oct. 10, 1314. l i e issued a p r o c l a m a t i o n J u l y 8, 1846, iti w h i c h h e d e c l a r e d S c h l e s w i g a n d Holstein to be indissolubly united to Denmark.

Christian IX. Born near Schleswig, April 8, 1818. King of Denmark, fourth son of Frederick, duke of Schleswig-HolsLein-Sondcrburg-

Grliicksburg. H e s u c c e e d e d F r e d e r i c k V I I . N o v . 15. 1863, H e p r o c l a i m e d h i m s e l f s o v e r e i g n of S c h l e s w i g and H o l s t e i n , t h e succession t o w h i c h d u c h i e s w as c l a i m e d b y P r i n c e F r e d e r i c k of S o n d e r b u r g - A u g u s t e n b u r g , w h o w a s s u p p o r t e d b y t h e inhabitants, and on N o v . 18,1863, h e r a t i t a t o r s i n c l u d e t h e m o s t p r o m i n e n t f i g u r e s of t h e church, fied a c o n s t i t u t i o n i n c o r p o r a t i n g S c h l e s w i g w i t h D e n m a r k . a n d p a r t i c u l a r l y of t h e o r d e r of St. D o m i n i c . T h e S c h l e s w i g - H o l s t e i n d i s p u t e finally i n v o l v e d h i m in a Christ, Entombment of. A noted painting by w a r w i t h Prussia a n d A u s t r i a , w h o s e f o r c e s i n v a d e d S c h l e s w i g Feb. 1, 1864, and a f t e r an o b s t i n a t e r e s i s t a n c e Titian, in the Louvre, Paris. o c c u p i e d J u t l a n d . By t h e t r e a t y of Oct. SO, 1864, C h r i s t i a n Christian (kris'tian). [IJ. Christianus, Grr. Xp>cr- f o r m a l l y r e n o u n c e d all c l a i m s t o S c h l e s w i g , H o l s t e i n , a n d Tiavôç, F. Chrestien, Chrétien, It. Sp. Pg. Cris- L a u e n b u r g . H e has issue C r o w n P r i n c e F r e d e r i c k ( b o r n tiano, G. Dan. Christ-kin.] The hero of Bun- J u n e 3, 1843); A l e x a n d r a , princess of W a l e s ( b o r n Dec. 1, yan's "Pilgrim's Progress" (which see). 1844); G e o r g e I . , k i n g of G r e e c e ( b o r n D e c . 24,1845); D a g Christian (kris'tian) I. Born 1426: died at mar, d o w a g e r e m p r e s s of R u s s i a ( b o r n INOV. 26, 1847); Copenhagen, May 21,148]. King of Denmark, T h y r a , duchess of C u m b e r l a n d ( b o r n Sept. 29, 1853); the founder of the house of Oldenburg in Den- P r i n c e W a l d e m a r ( b o m O c t . 27, 1858).

Christ Crucified between the Two Thieves. A famous fresco by Fra Angelico, in the Convent of San Marco, Florence. The mourning spec-

mark. H e w a s a son of T h e o d o r i c , c o u n t of O l d e n b u r g , a n d H e d w i g , heiress of S c h l e s w i g and H o l s t e i n . H e was e l e c t e d in 1448 t o succeed C h r i s t o p h e r I I I . , w h o h a d d i e d t h e s a m e y e a r w i t h o u t issue, a n d was c r o w n e d k i n g of N o r w a y in 1450. l i e t o o k possession of t h e g o v e r n m e n t o f S w e d e n in 1457, b u t w a s e x p e l l e d f r o m t h e c o u n t r y by Sten Sture in 1470. H e w a s e l e c t e d d u k e of S c h l e s w i g a n d c o u n t of H o l s t e i n 1460, and f o u n d e d t h e U n i v e r s i t y of C o p e n h a g e n J u u e 1. 1479.

(1891), 12,541.

Christian Seneca. An epithet given to Joseph Hall (1574-1656). Christianstad (kris'te-an-stad). A lien at the southern extremity of Sweden. Area, 2,507 square miles. Population (1893), 218,752. Christianstad. [Named from Christian IV. of Denmark.] The capital of the lien of Christianstad, Sweden, situated near the Baltic in lat. 56° N., long. 14° 12' E. Its seaport is Alius. It was f o u n d e d b y Christian I V . of D e n m a r k . 10.670.

P o p u l a t i o n (1890),

Christiansted (kris'te-an-sted), or Bassin (bas'sin). The capital of the Banish West Indies, situated on the island of Santa Cruz in lat. 17° 45' N., Jong. 64°41' W. Population, about 5,000. Christiansund (kris'te-an-sond). A seaport in the amt of Romsdal, Norway, built on four Islands in lat. 63° 10' N., long. 7° 4;V E. It exports fish. Population (1891), 10,130. Christian Vergil. An epithet given to Marco Girolarno Vida (1490?-156n), Karl. Born Oct. 1, 1852. A Italy. and in 7«^ brought from Home the relies which had been German zoologist. presented by the Pope to the churches and monasteries of C h r y s o p o l i s (krî-sop'ô-lis). [Gr. xpvcô™?.iç, Chuñar (chun-ar'), or Chunarghur (ehimGaul. lie is the author of the "Vita Canon ica," a rule golden city.] An ancient town on the site of ar'ger). A fortified town in the district of Mirbo tro wed In part from that of St. Benedict, and of which zapur, Northwestern Provinces, British India, there are two versions—an older one intended for the the modern Scutari, in Asia Minor. cathedral of Metz, and a more recent one, intended for the C h r y s o s t o m (kris'os-tom or kris-os'tom), Saint situated on the Ganges 39 miles southwest of V(J church in general. John. [Gr. xP ôoto^oç, golden-mouthed.] B e n a r e s . I t was taken by the English in 17(53. The C h r o n i c l e Of P a r o s . All important Greek his- Born at Antioch, Syria, probably in 347 A. T>. : treaty of Chuñar between Hastings and the Nabob of torical inscription found in the island of Paros, died near Com ana, Cappadocia, Sept. 4, 407. Oudh was concluded in 1781.

and now preserved among the Arundelian mar-

b l e s a t O x f o r d . I t extended originally from the mythical reign of Cecrops, king of Athens, taken as B. C. 1582, to the archon3hip of Diogenetus, B. c. 264; but the end is now lost, and the surviving part extends only to B. c. 355. The chronicle embraces an outline of Greek history, with especial attention to festivals, poetry, and music. Political and military events are less carefully recorded, many of importance being omitted entirely.

Chronicle of the Cid. See Cid. Chronicle of the Kings of England from the Time of the Romans' Government unto the Death of King James. The principal work of Sir R i c h a r d Baker.

It was published in 1643, and its

popularity is attested by its many editions, a ninth appearing in 1696. It was continued by another to the time of George I., and issued in 1730.

C h r o n i c l e s (kron'i-klz). Two "books of the Old Testament, supplementary to the books of

A celebrated father of the Greek Church. He C h u n c h o s (chon'chos). 1. A tribe of Indians was preacher and prelate at Antioch, was patriarch of Con- in eastern Peru and northern Bolivia, about stantinople 398-404, aud was exiled to Cappadocia 404407. The chief editions of his works arc the "Benedic- the h e a d w a t e r s of the Madre de Dios and Hualtine" (IS vol3. fol. 1718), and that of the Abbé Migne (13 vols. 1863). He is commemorated in the Greek Church on Jan. 27 and Nov. 13, in the Roman Church on Jan. 27.

l a g a . They have retained their independence, and are implacable enemies of the whites. Their language is little known, but is said to be the same as that of the neighboring Antis or Campas, with whom some writers identify them.

The last of the great Christian sophists who came forth from the schools of heathen rhetoric was John, the son of 2. The name given b y Tschudi to one of the Secundus, a general in the imperial army, who is generally known by the surname Chrysostomus, "given to him, three great aboriginal races which he supposed as to the eminent sophist Dio Coeceianus, on account of to have inhabited Peru from very ancient times. his golden eloquence. He was born at Antioch, about The others were the Quichuas and Aymarás. By this A. D. 347, and was taught rhetoric in his native city by classification the name would include not only the ChunLibanius, who would gladly have established him in his chos proper, but a great number of savage tribes, princischool as his assistant and successor, if Chrysostom had pally east of the Andes. not been drawn away from secular pursuits by his reliC h u n g k i n g (cliung-keng'). A c i t y i n the provgious convictions. K. O. Muller, Hist, of the l i t . of Anc. Greece, III. 341. ince of Szechuen, China, at the junction of the

[(Donaldson.)

Kialing with the Yangtsz'.

K i n g s . They formed originally one book, the division Chungu (chon'go),orBa-Chungu (ba-ch6n'go). A character in A Bantu tribe settled on the highland between into two having been made for convenience in the 1XX. C h r y s o s t o m e (kris'os-tôm). The name Chronica (Eng. Chronicles), which is given in Cervantes's " D o n Quixote," a learned man Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika, central Africa. some copies of the Vulgate, appears to date from Jerome. who died for love. In the LXX they are called mxpa^itofitva. ('omitted C h r z a n o w s k i ( c h z h â - n o v ' s k ë ) , A d a l b e r t . Born C h u p a s (cho'pás). An elevated plain west of things % and in the Hebrew "Journals " or diaries. They in the waywodeship of Cracow, 1788: died at Guamanga (now Ayacucho), Peru, about midprobably consist of materials which may have been in part w a y b e t w e e n C u z c o a n d L i m a . Here the younger collected by Ezra, and were revised about the second half Paris, March 5, 1861. A Polish general in the Almagro was finally beaten by the royalist forces under revolution of 1830-31. He was commander of Vaca de Castro, Sept. 16, 1542. See Almayro, Diego de, of the 4th century B. C. by another, probably a Levite.

Chupra

251

Conservative member of Parliament for Woodstock C h u p r a (chup'ra). T h e c a p i t a l of t h e d i s t r i c t was 1874-85, when he was returned for South Paddington. He of S a r a n , ' B e h a r , B r i t i s h I n d i a , s i t u a t e d n e a r was reelected for South Paddington in 1886 and in 1892, t h o j u n c t i o n of t h e G o g r a a n d G a n g e s i n l a t . was secretary for India in Lord Salisbury's first rainistry 2 5 ° 4 6 ' N . , l o n g . 8 4 ° 4 0 ' E . P o p u l a t i o n ( 1 8 9 1 ) , (June, 1885,-J anuary, 1886), and in Salisbury's second ministry was chancellor of the exchequer and leader of the 57,352 House of Commons from July to December, 1886. He C h u q u i s a c a ( c h o - k e - s a ' k i i ) . A s o u t h e a s t e r n d e - married Miss Jerome of New York in 1874. p a r t m e n t of B o l i v i a . A r e a , 3 9 , 8 7 1 s q u a r e m i l e s . C h u r c h i l l . A river in British America which P o p u l a t i o n ( 1 8 8 8 ) , e s t i m a t e d , 123,347, b e s i d e s f l o w s t h r o u g h v a r i o u s l a k e s i n t o H u d s o n B a v , wild Indians. a b o u t l a t . 58° 4 0 ' N . , long. 95° \V. Length, Chuquisaca ( c i t y ) . S e e Sucre. a b o u t 700 m i l e s . A l s o c a l l e d Missinyiippi, EngChuquito. S e e Chucuito, lish, a n d Beaver. Chur ( c i i 5 r ) . S e e Coire. Church Island ( U t a h ) . S e e Antelope Island. C h u r c h ( c h e r c h ) , B e n j a m i n . B o r n a t D u x b u r y , Churchyard (cherch/yard), Thomas. Born at M a s s . , 1 6 3 9 : d i e d a t L i t t l e C o m p t o n , R . I . , J a n . S h r e w s b u r y , E n g l a n d , a b o u t 1520 : d i e d A p r i l 1 7 , 1 7 1 8 . A n A m e r i c a n s o l d i e r . He took part in 1604. A n E n g l i s h p o e t a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s w r i King Philip's war, including the swamp fight with the Nar- t e r , a n d s o l d i e r . He was the author of numerous ragausetts, Dec. 19,1675, and was in command of the party tracts and broadsides, " The Worthines of Wales," a poem which hunted King Philip to death Aug. 12,1070. Under (1587), " The Legend of Shore's Wife " (in the 1563 edition his direction and from his notes his son Thomas com- of Baldwin's "Mirror for Magistrates"), his best-known piled "Entertaining Passages relating to Philip's W a r " poem, " Churchyard's Challenge," a collection of prose and (1716). verse (1593), etc. As a soldier he served in Scotland, IreChurch, Frederick Edwin. Born at Hartford, land, the Low Countries, France, and elsewhere. C o n n . , M a y 4, 1826. A n o t e d A m e r i c a n l a n d Thomas Churchyard was an inferior sort of Gas coign c, s c a p e - p a i n t e r , a p u p i l of T h o m a s C o l e . His best- who led a much longer if less eventful life. He was known works arc "NiagaraFalls from the Canadian Shore " about t h e Court for the greater part ot' the century, and had a habit of calling his little books, which were numer(1857: in the Corcoran Gallery, Washington), " T h e Heart ous, and written both in verse and prose, by alliterative of the Andes " (1859), "Cotopaxi" (1*62), etc. titles playing on his own name such as "Churchyard's Church, Frederick Stuart. Bom at Grand Chips," "Churchyard's Choice," and so forth. He was a perR a p i d s , M i c h . , 1841. A n A m e r i c a n p a i n t e r . son of no great literary power, aud chiefly noteworthy beChurch, Sir Richard. Born in the county of cause of his long life after contributing to Tottel's " MisC o r k , I r e l a n d , 1 7 8 4 : d i e d a t A t h e n s , G r e e c e , cellany,"which makes him a link between the old literatur e M a r c h 20, 1873. A B r i t i s h s o l d i e r , l o n g a aud the new. SaiaUbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 18. m i l i t a r y c o m m a n d e r a n d official i n t h e G r e e k s e r v i c e . He served as ensign in the Egyptian campaign Churruas. S a m e a s Char runs. A village about of 1801; became captain in the Corsican Hangers 1806; C h u r u b u s c o ( c h o - r o - b o s ' k o ) . m i l e s s o u t h of t h e c i t y of M e x i c o . During the was present at the battle of Maida, and took part in the 5Mexican war, Aug. 20, 1847 (after the battle of Contreras, defense of Capri and (as assistant quartermaster-general) which see), about 8.000 United States troops under Scott in various actions in the Ionian Islands; and was ap- defeated there a force of 20,00,1-25,000 Mexicans under pointed lieutenant-colon el of a Greek infantry regiment Santa Anna. An old convent in the village, garrisoned by in 1812. When the Greek revolution began, he joined the about S00 Mexican troops under General Pedro Maria insurgents (March 7, 1827), and possessed great influence Anaya, was attacked by about 6,000 United States soldiers as a leader of the movement and as a military commander. under Generals Twiggs, Smith, and Worth. The strong He also took part in the revolution of 1843. Tn that year convent walls served as a fortress, and it was only carried he was appointed senator, and in 1854 general in the after a severe battle, the ammunition of the defenders being exhausted. The losses were : United States, 1,053; Greek anuv. Church, Sanford Elias. Bom at Milford, N. Y., Mexico, about 7,000 (including the battle of Contreras). A p r i l 1 8 , 1 8 1 5 : d i e d a t A l b i o n , N . V., M a y 14, C h u r w a l d e n ( c h o r ' v a l - d e n ) . A t o w n , n o t e d a s 1880. A n A m e r i c a n j u r i s t a n d p o l i t i c i a n . H e a h e a l t h - r e s o r t , i n t h e c a n t o n of G r i s o n s , S w i t was lieutenant-governor of New York 1851-54, and chief z e r l a n d , 5 m i l e s s o u t h of C o i r e . justice of the State Court of Appeals 1871-80. C h u s a n (cho-san'). T h e l a r g e s t i s l a n d of t h e C h u r c h i l l (cherch'ii), A r a b e l l a . B o r n 1648: C h u s a n g r o u p , s i t u a t e d in t h e C h i n a Sea in d i e d 1730. E l d e s t d a u g h t e r of S i r W i n s t o n l a t . 3 0 ° 1 0 ' N . , l o n g . 1 2 2 ° 1 0 ' E . I t w a s t a k e n C h u r c h i l l of W o o t t o n B a s s e t t , W i l t s h i r e , a n d b y t h e E n g l i s h i n 1840 a n d 1860. Capital, e l d e r s i s t e r of J o h n C h u r c h i l l , d u k e of M a r l Ting-hai. b o r o u g h : a m i s t r e s s of J a m e s I I .

Churchill, Charles.

Born at Westminster, Chusan Archipelago. The group of islands of

F e b . . 1731: d i e d o n a visit t o B o u l o g n e , N o v . w h i c h C h u s a n is t h e chief. 4 , 1764. A n E n g l i s h p o e t , s o n of C h a r l e s Chutia Nagpur. S e e Chota Xagpur. C h u r e l i i l l , r e c t o r of R a i n h a m , E s s e x . He was ordained a priest in 1756, and became curate at Rainhatn, and Chutterpur (chut-ter-por'), or Chattrpur in 1758 of St. John's, Westminster; was for a time a teacher ( c h a t - t r - p o r ' ) . A c i t v i n B u n d e l k h a n d , B r i t i s h in various schools; was separated from his wife (Feb., I n d i a , i n l a t . 2 4 ° 5 2 ' N . , l o n g . 7 9 ° 3 8 ' E . 1761), with whom he had contracted a f l e e t marriage at C h u u i c h u p a ( c h o - w e - c h o ' p a ) . [Opata.] The the age of seventeen ; and thereafter devoted himself to w i l d a n d s c a r c e l y e x p l o r e d r e g i o n of t h e s o u r c e s literature, becoming famous as a satirist through his Res- of t h e Y a q u i R i v e r i n t h e S i e r r a M a d r e , n e a r cind" (1761) (which see). He also published "The Apology: t h e c o n f i n e s of S o n o r a a n d C h i h u a h u a , M e x i c o . addressed to the Critical Reviewers" (1761), " N i g h t : an Epistle to Robert Lloyd" (1762), " T h e Ghost," in which Chuzzlewit (chuz'l-wit), Anthony. The shrewd Johnson is ridieulcd in connection with the Cock Lane a n d c u n n i n g f a t h e r of J o n a s , i n C h a r l e s D i c k ghost (1762-63), " T h e Prophecy of Famine: a Scots Pas- e n s ' s " M a r t i n C h u z z l e w i t . " t o r a l " (1763), " T h e Duellist," an assault on the enemies C h u z z l e w i t , J o n a s . A n u n s c r u p u l o u s , s e l f i s h , of Wilkes (1763), " T h e A u t h o r " (1763), " Gotham," a poet- a n d o v e r r e a c h i n g f e l l o w , t h e c o u s i n of M a r t i n ical statement of his political opinions (1764), " The Candi- a n d s o n of A n t h o n y C h u z z l e w i t , i n C h a r l e s date " (1764), etc. He was a friend of Wilkes, and a co- D i c k e n s ' s " M a r t i n C h u z z l e w i t . " H i s s l y n e s s , laborer with him on the " N o r t h Briton." s e l f i s h i g n o r a n c e , a n d b r u t a l i t y finally c u l m i C h u r c h i l l , J o h n , first D u k e of M a r l b o r o u g h . n a t e i n m u r d e r . Born at Ashe, Musbury, Devonshire, probably J u n e 2 4 , 1 6 5 0 : d i e d n e a r W i n d s o r , J u n e 1 6 , 1 7 2 2 . Chuzzlewit, Martin. The grandfather of MarA famous English general and statesman. H e t i n C h u z z l e w i t , i n C h a r l e s D i c k e n s ' s n o v e l of served for a time as page of honor to the Duke of York t h a t n a m e . (afterward James IT.)» and in 1667 obtained a commission A young architect, the as ensign in the Foot Guards. He served under Monmouth Chuzzlewit, Martin. in the French army in Flanders in 1672 and subsequently, p r i n c i p a l c h a r a c t e r i n C h a r l e s D i c k e n s ' s n o v e l and commanded under Keversham at Sedgcmoor in 1685. of t h a t n a m e . At first dissipated, by dint of many He joined William of Orange in Nov., 1688, wa3 made earl of hard knocks from fortune, especially in his dreary AmeriMarlborough in 1689, served on the Continent aud in Ire- can adventures with Mark Tapley in search of wealth, he land 1689-91, and in 1692 was removed from his offices and imprisoned for complicity in Jacobite intrigues. He was reforms and becomes the heir of his rich grandfather. restored to favor by "William I I I . in 1698, and was ap- Chuzzlewit, Mrs. Jonas. S e e Pecksn i j f , Mercy. In Sanskrit mytholpointed uomrnander-iti-chief in Holland in 1701, and cap- C h y a v a n a ( c h y a - v i i ' n a ) . tain-general of a l l t h e British forces inl702. During the War o g y , a I i i s h i w h o m , w h e n o l d , t h e A s h v i n s m a d e of the Spanish Succession, which broke out in 1701, he a g a i n a y o u t h . This germ, all t h a t is found in the was, with Eugene of Savoy and Heinsius, pensionary of Rigveda, i*3 variously developed in stories of Chyavana Holland, a leading spirit* of the grand alliance of the (the later form for the earlier Chyavana) in the Shatanaval powers and the emperor against France. He con- patha Brahmana and the Mahabharata, a motive of which ducted a successful campaign against the French in 1702, was created duke of Marlborough in 1702, shared with is to explain how the Ashvins came to share libations of Eugene the victory of Blenheim in 1704, defeated Villeroi soma. at Ramillies in 1706, and in conjunction with Eugene C i a l d i n i ( c h a l - d e ' n e ) , E n r i c o , D u k e of G a e t a . gained the victories of Oudenarde in 1708 and Malplaquet B o r n a t C a s t c l v e t r o , M o d e n a , I t a l y , A u g . 8, in 1709. He was deprived of his command in 1711, in con- 1 8 1 1 : d i e d a t L e g h o r n , S e p t . 8 , 1 8 9 2 . A n Italsequence of the fall of the Whig ministry and the acces- i a n g e n e r a l , p o l i t i c i a n , a n d d i p l o m a t i s t . He sion to power of the Tories. See life by Coxe (3 vols. s e r v e d w i t h d i s t i n c t i o n i n t h e c a m p a i g n s of 1818-19). 1860-61, a n d w a s a m b a s s a d o r t o F r a n c e 1 8 7 6 Churchill, Randolph Henry Spencer (called 1879 a n d 1 8 8 0 - 8 1 . Lord Randolph Churchill). Born Feb. 13, C i a n < ? a ( t h e - a n ' t h a ) , A n d r e s d e . A S p a n i s h l a w 1 8 4 9 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , J a n . 24, 1895. A n E n g - y e r , a n a t i v e of P e h a f i c l i n t h e d i o c e s e of P a He went with Gasca to Peru in 1546, was l i s h p o l i t i c i a n , s e c o n d s o n of t h e s i x t h D u k e l e n c i a . of M a r l b o r o u g h . He entered Parliament in 1874. He made, a member of the audiencc there, and was one of the

Cicacole judges who condemned Gonzalo Pizarro and Carvajal to death. From Jan., 1550, to Sept., 1551, he governed Peru as president of the audience. C i b a l a s (sib'a-lê), or C i b a l i s (-lis). I n a n c i e n t geography, a town in Pannonia, near the modern Esseg in Slavonia. H e r e , i n 314, C o n s t a n tino defeated Licinius. Cibao (së-bâ'ô). [Probably f r o m the Indian w o r d ciba, a s t o n e o r r o c k . ] A mountainous r e g i o n i n t h e c e n t r a l p a r t of t h e i s l a n d of S a n t o D o m i n g o . At the time of the conquest it was included in the province of Maguana, governed by Caonabo. The Indians told Columbus that gold was found there, and he supposed it to be the Cipango (Japan) of Marco Polo. Ojeda entered this region in March, 1404, and a considerable amount of gold was obtained there.

Cibber (sib'èr), or Cibert (së'bêrt), Caius Ga-

b r i e l . B o r n at F l e n s b o r g , in H o l s t e i n , 1630: d i e d a t L o n d o n , 1700. A D a n i s h s c u l p t o r , r e s i d e n t i n E n g l a n d , t h e f a t h e r of C o l l e y C i b b e r . Gibber, C o l l e y . Born at London, Nov. 6,1671 : d i e d t h e r e , D e c . 12, 1757. A n E n g l i s h a c t o r a n d d r a m a t i s t , s o n of t h e s c u l p t o r C. G . C i b b e r b y h i s s e c o n d w i f e , J a n e C o l l e y . He began his career as an actor about 1690, his first recorded appearance being in 1691 at the Theatre Royal, and subsequently played a large number of parts, of many of which he was the original. Among his plays are "Love's Last S h i f t " (1694), "She Would and She Would N o t " (1702), " T h e Careless H u s b a n d " (acted 1704), " T h e Double G a l l a n t " (1707), " The Provoked Husband " (1728), " The N o n j u r o r " (acted 1717), etc. He altered and adapted "Richard I I I . " and " K i n g Lear," and other plays, the former keeping the stage for a century. I n 1730 he was appointed poet laureate. Pope attacked him under the name of "Dulness " in the " D u n c i a d " (1741). His "Apology for his Life" was published in 1740.

Cibber, Mrs. (Susannah Maria Arne). Born

a t L o n d o n , F e b . , 1714 : d i e d a t W e s t m i n s t e r , J a n . 30, 1766. A n o t e d E n g l i s h a c t r e s s a n d s i n g e r , w i f e of T h e o p h i l u s C i b b e r a n d s i s t e r of T h o m a s A r n e . Her first appearance was at the Haymarket in 1732, in the opera "Amelia " by Lumpé, and her reputation was for several years chiefly founded upon her singing. In 1736 she made her début as a tragic actress in the part of Zarah, in Hill's version of Voltaire's "Zaire," and rapidly became famous.

Cibber, Theophilus. Born Nov. 26, 1703 : perished in a s h i p w r e c k i n t h e Irish Channel, Oct., 1758. A n E n g l i s h a c t o r a n d d r a m a t i s t , s o n of C o l l e y C i b b e r . He wrote " T h e Lover " (1730), " P a t i e and Peggy, or the Fair Foundling " (1730X " The Harlot's Progress, or the Ridutto al Fresco" (1733), " T h e Auction " (1757), etc. He published an alteration of " Henry VI. " In April, 1734, he married Susannah Maria Arne, afterward famous as au actress. She abandoned him a few years later. Cibber was a man of unsavory reputation. C i b o b é (së-bô-bà'). [ T e h u a of n o r t h e r n N e w Mexico.] A mythical place, probably some spring or lagoon in s o u t h e r n Colorado, where, a c c o r d i n g t o t h e t r a d i t i o n s of t h e T e h u a s , t h e i r a n c e s t o r s i s s u e d f r o m t h e i n t e r i o r of t h e e a r t h to begin their wauderings over its surface. It i s t h e m y t h i c a l c r a d l e of t h e t r i b e . Cibola (se'bô-la). [Origin unknown.] The n a m e g i v e n b y F r a y M a r c o s of N i z z a t o t h e c l u s t e r of v i l l a g e s o c c u p i e d b y t h e Z u h i t r i b e m 1539. H e h e a r d t h e w o r d i n é o n o r a , a n d i t m a y h a v e b e e n a c o r r u p t i o n of Shiuona, t h e Z u h i n a m e for the range held b y that tribe.

Cibot (së-bô'), François Barthélémy Michel

Edouard. B o r n a t P a r i s , F e b . 11, 1 7 9 9 : d i e d a t P a r i s , J a n . 10, 1877. A F r e n c h p a i n t e r , noted especially for historical subjects and landscapes.

Cibot, Pierre Martial.

Born at Limoges,

F r a n c e , 1727 : d i e d a t P e k i n g , C h i n a , A u g . 8, 1780. A F r e n c h J e s u i t , m i s s i o n a r y i n C h i n a . He was the author of many dissertations and treatises, comprised in the " Mémoires concernant l'histoire des lettres, sciences et arts de la Chine." Cibrario (chë-brà'rë-ô), Count G i o v a n n i A n -

tonio Luigi. Born at Turin, Feb. 23, 1802:

d i e d a t S a l o , B r e s c i a , I t a l y , O c t . 1, 1870. An Italian jurist, historian, and politician, cabinet m i n i s t e r 1 8 5 2 - 5 6 . He wrote " Storia della monarchia di Savoia" (1840-47), "Origini e progress! delle instituzioni della monarchia di Savoia" (1854-55), "Delia economia politica del Medio Evo " (1842), etc. Cibyra ( s i b ' i - r l i ) . [ G r . Kifivpa.'] A n a n c i e n t t o w n of P h r y g i a , A s i a M i n o r , t h e m o d e r n K h o r z u m : c a l l e d Cibyra Magna, to distinguish it f r o m a s m a l l e r t o w n of t h e s a m e n a m e i n P a m p h y l i a . Its ruins comprise an odeum, 175 feet in diameter^ with thirteen tiers of seats visible abuveground. The front wall is noteworthy, and is practically complete : it has five arched doorways between two square ones. There is also an ancient theater of some size and considerable interest, and a stadium, in part excavated from a hillside. There are twenty-one tiers uf seats in marble, which remain in place around the curved end. There was a monumental entrance, consisting of three lofty arches. C i c a c o l e ( s i k - a - k ô l ' ), o r C h i c a c o l e ( c h i k - a - k o l ' ) . A t o w n i n t h e d i s t r i c t of G a n j a m , M a d r a s , British India, situated on the Nagavulli in lat. 18° 20' N . , l o n g . 83° 52' E .

Cicely Homespun Cicely Homespun. S e e Homespun.

252

Cimmerian Bosporus

lines, and is a bold and spirited exhibition of national C i l l i ( t s i l ' l e ) , S l o v e n i a n C e l j e . A town in Cicero. A s u r n a m e g i v e n t o J o h a n n , e l e c t o r peculiarities in the chivalrous times of Spain. It was S t v r i a , A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y , o n t h e S a n n i n l a t . 4 6 ° 1 4 ' N . , l o n g . 15° 1 5 ' E . : t h e R o m an Claudia printed first by Sanchez in the first volume of his "Poesías of B r a n d e n b u r g 1486-99, o n a c c o u n t of b i s e l o Castellanas Anteriores al Siglo XV." (Madrid, 1779-90). C e l e j a , f o u n d e d b y C l a u d i u s . I t i s a s x i m m e r r e quence. sort. I t w a s g o v e r n e d b y c o u n t s in t h e l a t e r Ticknor. Cicero (sis'e-ro), Marcus Tullius. Born at Ar- 2 . A n o l d p o e t i c a l S p a n i s h c h r o n i c l e ( ' " ' C r o n i c a m i d d l e a g e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 6,264. p i n u m , I t a l y , J a n . 3, 106 B. C. : a s s a s s i n a t e d Cimabue (che-ma-bd'a), G-iovanni. Born at n e a r P o r m i a s , I t a l y , D e e . 7. 43 b. c. A c e l e - R i m a d a d e l a s C o s a s d e E s p a ñ a " ) , n e a r l y t h e F l o r e n c e , 1240: d i e d t h e r e , a b o u t 1302. A n o t e d b r a t e d R o m a n o r a t o r , p h i l o s o p h e r , a n d s t a t e s - w h o l e of w h i c h is d e v o t e d t o t h e h i s t o r y of t h e I t a l i a n p a i n t e r , c a l l e d T h e F a t h e r of M o d e r n m a n . He served in the Social War in 89; traveled in C i d . It is later than the "Poema del Cid," and was first P a i n t i n g / ' He is mentioned as a forerunner of Giotto Greccc and Asia 79-77; was questor in Sicily in 7n; ac- published by Michel in the "Jahrbücher der Literatur," by Dante,"who thereby gives occasion to his own anonycused Verres in 70; was edile in 69; pretor 66; and as Vol. CXV., at Vienna in 1S46. Both these poems seem mous commentator, writing in 1334, to make some reconsul suppressed Catiline's conspiracy in 63. He was built up from older ballads. marks upon Cimabue's fame and ambition, quoted by banished in 58, living in Thessalonica, and was recalled 3 . T h e u C h r o n i c l e of t h e C i d , " d a t e u n k n o w n , Yasari. Cimabue practised painting on wall-panels and in 57. He was proconsul of Cilicia 51-50; joined the Poinpei;in3 in 49; lived at Brundisium, Sept., 48,-Sept., p r i n t e d i n 1512, t h e s a m e i n s u b s t a n c e w i t h t h e mosaics. The works accredited to liim arc simply as47; pronounced t h e Philippics against Antony 44-43; h i s t o r y of t h e C i d i n t h e ' ' G e n e r a l C h r o n i c l e of sumed by Vasari without corroborating testimony. They and was proscribed by the Second Triumvirate and slain t h e H i s t o r y of S p a i n " c o m p o s e d a n d c o m p i l e d consist of: (a) Several large Madonnas on panels with gold in 43. Of his orations 57 are extant (with fragments b y A l f o n s o t h e W i s e a b o u t 1 2 6 0 . — 4 . A S p a n i s h grounds. The most celebrated is that in the chapel of of 20 more), including "Against Verres" (six speeches, 70 t r a g e d y ( " L a s m o c e d a d e s d e l C i d C a m p e a d o r " ) the liucellai family in Santa Maria Novella in Florence. B. C.; five of these were never delivered), "Against Cati- b y G u i l l e n d e C a s t r o . I t a p p e a r e d i n 1618.— 5 . There is another in the Louvre, and another in the Acline " (four speeches, 63 B. c. : see Catiline), " For Archias " A F r e n c h t r a g e d y ( " L e C i d " ) b y P i e r r e C o r - cademia at Florence. They are effective from their mild solemnity and simple color, which is lively and clear in («2 B. c.), "Against l'iso " (55 B. C.), " F o r Milo " (52 B. c.), n e i l l e , r e p r e s e n t e d i n 1636. the flesh-tints, (b) Frescos in the Church of San Fran" F o r Marcellus" (46 B. c.), and "Philippics" (which see). His other works include "lihetorica," "De oratore," "Dc Cid Hamet Benengeli. S e e Bmiengeli, Cid cisco d'Assisi, quite similar to the panels, but slighter and repuMica," "De legibus," "De iinibus bonorum et malo- Hamet. more decorative. (c) Mosaics in the apse of the catherum," "Tusculanse disputationes," "I>o natura deorum," dral of l'isa, the only work well authenticated as his by [ S p . , ' l i t t l e original documents, and probably his last. "Cato major," "Dc divinatione," "Lselius," "De officiis " C i e n e g u7 i l l a ( t h e - ä - n ä - g e l ' y ä ) . m a r s h . ] A p l a c e 12 m i l e s w e s t o r w e s t s o u t h (see tliese titles), etc. There are, besides, four collections of his correspondence. He also wrote poetry, including w e s t of S a n t a F é , i n N e w M e x i c o . N e a r i t a r e C i m a d i J a z z i ( c h e ' m a d e y a t ' s e ) . A m o u n an epic on Marius. t h e r u i n s of a n i m p o r t a n t a n c i e n t p u e b l o of t h e t a i n of t h e V a l a i s A l p s , o n t h e b o r d e r of I t a l y , Tanos. . H e i g h t , 12,526 f e e t . Cicero, Quintus Tullius. Born about 102 b. c. : C i e n f u e g o s ( t h é - e n - f w à ' g o s ) . A s e a p o r t o n Ceiams ta rofo sZae r(mc haet -t m a-ro'sa), D o m e n i c o . B o r n at k i l l e d 43 b . c. A R o m a n c o m m a n d e r , y o u n g e r t h e s o u t h e r n c o a s t of C u b a , i n l a t . 22° 1 2 ' N . , A v e r s a , n e a r N a p l e s , D e c . 17, 1 7 4 9 : d i e d a t b r o t h e r of M a r c u s T u l l i u s C i c e r o , d i s t i n g u i s h e d l o n g . 8 0 ° 3 5 ' W . I t e x p o r t s m o l a s s e s , s u g a r , V e n i c e , J a n . 11, 1801. A n I t a l i a n c o m p o s e r of i n G a u l i n 54. opera. H i s c h i e f o p e r a is " I I m a t r i m o n i o s e e t c . P o p u l a t i o n (1887), 40,964. Cicero's younger brother, Quintus (a. 652/102-711/43), Cienfuegos, Nicasio Alvarez de. Born at g r e t o " ( " T h e S e c r e t M a r r i a g e , ' ' 17U2). took much interest in literature, especially in poetry, M a d r i d , D e c . 14, 1 7 6 4 : d i e d a t O r t h e z , F r a n c e , and seems to have resembled his brother in facility of J u l y , 1809. A Spanish p o e t and dramatist. C i m a r r o n (se-ma-ron'). [Sp., ' wild.'] A n a m e com position, but he never attained any distinction. He g i v e n t o t h e C a n a d i a n R i v e r i n n o r t h e r n "New undertook an annalistic work, and translated tragedies of H i s ' p o e m s w e r e p u b l i s h e d i n 1798. Mexico (Rio Cimarron). Sophokles and the like. "We possess by him the Com- Cienfueg:os y Jovellanos (the-en-fwä'gös é [Sp. cimarron, mentariolum petitionis, a missive addressed to his brother H o - v e l - y ä ' n o s ) , J o s é . B o r n a t (rigori, A s t u r i a s , Cimarrones ( t h e - m a - r o ' n e s ) . maMarcus, composed early in fl!)0/64. and a few letters. S p a i n , 1 7 6 8 : d i e d a t M a d r i d , 1825. Á S p a n i s h u n t a m e d ; w h e n c e u l t i m a t e l y E . maroon, A n a m e given in t h e S p a n i s h colonies Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist. Rom. Lit. (tr. by G. C. W. g e n e r a l . He was a cadet in 1777, served in the French rooner.2 of A m e r i c a t o f u g i t i v e s l a v e s ; i n p a r t i c u l ar, [Warr), I. 324. wars, and from April, 1816, to the end of 1819 was captain-general of Cuba. In 1822 he was minister of war, and t h e b a n d s of f u g i t i v e n e g r o e s w h o c o l l e c t e d o n Cicogna (che-kdn'ya), Emmanuele Antonio. at t h e i s t h m u s of P a n a m a a b o u t t h e m i d d l e of t he the time of his death councilor of war and lieutenantB o r n a t V e n i c e . J a n . 17, 1 7 8 9 : d i e d a t V e n i c e , They numbered many hundred, built general and director-general of artillery. The town of 1 6 t h c e n t u r y . F e b . 22,1868. A n I t a l i a n h i s t o r i a n a n d archaewalled towns, attacked the Spanish settlements, robbed Cienfuegos, Cuba, founded during his rule, was named in ologist. H e w r o t e " D e l l e i n s e r i z i o n i V e n e - his honor. treasure-trains, and made their name a terror in all parts of the isthmus. Under their chief or "king," Bayano, z i a n e " (1824-53), etc. O i c o g n a r a ( c h e - k o n - y a ' r a ) , C o u n t L e o p o l d o . C i e z a ( t h e - ä ' t h a ) . A s m a l l t o w n i n t h e p r o v - they resisted the forces of Pedro dc Ursua for two years, i n c e of M u r c i a , S p a i n , n e a r t h e S e g u r a n o r t h but were at length obliged to submit. They soon revoltB o r n a t F e r r a r a , I t a l y , N o v . 17, 1 7 6 7 : d i e d a t ed. In 1572 they joined forces with the English adventurer V e n i c e , M a r c h 5, 1834. A n I t a l i a n a n t i q u a r i a n w e s t of M u r c i a . a n d d i p l o m a t i s t , a u t h o r of " S t o r i a clella s c u l - Cieza de Leon (the-ä'thä dä lä-ön'), Pedro de. Drake, aud for many years they aided the bucaneers in B o r n a t L l e r e n a , S p a i n , 1518 : d i e d a t S e v i l l e , their descents on the isthmus. Finally they became amalt u r a " (] 813-18), e t c . 1560. A S p a n i s h s o l d i e r , a n t l i o r of t h e " C o - gamated with the Indian tribes. C i d ( s i d ; S p . p r o n . t h e m ) . T h e : c a l l e d a l s o E l r ó n i c a d e l P e r ú . " From about 1534 to 15G2 he was Cimbebasie. S e e Ndo»ga. Campeador (kam-pe-ii-dor') (Ruy or Rodrigo with t h e Spanish amiies in America, serving in New C i m b r i ( s i m ' b r i ) . [ L . , G r . Klfijipot.] A n a n c i e n t Diaz de Bivar). [Cid, Sp., representing Ar. Granada and Peru and traveling extensively. His "Co- p e o p l e of c e n t r a l E u r o p e , of u n c e r t a i n l o c a l Selfyid, m a s t e r : el Campeador, S p . , t h e c h a m - ránica," or history, of Peru was commenced in 1541, and h a b i t a t i o n a n d e t h n o g r a p h i c a l p o s i t i o n . They consisted of four parts. Part 1, a general description of pushed into the Roman provinces in 113 B. t\, and in compion or challenger.] B o r n a t t h e c a s t l e of the country-, was published in 1553 ; and part 2, with a por- pany with the Teutons and Gauls engaged with and deB i v a r , n e a r B u r g o s , S p a i n , a b o u t 1 0 4 0 : d i e d tion of part 3, in modern times ; other portions are known feated Roman armies in southern Gaul and elsewhere (the a t V a l e n c i a , S p a i n , J u l y , 1099. T h e p r i n c i p a l in MS., but several books are lost. Cieza de Leon is one most notable defeat being that of Csepio and Mallius in n a t i o n a l h e r o of S p a i n , f a m o u s f o r h i s e x p l o i t s of the best authorities on the early history of Peru and the 105 B. c.) until 101 B. c., when they were defeated and customs of the Incas. virtually exterminated by Murius on the Rand ¡an fields in i n t h e -wars w i t h t h e M o o r s . northern Italy. The peninsula of Jutland was named from The title of Cid, by which he is almost always known, C i g n a n i ( c h e n - v ä ' n e ) , C o u n t C a r l o . B o r n a t them the Cimbric Chersonese. Is often said to have come to him from the remarkable B o l o g n a , I t a l y , M a y . 15, 1 6 2 8 : d i e d a t P o r l i , Cimmerians. circumstance that five Moorish kings or chiefs acknow- I t a l y , S e p t . 6, 1719. A n I t a l i a n p a i n t e r of t h e Cimmarians. S e e ledged him in one battle as their Seid, or their lord and B o l o g n e s e s c h o o l . H i s c h i e f w o r k i s a n " A s - C i m m e r i a ( s i - m e ' r i - a ) . [ G r . Kifiprpia.'] The conqueror; and the title of Campeador, or Champion, c o u n t r y of t h e C i m m e r i a n s ( w h i c h see), f a b l e d s u m p t i o n of t h e V i r g i n , " p a i n t e d i n t h e c u p o l a by which he is hardly less known, though it is commonly t o b e a p l a c e of p e r p e t u a l d a r k n e s s . assumed to have been given to him as a leader of the of t h e c a t h e d r a l a t F o r l ì . armies of Sancho the Second, has long since been used Cignaroli (chen-yä-rö'le), Giovanni Bettino. ..Escliylus places Cimmeria in close proximity to the almost exclusively as a mere popular expression of the B o r n a t S a l o , n e a r V e r o n a , I t a l y , 1 7 0 6 : d i e d a t Palus Mseotls and the Bosphorus; and h e r e i n the time admiration of his countrymen for his exploits against the of Herodotus were still existing a number of names reMoors. At any rate, from a very early period he has been V e r o n a , D e e . 1, 1770. A n I t a l i a n p a i n t e r of calling the fact of the former settlement in these regions t h e V e n e t i a n s c h o o l . I n 1769 b e b e c a m e d i - of the Cimmerian nation. called El Cid Campeador, or The Lord Champion. Rawlimnn, Ilcrod., I I I . 179. Tieknor, Span. Lit., I. 12. r e c t o r of t h e A c a d e m y a t V e r o n a . C i m m e r i a n B o s p o r u s (si-me'ri-an bos'po-rus). Ciguay (se-gwi'), or Hlguey (e-gwäy'). The InThe strait between the Black Sea and the Sea In this critical age we are frequently obliged to abandon with regret t h e most charming traditions of our d i a n n a m e f o r a p o r t i o n of t h e e a s t e r n p a r t of of A z o f f . The Crimean side was colonized by a Greek childhood's histories; and t h e Cid has not been Bpared. t h e i s l a n d of S a u t o D o m i n g o , b o r d e r i n g o n S a - expedition from Miletus in 438 B. c. It flourished until A special book has been written by an eminent Orientalist m a n á B a y . I t was first visited by Columbus in 1493. absorbed in the dominions of Mithridates, and for some to prove that the redoubtable Challenger was by no The natives were warlike, and resisted the Spaniards for ccjiturics afterward experienced vicissitudes of hardship means the hero he was supposed to b e : that he wa3 and prosperity. Relations which became intimate were trcaclierous and cruel, a violator of altars, and a breaker some years. early established with Athens, which sent her oil, jewelry, of his own good faith. Professor Dozy maintains that the C i h u á c o h u a t l ( s é - w ä " k ö - w a ' t l ) . [ N a h u a t l , and works of industrial art in return for Crimean wheat. romantic history ol the Cid is a tissue of inventions, and 1 . I n M e x i c a n ( N a h u a t l ) The chief city was Panticapaouin, the modern Kerteh, the he has written an account of " the real Cid " to counteract ' s n a k e - w o m a n . ' J center of the highly important archaeological discoveries these misleading narratives. He founds his criticisms m y t h o l o g y , T o n a n t z i n ( ' o u r m o t h e r ' ) , t h e first which have been yielded by this region as well as by the mainly on the Arabic historians, in whom, despite 'their m o t h e r of m a n k i n d , w h o b e g a t t w i n s , m a l e a n d territory around it. The first systematic excavations were national and religious bias, he places as blind a rcliancc f e m a l e , f r o m w h i c h s p r a n g t h e h u m a n r a c e . made in 1810. Since 1832 explorations have been regularly as less learned people have placed in the Chronicle of the conducted by the imperial government, and their results, Cid. Yet it is surprising how trifling are the differences According to Sahagun she was the goddess of adverse in Greek industrial antiquities, are in thu Hermitage that can be detected between his "real Cid " and that ro- things —poverty, toil, sickness, etc.— and the patroness of rich mantic Chronicle of the Cid, the substance of which was medicine and abortion. Also written Cihuatcoatlr, Cioa- Museum in St. Petersburg. The architectural remains are scanty, perhaps the chief of them being the fine revetcompiled by Alfonso the Learned only half a century coatl, Civacoati, etc. after t h e Cid's death, and which Robert Soutlicy trans- 2 . T h e t i t l e of t h e M e x i c a n c i v i l h e a d c h i e f . It ment, in quarry-faced ashler with margin-draft, of the solated into English in 1305 with such skill and charm of has lately been suggested that his title may have been called Tumulus of the Czar at Kerteh. The sculpture style that his version has ever since been almost as much Cihua-coatl, which would signify ' twin woman. ' The civil found, too, is scanty in quantity, late in date, and poor in a classic as the original. Every one can separate for him- head of the Mexican tribe was elective as well as the war style. The great archteological wealth of the region lies self the obviously legendary incidents in the delightful chief, and had, like the latter, religious functions con- in its abundant burial tumuli and catacombs. It was the practice of the ancient inhabitants to bury with their dead, old Chronicle without any assistance from the Arabic nected with his administrative duties. a large part of their possessions; hence the remarkable historians, who deal chiefly with one period alone of the [ G r . K-i'ÀiKÌa."] I n a n c i e n t harvest of jewelry, vases, implements, and even textile Cid's career; and the best popular account of the hero, in C i l i c i a ( s i - l i s h ' i i i ) . discriminating hands and with due allowances, is still g e o g r a p h y , a p r o v i n c o i n s o u t h e a s t e r n A s i a fabrics and a pair of woman's leather boots, found in these Southey's fascinating Chronicle. The Cid of the Chron- M i n o r , s e p a r a t e d b y t h e T a u r u s f r o m L y c a o n i a graves. Little or nothing discovered is older than the 4th icle is not at all the same as the Cid of the Romances; a n d C a p p a d o c i a o n t h e n o r t h , a n d b y t h e A m a - century B. c.; tlie finest specimens of jewelry and pottery and while we cheerfully abandon the latter immaculate n u s f r o m S y r i a o n t h e e a s t , a n d e x t e n d i n g t o - are Athenian, and include some of the most beautiful personage, we may still believe in the former. w a r d t h e s e a . During the Syrian period many Greeks work known in their classes. Many of the vases are decorated in brilliant polychrome ; others have gilded ornaPoole, Story of the Moors, p. 192. and Jews settled ill Cilicia. I t was repeatedly invaded by ment, and others bear figures in relief. The work of local the Assyrian kings, and was successively under Persian, manufacture is inferior in style, though much of it is O l d , R o m a n c e s Of t h e . 1 . A S p a n i s h p o e m Macedonian, Syrian, and Roman dominion. The dreaded very beautiful, and with the advance of time Scythian in( " P o e m a d e l C i d " ) c o m p o s e d b y a n u n k n o w n Cilician pirates were subdued by l'ompey 67 k. c. The fluence increases. Some of the tomb-chambers bear intercapital was Tarsus. a u t h o r a b o u t 1200. I t consists of more than 3,000 esting mural paintings.

Cimmerians C i m m e r i a n s (si-me'ri-anz), or C i m m a r i a n s ( s i ma'ri-anz). [Gr. Kip/xepioi,'] A people dwelling north of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azof? (modern South Russia), known already to Ho-

m e r . H e r o d o t u s speaks of " C i m m e r i a n cities," a n d says t h a t t h e s t r a i t w h i c h u n i t e s t h e Azotf Sea to t h e Black Sea was called Cimmerian Bosporus. I n t h e 7th century, pressed by t h e Scythians, t h e C i m m e r i a n s invaded t h e k i n g d o m of Lydia in Asia Minor, a n d were merged, as it seems, in o t h e r n a t i o n s . T h e i r invasion of Lydia u n d e r K i n g Cyges is m e n t i o n e d iu t h e a n n a l s of Ksarhaddon (680-(j68 B. C.) a n d A s u r b a n i p a l (.068-626), w h e r e t h e y a r e called Gindr. T h e A r m e n i a n s call Cappadocia Gamir, w h i c h is probably a r e m i n i s c e n c e of t h e C i m m e r i a n invasion in Lydia a n d Asia Minor. T h e i r n a m e lias also survived in t h e m o d e r n Crimea. I n t h e Old T e s t a m e n t t h e y a r e m e n t i o n e d by t h e n a m e of Goiner (Gen. x. 2). Also Kim'rmrians. Cimmerii (si-me'ri-i). See Cimmerians. Cimon (si'mon). [ G T . Kifiuv.] Died at Citium,

Cirencester

253

ment of Bouches-du-Rhone, France, situated on the Mediterranean 15 miles southeast of Marseilles. Population (1891), commune, 12,223. Cipango (si-pang'go), or Z t u n p a n g o (zumpang'go). The name given in Marco Polo's narrative to an island or islands east of Asia, supposed to be the modern Japan. Columbus p r o d u c e d i n 1640. An a n o n y m o u s t r a g e d y called imagined that the West Indies were outlying Cinna's C o n s p i r a c y " was t a k e n f r o m t h i s and p l a y e d a t portions of it. D r u r y Lane in 1713. Defoe a t t r i b u t e d it to Cibber. Cipas, Kingdom of. New Granada. See Zipas. C i n n a , L u c i u s C o r n e l i u s . 1. Slain in a mutiny Cipias (tsé'pé-iis). A former Indian tribe of a t Brundisium, Italy, 84 B. c. A Roman gen- e a s t e r n A r i z o n a . Its exact location is unknown as eral and statesman, celebrated as a leader of yet, b u t t h e n a m e is m e n t i o n e d by Spanish a u t h o r s in t h e the popular party and an opponent of Sulla. 17th a n d 18th centuries. T h e Zuñís also have t r a d i t i o n s C i n e a s (sin'e-as). [Gr. KWaç.] Died, probably in Sicily, about 277 B. C. A Thessalian politician in the service of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus : ambassador to Rome a f t e r the battle of lieraclea, 280. C i n n a (sin'a), or L a C l é m e n c e d ' A u g u s t e (la k l â - m o n s ' d o - g u s t ' ) . A tragedy by P. Corneille,

H e was consul w i t h ' O e t a v i u s in 8", w i t h i l a r i u s in 86, and w i t h Carbo 85-84.

concerning t h e Cipias, a n d call t h e m Tzipiakwe. tribe is d o u b t l e s s extinct.

The

C i r c a r s (sér-karz'), N o r t h e r n . A non-official designation for live ancient circars (districts) in the northern part of Madras, British India, in lat. 16°-20° K. Circassia (sér-kash'iji). f F . Circassic, NL. Cir; Russ. Zemlya Chcrkeo f C a t u l l u s . On t h e occasion of t h e f u n e r a l of J u l i u s cassian Gr. Tscherkessien a Circassian.] A Caesar h e was slain by t h e populace, w h o mistook h i m f o r 80V, Circassian l a n d ; Cherkes, region in thé Caucasus, Russia, lying between L u c i u s Cornelius Cinna. Cinnamon ( s i n ' a - m o n ) , Land of. [Sp. Tierra t h e r i v e r Kuban on t h e north, the land of the de Canelo.~\ A n a m e g i v e n b y t h e e a r l y Span- Lesghians on the east, Mingrelia on the south, i s h c o n q u e r o r s of Peru t o a r e g i o n e a s t of t h e and the Black Sea on the west. I t i n c l u d e s G r e a t Andes, i n t h e f o r e s t - c o v e r e d p l a i n s a b o u t t h e and L i t t l e K a b a r d a , t h e c o u n t r i e s of t h e A b k h a s i a n s and Napo, w h e r e t h e r e w e r e t r e e s w i t h a r o m a t i c T s h e r k e s s i a n s (Circassians). I t was i n c o r p o r a t e d w i t h

2. A son of the preceding, pretor in 44 B. c., and brother-in-law of Cœsar. Though he did. Cyprus, 449 B.C. A celebrated Athenian com- not join the conspirators against Caesar, he apmander, son of Miltiades. H e d e f e a t e d t h e P e r s i a n s proved of their act. on sea and l a n d by t h e E u r y m c d o n in 40, r e d u c e d Thasos C i n n a , C a i u s H e l v i u s . A Roman poet, a friend i n 4(53, and was ostracized a b o u t 459-454 (?).

C i m o n . Born at Cleonse, in Chalcidice. A Greek painter, famous in antiquity. He is mentioned in two epigrams of Simonides. Cinaloa. See Sindloa. C i n c i n n a t i ( s i n - s i - n i i ' t i ) . [Originally called Losantiville (said to be from X(icking) os ( ' m o u t h ' ) a»U ('opposite') ville, ' t o w n opposite the mouth of the Licking'); later named b a r k . G-onzalo Pizarro l e d an expedition i n t o i t in 1541, a n d Russia in 1829. T h e Circassians e m i g r a t e d in large n u m from the Society of the Cincinnati.] The capital r e t u r n e d a f t e r t w o years of t e r r i b l e suffering. Orellana, bers a b o u t 1864. of Hamilton Countv, Ohio, on the Ohio in lat. d e s e r t i n g h i m t h e r e , b e c a m e t h e discoverer of t h e Ama- Circe (sér'sé). [Gr. K/p/c??.] 1. In Greek my3!)° 6' N., long. 84°* 27' W . : the largest city of zon. T h e first s e t t l e m e n t s were m a d e in 1552, b u t t h e re- thology, an enchantress, daughter of Helios by Ohio and of the Ohio valley, surnamed " T h e gion is still a wilderness. Perse, living in the island of iEa^a. Odysseus in Queen City." I t h a s an extensive t r a d e by r a i l r o a d C i n n a m u s , or C i n a m u s , or S i n n a m u s (sin'a- h i s w a n d e r i n g s c a m e to h e r home, a n d w a s i n d u c e d to rea n d river. A m o n g i t s leading i n d u s t r i e s are pork-pack- mus), Joannes. m a i n a year w i t h h e r . She m e t a m o r p h o s e d some of h i s [Gr. Kivva/ioç, or Kiva/ioç.'] ing, m a n u f a c t u r e s of iron, f u r n i t u r e , m a l t liquors a n d dis- Lived in the 12th century. A distinguished c o m p a n i o n s i n t o swine. B e f o r e she would l e t h i m d e p a r t t i l l e d liquors. I t h a s a large t r a d e in g r a i n and tobacco. Byzantine historian, a notary of the emperor she s e n t him to t h e lower w o r l d to c o n s u l t t h e seer TeireI t s s u b u r b s are Covington and N e w p o r t (in K e n t u c k y ) . I t Manuel Comnenus. H e w a s t h e a u t h o r of a h i s t o r y Bias. w a s f o u n d e d in 1788, a n d i n c o r p o r a t e d as a city in 1814. of t h e period 1118-7C, covering t h e reign of M a n u e l (to t h e 2. An asteroid (No. 34) discovered by ChacorP o p u l a t i o n (1890), 296,908. end of t h e s i e g e of I c o n i u m ) a n d t h a t of h i s f a t h e r Calo- nac at Paris April 6, 1855. Circeii (sér-se'yi). [Gr. Kiptcalov.] In ancicnt C i n c i n n a t i , S o c i e t y of t h e . Au association .Toliannes. founded by the regular officers of the Conti- Cino d a P i s t o j a (chë'nô dâ pës-tô'yâ), origi- geography, a town of Latiuin, Italy, situated nental army at the quarters of Baron Steuben nally ( r u i t t o n c i n o S i n i b a l d i . Born at -Pis- near the sea 57 miles southeast of Rome. It on the Hudson River, in 1.783. i t s name, d e r i v e d belonged to the Latin League 340 B. c. f r o m t h e R o m a n d i c t a t o r L. Q u i n c t i n s Cincinnatus, was toja, Italy, 1270: died at Pistoja, Dec. 24,1336. Circeio (chér-chá'yo). A promontory or isoa d o p t e d In allusiou t o t h e a p p r o a c h i n g change f r o m mili- An Italian jurist and poet, author of a comtary to civil p u r s u i t s . I t s chicf i m m e d i a t e objects were mentary on the Justinian Code, " R i m e " lated rock on tho western coast of Italy, near Terracina: the ancient Circeius Mons, or Cirto raise a f u n d f o r t h e relief of t h e widows and o r p h a n s of (published 1864), etc. t h o s e w h o fell in t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y War, a n d to p r o m o t e a closer political union between t h e States. I t s m e m b e r s were to consist of t h e officers of t h e Continental army and of t h e i r eldest male descendants, in f a i l u r e of w h i c h coll a t e r a l d e s c e n d a n t s were to be eligible for m e m b e r s h i p . I t w a s divided into State societies, including a b r a n c h society in .France. I t m e t w i t h considerable opposition on a c c o u n t of its alleged aristocratic tendencies. I t s first p r e s i d e n t was George W a s h i n g t o n , w h o was succeeded by H a m i l t o n and t h e Pinekneys. Of i t s S t a t e societies s i r survive. T h e b r a n c h society in France, which was organized u n d e r t h e m o s t f a v o r a b l e auspices, was dispersed by t h e revolution of 1792.

Cinq-Mars, ou une Conjuration sous Louis

CEeum P r o m o n t o r i u m . ancient times.

It was a frequented resort in

I t h a s some a n t i q u i t i e s of t h e -Roman

X I I I . 1. A historical novel by De Vigny (pub- t o w n Circeii, a n d a b o u n d s in g r o t t o e s . lished 1826), founded on the life of CinqMars.— 2. An opera by Gounod, first produced C i r c l e v i l l e (ser'kl-vil). A city and the countyseat of Pickaway County, Ohio, situated on the at Paris, April 5, 1877. Scioto 26 miles south of Columbus. It is on the C i n q - M a r s (san-mar'), M a r q u i s d e ( H e n r i site of an aboriginal circular fortification (whence the Coiffier de xtuzé). Born 1620: died at Lyons, name), i'opulatioh (1890),ft,556. France, Sept. 12, 1642. A French courtier. C i r c u m c e l l i o n s (ser-kum-sel'ionz). [From L. H e was a t t h e age of e i g h t e e n i n t r o d u c e d t o t h e c o u r t around, and celia, ceil.] A party of by E i c h e i i e u , a n d , g a i n i n g t h e favor of Louis X I I I . , rose circum, quickly to t h e p o s t s of g r a n d m a s t e r of t h e w a r d r o b e and Donatists in northern Africa, chiefly peasants, g r a n d m a s t e r of t h e horse. K i c h e l i e u h a v i n g r e f u s e d t o in the 4th and 5th centuries: so called because Cincinnatus (sin-si-na'tus), Lucius Quinctius. c o u n t e n a n c e h i s claim to a seat in t h e royal council and they wandered about in bands from place to his aspiration t o t h e h a n d of Maria d e Gonzaga, princess Born about 519 n. c. A Roman legendary hero. of M a n t u a , Cinq-Mars f o r m e d a conspiracy a g a i n s t t h e p l a c e . T h e y p e r s i s t e n t l y c o u r t e d d e a t h , w a n t o n l y inH e was consul s u l f e c t u s 460, and d i s t i n g u i s h e d himself as an o p p o n e n t of t h e plebeians in t h e s t r u g g l e between t h e m and t h e p a t r i c i a n s , 4(i2-4f>4. I n 458 a R o m a n army u n d e r L. Miuucius h a v i n g b e e n s u r r o u n d e d by t h e ^Equians in a defile of M o u n t Algidus, h e was n a m e d d i c t a t o r by t h e senate, w h o s e d e p u t i e s , d e s p a t c h e d to i n f o r m h i m of h i s a p p o i n t m e n t , f o u n d h i m digging in t h e field on his f a r m beyond t h e Tiber. H e g a i n e d a c o m p l e t e victory over t h e JEquians, a n d laid d o w n t h e d i c t a t o r s h i p a f t e r t h e lapse of only sixteen days. I n 439, a t t h e age of eighty, h e was a p p o i n t e d d i c t a t o r to oppose t h e t r a i t o r S p u r i u s Melius, who w a s d e f e a t e d a n d slain. T h e details of his story vary.

cardinal, in t h e course of w h i c h h e e n t e r e d i n t o treasonable c o m m u n i c a t i o n w i t h Spain ; and with his fellowconspirator, t h e y o u t h f u l De Tliou, was b e h e a d e d a t Lyons.

sulting pagans, a n d challenging all t h e y m e t to kill t h e m , looking u p o n such a d e a t h as m a r t y r d o m . They s u p p o r t e d t h e m s e l v e s by p l u n d e r , and c o m m i t t e d so m a n y a c t s of violence, a g g r a v a t e d by t h e i r religious d i f f e r e n c e s f r o m t h e o r t h o d o x , t h a t soldiery o f t e n h a d to b e employed against t h e m . They w e r e n o t e n t i r e l y e x t i n c t till a b o u t t h e close of t h e 5th c e n t u r y .

C i n q u e P o r t s (singk ports). [ F . / F i v e Ports.'] A collective name for the live English channel ports : Hastings, Romney, Hythe, Dover, Sandwich. W i n c h el sea a n d R y e w e r e a d d e d l a t e r . They C i r c u m l o c u t i o n Office. The name by which f u r n i s h e d t h e chief naval c o n t i n g e n t u n t i l t h e t i m e of Dickens in " L i t t l e Dorrit" satirizes the red Henry V I I . Most of t h e i r especial privileges h a v e b e e n tape of the public-office system in England. abolished. They arc governed by a l o r d w a r d e n . CircUS MaxiniUS (ser'kus mak'si-mus). The Cinthia. See Cynthia. great Roman circus which occupied the holCinco de M a y o (tlien'ko da ma'yo), B a t t l e of Cinthio. See Giraldi, Giovanni. t h e . [Sp., ' f i f t h of May.'] The name given C i n t r a (sên'trâ). A town in the district of low between the Palatine and the Aventine According t o t r a d i t i o n , t h e site was already used by Mexicans to an action fought May 5, 1862, Lisbon, Portugal, 15 miles northwest of Lis- hills. a n d p r o v i d e d w i t h wooden seats before Puebla. in which the French under b o n . I t contains : (a) T h e Cork Convent, f o u n d e d by t h e fuonrd ae trhTl eatriqc u exhibitions U n d e r Caesar and A u g u s t u s it General Lorencez were defeated by the Mexi- viceroyof I n d i a , D o m J o à o d e Castro. I t consistsof a b o u t w a s iirst l a r gi neiluys bPriseus. u i l t of stone, and splendidly a d o r n e d . cans. T h i s b a t t l e did n o t p r e v e n t t h e establishment- t w e n t y cells, each about five f e e t square, w h i c h as well as T h e p r e s e n t obelisks of t h e Piazza del 1'opolo a n d of t h e of an e m p i r e t w o y e a r s later, b u t it was r e g a r d e d as a g r e a t n a t i o n a l t r i u m p h , and t h e anniversary is still celebrated.

Cinderella (sin-de-rel'a)-

[F. Cendrillon, G. / o r Asch eup tit tel.] In a noted fai ry tale, abcautifulgirl who acts ashouseholddrudge Aschenbrocle

t o h e r s t e p m o t h e r a n d s i s t e r s . T h e prince of t h e c o u n t r y f a l l s in love w i t h h e r a t a ball w h i c h she a t t e n d s dressed by h e r fairy g o d m o t h e r in magic finery which will vanish at m i d n i g h t . Fleeing f r o m t h e palace as t h e c l o e t strikes, she loses one tiny glass slipper, by m e a n s of which, as it would tit no one else, t h e p r i n c e finds a n d m a r r i e s her. I n t h e German version, instead of t h e fairy godm o t h e r t w o w h i t e doves b e f r i e n d her, and h e r golden slipper is c a u g h t , as she r u n s f r o m t h e palace, by p i t c h spread, by order of t h e prince, on t h e staircase. T h e s t o r y is of very a n c i e n t , p r o b a b l y Eastern, origin. I t is m e n t i o n e d in G e r m a n l i t e r a t u r e in t h e 16th century, and a similar l e g e n d is told in E g y p t of R h o d o p i s and P s a m m e t i chus. I n France, P e r r a u l t and M a d a m e d'Auuoy i n e i u d e it in t h e i r " F a i r y T a l e s " as " C e n d r i l l o n " a n d " F i n e t t e Ceudroi," and G r i m m also gives it in his '"Household Tales. ' T h e r e a r c m a n y English versions, and it is f o u n d in various f o r m s in a l m o s t every l a n g u a g e in E u r o p e . T h e glass slipper of t h e English version should be a f u r slipper, t h e m i s t a k e arising in t h e t r a n s l a t i o n of vair ( ' f u r ' ; as if verre (' glass').

t h e refectory are in p a r t excavated f r o m t h e rock, and a r e lined with cork to exclude d a m p n e s s . (&) A Moorish Castle, an e x t e n s i v e fortification ou t h e hill above t h e town, inclosing a ruined m o s q u e w i t h t r a c e s of o r n a m e n t in color, and a so-called b a t h , a c u r i o u s v a u l t e d reservoir 50 f e e t long. T h e inclosed space is now a royal p a r k and garden, (c) T h e Palac.i of the Pena, on t h e s u m m i t of t h e high, s t e e p hill, originally a convent, b u t given t h e asp e c t of a medieval castle w h e n r e m o d e l e d as a r o y a l residence. T h e i n t e r e s t i n g m o n a s t i c cloister a n d c h a p e l rem a i n ; t h e carved t e r e d o s i n a l a b a s t e r is b e a u t i f u l , (d) T h e lioyal Palace, f o u n d e d by t h e Moors, a l t e r e d a n d a d d e d to later, a n d finished a b o u t J 500. The exterior pres e n t s a p i c t u r e s q u e combination of Moorish and P o i n t e d f e a t u r e s , and is especially characterized by t h e t w o enorm o u s conical c h i m n e y s of t h e kitchens. T h e r e a r e some i n t e r e s t i n g rooms, in w h i c h historic scenes have been enacted.

Lateran o r n a m e n t e d i t s spina. I t was r e b u i l t by Kero, and again by Domitian a n d T r a j a n , and in i t s final form is said to have a c c o m m o d a t e d 385,000 spectators. T h e site is f o r t h e m o s t p a r t covered w i t h m o d e r n s t r u c t u r e s , and t h e r e m a i n s a r e scanty, borne of t h e vaulted s u b s t r u c t i o n s w h i c h u p h e l d t h e s e a t s survive, a n d t h e r e a r e considerable r u i n s a b o u t Santa M a r i a i n Cosmedin of t h e carceres, or pens, f r o m w h i c h t h e r a c e r s w e r e s t a r t e d . T h e l e n g t h of t h e a r e n a was 2,200 feet.

Circus of Romulus or Maxentius. A Roman

c i r c u s b u i l t i n 3 Í 1 A. D., t h e m o s t p e r f e c t a n c i e n t c i r c u s s u r v i v i n g . I t is 580 f e e t l o n g and 260 wide. . T h e o u t e r wall r e m a i n s almost complete, and t h e c e n t r a l spina, 892 f e e t long, can b e t r a c e d t h r o u g h o u t . At t h e west end, b e t w e e n two towers, are t h e chief ent r a n c e a n d t w e l v e p e n s (carceres) for c o m p e t i n g c h a r i o t s ; t h e east e n d is semicircular.

C i n t r a , C o n v e n t i o n of. A convention con- Cirencester (sis'e-ter), orCicester. [ME. C¡reCicelcr, etc., AS. Cirenceaster, cluded Aug. 30, 1808, between the French un- ces tre, Circestre, Ci/rnccaster, from *Cyrcn, L. Corider J u n o t and the English. By its provisions Ci/renceaster, tieum, and eeaster, city.] A town in Gloucesthe French evacuated Portugal, and were contershire, Englaüd, situated on the river Churn veyed to France in English vessels. 16 miles southeast of Gloucester: the Roman Cinyumuh. See Tiisayan. Corineum or 1) uro c orno vium. It has a large Clone, Andrea di. See Oreagna. C i o t a t (së-ô-ta')j L a . A seaport in ¿he depart- trade in wool. Population (1891), 7,441.

f o r i t s c a p i t a l . It was abolished in 1799, restored in 1800. and in 1802 was reconstituted as the Italian Republic.

Civil War, American

254

Cirey C i r e y (se-ra'). A chateau on the borders of Champagne and Lorraine, which Voltaire iitted up in 1734, and where he lived with Madame du Ch&telet and, occasionally, her husband, C i r r h a (sir'a). In aacient geography, the seaport of Cri'ssa (with which it is often confounded), in Phoeis, Greece. It was destroyed on account of sacrilege in the Sacred War about 585 B. c. C i r t a (ser'ta). [Or. Kipra: Phen., ' t h e city.'] A n ancient citv of the iViassvlii, in Numidia, Africa, in lat. 36° 21' N., long' G° 35' E., noted as a fortress: the modern Cons tan tine (which see). It was restored by Constantine the Great. C i s a l p i n e R e p u b l i c . [L. Cisalpinus, from cis, on this side, and Alpcs, Alps, adj. AIpinus, A l p i n e . ] The state formed by Napoleon Bonaparte in northern Italy in 1797, including the previously formed Cispadane and Transpadane republics, south and north of the Po, with Milan

philosopher residing in London to his friends in the East," published in 17(52.

Citlahua, or Citlahuatzin.

See Cuitlahua.

on the site of the ancient Tifernuin Tiberinum, destroyed was gradually supplanted by the name Lima, and was selby Totila in the 6th century A, D. I t has a cathedral, com- dom used after the 17th century. C i u d a d e l a (the-o-tha-tlia'la). A town in Minmunal palace, and picture-gallery. Population, 5,000.

C i t t a d u c a l e (cliét-ta-dd-kà'le). A small town in the province of Aquila, Italy, in lat. 42° 24' N., long. 12° 58" E.

Città Vecchia (chét-ta'

Cisneros y Latorre, Ealtazar Hidalgo de.

See Hidalgo de Cisneros y Latorre, C i s p a d a n e (sis-pa'dan) R e p u b l i c . [FromL. cits, on this side, and Padus, the river Po, adj. Padamts.~\ A republic formed in 1796 by Napoleon Bonaparte out of the dominions of Bologna, Perrara, Modena,and Reggio, and modeled on that of Prance. I n 1797 it w a s merged with the Transpadane Republic in the new Cisalpine Republic.

Cisplatine (sis-pla'tin) Province. [Sp. Pg. Provineia CispJatina.'] The official name of Uruguay during the last five years of its union w i t h Brazil (1823 t o 1828). Before and after this time it was sometimes called the Cisplatine State (Estado Cisplatino). See Estado Oriental.

orca, Balearic Islands, Spain: the former capi-

t a l . I t contains a cathedral, of the 14th century, consisting of a single Pointed nave, lofty and spacious though vek'kè-a), or Città dark, with a square tower crowned by an octagonal spire. Ciudad G-uzman ( t h e - 8 - T H a T H ' goth-man'), or A city in t h e centrai

Upper Austria, Salzburg,'Styria, Carinthia, Camiola, Kiis- the stage in a modem version entitled "Riches." Flcay tenland, Tyrol and Vorarlberg, Bohemia, Moravia, Sile- thinks that Jonson wrote it. Gilford mentions an old sia, Galicia, Bukowiua, Dalmatia. Population (1890), 23,- comedy known as " The Cure of Pride." 895,413. C i t y M a t c h , T h e . A comedy by Jasper Mayne,

1812. He had been confessor of the priueess Maria Luisa (afterward queen), and her influence gave him the protection of the viceroys. While attending to the business of his order lie opened a kind of bookstore, a small circle of advanced thinkers gathered about him, and after encountering great opposition they succeeded in introducing marked reforms in the universities and schools, and in giving greater liberty to the press. They constantly opposed the Inquisition. Fray Diego's library, bequeathed to the university, became the nucleus of the magnificent public library of Lima.

City Wit, The, or the Woman wears the

A comedy by E. Brome, played C i t t a d e l l a (chet-ta-del'la). A small town in the B r e e c h e s , province of Padua, northern Italy, situated on about 1632, published in 1653 by A. Brome. the Brentalla 16 miles north-northwest of Pa- C i u d a d B o l i v a r . The official name of Angostura (which see). dua. It has a cathedral. Città della Pieve (chèt-tà' del'là pe-à've). Ciudad de la Frontera ( t h e - o - i n a T n ' d a l a A town in the province of Perugia, Italv, in fron-ta'rli). [Sp., 4 city of the frontier.'] The lat. 42° 57' N., long. 12° E. : the birthplace of ancient name of the citv of Chachapoyas, Peru. Perugino. It has a cathedral. Ciudad de los Reyes (the-o-TiiaTH' da ids ra'Città di Castello (ehét-ta' dé kas-tel'lo). A yes). [Sp., ' c i t y of the kings.'] The name town in the provinco of Perugia, Italy, situ- given by Pizarro to the capital of Peru, founded ated on the Tiber 2(> miles north of Perugia, it is b y h i m m 1535. I t was long the official appellation, but

N o t a b i l e (no-ta'bé-le). part of Malta, 6 miles w e s t of Yaletta. It was C i s l e i t h a n i a (sis-li-tha'ni-a or sis-li-ta'ne-a), formerly the capital. or the Cisleithan Division. A name given C i t y G a l l a n t , T h e . See Green's Tu Quoque. popularly (not officially) to those crownlands City Heiress, The. A play by Mrs. Aphra of Austria-Hungary which are represented in Behn, copied from M i d d l e t o n V ' A Mad "World, the Austrian Reichsrat: so named from the My Masters," produced in 1682. river Leitlia, part of the boundary b e t w e e n City Madam, The. A comedy by Mas singer, A u s t r i a a n d H u n g a r y . It comprises Lower Austria, l i c e n s e d in 1632. printed in 1658. it still Keeps

C i s n e r o s ( t h e s - n a ' r o s ) , D i e g o . A Spanish G-eronymite friar who w e n t to Lima, Peru, about 1785, and resided there until his death in

mont and Fletcher's " K n i g h t of the Burning P e s t l e " by Elkanah Settle.

produced in 1639.

Z a p o t l a n e l G r a n d e (tha-po-tlan el gran'de). A city in the southern part of the state of Jalisco, Mexico. Population (1891), 23,205. Ciudad Real (the-o-THaTH' ra-al'). [Sp.,'royal city.'] 1. A province in southern Spain, lying b e t w e e n Toledo on the north,Cucnca and Albacete on the east, J a e n and Cordova on the south, and Badajoz on the west. It corresponds nearly to the ancient La Mancha. It is rich in metals. .Area, 7,840 square miles.

Population (1887), 292,2 Chantilly (Sept. 1), South Mountain (Sept. 14), Antieta.ni (Sept. 17), Iuka(Sept. 19), Corinth (Oct. 4), Fredericksburg (Dec. 13), and Murfreesboro (Dec. 31-Jan. 2,1863).— In 1863: Emancipation Proclamation (Jan. 1); battle of Chaticellorsville(Mfiy 1-4): Yicksburg campaign—battles of Grand Gulf (April 29, llay 3), Raymond (May 12), Jackson (May 14), and Champion's Hill (May 16), arid the fall of Yicksburg (July 4); battles of Gettysburg (July 1-3), Chickamauga (Sept. 19, 20), and Chattanooga (Nov. 23-25). — In 1864: Battles of tho Wilderness and Spottsylvania (May 5-7, ctc.); battles of Sherman's advance in northern Georgia (May and Juue); battle of Cold Harbor (June 1-3); defeat of the Alabama by the Kearsarge (June 19); battles of Atlanta (July 20, 22) ; naval victory at Mobile (Aug. 5);

Civil War, American

Claretie

255

battles of Winchester (Sept. 19) and Cedar Creek (Oct. 19) ; nally a comédienne, she became a tragédienne and enjoyed reelection of Lincoln (Nov. 8): inarch through Georgia extraordinary popularity. She died in old age, poor and to the sea (Nov.-Dec.) ; battle of .Nashville (Dec. 15, 16).— forgotten. Her "Mémoires " were published in 1799. In 1865 : Surrender of Fort Wisher (Jan. 15) ; battles of C l a i r v a u x (klâr-vô'). A village in the departAverysboro (March 16), Benton ville (March 19-21), and ment of Aube, France, situated on the river Five Forks (April 1) ; surrender of Richmond (ApriL 3) ; surrender of Lee's army at Appomattox (April 9) ; surren- Aube 32 miles southeast of Troves. It is celeder of Johnston's army (April 26); and the surrender of brated for ita Cistercian abbey, whose first abbot was St. Kirby Smith (May 26). The theater of the war was mainly Bernard, 1115. The abbey buildings are now used for a in the Southern and "border States, The Federal army prison. numbered about 1,000,000 at the close of the war, and t h e number of Confederates enrolled during the war was C l a l l a m ( k l a l ' a m ) . A tribe of North American probably about the same. The Federal losses amounted I n d i a n s formerly living on t h e south side of to about 860,000; those of the Confederates to about P u g e t Sound, Washington, and on the southern 300.000. e n d Of V a n c o u v e r I s l a n d . They now number 351 souls, and are on the Puyallup reservation, "Washington.

Civil Wars in Prance. A play byDekker and See Salishan.

wrote " P o e m s descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery" (1S20), " T h e Village Minstrel "(1821), " Shepherd's Calendar " (1827), and " The Rural Muse " (1835).

Clare, Richard de, or Richard Strongbow. Died 1176.

The second Earl of P e m b r o k e and

S t l ' i g u l . I n May, 1170, he went to Ireland with a strong force to aid Dermot, king of Leinster, who had been driven from his kingdom, and captured Waterford and Dublin. H e married Eva, daughter of Dermot, and became governor of Ireland in 1173.

Clare, Richard de. Born Aug. 4, 1222 : died n e a r Canterbury, J u l y 15, 1262. A powerful English noble, eighth Earl of Clare, also Earl of H e r t f o r d and E a r l of Gloucester.

Clare College. A college of the University of Drayton (1598). Cambridge, founded as University Hall in 1326, C i v i s (siv'is). [L., ' a c i t i z e n / ] The pseudo- C l a m c o ë t . Sec Karanlcaican. and refounded (as Clare Hall) in 1359 by ElizaC l a m e c y (klàin-së'). A town in the d e p a r t m e n t n y m of Sir H e n r y Russell in the London beth de Clare (or de Burgh). The college of Nièvre, France, situated at t h e junction of the ' ' T i m e s " (1842-49). Cività Castellana (ehe-vë-tâ' kàs-tel-lâ'na). Beuvron w i t h the Yonne, in lat. 47° 28' N., long. buildings were b e g u n in 1638. C l a r e I s l a n d . A small island on t h e west coast 3° 31' E . Population (1891), commune, 5,318. A t o w n in t h e province of Rome, Italy, 27miles of I r e l a n d . I t lies at the entrance of Clew Bay, and n o r t h of Rome, on the site of the E t r u s c a n city C l a m e t . See Klamath. Clandestine Marriage, The. A play by Gar- forms part of the county of Mayo. Falerii. A manufacturing rick and Colman, produced Feb. 20, 1766. it C l a r e m o n t ( k l a r ' m o n t ) . Cività di Penne. See Pemie. largely taken from an imprinted farce, " T h e False town in Sullivan County, New Hampshire, situCivitavecchia, or Cività Vecchia (che-vë-ta/ waa Concord," by the Rev. James Townley (1764). ated on the Connecticut River 45 miles northvek'ke-â). [It., * old town.'] A seaport in the C l a p (klap), T h o m a s . Born at Scituate, Mass., west of Concord. Population (1890), 5,565. province of Rome, Italv, on the Mediterranean J u n e 26, 1703: died at New Haven, Conn., J a n . C l a r e m o n t . A palace at Esher, Surrey, Engin lat. 42° 9' N., long."ll° 48^ E. : the ancient 7,1767. An American c l e r g y i n a n a u d e d u c a t o r , land, about 14 miles southwest of London, built Centum Cell«, or P o r t u s T r a j a n i . Its port was president (rector) of Yale College 1740-66. Ilo b y L o r d Clive ill 17G8. It was the residence of Prince constructed by Trajan. I t was destroyed by the Saracens was pastor at "Windham, Connecticut, 1726-40. Leopold of Saxe-Coburg (later king of the Belgians) and in the 9th century. Population, 9,000. Princcss Charlotte, and of Louis Philippe 1848-50. C i v i t e l l a d e l T r o n t o ( c h e - v e - t e l ' l a d e l t r o n ' t ô ) . Claparède Jkla-pâ-râd'), Jean Louis René Clarence (klar'ens), Dukes Of. [ME. Clarence, A small town in the province of Teramo, Italy, A n t o i n e E d o u a r d . Born at Geneva, April f r o m OF. Clarence ; said to be f r o m t h e MGr. 24, 1832 : died at Siena, Italy, May 31, 1870. 8 miles n o r t h w e s t of Teramo. I t was t h e last 'K'kapivT^a (It. Chiarenza), a once i m p o r t a n t port A noted Swiss naturalist. lace to surrender to the Italians in 1861. a c k a m a (klak'â-ma). A largo tribe of the C l a p h a m ( k l a p ' a m ) . A southwestern s u b u r b in Peloponnesus, which gave his ducal title to Upper Chinook division of North American of London, situated on t h e south side of the the eldest son of the Prince of Achuia, and to I n d i a n s . They formerly resided in eleven villages on Thames about 4 miles f r o m Westminster Bridge. have come into E n g l a n d through Philippa, wife and about a river of the same name, an eastern branch of Its houses surround a common about 220 acres in extent, of Edward III. I t was iirst given to Lionel, See the Willamette, in Clackamas County, Oregon. There are once a favorite location for fairs which were abolished in second son of Edward III. (Chambers.)'] 187a Walford. Plantagenet, and William IV. 59 of this tribe at Grande Bonde agency, Oregon. See Clapisson (kla-pê-sôn'), Antoine Louis. Born Clarence, Fitzroy. One of the pseudonyms of Chinookan. C l a c k m a n n a n ( k l a k - m a n ' a n ) . 1. The smallest at Naples,"Sept. 15, 1808: died at Paris, March William Makepeace Thackeray. county of Scotland, situated n o r t h of 1 he F o r t h 19, 1866. A F r e n c h composer of operas, songs, C l a r e n c e S t r a i t . A channel between Alaska and south of Perthshire. Area, 48 -miles. Pop- a n d r o m a n c e s . Hisworks include the operas " L a Pro- and P r i n c e of Wales Island. Length, 100 miles. ulation (1891), 2 8 , 4 3 2 . - 2 . The county-seat of mise " (1854), " L a Fanchounette " (1856), " Madame Gré- Clarendon (klar'en-don), Earls Of. See Hyde the county of Clackmannan, situated 7 miles goire" (1801), etc. VilHers. Clapperton (klap'èr-ton), Hugh. Born at An- Cand east of Stirling. Scotland, 1788: died a t S a k k a t u , Africa, l a r e n d o n . A hunting-lodge n e a r Salisbury. Claes (klâz), Balthazar, A philosopher ill nan, 13, 1827. An African traveler. He was a England, which gave i t s n a m e to the ConstituBalzac's novel " L a recherche de l'absolu." April See Clarendon, Constitulieutenant in the navy when Dr. Oudney and Denham tions of Clarendon. He gives u p his life to a search for t h e philosopher's started, in 1822, on their exploration of t h e Sudan. He tions of. stone, and is the victim of his devotion to science. accompanied them, and returned with Denham in 1824. C l a r e n d o n , A s s i z e of. An English ordinance C l a h o q u a h t . See Tlaokwiaht. I n the same year, as coipmander, he proceeded, with Lanin 1166 (12 H e n . I L ) , which introduced Claiborne (klâ'bôrn), or Clayborne, William. der and three other assistants, to t h e mouth of the Niger, issued changes in t h e administration of justice. Born in Westmoreland, England, 1589 (?) : died and explored its course up to Sakkatu. The " J o u r n a l " Clarendon, Constitutions of. Ordinances in Virginia, 1676 (?). An American colonial of this expedition was published in 1829. adopted at the Council of Clarendon in 1164, with p o l i t i c i a n . He emigrated to Virginia in 1621, and in [L. clara, bright, illustrious; a view to fixingthe limits b e t w e e n t h e jurisdic1(125 became secretary of state for the colony. As the C l a r a (klar'a). 1. The tion of t h e civil a n d ecclesiastical courts, and to agent of Cloberryand Company of London, he established It. Chiara, Sp. P g . Clara, F . Claire.] a trading-post in Kent Island in 1631. The trading-post Hyacinthe of Molìère's " F o u r b e r i e s de S c a p i n " abolishing abuses due to the encroachments of became the nucleus of a flourishing settlement, which in i n Otway's " C h e a t s of S c a p i n . " — 2 . The lover the V a t i c a n . They provide that "disputes about advowsons and presentations shall be tried by the King's 1632 sent a burgess to the General Assembly of Virginia. Court ; that criminous clerks shall be tried by the king's I t was later (1634) claimed by Leonard Calvert, governor of F e r d i n a n d in Sheridan's " Duenna." of Maryland, as a part of that colony, and was long a sub- C l a r a , Saint. The founder of t h e order of Cla- courts, unless the justice sends the case to the ecclesiastical courts, and clerks thus convicted shall be punished ject of disputes resulting in some bloodshed. On the exe- risses (which see). cution of Charles I., Maryland and Virginia proclaimed Clarac (klâ-rak'), Charles Othon Frédéric as laymen ; that no clergyman shall quit the realm withCharles II., whereupon Claiborne, at his own request, was the consent of the king ; that appeals from ecclesiasBorn at Paris, out in 1651 appointed by Parliament member of a commission J e a n B a p t i s t e , Comte d e . tical courts shall go to the king, and, unless he consents to reduce those colonies. The commissioners reached J u n e 16,1777: died 1847. A F r e n c h a n t i q u a r y that they shall go further, the disputes are to be termiVirginia at the head of an English expedition in March, a n d artist, author of " M u s é e de sculpture an- nated by his order in the court of the archbishop; that 1652, overthrew the Cavalier government, and established tique et m o d e r n e " (1826-55), etc. no tenant-in-chief or minister of the king shall be excoma Roundhead government with Richard Beimct as gov[G-., dim. of Clara.'] A municated without the consent of the king ; that clergy ernor and Claiborne as secretary of state. I n 1658, how- Cl a r c h e n (klâr'éhen). shall hold their lands as tenants-in-chief, and perform all ever, the province was restored to Lord Baltimore by the simple cottage girl in Goethe's tragedy " E g - duties and attend the King's Court with the other tenantscommonwealth. mont," in love with t h a t hero. She takes poison in-chief ; that elections of archbishops, bishops, and abbots when lie dies. shall take place by order of the king in the King's Chapel, Claiborne, William Charles Cole. Born in C l a r e (kl&r). A m a r i t i m e county of Munster, and that the man elected shall do ham age for his lands Sussex County, Virginia, 1775: died at New Ireland, lying between Galway on t h e north, before he is consecrated ; and that sons of villeins shall Orleans. Nov. 23,1817. A n American politician. not be consecrated without the consent of their lords" H e was governor of Mississippi Territory 1802-04, of the Tipperary on t h e east, Limerick on t h e south, (Acland and Ransome, Eng. Polit. History, p. 24). territory of Orleans 1804-1-2, and of the State of Louisiana and t h e Atlantic Ocean on t h e west. The county1812-16. He was elected to the United States Senate in 1816, but died before taking his seat.

town is Ennis. (1891), 124,483.

Area, 1,294 square miles.

Population

Clarendon, Council of. A council held in 1164.

I t was occasioned by the opposition of Thomas Becket to

the ecclesiastical policy of Henry II., and comprised the C l a i r a c (kla-rak')- A t o w n in t h e department Clare, Earls of. See Mtzgibbon and Holies. king, the archbishops of Canterbury and York, eleven of Lot-et-Garonne, France, situated on t h e C l a r e , A d a , Born at Charleston, S. C., 1836: bishops, forty of the higher nobility, and numerous barons. L o t 56 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of B o r d e a u x . Population died at New York, March 4, 1874. The pseu- I t enacted the so-called Constitutions of Clarendon, " a (1891), commune, 3,562. donym and stage n a m e of J a n e McElhenney, sort of code or concordat, in sixteen chapters, which included not merely a system of definite rules to regulate Clairaut,or Clairault (klâ-ro' ),Alexis Claude. an actress and writer. disposal of the criminal clergy " (the principal point Born at Paris, May 13, 1713: died at Paris, C l a r e , A d a . The f r i e n d and charge of E s t h e r the at issue), " b u t a method of proceeding by which all quarMay 17, 1765. A celebrated F r e n c h mathe- Summerson in Charles Dickens's " B l e a k rels t h a t arose between the clergy and laity might be satmatician. He was famous both for the strength and isfactorily heard and determined " (Stubbs, Early PI ant at h e extraordinary precocity of his genius. At six years House." She marries Richard Carstone. genets). of age he is said to have understood L'Hopital's treatise Clare, Lady Clare de. An English heiress in on infinitesimals ; at twelve lie read before the Academy Sir W a l t e r Scott's poem " M a r m i o n , " to obtain C l a r e n d o n P r e s s . A printing establishment of Sciences a paper on certain curves which he had dis- whose h a n d Marmion ruins her lover, Kalph in Oxford, England, in which the university covered ; and at eighteen he became a member of the h a s t h e p r e p o n d e r a t i n g i n f l u e n c e , i t was founded Academy. Among his best-known works is his analytical de Wilton. study of the problem "of the three bodies," and the application of its results to the study of the moon and of Halley's comet. He also wrote Recherches sur les courbes à double courbure " (1731), "Théorie de la figure de la terre " (1748), " Théorie de la lune," etc. (1752), Recherches sur les comètes des années 1531, 1607, i682 et 1759" (1760), etc.

Clare, Elizabeth de. Died Nov. 4,1360. The

partly with profits from the copyright of Clarendon's "History of the Rebellion." of C l a r e . She was married three times — first to John do C l a r e n s (kla-ron'). A village in the canton of Burgh, son of the second Earl of Ulster, and after his Vaud, Switzerland, situated on Lake Geneva death to Theobald, Lord Verdon, and again to Robert n e a r its eastern extremity, northwest of MonDamory, baron of Armoy. She was the founder of Clare treux. It is famous as the scene of Rousseau's College, Cambridge (originally University Hall). " N o u v e l l e Héloïse."

t h i r d d a u g h t e r of G-ilbert de Clare, n i n t h E a r l

C l a r e , J o h n . Born at Helpstone, n e a r Pe- Claretie (klar-të'), Arsène Arnaud, called Clairfait. See Clerfayt. Clairon ikla-rôù')- Claire Hippolyte Josèphe terborough, England, J u l y 13, 1793: died at J u l e s . Born at Limoges, France, Dee. 3,1840. Legris de Latude, called Mlle. Born near Northampton, England, May 20, 1864. An A F r e n c h novelist and journalist. He was in turn Condé, in Hainault, 1723: died at Paris, J a n . 18, 1803. A celebrated T r e n c h actress. Origi-

English poet, son of a poor laborer: surnamed " T h e Northamptonshire P e a s a n t Poet." He

war correspondent and dramatic critic, and was appointed director of the Théâtre Français on the death of M.

Claretie

Classis

256

Perrin. He was war correspondent of the " R a p p e l " and the "Opinion Rationale " in 1870-71, and wrote several books on the war. He became a member of the Academy in 1889. His works include " U u assassin." or "Robert Bnrat" (1866), "Monsieur leMinistrc"(1882). " L e Prince Zilah " (1884), 1 Puyj oli" (1890), and uther volumes.

Albemarle County, Va., Nov. 19, 1752: died at cies, Nord, France, Oct. 17, 1765: died at NeuLocust (xrovc, n e a r Louisville, Ky., F e b . 13, viller, France, Oct. 28, 1818. A marshal of 1818. An American general in the wars against France, minister of war 1815-17. C l a r k e , H y d e . Born at London, Dec. 14,1815:. the Indians 1777-82. C l a r k , Sir J a m e s . Born at Cullen, Banffshire, died Dec. 22, 1878. A n English engineer and Clari (kia're), Giovanni Carlo Maria. Born Scotland, Bee. 14, 1788: died at BagshotPark', p h i l o l o g i s t . Ilis works include "A New and Compreat Pisa, Italy, 1669: died probably about 1745. England, J u n e 29, 1870. A British physician. hensive Dictionary of the English language " (1853), and An Italian composer. His chief work is a col- He was physician in ordinary to the queen from 1837. He numerous philological and ethnological treatises. lection of vocal duets and trios (1720). wrote "The Influence of Climate in the Prevention and Clarke, James Freeman. Born at Hanover, O l a r i . A n opera by Halevy. iirst produced at Cure of Chronic Diseases "(1829), "Treatise on Pulmonary N. H . , April 4, 1810: died at Jamaica Plain, Consumption " (1835), etc. Paris, Bee. 9,1828. Mass., J u n e 8, 1888. An American U n i t a r i a n Lewis Graylord. Born at Otiseo, N. Y., clergyman, theologian, and miscellaneous auClari, the Maid of Milan. An opera by Sir Clark, H e n r y Bishop, brought out May 8, 1823. in it 1810 : died at Piermont, N. Y„ Nov. 3,1873. A n t h o r . He was graduated at Harvard in 1829, preached at H e was editor of t h e Louisville, Kentucky, 1833-40, and founded at Boston in "Home, Sweet Home" (words by John Howard Payne) American journalist. 1841 the Church of the Disciples, of which he was pastor " K n i c k e r b o c k e r Magazine " 1834-59. was first introduced. C l a r k , R e v . T . The pseudonym of J o h n Gait. until hi3 death. His works include "Christian Doctrine C l a r i b e l (klar'i-bel). [L. clarus, bright, and belof Forgiveness" (1852), "Christian Doctrine of Prayer" lus, fair.] In Spenser's " F a e r i e Queene," the Clark University. A non-sectarian institu- (1854), "Orthodoxy, its Truths and Errors" (1866), "Ten c h o s e n b r i d e of P h a o n . She is traduced by Philemon. tion opened at Worcester, Massachusetts, in Great Religions " (1871), etc. Phaon slays her, and, finding how he haa been deceived, 1887. It was named for Jonas Clark, its founder, arid is C l a r k e , J o h n . Born in Bedfordshire, England, intended rather for the promotion of research than for Oct. 8, 1609: died at Newport, R. I., April 20, poisons Philemon, ii. 4. C l a r i b e l , S i r . I n Spenser's " F a e r i e Queene," ordinary collegiate education. 1676. An English physician, one of the founone of four knights who had a f r a y about the Clark, or Clarke, William. Born in Virginia, d e r s of R h o d e I s l a n d . He was driven from Massafalse Florimel. Britomart fights with them, and Aug. .1, 1770: died at St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 1, chusetts in 1638, and waa oue of the purchasers of A quid the combat is " s t i n t e d " by P r i n c e Arthur, 1838. A n A m e r i c a n c o m m a n d e r a n d e x p l o r e r , neck (Rhode Island) from the Indians. In 1639 he was b r o t h e r of G . R . C l a r k . He was associated with one of the founders of Newport, where he became pastor iv. 9. of the Baptist church founded in 1644. He occupied C l a r i c e ( k l a r ' i s ; F. pron. k l a - r e s ' ; It. pron. kla- Lewis in the command of an exploring expedition from St. various positions of trust in the colony. r e ' c h e ) . [F. for Clarissa.] The sister of H u o n Louis to the mouth of the Columbia, 1804-06. He was governor of Missouri Territory 1813-2Ì, and was superinten- Clarke, John Sleeper (real name John Clarke of Bordeaux in the early F r e n c h and Italian ro- dent of Indian affairs in St. Louis till his death. S l e e p e r ) . Born at Baltimore, Md., Sept. 3, mances. She marries Rinaldo. William George. Born March, 1821: 1833 (1835?). An American comedian. He Clariden (kla-re'den), or G-lariden (gin-), Pass. Clark, died at York, England, Nov. 6, 1878. A n Engmade his first appearance in Boston in 1851. He married A glacier pass in the Swiss Alps, leading f r o m lish scholar, a graduate of Cambridge, and fel- Asia, daughter of Junius Booth, in 1859. In 1864 he unthe Maderaner Tlial to Stachelberg in Glarus. low and t u t o r of Trinitv College. He was the edi- dertook the management of the Winter Garden Theater Elevation, 9,843 feet. tor, with Hr. Glover (Vol. L ) and Mr. Aldis Wright, of the with William Stuart and Edwin Booth : this he gave up C l a r i d i a n a ( k l a - r i d - i - a n ' a ) . 1. One of the prin- "Cambridge" Shakspere (1863-36), and, with Mr. Wright, in 1867. In 1863, with Edwin Booth, he bought the Walnut cipal characters i n ' ' T h e Mirror of Knight- of the "Globe" Shakspere, and author of works of travel Street Theater in Philadelphia. In 1866 they obtained h o o d . " After much turmoil and fighting she marries the Knight of the Sun who waa also loved by " t h e fair Lindabrides."

("Gazpacho," "The Peloponnesus," etc.) and of poems, "A Scale of Lyrics," etc,

Clark, William Tierney.

Bom at Bristol,

2 . The enchanted queen in Mendoza's Spanish E n g l a n d , Aug. 23, 1783: died Sept. 22, 1852. noted English civil engineer. He was the play " Q u e r c r P o r Solo Querer" ("To Love for A builder of the old Hammersmith suspension-bridge (taken Love's Sake"), translated by Sir Richard F a n - down 1885), and of the suspension-bridge over the Danube, shawe. uniting Pest and Buda (built 1839-49). C l a r i d o r o ( k l a r - i - d 6 ' r o ) . The rival of Felisbravo Clark, Willis Gaylord. Born at Otiseo, N. Y., in Mendoza's Spanish play ' ' Q u e r e r P o r Solo 1810: died J u n e 12, 1841. A n American poet Q u e r e r " (•' To Love for Love's Sake")? trans- and journalist, twin brother of L. G. Clark. H e lated by Sir Richard Fanshawo. wrote ' 4 Ollapodiana " for the ' ' Knickerbocker " ciarin (klar'in), or Clarinda (kla-rin'da). The (published 1844). trusted handmaid of Queen Radigund in Spen- C l a r k e (klàrk). A d a m . Born at Moybeg, Lonser's " Faerie Queene," v. 5. She b e t r a y s her donderry County, Ireland, about 1762: died at mistress, seeking to divide her f r o m Artegal. London, Aug. 26. 1832. An eminent British C l a r i n d a (kla-rin'da). 1. Waiting-wouian to Wesleyan clergymau and biblical scholar. He Carniola in Massinger's play ' ' T h e Maid of wrote "Commentary on the Holy Bible" (1810-26), etc. H o n o u r . " — 2 . I n Fletcher's " L o v e r ' s Pro- Prom 1808 to 1818 he was occupied in editing Rymer's g r e s s / ' the adroit and unscrupulous waiting- " F cederà." w o m a n of Oalista.— 3 . I n Thomas Shad well's C l a r k e , Sir A l u r e d . Born about 1745 : died at comedy " The Virtuoso," a niece of t h e Virtu- Llangollen, Wales, Sept. 16, 1832. An English oso, in love with Longvil.— 4 . The principal soldier, appointed field-marshal on t h e accesi o n of W i l l i a m I V . He served as lieutenant-colon el female character in Mrs. Centlivre's play " The sunder Howe in New York 1776; succeeded John UurBeau's Buel," in love with Colonel Manly.— goyne as master-general of the Hessian troops ; was lieu5 . The niece of Sir Solomon Sadlife in Gibber's tenant-govenior of Jamaica 1782-90; was stationed at comedy The Bouble Gallant." She " b l o w s Quebec 175)1-93 ; went to India in 1795 ; took part in the capture of Cape Colony in Sept. of the same year ; and cold and h o t " upon the passion of Clerimont.

Clarington(klar'ing-ton), Sir Arthur. A prof-

ligate, heartless, and avaricious wretch in ' ' T h e Witch of Edmonton," by Bekkcr, Ford, and others. C l a r i s s a ( k l a - r i s ' a). The wife of Gripe the money-scrivener in V a n b r u g h ' s comedy " T h e Confederacy.'" She is a sparkling, luxurious woman with a great admiration for the nobility and gentry. C l a r i s s a H a r l o w e (kla-ris'a har'lo). A novel by Samuel Richardson (published 1748): so called f r o m the name of its heroine. C l a r i s s e s (kla-res'), L e s . A religious sisterhood of the order of Sainte-Claire, founded in 1212.

the lease of the Boston Theater. In Oct., 1867, he appeared in London, where, with brief interruptions, he has remained. In 1872 he became proprietor of the Charing Cross Theater, afterward managing the Haymarket. His Doctor Pangloss, OUapod, Major Wellington de Boots, and Salem Scudder have been successful.

Clarke, MacDonald. Born at New London,

Conn., J u n e 18,1798: died at New York, March 5, 1842. A n American poet, called, on account of his eccentricities, ' ' T h e Mad P o e t . " A num-

ber of collections of his poems have been published, including " A Review of the Eve of Eternity, and other Poems"(1820), "ThcElixirof Moonshine, bv the Mad Poet" (1822), " T h e Gossip" (1825), "Poetic Sketches" (1826), " The Belles of Broadway " (1833), and "Poems " (1836).

Clarke, Marcus Andrew Hyslop. Bom at

Kensington, London, April 24, 1846: died at Melbourne, Australia, Aug. 2,1881. An Austral i a n j o u r n a l i s t a n d n o v e l i s t . He went to Victoria in 1863. His principal work, a novel, "For the Term of his Natural Life," was published in 1874.

Clarke, Mary Anne. Born at London in 1776: died at Boulogne, J u n e 21, 1852. An English woman of obscure origin, mistress of the Duke

of Y o r k . She bccame notorious from the public scandals which grew out of her connection with the duke. She wrote " The Rival Princes " (the dukes of York arid Kent). She was condemned to nine months' imprisonment for libel in 1813. After 1815 she lived in Paris.

Clarke, Charles Cowden. Born at Enfield,

C l a r k e , S a m u e l . Born at Norwich, England, Oct. 11, 1675: died at London, May 17, 1729. A celebrated English divine and metaphysical writer, son of an alderman of Norwich. He was

p o e t s . He married Mary Victoria, daughter of Vincent Novello, July 5,1828. He bc-gau to lccture on Shakspere, Chaucer, and other poets and dramatists in 1834-, and continued this career until 1856. Ho was the author of " Tales from Chaucer "(1833), "Richesof Chaucer "(1S35), "Shakspeare Characters" (1863), "Molière Characters " (1865), etc., and joint author with his wife of the " Shakspeare Key; unlocking the treasures of his style," etc. (1879), editions of Shakspere, "Recollections of Writers " (1878), etc.

Clarke, William. See Clark. Clarke's River, or Clarke's Fork of the Colum-

succeeded Sir Robert Abercromby as commandcr-in chief in India May 17, 1798.

n e a r London, Dec. 15, 1787: died at Genoa, Italy, March 13, 1877. A n English m a n of letters, publisher (a p a r t n e r of Alfred Novello) and lecturer on Shakspere and other dramatic

a graduate of Cambridge (Caius College), and was successively rector of Drayton, near Norwich; of St. Bennet's, London, in 1706; and of St. James's, Westminster, in 1709. He was also one of the chaplains of Queen Anne. His most celebrated work is his "Boyle Lectures" (1704-05), published as " A Discourse concerning the Being and Attributes of God, the Obligations of Natural Religion, and the Truth and Certainty of the Christian Revelation, in answer to Mr. Ilobbes, Spinoza, etc." His metaphysical argument for the existence of God is especially famous, and he also holds a high place in the history of the science of ethics.

C l a r k (klark), A b r a h a m . [The surnames Clark, Clarke, Mrs. (Mary Victoria Novello, usually bia River. [Named for Captain William Clarke.] Clarke, Clerk, Clerlce are f r o m clark, clerk, a known as Mrs. Cowden Clarke). Born at A river in Montana, Idaho, and Washington, learned man, a writer, a r e a d e r . ] Born at London, J u n e 22, 1809. An English Shakspe- formed by the Bitter Root and Flathead rivers scholar and author, wife of C. C. Clarke. n e a r the Horse Plain, Montana. It joins the Elizabethtown, N . J . , F e b . 15, 1726: died at rian She has published "The Complete Concordance to ShakRahway, N. J . , Sept. 15, 1794. A n American spere " (1846), which was compiled during the assiduous Columbia in lat. 49° 3' N. Total length, inpatriot, one of the signers of the Beclaration labor of sixteen years (ic does not contain the words of the cluding head stream, about 700 miles. of Independence. sonnets and poems), " T h e Girlhood of Shakspere's Hero- Clarke-Whitfeld. See TThit/eld, C l a r k , A l v a n . Born at Ashfield, Mass., March ines "(1850), "The Iron Cousin,"anovel (1854), " Memorial Clarkson (klark'son), Thomas. Born at Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire, England, March 28, 8,1808: died at Cambridge, Mass., Aug. 19,1887. Sonnets" (1888), and other works. An American optician, famous as a manufac- Clarke, Edward Daniel. Born at Willingdon, 1760: died at Plavford Hall, n e a r Ipswich, t u r e r of telescopes (at Cambridge, Massachu- Sussex, England, J u n e 5, 1769: died at Lon- England, Sept. 26, 1846. An English abolitions e t t s ) . He was originally an engraver and portrait-paint- don, March 9, 1822. An English traveler and ist, occupied as pamphleteer and agitator 1786er. The firm of Alvan Clark and Son3 was founded in mineralogist, appointed professor of mineral- 1794. H e wrote a " Historv of t h e Abolition of 1846. He made telescopes for the University of Mississippi ogy at Cambridge in 1808, and librarian in (object-glass 181- inches: finally purchased by the Univer- 1817. His works include " Travels in Various Countries the Slave T r a d e " (1808), etc. [L.] See t h e quotation. sity of Chicago), the University of Virginia (26 inches), of Europe, Asia, and Africa" (1810-23), and numerous C l a s s i s (klas'is). the United States Naval Observatory at Washington (26 inches), the observatory at l'ulkowa (30 inches), the Lick Observatory (86 inches), and others.

Clark, Sir Andrew. Born Oct. 28, 1826: died Nov. 6, 1893. An eminent Scotch physician. H e resided in London.

scientific papers. He made important collections of minerals (purchased by the University of Cambridge), manuscripts, coins, etc. He brought to England the so-called "Oeres," a colossal statue (a cistophorus), found at Elensis by VVhelerin 1676, and now in the 1'itzwilliam Museum.

Clarke, Henri Jacaues Guillaume, Comte Clark, or Clarke, George Rogers. Born in d'Hunebourg, Due de Felt-re. Born at Landre-

The town of Ravenna was already three miles distant from the sea (no doubt owing to a previous alteration of the coast line), but he [Augustus] improved the then existing harbour, to which he gave the appropriate name of Clcuitdij, and connected it with the old town by a causeway, about which clustered another intermediate town called C&mrea. Classis, then, in the days of the Roman emperors. was a busy port and arsenal — Wapping and Chat-

Classis

Clazomeme

257

h a m c o m b i n e d — c a p a b l e of affording anchorage to 250 vessels, resounding with all t h e noises of m e n " w h o s e cryis in their ships." G-o to it now, a n d you find one of t h e loneliest of all lonely moors, not a house, scarcely a cott a g e in s i g h t : only t h e glorious c h u r c h of San Apollinare in Classe, which, reared iu t h e sixth century by c o m m a n d of J u s t i n i a n , still stands, though t h e bases of its c o l u m n s are g r e e n w i t h damp, yet rich in t h e u n f a d e d b e a u t y of its mosaics. LLodgkitx, Italy a n d her Invaders, I. 435.

C l a t s o p (klat'sop). A tribe of the Lower Chinook division of North American Indians. They f o r m e r l y lived at Cape Adams, on t h e south side of Columbia River, Oregon, u p t h a t river to Tongue Point, a n d southward, along t h e Pacific coast, nearly to Tillamook Head, Oregon. T h e r e are still a few survivors residing about six miles above t h e m o u t h of t h e Columbia River in Oregon, a n d also a few on t h e Grande R o n d e reservation in t h e same State. See Chinoolcan.

C l a u d e (klâd ; F. pron. klod), J e a n . [F. Claude, from L. Claudius.Born at La Sauvetat, near Agon, Trance, 1619 : died at The Hague, Netherlands, J a n . 13, 1687. A celebrated French Protestant clergyman and controversialist. lie was p a s t o r of La Treyne, t h e n at Saint-Affrique, a n d t h e n a t N î m e s where h e was also professor of theology, a n d in 16G1 was prohibited f r o m exercising his ecclesiastical f u n c t i o n s . I n 1662 he was appointed pastor a n d professor of theology a t -VIontauban, b u t was suspended in 1666. He r e t i r e d to Holland on t h e revocation of t h e E d i c t of Nantes. H i s chief work is a " D é f e n s e de la r e f o r m a t i o n " (1673).

C l a u d e cl A b b e v i l l e (klôd dab-vôl'). Died a t Rouen, 1616. A French Capuchin, a native of

A b b e v i l l e . F r o m 1612 to 1614 he was a missionary in t h e F r e n c h colony of i l a r a n h â o , in Brazil. H i s " H i s t o i r e de l a mission des p è r e s Capucins en l'Isle de l l a r a g n a n " (Paris, lt»14) is of great historical a n d ethnological value. I t is now very rare. There is a modern Portuguese translation (Marauhao, 1874).

C l a u d e L o r r a i n (klâd lo-rân'; F. pron. klôd lo-

rañ') (real name, Claude Gelée or G-ellée). Born at Chamagne, Vosges, France, 1600 : died at lióme, Nov. 21, 1682. A celebrated French

landscape-painter. Taken in 1613 t o R o m e b y a relative, he w e n t t h e n c e to Naples, w h e r e he s p e n t two years as a p u p i l of Godfrey Wals, a p a i n t e r f r o m Cologne. From 1619 to 1625 h e lived in Rome, working as a n a p p r e n t i c e a n d valet to Agostino Tassi, who was employed by t h e Cardinal di Montai to to decórate his palace. A f t e r this h e r e t u r n e d t o Lorraine by Venice a n d t h e Tyrol. At Nancy h e f o u n d e m p l o y m e n t in decorating t h e Chapelle des Cannes, for Duke Charles I I I . , with figures a n d archit e c t u r a l ornaments, u n t i l t h e m i d d l e of t h e year 1027, w h e n he r e t u r n e d t o R o m e to remain f o r t h e rest of his life. By 1634 Claude h a d become a celebrity in Rome, a n d liad painted m a n y pictures. T h e " Liber Veritatis," a collection of t w o h u n d r e d outline drawings of his p a i n t i n g s ( l a t e r engraved and published) was b e g u n about 1034 a n d finished March 25, 1675. T h e " C l a u d e Lorrain m i r r o r " is so called f r o m t h e f a n c i e d similarity of its elfects to his pictures.

amiable disposition,his accession was signalized by actsof clemency and justice, which, however, u n d e r t h e influence of his t h i r d wife, t h e infamous Valeria Messalina, a n d his favorites, t h e f r e e d m c n Narcissus. Pallas, aud others, were subsequently obscured by cruelty and bloodshed. H e visited Britain in 43. I n 49. a f t e r t h e execution of Messalina, who, during his absence at Ostia, had contracted a p u b l i c marriage w i t h Caius Silus, he married his niece Agripp i n a the younger. She persuaded him to set aside his own son Britanuicus, a n d to adopt h e r son by a f o r m e r m a r riage, L. Domitius, as his successor. R e p e n t i n g of t h i s step soon after, he was poisoned by Agrippina, and L. Domitius ascended t h e t h r o n e u n d e r t h e n a m e of Nero. T h e f a m o u s Claudian a q u e d u c t iu Koine is n a m e d for him.

Claudius II. (Marcus Aurelius Claudius,

p a t r i c i a n Claudii w e r e of Sabine origin, and came to R o m e 504 B. C. Their s u r n a m e s were Oœcus, Caudex, Centho, Crassus, Pulcher, ltegillensis, and Sabinus. T h e surnames of t h e plebeian Claudii were Asellus, Canina, Centumalus, Cicero, Flamen, a n d Marccllus.

C l a u d i a n (kla'di-an).

See

Claudianus.

Claudianus (klâ-di-â'nus), Claudius. Bom at

Girondina, and on t h e i r fall w a s accused a n d arrested a n d b r o u g h t before t h e Revolutionary tribunal. H e committed suicide in prison.

Clavigero (klà-vè-Hà'ro), Francisco Xavier

(Saverio). Born at-Vera Cruz, 1731: died at Bologna, Italy, 1787. A Mexican Jesuit historian.

H e t a u g h t rhetoric and philosophy in t h e principal J e s u i t colleges of Mexico, a n d a f t e r t h e expulsion of his order (1767) f o u n d e d an academy a t Bologna. His " S t o r i a Antica del Messico" (Cesena, 1780) includes t h e Aztcc period of Mexican history and t h e conquest, a n d had an immediate and wide success. I t was translated i n t o various languages. His " Storia della California " was p u b l i s h e d a f t e r his d e a t h (Venice, 1789).

surnamed G o t h i c u s ) . Born in Dardania or nivria, 214: died at Sirmium, Pannonia, 270 A. j>. Emperor of Rome 268-270. He defeated ClavigO (klà-vé'gó). A tragedy by G-oetlie, pubthe Alamanni in northern Italy in 268, and de- lished J u n e 1, 1774. See Clavijo y Fa jar do. José. feated the Goths near Naïssus, Mœsia, in 269. C44l a v i j o , D o n . An accomplished cavalier in Don Quixote," who was metamorphosed into a C l a u d i u s . 1. The King of Denmark and uncle of Hamlet in Shakspere's tragedy "Hamlet."— crocodile and was disenchanted by Don Quixote. 2. A servant of Brutus in Shakspere's " J u l i u s Clavijo, Ruy Gonzalez de. Born at Madrid: died a t Madrid, 1412. A Spanish diplomat Caesar." and traveler in the Orient, ambassador of Claudius, Appius, surnamed Caecus (' the Henry III. of Castile to Tamerlane 1403-06. Blind'). Died a f t e r 280 B. c. A Roman states- He wrote " H i s t o r i a del gran Tamerlan é Itinman. H e was censor 312-308, anil consul 307 and 20S. erario," etc. (printed 1582). He commenced t h e Appian Way a n d completed t h e Ap- Clavijo y Fajardo (klà-vé'HÒ é f à - H a r ' d o ) , Born in the Canary Islands about pian a q u e d u c t . From him R o m a n j u r i s p r u d e n c e , oratory, José. A Spanish offig r a m m a r , and Latin prose d a t e t h e i r beginning. He 1730 : died a t Madrid, 1806. abolished t h e limitation of t h e f u l l r i g h t of citizenship t o cial (curator of the royal archives), journalist, and translator of Buffon. He is known chiefly l a n d e d proprietors. C l a u d i u s (klou'de-ös), M a t t h i a s . Born in f r o m his q u a r r e l (1764) w i t h Beaumarchais on a c c o u n t Reinfeld, in Holstein, Aug. 15, 1740: died at of t h e latter's sister. He was forccd to sign an acknowHamburg, J a n . 21, 1815. A G-erman poet. l e d g m e n t of wrong-doing w h i c h cost h i m his honor a n d H e studied at J e n a , a n d settled a f t e r w a r d in "VVandsbeck, near Altona, where, u n d e r t h e n a m e of Asmus, he published a weekly periodical, " Der Wandsbecker Bote. " He was t h e a u t h o r of n u m e r o u s lyrics, some of w h i c h have b e c o m e g e n u i n e folk-songs. A collection of his works w i t h t h e title " A s m u s omnia sua secum portans, oder S a m m t l i c h e Werke des Wandsbecker Boten " a p p e a r e d at H a m b u r g 1775-1812.

Claudius Crassus (klâ'di-us kras'us), Appius. A Roman consul, decemvir 451-449 B. C. Claudius Nero. See Nero, Claudius of Turin. Died 839. A bishop of

Turin. H e was a Spaniard by birth, was a p u p i l of "Felix of Urgcl, a n d w a s appointed bishop of T u r i n by Louis le Débonnaire in 820. He denied t h a t t h e monastic vow possessed a n y peculiar merit, t h a t R o m e was t h e special seat of p e n i t e n c e a n d absolution, and t h a t any special p o w e r of loosing a u d binding had been given to Peter, a n d r e j e c t e d t h e worship of images a n d relics. A u t h o r of " Apologeticum a t q u e R e s c r i p t u m adversus T h e u t m i r u m Abbàtem," no copy of w h i c h is now known t o exist.

Claudet (klô-dâ'), Antoine Francois Jean. Claudius Pulcher (klâ'di-us pul'kér), Appius. Born at Lyons, France, Aug. 12, 1797 : died at London,Dec. 27,1867. A French photographer, resident in London after 1829 : noted for his improvements and inventions in photographic apparatus and processes. C l a u d i a (klâ'di-a). [L., fem. of Claudius.'] A common Roman female name. C l a u d i a g e n s (klâ'di-a jenz). In ancient Rome, a plebeian and patrician clan or house. The

Iutionary politician and financier, French minister of finance in 1792. He was identified with the

Died in Eubœa, 46 B. C. A Roman politician, brother of the demagogue Clodius. C l a u s (klâz), S a n t a . See JS'icholas. Saint. C l a u s e l (klö-zel'), B e r t r a n d , Comte. Born at Mirepoix, Ariège, France, Dec. 12, 1772: died at Secourieu, near Toulouse, Franco, April 21, 1842. A marshal of France. He served with dis-

tinction in t h e Napoleonic wars, especiallyin S p a i n l 8 1 0 1S13, a n d was governor-general of Algeria 1835-37.

Clausen (klou'zen), Henrik Nikolai.

Bom

at Maribo, Denmark, April 22, 1793: died at Copenhagen, March 28, 1877. A Danish theo-

logian. H e was professor of theology at Copenhagen 1822-76, and state councilor 1848-51. His works i n c l u d e " K a t h o l i c i s m e n s og Protestantismen s K i r k e f o r f a t n i n g L ä r e o g R i t u s " (1825, " C h u r c h Organization. Doctrine, and R i t u a l of Catholicism and Protestantism"), etc.

his official position. H e was m a d e t h e s u b j e c t of a tragedy by Goethe. See Beaumarchais.

Clavileno (klà-vé-làn'yó), El Aligero. ?

[Sp.,

' t h e winged pin- (orpeg-) timber. ] The wooden horse used by Don Quixote. It was managed by a wooden pin in its forehead.

Clay (kla), Cassius Marcellus. Born in Madison County, Ky., Oct. 19,1810. An American politician, son of General Green Clay. He was an antislavery advocate, and United Stales minister to Russia 1861-62 and 1863-69.

Clay, Clement Claiborne.

Born in Madison

County, Ala., 1819 : died near Iluntsville, Ala., J a n . 3,1882. An American politician. H e was United States senator from Alabama 1854-61, and a Confederate senator and secret agent. C l a y , G r e e n . Born in Powhatan County, Va., Aug. 14, 1757: died Oct. 31, 1826. An American general. He defended F o r t Meigs against a British force in 1813.

Clay, H e n r y , Born in Hanover County, near Richmond, Va., April 12, 1777 : died at Washington, D. C., J u n e 29, 1852. A celebrated American statesman and orator. He was United States senator f r o m K e n t u c k y 1806-07 and 1810-11 ; was member of Congress f r o m K e n t u c k y 1811-21 and 1823-25 (serving as speaker 1811-14, IS 15-20, a n d 1823-25) ; was peace commissioner at G h e n t in 1814 ; was candidate for t h e Presidency in 1824 ; was secretary of state 1825-29; was United States senator 1831-42 a n d 1849-52 ; was Whig candidate for t h e Presidency in 1832 a n d 1844; was t h e chief designer of t h e " Missouri Compromise " of 1S20, a n d of t h e compromise of 1850; and was t h e a u t h o r of t h e compromise tariff of 1833. Complete works, w i t h biography, edited b y Colton (1857).

Clay, J a m e s . Born a t London, 1805: died at Brighton, England, 1873. An English authort h e panegyrist of Stilicho, Theodosius, Honorius, aud Clausewitz (klou'ze-vits), Karl von. Born at ity on whist, author of " A Treatise on the others. H e w r o t e panegyrics, epithabmiia, " De r a p t u Burg, Prussia, J u n e 1, 1780 : died at Breslau, Game of "Whist bv J . C.," affixed to Baldwin's Proserpina?," etc. Prussia, Nov. 16, 1831. A P r u s s i a n officer and " L a w s of Short "Whist" (1864). Ile Mas a C l a u d i a Q u i n t a (klâ'di-a kwin'ta). In Roman m i l i t a r y w r i t e r . H e wrote " Übersicht des Feldzugs member of Parliament from 1847 u n t i l 1873. legend, a woman, probably the sister of Appius von 1813," etc. (1814), " Hinterlassene Werke "(1832-37, in- Clayborne, William. See Claiborne. Claudius Pulcher. In 206 B. C., when the ship con- c l u d i n g " Vom Kriege," " D e r Feldzug von 1796 in Ital- C l a y Cross (kla krós). A coal- and iron-minveying t h e image of Cybele stuck f a s t in a shallow at t h e ien," etc.). ing center in Derbyshire, England, about 4 m o u t h of t h e Tiber a n d t h e soothsayers announced t h a t miles south of Chesterfield. only a chaste woman could move it, she cleared herself Clausius (klou'ze-ös),Rudolf Julius Emanuel, Claypole (kla'pol), Noah. Ml*. Sowerberrv's f r o m an accusation of incontinency by stepping forward Born at Köslin,Pomerania,Prussia, J a n . 2,1822: apprentice, a charity boy and afterward a thief, f r o m among t h e m a t r o n s who h a d accompanied Scipio to died at Bonn, Aug. 24,1888. A celebrated Ger- a character in Charles Dickens's''Oliver Twist." m a n p h y s i c i s t . H e b e c a m e professor of physics in t h e receive t h e image, a n d t o w i n g t h e vessel to Rome. C l a u d i o (klâ'di-ô). 1. A young Florentine in University of Bonn in 1869, a p o s t which he retained until He marries Charlotte, Mrs. Sowerberry's serlove with Hero, in Shakspere's " M u c h Ado his death. A u t h o r of " Die m e c h a n i s c h e W a n n e t h e o ra it Je " vant. about Nothing." H e falls too easily into'belief 1884. A B r i t i s h g e n e r a l , s e c o n d son of A d m i r a l Sir E d w a r d Codrington. He served in the Crimean J a v a , S e p t . 20, 1629. A D u t c h official, gover- C o h a s s e t (ko-lias'et). A t o w n a n d s u m m e r war, c o m m a n d i n g a brigade at t h e b a t t l e of t h e Alma, n o r - g e n e r a l of t h e D u t c h E a s t I n d i e s 1618-23. r e s o r t in N o r f o l k County, M a s s a c h u s e t t s , s i t u and a division at I u k e r m a n , and succeeded Sir .James H e f o u n d e d B a t a v i a i n 1619. a t e d on M a s s a c h u s e t t s B a y 15 miles s o u t h e a s t Simpson as commander-in-chief in t h e Crimea, Nov. 11, C œ u r (kèr), J a c q u e s . Born a t Bourges, F r a n c e , of B o s t o n . Minot's Ledge l i g h t h o u s e lies 1 mile off A 18f>5, r e t u r n i n g to E n g l a n d in 1856, when he was appointed a b o u t 1400: died in Chios, Nov. 25, 1456. t h e coast at this point. Population (1890), 2,448, n o t e d F r e n c h financier, a n d m e r c h a n t i n t h e lieutenant-general and general in 1863. He entered ParliaL e v a n t . He h a d charge of t h e coinage a n d financial C o h n (kôn), F e r d i n a n d J u l i u s . B o r n at Bresm e n t in 1857, and was governor of Gibraltar 1859-65. C o d r u s ( k o ' d r u s ) . [Gr. Kóiípof.] T h e l a s t k i n g affairs of t h e state from about 1480, and effected i m p o r t a n t lau, P r u s s i a , J a n . 24, 1828. A n o t e d G e r m a n of A t h e n s : r e i g n e d ( a c c o r d i n g t o t r a d i t i o n ) reforms, ile was imprisoned 1451-55 on t h e false charge b o t a n i s t , p r o f e s s o r of b o t a n y a t Breslau. Cohnheim (kôn'him), Julius Friedrich. Born of having poisoned Agnès .Sorel. a b o u t 1068 B. c. C o d y ( k ô ' d i ) , W i l l i a m F r e d e r i c k . B o r n in C œ u r d ' A l ê n e (kèr d a - l â n ' ) - [ F . , ' a w l - h e a r t . ? ] a t D e m m i n , P o m e r a n i a , P r u s s i a , J u l y 20. 1839: Scott County, Iowa, F e b . 26,1845. A g o v e r n m e n t A n I n d i a n t r i b e living chiefly in n o r t h e r n I d a h o . died a t Leipsic, A u g . 14, 1884. A G e r m a n p a s c o u t . He became known a s ' • Buffalo Bill " f r o m t h e f a c t t h o l o g i s t , n o t e d especially f o r discoveries in They give n a m e to a lake, river, and r a n g e of mountains t h a t h e contracted with t h e K a n s a s Pacific Railway to in n o r t h e r n Idaho. I n 1892 t h e y n u m b e r e d 427. See Sa- r e g a r d to pus-eorpusclus. no bceame professor of

supply its laborers with buffalo m e a t : in eighteen m o n t h s lisJian. Their n a m e f o r themselves is Skitswish. pathology and pathological anatomy at Kiel in 1808, a t h e killed 4,28D buffaloes. I n 1872 he wa3 elected a memC œ u r d e L i o n (kèr d è l e - ô n ' ) . [ F . , ' l i o n ' s Breslau in 1872, and at Leipsic in 1S7S. ber of t h e Nebraska legislature. I n 1883 h e organized t h e h e a r t , ' ' l i o n - h e a r t e d . ' ] A s u r n a m e g i v e n on C o h o e s ( k d - h ô z ' ) . A city i n A l b a n y C o u n t y , " Wild W e s t , " an exhibition of life on t h e f r o n t i e r .

a c c o u n t of t h e i r v a l o r t o R i c h a r d I. of E n g l a n d N e w York, s i t u a t e d a t t h e confluence of t h e C o e h o o m ( k o ' h ô r n ) , or C o h o r n ( k o ' h o r n ) , a n d L o u i s V I I I . of F r a n c e . M o h a w k w i t h t h e H u d s o n , 8 miles n o r t h of M e n n o v a n . B o r n n e a r Leeiuvai'den, F r i e s - C o f f e e - H o u s e P o l i t i c i a n , T h e . A c o m e d y b y Albany. I t h a s rolling-mills and m a n u f a c t u r e s of hol a n d , 1641: died a t T h e H a g u e , N e t h e r l a n d s , H e n r y F i e l d i n g , p u b l i s h e d in 1730. M a r c h 17, 1704. A D u t c h m i l i t a r y e n g i n e e r , Coffin ( k o f ' i n ) , Sir I s a a c . B o r n a t B o s t o n , siery and underwear. I t s water-power i3 derived f r o m t h e Cohoes Falls, 70 f e e t in height. Topulation (1800), called t h e D u t c h Vanliorn, i n v e n t o r of t h e Mass., May 16, 1759: died in E n g l a n d , J u l y 23, c o e h o r n 1674. H e w r o t e '"'Nieuwe V e s t i n g - 1839. A B r i t i s h sailor, a p p o i n t e d v i c e - a d m i r a l 22.509. C o i l a ( k o i ' l a) : Latinized from K y l e . A region b o u w '' ( " N e w F o r t i f i c a t i o n / ' 1685). i n 1S08, and a d m i r a l J u n e 4, 1814. He entered in A y r s h i r e , Scotland, c e l e b r a t e d in Burns'sCoel. See Cole, K i n g . the navy in 1773, and became commander in 1781. In p o e m s . C œ l e b s ( s ë ' l e b z ) i n S e a r c h of a W i f e . A 178$ he was accused of signing a false muster, tried by n o v e l b y H a n n a h More, p u b l i s h e d in 1809. court-martial, found guilty, and dismissed from the navy, C o i m b a t o r e ( k ô - i m - b a - t ô r ' ) , or K o i m b a t u r ( - t o r ' ) . 1 . A district in M a d r a s . B r i t i s h I n d i a , T h e n a m e is o f t e n a p p l i e d to a n y b a c h e l o r de- but was reinstated. s i t u a t e d a b o u t lat. 10° 3 0 ' - I 2 ° X., long. 77°sirous of m a r r y i n g .

Coimbatore

265

78° E. A r e a , 7,842 s q u a r e miles. P o p u l a t i o n (1881), 1 , 6 5 7 , 6 9 0 . - 2 . T h e c a p i t a l of t h i s dist r i c t , s i t u a t e d on t h e r i v e r Noyel in l a t . 10° 59' N., long. 77° E. P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t 35,000. C o i m b r a ( k o - e t n ' b r a ) . T h e c a p i t a l of t h e dist r i c t of Coimbra, in Beira, P o r t u g a l , s i t u a t e d ( n e a r t h e a n c i e n t Conimbriea) on t h e Mondego i n l a t . 40° 12' N., long. 8° 25' W . it is

Oolban (koi'ban), Madame (Adolfine Marie Schmidt). B o r n a t C h r i s t i a n i a , N o r w a y , D e c .

the seat of the only university in Portugal, transferred here in 1803 from Lisbon (where it was founded in 1290), and was the scene of the murder of lues de Castro in 1335. I t contains the Convent of Santa Cruz, with the tombs of Alfonso Henriques and flancho I., an old and a new cathedral, and a fine library building connected with the university. Population (1S7S). 13,3i!9.

C o i m b r a . A B r a z i l i a n f r o n t i e r fort a n d settlem e n t ou t h e r i v e r P a r a g u a y in l a t . 19° 55' S. It was founded in 1775, repulsed an attack of the Spaniards in 1801, and was taken bv the Paraguayans in Dec., 1864.

Cole, John William iards. In 1592 he was elected toqui or war-chief of the nation. Ho was killed in an unsuccessful attack on Coya.

18, 1814. A N o r w e g i a n n o v e l i s t , Her works in- C o l d b a t h F i e l d s ( k ô l d ' b à t h f ë l d z ) . A p a r t clude "Tre Novcller" (187S), ' T r e nye Jioveller"(lS75), of Middlesex f r o m w h i c h t h e g r e a t C o l d b a t h f i e l d s prison took i t s n a m e . The original house of "Jeg lever" (1877), "Cleopatra" (1880), etc. correction here was built in the reign of James I. It Colberg. See Kolbery.

was overcrowded and was closed in 1886. R h e i m s , F r a n c e , A u g . 29, 1619: died a t P a r i s , C o l d e B a l m e (kol dè bfilm). A n o t a b l y picSept. 6, 1683. A n o t e d F r e n c h s t a t e s m a n . lie t u r e s q u e A l p i n e pass on t h e r o u t e between was the son of a merchant of liheims, entered the service C h a m o n i x in P r a n c e a n d M a r t i g n y in Switzerof Cardinal Mazarin in 1648, and in 1661, on the death of land. E l e v a t i o n , 7,225 f e e t .

Colbert (koi-bar'), Jean Baptiste. Born at

Born at Jlazarin, was appointed by Louis XIV. minister of finance, Colden (kol'den), Cadwallader. a post which lie hold until his death. lie introduced ex- D u n s e , Scotland, É e b . 17, 1688: died on L o n g tensive fiscal reforms, as a result of which the income I s l a n d , N. Y., S e p t . 28, 1776. A Scotch-Arneriof the government was nearly trebled; and encouraged c a n p h y s i c i a n , b o t a n i s t , m a t h e m a t i c i a n , a n d conimercc and the industries by imposing a protective politician, l i e u t e n a n t - g o v e r n o r of N e w York tariff, by the building of canals, and by the planting of li'6L—76. He introduced the Lirmeansystem into Amercolonies. He founded the Academy of Inscriptions (1063), ica, and furnished Linnueus (who named the genus Coldenza the Academy of Sciences (1666), and other institutions for for him) with descriptions of several hundred American the promotion of art and science. plants. He wrote a "History of the Five Indian .Nations-

Colbert, Jean Baptiste, Marquis de Seignelay.

B o r n a t P a r i s , 1651: died N o v . 3, 1690. A of Canada" (1727), and several medical works. F r e n c h official, m i n i s t e r of m a r i n e : son of J . Colden, Cadwallader David. Born near B . Colbert, g , L o n g I s l a n d , A p r i l 4, 1769: died a t Coire (kwar), G. Chur (chor). [It. Co Ira, Ko-Colborne ( k o l ' b o r n ) , S i r John. B o r n a t L y n d - FJ el ur ssehyi nCity, N. «I., F e b . 7, 18S4. A n A m e r i c a n i n a n s h Cuera.] T h e c a p i t a l of t h e c a n t o n of h u r s t , H a m p s h i r e , F e b . 16, 177S: d i e d a t T o r Grisons, S w i t z e r l a n d , s i t u a t e d on t h e P l e s s u r , q u a y , D e v o n s h i r e . A p r i l 17, 1863. A n E n g l i s h l a w y e r a n d p o l i t i c i a n , g r a n d s o n of C. Colden. n e a r t h e R h i n e , in l a t . 46° 51' N., long. 9° 31' E . : g e n e r a l . He entered the army in 1794; served under C o l d e T e n d a (kol dè t e n ' d a ) . A p a s s in t h e t h e "Roman C u r i a R h e e t o r u m . I t i s a very old town, Wellington in Portugal, France, and Spain 1809-14 ; fought m o u n t a i n s of n o r t h w e s t e r n I t a l y , n e a r F r a n c e , and contains a cathedral, an episcopal palace, and some with distinction at the battle of Waterloo in 1815; was ap- 30 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of M o n a c o . It is often taken as Coin (ko-en'). A t o w n in t h e p r o v i n c e of M a l a g a , Spain, 20 miles w e s t of M a l a g a . P o p u l a t i o n (1887), 9,825.

Roman antiquities. The cathedral is a venerable structure. in parts as old as the 8th century, with a still older crypt. Population (1888), 9,380.

Cojutepec tko-no-te-pek'), or Cojutepectue

pointed lieutenant-governor of Guernsey in 1825; and in 18S0 became lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, a post which he resigned on being promoted to lieutenant-general in 1838. He returned to England in 1839, after having in the mean time quelled the Canadian rebellion, and in the same year was raised to the peerage as Lord Seaton of Seaton in Devonshire. He was promoted general in 1854, was commander of the forces in Ireland 1855-60, and was created field-marshal in 1860.

(ko-iio-te-pa'kl). A t o w n in S a n Salvador, C e n t r a l A m e r i c a , 10 miles n o r t h e a s t of S a n Salvador. P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t 10,000. C o k a y n e ( k o - k a n ' ) , T h o m a s . B o r n a t Maplet o n , D e r b y s h i r e , J a n . 21, 1587: died a t L o n - Colbrand (kol'brand), or Coldbrand (kold'don, 1638. A n E n g l i s h l e x i c o g r a p h e r , a u t h o r b r a n d ) . A B a n i s h g i a n t , slain b y Guy of W a r of a n E n g l i s h - G r e e k lexicon c o n t a i n i n g deriva- wick. T h e r e is some slight f o u n d a t i o n of f a c t t i o n s a n d definitions of " all t h e w o r d s i n t h e i n t h i s l e g e n d . S e e Guy of War wide. N e w T e s t a m e n t " (1658). He was educated at Ox- Colburn ( k o i ' b e r n ) , Warren. B o r n a t Dedford (Corpus Christ! College), but did not take a degree. h a m , Mass., M a r c h 1, 1793: died a t Lowell, During the latter part of his life he lived in London Mass., S e p t . 15, 1833. A n A m e r i c a n m a t h e under the name of Browne. m a t i c i a n , b e s t k n o w n a s a w r i t e r on a r i t h m e t i c . Coke (kok, originally kuk), Sir Edward. [The C o l b u r n , Z e r a h . B o r n a t Cabot, V t . , Sept. 1, s u r n a m e Coke is a n o t h e r f o r m (archaic spell- 1804: died a t Norwich, V t . , M a r c h 2,1840. A n i n g ) of Cook, orig. d e s i g n a t i n g a c o o k . ] B o r n a t Mileham, N o r f o l k , E n g l a n d , F e b . 1, 1552: A m e r i c a n , c e l e b r a t e d d u r i n g his b o y h o o d a s a n died a t S t o k e Pogis, S e p t . 3, 1634. A n o t e d a r i t h m e t i c a l p r o d i g y . E n g l i s h j u r i s t . He was speaker of the Houso of Com- Colby (kol'bi) University. An institution of mons 1592-93, attorney-general 1593-94, chief justice of l e a r n i n g s i t u a t e d a t W a t c r v i l l e , M a i n e , it was

the Common i'leas 1G06, and chief justice of the King's organized in 1820, and previous to 1867 was called WaterBench 1613. He came into conflict- with the king and ville College. I t is under the control of the .Baptists. Bacon on matters touching the royal prerogative, espe- C o l c a m p a t a ( k o l - k i i m - p a ' t a ) . [Quichua, ' t e r cially the right of granting commendams, and was removed from the bench .Nov. 15, 1(5U>. Among the noted r a c e of t h e g r a n a r i e s . ' ] A series of artificial cases which he conducted as prosecutor are those of Es- t e r r a c e s a t t h e f o o t of t h e S a c s a h u a m a n hill, sex and Southampton in 1601, of Sir Walter Raleigh in n o r t h of a n d overlooking t h e city of Cuzco, 1603 (in which he disgraced himself by the brutality of P e r i l . Under the Inca sovereigns they were a sort of his language), and of the gunpowder plotters in 1605. In sacred garden: every year the Inca himself broke the soil the later part of his life lie rendered notable service, in there as a signal that the season of planting had comParliament, to the cause of English freedom, his last menced, and there he plucked the first cars of the harimportant speech being a direct attack on Buckingham. vest. These ceremonies wore celebrated by festivals. His chief works are his " R e p o r t s " (1600-15) and his The Colcampata palace was at the base of the terraces, "Institutes," which consist of a reprint and translation and portions of it remain in a good state of preservation. of Littleton's " Tenures" with a commentary (popularly C o l c h e s t e r ( k o l ' c h e s - t e r ) . A t o w n i n Essex, known as "Coke upon Littleton"); the text of various E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d o n t h e Colne in l a t . 51° 54' statutes from Magna Charta to the time of James I., with N., long. 0° 5 4 ' E . : t h e R o m a n C a m u l o d u n u m . a commentary; a treatise on criminal law; and a treatise a n d t h e A n g l o - S a x o n C o l n e c e a s t e r . i t has long on the jurisdiction of the different law-courts. been famous for its oyster-fishery, and contains many .Roman antiquities, including Roman walls. I t has a C o k e , T h o m a s . B o r n a t B r e c o n . S o u t h "Wales, castle and the ruins of St. Botolph's Priory and of aBeneS e p t . 9, 1747: died a t sea, M a y 2, 1814. A dictine monastery. The castle is the most powerful Normilitary structure in England. The dimensions of B r i t i s h p r e a c h e r a n d m i s s i o n a r y , first b i s h o p man the keep arc ICS by 126 feet, and its walls vary in thickncss of t h e M e t h o d i s t E p i s c o p a l C h u r c h (1784). l i e from 11 to 30 feet. In one portion of the walls appears w r o t e a " C o m m e n t a r y o n t h e H o l y S c r i p t u r e s " Roman herring-bone work in brick. The chapel is now a (1807), " H i s t o r y of t h e W e s t I n d i e s " (1808), museum of Roman antiquities. Camulodunum was the earliest Roman colony in Britain, and was destroyed by the "but rebuilt. Later it became a stronghold, and was Coke, Thomas William. Born May 4,1752: Iceni, taken by Fairfax in 1648. Population (1891), 34,559.

died a t L o n g f o r d H a l l , D e r b y s h i r e . J u n e 30, 1842. A n E n g l i s h n o b l e m a n a n d Whig polit i c i a n , c r e a t e d e a r l of L e i c e s t e r of H o l k h a m a n d Viscount Coke A u g . 12, 183 The. A novel by W o r k s of T h o m a s H e y w o o d " (1850-5Í), Gerald Griffin" issued anonymously in 1829. E d m u n d S p e n s e r " (1862), a B i o g_r a p. h i c a l a n d C r i t i c a l m e n t o f P y r e n e e s - O r i e n t a l e s , F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d 1 (501. H e e n d o w e d it, and g a v e it his l i b r a r y of 40,000 volumes. T h e b u i l d i n g w a s e r e c t e d o n t h e s i t e of t h e T o u r d e à ' e s l e b y t h e a r c h i t e c t L e V a u , and was finished i n 1672. I n 1674 t h e n e w c o l l e g e w a s i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t h e university. I t s o b j e c t was t h e g r a t u i t o u s i n s t r u c t i o n and sustenance of s i x t y sons of g e n t l e m e n l i v i n g i n t h e f o u r newly acquired provinces, Piguerol, Alsace, L a Fiandre, and Roussillon ; hence its name " C o l l e g e des Quatre Nations " ( ' C o l l e g e of t h e P o u r N a t i o n s ' ) .

I n 1861 an e d i t i o n w a s p r o d u c e d , i l l u s t r a t e d b y P h i z , and c a l l e d " T h e C o l l e e n B a w n , or T h e C o l l e g i a n ' s W i f e . " Sec Colleen Bawn.

Collegiantsiko-lé'ji-ants). A sect founded near Levden, Holland, in 1619, the societies of which a r e c a l l e d colleges. T h e s e c t spread r a p i d l y i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , a n d is s t i l l m a i n t a i n e d t h e r e and i n H a n over. I n d o c t r i n e and p r a c t i c e t h e C o l l e g i a n t s r e s e m b l e t h e Quakers, h a v i n g n o c r e e d o r o r g a n i z e d m i n i s t r y ; b u t t h e y b e l i e v e i n t h e n c c c s s i t y of b a p t i s m , w h i c h t h e y administer by immersiou.

Colleoni (kol-là-d'né), or Coleone (kd-là-d'ne), Bartolommeo. Born at Solza, near Bergamo, 1400: died Nov. 4, 1475. A noted Italian mercenary commander, the foremost tactician and disciplinarian of the 15th century. He was of an ancient and noble f a m i l y w h i c h exercised a minor sovere i g n t y o v e r t h e p r o v i n c e of B e r g a m o . H e s e r v e d in his y o u t h u n d e r t h e p r i n c i p a l condottieri, or m e r c e n a r y g e n tìroi» r.f erals, of tiip t h e tt ii m mo e ;; a n d in w a r s b e t w e e n M i l a n a n d V e n i c e f o l l o w e d h i s a d v a n t a g e b y s e r v i n g e i t h e r s i d e at discret i o n . T h e Y i s c o n t i of M i l a n cast h i m intc p r i s o n , a n d t h e C o u n c i l of T e n at V c n i c e c o n s p i r e d f o r h i s assassinat i o n . I n 1454 h e finally b e c a m e g e n e r a l i s s i m o of t h e l a n d f o r c e s uf V e n i c e , a n d r e t a i n e d t h i s p o s t u n t i l h i s d e a t h . H e w a s a p a t r o n of t h e arts. T h e m o s t n o t a b l e w o r k s w h i c h celebrate his greatness are the statue by V e r r o c c h i o a n d L e o p a r d i i n V e n i c e , t h e b e s t e q u e s t r i a n s t a t u e iu exi s t e n c e ( s e e Verrocchio a n d Leopardi); t h e c a s t l e of M a l -

A c c o u n t of t h e K a r e s t B o o k s i n t h e E n g l i s h L a n g u a g e" " o n t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n 15 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t o f P e r (1865), " A n O l d i l a n ' 3 D i a r y — F o r t y Y e a r s A g o " (1871-72), pignan. It has a castle and considerable trade an e d i t i o n of S h a k s p e r e (1875-78). H i s a b l e and u s e f u l in cork. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e , 3.411. WU1K Uli t11U3U1UW f jn l lggl li si shuliiltiecriaatiuuriec iis s im ua uri ri c u aaini u ,1 -1 X t*4 T1 . J ' 1 J TT w o r k on he older E ed d brought u n d e r g e n e r a l suspicion b y a series of l i t e r a r y f r a u d s C o l i n ( k e l n ) , G e o r g X T i e a r i C l l W l l l b a l C l x e r w h i c h h e c o m m i t t e d , of w h i c h t h e m o s t n o t a b l e is h i s u s e dinan'd von. Born at Orlingbausen, Lippe, a n d d e f e n s e of s p u r i o u s a n n o t a t i o n s " by a s e v e n t e e n t h Germany, 1766: died at Berlin, May 31, 1820. c e n t u r y h a n d " w h i c h h e p r o f e s s e d t o h a v e f o u n d on t h e A Oerman publicist. His works include u Verm a r g i n of a c o p y of t h e s e c o n d f o l i o S h a k s p e r e o r i g i n a l l y b e l o n g i n g t o o n e " T h o m a s P e r k i n s , " a n d s i n c e k n o w n as traute Briefe," etc. (1807-09), " N e u e Feuerthe " P e r k i n s Folio. brande"'' (1807-08), etc.

Colline Gate (kol'in gat). [ L . porta collina.'] Coiïombet(ko-lôn-bâ'),FrançoisZénon. Born A gate at the northeastern extremity of ancient a t Sièges, Jura, France. March 28,1808 : died at Rome. Near here, Nov., 82 B. c., Sulla defeated Lyons, Oct. 16, 1853. A French Koman Cathotlie Samnites under Pontius. lie historian and litterateur. He -wrote " HisCollingwood (kol'ing-wùd), CJuthbert. Born toire de St. Jérôme" (1844), and many other at Newcastle-on-Tyne, Sept. 26, 1750 : died at historical and critical works, sea near Port Mahon, Balearic Islands, March Collop Monday (kol'op mun'da). The day 7 1810. A noted English admiral, created before Shrove Tuesday : named from the cus' 1805. """""" He was appointed lieu- torn of eating collops of salted meat and eggs Lord Colling wood' in t e n a n t f o r h i s ' s e r v i c e s , w i t h a p a r t y of s e a m e n , at t h e on that day. b a t t l e of B u n k e r H i l l ; w a s p r o m o t e d t o c o m m a n d e r (sucColloredo (kol-16-râ'dô), Rudolf von. Born c e e d i n g N e l s o n ) i n 1779 ; s e r v e d w i t h d i s t i n c t i o n i n c o m Nov. 2, 1585 : died Jan. 24, 165/. An Austrian m a n d of t h e E x c e l l e n t i n t h e b a t t l e off C a p e St. V i n c e n t eeneral in the Thirty Years' War. As field-marF e b . 14, 1797; b e c a m e r e a r - a d m i r a l i n 1799, w i t h a c o m m a n d i n t h e C h a n n e l fleet, and v i c e - a d m i r a l i n 1804; w a s s e c o n d i n c o m m a n d at t h e b a t t l e of T r a f a l g a r ; a n d o n N e l s o n ' s d e a t h , i n t h a t action, s u c c e e d e d t o t h e chief command. „ . c,. ~ ,

shal of t h e i m p e r i a l a r m y ' h e s u c c e s s f u l l y d e f e n d e d P r a g u e „ „g a i n s t t h e S w e d e s i n 1648. a

Colloredo-Mansfeld (kol-lo-ra'do-mans feld), Hieronymus, Count von. Born at Wetzlar, Germany, March 30, 1775: died at Vienna, July 28, 1822. An Austrian general, distinguished in the campaign of 1813. * , (mels) . . . nnd Wallsee (vSl'sa), tfolloredo-Mels Count Joseph M a r i a von. Born at Regensburg, Bavaria, Sept. 11, 1735: died Nov. 26, 1818. An Austrian general. He fought with dis-

Tjaga, near Bergamo, with its frescos; and the Colleoni chapel in the Alta Citta at Bergamo, with the tombs of Collingwood. A lake port m bimcoe bounty, B a r t o l o m m e o a n d his d a u g h t e r M e d e a . T h e s t a t u e b y "VerOntario, Canada, situated on Georgian Bay, It r o c c h i o stands b e f o r e San G i o v a n n i e P a o l o in V e n i c e . Lake Huron, 72 miles northwest of Toronto. w a s c a s t i n 1496, a n d is t h e s e c o n d e q u e s t r i a n statue of t h e Population (1891), 4,940. Italian Renaissance. I t c h a r a c t e r i z e s w i t h s t r i k i u g natu r a l i s m t h e h a u g h t y and f o r m i d a b l e m e r c e n a r y s o l d i e r . Collingwood, A northeastern suburb of MelT h e r i c h m a r b l e p e d e s t a l has C o r i n t h i a n c o l u m n s and enbourne, Australia. tablature. Collins (kol'inz), Anthony. Born at Heston or t i n c t i o n i n t h e S e v e n Y e a r s ' W a r , a n d w a s m i n i s t e r of Collet (kol'et), John. Born at London about Isle worth, near London, June 21, 1676 : died 1725: died at Chelsea, Aug. 6, 1780. An Eng- at London, Dec. 13, 1729. A noted English state a n d c o n f e r e n c e , a n d d i r e c t o r of t h e c o u n c i l of w a r 1805-09. lish painter, chiefly of humorous scenes from deist, a disciple and friend of John Locke. C ollot^d'Herbois (ko-lô'der-bwa'), Jean M a low life. pu ub b ll ii s sh he ed d «" A Au n E Es ss sa ay y C o n c. e r n i n g t h e U s e o f . E e a - Y He p ^ ^ ^ t P a r i s a b o u t 1750: d i e d i n C a y Colleton ( k o l ' e - t o n ) , James. Governor of s o u " (1707), " P r i e s t c r a f t i n P e r f e c t i o n " (1709), a " D i s - enne, South America, Jan. 8, 1/96. A French South Carolina 1686-90. He received with his ap- c o u r s e o n F r e e t h i n k i n g " (1713), " A P h i l o s o p h i c a l E n actor and revolutionist, notorious for his bruq u i r y C o n c e r n i n g H u m a n L i b e r t y " (1715), " A D i s c o u r s e p o i n t m e n t t h e d i g n i t y of l a n d g r a v e a n d 48,000 acres of land. H e a t t e m p t e d in vain to e n f o r c e t h e recognition of Locke's constitution by t h e colonial parliament. He

o n t h e G r o u n d s a n d R e a s o n s of t h e C h r i s t i a n R e l i g i o n " (1724), e t c .

tality.

H e w a s d e p u t y t o t h e C o n v e n t i o n in 1792, a n d a

m e m b e r of t h e C o m m i t t e e of P u b l i c S a f e t y i n 1793. I n N o v . ,

was deposed and banished by the colonists on the procla- Q0J]jnS Charles A l l S t o n . Born at Hamp- 1793, h e w a s s e u t w i t h F o u c h é as j u d g e t o L y o n s , b y R o b e s nf W William 76. ma, Santander, Tolima. Its capital is Bogotá. The gov- ganized Called the Centennial State. Area, 103,925 square miles. ernment is republican, the executive power beiug vested Population (1890), 412,198. in a president, and the legislative in a senate and chamher of representatives. The Spanish power was established 'colored' here in the first half of the 16th century, and independence Colorado, Sp. Rio Colorado. 1. A river formed by the was proclaimed in 1811. In 1819 this territory, with Vene- ( i . e . r e d ) ' r i v e r / ] zuela and Ecuador, formed the Republic of Colombia, from u n i o n of t h e G r a n d a n d G r e e n r i v e r s i n s o u t h which Venezuela and Ecuador withdrew in 1831. I n l 8 3 1 e a s t e r n U t a h . I t flows through Utah and Arizona, the republic of New Granada was founded, in 186IÍ the and separates Arizona from Nevada and California. It name "United States of Colombia" was adopted, and in empties into the Gulf of California, in Lower Califor18S6 the present constitution was formed. Area, 504,773 nia, about lat. 32" X. I t is famous for its cafion?, of which the most celebrated, the Grand Canon, situated square miles. Population, about 3,300,000. C o l o m b o (kô-lom'bô). A s e a p o r t a n d t h e c a p i - in the middle course of the river, and explored by t h e

Columbus, Diego

Colorado

269

P o w e l l survey expedition in 18G9, has walls f r o m 4,000 to 6,500 feet in height. L e n g t h ( f r o m source of Green i l i v e r ) . about 2,000 miles ; navigable to Callville, 012 miles. A l s o called Colorado of the West.

Columbia, or Oregon (or'e-gon). A river in North America, the second in size on the Pacific c o a s t . I t rises in the R o c k y Mountains in British Columbia, traverses Washington, tiows b e t w e e n Washington and

2. A rivor ill Texas which flows into Mata- Oregon, and empties into the Pacific Ocean in lat. 46° 15' gorda Bay near Matagorda. Length, about 900 N., long. 124' W . Its chief tributaries are Clarke's 1'ork miles; navigable, except in summer, to Austin. and Snake Rivet'. I t has very important salmon-fisheries. e n g t h , 1,200-1,400 miles. I t is navigable to the Cascades Called the Eastern Colorado.— 3. A river in the L(165 miles),from the Cascades to the Dalles (about 50 miles), Argentine Republic? which flows into the At- and above the Dalles f o r small vessels. I t was discovered lantic Ocean about lat. 3!>° 50' S.,long. 62° 10' In 1792 by Captain R o b e r t Gray, and was explored by L e w i s and Clark 1804-05. W . Length, about 620 miles. Colorado Springs (kol-o-rii'do springz). The Columbia. 1. a town in Boone County, Miscapital of El Paso County, Colorado, situated souri, 27 miles northwest of Jefferson City, it 64 miles south of Denver, it is a place of summer is the seat of the U n i v e r s i t y of the State of Missouri. Popresort, near the f o o t of Pike's Peak. ll,14u.

Population (18tXJ),

Colorados (ko-lo-ra'dos). [Sp., 'the Reds.'] A political party of Uruguay. See Blancos. Coloss® (ko-los'e). [Gr. KoXoccai.] In ancient geography, a city in southwestern Phrygia, Asia ilinor, situated on the Lycus. It was the seat of a primitive Christian church. Colossfe ha3 been generally supposed t o have been situated at Chonris, t h e ancient Chonse, with which Constautiue Porphyrogenitus identifies it (dc T h e mat. i. 3, p. 24). Mr. Hamilton, h o w e v e r , seems to have discovered the true site, at the distance of three miles f r o m Chou6s, in the plain, on the banks of the L y c u s ( T c h o r u k ) . Rawlimon, Herod,, I V . SI, note.

ulation (1890), 4,000.

2. A borough in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, situated on the Susquehanna River 24 miles southeast of Harrisburg. It is an important lumber-market and seat of manufactures. (1890), 10,599.

Population

3. The capital of South Carolina, in Richland County, situated on the Congaree River in lat. 34° N., long. 81° 2' "W. It is the seatof the University of South Carolina ( f o u n d e d in 1804), became the State capital in 1790, and was burned about the t i m e of its occupation by the Federals, Feb. 17, 1865. Population (1890), 15,353.

4. The capital of Maury County, Tennessee, situated on the Duck River 42 miles southwest Colosseum (kol-o-se'um), or Flavian Amphi- of Nashville. Population (1890), 5,370. theater. [L. Colosseum : said to be named from Columbia, British. See British Columbia. the colossal statue of Nero which stood near it Columbia College. An institution of learning in the Via ¡Sacra.] An amphitheater in Rome, iri t h e c i t y o f N e w Y o r k . I t comprises an academic begun by Vespasian (T. Flavius Sabinus) in 72 department, a l a w school, a medical school ( t h e College of A. D., and for 400 years the seat of gladiatorial Physicians and Surgeons), a school of mines, a school of poshows. T h e axes of this chief of amphitheaters are 617 and 512 f e e t ; of the arena, 282 and 177 feet. T h e exterior was ornamented w i t h four tiers of engaged columns w i t h their entablatures, the lowest three inclosing archcs, and the highest w a l l e d up, w i t h square windows in e v e r y second intercolumniatiou. T h e material of the interior is stone, of the inner passages and vaults largely brick and concrete. T h e interior was faced w i t h marble. I n the substructions there is a most elaborate Bystem of chambers, passages, dens, and drains. Despite the enormous mass of the existing ruin, it is estimated that t w o thirds have been carried away in the m i d d l e ages and later as building-material.

litical science, a graduate department, and a department of architecture. I t was originally founded as K i n g ' s College in 1754, and its present name was adopted in 1784. T h e law school was opened in 1858. Its main library (1S94) contains 175,000 volumes. I t has 226 instructors, and 1,641 students.

Columbia, District of. See District of Columbia. Columbian University. A university in Washington, District of Columbia, incorporated by C o n g r e s s i u 1819. I t consists of a college department, law. medical, dental, and graduate departments, and the Corcoran Scientific School.

Colossus of Rhodes. Sec Chares of Lindns. Columbine (kol'uin-bin). A conventional charColot (ko-lo')j Laurent. Born near Troyes, acter in old Italian comedy, tirst appearing about France: lived about 1550. A French court 1560: the daughter of Pantaloon, or sometimes surgeon in the reign of Henry II. (1547-59), her coquettish maid-servant. She was the obnoted as a litliotoinist. ject of Harlequin's adoration, and so appears in Colquhoun (ko-hon'), Patrick. Born at Dum- English pantomime. barton, Scotland, March 14,1745: died at Lon- Columbretes(ko-lom-bra / tes). A group of small don, April 25, 1820. A London police magis- volcanic rocks in the Mediterranean, east of trate and writer on economic subjects. From Spain, in lat. 39° 54' N., long. 0° 43' E. about 17*30 to 1766 he l i v e d in Virginia, was lord provost Columbus (ko-lum'bus), Bartholomew, Sp. of Glasgow 178^-83, ami f r o m 17s9 resided in London, Bartolomeo Colon. Born probably in Genoa w h e r e he became (1792) a police magistrate. H e pubabout 1445 : died at Santo Domingo, May, 1515. lished a " Treatise on the Police of the Metropolis,' etc. A brother of Christopher Columbus. He was (179.5), a " T r e a t i s e on the Population, Wealth, P o w e r , and Resources of the British Empire in every Quarter of the W o r l d " (1814), and other works treating especially of the condition and relief of the poor.

Colt (kolt), Samuel. Born at Hartford, Conn., July 19, 1814: died at Hartford, Jan. 10, 1862. A n American inventor.

He patented the revolver

in la35, and established a noted manufactory of arms at Hartford in 1852.

Colton (kol'ton), Charles Caleb. Born at Salisbury, England, about 1780: died at Fontaine bleau, April 28, 1832. An English clergyman and writer. H e was a graduate of Cambridge ( K i n g ' s College), and rector of K e w and Petersham. He l e d an eccentric life, and committed suicide in p r e f e r e n c e t o undergoing a surgical operation. H e published " Lacon, or many things iu f e w words, addressed to those who t h i n k " (1820-22), etc.

Colton, Walter. Born at Rutland, Vt., May 9, 1797 : died at Philadelphia, Jan. 22,1851. An American clergyman and writer of voyages, author of " Ship and Shore" (1835), etc. Columba (ko-lum'ba), Saint. Bora at Gartan, Donegal, Ireland, Dec. 7, 521: died at Iona, Scotland, June 9, 597. A Celtic missionary in Scotland, surnamed '-the Apostle of Caledonia/7 the founder of the monastery of Iona (about 565), Columba Noachi (ko-lum'ba no-a'ki). [L., 4 Noah's Dove.'] A constellation in the southern hemisphere, close to the hind feet of Canis Major. I t contains, according to Gould, 115 stars visible to the naked e y e ; but only 3 are prominent. I t was proposed by Bartsch in 1624.

Columbanus (kol-um-ba/mis), or Columban i'ko-lum'ban), Saint. Boru in Leinster. Ireland, about 543: died at Bobbio, Italy, Nov. 21, (515. An Irish missionary in France, Switzerland. and Italy.

He founded the monastery of

Luxeuil ( V o s g e s ) about 590-59r>, and that of Bobbio (Italy).

Columbia (ko-lum'bi-a). [NL., from Cohun1. A poetical name of the United States, or of the New World.—2. See Colombia.

w i t h B a r t o l o m e u D i a z on the W e s t A f r i c a n coast 1486-37, and went t o England in 1488 to interest Henry V I I . in his brother's project. l i e returned to Spain in 1493, after the admiral had sailed on his second voyage, but f o l l o w e d h i m in command of a supply fleet, arriving at Isabella in June, 1493. T h e admiral m a d e h i m adelantado, and from 1496 to 149S lie g o v e r n e d the island during his brother's absence; f o u n d e d Santo D o m i n g o 1496; subdued an I n d i a n r e v o l t ; marched t o Xaragua iu 1497; and in 1498 had the first trouble w i t h Roldan. I n 1500 Bobadilla sent him a prisoner t o Spain, where he was released w i t h the admiral. H e was w i t h his brother on the f o u r t h voyage, 1502-04, and was the leader where active w o r k was required. I n the struggle w i t h Porras at Jamaica he was wounded. A f t e r the admiral's death he seems to have been in R o m e , and in 1509 he accompanied D i e g o Columbus t o Hispaniola, where he held important and lucrative offices.

and viceroy in countries acquired by him f o r Spain, w i t h f u l l powers and a generous share of the revenues. Partly w i t h royal aid, partly with the help of the Pinzons, merchants of Palos, three small vessels were fitted out, the Santa Maria as ilagship, and the Niña and Pinta, commanded respectively by V i c e n t e Yañez Pinzón and M a r t i n Alonzo Pinzón. "With these and 120 (or 90cr) m e n Columbus l e f t Palos A u g . 3, 1492. He touched at the Canaries, thence steered west, and on Oct. 12 (O. S.), 14i>2, or Oct. 22 ( N . S.), discovered the island of Guanahani or San Salvador, one of the Bahamas, but which one is uncertain. H e landed and took possession for Castile, had some intercourse w i t h the natives, and sailed on, discovering various islands and coasting part of the northern side of Cuba (Oct. 26-Dec. 22), and H a i t i or Hispaniola, everywhere treating amicably w i t h the natives, and obtaining small quantities of g o l d and island products. All these lands, he supposed, were outlying parts of Asia. T h e Santa Maria was wrecked on the Haitian coast, and he l e f t there a colony of 40 m e n , building a fort called L a N a v i d a d in the land of a f r i e n d l y chief. On Jan. 4, 1493, he started to return in the Niña. H e narrowly escaped w r e c k in severe 3torms, parted company w i t h the Pinta, touched at the Azores and in Portugal, w h e r e he was called t o see the k i n g ; and fiually reached Palos, March 15 (O. S.), 1493. Called to court, he was received w i t h g r e a t honor, his privileges confirmed, and ample means g i v e n f o r a new expedition. H e again embarked at Palos, Sept. 25, 1493, w i t h 17 vessels and 1,&00 m e n ; discovered Dominica .Nov. 3; landed on several of the Caribbee islands and had encounters w i t h the C'aribs; coasted P o r t o R i c o ; and on N o v . 27 reached the harbor of L a Navidad. H e found that his colony had all been k i l l e d by hostile Indians. On a new site, farther east, he founded Isabella (Dec.), the first European town in the N e w W o r l d . A f t e r some explorations in the interior he made an expedition westward (April, 1494), in which he coasted the south side of Cuba (supposed by him to be a peninsula of Asia), and after discovering Jamaica returned to Isabella, Sept. 29, 1494. I l l treatment by the Spaniards caused an insurrection of the Indians, but Columbus defeated thein in a great battle on the V e g a R e a l , A p r i l 25, 1495. Shortly hefore he had proposed a plan f o r enslaving hostile Indians, f o r w h i c h he has been much blamed. T h e r e was much suffering and discontent among the colonists, and some of thcui went to Spain to make c o m p l a i n t s ; they w e r e supported by Bishop Fouscca, an enemy of Columbus, w h o was at the head of colonial a f f a i r s ; and in 1495 .Juan Aguado was sent as a royal commissioner to Española. H e collected complaints against the admiral, who, f e a r i n g the e f f e c t of the report, r e t u r n e d to Spain at the same time w i t h Aguado (-March, 1496), leaving his brothers in charge. H e was w e l l received by the sovereigns, and the charges dismissed. A f t e r much delay he started on a third v o y a g e ( M a y 30, 1498), in which he kept farther south, discovered Trinidad July 31), and the lowlands at the mouth of the Orinoco A u g . 1), this being, in all probability, the first discovery of the continent of South A m e r i c a : the Cabots had already seen N o r t h America. W i t h much difficulty he passed the t w o straits between Trinidad and the mainland, and was convinced that the turbid water came f r o m a continental ( A s i a t i c ) river. I n a report at this t i m e he argues that the earth is pear-shaped and the highest land at the head of this river, where also is the terrestrial paradise: this, and some other later reports, have been supposed to indicate temporary aberration of mind, caused by sickness. On Aug. 30 lie reached Santo Domingo, which had been founded during his absence. Some of the colonists, under Roldan, had rebelled, and Columbus was f o r c e d to make a disgraceful pcacc w i t h them. Disorders continued, and on A u g . 24, 1500, Francisco d e Bobadilla arrived as royal commissioner. H e deposed Columbus and his brothers and sent them in chains to Spain (Oct., 1500): they w e r e at once released, but Columbus could not obtain a reinstatement in his d i g n i t i e s ; and only after much delay he obtained four caravels f o r a final exploration, in which, it appears, he intended to circumnavigate the globe. L e a v i n g Spain March, 1502, he touched at Santo Domingo, thence sailed t o Central America, discovering Honduras July 30, and coasting t o the Isthmus of Panama, seeking f o r a passage westward. A f t e r encounters w i t h the Indians and a vain attempt t o plant a colony (i'eb., 1503), he returned to Jamaica. There his ships, worm-eaten and storm-beaten, gave out, and he and his men remained on the island, enduring great sufferings : some rebelled, and w e r e subdued after a hard fight. A canoe sent out reached Española, and at length (June, 1504) ships were sent to take them off. Columbus reached Spain N o v . 7, 1504. Queen Isabella, who had always befriended him, died soon after. His repeated petitions f o r reinstatement had no effect, and he passed his remaining days in poverty and neglect. H e never knew that the regions discovered by him constituted a new continent, always supposing them to be portions of Asia.

Columbus, Christopher. [It. Cristoforo Colombo, Sp. Cristoval Colon, F. Christophe Colo-nib, L. Christophorus Columbus.'] Born at or near Genoa, Italv, probablv in 1446: died at Valladolid, Spain, May 20 or 21 (O. S.), 1506. Columbus, Diego, It. Giacomo Colombo: by T h e discoverer of A m e r i c a . His parents were wool- Latin writers called Jacobus. Probably born combers, but he was f a i r l y w e l l educated, and early began at Genoa about 14Ó0: date and place of death to f o l l o w the sea. In 1473 (?) he w e n t to Portugal, w h e r e unknown. A brother of Christopher Columbus, he married and had a son, D i e g o ; he also l i v e d in the island of Porto Santo, near Madeira. I t is probable that who accompanied him in the second voyage (1493), and was at times left in command at he joined in some of the Portuguese explorations on the Isabella or Santo Domingo. He was sent to Spain African coast; and there is some doubtful evidence of a voyage made t o Iceland. Impressed w i t h the idea, founded on the known rotundity of the earth, that Asia m i g h t be reached by sailing westward, he proposed t o the" Portuguese k i n g to make an expedition in that direction. Failing, he w e n t to Spain (1484?) and offered the enterprise t o Ferdinand and Isabella. H e was repeatedly put off w i t h promises or rebuffed by adverse reports of those set to inquire into theschenie. ami l i v e d in poverty. His brother was sent to ask aid of H e n r y V I I . of Kngland (1488), and Columbus himself was about passing to France when he obtained a personal i n t e r v i e w w i t h the sovereigns at Granada. T h e excessive grants and honors w h i c h he demanded in case of success led to a r e f u s a l : but as he was about leaving Granada his friends made a last e f f o r t with the queen, he was recalled, and on April 17,1492, the king and queen signed a paper in which all the demands of Columbus w e r e agreed to. H e was made, f o r himself and heirs, admiral in all the regions which he m i g h t discover,

w i t h his brothers in 1500, and about that time became a priest. I n 1509 he accompanied his nephew to Santo Domingo, and probably died ¿oon after.

Columbus, Sp. Colon, Diego. Born probably at Lisbon about 147G: died at Montalvan, near Toledo, Feb. 23, 1526. A son of Christopher

Columbus. I n 1492 Queen Isabella made him a page at the Spanish court, where he remained until a f t e r his father's death. H e was confirmed in 1509 as admiral of the I n d i e s and governor of Hispaniola, but without the title of viceroy. H e arrived at Santo Domingo, July 10, 1509; but the conflicting claims of jurisdiction, and dissatisfaction w i t h his rule, soon made the position an uneasy one. Velasquez, w h o m he sent to conquer Cuba in 1511, virtually threw olf his authority ; the establishment of a royal audience at Santo Domingo restricted his powe r ; and though, in a visit to Spain, he obtained new favors

Columbus, Diego (1520), he w a s Anally c a l l e d b a c k b y t h e C o u n c i l of t h e I n d i e s i n 1523 t o a n s w e r c h a r g e s a g a i n s t h i m . Hi3 wife w a s l e f t i n c h a r g e of t h e g o v e r n m e n t ; b u t D i e g o f o l l o w e d t h e courts v a i n l y s e e k i n g redress, u n t i l his d e a t h .

Columbus, Ferdinand, Sp. Ferdinando Col o n . Born in Cordova, Aug. 15, 1488: died at Seville, July 12, 1539. An illegitimate son of Christopher Columbus and Dona Beatrix

H e n r i q u e z , a l a d y o f C o r d o v a . H e was m a d e page of Q u e e n I s a b e l l a in 1498; w a s w i t h h i s f a t h e r o n t h e f o u r t h voyage, 1502-04 ; a n d by t h e admiral's w i l l r e c e i v e d an a m p l e i n c o m e , a f t e r w a r d i n c r e a s e d b y royal grants. H e a m a s s e d a library of o v e r 20,000 v o l u m e s , w h i c h p a s s e d by w i l l t o t h e c a t h e d r a l c h a p t e r of S e v i l l e , w h e r e i t w a s k n o w n as t h e " C o l o m b i n a " : o n l y a b o u t 4,000 volu m e s r e m a i n . A h i s t o r y of t h e I n d i e s by h i m is lost, as is t h e o r i g i n a l S p a n i s h of h i s b i o g r a p h y of h i s father, w h i c h w a s u s e d b y L a s Casas.

Columbus, Sp. Colon (kô-lôn'),Luis. Born at

Santo Domingo, 1521 or 1522 : died in Oran, Africa, Feb. 3,1572. A son of Diego and grandson of Christopher Columbus. In 1536 he gave up

»

all c l a i m s t o t h e t i t l e of v i c e r o y , r e c e i v i n g i n r e t u r n t h e island of J a m a i c a in fief, a l a r g e p e n s i o n , l a n d s in V e r a g u a , and t h e t i t l e s of D u k e of V e r a g u a a n d M a r q u i s of J amaica. H e w a s c a p t a i n g e n e r a l of H i s p a n i o l a 1540-51. H e w a s i m p r i s o n e d in 1559 f o r h a v i n g t h r e e wives, and in 1565 b a n i s h e d t o Oran. For d e s c e n t of t h e titles, s e e Verayua, Dukes of.

C o l u m b u s . 1. The capital of Ohio, and of Franklin County, situated on the Scioto Eiver in lat. 39° 57' N.. long. 83° 3' W. it is an import a n t r a i l w a y c e n t e r a n d m a n u f a c t u r i n g place, and is rem a r k a b l e for i t s S t a t e c a p i t o l a n d o t h e r p u b l i c b u i l d i u g s . I t w a s m a d e t h e S t a t e c a p i t a l i n 1816. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 88,15i).

Comines

270

Piazzetta toward the Grand Canal. The massive

p l a i n c y l i n d r i c a l s h a f t s are of g r a n i t e , t h e w e s t e r n pink, t h e e a s t e r n gray, r e s t i n g e u s p r e a d i n g , s t e p p e d bases. T h e c a p i t a l s arc ascribed t o a L o m b a r d a r c h i t e c t . The figure of St. T h e o d o r e , w i t h h i s c r o c o d i l e , w a s e r e c t e d on t h e w e s t e r n c o l u m n i n 1329. T h e e a s t e r n c o l u m n b e a r s t h e f a m o u s w i n g e d l i o n of St. Mark, i n bronze, w i t h e y e s i n l a i d in p r e c i o u s stones. T h e e x i s t i n g l i o n is of t h e 15th century.

C o l v i l l e (kol'vil). A name, of European origin, applied to a Salishan tribe formerly dwelling near Kettle Falls on the upper Columbia River, near the Canadian boundary. The tribe n o w n u m b e r s 247 persons, d w e l l i n g o n t h e P u y a l l u p reservation, Washington. See Salishan.

C o l w e l l (kol'wel), S t e p h e n . Born in Brooke County, West Va., March 25, 1800: died at Philadelphia. J a n . 15, 1871. An American merchant, economist, and general writer. He wrote " W a y s and Means of P a y m e n t " (1859), etc.

Coma Berenices (ko'ma ber-e-m'sez).

[L.,

'hair of Berenice.' See "Berenice.'] An ancient asterism (though not one of the 48 constellations of Hipparchus) situated north of Virgo and between Bootes and Leo, and supposed to represent the famous amber hair of Berenice, the wife of Ptolemy Euergetes. C o m a c c h i o ( k o - m a k ' k e - o ) . A town in the province of Ferrara, Italy, situated near the Adriatic 29 miles southeast of Ferrara. Population, 7,000. C o m a n a (ko-ma'na). [ G T . ra Ko^iava.] 1. In ancient geography, a city of Cappadocia, Asia Minor, situated on the river Sarus. it was noted

Of t h e 25 s u r v i v o r s in 1886 b u t s e v e n s p o k e t h e i r n a t i v e tongue. T h e n a m e is said t o s i g n i f y ' r a w e a t e r s ' (Sp. come-crudo), i n a l l u s i o n t o t h e i r p r a c t i c e of c a n n i b a l i s m . A l s o c a l l e d Carrizos. S e e C'oahuiitecan.

Comédie F r a n ç a i s e (ko-mâ-dë' froù-sâz'), L a . The official name of the Théâtre Français. The

Comédie Française practically had its beginning in the T h é â t r e d e l ' H ô t e l B o u r g o g n e , e s t a b l i s h e d i n 15512 a n d m a d e t h é â t r e royal u n d e r H e n r y ITT. in 1588: it w a s foll o w e d by t h e T h é â t r e d u M a r a i s i n 1600. A f e w years afterw a r d t h e c o m p a n y of M o l i è r e w a s e s t a b l i s h e d in t h e g r e a t hall of t h e H ô t e l B o u r b o n . I n 1G60 t h e H ô t e l B o u r b o n w a s t o r n d o w n , and in 1661 M o l i è r e was t r a n s f e r r e d t o t h e t h e a t e r of t h e P a l a i s R o y a l . I n 1073 M o l i è r e d i e d ; h i s c o m p a n y w a s d i s b a n d e d and w e n t t o t h e T h e a t r e Guétiég a u d . I n 1B80 t h e r e w e r e t h r e e c o m p a n i e s in Paris — t h a t of t h e H ô t e l B o u r g o g n e , t h a t of t h e Marais, and t h e c o m pany of M o l i è r e i n t h e T h é â t r e G u é n é g a u d : t h e t w o l a t t e r w e r e a m a l g a m a t e d Oct. 21, ltfSO, and t h e C o m é d i e Franç a i s e o r g a n i z e d by l e t t r e d e c a c h e t of L o u i s X I V . a s " L ' H ô t e l d e s C o m é d i e n s d u E o i e n t r e t e n u s p a r Sa Majesté." The Comédie Française migrated frequently. In 1689 i t h a d i t s h o m e in t h e H u e d e s F o s s é s St. G e r m a i n d e s P r é s ( U n e d e l ' A n c i e n n e C o m é d i e ) : i t w a s h e r e and i n t h i s year t h a t i t first t o o k t h e t i t l e of C o m é d i e F r a n ç a i s e . I n 1770 it r e m o v e d t o t h e Tuileries, a n d i n 1782 t h e c o m p a n y p l a y e d in w h a t is n o w t h e Odèon. I t w a s s u p p r e s s e d i u t h e R e v o l u t i o n i n 1793, a n d r e c o n s t i t u t e d by N a p o l e o n , t h e n first consul, and e s t a b l i s h e d i n t h e T h é â t r e F r a n ç a i s . S e e Tfiéâtre Français.

Comédie H u m a i n e (ko-mâ-dë' u-mân'), L a . A collection of Balzac's novels, arranged and connected with laborious classification by himself to form what he called a complete society,' 7 the same persons and their relatives appearing and reappearing. '-Each novel is in fact a page of the great work, which would be incomplete without it." It is a picture of the manners and morals of his owu time.

2. The capital of Muscogee County, Georgia, situated on the Chattahoochee River in lat. 32° Comedy of Errors, The. A play by Shak28' N..long. 85° 5' W. It has manufactures of f o r i t s t e m p l e to Ma, t h e m o o n - g o d d e s s . -Also c a l l e d spere, acted at Gray's Inn, Dee. 28, 1594. its real t i t l e is " Errors." I t is t h o u g h t t h a t a n o t h e r v e r s i o n iron and steel. Population (1890), 1 7 , 3 0 3 . - 3 . Chryae (' t h e G o l d e n ' ) . 2. In ancient geography, a city of Pontus, Asia n o t e n t i r e l y by S h a k s p e r e w a a a c t e d a b o u t 1590. T h e origiThe capital of Bartholomew County in southMinor, situated about lat, 40°'20' N., long. 36° n a l p l o t w a s p r o b a b l y s u g g e s t e d by P l a u t u s ' s " M e n i e c h m i " ern central Indiana. Population (1890), 6,719. and " A m p h i t r y o n , " and"more d i r e c t l y b y t h e " H i s t o i y of — 4 . A town in "western Kentucky, situated on 5 0 ' E . i t w a s p e r h a p s a c o l o n y of t h e C a p p a d o c i a n city,, E r r o r " a c t e d by t h e c h a p e l c h i l d r e n in 1076. (Fleap.) and i t w a s s a c r e d t o t h e s a m e g o d d e s s . T h e m o d e r n Guthe Mississippi River 16 miles south of Cairo. T h e p l o t c o n s i s t s i n t h e e x t r a o r d i n a r y s e r i e s of m i s t a k e s m e n e k is on its site. arising from t h e likeness b e t w e e n t w i n brothers, both It was a strategic point of the Confederates Comanche ( k o - m a n ' c h e ) , o r Camanche ( k a named Antipholus, and the likeness between their t w o in 1861-62. —5. The county-seat of Lowndes raan'che). [ P I . , a l s o Comanches.] A tribo of servants, n a m e d Dromio. Countv, eastern Mississippi, situated on the N o r t h A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s , w e l l k n o w n f o r t h e i r Tombigbee River in lat. 33° 31' N., long. 88° 28' m a r t i a l c h a r a c t e r . A c c o r d i n g t o tradition a n d l i n - Comely B a n k (kum'li bangk). See the extract. g u i s t i c e v i d e n c e t h e y w e r e f o r m e r l y n e i g h b o r s of t h e T h e Carlyles, at t h e p e r i o d of T h o m a s ' s f a m o u s v i s i t t o W. Population (1890), 4,559.

Columella (kol-iVmel'la), Lucius Junius Mod e r a t u s . Born at Cadiz, Spain: lived about 40 A. D. A Roman writer on agriculture. He wrote " D e re rustica," in twelve books (edited by Schnei-

der in the " Scriptores rei rusticee," 1794), and au earlier work on the same subject, of which one book, "De Arbor i b u s , " is e x t a n t .

Column of July, F. Colonne de Juillet (kolon' dè z h u e - y a ' ) . A monument in P a n s , France, erected on t h e site of the Bastille in 1840, in honor of the citizens killed in the attacks on the royal government in 1830. it is a C o r i n t h i a n c o l u m n of bronze, 13 f e e t in d i a m e t e r , r i s i n g f r o m a s q u a r e b a s e and m a r b l e s u b s t r u c t u r e , and c a p p e d b y a g i l d e d s t a t u e of t h e w i n g e d G e n i u s of Liberty. Its total h e i g h t is 154 f e e t .

S h o s h o n i i n W y o m i u g . I n 1724 t h e y w e r e on u p p e r K a n sas R i v e r , a n d l a t e r w e r e s o u t h of R e d R i v e r , Texas, t h i s s o u t h w a r d e x t e n s i o n d o u b t l e s s b e i n g d u e to p r e s s u r e by Siouan tribes. T h e n - l a t e r territory w a s t h e e x t e n s i v e plains from the Rocky Mountains eastward into Indian T e r r i t o r y and T e x a s as far as l o n g . 97°, a l t h o u g h t h e y r a i d e d t h e c o u n t r y f r o m K a u s a s s o u t h w a r d as far as Durango, M e x i c o (a d i s t a n c e of 800 m i l e s ) . T h e y a g r e e d t o g o u p o n a r e s e r v a t i o n i n 1868, at w h i c h d a t e t h e y n u m b e r e d a b o u t 2,500. T h e C o m a n c h e n o w on t h e K i o w a , Com a n c h e , a n d W i c h i t a r e s e r v a t i o n , Oklahoma, n u m b e r 153. T h e i r o w n n a m e is Nivrn, ' p e o p l e . ' Comanche, a n a m e of u n k n o w n s i g n i f i c a t i o n , w a s first a p p l i e d by t h e S p a n i s h M e x i c a n s , w h i l e t h e F r e n c h f o r m , Padouca, i s a d a p t e d from their Sioux name. They also have been known as Choumari) Comande, Kaumains, Neum, Padouca, a n d Paduca. S e e Shoxhouean.

Comande. See Comanche. o m a y a g u a (ko-ma-yii'gwa). The capital of the Column of Marcus Aurelius, or Antonine Cdepartment Comayagua, Honduras, situated Column. A m o n u m e n t in t h e Piazza Colonna, on the river ofHumaya in lat. 14° 28' N., long. Rome, erected in 174 A. D. in honor of the cam-

paigns against the Marcomanni. I t reproduces t h e t y p e o f t h e C o l u m n of Trajan, a n d c o n s i s t s of a R o m a n Doric c o l u m n of m a r b l e r a i s e d on a s q u a r e p e d e s t a l , t h e t o t a l h e i g h t , w i t h o u t t h e s t a t u e of St. P a u l of S i x t u s V., b e i n g 123 f e e t . T h e s h a f t ia s c u l p t u r e d in a s p i r a l of 20 t u r n s , w i t h r e l i e f s of t h e w a r s i t c o m m e m o r a t e s .

87° 39' W . I t w a s t h e c a p i t a l of H o n d u r a s u n t i l 1880. P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t 6,000. I n c o l o n i a l t i m e s i t h a d 18,000 i n h a b i t a n t s , b u t i t w a s b u r n e d i n 1827, a n d h a s n e v e r f u l l y recovered. See Knmbhdkonam.

tion of the Belgian constitutional congress of

C o m b e a n d o t h e r s , t h e " P h r e n o l o g i c a l M a g a z i n e " (1823), of w h i c h h e r e m a i n e d p r o p r i e t o r u n t i l 1837.

J e f f r e y in G e o r g e Street, w e r e l i v i n g at C o m e l y B a n k , i n o n e of a row of t w o - s t o r i e d , u n i n t e r e s t i n g h o u s e s , c a l l i n g t h e m s e l v e s " v i l l a r e s i d e n c e s , " at t h e n o r t h w e s t of E d i n burgh, q u i t e o u t of t o w n e v e n n o w , a n d f a c i n g n g r e e n c a l l e d S t o c k b r i d g e P u b l i c Park. Carlyle's c o t t a g e i s n u m b e r e d 21. Button,, Literary L a n d m a r k s of E d i n b u r g h , p. 65.

C o m e n i u s (ko-më'ni-us) (originally

Komen-

sky), Johann Amos. Born at Nivnitz or,

more probablv, at Ungarisch-Brod, Moravia, March 28, 1592 : died in Holland, Nov. 15. 1670. A noted Czechic theologian ami educational

r e f o r m e r . H e s t u d i e d t h e o l o g y at H e r b o r n and H e i d e l b e r g , a n d i n 1618 b e c a m e p a s t o r of a c o n g r e g a t i o n of M o r a v i a n B r e t h r e n at F u l n e k . E x p e l l e d b y an i m p e r i a l m a n d a t e of 1621, w h i c h b a n i s h e d all P r o t e s t a n t p a s t o r s f r o m B o h e m i a , h e e v e n t u a l l y s e t t l e d at Lissa, P o l a n d , where h e supported himself by teaching. I n 1642 h e w e n t to S w e d e n , w h e r e , a t t h e i n v i t a t i o n of t h e c h a n c e l lor A x e l O x e n s t j e r n a , h e p r e p a r e d a p l a n for t h e i m p r o v e m e n t of t h e e d u c a t i o n a l s y s t e m of t h e c o u n t r y . l i e was in 1648 e l e c t e d b i s h o p of t h e M o r a v i a n C h u r c h at Lissa, w h e r e , w i t h an i n t e r r u p t i o n of f o u r y e a r s s p e n t at SdrosPatak, H u n g a r y , h e r e m a i u e d u n t i l 1657, w h e n Lissa w a s p i l l a g e d and b u r n e d by t h e P o l e s . H e s u b s e q u e n t l y s e t t l e d at A m s t e r d a m . A m o n g h i s w o r k s are " J a n u a ling u a r u m reserata," " O r b i s p i e t u s , " a n d " D i d a t t i c a m a g n a seu o m n e s omnia d o c e n d i artificinm."

Combaconum. Combe (k5m), Andrew. Bom at Edinburgh, Column of the Congress, F. Colonne du Con- Oct. 27, 1797: died at Edinburgh, Aug. 9, 1847. Comical Gallant, The, or the Amours of Sir g r è s (ko-Ion' dii KÔn-gra'). A monument A Scottish physician and writer on physiology erected in Brussels, Belgium, in commemora- a n d p h r e n o l o g y . H e f o u n d e d , w i t h h i s b r o t h e r G e o r g e John Falstaff. An alteration of " The Merry 1831. I t is a R o m a n Doric c o l u m n 147 f e e t h i g h , on t h e s u m m i t of w h i c h s t a n d s a s t a t u e of L e o p o l d I. R e l i e f s on t h e p e d e s t a l r e p r e s e n t t h e B e l g i a n p r o v i n c e s . A t t h e a n g l e s s t a n d f o u r f e m a l e figures in bronze, p e r s o n i f y i n g t y p e s of l i b e r t y .

Wives of W i n d s o r " by J o h n Dennis, played in 1702.

Combe, George. Born at Edinburgh, Oct. 21, Comical Lovers, The, or Marriage à la

1788: died at Moor Park, Fare ham, England, M o d e . A comedy by Cibber, produced and Aug. 14, 1858. A Scottish phrenologist: chief p r i n t e d i n 1 7 0 7 . I t is m a d e f r o m t h e c o m i c s c e n e s o f work l i A n Essay on the Constitution of Man" Dryden's " S e c r e t L o v e " a n d " M a r r i a g e à l a M o d e . " C o l u m n of T r a j a n . A monument in Rome, (1828). Comical Revenge, The, or Love in a Tub. dedicated in 114 A. D. in honor of the emperor. Combe, W i l l i a m , Born at Bristol, England, A comedy by Sir George Etheredge, produced in I t is a R o m a n Doric c o l u m n of marble, on a s q u a r e b a s e 1741: died at Lambeth, J u n e 19, 1823. An 1664. It was published in the same year. m e n t , t h e t o t a l h e i g h t , e x c l u s i v e of t h e p r e s e n t s t a t u e of English writer, author of " D r . Syntax." He Comines, or Commines (ko-mën ' ). A town on St, Peter, b e i n g 127$ f e e t . T h e b a s e b e a r s r e l i e f s of warw a s t h e g o d s o n (or n a t u r a l s o n ) of a L o n d o n a l d e r m a n ; the Lys 10 miles north of Lille, situated partly l i k e t r o p h i e s and an i n s c r i p t i o n ; t h e e n t i r e s h a f t is occuw a s e d u c a t e d at E t o n and Oxford ( w h e r e , h o w e v e r , h e d i d p i e d by v i g o r o u s and l i f e l i k e r e l i e f s a s c e n d i n g i n a spiral, n o t t a k e a d e g r e e ) ; e n t e r e d t h e l a w ; l e d f o r s o m e t i m e in the department of Nord, France, and partly r e p r e s e n t i n g Trajan's c a m p a i g n s . The reliefs contain t h e l i f e of an adventurer, b e i n g s u c c e s s i v e l y a soldier, a in West Flanders, Belgium. Population (1891), a b o u t 2,500 h u m a n figures, b e s i d e s t h o s e of a n i m a l s a n d w a i t e r , a l i e u t e n a n t , and a c o o k ; a n d f o r t h e l a s t 43 y e a r s 7,422. inanimate objects.

Column of Vendôme (von-dôm'), F. Colonne

V e n d ô m e . A monument ill the Place Vendôme, Paris, France. It is a Roman Doric column of m a s o n r y i n c a s e d i n bronze, i n d e s i g n i m i t a t i n g t h e C o l u m n of Trajan at R o m e , and w a s e r e c t e d b y N a p o l e o n I. i n h o n o r of his v i c t o r i e s o v e r t h e R u s s i a n s and A u s t r i a n 8 i n ISO5. T h e s h a f t is e n c i r c l e d w i t h r e l i e f s r e f e r r i n g t o t h e c a m p a i g n s in q u e s t i o n , a s c e n d i n g i n a spiral, t h e h e i g h t of t h e figures b e i n g 3 feet. T h e c o l u m n is surm o u n t e d b y a figure of t h e emperor. I t s h e i g h t is 142 f e e t , and i t s d i a m e t e r 13 f e e t . I t w a s o v e r t h r o w n by t h e Com'm u n e in 1871, b u t w a s r e s t o r e d i n 1875.

of h i s i i f e r e s i d e d w i t h i n t h e r u l e s of t h e K i n g ' s B e n c h d e b t o r s ' prison. H e p u b l i s h e d a l a r g e n u m b e r of works, i n c l u d i n g " T h e Diaboliad, a p o e m d e d i c a t e d t o t h e w o r s t m a n (Simon, Lord I r n h a m ) i n H i s M a j e s t y ' s D o m i n i o n s " (1776), " T h e D e v i l u p o n T w o S t i c k s i n E n g l a n d " (1790), " T h e Tour of Dr. S y n t a x i n s e a r c h of t h e P i c t u r e s q u e " (a p o e m first p u b l i s h e d i n t h e " P o e t i c a l M a g a z i n e , " a n d r e p u b l i s h e d 1812), etc.

Comberback, Silas Tomkyns.

The name

under which Coleridge enlisted in the 15th Dragoons. Combermere, Viscount. See Cotton, Columns of Hercules. See Pillars of Hercules. C o m e c r u d o (ko-ma-kro'do). A tribe of North Columns of St. Mark and St. Theodore. Two American Indians which live on the lower Rio columns in Venice, situated at the end of the G-rande at Las Prietas, Tamaulipas, Mexico.

Comines, or Commines, or Comynes, Philippe de. Born at Comines, near Lille, France (or at Renescure, near Hazebrouck), about 1445 : died at Argent-oil, Deux-Sèvres, France, Oct. 18, 1510. A noted French statesman and historian.

H e e n t e r e d t h e s e r v i c e of Charles t h e Bold, and t h e n w e n t o v e r to L o u i s X I . , in w h o s e h o u s e h o l d h e rose t o t h e d i g n i t y of c o n f i d a n t and counselor. I n 1486 h e w a s a r r e s t e d for p o l i t i c a l reasons a n d i m p r i s o n e d f o r o v e r t w o years. A t t h e c o m m a n d of Charles V I I I . h o w a s a r r e s t e d a g a i n l a t e r on, and e x i l e d f o r t e n years. A f t e r s e r v i n g h i s t i m e , h e r e t u r n e d t o court only t o fall i n t o d i s g r a c e , f i n a l l y h e retired i n t o p r i v a t e l i f e a n d w r o t e h i s " M é m o i r e s . " T h e " C r o n i q u e e t h y s t o i r e f a i c t e e t c o m p o s é e par m e s s i r e P h i l i p p e de C o m i n e s " (Paris, 3524) w;>s w r i t t e n f r o m 1458 t o 149:J. I t d e a l s w i t h t h e h i s t o r y of F r a n c e b e t w e e n 1464,

271

Comines

Comus

when Comines came to the court of Charles the Bold, C o m n e n a , A n n a . See Anna Comnena. Complaint of Venus, The. A poem by Chaucer, and 1483, the date ol the death of Louis X I . The sequel, Comnenus (kom-ne'nus), House of ( T h e Com- translated by him late in life from the French " Croniques du roy Charles huytiesme" (Paris, 1528), was neni). [MGr. Ko/m/iw\] A n illustrious By- o f G r a u n s o n . It is made up of three independent balwritten later than 14!>7, and contains notes on the wars zantine family,probably of Italian origin, which lades : the title was given by the copyists as a counterpart waged "by Charles V I I I . between 1494 and 149S. Complete editions have been made by Denis Sauvage (1552), Gode- acquired historical importance in the 10th cen- to the "Complaint of Mars,''' to which it is appended. froy (1649), Lenglet-Dufresnoy (1747), Mademoiselle Du- tury. and-from which descended six emperors Complaint to his P u r s e . A poem by Chaucer, of the East, all the emperors of Trebizond, and attributed to Occleve. It was printed before pont (1840-47), and it. Chantelauzc (18S1).

0 omit an (kô-mê-tan'), or Comitlan (kô-met- many statesmen, generals, and authors. See l a n ' ) . A town in the state of Chiapas, south- Alexins I,, Alexius II., An dromons L, Isaac I., ern Mexico, in lat. 16° 5' N., long. 92° 25' W . Manuel I., a n d Anna Comnena. Population (1889), 7,000. Como (ko'mo). [ F . Come, I t . Como. L . Comum.] Comité des E t u d e s du H a u t Congo. See In- 1. The capital of the province of Como, Italy, ternational Kongo Association. situated at the southern extremity of the L a k e Comitium (kô-mish'iurn). [ L . . ' place of assem- of Como, 25 miles north-northwest of Milan, it bly.'] A paved area iu ancient Koine, between is picturesquely situated, has a noted cathedral, and manthe northeastern side of the Forum Komanum ufactures silk. The cathedral, one of the finest in northern was begun in 1396 iu an excellent Pointed style, conand the Curia, where the Comitia Curiata, or Italy, tinued in that of the early Renaissance, and completed iti assembly of the patricians, met, and where the the more ornate Renaissance of the 16th century. The most important legal cases were tried, it was front has rouud-arched doors, a fine rose, delicate sculpsurrounded with a barrier by Tullus Hostilius. Ou the ture, and rich pinnacles. The Renaissance north doorway Comitium stood the original rostra, or official speakers' is notable. The nave is Pointed, with good vaulting; the platform, and close to it was the gnecostasis, the platform circular choir is classical. There arc many beautiful frescos, by Quini and Ferrari, It was the birthplace of the provided for foreign envoys. C o m m a g e n e ( k o r n - a - j ë ' n è ) . [Gr.Kopiiuay?/vij.~\ I n

ancient geography, a district in northern Syria, "between the Euphrates ou the east and Cilicia

elder Pliny, the younger Pliny, and Volta, (1391), commune, 35,000.

the 1532 edition. Complaint to p i t y . A poem by Chaucer, printed before 1532, and probablv written about 1367. >S heat.

Complete A n g l e r , The. A celebrated work by Izaak Walton, published in 1653. Compostela.

S e e Santiago

de

Compostela.

Compostela (kôm-pôs-tâ'la), Diego E v e l i n o de. Born at Santiago 2, took a prominent of the third Earl of Northampton, created VisCommissary (kom'i-sa-ri), The. A comedy by part against the French invasion, and was killed by irreg- count Pevensey and earl of W i l m i n g t o n in ular troops or bandits. 1730. He was chosen speaker of the House of Commons Foote, produced in 1765. Committee (ko-mit'ë), The. A comedy by Sir Comorin (kom'o-rin), Cape. The southern ex- March 17. 1715, and reelected Oct. 9,1722. In Feb., 1742, he was appointed first lord of the treasury. K . H o w a r d , printed in 1GG5. Evelyn saw it played tremity of peninsular India, situated in lat. in 1662. I t was revised by T. Knight and produced as Comtat d ' A v i g n o n (kôn-ta/ da-vên-yôn') and 8° 5' N., long. 77° 30'E. " T h e Honest Thieves " in 1797. Comtat-VenaÍSSÍn(-ve-na-sañ'). T w o ancient C o m o r n . See Komorn. Commode (ko-môd'). A play by Thomas CorA territories of southern France, lying between neille, plaved f o r Louis X l \ . at the Louvre in Comoro (kom'o-ro) Islands, or Comores. Dauphiné on the north, Provence on the east, group of small islands in the Mozambique Chan1659. the Durance on the south, and the Rhône on the Commodian.

See

Commodianus.

Commodianus (ko-inô-di-â'nus). A Christian poet of the first half of the 3d century. Two

nel, in lat. 11°-13° S., long. 43°-45° E .

The chief w e s t . They were ceded to the popes in the 13th century, islands are Great Comoro, Anjuan (Johanna), ilohilla, and Mayotte (the last a French possession). All the isl- and were uuited to France in 1791. They correspond nearly ands were taken under French protection in 1880. The to the department of Vaucluse, population is partly Arab, partly Malagasy. Population, Comte (kôùt), Isidore A u g u s t e M a r i e F r a n about (50,000.

poems by him are extant, "Instructiones L X X X adversus gentium deos," and "Carmen Apologetieum," a defense of Christianity. Compagnia d e l l a C a l z a (kom-piin-ye'a, d e l ' l a

Commodus (kom'o-dus), Lucius .Sïlius A u relius (also M a r c u s A n t o n i n u s ) . B o m at Lanuvium, Italv, A u g . 31, 161 A. D . : killed at Rome, Dee. 3l, 192. Emperor of Rome 180192, son of Marcus Aurelius whom he suc-

kal'tsa). [It., 'Company of the S t o c k i n g ' : so named f r o m a particular stocking which the members w o r e . ] A society which existed in Italy during the 15th and 16th centuries, for the production of public and private entertainments, as games, feasts, and theatrical repre-

çois X a v i e r . Born at Montpellier, France, Jan. 19,1798 : died at Paris, Sept. 5,1857. A celebrated French philosopher, founder of positivism. He studied two years at the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris (having been admitted in 1814), and about 1818 bccame the friend and disciple of Saint-Simon, whose doctrines he undertook to expound in a work entitled "Système de politique positive" in 1822. This friendship terminated in ,a complete estrangement in 1824. He was tutor at the Ecole Polytechnique 1832-51. His chief works are "Cours de philosophie positive" (1830-42), and "Catéchisme positiviste" (1852). "

c e e d e d . He bought peace of the Germans at the price of a tribute, and, intrusting the direction of the govern- s e n t a t i o n s . In the course of time this society bement to favorites (Perennis, Oleander, Ltctus, and Ecleccame divided into different fraternities, as the Compagnia tus), abandoned himself to dissipation and cruelty. He put to death his wife Crispina and nearly all the public dei Floridi, Sempitemi, etc., each of which was governed men who had risen to eminence under his father, is said by particular laws and officers, and the members distinto have appeared as a gladiator in the amphitheater over guished by a certain habit. Dinilop, Hist. Prose Fiction, Comte de Boursoufle (kônt dè bôr-sô'fl), L e . A comedy by Voltaire, first produced as " Q u a n d seven hundred times against defenseless opponents, and I I . 229. to have claimed divine honors, appearing in public as C o m p a n y (kum'pa-ni), John. A nickname f o r est-ce qu'on m e marie ? " Itwas privately played for the first time under that title at the Chateau de Oirey in Hercules and demanding to be worshiped as such. He was strangled by the athlete Narcissus, who was Intro- the East India Company, originating in India. 173-1, and again in 1747 at the Château d'Anet. I t was proA soldier and scholar in duced at the Odéon as Le Comte de Boursoufle '' in 1862 duced into his sleeping-apartment by conspirators, chief Compass (kum'pas). Ben Jonson's comedy ' " T h e Magnetic L a d y , " as a posthumous play of Voltaire. It WHS really made from of whom was the emperor's mistress, M arcia. the broader parts of Vanbrugh's " Relapse." The Comte " o n e well read in Men and Manners." Common ( k o m ' o n ) , Dol. In Beu Jonson'scom- Compi&gne (k6n-pyany'). A town in the de- de Boursoufle is a Gallicized Lord Foppington.

edy " The Alchemist," the mistress of Subtle. Common Sense. A pamphlet by Thomas Paine,

partment of Oise, France, situated on the Oise Comte d e Monte-Cristo (kóñt dé m o ñ ' t e 45 miles northeast of P a r i s : the ancient Comkres'to), L e . A novel by Alexandre Dumas, pendium. It was noted as a favorite royal residence, and cated entire separation from England, and its arguments its chief building is the royal palace, a large structure published in 1844: so named from its hero. fell in with the prevailing current of feeling, and swept founded in Merovingian times and rebuilt in the reign Comte O r y (kôùt ô-rë'), L e . A l l opera by Roswaverers along with it. I t is described by Washington as of Louis XV. and later. The interior is especially note- sini (words by Scribe and Delestre-Poirson), "working a powerful change iu the minds of many men " worthy for the furniture and dccoration of the apartments produced in French at Paris A u g . 20, 1828. and (Works, 111. 276). fitted out under Napoleon I., and contains a collection of in Italian at London Feb. 28,1829, and in French C o m m o n w e a l t h of E n g l a n d , The. The des- modern paintings. At Compifegne, in 1430, Joan of Arc J u n e 20, 1849. Both words and music were adaptawas taken prisoner. The town has been the seat of sev- tions of works by the same authors written some years ignation applied officially to the form of gov- eral councils. Population (1891), commune, 14,498. before. ernment existing in England from the abolition of the monarchy in Feb.. 1649, after the execu- C o m p l a i n t of M a r s . A poem by Chaucer, writ- Comtesse d ' E s c a r b a g n a s (kôù-tes' des-kàrtion of Charles I., till the establishment of the t e n p r o b a b l y a f t e r 1380. It is full of astronomical bán-yas'),La. A comedy by Molière, first played protectorate under Cromwell in Dec., 1653, but allusions, and contains the story of "the broche" which f o r the k i n g at Saint-Germain in 1691. The next wrought at Thebes. It is supposed to be sung on year it was played in Paris on Feb. 2. I t is a study of often loosely used of the whole interval from Vulcan St. Valentine's day by a bird. A "Complaint of Venus" has provincial manners. the death of Charles I. to the restoration of been appended to it. The latter is of a totally different C h a r l e s I I . i n M a y , 1660. During the former period, character, and is a translation from the French of Sir Otes Comtesse de Rudolstadt (kôù-tes' dé rü-dolA novel by George Sand, a sequel or that of the real commonwealth, the government was de (fraunson {Shirley). I t is probable that the Venus in stat'), L a . to ''Consuelo," published in 1844. vested in a Council of State, composed of members of the both poems refers to the princess Isabel of Spain. [Gr. Küuof.] In later clasHouse of Commons, and the House of Lords was abolished. Complaint of Philomene, The. A poem by Comus (kó'mus). George Gaseoigne, begun in 15C2, but not com- sical mythology, the god of inirth, represented C o m m u n e s , S e v e n . See Setti Comuni. pleted until 1576. Communes, Thirteen. See Tredici Comuni. as a winged youth. published i n P h i l a d e l p h i a Jan. I. 1776. It advo-

Condé, Princesse de 272 Cornus put an end to the contest regarding investiture between ComUS. A m a s k b v M i l t o n , p r e s e n t e d a t L u d l o w C o n c h a , M a n u e l d e l a , M a r q u e s d e D u e r o . C a s t l e S e p t . 29, 1034, b e f o r e t h e E a r l of B r i d g e - B o m a t C ó r d o b a , A r g e n t i n a , A p r i l 25, 1808: the emperor and the Pope, and became a fundamental w a t e r . I t was printed in 1637, and in his works in 1645. k i l l e d a t t h e b a t t l e of M u r o , S p a i n , J u n e 28, ordinance of the Holy Roman Empire. Milton is said to be indebted to Fletcher's "Faithful 1874. A S p a n i s h g e n e r a l , b r o t h e r of J o s é d e l a C o n c o r d i a ( k o n - k ô r ' d i - a ) . I n R o m a n m y t h o l Shepherdess " for the lyrical portions, and for its central o g y , t h e g o d d e s s of c o n c o r d . T h e r e "were s e v situation to Peele's ;i 01d Wives' Tale." George Colman C o n c h a . eral t e m p l e s to h e r in Rome. the elder produced au alteration of it at Covent Garden Conchagua, Gulf of. S a m e a s Fomeea, Gulf o f . Concordia, Marquis de la. S e e Abascal. in 1773. C o n e h o b a r (kon-cho'bar). See the extract. Charles Marie de la. See La Comyn (kum'in), Alexander. Died in 1289. In another cycle of stories, which may be called Ulto- Condamine, Coiidamine. T h e s e c o n d E a r l of B u c h a n , c o n s t a b l e of S c o t - nian, the Celtic Zeus finds bis representative in Conehobar mac IS essa, or Conor son of Nessa, king of I'lster, Condé (kôù-dâ'), or Condé-sur-Noireau (kônland. A town in the department . . As in Cormac's case, a highly coloured picture is d a ' s i i r - n w à - r o ' ) . C o m y n , J o h n , t h e e l d e r . D i e d a b o u t 1300. A .drawn of his reign, which the Éuhemerists synchronize of C a l v a d o s , N o r m a n d y . F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d a t S c o t t i s h n o b l e , l o r d of B a d e n o e h , a n d c l a i m a n t with the time of Christ, boldly fixing the ITltonian king's t h e j u n c t i o n of t h e N o i r e a u a n d D r o u a n c e 25 death on the day of the crucifixion. t o t h e Scottish, t h r o n e . Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 136. m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of C a e n . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), C o m y n , J o h n . D i e d 1306. A S c o t t i s h n o b l e c o m m u n e , 6,764. a n d c l a i m a n t t o t h e t h r o n e , s o n of J o h n C o m y n C o n c h o s ( k o n ' e h o s ) . [ S p . , ' S h e l f r i v e r ? (?) ; Condé, or Condé-sur-l'Escaut (kôù-dâ'siir-lest h e e l d e r : s u r n a m e d " T h e R e d . " H e w a s m u r - f r o m concho, s h e l l ( ? ) . ] A r i v e r w h i c h r i s e s i n k ô ' ) . A t o w n i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t of N o r d , • dered by Robert Bruce. s o u t h e r n C h i h u a h u a a n d e m p t i e s i n t o t h e K i o F i a n c e , s i t u a t e d a t t h e j u n c t i o n of t h e H a y n e C o n a c h a r (kon'a-char). T h e s o n of t h e c h i e f G r a n d e f r o m t h e s o u t h , o p p o s i t e P r e s i d i o d e l a n d S c h e l d e 8 m i l e s n o r t h of V a l e n c i e n n e s . I t of C l a n Q u h e l e i n S i r W a l t e r S c o t t ' s " F a i r M a i d N o r t e i n T e x a s . The name was given to the river on gave name to the princes of Condé, and was noted for its of P e r t h . " A f t e r b e c o m i n g t l i e c h i e f h i m s e l f account of the many shells found on its shores. The tribe many sieges. Population (1891), commune, 4,772. h e r e a l i z e d t h a t h o w a s a c o w a r d , a n d k i l l e d of Conchos afterward derived its name from the stream. Condé, Prince de (Henri I. de Bourbon). h i m s e l f in d e s p a i r . Conchos (kon'ehos). [ S o c a l l e d f r o m t h e Rio B o r n a t F e r t e - s o u s - J o u a r r e , D e c . 7, 1 5 5 2 : Conchos.] A r o v i n g I n d i a n t r i b e of s o u t h e r n p o i s o n e d a t S t . - J e a n - d ' A n g é l y , F r a n c e , M a r c h C o n a i r e (ko-nar'). See the extract. C h i h u a h u a a n d i n p a r t of C o a h u i l a , M e x i c o , of 5, 1588. A F r e n c h P r o t e s t a n t l e a d e r , s o n of A description of Cormac's person, on the occasion of his entering a great assembly ici state, tells us that the equal a l o w d e g r e e of c u l t u r e . As atribeithasdisappcared, t h e f i r s t P r i n c e d e C o n d é . of his form had never been seen, except that of Conaire as has also the language, almost totally. The Conchos Condé, Prince de (Henri II. de Bourbon), the Great, of Conchobar son of Nessa, or of Aengus son were converted, in the beginning of the 17th century, by B o r n a t S t . - J e a n - d ' A n g é l v , F r a n c e , S e p t . 1, of the Dagda. It is remarkable that the ancieut writer Fray Alonzo de la Oliva. They were first met with about should mention these three, as they are adumbration a 1664 by Francisco de Ibarra. They were always of a mild 1 5 8 8 : d i e d a t P a r i s , D e c . , Ì646. S o n of H e n r i of the same god as Cormac. Thus I may here say, with- and tractable disposition. I . , p r i n c e d e C o n d é , a n d f a t h e r of " T h e G r e a t out anticipating the remarks to be presently made on the The old C o n d é / ' He headed a revolt against the regency durAengus to whom I have alluded, that he was the constant Conciergerie (kón-syerzh-rè'), La. aider and protector of the sun-hero Diarmait, while Co- p r i s o n of t h e P a l a i s d e J u s t i c e i n P a r i s . When ing the minority of Louis XIII., in consequence of which naire wa3 the subject of one of the most famous epic sto- the palace, which was originally fortified, was inhabited he was imprisoned three years at Vincennes. lie subseries in Irish literature. The plot centers in Cunaire's by the kings of France, the part of the building contain- quently became a partizan of Richelieu. tragic death, which is brought about by the fairies of ing the home of the concierge of the palace received this Condé, Prince de (Henri Jules de Bourbon). Erimi, through the instrumentality of outlaws coming name. Distinguished personages occupied this office, from the sea and following the lead oí a sort of cyclops which, in 1348, was called the "concierge-bailli." It ex- B o r n a t P a r i s , J u l y 29, 1643: d i e d a t P a r i s , The Great Condé." called Ingcél, said to have been a big, rough, horrid mon- isted till the Revolution, and was one of great responsibil- A p r i l 1 , 1 7 0 9 . O n l y s o n of ster with only one eye, which was, however, wider than an ity. Among other things, the concierge had charge of all He served with distinction at the siege of Tournay in 1667, ox-hide, blacker than the back of a beetle, and provided royal -prisoners. The Conciergcrie became widely known and in 167-4 participated iu the battle of Senetfe, on which with no less than tlirco pupils. The death of Conaire at during - the .Reign of Terror. Three hundred and twenty- occasion he is said to have saved his father's life. his hands is one of the Celtic renderings of the story which eiglit prisoners were butchered there in one week. The Conde (kon'dà), José Antonio. Born at Parain its Greek form describes the treatment of Zeus by Ty- cell occupied by Marie Antoinette was destroyed by the l e j a , C u e n c a , a b o u t 1765 : d i e d a t M a d r i d , O c t . pho. Rhys, Celtic Heathendom, p. 135. Communists in 1871, but the prison still exiBts. 20,1820. A S p a n i s h O r i e n t a l i s t a n d historian. He studied at the University of Alcalá, and obtained a Concino. S e e Ancre, Marquis d\ Conant (kô'nant), Mrs. (Hannah Chaplin), CConcini, oncord (kong'kord). 1 . T h e c a p i t a l of N e w subordinate position in the Royal Library. Having iu B o r n a t D a n v e r s , M a s s . , i n 1809: d i e d a t B r o o k H a m p s h i r e , s i t u a t e d o n t h e M e r r i m a c i n l a t . 1808 identified himself with the French party, he was l y n , X. Y . , F e b . 1 8 , 1 8 6 5 . A n A m e r i c a n w r i t e r , 43° 13' N . , l o n g . 71° 3 0 ' AV. It has manufactures soon after promoted to librarian in chief by Joseph Bonaw i f e of T . J . C o n a n t . . H e r c h i e f w o r k i s a of wagons, harnesses, cottou and woolen goods, granite, parte. He was exiled on the departure of the French, 4 ' H i s t o r y of t h e E n g l i s h B i b l e " (1856). etc. From 1733 to 1765 it was called Ruinford. It but returned in 1818 or 1819. His chief work is "Historia Conant, Thomas Jefferson. Born at Brandon, leather, de la dominación de los Árabes en España " (1820-21). became a city in 1853. Population (1890), 17,004. V t . , D e c . IB, 1 8 0 2 : d i e d a t B r o o k l y n , N . Y . , 2. A t o w n i n M i d d l e s e x C o u n t y , M a s s a c h u - Condé (kôù-dâ'), first Prince de (Louis I. de A p r i l 30, 1891. A n A m e r i c a n B a p t i s t c l e r g y - s e t t s , s i t u a t e d o n t h e C o n c o r d R i v e r 17 m i l e s m a n a n d b i b l i c a l c r i t i c . He translated Geseniua's n o r t h w e s t of B o s t o n . It was the residence of Emer- B o u r b o n ) . B o r n a t V e n d ô m e , M a y 7, l o 3 0 : Hebrew grammar (1839), and published annotated versions son, Hawthorne, Thoreau, and other men oí letters. The d i e d M a r c h 13,1569. A F r e n eli g e n e r a l , y o u n g e r of "Job " (1»57), " Matthew " (I860), " Genesis "(1868,1873), bridge over Concord River was the scene, April 19, 1775, b r o t h e r of A n t o i n e d e B o u r b o n , k i n g of N a " New Testament, Common Version revised " (1871), " His- of an engagement between British and Provincial troops v a r r e . He was one of the leaders in the conspiracy in the "War of Independence. (See Concord, Battle of, and of Amboise, the object of which was to remove Francis torical Books of the Old Testament "(1884), etc. Concord was the center of the "Tran- II. from the influence of the Guises. At the accession of Concan, or Konkan (kon'kan), North and Lexington.) scendental" movement about 1835-40, and later the seat of Charles IX. he was appointed governor of Picard y by S o u t h . A m a r i t i m e r e g i o n of B o m b a y , B r i t - the " Concord School of Philosophy. " Population (1890X Catherine dc' Medici. On the massacre of the Huguenots at Yassy by the Duke of Guise in 1562, he placed himself i s h I n d i a . I t extends from Goa to the mouth of the 4,427. the head of a Huguenot army, with the result that he Daman, along the Indian Ocean, and covers the modern C o n c o r d ( M a s s . ) , B a t t l e o f . O n e of t h e o p e n - at was, after some preliminary succcsses, captured at the districts of Thanah and Ratnagiri. i n g s k i r m i s h e s of t h e A m e r i c a n "War of I n d e - battle of Dreux, being, however, liberated in 1563 by the C o n c a r n e a u ( k ô ù - k a r - n ô ' ) . A s e a p o r t i n t h e p e n d e n c e . A body of 800 British soldiers under Lieu- treaty of Amboise. He was captured at the battle of d e p a r t m e n t of F i n i s t è r e , F r a n c e , 12 m i l e s tenant-Colonel Smith and Major Pitcairn, detailed to Jarnac, when, after having surrendered his sword, he was s o u t h e a s t of Q u i m p e r . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m - destroy military stores at Concord, met here, on April treacherously shot by a Catholic officer. 19, 1775, after a slight engagement at Lexington (which m u n e , 5,991. Condé, Prince de (Louis II. de Bourbon), C o n c e p c i ó n ( k q n - s e p ' s h o n ; S p . p r o n . k o n - t h e p - sec), an armed force of 300 Provincial troops under called " The G r e a t Condé." Born at Paris, Sept. t h ê - ô n ' ) . 1 . Á p r o v i n c e of C h i l e , s i t u a t e d a b o u t Colonel Barrett and Major Bnttrick. After a brisk fusil- 8, 1621 : d i e d a t F o n t a i n e b l e a u , F r a n c e , D e c . lade, in which several on both sides were killed and I t s p r i n c i p a l p r o d u c t i s w h e a t . wounded, the British retreated toward Boston by way of 11 7 1686. A c e l e b r a t e d F r e n c h g e n e r a l , c a l l e d l a t . 37° S. A r e a . 3,535 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), Lexington, being harassed by the Provincials on the road d u r i n g t h e l i f e t i m e of h i s f a t h e r ( H e n r i I I . ) t h e 2 2 3 , 8 5 0 . — 2 . T h e c a p i t a l of t h e a b o v e p r o v i n c e , till the retreat became a rout. D u e d ' E n g h i e n . He defeated the Spaniards at Eocroi s i t u a t e d o n t h e r i v e r B i o b i o i n l a t . 36° 5 0 ' S . . Concord, Temple of. S e e May 19,1643, the Imperialists at Nordlingen Aug. 8, 1045, Girgenti. l o n g . 73° 6 ' W . I t is an important trading place, C o n c o r d a t o f 1 8 0 1 , T h e . A n a g r e e m e n t c o n - and the Spaniards at Lens Aug. 20,1M3. In the war of the through its seaport, Talcahuano. It has been several times c l u d e d J u l y 15, 1801, b e t w e e n N a p o l e o n B o n a - f r o n d e he was at first loyal to the regency, but subsedestroyed by earthquakes. Population (1885), 24,001). p a r t e ( t h e n first c o n s u l ) a n d P i u s V I I . I t rees- quently joined the Fronde. He defeated the army of the tablished the Iloman Catholic Church in France, and court at Bléneau April 7,1052, obtained in the same year the 3. A town in Paraguay. P o p u l a t i o n , 9,953. granted to the government the right of appointing arch- chief command of the Spanish army iu the war against was condemned as a traitor by the Parliament of Concepcion del Uruguay (del o-rô-gwï'). A bishops and bishops, who were to be confirmed by the France, Paris, but was pardoned and restored to his dignities by t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of K n t r e R i o s , A r g e n t i n e Pope. I t went into operation on April 8, 1802. the treaty of the Pyrenees in 14-59, and 1S74-75), was made senator in i860, minister be conferred, not with the ring and staff, but with the grand Condé " (1806). to France minister of war 1863, and was president scepter. I t was provided that the election should take Condé, Princesse de (Louise Adélaïde de of the senate 1864-68. In Sept., 1858, Queen Isabella, then place in the presence of the emperor or his representaB o r n at Chantilly, F r a n c e , Oct. in France, appointed him president of the council, with tives; that investiture by the emperor should precede B o u r b o n ) . Daughfull powers, but he was immediately forced tu resign by consecration ; and that ecclesiastics holding secular bene- 5, 1757 : d i e d a t P a r i s , M a r c h 10,1824. the revolution which overthrew the monarchy. fices should perform feudal services. This instrument t e r of L o u i s J o s e p h d e B o u r b o n (1736-1818).

Condé, Princesse de She b e c a m e abbess of R c m f r e m o n t in 1786, emigrated at t h e b e g i n n i n g of t h e French Revolution, and in 1815 ret u r n e d to t a r i s , where she s u b s e q u e n t l y f o u n d e d the religious o r d e r of " l'adoration perpétuelle."

Conde Alarcos (kôn ' da a-lar'kôs). An old Spanish ballad of unknown authorship. Bowring

a n d Lockhart t r a n s l a t e d it, and Disraeli wrote a tragedy w i t h t h i s s u b j e c t a n d t i t l e in 1839.

C o n d e l l (kun'del), H e n r y . Died at Fulham, England, Dec., 1627, An English actor, and one of tho two editors of the first folio edition of Shakspere's plays. He was a member of the lord chamberlain's company of players, to w h i c h Shakspere a n d Burbage also belonged, and became a p a r t n e r w i t h t h e Burbages in t h e Globe T h e a t r e in 1599. He is mentioned in Shakspere's will.

Condell, Henry.

273 league formed at Chinandoga, Nicaragua, July 27, 1842, by the delegates of Nicaragua, Hon-

d u r a s , a n d S a l v a d o r . I t was t h e r e s u l t of an a t t e m p t to r e u n i t e t h e states of t h e Central American Republic, which h a d lately been dissolved. T h e scheme was t o form a confederation of t h e states, w i t h an executive officer called a s u p r e m e delegate, assisted by a delegate f r o m each state. The plan was rejected by G u a t e m a l a ; and t h o u g h t h e confederacy installed a government, it was so little regarded by t h e states t h a t it never h a d any political effect. A f t e r a y e a r or two it was discontinued. This abortive a t t e m p t is often called t h e " P a c t o de Chinandega."

C o n f e d e r a c y , T h e . A comedy by Sir John Vanbrugh, produced Oct. 30,1705. It is a play of contrivance and intrigue, a n d is said to be adapted f r o m Daucourt's " M o d i s h Citizens" ("Bourgeois à la mode ").

Conkling of Shantung), China, 550 or 551 b. C. : died 478 B. c. A celebrated Chinese philosopher. He

was descended f r o m an illustrious b u t impoverished family, and in his y o u t h was successively keeper of stores a n d s u p e r i n t e n d e n t of parks a n d herds to t h e chief of t h e dist r i c t in which h e lived. In his twenty-sccond year h e bec a m e a teacher, and in his fifty-second was m a d e chief magistrate of t h e city of Chung-tu, He was subsequently appointed minister of crime by t h e M a r q u i s of Lu, b u t in his fifty-sixth year retired f r o m office in consequence of t h e intrigues of a neighboring prince. A f t e r t h i r t e e n years of travel he r e t u r n e d in 483 to Lu, w h e r e h e s p e n t the rest of his life in c o m p l e t i n g his l i t e r a r y undertake ings and in teaching. A m o n g t h e n u m e r o u s works att r i b u t e d to him, the m o s t notable are t h e " C h u n - T s e w " (which sec), a n d t h e ".Four Books " (which see).

C o n g a r e e ( k o n g - g a - r ë ' ) . A river in South Carolina, formed by the junction of the Broad eracy of eleven States which seceded from the and Saluda rivers at Columbia. It unites with Length, United States in 1860 and 1861 and formed a the Wateree to form the Santee. g o v e r n m e n t . T h e legislative power was vested in a about 50 miles. senate of 26 members, 2 f r o m each State {Kentucky a n d Missouri being represented), and a representative house C o n g l e t o n (kong'gl-ton). A municipal borough of 106 members. Among t h e leading events in its history in Cheshire, England, situated 011 the river were the passage of ordinances of secession by South Dane 21 miles south of Manchester. Its leadCarolina, Dec. 20, 1860; Mississippi, J a n . 9,1861; Florida," ing industry is tho manufacture of silk. PopuJ a n . 10 ; Alabama, .Tan. 11 ; Georgia, Jan. 19 ; Louisiana, J a n . 26; Texas, Feb. 1; m e e t i n g of provisional congress, lation (1891), 10,744. C o n g l e t o n , B a r o n , s e e P a r n e l l , Henry Brooke. Montgomery, Alabama, Feb. 4 ; adoption of provisional constitution, Feb. 8 ; i n a u g u r a t i o n of provisional Presi- C o n g o . See Kongo, and Kongo State.

Born in 1757 : died at Bat- Confederate States of America. A confed-

tersea, June 24, 1824,

An English violinist

a n d C o m p o s e r . He wrote overtures, glees, incidental music f o r plays, and set various musical farces. His glee " TiOud Blowe t h e W y n d s " took t h e prize at the Catch Club in 1311.

G o n d e r (kon'dèr), J o s i a h . Born at London, Sept. 17, 1789: died at London, Dec. 27, 1855. An English bookseller and writer. He edited " Tho Modern Traveler" (1825-29), etc.

Condillac (kôn-dë-yàk'). Etienne Bonnot de.

Born at Grenoble, France, Sept. 30,1715: died nea.rBeaugency, France, Aug. 3,1780. A noted French philosopher, a leading advocate of

s e n s u a l i s m . H i s works include " E s s a i sur l'origine des connaissances h u m a i n e s " (1746), " T r a i t é des syst è m e s " (1749), " T r a i t é des s e n s a t i o n s " (1754), " C o u r s d ' é t u d e s " (1709), " L e commerce et le g o u v e r n e m e n t " (1776), " La logique " (17sl), " L a n g u e des calculs" (1798).

dent Jeiferson Davis a n d Vice-President Alexander H. Stephens, Feb. 18,1861 ; adoption of a p e r m a n e n t constitution, M a r c h 11 ; b o m b a r d m e n t and occupation of F u r t Sumter, April 12-14 ; passage of secession ordinances by Virginia, April 17; Arkansas, May 7 ; Tennessee, May 6 ; passage of secession ordinances by N o r t h Carolina, May 20 ; removal of t h e capital t o Richmond, J u l y 20 ; election of Davis arid Stephens as president and vice-president for six years, Nov. 6, 1861, and t h e i r i n a u g u r a t i o n Feb. 22, 1862 ; final a d j o u r n m e n t of congress, March 18,1865 ; occupation of Richmond by t h e Federals, April 3 ; s u r r e n d e r of Lee's army, April 9,1865 ; s u r r e n d e r of J o h n s t o n ' s army, April 26, 1865. T h e eleven seceding States were readmitted t o t h e Union f r o m 1866 t o 1870. Compare Civil War.

C o n d o m (kôn-dôiV). A town in the department of Gers, France, situated on the Baise in lat. 43° 57' N., long. 0° 22' E. It has a Gothic cathedral. Population (1891), commune, 7,405. Confederation, Articles of. In United States Condorcançiui, José Gabriel. See Tupac Am aru, history, the compact or constitution adopted b y Condorcet (kóñ-dor-sa'), Marquis de (Marie the Continental Congress in 1777, and rati lied Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat). Born at by the separate colonies within the next four Rïbomoiit, near St. Quentin, France, Sept. 17, y e a r s . T h e g o v e r n m e n t formed u n d e r t h i s compact, 1743: died at Bourg-la-Reine,near Paris,March which w e n t into effect on March 1, 1781, was w i t h o u t an 28, 1794. A celebrated French philosopher executive a n d judiciary, consisting simply of a congrcss and mathematician. He was a d e p u t y to t h e Legislative Assembly in 1791, and its president 1792, and a d e p u t y to t h e Convention in 1792, w h e r e he sided with t h e Girondists. After t h e f a l l of t h e l a t t e r he was accused (Oct. 3, 1793) with Brissot, and went into hiding in P a r i s f o r eight m o n t h s to save his life. H e f o u n d shelter with a Madame Vernct. He t h e n l e f t t h e city, b u t was arrested at Clamart, near Bourg-la-Reine, and imprisoned. The next m o r n i n g he w a s f o u n d dead, probably f r o m poison. He contributed to t h e " E n c y c l o p é d i e , " a n d wrote " E s quisse d'un tableau historique des progrès de l'esprit h u m a i n " (1794), and various m a t h e m a t i c a l works.

of one house, in w h i c h each State h a d one vote. I t was empowered t o declare war a n d peace, m a k e treaties with foreign powers, direct t h e l a n d a n d naval forces in t i m e of war, make requisitions upon t h e s e p a r a t e States for their quota of t h e money necessary for n a t i o n a l expenses, regulate t h e value of coin, control t h e postal service, etc. As it had no power to enforce its laws upon t h e States, i t soon fell into contempt, and on March 4, 1789, expired by limitation u n d e r t h e provisions of t h e p r e s e n t Constitution.

Confession d'un Enfant du Siècle, La. [F.,

' The Confession of a Child of the Century.'] A prose work b y Alfred de Musset, published C o n d u i t t (kun'dit), J o h n . Born at London, i n 1 8 3 6 . I n i t he says h e endeavors t o show how h e 1G88: died there, May 23, 1737. An English suffered for t h r e e years f r o m t h e malady of t h e age— financier and economist, the successor of Sir doubt, disillusion, skepticism, a n d d e b a u c h e r y — a n d to Isaac Newton as master of the mint (1727), and point out to others a way of escape. his nephew "by marriage. Confessions of an English Opium-Eater. A Conecte, or Connecte (ko-nekt'), Thomas. partly autobiographical work by De Quincey, Burned at Rome, 1434. A French Carmelite published i n 1821. monk, famous as a preacher of moral reforms Confessions of Saint Augustine, The. The among the clergy and laity. H e was put to memoirs of Saint Augustine, written b y himdeath on a charge of heresy. s e l f . They are divided into 13 books; t h e first 10 t r e a t C o n e s t o g a (kon-es-tô'ga). [Pl.. also Conosto- of t h e b a d actions of his life, of his conversion, of the gas; 'people of the forked root-poles.'] A love of pleasure, of glory, and of scicncc. The last 3 are tribe of North American Indians formerly liv- a n interpretation of t h e beginning of t h e book of Genesis. ing in Pennsylvania and Maryland, on the lower C o n f e s s i o n s , L e s . An autobiographical work Susquehanna River and at the head of Chesa- by Jean Jacques Rousseau, it ia in 12 volumes,

Congo, or Congo Grande. See_-44, where he I n 1268 he failed in an attempt to recover the Two Sici- N e w a r k . He was graduated at Cambridge (St. John's lies from the usurper Charles of Anjou ; was captured at introduced the principle o f " non-restraint" (i. c., the abanCollege) in 1580; became a Roman Catholic; and for the donment of restraint by strait-waistcoats and the like) Tagliacozzo ; and was executed. greater part of his later life resided in Paris occupied with B o m a t P a r i s , political aifairs, and especially with schemes for promotin the care of the patients. Ilis humanitarian labors were C o n r a r t ( k ô n - r â r ' ) , V a l e n t i n . widely influential. 1603 : d i e d S e p t . 2 3 , 1 6 7 5 . A F r e n c h l i t t é r a t e u r , ing the interests of Catholicism. In 1603 he came to Ionwas member of Congress (Republican) from New York 1859-63 and 1865-67, and was United States senator from New York 18(37-81, when he resigned in consequence of a dispute with President Garfield concerning the Federal patronage in the State of New York, which he and his colleague, Thomas C. Piatt, claimed the right to control. The President having appointed William H. Robertson, an opponent of Conkling, to the colleetorshipof the port of New York, the latter opposed the confirmation of the appointment by the Senate, on the grouud that he and his colleague had not been consulted by the President as to the disposition of the collectorship. On the confirmation of the appointment, both he and his colleague resigned their seats with a view to administering a rebuke to t h e President by seeming a prompt reelection, but were defeated by "Warner Miller and Elbridge G. Latham. Conn. The Shaughraun in Dion Boucicault's p l a y of t h a t n a m e : a g a y , c a r e l e s s g o o d - f o r nothing.

Constable, Henry d o n , a n d w a s f o r a s h o r t t i m e confined in t h e Tower. H e p u b l i s h e d in 1592 a collection of 23 s o n n e t s e n t i t l e d " D i a n a : t h e Praises of h i s M i s t r e s s in c e r t a i n e s w e e t e Sonn e t s by H . C."

275 s t a n t i n e , w h o fell in battle, h e m a d e himself m a s t e r of t h e w h o l e W e s t . I n ,'550 M a g n e n t i u s u s u r p e d t h e t h r o n e , and ConstaiiB w a s slain by h i s emissaries.

Constans II., Flavius Heraclius (originally

C o n s t a b l e , J o h n . Born at East Bergholt, in H e r a c l i u s ) . Born Nov. 7, 630: killed at SyraSuffolk, England, June 11,1776: died at London, cuse, July 15, 668. Emperor of the East 641March 30, 1837. A noted English laudscape- 6 6 8 , s o n o f C o n s t a n t i n e I I I . I n h i s r e i g n t h e Sara-

Constantinople a g a i n s t t h e A r a b s in Syria. H e w a s poisoned b y h i s son a n d successor, R o m a n u s I I . H e was a l i b e r a l p a t r o n of l e a r n i n g , a n d himself h o l d s a h i g h r a n k in l i t e r a t u r e a s t h e a u t h o r of a t r e a t i s e on t h e g o v e r n m e n t a n d one on t h e t h e m e s or p r o v i n c e s of t h e e m p i r e ( " D e a d m i n i s t r a n d o i m p e r i o " a n d " De t h e m a t i b u s "), a n d o t h e r w o r k s .

Constantine XIII. Palseologus, [Gr. 6 naiaió-

painter. H i s f a t h e r w a s a miller. I n 1799 h e b e c a m e a s t u d e n t a t t h e R o y a l A c a d e m y ; in 1802 e x h i b i t e d his first p i c t u r e ; i n 1819 b e c a m e a n associate of t h e R o y a l A c a d e m y ; a n d in 1829 b e c a m e a royal a c a d e m i c i a n . H e w a s t h o r o u g h l y E n g l i s h : n o f o r e i g n m a s t e r influenced h i m , and r u s t i c life f u r n i s h e d h i s i n s p i r a t i o n and m a t e r i a l . H e o b t a i n e d l i t t l e r e c o g n i t i o n in h i s own c o u n t r y d u r i n g h i s l i f e t i m e , b u t w a s h i g h l y a p p r e c i a t e d in F r a n c e , w h e r e h i s work p r o d u c e d a n o t a b l e eifect.

c e n s c o n q u e r e d R h o d e s , a n d t h e L o m b a r d s m o s t of t h e B y z a n t i n e d o m i n i o n s in n o r t h e r n I t a l y . H e f a v o r e d t h e M o n o t h e l i t e s , a n d , in o r d e r t o p u t a n e n d t o t h e controversy b e t w e e n t h e m a n d t h e o r t h o d o x , issued an edict w h i c h f o r b a d e a l l r e l i g i o u s discussion.

Constance, or Custance, Dame Christian. A

H i s chief w o r k s a r e " C o u r s de p o l i t i q u e c o n s t i t u t i o n n e l l e " (1818-20) a n d " D e la religion c o n s i d é r é e d a n s sa

r i g h t of succession t o t h e R u s s i a n t h r o n e J a n . 26, I8i2.

p o r t f o r its f o r e i g n t r a d e is Philippeville. C o n s t a n t i n e is a g r e a t t r a d i n g c e n t e r especially for g r a i n . I t w a s reb u i l t b y C o n s t a n t i n e , a n d w a s c a p t u r e d by t h e F r e n c h 1837. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e , 46,581.

I t s o b j e c t s w e r e t h e h e a l i n g of t h e p a p a l schism, t h e suppression of t h e B o h e m i a n heresy, a n d t h e r e f o r m a t i o n of t h e c h u r c h . I t c o n d e m n e d t o d e a t h H u s s in 1415, and J e r o m e of P r a g u e i n 1416, a n d elected M a r t i n V. a s p o p e in 1417.

F a u s t a h e m a r r i e d (his first w i f e h a v i n g died). I n 310 (309V) h e p u t t o d e a t h M a x i m i a n , w h o was i m p l i c a t e d in a p l o t t o e x c i t e a r e b e l l i o n a m o n g h i s s u b j e c t s . H e def e a t e d in 312, n e a r R o m e , t h e A u g u s t u s M a x e n t i u s , who w a s killed i n t h e p u r s u i t . B e f o r e t h i s battle, a c c o r d i n g to t r a d i t i o n , t h e sign of a cross a p p e a r e d in t h e heavens, w i t h t h e i n s c r i p t i o n , " I n h o c s i g n o vinces," w h i c h i n d u c e d h i m t o a d o p t t h e l a b a r u m as h i s s t a n d a r d . I n 323 h e b e c a m e sole A u g u s t u s b y a decisive v i c t o r y a t Chrysopolis (Scut a r i ) over h i s c o l l e a g u e Licinius, w h o s u b s e q u e n t l y surr e n d e r e d a n d w a s t r e a c h e r o u s l y m u r d e r e d . H e caused C h r i s t i a n i t y t o b e r e c o g n i z e d b y t h e state, c o n v e n e d t h e Council of N i c e in 325, a n d in 330 i n a u g u r a t e d Constantinople as t h e c a p i t a l of t h e R o m a n E m p i r e . I n 324 h e p u t t o d e a t h h i s eldest son Crispus f o r h i g h t r e a s o n . A c c o r d i n g t o a t r a d i t i o n , w h i c h a p p e a r s t o be w i t h o u t historical f o u n dation, C r i s p u s w a s t h e v i c t i m of a n i n t r i g u e on t h e p a r t of h i s s t e p m o t h e r F a u s t a , w h o w a s s u f f o c a t e d in a b a t h as soon a s C o n s t a n t i n e discovered t h e i n n o c e n c e of Crispus.

cluded between Frederick Barbarossa and the Lombard League in 1183, at the expiration of tlie truce established after the defeat of the em-

t i n u s ) . Born at Arles, Oaul, Aug. 7,312: killed near Aquileia, Italy, 340. Emperor of Rome, second son of Constantine the Great. Ho received,

t h e r e g a l i a n r i g h t s w h i c h h e c l a i m e d in t h e cities of t h e League, i n c l u d i n g t h o s e of levying war, c r e e t i n g fortifications, a n d a d m i n i s t e r i n g civil a n d c r i m i n a l j u s t i c e . T h e cities a c k n o w l e d g e d t h e o v e r l o r d s h i p of t h e emperor, w h i c h c a r r i e d w i t h i t t h e o b l i g a t i o n t o f u r n i s h t h e cust o m a r y t r i b u t e s of provision d u r i n g h i s r e s i d e n c e in Italy, t o suffer t h e chief m a g i s t r a t e s in every city t o r e c e i v e t h e i n v e s t i t u r e of office f r o m a n i m p e r i a l legate, a n d t o acc e p t in every city a n i m p e r i a l j u d g e of a p p e a l in civil causes.

Constantine IV. (Flavius Constàntinus),

Aoyoç.'] Born 1394: died May 29, 1453. Byzantine emperor 144S-53, the last emperor of Constantinople. He was killed at the taking of the city by Mohammed II. C o n s t a n t i n e I . Lied 879. A king of Scotland C o n s t a n s . The grandfather of King Arthur, (north of the Forth and Clyde)> reigning at celebrated in the Arthurian romances. Scone after 863. C o n s t a n t (kon'stant). The lover of Lady Brute C o n s t a n t i n e I I . Died 952. A king of Scotin Vanbrugh's comedy " The Provoked W i f e . " C o n s t a n c e (kon'stans). [ME. Cn-stance, OF. Constant (kôn-ston'), Jean Joseph Benjamin. land (north of the Forth and Clyde) from 900 Custance, ¥. Constance, Sp. Costcnza, Costarica, B o r n a t P a r i s , J u n e 1 0 , 1 8 4 5 . A F r e n c h p a i n t e r . to 943, when h e r e s i g n e d t h e throne to Malcolm, Pg. Constancia, It. Costanza, G-. Constanze, L. H e s t u d i e d u n d e r C a b a n e l at t h e É c o l e d e s B e a u x Arts, a n d grandson of Constantine I. Constantia, lit. 'constancy.'] 1. In Chaucer's in 1869 e x h i b i t e d h i s first p i c t u r e , " H a m l e t et le Roi," a t Constantine Nikolayevitch (son of Nicholas). "Man of Law's Tale," the unjustly accused t h e Salon. H e h a s since e x h i b i t e d " T r o p t a r d " (1870). Born at St. Petersburg, Sept. 21, 1827: died " S a m s o n e t D e l i l a h " (1872), " B o u c h e r s m a u r e s à T a n g e r " Jan. 24, 1892. Grand Duke of Kussia, younger daughter of the Roman emperor. She is cleared (1878), " C a r r e f o u r à T a n g e r " (1874), " M o h a m e d I L , le 29 brother of the czar Alexander II. He comand married to King Alia.— 2. In Shakspere's Mai, 1453" (1878), " F a v o r i t e de l ' é m i r " (1879), " L a ven- manded the fleet in the Baltic 1854-55, and 4i King John," the mother of Arthur, duke of g e a n c e d u chérif " (1886), " V i c t r i x " (1890), etc. was governor of Poland 1862-63. Bretagne.—3. The Northern Lass, in Brome's" Constant de Rebecque, Henri Benjamin. Constantine Pavlovitch (son of Paul). Born play of that n a m e . — 4 . The daughter of None- Born at Lausanne, Switzerland, Oct. 25,1767: at St. Petersburg, May 8,1779: died at Vitebsk, such, in love with Loveby, in Dryden's play died at Paris, Dec. 8,1830. A French political Russia, June 27, 1831. A grand duke of Rus" T h e Wild Gallant."— 5l The daughter of writer, orator, and politician. He settled in 1795 sia, younger brother of the czar Alexander I. Fondlove in Sheridan Knowles's comedy "The a t Paris a s t h e p r o t é g é of M a d a m e d e Staël, and w a s a H e served w i t h d i s t i n c t i o n u n d e r Su varo ff in I t a l y in w a s p r e s e n t a t t h e b a t t l e of A u s t e r l i t z 1805, accomLove Chase." Her love-affair with Wildrake is m e m b e r of t h e T r i b u n a t e 1799-1802, w h e n h e w a s b a n i s h e d 1799, by N a p o l e o n B o n a p a r t e . H e r e t u r n e d in 1814, b u t a c c e p t e d p a n i e d A l e x a n d e r I . in t h e c a m p a i g n s of 1812-14, a n d w a s not unlike that of Benedick and Beatrice.— 6. office u n d e r N a p o l e o n d u r i n g t h e H u n d r e d Days, w i t h t h e a p p o i n t e d c o m m a n d e r - i n - c h i c f in P o l a n d in 1815. H e The daughter of the Provost of Bruges, in Gr. r e s u l t t h a t on t h e r e t u r n of t h e B o u r b o n s h e w a s again m a r r i e d in 1820 a P o l i s h lady, t h e C o u n t e s s J o h a n n a "VV. Lovell's play of that name. She goes mad c o m p e l l e d t o go i n t o exile, w h e n c e he r e t u r n e d in 1816. Grudzinska, h a v i n g o b t a i n e d a d i v o r c e f r o m Iris first wife, H e w a s a m e m b e r of t h e C h a m b e r of D e p u t i e s 1819-30. and dies when legally proved to be a serf. t h e Princess J u l i a n a of S a x e - C o b u r g ; a n d r e n o u n c e d h i s

H i s s t r i c t m i l i t a r y r u l e p r o v o k e d a u i n s u r r e c t i o n in P o l a n d rich and beautiful widow in Udall's play'' Ralph source, sa f o r m e et son d é v e l o p p e m e n t " (1823-25). (Nov. 2ft, 1830). I n t h e w a r w h i c h f o l l o w e d h e p l a y e d a Roister Doister." C o n s t a n t i n a (kon-stân-të'nâ). A town in the s u b o r d i n a t e p a r t , a n d r e t i r e d to V i t e b s k , w h e r e lie d i e d Constance de Beverley. See Beverley. province of Seville, Spain. Population (1887), of cholera. C o n s t a n c e . The southeasternmost district of 11,953. Baden. Area, 1,609 square miles. Popula- Constantine (kon'stan-tin) I. (Flavius Vale- C o n s t a n t i n e ( k ó ñ - s t ó ñ - t ó n ' ) . Tho easterntion (1890), 281,770. rius Aurelius Constàntinus), surnamed "The most department of Algeria, lying between the Constance, G-. Konstanz (kon'stants), some- G-reat." Born probably at Naissus (Nissa), Mediterranean on the north, Tunis on the east, times K o s t n i t z (kost'nits). A city of Baden, Upper Mcesia, in Feb., 272 a. d. : died at Nico- and Algiers on the west. Área, 73,929 square situated on Lake Constance, at its outlet into media, Bithynia, May 22,337. Roman emperor. miles. Population (1891), 1,714,539. the Untersee arm, in lat. 47° 38' N.,long. 9° H e w a s t h e eldest son of t h e A u g u s t u s C o n s t a n t i u s C h l o r u s C o n s t a n t i n e . Tho capital of the department 1 1 ' E . I t is n o t e d f o r its c a t h e d r a l a n d its m e r c h a n t s ' b y h i s first w i f e H e l e n a , a n d w a s a p p o i n t e d Caesar a t t h e h a l l ( K a u f h a u s ) . T h e c a t h e d r a l w a s f o u n d e d in t h e 11th, d e a t h of h i s f a t h e r in 306. A b o u t 308 h e was r e c o g n i z e d of Constantine, Algeria, situated in lat. 36° 21' 35' E.: the ancient Cirta. The sea b u t r e b u i l t e a r l y i n t h e 16th c e n t u r y . T h e c o n s p i c u o u s as A u g u s t u s by t h e A u g u s t u s M a x i m i a n , w h o s e d a u g h t e r N., long. t o w e r a n d s p i r e a r e m o d e r n . T h e doors of t h e chief ent r a n c e h e a r r e m a r k a b l e c a r v i n g s of t h e life of Christ in 20 o a k e n p a n e l s d a t i n g f r o m 1470. The richly sculptured s t a l l s are of t h e s a m e d a t e . T h e r e a r e o t h e r i n t e r e s t i n g s c u l p t u r e s , a n d a h a n d s o m e f r a g m e n t of t h e cloister. I n t h e 6 t h c e n t u r y Constancc b e c a m c t h e s e a t of a b i s h o p r i c , w h i c h w a s s u p p r e s s e d in 1802. I t w a s a n i m p e r i a l city in t h e m i d d l e ages, b u t w a s a n n e x e d t o A u s t r i a a b o u t 164S, a n d w a s ceded t o B a d e n in 1S05. H e r e H u s s (1415) a n d J e r o m e of P r a g u e (1416) d i e d a t t h e stake. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), c o m m u n e , 16,236.

Constance, Council of. An important council of the Koman Catholic Church, held 1414-18.

Constance, Treaty Of. A treaty of peace con- Constantine II. (Flavius Claudius Constànp e r o r at L e g n a n o i n 1176.

Frederick renounced all

Constance, Lake of, G. Bodensee (bo'den-za). A lake lying between Switzerland, Baden, "VVurtemberg, Bavaria, and Vorarlberg: the Latin Brigantiuus Lacns. The northwestern nar-

r o w e d a r m is f r e q u e n t l y k n o w n as t h e U b e r l i n g e r s e e ; t h e w e s t e r n a r m is c a l l e d t h e U n t e r s e e o r Zellersee. I t is t r a v e r s e d b y t h e R h i n e . L e n g t h , 40 m i l e s ; g r e a t e s t b r e a d t h , 6 - 8 miles. Area, 208 s q u a r e miles. E l e v a t i o n above sea-level, 1,308 f e e t . D e p t h , 960 f e e t .

in t h e division of t h e e m p i r e in 337 b e t w e e n t h e t h r o e sons of C o n s t a n t i n e , Gaul, B r i t a i n , Spain, a n d p a r t of Africa. B e i n g dissatisfied w i t h h i s s h a r e , h e i n v a d e d t h e dominions of h i s b r o t h e r Constans, b u t w a s d e f e a t e d a n d killed at A q u i l e i a in 340.

surnamed P o g o n a t u s ('tho Bearded '). Died 685. Emperor of the East 668-685, son of Cons t a n s I I . H e r e p u l s e d (by m e a n s of t h e r e c e n t l y i n v e n t e d Greek tire) t h e Saracens b e f o r e Con stan t i u o p l e 672-679, a n d a s s e m b l e d in 680 t h e s i x t h g e n e r a l council at C o n s t a n t i nople, by w h i c h t h e M o n o t h e l i t e s w e r e c o n d e m n e d a n d peace restored to t h e church.

Constantine V., snrnamed Copronymus (kopron'i-mus). Born at Constantinople. 719: died off Selymbria, Thrace, Sept. 14, 775. Emperor of the East 741-775, son of Leo III. H e d e f e a t e d in 743 A r t a v a s d e s , w h o h a d u s u r p e d t h e gove r n m e n t , a n d a s s e m b l e d a c o u n c i l in 754 w h i c h c o n d e m n e d t h e w o r s h i p of i m a g e s .

Constancio (kdn-ston'se-o), Francisco Solano. Constantine VI. (Flavius Constàntinus). Born at Lisbon, 1777: died at Paris, Dec. 21, 1846. A Portuguese physician and author.

H e t r a v e l e d e x t e n s i v e l y in E u r o p e a n d N o r t h A m e r i c a ; w a s d i p l o m a t i c a g e n t of P o r t u g a l in Paris 1820; and was m i n i s t e r t o W a s h i n g t o n 1822-29. S u b s e q u e n t l y h e r e s i d e d in Paris. Constancio's w o r k s a r e now l i t t l e e s t e e m e d . T h e b e s t - k n o w n a r e h i s " N o v o diccionario critico e etymologico d a l i n g u a P o r t u g u e z a " (1836 a n d 1844) a n d " H i s t o r i a do B r a s i l " (2 vols. 1839).

Born 771: killed at Constantinople about 797. Byzantine emperor 780-797, the last of the Isaurian emperors. He was the son of Leo IV., whom he

s u c c e e d e d u n d e r t h e r e g e n c y of h i s m o t h e r I r e n e . D u r i n g h i s reign a council h e l d a t Nicaea in 787 restored t h e wors h i p of images. H e w a s p u t t o d e a t h by order of h i s m o t h e r , who usurped the government.

Constantine VÎI., snrnamed Porphyrogenitus ( p ô r ' f i - r ô - j e n ' i - t u s ) ('born in the purple')Constans (kon'stanz) I., Flavius Julius. Born 905': poisoned Nov. 15, 959. Byzantine Born about 320: died near Illiberis (Helena), Gaul, 350. Roman emperor, youngest of the three sons of Constantine the Great and

F a u s t a . H e received, in t h e division of t h e e m p i r e in 337, I t a l y , Africa, a n d w e s t e r n I l l y r i c u m . I n 340, havi n g s u c c e s s f u l l y r e s i s t e d t h e invasion of h i s b r o t h e r Con-

emperor, son of Leo VI. whom he succeeded

9 1 1 . T h e g o v e r n m e n t w a s u s u r p e d in 919 b y R o m a n u s L e c a p e n u s , w h o a d m i n i s t e r e d i t — C o n s t a n t i n e b e i n g nominally h i s colleague — till 944, w h e n h e w a s d e p o s e d b y h i s own son, a n d C o n s t a n t i n e b e c a m e sole r u l e r . H e was n o t e d f o r h u m a n i t y a n d f o r h i s s u c c e s s in arms, chiefly

Constantinople

(kon - stan - ti - no ' pi ), Turk,

s t a m b u l (stam-bol'), or Istambul (is-tam-

bol'). [Gr. K.(ûvaravTtuov nô?.iç, city of Constantine ; Turk. Constantinieh; the ordinary Turkish name is Stambul or Istambul, a corruption of the Greek eïç rr¡v ttóa/v, 'into the city.'] The capital of the Ottoman empire, situated in European Turkey in lat. 41° N., long. 28° 59' K., on the Bosporus, the Golden Horn, and the S e a o f M a r m o r a . I t is t h e chief c o m m e r c i a l c e n t e r of t h e Levant, a n d since 1888 h a s liad r a i l r o a d c o n n e c t i o n w i t h t h e r e s t oí E u r o p e . I t c o n t a i n s t h e s u l t a n ' s p a l a c e (seraglio), a n d is n o t e d for its m o s q u e s (see below). I t s chief sections a r e P e r a , Galata, S t a m b u l (or Constantinople proper), a n d S c u t a r i ( t h e l a t t e r c e l e b r a t e d i n h i s t o i y for its m i l i t a r y h o s p i t a l s d u r i n g t h e C r i m e a n war). I n StfO A. D. C o n s t a n t i n e t h e G r e a t m a d e B y z a n t i u m (see Byzantium) t h e c a p i t a l of t h e R o m a n E m p i r e , a n d t h e city w a s h e n c e f o r t h called C o n s t a n t i n o p l e . F r o m 395 Constantinople wa3 t h e c a p i t a l of t h e B y z a n t i n e ( E a s t e r n ) E m p i r e . I t was r e p e a t e d l y besieged by t h e S a r a c e n s ; and w a s t a k e n by t h e L a t i n s in 1203 and 1204, by Michael Palccologus in 1261, a n d by t h e T u r k s M a y 29, 1453. Tcheraaan Serai, t h e chief of t h e i m p e r i a l palaces, f i n i s h e d in 18f>7 by Abdul-Aziz in t h e style of t h e n e w T u r k i s h R e n a i s s a n c e . I t is a b u i l d i n g of g r e a t size, of m a r b l e , of a l u x u r y a n d m a g nificence in its i n t e r i o r d e c o r a t i o n a n d a r r a n g e m e n t w h i c h are u n e x c e l l e d in E u r o p e , a n d a l m o s t s u r p a s s belief. I t s chief f a ç a d e , a b o u t 2,400 f e e t long, is m i r r o r e d in t h e Bosporus. See also Bajazet, M usque o f ; Irene, Church of St.; Reservoir of the 1,001 Columns; Sophia. Church of Sarita ; Suleiman, Masque of. P o p u l a t i o n (1885), 873,565 ; w i t h s u b u r b s , u p w a r d of 1,000,000.

T h e d o m i n i o n of t h e Old R o m e h a d c o m e of i t s e l f ; i t s dominion w a s t h e effect, n o t of any settled plan, b u t of t h e silent w o r k i n g of hi&torical causes. T h e first chicf w h o f e n c e d in t h e P a l a t i n e w i t h a wall did not d r e a m t h a t his hill-fortress w o u l d b e c o m e t h e h e a d of t h e world. H e did n o t d r e a m t h a t i t w o u l d b e c o m e t h e head of I t a l y , or e v e n t h e h e a d of L a t i u m . B u t t h e p r i n c e who fenced in t h e N e w Rome, t h e p r i n c e w h o b a d e B y z a n t i u m grow into Constant i n o p l e , did d e s i g n t h a t h i s y o u n g e r R o m e s h o u l d fulfil t h e mission t h a t h a d passed a w a y f r o m t h e elder R o m e . He des i g n e d t h a t i t should f u l f i l i t m o r e t h o r o u g h l y t h a n Afilan, or T r i e r , or t i i k o m e d c i a could fulfil it. A n d h i s will has b e e n carricd o u t . He called i n t o b e i n g a city which, while o t h e r cities h a v e r i s e n a n d f a l l e n , h a s for fifteen h u n d r e d years, in w h a t e v e r h a n d s , r e m a i n e d t h e s e a t of I m p e r i a l r u l e ; a city w h i c h , as long a s E u r o p e a n d Asia, as long as l a n d a n d sea, k e e p t h e i r places, m u s t r e m a i n t h e s e a t of I m p e r i a l r u l e . T h e o t h e r c a p i t a l s of E u r o p e seem b y h e r side t h i o g s of yesterday, c r e a t i o n s of a c c i d e n t . Some c h a n c e a f e w c e n t u r i e s b a c k m a d e t h e i n s e a t s of governm e n t till s o m e o t h e r c h a n c e m a y cease t o m a k e t h e m seats of g o v e r n m e n t . B u t t h e city of C o n s t a n t i n e abides, a n d m u s t abide. Over a n d over again h a s t h e possession of t h a t city p r o l o n g e d t h e d u r a t i o n of p o w e r s which m u s t o t h e r w i s e h a v e c r u m b l e d away. I n t h e h a n d 3 of R o m a n ,

Constantinople

Constantinople, Conference of. A conference of t h e six. g r e a t p o w e r s a n d T u r k e y f o r t h e p u r p o s e of p r e v e n t i n g war b e t w e e n T u r k e y a n d K u s s i a , w h i c h w a s c h a m p i o n i n g t h e c a u s e of the Christian insurgents i n the Balkan Penins u l a . The conference was formally opened Dec. 23, 1876, after a preliminary conference between the groat powers (Dec. 11-21). The powers demanded of the Porte administrative autonomy under Christian governors for Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Bulgaria; and proposed the erection of an international commission with power to enforce by arms the decisions of the conference. These demands were rejected by the Turks Jan. 18,1877, whereupon the conference dissolved, Jan. 20.

C o n s t a n t i n o p l e , C o u n c i l s of. These councils i n c l u d e : (a) The second ecumenical council, convened hereby the emperor Theodosius 381 A. D. Its chief object was the settlement of the Arian difficulties. (b) The fifth ecumenical council, convened by Justinian 553. Its object •was the condemnation of the "three chapters." (c) The sixth ecumenical council, held 680-681. Its object waa the condemnation of the llonothelites. (ci) The eighth ecumenical council, held 869. Its object was the condemnation of Photius.

1. A small river in North W a l e s i n g h a m P a l a c e , L o n d o n . Three attempts upon the C o n w a y . life of Queen Victoria have been made here by insane or w h i c h flows i n t o B e a u m a r i s B a y . I t i s n o t e d idiotic persons in 1S40, 1842, and 1849. Hare. f o r i t s s c e n e r y . — 2 . A t o w n s h i p i n Carroll Constitution of the United States, See Fed- C o u n t y , N e w H a m p s h i r e , s i t u a t e d on t h e S a e o eral Constitution. 56 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of Concord. I t c o n t a i n s t h e C o n s u e l o ( k o n - s o - â ' l ô ; F . p r o n , k ô ï i - s i ï - â ' l ô ) . s u m m e r r e s o r t of N o r t h C o n w a y . Population A n o v e l b y G e o r g e S a n d , p u b l i s h e d i n 1842. (1890), 2,331. C o n s u l a t e , T h e . I n F r e n c h h i s t o r y , t h e g o v - Conway, Frederick B. Born at Clifton, Enge r n m e n t "which e x i s t e d N o v . 9, 1 7 9 9 , - M a y 18. l a n d , F e b . 1 0 , 1 8 1 9 : d i e d a t M a n c h e s t e r , M a s s . , 1804. Napoleon was First Consul, and his associates S e p t . 7,1874. A n E n g l i s h a c t o r . He first appeared were Cambacérès and Lebrun. See Napoleon. on the American stage as Charles Surface in 1850. In 1S52 C o n t a r i n i , G - a s p a r o . B o r n at V e n i c e Oct. 16, he married-Miss Crocker, a sister of Mrs. 1). P. Bowers. 1483 : d i e d a t B o l o g n a , I t a l y , A u g . 2 4 , 1 5 4 2 . A n Conway, Henry Seymour. Bom 1721: died at I t a l i a n c a r d i n a l (1535), b i s h o p of B o l o g n a , a n d L o n d o n , Oct. 32, 1795. A n E n g l i s h s o l d i e r a n d d i p l o m a t i s t . He was papal legate at the Diet of Ratis- W h i g p o l i t i c i a n , s e c o n d s o n of t h e first L o r d bon, where he endeavored to effect a reconciliation be- C o n w a y , b r o t h e r of F r a n c i s S e y m o u r C o n w a y , m a r q u i s of H e r t f o r d , a n d c o u s i n of H o r a c e tween the Protestants and Catholics. C o n t a r i n i , G i o v a n n i . B o r n a t V e n i c e , 1549 : W a l p o l e . He early entered the army; was a member of Parliament 1741-84; took part in the battle of Fontenoy d i e d t h e r e , 1605. A V e n e t i a n p a i n t e r . H e as aide-de-camp to the Duke of Cumberland, and in the w e n t t o V i e n n a i n 1580, w h e r e h e p r a c t i s e d por- battle of Culloden; became secretary to the lord lieutentrait-painting. ant of Ireland (Lord. Hartington) 1754 ; was promoted maC o n t a r i n i F l e m i n g . A p s y c h o l o g i c a l r o m a n c e jor-general 1756; commanded the unsuccessful expedition against Kochefort 1757 ; became secretary of state under b y B e n j a m i n D i s r a e l i , p u b l i s h e d i n 1832. Contention between the two Famous Houses Rockingham 1765; moved the repeal of the Stamp Act 17(56; retainedhisoffice under the Earl of Chatham ; of York and Lancaster. See Henry VL, first Feb., resigned Jan., 1768, and was appointed field-marshal Oct. a n d s e c o n d parts. 12, 1793. He was a vigorous opponent of the policy of the C o n t e O r y ( k o n ' t e ô ' r ë ) , I I . S e e Comte Or y. British government toward the American colonies.

Constantius (kon-st-an'sliius) I., Flavius Va- Contes Drolatiques (kôùt drô-la-tek'). l e r i u s , surnamed C h l o r u s ('the Pale;). Born p r o b a b l y 250 A. D. : d i e d at Y o r k , E n g l a n d , J u l y 25, 306. E m p e r o r of K o m e , f a t h e r of C o n s t a n t i n o t h e Great. March 1, 292, the joint emperors, or Augusti, Diocletian and Maximian associated with themselves Constantius Chlorus and Galerius as junior partners under the title of Caesars. Gaul, Spain, and Britain were allotted to the former, who was required to repudiate his wife Helena and marry Theodora, the daughter of Maximian. After the abdication of Diocletian and ilaximian in 305, he ruled as Augustus, or joint emperor, with Galerius until his death in Britain while on an expedition against the Picts.

Constantius II., Flavius Julius.

Cook, Edward Dutton

276

Frank, Greek, and Turk, her Imperial mission has never left her. The eternity of the elder Rome is the eternity of a moral influence ; the eternity of the younger Eorae is the eternity of a city and fortress fixed on a spot which nature itself had destined to bo the seat of the empire of two worlds. Freeman, Hist. Essays, III. 251.

Born at

[F., Conway, Hugh. The pseudonym of Frederick

' H u m o r o u s T a l e s . ' ] A c o l l e c t i o n of s t o r i e s b y Balzac, written in the manner and orthography of t h e 1 6 t h c e n t u r y . They are extremely broad, in the style of Rabelais, being "written for the diversion of the Pantagruelists and no others." They came out in three parts, in 1832, 1833, and 1837.

Conti (kôn-tê), Prince de (Armand de Bour-

b o n ) . B o r n a t P a r i s , Oct. 11, 1629: d i e d at P é z é n a s , F r a n c e , F e b . 21, 1666. Younger b r o t h e r of " T h e G r e a t C o n d é , " a n d f o u n d e r of t h e h o u s e of Conti. He took part in the wars of the Fronde, at first with the "oldFronde" against his brother, and later with the "young Fronde " in company with his brother, with whom he was arrested in 1650. He was finally reconciled to the court, and married a niece of Cardinal Mazarin. In the Spanish war (1654) he captured Villafranca andTPuycerda, and in 1657 commanded unsuccessfully in Italy. He was a man of weak character, entirely under the control of his sister, the Duchesse de Longueville.

John Fargus.

Conway, Moncure Daniel. Born in Stafford

C o u n t y , V a . , M a r c h 17, 1832. An American c l e r g y m a n a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s w r i t e r . He became a Methodist minister in 1850, but subsequently joined the Unitarian denomination, and was for a time pastor of a Unitarian church at Washington, District of Columbia. He was minister of the South Place Religious Society in London 1863-34. Author of " The Rej ected Stone" (1861), "Testimonies concerning Slavery" (1864), "The Earthward Pilgrimage " (1870)," Christianity " (1876),1' Idols and Ideals " (1877)," Demonology and Devil-Lore " (1878),'' Thomas Carlyle " (1881), etc.

Conway, Thomas. Born in Ireland, Feb. 27, Sirraium, P a n n o n i a , A u g . 6, 317 : d i e d a t M o p 1733: d i e d a b o u t 1800. A g e n e r a l i n t h e A m e r i s o c r e n e , Cilicia, N o v . 3, 361. R o m a n e m p e r o r , c a n s e r v i c e i n t h e R e v o l u t i o n a r y W a r . He in. t h i r d s o n of C o n s t a n t i n o t h e G r e a t ( s e c o n d s o n b y h i s s e c o n d w i f e F a u s t a ) . The will of Constantrigued with members of the board of war and other influtine the Great divided the empire among his three sons ential persons 1777-78 to have Washington superseded by Constantine, Constantius, and Constana under the title of Gates —the so-called " Conway Cabal." He was afterward Augusti, and his nephews Dalmatius and Hannibalianus made governor of.Pondicherry and the French settlements under the titles of Caesar and Nobilissimus, respectively. in Hindustan. On the death of Constantine in 337 Constantius ordered, or Conti, Prince de (François Louis de BourS e e u n d e r Conway, Thomas. permitted, the murder of Dalmatius and Hannibalianus, b o n ) . B o r n a t P a r i s , A p r i l 3 0 , 1 6 6 4 : d i e d F e b . C o n w a y C a b a l . and the empire was redivided between himself and his 22, 1709. A d i s t i n g u i s h e d F r e n c h g e n e r a l , s o n C o n y b e a r e ( k u n ' i - b a r ) , J o h n . B o r n at P i n h o e , n e a r E x e t e r , E n g l a n d , J a n . 31, 1692: d ied at brothers. Constantine received Gaul, Spain, Britain, and of t h e P r i n c e d e C o n t i (1629-66). part of Africa; Constantius Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, Continental Divide. See Divide. B a t h , E n g l a n d , J u l y 81, 1755. A n E n g l i s h dithe Asiatic; provinces, arid Egypt ; and Constans Italy, C o n t r a t S o c i a l ( k ô n - t r a ' s ô - s ë - â l ' ) . [ F . / S o c i a l v i n e , b i s h o p of B r i s t o l . Ho wrote a noted polemical western Illyrieum, and the rest of Africa. In 340 ConA p o l i t i c a l w o r k b y J. J . R o u s - work, "A Defence of Revealed Religion " (L732), directed stans repelled au invasion of Constantine, who fell in C o n t r a c t . ' ] against Tindal. battle, and made himself master of the West; but was s e a u , p u b l i s h e d i n 1762. The influence of this book himself deposed and slain in 350 by the usurper Magnon- on the literature and life of the period was remarkable. Conybeare, John Josias. Born at London, June, tius. Constantius made war in 3òl on the lattei-, whom, Its theories were at the foundation of Jacobin politics. 1779 : d i e d a t B l a c k h e a t h , n e a r L o n d o n , J u n e he defeated at Mursa. on the Drave,, in 351, and in Gaul in 10, 1824. A n E n g l i s h d i v i n e , s c h o l a r , a n d s c i e n 35,"{, after which he was master of the whole empire. He ap- C o n t r e r a s ( k o n - t r â ' r â s ) . A h a m l e t of M e x i c o , t i f i c w r i t e r . Hewas a graduate of Oxford, where he bepointed hi3 cousin Julian Csesar and commander in Gaul a b o u t 8 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of t h e c i t y of M e x i c o . came professor of Anglo-Saxon in 1807, and professor of 355, and visited Home 357. He favored the Arians, and H e r e , A u g . 19-20, 1847, t h e A m e r i c a n s u n d e r poetry in 1812. lie was also vicar of Batheaston in Somerbanished the orthodox bishops. He died while marching S c o t t d e f e a t e d t h e M e x i c a n s . S e e , f u r t h e r , setshire. His works include papers on chemistry and to attack Julian, who had been proclaimed emperor by geology, and " Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry," edited Churubusco. his soldiers. after his death by his brother William. C o n t r e r a s , H e r n a n d o d e . Born in Spain about C o n s t a n t M a i d , T h e . A p l a y b y S h i r l e y , p r i n t e d 1520: d i e d o n t h e I s t h m u s of P a n a m a , M a y , Conybeare, William Daniel. Born at London, i n 1640 ( r e p r i n t e d i n 1G67 w i t h t h e s e c o n d t i t l e 1550. S o n of R o d r i g o d e C o n t r e r a s , g o v e r n o r J u n e 7, 1787: d i e d a t I t c h e n s t o k e , n e a r P o r t s " L o v e will find out the W a y " ) . Of N i c a r a g u a . After his father's downfall, ho and his m o u t h , A u g . 12, 1857. A n E n g l i s h g e o l o g i s t a n d C o n s t a n z a ( k o u - s t a n ' z a ) . À g a y a n d s p o r t i v e brother, Pedro, conspired with a party of adventurers to d i v i n e , y o u n g e r b r o t h e r of J . J. C o n y b e a r e , apgirl, i n M i d d l e t o n ' s 4 ' S p a n i s h G i p s y , " w h o f o l - seize Panama and Peru, which they claimed to have inp o i n t e d d e a n of L l a u d a f f i n ] 844. H e p u b l i s h e d l o w s h e r f a t h e r i n t o e x i l e disguised* a s a g i p s y , herited from their grandfather, Pedrarias : Hernando was notable papers on various geological and paleto be proclaimed king. They began by murdering the P r e t i o s a : a s o r t of R o s a l i n d . C o n s t e l l a t i o n . A v e s s e l of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Bishop of Nicaragua, Valdiviero ; seized Panama April o n t o l o g i c a l t o p i c s . 20, 1550, and obtained a part of the royal treasure ; but n a v y . She was built in 17:>8, and under command of Com- were defeated by an uprising of the citizens of Panama. Cony-Catcher (kd'ni- or kun'i-kach'er), Cuthb e r t . The p s e u d o n y m u n d c r which was written, modore Truxton in 1799 captured the French Insurgente. Contreras, Pedro Moya de. See Moyu y Con- i n 1592, " T h e D e f e n c e of C o n n y - C a t c h i n g , " C o n s t i t u e n t A s s e m b l y . See National AseemMy. an a t t a c k o n R o b e r t G r e e n e a n d h i s s e v e r a l Constitution ( k o u - s t i - t u ' s h o n ) (Old Iron- treras. sides). A n A m e r i c a n f r i g a t e of 1,576 t o n s a n d C o n t r e r a s , R o d r i g o d e . B o r n a t S e g o v i a a b o u t b o o k s on " C o n n y - c a t c h r n g , " e t c . I t i s t h o u g h t 44 g u n s r a t i n g ( a c t u a l a r m a m e n t 32 l o n g 24- 1495: d i e d , p r o b a b l y i n P e r u , a f t e r 1557. A t h a t Greene himself wrote it, p o u n d c i ' s a n d 20 3 2 - p o u n d e r c a r r o n a d e s ) , b u i l t S p a n i s h c a v a l i e r w h o m a r r i e d t h e d a u g h t e r of C o n y n g t o n ( k o n ' i n g - t o n ) , R i c h a r d . D i e d 1330. a t B o s t o n i n 1797. The United States and President P e d r a r i a s , a n d i n 15B1 w a s a p p o i n t e d g o v e r n o r were sister ships of the same rating. Her first commander of N i c a r a g u a . He sent an expedition which explored A n E n g l i s h s c h o o l m a n , a g r a d u a t e of Oxford, was Captain Isaac Hull. At the declaration of war, June Lake Nicaragua and its outlet, and reached Nombre de c h o s e n i n 1310 p r o v i n c i a l of t h e F r a n c i s c a n 18,1812, the Constitution was at Annapolis. July 17 she Dios by that route. There the men were seized by the order i n E n g l a n d . I l i s b e s t - k n o w n w o r k i s a fell in with a squadron composed of Shannon (33 guns), governor, Robles, who tried to appropriate the region dis- c o m m e n t a r y o n t h e " S e n t e n c e s " of P e t e r L o m Africa (64), jEolua (32), Belvidera (38), and Guerrière (38), covered, but was driven out. Subsequently Contreras got commanded by Commodore Philip Vere Broke. Her es- into disputes with the bishop and with the Audience of b a r d . cape from this fleet, in a cliase which lasted three days in the Confines. Charges were made against him, and his Cooch Behar. See Knch Behar. an almost dead calm, is considered une of the greatest eneomiendas were confiscated (1549). After vainly seek- C o o k ( k u k ) , C h a r l e s . B o r n a t L o n d o n , M a y feats of seamanship of the war. Aug. 19, 1812, in lat. 41° itig redress in Spain, he went to Peru. 31, 1787: d i e d a t L a u s a n n e , S w i t z e r l a n d , F e b . 41' X., long. 55' 48' \Y., she fought the Guerrière. The battle lasted from 5 to 7 P. M,, when the Guerrière surren- C o n t r e x é v i l l e ( k ô n - t r e g - z â - v ë l ' ) . A w a t e r i n g - 21, 1858. A n E n g l i s h c l e r g y m a n , o n e of t h e dered and was burned. The Constitution returned to f o u n d e r s of M e t h o d i s m i n F r a n c e a n d S w i t z e r Boston ; Captain Hull resigned, and was succeeded by p l a c e i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t of V o s g e s , F r a n c e , 26 l a n d . Captain Bainbridge of the Constellation. She sailed from m i l e s w e s t of É p i n a l . Cook, Clarence Chatham. Born at DorchesBoston Oct. 20, 1812, and Dec. 29 fell in with the frigate C o n v e n t i o n . T h e . S e e National Convention, t e r , M a s s . , S e p t . 8, 1828. A n A m e r i c a n j o u r Java(38 guns), Captain Lambert, oif the coast of Brazil in The. n a l i s t a n d w r i t e r o n art. He has also written "The lat. 13" 6' S., long. 31° W. The battle lasted from 2 to 5 p. M., when the Java surrendered. Feb. 20, 1814, she Conway (kon'wâ), or Aberconway (ab'èr-kon- Central Park" (1868), the text of a heliotype reproduction w a ) . A t o w n i n C a r n a r v o n s h i r e , N o r t h W a l e s , of IHirer's " Life of the Virgin " (1874), "The House Beaufought and captured the Cyane and Levant (20 and 18 guns). Sept, 1830, it was proposed by the secretary of the navy s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e m o u t h of t h e C o n w a y , 37 m i l e s tiful " (1878), and has edited, with notes, the translation to dismantle the ship and sell her. This excited much s o u t h w e s t of L i v e r p o o l , i t is noted for its wall and of Liibke's "History of Art," 7th German edition (1878). public indignation, which found expression in the poem castle, a highly picturesque fortress with an admirable Cook, Edward Dutton. Born at London, Jan. "Old Ironsides," by Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sept. 15, group of 8 cylindrical towers, built in 1284 by Edward I. 1830. She was afterward used as a school-ship, and is now The towers were originally surmounted by cylindrical tur- 30, 1829: d i e d t h e r e , S e p t . 11, 1883. A n E n g rets, four of which survive. The banqueting-hall was a l i s h n o v e l i s t a n d g e n e r a l w r i t e r , d r a m a t i c a receivitig-ship at Portsmouth, N. H. Constitution Hill. A n e l e v a t i o n n e a r B u c k - line room 130 feet long. Queen Eleanor's oratory possesses, c r i t i c f o r t h e '' P a l l Mall G a z e t t e " a n d t h e a graceful oriel-window. Population (1891), 3,467. ""\Vorld," a n d c o n t r i b u t o r t o t h e first t w o v o l -

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Eyre

u m e s of t h e " D i c t i o n a r y of N a t i o n a l B i o g r a - C o o k e , Sir W i l l i a m F o t h e r g i l l . ensea " (1858-61), consisting of biographies of noted perB o r n at E a l sons w h o were educated or incorporated at Cambridge p h y . " H e published " P a u l Foster's D a u g h t e r " (1861), i n g , M i d d l e s e x , 1 8 0 6 : d i e d J u n e 25, 1 8 7 9 . An University. " T h e Trials of the T r e d g o l d s " (1S64X and various other English electrician, the associate of Wheatnovels and works on the stage. Cooper, J a m e s Fenimore. B o m at Burlings t o n e f r o m 1837 t i l l 1 8 4 3 i n p e r f e c t i n g t h e e l e c t o n , N . J . , S e p t . 15, 1 7 8 9 : d i e d a t C o o p e r s t o w n , Cook, Eliza. B o r n a t L o n d o n a b o u t 1818: d i e d tric telegraph. N . Y . , S e p t . 14, 1851. A n American novelist. a t T h o r n t o n H i l l , W i m b l e d o n , S e p t . 2 3 , 1889. A n English poet. She wrote f o r various English C o o k I s l a n d s ( k u k i ' l a n d z ) , o r H e r v e y I s l - H e was the son of W i l l i a m Cooper, who in 1788 founded the settlement of Cooperstown on Otsego Lake, r e m o v i n g periodicals, and in 1841) published " M e l a i a . and other ands (her'vi i'landz). A n archipelago in the thither w i t h his f a m i l y in 1790. In 1803 he entered Y a l e P o e m s . " I n 1849 she began to publish " E l i z a Cook's S o u t h P a c i f i c , iii l a t . 18°-22° S., l o n g . 1 5 7 ° College, where he remained three years. H e became a Journal," intended to advance mental culture. Among 163° W . T h e group, consisting of 6 principal islands, midshipman in the navy in 1808, married Susan De Lancey her books are " J o t t i n g s f r o m my J o u r n a l " (1860) and was discovered by Captain Cook in 1773, and was annexed in 1811, and in the same year resigned his commission in " N e w E c h o e s " (18(H); and among her single poems are by Great Britain in 1888. T h e natives have been conthe navy. I n 1821 he published anonymously a novel, en" T h e Old Arm-Chair," " 0 why does the w h i t e man f o l l o w verted to Christianity since 1823. T h e chief island is titled " P r e c a u t i o n , " which attracted some attention. I n m y p a t h r " " T h e Old Farm G a t e , " " O l d Songs,"etc. Raratonga, w i t h a population of 3,001). 1821 he published " T h e Spy," which m e t w i t h a success Cook, James. B o r n at M a r t o n , Y o r k s h i r e , O c t . unprecedented in American literature. His chief novels See Eusan. 27, 1 7 2 8 : k i l l e d i n H a w a i i , F e b . 14, 1779. A Cookkoo-oose. are " T h e S p y " (1821), " T h e P i o n e e r s " (1823). " T h e P i l o t " A prominent peak, celebrated English navigator, the son of a C o o k ' s P e a k (kuks pek). (1823), " T h e Last of the Mohicans " (1826), " T h e P r a i r i e " Y o r k s h i r e f a r m - l a b o r e r . H e entered the navy as a b o u t 9,500 f e e t h i g h , i n G r a n t C o u n t y , N e w (1827), " T h e P a t h f i n d e r " (1840), and " T h e D e e r s l a y c r " able seaman in 1755; was appointed master of the MerM e x i c o , n o r t h of D e m i n g . (1841). cury in 1759, and sailed f o r America, w h e r e he was oc- C o o k ' s T a l e , T h e . One of Chaucer's " C a n t e r -

cupied in surveying the channel of the St. L a w r e n c e ; b u r y T a l e s . " I t is an unfinished poem, and a spurious and became marine surveyor of the coast of N e w f o u n d ending was added to it in the f o l i o of 1687. This ending land and Labrador in 1763. I n May, 1768, he was apconsisted of only 12 lines, and was r e j e c t e d by U r r y or his pointed lieutenant and placed in command of the Ensuccessors. H e added, however, " T h e Tale of G a m e l i n , " deavour which carried a party of scientists to Tahiti to w h i c h f o l l o w e d " T h e Cook's T a l e , " and has been generally observe the transit of Vcnua. During this voyage, which asserted to be also told b y the c o o k : this is not now conlasted f r o m A u g . 25, 1768, to June 12, 1771, N e w Zealand sidered t o be by Chaucer. (See Gamelin.) T h e cook was was explored, and the east coast of Australia. Cook was R o g e r or H o d g e of W a r e , w h o w e n t with the pilgrims and raised to the rank of commander Aug., 1771, and on July was the only man save the m i l l e r w h o became drunk on 13,1772, started with t w o ships, the Resolution (which he the way. T h e story of " T h e Cook's T a l e " is that of l'erkin commanded) ami the Adventure, on another voyage of exR e v e l o u r , an idle, riotous London prentice. ploration in the Pacific, which lasted ( f o r the Resolution) A sea passage sepauntil July 29, 177.1, and during w h i c h an attempt was C o o k S t r a i t ( k u k s t r a t ) . rating the N o r t h Island f r o m the South Island, made to discover the reported great southern continent, N e w Zealand. It was discovered by Captain and N e w Caledonia was discovered. On Aug. 9, 1775, he C o o k i n 1769. G r e a t e s t w i d t h , 80 m i l e s . became captain, and on July 12, 1776, began his last voyA farce by William age w i t h the Resolution (which he again commanded), C o o l a s a C u c u m b e r . B l a n c h a r d J e r r o l d , first p l a y e d i n 1851. and the Discovery under Captain Charles Clerke. T h e Born at o b j e c t of t h e expedition was to discover a passage f r o m C o o l e y ( k o ' l i ) , T h o m a s J u f c l n t y r e . A noted jurist. the Pacific round the north of A m e r i c a . During his A t t i c a . N . Y . , J a n . 6, 1824. northward voyage the Sandwich Islands were rediscovered H e was a d m i t t e d to the bar in 1846; became professor of (1778), and shortly after his return t o them (Jan., 1779) he law in tho University of M i c h i g a n in 1859; was in 1864 was murdered by the natives in r e v e n g e f o r a flogging elected justice of the Supreme Court of the State to fill administered t o one of them f o r thieving. a vacancy; was chief j ustice 1868-69; was reelected for a f u l l term of eight years in 1869; retired f r o m the bench in 1885 ; became professor of constitutional and adminisCook, Mount. T h o highest peak in N e w Zeatrative law in the University of Michigan in 1S81, and land, situated on the w e s t e r n side of South subsequently becamc professor of American history, lecIsland. I t w a s first a s c e n d e d i n 1882. Height, turer on constitutional law, and dean of the School of Po12,360 f e e t . litical Science. H e was chairman of the U n i t e d States Commissioners of Interstate Commerce. His chief works Cooke (kuk), E d w a r d W i l l i a m . B o r n at L o n are " A Treatise on the Constitutional Limitations which d o n , M a r c h 27, 1 8 1 1 : d i e d n e a r Tunbridge rest upon the L e g i s l a t i v e P o w e r of the States of the A m e r i W e l l s , Jan. 4,1880. A n E n g l i s h m a r i n e - p a i n t e r . Cooke, George Frederick. B o r n a t W e s t m i n - can Union " (1868), " A Treatise on the Law of Taxation " (1876), " A Treatise upon W r o n g s and their R e m e d i e s " s t e r , E n g l a n d . A p r i l 17, 1756 : d i e d a t New ( V o l . I., 1878), and " T h e General Principles of ConstituY o r k , S e p t . 26, 1811. A n English actor. He tional L a w in the U n i t e d States " (1880). first appeared on tho stage in 1776 at Brentford. H i s principal parts w e r e R i c h a r d I I I , , I ago, and Shylock, Sir D i e d at L o n Giles Overreach, Sir A r c h y McSarcasm, and Sir Pertinax C o o l e y , W i l l i a m D e s b o r o u g h . d o n , M a r c h 1, 1883. A n English geographer, McSycophant. author of various works on the history of geographical discovej-y. especially i n A f r i c a . A n i c k n a m e of T h o m a s C o o k e . Cooke, Hesiod. A p s e u d o n y m of SaCooke, John Esten. B o r n at W i n c h e s t e r , Va., C o o l i d g e ( k d ' l i j ) , S u s a n . rah Chauncey Woolsey. N o v . 3, 1 8 3 0 : d i e d i n C l a r k e C o u n t y , V a . , S e p t . See Kumassi. 27, 1886. A n A m e r i c a n n o v e l i s t . H e w r o t e stories C o o m a s s i e . of Virginia life, among which are " L e a t h e r Stocking and C o o p e r ( k o ' p e r o r k u p ' e r ) , A n t h o n y A s h l e y . B o r n at W i m b o r n e St. Giles, Dorsetshire, J u l y S i l k " (1854), " T h e V i r g i n i a Comedians" (1854), " H e n r y 22, 1 6 2 1 : d i e d a t A m s t e r d a m , J a n . 2 1 , 1 6 8 3 . A St. John, G e n t l e m a n " (1859), " S u r r e y of Eagle's N e s t " n o t e d E n g l i s h statesman, son of Sir J o h n C o o p e r (1866), " F a i r f a x " (1868), " V i r g i n i a B o h e m i a n s " (1879), of R o c k b o r u e , H a m p s h i r e , created B a r o n A s h " V i r g i n i a : a History of the People "(1883). H e also wrote l e y i n 1661, a n d first e a r l o f S h a f t e s b u r y a n d the l i f e of Stonewall Jackson (1863) and of General R . E. B a r o n C o o p e r o f P a w l e t i n 1672. A t first he supL e e (1871), besides a number of stories, sketches, and ported the cause of Charles I., but in 1644 went over t o verses. the Parliamentary side, was appointed field-marshal w i t h Cooke, J o s i a h P a r s o n s . Born at Boston, Mass., the command of a brigade of horse and f o o t Aug. 3, 1644, O c t . 12, 1 8 2 7 : d i e d a t N e w p o r t , R . I . , S e p t . 3, and took an active part in the struggle, capturing Corfe 1894. A distinguished A m e r i c a n chemist, proCastle April, 1646. H e was an adherent of C r o m w e l l in f e s s o r o f c h e m i s t r y a t H a r v a r d f r o m 1850. He the parliaments of 1653 and 1654, but soon broke w i t h him published " Elements of Chemical Physics " (1860), " F i r s t and remained an active supporter of the Parliamentary Principles of Chemical P h i l o s o p h y " (1868), " T h e N e w cause, opposing L a m b e r t and F l e e t w o o d and aiding Monk. A f t e r the Restoration he continued t o take a prominent Chemistry " (1872: revised 1884), " C h e m i c a l and Physical part in political affairs. H e was a m e m b e r of the " Cabal," R e s e a r c h e s " (1881), etc. and became lord chancellor N o v . 17, 1672, but was disCooke, Rose Terry. Born at W e s t Hartford, missed f r o m office N o v . 9, 1673. F r o m that time he was F e b . 17, 1 8 2 7 : d i e d a t P i t t s f i e l d , M a s s . , J u l y the leader of the Parliamentary opposition t o the court 18, 1892. A n A m e r i c a n author. She married party, and a prominent supporter of the anti-Catholic R o l l i n H . Cooke in 1S73. A m o n g her works are " P o e m s agitation. H e was arrested on a charge of h i g h treason, by Rose T e r r y " (I860), " S o m e b o d y ' s N e i g h b o r s " (1881), and acquitted. L a t e r he joined the Monmouth conspiracy, " Steadfast," a novel (1889), " P o e m s by Rose T e r r y Cooke, and tied the country. H e was active in colonial affairs, c o m p l e t e " (1888). H e r most characteristic short stories and was one of the nine to w h o m Carolina was granted, w e r e those of N e w England rural l i f e . March 24, 1663. I t was at his suggestion that L o c k e Cooke, Thomas. Born at Braintree, Essex, drew up a constitution f o r that colony (1669). D e c . 16, 1 7 0 3 : d i e d a t L a m b e t h , D e c . 20, 1756. A n E n g l i s h writer, best k n o w n as tho author of a t r a n s l a t i o n of H e s i o d ( f r o m w h i c h h e ob- C o o p e r , A n t h o n y A s h l e y . Born at London, t a i n e d t h e n i c k n a m e of " H e s i o d C o o k e ' " ) . He F e b . 26, 1 6 7 1 : d i e d a t N a p l e s , F e b . 15, 1713. also published translations of Terence and other Latin A n English moralist, third earl of S h a f t e s b u r y : and Greek authors, a p o e m entitled " T h e Battle of the author of " C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of M e n , Manners, P o e t s " (which, w i t h some criticisms of Pope's Greek, O p i n i o n s , a n d T i m e s " ( 1 7 1 1 ) . I n this are included brought down upon him the wrath of that poet, who ridia " L e t t e r concerning Enthusiasm," "Sensus Communis : culed him in the " D u n c i a d " ) , and various dramatic an Essay concerning W i t and Humour,'' " A n Enquiry conworks. H e succeeded A m h u r s t in the editorship of " T h e Craftsman." cerning V i r t u e , " etc. Cooper, Sir A s t l e y P a s t o n . B o r n at B r o o k e , Cooke, Thomas Potter. B o r n at L o n d o n , A p r i l N o r f o l k , E n g l a n d , A u g . 23, 1768 : d i e d a t L o n 23, 1 7 8 6 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , A p r i l 10, 1864. An d o n , F e b . 12, 1841. A n English surgeon, apEnglish actor, n o t e d f o r his p e r f o r m a n c e of p o i n t e d s u r g e o n o f G u y ' s H o s p i t a l i n 1800, p r o L o n g T o m Coffin in the " P i l o t , " and W i l l i a m f e s s o r of a n a t o m y at t h e R o y a l C o l l e g e of in " B l a c k - E y e d Susan.'" S u r g e o n s i n 1813, e x a m i n e r i n 1822, p r e s i d e n t Cooke, Thomas Simpson. Born at Dublin, i n 1827, a n d s u r g e o n t o t h e k i n g i n 1828. 1 7 8 2 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , F e b . 26, 1848. A musi- Cooper, C h a r l e s H e n r y . B o r n at G r e a t M a r cal composer and singer. H e was the principal l o w , B u c k s , E n g l a n d , M a r c h 20, 1 8 0 8 : d i e d tenor at the Drury Lane Theatre, and took entire charge M a r c h 21, 1866. A n English biographer and of the music there in 1S21. A m o n g tho many works he antiquary, a lawyer b y profession, rosident in composed or adapted, " L o v e ' a R i t o r n e l l a , " a song f r o m Cambridge. H i s chief w o r k is "Athens® Cantabrigi" T h e Brigand," is Ilia best-known composition.

C o o p e r , J o h n . B o r n at B a t h b e f o r e 1810: d i e d a t T u n b r i d g e W e l l s , J u l y 13,1870. A n English actor. C o o p e r , P e t e r . B o r n at N e w Y o r k , F e b . 12,1791: d i e d at N e w Y o r k , A p r i l 4,1883. An American inventor, manufacture!-, and philanthropist. H e was the son of a hatter, obtained a meager education, and learned the trade of a carriage-maker. l i e conducted with success various commercial and industrial enterprises, including the establishment of the Canton I r o n Works at Canton, Maryland, in 1830, which resulted in the accumulation of a fortune. I n 1876 he was Greenback candidate for President. H e is, however, chiefly known as the founder of the Cooper Union (w hich see), the cornerstone of w h i c h was laid in 1854, and which was completed five years later. Cooper, Samuel. B o r n a t L o n d o n , 1609: d i e d t h e r e . M a y 5, 1672. A noted English miniaturist, called b y W a l p o l e " V a n d y c k i n little." H e w a s a pupil of his uncle John Hoskins. Cooper, Susan Fenimore. B o r n 1813: d i e d A n A m e r i c a n writer, daughter D e c . 31, 1894. of J. F . C o o p e r . Cooper, Thomas. Born at Leicester, England, M a r c h 20,1805: d i e d a t L i n c o l n , J u l y 15,1892. A n English chartist, skeptic, poet, and author. H e lectured on political and historical subjects, and in 1859 he became a Baptist preacher. H e wrote " The Purgatory of Suicides " (1845), his autobiography in 1882, etc. C o o p e r , T h o m a s S i d n e y . B o r n at C a n t e r b u r y , E n g l a n d , S e p t . 26, 1803. A n E n g l i s h p a i n t e r o f animals and landscapes. Cooper, T h o m a s Thornville. B o r n at B i s h o p w e a r m o u t h , E n g l a n d , S e p t . 13, 1 8 3 9 : died a t B a m o , B u r m a , A p r i l 24, 1878. A n English traveler in Australia, India, China, and Tibet. H e w a s m u r d e r e d b y a S e p o y of his g u a r d . Cooper. A river in South Carolina, uniting with the A s h l e y at Charleston to f o r m Charleston harbor. L e n g t h , a b o u t 40 m i l e s . Cooper's Hill. A p o e m b y Sir John Denham, first p u b l i s h e d i n 1642, a n d p u b l i s h e d i n its final f o r m i n 1665. Pope, w h o imitated Denham, also wrote in praise of " Cooper's H i l l " in his poem " Windsor F o r e s t . " C o o p e r s t o w n ( k o ' p e r z - t o u n or k u p ' e r z - t o u n ) . A village and summer resort in Otsego County, c e n t r a l N e w Y o r k , s i t u a t e d o n O t s e g o L a k e 62 miles w e s t of A l b a n y . It was founded by the f a t h e r o f J . F . C o o p e r . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 2,657. Cooper Union. A n institution in N o w York city, f o u n d e d b y P e t e r Cooper for the instruction of tho w o r k i n g - c l a s s e s of N e w York, o p e n e d i n 1859. T h e plan of education provides f o r f r e e schools, reading-rooms, lecture-courses, art galleries and collections. Also called Cooper Institute. Coorg. See Eurg. Coornhert (kdm'hert), Dirk Volkerszoon. B o r n a t A m s t e r d a m , 1 5 2 2 : d i e d a t G o u d a , 1590. A Dutch author and poet. After 1540 be l i v e d in Haarlem as an engraver and etcher, and became (1561) there notary and secretary t o the burgomaster. Against religious freedom, the great question of the day, he w r o t e a vast number of tracts and pamphlets, many of w h i c h have, besides, a political character. I n this connection he was in 1567 imprisoned and then banished: several times afterward he was forced to flee. H e finally settled in Gouda. H i s principal prose work, " Z e d e k u n s t , d a t i s W e i levens K u n s t " ( " Ethics, that is the A r t of W e l l L i v i n g "), appeared in 1586. A m o n g his poetical works are " A b r a hams U y t g a n g " ( " T h e Death of A b r a h a m " ) , " C o m e d i e van de Blinde van Jericho " ( " C o m e d y of the Blind Man of Jericho "). In his prose writings, particularly, he may be said to have established, w i t h Mar nix de St. Aidegonde, the literary language of Holland. Coos. See Kusan. Coosa. See Creek. Coosa (ko'sa). A river in Georgia and A l a bama, f o r m e d b y the j u n c t i o n of the Oosten a u l a a n d E t o w a h a t R o m e , G e o r g i a , i t unites w i t h the Tallapoosa to f o r m the Alabama 8 m i l e s north of M o n t g o m e r y . Length, about 350 miles. Coosadi. See Koosati. Cooshatties. See Konmti. Cootanie. See Eitunahan. C o o t e ( k o t ) . Sir E y r e . B o r n at A s h H i l l , C o u n t y L i m e r i c k , I r e l a n d , 1726: died at M a d r a s , A p r i l

Coquimbo 278 Ooote, Sir Byre A British general, distinguished for Copenhagen, Battle Of. A victory gained near Ocean in lat. 67° 40' N., long. 115° 30' W . his services in India. He went to India in 1754 ; Copenhagen by the British fleet under Nelson Length, about 300 miles. was present at the capture of Calcutta in 1756, and (as a Copper River (Alaska). See Atna River. over the Danish fleet, April 2, 1801. captain) at the battle of Plassey ; and was appointed lieu[ A L a t i n i z e d f o r m Coppet (ko-pâ'). A village in the canton of tenant-colonel in Jan., 1759. In this year he took command Copernicus ( k ô - p é r ' n i - k u s ) . Kopernik."] B o r n a t T h o r n , P r u s - Vaud, Switzerland, situated on Lake Geneva ot the troops in the Madras Presidency, defeated the o f Éoppernigk, French under Lally at Wandewash Jan. 22,1760, and cap- sia, Feb. 19, Î473: died at Frauenburg, Prus- 9 miles north of Geneva. It was the residence tured Pondiclierry Jan., 1761, putting an end to the French s i a , M a y 24, 1543. T h e f o u n d e r of m o d e r n of Necker and of Madame de Staël. power in India. From 1762 till 1769 he resided in Eng26, 1783.

land, returning to India in the latter year as commanderin-chief of the Madras Presidency, an office which he resigned in 1770, again returning to England. l i e was appointed commander-in-ehief in India iu April, and promoted lieutenant-general in Aug., 1777. I n March, 1779, he assumed command in Calcutta, and on July 1, 1781, at Porto Novo, with a force consisting of 2,000 Europeans and 6,000 Sepoys, defeated Hydcr A l i with an army uf 40,00U men.

Ooote, Sir Eyre. Born 1762: died about 1824. A British soldier, nephew of Sir Eyre Coote

t h e n o t e d g e n e r a l i n I n d i a . He served as ensign in the battle of Brooklyn and in other campaigns of the Revolutionary War until the surrender of Yorktown ; became major-general and commander of Dover in 1798 ; led an expedition to cut the sluices at Ostend, and was captured by the French, in 1798 ; served in the battle of Bergen in 1799, and in the Egyptian campaign in 1S00 ; and was appointed lieutenant-general andlieutenant-governor and commander-in-chief of the island of Jamaïcain 1805. H e was dismissed from the army on a charge of indecent conduct.

Ooote, Richard. Born 1G3G : died at New York, March 5,1701. An English official, creatediirst earl of Bellamont, in the peerage of Ireland, N o v . 2, 1689. H e was appointed colonial governor of N e w England in 1695, with a special mission to suppress piracy. He, with others, fitted out the Adventure for Captain Kidd, who was given special powers to arrest pirates. K i d d s own piratical acts led Bellamont to arrest him at Boston, where he had come under a promise of safety, and send him to England f o r trial. See Kidd.

Oopacabana (kô-pa-ka-Ba/na). A peninsula in the southern part of Lake Titicaca, crossed by the boundary line between Peru and Bolivia.

I t is trapezoidal in form, high and rocky, and joined to the mainland by a very narrow isthmus. Its area maybe 50 square miles. Copacabana was a sacred place of the Incas, conncctcd with some of their earliest traditions, and contains many interesting ruins of temples and other buildings. I n modern times it has been celebrated for its chapel w i t h a supposed miraculous painting of the Virgin, which is yearly visited by thousands of pilgrims.

a s t r o n o m y . H e was probably of German descent. H e [ N L . Copticus, XL. Cophti, entered the University of Cracow in 1491, studied law C o p t i c ( k o p ' t i k ) . at Bologna 1495-1500, was appointed canon of the chap- Copts.] The language of the Copts, descended ter of frauenburg in 1497, lectured on astronomy at from the ancient Egyptian (of the Hamitic R o m e in 1500, studied medicine at Padua about 1501, family of languages), and used in Egypt till and became doctor decretorum at Ferrara in 1503. The within the last two centuries, but now superrest of his life was spent chiefly at Frauenburg in the per- seded as a living language by Arabic. The two formance of his duties as canon and in the practice of chief dialects are the Memphitic and Thebaic. I t is still medicine. H e published in 1543 an exposition of his the liturgical language of the Coptic (Egyptian Monophysystem of astronomy, which has since received the name site) Church, but the lections arc read in Arabic as well as of the Copernican, in a treatise entitled " De orbium cœ- Coptic. lestium revolutionibus." T h e ancient Egyptian language was nothing but Coptic Cophetua (ko-fet'u-a). In ballad poetry, a legendary African king who wooed and mar- written in hieroglyphs, or rather Coptic was but the lanried Penelophon, a beggar maid. The ballad is guage of the Pharaohs transcribed in Greek characters. Mariette, Outlines, p. 167. preserved in Percy's " R e l i q u e s . " I t has various titles. Cophetua is alluded to by Shakspere (who calls the girl Zenelophon) and Ben Jonson, Tennyson has also written a short poem on the subject.

Coptos (kop'tos). [Or. KOKTÔÇ or K o t t t ó . ] In ancient geography, a city of Egypt, situated on the Nile in lat. 26° N. : the modern Kobt or Copiapo (kô-pë-â-pô'). The capital of the Keft. province of Atacama, Chile, in lat. 27° 23' S., long. 70° 22' W. It is the center of a mining Copts (kopts). [Also written Copht (ML. Cophti, p i . ) j v e r n a c u l a r Kubt, Kubti, A r . Qobt, Kibti. region. Population (1891), about 12,000. Origin uncertain : variously referred to Or. Copleston (kop'lz-ton), Edward. Bom at ÀiyvKToç, Egypt; or to Gr. Kottóc, Ko-rw, mod. Offwell, Devonshire', England, Feb. 2, 1776: Kobt or Keft, an ancient town of Egypt, near died near Chepstow, England, Oct. 14, 1849. Thebes; or to Gr. 'laKwfitryç, Jacobite.] The An English prelate and author, appointed pro- native Egyptians; the Egyptian Christians, esfessor of poetry at Oxford in 1802, and bishop pecially those of the sect of Monophysites. The of Llandaff and dean of St. Paul's in 1828. He Copts are descendants of the ancient Egyptians, and forwrote "Preelectiones" (1813), t{ Enquiry into merly spoke the Coptic language. A f t e r the Council of the Doctrines of Necessity and Predestina- Chalcedon (A. D. 451) the majority of Egyptian Christians separated from the orthodox church, and have ever since t i o n " (1821), etc. had their own succession of patriarchs. Their number is Copley (kop'li), Sir Godfrey. Died at London now very small. The Abyssinian or Ethiopie Church is a in 1709. An English baronet, donator of a part of the Coptic communion, and its abuna or ni etran is fund of £100 " i n trust for the Royal Society always chosen and consecrated by the Coptic patriarch. of London for improving natural knowledge/' Coquelin (kôk-laù'), Benoît Constant. Born T h e first award was made in 1731, the second in 1734. I n at Boulogne-sur-Mer, Jan. 23, 1841. A noted 1736 the bequest was converted into a gold medal to be awarded annually.

Copley, John Singleton. Born at Boston, Aiass., July 3, 1737: died at London, Sept. 9, Oopan (kô-psin'). An ancient ruined city of 1815. A noted Anglo-American painter of northwestern Honduras, on the Copan Eiver. p o r t r a i t s a n d h i s t o r i c a l p i e c e s . His parents (RichThe remains are of unknown antiquity and very extensive, stretching f o r about two miles along the river. The buildiugs are of stone, embracing a temple over 600 feet long, with many sculptured figures. T h e Copan ruins take their name from a modern town to the east of them. This was an Indian stronghold, and was taken after a fierce struggle by the Spaniards under Hernando de Chaves in 1580.

Oope, E d w a r d Drinker. Born at Philadelphia,

J u l y 28. 1840. A noted American biologist and paleontologist, professor of g e o l o g y in the U n i v e r s i t y o f P e n n s y l v a n i a . H e was professor of natural sciences ill Haveriord College 1864-67, and subsequently became paleontologist to the United States Ecological Survey. He has discovered a very large number of specics of extinct and recent vertebrata. His works include "Synopsis of the Extinct Cetacea of the United States" (1867-68), "Systematic Arrangement of the Extinct Batrachia, Reptilia. and Aves of North A m e r i c a " (1869-70), " R e l a t i o n of Man to Tertiary M a m m a l i a " (1875), "Origin of the Fittest," etc., besides numerous elaborate memoirs on the extinct vertebrates of North America, principally of the Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits.

Copehan (kô-pâ'han). [From kapai, stream or river.] A linguistic stock of North American Indians, embraeingthePatwin and Wintu tribes (which sec), with their numerous branches, in C a l i f o r n i a . Its habitat extended from Mount Shasta to Suisuti and San Pablo bays, being bounded on the east by the Sacramento and lower Pitt river-valleys, and on the west by an irregular line extending from San Pablo Bay to Clear Creek, John's Peak, the coast-range, and the head waters of the Trinity and Klamath rivers.

ard Copley and Mary Singleton) were natives of Ireland of English origin. His birth took place immediately alter the arrival of his parents in America. H e began, with very little instruction, to paint portraits. W h i l e still in Boston he sent works (among them the " B o y with Squirrel " ) to the exhibition of the Society of Artists in London, and in 1767 was made a member of that society at the suggestion of Benjamin West. In 1774 he went to Europe, passing through London to Rome, and visited Germany, the Netherlands, and PariB, returning to l o n d o n at the end of the year 1775, where he established himself. In 1776 he exhibited a conversation or portrait group. I n 1777 he was made associate of the Royal Academy, and in 1779 a full member. One of his most important works is the " D e a t h of Lord Chatham," for which he refused 1,500 guineas, and exhibited itprivately.

G . Kopenluujén,

F . Copenhague:

1878 archiviste of the Comédie Française, and was elected to the Academy in 1884. H e was made officer of the Legion of Honor in 1888. He has published a number of volumes of poems, prose sketches, and romances. Among his plays are " L e passant" (1869), " F a i s ce que d o i s " (1871), " L e luthier de Crémone" (1877), " L a guerre de ' c h e a p - cent a n s " (with M. d'Artois, 1878), " M a d a m e de MaiuStephens t e n o n " (1881), " L e s Jacobites" (1885), etc. H e has colThe capital lected his plays in 4 volumes, 1873-86.

haven,' i. e. 'trade-harbor.' Sir George uses the Eng. form Cheapiug]iaven.~\ of Denmark, situated on the island of Zealand Coppée, Henry. Born Oct., 1821: died March and the adjoining island of Amager, on the strait 21, 1895. An educator and author. He was of the Sound and the Kalvebodstrand, in lat. 55° assistant professor of geography, history, and ethics at 41' N.. long. 12° 35' E.: the Roman Hafnia. West Point 1850-55 ; professor of English literature in the I t is the commercial center of Denmark. I t has a large trade in grain, wool, butter, leather, etc.. and some manufactures of machinery, porcelain, etc. I t contains the Royal Picture-gallery, Christianborg Palace (Royal Library), the National Theater, the Thorwaldsen Museum, the Prin sen s Palais ( w i t h the Museum uf Northern Antiquities, Ethnographical Museum, etc.), the Vor Fruekirke, and the University. The city was founded in the 12th century, and became the capital in 1443. I t developed greatly in the 17th century, but suffered from the battle of the North in 1801. I t was bombarded by the English under Cathcart Sept. 2-5,1807. Population (1890), 312,869 : with suburbs, 373,123.

Coquelin, Ernest Alexandre Honoré. Bom at Boulogne-sur-Mer, May 16,1848. A French actor, brother of Benoît Constant Coquelin.

He made his debut at the Odèon, but in 1868 joined his brother at the Français, and was made sociétaire in 1879. He plays nearly all the cumie parts in the older plays, and in modern comedy such parts as Frédéric in " L ' A m i Fritz," and Ulrich in " Lc sphinx." H e has written, under the name of Pirouette as well as his own, various monologues or books on the subject of monologues, as i ; L e monologue moderne " (1881), ' ' La vie humoristique " (1883), " P i r o u e t t e " (1S88), etc.

Copley, John Singleton. Born at Boston, Coquelin, Jean. Born Bec. 1, 1865. A French Mass., May 21, 1772 : died in England, Oct. actor, son of Benoît Constant Coquelin. He has 12, 1863. A distinguished English jurist and adopted his father's rôles, making his first appearance at statesman, son of J. S. Copley (1737-1815), the Comédie Française Kov. 20,1890. created Baron Lyndhurst in 1827. He was grad- Coquerel (kôk-rel'), Athanase Josué. Born at uated at Cambridge University (Trinity College), became Amsterdam, June 16, 1820 : died at Fismes, a " traveling fellow " of the university, and visited the Marne, France, July 24, 1875. A French ProtUnited States in 1795-96. H e rose rapidly at the bar, enestant clergyman, and theological and historical tered Parliament in 1818, became solicitor-general June, 1819, was attorney-general 1824-26, aud was lord chan- writer, son of A.L.C. Coquerel. He wrote "Jean cellor 1827-30, 1834, and 1841-45. Calas et sa famille" (1858), "Libres études" Copmanhurst, The Clerk of. Friar Tuck, in (1867), etc. Coquerel, Athanase Laurent Charles. Born the Robin Hood stories. at Paris, Aug. 27, 1795: died at Paris, Jan. 10, Coppée ( k o - p à ' ) , François Edouard Joachim 1868. A French Protestant clergyman (in Jer( c a l l e d François). B o r n a t P a r i s , J a n . 12,1842. sey, Amsterdam, Leyden, Utrecht, and Paris) A F r e n c h w r i t e r . H e made his reputation first as a and theological writer. He was a member of the Conpoet, afterward writing f o r the stage. He was made in

Copeland (kôp'Jand), Ralph. Born atWoodplumpton, Lancashire, 1837. A British astronomer, professor in the University of Edinburgh and astronomer royal to Scotland. Copenhagen (kô-pen-hà'gen). [Dan. Ejobenhavtu

F r e n c h a c t o r . H e made his first appearance at the Théâtre Français in I860, and became sociétaire in 1864. His greatest success has been in French classic comedy. He is also celebrated as a reciter of poetry. H e has published various works in relation to poetry and the dramatic art : " L ' A r t et le c o m é d i e n " (1880). " M o l i è r e et le misanthrope" (1881), " L e s comédiens pai' un comédien" 1882), " T a r t u f e " (1884), " L ' A r t de dire le m o n o l o g u e " 1884 : with his brother), etc.

University of Pennsylvania 1855-66 ; president of Lehigh University 1866-75, when he exchanged this position for the chair of history. He was made a regent of the Smithsonian Institution in 1874, and has published " Elements of L o g i c " (1857), " E l e m e n t s of R h e t o r i c " (1859), or Cortez (kòr'tez), HerBorn at (540). The constitutions of the Emperors were again all who had any trading interest in the Mediterranean. nando, or Hernán, or Fernando. sifted from the extant collections and from the addi- The Venetians, Genoese, Pisans in older days, the Eng- M e d e l l i n , E s t r e m a d u r a , S p a i n , 1485: d i e d a t tions thereto, abridged and united in the twelve books lish, French, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and American Gov- C a s t i l l e j o d e l a C u e s t a , n e a r S e v i l l e , l>ec. 2, ernments in modern times, purchased security by the pay1547. A f a m o u s S p a n i s h s o l d i e r , t h e c o n q u e r o r of the Codex lustinianus. The extracts from the ius vetus were arranged in 50 books called Digesta, a. 530-533. On ment of a regular tribute, or by the periodical presenta- of M e x i c o . In 1504 he went to Española, and in 1511 to the basis of the new legislation a new manual was like- tion of costly gifts. The penalty of resistance was too well Cuba where he married. In 1518 Velasquez gave him known to need exemplification. Thousands of Christian wise elaborated by Tribonian, Theophilos and Dorotheos, command of 12 vessels and 508 soldiers, destined to follow the four books of Institutiones, chiefly after Gaius. To slaves in the bagnios at Algiers bore witness to the conse- up(Irijalva's Mexican discoveries. Suspecting disloyalty, these collections of Justinian were added subsequent or- quences of an independent policy. So long as the nations Velasquez wished to recall him at the last moment, but dinances, Novellœ, in several private collections, from a. of Europe continued to quarrel among themselves, instead Cortés evaded him and finally left C'uba Feb. 18, 1519. 533 to about the end of tlie century, mostly in Greek. of presenting a united line of battle to the enemy, such Rounding Yucatan, he had conflicts with the Indians of Though Justinian, in causing these collections to be made, humiliations had to be endured ; so long as a Corsair raid Tabasco ; landed and founded Vera C ruz in April ; and in besides the craving to immortalise his name, was gov- upon Spain suited the policy of Franco ; so long as the Aug. began his marcii to Mexico City, notwithstanding the erned by the autocratic idea of establishing mechanical Dutch, in their jealousy of other states, could declare that remonstrances of the messengers of Montezuma, the chief uniformity, foreclosing controversies among the lawyers Algiers was necessary to them, there was no chance of the or "emperor" of that city. Montezuma did not directly and debarring the judge from the exercise of his individ- plague subsiding ; and it was not till the close of the great resist him, but he had to fight several severe battles (Sept.) ual opinion, still it was he who rescued the treasures of Napoleonic wars that the Powers agreed, at the Congress ancient jurisprudence, otherwise doomed to destruction, of Aix la Chapelle in 1818, to act together, and do away with the independent Tlascalans, who eventually joined rendered possible an historical treatment of Roman law with the scourge of Christendom. And even then little him with a large force. At Ch-olula (Oct.) he massacred a by liis Digest, and laid the foundation of all further de- was accomplished till France combined territorial ag- great number of natives as a punishment for a real or supgrandizement with the rôle of a civilizing influence. posed conspiracy, and on Nov. 8 marched over the lake velopment of that law. causeways into Mexico, Montezuma coming out to meet Poole, Story of the Barbary Corsairs, p. 3. him. The Spaniards wore hospitably lodged, and received Teuffel and Schwabe, Hist, of Rom. Lit. (tr. by Warr\ [II. 542. rich presents; but on the rumor of an uprising Cortés seized Corse (kôrs), John Murray. Born at Pitts- and held Montezuma as a hostage. Velasquez having sent C o r r a l ( k o r - r a l ' ) , P o i n c i a n o , B o r n i n C o s t a b u r g , P a . , A p r i l 25, 1 8 3 5 : d i e d a t W i n c h e s t e r , Panfilo de Narvaez in pursuit of Cortés, the latter left 150 An American general. He men under Alvarado, made a rapid march, defeated and R i c a a b o u t 1 8 1 0 : d i e d a t G r a n a d a , N i c a r a g u a , A p r i l 27, 1893. N o v . 8, 1855. A C e n t r a l A m e r i c a n g e n e r a l . He entered West Point in 1853, but left before graduating, captured Narvaez at Cempoala May 28, 1520, and enlisted defeated Castellon early in 1855, and Walker in June of and studied law. At the outbreak of the Civil War he most of his men. On his return he found the Spaniards entered the Union army as a major of volunteers. He closely besieged by the Mexicans, who had at last risen in that year. In October he gave in his adherence to Walker and Rivas, and was made minister of war ; but he was de- commanded a division at Memphis ; was commissioned arms. Cortés and his men were allowed to march in, but brigadier-general in 1S63 ; served in the Chattanooga camthe flght was at once resumed. The captive Montezuma tected in a correspondence with the legitimist leaders, paign ; participated in the battles of Ohickamauga and was killed by a shower of stones while attempting to paraccused by Walker, tried, and shot. Missionary Ridge ; " h e l d t h e f o r t " a t Allatoona, against ley; and on the night of June 30 the Spaniards tried to leave Correa da Serra (kor-râ'à dâ ser'râ), José a largely superior force of the enemy, Oct, 5, 1864 : was the city secretly. They were discovered, and lost half their F r a n c i s c o . B o r n a t S e r p a , P o r t u g a l , J u n e 6, made brevet major-general in 1864 ; and commanded a force, and most of the treasure they had collected, in a 1750 : (lied a t C a l d a s d a R a i n h a , P o r t u g a l , S e p t . division in Sherman's march to the sea. He was collector fierce battle on one of tlie causeways ; still hotly pursued, of internal revenue at Chicago 1867-69, and was subse- they fought another great battle at Otumba July 7. finally 11, 1823. A P o r t u g u e s e n a t u r a l i s t , h i s t o r i a n , quently postmaster of Boston. escaping into Tlascala. Here Cortés reorganized his army, a n d p o l i t i c i a n . H e e d i t e d t h e first t h r e e v o l C o r S e r p e n t i s (kôr sèr-pen'tis). [ L . ( N L . ) , receiving many Indian allies ; and, aided by ships which u m e s of t h e " C o l l e c ç a o d e l i v r o s i n e d i t o s d a ' t h e h e a r t of t h e s e r p e n t ' : cor = E . heart,'] he built on the lakes, began the siege of Mexico in May, 1521. Under G-uatemotzin the city was desperately deh i s t o r i a P o r t u g u e z a " (1790-1816). a g n i t u d e s t a r a S e r p e n t i s , m o r e fended, and most of it was leveled with the ground before Correggio (kor-red'jo), Antonio Allegri da. To fhtee n s ce ac lol ne dd - m Vnulcalhai. it was taken: Guatemotzin was captured Aug. 13, 1521. B o r n a t C o r r e g g i o , n e a r M o d e n a , I t a l y , 1494: After this success, Cortés was empowered by the emperor d i e d t h e r e , M a r c h 5, 1534. A f a m o u s I t a l i a n C o r s i c a ( k ô r ' s i - k â ) . [ F . Corse.] A n i s l a n d i n to conquer all of New Spain, and in 1523 he was made t h e M e d i t e r r a n e a n , f o r m i n g a d e p a r t m e n t of p a i n t e r of t h e L o m b a r d s c h o o l , p r o b a b l y a p u - F r a n c e : t h e G r e e k C y r n u s (K.bpvoç) i t is sepa- governor. Mexico was rebuilt. Expediiiotis were sent in : p i l of F r a n c e s c o B i a n c h i a t M o d e n a . His life was rated from Sardinia to the south by the Strait of Bonifacio, various directions, and navigation of the Pacific compassed within the confines of Lombard y/ in Correggio, and lies about 50 miles S.W. of Tuscany. Its surface is menced. To settle disorders in Honduras. Cortés marched Modena, and Parma. It is more than doubtful whether mountainous, its highest summit being Monte Rotondo. overland to that region (Oct., 1524, to April, 1525), enduring he ever visited Rome. " I n facility of handling, in abso- I t exports wine, olive-oil, timber, etc. The capital is terrible suiferings. During this long absence his enemies lute mastery of the difficulties of foreshortening, in the Ajaccio, and the chief town Bastia. The language is gained power: he was deposed from the governorship management of light and shade as distributed over vast Italian. I t was acquired by the Romans at the end of the July, 1520, and in 152$ went to Spain to seek redress. Charles V. received him with high honor : he was made marquis spaces and affecting multitudes of figures, this great masfirst Punic war, and was heid successively by the Vandal s, of the Valley of Oaxaca (Mexico) and military captain-genter has no rival. " Perkin». Goths, Franks, Saraccns, and Pisans, and from the 14th eral of New Spain, but was not restored to the governorC o r r è z e ( k o r - r â z ' ) . A d e p a r t m e n t , of F r a n c e , century by the Genoese. I t was acquired by France in ship. His first wife having died, he married a lady of noble l y i n g b e t w e e n H a u t e - V i e n n e a n d C r e u s e o n t h e 1768. The revolt of the Cor3ican Paoli in 1793 placed Cor- birth, and in 1530 returned to Mexico, where he lived in n o r t h , P u y - d e - D ô m e a n d C a n t a l o n t h e e a s t , sica under British r u l e ; but it was regained by France great splendor on the vast estates granted to him. But L o t o n t h e s o u t h , a n d D o r d o g n e o n t h e w e s t . in 1796. I t is noted for its vendettas. It was the birth- the machinations of his enemies continued; his exploraplace of Napoleon I. Length, 114 miles. Width, 52 miles. tions of the west coast (1533-39) were greatly bumpered ; I t f o r m e d p a r t of t h e a n c i e n t L i m o u s i n . C a p - Area, 3,377 square miles. Population (1891), 288,596. and in 1540 he again went to Spain to seek redress. In 1541 i t a l , T u l l e . A r e a , 2,265 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u - Corsican Brothers, The. A translation by he was with the emperor in the Algerine campaign. l a t i o n (1891), 328,1.19. B o u c i c a u l t of a p o p u l a r F r e n c h p l a y , u L e s Charles refused or put off his demands, and. despairing of redress, Cortés was about going back to Mexico, when he C o r r i b ( k o r ' r i b ) , L o u g h . T h e s e c o n d l a r g e s t f r è r e s c o r s e s . " T h e p l o t t u r n s o n t h e m y s - died. His honors, by failure of the direct line with his terious sympathy between Louis and Fabian l a k e i n I r e l a n d , s i t u a t e d i n t h e c o u n t i e s of d e i F r a n c h i , w h o a r e t w i n b r o t h e r s . great-grandson, have passed to the dukes of Terranova and G a l w a y a n d M a y o . I t r e c e i v e s t h e w a t e r s of C o r s o ( k ô r ' s ô ) . O n e of t h e p r i n c i p a l s t r e e t s of Monteleone, in Sicily ; his Mexican estates have several L o u g h M a s k , a n d h a s i t s o u t l e t i n t h e C o r r i b R o m e . I t extends for nearly a mile from the Piazza del times been sequestrated, but portions are now held by the heirs. Popolo, and is the chief scene of the annual carnival. River. C o r r i c h i e (kor-rich/i). A moor situated west of A b e r d e e n , S c o t l a n d . I t w a s t h e s c e n e of a Corssen (kors'sen), Wilhelm Paul. Born at Cortés, José Domingo. Born about 1830 : died v i c t o r y of t h e E a r l of M o r a v o v e r t h e E a r l of B r e m e n , G e r m a n y , J a n . 2 0 , 1 8 2 0 : d i e d a t L i c h - 1884. A C h i l i a n a u f l l o r . He was long a journalist, t e r f e l d e , n e a r B e r l i n , J u n e 18, 1875. A G e r H u n t l y i n 1562. m a n p h i l o l o g i s t . His works include "Über Aussprache, subsequently attaché at Brussels, and finally government C o r r i e n t e s (kor-rë-en'tes). 1 . A p r o v i n c e of Vokalistnus, und Betonung der lateinischen Sprache" director of libraries in Bolivia. Among his numerous t h e A r g e n t i n e R e p u b l i c , l y i n g s o u t h of P a r a - (1858-59), "Kritische Beiträge zur lateinischen Formen- biographical and historical works are the "Diccionario biográfico Americano," "Poetas Americanos," "Historia g u a y a n d w e s t of B r a z i l a n d U r u g u a y . A r e a , lehre" (1863), etc. 32,000 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), a b o u t C o r t ( k o r t ) , C o r n e l l s . B o r n a t H o o r n , N e t h e r - de Bolivia," and " Estadística bibliográfica de Bolivia." C o r t é s , M a r t i n . B o r n i n M e x i c o , 1532: d i e d 220,000.— 2. T h e c a p i t a l of t h e a b o v e | r r o v i n c e T l a n d s , a f t e r 1 5 3 0 : d i e d a t R o m e , 1578. A i n S p a i n , A u g . 13, 1589. T h e l e g i t i m a t e son s i t u a t e d o n t h e P a r a n a i n l a t . 27° 2 9 ' S., l o n g . D u t c h e n g r a v e r . H i s w o r k s i n c l u d e n o t e d e n - of H e r n a n d o C o r t e s . He went to Spain in l."40, was 58° 4 9 ' W . I t h a s s o m e r i v e r t r a d e . F o u n d e d g r a v i n g s a f t e r T i t i a n , R a p h a e l , a n d o t h e r liberally educated, followed the court of Philip II. to Flanders and England, and served with distinction in tlie i n 1588. P o p u l a t i o n (1889), 14,000. masters. He inherited the title of Marques del Valle, and Corrievrekin (kor-i-vrek'in), or Coryvreckan C o r t ( k ö r t ) , H e n r y . B o r n a t L a n c a s t e r , E n g - army. most of the Mexican estates were restored to him. I n ( - a n ) . A d a n g e r o u s w h i r l p o o l o r s o u n d b e - l a n d , 1740: d i e d 1800. A n E n g l i s h i r o n - m a s t e r , 1562 he went to Mexico, where he lived in great splendor t w e e n J u r a a n d S c a r b a , off t h e c o a s t of A r g y l l - c a l l e d t h e " f a t h e r of t h e i r o n - t r a d e . " He was until July, 156G, when he was accused of conspiring with shire, Scotland. the inventor of the process of "puddling," and of the the brothers Avila to make himself king. (Sec Avila, C o r r i l ( k o r ' i l ) , D a n i e l . B o r n 1 7 7 7 : d i e d a t "puddle-rolls" used to draw out the puddled ball of iron Alanzo de.) He was sent to Spain, but was exonerated after several years. His illegitimate brother, of the same M a d r a s , i n d i a , F e b . 5, 1837. A n E n g l i s h m i s - into bars. name, was involved in the accusation and horribly tors i o n a r y i n I n d i a , a p p o i n t e d a r c h d e a c o n of C a l - C o r t e ( k ö r ' t e ) . A t o w n i n C o r s i c a , 35 m i l e s tured. c u t t a i n 1823, a n d first b i s h o p of M a d r a s i n n o r t h e a s t of A j a c c i o . I t w a s t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s C o r t é s , S e a Of. A n a m e g i v e n , i n m a p s a n d of P a o l i ' s g o v e r n m e n t i n t h e 1 8 t h c e n t u r v . 1835. He went to India as an army chaplain in 1806, b o o k s of t h e 1 6 t h c e n t u r y , t o t h e G u l f of C a l i and from the first added the labors of a missionary to his P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e , 5,029. f o r n i a , i n h o n o r of H e r n a n d o C o r t é s , o n e of i t s C o r t e n u o v a ( k ö r - t e - n ö - ö ' v ä ) . A v i l l a g e in t h e oflicial duties. He founded several missions. C o r r y ( k o r ' i ) . A c i t y of E r i e C o u n t y , P e n n s y l - p r o v i n c e of B e r g a m o , I t a l y , a b o u t 32 m i l e s first e x p l o r e r s .

Corteze, I l

Costello, Dudley

283

Corteze (kor-tâ'ze), II. [It.,' The Courteous.'] of Asia Minor in lat. 36° 50' N., long. 27° 5' E. Cossacks, Province of the Don. See Don A famous Italian book of manners, written by I t is celebrated as the birthplace of Apelles, Ptolemy Cossacks, Province of the, Philadelphus, and Hippocrates, and also for its vineyards. Baldassare Castiglione. It was translated into Area, about 95 simare miles. Population, about 20,000, Cossé (ko-sa'), Charles de (Comte de Brissac), Born in Anjou, France, about 1505: died at English in 1561 by Sir Thomas Hoby. Cosa (kó'sa), Juan de la. Date of birth un- Paris, Dec. 31, 1.163. A marshal of France. Cortina (kor-te'na). The chief place in the known: died near the Bay of Cartagena, Nov., Val Ampezzo, southern Tyrol, near the Italian 1509. A Spanish navigator, one of the most He was present at the siege of Naples in 1528, served against the English and Imperialists in Champagne and frontier. skilful of his timer He was with Columbus in the Flanders 1544-46, and became grand master of the artilCortland (kört'land). The capital of Cortland voyage of 1493 and during the exploration of Cuba, and lery in 1547, and marshal of France in 1550. County, New York, 32 miles south of Syracuse. he made at least five voyages to the northern coast of Cosseans (ko-sé'anz). A wild and warlike South America: viz., with Ojeda, May, 1499, to June, people formerly inhabiting the Zagros MounPopulation (1890), 8,590. 1500; with Bastidas, Oct., 150U, to Sept., 1502; in comnortheast of Babylon. They are mentioned Cortona (kôr-tô'nii). [L. ; Gr. Kôpruvn.'] A mand of successful expeditions in search of gold, etc., tains by Polybius, Diodorus Siculus, Strabo, and others, and town in the province of Arezzo, Italy, 50 1504 to 1506, and 1507 to 1508 ; and finally with Ojeda in are probably identical with the Kaém or Eatehi of the miles southeast of Florence. It is noted for its 1509, when he was killed by the Indians. Of La CoBa's cuneiform inscriptions. About the year 1500 B. C. they Etruscau and other antiquities, and its ancient walla. I t has a cathedral, and was the birthplace of Luca Signorelli. I t was one of the twelve confederate Etruscan cities.

charts two or three have come down to us. His map of the New World, made in 1500, is the oldest known. I t is now the property of the Spanish government.

Oosigüina (ko-se-gwé'na). A volcano at the Coruna, Coude de la. See Mendoza, Lorenzo extreme western end of Nicaragua, situated on Suarez de. a peninsula between the Gulf of Fonseca and Corunna (kö-run'ä), Sp. L a Comna (Iä kö- t h e P a c i f i c . I t is less than 4,000 feet high, but is rerön'yä). [ï\ La Corogne.] A province in markable for one of the most violent eruptions ever reGalicia, Spain, lying between the Atlantic on corded. This began on Jan. 20, 1835, and lasted three the north and west, Lugo on the east, and days: the cloud of ashes darkened the country for a disPontevedra on the south. Area, 3,079 square tance of from 50 to 100 miles from the crater; near the base they lay several feet thick, and were carried by the miles. Population (1887), 613,792. Corunna, or Coruna, La, OE. " The Groyne." wind to Jamaica, Oajaca in Mexico, and Bogotá in Colombia. The explosions are said to have been heard in A seaport, capital of the province of Corunna, situated in lat. 43° 23' N., long. 8° 25' W.: Mexico City. Oosenza (kó-sen'dza). 1. A province in Cathe Roman Brigantium (in the middle ages C o r o n i u m ) . I t exports cattle, peat, sardines, etc. I t was labria, Italy. Also called Calabria Citeriore. Area, 2,568 square miles. Population (1891), the sailing-port of the Armada in 1588 ; was taken by Drake in 1589; and was the scene, Jan. 16, 1809, of the 464,510.— 2. The capital of the province of Cosenza, Italy, situated in lat. 39° 19' N v long. battle of Corunna, in which 14,000 British troops under Sir John Moore, on their retreat before the French, defeated 20,001) of the enemy under Sonlt. The British commander was killed, hut the defeat of the French army secured the retreat of his army. Population (1887), 37,251.

16° 18' E . : the ancient Consentía.

It containa a

cathedral. The city suffers severely from earthquakes. Alaric died near here in 410. Population (1891), commune, 20,000.

Cosette (kd-set')» In Victor Hugo's " L e s Miserables," the daughter of Fantine, adopted by Oorvei, or Corvey (kor'vi). An old and cele- Jean Valjean. Her name is given to the secbrated German Benedictine abbey about lu- ond part of the story. nules from Höxter on the Weser. It was founded Oosin (kuz'in), John. Born at Norwich, Engin the reign of Louis the Pious, 813, by Iiis uncles Adelhard land, Nov. 30, 1594: died at London, Jan. 15, and Wala. Its first occupants were monks from Corbie 1672. A noted English divine and writer. He (whence the name Çorbeia Nova) in Picardy.

Corvin-Wiersbitzki (kor ' vën - vers - bit ' skê), Otto Julius Bernhard. Born at Gumbinnen, Prussia, Oct. 12, 1812: died at Wiesbaden, March 2, 1886. A Oferman politician, journalist, and miscellaneous writer. He published "Illustrirte Weltgeschichte" (1844-51), etc. Corvino (kôr-vë'nô). A merchant, the husband of Celia, in Ben Jonsons comedy " Volpone " : a mixture ''of wittol, fool, and knave." Out of pure covetousness he falls into Mosca's plot to give his wife up to Volpone. Corvinus. Matthias. See Matthias I. Corvinus. Corvisart-Desmarets (kor-ve-zär'dä-ma-ra' ), Baron Jean Nicolas de. Born at Drécourt, Ardennes, France, Feb. 15,1755: died at Courbevoie, near Paris, Sept. 18, 1821. A noted French physician. He "wrote "Essai sur les maladies da cœur, etc." (1808), etc. Oorvus (kôr'vus). [L., 'a raven.'] An ancient southern constellation, the Raven. It presents a characteristic configuration of four stars of the second or third magnitude. Oorvus, Marcus Valerius. See Valerius. Corwin (kôr'win), Thomas. Born in Bourbon County, Ky., July 29,1794: died at Washington, D. C,, Dec. 18, 1865. An American statesman

was appointed master of Peterhouse, Cambridge, in 1635, vice-chancellor of Cambridge University in 1639, dean of Peterborough in 1640, and bishop of Durham in 1660. He was a churchman of the school of Laud, and an active Royalist during the civil war; and in 1644 was obliged to retire to Paris, where be became chaplain to the household of Queen Henrietta Maria, After the Restoration he returned to England, and rose to a position of great influence in the church.

Cosmas (kos'mas) and Damian (da'mi-an), Saints. Two martyrs famous in the Eastern C h u r c h . They worked as physicians and missionaries. They were martyred in Cilicia under Diocletian. A basilica was built in their honor at Constantinople by Justinian, and one at Rome by Felix. IL

invaded Babylonia, ruling the country for several centuries ; and as late as the time of Sennacherib (705-681) an expedition against them is recorded. Possibly they, and not the Ethiopians, are meant by Cush (to be read Cash) in many passages of the Old Testament : e. g., Gen. x. 7, 8, where, among the descendants of "Cush," Nimrod and the founders of other Semitic tribes appear.

Cossimbazar (kos/; sim-ba-zar ' ). A former important city of India, near Murshidabad. COSSOVO.

See

Kosovo.

Cossutius (ko-su'shius). A Roman architect who, under Antiochus Epiphanes (175 to 164), built a large part of the temple of Zeus at Athens, begun in the time of Pisistratus and finished in that of Hadrian. Costa (kos'ta), Claudio Manuel da. Born at Carmo? Minas Geraes, June 6, 1729: died at Villa Rica (now Ouro Preto), 1789. A Brazilian poet. H e was a lawyer in Villa Rica. In 1789 he was arrested for taking part in the conspiracy of Tiradentes, and a few days after he committed suicide in prison. His name was declared infamous and his goods were confiscated, but his sonnets and songs, published long after his death, have placed him in the first rank among Portuguese poets.

Costa, Sir Michael. Born at Naples, Feb. 4, 1810 : died at West Brighton, England, April 29, 1884. A noted musician, composer of operas, oratorios, ballets, etc., and musical

d i r e c t o r . He wrote the oratorios "Eli"£1855), "Naaman " (1864), etc. The greater part of his life was spent in England.

Costa Cabrai (kos'ta ka-bral'), Antonio Bernardo da, Duke of Thomar. Born at Fornos de Algodres, Beira, Portugal, May 9,1803 : died at San Juan de Fior, Sept. 1, 1889. A Portuguese statesman.

He was minister of justice and ec-

clesiastical affairs 1830-42, and of the interior 1842-46. In the latter year he was overthrown by a popular uprising against his tyranny and misgovernment. H e was prime minister again 1849-61.

Costa Carvalho (kos'tà kàr-val'yò), José da. Born at Penha, Bahia, Feb. 7, 1796: died at Rio de Janeiro, Sept. 18, 1860. A Brazilian

t a t e s m a n . He was a member of the constituent asCosmas, surnamed Indicopleustes. [Gr. Kocr- ssembly of 1822, and deputy in several successive parliapag Jvoikottm:vct7jc ('the Indian voyager').] ments. At first an ardent liberal, he went over to the Lived in the 6th century A. D. A n Egyp- conservatives in 1838. He was senator from 1839. and ortian monk and traveler, author of a work on ganized the conservative cabinet of 1848. This ministry geography and theology, " Topographia Chris- is remarkable in South American history as having directed the war which ended in the downfall of Rosas. Costa Cartiana;" Cosmati (kos-ma'te). A family or school of valho was successively named baron, viscount, and marsculptors in Rome who originated the scheme quis of Monte Alegre. of decorated architecture called "Cosma- Costanoan (kòs-ta'nò-an). [From Sp. costano, tesque" about the middle of the 12th century. coastman.] A linguistic stock of North AmerI t flourished for more than 150 years. The beauty of ican Indians, whose territory extended from the work depends mainly upon the skilful combination of and orator. He entered Congress in 1831. l i e was mosaics, disks of porphyry, and many-colored marbles the Golden Gate, California, to a point below governor of Ohio 1840-42, United States senator from found among the ruins of Rome. The principal members Monterey Bay, and thence to the mountains Ohio 1845-50, secretary of the treasury 1850-53, member of the family were Fiero, Odericus, Giovanni, Adeodatus, in the vicinity of Soledad Mission, its eastern of Congress 1859-61, and United States minister to Mexico

1861-6t.

and Pasquale. Examples of their work are the Duomo of Civita Castellana, the cloisters of San Paolo, and the portico and pulpit of San Lorenzo.

Oosmo. See Medici. Coryate, or Coryat (kôr'yat), Thomas. Born Cosmos (koz'mos). [Gr. KÓGfiog, order.] A at Odcombc, Somerset, about 1577: died at "physical description of the universe n by Surat, India, Dec.. 1617. An English traveler. Alexander von Humboldt, published 1845-58. He made a journey through France, Savoy, Italy, Swit- Cosmos Club. A club in Washington, D. C., zerland, and other countries of the Continent in 1608, an composed chiefly of scientific men, organized account of which was published in 1611 under the title " Coryat's Crudities." In 1612 he started on a tour of the East, and visited Palestine, Persia, and India, in which last-named country he fell a victim to disease.

Corybantes (kor-i-ban'tez). The priests of the goddess Rhea in Phrygia, whose worship they celebrated by orgiastic dances. Corydon (kor'i-don). 1. A shepherd in Vergil's seventh eclogue, andin Theocritus; hence, a conventional name in pastoral poetry for a shepherd or a rustic swain.— 2. A shepherd in Spenser's " Faerie Queene," in love with Pastorella.—3. A shoemaker of Constantinople, in Scott's "Count Robert of Paris."—4. A shepherd in Spenser's "Colin Clout." Cory gaum. A place south of Poona, India, the scene of a British victory over the Mahrattas in 1818. Coryvreckan. See Corrievrekin. Oos, or Kos (kos). [Gr. Kwf, Kôur, mod. Gr. KtJTtfç; It. JStan ko, Stanchio.'] An island in the .¿Egean Sea, belonging to Turkey, situated west

i n 1878. The club is located at the southeast corner of Lafayette Place and H street, in the house formerly occupied by Dolly Madison.

boundary followed an irregular line from the southern end of Salinas Valley toGilroy Hot Springs and the upper waters of Conestimba Creek ; thence along the San Joaquin to ita mouth. The northern boundary was formed by Suisun Bay, C'arquinez Straits, San Pablo and San Francisco bays, and the Golden Gate. Prior to the Spanish mission period the stock was numerous, consisting of the Ahwaste, Altahmo, Aulintac, Carquin, Mutsun, 01hone, Roraonan, Rumsen, Thamien, and Tulomo tribes. There were about 30 survivors at Santa Cruz and Monterey in 1888.

Costard (kos'tard). A character in Shakspere's "Love's Labour's Lost,'" a clownish peasant. C o s t a r i c a (kos'ta ré'kà). [Sp.,'the rich coast.'] Oossa (kós'sa), Luigi. Born at Milan, May 27, The southernmost of the republics of Central 1831. An Italian political economist, professor America, bounded by Nicaragua on the north, of his science at Pavia from 1858. the Caribbean Sea on the east, Colombia on the Oossacks (kos'aks). [Said to be of Tatar ori- south, and the Pacific on the west and southgin.] A military people inhabiting the steppes west. Capital, San José. The surface is generally of Russia along the lower Don and about the mountainous, and the chief export is coffee. The language Dnieper, andin lesser numbers in eastern Rus- is Spanish ; the religion is ltoman Catholic ; and the govsia, Caucasia, Siberia, and elsewhere.

Their

origin is uncertain, but their nucleus is supposed to have consisted of refugees from the ancient limits of Russia, forced by hostile invasion to the adoption of a military organization or order, which grew into a more or less free tribal existence. Their independent spirit has led to numerous unsuccessful revolts, ending in their subjection, although they retain various privileges. As light cavalry they form an element in the Russian army very valuable in skirmishing operations and in the protection of the frontiers of the empire.

Cossacks, The. A novel by L . Tolstoi, published 1852. It was translated into English in 1878.

ernment is republican, the executive being a president and congress consisting of a single house. Costa Rica was discovered by Columbus in 1502. Diego de Nicuesa failed in an attempt to colonize it in 1509. The first settlement was made by Francisco Hernandez in 1523, and the country was conquered 1526-65. Independence was declared in 1821, and the territory formed part of the federal republic of Central America from 1823 to 1839. Area (official), 22,996 or, by planimetrie calculation, 20,873 square miles. Population (1892), 243,206.

Costello (kos-tel'ò), Dudley. Born in Sussex, England, 1803 : died at London, Sept. 30, 1865. A British soldier, novelist, journalist, and mis-.

Costello, Dudley

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284

cellaneous writer. H e w r o t e " A Tour t h r o u g h t h e Valley of t h e Meuse, w i t h t h e Legends of t h e Walloon C o u u t r y and t h e A r d e n n e s " (1845), " P i e d m o n t a n d Italy, f r o m t h e Alps to t h e T i b e r " (1859-61), etc. H e served as ensign in t h e W e s t Indies, r e t i r i n g oil half pay in 1828 ; l a t e r h e w a s f o r e i g n c o r r e s p o n d e n t of t h e " M o r n i n g Herald " a n d t h e " Daily Kews.

of t h e d e p a r t m e n t of M a n c h e , its capital was Cou-

f o u n d e d t h e " H o r e n " (1795), and t h e " A l l g e m e i n e Zeit u n g " (1798), at A u g s b u r g ) .

t a n c e s . I t was s e t t l e d by t h e N o r m a n s a n d a n n e x e d to N o r m a n d y a p p a r e n t l y in t h e r e i g n of t h e second D u k e of N o r m a n d y (William Longsword).

Cottar's Saturday Night. A poem by Robert

flax. Capital, St. Brieuc. Area, 2,659 s q u a r e miles. Population (1891), 618,652.

Cottle (kot'l), Amos Simon. Born in Glouces-

B u r n s , first p u b l i s h e d in a v o l u m e of p o e m s in C o t e s (kôts), R o g e r . B o r n at B u r b a g e , Leices- 1786. t e r s h i r e , E n g l a n d , J u l y 10, 1682 : died a t Cam- Cottbus. See Kottbus. E n g l a n d , J u n e 5,1716. A n o t e d English Costello, Louise Stuart. Born in Ireland, 1799 : mbridge, athematician. H e was a g r a d u a t e of C a m b r i d g e C o t t e n h a m , E a r l of. See Pepys, Charles Chrisd i e d a t Boulogne, April 24, 1870. A British (Trinity College), a n d P l u m i a n professor (1706) of astro n- topher. w r i t e r a n d m i n i a t u r e - p a i n t e r , sister of D u d l e y oniy and n a t u r a l philosophy a t t h a t university. H e was a Cottereau (kot-rö' ), Jean, called Jean Chouan. C o s t e l l o . She w r o t e " S o n g s of a S t r a n g e r " (1826), " A f r i e n d of Newton, a n d aided him in p r e p a r i n g t h e e d i t i o n B o r n a t St. B e r t h e v i n , M a y e n n e , F r a n c e , Oct. S u m m e r a m o n g t h e Bocages and Vines " (1840), " G a b r i - of t h e " Principia " w h i c h a p p e a r e d in 1713, f o r w h i c h h e 30, 1757: killed n e a r L a v a l , F r a n c e , J u l y 29, elle, or P i c t u r e s of a R e i g n '' (1843), " T h e Rose Garden of also w r o t e t h e preface. T h e i r correspondence w a s p u b 1794. L e a d e r of t h e i n s u r g e n t r o y a l i s t s (ChouP e r s i a " (1845), etc. lished in 1850. H e p u b l i s h e d only one scientific t r e a t i s e ( " L o g o m e t r i a " ) d u r i n g his l i f e : his p a p e r s w e r e e d i t e d a n s ) in B r i t t a n y a n d t h e iieighborinf? r e g i o n s Coster, or Koster (kos'ter), Laurens Janszoon. by R o b e r t S m i t h and p u b l i s h e d in 1722. in 1793-94. [Laurms son of Jan, s u r n a m e d (D.) Koster, A d e p a r t m e n t Cottin (ko-tan'), Madame (Sophie Risteau). t h e s e x t o n . ] A citizen of H a a r l e m who, ac- C ô t e s - d u - N o r d ( k ö t ' d ü - n o r ' ) c o r d i n g t o H a d r i a n u s J u n i u s in his l i B a t a v i a " i n B r i t t a n y , F r a n c e , l y i n g b e t w e e n t h e E n g l i s h B o r n M a r c h 22, 1770: died a t P a r i s , A u g . 25, (1588), i n v e n t e d t h e a r t of p r i n t i n g w i t h m o v - C h a n n e l on t h e n o r t h , Ille-et-Vilaine on t h e 1807. A F r e n c h n o v e l i s t . Her best-known work is a b l e t y p e s a b o u t 1440 (?). The claims of Coster e a s t , M o r b i h a n on t h e south, a n d F i n i s t è r e on " E l i s a b e t h , ou les Exiles en Siberie " (1806). A n i c k n a m e g i v e n to F r e d e r i c k t h e (whose i d e n t i t y is u n c e r t a i n ) to t h e discovery h a v e been t h e w e s t . I t s l e a d i n g i n d u s t r i e s are t h e raising of C o t t i n . m a i n t a i n e d with g r e a t confidence by t h e D u t c h a n d in horses a n d cattle, fishing, and t h e p r o d u c t i o n of h e m p a n d G r e a t b y V o l t a i r e . o t h e r q u a r t e r s , b u t a r e p r o b a b l y invalid. See Gutenberg. T h e r e is n o m e n t i o n of Coster as a p r i n t e r earlier t h a n t h e year 1550, when it was placed on a p e d i g r e e t h e n m a d e f o r G e r r i t Thomaszoon, one of Coster's d e s c e n d a n t s , who had k e p t an in u in t h e h o u s e declared t o be t h e b i r t h p l a c e of t h e a r t of p r i n t i n g . H e r e it is said of an ancestor w h o w a s Coster's sou-in-law, T h o m a s Pieterzoon, t h a t " h i s second wife was L o u r e n s Janszoon Coster's d a u g h t e r , w h o b r o u g h t t h e first p r i n t i n t o t h e world in t h e y e a r 1446." T h e figure 6 i n t h a t e n t r y lias been partially r u b b e d o u t and t r a n s f o r m e d into 0. Observation of t h i s f a c t caused Dr. V a n der L i n d e to m a k e p a r t i c u l ar search in t h e archives of t h e t o w n a n d c h u r c h of H a a r l e m , and h e f o u n d , extending over t h e y e a r s f r o m 1441, e n t r i e s of p a y m e n t s to Lour e n s Janszoon Coster (son of a J a n Coster w h o died in 1436), f o r oil a n d soap, a n d for t h e tallow candles b u r n t d u r i n g each year in t h e T o w n Hall. A f t e r 1447, L o u r e n s Janszoon Coster, having given u p h i s business as a tallow c h a n d l e r to h i s sister, G h e r t r u i t , J a n Coster's d a u g h t e r , t u r n e d t a v e r n - k e e p e r . H e w a s paid in 1451 f o r w i n o s e u t to t h e b u r g o m a s t e r ; in 1454 h e w a s c r e d i t e d w i t h sevent e e n g u i l d e r s for " a d i n n e r offered to t h e Count of Oostervant. on t h e 8th day of October, 1453, a t Lou C o s t e r ' s " ; in 1475 L o u r e n s Janszoon Coster paid a fine for buy ten drincken (drink off t h e p r e m i s e s ) : a n d t h e last e n t ô ' is t h a t i n 1483 h e paid ferry-toll for his goods w h e n he l e f t t h e town. T h e books of an old H a a r l e m d i n i n g association, t h e Holy C h r i s t m a s Corporation, r e p r e s e n t Lourens, t h e son of J a n Coster, i n h e r i t i n g a chair in t h e Corporation f r o m his f a t h e r in 1436, ami having given u p t h e c h a i r in 1484, w i t h d u e a p p e a r a n c e in 1497 of Gerrit Thomaszoon, w h o ret a i n e d also t h e inn, as a successor to t h i s f e s t i v e inherit a n c e . L o u r e n s J a n s z o o n Coster, t h e m a n first c r e d i t e d in G e r r i t Thomaszoon's p e d i g r e e w i t h t h e invention of printing, was, t h e r e f o r e , first a c h a n d l e r , t h e n a p r o s p e r o u s t a v e r n - k e e p e r ; t h e w i n e vessels cast o u t of his t y p e s were t h e old p e w t e r flagons p r o p e r to t h e t a v e r n ; and t h i s m a n h a s b e e n wrongly c o n f o u n d e d w i t h L o u r e n s J a n s z o o n , whose n a m e was n o t Coster, b u t w h o was a r i c h w i n e m e r c h a n t a n d innkeeper, t o w n councillor, sheriff, treas u r e r and governor of t h e H o s p i t a l , who died in 1439. Morley, E n g l i s h W r i t e r s , V I . 279.

Costigan (kos'ti-gan), Captain. i

t e r s h i r e , E n g l a n d , a b o u t 1768 : died a t L o n d o n , Sept. 28,1800. A n E n g l i s h w r i t e r , e l d e r b r o t h e r

o f J O S e p h C o t t l e . H e w r o t e " I c e l a n d i c Poetry, or t h e

shire, E n g l a n d : died a b o u t 1634. A n E n g l i s h E d d a of Saeinund t r a n s l a t e d i n t o E n g l i s h V e r s e " (1797), l e x i c o g r a p h e r , a u t h o r of a F r e n c h - E n g l i s h dic- and o t h e r poems. t i o n a r y , still i m p o r t a n t in t h e s t u d y of E n g l i s h C o t t l e , J o s e p h . B o r n 1770 : died a t Bristol, J u n e a n d F r e n c h philology, first p u b l i s h e d i n 1(311 7, 1853. A n E n g l i s h b o o k s e l l e r a n d p o e t , a (second e d i t i o n in 1632, w i t h a n E n g l i s h - F r e n c h f r i e n d of Coleridge, S o u t h e y , a n d W o r d s w o r t h , d i c t i o n a r y b y R o b e r t S h e r w o o d ; o t h e r editions, a n d t h e p u b l i s h e r of several of t h e i r w o r k s . r e v i s e d a n d e n l a r g e d b y J a m e s H o w e l l , i n 1650, His p o e t r y ( " M a l v e r n H i l l s " (1798), " J o h n t h e B a p t i s t " 1 6 6 0 , a n d 1 6 7 3 ) . H e studied a t Cambridge (St. J o h n ' s College), and later b e c a m e secretary to William Cecil, Lord Burghley.

Göthen. See Kothen.

(1801), " A l f r e d " (1801), " T h e Pall of C a m b r i a " (1809), " M e s s i a h " (1815)), w h i c h was of i n f e r i o r quality, is n o w k n o w n chiefly as an o b j e c t of Byron's sarcasm. H e also w r o t e " E a r l y .Recollections, chiefly r e l a t i n g to Samuel Taylor C o l e r i d g e " (1837).

C o t i n ( k o - t a n ' ) , C h a r l e s . B o r n a t P a r i s , 1604: Cotton (kot'n), Bartholomew de. An English died a t P a r i s , J a n . , 1682. A F r e n c h p r e a c h e r and author. H e was councilor a n d a l m o n e r to t h e h i s t o r i a n , a m o n k of N o r w i c h . He was the author king, a n d b e c a m e a m e m b e r of t h e F r e n c h Academy May 3, 1655. H a v i n g i n c u r r e d t h e e n m i t y of Boileau by criticizing w i t h g r e a t asperity, a t t h e H ô t e l d e Kambouillet, some of his early productions, h e was exposed to ridicule by t h e l a t t e r and by Molière, w h o satirized h i m in " L e s f e m m e s s a v a n t e s " u n d e r t h e c h a r a c t e r of Trissotin. Aut h o r of " P o é s i e s c h r é t i e n n e s " (1657).

of t h e " H i s t o r i a A n g l i c a n a " in t h r e e books, of w h i c h t h e first is t a k e n literally f r o m Geoffrey of M o n m o u t h , t h e second ( t a k e n in p a r t f r o m H e n r y of H u n t i n g d o n ) comprises t h e h i s t o r y of E n g l a n d f r o m 449 to 1298, w h i l e t h e t h i r d is an a b s t r a c t and continuation of t h e " D e gestis pontiftc u m " of W i l l i a m of Malinesbury. Diet. Nat. Biog.

C o t t o n , C h a r l e s . B o r n a t B e r e s f o r d , Staffordshire, E n g l a n d , A p r i l 28,1630: died a t W e s t m i n ster, F e b . , 1687. A n E n g l i s h p o e t , b e s t k n o w n as w i c h , E n g l a n d , M a y 16, 1782: died a t L o n d o n , t h e t r a n s l a t o r of M o n t a i g n e ' s " E s s a y s " (1685). J u l y 24, 1842. A n E n g l i s h l a n d s c a p e - p a i n t e r H e p u b l i s h e d anonymously "Scarronides, or t h e F i r s t a n d e t c h e r , b e s t k n o w n f r o m his a r c h i t e c t u r a l Book of Virgil T r a v e s t i e " (1664 : r e p r i n t e d w i t h t h e f o u r t h

Cotman (kot'man), John Sell. Born at Nor-

d r a w i n g s . H e p u b l i s h e d " S p e c i m e n s of N o r m a n and Gothic A r c h i t e c t u r e in t h e County of N o r f o l k " (1817: 50 plates), " A Series of E t c h i n g s i l l u s t r a t i v e of t h e Archit e c t u r a l A n t i q u i t i e s of N o r f o l k " (L818: €0 plates), etc. H e also executed t h e p l a t e s f o r Dawson T u r n e r ' s " A r c h i t e c t u r a l A n t i q u i t i e s of N o r m a n d y " (1822).

C o t o n a m e ( k o - t ö - n ä ' m ä ) . A f o r m e r t r i b e of North American Indians, living above the

book in 1670), a t r a n s l a t i o n of Corneille's " H o r a c e " (1(371), " A Voyage t o I r e l a n d in Burlesque," a poem (1670), a translation of G e r a r d ' s " Life of the Duke of E s p e r n o n " (1670) find of t h e " C o m m e n t a r i e s of l)c Montluc, Marshal of F r a n c e " (1074), a " s e c o n d p a r t " (un fly-fishing) to t h e f i f t h edition of Walton's " C o m p l e t e A n g l e r " (1676), etc. A collection of h i s p o e m s was p u b l i s h e d in 1689.

Cotton, George Edward Lynch. Bom at Ches-

In Thacke- m o u t h of t h e Rio G r a n d e on b o t h sides of t h e t e r , E n g l a n d , Oct. 29, 1813: d r o w n e d a t Koosh-

r a y ' s ' P e n d e n n i s , " a rakish, s h a b b y - g e n t e e l old e x - a r m y officer.

Costigan, Emily or Milly.

Coteswold. See Cotswold. Cotgrave (kot'gräv), Randle. Born in Che-

In Thackeray's

p r e s e n t Texas-Mexico b o r d e r .

The few survivors

now r e s i d e a t La Noria E a n c h e r i a , H i d a l g o County, Texas, a n d a t Las P r i e t a s i n T a m a u l i p a s , Mexico. See Coahuil-

t e a , I n d i a , Oct. 6, 1866. A n E n g l i s h e d u c a t o r a n d p r e l a t e , b i s h o p of C a l c u t t a 1858-66. He was a p p o i n t e d in 1837 a s s i s t a n t m a s t e r a t Rugby, a n d as such

figures in " T o m Brown's School-days." novel " P e n d e n n i s , " a c o m m o n p l a c e b u t b e a u - tecan. t i f u l a n d i n d u s t r i o u s a c t r e s s in t h e p r o v i n c i a l C o t o p a x i ( k ö - t ö - p a k s ' i ; Sp. p r o n . k ö - t ö - p ä ' - C o t t o n , J o h n . B o r n a t D e r b y , E n g l a n d , Dec. 4, t h e a t e r , w i t h w h o m A r t h u r P e n d e n n i s f a l l s i n He). A volcano i n t h e A n d e s , s i t u a t e d 45 miles 1585 : died a t Boston, Mass.*, Dec. 23, 1652. A love. She is t w e n t y - s i x , h e e i g h t e e n . H e r s o u t h e a s t of Quito, E c u a d o r . It is the highest P u r i t a n c l e r g y m a n who e m i g r a t e d f r o m E n g active volcano known, a n d was iirst ascended by Ueiss in l a n d a n d s e t t l e d i n B o s t o n in 1633, s o m e t i m e s s t a g e n a m e is F o t h e r i n g a y . C o s w a y ( k o s ' w â ) , R i c h a r d . B o r n a t T i v e r t o n , 1S72, and l a t e r by Stubel in 1873, and W h y m p e r in 1880. called " t h e P a t r i a r c h of N e w E n g l a n d . " He D e v o n s h i r e , 1740 : died a t L o n d o n , J u l y 4,1821. N o t e d e r u p t i o n s occurred in 1533, 1698, 1738, 1744, 1768, d r e w u p , a t t h e r e q u e s t of t h e G e n e r a l Court, an a b s t r a c t of t h e l a w s of Moses, e n t i t l e d " M o s e s , his J u d i c i a l s , " A n E n g l i s h artist, especially n o t e d a s a m i n i a - 1856, 1877, and later. H e i g h t ( W h y m p e r ) , 19,013 feet. C o t r o n a ( k ö - t r o ' n ä ) . A s e a p o r t in t h e p r o v i n c e w h i c h h e h a n d e d to t h e c o u r t in October. 1636 ; and is said t u r e - p a i n t e r . H e r e s i d e d d u r i n g t h e g r e a t e r p a r t of of C a t a n z a r o , I t a l y , s i t u a t e d on t h e I o n i a n Sea to h a v e i n t r o d u c e d in N e w E n g l a n d t h e ' p r a c t i c e of keephis life in London, w h e r e h e w a s very successful in t h e in l a t . 39° 8' N . , long. 17° 9 ' E . : t h e a n c i e n t i n g t h e Sabbath f r o m S a t u r d a y evening to t h a t of Sunday. p r a c t i c e of h i s art, g a i n i n g especially t h e p a t r o n a g e of p e o p l e of fashion.

Cota (kô'tâ), Rodrigo Cola de (Maquaque). B o r n a t Toledo, S p a i n : lived i n t h e 15th cent u r y . A S p a n i s h p o e t . He was the reputed author of t h e first act of t h e r o m a n t i c d r a m a "Celestina"(1480), of t h e s a t i r e " Copias d e M i n g o R e v u l g o , " and of a " Diâlogo e n t r e el A m o r y un viejo."

C r o t o n o r C r o t o n a . I t c o n t a i n s an old castle. I t w a s colonized by Ach scans a b o u t 710 u. c., and b e c a m e one of t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t cities of M a g u a Gitecia, n o t e d f o r it3 devotion to a t h l e t i c sports, a n d a t one t i m e t h e seat of t h e P y t h a g o r e a n school. T h e Crotoniats destroyed t h e city of Sybaris in 510 B. C-, b u t w e r e d e f e a t e d by t h e Locrians a t t h e r i v e r Sagras a b o u t 480 B. c., and l a t e r fell to Syracuse. Crotona w a s colonized b y t h e R o m a n s 194 B. C.

Cotabanama(kô-ta-bà-na'mâ),orCotubanama Cotswold (kots'wöld), or Coteswold (köts'( k ô - t o - b â - n a / m à ) . D i e d a t S a n t o Domingo, 1504. A n I n d i a n c a c i q u e of H i g u e y , t h e e a s t -

e r n p r o v i n c e of H a i t i . H e rose a g a i n s t t h e Spani a r d s in 1502, and again in 1504. f i n a l l y d e f e a t e d , h e took r e f u g e in a cave in t h e island of Saona, w a s discovered] t a k e n to Santo Domingo, a n d h a n g e d .

C ô t e - d ' O r ( k ô t ' d o r ' ) . A d e p a r t m e n t in B u r g u n d y , F r a n c e , l y i n g b e t w e e n A u b e on t h e n o r t h , H a u t e - M a r n e on t h e n o r t h e a s t , H a u t e S a ô n e a n d J u r a on t h e east, Saône-et-Loiro on t h e south, a n d Y o n n e a n d N i è v r e on t h e w e s t . I t is especially noted for its wines, t h e vineyards p r o d u c i n g w h i c h a r e largely s i t u a t e d in t h e Côte-d'Or Mountains, a r a n g e (height, a b o u t 2,000 f e e t ) w h i c h f o r m s a link in t h e c h a i n of e l e v a t i o n s c o n n e c t i n g t h e Cévennes w i t h t h e Vosges. Capital, Dijon. Area, 3,383 s q u a r e miles, p o p u l a t i o n (1891), 376,86«.

Cotelier (kot-iya'), Jean Baptiste. Born at N î m e s , 1629: died a t P a r i s , A u g . 12, 1686. A n e m i n e n t F r e n c h H e l l e n i s t . He was professor of

Greek in t h e Royal College of P a r i s 1676-86, a n d was t h e a u t h o r of " M o n u m e n t a Ecclesia Gitecaj" (1677-86).

C o t e n t i n (ko-ton-tan'). An ancient territory in Normandy, France, forming the larger part

wöld), H i l l s . A r a n g e of hills in t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of Gloucestershire, E n g l a n d , e x t e n d i n g southwest and northeast. Highest point, Cleeve Hill, 1,134 f e e t .

Cotswold lion. A sheep.

C o t t a ( k o t ' t ä ) , B e r n h a r d v o n . B o r n a t Zillb a c h , G e r m a n y , Oct. 24, 1808: died a t F r e i b e r g , Saxony, S e p t . 14, 1879. A G e r m a n geologist, p r o f e s s o r a t t h e School of M i n e s in F r e i b e r g 1842-74. His works include "Gcognostische Wanderungen" (1836-38), "Geologie der Cegeriwart" (1866), " D e r A l t a i " (1871), etc.

Cotton, Sir Robert Bruce. Born at Denton,

H u n t i n g t o n , E n g l a n d , J a n . 22, 1571: died May 6,1631. A n o t e d E n g l i s h a n t i q u a r y , a g r a d u a t e of C a m b r i d g e ( J e s u s College) in 1585,famous a s t h e f o u n d e r of t h e C o t t o n i a n L i b r a r y , n ow in

the British Museum. H e w a s a n a r d e n t collector of m a n u s c r i p t s in m a n y languages, coins, a n d antiquities of all kinds, and his l i b r a r y w a s c o n s u l t e d and his aid obt a i n e d by Bacon, J o n s o n , Speed, Camden, a n d m a n y o t h e r m e n of l e a r n i u g of t h a t day. His collection of original d o c u m e n t a b e c a m e so great- as to be r e g a r d e d as a source of d a n g e r to t h e g o v e r n m e n t , a n d a f t e r lie had fallen into disfavor at court, on political g r o u n d s , ati o p p o r t u n i t y was f o u n d of p l a c i n g h i s library u n d e r seal (1629), and h e n e v e r regained possession of it. His son, Sir T h o m a s Cotton, succeeded in o b t a i n i n g it, a n d it r e m a i n e d in t h e f a m i l y ( t h o u g h open to t h e use of scholar's and, in 1700, of t h e p u b l i c ) u n t i l 1707, w h e n it w a s p u r c h a s e d by t h e n a t i o n . I t was k e p t a t v a r i o u s places, suffei ing considerable d a m a g e by tire Oct. 23, 1781, u n t i l t h e f o u n d i n g of t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m (1753), w h e n it w a s t r a n s f e r r e d to t h a t i n s t i t u t i o n . Cotton was k n i g h t e d in 1603, and c r e a t e d a b a r o n e t in 1611.

Cotta, Johann Friedrich. Born at Tübingen,

C o t t o n , Sir S t a p l e t o n , first V i s c o u n t Comberm e r e . B o r n in D e n b i g h s h i r e , W a l e s , Nov., 3773 : died a t Clifton, E n g l a n d , F e b . 21, 1865. A B r i t i s h general, d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n India, and in H i s chief w o r k is " E n t w u r f einer a u s f ü h r l i c h e n Kirchen- t h e P e n i n s u l a r war, especially a t S a l a m a n c a

W u r t e m b e r g , May 12, 1701: died a t T ü b i n g e n , B e c . 31,1779. A G e r m a n theologian, p r o f e s s o r of t h e o l o g y and h i s t o r y a t T ü b i n g e n 1739-79. h i s t o r i e des N e u e n T e s t a m e n t s " (1768-73).

Cotta, Johann Friedrich, Baron Cottendorf.

1812. H e was g o v e r n o r of Barbados, a n d c o m m a n d e r in-chief of t h e L e e w a r d I s l a n d s 1817-20, c o m m a n d e r - i n -

Born a t S t u t t g a r t , W u r t e m b e r g , A p r i l 27,1764: chiof in I r e l a n d 1822-25, and commander-in-chief in I n d i a died a t S t u t t g a r t , Dec. 29, 1832. A G e r m a n 1825-30. He c a p t u r e d B h a r t p u r in 1826. p u b l i s h e r , t h e f r i e n d a n d p u b l i s h e r of Goe- Cottonian Library. See Cotton, Sir Robert t h e , Schiller, a n d o t h e r c e l e b r a t e d w r i t e r s . He Bruce.

285

Cotys

Court Mantel

Cotys (kô'tis), or Cotytto (kô-tit'ô). [Gr. K6- to give advice upon various administrative matters and near Véretz, Indre-et-Loire, France, Aug. 18, 1825. A F r e n c h H e l l e n i s t a n d p o l i t i c a l w r i t e r . TVÇ, KOTVTTÙ).'] In Greek mythology, a Thracian legislative measures. studied at the Artillery School in Chalons, and served goddess. Her festival, the Cotyttia,was riotous Council of Ten. In the ancient republic of He Venice, a secret tribunal instituted in 1310 and in the army 1792-1809. In the latter year he went to Italy, and,later,licentious, it was celebrated on hills. continuing down to the overthrow of the re- and in 1812 returned to France and lived upon his estate Cotys. [Gr. KÔTVÇ.'] King of Thrace 382-358 p u b l i c i n 1797. I t was composed at first of 10 and at Véretz. H e edited Longus in 1810, and published " P a m p h l e t s des Pamphlets (1824), etc. I l i s collected B. c. l i e was an enemy of the Athenians. later of 17 members, and exercised unlimited power in Couch (kouch), Richard Quillar. Born at Pol- the supervision of internal and external affairs, often works were published in 1834. with great rigor and oppressiveness. perro, Cornwall, England, March 14,1816: died Courland (kor'land), G. Kurland (kor'land). at Penzance, England, May 8, 18G3. An Eng- Council Of the Indies. A body created in [F. Courlande.] A government of Russia, the l o l l , by .King Ferdinand, for the regulation s o u t h e r n m o s t o f t h e B a l t i c p r o v i n c e s , i t is lish naturalist. of Spanish colonial affairs. Its powers were con- bounded by the Gulf of Riga and Livonia (separated by the Coucy (ko-së'), Raoul or Renaud de, known firmed and enlarged by Charles V. and his successors Diina) on the north, Vitebsk (separated by the Diina) on as the Châtelain de Coucy (see Coucy-le-Châ- until they covered every branch of administration. I t the east. K o v n o on the south, and the Baltic on the west. teau). A chevalier and French poet who is nominated and removed viceroys and governors, bishops Its surface is mostly level, and abounds in lakes, but in said to have perished about 1200 in a combat and archbishops ; made or approved all laws relating to parts is hilly. Three fourths of the inhabitants are Letts, "With t h e S a r a c e n s . He is the hero of a popular legend to the effect that when dying he ordered his heart to he sent to his mistress, the Lady o£ Fayel, whose husband intercepted it and forced lier to eat it. She made a v o w never to eat again, and died of starvation. See Châte-

the colonies, appointed the audiences, which were tho supreme courts in all criminal affairs, and was itself the last court of appeal in civil cases ; regulated the condition of the Indians; and, in fact, represented the crown in all matters relating to America and the East Indies. Its seat, after the first f e w years, was in Madrid.

but the land proprietors are mainly German. The prevailing religion is Protestant. Courland came under the control of the Teutonic Order in the middle of the 13th century ; became a hereditary duchy and flef of Poland in 1561 or 1562 ; and passed to Russia in 1795. I t is being Russified like the other Baltic provinces. Capital, Mitau. Area, 10,535 square miles. Population (1890), 693,800.

Masters."

D e v o n shire.

lain de Coucy. Coucy-le-Château (ko-së'lé-shâ-tô'). A vil- Counter, The. The name anciently given to lage in the department of Aisne,' France, 15 two prisons under the rule of the sheriffs of On tho western shore of the Gulf of R i g a and on the miles southwest of Laon. It is noted for the London, one in the Poultiy and one in Wood Baltic, the Korses, who give their name to Courland, are street. There was another in Southwark which had ruins of its feudal castle. to be found. itambaud, Russia, I . 28. Coues (kouz), Elliott. Bom at Portsmouth, the same name. This name was formerly a frequent sub* N. H. , Sept. 9, 1842. A noted American orni- ject of jokes and puns. Baret, in the " A l v e a r i e " (1573), Courmayeur (kor-ma-yèr'), or Cormajeur. speaks of one who had been imprisoned as singing " h i s thologist and biologist. His works include " K e y [It. Cormaggiore.] A village in northwestern counter-tenor," and there are various similar allusions in to North American Birds" (1st ed. 1872), "Jt'ield OrniItaly, near the foot of Mont Blanc. t h o l o g y " (1874), "Check-List of North American Birds" the 17th-century dramatists. Cours (kôr). A town in the department of (1882), etc. H e contributed the définitions, of biological Count Fathom. See Ferdinand. Rhône, France, 33 miles northwest of Lyous. and zoological terms to " T h e Century Dictionary" (1889- Count Julian. A tragedy by Walter Savage It manufactures cloth. Population (1891), com1891), and edited Lewis and Clark's travels, with extended Landor, published in 1812. mune. 5.994. notes (1S93). His [Landor's] first dramatic effort, made after a stormy Course of Time, The. A religious poem by Coulanges (ko-lonzV). Numa Denis Fustel de. and ill-regulated experience of fifteen years, was the Robert Pollok, published in 1827. but magnificent tragedy of " Count Julian " [1812]. Born at Paris, March 18, 1830. A French his- gloomy In Sliakspere's Henry V . , " a Like Shelley's "Cenci,"Byron's " M a n f r e d , " a n d Coleridge's Court (kôrt). torical writer. His works include " L a cité antique" adaptation of " Wallenstein," it is a dramatic poem rather soldier in the king's army. (18 > • " , , n i a n o r a t o r and' politician, a p u p i l of Socrates, between a tra-kettle and a cricket on a carrier's hearth. Sicily, Oct. 4,1819. A n I t a l i a n s t a t e s m a n .

Critias

292

a n d o n e o f t h e t h i r t y t y r a n t s ( 4 0 4 B. c . ) : n o t e d l e e k w r o t e t h e " C r o a k e r P i e c e s " i n t h e N e w H e Y o r k " E v e n i n g P o s t , " 1819. f o r his dissolute life, rapacity, and cruelty. perished in the battle of Munychia. Plato introduces C r o a t i a ( k r ö - ä ' s h i ä ) . [ F . Croatic, G. Kroatien, him in a dialogue (a fragment) which bears his name. K u s s . Kroatsiya, e t c . ; f r o m Croat, F. Croate, Critic (krit'ik), The. A farce by R i c h a r d G . Kroate.'] A titular k i n g d o m in A u s t r i a - H u n B r i n s l e y S h e r i d a n , p r o d u c e d O c t . 30, 1779. It gary, which with Slavonia forms a separate diviis a n i m i t a t i o n of B u c k i n g h a m ' s " K e h e a r s a l . " sion in t h e H u n g a r i a n p a r t of t h e m o n a r c h y , it Criticon (krit'i-kon). See the extract. is bounded by Carniola, Styria, and Hungary (separated by the Drave) on the north, by Slavonia and Bosnia on the east, The most remarkable work of Gracian, however, is his by Bosnia and Dalmatia on the south, and by the Adriatic, " Criticon," published in three parts, between 1650 and H u m e , and Carniola on the west. I t is traversed by the 1653. I t is an allegory on human life, and gives us the Save and by prolongations of the Alps. Its soil is producadventures of Critilus, a noble Spaniard, wrecked on the tive. Capital, Agram. The inhabitants are principally desert island of Saiut Helena, where he finds a solitary Croats. Croatia belonged in great part to the Roman provsavage, who knows nothing about himself, except that he ince of Pannonia. I t was overrun by the East Goths; was has been nursed by a wild beast. A f t e r much communiconquered by J ustinian; wag overrun by the A v a r s ; and cation in dumb show, they are able to understand each was settled by the Croats in the 7th century. The region other in Spanish, and, being taken from the island, travel was at first called Chrobatia. The dukes rose to considtogether through the world, talking often of the leading erable power in the 10th century, and about the middle men of their time in Spain, but holding intercourse more of the 11th century the ruler figures as king of Croatia with allegorical personages than with one another. The and Dalmatia. The country was annexed by Hungary in story of their adventures is long, and its three portions 1091. The JtLapsburgs, as kings of Hungary, began to rule represent the three periods of human l i f e ; the first being in 1527, but their dominion was long contested by the called the Spring of Childhood, the second the Autumn Turks. The ban of Croatia, Count Jellachich. was in reof Manhood, and the third the Winter of Old Age. I n bellion against Hungary 1848-49. (See Croatia and Slasome parts it shows much talent; and eloquent discusvonia, below, and Jellachich.) sions on moral subjects, and glowing descriptions of events and natural scenery, can occasionally be taken C r o a t i a , T u r k i s h . The northwestern division from it, which are little infected with the extravagances of Bosnia (which see). of the Cultivated Style. Sometimes we are reminded of the " P i l g r i m ' s Progress," as, for instance, in the scenes C r o a t i a a n d S l a v o n i a ( s i a - v ö ' n i - ä ) . A land of the World's Fair, and m i g h t almost say that the o f t h e H u n g a r i a n d i v i s i o n o f t h e Ä ' u s t r o - H u n " Criticon " is to the Catholic religion and the notions of g a r i a n m o n a r c h y . I t comprises Croatia and Slavonia, life in Spain during the reign of Philip the f o u r t h what and in it is incorporated the chief part of the former miliBunyan s fiction is to Puritanism and the English charactary frontier. Capital, Agram. Its inhabitants are chiefly ter in the age of Cromwell. Ticbxor, Span. Lit., I I I . 222. Slavs of the Serbo-Croatian race. Their religion is mainly Roman Catholic aud Greek. I t sends 3 delegates to the Criticus. See Crites. upper house and 40 delegates to the lower house of the Hungarian Reichstag, and has a Diet (Landtag) of 90 C r i t i q u e d e L ' E c o l e des f e m m e s (kre-tek' de members. I t was separated from Hungary and made a la-kor da f a m ) . A brilliant short play b y Mocrownland in 1849, but was reunited to Hungary in 1868. l i e r e , a c t e d i n 1663. It introduces contempoArea, 16,773 squar e miles. Population (1890), 2,200,977. r a r y society criticizing his 44 E c o l e des f e m m e s . " C r o a t s ( k r o ' a t z ) . [ S e e Croatia.] The Slavonic C r i t i q u e o f P u r e R e a s o n . [G-. Kntik der reinen race which inhabits Croatia, and f r o m which it Yermmft.'] A f a m o u s philosophical w o r k b y t a k e s its n a m e . K a n t , p u b l i s h e d i n 1781. A second and revised edition appeared in 1787: the later editions are reprints of this. C r o c k e t t ( k r o k ' e t ) , D a v i d . Born at L i m e The changes introduced in the second edition have been s t o n e , T e n n . , A u g . 17, 1 7 8 6 : k i l l e d a t F o r t the occasion of much discussion among German philoso- A l a m o , S a n A n t o n i o d e B e x a r , T e x a s , M a r c h 6, phers, mauy maintaining that theyshowan essential altera- 1836. A n A m e r i c a n p i o n e e r , h u n t e r , a n d p o l i t i cian. H e was member of Congress from Tennessee tion of Kant's doctrines. Kant himself, however, declared 1827-31, 1883-35, and served in the Texan war. He pubthat they were made solely to secure greater clearness. lished his autobiography in 1834. H e was a fine shot and Crito (kri'to). [ O r . Kplrwv.'] L i v e d a b o u t 400 an eccentric humorist, and the story is told of his having B. c. An. A t h e n i a n , a f r i e n d a n d f o l l o w e r of treed a coon which,when he recognized Crockett, called out Socrates. H e is a p r o m i n e n t character i n the to h i m : l i Don't shoot, colonel; I'll come down, as I know dialogue b y Plato named for him. I'm. a gone coon." This story was originally told of a Critolaus (krit-o-la'us). [ G r . KpiTQ/Jios,] 1. Captain Scott who was a famous shot (Scheie de Veri). D i e d 146 B. C. " A n A c h e e a n d e m a g o g u e , l a s t Hotten in his Slang Dictionary says that the phrase oris t r a t e g u s o f t h e A c h E e a n L e a g u e , d e f e a t e d b y ginated in the fact that " i n the American w a r " a spy dressed in racoon-skins took refuge in a tree and adMetellus at Scarphea in 146.— 2. A Greek dressed an English rifleman in the same words. P e r i p a t e t i c p h i l o s o p h e r of the 2d c e n t u r y B. c. Crittenden (krit'n-den), George Bibb. Bora Crockford's (krok'fordz). A famous gaming a t R u s s e l l v i l l e , K y . , M a r c h 20, 1 8 1 2 : d i e d a t c l u b - h o u s e a t N o . 50 o n t h e w e s t s i d e o f S t . D a n v i l l e , K y . , N o v . 27, 1880. A n American J a m e s street, L o n d o n , opposite White's. It m a j o r - g e n e r a l , s o n o f J . J . C r i t t e n d e n . H e served was built by William Crockford, originally a fishmonger, throughout the Mexican war. A t the outbreak of the in 1827. He is said to have made a large fortune by gamCivil War he joined the Confederate service with the rank bling. H e died May 24, JS44, but the house was reopened of brigadier-general, and was shortly promoted major- in i849 for the Military, Naval, and Country Service Hub. I t was closed again in 1851. I t was for several general. l i e was placed in command of southeastern years a dining-house, " T h e Wellington," and is now the Kentucky and a part of eastern Tennessee in Nov., 1861. Devonshire Club. H e was defeated by General Thomas at M i l l Springs, Jan. Crocodile (krok'ö-dil).Lady Kitty, InFoote's 19, 1862. " T r i p -f-Q C a l a i s , " a h y p o c r i t i c a l , i n t r i g u i n g Crittenden, John Jordan. B o r n in "Woodford w o m a n of quality, intended to satirize the noC o u n t y , K y . , S e p t . 10, 1 7 8 7 : d i e d n e a r F r a n k torious Duchess of K i n g s t o n , w h o s o trial f o r f o r t , K y . , J u l y 26, 1863. A n A m e r i c a n politiThe influence of the c i a n . H e graduated at William and Mary College in b i g a m y w a s j u s t c o m i n g o n . 1807, and was subsequently admitted to the bar. H e duchess was sufficient to stop the production of the play. served in the War of 1812; was a member of the State See Trip to Calais. House of Representatives in 1816; was United States C r o c o d i l o p o l i s (krok^ö-di-lop'o-lis). [Gr. senator from Kentucky 1817-19, I88f>-41; was attornoy- KpoKOiki'Auv TzoAtc, c i t y o f c r o c o d i l e s . ] 1. A r general under Harrison and Tyler March 5-Sept. 13,1841; s i n o e . — 2 . A t h r i b i s , i n a n c i e n t E g y p t . was United States senator 1842-48 ; was governor of Ken- C r o e s u s ( k r e ' s u s ) . [ G r . K p o i c r o f . ] A k i n g o f L y d i a , tucky 1848-50; was attorney-general under President Fill- s o n o f A l y a t t e s w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d i n 560 B. C. more 1850-53; was United States senator 1855-61; and was He subjugated the Ionian, yEolian, and other neighboring member of Congress (Unionist) 1861-63. peoples, and at the close of his reign ruled over the region Crittenden, Thomas Leonidas. B o r n a t R u s - extending from the northern and western coasts of Asia s e l l v i l l e , K y . , M a y , 1 8 1 9 : d i e d a t A n n a n d a l e , Minor to the Halys on the east and the Taurus on the south. According to Herodotus, he was visited at the S t a t e n Island, N . Y . . O c t . 23,1893. A n Ameriheight of his power by Solon, to whom he exhibited hi3 can general, son of J. J. Crittenden. H e served innumerable treasures, and who, when pressed to acin the Mexican w a r ; became brigadier-general of volun- knowledge him as the happiest of mortals, answered, teers in the Union army Oct, 27,1861; commanded a di" A c c o u n t no man liappy before his death." Deceived by a response of the oracle at Delphi to the effect that, if he vision at the battle of Shiloh April 6 and 7,1862 ; was promoted major-general July 17,1862 ; commanded a corps marched against the Persians, he would overthrow a great empire, he made war in 546 upon Cyrus, by whom he was at the battles of Stone R i v e r Dee. 31, 1862,-Jan. 3, 1863, defeated in the same yearnear Sardis and taken prisoner. and Chickaroauga Sept. 19-20, 1863; and was brevetted H e was, according to Herodotus, doomed to be burned brigadier-general March 2, 1867. alive, but as he stood upon the pyre he recalled the words Crittenden Compromise. A measure urged of Solon, and exclaimed " S o l o n ! Solon! S o l o n ! " Dein the U n i t e d States S e n a t e b y John J. Critsired by Cyrus to state upon whom he was calling, he ret e n d e n 1860-61, p r o v i d i n g f o * t h e r e e s t a b l i s h - lated the story of Solon, which moved Cyrus to countermand the order for his execution, and to bestow upon him m e n t of t h e s l a v e - l i n e of 36° 30' N . , a n d f o r the distinguished marks of favor. e n f o r c i n g of the fugitive-slave laws.

Cromarty Hereford iu 1662, and was dean of the Chapel Royal 1668-70. His chief work is " T h e Naked Truth, or the True State of the Primitive Church " (1675). Croft, W i l l i a m . B o r n at N e t h e r E a t i n g t o n , W a r w i c k s h i r e , E n g l a n d , 1678: died at L o n d o n . A u g . 14, 1727. A n E n g l i s h c o m p o s e r o f s a c r e d music. H i s collection of anthems, "Musica S a c r a , " w a s p u b l i s h e d 1724. Croftangry (krof'tang-gri), Chrystal. The i m a g i n a r y a u t h o r of Scott's u C h r o n i c l e s of t h e Canongate." H e g i v e s his a u t o b i o g r a p h y in some of the introductory chapters. Croghan (krô'gan), George. Born near Louisv i l l e , K y . , N o v . " 15, 1791: d i e d a t N e w O r l e a n s , J a n . 8, 1849. An A m e r i c a n officer, distinguished at the defense of F o r t s M e i g s and S t e p h e n s o n , 1813. Croisic (krwâ-zëk'), Le. A seaport and watering-place in the department of L o i r e - I n f é r i e u r e , F r a n c e , 16 m i l e s w e s t o f S t . N a z a i r e . Popul a t i o n ( 1 8 9 1 ) , c o m m u n e , 2,418. C r o i x ( k r w a ) , C a r l o s F r a n c i s c o de, M a r q u e s de C r o i x . B o r n a t L i l l e , i n F l a n d e r s , 1699: d i e d a t V a l e n c i a , 1786. A S p a n i s h g e n e r a l a n d a d m i n i s t r a t o r . H e served with distinction in tlie army ; was commandant at Ceuta and Puerto de Santa Maria, captaingeneral of Galicia, and viccroy of N e w Spain (Mexico) from Aug., 1766, to Sept., 1771. His administration was able and prosperous. I n 1770 he was advanced to the rank of captain-general in the army. After his return from Mexico he was made viceroy of Valencia, an office which he held until his death. Croix, Teodoro de. Born at Lille, Flanders, a b o u t 1730 : d i e d a t M a d r i d , A p r i l 8, 1791. A Spanish soldier. From 1766 to 1771 he served in Mexico under his brother, the Viceroy de Croix, as commandant of the interior provinces and of Sonora. From April, 1784, to March, 17Ô0, he was viceroy of Peru, and is known as an upright, kind-hearted, and religiouB ruler. He instituted various reforms in the laws affecting the Indians. Croizette (krwa-zet'), Sophie Alexandrine Croisette, called. B o r n at St. Petersburg, M a r c h 19, 1847. A n o t e d F r e n c h a c t r e s s . She was admitted to the Conservatoire iu 1867, and made her début in 1869. In 1873 she was made an associate of the Comédie Française, of which she was the jeune •première. I n 1881 she retired from the stage, and in 1885 married an American banker named Stern. C r o k e (kruk), or C r o c u s (kro'kus), R i c h a r d . B o r n a t L o n d o n , p r o b a b l y i n 1489 : d i e d t h e r e , A u g . , 1558. A l l English scholar and diplom a t i s t . H e took the degree of B. A. at Cambridge in 1510 ; studied Greek under Grocyn at Oxford, and under Hieronymus Aleander at Paria (about 1513); lectured on Greek at louvain, Cologne(about 1515), and Leipsic(15151517); began to lecture on Greek at Cambridge in 1518 ; was ordained priest in 1519 ; was fellow of St. John's College in 1523 ; was sent in 1529 by Cranmer to Italy to collect the opiuion of Italian canonists iu reference to the king's divorce ; became rector of Long Buckby, Northamptonshire, in 1531; and was subdean of King's College, Oxford, 1532-45. His most notable publications are an edition of Ausonius (1515), and a translation of the fourth book of Theodore Gaza's Greek grammar (1516). Croker (krô'kér), John W i l s o n . Born in Galw a v , I r e l a n d , D e c . 20, 1 7 8 0 : d i e d a t H a m p t o n , n e a r L o n d o n , A u g . 10, 1857. A British politician and general writer, leadiug contributor t o t h e " Q u a r t e r l y R e v i e w " a f t e r 1809: e d i t o r of B o s w e l l ' s " L i f e of J o h n s o n " (1831). Croker, Thomas Crofton. B o r n at Cork, I r e l a n d , J a n . 15, 1 7 9 8 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , A u g . 8, 1854. A n I r i s h a n t i q u a r y . H e wrote "Researches in the South of Ireland " (1824), " T h e f a i r y Legends and Traditions of the South of I r e l a n d " (1825), " T h e Adventures of Barney Mahoney " (1852), etc. C r o l y (krô'li), D a v i d G o o d m a n . Born at N e w Y o r k , N o v . 3, 1 8 2 9 : d i e d t h e r e , A p r i l 29, 1889. A journalist. H e w r o t e a " H i s t o r y of R e c o n s t r u c t i o n n (1868), a " P r i m e r o f P o s i t i v i s m " (1876), e t c . Croly, George. B o r n a t D u b l i n , A u g . , 1780 ( 1 7 8 5 ? ) : d i e d a t L o n d o n , N o v . 24,1800. A n I r i s h divine, poet, novelist, and miscellaneous writer. His chief novel is " S a l a t h i e l " (18-7), principal poem, " Paris in 1815" (1817), "Catiline," a tragedy (1822), " M a r s ton," a romance (1846), ' ' L i f e and Times of George I V . " (1830). Croly, Jane Cunningham. Born at M a r k e t H a r b o r o u g h , E n g l a n d , D e e . 19,1831. A w r i t e r u n d e r the n a m e of " Jennie J u n e , " w e l l k n o w n f o r her efforts f o r the a d v a n c e m e n t of w o m e n . She called together the Woman's Congress in ÎS ew York in 1S56, and in 1868 founded "Sorosis," and was its president 1868-70 and 1870-5:0. She married David Goodman Croly in 1857.

C r o a g k P a t r i c k ( k r o ' a c h p a t ' r i k ) , or R e e k . A m o u n t a i n n e a r W e s t p o r t , C o u n t y M a y o , I r e - C r o f t ( k r o f t ) , H e r b e r t . B o r n at G r e a t T h a m e , C r o m a r t y ( k r o m ' a r - t i ) . 1. A c o u n t y of northO x f o r d s h i r e , Oct. 18,1603: d i e d at H e r e f o r d , land, n o t e d i n t h e s t o r y of St. P a t r i c k . M a y IB, 1691. B i s h o p o f H e r e f o r d . H e was origi- e r n S c o t l a n d , c o m p r i s i n g C r o m a r t y p r o p e r , C r o a k e r (kro'ker), M r . and M r s . A strongly s i t u a t e d s o u t h o f C r o m a r t y F i r t h , a n d 10 d e nally intended f o r the Roman Catholic priesthood, but contrasted pair in Goldsmith's il The Good-Naeventually took holy orders in the Church of England, t a c h e d p o r t i o n s in R o s s - s h i r e , w i t h w h i c h i t i s tured M a n . " H e is gifted in saying sadly the most having obtained the degree of B. D. at Oxford in 1636. H e u n i t e d f o r m o s t p u r p o s e s . Area, estimated, cutting things; she is both merry and spiteful. became chaplain to Oharies I . about 1640, canon of Windsor 345 s q u a r e m i l e s . — 2 . C h i e f t o w n o f t h e a b o v e C r o a k e r a n d Co. The pseudonym under which in 1641, and dean of Hereford in 1644 ; was deprived of his J o s e p h R o d m a n D r a k e a n d F i t z - G r e e n e H a l - preferments during the Rebellion (which were restored to c o u n t y , s i t u a t e d o n C r o m a r t y F i r t h 16 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t o f I n v e r n e s s . P o p u l a t i o n ( 1 8 9 1 ) , 1,308. him on the accession of Charles I I . ) , became bishop of

293

Cromarty Firth

Crowe, Captain

Cromarty Firth (ferth). An inlet of the North Born at Florence, 1457: died 1508. An Italian cellor of the University of N e w Y o r k 1870-81; was a member of the American c o m m i t t e e f o r the revision of ¡Sea, connecting with Moray Firth, and nearly architect, surnamed"Il Cronaca" ('the chroni- the N e w T e s t a m e n t ; and was one of the chief instrusurrounded by the counties of Cromarty and cler ') from his habit of story-telling. On account ments in effecting the organization (1877) of the Society of some misdemeanor he was obliged to llee f r o m Florfor the Prevention of Crime, of which he became presiRoss. ence to R o m e , where he busied himself with the antique Crome (krom), John. Born at Norwich, Eng- monuments. Returning to Florence, he completed the dent. laud, Dec. 22, 1768: died there, April 22, 1821. Crosland (kros'land), Mrs. (Camilla ToulA noted English landscape-painter. He was the Strozzi Palace, begun by Benedetto da Majano. H i s mas- min). Born at London, June 9,1812. An Engterpiece (1504) is the Church of San Rartolommeo in San Bon of a poor weaver, and began l i f e as a doctor's assislish poet and writer. Miniato, w h i c h was much admired by Michelangelo. He tant, and apprentice to a coach- and sign-painter. He also built the g r e a t hall of the Palazzo Vecchio. H e be- Cross (krds), Mrs. ( M a r y Ann, or Marian, early began to study painting directly f r o m nature in the came a disciple of Savonarola. Evans): pseudonym George Eliot. Born at environs of his native town ; later found an opportunity to study d r a w i n g ; and obtained entrance to a neigh- Cronholm (kron' hoi m ) , Abraham Peter. Born Arbury Farm (Chilvers Coton), "Warwickshire, boring collection of paintings, where he found some good at Landskrona, Sweden, Oct. 22, 1809: died at England, Nov. 22, 1819: died at 4 Chevne Flemish pictures. In 1803 he created the Norwich Society Stockholm, May 27,1879. A Swedish historian. Walk, Chelsea, London, Dec. 22,1880. A celeof Arts. A t the annual exhibitions of this society he exHis chief work is "Sveriges Historia under brated English novelist. She was educated at Nuneaton and Coventry. I n 1841 she moved w i t h her f a t h e r hibited many of his works, rarely sending them to the G-ustaf II. Adolfs regering"' (1857-72). ( R o b e r t Evans, agent f o r Mr. Francis N e w d i g a t e of A r b u r y Royal A c a d e m y at London. His pupils and associates, Cronstadt. _ See Kronstadt. H a l l ) to Coventry. I n 1851 she became assistant editor of among whom were Stark and Cotman, acquired d i stinction, Cronus (kro'nus), or Cronos (-nos). [Gr. " T h e Westminster R e v i e w , " and retained that position till and f o r m e d w i t h h i m the " s c h o o l of N o r w i c h . " Kpuvoç.2 In Greek mythology, a Titan, son of 1853. She lived w i t h George Heury L e w e s f r o m 1854 until U r a n u s a n d G e . A t the instigation of his mother, Crompton (kromp'ton), Samuel. Born at Firhis death in 1878, a connection w h i c h they regarded as a wood, near Bolton, England, Dec. 3,1753: died he emasculated his f a t h e r f o r having thrown the Cy- marriage. On M a y 6,1880, she married John W a l t e r Cross at Hall-in-the-Wood, near Bolton, June 26,1827. clopes ( w h o were likewise the children of Uranus and under the name of Alary Ann Evans Lewes. She died within the year, and was buried by the side of George G e ) into Tartarus. H e thereupon usurped the governAn English mechanic, inventor of the spinning- ment of the world, which had hitherto belonged t o his H e n r y L e w e s in H i g h g a t e Cemetery. She published mule in 1779. (anonymously at first, afterward under her real name) father, but was in turn dethroned hy Zeus. H e was the Cromwell (krum'wel or krom'wel). A drama by husband of Ithea, by whom he became the f a t h e r of Hestia, a translation of Strauss's " L i f e of Jesus " (1846), " T h e EsVictor Hugo, published in 1827. This was his Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. H e was iden- sence of C h r i s t i a n i t y " (translated f r o m Feuerbach " b y Marian E v a n s " iti 1854X and, undt-r the pseudonym of first dramatic venture, and was not intended tified w i t h Saturn us by the Romans. George Eliot, " Scenes of Clerical L i f e " (1858), " A d a m to be acted. Croo-boys or Croo-men. See Kra. B e d e " (1859), ' T h e M i l l on the F l o s s " (1860X " S i l a s Cromwell, Henry. Born at Huntingdon, Eng- Crook (kriik), George. Born near Dayton, Ohio, Marner, the W e a v e r of R a v e l o e " (1861), " R o m o l a " Sept. 8, 1828: died at Chicago, 111., March 21, (1862-63), " F e l i x H o l t the Radical " (1866), » T h e Spanish land, Jan. 20,1628: died at Soham, Cambridgeshire, E n g l a n d , M a r c h 23,1674.

A y o u n g e r son

of Oliver Cromwell, lord deputy in Ireland 16551657, and lord lieutenant 1657-59. Cromwell, Oliver. Born at Huntingdon, England, A p r i l

25,1599:

died

at Whitehall,

Lon-

don, Sept. 3,1658. Lord Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland.

H e studied at Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, 1616-17, was elected m e m b e r of Parliament f o r Huntingdon in 1028, and in 1640 was returned by Cambridge t o the Short and Long Parliaments. H e was appointed captain of Parliamentary horse in 1042, and colonel in lt>43. In 1643, by enlisting only men of religion, chiefly Independents, he organized a model r e g i m e n t which, on account ol ita invincible courage, came to b e k n o w n as the Ironsides. H e f o u g h t w i t h distinction at Marston M o o r July 2, 1644, and at the second battle of N e w b u r y Oct. 27, 1644; was p r o m o t e d to lieutenant-general, on the reorganization (after plans furnished by h i m ) of the army, in June, 1645; commanded the right w i n g of the Parliamentary army at Nascby June 14, 1045, and took Basing House Oct. 14, 1645. On the rupture in 1647 between the army, w h i c h was controlled by the Independents, and Parliament, which was controlled by the Presbyterians, he sided w i t h the army, and supported the measures by w h i c h the Independents obtained control of Parliament. He suppressed an insurrection in Wales in 1C48, defeated the Scotch royalists at Preston A u g . 17-19, 1648, and, as a m e m b e r of the H i g h Court, signed the death-warrant of Charles I . in Jan., 1649. On the establishment of the Commonwealth in 1649 he obtained, by v i r t u e of his position as leader of the Independents and ruling spirit in the army, the actual control of the government. H e undertook an expedition against Ireland Aug. 16,1649; stormed Drogheda Sept. 10, 1649; was appointed captain-general and commander-in-chief of nil the forces of the Commonwealth June 26, 1650; defeated the Scotch royalists at Dunbar Sept. 3, 1650, and at Worcester Sept. 3, 1651; expelled the R u m p Parliament A p r i l 20, 165a; and was appointed by the council of otticcrs L o r d Protector of the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland. His protectorate was marked by religious toleration, by advantageous commercial treaties w i t h foreign nations, and by successful wars w i t h the Dutch, w i t h Algiers, See Carlyles Tunis, and Tripoli, and the Spaniards. " L e t t e r s and Speeches of Oliver C r o m w e l l , " Foster's " L i f e of Cromwell,'' and Guizot's " H i s t o r y of the R e v o lution " and " H i s t o r y of England under C r o m w e l l . "

1890. A n A m e r i c a n s o l d i e r . H e graduated at W e s t P o i n t in 1852, and entered the regular army, in which he attained t h e rank of major-general A p r i l 6,1888. Sept. 13,1801, he was appointed to a colonelcy in the volunteer service, in which he rose t o the brevet rank of majorgeneral July 18, 1864 ; he was mustered out Jan. 15» I860. H e commanded the national forces in "West V i r g i n i a in July and Aug., 1864 ; was in the engagements at Snicker's Ferry July 19, and K e r n s t o w n July 24 ; cooperated w i t h General Sheridan in the Shenandoah valley f r o m Aug. till Dec. of the saine year ; was in the battles at Berry ville, Opequan, Fisher's H i l l , Strasburg, and Cedar Creek; and commanded the cavalry of the A r m y of the Potomac March 26-April 9, 1865. A f t e r the war he did duty among the hostile Indians in I d a h o and Arizona. A f t e r the massacre of General Custer's command he pursued the Sioux to Slim Buttes, Dakota, where he defeated them. I n 18&6 he conducted the campaign against the Apaches under Geronimo, w h o m he brought t o a stand near San Bernardino, Mexico, but resigned his command before the conclusion of hostilities.

Crooked Island (krùk'ed ï'iand). An islaod of the Bahamas, south of Waflitig Island. Crookes (krùks), William. Born at London, June 17,1832. A noted English chemist and physicist. H e discovered thallium in 1861, and invented the radiometer in 1874. H e founded the " C h e m i cal N e w s " in 1859, has edited the " Q u a r t e r l y Journal of Science " since 18U4, and has published " S e l e c t Methods of Chemical A n a l y s i s " (1880), etc.

Crooks (kruks), George Richard. Born at Philadelphia, Feb. 3, 1822. An American journalist and Methodist clergyman. He published with Schein a "Latin-English Lexicon" (1858). Croppies (krop'iz). A namo given to the republican party in Ireland in 1798, who wore their hair cropped in imitation of the French revolutionists. (Lecky.) The name was applied to the Roundheads in 1642. Cropredy Bridge. A locality near Banbury, England, the scene of a Royalist defeat of the Parliamentarians under Waller, June 29, 1644. Cropsey (krop'si), Jasper Francis. Born at Rossville, N. Y., Feb. 18,1823. An American landscape-painter, a pupil of Edward Maury. He became a member of the National Academy in 1851.

Cromwell, Richard. Born at Huntingdon, England, Oct. 4, 1626 : died at Cheshunt, near London, July 12, 1712. Son of Oliver Cromwell, whom he succeeded as Lord Protector Sept., 1658. He resigned May, 1659. Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Essex. Born prob- Croquemitaine (krok-me-tan')- [From croquer, ably about 1485: died at London, July 28,1540. to eat, crunch.] A Freuch legendary monster An English statesman, the son of a blacksmith. with which nurses frighten children. L'Épine in H e served in his youth in the French army in I t a l y , and after his return t o England became a lawyer. H e was appointed collector of tlie revenues of the see of Y o r k by W o l s e y in 1514; became a member of Parliament in 1523; was appointed p r i v y councilor by H e n r y V I I I . in 1531; and was made chancellor of the exchequer in 1533. I n 1535 he was appointed vicar-general of the king t o carry into effect the Act of Supremacy, in which capacity he began in 1536 the suppression of the monasteries and the confiscation of their property. Ho became lord privy seal in 1536, and lord high chamberlain of England in 1539, and was created earl of Essex in 1540. I n 1539 he negotiated the marriage of H e n r y V I I I . w i t h Anne of Cloves, which took placo in Jan., 1540. H a v i n g f a l l e n under the king's displeasure, partly on account of his advocacy of this marriage, ho was attainted by Parliam e n t and beheaded on the charge of treason.

1863 published a " l é g e n d e deCroquemitaine," a romance relating to the adventures of a certain Mitaine, a goddaughter of Charlemagne.

G y p s y " (a poem, 1868), " A g a t h a " (a poem, 1869), " M i d dlemarch, a study of Provincial L i f e ' (1871-72), ' - T h e L e g e n d of Jubal, and Other P o e m s " (1874), " D a n i e l D e r o n d a " (1876), " I m p r e s s i o n s of Theophrastus S u c h " (1879). A f t e r her death in 1883, a poem, " H o w Lisa l o v e d the K i n g , " was published, and "Essays and Leaves f r o m a N o t e - b u o k " in 1884. H e r l i f e was written by her husband, John W a l t e r Cross, and published in 1884.

Cross, Sir Richard Assheton. Born at Red Scar, Lancashire, England, May 30.1823. An English politician, home secretary i874r-80 and 18851886, and secretary of state for India 1886. He was raised to the peerage as viscount in 1886. Crosse (kr6s), Andrew. Born at Broomfield, Somerset, England, June 17, 1784: died there, July 6, 1855. An English electrician, noted for his experiments in electro-crystallization. Cross Keys (kros kez). A place in Rockingham County, Virginia, 20 miles northeast of Staunton. Here, June 8, 1862, a battle took place between Jackson's army (about 8,000) under Ewell, and the Federals (about 18,000) under Fremont. T h e loss of the Federals was 625; that of the Confederates, 287.

Croswell (kroz'wel), Edwin. Born at Catskill, N. Y., May 29, 1797: died at Princeton, N. J., June 13, 1871. An American journalist and politician. H e w a s e d i t o r o f the " A l b a n y A r g u s " 1823-54, and a member of the " A l b a n y R e g e n c y . "

Croswell, Harry. Born at West Hartford, Conn., June 16. 1778: died at New Haven, Conn., March 13, 1858. An American Federalist, journalist, and clergyman, uncle of Edwin Croswell. Crotch (kroch), William. Born at Norwich, England, July 5, 1775: died at Taunton, England, Dec. 29, 1847. An English composer, organist of St. John's College, Oxford, and professor of music in the university, and later (1822) principal of the Royal Academy of Music. Crotchet Castle (kroch'et kas'l). A novel hy Thomas Love Peacock, piiblished in 1831. Croton (kro'ton), or Crotona (kro-to'na). [Gr. Kpo-u>v.~\ The ancient name of Cot.rona (which see). There is a Greek t e m p l e of H e r a Lakinia (Juno of the Lakinian promontory) at the extremity of Capo della Colonna. This famous shrine has been greatly damaged by vandalism and earthquakes, but its platform of masonry and the results of excavations supply data f o r a partial restoration. I t was of the 5th century B. C., Doric, hexastyle, with 14 columns on the flanks, and an interior range of 4 columns b e f o r e the pronaos. Some of the marble pediment-sculptures have been found.

Crosby H a l l or Place. An ancient house in Bishopsgate street, London. The site was leased Croton. A river of southeastern New York f r o m A l i c e Ashfield, prioress of St. Helen's, in 1466 by Sir which joins the Hudson 32 miles north of New John Crosby, a grocer and lord mayor. H e b u i l t the York city, which it supplies with water through beautiful Gothic palace of which the banqueting-h all, the the Croton aqueduct (the old oue was opened throne-room and council-room still remain in Bishopsgate for use in 1842: the new (and chief) one was within. T h e hall is now used as an eating-house, and completed in 1890). is famous f o r its beautiful wooden roof. T h e mansion covered a large part of what is now Crosby Place o r Square. Richard of Gloucester l i v e d here at the death of Edward I V . , aud here held his levees before his usurpation of the crown. I t was afterward bought by Sir Thomas More, w h o wrote here the ' ' U t o p i a " and the " L i f e of Richard I I I . " Crosby H a l l is the central feature of Shakspere's London. Shakspere' himself had a residence in the neighborhood. I t is one of the very f e w medieval dwelling-houses still existing in London. I t was restored in 1836, after having been used f o r various purposes.

Cromwell, The Life and Death of Thomas, Born at New Lord. An anonymous play, printed in 1613, Crosby (kroz ' bi), Howard. Feb. 27,1826: died there, March 29,1891. at one time attributed to Shakspere. It was York, An American Presbyterian clergyman. He was entered on the Stationers' Register in 1602. graduated at the University of N e w Y o r k in 1844 ; beCromwell Surveying the Body of Charles came professor of Greek there about 1851 ; was professor I. in its Coffin. A masterpiece of Paul Dela- of Greek in R u t g e r s College, N e w Brunswick, N e w Jersey, 1859-63 ; was pastor of t h e F o u r t h Avenue Presbyterian roche, in the Musee at Nime-s, France. Church at N e w Y o r k f r o m 1863 until his death ; was chanCronaca (krdn'a-ka), Simone Pollajuolo.

Crousaz (kro-za'), Jean Pierre de. Born at Lausanne, Switzerland, April 13, 1663: died March 22,1748. A Swiss philosopher and mathematician. His chief w o r k is a treatise on logic (1712 : Beveral later editions). H e was a voluminous but not an important writer.

Crow, or Raven, The. See Corrus. Crow, Jim. See Jim Crow. Crowdero (krou-de'ro). [ A humorous name, from crowd, a fiddle.] A character in Butler's "Hudibras": a fiddler, and the leader of the mob. Crowe (kro), Captain. A whimsical, impatient merchant captain in Smollett's " Sir Launcelot Greaves." He insists upon being a knight errant with the latter.

Crowe, E y r e

294

Evans

C r o w e , E y r e E v a n s . B o r n at R e d b r i d g e , Southa m p t o n , M a r c h 20, 1799: d i e d at L o n d o n , F e b . 25, 1868. A n E n g l i s h j o u r n a l i s t , h i s t o r i a n , a n d novelist. H i s chief w o r k is a " H i s t o r y of F r a n c e " (5 vols. 1858-68). Crowe, Mrs. (Catharine A n n Stevens). Born at B o r o u g h G r e e n , K e n t , E n g l a n d , a b o u t 1800: d i e d i n 1876. A n E n g l i s h w r i t e r , p r i n c i p a l l y k n o w n b y h e r w r i t i n g s o n the supernatural.: a u t h o r of " N i g h t S i d e of N a t u r e " (1848), 44 S p i r i t u a l i s m a n d t h e A g e w e L i v e i n n (1859), and several novels. C r o w e , M r s . S e e Bateman, Kate Josephine. Crowe, William. B o r n at M i d g e h a m , B e r k shire, E n g l a n d , i n 1745: d i e d a t B a t h , F e b . 9, 1829, A n E n g l i s h c l e r g y m a n a n d p o e t . He was eccentric, but a popular preacher. He wrote "Lewesdon H i l l " (1788), " A Treatise on English Versification" (1827), and published several volumes of sermons and orations, etc. C r o w f i e l d ( k r o ' f o l d ) , Christopher. A n occas i o n a l p s e u d o n y m of M r s . H a r r i e t B e e c h e r Stowe. C r o w l e y ( k r o ' l i ) , or C r o l e , or C r o l e u s , R o b e r t . B o r n i n G l o u c e s t e r s h i r e , 1518 ( ? ) : d i e d a t L o n d o n , J u n e 18,1588. A n E n g l i s h a u t h o r , p r i n t e r , a n d d i v i n e . He was educated at Oxford, embraced the doctrines of the Reformation, and about 1549 set up a printing-press at Ely Rents, Hoiborn, which he conducted three years. He was archdcacon of Hereford 1559-67, and vicar of St. Lawrence Jewry, London, 1576-78. His typographical fame rests chiefly on three impressions which he made in 1550 of the " Vision of Piers Plowman." His most notable works are " A n Informacion and Peticion agaynst the Oppressours of the Pore Commons of thiB Realme" (1548), " T h e Voyce of the Laste Trumpet, etc." (1549), " T h e Way to Wealth, etc." (1550), "Pleasure and Payne, Heaven and Hell; Remember these Foure, and all shall be W e l l " (1551), and " One and Thyrtye Epigrammes " (1550). C r o w n , O r a t i o n o n t h e . [ G r . n-p.pt urt^avov; L . de corona.'] T h e m o s t c e l e b r a t e d o r a t i o n of D e m o s t h e n e s , d e l i v e r e d i n 330 b . 0. ctesiphonhad proposed that Demosthenes should be publicly crowned with a golden crown, as a reward for public services rendered after the battle of Chreronea, and for this was indicted by JSschines as the proposer of an illegal act. In the oration Demosthenes defended his own acts and character, and attacked JSschines, who was defeated. Crown Diamonds. T h e E n g l i s h v e r s i o n of A u b e r ' s " L e s D i a m a n t s de l a C o u r o n n e " (1844). C r o w n P o i n t (kroun p o i n t ) . A t o w n in Essex C o u n t y , N e w Y o r k , s i t u a t e d on L a k e C h a m p l a i n 90 m i l e s n o r t h of A l b a n y , i t was strongly fortified in the last century, was abandoned by the French in 1759, and was taken from the British by the Americans under "Warner, May, 1775. C r o w n e ( k r o u n ) , J o h n . D i e d i n 1703 ( ? ) . An English dramatist. Among other plays he wrote " T h e (lountrv W i t " (1675), "City Politiques "(played about 1683), "Sir Courtly Nice, or I t Cannot b e " (1685), " T h e Married Beau, etc." (1694), etc. Some of his plays held the stage for a century. C r o w q u i l l (kro'kwil), A l f r e d . The pseudonym of A l f r e d H e n r y F o r r e s t e r , an E n g l i s h h u m o r ist a n d artist. C h a r l e s R o b e r t F o r r e s t e r , his b r o t h e r , also u s e d i t 1826-44. S e e Forrester. Crows. See Absaroha. Crowther (kro'Tner), Samuel Adjai. Bom i n Y o r u b a : d i e d i n 1891. T h e first n e g r o b i s h o p of t h e Church of E n g l a n d . He was carried off and sold into slavery in 1821. With many others he was freed by a British man-of-war in 1822, and landed at Sierra Leone, where he attended school and soon distinguished himself. His higher education he received in England. He accompanied the first and second Niger expeditions, and published an account of the latter. In 1864 he was ordained " Bishop of the Niger," and proved himself worthy of the office. His books in and on the Niger languages give him a prominent place among African linguists. Croydon (kroi'don). [In Doomsday Croindent, c h a l k h i l l . ] A suburb o f L o n d o n , i n S u r r e y , E n g l a n d , 10 m i l e s south of L o n d o n . I t has a r u i n e d p a l a c e of t h e a r c h b i s h o p s of C a n t e r b u r y , u s e d b v t h e m f r o m t h e C o n q u e s t u n t i l 1757. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 102,697. C r o y l a n d ( k r o i ' l a n d ) , or C r o w l a n d ( k r o ' l a n d ) . A t o w n in the southern part of Lincolnshire, E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d on the"VVelland 8 m i l e s n o r t h east of P e t e r b o r o u g h . I t contains t h e ruius of a famous abbey founded by iEthelbaldof Mereia in t h e 8th c e n t u r y . C r o y s a d o (kroi-sa'do), T h e G r e a t . I n Butler's " H u d i b r a s , " a character intended f o r L o r d Fairfax. Crucifixion, The. O f the p a i n t i n g s of t h i s subj e c t t h e f o l l o w i n g are a m o n g t h e m o s t n o t a b l e : (a) A large painting by Lucas Oranach in the Stadtkirche at Weimar, Germany. It contains portraits of the artist and of Luther and Melanchthon on the right, and on the left Christ overcomes Satan in the form of a Protean monster. (b) A small painting by Albeit Diirer (1506), in the - museum at Dresden, (c) An impressive painting by Mantegna, in the Louvre, Paris. Christ is between the two thieves; St. John and the holy women wait in grief on the left, and a body of soldiers cast lots for the garment on the right. This picture is. part of the predella of the

Cruz y

Goyeneche

altarpiece of 8an Zenone, Verona ; two other parts are in so called, uuder Godfrey of Bouillon, 1096-99, resulted in the Musée at Tours, (d) A noted painting by Van Dyck, the capture of Jerusalem and the establishment of a in St. Michael's, at Ghent, Belgium. A mounted soldier Christian kingdom in Palestine ; the second, 1147-49, holds out the sponge to Christ with his spear; St. John preached by St. Bernard, was unsuccessful; the third, and the Marys are grouped below, and angels appear 1189-92, led by the princes Frederick Barbarossa of Gerabove. (e) A painting called " L e coup de lance," by Rubens, many, Richard the Lion-hearted of England, and Philip in the museum at Antwerp, Belgium. The time is even- Augustus of France, failed to recover Jerusalem, which ing ; the three crosses stand side by side on Mount Cal- the Mussulmans had taken in 1187; the fourth, 1202-04, vary. Christ is already dead, and a mounted soldier is ended in the establishment of a Latin empire at Constanpiercing his side with a spear. The three Marys and St. tinople, under Count Haldwin of Flanders; the fifth, 1228John are grouped at the foot of the cross. This is said to 1229, under the emperor Frederick II., the sixth, 1248-50, be the most carefully finished painting executed by Ru- under St. Louis (Louis IX. of France), and the seventh bens. ( / ) A fresco of Perugino, in the chapter-house of and last, 1270-72, also under St. Louis, were all unsuccessSanta Maria Jladdaletia dei Pazzi, Florence. It is divided ful. There were other expeditions called crusades, ininto three parts by architectural framework. In the cen- cluding, in 1212, " the children's crusade," in which many tral part, beneath the crucified Christ, are the two Marys ; thousands perished by shipwreck or were enslaved. on the right are Sts. John and Bernard ; on the left is an impressive figure of the Virgin, with St. Benedict, (g) A C r u s é ( k r ü - s á ' ) , C h r i s t i a n F r e d e r i c . B o r n a t painting by Tintoret, in the Scuola di San Eocco", at Ven- P h i l a d e l p h i a , 1794: d i e d at N e w Y o r k . Oct. 5, ice. It ia this painter's masterpiece. 1865. A n American Episcopalian clergyman H e t r a n s l a t e d Eusebius's " E c C r u c i g e r ( k r o t ' s i G - e r ) , or C r e u z i g e r ( k r o i t ' s i G - a n d scholar. e r ) , or C r e u t z i n g e r ( k r o i t ' s i n g - e r ) , K a s p a r . c l e s i a s t i c a l H i s t o r y " (1833). B o r n a t L e i p s i c , J a n . 1, 1504: d i e d a t W i t t e n - C r u s e n s t o l p e ( k r o ' z e n - s t o l - p e ) , M a g n u s J a b e r g , G e r m a n y , N o v . 16,1548. A G e r m a n P r o t - k o b , B o r n a t J o n k o p i n g , S w e d e n , M a r c h 11, e s t a n t t h e o l o g i a n , a c o - w o r k e r w i t h L u t h e r i n 1795: d i e d a t S t o c k h o l m , J a n . 18, 1865. A t h e t r a n s l a t i o n of t h e B i b l e . He became a preacher S w e d i s h p u b l i c i s t , h i s t o r i c a l w r i t e r , and n o v at Wittenberg in 1528, and professoT of philosophy (later e l i s t . H i s w o r k s i n c l u d e t h e h i s t o r i c a l n o v e l of theology) in the university. " M o r i a n e n " (1840-44), e t c . Bom C r u d e n ( k r ô ' d e n ) , A l e x a n d e r . B o r n at A b e r - C r u s i u s ( k r o ' z e - o s ) , C h r i s t i a n A u g u s t . d e e n , S c o t l a n d , M a y 31, 1701 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , a t L e u n a , n e a r M c r s e b u r g , P r u s s i a , J a n . 10, N o v . 1,1770. Â L o n d o n b o o k s e l l e r , author o f a 1715: d i e d a t L e i p s i c , O c t . 18,1775. A G e r m a n f a m o u s " C o n c o r d a n c e of t h e H o l y S c r i p t u r e s " p h i l o s o p h e r a n d t h e o l o g i a n , p r o f e s s o r of the(1737). He was eccentric to the verge of insanity. He o l o g y a t L e i p s i c . H e w a s n o t e d as an o p p o believed himself to have been specially appointed by God n e n t o i t h e "Wolfian school. to correct the morals of the British nation, and accordS e e Robinson Crusoe. ingly assumed the title of "Alexander the Corrector" C r u s o e , R o b i n s o n . (probably suggested to him by his work as corrector of the C r u & t u m e r i u m ( k m s - t ü - m é ' r i - u m ) . I n a n c i e n t press). geography, a city of L a t i u m , Italy, situated a C r u d o r ( k r o ' d ô r ) , S i r , I n Spenser's " F a e r i e f e w m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of R o m e . Q u e e n e , " a k n i g h t w h o insists t h a t B r i a n a shall C r u v e i l h i e r ( k r i i - v a - y a ' ) , J e a n . Born at s u p p l y hiin w i t h e n o u g h hair, c o n s i s t i n g of la- L i m o g e s , F r a n c e , F e b . 9, 1791: d i e d a t Jusd i e s ' curls and k n i g h t s ' b e a r d s , t o p u r f l e h i s sac, H a u t e - V i e n n e , F r a n c e , M a r c h 6, 1874. A c l o a k b e f o r e he w i l l m a r r y h o r . Sir C a l i d o r e F r e n c h p h y s i c i a n a n d a n a t o m i s t . H i s chief o v e r t h r o w s h i m , a n d h e r r a i d on t h e passers-by w o r k is " A n a t o m i e p a t h o l o g i q u e d a c o r p s huis s t o p p e d . m a i n " (1828-42). C r u e l B r o t h e r , T h e . A t r a g e d y b y Sir W i l l i a m C r u v e l l i ( k r o - v e l ' l e ) ( C r i i w e l l ) , S o p h i e . B o r n a t B i e l e f e l d , P r u s s i a , M a r c h 12, 1826. A G e r D a v e n a n t , p r i n t e d i n 1630. C r u e l G i f t , T h e . A t r a g e d y b y M r s . C e n t l i v r e , m a n s i n g e r . Her family was originally Italian. She was successful in Vienna, and later in Paris and London. produced i n 1716. In 1854 she appeared at the Grand Opera in Paris, and won much applause in Verdi's "Sicilian Vespers," which r u i k s h a n k ( k r u k ' s h a n k ) , Greorge. B o r n a t was written for her. In 1856 she married Baron Vigier, L o n d o n , Sept, 27, 1792: d i e d F o b . 1, 1878. A n o t e d English artist and caricaturist. He was and left the stage. the son of Isaac Cruikshank, who was also a caricaturist. C r u x ( k r u k s ) . [ L . , ' a cross.*] T h e Southern He began his career as an illustrator of children's books, Cross, t h e m o s t c e l e b r a t e d c o n s t e l l a t i o n o f and his satirical genius first found expression in "The t h e s o u t h e r n h e a v e n s . I t was erected into a conScourge, " a periodical published between 1811-16. At this stellation by ítoyer in 1679, but was often spoken of as a time his caricatures were in the style of Gillray, but cross before; there even seems to be an obscure allusion about 1819 he began to illustrate books and developed a to it in Dante. It is situated south of the western part styleof his own. Among his caricaturesthoseof Ivapoleon, of Centauras, east of the keel of Argo. I t is a small the impostures of Joanna Southcott, the corn-law^ the constellation of four chief stars arranged in the form of domestic infelicities of the regent and his wife, etc., are a cross. Its brightest star, the southernmost, is of about noted. In 1S27 William Hone issued a collection of Cruik- the first magnitude; the eastern, half a magnitude fainter; shank's caricatures in connection with the latter scandal, the northern, of about the second magnitude; and the which he called "Facetiae and Miscellanies." Some of western, of the third magnitude and faint. The constel» his best illustrations were for Scott and for a translation lation owes its striking effcct to its compression: for it of German fairy tales. In 1823 he issued his designs for subtends only about 6° from north to south, and still less Chamisso's "Peter Sehlemihl." Uis arrangement with from east to west. I t looks more like a kite than a cross. Dickens began with "Sketches by lioz" in 1836. He de- All four stars are white except the northernmost, which signed also for Richard Bentley (1837-43) and Harrison is of a clear orange-color. I t contains a fifth star of the Ainsworth (1836-44). "TheBottle"(eight plates, 1847) and fourth magnitude, which is very red. " T h e Drunkard's Children" (eight plates, 1848) were the first products of his satirical crusade against drunkenness. C r u z ( k r o t h ) , J o s é M a r i a d e l a . B o r n at ConHe continued to produce etchings, etc., in rapid and bril- c e p c i ó n , A p r i l 21, 1801: d i e d n e a r t h e s a m e liant succession till his eighty-third year: three years p l a c e , N o v . 23, 1875. A C h i l i a n g e n e r a l . As a after this he died. He wrote various pamphlets and squibs boy he was a cadet in the revolutionary army, serving in and started several magazines of his own, and iu his later most of the campaigns. He rapidly rose in rank; became years undertook to paint in oils. His most celebrated general of division in 1839; was twice minister of war and effort in this line is a large picture called " T h e Wor- marine; was chief of atari in the Peruvian campaign of ship of Bacchus, or the Drinking Customs of Society" 1838, and held various other important positions. In (1802). The painting is-in the National Gallery. 1851 he was the liberal candidate for president, but his C r u i k s h a n k , ( I s a a c ) R o b e r t . B o r n at L o n - opponent, General Montt, was elected. General Cruz then don, S e p t . 27, 1789: d i e d M a r c h 13, 1856. A n headed a revolt in the southern provinces, but was finally defeated at the battle of Loncomilla, Dec. 8, 1851. He E n g l i s h c a r i c a t u r i s t a n d m i n i a t u r e - p a i n t e r , was pardoned, and thereafter lived in retirement on his e l d e r b r o t h e r of G e o r g e C r u i k s h a n k . estate. Cruikshank,William Cumberland. B o r n at C r u z , J u a n a I n é s ele l a . B o r n a t M e x i c o , N o v . E d i n b u r g h i n 1745: d i e d a t L o n d o n , J u n e 27, 12, 1651: d i e d at M e x i c o , A p r i l 17, 1695. A 1800. A S c o t t i s h a n a t o m i s t . H e w r o t e " A n a t M e x i c a n p o e t , a nun of t h e C o n v e n t of San or Kumania (ko-ma'- Cumbria (kum'bri-a). In early British history, of the Brazilian Iustituto Historico e Geographico. ni-a), Great. A district in Hungary, beyond the Cymric lands between the Clyde and the Cunningham (kun'ing-am), or Cunninghame. the Theiss,now included in the county Jazygien- Ribble, in the west of the island; or, the south- The northern division of Ayrshire, Scotland, Gross-Kumanien-Szolnok. ern portion of that region. north of the Irvine,

Cunningham, Sir Alexander

Curtana

297

Cunningham (kun'ing-am), Sir Alexander. Cupid in Waiting. A comedy by William Curiosities of Literature, The. A work by Isaac D'Israeli. I t w a s issued a n o n y m o u s l y , t h e first Born Jan. 23, 1814: died Xov. 28, 1893. An Blanchard Jerrold, produced July 17, 1871. English military engineer and archaeologist, Cupid's Revenge. A play by Beaumont and v o l u m e in 1791, a s e c o n d in 1798, a t h i r d i n 1817, a f o u r t h a n d fifth i n 1823, a n d a s i x t h and last i n 1824. son of Allan Cunningham. He served in India Fletcher. I t w a s a c t e d in 1612, and p u b l i s h e d i n 1615. 1834-85. H i s w o r k s i n c l u d e " A n Essay on t h e A r i a n OrAn episode in I t was a t t r i b u t e d , b u t w r o n g l y , t o F l e t c h e r alone. F l e a v Curious Impertinent, The. d e r of A r c h i t e c t u r e " (1846), " L a d a k , P h y s i c a l , Statistical, a n d H i s t o r i c a l " (1846), " B o o k of I n d i a n E r a s " (188a), e t c .

t h i n k s t h a t N . F i e l d also assisted i n it. ney's " A r c a d i a " i u s o m e r e s p e c t s .

I t r e s e m b l e s Sid-

Cervantes'»

li

Don (¿uixote."

Crowne w r o t e a play,

" T h e M a r r i e d Beau, o r T h e Curious I m p e r t i n e n t , " t h e Cunningham, Allan. Born at Keir, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, Dec. 7, 1784: died at Lon- Cura (ko'ra), Ciudad de or V i l l a de. A town p l o t of w h i c h is t a k e n f r o m this. don, Oct. 30, 1842. A Scottish poet and gen- in northern Venezuela, southwest of Caracas. Curium (ku'ri-um). [Or. Kovpiov.'] An ancient eral w r i t e r . He was apprenticed to a stone-mason ; Curaçao (kò-rà-sa'o), or Curazao, or Curaçoa city of Cyprus, west of the river Lycus, said to have been founded by the Argives. its ruins conw e n t t o L o n d o n i n 1810, a n d b e c a m e a r e p o r t e r and a w r i t e r (ko-ra-sô'a). 1. An island of the Dutch West taiu a P h e n i c i a n t e m p l e , r e m a r k a b l e e s p e c i a l l y f o r i t s on t h e " L i t e r a r y G a z e t t e " ; and in 1814 b e c a m e s e c r e t a r y Indies, situated in the Caribbean Sea, north of c r y p t of f o u r r o c k - h e w n c h a m b e r s , a b o u t 23 f e e t in d i a m to the sculptor Chantrey, a position w h i c h he retained Venezuela, in lat. 12° 20' X., long. 69° W . it eter, c o n n e c t e d b y d o o r s and a g a l l e r y . T h e o b j e c t s i n u n t i l his d e a t h . H e w r o t e " T r a d i t i o n a l T a l e s of t h e Peasantry Modern" Painters, romances,

" ( 1 8 2 2 ) , ' ' T h e Songs o f Scotland, A n c i c n t and (1825), " L i v e s of t h e M o s t E m i n e n t B r i t i s h S c u l p t o r s , and A r c h i t e c t s " (1829-33), s e v e r a l etc.

Cunningham, Peter. Born at London. April 1, 1816: died at St. Albans, England, May 18, 1869. An English, antiquary and litterateur, son of Allan Cunningham. He wrote a "Handbook of L o n d o n " (1849), and e d i t e d t h e w o r k s of G o l d s m i t h , etc.

Drummond,

Cunningham, William. Born at Hamilton, Scotland, Oct. 2, 1805: died at Edinburgh, Dec. 14,1861. A Scottish clergyman and theologian, one of the founders of the Free Church. Hebec a m e p r o f e s s o r of t h e o l o g y in t h e Kree C h u r c h C o l l e g e in 1843, p r o f e s s o r of c h u r c h h i s t o r y i n 1845, a n d p r i n c i p a l i n 1847. H e w r o t e " H i s t o r i c T h e o l o g y "(1862), e t c .

Cunobeline (ku'no-be-lin), or Cunobelinus (-li'nus). A semi-mythical king of the Silures, the father of Caractacus. H e is o f t e n c o n f u s e d w i t h C y m b e l i n e , w h o s e a d v e n t u r e s a r e r e l a t e d b y Shakspere, who borrowed the name f r o m Holinshed.

e x p o r t s salt, a n d g i v e s its n a m e t o a l i q u e u r . I t w a s settled b y t h e Spaniards i n 1527, and w a s t a k e n b y t h e D u t c h i l l 1634. A r e a , 210 square m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1892), 27,254.

g o l d a n d silver c o n s t i t u t i n g t h e " T r e a s u r e of C u r i u m , " iu t h e M e t r o p o l i t a n M u s e u m , N e w Y o r k , w e r e f o u n d in these chambers.

t h e " C i v i l t à c a t t o l i c a " 1850-f>3. H e w a s i n 1877 e x p e l l e d f r o m his o r d e r o n a c c o u n t of h i s o p p o s i t i o n t o t h e p o l i c y of t h e P o p e t o w a r d t h e I t a l i a n g o v e r n m e n t . H e subseq u e n t l y r e c a n t e d , h o w e v e r , and w a s r e s t o r e d t o m e m b e r ship in the order. H e published " Lezioni esegetiche e m o r a l i sopra i q u a t t r o e v a n g e l i " (1874-76), " I l m o d e r n o d i s s i d i o tra l a Chiesa e l ' I t a l i a " (1877), " L a n u o v a I t a l i a e d i v e c c h i z e l a n t i " (1881), e t c .

Curran (kur'an), John Philpot. Born at Newmarket, County Cork, Ireland, July 24, 1750: died at Brompton, near London, Oct. 14, 1817. A noted Irish orator. He studied at Trin-

Curius Dentatus, Manius. See Deniatus. 2. A Dutch colony, comprising all the Dutch Curll ( k e r l ) . Edmund. Born in 1675: d i e d a t Antilles. Capital,Willemstad. Area,438 square London, Dec. 11, 1747. A notorious London miles. Population (1890), 45,162. bookseller. H e l i v e d b y p i r a t i c a l p u b l i s h i n g , and h e Curan (kur'an). In Shakspere's " K i n g L e a r , " a c h i e v e d a r e p u t a t i o n f o r issuing obscene l i t e r a t u r e w h i c h w a s t h e o r i g i n of t h e w o r d C u r l l i c i s m . I n 1716 h e had a a courtier. quarrel w i t h Pope, w h o pilloried him in t h e "JDunciad." Curate of Los Palacios (los pá-lá'thé-6s). The H e p u b l i s h e d a n u m b e r of standard w o r k s , h o w e v e r ; b u t Spanish historian Andres Bernaldez. of his b i o g r a p h i e s A r b u t h n o t said t h e y h a d a d d e d a n e w Curci (kor'chë), Carlo Maria. Born at ISTa- t e r r o r t o d e a t h . ples, Sept. 4, 1809: died at Villa Careggi, near Florence, June 8, 1891. A Roman Catholic Curragh (kur'rach or kur'ra), or The Curragh theologian and writer on church politics. He of Klldare (kil-dar'). A plain in County Kile n t e r e d t h e o r d e r of t h e J e s u i t s i u 182(3, a n d was e d i t o r of dar e, Ireland, 27 miles southwest of Dublin, it

Cuntisuyu ( k d n ' t è - s o ' y d ) , or Conde-suyu (kon'de-so'yo). The western quarter of the Inca Curé de Meudon (kû-rà' dè mè-dôn'), Le. A empire of Peru, extending from Cuzco west and name often given to Rabelais. Ho had a charge at Meudon in his later years. I t derived its n a m e f r o m southwest to the coast. A play by Webster, asCunti, a s m a l l r e g i o n j u s t w e s t o f C u z c o , w h i c h w a s e a r l y Cure for a Cuckold. sisted by Rowley, published in 1661. ( Ward,) conquered by the Incas. Cup (kup), The. A poetical drama by Lord Fleay thinks it was probably by Middleton and Tennyson, brought out at the Lyceum Theatre, Rowley. London, in 1881. Cures (kù'rëz). In ancient geography, a city of Cupar (ko'par), or Cupar-Fife (-fif ). A town the Sabines, 24 miles northeast of Rome, in the in Fifeshire, Scotland, situated on the Eden 27 vicinity of the modern Córrese : a legendary miles north of Edinburgh. Population (1891), city of Numa and Tatius. 4,656. Curetes (kû-rë'tëz). In Greek mythology, atCupid (ku'pid). [ L . Cupido, a personification tendants of Zeus, properlv in Crete: often of cupido (cupidin-), desire, passion, from ca- wrongly identified with the Oorybantes, the Capere, desire.] In Roman mythology, the god biri, etc. of love, identified with the Greek Eros, the son Cureton (kür'ton), William. Born at Westof Hermes (Mercury) and Aphrodite (Venus). b u r y , S h r o p s h i r e , E n g l a n d , 1 8 0 8 : d i e d J u n e 17, 1 8 6 4 . A n English Orientalist. H e w a s app o i n t e d t o a p o s i t i o n in t h e B o d l e i a n L i b r a r y in 1884 ; und e r t o o k t h e c a t a l o g u i n g of A r a b i c b o o k s a n d M S S . in t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m i n 1837 ( t h e first p a r t of t h e c a t a l o g u e a p p e a r e d i n 1846); and b e c a m e c h a p l a i n t o t h e q u e e n i n 1847, a n d c a n o n of W e s t m i n s t e r and p a s t o r of St. M a r g a Cupid, The Letter of. A poem by Iloccleve ret's i n 1849. H e is b e s t k n o w n f r o m h i s w o r k i n c l a s s i f y (Oecleve) dated 1402, two years after Chaucer's i n g a n d , i n part, e d i t i n g t h e i m p o r t a n t c o l l e c t i o n of S y r i a c M S S . o b t a i n e d b y t h e B r i t i s h M u s e u m f r o m t h e monasdeath: attributed in the 1532 edition to Chau- t e r i e s of N i t r i a 1841-48. H i s m o s t i m p o r t a n t d i s c o v e r y cer. w a s a M S . o f t h e " E p i s t l e s of I g n a t i u s t o P o l y c a r p , " Cupid and Psyche (sì'ké). An episode in the w h i c h h e e d i t e d in 1845. H e also d i s c o v e r e d p a r t s of a 1 ' Golden Ass " of Apuleius. The beauty of Psyche, Syriac v e r s i o n o f t h e gospels, d i f f e r i n g f r o m t h e P e s h i t o t h e y o u n g e s t of t h r e e d a u g h t e r s of a c e r t a i n k i n g , and t h e version, and n o w k n o w n as t h e " C u r e t o n i a n G o s p e l s . " h o m a g e p a i d t o it, a r o u s e t h e w r a t h of V e n u s , w h o c o m - Curiatii ( k û - r i - a ' s h i - î ) . In Roman legend, m a n d s C u p i d t o a v e n g e her. I n the a t t e m p t he falls in three brothers from Alba Longa, w h o fought l o v e w i t h P s y c h e : she is b o r n e t o a l o v e l y v a l l e y w h e r e against the three Horatii. See Horatii. e v e r y n i g h t C u p i d , a l w a y s i u v i s i b l e , v i s i t s h e r and c o m - Curicancha ( k o - r ë - k a n ' c h a ) , o r Coricancha ( k o m a n d s h e r not t o a t t e m p t t o see h i m . U r g e d b y h e r sisre-kàn'chà). [ Q u i c h u a , i court of g o l d . ' ] The t e r s and b y h e r o w n c u r i o s i t y , she v i o l a t e s t h i s c o m m a n d , great t e m p l e called the T e m p l e of the Sun, at a n d is a b a n d o n e d b y t h e g o d . A f t e r toilsome wanderings Cuzco, Peru. A c c o r d i n g to tradition i t was founded i n search of h e r l o v e r , a n d m a n y s u f f e r i n g s , Bhe is e n d o w e d b y M a n c o Capac. I t w a s p r o b a b l y u s e d as a p a l a c e b y w i t h i m m o r t a l i t y b y J u p i t e r and u n i t e d t o C u p i d f o r e v e r . t h e e a r l i e r I n c a s , and w a s l a t e r t u r n e d i n t o a t e m p l e . T h e great monarch Inca Yupanqui adorned the interior W h a t e v e r m a y be the concealed meaning of t h e alleg o r y , t h e story of C u p i d a n d P s y c h e i3 c e r t a i n l y a b e a u t i f u l w i t h g o l d . T h e t e m p l e o p e n e d o n a l a r g e square : i t w a s Action. Of this, t h e n u m b e r of t r a n s l a t i o n s and i m i t a 290 f e e t l o n g b y 52 f e e t broad, a n d i n c l u d e d t h e p r i n c i p a l t i o n s m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d as a p r o o f . M r . R o s e , i n t h e t e m p l e , v a r i o u s m i n o r r o o m s , a n d t h e g a r d e n of g o l d e n n o t e s t o h i s v e r s i o n of P a r t e n o p e x d e B l o i s , has p o i n t e d flowers. T h e i n t e r i o r was p a r t l y l i n e d w i t h t h i n g o l d . o u t its s t r i k i n g r e s e m b l a n c e t o t h a t r o m a n c e , as also A n e l l i p t i c a l g o l d p l a t e o n t h e w a l l w a s an e m b l e m of t o t h e T h r e e Calendars, and to o n e of t h e P e r s i a n T a l e s . t h e d e i t y , and i t w a s f l a n k e d b y g o l d and s i l v e r p l a t e s T h e p r o h i b i t i o n of Cupid, and t h e t r a n s g r e s s i o n of P s y c h e , r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e sun and m o o n . T h e roof w a s an elabhas s u g g e s t e d t h e S e r p e n t i n V e r t of M a d . d ' A u l n o y ; inorate thatch. T h e t e m p l e was partly despoiled by order d e e d t h e l a b o u r s to w h i c h P s y c h e is s u b j e c t e d seem t o of A t a h n a l p a t o s a t i s f y t h e Spanish d e m a n d f o r g o l d ; t h e b e t h e o r i g i n of all f a i r y tales, p a r t i c u l a r l y G r a c i e u s e et S p a n i a r d s c o m p l e t e d its d e s t r u c t i o n , a n d t h e c h u r c h and P e r c i n e t . T h e w h o l e story has also been b e a u t i f u l l y v e r s i c o n v e n t o f S a n t o D o m i n g o w e r e b u i l t on t h e site. Porfied b y M a r i n o in his p o e m l ' A d o n e . C u p i d is i n t r o d u c e d i n t h e f o u r t h b o o k r e l a t i n g i t f o r t h e a m u s e m e n t of A d o n i s , t i o n s o f t h e o r i g i n a l w a l l s are still v i s i b l e , f o r m i n g p a r t a n d h e t e l l s i t in such a m a n n e r as to f o r m t h e m o s t pleasof t h e c o n v e n t s t r u c t u r e . i n g e p i s o d e of t h a t d e l i g h t f u l p o e m . I n e e d n o t m e n t i o n t h e w e l l - k n o w n i m i t a t i o n b y F o n t a i n e , n o r t h e d r a m a of Curicó (kô-rë-kô'). 1. A province of Chile, P s y c h e , w h i c h was p e r f o r m e d w i t h t h e u t m o s t m a g n i f i south of Colchagua. Area. 2,913 square miles. c e n c e at P a r i s in 1670, and is u s u a l l y p u b l i s h e d in t h e Population (1891), 104,909.-2. The capital of w o r k s of M o l i è r e , b u t w a s in f a c t t h e e f f o r t of t h e u n i t e d the above province. Population (1891), about g e n i u s of t h a t author, C o r n e i l l e , Quinault, and L u l l i . Nor h a v e t h e fine a r t s less c o n t r i b u t e d t o t h e e m b e l l i s h m e n t 13,000. of t h i s f a b l e : t h e m a r r i a g e of C u p i d and P s y c h e has f u r Curio (ku'ri-ô), Caius Scribonius. 1. Died n i s h e d R a p h a e l w i t h a series of p a i n t i n g s w h i c h a r e 53 B. e. A Roman general and politician. a m o n g t h e finest of his w o r k s , a n d w h i c h a d o r n t h e w a l l s H e was t h e ñ r s t R o m a n g e n e r a l t o r e a c h t h e D a n u b e i n of t h e F a r n e s e P a l a c e i n t h e v i c i n i t y of R o m e . M cesia, a b o u t 73 B. C. Dunlop, H i s t , of P r o s e F i c t i o n , I . 110. H e is g e n e r a l l y r e p r e s e n t e d as a b e a u t i f u l b o y w i t h w i n g s , c a r r y i n g a b o w a n d a q u i v e r o f a r r o w s , a n d is o f t e n s p o k e n of as b l i n d or b l i n d f o l d e d . T h e n a m e is o f t e n g i v e n in a r t to f i g u r e s of c h i l d r e n , w i t h o r w i t h o u t w i n g s , i n t r o d u c e d , s o m e t i m e s i n c o n s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r , as a m o t i v e o f d e c o r a t i o n , and w i t h l i t t l e or n o m y t h o l o g i c a l allusion.

Cupid and Psyche. An antique copy in marble, in the Capitol, Rome, of a Greek original of Hellenistic date, representing a boy and a girl embracing. Cupid is nude, Psyche draped from the hips down.

is t h e p r o p e r t y of t h e c r o w n , and is t h e seat of a m i l i t a r y c a m p and o f a c e l e b r a t e d r a c e - c o u r s e .

i t y C o l l e g e , D u b l i n , and at t h e M i d d l e T e m p l e , L o n d o n , and i n 1775 w a s a d m i t t e d t o t h e I r i s h bar. I n 1783 h e e n t e r e d t h e I r i s h P a r l i a m e n t , w h e r e h e j o i n e d t h e opposition, of w h i c h G-rattan w a s t h e l e a d e r . W h e n t h e g o v e r n m e n t i n s t i t u t e d i t s b l o o d y series of p r o s e c u t i o n s a g a i n s t t h e l e a d e r s of t h e I r i s h i n s u r r e c t i o n of 1798, h e a p p e a r e d f o r t h e prisoners i n n e a r l y e v e r y case, and cond u c t e d t h e d e f e n s e w i t h e x t r a o r d i n a r y b o l d n e s s a n d abili t y . H e w a s m a s t e r of t h e r o l l s in I r e l a n d 1806-14, w h e n he retired t o private life. See " L i f e of C u r r a n , " b y his son, W . H . Curran (1819); C u r r a n and h i s C o n t e m p o r a r i e s , " b y C h a r l e s P h i l l i p s (1818); and " Curran's S p e e c h e s "

(1806). Current River (kur'ent riv'er). A river in southeastern Missouri which joins the Black River near Pocahontas, Randolph County, northeastern Arkansas. Length, over 200 miles. Currer Bell. See Bell, Currcr. Currie (kur'i), James. Born at KirkpatrickFleming, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, May 31,1756: died at Sidmouth, England, Aug. 31," 1805. A Scottish physician. H e w r o t e " M e d i c a l R e p o r t s on t h e E f f e c t s of W a t e r , " etc. (1797-1805), and e d i t e d Burns's w o r k s (1800).

Cursa (ker'sa). [Ar. ul-Jcursa, the chair or throne.] The third-magnitude star Eridani, situated at the beginning of the river, very near Orion. Curse of Kehama, The. A poem by Southey, first

published in

1810.

Curse of Scotland, The.

The name given to

the nine of d i a m o n d s i n playing-cards. There a r e v a r i o u s e x p l a n a t i o n s of t h e n a m e : a p r o b a b l e o n e t r a c e s i t t o t h e g r o u p s of n i n e l o z e n g e s i n t h e c o a t of a r m s of t h e D a l r y m p l e f a m i l y , one of t h e m e m b e r s of w h i c h , t h e Mast e r ( a f t e r w a r d E a r l ) o f Stair, p l a y e d an i m p o r t a n t p a r t in t h e m a s s a c r e of G l e n c o e .

Cursor, Papirius. See Papirkis Cursor. Cursor Mundi (ker'sor mun'di). [L., 'the runner

or courier of

the world';

translated

in

one ME. MS. 'the Cnrsuro the world,' in another 'the Cours of the werlde.? The last expresses the real intention of the title.] A poem written about 1320, and founded on Ctcdmon's paraphrase of Genesis. I t ran through t h e course of t h e w o r l d f r o m t h e c r e a t i o n t o d o o m s d a y . T h e w h o l e p o e m has b e e n p r i n t e d b y t h e E a r l y E n g l i s h T e x t S o c i e t y (cd. by Dr. R i c h a r d Morris).

Curtain (ker'tan), The. A London playhouse established in Shoreditch in 1576. it is thought t h a t S h a k s p e r e a c t e d h e r e in his o w n p l a y s . I t r e m a i n e d o p e n u n t i l t h e accession of Charles I., a f t e r w h i c h t h e d r a m a g a v e w a y to e x h i b i t i o n s of a t h l e t i c f e a t s . I t is said t h a t it w a s c a l l e d T h e Curtain because h e r e t h e g r e e n c u r t a i n w a s f i r s t u s e d ; in 1678 A u b r e y calls i t " T h e G r e e n C u r t a i n . " T h e n a m e is still m a i n t a i n e d in " C u r tain R o a d . " T h e C h u r c h of St. J a m e s stands near t h e Site, and a stained-glass w i n d o w was p l a c e d at i t s w e s t end i n 1886 t o c o m m e m o r a t e t h e association w i t h Shakspere.

Curtain Lectures. See Caudle. Curtana (ker-ta'na), Courtain (kdr-tan'), or Curtein (ker-tan'J. [ L . curt us, broken, short2. Killed at Utica, Africa, 49 B. C. Son of ened.] The name originally given to the sword of Roland, of which, accordingto the tradition, Caius Scribonius Curio: a partizan of Cëesar in the point was broken oif in testing it. The name the civil war. is also g i v e n t o t h e p o i n t l e s s s w o r d c a r r i e d b e f o r e t h e Curio. A gentleman in attendance on the k i u g s of E n g l a n d at t h e i r c o r o n a t i o n , and e m b l e m a t i c a l l y Duke of Illyria, in Shakspere's " T w e l f t h c o n s i d e r e d as t h e sword of m e r c y . I t is also c a l l e d t h e s w o r d of E d w a r d t h e C o n f e s s o r . Night."

0 urtatone C u r t a t o n e (kor-tii-to'ne). A village in the p r o v i n c e of M a n t u a , I t a l y , 4 m i l e s w e s t of M a n t u a . Here, May 29, 1848, about 19,000 Austrians under Radetzky a feat ed r»,O00-C,00Q Italians.

Curtin (kèr'tin), Andrew Gregg. Bom at Belle-

Cuthah

298 l a t . 42° 5 6 ' N-, l o n g . 17° 1 0 ' E . I t c o n t a i n s a c a t h e d r a l . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), c o m m u n e , 6,097.

Curzon (ker'zon), George Nathaniel.

Born

1840. A n E n g l i s h p o l i t i c i a n a n d p u b l i c i s t , m e m b e r of P a r l i a m e n t : a u t h o r o f 1 i R u s s i a i n C e n t r a l Asia, and t h e Anglo-Russian Question/' " P e r s i a and the Persian Question."

f o n t e , P a . , A p r i l 22, 1817: d i e d O c t . 7, 1894. A n A m e r i c a n p o l i t i c i a n , g o v e r n o r of P e n n s y l v a n i a 1861-67, m i n i s t e r t o R u s s i a 1869-72, m e m C u s a . S e e Alexander John, P r i n c e of R u m a n i a . b e r of C o n g r e s s f r o m P e n n s y l v a n i a 1881-87. C u r t i s ( k è r ' t i s ) . " [ T h e n a m e Curtis, a l s o Car- Cusa (ku'za), or Cusanus (ku-za'nus), Nikotiss, Curtice, r e p r e s e n t s M E . curtcis, conrteis, laus (originally Nikolas Chrypffs or Krebs). n o w courteous.'] A c h a r a c t e r i n S h a k s p e r e ' s B o r n a t K u e s , n e a r T r i e r , G e r m a n y , 1401: d i e d c o m e d y " T h e T a m i n g of t h e S h r e w . " This part a t T o d i , U m b r i a , I t a l y , A u g . 1 1 , 1 4 6 4 . A n o t e d was originally described in the dramatis personam as a e c c l e s i a s t i c a n d p h i l o s o p h i c a l w r i t e r , a p p o i n t e d serving-man, but it is now played as an old woman, the c a r d i n a l i n 1448. H i s c h i e f p h i l o s o p h i c a l w o r k housekeeper of Petruchio. is " D e d o c t a i g n o r a n t i a . " Curtis, Benjamin Robbins. Born at Water- C u s h ( k u s h ) . [ G r . Xovg.] I n t h e O l d T e s t a t o w n , M a s s . , N o v . 4, 1809: d i e d a t N e w p o r t , m e n t : (a) The eldest son of Ham. (fc) A geographical E . I . , S e p t . 15, 1874. A n A m e r i c a n j u r i s t , a s - and ethnographical term usually rendered Ethiopia in the s o c i a t e j u s t i c e of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s S u p r e m e Vulgate and Septuagint. Cush corresponded probably C o u r t 1 8 5 1 - 5 7 : b r o t h e r of G . T . C u r t i s . De pub- to Upper Egypt and northern Nubia, including, perhaps, part of Abyssinia and southern Arabia. Also Kush. lished "Reports of Cases in the Circuit Courts of the U. S." The southern zone is described before the middle. (1854), "Decisions of the Supreme Court," "Digest of the " T h e sons of Ham," it is said, "were Cush, and Mizraim, Decisions of the Supreme Court" (to 1854), etc. Phut, and Canaan." Cush embraces not only the Curtis, George Ticknor. Born at Watertown, and Ethiopia of the classical geographers, but also the southM a s s . , N o v . 28, 1 8 1 2 : d i e d a t N e w Y o r k , M a r c h western coast of Arabia and the opposite coast of Africa 28, 1894. A n A m e r i c a n l a w y e r a n d l e g a l w r i - as well. I t thus corresponds to the land of Pun of the t e r . His works include " T h e Law of Copyright " (1847), Egyptian monuments, as well as to Kesii or Ethiopia. I t "The Law of Patents" (1849, 4th ed. lS73),"Lifc of Daniel was inhabited for the most part by a white race whose Webster " (1855-58), " Last Years of Daniel Webster " (1878), physical characteristics connect them with the Egyptians " A History of the Origin, Formation, and Adoption of the [p. 51]. . . . The name Cush was of Egyptian origin. vaguely denoted the country which lay between the Constitution of the United States" (1855-58), ''Constitu- Kash First Cataract and the mountains of Abyssinia, and from tional History of the United States," etc. (1892, Vol. I). reign of Thothmes I. to the fall of the Twentieth Curtis, George William. Born at Providence, the Egyptian Dynasty the eldest son of the Egyptian monarch K , I . , F e b . 24, 1824: d i e d o n S t a t e u I s l a n d , bore the title ef "Royal Son" or Prince of Kash. In the N . Y . , A u g . 31, 1892. A n o t e d A m e r i c a n j o u r - reign of Meneptah, the Pharaoh of the Exodus, one of tlie3e Princes of Kash had the name of Mes, and may thus n a l i s t , o r a t o r , p u b l i c i s t , a n d a u t h o r . He lived in the community at Brook Farm,remaining there 18 months ; have originated the Jewish legend reported by Josephus, according to which Moses, the adopted son of an Egyptraveled abroad 1846-50 ; on his return in the latter year tian princess, conquered the land of Cush [p. 143]. . . . bccame connected with the New York " T r i b u n e " ; was Kaa or Cush was thus, properly speaking, the region connected with "Putnam's Monthly" 1852-57; and be- known as Ethiopia to the geographers of Greece and came editor of the "Easy Chair" ("Harper's Magazine ") Rome. But it was only by degrees that the name came to in 1854, and in 1863 of "Harper's Weekly "(founded 1857). cover so wide an extent of country. At the outset it deHe was an influential advocate of civil-service reform. In noted only a small district on the southern side of the 1871 he was appointed by Grant, one of the commissioners Second Cataract. Near Wady Hafa an inscription has found enumerating the tribes conquered by Userteto draw up rules for the regulation of the civil service, been sen. of the Twelfth Dynasty, as he marched from the but resigned on account of differences with the President. boundaries of Egypt up the Nile. Almost at the head of He was president of the New York State Civil Service them stands the tribe or district of Kash. League in 1880, and of the National Civil Service Reform League from its foundation until his death. He wrote Sayce, Races of the O. T., p. 141. "Nile Notes of a Howadji" (1851), "Howadji in Syria" B o r n a t Salis(1852), "Lotus-Eating" (1852), "Potiphar Papers" (1853), G u s h i n g ( k u s h ' i n g ) , C a l e b . " P r u e and I " (1856), "Trumps " (1862), "From the Easy b u r y , M a s s . , J a n . 17, 1 8 0 0 : d i e d a t N e w b u r y port, Mass., J a n . 2,1879. A n A m e r i c a n jurist, Chair" (1891), "Washington Irving" (1891). C l i r t i s e ( k b r - t é s ' ) . T h e l i t t l e h o u n d i n t h e t a l e p o l i t i c i a n , a n d d i p l o m a t i s t . He was member of Congress from Massachusetts 1835-43, United States comof ' ' R e i n e c k e F u c h s . " C u r t i u s ( k o r ' t s é - o s ) , E r n s t . B o r n a t L i i b e c k , missioner to China 1843-44, colonel and brigadier-general G e r m a n y , S e p t . 2, 1814. A n o t e d G e r m a n in the Mexican war 1847, attorney-general 1853-57, counsel a r c h a e o l o g i s t a n d h i s t o r i a n , p r o f e s s o r i n t h e before the tribunal of arbitration in Geneva 1871-72, and U n i v e r s i t y of B e r l i n s i n c e 1863. His works include minister to Spain 1874-77. " Peloponnesos " (1851-52), " Griechische Geschichte " Cushing, Luther Stearns. Born at Lunen(1857-67, English translation by Ward 1868-73), "Die b u r g , M a s s . , J u n e 22, 1 8 0 3 : d i e d a t B o s t o n , Ionier vor der ionischen Wanderuug" (1855), "Attische J u n e 22, 185G. A n A m e r i c a n l a w y e r . His bestStudien " (1*63-64), etc. known works are "Rules of Proceeding and Debate in C u r t i u s , G e o r g . B o r n a t L i i b e c k , G e r m a n y , Deliberative Assemblies" (1844: known as "Cushing's A p r i l 16, 1820 : d i e d a t H e r m s d o r f , G e r m a n y , Manual"), and "Law and Practice of Legislative AssemA u g . 12, 1885. A G e r m a n p h i l o l o g i s t , b r o t h e r blies" (1855). of E r n s t C u r t i u s , p r o f e s s o r of c l a s s i c a l p h i l o l - G u s h i n g , T h o m a s . B o r n a t B o s t o n , M a s s . , o g y a t L e i p s i c f r o m 1862. He wrote "Griechische M a r c h 24, 1 7 2 5 : d i e d F e b . 28, 1788. A n A m e r Schulgrammatik " (1852), "CSrundzuge der griechischen i c a n p o l i t i c i a n , s p e a k e r of t h e M a s s a c h u s e t t s Etymologie " (18S8-62), etc. H o u s e of R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s 1763, a n d l i e u t e n a n t C u r t i u s ( k é r ' s h i - u s ) , M a r c u s . A R o m a n l e g e n - g o v e r n o r of M a s s a c h u s e t t s 1779-88. d a r y h e r o . In 362 b. C., a chasm having been formed G u s h i n g , W i l l i a m . B o m at Scituate, Mass., in the Forum by an earthquake, the soothsayers announced that it could be closed only by the sacrifice of Rome's M a r c h 1, 1732: d i e d a t S c i t u a t e , S e p t . 1 3 , 1 8 1 0 . greatest treasure. The people were at a loss to interpret A n A m e r i c a n j u r i s t , a p p o i n t e d a s s o c i a t e j u s the oracle when Marcus Curtius, a noble youth, stepped t i c e of t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s S u p r e m e C o u r t i n 1789. forward and, declaring that the state possessed 110 greater Gushing, William Barker. Born iu Wiscontreasure than a brave citizen in arms, leaped, mounted on his steed and in full armor, into the chasm, which closed s i n , N o v . , 1 8 4 2 : d i e d a t W a s h i n g t o n , D . C., D e c . 17, 1874. A n A m e r i c a n n a v a l o f f i c e r , after him. Curtius Rufus, Quintus. A Roman historian, n o t e d o n a c c o u n t of h i s e x p l o i t i n b l o w i n g u p of t h e t i m e of C l a u d i u s , a u t h o r of a h i s t o r y of t h e C o n f e d e r a t e i r o n - c l a d r a m A l b e m a r l e a t P l y m o u t h , N o r t h C a r o l i n a , o n t h e n i g h t of O c t . Alexander the Great. 27, 1864. S e e Albemarle. C u r u p i r a (ko-ro-pe'ra). The name given by B r a z i l i a n I n d i a n s of t h e T u p i r a c e t o a m y t h i - C u s h i t e s ( k u s h ' i t s ) . T h e d e s c e n d a n t s of C u s h ; c a l b e i n g , g e n e r a l l y d e s c r i b e d a s a d w a r f i s h t h e i n h a b i t a n t s of C u s h . In Gen. x. 6, Cush appears m a n h a v i n g h i s f e e t t u r n e d b a c k w a r d . He is as the first son of Ham, while in verse 7 Dedan and Seba, said to wander in the woods, where he kills and devours Arabic tribes, are enumerated among the descendants of Cush. and in verse 8 Nimrod, who is represented as the persons who are lost. The hunter who finds his tracks founder of the Babylonian kingdom, appears as the son of and tries to run away from him is deceived by the direc- Cush. There are evidently two kinds of Cushites in the tion of the footprints, and hastcus to his own destruction. Old Testament, either two different races, or at least differThe Curupira myth is found iu all parts of Brazil, is very ent settlements. The first are identical with the Kash, ancient, and is connected with many goblin tales, some Kish, or Kesh of the Egyptian monuments, a name desigof which have been published. nating a reddish or reddish-brownish people living beC u r v e t t o ( k è r - v e t ' ò ) . A n o l d l i b e r t i n e , a f f e c t i n g tween Egypt and Abyssinia, and between the Nile and the y o u t h , i n M i d d l e t o n ' s p l a y ' ' B l u r t , M a s t e r C o n - sea : in the Assyrian inscriptions called Kusu or Miiuchu. The Greek name Ethiopia comprised originally the darks t a b l e . ' ' H e i s t h e b u t t of m a n y p r a c t i c a l j o k e s . colored peoples of the southern countries of Africa and Asia C u r w e n ( k e r ' w e n ) , J o h n . B o r n a t H e c k i n o n d - at large; Inter it was confined to the Nile territory south of w i k e , Y o r k s h i r e , E n g l a n d , N o v . 14, 1816: d i e d Egypt. The other division of the Cushites is to be looked a t H e a t o n M e r s e y , n e a r M a n c h e s t e r , E n g l a n d , for in the East, and is perhaps identical with the Kassu or Kassi of the inscriptions. See Cosseans. M a y 26, 1880. A n E n g l i s h t e a c h e r of s i n g i n g b y t h e tonic sol-fa system. C u r z o l a (ktir'dzò-la). 1 . A n i s l a n d of t h e Adriatic Sea, belonging to Dalmatia, situated n e a r l a t . 4 3 ° N . L e n g t h , a b o u t 30 m i l e s . — 2 . T h e c h i e f t o w n of t h e a b o v e i s l a n d , s i t u a t e d i n

Cushman (kush'man), Charlotte Saunders,

B o r n i n B o s t o n , J u l y 23, 1 8 1 6 : d i e d i n B o s t o n , F e b . 8, 1876. A n A m e r i c a n a c t r e s s . She flrstappearcd at New Orleans, at the age of nineteen, as Lady Macbeth. She acted with Macready in New York 1842-43, and in Boston in 1844. She played at the Princess's Theatre in

London in the autumn of 1844, and in 1845 was very successful as Bianca. In December, 1S45, she appeared as Romeo at the Haymarket, her sister Susan playing Juliet.. She reappeared in America, Oct. 8,1849, at the old Broadway Theater, New York, as Mrs. Haller. Her principal characters were Romeo, Wolsey, Hamlet, and Claude Melnotte. In 1852 she announced her intention of retiring from the stage, but occasionally actcd until her last illness. Meg Merrilies and Nancy Sykcs were her strongest melodramatic parts. Cushman, Robert. Born in England about 1 5 8 0 : d i e d i n E n g l a n d , 1625. An English m e r c h a n t , o n e of t h e f o u n d e r s of t h e P l y m o u t h colony. C u s i s ( k u ' s i s ) . A f a b u l o u s c o u n t r y i n Sir J o h n M a n d e v i l l e ' s " V o i a g e a n d T r a v a i l e . " The people of this country have but one foot, so large that it casts a shadow over the whole body when used as a protection from the sun, and with this one foot they make wonderful speed.

Oust (kust), Robert Needham. Born at Cock-

a y n e - H a t l e y , B e d f o r d s h i r e , E n g l a n d , 1821. A n o t e d O r i e n t a l i s t a n d A f r i c a n i s t . He entered the civil service of India in 1843, and retired in 1869. Since that date he has resided in London, His principal works are "Sketch of the Modem Languages of the East Indies" (187S), "Linguistic and Oriental Essays" (1880-91), " Sketch of the Modern Languages of Africa"(1853)," Notes on Missionary Subjects " (1887X "Africa Rcdiviva " (1891). C u s t a n c e . See Constance.

Custer (kus'ter), George Armstrong. Born at

N e w R u m l e y , O h i o , D e c . 5, 1839: d i e d in M o n t a n a , J u n e 2 5 , 1 8 7 6 . A n A m e r i c a n s o l d i e r . He was graduated at West Point in 1861, and was assigned to duty as lieutenant in the United States cavalry. He led a brigade of volunteers in the battle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863 ; was appointed to the command of a division of cavalry in the volunteer service Sept. 30, 1864, and took part in the Richmond campaign in 1864, in the Shenandoah campaign from 1864-65, and in the pursuit of Lee's army after the evacuation of Richmond iu 1865. He was mustered out of the volunteer service, with the rank of major-general, in 1866, and in the same year was appointed lieutenant-colonel, with the brevet rank of major-general, in the regular army. He commanded an exploring expedition to the Black Hills in 1874. He led with his regiment General Terry's column in the expedition against the Sioux Indians in 1876. Coming upon a large Indian encampment on the Little Big Horn River, Montana, he divided his regiment into several detachments, one of which under Major Reno was ordered to attack the enemy in the rear, while lie himself advanced with five companies in front. Major Reno was driven back, and the Indians concentrated upon Custer, who was killed together with his whole force.

Custine (kus-ten'), Adam Philippe de, Count.

Born at Metz, F e b . 4,1740: guillotined at Paris, A u g . 28, 1793. A n o t e d F r e n c h s o l d i e r . He fought under Soubise in the Seven Years' War, and was quartermaster-general of the French forces in America 1778-83, being present at the surrender of Yorktown, Virginia? 1781. He was deputed to the States-General in 1789, and in 1792 was appointed to the command of an army. He took Spires Sept, 29, and Mainz Oct. 21, 1792; but failing in the campaign of 1793 to relieve Mainz, which had been recapturcd by the Allies, he was executed on the charge of conspiring to effect a counter revolution.

C u s t i n e , Marquis A s t o l p h e de. Born at Niederwiller (Meurthe), F r a n c e , March 18,1790: died n e a r P a u , F r a n c e , S e p t . 29, 1857. A F r e n c h w r i t e r a n d t r a v e l e r , g r a n d s o n of A d a m P . d e Custine. l i e wrote " M e m o i r e s et voyages," e t c . (1830), " L a R u s s i e e n 1 8 3 9 " (1843), e t c .

Custis (kus'tis), George Washington Parke. B o r n a t M o u n t A i r y , M d . , A p r i l 30, 1781: d i e d at Arlington House, F a i r f a x County, Virginia, O c t . 10, 1857. A n A m e r i c a n w r i t e r , a d o p t e d s o n of G e o r g e W a s h i n g t o n .

Custom of the Country, The.

A play bv

F l e t c h e r a n d M a s s i n g e r , p r o d u c e d b e f o r e 1628 a n d p r i n t e d i n 1647. I t is partly from a story of Cervantes and partly from a story in Cinthio's "Hecatommithi." "Love makes a Man," by Cibber, and "Country Lasses," by Charles Johnson, were partly taken from it.

Custom of the Country, The. A play by Mrs.

C e n t l i v r e , p r o d u c e d i n 1715. i t was originally a farce called "A Bickerstatf's Burial," said, doubtfully, to be founded on one of Sinbad's voyages. C u s t O Z Z a (kos-tdd'zii), or C u s t o z a ( k o s - t o t ' s a ) . A v i l l a g e i n t h e p r o v i n c e of V e r o n a , I t a l y , 11 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of V e r o n a , i t was the scene of two battles: (1) On July 25, 1848, the Austrians (about 33,000) under Radetzky defeated the Sardinians (about 25,000) under King Charles Albert. (2) On June 24, 1866, the Austrians (75,000?) under the archduke Albert defeated the Italians (130,000?) under Victor Emmanuel. Custrin. See Eiistrin.

Cutch. See Kachlt.

Cutch Gundava. S e e Kachh Gundava. C u t h a h . ( k u ' t h a ) . A city in Babylonia whence S h a l m a n e s c r I V . (727-722 B. C.) b r o u g h t c o l o n i s t s i n t o S a m a r i a (2 K i . x v i i . 24). These Cutheans, mingling with other peoples, became the progenitors of the Samaritans. In the cuneiform inscriptions the city is oftenmentionedunderthenameof Kutu. It was situated a little to the east of Babylon, and is now represented by the ruins of Tel Ibrahim. The statement (2 Ki. xvii. SO) that the principal god of the Cutheans was Nergal (the god of war) is confirmed by the inscriptions. Nebuchadnezzar (604-561) records that he restored the temple oi Nergal in the city of Cuthah.

Cuthbert O u t h b e r t ( k u t h ' b è r t ) , Saint. Died at F a r n e , N o r t h u n i b r i a , M a r c h 20, 687. A n o t e d E n g l i s h m o n k . H e w a s prior of Melrose a b o u t 664, a n d l a t e r of L i n d i s f a r n e , a n d b i s h o p of L i n d i s f a r n e 685-687. Cutler (kut'lér), Manasseh. B o m a t Killingly, Conn., May 1742 : died a t H a m i l t o n , Mass., J u l y 23, 1823. A n A m e r i c a n b o t a n i s t a n d C o n g r e g a t i o n a l c l e r g y m a n , one of t h e f o u n d e r s of M a r i e t t a , Ohio, in 1788. C u t l e r , T i m o t h y . B o r n a t Charlestown, Mass., a b o u t 1684 : died, a t Boston, A u g . 17, 1765. Ail A m e r i c a n c l e r g y m a n , p r e s i d e n t of Yale College 1719-22. Cutpurse (kut'pèrs), Moll. T h e n i c k n a m e of a n o t o r i o u s w o m a n (real n a m e M a r y F r i t h ) w h o w a s b o r n i n L o n d o n in 1589 a c c o r d i n g t o h e r life p u b l i s h e d a n o n y m o u s l y in L o n d o n 1662, b u t a c c o r d i n g t o M a l o n e i n 1584. She was

299

Cuyo (ko'yo). A r e g i o n of S p a n i s h S o u t h A m e r i c a , s i t u a t e d e a s t of t h e A n d e s , a n d ext e n d i n g f r o m a b o u t l a t . 23° to 35° 3 ' S., a n d e a s t w a r d , in p a r t s , to long. 63° "VV. it was originally settled from Chile, and remained a province of that captain-generalcy until 1776, when it was united to the new viceroyalty of Buenos Ayres. The limits were never definitely hxed, and the name is now obsolete.

Cuyp, or K u y p (koip), A l b e r t . B o r n a t D o r t , N e t h e r l a n d s , 1605 : died a t D o r t , 1691. A D u t c h landscape-painter. C u y p , J a k o b G e r r i t s . B o r n 1575: died 1651. A D u t c h p a i n t e r , f a t h e r of A l b e r t C u y p . Cuza. See Alexander John, P r i n c e of R u m a n i a . C u z c o ( k o z ' k o ) . [Quiehua, ' n a v e l ' or ' c e n t e r , ' a n a m e first g i v e n to t h e c i t y . ] 1 . A d e p a r t m e n t of P e r u . A r e a , 13,500 s q u a r e miles. Popua riotous " thief, pickpocket, bully, prostitute, procuress, lation, 238,445. — 2. T h e c a p i t a l of t h e a b o v e fortune-teller, receiver of stolen goods, and forger of d e p a r t m e n t , s i t u a t e d in l a t . 13° 31' S., long. writings," and nearly always wore a man's dress. She is 72° 5' W . . a b o u t 11,380 f e e t a b o v e sea-level.

said to have been the first woman who used tobacco. She was introduced by "Uiddleton and Dekker as the chief personage (but in reformed character) in their play " T h e Roaring Girl." Field also introduces her in his play "Amends for Ladies."

Cynthus

was fought near the place, in 1691, between the Span- C y m r y , or K y m r y ( k i m ' r i ) . [W. Cymry, pi. of iards and. the Tehua Iudians who had risen against Diego Cymro, a "Welshman; cf. Cymrit, ML. Cambria, de Vargas. W a l e s . T h e origin of t h e n a m e is u n k n o w n :

I t contains a cathedral, several convents, etc. I t was founded, according to tradition, by Manco Capac in the 11th century; was the capital of the empire of the Incas ; and was noted for its Temple of the Sun (see Curicancha) and the so-called fortress of the Incas (see Sacsahuana). I t was entered by Pizarro Nov. 15, i533, and was besieged and partly burned by Manco Inca in 1536. Population (estimated, 1889), 22,000.

some c o n n e c t it w i t h W. cymmer, a c o n f l u e n c e of w a t e r s ; cf. aber, inver-.] The n a m e g i v e n t o t h e m s e l v e s b y t h e W e l s h , in its wider application the term is often applied to that division of the Celtic race which is more nearly akin with the Welsh, including also the Cornishmen and the Bretons or Armoricans, as distinguished from the Gadhelic division. Also written Cymri, Cwmry. Cynaegirus (sin-e-ji'rus). [Gr. Kwatyupo68, and was appointed living on Mount Ida in Phrvgia, the discover- he H e founded the abbey of St. Denis, and reduced to writsuperior of the missions of the U p p e r Lakes in 1670. H e ers of iron and copper and of the art of work- ing the customary laws of the barbarian tribes in his transferred, in the legends, to w e r e there identified with the T h e i r number, originally three, accounts of them, to ten, and

kingdom. During his reign the empire of the Franks attained a w i d e extent, namely, from the Weser to the Pyrenees, and f r o m the Western Occan to the frontiers of Bohemia.

Dacca (dak'a), or Dhaka (dha'ka). 1. A diviRamman. sion in eastern Bengal, British India. Area, Dadu. See Dagobert, Chanson du roi, [ F . , ( Song of King 15,000 square miles. Population (1891), 9,844,- Daedalus(dé'da-lus or ded'a-lus). [Grr.Aai.àa7.ocJ,'] Dagobert.'] A popular French song concern127.— 2. A district in the above division. Àrea, In Greek legend, an Athenian, son of Metion and ing King Dagobert I. and his favorite counsel2,897square miles. Population (1891), 2,420,656. grandson of Erechtheus. He was regarded as the per- o r , S a i n t E l o i . I t was in existence before the revolu— 3. The capital of the district of Dacca, situ- sonification of all handicrafts and of art, and as such was tion of 1789. I t is a satirical series of couplets sung to a by artists' gilds in various places, especially in hunting chorus, and has been modified to suit various ated on tho river Buriganga in lat. 23° 44' N., worshiped Attica, and was a central figure in various myths. H e political epochs. I n 1814 it became immensely popular on account of the verses against JNapoIeon and the Russian campaign. I t was forbidden by the police, but was r e v i v e d on the return of the Bourbons. E v e r y other stanza begins " L e bon roi Dagobert."

Dacca Jelalpur. See Faridpur. Dachstein (dàch'stìn). One of the chief peaks DagOU (dâ'gon). A deity mentioned in the Old Testament as the national god of the of the North Limestone Alps, in the SalzkamPhilistines, and as worshiped especially in G-aza mergut, Austria-Hungarv, about 18 miles south and Aslidod (Judges xvi. 23, and 1 Sain. v.). of Ischi. Height, 9,830 feet. T h e name is usually derived f r o m H e b r e w d a y (fish), and Dacia (da'shi-a)- [ L . Dacia, Gr. Adula; from i t is assumed that Dagon was depicted as half man and Daci, Gr. AaKoi, Aànoi, Aàoi, the inhabitants.] half fish, and had his female counterpart in Derketo, w h o 1. A province of the Roman" Empire, lying was worshiped in Aslikelon (Ascalon). 1 Sam. v. 4 would between the Carpathian Mountains on the seem t o f a v o r this view. On the other hand, Assyro-Babynorth, the Theiss on the westT the Danube lonian m y t h o l o g y also knows a divinity Dagan ; but there Dsegsastan, Battle Of. A victory gained in on the south, and the Dniester on the east. he is. etymologically at least, n o t connected w i t h the 603 by the Northumbrian king .^thelfrith over fish, as the Assyrian w o r d f o r fish is not dag but nun : I t corresponded to modern Rumania, Transylvania, part the Scots under Aidan, near the river Tees (?). the meaning of the name Dagan has not as y e t been deof Hungary, and perhaps also Bukowina. T h e inhabitants w e r e t h e Getto or Daci. I t was invaded by Alex- Daendels (dan'dels), Herman Willem. Born termined. A t the same time the Babylonian historian ander the Great in 335 B. 0., by Lysiinachus about 292 at Hattem, Gelderland, Netherlands, Oct. 21, Berosus gives an account of sijch a being, half man and b. C-, and its people defeated the generals of Domitian 1762: died on the Gold Coast, Africa, May 2, half iish, under the name Oannes, who in the beginning of SL-96 A. p. I t was conquered by T r a j a n in 101 and sucemerged at intervals f r o m the sea and taught the 1818. A Dutch general, and governor-general history ceeding years, and made a R o m a n province. I t was abancivilization. This Oannes of Berosus is idenof the Dutch East Indies 1808-11. He took part Babylonians doned by the Romans in the r e i g n of Aurelian, 270-275. tified by some scholars with Ea of the Assyro-BabyIonian

Cut oif, as it has been for so inany ages, f r o m all R o m a n influences, forming, as it has done, one of the great highways of barbarian migration, a large part of Dacia, namely the modern Roiimari principality, still keeps its K o m a n language no less than Spain and Gaul. I n one w a y t h e land is to this day more Roman than Spain or Gaul, as its people still call themselves by the R o m a n name. Freeman, Hist. Geog., p. 71.

2. A diocese in the northern part of the lateT Roman prefecture of Illyricum (Scrvia and western Bulgaria). Dacier (dà-syà')> André. Born at Castres, France, April 6, 1651: died at Paris, Sept. 18, 1722. A French classical scholar and academician. He translated (for the use of the Dauphin) Valerius Flaccus, Horace. Epictetus, Aristotle's " Poetics," etc.

pantheon, the god of the ocean ; and is conceived as a human figure w i t h the skin of a fish on his shoulders as a garment, a representation of which is often m e t on the early monuments. I n Phenicia the name of the god was connected with dagan, corn, and is accordingly rendered into Greek in the fragments of P h i l o Byblius by c l r o i . Dagon was then-considered as the god of agriculture, a function which is also emphasized in the Oannes of Berosus.

Dagonet (dag'o-net), orDaguenet (dag'e-netj, Sir. In Arthurian romances, the fool of King Dafìrah (dà-fè'ra). [Ar. al-dafirah, the tuft of Arthur, who " l o v e d him passing well and made him knight with his own hands." He was hair at the end of an animal's tail.] A rarely used name for the star ¡3 Leonis, usually known buffeted and knocked about a good deal, and is frequently alluded to by the dramatists of Sliakspere's time and as Denebola. later. D a (Jama, Vasco, See Garna, Vasco da. Daggerwood, Sylvester. See Sylvester Dag- Daguerre (da-gar'), Louis Jacques Mandé. Born at Cormeilles, Seine-et-Oise, Nov. 18, ger wood. 1789: died at Petit-Brie-sur-Marne, July 12, Daggett (dag'et), David. Born at Attlebor- 1851. A French painter, and inventor (with ough, Mass., Dec. 31,1764: died at New Haven, Nièpce ) of the daguerreotype process. He was Conn., April 12, 1851. An American jurist, at first in the internal revenue service, then devoted himUnited States senator from Connecticut 1813- self to scene-painting, in which he attained celebrity, 1819. and in 1822, w i t h Bouton, opened the Diorama in Paris 302

Daguerre

303

(burned 1839). In the successful study of the problem of obtaining permanent pictures by the action of sunlight he was anticipated by Nicéphore Niépee, who began his investigations in 1814, and communicated some of his results to Daguerre, who was then occupied with the subject, in 1826: the two worked together from 1829 until Hiepcc's death in 183a. Dagucrre's perfected process was communicated to the Academy of Sciences by Arago, Jan. 9, 1839.

Dalecarlia

is the author of several romances : the principal one, warred with the gods and interfered with sacri" Der Kampf um Rom " ( 'The Struggle for Rome "), appeared in 1876, in fourvolumes; " Odhins Trost " ( " Odin's fices ; Titans. A Nigritic tribe of the Consolation ") in 1880. He has written, also, a number of D a j o (da-jo'). [PI.] dramas, among them " Harkgraf Rudeger von Bechela- eastern Sudan, southeast of the Kuka, with ren " (1875). whom they have some remote affinity.

Lived ( d a H ' n a ) , or Dehna ( d â H ' n a ) . A large Dakiki, Abu Mansur Muhammad. unexplored desert in southern central Arabia, about 1000 A. D. A Persian poet, from Tus or Bokhara, author of many odes and sonnets. extending from Nejd to Iladramaut. D'Aguesseau. Seo Aguesseau. D a h o m e y (da-hô'mi). A negro kingdom of Dakiki had completed a thousand distichs of the Book of D a h a k , Sec Azhi J)ahal:a. West Africa, capital Abomey, extending f r o m Kings when he was murdered. Firdusi represents him as D a h l (dal), C o n r a d . Born near Trotidhjem, the Slave Coast inland to the Make highland. appearing to him in a dream, and asking him to incorpoXorway, J u n e 24, 1843. A Norwegian poet On the west it borders on Togo ; on the east, on Lagos rate in his work the fragment. To Dakiki Firdusi ascribed Yoruba. The coast towns, Kotonu, Whydah, Porto the portion of the Shahnamah relating to Gushtasp and and novelist, pastor in Bergen after 1873. H e and i-iovo, and Grand Popo, have been annexed by France. Zartusht (Zoroaster). is best known for his representation of Norwe- The land is low and unhealthy. The chief export is palmD a k o t a (da-ko'ta). [From the Dakota Indians.] gian peasant life. oil. The Dahomeyans are intelligent, active, and polite. former territory of the United States. See Dahl, Johann Kristen Clausen. Bom at The hecatombs of human victims for which they are no- A North Dakota and South Dakota. torious are due to their superstition rather than to thenBergen, Norway, Feb. 24, 1788 : died at DresD a k o t a (da-ko'ta). [PI., also Dakotas: 'eoncruelty. Every man is subject to military service, but den, Oct. 14, 1857. A Norwegian landscape- the A division of the Siouan stock famous life-guard of 800 Amazons consists of volun- f e d e r a t e d / ] painter. teers. In the war of 1892-93 with France, the Dahomeyans of North American Indians, composed of the D a k o t a p r o p e r a n d t h e A s s i n i b o i n . Their former D a h l , M i c h a e l . Born at Stockholm, Sweden, were defeated by Colonel Dodds. The French, however, in 1656: died at London, Oct. 20, 1743. Á find it very difficult to hold their ground. The Dahomey- habitat was in Montana and the adjacent part of the Dahna

S w e d i s h p o r t r a i t - p a i n t e r . He was a pupil of the ans are also called Fan. Their language is closely allied Danish painter Klocker, and in 1688 settled at London, to Ewe. Population, about 600,000. where he acquired an extensive patronage among the nobility and at court. He painted the portraits of the prin- D a h r a (da'ra). A mountainous region in northcess (afterward queen) Anne and Prince George, the por- ern Algeria, situated about lat. 36° 15" N., long. trait of Charles XI. of Sweden at Windsor, and the series 0 ° - l ° E . In its caverns about 500-600 Kabyles were suffocated by order of the French commander Colonel of portraits of admirals at Ilampton Court. l'élissier in 1845.

Dahl, Vladimir Ivanovitch: pseudonym Ko-

s a k L u g a n s k i . Born at St. Petersburg, 181)1: died at Moscow, Nov. 3,1872. A Russian novelist, philologist, and litterateur. H e published a " Dictionary of the Living Russian Tongue " (1861-66), etc.

Dahlak, or Dahlac (dä-läk'), or Dahalak

(dä-hä-läk'). [Ar. ¿Salej."] A group of islands in tho lied Sea, off the seaport of Massowa, now belonging to Italy.

Dahlbom (däl'böm), Anders Gustaf. Bora at

Forssa, East Gothland, Sweden, March 3.1806 : died at Lund, Sweden, May 3,1859. A Swedish entomologist. His chief work is " Hymenoptera europsea preeeipue borealia" (1845).

Dahlgren (dal'gren), John Adolf.

Born at

Northwest Territory of British North America, as well as in North and South Dakota and Minnesota, i'lie Dakota proper, or Sioux, were originally in seven gentes, whence the name by which they sometimes call themselves, Otceti Cakowin ( ' T h e Seven Council-fires'). These seven gentes have become the primary divisions of the Dakota, and are as follows: Mdewakanton wan, Waqpekute, Sisitonwan, Waqpetonwan, Ihafiktonwan, Ihanktonwanna, and Titonwan. The Aldewakantonwan were the original Isanyati or «Santce, but at present the Waqpekute also are called by that name. These original divisions have developed into at least 126, excluding those of the Waqpekute, which have not been acquired. The present number of the Dakota is 28,440, and the Assiniboin number 3,008. (SeeSuutan.) Also

D a i d a l o s . See Dsedalus. D a i l l é (da-yâ'), Latinized D a l l s u s (da-le'us), J e a n . Born at Chatellerault, France. J a n . 6, 1594: died at Charenton, near Paris, April 15, 1670. A F r e n c h P r o t e s t a n t divine and controversialist, a voluminous writer. His chief work is " Traité de l'emploi des saints pères pour le jugement Dakotak. des différends qui sont aujourd'hui en la religion ' (1632 : D a l a y r a c (da-la-rak'), N i c o l a s . Born at Muret, Haute-Garonne, France, J u n e 13, 1753: died Latin trans. 1656). at Paris, Nov. 27, 1809. A noted F r e n c h comD a i l y G o u r a n t , T h e . The first British daily p o s e r of c o m i c Operas. His works include "Le paper. It was begun March 11, 1702. petit soupcr" (1781), "Le corsaire"(l783), " N i n a " (1786), D a i m b e r t (dan-bar' ), or D a g o b e r t (dâ-gô-bâr' ). " Le poete ct le nmsicien " (1809), etc. Died in Sicily, 1107. First Latin patriarch of D a l b e a t t i e (dal-be'te). A town in KirkcudJ e r u s a l e m . He became archbishop of Pisa in 1092, and bright, Scotland, situated 13 miles southwest commanded the Pisan and Genoese army iu the first Cru- of Dumfries. Population (1891), 3,149.

Dalberg (dal'bero), Emmerich Joseph. Bom Philadelphia, Nov. 13, 1809: died at Washing- sade. lie was elected patriarch of Jerusalem in 1099. ton, D. €., J u l y 12, 1870. A noted American D a i m i e l (dî-më-el')- A town in the province of at Mainz, Hesse, May 30, 1773: died at Hernsr e a r - a d m i r a l . He became lieutenant in 1837, and was Ciudad Real, Spain, situated 20 miles north- heim, near Worms, April 27, 1833. A peer of assigned to ordnance duty at Washington in 1847. While east of Ciudad Real. Population (1887), 11,508. France, son of Baron Wolfgang Heribert Dalthere he introduced important improvements in the naval D a i m i o ( d i ' m y o ) . [Chino-Jap., ' great name.'] berg, l i e was created duke of Dal berg by Naarmament, including a gun of his own invention, which The title of the chief feudal barons or territo- poleon in 1810, and peer by Louis XVIII. in 1815. bears his name. He became commander in 1855; made rial nobles of Japan, vassals of the mikado: in 1S57 an experimental cruisc with the sloop of war distinguished f r o m shornio ( ' l i t t l e n a m e ' ) , Dalberg, Karl The odor Anton Maria von. Plymouth, to test the practicability of employing his the title given to the hatamoto, or vassals of Born at Hernsheim, near Worms, Hesse, Feb. eleven-inch gun at sea; resumed command of the ord- the shogun. Though exercising independent authornance department at Washington in 1858 ; was made chief ity in their own domains, the daimios acknowledged the 8, 1744: died at Ratisbon, Bavaria, Feb. 10, of the bureau of ordnance J uly 13, 18G2; became rear- mikado as the legitimate ruler of the whole country. 1817. A German prince, prelate, and litteraadmiral Feb. 7, 1863; and in July following was placed During the Tokugawa shogunate (1603-18C8) the daimios teur, last archbishop-elector of Mainz. He was iti command of the South Atlantic blockading squadron. gradually became subject to the shoguns, who compelled prince-primate of t h e Confederation of the He conducted the naval operations in Charleston harbor them to live in Yedo, with their families and a certain "Rhine 1806-13. which began July 1U, 1863, and ended Sept. 7,1863, in the number of their retainers, for six months of every year, D a l b y ( d a l ' b i ) , I s a a c . Born in Gloucestercourse of which, in cooperation with the land forces tin- and on their departure for their own provinces to leave der General Gillmore, he took Morris Island and Fort their families as hostages. The number of daimios dif- shire, England, 1744: died at F a r n h a m , Surrey, Wagner, and silenced i'ort Sumter, b u t failed to capture fered at different times, according to the fortunes of war England, Feb. 3, 1824. An English mathemaCharleston. He led a successful expedition up the St. and the caprice of the shogun a. Just before the abolition tician, emploved in the survey of England after John's River in Feb., 1864, to aid in throwing a military of the shogunate there were 255, arranged in ûve classes, 1791. force into Florida, cooperated with Sherman in the cap- with incomes ranging from 10,000 to 1.027,000 koku of rice D a l e (dal), D a v i d . Born at Stewarton. Ayrshire, ture of Savannah Dec. 21. and entered Charleston with per annum. In 1871 the daimios surrendered their lands J a n . 6, 1739: died at Glasgow, March 17, 1806. General Schimmclpfennig on its evacuation in Feb., 1865. and privileges to the mikado, who granted pensions pro- A S c o t t i s h p h i l a n t h r o p i s t . He was the founder He published various technical works. portioned 11> their respective revenues, and relieved them and firBt proprietor of t h e Lanark mills, since made the support of the samurai, their military retainers. famous by their connection with his son-in-law, the Dahlgren (däl'gren), Karl Fredrik. Born at of These pensions have since been commuted into active Owen. About 1770 he retired from the Stens-Bruk, near Norrkoping, Sweden, J u n e bonds, redeemable by government within thirty years from socialist Robert church of Scotland, and founded a new com20, 1791: died at Stockholm, May 2, 1844. A date of issue. The title has been abolished, and that of established munion on congregational principles, known as the Old Swedish poet, novelist, and humorist. His kuwazoku bestowed upon court and territorial nobles Independents, of which he was chief pastor. He was complete works were published 1847-52. alike. noted as a munificent benefactor of the poor. Dahlmann (däl'män), Friedrich Christoph. D a i n t y (dân'ti), L a d y . A fashionable, frivo- D a l e (dal), R i c h a r d . Born near Norfolk, Va., Born at Wismar, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, May Nov. 6, 1756: died at Philadelphia, Feb., 1826. J Ci 13,1785: died at Bonn, Prussia, Dec. 5, I860'. lous fine lady in Cibbei s comedy The Double A n A m e r i c a n c o m m o d o r e , n e served as first lieuA noted German historian and statesman, ap- Gallant." "Dogs, doctors, and monkeys arc teuant under Paul Jones on the Bon Homme Richard in the battle with the Serapis, Sept. 23, 1779, and compointed professor at Kiel in 1812, at Göttingen her favorites.'' She is courted b y Careless. i n 1829, a n d a t B o n n i n 1842. He was a member of

the National Assembly at Frankfort 1848-49. His works include "Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte "(1830), "Geschichte von Dänemark" (1840-48), "Geschichte der englischen Revolution'' (1844), Geschichte der französischen Revolution " (1845), etc.

Dahlstjerna (däl-sher'nä), Gunno Eurelius. Born at Öhr, Dalsland, Sweden, Sept. 7, 1661: died in Pomerania, Sept. 7, 1709. A Swedish poet. His best-known work is (i K u n g a s k a l d " (1697), a heroic poem on Charles XII. and Peter the Great. D a h n (dan), F e l i x . Born at Hamburg, Feb. 9. 1834. A German historian and poet. He

Daircell, or Taircell, or Moiling. Died 696. An

manded a squadron in the Mediterranean 1801-02, during Irish, s a i n t . According to an Irish account of his life, the hostilities with Tripoli. he was the illegitimate son of I'aelan, a farmer at Luachair Dale, Robert William. B o r n D e c . 1,1829: d i e d (now Slieve Lougher), near Castle Island, Kerry. His M a r c h 13, 1895. An English Congregational mother, when she found herself about to give birth to a c l e r g y m a n a n d a u t h o r . He became associate pastor child, fled to the wilderness, where she was prevented from strangling her new-born babe only by a dove sent of the'Congregational Church at Carr's Lane, Binninghain, from heaven, which flapped its wings in her face. He in 1853, and sole pastor in 1859. He was for a number of was educated by St.. Brendan of Clonfert, who gave him years editor of the " Congregationalist," and was chairthe name of Daircell ('gathering "),.in allusion to the man- man of the Congregational Union of England and Wales ner in which the dove "gathered " him to her with lier J868-69. In 1877 he delivered at Yale College a scries of wings. Once, when collecting alms for St. Brendan's lectures on preaching (the first Englishman appointed to Church, he was attacked by a band of robbers, who threat- the Lyman Heecher Lectureship). He has written " The ened to kill him. He made his escape by making tlireo Jewish Temple and the Christian Church"(1863), "Serleaps, in which he passed over the whole of Lougher and mons on t h e Ten Commandments" (1871), and ! i The landed iu the third inclosure of the church, whereupon Atonement"(1874), etc. he received the name of Moiling (from linge, leaps) of D a l e , Sir T h o m a s . Died at Masulipatam, BritLougher. He founded the church of Tech Moiling, or St. Mullens, at Ross Broc (?), and is the reputed author of a ish India, 1619. A colonial governor of VirLatiu manuscript of the four gospels, preserved in Trinity g i n i a . He became marshal of Virginia in 1609, and in 1611 succeeded De la Warr as governor, being relieved by College, Dublin. Sir Thomas Gates in the same year. He was governor Daisy (dà'zi), Solomon. The "bell-ringer of a second time 1614-16, when he returned to England, Chigwell, in Charles Dickens's " Barnabv taking with him Thomas Rolfe and Rolfe's wife Pocahontas. His administrations, which were characterized R u d g e " : a rusty little fellow who seems all by great severity, were attended by order and prosperity.

studied history and jurisprudence at Munich and Berlin. In 1857 he became docent in the faculty of law at the University of Munich, and in 1862 was made professor. The succeeding year he went in the same capacity to Würzburg. In ls"2 he became professor of law at the University of Königsberg, and in 1888 at Breslau. His most important works are, in history, "Die Könige der Germanen" ( :< The Kings of the Germans." 1861-72, 6 vols.), "Urgeschichte der germanischen und romanischen Volker" eyes. ("Primitive History of the Germanic and Romance Peo- D a i s y M i l l e r ( d à ' z i miTér). A novel by ples," 1S78 following) ; in law, " Die Vernunft im Recht" (•'Reason in Law," 1879). A. volume of poems, "Ge- Henry J a m e s , published in 1878. dichto," appeared in 1857, and a second collection in 187-1; D a i t y a (dit'ya.). [ ' S o n of Diti.'] In Hindu "Balladen und Lieder " ("Ballads and Songs ") in 1878. R e mj'thology, a race of demons and giants who

Dalecarlia (da-le-kar'le-a), Sw. Dalarna (da'liir-na)« A former province of Sweden, corresponding to the laen of Kopparberg o r F a h l u n . Its surface is mountainons. Its people took the leading part in the independence movement under (lustavns Vasa

Dal-Elf Dal-Elf

(dal'elf'). A river formed b y the u n i o n of t h e O s t e r a n d W e s t e r D a l - E l f , w h i c h f l o w s i n t o t h e G u l f of B o t h n i a 58 m i l e s n o r t h of U p s a l a . L e n g t h , a b o u t 250 m i l e s . D'Alemberfc. S e e Alembert.

Robert Charles. Born at Kingston, Dalgarno (dal-gar'no), George. Born at Aber- Dallas, Jamaica, 1754: died at Ste.-Adresse, Nordeen, Scotland, about 1627: d i e d at Oxford, E n g l a n d , A u g . 28, 1687. A B r i t i s h s c h o l a r a n d w r i t e r , i n v e n t o r of a d e a f - m u t e a l p h a b e t . He w r o t e " D e a f a n d D u m b M a n ' s T u t o r " (1680), etc.

Dalgarno, Lord,

A malevolent young m a n in S i r W a l t e r S c o t t ' s " F o r t u n e s of N i g e l . " He is the secret enemy of Nigel and the favorite of Prince Charles. Having heartlessly betrayed the Lady Hermione, he is compelled by the king to do her justice. After leaving court in disguise, he is murdered. Dalgetty ( d a l ' g e t - i ) , Captain Dugald. A s o l d i e r of f o r t u n o i n S c o t t ' s " L e g e n d of M o n trose.''' He has been a divinity student iti his youth, and is now a mercenary. He is courageous, and not untrustworthy if well paid. The original is Baid to have been a man named Munro who belonged to a band of Scotch and English auxiliaries in Swinemiinde (1630). Dalhousie ( d a l - h o u ' z i ) , Earls Of. S e e Ramsay. Dalias ( d a ' l e - a s ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of A l m e r i a , s o u t h e r n S p a i n , s i t u a t e d w e s t of A l m e r i a . P o p u l a t i o n ( 1 8 8 7 ) , 6,254. Dalida ( d a l ' i - d a ) . S e e t h e e x t r a c t .

Dalyell

304 186é. A n A m e r i c a n s t a t e s m a n , s o i l of A l e x a n d e r J a m e s D a l l a s . He was United States senator from Pennsylvania 1831-33, minister to Russia 1837-39, Vice-President of the United StateB 1845-49, and minister to England 1856-61.

m a n d y , N o v . 20, 1824. A B r i t i s h a u t h o r . He was educated in England ; returned, on coming of age, to Jamaica to take possession of the estates left him by his father ; and eventually settled in England. He is uoted chiefly for his intimacy with Byron, to whom lie gave literary advice, and for whom he acted as agent in dealings with publishers. He wrote "Recollections of the Life of Lord Byron from the year 1808 to the end of 1814," which was edited by his son A. R. C. Dallas in 1824 (f). Dalles ( d a l z ) . [ F . dalle, a flagstone, s l a b . ] A s u c c e s s i o n of r a p i d s i n t h e C o l u m b i a R i v e r , n e a r t h e c i t y of T h e D a l l e s : a l s o t h e n e i g h b o r i n g h e i g h t s ( s e e t h e q u o t a t i o n ) . " T h e Dalles, on the eastern side of the [Cascade] range, [have] an elevation of only about 100 feet. At the Dalles —so named on account of the great, broad, flat plates or sheets of lava which are there well exhibited on and near the river — is the beginning, in this direction, of the volcanic plateau of the Columbia." (J. D. Whitney, in Encyc. Brit., X X I I I . 800.) Dalles is also the name for cascades in the Wisconsin River, and in the St. Louis River in Minnesota.

Dalles, The.

hydrographer to the admiralty in 1795. Author of "Account of Discoveries in the South Pacific Ocean before 1764 " (1767), "Historical Collection of South Sea Voyages" (1770-71), etc. Dalrymple, S i r David, L o r d H a i l e s . B o r n a t E d i n b u r g h , O c t . 28, 1 7 2 6 : d i e d N o v . 29, 1792. A n e m i n e n t S c o t t i s h j u d g e a n d a u t h o r . He was educated at Eton and at Utrecht; was admitted to the Scottish bar in 1748; was raised to the bench of the Court of Session with the title of Lord Hailes in 1766; and in 1776 became a Judge of the justiciary or criminal court. His most notable works are " A n Inquiry into the Secondary Causes which Mr. Gibbon has assigned to the Rapid Growth of Christianity" (1786), and "Annals of Scotland" (from Malcolm Canmore to Robert I., 1776: continued to the accession of the house of Stuart, 1779).

Dalrymple,

S i r James, first V i s c o u n t S t a i r . B o r n i n Carrick, i n May, 1619: d i e d at E d i n b u r g h , N o v . 25, 1695. A S c o t t i s h l a w y e r a u d statesman. He was educated at Clasgow and Edinburgh ; became professor of logic, morals, aud politics in t h e University of Glasgow in 1641; was admitted to the Scottish bar in 1648; was appointed a judge of the Court of Sessions by Cromwell in 1657; was reappointed by Charles II. in 1661; became president of the court in 1670; was admitted to the Scottish Parliament in 1672 ; fled in 1682 to Holland to avoid the consequences of refusing to take the test oath ; supported William of Orange in 1688; was created Viscount Stair, Lord Glenluce and Stranraer, in 1690. His chief work is "Institutions of the Law of Scotl a n d " (1681).

A c i t y , c a p i t a l of W a s c o C o u n t y , O r e g o n , s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e D a l l e s o r c a t a r a c t of t h e C o l u m b i a , 72 m i l e s e a s t of P o r t l a n d . P o p - Dalrymple, S i r John, first E a r l o f S t a i r . B o r n u l a t i o n (1890), 3,029. i n 1 6 4 8 : d i e d J a n . 8, 1707. A S c o t t i s h l a w y e r The Dalila of the Book of Judges is t h r o u g h o u t " Dalila " Dalling and Bulwer, Baron. S e e a n d s t a t e s m a n , s o n of S i r J a m e s D a l r y m p l e . Bulwer. in theVulgate,butis "Dalida" in Chaucer, and "Dalida " is Dallmeyer(dârmî-er), Johann Heinrich. Born He was admitted to the Scottish bar in 1672; was appointthe form used in Wyclif s Bible. Chaucer uses the form ed king's advocate by .Tames II. in 1685; supported in " Dalida " in the 1 ' Monk's Tale " and In " The Book of the a t L o x t e n , n e a r Y e r s m o l d , W e s t p h a l i a , S e p t . 6, 1(>88 the cause of William of Orange, whose chief adviser Duchess." I t is not, perhaps, without significance that 1830: d i e d D e c . 30, 1883. A G e r m a n o p t i c i a n . in .Scottish affairs he became ; was sworn privy councilor He came to England in 1851; became a manufacturer of under Queen Anne in 1702; and was created earl of Stair " Dalida" was the form u s e d i n " The Court of Luve." Morley, Eng. Writers, V. 805. telescopes at London in 1859; was elected a fellow of the in 1703. He is noted chiefly for his connection with the Astronomical Society in 1861; and patented a single massacre of the Macdonalds of Gleacoc, which was underDalin ( d a ' l i n ) , Olof von. B o r n a t V i n b e r g a , i n Royal photographic lens in 1864. Author of "On H a l l a n d , S w e d e n , A u g . 29, 1 7 0 8 : d i e d a t D r o t t - wide-angle taken by his advice in 1692. the Choice and Use of Photographic Lenses." n i n g h o l m , A u g . 12, 1763. A S w e d i s h h i s t o Dalrymple, John, s e c o n d E a r l of S t a i r . B o r n r i a n a n d p o e t . He was the son of a clergyman. He Dall' Ongaro ( d a l o n g ' g a - r o ) , Francesco. B o r n a t E d i n b u r g h , J u l y 2 0 , 1 6 7 3 : d i e d t h e r e , M a y 9, studied at Lund, and subsequently entered one of the a t M a n s u e , T r e v i s o , I t a l y , 1808 : d i e d a t N a p l e s , 1747. A S c o t t i s h g e n e r a l a n d d i p l o m a t i s t . He public offices in Stockholm. He began his literary career J a n . 10, 1873. A n I t a l i a n p o e t , n o v e l i s t , a n d was educated at Leyden ; is said to have served in various H i s " N o v e l l e v e c c h i e e subordinate grades throughout the wars of William I I I . by the publication of a weekly journal, " Den Svenska p o l i t i c a l a g i t a t o r . Argus" ( " T h e Swedish Argus"% modeled after the "Spec- n u o v e " w e r e p u b l i s h e d i n 1869. in Flanders; became aide-de-camp to the Duke of MarlF . Dal- borough in 1703; commanded a brigade at the siege of tator," which he issued anonymously 1733-34. This was Dalmatia ( d a l - m â ' s h i - a ) . [G. Dalmatien, A c r o w n l a n d a n d t i t u l a r k i n g d o m i n Lille and at the battle of Malplaquet; was commissioned followed by "Tankar ora K r i t i k e r " ( " T h o u g h t s about maUe.~\ t h e C i s l e i t h a n d i v i s i o n of A u s t r i a H u n g a r y , i t Critics"), and, after his return from a tour through Gergeneral in 1712; was appointed minister plenipotentiary many and France, by the satiric prose allegory "Sagan is bounded by Croatia on the north, Bosnia, Herzegovina, to Paris in 1715; was raised to the rank of ambassador in om Hasten " ( " T h e Story of the Horse"), and the satiric and Montenegro on the east, and by the Adriatic on the 1719; was recalled in 1720; was created field-marshal in poem "Aprilverk om var herrliga t i d " ("April-work of south and west. Its surface is mountainous, and many 1742; and was made general of the marines in 1746. He Our Glorious Time"). A didactic epos," SvenskaFriheten," islands lie along the coast. The leading occupations of its is noted chiefly for the princely style in which he supappeared in 1742. In 1751 he was made tutor to the inhabitants are fishing, seafaring, ship-building, raising ported his mission at Paris, aud for the comprehensive crown prince, and ennobled. In 1753 he was made privy live stock, and the production of wine and olives. Capital, and invaluable information which he remitted in his decouncilor. In 1756, suspected of being concerned in the Zara. I t sends 9 members to the Austrian Reichsrat, and spatches concerning the secret intrigues of the French revolution of that year, he was banished the court, but has a Diet of 43 members. The prevailing religion is court and of the frieuds of the Pretender. returned in 1761. During this period he was engaged Roman Catholic. A large majority oi the inhabitants are D a l s l a n d ( d a l s ' l a n d ) . A d i s t r i c t i n t h e l a e n of upon his principal work, "Svea H i k e s H i s t o r i a " ( " H i s t o r y Serbo-Croatians, and there are many Italians on t h e coast. E l f s b o r g , S w e d e n , s i t u a t e d o n t h e N o r w e g i a n of the Kingdom of Sweden"), which extends down to the Dalmatia formed part of the Roman diocese of Hlyricum. f r o n t i e r . end of the reign of Charles IX. His collccted literary I t was overrun by the Goths and Avars, and in the 7th T h e c o u n t y - s e a t of W h i t works, "Samlade Vitterhetsarbeten," appeared in 1767, in c e n t m y by the Slavs. A Croatian kingdom of Dalmatia Dalton ( d a l ' t o n ) . existed in the 11th century, From the 11th century Dal- f i e l d C o u n t y , n o r t h w e s t e r n G e o r g i a , s i t u a t e d 6 vols.; "Svea R i t e s Historia," in 4 vols., 1747-62. D a l k e i t h ( d a l - k e t h ' ) * A t o w n i n t h e c o u n t y matia fluctuated between Hungary and Venice until finally 2 8 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of C h a t t a n o o g a . Near here, of E d i n b u r g h , S c o t l a n d , s i t u a t e d b e t w e e n t h e the greater part became Venetian. By the treaty of May 9, 1864, an engagement took place between p a r t of north and south Esk, m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of Campo-Formio in 1797 it was given to Austria ; in 1805 it Sherman's army and t h e Confederates. Population (1890), E d i n b u r g h . Dalkeith Palace (the residence of the was ceded to France, and was retroceded to Austria in 1814. 3,046. Duke of Buccleuch) is in the vicinity. Population (1891), I t was the scene of insurrections 1869-70, and in 1881. Dalton, John. B o r n a t D e a n (?), C u m b e r l a n d , Area, 4,1)40 square miles. Population (1890), 527,426. 7,035. i n 1709: d i e d at W o r c e s t e r , J u l y 22,1763. An earlier Illyrian war is recorded in the second book E n g l i s h p o e t a n d d i v i n e . He took the degree of Dall ( d a l ) , William Healoy. B o r n a t B o s t o n , of The B. A. at Oxford in 1730, and that of M. A. in 17K4; was Polybios. Appian has a special book on the Illyrian Mass., Aug. 21,1845. A n A m e r i c a n naturalist. appointed a canon of Worcester cathedral in 1748, and He took part in the international telegraph expedition in wars. I n him (chap, xi.) we get our first notice of Dalma- about the same time obtained the rectory of St. Mary-at1805; was assistant to the United States Coast Survey tia as such: the name is not to be found in Polybios. Hill, London. His most notable work is an adaptation of There is also a shorter notice in Strabo. 1871-80; and was paleontologist to the United States GeoFreeman, Hist. Essays, I I I . 30, note. Milton's "Comus" for the stage, which was published in logical SuTvey 1884-86. His works include "Alaska and 1788, under the title "Comus, a Mask, now adapted to the its Resources " (1870), "Scientific Results of the Explora- Dalou ( d a - l ô ' ) , Jules. B o r n a t P a r i s , 1838. A Stage, as altered from Milton's Mask." tion of Alaska by the Parties under the Charge of W. H. F r e n c h s c u l p t o r . He studied under Duret at the Dalton, John. B o r n a t E a g l e s f i e l d , C u m b e r École des Beaux Arts, and assisted Carpeaux, He sent l a n d , S e p t . 6, 1 7 6 6 : d i e d J u l y 27, 1844. An Dall" (1876), etc. his first work to the Salon in 1867. On account of com- E n g l i s h c h e m i s t a n d n a t u r a l p h i l o s o p h e r . He Dallseus. S e e Daillc, Jean. with the Commune in 1871 he was obliged to leave was the son of a poor weaver; acquired an education Dallas ( d a l ' a s ) . 1 . A v i l l a g e i n P a u l d i n g C o u n t y , plicity Paris, and went to London, where he was appointed prochiefly by private study; began to teach in 1778; was in n o r t h w e s t e r n G e o r g i a , s i t u a t e d 30 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of A t l a n t a . Near here, at New Hope Church, fessor of sculpture at South Kensington. He returned to 1793 appointed professor of mathematics and natural and was associated with Aubé (see Aubé) in compe- philosophy in New College, Manchester (which was rePickett's Mill, Pumpkin Vine Creek, etc., there was con- Paris, tition for the monument to the Constitutional Assembly. moved to York in 1799); became a member of the Litertinued fighting between the Federals under Sherman and Their scheme was unsuccessful, but Dalou's sketch for a ary and Philosophical Society of Manchester in 1794; was the Confederates under Johnston, May 25-29, 1864. relief upon the design attracted the attention of Gambetta elected a fellow of the Royal Society in 1822; and was 2 . T h e c a p i t a l of D a l l a s C o u n t y , i n n o r t h e r n and Turquet, and was developed into the great bas-relief chosen corresponding member of the Paris Academy of of Mirabeau and De Dreux-Brezé in the National A ssembly, Sciences in 1816, and foreign associate in 1S30. He perT e x a s , s i t u a t e d o n t h e T r i n i t y R i v e r , i t has won the medal ofhonor in the Salon ofl883. I t w a s fected about 1804 the atomic theory, which he propounded increased very rapidly, and is a railroad center, with which by another bas-relief called " Le triomphe de in 1810 in a work entitled "A New System of Chcmical important trade and manufactures. Population (1890), accompanied la république," now in the Hôtel de Ville. His project of Philosophy." He suffered from color-blindness, and on 38,067. the monument to the republic in the Place de la Répub- Oct. 31,1794, read a paper before the Manchester Literary Dallas (dal'as), Alexander James. Born in lique won the second prize, and was ordered by the state and Philosophical Society, in which he gives the earliest J a m a i c a , J u n e 2 1 , 1 7 5 9 : d i e d a t T r e n t o n , N . J . , for La Place des Nations. account of that peculiarity, which is known from him as Jan. 16,1817. A n American statesman, secre1 . A f o r m e r n a m e f o r a d i s t r i c t i n Daltonism. t a r y of t h e t r e a s u r y 1 8 1 4 - 1 6 . He was the son of a D a l r i a d a . Scottish physician resident in Jamaica. Having studied t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of A n t r i m , I r e l a n d , n o w c a l l e d law in England, he emigrated from Jamaica to Philadel- " T h e R o u t e . " — 2 . A f o r m e r n a m e f o r t h a t Dalton, John Call. B o m a t C h e l m s f o r d , M a s s . , phia in 27S3; was admitted to the bar in 1785 ; served for p a r t o f A r g y l l s h i r e , S c o t l a n d , s e t t l e d b y D a l r i a d F e b . 2, 1 8 2 5 : d i e d a t N e w Y o r k c i t y , F e b . 12, a number of years as secretary of the commonwealth of S c o t s f r o m I r e l a n d i n 498. The Dalriad Scots and 1889. A n A m e r i c a n p h y s i o l o g i s t . He was proPennsylvania; wa& attorney for the eastern district of Picts were united in one kingdom by Kenneth MacAlpin fessor of physiology in the College of Physicians and SurPennsylvania 1801-14; and was secretary of t h e United about 846. geons in New York city 1855-83, and was emeritus proStates treasury 1814-16, discharging (1815-16) also the funcfessor and president of the college from 1883 until his A s m a l l t o w n i n A y r s h i r e , death. He wrote a "Treatise on Human Physiology" tions of secretary of war. During nis administration of Dairy (dal-rï')* the treasury department a new national bank was incor- S c o t l a n d , s i t u a t e d o n t h e G-arnoek 2 1 m i l e s (1859), a " Treatise on Physiology and Hygiene ''(1868), etc. porated (April 3, 1S16X consistent with recommendations s o u t h w e s t of G l a s g o w . Dalyell(dal-yer),orDalzell(dai-zer),Thomas. submitted by him to Congress. He published "Reports of Cases ruled and adjudged by the Courts of the United Dalrymple ( d a l - r i m ' p i ) , Alexander. B o r n a t B o r n a b o u t 1 5 9 9 : d i e d A u g . 2 3 , 1 6 8 5 . A B r i t i s h N e w H a i l e s , n e a r E d i n b u r g h , J u l y 24, 1 7 3 7 : g e n e r a l . He participated in the Royalist rebellion in the States and of Pennsylvania, before and since the Revolution" (1790-1807). " F e a t u r e s of Jay's Treaty" (179i>), and d i e d J u n e 19, 1808. A S c o t t i s h h y d r o g r a p h e r . highlands of Scotland in 1654; entered the Russian service "Exposition of the Causes and Character of the War of He became a writer in the East India Company's ser- about 1655; returned to England on the invitation of Charles 1812-15." vice in 1752, and in 1762 was appointed to the command I I . in 1665; was appointed commander-in-chief in Scotland 1666; was sworn a privy councilor in 1667; entered Parliathe London, with instructions to open the trade with in ment in 1678; and in 1681 was commissioned to enroll the Dallas, George Mifflin. Born at Philadelphia, ofSulu. He returned to England in 1765, and was appointed celebrated regiment of the Scots Greys. J u l y 10, 1792: d i e d a t P h i l a d e l p h i a , D e c . 31, hydrographer to the East Iudia Company in 1779, and

Dan

305

Dalzel

was so struck by the fidelity of the friends that he parDalzel (dal-zel'), Andrew. Born at Kirkliston, Damian. See Cosmas. doned the offender, and begged to be admitted into their Linlithgowshire, Oct. 6, 1742: died Dee. 8, Damian (dä'mi-an). 1. A youth in Chaucer's fellowship. 1806. A Scottish classical scholar. He studied ' ' Merchant's Tale " in the 4 ' Canterbury Tales." 2. A goatherd in Vergil's Eclogues; hence, in at the University of Edinburgh; was for some yeai"S tutor He languishes for arid obtains the love of May, pastoral poetry, a rustic. in the Lauderdale family; was appointed professor of Greek tfamon a n d p h i l l i d a (fil'i-da). A pastoral in Edinburgh University in 1772; assisted in the founding the young wife of old January.— 2. A young So 1-1 ff"a "Tvn.Tihftd " H.n astllPant tor a /NJT -I .1 .1 • " -i^nn i i, of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1783; and became squire in Scott's "Ivanhoe," an aspirant for farce by Cibber, produced in 1729, and pubprincipal clerk to the General Assembly in 1789. Author the holy Order of Temjdars, lished anonymously the same year. of 'AyccAeKTa'EAAi^iHKä r?) deal almost exclusively with the middle class. Among A painting by Correggio, in the Palazzo Borghese, Home. them are " L e chevalier h. la mode" (1687), "Les bourShe reclines smiling on her couch, while Cupid before her geoises de qualité " (1700), " Les trois cousins " (1700). holds out a fold of the drapery over her knees to catch D a n d i e D i n m o n t . S e e Dinmont, Da/tdie. the golden shower, (c) A masterpiece of Titian in the S e e George Dandin. Museo Naziotiale, Naples. Danae reclines on a couch D a n d i n , G e o r g e . A n a m e given to while the golden shower falls upon her. (d) A painting D a n d i n ( d o n - d a n ' ) , P e r r i n . by Titian, in the Imperial Gallery at Vienna. Danae lies, a n i g n o r a n t a n d p r e p o s t e r o u s j u d g e i n B a c i n e ' s nude, on a cushioned couch; the golden rain falls from " L e s p l a i d e u r s " a n d i n L a F o n t a i n e ' s " F a a cloud over her, in which the face and hand of J u p i t e r appear. An old woman seeks to catch some of the shower b l e s , " t a k e n f r o m B a b c l a i s ' s " P e r r i n D e n d i n . " in a dish. D a n d o l o (dân'dô-lô), A n d r e a . B o r n 1310: d i e d O c t . 7 , 1 3 5 4 . D o g e of V e n i c e 1 3 4 3 - 5 4 . He joined D a n a i ( d a n ' a - i ) , o r D a n a o i ( - o i ) . [ G r . AavaoL] in 1343 the Crusade proclaimed by Clement VI. against the I n a n c i e n t G r e e k h i s t o r y , t h e A r g i v e s : u s e d b y Turks, which ended in a peace advantageous to Venice in

Daniel 1346. He waged almost continuous war with Genoa 13481354. He wrote "Chronicon Venetum," a Latin chronicle of Venice, which terminates with the year 1339. D a n d o l o , E n r i c o . B o r n a t V e n i c e a b o u t 1108 : d i e d a t C o n s t a n t i n o p l e , J u n e 1 4 , 1 2 0 5 . D o g e of V e n i c e 1 1 9 2 - 1 2 0 5 . He was the leader of the Venetians and Crusaders in the capture of Constantinople 1203 and 1204. He went as ambassador to the Byzantine court in 1173, and was blinded by order of the emperor Manuel. Dandolo, Count Vincenzo. Born at Venice, O c t . 26, 1 7 5 8 : d i e d t h e r e , D e c . 13, 1819. An I t a l i a n c h e m i s t a n d e c o n o m i s t . He wrote " Fondamenti della fisico-chimica" (1796X "Discorsi sulla pastorizia, etc." (1806), etc. D a n e (dân), N a t h a n . Born at Ipswich, Mass., D e c . 27, 1 7 5 2 : d i e d a t B e v e r l e y , M a s s . , F e b . 15, 1835. A n A m e r i c a n j u r i s t . He drafted the ordinance relating to the government of the territory northwest of the Ohio 1786-87, and published ; 'Abridgment and Digest of American Law " (1823-29). D a n e l a g h , or D a n e l a w (dân'lâ). [ A l s o Danelagh, Danelage. etc., after ME. or ML. transcript i o n s of t h e A S . ; A S . Dena lagu, l a w of t h e D a n e s : J)ena, g e n . of Dene, t h e D a n e s ; lagu, law.] T h a t p a r t of E n g l a n d w h e r e t h e D a n i s h influence was paramount during the 9th and 1 0 t h c e n t u r i e s . I t corresponded to the modern shires York, Lincoln, Nottingham, Derby, Leicester, Rutland, Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Northampton, Buckingham, Bedford, and Herts. D a n e s (dànz). [ F r o m M E . Dane (after ML. Dani, e t c . ) , Dene, f r o m A S . Dene, pl., = D . Deen = Gr. Dane, e t c . , = I c e l . Vanir, pl.,=Dan. Dane, p i . Daner, a l s o Dan-sk = S w . Dan-sk ; first i n L L . Dani, p l . ; u l t . o r i g i n u n k n o w n . ] The n a t i v e s of D e n m a r k . They were ftrst described early in the 6th century as on the western coast of t h è Cimbrian peninsula, in territory formerly occupicd by the Heruli, whither, according to Jordanes, they had come from Scandinavia. The Old Danish lauguage is preserved in numerous runic inscriptions, the oldest of which date from the Yiking age (700-1050), and in literature from the 13th century. Three principal dialectic groups are distinguished, which are typically represented by the dialects of Scania in southern Sweden, Zealand, and Jutland. The Zealand dialect became the literary form at about the time of the Reformation, from which period modern Danish dates.

Danewerk (dân'e-verk), Dan. Dannevirke.

['Danes'work.'] A n a n c i e n t i n t r e n c h m e n t or wall erected by King Gottrik in the 9th cent u r y a s a p r o t e c t i o n of D e n m a r k a g a i n s t i n v a sion f r o m the south. I t extended from the Schlei to the Treene. I t was strengthened in the 10th century and later, and was captured from the Danes by the Prussians April 23, 1848.

Dangeau (don-zhô'), Philippe de Courcillon,

Marquis de. A F r e n c h soldier, aide-de-camp t o L o u i s X I V . w h o m h e a t t e n d e d in all h i s Campaigns. He wrote a voluminous journal, covering the period from 1684 to 1720, and giving in minute detail the occurrences and the etiquette of the court of Louis. D a n g l e (dang'gl). A n a m a t e u r critic, in S h e r i dan's farce " The Critic," whose peculiarities a r e a g r e e a b l y d e s c r i b e d b y h i s w i f e i n t h e first scene : supposed to be a satire on T h o m a s Vaughan, a playwright. And what have you to do with the theatre, Mr. Dangle? Why should you affect the character of a critic ? I have no patience with you ! Haven't you made yourself the jest of all your acquaintance by your interference in matters where you have no business? Aro not you called a theatrical quidnunc, and a mock Maecenas to second-hand authors ? Sheridan, The Critic, i.

Danican (da-në-kon'),François André, usually k n o w n as P h i l i d o r . B o r n at Dreux, F r a n c e , S e p t . 7, 1 7 2 6 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , A u g . 31, 1795. A noted French chess-player a n d musical comp o s e r , a u t h o r of " A n a l y s e d u j e u d e s é c h e c s n (1777). D a n i e l (dan'yel). [Heb., 4 m y judge is God.'] O n e of t h e p r o p h e t s of t h o " O l d T e s t a m e n t . According to the boob which bears his name, he (probably being of royal or noble descent) was carried off captive to Babylon in the third year of Jehoiakim (605 B. c.), and with three other Israelitish youths of noble blood, Hananiah, Mishael, and Azariah, was instructed in the language and learning of the Babylonians and educated for the king's service. They refrained from defiling themselves by partaking of the food of the king. Daniel was especially gifted with "understanding iu all visions and dreams," and successfully excrciscd this gift by interpreting disquieting dreams of Nebuchadnezzar, and the mysterious writing on the wall which disturbed tho revelry of Belshazzar (Dan. v. 5). At the accession of Darius he was made "one of the three presidents" of the empire. Ho was divinely delivered from the lions' den into which he was thrown for refusing to obey a decree of the king forbidding any one to ask a petition of God or man for thirty days except the king. He was still prosperous un» der Cyrus. In the third year of Cyrus he saw the vision on the bank of the Tigris, and this is the last notice about him in the Old Testament. He is referred to by Ezekiel as a pattern of righteousness and wisdom. In addition to his Hebrew name, a Babylonian one. Belteshazzar (which see), was given him. Legends about him grew up, as in the apocryphal additions to the biblical book which bears his name, "Bel and the Dragon," the story of Susanna and

Daniel Daniel, etc. According to Mohammedan tradition, Daniel returned to Palestine, whore he held the government of Syria, and finally died at Susa, where his tomb is still shown, and is visited by crowds of pilgrims.

307 O c t . 15, 1758: d i e d t h e r e , D e c . 8, 1841. A G e r m a n s c u l p t o r . In 1T71 he entered the Karlsschule at Stuttgart, where he was associated with Schiller. He designed at an early age some statues of children and caryatides which still adorn the chateau of Stuttgart and ilohenheim. Appointed court sculptor (1780) to Duke Charles of Wiir tern berg, he went to Paris, where he studied with Pajou. In 1785 he went to Rome, where he met Canova, Goethe, and Herder. His statue of Ceres and Bacchus procured him admission to the academies of Milan and Bologna. On his return to Stuttgart (1790), he was appointed professor at the academy. His most famous work is a statue of Ariadne on a panther. Among his other works are a statue of Sappho, a bust of Schiller, a bust of Gluck (1809), etc.

Danville was one of his contemporaries and neighbors at Florence, " w e n t to the "University {studio) at Bologna and then at Paris, and in otherpartsof the world." Boccaccio, a little later in point of time, mentions incidentally that Dante visited England as well as France ; and Giovanni da Seravalle, Bishop of Fermo, writing in 1416, states positively that Dante studied the liberal arts at Padua and Bologna, and theology at Oxford and Paris. Some indirect evidence in support of this may be found in the " Divina Commedia," which contains a description of the coast of Flanders, an allusion to Westminster Abbey, and several scattered notices of English affairs. A close resemblance has also been traced between some of Dante's opinions and those of Roger Bacon, the great English philosopher. The date of Dante's undoubted sojourn at Paris must be placed either between the years 1287 and 1289, or between 1308 and 1314. Lyte, Oxford, p. 89.

D a n i e l , B o o k o f . A book w h i c h in tho E n g l i s h Bible, as i n all other translations, f o l l o w s E z e kiel as t h e fourthof the greater prophets, w h i l e in t h e original H e b r e w Bible it h a s its place in t h e t h i r d d i v i s i o n of t h e C a n o n , t h e H a g i o g r a p h a . I t is generally divided into two parts. Tho first, chapters i.-vi., contains historical incidents; the second, chapters vii.-xii., visions. Chapters ii. 4-yii., inclusivo, are written in Aramaic: t h e rest in Hebrew. The authenticity and historical character of the book were early called in question. Porphyry, in his discourses against the Christians, and most modern critics relegate the book in its present Dannemora, or Danemora (da-ne-mo'ra). A shape, on historical and linguistic grounds, to the period of tho persecutions of Antiochus Epiphanes (about 107 s m a l l p a r i s h i n t h e l a e n of ITpsala, S w e d e n , T h e C o u n t of It is D a n t è s (don-tas'), E d m o n d . B. C.). The writer exhibits a familiarity with the history s i t u a t e d 28 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of U p s a l a . of that period, while his historical references to the time c e l e b r a t e d f o r i t s i r o n - m i n e s ( t h e b e s t i n S w e - M o n t e C r i s t o , i n D u m a s ' s n o v e l of t h a t n a m e . H e a p p e a r s , f o r t h e f u r t h e r a n c e o f h i s rein which Daniel is supposed to have lived are vague and d e n ) . in many instances incorrect: as, for instance, that .Nebuvenge, as Lord Wilinore and the A b b é Busoni. chadnezzar was the father of Belshazzar, that the latter was D a n n e m o r a ( d a n - e - m o ' r a ) . A t o w n i n C l i n t o n D a n t i ( d a n ' t e ) , V i n c e n z o , B o r n a t P e r u g i a : the last Babylonian king, and that Darius, and not Cyrus, C o u n t y , n o r t h e a s t e r n N e w Y o r k , s i t u a t e d 12 d i e d M a y 2 4 , 1 5 7 6 . A n I t a l i a n g o l d s m i t h , s c u l p was the successor of Nabonidus in the rule over Babylonia. m i l e s w e s t of P l a t t s b u r g . I t i s t h e s e a t of tor, m i l i t a r y a r c h i t e c t , a n d p o e t . He made the The language of the book contains numerous Persian and C l i n t o n S t a t e p r i s o n . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 3,977. "Decapitation of St. J o h n " over the door of tho baptisGreek words which point to a time wnen these empires Danetverk. tery at Florence, and the statue of Pope Julius I I I . at Pehad long been established. The object of the author may Dannevirke, Dannewerk. S e e rugia. D a n s v i l l e ( d a n z ' v i l ) . A v i l l a g e i n L i v i n g s t o n have been to encourage his people to constancy and faithfulness in the desperate struggle for their country and C o u n t y , w e s t e r n N e w Y o r k , s i t u a t e d 63 m i l e s Danton (don-tôn'), Georges Jacques. Bom at faith, showing them how the constancy and fidelity of s o u t h e a s t of B u f f a l o . It i s t h e s e a t of a w a t e r - A r c i s - s u r - A u b e , F r a n c e , O c t . 28, 1759 : g u i l l o Daniel and his three companions were rewarded, and ret i n e d a t P a r i s , A p r i l 5, 1794. A c e l e b r a t e d vealing to them the glorious future which is to follow c u r e e s t a b l i s h m e n t . He was the leader of the their present sufferings. This, however, does not exclude Dantan (don-ton'), Antoine Laurent. Born at F r e n c h r e v o l u t i o n i s t . a historical basis of the narratives contained in the book; S t . Cloud, D e c . 8 , 1 7 9 8 : d i e d t h e r e , .May 31,1878. attack ou the Tuileries, Aug. 10, 1792 ; was miuister of justice in Aug.; was implicated in t h e "September and it is not impossible that a Daniel similar to the one A F r e n c h s c u l p t o r , a p u p i l of B o s i o . described in tho book not only existed during the exile, Dantan, Jean Pierre. Born at Paris, Dec., massacres"; moved the formation of the Revolutionary tribunal March, 1793; and was a member of the Combut that also some written materials were extant from him, 1 8 0 0 : d i e d a t B a d e n - B a d e n , S e p t . , 1869. A mittee of Public Safety April-Sept., 1793. He overthrew which the author of the 2d century cast, together with the traditions, into a literary form, with a special view to the F r e n c h s c u l p t o r , b r o t h e r of A . L. D a n t a n , n o t e d Hébert and his party with the aid of Robespieire, and was especially for grotesque busts. in t u r n overthrown by the latter. He was an orator of circumstances of his own time. Dantas (dan'tas), Manuel Pinto de Souza. great power. Daniel (dan-yel'), Arnaud. See the extract. B o r n i n B a h i a a b o u t 1825. A B r a z i l i a n p o l i t i - D a n T u c k e r ( d a n t u k ' ê r ) . A n e g r o s o n g w i t h c i a n of t h e l i b e r a l p a r t y . He was senator from t h e r e f r a i n " O u t o' d e w a y , olo D a n T u c k e r " : Of the troubadours themselves none is mentioned with higher praise than Arnaut Daniel. Petrarch calls him 1879, miuister of justice in 1880, and of the interior in s a i d t o r e f e r t o C a p t a i n D a n i e l T u c k e r of Virgran maestro d'amare, che "great master of love, whoso 1882, and prime minister from J u n e 0, 1S84, to May 7,1885. g i n i a , s e c o n d g o v e r n o r of B e r m u d a . [G. Dunzig, novel and beautiful style still (i. e. about the middle of n e brought forward a bill for emancipation, which, though Dantzic, or Dantsic ( d a n t ' s i k ) . the fourteenth century) does honor to his country "; and lost at the time, led to complete abolition of slavery three P o l . Gdansk, L . Gedanum.'} A seaport, capital Dante, in his philological and metrical treatise " De vul- years later. of t h e p r o v i n c e of W e s t P r u s s i a , P r u s s i a , s i t u gar i eloquio," declares himself indebted to Arnaut for the ated on the V i s t u l a 3 m i l e s f r o m its month, a n d structure of several of his stanzas. The " sestina," for in- D a n t e (»dan'te; I t . p r o n . d i i n ' t e ) ( o r i g i n a l l y D u - o n t h e M o t t l a u a n d R a d a u n e , i n l a t . 5 4 ° 21' N . , stance, a poem of six verses in which the final words of rante) Alighieri. Born at Florence in May, l o n g . 18° 3 9 ' E . It contains the Altstadt, Rechtstadt, tho first stanza appear in inverted order in all the others, 1265: d i e d a t R a v e n n a , I t a l y , S e p t . 14, 1321. Vorstadt, Niederstadt, Langgarten, and the Speicher Islis an invention of this troubadour adopted by Dante and A c e l e b r a t e d I t a l i a n p o e t . His father, Alighiero Petrarch, and. most likely through the medium of French degli Alighieri, was of an ancient family. (The name and, and is a strong fortress. I t is oue of the principal models, by Mr. Swinburne. Hxiejter, Troubadours, p. 45. is also spelled Aldigeri, Alaghicri, Aiigeri, Alleghieri.) porta of G ermany, and next to Odessa has the largest grainHe was a jurisconsult, and a member of the Cuelph trade in Europe. I t s chief buildings are the Rathaus, D a n i e l , G a b r i e l . B o r n a t R o u e n , F r a n c e , F e b . party. After its defeat at the battle of Montaperti, lie the Exchange (Artushof or Junkerhof), the Church of St, into exile. Dante, as he was called after the Floren- Mary, and a Franciscan monastery (with a museum). I t 8, 1 6 4 9 : d i e d a t P a r i s , J u n e 2 8 , 1 7 2 8 . A F r e n c h went tine fashion of abbreviation, was, however, born in Flor- was the capital of the duchy of Pommerellen. The town J e s u i t h i s t o r i a n a n d t h e o l o g i a n , a u t h o r o f a ence. In the ninth year of his age he first 3aw Beatrice is mentioned as early as 997. It passed to the Teutonic f a m o u s " H i s t o i r e do F r a u c e " ( 1 7 1 3 ) , etc. Portinari, then only eight years old, who inspired him Order about 1310, and for a time was a Hanseatic city. Daniel (dá'né-el), Hermann Adalbert. Born with that romantic passion, or as some think impersonal I t came under the supremacy of Poland in 146G. but rea t K o t h e n , G e r m a n y , N o v . 18, 1812: d i e d a t and platonic love, which he narrates in the "Vita Nuova" tained a large amount of independence. By the second and the " Divina Commedia." Beatrice was married in L e i p s i c , S e p t . 13, 1871. A G e r m a n g e o g r a p h e r 1287 to Messer Simone de' Bardi, and died shortly after, at partition of Poland it passed to Prussia in 1793. It was and theologian. H e w r o t e " T h e s a u r u s h y m - the age of twenty-four. Dante expresses no disappoint- besieged and taken by the French under lefebvre in 1807 ; n o l o g i c u s " ( 1 8 4 1 - 5 6 ) , " L o h r b u c h d e r G e o g r a - ment at her marriage, and seems to have had no desire for was made a commonwealth in 1807 ; was besieged by t h e any intimate relation with her. About two years after Allies in 1813, and taken (1814) after an eleven months' p h i o " (1845), e t c . her death he married Gemma Donati. He became pas- siege. It was restored to Prussia in 1814. Population D a n i e l (dan'yel), S a m u e l . B o r n p r o b a b l y sionately absorbed in the love of country, and at the age (1890), commune, 120,338. twenty-four fought on t h e side of the Guelphs at tlie n e a r T a u n t o n , S o m e r s e t , E n g l a n d . 1 5 6 2 : d i e d of [ G . Donati, H u n g . Dun a, battle of Campaldino. He was intrusted with several Danube ( d a n ' u b ) . a t B e c k i n g t o n , S o m e r s e t , O c t . 14, 1619. A n foreign missions, and became an important factor in the L . Danuvius, l a t e r Danubius, Gr. Aavorfiioç.'] E n g l i s h p o e t a n d h i s t o r i a n , a u t h o r of " B o o k s Florentine government. His political idea* changed grad- T h e l a r g e s t r i v e r of E u r o p e n e x t t o t h e V o l g a , of t h e C i v i l W a r s " ( 1 5 9 5 - 1 6 0 9 ) , " M u s o p h i f u s " ually, and from being an ardent Guelph and Florentine f o r m e d b y t h e u n i o n o f t h e B r e g a n d B r i g a c h bccarne " t h e first Italian," as has been said; conceived n e a r D o n a u e s c h i n g e n i n s o u t h e r n B a d e n : t h o (1599), e t c . ; i n p r o s e , " H i s t o r y of E n g l a n d " he a plan of general organization for the. advancement of ( 1 6 1 2 ) . C a l l e d b y W i l l i a m B r o w n e " T h o W e l l - Italy; and endeavored toreconcile the Guelphs andGbibel- R o m a n D a n u b i u s , or ( i n i t s l o w e r c o u r s e ) Ist.er. languaged D." lines. On the 15th of June, 1300, Dante was elected one I t flows through Wurtemberg, Bavaria, and Austria-Hunof the priors of Florence. The struggles and riots of the gary; separates Austria-Hungary and Rumania on the D a n i e l D e r o n d a ( d a n ' y e l d e - r o n ' d a ) . A n o v e l Bianchi and ITeri resulted in the destruction of half of north from fterviaand Bulgaria on the south ; and empties b y G e o r g e E l i o t . It appeared in eight monthly parts, Florence, Dante's house being pillaged and destroyed in into the Black Sea by three principal mouths, about lat. beginning in February, 1876, and as a whole in 1877. The his absence at Home, to which city the Bianchi had sent 44" 50'-45' 25' N. Navigable to Ulm. Its chief tributaries on an embassy. The Neri succeeded in establishing are, on the right bank, the Iller, Lech, I par, Inn, Enns,Raab, book unfolds the author's conceptions of social growth, him a government of their own, and passed a sentence of tem- Drave. Save, Morava, and Timok ; on the left bank, the the strength of tradition, and the impelling force of na- porary banishment against him in 1302, He succeeded Altmiihl, Naab, Regen, March, Waag, Gran, Thciss, Temes. tionality. See Deronda. in obtaining aid from various courts, especially from Delia Schyl, Aluta, Arjish, Yalomitza, fiereth, and Prutli. Area Daniell (dan'yel), John Frederick. Born at Scala, lord of Verona, his friend, who was the chief of of basin, about 300,000 square miles. Length, 1,770 miles. L o n d o n , M a r c h 12, 1790: d i e d at L o n d o n , the Ghibellines. In 1303 an unsuccessful attempt was to take possession of Florence, and, humiliated by Danube Navigation Commission, InternaM a r c h 13, 1845. Á n E n g l i s h p h y s i c i s t a n d made his exile and failures, Dante withdrew from a public cac h e m i s t , i n v e n t o r of a h y g r o m e t e r ( a b o u t 1820). reer, and passed the rest of his life in wandering from one t i o n a l , A c o m m i s s i o n a p p o i n t e d b y t h e t r e a t y His works include "Meteorological Essays" (1823), ^In- city to another, watching, and endeavoring to guide, the of P a r i s i n 1856, a n d s e v e r a l t i m e s c o n t i n u e d . course of events from various retreats. Finally, in 1320, It has great authority over the Danube mouths, in controduction to Chemical Philosophy" (1839), etc. Daniell, Samuel. B o r n a t L o n d o n i n 1775 he went to Ravenna, and on his return from a mission to structing engineering works, making local regulations, Venice fell ill, and, being worn out by failure and dis- etc., and to a less extent over the Dauube as far up as the (1777 f ) : d i e d i n C e y l o n , D e c . , 1811. A n E n g - appointment, died at the age of fifty-six years. He l i s h a r t i s t a n d t r a v e l e r , b r o t h e r of W i l l i a m spent the years from 1304 to 13QG in study, and all his Iron Gates. works except the "Vita Nuova" were written in solitary Danubian (da-nu'bi-an) Principalities. The Daniell. His chicf work is the " Divina Commedia " (which f o r m e r p r i n c i p a l i t i e s ' o f M o l d a v i a a n d W a l l a Daniell, Thomas. B o r n 1 7 4 9 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , exile. see). The "Vita Kuova" is practically the history of his c h i a , now* f o r m i n g t l i e k i n g d o m o f R u m a n i a . M a r c h 19, 1840. A n E n g l i s h l a n d s c a p e - p a i n t e r love for Beatrice. I t was probably finished in 1307. The D ' A n v e r s ( d a n ' v è r z ) , C a l e b . T h e n a m e a s a n d e n g r a v e r , b e s t k n o w n b y h i s i l l u s t r a t i o n s " t'onvito," or Banquet, is almost a continuation of the s u m e d b y N i c h o l a s A m h u r s t a s e d i t o r of " T h e "Vita Nuova." I t gives much information about his life, of w o r k s o n E a s t e r n s u b j e c t s . and throws light on the "Divina Commedia." These C r a f t s m a n " (1726) i n c o n n e c t i o n w i t h P u l t e n e y Danish War, The. S e e Schleswig-Holstein War, were written in Italian. "De vulgar! eloquio sive idio- a n d B o l i n g b r o k e . The. mate" is a l a t i n treatise on the Italian language or vul- D a n v e r s ( d a n ' v è r z ) . A t o w n i n E s s e x C o u n t y , D a n i t e s ( d a n ' i t s ) . 1 . T h e m e m b e r s of t h e H e - gar idiom. 46). While convalescent from an attack of the smallpox he was removed to a solitary house called the Kirlc of Field, near Edinburgh, which was blown up with gunpowder by the Earl of Bothwell, apparently with the queen's knowledge, on the night of Feb. 9-10,1567.

Darjiling, or Dar ieeling (dâr-jël'ing). 1. A dis- D a r o c a (da-ro'kii). A small town in the provtrict in the R a j s h a h i division, Bengal, British ince of Saragossa, Spain, India, situated about lat. 27° N., long. 88°-89° D a r B u n g a (dar r ô n ' g a ) . A negro kingdom alid E. Area, 1,234 square miles. Population (1881), vassal state of Wadai, in central Africa, situ155,179.— 2. A town and sanatorium in the ated south of Wadai, about lat. 10° N. above district, situated in lat. 27° 3' N., long. D a r s h a n a (dar'sha-na), I n Hindu philosophy, 88° 19' E. It is the chief health-station in Ben- ' ( d e m o n s t r a t i o n T h e Shaddarshanas, or six demongal. Elevation, 7,000 feet. strations, are the six schools of Hindu philosophy. These

Dark and Bloody Ground, The. An alleged

are the Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga, Purvamima-

translation of t h e Indian word Kentucky, and a risa, Uttarainimarisa. name given to t h a t State in allusion to its early D a r t (dart). A river of Devonshire, England, associations with Indian warfare. about 35 miles long, rising in Dartmoor a n d flowDark Continent, The. Africa. ing into the English Channel. Dartmouth is on its estuary. Dark Lady, The. A woman, mentioned in D a r t f o r d ( d â r t ' f ô r d ) . A m a n u f a c t u r i n g town Shakspcre's l a t e r sonnets, who has been in Kent, England, situated on the Darent 15 thought to be Mary Fittoti, a maid of honor (in miles southeast of London. W a t Tyler's re1595) to Queen Elizabeth, she was the mistress Population of William Herbert, earl of Pembroke, who is celebrated bellion commenced here in 1381, in the earlier sonnets. Others have suggested Peuelope, (1891), 11,962. D a r t l e (dar'tl), Rosa. In Charles Dickens's Lady Rich. D a r ï a s t o n (dar'las-ton). A town in Stafford- " D a v i d Copperfield," Mrs. Steerforth's excitshire, England, 4 miles southeast of Wolver- able companion, in love with Steerforth. She hampton. It is noted for its iron manufac- has a sear on her face, caused b y Steerforth in tures. Population (1891), 14,422. his youth. Darley (dar'li), Felix Octavius Carr. Born at D a r t m o o r (dart'mor). A g r a n i t i c moorland rePhiladelphia, J u n e 23, 1822: died a t C l a y m o n t , gion in Devonshire, England, situated north of Del., March 27, 1888. A n American artist, P l y m o u t h . I t abounds in British antiquities, and is the noted as a n illustrator. H e illustrated Judd's seat of a military prison (opened in 1809) where American novel " M a r g a r e t " (1856), a n d the works of seamen were detained in the War of 1812, and where French prisoners of warwere confined during the wars with NapoDickens, Cooper, Irving, etc.

Darley Arabian, The. One of the three East-

leon. Elevation, abouti,f>00fcet above sea-level. Length,

ern stallions f r o m which all horses in t h e stud- 25 miles. Breadth, 15 miles. book trace descent. See Bijerhj Turk and Cio- D a r t m o u t h ( d a r t ' m u t h ) . A seaport in DevondolpMn Barb. He was imported about 1700 by a Mr. shire, England, situated at t h e entrance of the Darley, of Yorkshire, through his brother, an English Dart into t h e English Channel, 26 miles south of agent in the levant, l i e was brought from Aleppo, Exeter. It was a n important seaport in the which has always been the point of export for full- middle ages. Population (1891), 6,038. blooded Arab horses, and was probably Kehcilen (the Arab equivalent of ''thoroughbred," applied to all horses bred in M Khamiah, or the fire great strains). He was the sire of Flying Childers and Bartlett's Childers, the sire of Squirt, the sire of Marske, the sire of Eclipse, the founder of the chief male line of thoroughbreds.

Dartmouth College. An institution of learning situated at Hanover, New Hampshire, founded by Eleazer Wheelock. it was chartered

1769, and opened 1770. I t has (1S93) 468 students and 42 instructors, and a library of 75,000 volumes. It is non-

of the Surveying Yoyages of H. M, S. Adventure and Beagle " (published as Vol. III. of the reports of Captains Fitz Roy and King, 1839; second edition, "Journal of Researches into the Natural History aud Geology of the Countries visited during the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle," 1845; third, "A Naturalist's Voyage," 1860), "Zoology of the Voyage of H. M. S. Beagle" (1840-43, edited by Darwin), " T h e Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs "(first part of " T h e Geology of the Voyage of the Beagle," 1842), "Geological Observations on the Volcanic Islands visited, etc." (second part of the " Geology, etc.," 1844)," Geological Observations on South America" (third part of the "Geology, etc.," 1846), "On the Various Contrivances by which Orchids are fertilized by Insects, etc."(1862), "The Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants " (1865), " The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication " (1868), "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex" (187l)j "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals " (1872), " Insectivorous Plants " (1875), " The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilization in the Vegetable Kingdom " (1876), "Different Forms of Flowers" (1877), " T h e Power of Movement in Plants " (1880), " T h e Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits" (1881), and a number of monographs, etc.

D a r w i n , E r a s m u s . Born at Elston, Nottingham, E n g l a n d , Dec. 12, 1731: died at Derby, England, April 18, 1802. A n English naturalist, and poet, g r a n d f a t h e r of Charles Dar-

w i n . He wrote the poem '' The Botanic Garden " in 1781; the second part, "Loves of the Plants," appeared in 1789 ; the first part, "The Economy of Vegetation," appeared in 1792. This was satirized in the "Anti-Jacobin,"by Canning, in the " Loves of the Triangles." In 1794-96 he published " Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life," and in 1799 " Phytologia, or the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening."

Darwin, Mount.

One of the chief peaks in

Tierra del Fuego, in King Charles's South L a n d . Height, 6,800 feet.

Dasent (da'sent), Sir George Webbe. Born

in St.Vincent, W. I., 1820. An English lawyer and author, best k n o w n as a student of Scandinavian l i t e r a t u r e : from 1845-70 he was one of t h e assistant editors of the London u Times."

He has published a translation of " The Prose or Younger Ed da " (1842), "Popular Tales from the Norse " (1859)," Saga of Burnt Njal " (1861), " T h e Vikings of the Baltic " (1875).

Dash (dash), La Comtesse. The pseudonym of

Gabriell-e A n n e de Cisternea de Coutiras, Marquise de Saint-Mars. See Saint-Mars. D a s h a k u m a r a c h a r i t a . [Skt., ' t h e adventures of t h e t e n princes.'] A book of stories by Dandin. D a s h a r a t h a (da-sha-ra'-tlia). I n H i n d u mythology, a prince of t h e Solar race, son of Aja, a descendant of Ikshwaku and king of Ayo-

sectarian. See Leg William. D a r l i n g (dar'ling), Grace. Born at Bambor- Dartmouth College, Case of. In the history d h y a . Of his three wives, Kaushalya b'ore Rama, Kaikcyi ough, Northumberland, England, Nov. 24,1815: of American jurisprudence, a case which de- Bharata. and Sumitra Lakshmana and Shatruglma. Rama died Oct. 20, 1842. A n English heroine who rives great importance f r o m its bearing on partook of half the nature of Vishnu, Bharata of a quarter, h e l a w of c o r p o r a t i o n s . I t originated in a dispute and the other two shared the remaining fourth. rescued nine persons f r o m the wreck of the tbetween the president and trustees of Dartmouth College. Dashur ( d a - s h o r ' ) « A l o c a l i t y i n E g y p t , s i t u a t e d '' Forf arshiro " steamer n e a r Longstone light- The former, having been removed from office by the lathouse, F a r n e Islands, Sept. 7, 1838. ter, appealed to the legislature of ,\ew Hampshire, which w e s t of t h e N i l e a n d d i r e c t l y s o u t h of t h e G r e a t P y r a m i d s . I t is noted for its pyramids, two of stone D a r l i n g , 1. A river in Australia which rises passed a bill amending the charter of the college, where- and two of unburned brick. The northernmost, of stone, a new corporation was created under the title of in southeastern Queensland, flows through New by Dartmouth University, the property of the college being is of remarkable size, measuring about 700 feet square, South Wales, and joins the Murray in lat. 34° 5' vested in the new corporation. The college trustees originally 720, and 342J feet high, now 826. There is a S., long. 141° 53' E. Also called Calewattu and brought action in the Court of Common Pleas in 1817 to series of three chambers beneath it. The sides of the other Barwan. Length, a b o u t 1,100 miles ; naviga- recover the property. The case came by appeal before stone pyramid are built in two angles, like a curb-roof. ble a b o u t 400 (V) miles.— 2. A range of low the Supreme Court of the United States, which in 1819 Most of the exterior casing of this pyramid remains, and a decision in favor of- the trustees. The deci- the interior chamber beneath it is 80 feet high. mountains in western Australia, r u n n i n g paral- rendered sion held that a charter is a contract between the State Dashwood (dash'wiid), Elinor and Marianne. lel to the coast. and the corporation created by the charter, and that, as Two sisters in Miss Austen's novel Sense Darlington (dâr'ling-ton), William. Born at the States arc prohibited by the Constitution from pass- and Sensibility." Elinor represents " S e n s e , " any laws impairing the obligations of contracts, charBirmingham, P a . , April 28, 1782: died at "West ing ters are unalterable except by consent of the corpora- as opposed t o Marianne's " Sensibility," or exChester, P a . , April 23, 1863. A n American tions created by them. The plaintiffs were represented by aggerated sentiment. botanist and politician.

He was elected to Congress He

aa a Democrat in 1815, and again in 1819 and in 182L wrote "Flora Cestrica" (1837), etc.

Daniel Webster.

D'Asumar (da-su-mar'), Count.

A character

D a r u (da-riV), Comte N a p o l é o n . Born a t Paris, i n L e Sage's " G i l Bias." A Datchery(dach'er-i), Dick. Amysterious perD a r l i n g t o n . A town ill Durham, England, sit- J u n e 11, 1807: died there, F e b . 10, 1890. u a t e d on the Skerne 18 miles south of Durham. French politician, son of P . A. Daru. He was son with whito hair and a military air who apI t has manufactures of woolens and carpets, and was the vice-president of the Legislative Assembly 1850-51, and pears inexplicably in Cloisterham, in Charles Dickens's ' ' M y s t e r y of Edwin Drood." terminus of the Stockton and Darlington Railway, the minister of foreign alfairs in 1870. oldest railway in the world (opened in 1825). Population Daru, Comte Pierre Antoine Noël Bruno. D a t h a n ( d a ' t h a n ) . In Old Testament history, Born a t Montpellier, France, J a n . 12, 1767 : (1891), 38,060. a Reubenite chieftain, son of Eliab, who joined Darmesteter (dar-me-ste-tar'), James. Born died at Becheville, n e a r Meulan, France, Sept. t h e conspiracy of Korah. March 28, 1849 : died' Oct. 19, 1894. A noted 5, 1829. A F r e n c h statesman and historian. D a t i s ( d a ' t i s ) . [Gr. Aar/f.] A Median general F r e n c h Orientalist, professor of I r a n i a n lan- lie was, although an adherent of the principles of the guages and literature at the Collège de F r a n c e Frcnch Revolution, detained in prison 1793-94 ; became who, w i t h Artaphernes, commanded the a r m y f r o m 1885. l i e was t h e author of numerous intendant-general of the army of the Danube about 1795 ; of Darius which was d e f e a t e d at Marathon. became councilor of state about 1805 ; became minister of D a t i y a (da'te-ya), or D a t i a (da'te-a). A town works on Oriental subjects. state in 1811 ; and became a member of the Chamber of in the Bundelkhand, British India, situated in Darmstadt (darm'stat). The capital of the Peers in 1819. Ilis chief work is "Histoire de la répub- lat. 25° 40' N., long. 78° 28' E. Population grand duchy of Hesse, Germany, situated in lique de Venise " (1819-21). about 45,000. t h e province of Starkenburg, 16 miles south of Darwar. See Dharicar. D a u b (doup), K a r l . Born at Cass el, Germany, F r a n k f o r t - o u - t h e - M a i n . I t has some trade and man- D a r w e n . See Over Darwen. ufactures, and contains a castle (with a large library, pic- Darwin (dàr'win). Charles Robert. Born at March 20, 1765: died at Heidelberg, Baden. ture-gallery, and collections), and a statue and column Shrewsbury, England, F e b . 12, 1809: died at Nov. 22, 1836. A German P r o t e s t a n t theoloof Louis I. I t passed to Hesse in 1479, became the capi- Down, Kent, April 19,1882. A celebrated Eng- gian, professor of theology at Heidelberg from tal in 1567, and greatly developed under the grand duke lish naturalist, f o u n d e r of the 4 ' D a r w i n i a n " 1795. His works include "Lehrbuch der Katcchetik" Louis I. Population (1890), commune, 55,883. theory of evolution. He was the grandson of Eras- (1801), " Theologumena" (1806), "Diedogmatische TheoloD a r n é t a l (dâr-nâ-tal'). A town in the depart- mus Darwin ; studied at Edinburgh and Cambridge ; was gie jetziger Zeit" (183S), etc. m e n t of Seine-Inférieure, France, situated on naturalist to H. M. S. Beagle, Captain Fitz Roy, on a voy- Daubenton (do-bon-ton'), Louis Jean Marie. the Aubette 2£miles east of Rouen. Population age of exploration around the world 1331-36', married his Born at Montbard, Cfite-d'Or, France, May 29, cousin Emma "Wedgwood in 1839 ; and in 1842 took up bis (1891), commune, 6,460. in the sccluded village of Down, in Kent, where 1716: died at Paris, Dec. 31,1799(Jan. 1,1800?). Darnley (darn'li), Lord (Henry Stuart). Bom residence he devoted himself to a life of study and scientific re- A noted F r e n c h naturalist. He was the collaborain England, 1541(1546 ?) : killednear Edinburgh. search. He published in 1859 his chief work, " On the tor of Buff on in the first part of his "Histoire naturelle," F e b . 9-10,1567. The second husband of Mary Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the and author of numerous scientific treatises and monoQ u e e n of S c o t s . He was the son of the Earl of Lennox, and was cousin-german to Mary, whom he married July 29, 1565. He was treated at first with much kindness by the

Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life," in which lie propounded his theory of biological evolution, called t h e ; t Darwinian theory." He also wrote "Narrative

graphs.

Daubeny (dob'ne or da'be-ni), Charles Giles Bridle.

Born at Stratton, Gloucestershire,

Daubeny E n g l a n d , 'Feb, 1 1 , 1 7 9 5 : d i e d D e e . 1 3 , 1 8 6 7 . A n English geologist a n d c h e m i s t : chief w o r k , ; ' Des c r i p t i o n of V o l c a n o e s " (1826). D'Aubigné. S e e Merle fVAidngné.

310 d i e d a t P a r i s , J u n e 20,1840. A F r e n c h h i s t o r i a n a n d p o l i t i c i a n . He was deputy to the Convention 17921795, first president of the Council of Five Hundred in 1795, and a member of the Tribunate 1800-02. His chief work is "Cours d'études historiques" (1839-49).

D'Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa. See Aubigné. Daubigny (dô-bën-yi'), Charles François. Dauphine (dâ'fin), Sir Eugene. In Ben JonB o r n a t P a r i s , F e b . 15, 1817: d i e d t h e r e , F e b .

David II. bat as legendary. His successes and the praises accorded to him by the people aroused the suspicion and the jealouBy of Saul (whose daughter Michal he married), which subsequently turned into deadly hatred, so that he was often in jeopardy of his life. He first sought refugo with Samuel, then with the priests in Nob, which resulted in their massacre by Saul, and was finally driven to seek safety with the enemies of his people, the Philistines. There rallied around him "men who were in distress, in debt, and discontented." At the head of these freebooters or outlaws he undertook many expeditions and fought many skirmishes, which made him increasingly popular with the people. All this time he was pursued by Saul, whose mind became more and more darkened : twice the king came into his power, but because of his awe of the " anointed of the Lord " he did not avail himself of these opportunities^ Sam, xxiv. 4 ff., xxvi. 7If.). He was compelled to become the vassal of the Philistine king Achish of Gath, who gave him for his support Ziklag on the frontier of Philistia. From here he undertook expeditions against the nomadic tribes of the border, while Achish believed that they were directed against Israel (1 Sam. xxvii.). The Philistines gathered a large army against Israel. In the battle of Gilboa (which see) Saul and his host lost their lives. To David, who was then about thirty years old, the crown now fell. For seven and a half years his reign was limited to Judah, with his seat at Hebron, while the other tribes were under the scepter of Islibosheth, son of Saul, residing in Mahanaini, east of the Jordan. Ishboshetli, however, was murdered, and all the tribes recognized David asking : over the whole of Israel he reigned for thirty-three years. He removed his residence from Hebron to Jerusalem, which he took from the Jebusites, and there established himself in the "city of David," the oldest quarter of Jerusalem, on Mount Zion. Here also the temporary sanctuary was put up (2 Sam. vi.), which made the city the political and religious center of the nation, and gave to David's reign a genuine royal character. Through a series of successful wars against the Philistines, Ammonites, Moabites, Edomites, Syrians, Amalekites, etc., and by the introduction of a regular administration and organization of court and army, he became the realfounder of the monarchical government of Israel. The constitution of the tribes remained intact, but the military organization was a national one. Each tribe sent a contingent of men (over twenty years of age) to the national army, which stood under one commander-in-chief, Joab, David's nephew. The body-guard was formed, it seems, of foreigners, the Cherethites and Pelethitcs (supposed to be Philistines). The nucleus of the army consisted of the band of heroes (gibborim) who rallied about David while he was still an exile. The kiug presided over judicial cases, and was surrounded by a regular staff of military an d administrative counselors and offi ccrs. David was also the actual founder of a sanctifying, divine worship, refining and enriching it by the influence of music and psalmody. The last period of his reign was much darkened by national misfortunes and domestic rebellions—the rebellion of his son Absalom, the uprising of Sheba ben Bishi i, a drought and famine lasting three years, and a pestilence induced by the counting of the people. Even in his last days, when he was prostrated with the infirmities of age, his son Adonijah attempted to secure the succession to which David had appointed Solomon. This rebellion, however, like all the others, was successfully repressed, and David died peacefully at the age of seventy. He beeamc the ideal king of Israel, the pattern and standard by which all succeeding rulers were measured, the prototype of the last perfect ruler, the Messiah, who is sometimes simply called David. As regards the PsalmB, modern criticism denies him the authorship of many psalms bearing in the biblical Book vt Psalms the superscription "of David." But there is no reason for entirely disconnecting David from this kind of Hebrew poetry. The probability is that not only did the psalm-poetry develop and flourish under his favor, but also that he himself composed many hymns.

son's comedy ''Epiccene, or the Silent W o m a n , " 19,1878. A c e l e b r a t e d F r e n c h l a n d s c a p e - p a i n t - t h e l i v e l y a n d i n g e n i o u s n e p h e w of M o r o s e . He e r , a p u p i l of P a u l D e l a r o c h e . Iq 1833 he made concocts the plot by which a portion of his uncle's money his début at the Salon with a view of Notre Dame and the is given to him and his debts are paid. See Jipiccene. Isle St. Louis, and waB continuously represented in the Salons, except those of 1842-46. At the Salon of 1850-51 D a u p h i n é ( d ô - f ë - n à ' ) , E . D a u p h i n y ( d à ' f i - n i ) . f r o m dauphin, P r . dàlfin, a he exhibited " T h e Washerwomen of the Hiver Oullius," [ M L . Delphinatus; T h e l o r d s of t h e p r o v i n c e b o r e t h r e e " The Vintage," and other works, "which created a sensa- d o l p h i n . d o l p h i n s o n t h e i r c r e s t . ] A n a n cient provtion among artists and connoisseurs. He also painted " T h e Harvest " (1851-57), " The Lake of Gylieu " (1852-53), i n c e of F r a n c e , b o u n d e d b y t h e R h ô n e o n t h e " T h e Sluice of Optevoz " (18Sâ), " T h e Graves of Viller- w e s t a n d n o r t h , b y S a v o y o n t h e n o r t h , P i e d m o n t ville" (1859), "The Banks of the Oise" (1859), etc. July 15, o n t h e e a s t , P r o v e n c e o n t h e s o u t h , a n d C o r n t a t V e n a i s s i n o n t h e s o u t h w e s t . Itu territory formed the 1859, he was made chevalier of the Legion of Honor. departments Isère, Drôme, and Hautes-Alpes. Its capital D'Aubusson. See Aubusson. was Grenoble. Its surface is generally mountainous. In D a u d e t (dô-dâ'), A l p h o n s e . B o r n a t N î m e s , the middle ages it belonged to the kingdom of Aries. H a v 1 3 , 1 8 4 0 . A F r e n c h h u m o r i s t a n d n o v e l i s t . Later the counts of Vienne became prominent, and in He went to school at Lyons, and then served a tutorship 1349 it was sold to France, but guarded some of its liberfor two years. It) 1857 he settled in Paris, and published ties for many years. From it is derived the title of the shortly afterward a collection of poems," Les amoureuses. " The " F i g a r o " published his account of a tutor's hard- dauphin. ships, "'Les gueux de province." A series of papers con- D a u r a ( d o u ' r a ) . S e e Hansa. tributed to the same journal came out in book form as See Dorut. "Le chaperon rouge "(1861). A second collection of poems, D a u r a t . 44 La double conversion," was published in 1859. Daudet D a u r i a ( d â - ô ' r e - à ) , o r D a u r ( d â - o r ' ) . A r e g i o n wrote his "Lettres sur Paris" to " L e Petit Moniteur" i n T r a n s - B a i k a l , S i b e r i a , s i t u a t e d s o u t h e a s t of under the nom de plume of Jehan de l'lsle in 1865. His L a k e B a i k a l o n t h e C h i n e s e f r o n t i e r . " Lettres de mon moulin," signed with the name Gaston- Davalos (dà'và-lôs), G-il Ramirez. Born at Marie, were addressed to "L'Evénement" in 1866. Dau- B a e z a . C a s t i l e , a b o u t 1505: d i e d a t R i o b a m b a , det's publications include " Le petit chose " (1868), " Let- n e a r Q u i t o , a f t e r 1561. A S p a n i s h s o l d i e r . He tres à un absent" (1871), " Les aventures prodigieuses de went to Peru with the viceroy Mendoza in 1551, was corTartarin de Taraaeon " (1872), "Les petits Kobinsous des regidor of Cuzco in 1553, and was expelled from the city caves "(1872)," Contes du lundi "(1873), "Contes et récits" by G iron and his followers. He took part in the campaign (1873), "Robert Helmont"(1874), "Les femmes d'artistes" against Giron, and in 1556 was made justicia mayor of (1874), "Fromont jeune et Rislcr aîné " (1674), "Jack "(1876), Quito, subdued the Canaris Indians in 1557, and from 1558 "Le nabab" (1877), "Les rois en exil" (1879), "Contes to 1561 was governor of Quijôs, or the Land of Cinnamon, choisis, la fantaisie et.l'histoire " (1879), , " N n m a Roumestan "(1381), " Les cigognes " (1883), 1 • L'Évangéliste"(1883), on the river Napo. He founded there Baeza, Archidona, "Sapho"(1884), "Tartarin sur les Alpes"(1885), " L a belle and other towns. Nivernaise " (188(5), "Trente ans de Paris " (1887), "L'Im- Davenant (dav'e-nant), Charles. Born 1656: mortel "(1888), ' ' Port Tarascon " (1890). Either unassisted d i o d N o v . 6, 1714. A n E n g l i s h w r i t e r o n p o or in collaboration with others he has dramatized a num- l i t i c a l e c o n o m y , s o n of S i r W i l l i a m D a v e n a n t . ber of his works, leaving to them their original title. In like manner he has brought out " L a dernière idole" Davenant, or D'Avenant, Sir William. Born (1862). "'Les absents " (1863), " L'Œillet blanc " (1864), "Le a t O x f o r d , E n g l a n d , F o b . , 1606: d i e d a t L o n frère aîné"(l86S), "L'Arlésienne"(1872),"LiseTavernier" d o n , A p r i l 7 , 1 6 6 8 . A n E n g l i s h p o e t a n d d r a m Oldys is chiefly responsible for the story that (1872), and finally " L a lutte pour la vie," based on his a t i s t . Davenant was the son of Shakspere, which seems to rest novel "L'Immortel." Daudet, Louis Marie Ernest. Born at Nîmes, mainly on the fact that the latter used the inn of John F r a n c e , M a y 31, 1837. A F r e n c h j o u r n a l i s t , Davenant (the father of William) at Oxford on his jourh i s t o r i a n , a n d n o v e l i s t , b r o t h e r of A l p h o n s e neys to and from Warwickshire. About 1620 Davenant D a u d e t . He wrote "Histoire des conspirations royal- became page to the Duchess of Richmond, and then to istes du Midi," etc. (1881), "Histoire de la restauration" Fulke Greville, Lord Brooke. In 1628, after the murder of (1882), " Histoire de l'émigration " (1886-89), etc. Among Greville, he began to write plays, etc. In 1638 he was made his numerous novels are "Thérèse" (1859), " f l e u r de poet laureate. About this time he had a severe illness péché" (1872), "Daniel de Kerfons" (1878), "Dolorfcs" which resulted in the loss of his nose, a fact frequently (1879), " Défroqué " (1882), " Gisblc Rubens " (1887), etc. adverted to by the witty writers of the time. He was manof Drury Lane Theatre for a time, but, becoming imDaudin (dô-dan'), François Marie. Born at ager plicated in the various intrigues of the civil war, he fled P a r i s , M a r c h 25, 1 7 7 4 : d i e d a t P a r i s , 1804. A to France. Returning in 1643, he was knighted at the n o t e d F r e n c h n a t u r a l i s t , a u t h o r of n u m e r o u s siege of Gloucester. He was imprisoned for two years in w o r k s o n t h e v a r i o u s b r a n c h e s of z o ô l o g v . the Tower for political offenses, and expected to be hanged. A p l a y i n v e r s e b y While there he published "Gondibert " (1651). This epic D a u g h t e r (dâ'têr), The. J . S h e r i d a n K n o w l e s , p r o d u c e d i n 1836. poem consisted of fifteen hundred four-line stanzas. After David, or Dewi, Saint. Died in 601. The paDaughter of the Regiment, The. See Fille âu the Restoration he was in favor at court, and continued to t r o n s a i n t of "Wales. He was bishop of Menevia (afterwrite till his death. Among his plays are " Albovine," ward called St. David's), where he founded a monastery. Régiment. published in 1629, "The Cruel Brother"(1630), " T h e Just According to an account which has no historical foundaDaulatabad. See Dowlotabad. tion, he was appointed metropolitan archbishop of Wales D a u l a t s h a h (dou-lat-sha'). A P e r s i a n w r i t e r Italian" (1630), "The Wits" (1636), " T h e Unfortunate at a synod held at Brefi. He is commemorated as a saint Lovers " (1643), " The Siege of Rhodes " (1656), "Love and of t h e 1 5 t h c e n t u r y , a u t h o r of t h e b i o g r a p h y of Honor" (1649), "Law against Lovers" (played in 1662), on the 1st of March. t h e c e l e b r a t e d p o e t s of P e r s i a . "The Rivals " (played in 1664), etc. He produced alteraD a u l i s ( d â ' l i s ) . [ G r . àavXiç.'] I n a n c i e n t g e o g - tions of "The Tempest" (with Dryden, 1667) and of "Macr a p h y , a c i t y of P h o c i s , G r e e c e , s i t u a t e d 12 m i l e s beth " (printed 1674) and "Julius Caesar." e a s t of D e l p h i . I t w a s t h e s c e n e of t h e m y t h D a v e n p o r t ( d a v ' e n - p ô r t ) . A city a n d the D a v i d . 1. A colossal statue b y Michelangelo, in of T e r e n s , P h i l o m e l a , a n d P r o c n e . c o u n t y - s e a t of S c o t t C o u n t y , I o w a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e A c c a d e m i a , F l o r e n c e . The youthful hero stands Daumas (do-mas'), Melchior Joseph Eugène. t h e M i s s i s s i p p i i n l a t . 41° 3 0 ' N „ l o n g . 90° 3 8 ' in a position of repose, holding his sling in his left hand B o r n S e p t . 4 . 1 8 0 3 : d i e d n e a r B o r d e a u x , F r a n c e , W . , o p p o s i t e R o c k I s l a n d . I t i s a n i m p o r t a n t and a pebble in the right. The form is still undeveloped M a y 6, 1 8 / 1 . A F r e n c h g e n e r a l a u d d i p l o m a t , d i s t r i b u t i n g c e n t e r . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 26,872. and boyish, but full of power. a n d w r i t e r o n A l g e r i a . He was consul in Algeria D a v e n p o r t , J o h n . B o r n a t C o v e n t r y , E n g l a n d , 2 . A s t a t u e b y D o n a t e l l o , i n t h e B a r g e l l o , F l o r e n c e . David stands resting, nude, with his shep1837-39, and was occupied with important administrative a b o u t 1 5 9 8 : d i e d a t B o s t o n , M a s s . , M a r c h 13, herd's hat on Ilia head, and his left foot resting on the duties during the struggle with Abd-el-Kadir. He wrote 1670. A P u r i t a n c l e r g y m a n w h o e m i g r a t e d t o helmeted head of Goliath, whose sword he still holds. B o s t o n i n 1637. H o w a s o n e of t h e f o u n d e r s of "Le Sahara algérien," etc. (1845), " Les chevaux du Sahara t h e N e w H a v e n c o l o n y i n 1638. David. T h e n a m e given to Charlemagne by et les mœurs du desert " (5th ed. 1858), etc. D a v e n t r y (dav'en-tri; commonly dan'tri). A Alcuin in the learned academy established at Daumer (dou'mer), Georg Friedrich. Born at t o w n i n N o r t h a m p t o n s h i r e , E n g l a n d , 12 m i l e s t h e f o r m e r ' s c o u r t . S e e Flaceus. N u r e m b e r g , B a v a r i a , M a r c h 5, 1800; d i e d a t w e s t of N o r t h a m p t o n . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 3,939. D a v i d I . D i e d a t C a r l i s l e , E n g l a n d . M a y 24,1153. K i n g of S c o t l a n d , s o n of M a l c o l m C a n m o r e . He See Avezac. W i i r z b u r g , B a v a r i a , D e c . 13, 1875. A G e r m a n D ' A v e z a c . succeeded his brother Edgar as earl or prince of Cumbria poet and philosophical writer. d). [Heb., 'beloved one.'] T h e in 1107, and ascended the throne of Scotland on the death Daumier (dô-myà'), Honoré. Born at Mar- Dsaevc oi dn d (kdiân' gv iof of Alexander I. in 1124. He refused to recognize Stephen I s r a e l , 1033-993 b . c. ( D u n c k e r ) : s e i l l e s , F e b . 20, 1808: d i e d F e b . 11. 1879. A b o r n a t B e t h l e h e m . Y o u n g e s t ( s e v e n t h ) s o n of as king of England, and invaded that country in support F r e n c h c a r i c a t u r i s t . His father was a glazier who J e s s e of t h e t r i b e of J u d a h . His pedigree is found of the claim of Mathilda who was his niece, but wa3 sigpublished a small volume of verses in 1823. I n 1832 in Ruth iv. His early youth was spent as shepherd of nallydefeated at the Battle of the Standard at Cutton Moor, Honoré was condemned to six months' imprisonment for his father's flocks, where he had opportunity to develop near Northallerton, Aug. 22, 1138. a lithograph disrespectful to Louis Philippe. He subse- his musical talent and to exercise his courage. After his Born at Dunfermline. Scotland, quently joined "Charivari," founded by Philipon. lie be- disagreement with Saul, the prophet Samuel secretly D a v i d I I . anointed him kiug of Israel. He must then have been M a r c h 5 , 1 3 2 4 : d i e d a t E d i n b u r g h , F e b . 22,1371. came completely blind between 1850 and 1860. about eighteen years old. According to one account, he K i n g of S c o t l a n d , s o n of R o b e r t B r u c e w h o m Daun (doun), Count Leopold Joseph Maria first came into contact with Saul when he was drawn to the h e s u c c e e d e d i n 1329 u n d e r t h e T e g e n c y of t h o v o n . B o r n a t V i e n n a , S e p t . 24, 1705 : d i e d a t court as a musician to drive away by his music the melan- E a r l of M o r a y . The incompetent Earl of Mar having V i e n n a , F e b . 5, 1766. A n o t e d A u s t r i a n field- choly humor ("evil spirit") of the king, who then made succeeded to the regency on the death of Moray in 1332, m a r s h a l . He was distinguished in the Turkish war him his armor-bearer ; according to another (1 Sam. xvii.), the kingdom was invaded by Edward Baliol, who seized 1737-39, and in the Silesian wars 1741-42,1744-45; defeated Saul came to know him after he killed the giant Goliath the throne with the assistance of Edward III. of England. Frederick the Great at Kolin in 1757, and at Hochkirch in and decided the battle between the Israelites and the David took refuge in France ia'54-il, when he was restored Philistin es. In 2 Sam. xxi. 19 it is stated that Goliath was 1758 ; captured Fink's army at Maxen in 1759 ; and was de- killed by Elhanan ; Jerome (Quaest. Hehr. ad loc.) makes by the successes of his adherents Sir Alexauder Murray of Bothwell, Robert the steward of Scotland, and Sir William feated by Frederick at Torgau in 1760. Elhanan the same as David, similarly to Sayce who as- the knight of Liddesdale. He invaded England in 1346, Daunou (do-no'), Pierre Claude François. sumes that Elhanan was David's first name. Wellhausen, was defeated and captured at Neville's Cross, Oct. 17 of that B o r n a t B o u l o g n e - s u r - M e r , F r a n c e , A u g . 18,1761: Stade, and others consider the whole account of this com- year, and was detained in captivity until 1357.

David

311

Davout

David. A small t o w n in the U n i t e d States of C o l o m b i a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e I s t h m u s of P a n a m a , near the P a c i f i c coast and the f r o n t i e r of Costa Rica. D a v i d (dâ-vëdO, Félicien César. B o r n at Cad e n e t , V a u c l u s e , F r a n c e , A p r i l 13, 1810 : d i e d at S t . G-ermain, n e a r P a r i s , A u g . 29, 1876. A French composer. He early became a disciple of St. Simon and of Enfantin. In 1833 he went to the East. He remaiued in obscurity till 1844, when he brought out his chief work, a choral symphony, " Le désert. " D a v i d ( d â ' v ë d ) , F e r d i n a n d . B o r n at H a m b u r g , J a n . 19,1810: d i e d n e a r K l o s t e r s , G r i s o n s , S w i t z e r l a n d , J u l y 18,1873. A n o t e d G e r m a n v i o l i n ist, teacher, a n d c o m p o s e r , l e a d e r of the b a n d at t h e G e w a n d h a u s , L e i p s i c , 1886-73. A m o n g h i s pupils were Joachim and W i l h e l m j . D a v i d (dà-vëd'), Jacques Louis. B o r n at P a r i s , A u g . 31, 1748: d i e d a t B r u s s e l s , D e e . 29, 1825. A h i s t o r i c a l p a i n t e r , p u p i l o f B o u c h e r and Y i e n , and f o u n d e r of the F r e n c h classical school. He was educated at the Collège des Quatre Nations. In 1775 he won the grand prix de Rome after three unsuccessful attempts, and remained in Rome until 1780, when he returned to Paris, and was elected associate member of the Academy (full member in 1783). The first picture composed under the influence of his classical ideas was "Belisarius." He was made court painter to Louis X V I . , and in 1784 painted for him the " Horatii." H e entered heartily into the Revolution ; was associated with Robespierre ; and voted for the death of the king. After Robespierre's downfall he was imprisoned for seven months. On his release he painted the " Rape of the Sabines." Napoleon made him court painter.

l a n d , 1807. A n E n g l i s h b i b l i c a l s c h o l a r , a u t h o r of " I n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t " ( 1 8 4 8 1851). Davidson, William. Born in L a n c a s t e r Count y , P a . , 1746: k i l l e d at C o w a n ' s F o r d , M e c k l e n b u r g C o u n t y , N . C.. F e b . 1.1781. An American b r i g a d i e r - g e n e r a l i n t h e R e v o l u t i o n . He was detached by General Greene to interrupt the passage of Cornwallis across the Catawba, Jan. 31, 1781, and fell in the engagement on the following day. Davies (dâ'viz), Charles. B o r n at W a s h i n g t o n , L i t c h f i e l d C o u n t v , C o n n . , J a n . 22, 1798: d i e d a t F i s h k i l l L a n d i n g , N . Y . , S e p t . 18, 1876. A n A m e r i c a n mathematician, author of a series of m a t h e m a t i c a l text-books. P r o f e s s o r at Col u m b i a C o l l e g e 1857-65. D a v i e s , J o h n . B o r n a t H e r e f o r d , 1565 ( ? ) : d i e d a t L o n d o n , 1618 ( b u r i e d J u l y 6 ) . A n E n g l i s h writing-master and poet. H e was said to be a skilful penman, and some specimens of hiB work are preserved. Among his works are "Mirum in Modum," etc. (1602), "Microcosmos," etc. (1603), " T h e Wittes Pilgrimage " and " The Scourge of Tolly " (1610 or 1611), " Wit's Bedlam " (1617). D a v i e s , Sir John. B o r n at T i s b u r y , W i l t s h i r e , 1569 ( b a p t i z e d A p r i l 16) : d i e d D e c . 8,1626. An E n g l i s h p o e t . He was called to the bar in 1595, disbarred in 1598, and readmitted in 1601. In that year he was returned to Parliament for Oorfe Castle. In 1603 he was made solicitor-general for Ireland, and in 1606 succeeded to the position of attorney-general for Ireland. In 1614 he was member of Parliament for Newcastle-underLyme. For the last ten years of his life he was a sergeantat-law in England. He was made chief justice in 1626, but died before taking possession of the office. Among his works are "Orchestra" (on dancing, 1596), "Nosce Tcipsum" (1599), "Hymns to Astrsea" (1599), acrostics to Queen Elizabeth. Davies, Samuel. Born in N e w Castle County, D e l . , N o v . 3 ? 1724: d i e d a t P r i n c e t o n , N . J . , F e b . 4, 1761. A n A m e r i c a n P r e s b y t e r i a n c l e r g y m a n , president of the College of N e w J e r s e y ( P r i n c e t o n ) 1759-61. Davies, Thomas. B o r n a b o u t 1712: d i e d a t L o n d o n , M a y 5,1785. A n E n g l i s h b o o k s e l l e r . He tried acting from time to time, but without success. He introduced Boswell to Johnson in 1763 : the latter was particularly kind to him. He republished a number of old authors, including William Browne, Sir John Davies, Lillo, and Massinger. In 1785 he published his " Dramatic Miscellanies."

o l o g i s t . His works include iv Monuments of the Mississippi Valley" (in "Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," 1848), etc. Davis, Garret. B o r n at M o u n t S t i r l i n g , K y . , S e p t , 10, 1 8 0 1 : d i e d a t P a r i s , K y . . S e p t . 22, 1872. A n A m e r i c a n p o l i t i c i a n , U n i t e d S t a t e s s e n a t o r f r o m K e n t u c k y 1861-72.

D a v i d , P i e r r e Jean, called D a v i d

d'Angers.

B o r n a t A n g e r s , F r a n c e , M a r c h 12, 1789: d i e d a t P a r i s , J a n . 5,1856. A F r e n c h s c u l p t o r . He executed works f o r the Pantheon ( P a r i s ) . D a v i d , T o u s s a i n t B e r n a r d , or É m e r i c - D a v i d . B o r n a t A i x , i n P r o v e n c e , A u g . 20, 1755: d i e d a t P a r i s , A p r i l 2, 1839. A n o t e d F r e n c h archaeologist. He became "docteur en d r o i t " at Aix in 1775. and went to Paris to complete his studies in jurisprudence. A prolonged visit to Italy developed a taste for the arts. He occupied himself with law, business, and archaeological studies until the Revolution, when he escaped death by flight (1793). After the 9th Thermidor he returned to Paris, and iti 1800 won the first prize of the Institute with his essay on the causes of the perfection of sculpture in antiquity. On April 11, 1816, he was electcd member of the Institute. On Oct. 14,1825, he was called to take part in the continuation of " L'Histoire littéraire D a v i e s s ( d a ' v i s ) , J o s e p h H a m i l t o n . Born in de France." His principal works are "Recherche sur B e d f o r d C o u n t y , V a . , M a r c h 4 , 1 7 7 4 : d i e d n e a r l'art statuaire, considéré chez les anciens et les modernes" (Memoirs of 1800), "Discours historique sur la T i p p e c a n o e , I n d . , N o v . 8,1811. A n A m e r i c a n peinture moderne," "Discours historique Burla gravure l a w y e r , m o r t a l l y w o u n d e d a t t h e b a t t l e o f T i p en bois," " Discours historique sur la sculpture française." p e c a n o e , N o v . 7, 1811. "Histoire de la peinture au moyen âge," etc. D a v i l a ( d â ' v ë - l a ) , Enrico Caterino. Bom D a v i d Copperfield (dâ ' vid kop ' è r - f ë l d ) . A n e a r P a d u a , I t a l y , O c t . 30, 1576: k i l l e d n e a r n o v e l b y C h a r l e s D i c k e n s . I t came out in twenty V e r o n a , I t a l y , A u g . 8,1631. A n I t a l i a n s o l d i e r monthly parts, the first of which appeared in May, 1849. a n d h i s t o r i a n . His ancestors, from 1464, bore the title I t was Dickens's favorite work : in it he portrayed in of Constable of Cyprus; and from this island his father many important scenes his own history. The character was driven when it was captured by the Turks. Davila, from whom the book takes its name is a timid boy re- when seven years of age, was taken to France, became a duced to stupidity and finally to desperation by a cruel page of Catharine de' Medici, and later fought in the civil stepfather, Mr. Murdstone, by whom also his mother, a wars until the peace of 1598. He was appointed governor weak, affectionate woman, is crushed. He is sent at ten years of age to a warehouse in London, and employed in of Crema in 1598, and on his way to that place in Î631 was assassinated by a man with whom he had had a dispute rough work at a trifling salary. Unable to bear this life, he runs away to his father's aunt, Miss Betsey Trotwood, about post-horses. His chief work is " Storia delle guerre an eccentric but kind-hearted woman, who adopts him. civili di Francia" (1630). H e becomes an author, and marries a childish, affection- D a v i l a y P a d i l l a ( d a ' v ë - l â ë p a - T H ë l ' y a ) , ate little woman, Dora Spenlow, whom he calls his " child A g u s t i n . B o r n a t M e x i c o , 1562: d i e d a t S a n t o wife." After her death he marries Agnes Wickfleld. D o m i n g o , 1604. A M e x i c a n p r e l a t e a n d h i s t o D a v i d e i s (dà-vid'ë-is). A n e p i c p o e m "by C o w - r i a n . He was prior of the Dominican convent at Puebla de los Angeles, and a celebrated lecturer on theology. ley, on the subject of D a v i d , k i n g of the H e ÎTrom 1599 until his death he was bishop of Santo Domingo. b r e w s , p u b l i s h e d i n 1656. His priucipal work, "Historia de la provincia de Santiago David Elginbrod. A n o v e l b y G e o r g e M a c - de Mejico, " is a history of his order in Mexico and Florida, with much of general interest. First published at Madrid d o n a l d , p u b l i s h e d i n 1863. D a v i d Garrick (gar'ik). A p l a y t r a n s l a t e d b y 1596, it was republished at Valladolid 1634, with the title " Varia historia de la Nue va Espana y Florida." T. W . Robertson f r o m a French play, " S u l l i D a v i n ( d à - v a n ' ) ' F é l i x . A pseudonym used b y v a n , " i n 1864. D a v i d s f d à ' v i d z ), T h o m a s W i l l i a m R h y s . B o r n B a l z a c in t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n t o t h e " É t u d e s a t C o l c h e s t e r , E n g l a n d , M a y 12,1843. A n E n g - p h i l o s o p h i q u e s . " lish l a w y e r a n d O r i e n t a l i s t . H e studied at the Uni- D a V i n c i , L e o n a r d o . S e e Leonardo da Vinci. versity ofBreslau ; was appointed writer in the Ceylon civil D a v i s ( d â ' v i s ) , C h a r l e s H e n r y . Born at Bosservice in I860; was admitted to the bar in 1877 ; and be- t o n , M a s s . , J a i i . 16, 1807: d i e d at W a s h i n g t o n , came editor of the journal of the Pali Text Socicty (1883), D . C., F e b . 18, 1877. A n A m e r i c a n n a v a l o f f i and professor of Pali and Buddhist literature in University c e r , He entered the navy in 1823, obtained the rank of College, Londou. Author of "On the Ancient Coins and commander in 1854, and served as chief of staff and capM easures of Ceylon " (1874). " Buddhism : being a Sketch of tain of the fleet in the expedition under Dupont which the Life and Teachings of Gautama the Buddha" (1877), etc. captured I'ort Royal. South Carolina, in 1861. Having in the mean time been placed in command of the Mississippi Davidson, Harry. B o r n at P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . , gunboat flotilla, he gained a victory over a Confederate M a r c h 25, 1858. A n A m e r i c a n w o o r i - e n g r a v e r . fleet off Fort Pillow, May 10,1862, and another, June 6, Among his principal works are " I s r a e l " (after üenyoii 1862, before Memphis, whose surrender he received on Cox), ''Canterbury Cathedral" (Pennell), " T h e Golden Gate ' (Chicago Exposition, after Castaigrie), '"An Old the same day. He was promoted to the rank of rear-adMill " (Castaigne). miral Feb. 7, 1863. He wrote " T h e Coast Survey of the United States" (1849), and "Narrative of the North Polar D a v i d s o n ( d â ' v i d - s o n ) , L u c r e t i a M a r i a . B o r n â t Expedition of the U. S. S. Polaris " (1876). P l a t t s b u r g , N . Y . , S e p t . 27,1808 : d i e d a t P l a t t s ' B o r n in Cecil County, Md., b u r g , A u g . 27,1825. A n A m e r i c a n p o e t . " A m i r D a v i s , D a v i d . M a r c h 9,1815 : d i e d a t B l o o m i n g t o n , 111., J u n e K h a n a n d o t h e r p o e m s " w a s p u b l i s h e d in 1829. 26, 1886. A n A m e r i c a n s t a t e s m a n a n d j u r i s t . Davidson, Margaret Miller. B o r n a t P l a t t s - He was associate justice of the United States Supreme b u r g , N . Y . , M a r c h 26, 1823: d i e d at S a r a t o g a , Court 1862-77, United States senator from Illinois 1877N . Y . , N o v . 25, 1838. A n A m e r i c a n p o e t , s i s - 1883, and acting Vice-President 1881-83. ter of L u c r e t i a Maria D a v i d s o n . The works of D a v i s , E d w i n H a m i l t o n . B o r n i n R o s s Count h e t w o s i s t e r s w e r e p u b l i s h e d i n 1850. ty, Ohio, Jan. 22,1811: d i e d at N e w Y o r k , M a y D a v i d s o n , S a m u e l . B o r n n e a r B a l l y m e n a , I r e - 15, 1888. A n A m e r i c a n p h y s i c i a n a n d a r c h œ -

Davis, Henry. B o r n at E a s t H a m p t o n . N . Y . , S e p t . 15, 1 7 7 1 : d i e d a t C l i n t o n , N . Y . , M a r c h 8, 1852. A n A m e r i c a n c l e r g y m a n a n d e d u c a t o r , p r e s i d e n t o f M i d d l e b u r y C o l l e g e 1809-17, a n d o f H a m i l t o n C o l l e g e 1817-33. Davis, Henry Winter. B o r n at A n n a p o l i s , M d . , A u g . 16, 1817: d i e d a t B a l t i m o r e , M d . , D e c . 30. 1865. A n A m e r i c a n p o l i t i c i a n . He was a Republican member of Congress from Maryland 18551861 and 1863-65. Author of " The War of Ormuzd and Ahriman in the Nineteenth Century " (1852). D a v i s , Jefferson. B o r n in Christian County, K y . , J u n e 3, 1808: d i e d a t N e w O r l e a n s , L a . , D e c . 6, 1889. A n A m e r i c a n s t a t e s m a n . He graduated at West Point in 1828; was Democratic member of Congress from Mississippi 1845-46; served in the Mexican war 1846-47; was United States senator from Mississippi 1847-51; was secretary of war 1853-57 ; was United States senator 1857-61; resigned his seat Jan. 21, 1861; was inaugurated provisional president of the Confederacy Peb. 18, 1861, and president Feb. 22, 1862 ; was arrested near Irwinsville, Georgia, May 10,1865. was imprisoned in Fortress Monroe, Virginia, 1865-67; and was amnestied 1868. He wrote "Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government " (1881). D a v i s , Jefferson C. Born in Clarke County, I n d . , M a r c h 2, 1828: d i e d N o v . 30 ; 1879. A U n i o n g e n e r a l i n t h e A m e r i c a n C i v i l W a r . He served in the Mexican war 1846-47; was stationed at Fort Sumter when it was bombarded by the Confederates April 12-13, 1861; commanded a division at Pea Ridge March 7-8, 1862, at Stone River Dec. 31, 1862,-Jan. 3, 1863, and at Chickamauga Sept. 19-20, 1863; and led a corps in Sherman's march to the sea in 1864. Davis, or D a v y s , John. Born at Sandridge, D e v o n s h i r e , E n g l a n d , a b o u t 1550: k i l l e d i n t h e S t r a i t of M a l a c c a , D e c . 29, 1605. A n E n g l i s h n a v i g a t o r . He commanded expeditions in search of the northwest passage in 1585, 1586, and 1587, on the first of which he discovered Davis Strait. He discovered the Falkland Islands in 1592. H e took service in 1604 as pilot in the Tiger, Captain Sir Edward Michelbome, destined for a voyage to the East Indies, on which he was billed by Japanese pirates. Davis, John. B o r n at P l y m o u t h , Mass., Jan. 25, 1761: d i e d a t B o s t o n , J a n . 14? 1847. An A m e r i c a n j u r i s t . He was appointed comptroller of the United States treasury in 1795, and in 1801 became judge of the United States District Court in Massachusetts. He was the youngest member in the convention of 1789 which adopted the Federal constitution, and survived all the other members. Davis, John Chandler Bancroft. B o r n at W o r c e s t e r , M a s s . , D e c . 29, 1822. A n A m e r i can jurist a n d d i p l o m a t i s t . He was agent of the United States at the Geneva tribunal 1871-72, and minister to Germany 1874-77. D a v i s , Sir J o h n Francis. B o r n at L o n d o n , 1795: rlied n e a r B r i s t o l , N o v . 13, 1890. A n E n g lish diplomatist, and w r i t e r on China, author o f " T h e C h i n e s e " (1836), e t c . Davis, N a t h a n Smith. Born at Greene, Chen a n g o C o u n t y , N . Y . , J a n . 9, 1817. A n A m e r i can physician and m e d i c a l w r i t e r . He was appointed professor in Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1849, and in 1859 founded the Chicago Medical College which now constitutes the medical department of the Northwestern University. H e was president of the American Medical Association 1864-65. His works include "Lectures on the Principles and Practice of Medicine" (1884), etc. Davis, Thomas Osborne. Born at M a l l o w , O c t . 14, 1814: d i e d a t D u b l i n , S e p t . 16, 1845. A n Irish p o e t and politician. He graduated at Trinity College in 1836; was admitted to the bar in 1838; became joint editor with John Dillon of the " Dublin Morning Register " in 1843; and founded, with Duffy and Dillon, the " Nation " in 1842. H e joined in 1839 the Repeal Association, within which organization he founded the party of Young Ireland in opposition to O'ConnelVs leadership. His poems, collected after his death, form a volume of Duffy's "Library of Ireland" for 1846. Davison (da'vi-son), William. Died about 1608. A B r i t i s h d i p l o m a t i s t . As a secretary of state he procured Elizabeth's signature to the death-warrant of Mary Queen of Scots in 1587. D a v i s S t r a i t ( d ä ' v i s sfcrät). A n a r m of t h e A t lantic, separating Greenland f r o m Cumberland Peninsula, and c o n n e c t i n g Baffin B a y with the Atlantic. "Width in the n a r r o w e s t p a r t , a b o u t 200 m i l e s . N a m e d f o r i t s d i s c o v e r e r , J o h n D a v i s . D ' A v o l o s ( d a v ' o - l o s ) . I n F o r d ' s '* L o v e ' s S a c r i fice," t h e d u k e ' s s e c r e t a r y ( m o d e l e d on S h a k spere's I a g o ) , a spy and "x>ander to the bad passions of others." D a v o s (dä'vös). A n A l p i n e v a l l e y i n the cant o n of G-risons, S w i t z e r l a n d , 15 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of C o i r e . Its chief place is D a v o s - P l a t z , a n o t e d health-resort h a v i n g an e l e v a t i o n of 5,000 f e e t . D a v o u t ( d ä - v ö ' ) (often erroneously written

Davout Davoust), Louis Nicolas, Duo d'Auerstadt

312

Deane, Charles

sacred rhetoric in Western Reserve College in 1840, and surface is 1,312 feet below the level of the Mediterranean. and. P r i n c e d ' E c k m i i h l . B o r n a t A n n o u x , president of the Ohio Female College in 1854, and re- Length, 46 miles. Width, 6 to miles. Depth varies from Y o n n e , F r a n c e , M a y 10, 1770: d i e d a t P a r i s , moved to New Haven in 1864. He was a nephew of Jere- 1,300 feet to 3 or 4 feet in the shallowest section. J u n e i , 1823. A n o t e d F r e n c h m a r s h a l . He miah Day. His works include "Logic" (1867). " E t h i c s " D e a d S o u l s . A n o v e l b y G o g o l , w h i c h a p p e a r e d i n 1841. He began to write it in 1837, and left it unfinwas a lieutenant in a cavalry regiment in 1788; served (1876), "Ontology "(1878), etc. as chiei of battalion under Dumouriez 1792-93 ; was brig- D a y , J e r e m i a h . B o r n at N e w P r e s t o n , C o n n . , ished, destroying the concluding portions in a fit of reliadier-general in the army of the Moselle ; fought uuder A u g . 3 , 1 7 7 3 : d i e d a t N e w H a v e n , C o n n . , A u g . gious mania. A certain Dr. Zahartchenko, of Kietf, published in 1857 a continuation of it. An English translaPichegru and Moreau in the army of the Rhine ; went to 22. 1867. A n A m e r i c a n m a t h e m a t i c i a n , p r e s i - tion, entitled " Tchitchikoff's Journeys, or Dead Souls," by Egypt and fought with distinction, especially at Abukir ; d e n t of Y a l e C o l l e g e 1817-46. H e p u b l i s h e d Isabel i \ Hapgood, was published in New York in 1880. was made general of division in 1804; and fought at Aus- a n " A l g e b r a " (1814), " N a v i g a t i o n a n d S u r terlitz (1806), Auerstadt (1806), Eckmiihl, Wagram (1809), v e y i n g " (1817), e t c . At the time of serfdom a Russian proprietor's fortune aiul in the Russian campaign (1812). He was minister of D a y , J o h n . L i v e d a b o u t 1600. A n E n g l i s h was not valued according to the extent of his lands, but war during the "Hundred Days" in 1615. He became d r a m a t i s t a n d p o e t . He was educated at Cambridge, according to the number of male serfs which wer e held duke of Auerstadt in 1808, and prince of EckmUlil in 1809. and from 15U8 collaborated with Haughton, Chettle, upon them. These serfs were called "souls." . . . The D a v u s ( d a ' v u s ) . A c o n v e n t i o n a l n a m e f o r a Dekker, and others in numerous plays, all of which re- proprietor paid the capitation lax for all the souls on his domain; but as the census was rarely taken it happened mained unpririted except " T h e Blind Beggar of Bethnal that he had long to pay for dead serfs, until a new official slave in Latin comedies. Davy (da/vi), Sir Humphry. Born at Pen- Green." His chief work is " The Parliament of Bees " (1607). revision struck them out from among the number of the z a n c e , C o r n w a l l , E n g l a n d , D e c . 17, 1778: d i e d D a y , M r . I n S i r R . H o w a r d ' s p l a y " T h e C o m - living. I t is easy to see what these dead souls must have a t G e n e v a , M a y 2 9 , 1 8 2 9 . A c e l e b r a t e d E n g l i s h m i t t e e , " t h e c h a i r m a n of t h e c o m m i t t e e , a k i n d cost a proprietor whose lands had been visited by famine, . . . and his interest in getting rid of them will be explic h e m i s t . He was the son of a wood-carver at Penzance, of T a r t u f e , u n d e r t h e t h u m b of h i s w i f e . studied at the Penzance grammar-school, and finished his D a y , or D a y e , S t e p h e n . B o r n a t L o n d o n a b o u t cable. What seems more surprising is that there were education under the Rev, Dr. Cardcw at Truro. In 1795 he 1 6 1 0 : d i e d a t C a m b r i d g e , M a s s . , D e c . 22, 1668. people ready to purchase them. Dupuy, Great Mastersof Russian Literature(trans.),p.81. was apprenticed to John Bingham liorlase, a prominent A p i o n e e r of p r i n t i n g i n N e w E n g l a n d . He was surgeon at Penzance. He was appointed an assistant in one of three pressmen engaged in 1638 by the Rev. Joseph Tchitchikoff, the hero of the book, an ambitious and evilthe laboratory of Beddoes's Pneumatic Institution at Bris- Glover to operate a printing press which lie was about to minded rascal, made this proposition to himself : " I will tol in 1798; became assistant lecturer in chemistry at the introduce into the colony of Massachusetts. Glover died visit t h e most remote corners of Russia, and ask the good Royal Institution, London, in 1801; was promoted profes- on the voyage. The press was set up in the house of Rev. people to deduct from the number on their lists every serf sor in 1602 ; was made director of the laboratory in 1805 ; Henry Dunster, first president of Harvard College. The who has died since the last census was taken. They will be only too glad, as it will be to their interest to yield up to me discovered the decomposition of the fixed alkalis in 1807; was knighted in 1812; resigned his professorship at the first book printed in the British-American colonies was a fictitious property, and get rid of paying the tax upon it. Royal Institution in 1813; invented the safety-lamp in issued from it in 1640: "The whole Booke of Psalrnes, faith- I shall have my purchase registered in due form, and no 1815; was created a baronet in 1818; and was elected presi- fully translated into English metre." See Bay Psalm Book. tribunal will imagine that I require it to legalize a sale of men. When I have obtained the names of some thoude tit of the Royal Society in 1820. His chief works are D a y , T h o m a s . B o r n a t L o n d o n , J u n e 2 2 , 1 7 4 8 : dead sands of serfs, I shall carry my deeds to some bank in St. "Elements of Chemical Philosophy" (1812), and "Ele- d i e d S e p t . 28, 1789. A n E n g l i s h a u t h o r . He was Petersburg or Moscow, and raise a large sum on them. educated at Oxford and the Middle Temple, and in 1775 ments of Agricultural Chemistry " (1813). Then I shall be a rich man, and in condition to buy real was admitted to the bar. Having inherited a competent peasants in flesh and blood." Davy Jones. S e e Jones, Davy. fortune, he did not seek practice, but devoted himself to D a w (d&), S i r D a v i d . A f o o l i s h b a r o n e t i n literature and to the study of philosophy. He married De VogiM, Russian Novelists (trans.), p. 75. C u m b e r l a n d ' s " W h e e l of F o r t u n e . 7 ' Miss Esther Millies in 1778, and in 17S1 settled on a farm at D e a d w o o d ( d e d ' w u d ) . A c i t y , a n d t h e c o u n t y D a w , Sir John. I n B e n J o n s o n ' s c o m e d y Anningsley, Surrey, where he wrote his chief work, "His- s e a t of L a w r e n c e C o u n t y , S o u t h D a k o t a , s i t u a t e d i n -fihe B l a c k H i l l s i n l a t . 4 4 ° 2 1 ' N . , " E p i c o e n e , or T h e S i l e n t W o m a n , 7 ' a c o w a r d l y , tory of Sandiord and Merton " (1783-89). l o n g . 103° 4 3 ' W . I t is an important trading center foolish coxcomb. Dayr-el-Bahari. S e e Der-él-Báhri. and mining town, gold and silver having been discovered D a w d l e (da/dl), D a v y . The factious " companD a y t o n (da'ton). 1 . A c i t y a n d t h e c o u n t y - in the vicinity in 1874. Population (1890), 2,366. i o n , c o u n s e l l o r a n d b u f f o o n " of S q u i r e S y c a s e a t of M o n t g o m e r y C o u n t y , Ohio, s i t u a t e d o n m o r e , in S m o l l e t t ' s " S i r L a u n c e l o t G r e a v e s . " [L., lit. 'godi R i v e r 48 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of Deae Matres (de'e ma'trez). Dawes (d&z), Henry Laurens. Born at Cum- tChi en cGi nrneaatti . M i aI m See the extract. t h a s m a n u f a c t u r e s of r a i l w a y - d e s s e s m o t h e r s / ] m i n g t o n , M a s s . , O c t . 30, 1816. A n A m e r i c a n cars, p a p e r , s t o v e s , e t c . We now come to a class of divinities which have a pecuP o p u l a t i o n (1890), p o l i t i c i a n , m e m b e r o f C o n g r e s s f r o m M a s s a - 6 1 , 2 2 0 . - 2 . A t o w n i n R h e a C o u n t y , E a s t T e n - liar interest in connection with the enrly history of our island, the deities of the auxiliary races" who formed so c h u s e t t s 1857-75, a n d R e p u b l i c a n U n i t e d S t a t e s n e s s e e . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 2,719. an element of its population. Among those s e n a t o r 1875-93. Dayton, Elias. Born at Elizabethtown, N. J., important wc must place, first, a class of deities commonly known by Dawes, William Rutter. Born at London, J u l y , 1 7 3 7 : d i e d a t E l i z a b e t h t o w n , J u l y 17, the title of the dese matres. Altars and inscriptions to M a r c h 19, 1799: d i e d a t H a d d e n h a m , B u c k s , 1807. A n A m e r i c a n r e v o l u t i o n a r y officer. He these deities are very numerous in Belgic Gaul and GerF e b . 15, 1868. A n E n g l i s h a s t r o n o m e r . He was served throughout the War of the Revolution, and partici- many, and more especially along the banks of the Rhine, educated at the Charter House school 1811-13; settled as a pated in the battles of Springfield, Monmouth, Brandy- where they are often called matrons. instead of matre surgeon at Liverpool in 1826; was for a time pastor of an wine, and Yorktown. After the war he was made major- and they seem to have belonged to the Teutonic racc. independent congregation at Ormskirk, Lancashire; had general of militia in New Jersey, and was a member oí Not more than one altar to these deities has, I believe, been found in Italy, and we do not trace them in the charge (1889-44) of the observatory at South Villa, Regent's classic writers. When the dex matres are figured on the Park, London, belonging to George Bishop; fitted up an t h e Continental Congress 1787-88. B o r n a t E l i z a b e t h t o w n , altars or other monuments, they are always represented observatory at Camden Lodge, near Cranbrook, Kent, in D a y t o n , J o n a t h a n . N . J . , O c t . 16, 1 7 6 0 : d i e d a t E l i z a b e t h t o w n , as three females, seated, with baskets or bowls of fruit 1845 ; and discovered fifteen new double stars 1840-59. on their knees, which were probably emblematic-al of the O c t . 9, 1824. A n A m e r i c a n p o l i t i c i a n , s o n of plenty which they were believed to distribute to mankind. D a w i s o n (da/ve-son), B o g u m i l . Born at WarE l i a s D a y t o n . He was speaker of the national House s a w , M a y 15, 1 8 1 8 : d i e d n e a r D r e s d e n , F e b . 1, Wright, Celt, p. '281. of Representatives 17D5—99, and United States senator from 1872. A P o l i s h a c t o r , of H e b r e w d e s c e n t . He New Jersey 1799-1805. D e a k ( d a ' a k ) , F e r e n c z . B o r n a t Sojtor, Zala, first appeared in America in 1866. He at one time played H u n g a r y , O c t . 17, 1 8 0 3 : d i e d a t est, Jan. Othello to Edwin Booth's Iago. He played both tragic Dayton, "William Lewis. Born at Baslring- 29, 1876. A H u n g a r i a n s t a t e s mBa un d. a pHe entered and comic parts. r i d g e , N . J . , F e b . 1 7 , 1 8 0 7 : d i e d a t P a r i s , F r a n c e , the Reichstag in 1832; was minister of justice iu 1848; and D a w k i n s ( d a ' k i n z ) , J o h n . A y o u n g p i c k p o c k e t D e c . 1, 1864. A n A m e r i c a n j u r i s t a n d s t a t e s was the chief instrument in the construction of the Ausi n t h e e m p l o y of F a g i n , i n C h a r l e s D i c k e n s ' s m a n , n e p h e w of J o n a t h a n D a y t o n . He was assotro-Hungarian monarchy on the dualistic basis in 1867. " O l i v e r T w i s t " : c a l l e d " t h e A r t f u l D o d g e r " ciate judge of the Supreme Court of New Jersey 1838-42, D e a l ( d e l ) . A s e a p o r t a n d s e a - b a t h i n g r e s o r t from his expertness. United States senator from New Jersey 1842-51, Republican i n K e n t , E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d o n t h e D o w n s 8 candidate for Vice-President 1856, and minister to France m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of D o v e r , i t was formerly one of Dawkins, William Boyd. Born at Butting- 1861-6i. the Cinque PortB,.and contains Deal Castle. Near here ton, Welshpool, Montgomeryshire, W a l e s , D e c . Julius Cfesar is supposed to have made his first landing 26, 1838. A n E n g l i s h g e o l o g i s t a n d p a l e o n t o l o - Daza ( d a ' z á ) . S e e Tibbu. Daza ( d a / t h á ) , Hilarión. B o r n a t S u c r e about. in 55 B. c. Population (1891), 8,898. g i s t , a u t h o r of •4 C a v e - H u n t i n g " (1874), " E a r l y 1838. A B o l i v i a n g e n e r a l a n d p o l i t i c i a n . His D e A m i c i s ( d e a - m e ' e h e s ) , E d m o n d o . Born at M a n i n B r i t a i n " (1880), e t c , father's name, whichhedropped, was Grossoli. From 1858 he D a w l i s h ( d a ' l i s h ) . A w a t e r i n g - p l a c e i n D e v o n - took part in various revolutionary disturbances until May, O n e g l i a , I t a l y , O c t . 2 1 , 1 8 4 0 . A n I t a l i a n w r i t e r Of t r a v e l s . He entered the Italian army in 1865, and s h i r e , E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d o n t h e E n g l i s h C h a n - 1876, when he was proclaimed president of Bolivia. Owing fought at the battle of Custozza in 1866. After t h e capn e l 10 m i l e s s o u t h o f E x e t e r . P o p u l a t i o n to the seizure of Atacama he declared war on Chile, March 1, ture of Rome in 1870 by the troops of Victor Emmanuel, 1879, and in April joined the Peruvian forces at Tacna; b u t he retired from the army in order to devote himself to lit(1891), 4,210. D a w s o n (da'son), B u l l y . A n o t o r i o u s L o n d o n his incompetence and cowardice led to a mutiny of t h e erature. His works include " Ricordi di Londra " (1874), sh arper, a c o n t e m p o r a r y of E t h e r e g e , l i v i n g troops (Dec. 27, 3879), and this was quickly followed by a "L'OIanda" (1874), "Marocco" (1875), "Constantinople" revolution at La Paz, by which Campero was declared presi- (1877), "Pagine sparse " (1877), "Ricordi di Parigi," etc. in t h e 17th c e n t u r y . dent. He was killed by a Bolivian mob March 1,1894. L s e l i u s (le'liDawson, C a p t a i n ¿Tames. A y o u n g v o l u n t e e r D a z z l e ( d a z ' l ) . I n D i o n B o u c i c a u l t ' s c o m e d y Dues )A. m[iLc.i, t' ioan (fdr oi e na dms-hi -i spi.s' h] ' jAa ) ,t ror e a t i s e b y Cicero, o f f i c e r , of g o o d f a m i l y , i n t h e s e r v i c e of t h e u L o n d o n A s s u r a n c e , " a m a n w h o l i v e s b y h i s i n t h e f o r m of a c o n v e r s a t i o n b e t w e e n Lselius Y o u n g P r e t e n d e r . He was hanged, drawn, and quar- w i t s , a n d c l e v e r l y c o n t r i v e s t o b e a n i n v i t e d tered, and his heart burned, July 30, 1746, for treason. g u e s t a t O a k H a l l , t h e h o m e of S q u i r e H a r k a w a v . a n d h i s s o n s - i n - l a w , 0 . F a r m i u s a n d Q. M n c i u s His betrothed wife was present, and, when all was over, D e a c o n ( d e ' k n ) , T h o m a s . B o r n i n 1 6 9 7 : d i e d ScEevola, d e v o t e d t o t h e p r a i s e of f r i e n d s h i p . died in the arms of a friend. Shenstone made this the a t M a n c h e s t e r , F e b . 1 0 , 1 7 5 3 . A n E n g l i s h p h y - D e a n ( d e n ) , A m o s . B o r n a t B a r n a r d , V I . . J a n . subject of a ballad, " J e m m y Dawson." s i c i a n a n d n o n j u r i n g b i s h o p . He became a priest 16, 1803: d i e d a t A l b a n y , X . Y . , J a n . 26,'1868. n A m e r i c a n j u r i s t . He became chancellor and proDawson, Sir John William. Born at Pictou, in 1716, settled at Manchester as a physician in 1719 or A N o v a S c o t i a , O c t . , 1820. A C a n a d i a n g e o l o g i s t 1720, and about 1733 was consecrated a nonjuring bishop by fessor of history in the University of Iowa in 1S55. He a n d n a t u r a l i s t . H e b e c a m e p r i n c i p a l of McGrill 13ishop Archibald Campbell. Hepublished " The Doctrine has published "Medical Jurisprudence" (1854), "Bryant C o l l e g e ( M o n t r e a l ) i n 1855. H i s w o r k s i n c l u d e of the Church of Rome concerning Purgatory proved to be and Stratton's Commercial Law " (186]). etc. contrary to Catholic Tradition " (1718), " A Full, True, and Dean, Forest of. A forest m Gloucestershire, " A c a d i a n G e o l o g y " (1855), e t c . E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d b e t w e e n t h e l o w e r "Wye a n d D a x (daks). A t o w n i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t of Comprehensive "View of Christianity " (1747), etc. L a n d e s , F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d o n t h e A d o u r i n l a t . D e a d H e a r t , T h e . A p l a y b y W a t t s P h i l l i p s , t h e S e v e r n , s o u t h w e s t of G l o u c e s t e r , it,is in part 4 3 ° 4 4 ' N . , l o n g . 1° 3' W . : t h e R o m a n Aquas p r o d u c e d i n 1859. I t w a s r e v i s e d b y W a l t e r a crownland, and is noted for its production of coal and iron. Its chief trees are oaks and beeches. T a r b e l l i c i e , or Aquoe. I t is a noted watering-place H e r r i e s P o l l o c k f o r H e n r y I r v i n g i n 1889. D e a n , J u l i a . B o r n J u l y 22, 1830: d i e d a t N e w and winter resort, and is celebrated for its hot baths. It Dead Sea ( d e d s é ) . [ L L . Mare Mortuum, A r . Y o r k , M a r c h 6 , 1 8 6 8 . A n A m e r i c a n a c t r e s s , she was the ancient capital of the Tarbelli; was conquered by Bahr-Lut, F . Mer Morte, Or. Todies-Meer.] A first appeared at the Bowery Theater as Julia in '-The the Goths, Franks, "Vascons. Charlemagne, the Normans, s a l t l a k e i n P a l e s t i n e , s i t u a t e d 16 m i l e s s o u t h - Hunchback." She was the original iiorma in Epes Sarand the Saracens, and in the later middle ages was held e a s t of J e r u s a l e m i n t h e a n c i e n t " V a l e of S i d - gent's "Priestess," and also the original Leonor in Poker's by the English. Population (1891), commune, 10,240. d i m " : t h e L a c u s A s p h a l t i t e s of t h e a n c i e n t s , tragedy " Leonor de Guzman." She married Or, Hay lie in Day (da), Henry Noble. Born at Washington, a n d t h e S e a of t h e P l a i n or of t h e ATabah, S a l t 1855, from whom she was divorced. C o n n . , A u g . 4. 1 8 0 8 : d i e d a t N e w H a v e n , S e a , or E a s t S e a of t h e S c r i p t u r e s . Its waters D e a n e (den"), C h a r l e s . B o r n at B i d d e f o r d , C o n n . , J a n . 12, 1890. A n A m e r i c a n e d u c a t o r are intensely salt, and of great specific gravity. Its prin- M a i n e , N o v . 10 1813: d i e d a t C a m b r i d g e . M a s s . . ? a n d p h i l o s o p h i c a l w r i t e r , l i e became professor of cipal tributary is the Jordan, but it has no outlet, and its N o v . 13,1889. A n A m e r i c a n h i s t o r i c a l s t u d e n t ,

Beane, Charles A f t e r having been a merchant iu Boston for many years, he retired from business in 1864, and settled at Cambridge, Mass. He collected a valuable library of books relating to early New England history, and edited " Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation" (1856), "Wingtleld's Discourse of Virginia " (I860), and other historical documents.

313 of Jab in, prophesied for him success, and sang a famous song of triumph after the victory (Judges v.). This song is considered by critics to be one of the most ancient pieces in t h e Old Testament.

But the priestess of Artemis still continued to be called " a bee," reminding u s t h a t Deborah or " B e e " was t h e name of one of the greatest of the prophetesses of ancient A r c h b i s h o p o f C a n t e r b u r y . He was chief of t h e Eng- Israel; and the goddess herself continued to be depicted lish commissioners who concluded the marriage treaty be- under t h e same form as t h a t which had belonged to her tween Margaret, daughter of Henry V I I . of England, and in Hittite days. Sayce, Hittites, p. 79. James IV. of Scotland, in 1502. A G e r m a n d r a m a b y S. H . R o s e n Deane, Lucy. In George Eliot's novel " T h e D e b o r a h . M i l l o n t h e F l o s s , " a p r e t t y , a m i a b l e g i r l , t h e t h a l , t h e o r i g i n a l of " L e a h . ' ' De Bow (de bô), James Dunwoody Brownc o u s i n a n d r i v a l of M a g g i e T u l l i v e r . Deane, Richard. B o r n i n 1 6 1 0 : d i e d J u n e 3, s o n . B o r n a t C h a r l e s t o n , S . C . , J u l y 1 0 , 1 8 2 0 : An 1 6 5 3 . A n E n g l i s h a d m i r a l , a n d o n e of t h e r e g i - d i e d a t E l i z a b e t h , N . J . , F e b . 27, 1 8 6 7 . American journalist and statistician. H e escides. 44 De Bow's Commercial R e v i e w " in Deane, Silas. B o r n a t G r o t o n , C o n n . , D e e . 24, t a b l i s h e d 1 7 3 7 : d i e d a t D e a l , E n g l a n d , A u g . 2 3 , 1 7 8 9 . A n N e w O r l e a n s i n 1846. A m e r i c a n s t a t e s m a n a n d d i p l o m a t i s t . He was D e b r e c z i n ( d e ' b r e t - s i n ) , M a g y a r D e b r e c z e n . a delegate from Connecticut to t h e Continental Congress A r o y a l f r e e c i t y s i t u a t e d i n t h e c o u n t y o f 1774-76, and was sent t o Trance as a secret financial and H a j d u k e n , H u n g a r y , i n l a t . 4 7 ° 3 2 ' N . , l o n g . political agent in 1776. Having made unauthorized prom- 2 1 ° 3 7 ' E . I t is one of tlie chief places in Hungary, ises to induce French officers to join t h e American service, and an important commercial center, having four annual he was recalled by Congress in 1777. , fairs and a noted horse-market. I t contains a Protestant D e a n of St. P a t r i c k ' s (Dublin). S p e c i f i c a l l y , college, and in 1849 was t h e seat of t h e Hungarian révoluJ o n a t h a n Swift. See Swift. tionary g o v e r n m e n t Population (1890), 50,940. Deans (donz), 4 Douce Davie. A cow-feeder in D e b r o s s e s ( d e - b r o s ' ) , C h a r l e s . B o r n a t D i j o n , S c o t t ' s n o v e l i T h e H e a r t of M i d l o t h i a n . " He F r a n c e , F e b . 17, 1 7 0 9 : d i e d a t P a r i s , M a y 17, is the father of .Teanie and Effie, and is distracted between A F r e n c h m a n of l e t t e r s . He wrote his religious principles as an ardent Cameronian and his 1777. " L e t t r e s s u r H e r c u l a n e u m ? ? (1750), " L e t t r e s desire to save his daughter Effie's life. Deans, Effie or Euphemia. In Scott's "Heart s u r l ' I t a l i e / ' e t c . of M i d l o t h i a n , " a b e a u t i f u l a n d e r r i n g g i r l , t h e De Bry, Théodore. See Bry. h a l f - s i s t e r of J e a n i e D e a n s . She is tried for t h e Decameron ( d e - k a m ' e - r o n ) . [ I t . II Decamemurder of h e r illegitimate child, which had disappeared. rone ; f r o m G r . ôt:ica} t e n , a n d ypépa, d a y . ] A She will make no confession, and is sentenced tu be f a m o u s c o l l e c t i o n of 100 t a l e s , b y B o c c a c c i o , hanged. Through the efforts of h e r Bister she is pardoned p u b l i s h e d i n 1353. Of these tales ten are represented and banished for fourteen years. She flees from her angry as told each day for ten days, near .Florence, during the father, and her lover, Staunton, marries her. She is edu- plague of 1348. They were written from 1344 to 1350, and cated and becomes a court beauty, and finally, after ten are preceded by a masterly description of t h e plague at years of social success, retires from t h e world on account Florence. They range from the pathetic to the grossly of the death of her husband. licentious. " T h e r e are few works which have had an equal influence on literature with the Decameron of Boccaccio. Deans, Jeanie. T h e h e r o i n e o f S c o t t ' s n o v e l Even in England its effects were powerful. From it " T h e H e a r t of M i d l o t h i a n , " t h e h a l f - s i s t e r of Chaucer adopted t h e notion of the frame in which he has E f f i e D e a n s . In h e r devotion to lier sister she walks all inclosed his tales, and the general manner of his stories, t h e way to London to obtain pardon for Effie from t h e while in some instances, as we have seen, he has merely queen. H e r good sense, calm heroism, and disinterested- versified the novels of t h e Italian. In 1566, William Paynness move the Duke of Argyll to procure her the desired ter printed many of Boccaccio's stories in English, in his work called the 'Palace of Pleasure.' This first translation interview, which is successful. sixty novels, and it was soon followed by anDearborn, (der'born), Henry. Bom at Hamp- contained other volume, comprehending thirty-four additional talcs. t o n , N . H . , F e b . 23, 1 7 5 1 : d i e d a t R o x b u r y , M a s s . , These are the pages of which Shakspere made so much J u n e 6, 1829. A n A m e r i c a n g e n e r a l a n d p o l i - use. From Burton's 'Anatomy of Melancholy * we learn t i c i a n . He served through t h e Revolution; was secre- t h a t one of t h e great amusements of our ancestors was tary of war 1801-09; captured York (Toronto) in 1813; and reading Boccaccio aloud, an entertainment of which t h e effects were speedily visible in the literature of t h e country. " was minister to Portugal in 1822-24. Dunlop, Hist. Prose Fiction, I I . 148.

Deane, Henry. Died at Lambeth, Feb. 15, 1503.

Dearborn, Henry Alexander Scammell. Born

a t R x e t e r , N . H . , M a r c h 3, 1 7 8 3 : d i e d a t R o x b u r y , M a s s . , J u l y 29, 1851. A n A m e r i c a n p o l i t i c i a n , s o n of H e n r y D e a r b o r n . He was collector of the port of Boston 1812-29; was elected to t h e Massachusetts legislature in 1829; became a State senator in 1830 ; was in 1831 elected to Cougr ess, where he served one t e r m ; and was made adjutant-general of Massachusetts in 1835, from which post he was removed in 1843 for having furnished arms to Rhode Island during Dorr's rebellion. He was mayor of Roxbury from 1847 until his death. He wrote " I n t e r n a l Improvements and Commerce of t h e W e s t " (1809). Death of Blanche. S e e Book of the Duchess. D e a t h of C s e s a r . A p a i n t i n g b y G e r d m e (1867), i n t h e g a l l e r y o f J . J . A s t o r , N e w Y o r k . Caesar's body lies at the'foot of Pompey's s t a t u e ; t h e conspirators, still holding their daggers, are grouped in t h e background, and all the senators b u t one have fled from their seats.

Death of General Wolfe, The. A painting by S i r B e n j a m i n W e s t (1771), i n G r o s v e n o r H o u s e , L o n d o n . The general lies on t h e ground supported and surrounded by soldiers, one of whom holds the union jack. I n the distance a soldier r u n s toward the group, bearing a captured French flag.

Death of Marlowe, The. A tragedy by R. H. H o m e , p u b l i s h e d i n 1837.

Death's Jest Book, or The Fool's Tragedy. A t r a g e d y b y T . L . B e d d o e s , p u b l i s h e d i n 1850, t h e y e a r a f t e r t h e a u t h o r ' s d e a t h , i t is t h e t r u e story of the stabbing of a duke in the 13th century by his court fool.

Death Valley (doth val'i), or Amargosa Dese r t (a-mar'go-sa dez'ert). A d e s e r t r e g i o n in Inyo County, eastern California, n e a r the Nev a d a f r o n t i e r , l y i n g 160 f e e t b e l o w t h e s e a - l e v e l . D e a u v i l l e (do-vel'). A watering-place in the d e p a r t m e n t of C a l v a d o s , F r a n c e , a d j o i n i n g Trouville.

Debatable Land. A region on the border of

England and Scotland, between the Esk and Sark, formerly claimed by both kingdoms. D e b b i t c h (deb'ich), D e b o r a h . I n Sir W a l t e r S c o t t ' s n o v e l " P e v e r i l of t h e P e a k , " t h e g o v e r n a n c e of A l i c e B r i d g o n o r t h . S h e w a s coquettish and deceitful. Debit and Credit. S e e Soli und Haben. D e b o r a h (deb'o-ra). [ H e b . / a b e e . ' ] A prophete s s a n d j u d g e of I s r a e l . She lived on Mount Ephraim, between R a m a h and Bethel. She summoned Barak to deliver the tribes under her jurisdiction from the tyranny

The seven imaginary ladies and three gentlemen whom Boccaccio supposed to shut out the horrors of t h e great plague of l l o r en ce, iu 1348, by enjoying themselves in a garden with a ten-day feast of story-telling, presented— in the best and easiest, though nearly the first, Italian prose—among their h u n d r e d tales t h e choice tales of the day from the French fabliaux, from incidents of actual life, or f r o m whatever source was open to the author. Even t h e machinery in which the tales are set came from t h e East, and had existed in a l a t i n form two centuries before. The number of t h e stories also was perhaps determined by t h e previous existence of t h e "Cento Novelle Antiche." Morley, English Writers, I. 22.

Decamps (dc-kon'), Alexandre Gabriel. Born

a t P a n s , M a r c h 3 , 1 8 0 3 : d i e d ( a s t h e r e s u l t of a n a c c i d e n t ) a t F o n t a i n e b l e a u , A u g . 22, 1860. A n o t e d F r e n c h p a i n t e r , a p u p i l of A b e l d e Pujol. He visited Greece and t h e coast of Asia in 1827, and all his later work exhibits his preference for Oriental subjects.

De Candolle. S e e Candolle. Decapolis ( d e - k a p ' Ô - l i s ) . [ G r .

Ae.iiar:6Aiç, t h e t e n cities.] T h e n a m e of a n a n c i e n t c o n f e d e r a t i o n of c i t i e s "west a n d e a s t of t h e J o r d a n , inhabited for the most part by a non-Jewish population which probably enjoyed certain p r i v i l e g e s a n d f r a n c h i s e s . Pompey p u t t h e m under t h e immediate jurisdiction of the governor of Syria. Among t h e cities belonging to this confederacy are enumerated Scythopolis (Beth-Shean), on the west of t h e J o r d a n ; on t h e east, Hippos on the Sea of Galilee, Pella, Gadara, Philadelphia (Habbotli-Ammon), Canatha, and Gerasa (Galasa). D e c a t u r ( d e - k â ' t è r ) . T h e n a m e of s e v e r a l t o w n s a n d c i t i e s i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s , t h e p r i n c i p a l of w h i c h a r e : (a) A town in Morgan County, northern Alabama, situated on t h e Tennessee River. Population (1890), 2,765. (6) The county-seat of De Kalb County, Georgia, situated 8 miles northeast of Atlanta. (For battle of July 20,1864, see Peach Tree Creek.) Population (1890), 1,013. (c) A city and t h e county-seat of Macon County, Illinois, situated on t h e Sangamon River 38 miles east of Springfield. Population (1890), 16,841. Decatur, Stephen. B o r n a t N e w p o r t , R. I., 1751: d i e d a t Frankt'ord, n e a r P h i l a d e l p h i a , N o v . 14, 3808. A n A m e r i c a n n a v a l o f f i c e r . He was placed in command of t h e Delaware in 1798, and afterward commanded a Bquadron on t h e Guadeloupe station. He was discharged in 1801.

Decatur, Stephen. Born at Sinnepuxent, Md.,

J a n . 5,1779 ; d i e d n e a r B l a d e n s b u r g , M d . , M a r c h

Declus 22, 1820. A n A m e r i c a n n a v a l o f f i c e r , s o n of S t e p h e n D e c a t u r . He entered t h e navy as a midshipman in 1798, and became a lieutenant in 179!). He gained distinction in the Tripolitan war by surprising and burning in t h e harbor of Tripoli, Feb. 16, 1804, t h e frigate Philadelphia, which had been captured by the enemy. F o r t i u s exploit he was promoted captain, his commission being made to date from Feb. 15,1804. At the beginning of the war of 1812 he commanded the frigate T'nited State?, which captured t h e British frigate Macedonian Oct. 25, 1812. . Attempting, Jan. 15, 1815, to leave the port of New York, which was blockaded by the British, his vessel, the President, was pursued by four British vessels, and after a sharp engagement with t h e Endymion compelled to surrender. H e commanded in 1815 t h e expedition against the Dey of Algiers, who was forced to renounce all claims to tribute from t h e United States. He was killed in a duel with James Barron. ,

Decazes (de-kaz'), Elie, Due. Born at St. Mart i n - d e - L a y e , G i r o n d e , F r a n c e , S e p t . 28, 1 7 8 0 : d i e d a t D e c a z e v i l l e . F r a n c e , O c t . 25, 1860. A F r e n c h j u r i s t a n d s t a t e s m a n . He became minister of police Sept. 24, 1815, and premier and minister of t h e interior in 1818. He resigned in 1820, and became ambassador at London. He was raised to a hereditary dukedom in the same year, and founded Decazeville about 1827.

Decazes, Louis Charles Elie Amanleu, Due.

Born at Paris, M a y 9,1819: died at his C h a t e a u L a G r a v e , G i r o n d e , S e p t , 16, 1886. A F r e n c h s t a t e s m a n , e l d e s t s o n of f l l i e D e c a z e s . H e w a s m i n i s t e r of f o r e i g n a f f a i r s 1 8 7 3 - 7 7 . D e c a z e v i l l e (de-kaz-vel'). A town in the dep a r t m e n t of A v e y r o n , F r a n c e , i n l a t . 4 4 ° 8 3 ' N., long. 2° 13' E. I t is n o t e d f o r i r o n m a n u f a c t u r e s , a n d i s t h e c e n t e r of t h e A v e y r o n coal-fields. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e , 8,871. Deccan(dek'kan),orDekhan(dek'han). [Hind. dalcshin, the south.] A non-official designat i o n f o r t h e p e n i n s u l a r p o r t i o n of I n d i a l y i n g s o u t h of t h e r i v e r N e r b u d d a , b e t w e e n t h e B a y of B e n g a l o n t h e e a s t a n d t h e A r a b i a n S e a o n the w e s t ; in a restricted sense, the country between the Nerbudda on the north and the Krishna on the south. D e c e b a l u s (de-seb'a-lus). [ G r . A?tif.3a?.or, c h i e f o r k i n g : a t i t l e of h o n o r a m o n g t h e D a c i a n s , b o r n e b y s e v e r a l of t h e i r k i n g s . ] Died about 106 A. D. A D a c i a n k i n g , a t w a r w i t h t h e R o m a n s i n t h e r e i g n s of D o i n i t i a n a n d T r a j a n . Deceleia ( d e s - e - l e ' y a ) . [ G r . AEMAem.] I n a n cient geography, a city a n d strategic point in A t t i c a , G r e e c e , s i t u a t e d 14 m i l e s n o r t h e a s t of Athens. It w a s occupied b y the Lacedaemonians f r o m 4 1 3 t o 4 0 4 B. C. Decelea was situated on the mountain-range north of Athens (Parnes), within sight of t h e city, from which it was distant 120 stades, or about 14 miles. The road f r o m Athens to Oropus and Tauagra passed through it. Rawlingon, Herod., I I I . 471, note. Deceleiail W a r (des-e-le'yan war). A name f r e q u e n t l y g i v e n t o t h e t h i r d o r final s t a g e of t h e P e l o p o n n e s i a n w a r , o n a c c o u n t of t h e o c c u p a t i o n of D e c e l e i a . D e c e m b e r (de-sem'ber). [L.,4 the t e n t h month.'] T h a t m o n t h of t h e y e a r i n w h i c h t h e s u n t o u c h e s t h e t r o p i c of C a p r i c o r n a t t h e w i n t e r s o l s t i c e , b e i n g t h e n a t i t s g r e a t e s t d i s t a n c e s o u t h of the e q u a t o r ; t h e t w e l f t h a n d last m o n t h acc o r d i n g t o t h e m o d e r n m o d e of r e c k o n i n g t i m e , h a v i n g t h i r t y - o n e days. I n the R o m a n cale n d a r it w a s t h e t e n t h m o n t h , r e c k o n i n g f r o m M a r c h . A b b r e v i a t e d Dec. D e c e m v i r a t e (de-sem'vi-rat). I n R o m a n hist o r y , t h e c o m m i s s i o n of t e n , p r e s i d e d o v e r b y A p p i u s C l a u d i u s , s e n t a b o u t 4 5 0 B. c . t o G r e e c e to study Greek law and codify the R o m a n law. I t was renewed t h e next year, and drew u p t h e Twelve Tables (which see). During its existence it superseded provisionally the regular machinery of government, and was overthrown on account of its tyranny by a popular insurrection. See Virginia. D e c e p t i o n I s l a n d ( d e - s e p ' s h o n i ' l a n d ) . A volcanic island in the South Shetland group, south of C a p e H o r n .

Dechamps (de-shon'), Adolphe.

Born at

M e l l e , B e l g i u m , J u n e 17, ] 8 0 7 : d i e d n e a r M a n a g e ( n e a r B r u s s e l s ) , J u l y 19, 1875. A B e l g i a n C a t h o l i c s t a t e s m a n . He became a member of tlie second chamber 1834, governor of t h e province of Luxemburg 1841, and minister of public works 1843. and was minister of foreign affairs 1845-4G.

Dechamps, Victor Auguste. Born at Melle,

B e l g i u m , D e c . 6, 1 8 1 0 : d i e d a t M e c h l i n , S e p t . 28, 1883. A B e l g i a n R e d e m p t o r i s t a n d U l t r a m o n t a n e l e a d e r , b r o t h e r of A d o l p h e D e c h a m p s . He became bishop of Naraur in 18(>5, archbishop of Mechlin in 1867, and cardinal in 1875.

De Charms,or De Charmes (de sharmz), Rich-

ard. B o r n a t P h i l a d e l p h i a , O c t . 17,175)6: d i e d at P h i l a d e l p h i a , M a r c h 20,1864. A n A m e r i c a n Swedenborgian clergyman and author.

Decius (de'shi-us), Caius Messius Quintus Trajanus. Born at Bubalia, P a n n o n i a : killed in battle with the Goths, near the Danube,

Decius

314

251A. D. E m p e r o r of R o m e 249-251. Having been sent by the emperor Philippus to restore subordination in the revolted army of Mcesia, he was compelled by the army to assume the purple and march against Philippus, who fell in battle near Verona in 249. He was defeated and slain in 251, near Abricium, by the Goths, who had invaded his dominions. During his reign a bloody persecution of the Christians took place. D e c i u s M u s ( m u s ) , P u b l i u s . 1 . K i l l e d a t tho b a t t l e of V e s u v i u s , 340 B. C. A R o m a n p l e b e i a n consul, d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n t h e first S a m n i t e and L a t i n w a r s . — 2 . K i l l e d at t h e b a t t l e of S e n t i nuni, 295 B. c. A R o m a n consul, son of D e c i u s ( d i e d 3 4 0 ) . — 3 . K i l l e d a t t h e b a t t l e of A s c u l u m ( ? ) , 279 B. c . A R o m a n consul, son of D e o i u s ( d i e d 295). D e civitate D e i (dë siv-i-tâ'tê d ë ' i ) . [L.,'on the city of God.'] A celebrated treatise b y A u g u s t i n e . Its theme is the permanence of the City of God, "which abidetlî forever": a thought made doubly impressive by the overthrow of Rome, the "eternal city," by Alaric. Decîze (de-sëz'). A t o w n i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t of N i è v r e , F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d on a n i s l a n d i n t h e L o i r e 18 m i l e s southeast of N e v e r s : t h e ancient Decetia. It has a r u i n e d château. Popu l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e . 4,977. D e c k e n ( d e k ' k e n ) , K a r l K l a u s v o n der 0 B o r n a t K o t z e n , B r a n d e n b u r g , G e r m a n y , A u g . 8, 1833: d i e d 1865. A n A f r i c a n e x p l o r e r . Until I860 he was in the military service. In that year he sailed from Hamburg to East Africa, and gave the rest of his life and means to the exploration of what is now British East Africa. His first attempt was fruitless. On his second expedition, 1861-62, he explored Lake Jipe and Kilimanjaro. In 1864 he led a great expedition to the exploration of the Sabaki, Tana, and .Tub rivers. On tho latter, lie and almost ail his companions were killed by the Somalis. His material was published in " K . K. v. der Deck en's Reisen in Ost-Afrika" (1869-79). His collections were given to the National Museum of Berlin. D e c k e r , J e r e m i a s d e . S e e Dekker. Decker, Thomas. S e e Dekker. D e c l a r a t i o n of Independence. The public a c t b y w h i c h tho C o n t i n e n t a l C o n g r e s s on J u l y 4, 1776, d e c l a r e d t h e A m e r i c a n c o l o n i e s t o b e f r e e a n d i n d e p e n d e n t of G r e a t B r i t a i n . A resolution of independence was offered by R. H. Lee, June 7, 1776. 'Jlie committee appointed to draft the declaration consisted of Jefferson, Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, and IL R. Livingston, and the document was written for the most part by Jefferson. I t was signed by 56 members.

Declaration of Independence, Mecklenburg. S e e Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. D e c l a r a t i o n o f E i g h t . A n a f f i r m a t i o n of the a n c i e n t c o n s t i t u t i o n a l r i g h t s of t h e E n g l i s h n a t i o n , p r e p a r e d b y t h e c o n v e n t i o n of t h e Commons, assented to b y the Lords, a n d by W i l l i a m and M a r y ( w h o thereupon were dec l a r e d k i n g and q u e e n , F e b . 13), i n F e b . , 1689. I t w a s c o n f i r m e d b y P a r l i a m e n t as t h e B i l l of R i g h t s in D e c . , 1689. Dècle (dàkl), Lionel. A French traveler and e t h n o l o g i c a l c o l l e c t o r . Accompanied by Ph. de Lalaing, he started in July, 1891, from Maf eking, Bechuanaland, aud visited Palapye, Shesheke, failed to enter the Ba-rotse country, returned to Matebele and Mashona Land, where he explored the subterranean lakes of Sinoya, and again reached the Zambesi on his way to Nyassa, 1892. Thence he proceeded up the Shire to Lakes Nyassa and Tanganyika (1893), intending to come out by Zanzibar.

Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.

A

celebrated history b y E d w a r d Gibbon, publ i s h e d 1776-88. D e c o n s o l a t i o n e p h i l o s o p h i s e "Old i'ortunatus " (1600), (1740-42), " A Humble Apology for Christian Orthodoxy " etc.; and, with Chettle, "Troilus and Cressida," "Aga- (1761), etc. memnon," and " The Stepmother's Tragedy " (1599) ; with Chettle and Haughton, "Patient Grisscl " (1599); with Day De la Ramée (dè là ra-ma'), Louise: pseudoand Haughton, " T h e Spanish Moor's Tragedy" (1600). n y m O u i d a . B o r n at B u r y S t . E d m u n d s , E n g With Webster and others he joined in 1602 in a play in l a n d , in. 1840. A n E n g l i s h n o v e l i s t , of F r e n c h two parts on Lady Jane Grey, which probably appeared e x t r a c t i o n . Her works include "Strathmore" (1860), as " T h e Famous History of Sir Thomas Wyat" in 1607. The "Chandos" (1866), " I d a l i a " (1807), "Tricotrin" (1868), first part of "The Honest Whore," etc., he wrote with " Pascarel " (1873), "Ariadne " (1880), " Moths " (1880), ' ' PrinMiddleton in 1604. The earliest edition known of the cess Isapraxine " (1S84), etc.

Dekker, or Decker, Thomas. Born at Lon-

De la Rive De l a R i v e .

See La Hive.

316

Born at Paris, July 17, 1797 : died there, Nov. 4, 1856. A French historical and portrait painter-

2. A rivor of the United States which rises in Delaware County, New York, and separates Pennsylvania and Delaware on the west from New York and New Jersey on the east. It ex-

D e l a r u e (de-la-rü'), G-ervais, Abbé. Born at Caen, Prance, 1751: died 1835. A French historian and antiquarian, professor in the University of Caen. He wrote "Essais historiques sur les bardes, les jongleurs et les trouvères normands et anglo-

3 . A city and the county-seat of Delaware County, Ohio, situated on the Whetstone (Olentangy) River 23 miles north of Columbus. It is the seat of Ohio Wesleyan University. Population (1890), 8,224. D e l a w a r e , L o r d . See Delawarr. D e l a w a r e B a y . An arm of the Atlantic Ocean and estuary of the Delaware River, which separates Delaware from New Jersey, its entrance

Delaroche (de-la-rosh'), Paul (Hippolyte). He began by studying landscape under Watelet, which he gave u p for history after entering the studio of Baron GroB. He first attracted attention by his picture of " Joash saved from JJeath by Jchoshabcth " (1822). He received the gold medal in 1824, became Knight of the Legion of Honor in 1828, officer in 1834, member of the Institute in 1832, and professor at the Academy in 1833. The following year he went to Italy, ,ind on his retura painted the famous heinicycle of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. At the time of his second visit in July. 1844, he was made a member of the Academy of St. Luke.

normauds " (1834), etc.

D e l a R u e , W a r r e n , Born in Guernsey, Channel Islands, J a n . 18,1815: died at London, April 22, 1889. An English astronomer and physicist, best known for the application of photography to astronomy. He was the collaborator of Balfour Stewart and Loewy in "Researches oil Solar Physics." D e l a v m a y (de-lô-nâ'), C h a r l e s E u g è n e . Born at Lusigny, Aube, France, April 9, 1816: drowned near Cherbourg, France, Aug. 5,1872. A French astronomer, author of "Théorie de la lune " (1860-67), etc. D e l a u n a y , L e V i c o m t e . See Girardi» , Delphine de. De L a u n a y , Mademoiselle. See Launay, Mademoiselle de.

pands into Delaware Bay about 40 miles below Philadelphia. On its banks are Trenton, Easton, Philadelphia, Camden, Chester, and Wilmington. I t s chief tributaries are the Lehigh and Schuylkill, on the west. Length, 350 miles; navigable for ocean steamships to Philadelphia ; tidal as far as Trenton.

to the Atlantic, between Capes May and Henlopen, is about 13 miles in width. Length, about 55 miles. Greatest width, about 25 miles.

D e l a w a r e W a t e r G a p . A village and summer resort in Monroe County, Pennsylvania^ 65 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of N e w Y o r k . Also, the name of .the adjoining gorge, 2 or 3 miles in length, by which the Delaware River passes through the Kittatinny Mountain (between walls 1,400 feet in height).

D e l a w a r r , or D e l a w a r e , B a r o n . See West D e l b r ü c k (del'brük), M a r t i n F r i e d r i c h R u d o l f . Born a t Berlin, April 16,1817. A Prussian statesman. He entered the ministry of commerce in 1848, and was president of the chancery of the North German Confederation 1867-70, and of the imperial chancery 1871-76.

D e l e c t a b l e M o u n t a i n s , T h e . A range of mountains in Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress,"

Delavigne (de-la-vëny'), Jean François Casi- from which a view of the Celestial City is to be

Delia Crusca, Accademia two spacious courts. On the second of these faces the hall of public audience, an open arcaded structure with scalloped arches and coupled columns in the exterior range. On another court, toward the river, is the hall of private audience (Dewan i-Khas), similar to the first, but with square piers to its arclies and beautiful inlaying in colored stones. On the river side stands also the Rung Mehal, or Painted Hall, an admir able structure, which includes a bath, (c) The J â m i Musjid, or Great Mosque, built by Shah Jehan in the middle of the 17th century. I t is very large, and the grouping of the three lofty monumental gates and the kioeked angle towers of its court with the lofty minarets, the great entrance-arch, and the three tjne bulbous domes of the sanctuary produces an unusually impressive architectural effect. The court is raised on a high basement, and is surrounded by graceful open arcades. The minarets rise from the ends of the façade of the mosque proper, and between them and the central arch there are on each side iive âne arcadcs surmounted by paneling in red sandstone and white marble. Above the cornice are placed a range of close-set, roundheaded battlements. Population (1«91), 192,579.

D e l i a (dë'li-a). [Gr. A^aîû.] 1. A name given to Artemis, from the island of Delos, her birthplace. Similarly Apollo, the sun-god, was called Delius.—2. A shepherdess in Vergil's Eclogues. D e l i a n C o n f e d e r a c y . See Delos, Confederacy of. D e l i g h t Of M a n k i n d . An epithet of the emperor Titus. D e l i l a h (de-li'la). [ H e b . , i weak,' 'feeble y ; Gr. &a?J',\r).~] A woman of the valley oil Sorek, mistress of Samson. She discovered the secret of Samson's strength, and betrayed him to the Philistines. Judges xvi. D e l i l l e , o r D e l i s l e (de-lël'), J a c q u e s . Born at Aigueperse, Puy-de-Dôme, France, J u n e 22, 1738: died at Paris, May 1,1818. A French didactic poet and translator. His works include " Les jardins " (1780), 49, and reedited in 1669 w i t h notes and comments. I n this f o r m it constituted a classic standard throughout Europe, and presented an entirely new basis f o r the study of algebra and geometry.

Derr (der or dar), or Dehr. A town in Upper Egypt, situated on the Nile about lat. 22° 40' N. It is noted for a small rock-temple of Shakspere's " Antony and Cleopatra." Descent from the Cross, l . A painting by Rameses II. Derceto (dcr-se'to). [Gr. Aepicer^.] The prinSodoma (Bazzi) (1504), in the Accademia at cipal Philistine female deity, worshiped es- Derry. See Londonderry. Siena, Italy. T h e g r o u p of mourning women is espeDe Ruyter. See Ruyter. p e c i a l l v i n A s c a l o n . She was represented in the form • cially admixed f o r the beauty of its conception and exeof a woman terminating in a fish, and is considered the Derwent (d6r'went). The name of several riv- cution. Dercetas (der'se-tas).

A friend of Antony in

f e m a l e counterpart of Dagon. She was a nature goddess, the principle of generation and fertility, and corresponds in her attributes and the m o d e of her worship to Ashtoreth ( A s t a r t c ) of the Canaanites and Syrians (the Assyro-Babylonian Ishtar). Also Derketo. See A targatis.

e r s , a s f o l l o w s : ( a ) A river of Cumberland, England, which flows into the Irish Sea 7 m i l e s north of W h i t e h a v e n . Length, over30 miles. (b) A river of Derbyshire, England, w h i c h joins the T r e n t 7 miles southeast of Derby. I t is noted f o r its scenery. Length, about 50 miles, (c) A river of Yorkshire, England, w h i c h joins the Ouse 15 miles southeast of Y o r k . Length, over 60 miles. (cZ) A river in Tasmania which rises in L a k e St. Clair, and flows into the ocean a short distance below H#bart. Length, 130 miles.

Dereham (der'am). A small town in Norfolk, England, 16 miles west of Norwich. Der-el-Bahri (der-el-bah're), or Deir-el-Bahari ( d a r - e l - b a ' h a - r e ) . A locality west of Derwentwater (der'went-wa/ter). One of the Thebes, Egypt, near the western bank of the chief lakes in the Lake District, in Cumberland, Nile, famous for its ruins. Among the ruins is a England, lying directly south of Keswick. It temple b u i l t by Hatshepsu. sister of Thothmes I I . and I I I . is an expansion of the river Derwent. Length, (about 1000 R. c1.). T h e inelosure is preceded by a dromos 3 miles. 1,600 f e e t long, b e t w e e n lines of sphinxes, at the end of w h i c h rose t w o obelisks. T h e inner court is entered by a fine granite pylon, and behind it is the t e m p l e itself. T h e plan is peculiar, as the buildings extend up the slope of the mountain in stages connected by flights of steps. T h e masonry is of a beautiful fine limestone, and the sculptures are of great importance, representing especially sacrificial scenes, m i l i t a r y triumphs and captives, and payment of tribute. A number of the inner chambers and passages are covered w i t h pseudo-vaulting of stones corbeled out f r o m the walls. Here, in 1881, Maspero made by chance a remarkable archaeological discovery—that of a number

Derwentwater, E a r l of. See Badcliffe. Derzhavin, Gabriel Romanovitch. Born at Kazan, Russia, July 14, 1743: died at Svanka, near Novgorod, Russia. July 21 (N. S.). 1816. A Russian lyrical poet. His best-known poem is " O d e to G o d " (1784), besides w h i c h he wrote " F e l i c i a , " " M o n o d y on Prince Mestcherski," " T h e N o b l e m a n , " " T h e Taking of I s m a i l , " " T h e Taking of W a r s a w , " e t c . H i s collected works were published 1810-15.

DesaguaderD (des-a-gwa-THa'ro).

1. A river

2. A fine painting by Gerard David, in the Chapelle du Saint Sang at Bruges, Belgium. T h e V i r g i n and M a r y Salome are grouped w i t h St. John about the body of Christ, w h i c h is supported by ls"icodemits. I n the background the cross is seen. T h e Magdal e n and Joseph of A r i m a t h e a are painted on the wings.

3. A noteworthy painting by Cavazzola. in the Pinacoteca

at V e r o n a .

Tt unites the naturalism

of the 15th century w i t h the f r e e d o m of the f o l l o w i n g period. W i t h its companion pieces, the " B e a r i n g of the CrosB" and the " A g o n y in the Garden," i t is the painter's masterpiece.

4. A painting by Correggio, in the Pinacoteca at Parma, Italy.—5. A painting by Titian, m

the A c c a d e m i a , V e n i c e .

I t has been injured by

restoration, but shows great invention and power of expression. I t is remarkable as having been painted in Titian's ninety-ninth year (1576), the year of his death.

6. A painting by Rubens (1614), considered his masterpiece, in Antwerp cathedral, Belgium. T h e hody has been detached and is being lowered b y men on ladders ; it is received below by St. John, beside whom kneel M a r y Salome and the Magdalen. T h e V i r g i n stands behind.

Deschamps

321

D e s c h a m p s ( d à - s h o n ' ) , E u s t a c h e , c a l l e d M o - D é s i r a d e ( d â - z ë - r â d ' ) , L a , or D e s e a d a ( d e s r e i . B o r n a t V e r t u s , M a r n e , F r a n c e , i n t h e first e - a ' d a ) . A n island of t h e F r e n c h W e s t I n d i e s , p a r t of the 14th c e n t u r y . A F r e n c h p o e t . He situated 9 m i l e s east of G u a d e l o u p e , o f w h i c h was the author of ballades (1,175 in number), rondeaux, i t is a d e p e n d e n c y . A r e a , 10 square m i l e s . virelais, etc.; of one long poem, the "Miroir de mariage "; P o p u l a t i o n (1889), 1,398. and of " Art de dieter " (a treatise on French rhetoric and prosody). _ Desjardins, Catherine. S e e Villedieu, MaDeschamps de Saint Amand, Emile. Born dame dc. D e s M o i n e s ( d e m o i n ) . 1 . A r i v e r i n I o wa a t B o u r g e s , F e b . 20, 1791: d i e d a t V e r s a i l l e s , which rises in southwestern Minnesota, and A p r i l , 1871. _ A F r e n c h p o e t . j o i n s t h e M i s s i s s i p p i at t h e southeast e x t r e m i t y Deschanel, Emile Augustin Etienne Martin. of I o w a , 4 m i l e s b e l o w K e o k u k . Length, from B o r n a t P a r i s , N o v . l i , 1819. A F r e n c h w r i t e r the union of the east and west forks (in Humboldt County, and j o u r n a l i s t . In 1842 he was made professor of rhetoric at Bourges, and shortly after occupied the same Iowa), about 300 miles; total length, about 500 miles; chair at Paris. He entered journalism as a liberal, and navigable to the city of Des Moines. was imprisoned and exiled in 1851. He returned in 1859, 2 . T h e c a p i t a l of I o w a , a n d c o u n t y - s e a t of P o l k and became one of the editors of the "Journal des Débats." C o u n t y , s i t u a t e d on the D e s M o i n e s R i v e r i n l a t . In 1876 he was elected to the chamber as a republican, 4 1 ° 36' N . , l o n g . 93° 39' \V. I t has considerable trade, and in 1881 he was elected a senator for life. He has and is a center of extensivo and varied manufactures. I t published a number of anthologies with comments, " LeB became the State capital in 1857. Population (1890), courtisanes grecques," " Le mal qu'on a dit des femmes," " Le bien qu'on a dit des femmes, etc. (1855-58), " La vio 60,093. des comédiens " (1860), "Études sur Aristophane" (1867), D e s m o n d , E a r l s a n d C o u n t e s s e s of. S e e Fitz" L e peuple et la bourgeoisie " (1881), "Benjamin Frank- gerald. lin " (1882). From 1882 to 1886 he published his lectures Ë e s m o u l i n s ( d à - m o - l a n ' ) , B e n o î t C a m i l l e . at the Collège de France, called " L e romanticism des clasB o r n a t G-uise, A i s n e . F r a n c e , 1760 : g u i l l o t i n e d siques," much enlarged and revised. at P a r i s , A p r i l 5, 1794. A c e l e b r a t e d F r e n c h D e s c h a p e l l e s ( d â - s h a - p e l ' ) . B o r n 1780: d i e d r e v o l u t i o n i s t , p r o m i n e n t as a p a m p h l e t e e r a n d 1847. A c e l e b r a t e d w h i s t - p l a y e r . H e p u b l i s h e d j o u r n a l i s t . I n 1789 his i m p a s s i o n e d h a r a n g u e s a t r e a t i s e o n w h i s t i n 1839. contributed p o w e r f u l l y to the popular exciteD e s c l é e ( d â - k l â ' ) , A i m é e o l y m p e . B o r n N o v . m e n t w h i c h c u l m i n a t e d i n t h e s t o r m i n g of t h e 18,1836 : d i e d a t P a r i s , M a r c h 9,1874. A F r e n c h B a s t i l l e . H e w a s a d e p u t y t o t h e C o n v e n t i o n actress. She e x c e l l e d i n t h e m o d e r n d r a m a s i n 1792. " F r o u - F r o u , " " D i a n e de L y s , " etc. Desnoyers (dà-nwâ-yâ'), Baron A u g u s t e GasDesdemona (dez-de-mò'nà). I n Shakspere's t r a g e d y " O t h e l l o , " the w i f e of O t h e l l o t h e p a r d L o u i s B o u c h e r . B o r n â t P a r i s , D e c . 20, M o o r , a n d t h e d a u g h t e r of B r a b a n t i o , a V e n e - 1779: d i e d a t P a r i s , F e b . , 1857. A F r e n c h H i s b e s t - k n o w n w o r k s are c o p i e s t i a n s e n a t o r . Othello smothers her in an outburst of e n g r a v e r . rage produced by a belief in her unfaithfulness, carefully- a f t e r R a p h a e l ( u L a b e l l e j a r d i n i è r e " a n d t h e instilled by Iago. According to Malone, the first woman " T r a n s f i g u r a t i o n , " e t c . ) . name unknown) who appeared in any regular drama per- D e s o l a t i o n I s l a n d . S e e Kergueien Land. ormed the part of Desdemona, D e s o l a t i o n L a n d ( d e s - ô - l â ' s h o n l a n d ) , or The one characteristic which belongs to Desdemona, D e s o l a t i o n I s l a n d . T h e nortlïwesternmost that highest charm of the womanly nature, which Iago It names not, because he knows it not or believes not in it : i s l a n d of t h e T i e r r a d e l F u e g o a r c h i p e l a g o . namely, her humility, her harmless ingenuousness, her has b e l o n g e d t o Chile since 1881. modesty and innocence. The mirror of this soul has never B o r n at F r i e d r i c h s been darkened by the breath of an impure thought ; it ab- D e s o r ( d â - z ô r ' ) , É d u a r d . hors her to speak the mere word of sin ; her name is clear d o r f , n e a r H o m b u r g , P r u s s i a , F e b . 11, 1811 : and '' fresh as Diau's visage." The genuineness of her soul d i e d a t N i c e , F r a n c e , F e b . 23, 1882. A S w i s s and mind culminates—and this is the highest point of her nature—in a perfect freedom from suspicion too g e o l o g i s t , z o o l o g i s t , and archgeologist. D e S o t o (dâ s ô ' t ô ) , H e r n a n d o . S e e Soto, Herdeeply rooted in her for this suspicious world. Gervinus, Shakespeare Commentaries (tr. by F. E, Bunnett, nando de. [ed. 1880), p. 516. D e s p a i r ( d e s - p a r ' ) > Griant. A g i a n t i n B u n y a n ' s D e p d e n con e l desden, £1. [ ' D i s d a i n m e t " P i l g r i m ' s P r o g r e s s " w h o takes Christian and w i t h d i s d a i n . ' ] A p l a y b y M o r e t o 8), editions of Tacitus, Horace, and the Iliad, etc.

Dodge (doj), M a r y Abigail: pseudonym Gail Hamilton. Born at Hamilton, Mass., 1838. An

A m e r i c a n w r i t e r . Her works include "Country Living and Country Thinking" (1862), "Gala Days" (1863), " N e w Atmosphere "(1864), "Woman's Wrongs, etc."(1868), " Twelve Miles from a Lemon " (1873), " Our Common School System " (1880), etc.

Dodge, Mrs. ( M a r y Elizabeth Mapes). Born at New York, 1838. An American authoress, editor of the " S t . Nicholas" magazine since • 1873. She has written "Hans Bririker, or the Silver Skates" (1865), "Donald and Dorothy " (1883), "Along the Way "(poems, 1879), etc.

Dodge,William Earl. Bom at Hartford, Conn., Sept. 4, 1805 : died at New York, Feb. 9, 1883. An American merchant and philanthropist, noted for his efforts in behalf of the freedmen, temperance, foreign missions, etc. Dodge City (doj sit'i). A city in Ford County, southwestern Kansas, situated on the Arkansas River. Population (1890), 1,763. Dodger (doj'er), The Artful. See Dawkins, John. Dodgson (doj'son), Charles Lutwidge: pseudonym Lewis Carroll. Born in 1832. An English clergyman and writer, mathematical lecturer at Christ Church, Oxford, 1855-81. He has written " A Syllabus of Plane and Algebraical Geometry " (ldt>0), "Guide to the Mathematical Student," etc. (1864), "Elementary Treatise on Determinants " (1867^ "Euclid and his Modern Rivals" (1879),"Curiosa Mathematical' etc. (1888), and several children's books under the pseudonym of Lewis Carroll: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland "(1865), "Through the Looking Glass," etc. (1871), " The Hunting of the Snark " (1876), etc.

Dodington (dod'ing-ton), George Bubb (later Baron Melcombe). corn in Dorset, England, 1691: died at Hammersmith, July 28,1762. An English politician.

He was the son of George Bubb,

thies," 1886), " Oliver Goldsmith " ( " Great Writers," 1888), etc.

but adopted the name of Dodington on inheriting an estate in 1720 from an uncle of that name. In 1715 he entered Parliament, where he acquired the reputation of an assiduous place-hunter. H e was created Baron Melcombe of Melcombe Regis, Dorsetshire, in 1761. He patrouized men of letters, and was complimented by Edward Young, Fielding, and Richard Bentley. He left a diary covering the period from 1749 to 1761, which was published in 1784.

The Roman story of Virginia in it was expanded from the same story in the "Roman de la Rose, "though the account purports to be direct from Livy. See Appius and Virginia.

Plin. ii. 103), on the borders of Thesprotia, and was said to have been founded by Deucalion. Jiawlinson, Herod., I I . 99, note.

Doctor Syntax. See Tour of, etc. Doctor Dodipoll (dok'tor dod'i-pol). A comedy the author of which is unknown (1600). Dr. Dodipoll is a foolish, doddering creature. Doctor of Alcantara, The. An opera by Julius Eichberg, produced in 1862. Doctor of the Incarnation. A title bestowed on Cyril of Alexandria. Dod (dod). Charles Roger Phipps. Bom in Ireland, May 8,1793: died Feb. 21,1855. Compiler of the "Parliamentary Companion" (1832-). Dodd (dod), James William, Born in London about 1740: died 1796. An English actor. He

Dods (dodz), Meg. The landlady of the inn, in Sir Walter Scott's " §t. Ronan's Well." Dodsley (dodz'li), Robert. Born probably at Mansfield, Nottingham, England, in 1703: died at Durham, England, Sept. 25, 1764. An Eng-

Dobson, William. Born at London, 1610: died at Oxford, 1646. An English portrait and his- Dodipoll. See Doctor Dodipoll. torical painter, apupil and imitator of Van Dyck Dodo (do'do). The name of a deity (discovered whom he succeeded as painter to Charles I. He on the Moabite Stone) who is supposed to have painted the portraits of Charles I., the Prince been worshiped by the ten tribes alongside of of Wales, Prince Rupert, and various courtiers. Yahveh. (Sayce.) This is, however, very unDoce (dö'sä), Rio. A river of Brazil which likely. flows into the Atlantic Ocean in lat. 19° 35' S. Dodona (do-dd'na). [Gr. Awdww?.] In ancient Length, over 600 miles $ navigable for 90 miles. geography, a city of Epirus, probably situated Dockum. See DoJckum. near the modern Mount Olytzika, southwest of Doctor, The. A romance by Southey, published Janina. It was the seat of the oldest Greek in 1834, in 7volumes, it wasatflrstpublished anony- oracle, dedicated to Zeus. mously, and he explicitly denied hiB authorship. In it he The temple of Dodona was destroyed B. C. 219 by Dortexhibits his vast store of learning in a rambling manner. machus when, being chosen general of the^Etolians, he Doctor's Tale, The. One of Chaucer's Can- ravaged Epirus. No remains of it now exist. I t stood at terbury Tales," told by the Doctor of Physic. thebaseof Mount Tomarus, or Tmarus (Strabo, vii. p. 476;

was a member of Garrick's company, and was especially successful as Sir Andrew Aguecheek and Abel Drugger.

lish bookseller and author.

He wrote a number of

plays, poems, songs, and other works, but is best known for his " Select Collection of Old Plays," which was published in 1744 in 12 volumes, beginning with a morality play. I t has been several times edited, revised, and enlarged.

Dodson (dod'son). The family name of the three aunts in George Eliot's " M i l l on the Floss," Aunt Pullet, Aunt Glegg, and Aunt

T u l l i v e r . Their inherited customs aud peculiarities are amusing, and are always referred to with respect by the phrase " i f o Dodson ever did " so and so.

Dodd, William. Born at Bourne, Lincolnshire, England, May 29,1729: died June 27,1777. An Dodson and Fogg. In Charles Dickens's u PickE n g l i s h clergyman and author. He studied at Cam- wick Papers," the legal advisers of Mrs. Bardell bridge, was ordained deacon in 1751, and was appointed in the celebrated breach-of-promise case. chaplain to the king in 1763. In 1777 he forged the name Dobeln (de'beln). A town in the kingdom of of Lord Chesterfield, his former pupil, to a bond for Dodwell (dod'wel), Edward. Born about 1767: Saxony, situated on the Mulde 28 miles west £4,200, and in spite of the efforts of Dr. Johnson and other died at Home, May 14, 1832. An English antiof Dresden._ Population (1890), 13,862. influential persons was executed at London. He wrote quarian and artist. He published "Classical and Doberan (do'be-ran), or Dobberan (dob'ber- "Beauties of Shakspere" (1752), "Thoughts in Prison" Topographical Tour through Greece" (1819), "Cyclopean or Pelasgic Remains in Greece and Italy " (1834), etc. an), A town and watering-place in the grand (1777), etc. duchy of Mecklenburg-Sellwerin, Germany, Doddridge (dod'rij), Philip. Born at London, Dodwell, Henry. Born at Dublin, Oct., 1641: June 26,1702: died at Lisbon, Oct. 26, 1751. An died at Shottesbrooke, Berkshire, England, situated near the Baltic 9 miles west of RosEnglish dissenting clergyman. He was pastor of an June 7, 1711. A British classical scholar and tock.

Dodwell, H e n r y

331

Domdaniel

c o n t r o v e r s i a l i s t . He studied at Trinity College, Dull- It was the ancient capital of i'ranche-Comté, resisted tho D u k k e h j e m " ) b y H e n r i k I b s e n , produced in lin; removed to London in 1674; and was Camden professor French 111 1479, and was finally ceded to France in 1078. L o n d o n in 1889 T h e oriental Dlav was b r o u g h t J J of history at Oxford 1688-91. His chief work is "De ve- Population(1891), commune, 14,253. ™ Drought teribus grEecorum romanorumque cyclis" (1701). D o l e , L a . One of t h e h i g h e s t m o u n t a i n s 0 f out in v.nnsiidiiia a o o u i lo/w. D o e (do), J o h n . T h e n a m e of t h e fictitious the J u r a , s i t u a t e d in the c a n t o n of Y a u d , n e a r 4 * > < * > learstoeet. p l a i n t i f f in a c t i o n s of e j e c t m e n t . S e e Roe, t h e F r e n c h border, 17 m i l e s n o r t h of G e n e v a . D o l l y s (dol i Z ) . A well-known t a v e r n i n P a Richard. H e i g h t , 5,505 f e e t , t e r n o s t e r Row, L o n d o n d a t i n g f r o m t h e t i m e D o e g j d o ' e g ) . [ H o b . , ; fearful.'] 1. The chief D o l e t (dô-lâ'), E t i e n n e . B o r n a t Orléans, ^ T v l ^ ^ f e e r a r l T ' ' o f t h e h e r d s m e n o i S a u l . H e slew f o u r s c o r e F r a n c e , 1 5 0 9 : h a n g e d a n d t h e n b u r n e d at P a r i s , n o l o m i p V i (dd i ô - m V é ' ) ¿ I n r i a t O u v S v l r a f n and five p r i e s t s of N o b . - 2 . I n the s e c o n d A u g . 3, 1546. A F r e n c h s c h o l a r a n d p r i n t e r T a n S e & a t e t f t e I5?rnatDolomieu M r e p a r t of D r y d e n a n d T a t e ' s " A b s a l o m a n d c o n d e m n e d a s a h e r e t i c . S f j j ^ U 1 7 5 0 ^ T e ( f at C M ^ u i euf' Aehitophel," a character intended to represent , „. , „ „. . , . p r a n c e , J u n e J 4 , l M U . m e d at Ohateauneut, E l k a n i h Settle Among these latter there is 011e who was in many ways S a o n e - e t - L o i r e , 1 r a n e e , Nov. 26, 1801. A n o t e d D o e s (da»), J a c o b u s v a n d e r . B o r n at A m s t e r - ^ o S Œ ^ i t ^ a l S S o ^ f ^ ^ d f Llplri ¿S&ZSl dam, M a r c h 4, 1 6 2 3 : died at S l o t e n , Nov. 17, many quarrels, literary and theological, ilid much service sur les ilcs Ponces " (1T88) " Philosophie minéralogique " 1673. A D u t c h l a n d s c a p e a n d a n i m a l p a i n t e r , to literature both in Latin and French, and, falling out (igo-2), etc. Dolomite was named for him. D o g a l i ( d ô - g a ' l ë ) . A p l a c e n e a r Massowah, ^ D o l o m i t e M o u n t a i n s (dol'6-mlt moun'tanz). e a s t e r n A f r i c a . Here, Jan. 26, 1887, the Italian force recantation, hanged) in the Place Maubert, at Paris, on his [ D o l o m i t e ( m i n e r a l ) , f r o m t h e g e o l o g i s t Dolountler Gêné was defeated and nearly destroyed by the birthday, August 3. 1544 [sic], Dolet had written many »»¡cm.] A group of l i m e s t o n e m o u n t a i n s in t h e Abyssmiails under Has Alula. Latin speeches and tractates in the Ciceronian style— Al™ ; n . „ „ i l « ™ T v r o l oil t h e Tfnlim f r o n t i e r l n 1 o n w f D o g b e r r y ( d o g ' b e r - i ) . A n a b s u r d c o n s t a b l e i n 'hat of a curious section of humanists who entertainedan Shnksnpre's " M i » l Afln s h o u t Nortiinir » exclusive and exaggerated devotion to Cicero. Jntlgnest peaK, iviarmolaaa (±1,U40 l o o t ; . D o e e ' s P a l a c e T h e m l a c e of t h e d o e e s o f V e n SainUbury, French lit., p. 233. D o l o n - n o r ( d ô ' l o n - n ô r ' ) , or L a m a - m i a o ( l a W £ Mongolia situated north iceSe " ¿ ^ t S ^ ^ X S . ^ D o l g e l l y ( d o l - g e t h ' l i ) . T h e c h i e f t o w n of Merin 1354, but only the south and west façades retain their l o n e t h s h i r e , North W a l e s , s i t u a t e d on the W n i o n 0 £ r c K ™ g l n l a t . 10 JN. It is renowned for its characteristic Pointed architecture. The basement is a i n l a t 52° 4 4 ' N lonsr 3 ° 5 3 ' W Population especially for copper, iron aiid bronze statues noble and massive arcade with cylindrical columns; above n s o A 9 " ^ « a b e l n des Mittelaltere" (1863), etc., and op(d°m-brOv s k e ) , or U a b r o w S k l l i o l c e (doietie), iioaovico. Boi-n at. v e m e e J , o s e d decrecs of the Vatican council 1869-70. He was ( d a - b r o v ' s k e ) , J a n H e t t r y k . B o r n a t P i e r s z o a b o u t 1508 : died a t V e n i c e , 1d68. An I t a l i a n excommunicated 1871. w i c e , n e a r Cracow, A u g . 2 9 , 1 7 5 3 : d i e d a t W i n a p o e t a n d m i s c e l l a n e o u s and voluminous w r i t e r . D o l l i v e r R o m a n c e , T h e . A f r a g m e n t b y H a w - Gora, P o s e n , P r u s s i a , J u n o 6, 1818. A P o l i s h H e was b y profession a c o r r e c t o r of t h e press, t h o r n e , t h e b e g i n n i n g of w h i c h was p u b l i s h e d g e n e r a l . He served in the campaign of 1792-94 ; organa n d died in g r e a t p o v e r t y . in t h e " A t l a n t i c M o n t h l y " J u l y , 1864. ized the Polish legion at Milan in 1796 ; and served with D o l c i ( d o l ' e h ë ) , or D o l c e ( d o l ' c h e ) , C a r l o or D o l l o n d ( d o l ' o n d ) , J o h n . B o r a a t L o n d o n , distinction at Friedland in 1807, against the Austrians in O a r l i n o . B o m at F l o r e n c e , May 25,1616 : died J u n o 10, 1706 ':' died a t L o n d o n , Nov. 30. 1761. _ J 8 0 9 ' . and f » e campaign» of 1812-13. t h e r e , J a n . 17, 1686. A F l o r e n t i n e p a i n t e r of An E n g l i s h optician, t h e i n v e n t o r of t h e achro- D o m d a n i e l (dom-dan y e l ) . I n t h e c o n t i n u a t i o n r e l i g i o u s s u b j e c t s , a pupil of J a c o p o Y i g n a l i . m a t i c t e l e s c o p e (1757-58). Î'1"5 A r a b i a n I ales, a s e m i n a r y f o r evil m a D o l C o m m o n . S e e Common. D o l l o n d , P e t e r . B o r n F e b . 24, 1730: died at g i c i a n s founded b y t h e g r e a t m a g i c i a n Hal-ilD ô l e (dôl). A town in t h e d e p a r t m e n t of J u r a , K e n s i n g t o n , J u l v 2 , 1 8 2 0 . An E n g l i s h optician, M a u g r a b y . i t was an immense cavern "under the F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d on t h e D o u b s 27 m i l e s south- son of J o h n Dollond. ' a^^ncSnSrV^lf S M ^ d S C Ï e a s t of D i j o n : t h e a n c i e n t Dola S e q u a n o r u m . D o l l S H o u s e , A . A t r a n s l a t i o n of a p l a y ( " E t Southeymakesitsdestructionthethemoofhis"Thalal>a."

Dôme de Chasseforêt 332 Dôme de Chasseforêt (dôm dé shâs-fô-râ'). Dominis (dom'e-nes), Marco Antonio de. T h e c e n t r a l p o i n t of t h o V a n o i s e r a n g e , i n the Tarentaise Alps, in southeastern France. H e i g h t , 11,800 f e e t .

Domenech (dom-e-nek'), Emmanuel Henri D i e u d o n n é . B o r n a t L y o n s , F r a n c e , N o v . 4, 1825. A F r e n c h t r a v e l e r a n d w r i t e r . H e w a s a n h o n o r a r y c a n o n of M o n t p e l l i e r , w i t h t h e t i t l e of a b b é .

Domenichino (dô-men-ê-kë'nô), Domenico Z a m p i e r i . B o r n a t B o l o g n a , I t a l y , O c t . 21, 1581 : d i e d a t N a p l e s , A p r i l 15, 1641. A n o t e d I t a l i a n p a i n t e r . Among his works are "Communion of St. Jerome "(in the Vatican), " Martyrdom of St. Agnea " (in Bologna), " Diana and her Nymphs " (in Rome), " Adam and Eve," etc.

B o r n i n t h e i s l a n d of A r b e , D a l i n a t i a , 1 5 6 6 : d i e d a t B o r n e , S e p t . , 1624. A n I t a l i a n t h e o l o gian and natural philosopher. H e wrote " De r e p u b l i c a e c c l e s i a s t i c a " (1617), " D e r a d i i s v i sits e t l u e i s i n v i t r i s p e r s p e c t i v i s e t i r i d e " (1611), e t c .

Domino Noir (do-me-no' nwar), Le. [P., ' The Black Domino.'] A comic opera by Anber, w o r d s b y S c r i b e , first p r o d u c e d i n P a r i s i n 1837.

Domitian (do-mish'ian) (Titus Flavius Domitianus Augustus)'. Born at Borne, Oct. 24, 5 1 A. D . : d i e d a t E o m e , S e p t . 18, 96. B o m a n e m p e r o r 8 1 - 9 6 : t h e s e c o n d s o n of V e s p a s i a n a n d F l a v i a D o m i t i l l a , a n d t h e b r o t h e r of T i t u s w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d . He undertook a campaign against the Chatti in 83, in the course of which he began the construction of a boundary wall between the Danube and the Rhine. This wall was guarded by soldiers settled upon public lands (agri dccumates) along its course. He carried on unsuccessful wars against the Dacians under Decebalus 86-90, when he purchased peace by the promise of a yearly tribute. He recalled Agricola, whose victories iu Britain, 78-84, aroused his jealousy. The last years of his reign were sullied by cruelty and tyranny. He was murdered by the freedman Stephanus, at the instance of the empress Domitia and several officers of the court, who were in fear of their lives.

Donatus, iElius A F l o r e n t i n e s c u l p t o r , o n e of t h e l e a d i n g r e s t o r e r s of s c u l p t u r e i n I t a l v . His work may be divided into three periods : (a) That of realism (1410-24). The statues of the Campanile at Florence (including the famous Zuccone and Poggio), the St. John of the National Museum, and the bust of -Niccolo da Uzzano, characterize this period, (ft) That (1425-33) marked by the partnership with the sculptor-architect Michclozzo, with whose assistance he made the mausoleum of Pope John XXIII. in the baptistery at Florence, that of Cardinal Brancacci at Naples, and that of Bartolommeo Aragazzi in the Duomo at Montepuleiano, and the bas-reliefs of the pulpit at Prato. (c) That (1433-66) in which the influence of antiquity became prominently manifested, as shown in the David and the Cupid in bronze at the National Museum in Florence, and numerous other productions. He may be considered as the precursor of Michelangelo. D o n a t e l l o . A character in Hawthorne's '; Marble F a u n , " a y o u n g T u s c a n c o u n t whose liken e s s t o t h e s t a t u e .of t h e f a u n b y P r a x i t e l e s g i v e s t h e t i t l e t o t h e b o o k , n e is rumored to be a descendant of an ancient faun, and is described in the opening of the tale as possessed only of the happy, spontaneous life of such creatures. He impulsively commits murder for the sake of Miriam whom he loves, and is awakened to the higher responsibilities and life of mail by his remorse and his passion.

D o m e s d a y B o o k . S e e Doomsday Booh. D o m e t t (dom'et), A l f r e d . Born at Camberw e l l G r o v e , S u r r e y , M a y 2 0 , 1 8 1 1 : d i e d N o v . 12, 1887. A n E n g l i s h p o e t a n d c o l o n i a l s t a t e s m a n . He was educated at Cambridge, and callcd to the bar in 1841. In 1842 he went to New Zealand, where he filled many of the chief offices of the colony. Iu 1871 he returned to England, where he died. He was the intimate friend of Robert Browning, who writes of him in "Waring" and " T h e Guardian Angel." Among his works are Donati (do-na'te), Giovanni Battista. Born volumes of poems published iu 1833 and 1839. His N. It separates geous, of plain words and plain actions. Dragon of Wantley, The. An old ballad, preDowns. northern and southern Norway. Highest peak D o w n s . S e e North Downs a n d South (Snehaettau), 7,570 feet. Downs, Battle of the. An indecisive battle served by Percy, which describes the victory Dow, Gerard. See Douw. between the English and Dutch fleets, in the over this dragon (who devoured damsels, flrst days of June, 1666, off the eastern coast of houses, trees, etc.) "by More of More Hall, who D o w (dou), Lorenzo. Born at Coventry, Conn., provided himself with armor covered with Oct. 16, 1777: died at Washington, D. C., Feb. K e n t . T h e E n g l i s h w e r e c o m m a n d e d b y M o n k , aud t h e s p i k e s . I t is a p a r o d y on some a n c i e n t K i e m p e v i s e . 2, 1834. An American itinerant preacher, of D u t c h b y De R u y t e r a n d T r o m p . I t is s o m e t i m e s c l a i m e d I n a k e y a p p e n d e d t o t h e b a l l a d in t h e i m p r o v e d e d i t i o n of t h e M e t h o d i s t b e l i e f . H e m a d e t w o missionary tours in E n g l a n d and I r e l a n d — o u c i n l 7 9 9 a n d o n e in 1805, H e was n o t e d f o r h i s c c c e n t r i c i t i c s o f m a n n e r and dress. His " J o u r n a l and .Miscellaneous W r i t i n g s " w e r e e d i t e d b y J o h n D o w l i n g in 1836.

Dow, Neal. Born at Portland, Maine, March 20, 1804. An American advocate of prohibition. H e d r a f t e d the n o t e d " M a i n e ( p r o h i b i t o r y ) L a w " in 1851, and w a s t h e c a n d i d a t e of t h e P r o h i b i t i o n p a r t y f o r Presid e n t in 1880.

Dowden (dou'den) Edward. Born at Cork, Ireland, May 3,1843. A British critic and poet, professor of the English language and literature at Trinity College, Dublin (where he studied), in 1889 first TayJorian lecturer in the Taylor Institution, Oxford.

He has published "Shakspere,

his M i n d and A r t " (1872), " P o e m s " (1876)," Studies in l i t e r a t u r e : 1783-1877 " ( 1 8 7 8 ) , " S o u t h e y " (1879), an e d i t i o n of Shakspere's sonnets w i t h notes, " S h e l l e y " (1886), e t c .

Dowgate (dou'gät). The original water-gate of the city of London. I t w a s situated a t t h e m o u t h of t h e W a l l b r o o k w h e r e i t enters t h e T h a m e s , and j u s t u n d e r t h e g r e a t R o m a n citadcl. T h e W a t l i n g St. o r P r e t o r i a n w a y crossed t h e r i v e r h e r e b y a T r a j e c t u s b e f o r e t h e L o n d o n B r i d g e w a s built. Loftie, H i s t o r y of L o n d o n , 1884.

as an E n g l i s h v i c t o r y .

t h e " ¿ . c l i q u e s , " an a t t e m p t is m a d e t o explain it as an

Downs, The. A portion of the North Sea east a l l e g o r y . H e n r y C a r e y p r o d u c e d a b u r l e s q u e opera w i t h of Kent, England, forming a roadstead pro- t h i s t i t l e , Oct. 2t). 1737: t h e m u s i c w a s b y J. F . L a m p e . tected by Goodwin Sands. [Also written Dowse (dous), Thomas. Born at Charlestown, Dragonades (drag-o-nadz'). f r o m 1 ? . dragonnade, from dragon, Mass., Dec. 28, 1772: died at Cambridgeport, Dragoonades; a dragoon: from the use of dragoons in such perMass., Xov. 4, 1856. An American book-collector. He bequeathed his collection to the secutions.] A form of persecution inflicted by the government of Louis X I V . upon the French Massachusetts Historical Society. Protestants in the period preceding the revocaDowton (dou'ton), William. Born at Exeter, 1764: died at ^Brixton, Surrey, 1851. An Eng- tion of the edict of Nantes. It consisted in billeting troops upon the inhabitants as a means l i s h a c t o r . H e m a d e his first appearance in 1781, and c a m e t o N e w Y o r k in 1836. H e had t w o SORB, W i l l i a m and of converting them, licenso being given to the H e n r y , b o t h of w h o m b e c a m e actors. T h e f o r m e r aftersoldiery to commit all manner of misdeeds. w a r d b e c a m e a b r o t h e r of t h e C h a r t e r House, and d i e d Dragontea (drá-gón-tá' á), La. A poem by Lope t h e r e at t h e a g e of nearly n i n e t y . de Vega on the subject of Sir Francis Drake's Doyen (dwâ-yan'), Gabriel François. [F. last expedition and death. doyen

=

E , dean;

L . deccrnus.]

B o r n at

Paris,

1726: died at St. Petersburg. June 5, 1806. A French painter, a pupil of Van Loo. Doyle (doil), A . Conan. Born at Edinburgh in 1859. A Scottish novelist and physician. Among his w o r k s are " H i c a h C l a r k e , " " A Study in S c a r l e t , " The A d v e n t u r e s of Sherlock H o l m e s " ( t w o series), " T h e R e f ugees," The White Company."

Dowlatabad(dou-la-tä-bäd'), or Daulatabad. Doyle (doil), Richard. Born at London, 1824: A city and fortress in Hyderabad, India, in lat. died at London, Dee. 11, 1883. An English arist. H e w a s a r e g u l a r c o n t r i b u t o r t o " P u n c h " 184119° 55' N., long. 75° 14" E. : the ancient Deoghir t1850. A m o n g his best-known w o r k s are t h e illustrations or Deoghur. It is notedfor its strong position t o T h a c k e r a y ' s f ; N e w c o m c s " (1853-55), and a scries of elfin on an isolated rock. scenes e n t i t l e d " I n I ' a i r y - L a n d " (1870). Dowler (dou'lèr), Captain. A retired military Dozy ( d ô ' z ë ) , Reinhart. Born at Leyden, man in Dickens's " Pickwick Papers," noted for Netherlands, Feb. 21, 1820: died April 29, his bluster and brag, and his extraordinarily 1883. A Dutch Orientalist and historian, professor of history at Leyden from 1850, Hia fierce and disjointed manner of talking. Down (doun). A maritime county in Ulster, Ire- w o r k s i n c l u d e " H i s t o i r e des M u s u l m a n s d ' E s p a g n e , " etc. (1861), " R e c h e r c h e s sur l ' h i s t o i r e et l a l i t t é r a t u r e d'Esland, lying between Antrim and Belfast Lough p a g n e p e n d a n t l e m o y e n â g e " (1849), " S u p p l é m e n t aux on the north, the Irish Sea on the east and south- d i c t i o n n a i r e s arabes " (1879-80), etc. east, and Armagh on tbo west. It is one of the leadDrachenfels (dràch'en-felz). [G.,'dragon's i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l counties. Capital, D o w n p a t r i c k . Area, rock.'] The steepest of tho Biebengcbirge 957 square miles. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 224,008. range of mountains, situated on the eastern Downes (dounz), John. Bom at Canton, Mass., bank of the Rhine, near Konigs winter. It is now 1786 (1784 ?) : died at Charlestown, Mass., Aug. ascended b y a m o u n t a i n r a i l w a y . I n its side is t h e Drach11, 1855. An American naval commander. He e n h o h l e ( d r a g o n ' s cave), w h e r e l i v e d t h e l e g e n d a r y d r a g o n

T h e D r a g o n t e a , h o w e v e r , w h o s e t e n cantos of o c t a v e v e r s e are d e v o t e d t o the expression of this national h a t i c d , m a y b e r e g a r d e d as its chief m o n u m e n t . I t is a strange p o e m . I t b e g i n s w i t h t h e prayers of Christianity, in t h e f o r m of a b e a u t i f u l w o m a n , w h o presents Spain, I t a l y , and A m e r i c a in t h e c o u r t of H e a v e n , and p r a y s G o d t o p r o t e c t t h e m a l l against w h a t L o p e calls " t h a t Protestant Scotch p i r a t e . " I t e n d s w i t h r e j o i c i n g s in P a n a m á because " t h e D r a g o n , " as he is called t h r o u g h t h e w h o l e p o e m , has d i e d , poisoned by his o w n p e o p l e , and w i t h t h e t h a n k s g i v i n g s of Christianity t h a t h e r p r a y e r s h a v e b e e n heard, and t h a t " t h e scarlet lady of B a b y l o n " — m e a n i n g Queen E l i z a b e t h — has b e e n a t l a s t d e f e a t e d . Ticknor,

Span. L i t . , I I . 171.

Draguignan

(drá-gén-yoñ'). The c a p i t a l of t h e d e p a r t m e n t of v a r , F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d in lat.

43° 33' N., long. 6° 28' E. Population (1891), commune, 9,816. Dragut (dra'got), or Torghud (tór'gliod). Died at Malta, July 23,1565. A Turkish corsair. He w a s a n a t i v e of A s i a M i n o r , and b e c a m e a l i e u t e n a n t of E h e y r - e d - D i n , on w h o s e d e a t h in 1546 he b e c a m e g o v e r n o r of T r i p o l i . H e d e f e a t e d t h e Spaniards at G e r b e s in 1560, and was k i l l e d a t t h e s i e g e of M a l t a .

Drainesville (dránz'vil). A village in Fairfax County, Virginia, 21 miles northwest of Washi n g t o n . H e r e , Dec. 20,1861, part of the A r m y of t h e P o t o , m a c u n d e r Ord d e f e a t e d t h e C o n f e d e r a t e s u n d e r Stuart.

Drake (drák), Daniel. Born at Plainfield, N. J., s e r v e d as l i e u t e n a n t in t h e Essex u n d e r ,Captain P o r t e r slain by S i e g f r i e d . H e i g h t , 1.065 f e e t Oct. 20, 1785: died at Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. in t h e W a r of 1812, and c o m m a n d e d t h e E p e r v i e r in t h e 5, 1852. An American physician. He published w a r against A l g i e r s . I n 1832 h e o b t a i n e d c o m m a n d of a Drachmann (drach'manj, Holger Henrik HerBorn at Copenhagen, Oct. 9, 1846. A a " T r e a t i s e on t h e P r i n c i p a l Diseases of t h e I n t e r i o r squadron in t h e P a c i f i c Ocean, and b o m b a r d e d Quallah holdt. Danish poet and author. From 1866 to 1870 he V a l l e y of N o r t h A m e r i c a " (1850-54), etc. Batoo, on t h e coast of Sumatra, in r e t a l i a t i o n f o r au outstudied a r t i n C o p e n h a g e n , and b e g a n his career as a r a g e c o m m i t t e d on an A m e r i c a n vessel. H e c o m m a n d e d Drake, Sir Francis. Born probably at Tavist h e navy-yard at Boston 1837-42 a n d 1850-52. p a i n t e r of m a r i n e subjects. I n 1872 he p u b l i s h e d a voltock, Devonshire, about 1540: died off Porto Downing (dou'ning), A n d r e w Jackson. Bom u m e of p o e m s . T h i s was f o l l o w e d by " D a e m p e d e l l e l o - Bello, Jan. 28, 1596 (O. S.). An English naval d i e r " ( " R e p r e s s e d M e l o d i e s , " 1875), ' " S a n g e v e d H a v e t " at Newburg, N. Y., Oct., 1815: drowned near ( " S o n g s by t h e S e a , " 1877), " H a n k e r o g H o s e r " ( " V i n e s h e r o . I n 1567-68 h e c o m m a n d e d a small vessel, o n e of t w o Yonkers, N. Y., July 28, 1802. An American and R o s e s " ) and " U n g d o m i D i g t o g Sang ( " Y o u t h in w h i c h escaped f r o m t h e d e s t r u c t i o n of .Sir John H a w k i n s ' s landscape-gardener and pomologist. He pub. P o e t r y and S o n g " 1879). T h e r o m a n t i c p o e m s ' ' Prindses- fleet b y t h e Spanish. H e v i s i t e d t h e W e s t I n d i e s and t h e l i s h e d ' ' T h e o r y and P r a c t i c e of L a n d s c a p e G a r d e n i n g " (1841), " C o t t a g e R e s i d e n c e s " (1842), " F r u i t s and F r u i t T r e e s of A m e r i c a " (1845), etc.

Downing, M a j o r Jack. The pseudonym of Seba Smith, in his letters in Yankee dialect. Downing, Sir George. Born probably in Aug., 1623: died in 1684. An English soldier and politician. H e e m i g r a t e d w i t h his p a r e n t s t o N e w E n g l a n d in 1638, b u t s u b s e q u e n t l y r e t u r n e d t o E n g l a n d , and i n 1650 w a s scout-master-general of C r o m w e l l ' s army in

22

sen og d e t h a l v e K o n g e r i g e " ( " T h e Princess and H a l f t h e K i n g d o m " ) and " O e s t c n f o r Sol o g V e s t e n f o r M a a n e " (East of t h e Sun and W e s t of t h e M o o n " ) a p p e a r e d 1878 and 1880 r e s p e c t i v e l y . I n prose h e has w r i t t e n , a m o n g o t h e r l o n g stories, " E n O v e r k o m p l e t " (1876), " T a n n h a u s e r " (1877). T h e shorter tales " U n g t B l o d " ( " Y o u n g B l o o d " ) and " Paa Somands T r o o g L o v e " ( " O n a Sailor's W o r d " ) a p p e a r e d in 1877 and 1878 r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e m o s t p o p u l a r of his prose works is t h e series of s k e t c h e s " Der o v a r i r a Grœndsen " ( ' ' F r o m t h e F r o n t i e r , " 1871). A translation of B y r o n ' s " Don Juan " a p p e a r e d in 1881.

Spanish m a i n in 1570 and 1571, and b e c a m e c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h e t o w n s t h e r e w o u l d f a l l an easy p r e y t o a small a r m e d f o r c e . A c c o r d i n g l y , in 1572, h e fitted out w h a t was p r o p e r l y a f r e c b o o t i n g e x p e d i t i o n , E n g l a n d b e i n g then a t p e a c e w i t h Spain. W i t h only 3 vessels and 100 m e n he t o o k N o m b r e de D i o s and an i m m e n s e treasure ; b u t h e was b a d l y w o u n d e d in t h e attack, and his m e n a b a n d o n e d b o t h t o w n and treasure. I n r e t u r n he burned a Spanish vessel a t Cartagena, captured m a n y ships, and i n t e r c e p t e d a t r a i n l o a d e d w i t h s i l v e r on t h e isthmus. H e also crossed t o P a n a m a , and was t h e flrst E n g l i s h c o m m a n d e r w h o saw t h e P a c i f i c .

Drake, Sir Francis

338

From his return, in Aug., 1573, to Sept., 1576. Drake served under the Earl of Essex in Ireland. In Dec., 1577, he started on another freebooting expedition, in which lue passed the Strait of:Magellan, obtained an immense booty on the Paciric coast of Spanish America, crossed the Pacific, and returned to England by way of the Cape of Good Hope, arriving in Sept., 1580. This was the first English circumnavigation of theglobe. Queen Elizabeth knighted Drake on Iiis own ship, and gave him important commands, In 15H4-85 he was a member of Parliament. From 1C8.) to 1586 lie commanded a powerful expedition to the West Indies and the Spanish main, in which he took and ransomed Santo Domingo and Cartagena, ravaged the coasts of Florida, and on his way back brought off the remnant of the English Virginia colony. In 1587 he made a descent on the coast of Spain, and destroyed numerous unfinished vessels intended for the Spanish Armada, besides capturing a rich Portuguese East Indiaman. In July, 1588, he commanded under Lord Howard in the combat with the Spanish Armada, and next year he was one of the commanders in a descent on the Spanish and Portuguese coasts, which proved unsuccessful. For several years thereafter he was engaged in peaceful pursuits, and in 1&93 was agaiu elected to Parliament. In 1595 he commanded another West India expedition, which met with little succcss, and in which both he and Sir John Hawkins died. D r a k e ( d r ä ' k e ) , F r i e d r i c h . B o r n at P y r m o n t , Waldeck, Germany, J u n e 23,1805 : died at Berl i n , A p r i l 6, 1882. A n o t e d G e r m a n s c u l p t o r , best known from his portrait-statues (Frede r i c k W i l l i a m III. a n d o t h e r s ) .

Drake (dräk), Joseph Rodman. Bom at New

Y o r k , A u g . 7 , 1 7 9 5 : d i e d a t N e w Y o r k , S e p t . 21, 1820. A n A m e r i c a n p o e t , a u t h o r of " T h e Culprit F a y " ( 1 8 1 6 ) , " T h e A m e r i c a n F l a g " (1819). D r a k e , N a t h a n . B o r n a t Y o r k , E n g l a n d , 1766 : d i e d a t H a d l e i g l i , S u f f o l k , E n g l a n d , J u n e 7, 1836. A n E n g l i s h p h y s i c i a n a n d a u t h o r . Ho practised medicine at Hadleigh, in Suffolk, from 1792 until his death. His most notable work is "Shakspere and his Times " (1817).

Drake, Samuel Gardner. Bora at Pittsfield,

N . H . , O c t . 11, 1798: d i e d a t B o s t o n , J u n e 14, 1875. A n A m e r i c a n a n t i q u a r i a n . He published "Book of the Indians" (1833), "History and Antiquities of Boston" (1S56), Early History of New England" (1861), "Annals of Witchcraft in the United States " (1869), " History of the French and Indian War" (1870), etc.

Drakenberge (drä'ken-ber-ge), orDrakensberg, or Kathlamba. A range of mountains

i n S o u t h A f r i c a . I t lies partly on the border between Cape Colony and Natal on one side and Basutoland and the Orange Free State on the other, and culminates in Champagne Castle (10,3C7 feet) and Mont aux Sources (about 11,000 feet).

Drakenborch (dra'kcn-borch), Arnold.

Born

at U t r e c h t , N e t h e r l a n d s , J a n . 1, 1684: d i e d at U t r e c h t , J a n . 16, 1748. A Dutch philologist. H e e d i t e d " S i l i u s I t a l i c u s " (1717), " L i v y " (1736-48), etc, D r a k e ' s B a y . A n i n d e n t a t i o n of t h e P a c i f i c i n M a r i n C o u n t y , C a l i f o r n i a , n o r t h w e s t of S a n Francisco.

D r a m a Of Exile, A .

i n g , p u b l i s h e d i n 1844.

A poem by Mrs. Brown-

Dramatic Poesy, Essay of. A work by Dry-

d e n (1667), w r i t t e n i n t h e f o r m of a d i a l o g u e b e t w e e n four friends: Neander (Dryden), Lisid e i u s ( S e d l e y ) , Crites ( S i r R o b e r t H o w a r d ) , a n d E u g e n i u s ( B u c k h u r s t : or D o r s e t , a c c o r d i n g t o Prior). D r a m b u r g (dräm'börö). A t o w n in t h e provi n c e of P o m e r a n i a , P r u s s i a , 52 m i l e s e a s t of S t e t t i n . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 5,647. D r a m m e n (dräm'men). A seaport in the amt of B u s k e r u d , s o u t h e r n N o r w a y , s i t u a t e d o n t h e D r a m m e n s É l v 22 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of Christ i a n i a . I t has an extensive commerce, its principal export being timber ; and it has manufactures of beer, tobacco, leather, etc. I t was partly destroyed by fire in 1866. Population (1891), 20,441.

Drams Elv (drämz elv), or Drammens Elv

(dräm'menz elv). A river in southern Norway, t h e o u t l e t of L a k e T y r i f j o r d . I t flows i n t o t h e D r a m m e n F j o r d at D r a m m e n . L e n g t h , 163 miles.

Drangiana (dran-ji-ä'nä), orDrangiane. [Gr.

Apayyiavj).] In a n c i e n t geography, a region in central Asia, in the modern southwestern A f ghanistan and eastern Persia. D r a p e r (drâ'pèr), H e n r y . Born i n Prince Edw a r d C o u n t y . V a . , M a r c h 7, 1837: d i e d a t N e w Y o r k , N o v . 20, 1882. A n A m e r i c a n s c i e n t i s t , s o n of J . W . D r a p e r , e s p e c i a l l y n o t e d f o r h i s labors in celcstial photography.

Draper, John William. Born at St. Helen's,

n e a r L i v e r p o o l , E n g l a n d , M a y 5, 1811: d i e d a t H a s t i n g s - o n - t h e - H u d s o n , N . Y . , J a n . 4, 1882. A chemist, physiologist, and historian, noted f o r r e s e a r c h e s in s p e c t r u m a n a l y s i s , p h o t o g r a p h y , e t c . He emigrated to Américain 1832 ; graduated in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania in 1836 ; was appointed professor of chemistry in the University of New York in 1839; and was president of the Medical College lb5l>-73. He continued to lecture

at the university until 1881. He wrote "Text Book on Chemistry" (1846), and on "Natural Philosophy" (1847), "Human Physiology " (1856)," History of the intellectual Development of Europe " (1802),'' History of the American Civil War " (1867-70), " Scientific Memoirs " (1878).

Draper, Lyman Copeland. Born at Hamburg ( n o w Evans), Erie County, N . Y., Sept. 4,1815: d i e d a t M a d i s o n , W i s . , A u g . 26,1891. A n A m e r i c a n a n t i q u a r i a n . He was corresponding secretary of the State Historical Society at Madison, Wisconsin, 18531887, with the exception of two years (1858-;19), when he was State superintendent of instruction. Editor of "Collections of the State Historical Society" (1853-87).

Draper, Sir William. Bora at Bristol, Eng-

Drew, Mrs. M i s s o u r i C o m p r o m i s e of 1820. Dred Scott, a Missouri slave who had been taken to the territory covered by the Missouri Compromise, and had therefore sued for his freedom, was sold to a citizen of another State. He then transferred his suit from the State to the Federal courts, under the power given to the latter to try suits between citizens of «liferent States ; and the case came by appeal to the Supreme Court. The decision of the Supreme Court, which was published in 18f>7, put Scott out of court on the grouûd that a slave, or the descendant of a slave, could not be a citizen of the United States or have any standing in Federal courts. The opinion of the chief justice also attacked the validity of the Missouri Compromise, on the ground that one of the constitutional functions of Congress was the protection of property ; that slaves were recognized by the Constitution as property ; and that Congress was therefore bound to protect slavery in the Territories.

l a n d , 1721: d i e d at B a t h , E n g l a n d , J a n . 8 , 1 7 8 7 . A n E n g l i s h officer. He took the degree of B. A. at King's College, Cambridge, in 1740, and was subsequently fellow of his college. In 1744 he entered the army, and in 1762 commanded, with the rank of brigadier-general, a Dreiherrnspitz (dri'hern-spitz). One of the successful expedition against Manila. He published in c h i e f p e a k s of t h e H o l i e Ta uern, A u s t r i a n A l p s , Height, 1765 a letter, dated Jan. 26 of that year, defending the Mar- s o u t h w e s t of t h e G r o s s - V e n e d i g e r . quis.of Granby against the aspersions of "Junius," which 11,480 f e e t . led to a spirited controversy. lie was promoted major- Drelincourt (drè-lan-kor')» Charles. Born at general in 1772. The correspondence between Draper and S e d a n , F r a n c e , J u l y 10, 1595: d i e d a t P a r i s , "Junius " was published separately under the title of " The N o v . 3 , 1 6 6 9 .  F r e n c h P r o t e s t a n t c l e r g y m a n . Political Contest" (1763). H e w r o t e " C o n s o l a t i o n s d e l ' â m e lidèlc c o n t r e Drapier's Letters. A series of letters pub- l e s f r a y e u r s do l a m o r t " (1651), e t c . l i s h e d i n 1724 b y D e a n S w i f t , u n d e r t h e p s e u - Drenthe, or Drente (dren'te). A province of d o n y m M. B . D r a p i e r . They were directed against t h e N e t h e r l a n d s , l y i n g b e t w e e n U r o n i n g e n o n the acceptance in Ireland of a copper coinage the patent t h e n o r t h a n d n o r t h e a s t , P r u s s i a on t h e e a s t , for supplying which had been accorded to William Wood, O v e r y s s e l o n t h e s o u t h , a n d F r i e s l a n d a n d who with the Duchess of Kendal, the king's mistress O v e r y s s e l o n t h e w e s t . A r e a , 1,030 s q u a r e (who obtained him the privilege), was to divide the profit m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 134,027. arising from the difference between the real and the Drepanum (drep'a-num); or Dre pana (-na). nominal value of the halfpence (about 40 per cent.). Owing [Gr, TO Apénavov, rà Apiirava.J The ancient to the public excitement raised by these letters the patent n a m e of T r a p a n i ( w h i c h s e e ) . Fere, 249 r. c., the was canceled. Wood was compensated with a pension, and Swift gained a popularity which lie never lost till his Carthaginian admiral Adherbal defeated the Roman iieet death. A large reward was offered at the time for the under Publius Claudius. discovery of the author. The capital D r a u p a d i (drou'pa-de). [ S k t . ] D a u g h t e r of D r e s d e n ( d r e z ' d e n ) . [ F . Dresde.'} D r u p a d a , k i n g of P a n c h a l a , a n d w i f e of t h e of t h e k i n g d o m of S a x o n y , s i t u a t e d o n b o t h five P a n d u p r i n c e s . S h e p l a y s a n i m p o r t a n t s i d e s of t h e E l b e , i n l a t . 51° 3 ' N . , l o n g . 13° 4 4 ' E . It comprises the Altstadt, Friedriehstadt, Neustadt, p a r t i n t h e s t o r y of t h e M a h a b h a r a t a . D r a v e ( d r a ' v e ) , G. D r a u ( d r o u ) . A r i v e r i n Antonstadt, etc. I t has considerable trade by the Elbe, A u s t r i a - H u n g a r y : t h e a n c i e n t D r a v u s . It rises and diversified manufactures, and is celebrated for its art in Tyrol, traverses Carinthia and Styria, forms the boun- collections, which are among the richest in the world. dary between Hungary and Croatia-Slavonia, and joins the These include the Museum (containing the picture-gallery, engravings, and drawings), the Zwinger (containing Danube 8 miles east of Essek. Its chief tributary is the the mineralogical, zoological, and ethnographical collecMur. Length, 465 miles; navigable from Villach (about tions), the Palace (with the Green Vault: which see), the 375 miles). Museum Johanneum (collection of porcelain and historical D r a v i d a ( d r a ' v i - d a ) . T h e c o u n t r y i n w h i c h museum), and the Japanese Palace (coilectionof antiquities t h e T a m i l l a n g u a g e i s s p o k e n , e x t e n d i n g f r o m and royal library). Dresdeu was an ancient Slavic town, and was mentioned as early as 1206. I t became the resiMadras to Cape Comorin. D r a w c a n s i r (dr&'kan-s&r). I n B u c k i n g h a m ' s dence of the Saxon sovereigns in 1485, and was greatly deb u r l e s q u e " T h e R e h e a r s a l , " a b o a s t i n g a n d veloped under Augustus II. and Augustus III. I t was v a i n g l o r i o u s b u l l y . Almanzor, Dryden's favorite hero, bombarded by the Prussians in 1760, and was occupied by was parodied in this character. The name has become a them in 1866. Here, Aug. 26-27, 1813, the French (about 120,000) under Napoleon defeated the Allies (about 200,000), synonym for a braggart. under Schwarzenberg. Population (18&0), 289,844; with Drawcansir, Sir A l e x a n d e r . Aname assumed the suburbs, 322,633. b y F i e l d i n g i n c o n d u c t i n g t h e " C o v e n t G a r d e n Dresden, Treaty of. A treaty concluded Dec. J o u r n a l " i n 1752. S e e Alexander, Draxccansir. 25,1745, b e t w e e n P r u s s i a , A u s t r i a , a n d S a x o n y , D r a y t o n ( d r a ' t o n ) , M i c h a e l . B o r n a t H a r t s - e n d i n g t h e s e c o n d S i l e s i a n war. F r e d e r i c k t h e hill, W a r w i c k s h i r e , E n g l a n d , 1563: d i e d at L o n - G r e a t w a s c o n f i r m e d i n t h e p o s s e s s i o n of S i l e s i a . don, 1631. A n o t e d E n g l i s h p o e t . He was buried D r e u x ( d r ê ) . A n a n c i e n t c o u n t y i n n o r t h e r n in Westminster Abbey, and his epitaph is said to be by F r a n c e , w e s t of P a r i s , w h o s e c h i e f t o w n w a s Ben Jonson. His chief works are "Mortimeriados " (1596: D r e u x : u n i t e d t o t h e c r o w n 1551. this afterward appeared with many alterations as " The D r e u x . A t o w n i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t of E u r e - e t Barons' Wars," 1603), "England's HeroicalEpistles " (1597), Loir, F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d o n t h e B l a i s e 45 m i l e s " Poems, Lyric and Heroic"(1606, containing " T h e Ballad w e s t of P a r i s : t h e R o m a n D u r o c a s s i s or D r o c œ . of Agincourt"), "Poly-Olbion" (1613-22), "Nymphidia" I t contains a ruined castle, hôtel de ville, Church of St. (1627), " The Muses' Elysium " (163J). Pierre, and the Chapelle Koyale (the burial-place of the Drayton, William Henry. Born at Drayton Orléans family). The chapel was completed by Louis H a l l , o n t h e A s h l e y R i v e r , S. C., S e p t . , 1 7 4 2 : Philippe. I t consists of a dome 80 feet high and 43 in d i e d at P h i l a d e l p h i a , S e p t . 3, 1779. A n A m e r i - diameter, surrounded by an elaborately pinnacled and c a n patriot. He became chief justicc of South Carolina traceried screen in the Pointed style. The interiur disin 1776, and in the same year delivered to the grand jury plays superb glass and magnificent tombs, with statues by a charge which gave great impetus to the cause of inde- the best sculptors of the century. It was formerly the pendence. He was a member of the Continental Congress capital of the county of Dreux. It was besieged and taken from 1778 until his death. by Iienry IV. in 1593, and was taken by the Germans Nov., D r e a m , T h e . A s h o r t p o e m b y L o r d B y r o n , 1870. Population (1891), commune, 9,364. Dreux, B a t t l e Of. Dec. 19,1562, Montmorency c o m p o s e d a t D i o d a t i i n 1816. D r e a m , C h a u c e r ' s . A p o e m , p r o b a b l y s p u r i - w i t h a b o u t 15,000 m e n d e f e a t e d a n e q u a l n u m o u s , a d d e d b y S p e g h t i n 1598 t o h i s e d i t i o n of b e r of H u g u e n o t s u n d e r C o n d é , w h o w a s t a k e n C h a u c e r . The proper title is " T h e Isle of ladies." p r i s o n e r . (Not the Barne as "The Dream of Chaucer," which is genu- D r e w ( d r u ) , D a n i e l . B o r n a t Carmel, N . Y . , i n 1788: d i e d at N e w Y o r k , S e p t . 19, 1879. A n ine.) A m e r i c a n c a p i t a l i s t . He gave large sums to Methodist Dream of Chaucer, The. Seo Book of the schools and colleges, and founded the Drew Ladies' SemDuchess. inary at Carmel, and the Drew Theological Seminary at Dream of Eugene Aram, The. A poem by Madison, N. J. (1866). The latter has 136 students, 8 instructors, and a library of 30,000 volumes. H o o d , p u b l i s h e d i n 1829. S e e Aram, Eugene. Dream of Fair Women, A. A poem by Lord D r e w , J o h n . B o r n a t D u b l i n , S e p t , 3, 1825: d i e d at P h i l a d e l p h i a , M a y 21, 1862. A n I r i s h Tennyson. m e r i c a n c o m e d i a n . He made his fu st appearance Drebbel (dreb'bel), Cornelis van. Born at A in 1848 in New York, and in 1S52 in Philadelphia, where A l k m a a r , N e t h e r l a n d s , 1572: d i e d a t L o n d o n , he became a great favorite. In 1853 he became (with Wil1634. A D u t c h n a t u r a l p h i l o s o p h e r . H e p u b - liam Wlieatley) manager of the Arch Street Theater. He l i s h e d " D s n a t u r a e l e m e n t o r u m " (1621), e t c . played in England in 1855, in California in 1858, in AustraD r e d ( d r e d ) . A n o v e l b y Mrs. H a r r i e t B e e c h e r lia in 1859, and made his last appearance in 1862. S t o w e , p u b l i s h e d i n 1856. It shows the state of Drew, John. Born at Philadelphia, 1853. An alarm and misery in which the slave-owners (as well as A m e r i c a n c o m e d i a n , s o n of J o h n D r e w ( 1 8 2 5 slaves) lived. Dred is a runaway negro living in the Dis- 1862). H e i s s u c c e s s f u l i n l i g h t c o m e d y . mal Swamp. A new edition, called ''Nina Gordon," was Drew, Mrs. (Louisa Lane). Born at London, published in 1866. J a n . 10, 1820. T h e w i f e of J o h n D r e w ( 1 8 2 5 Dred Scott Case. Ill American history, a cel- 1862). She married Henry Hunt, a singer, in 1836, and e b r a t e d d e c i s i o n b y t h e S u p r e m e Court of t h e after separating from him married George Mossop, an Irish U n i t e d S t a t e s , w h i c h d e r i v e d i t s i m p o r t a n c e actor, who died in 1849. In 1830 she married John Drew. She went on the stage very young, came to America ip f r o m i t s b e a r i n g o n t h e c o n s t i t u t i o n a l i t y of t h e

Drew, Mrs.

Druses

339

1828, and acted in all the important cities in the country. DrOIlcl (ilro'llii). [ S k t . ] T h e t e a c h e r of t h e mil- D r u m c l o g ( d r u m - k l o g ' ) . A p l a c e in L a n a r k In 1861 she became sole manager of the Arch Street The- i t a r v a r t t o t h e K a u r a v a a n d P a n d a y a p r i n c e s . shire, S c o t l a n d , 10 m i l e s s o u t h b y e a s t of ater in Philadelphia. In the great war of the Mahabharata he sided with the Glasgow. H e r e , J u n o 1 ( 0 . S.), 1679, t h e ScotDrew, Samuel. B o r n a t St. A u s t e l l , Cornwall, Kauravas, and after the death of Bhishma became their tish C o v e n a n t e r s d e f e a t e d t h e R o y a l i s t s u n d e r E n g l a n d , M a r c h 3,1765: died a t H e l s t o n , Corn- commander-in-chief, G r a h a m of Claverhouse. wall, M a r c h 29, 1833. A n E n g l i s h M e t h o d i s t Drontheim. See Trondhjem. Drummer, The, or the Haunted House. A c l e r g y m a n a n d t h e o l o g i a n . He wrote "Essay on Drood, Edwin. See Mystery of Edwin Drood. p l a y b y A d d i s o n . I t was first played in March, 1718, the Immateriality and Immortality of the Soul" (1802), D r0 ste-Hiilsh0ff, B a r o n e s s Annette Eliga- and not known to be Addison's till Steele published the " Essay P«QV on nn the thp Identity Tiluntit.v and flrlll General li.'TitT-.l 1 Resurrection Rf-fthe l|-|(> . . . — — ' . , b e t h VOn. B o r n a t H u l s h o f f , n e a r Miinster, fact, after the author's death. Doran, Eng. Stage, I. 231. Body " (1809). 1797 : died a t Morsburg, on D r u m m o n d ( d r a m ' o n d), J a m e s , E a r l of P e r t h . Drexel (dreks'el), Anthony Joseph. Bom at PL raukses i aC, oJnasnt a. n c10, e , M a y 24, 1818. A G e r m a n B o r n i n l 6 4 8 : d i e d a ' t S t . G e r m a i n , F r a n c e , M a r c h P h i l a d e l p h i a , P a . , in 1826: died a t K a r l s b a d , 11,1716. A S c o t t i s h n o b l e m a n . He wasappointed J u n e 30, 1893. A n A m e r i c a n b a n k e r , s o n of p o e t . She p u b l i s h e d " P o e m s " (1838, etc.), chancellor of Scotland by Charles II. in 1684, and was re' D a s g c i s t l i c h e J a- h r " (1852), ancis M x ec li . He rF rloiiitlis j u ai ir it i un iD/ irceA n c contributed cuiiLiiuui/Cu largely laifccij' to tu _ ,, v , . îl -i etc\ n/~\ ? tained in office on the accession of James II., whose chief f

W he became in the Eoinan Catholic administration philanthropic and ni educational and interested D- Tr "i O t- t'T"»Y n m g ü"T O i am Q(j'anrArlicjll r o\ t m n gA-ThTO o i im ) . Q u e e knfsi' i ^ lagent ÍZ. + 1W1promotion lii.Aarts. . >causes, nlo lielía ín,iwas i lAnA O TlnciVúl m the of the tine founded thefViDrexel I s l aTr.lii\iil n d . ' ] îlA SA wedish royV a l p a Il anoloAÜ c e n e a rnílUf S t o c k - r . S c o t l a n d . H e w a s banished on the deposition of James, Institute of Art» Science, aud Industry in Philadelphia holm, on t h e i s l a n d of LofÔ m L a k e M a l a r . T\ r i l T n T Y 1 A T l f a T a m e c "Eirl of Vvvth Born in (1831). I t was' built for Queen Hedwig Eleonora (died 1715), and ^ y S ^ , ? , 1 1 ^ . ' , A ^ P ^ i , . H'.'o ' A « l t V i s h 1675: died a t P a r i s m 1720. A Scottish n o b l e Drexel, Francis Martin. Born at Dorabirn, was improved by Oscar I.

A u s t r i a n Tyrol, A p r i l 7 , 1 7 9 2 : died J u n e 5,1863. A b a n k e r . H e f o u n d e d t h e b a n k i n g h o u s e of D r e x e l a n d Co. a t P h i l a d e l p h i a (1837).

Drouais (drô-à')> Jean Germain.

Born at

Zack, B o h e m i a , Oct. 15, 1818: died a t Venice, A p r i l 3,1869. A p i a n i s t a n d composer, p r o f e s sor ( f r o m 1862) of t h e p i a n o f o r t e a t t h e cons e r v a t o r y of St. P e t e r s b u r g , d i r e c t o r of t h e i m p e r i a l school of t h e a t r i c a l m u s i c , a n d c o u r t pianist.

„ _ _ _ _ _ _ Drouet (dro-â/), Jean Baptiste.

Born at

Dreyschock (dri'shok), Alexander. Born at

tireyse (dri'ze), Johann Nikolaus von. Born

a t S ö m m e r d a , P r u s s i a , N o v . 20,1787: died D e c . 9, 1867. A G e r m a n m e c h a n i c i a n , i n v e n t o r of t h e m u z z l e - l o a d i n g noedle-gun (1827), and of t h e b r e e c h - l o a d e r (1836). D r i b u r g (dre'börG). A watering-place in the p r o v i n c e of W e s t p h a l i a , P r u s s i a , 11 miles e a s t of P a d e r b o r n .

Driffield (drif 'eld), or Great Driffield. A town

in Y o r k s h i r e , E n g l a n d , 18 m i l e s n o r t h of H u l l . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 5,703. D r i n ( d r e n ) . A r i v e r i n T u r k e y w h i c h flows through northern Albania, a n d empties into t h e A d r i a t i c n e a r Alessio. L e n g t h , a b o u t 200 miles. D r i n a (dre'na). A river which rises in Montenegro, flows t h r o u g h B o s n i a a n d a l o n g t h e Servian-Bosnian frontier, and joins the Save at t h e f r o n t i e r of Servia, Bosnia, a n d Slavonia. L e n g t h , a b o u t 300 miles.

P a r i s , Nov. 25, 1763: died a t R o m e , F o b . 13, 1788. A F r e n c h h i s t o r i c a l p a i n t e r , a p u p i l of David.

m a n , son of J a m e s D r u m m o n d (1648-1716), e a r l

of P e r t h , lie participated in the Jacobite rising of 1715-16 in Scotland, during which lie conducted an unsuccessful expedition against Edinburgh Castle and led the cavalry at the baitle of Sheriff ruuir. He escaped from Montrose with the Pretender in 1716.

Sa'iiite-Menehouid, M a r n e , F r a n c e , J a n . 8,1763: D r u m m o n d , H e n r y . B o r n Dec. 5, 1786: died died a t Macon, F r a n c e , A p r i l 11, 1824. A a t A l b u r y , 'Surrey,"Feb. 20, 1860. A n E n g l i s h F r e n c h r e v o l u t i o n i s t . He caused the arrest of Louis politician a n d g e n e r a l w r i t e r . He was for many XVI. at Yarennes June 21, 1791, and was a member of the Convention in 1792 and of the Council of Five Hundred in 1795.

Drouet, Jean Baptiste, Comte d'Eri on. Born

years partner in Drummond's bank, London ; was member of Parliament for Plympton Earle, Devon, 1810-13, and for West Surrey from 1847 until his death; founded the professorship of political economy at Oxford in 1825; and was one of the founders of the Irvingite Church, in which he held the rank of apostle, evangelist, and prophet. Among his works are "Condition of Agricultural Classes " (1842) and " History of Noble British 1'amilies " (1846).

a t R h e i m s , F r a n c e , J u l y 29, 1765: d i e d a t P a r i s , J a n . 25, 1844. A m a r s h a l of F r a n c e , d i s t i n g u i s h e d in t h e N a p o l e o n i c w a r s , p a r t i c u larly a t J e n a 1806, a n d F r i e d l a n d 1807: gov- D r u m m o n d , H e n r y . B o r n a t Stirling, Scote r n o r - g e n e r a l of A l g e r i a 1834-35. land, 1851. A S c o t t i s h c l e r g y m a n a n d a u t h o r .

Drouyn de Lhuys (dro-an' dè lìies'), Edouard. B o r n a t P a r i s , N o v . 19, 1805: died a t P a r i s , M a r c h 1, 1881. A F r e n c h d i p l o m a t i s t a n d pol-

^IS^^^

1S48,-June 2, l S ^ Jaii. 10^4, 1851, July ¿8,1852, May 3, 1855; and Oct., 1862,-Sept. 1, 1866.

(dro'i'sen), J o h a n n G u s t a v . Born a t ^ r e p t o w ? p 0 m e r a n i a , P r u s s i a , J u l y 6, 1808: jdied : . j _a tj. Berlin, n i :„ Jt., „ in 1QQ4 A n^ww.«-»-« V.in u n e 19^ 1884. A G e r m a n hist o r i a n , p r o f e s s o r a t Berlin f r o m 1859. His works

D r o y s e n

inr-liirlft "Geschichte include "Prfisnhirhte der preussischen nreussischen Politik" (1855-81), translations of "JUschylus" (1832) and "Aristophanes" (1836), "Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen" (1833), ' ' Geschichte des Hellenismus " (1836-43), " Grundriss der Historik" (1858), etc.

Drisheen City A name popularly given to the j j

(dró)

p r a n ç o i s Xavier Joseph.

Born

He was appointed professor of natural history and science in the Free Church College, Glasgow, in 1879. He has written Natural Law in the Spiritual World " (1883), " Tropical Africa " (18SS), etc.

Drummond, Thomas. Born Aatp r iEdinburgh, ^ ^ , l 15, 1840. d i e d

ftt

D u b l i n j

A B r i t i s h e n g i n e e r , i n v e n t o r of t h e D r u m m o n d l i g h t (1825).

Drummond,William, of Hawthornden. Born

at H a w t h o r n d e n , n e a r E d i n b u r g h , Dec. 13, 1585: died a t H a w t h o r n d e n , Dec. 4, 1649. A S c o t t i s h p o e t . He took the degree of M. A. at the

University of Edinburgh in 1605, and studied law at Bourges and Paris 1607-08. On succeeding his father, John Drummond, as laird of Hawthornden in 1610, he retired to his estate, and devoted himself to literature and me« chanical experiments. He published " Tears on the Death of Meliades " (1013), " Poems " (1616), " Notes of Ben Jonson's Conversations," "Flowers of Zion," and "Cypress Grove " (1623).

c i t y of Cork. A dnsheen is an article of food made of * A„t qi 177?. fliprt a t the serum of the blood of sheep mixed with milk and a t B e s a n ç o n , F r a n c e , Oct.. ill, H i d . d i e d a t seasoned with pepper, salt, and tansy. Wheeler. P a n s , Nov. 5, 18o0. A F r e n c h m o r a l i s t a n d Droffheda ( d r o c h ' e - d a ) . P T h e b r i d g e o v e r t h e h i s t o r i a n . He published " Histoire du règne de Louis f o r d . ' ] A s e a p o r t in L e i n s t e r , I r e l a n d , situ- XVI.••(1839^2), "Delàphdosoph.emorale'', but the success of the insurrection and his ill health forced him to resign. Dulcigno ( d o l - c h ë n ' y ô ) . [ T u r k . OJgun, Alba-

14, 1877,-Feb. 1, 1879. Diihring (dü'ring), Eugen Karl. Born at Ber- n i a n Ulkjin.] A s e a p o r t i n M o n t e n e g r o , situD u f f (duf), A l e x a n d e r . Born a t Moulin, P e r t h - lin, J a n . 12, 1833. A H e r m a n political econo- a t e d o n t h e A d r i a t i c Sea in l a t . 41° 56' N., shire, Scotland, April 25, 1806: died a t E d i n of long. 19° 12' E . : t h e a n c i e n t Olcinium. Here the b u r g h , F e b . 12, 1878. A S c o t t i s h m i s s i o n a r y m i s t a n d philosophical writer, a 1disciple 1 Venetians were defeated by the Turks Aug. 4,1718 ; the in I n d i a , b e l o n g i n g t o t h e C h u r c h of Scotland, H e n r y C. Carey. H e h a s p u b l i s h e d K r i t i s c h e place was stormed by the Montenegrins in 1878, and ceded l a t e r to t h e F r e e C h u r c h . H e w r o t e " I n d i a a n d Geschichte d e r N a t i o n a l ö k o n o m i e u n d des So- by Turkey to Montenegro in 1880. Population, estimated. z i a l i s m u s " (1871), etc. I n d i a M i s s i o n s " (1839), etc. 5,000. D u f f e r i n a n d A v a ( d u f ' è r - i n a n d ä ' v ä ) , M a r - D u h s h a s a n a (döh-sliä'sa-na). [Skt., ' h a r d to Dulcinea del Toboso (dul-sin'e-a del tô-bô'r of t h e h u n d r e d sons of D h r i t a - zo; Sp. p r o n . d o l - t h e - n a ' â d e l t ô - b ô ' s 5 ) . ' T h e quis of. See Blackwood, Frederick Temple Ham- r ua sl eh /t ]r a . One When the Paudavas lost their wife Draupadi l a d y b e l o v e d b y D o n Quixote in C e r v a n t e s ' s ilton.

Duffy (duf'i), Sir Charles G-avan. Born at M o n a g h a n , I r e l a n d , 1816.

A n Irish j o u r n a l i s t

in gambling with Duryodhana, Duhshasana dragged her by the hair and otherwise ill-used her : for this Bhima vowed he would drink his blood, a vow performed on the sixteenth day of the great battle.

a n d p o l i t i c i a n . He aided in 1842 in founding the " Nation," an organ of the Young Ireland party, and was D u i d a ( d w ë ' d â ) . A p r e c i p i t o u s m o u n t a i n in a member of Parliament 1352-51% when he emigrated to Australia. He was prime minister of Victoria 1871-72. s o u t h e r n V e n e z u e l a , s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e Orinoco a b o u t l a t . 3° 20' N., long. 66° 15' W . H e i g h t , He has published "Guide to the Land Law of Victoria" (2d ed. 1862), "Young Ireland : a Fragment of Irish His- a b o u t 8,500 f e e t . tory, 1840-50" (1880), " F o u r Years of Irish History, 1845- Duilius (dü-il'i-us), CaiUS. Lived in the 3d 1849 " (1883), etc. c e n t u r y B. c. A R o m a n general, c o n s u l in 260

Dufour (dü-för'), Guillaume Henri. Bom at

C o n s t a n c e , B a d e n , S e p t . 15, 1787: died a t Cont a m i n e s , n e a r Geneva, J u l y 14, 1875. A Swiss general, c h a r t o g r a p h e r , a n d m i l i t a r y w r i t e r .

r o m a n c e . Her real name was Aldonza, but Don Quixote was of opinion that Dulcinea was more uncommon and romantic (from dulce, ssveet); and, as she was born at Toboso, he made her a great lady on the spot with the " del."

Du Lhut (dü lot), Daniel Greysolon. Born in F r a n c e a b o u t 1645 (?) : died n e a r L a k e Superior,

1709. A n o t e d p i o n e e r . He came to Canada about 1670, and became a trader aud a leader of bushrangers. He established the sites of Detroit and Fort William, helped in theCanadian war against the Senecas 1687, and against B. c. H e d e f e a t e d t h e C a r t h a g i n i a n s n e a r Mylœ the Iroquois 1689, and commanded Fort Frontenac 1U95. in 260. This w a s t h e first n a v a l success g a i n e d •Duluth is named after him.

by Rome.

Ho suppressed the Sonderbnnd insurrection in 1S17 ; D u i s b u r g ( d ö ' i s - b ö r o ) . A city in t h e R h i n e and superintended the preparation of a topographical P r o v i n c e , P r u s s i a , n e a r t h e R h i n e 15 miles map of Switzerland (published 1842-65). He wrote "Mé- n o r t h of Düsseldorf : t h e R o m a n C a s t r u m , it is moires sur l'artillerie des anciens et sur celle du moyen the center of an important coal trade, and has manufacâge " (1840), etc. tures. Population (1890), 24.779; oommune, 50,285.

D u l u t h ( d ü - l o t h ' ) . A city a n d l a k e p o r t in St. L o u i s County, Minnesota, s i t u a t e d on L a k e Sup e r i o r in l a t . 46° 48' N., long. 92° 6 ' W . : t h e lake t e r m i n u s of t h e N o r t h e r n Pacific R a i l w a y . It h a s a n extensive t r a d e i n w h e a t , a n d conside r a b l e ship-building. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 33,115.

Dulwich

343

D u l w i c h (dul'ich). A s u b u r b of L o n d o n , s i t u - the Directory, and was called by Napoleon " the Iloraa t e d in S u r r e y 5 m i l e s s o u t h of S t . P a u l ' s . I t tius Codes of the Tyrol." He commanded the French is the seat of Dulwich College, founded by Edward Alleyn cavalry in the Egyptian expedition. B o r n at Alais, and opened in 1019. The college contains a noted picture- D u m a s , J e a n JBaptiste A n d r é . gallery. See Alleyn. . G a r d , F r a n c e , J u l y 14, 1800: d i e d a t C a n n e s , D u m a i n (dû-mân')A F r e n c h l o r d i n a t t e n - F r a n c e , A p r i l 11,1884. A d i s t i n g u i s h e d F r e n c h d a n c e o n t h e K i n g of N a v a r r e , i n S h a k s p e r e ' s c h e m i s t a n d p h y s i o l o g i s t , p r o f e s s o r o f o r g a n i c chemistry in the École de Médecine, Paris "Love's Labour's Lost." (1834). H e p u b l i s h e d " T r a i t é d e c h i m i e a p D u m a n o i r (uu-mân-wâr'), Philippe François p l i q u é a u x a r t s " (1828-45), a n d v a r i o u s o t h e r Pinel. B o m i n G u a d e l o u p e , "West I n d i e s , J u l y w o r k s . 31, 1803: d i e d a t P a u , F r a n c e , N o v . 16,1865. A F r e n c h p l a y w r i g h t , n o t e d p a r t i c u l a r l y as a D u m a s , C o m t e M a t t h i e u . Born at Montpell i e r , F r a n c e , D e c . 23, 1753: d i e d a t P a r i s , O c t . w r i t e r of vaudevilles. 16, 1837. A F r e n c h g e n e r a l and historian. Dumarsais (du-mar-sâ'). César Chesnau. B o r n a t M a r s e i l l e s , F r a n c e , J u l y 17, 1676 : d i e d H o w r o t e " P r é c i s d e s é v é n e m e n t s m i l i t a i r e s " (1816-26), e t c . a t P a r i s , J u n e 11,1756. A F r e n c h g r a m m a r i a n a n d w r i t e r o n p h i l o s o p h y , a u t h o r of " T r a i t é D u M a u r i e r ( d û m ô - r y â ' ) , G e o r g e L o u i s P a l m e l l a B u SS o n . B o r n a t P a r i s , M a r c h 6,1834. des t r o p e s , " etc. He was educated in Paris, and D u m a s (do-ma'| F . pron. dii-ma'), A l e x a n d r e A n E n g l i s h artist. D a v y d e l a P a i l l e t e r i e , k n o w n as A l e x a n d r e came to England at the age of 17, studying later at Paris with Gleyre. He is noted for his illustrations in " Punch " D u m a s p è r e . B o r n at V i l l e r s - C o t t e r e t s , A i s n e , F r a n c e , J u l y 24,1803 : d i e d a t P u y s , n e a r D i e p p e , and other periodicals. In 1892 he published " P e t e r IbD e c . 5, 1870. A n o t e d F r e n c h d r a m a t i c a u t h o r betsen," a novel, and in 1894 "Trilby," both with his own a n d n o v e l i s t . His father, General Alexandre de la Paille- illustrations. terie Dumas, was the natural son of the Marquia Alexandre D u m b a r t o n ( d u m - b a r ' t o n ) . 1. A c o u n t y of Davy de la Pailleterie, a rich colonist of Santo Domingo, and of an egress whose name was Dumas. Hecame to Paris S c o t l a n d , b o u n d e d b y P e r t h s h i r e o n t h e n o r t h , S t i r l i n g a n d L a n a r k o n t h e e a s t , the C l y d e o n t h e in 1823, and obtained a clerkship through the assistance of (Jeneral Foy. One of his first essays was an " Élégie sur la s o u t h , a n d A r g y l l a n d L o c h L o n g o n t h e w e s t . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), mort du Général Foy " (1S25). Aa his name attracted atten- A r e a , 241 s q u a r e m i l e s . tion, it was often attached to books with which he himself 98,014.— 2 . A s e a p o r t a n d t h e c a p i t a l o f D u m hail had either very little or nothing to do. Roth indepen- b a r t o n , s i t u a t e d a t t h e j u n c t i o n o f t h o L e v e n dently and in collaboration with others, Dumas wrote for a n d C l y d e , 13 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t o f G l a s g o w , its the stage many plays which are collected in the " Théâtre " most important industry is the building of iron steamers. (0 volumes, 1834-36 ; 15 volumes, 1803-74). He took an active I t contains a celebrated castle. Population (1891), 17,626. part in the revolution of 1830. After the insnrrection of Juno, 1832, he traveled, and published a number of books D u m b a r t o n C a s t l e . A c e l e b r a t e d f o r t r e s s o v e r as the result of his journeys. He published three col- h a n g i n g t h e r i v e r C l y d e i n S c o t l a n d . I t has lections of stories: ".Nouvelles contemporaines" (1826), b e e n c a l l e d t h e G i b r a l t a r o f S c o t l a n d . "Souyenirs d'Antony" (1835), and " L a salle d'armes" A n awkward (1838). His novels were composed either independently D u m b i e d i k e S ( d u m - b i - d ï k s ' ) . or in coUaboration with others, and include " L e capi- S c o t t i s h l a i r d i n S c o t t ' s n o v e l " T h e H e a r t o f taine Paul" (1838), * A c t é " (1839), "Aventures de John M i d - L o t h i a n . " H e w a n t s t o m a r r y J e a n i e D e a n s , Davy" (1840), " L e capitaine Pamphile" (1840), "Maître b u t o n b e i n g r e f u s e d p r o m p t l y m a r r i e s a n o t h e r . Adam le Calabrais" (1840). "Othon l'archer" (1840), A n i c k n a m e of T h o m a s A q u i " P r a x è d e " (1841), "Aventures de Lyderic " (1842), D u m b O x , T h e . "Georges" (1843), "Ascanio " (1843), " L e chevalier d'Har- n a s i n e a r l y l i f e . mental" (1843), "Fornande" (1814), " A m a u r y " (1844). D u m d u m ( d u m ' d u m ) . A t o w n a n d m i l i t a r y sta"Gabriel Lambert" (1814), " L e château d'Eppstein" t i o n 4J m i l e s n o r t h e a s t o f C a l c u t t a , B r i t i s h I n d i a . (1844), "Cécilo " (1844), " Les trois mousquetaires" (1844 : D u m é r i l ( d û - r a â - r ê r ) ? A n d r é M a r i e C o n s t a n t . with its sequels, " V i n g t ans après " (1845) and " D i x ans B o r n a t A m i e n s , F r a n c e , J a n . 1, 1774: d i e d a t plus tard ou le vicomte de Bragelonne" (1848-50)), " L o P a r i s , A u g . 2, 1860. A F r e n c h p h y s i c i a n a n d comte de Monte-Cristo" (18*4-45), " L e s frères corses" z o o l o g i s t . H e published " E r p é t o l o g i e géné(1815), " U n e fille du régent" (1845), " L a reine Margot" r a l e " (1835-51), e t c . (1845), " La guerre des femmes" (1845-46), " L e chevalier de Maison-Rouge" (184G), " L a dame de Monsoreau" D u m é r i l , A u g u s t e H e n r i A n d r é . B o r n at (184(5) and its sequel " L e s quarante-cinq" (1848), " L e P a r i s , N o v . 30, 1812: d i e d a t P a r i s , N o v . 12, bâtard de Mauléori "(1840)," Mémoire d'un médecin (1846- 1870. A F r e n c h n a t u r a l i s t , s o n o f A n d r é M a r i e 1848: with its sequels " A n g e P i t o u " (1853) and " l a H e w r o t e " H i s t o i r e natucomtesse de Charny"(1853-5;")), " L e s mille et un fan- C o n s t a n t D u m é r i l . tômes" (1849). " L a femme au collier de velours" (1851), r e l l e d e s p o i s s o n s " (1865-70), e t c . " Olympe de Clèves ,; (1852), " Un Gil Bias en Californie" D u m f r i e s ( d u m - f r ê s ' ) . T h e c a p i t a l o f D u m f r i e s (1852), "Isaac Laquedem" (1852), " L e pasteur d'Ash- s h i r e , S c o t l a n d , s i t u a t e d on t h e N i t h i n lut. 55° bourn " (1853), " E l saltéador' (1853), "Conscience l'inno- 5 ' N . , l o n g . 3 ° 36' W . I t was the place of Burns's cent" (1853), "Catherine Elum (1854), " I n g é n u e " (1854), " Les Mohicans de Paris " (1854-58) and its sequel "Salva- death. I t has manufactures of tweeds, hosiery, etc., und a t o r " (1855-5!)), " L e s compagnons de Jéhu" (1857), " L e s large trade in live stock. I t was famous in early border louves de Machecoul" (1859), "Madame de Chamblay" warfare. Population (1891), 17,821. (1863), " L a San Felice " (183MÎ5), and " L e s Blancs et les D u m f r i e s , o r D u m f r i e s s l i i r e ( d u m - f r e s ' s h i r ) . Bleus " (1867-68). He published also a number of works A c o u n t y o f s o u t h e r n S c o t l a n d , l y i n g b e t w e e n embodying personal reminiscences of himself and of his L a n a r k / P e e b l e s , a n d S e l k i r k on t h e n o r t h , friends, and various historical studies. R o x b u r g h on the northeast, Cumberland on the D u m a s , A l e x a n d r e , k n o w n as A l e x a n d r e D u southeast, S o l w a y F i r t h a n d Kii'kcud b r i g h t on mas fils. B o r n a t P a r i s , J u l y 27, 1824. A t h e south, a n d A y r and K i r k c u d b r i g h t o n t h e F r e n c h d r a m a t i c a u t h o r a n d n o v e l i s t , son o f west. I t contains the valleyB of Eskdale in the east, A l e x a n d r e D u m a s . His first poems, published in " L a Annandale in the center, and Mthsdale in the west. Its Chronique" (1S42), appeared later as "Péchés de jeunesse " leading occupation is the rearing of live stock. Area, 1,063 (1847). Two other collections of liia youthful writings were given out at a later date, viz., "Thérèse " (1875) and square miles. Population (18.91), 74,245. " Entr'actes " (1878-7U). Among his novels are "Aventures D ü m i c h e n ( d i i / m e - c h e n ) , J o h a n n e s . Born at de quatre femmes et d'un perroquet" (1847), "Césarine" W e i s s h o l z , S i l e s i a . O c t . 1 5 , 1 8 3 3 : d i e d a t S t r a s (1848), " La dame aux camélias " (1848), " Le docteur Ser- b u r g , F e b . 7, 1894. A German Egyptologist. van " (1849), " A n t o n i n e " (1S4&), "Tristan le Roux " (1849V He was appointed professor of Egyptology at Strasburg " H e n r i de Navarre" (1850), " Trois hommes forts"(1850), in 1872, and published " Bauurkundc der Tempelanlagen " L e s deux Frondes" (1851), "Diane de L y s " (1851), " L e von Benderà" (1865), "Geographische Inschriften altärégent Mustel" (1852), "Contes et nouvelles"(1853), " U n gyptischer Denkmäler" (1866), " Altagyptische Kalendercas de rupture" (1354), " L a dame aux perles" (1854), inschriften" (1866), "Historische Inschriften altägyp" L'Affaire Clémenceau, mémoire de l'accusé " (1866), etc. tischer Denkmaler " (1867-68)," Resultate einer auf Befehl His writings for the stage have been gathered together in an edition of six volumes (1868-79), and reëdited in 18S2- Sr. Majestät des Königs Wilhelm von Preussen 1868 nach 1886. They include " L a dame aux camélias "(1852),"Diane Ägypten gesendeten archäologisch-photogiaphischen Exde L y s " (1853), " L e demi-monde" (1855), " L a question pedition " (1871), etc. d'argent" (1857), " L e fils naturel"(1858), " U n pere pro- D u m m e r ( d u m ' m ò r ) , J e r e m i a h . Born at Bosdigue" (1859), " L ' A m i des femmes" (1S64>, " L e s idées t o n , M a s s . , a b o u t 1680: d i e d a t P l a i s t o w , E n g de Mme. Aubray" (1867), "Une visite de noces" (1871), l a n d , M a y 19, 1739. A n A m e r i c a n s c h o l a r . He " L a princesse Georges" (1871\ " L a femme de Claude " was agentfor Massachusetts in England 1710-21, and wrote (1873), "Monsieur Alphonse" (1S73), "L'Etrangère"(1876), ' ' Defence of the New England Charters " (1728). " L a princesse de Bagdad" (1881), " D e n i s e " (1885), " Francillon " (1887). Dumas fils has also adapted or col- D u m n o r i x ( d u i n ' n ö - r i k s ) . K i l l e d i n G a u l , 54 laborated in " Le marquis de*Villemor"(1864), " L e sup- B. c . A c h i e f o f t h e J E d u i , b r o t h e r o f D i v i t i a plice d'une f e m m e " (1865), "Héloïse Paranquet" (1866), (1866), CUS. " L e filleul de Pornpignac" (1869), " L a jeunesse de Louis X I V . " (1874), " L e s Danicheff" (1876), " L a comtesse Ro- D u m o n t ( d i i - m ô n ' ) , J e a n . D i e d at V i e n n a , mani " (1876), and ' Joseph Balsamo " (1878). He has also 1726. A F r e n c h p u b l i c i s t a n d h i s t o r i c a l w r i t e r , published " L e t t r e sur les choses du j o u r " (1871), h i s t o r i o g r a p h e r t o t h e E m p e r o r . He published "L'Homme-Femme" (1872), "Question du divorce "(1830), "Nouveau voyage au Levant" (1694), "Mémoires poliand "Recherche de la paternité" (1883). He was elected tiques pour servir h la parfaite intelligence de l'histoire a member of the French Academy Jan. 30.1874. de la paix de Ryswicb " j[1699), etc. Dumas, A l e x a n d r e D a v y de l a Pailleterie. B o r n a t J é r é m i e , S a n t o D o m i n g o , M a r c h 25, 1762: d i e d a t V i l l c r s - C o t t e r e t s , F r a n c e , F e b . 26, 1806. A F r e n c h g e n e r a l , son of M a r q u i s A l e x a n d r e D a v y de l a P a i l l e t e r i e a n d a n e g r e s s . . H e was distinguished in the wars of the Revolution and of

Duncansby

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des assemblées legislatives" (1815), " Preuves judiciaires" (1823), " D e l'organisation judiciaire," etc. (1828). D u m o n t d ' U r v i l l e (dür-vel'), Jules Sébastien C é s a r . Born at Condé-sur-Ñoireau, Calvados, F r a n c e , M a y 23, 1790: k i l l e d n e a r P a r i s , M a y 8,1842. A F r e n c h n a v i g a t o r and rear-admiral. He took part 1819-20 in an expedition to the Grecian archipelago and the Black Sea, and circumnavigated the globe as commander of two expeditions ("Astrolabe," 1826-29, and "Zelée," 1837-40). He wrote narratives of his voyages. Dumouriez (dü-mö-ryä')i Charles François. B o r n a t C a m b r a i , F r a n c e , J a n . 25,1739 : d i e d a t Turville Park, near Henley-on-Thames, Engl a n d , M a r c h 14,1823. A c e l e b r a t e d F r e n c h g e n e r a l . He served in the Seven Years' War ; obtained the rank of captain iu 176S ; served as quartermaster-general in the expedition against Corsica in 1763; was sent by Choiseul to Poland on a secret mission in 1770; and was promoted major-general in 1788. A t the beginning of the French Revolution he pronounced in favor of political reform without abandoning Iiis loyalty to the court, sind in 1792 held for a short period each the ministries of foreign affairs and of war. He was subsequently appointed to the command of the north as lieutenant-general under Marshal Luckner, and in conjunction with Kellermann inflicted a decisive defeat on the troops of the coalition at Valiny Sept. 20, 1792. He conducted an expedition against the Austrian Netherlands 1792-9«, in the course of which he gained a victory over the Austrians at Jemmapes Nov, 6, 1792, but was signally defeated at Xeerwinden March 18, 1793. Estranged from the republican party by the execution of the king, he was recalled by the Convention, when he fled to the Austrian camp, and passed the rest of his life in exile. D ü n a ( d ü ' n ä ) , or S o u t h e r n D w i n a ( d v e - n ä ' ) : called b y the Russians the W e s t e r n D w i n a . [ R u s s . Dvina, L e t t i s h Daugawa.] 1. A river of R u s s i a w h i c h r i s e s i n t h e g o v e r n m e n t o f T v e r , a n d flows i n t o t h e G u l f o f R i g a 5 m i l e s north of R i g a . L e n g t h , 500-600 m i l e s ; n a v i g a b l e only f o r small v e s s e l s . — 2 . See Duina. Düna. See Dwina. Duna (dö'no). T h e H u n g a r i a n n a m e of the Danube. D ü n a b u r g (dii'nä-börG). A city and fortress in tho g o v e r n m e n t of V i t e b s k , Russia, situated o n t h e D ü n a i n l a t . 55° 5 4 ' N . , l o n g . 26° 2 9 ' E . I t was founded by livonian knights in the 13tli century, and incorporated in Russia in 1772. I t is strongly fortified. Population, 72,518. Duna-Földvar (dö'no-feld'vär). A t o w n in the county of Tolna, H u n g a r y , on tho Danube 4 8 m i l e s s o u t h o f B u d a p e s t . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 12,364. D u n b a r (dun-bar')A seaport in Haddingtonshire, Scotland, n e a r the m o u t h of t h e F i r t h of F o r t h , 27 m i l e s e a s t o f E d i n b u r g h , ithas a ruined castle, celebrated in Scottish history. I t was besieged by the English in 1337. Queen Mary was abducted thither byBothwell in 1567. Population (1891), 3,54ñ. D u n b a r , A g n e s , C o u n t e s s o f . B o r n 1312 ( ? ) : d i e d i n 1369. A S c o t t i s h h e r o i n e , k n o w n as " B l a c k A g n e s " f r o m h e r d a r k skin, she is noted for her succcssful defense of Dunbar Castle in 1337-38. D u n b a r , B a t t l e o f . A b a t t l e , A p r i l 27, 1296, in which the Scots under John Baliol w e r e def e a t e d b y the E n g l i s h u n d e r W a r r e n n e , earl of Surrey, w i t h the result that Baliol r e s i g n e d t h e crown of Scotland, and that the government was placed in the hands of an English regent. This name is also given to the battle between the Parliamentary army under Cromwell and the Scottish Royalists under Leslie, which was fought near Dunbar Sept. 3,1650, and in which the Scots were totally defeated. D u n b a r . W i l l i a m . B o r n , p r o b a b l y in E a s t L o t h i a n , S c o t l a n d , a b o u t 1460: d i e d a b o u t 1525. A S c o t t i s h p o o t . His works include " Tho Thistle and the Rose " (1503), " T h e G olden Targe, " " Dance of the Seven Deadly Sins," " M e r l e and ^Nightingale." Dunbarton. See Dumbarton. D u n b l a n e (dun-blân'). A town in Perthshire, Scotland, situated on the A l l a n 5 miles north of Stirling. I t has a noted cathedral. Duncan ( d u n g ' k a n ) I. K i n g of Scotland. He succeeded to the t'hrone about 1034, and was assassinated by Macbeth, near Elgin, in 1040 or 1039. He appears in Shakspere's "Macbeth."

D u n c a n , A d a m , first V i s c o u n t C a m p e r d o w n . B o r n a t D u n d e e , S c o t l a n d , J u l y 1, 1731: d i e d i n S c o t l a n d , A u g . 4,1804. A B r i t i s h a d m i r a l . H e gained tho victory of Camperdown over the D u t c h fleet, O c t , 11, 1797. D u n c a n , J o h n . B o r n at G i l c o m s t o n , n e a r A b e r d e e n , S c o t l a n d , 1796: d i e d a t E d i n b u r g h , F e b . 26, 1870. A S c o t t i s h H e b r a i s t a n d c l e r g y m a n of t h e P r e s b y t e r i a n C h u r c h . Duncan, Thomas. B o r n a t K i n el a v e n , P e r t h shire, S c o t l a n d , M a y 24, 1807: d i e d a t E d i n b u r g h , M a y 25, 1845. A Scottish historical a n d p o r t r a i t p a i n t e r . Among his best-known works Dumont, Pierre Etienne Louis. B o r n a t are 4< Charles Edward Asleep," "Charles Edward and the G e n e v a , J u t y 18, 1759: d i e d a t M i l a n , S e p t , 30, Highlanders entering Edinburgh, " 1829. A S w i s s s c h o l a r , l i t e r a r y c o a d j u t o r of D u n c a n s b y H e a d ( d i m g ' k a n z - b i h e d ) . The Mirabeau. He was a disciple of Bentham, whose sys- n o r t h e a s t e r n e x t r e m i t y o f S c o t l a n d , n e a r J o h n tem he expounded in "Traité de la législation" (1802), oJ G r o a t ' s H o u s e . "Théorie des peines et des récompenses " (1811), " Tactique

Dunciad, The Dunciad ( d u n ' s i - a d ) , The, A s a t i r i c a l

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1,012 f e e t . H e r e , 1054, Siward, e a r l of N o r t h umberland, defeated Macbeth. Duns Scotus(dunz s k ô ' t u s ) , Joannes, s u r n a m e d and predecessor Urgur, who called themselves "Kings of Doctor Subtilis. B o r n a t D u n s e , Scotland, a b o u t 1265 (?) : died a t Cologne, N o v . 8,1308 (?). Ur, Kings of Shumir (Shinar) and Akkad (Accad)." f a m o u s s c h o l a s t i c . He -was the founder of the Dunglison (dung'gli-son), Robley. Born at Ascholastic system called Scotism, which long contended Keswick, E n g l a n d , J a n . 4, 1798 : died a t P h i l a - for supremacy among the schoolmen with the system delphia, A p r i l 1,1869. A n A m e r i c a n p h y s i c i a n called Thomism, founded by Thomas Aquinas. Nothiug a n d m e d i c a l w r i t e r , a u t h o r of "w D i c t i o n a r y of is known with certainty concerning his personal history. Medical Science a n d L i t e r a t u r e (1833). According to the commonly accepted tradition, he was D u n k e l d ( d u n - k e l d ' ) . A t o w n i n P e r t h s h i r e , born at Duns or Dunse, Berwickshire, Scotland, about S c o t l a n d , s i t u a t e d on t h e T a y 13 miles n o r t h - 1265 ; was a fellow of Merton College, Oxford ; became a n o r t h w e s t of P e r t h . I t was a seat of the Culdees Franciscan friar ; was chosen professor of theology at Ox-

p o e m by D u n g i ( d u n - g è ' ) . A B a b y l o n i a n k i n g of a b o u t A l e x a n d e r P o p e (1728-41), d i r e c t e d against, vari- t h e 27th c e n t u r y B. C. His capital was In Ur. Many o u s c o n t e m p o r a r y w r i t e r s . The goddess of dullness temples are extant undertaken by him and his father elects Theobald poet laureate of tliat realm. Owing to a quarrel between Cibber and Pope, the latter substituted Cibber for Theobald in the fourth part, published in 1741. The bestowal of the laureateship on Cibber may have added to Pope's venom.

Duncker

( d o n g ' k e r ) , Karl. Born a t Berlin, M a r c h 25, 1781: died a t Berlin, J u l y 15, 1869. A German publisher in Berlin.

Duncker, Max Wolfgang. Born at Berlin,

Oct. 15, 1811: died a t A n s b a c h , J u l y 21, 1886. A G e r m a n h i s t o r i a n , son of K a r l D u n c k e r . He

8th-12th century. The cathedral, built in the 14th and was professor at Halle 1842-57, and at Tubingen 1857-59. loth centuries, is roofless except the choir, which has In the latter year he entered the service of the govern- lately been restored and serves as the parish church. ment. His works include "Origines Germanic®" (1810), There is a square western tower, with turrets. " Geachichte dea Altertums " (1852-57: 5th ed. 1878-83), D u n k i r k ( d u n ' k e r k ) . IF. Danker que, G. Dunkirchen, c h u r c h o n t h e d u n e s . ] A s e a p o r t i n t h e etc.

D u n d a l k (dun-dak'). A s e a p o r t iu C o u n t y L o u t h , I r e l a n d , s i t u a t e d on t h e r i v e r Castlet o w n , n e a r i t s m o u t h , in l a t . 54° N . , long. 6° 24' W. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 12,449. Sir John de Bermingham, the victor of Athenry, pushing northward at the head of 15,0i)0 chosen troops, met the younger Bruce at Dundalk. The combat was hot, short, and decisive. The Scots were defeated, Edward Bruce himself killed, and his heat! struck off and sent to London. Lawless, Story of Ireland, p. 110.

Dundas

(dun-das'). A t o w n in W e n t w o r t h C o u n t y , O n t a r i o , C a n a d a , s i t u a t e d on B u r l i n g t o n B a y a t t h e w e s t e r n e x t r e m i t y of L a k e Ont a r i o . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 3,546. Dundas, Henry, first V i s c o u n t Melville. B o r n a t E d i n b u r g h , A p r i l 28, 1742: died M a y 28, 1811. A B r i t i s h s t a t e s m a n . He was lord advocate

of Scotland 1775-83. He was an intimate friend and trusted lieutenant of Pitt, during whose first administration he was home secretary (1791-94) and secretary of war (17941801). In 1802 ho was raised to the peerage as Viscount Melville by Addington; aud in 1804, on the accession of Pitt's second ministry, was appointed first lord of the admiralty. He was impeached in 1806 on the charge of appropriating public money, but was acquitted by ¿he House of Lords. During the impeachment he resigned his position in the cabinet.

Dundas Islands

(dun-das' l'landz). A group of i s l e t s off t h e e a s t e r n coast of A f r i c a , a b o u t l a t . 1° S. Dundas Strait ( d u n - d a s ' s t r a t ) . A s t r a i t w h i c h s e p a r a t e s Melville I s l a n d f r o m C o b u r g P e n i n s u l a in n o r t h e r n A u s t r a l i a . Dundee ( d u n - d e ' ) . A s e a p o r t i n F o r f a r s h i r e , S c o t l a n d , o n t h e F i r t h of T a y i n l a t . 56° 27' N . , long. 2° 58' W . : t h e t h i r d city i n S c o t l a n d . I t has important commerce and extensive docks, and is the center of the British linen and jute manufacture. I t is the seat of a university college. During the Reformation it was called t h e "Scottish Geneva." It was stormed by the Marquis of Montrose in 1645, and by Monk in 1651. Population (1891), 153,066.

Dundee. Viscount. See Graham. Dunderberg. See Donderberg. Dundonala, Earl of. See Cochrane. Dundreary ( d u n - d r e r ' i ) , Lord, A n

indolent, foolish, a n d a m u s i n g E n g l i s h m a n in T o m T a y lor's c o m e d y " O u r A m e r i c a n Cousin." To this part originally only 47 lines were given; but E. A. Sothern, to whom it was assigned, introduced various extravagances to suit himself. He became famous in it, and the whole play hinged on it.

d e p a r t m e n t of N o r d , F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d on t h e S t r a i t of D o v e r i n l a t . 51° 2 ' N., l o n g . 2° 22'

E , I t is an important fortress, and has an extensive trade. It was founded near the Church of St. Eloi, by Baldwin, count of Flanders, in 960 ; was burned by the D u n s t a b l e ( d u n ' s t a - b l ) . A t o w n i n B e d f o r d English in 1388 ; belonged successively to Flanders, Bur- shire, E n g l a n d , 33 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of L o n d o n . gundy, and Spain ; was captured from the Spaniards by I t is n o t e d f o r m a n u f a c t u r e s of s t r a w - p l a i t h a t s t h e English in 1540 ; was conquered by t h e French in 1558 a n d b o n n e t s . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 4,513. and restored to Spain ; was besieged and taken by Condé D u n s t a n ( d u n ' s t a n ) , S a i n t . B o r n n e a r G l a s t o n b u r y , E n g l a n d , 924 or 925 : died a t C a n t e r b u r y , in 1646 ; and was retaken by the Spaniards in 1652. In E n g l a n d , M a y 19, 988. A r c h b i s h o p of C a n t e r consequence of the battle of Dunkirk or the Dunes, it was b u r y . He was the son of Heorstan, a West-Saxon noble, ceded to England in 1658. I t was sold by Charles II. to and was brought up at the abbey of Glastonbury and at the France in 16(52, and was unsuccessfully besieged by the court of JSthelstan, by whom he was appointed abbot of Duke of York in 1793. Population (1891), 39,498. Glastonbury not later than 945. He became the chief adD u n k i r k . A city a n d l a k e p o r t i n C h a u t a u q u a viser of Eadred (reigned 946-955), but was banished by EadCounty, N e w York, s i t u a t e d o n L a k e E r i e 35 red's successor, the young king Eadwig, whose ill will he m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of Buffalo. I t is t h e t e r m i n u s incurred by refusing to consent to a marriage between him of a division of t h e E r i e R a i l w a y . P o p u l a t i o n and JClfgifu: and by rudely bringing him back to the ban(1890), 9,416. queting-hall when, at his coronation, he left it for her society. He was recalled by E ad wig's successor, Eadgar, Dunlap (dun'lap), William. Born at Perth by whom he was created archbishop of Canterbury in 959 A m b o y , N . J . , F e b . 19, 1766: died S e p t . 28, and restored to political power. He retaiued his influence 1839. A n A m e r i c a n p a i n t e r a n d a u t h o r . He at court during the reign of Eadward, b u t appears to have published a "History of the American Theatre" (1832), lost it on the accession of JEthelred II. in 978. " Arts of Design in the United States " (1834), etc.

( d u n ' l è - r w a ' ) , or Dun-sur-Auron Dunster (dun'stèr), Henry. Born in Lanca( d u n ' s u r - o - r ò n ' ) . A t o w n i n t h e d e p a r t m e n t shire, E n g l a n d , a b o u t 1612: died a t S c i t u a t e , of Cher, F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d on t h e A u r o n 17 miles Mass., F e b . 27, 1659. T h e first p r e s i d e n t of s o u t h e a s t of B o u r g e s . I t h a s m a n u f a c t u r e s a n d H a r v a r d College. H e w a s i n a u g u r a t e d in 1640, coal-mines. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e , 4,123. a n d r e s i g n e d i n 1654. Dunton ( d u n ' t o n ) , John. B o r n a t G r a f f h a m , Dunloe Cave. See Gap of Dunloe. Dumnail Raise ( d u n - m à l ' r à z ) . A p a s s in t h e H u n t i n g d o n s h i r e , E n g l a n d , M a y 4, 1659: died L a k e D i s t r i c t of E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d on t h e bor- 1733. A n E n g l i s h bookseller a n d a u t h o r . He d e r s of W e s t m o r e l a n d a n d C u m b e r l a n d , on t h e wrote " Life and Errors of John Dunton " (1705), " Letters r o u t e b e t w e e n A m b l e s i d e a n d K e s w i c k . Ele- from New England " (published 1867), etc. Diintzer (dtint'ser), Johann Heinrich Jov a t i o n , 780 f e e t . seph. B o r n a t Cologne, J u l y 12,1813. A GerD u n m o r e ( d u n - m o r ' ) . A b o r o u g h in L a c k a - m a n l i t e r a r y h i s t o r i a n a n d philologist, l i b r a w a n n a C o u n t y , P e n n s y l v a n i a , 2 miles e a s t - r i a n of t h e p u b l i c l i b r a r y of t h e Catholic College n o r t h e a s t of S c r a n t o n . P o p u l a t i o n (1890),8,315. of C o l o g n e f r o m 1846. He has published numerous Dunmow ( d u n ' m o u ) , Great. A t o w n i n E s s e x , critical works on Goethe, "Homer und der epische E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d on t h e C h e l m e r 31 miles Cyclus " (1839), etc. n o r t h e a s t of L o n d o n : f a m o u s i n c o n n e c t i o n Dupain (dii-pan'), Edmond Louis. Born at w i t h t h e D u n m o w flitch of b a c o n ( w h i c h see). B o r d e a u x , J a n . 13, 1847. A F r e n c h h i s t o r i c a l Dunmow Flitch, The. A f l i t c h of b a c o n a w a r d - a n d g e n r e p a i n t e r , a p u p i l of C a b a n e l a n d Gué. ed t o a n y m a r r i e d p a i r w h o could t a k e o a t h a t Dupanloup (dii-pon-lo'), Félix Antoine Phit h e e n d of t h e first y e a r of t h e i r m a r r i e d l i f e l i b e r t . B o r n a t S t . - F é l i x , n e a r Charnbéry, t h a t t h e r e h a d n o t only b e e n no j a r or q u a r r e l , F r a n c e , J a n . 3, 1802: died Oct. 11, 1878. A b u t t h a t n e i t h e r h a d ever w i s h e d t h e k n o t u n - F r e n c h p r e l a t e . He was made bishop of Orléans in

Dun-le-Roi

t i e d . The custom was originated in Great Dunmow, England, by Robert Fitzwalter, in 1244. The flitch of bacon has been claimed as late as 1876.

( d u n - d r e n ' a n ) Abbey. A n a n - Dunning (dun'ing), John, Baron Ashburton. c i e n t m o n a s t e r y n e a r K i r k c u d b r i g h t in Scot- B o r n 1731: died 1783. A n E n g l i s h l a w y e r a n d l a n d . I t w a s b u i l t in 1140, a n d is n o w in r u i n s . politician, c h a n c e l l o r of t h e d u c h y of L a n Dundnun Bay (dun'druna ba). A bay of the c a s t e r in 1782. I r i s h Sea, o n t h e coast of t h e C o u n t y D o w n , Dunnottar Castle ( d u n - n o t ' t a r k à s ' l ) . A r u Ireland. i n e d c a s t l e in K i n c a r d i n e s h i r e , S c o t l a n d , s i t u D u n e d i n (dun-e'din). [See Edinburgh.'] A a t e d n e a r t h e N o r t h Sea H m i l e s s o u t h of p o e t i c a l n a m e of E d i n b u r g h . S t o n e h a v e n . I t was c a p t u r e d b y W a l l a c e a b o u t D u n e d i n . A s e a p o r t of t h e South I s l a n d , "New 1297. Z e a l a n d , s i t u a t e d on Otago H a r b o r i n l a t . 45° Dunois ( d u - n w a ' ) , Jean, Comte d e D u n o i s : sur52' S., long. 170° 33' E . : t h e chief c o m m e r c i a l n a m e d " T h e B a s t a r d of O r l é a n s . " B o r n a t city of N e w Z e a l a n d . It w a s f o u n d e d in 1848. P a r i s , N o v . 23, 1402: died a t St. G e r m a i n - e n Gold w a s discovered in i t s n e i g h b o r h o o d in L a y e , n e a r P a r i s , Nov. 24,1468. A n a t u r a l son 1861. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), w i t h s u b u r b s , 45,865. of Louis, d u k e of Orléans, a n d M a r i e t t e d ' E n Dunes (dunz), Battle of the. A v i c t o r y g a i n e d ghien, c e l e b r a t e d f o r h i s m i l i t a r y p r o w e s s a n d b y t h e allied F r e n c h a n d E n g l i s h u n d e r Tu- h i s g a l l a n t r i e s . He defended Orléans 1428-29, conr e n n e over t h e S p a n i a r d s , on t h e s a n d s ( d u n e s ) quered Normandy and Guienne from the English, and n e a r D u n k i r k , J u n e 4 (O. S.), 1658. joined the "League of t h e Public Good" (1465). He is Dunfermline ( d u n - f e r m ' l i n ) . A t o w n i n F i f e - introduced in Scott's "Quentin Durward." shire, Scotland, 14 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of E d i n - Dunoon ( d u n - o n ' ) . A w a t e r i n g - p l a c e in Argyllburgh. I t has a noted abbey and was formerly a royal shire, S c o t l a n d , s i t u a t e d o n t h e F i r t h of Clyde residence. Here Charles I I . signed the Covenant in 16£0. 9 m i l e s west of G r e e n o c k . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), Population (1891), 19,647. 5,285. Dunrobin Castle ( d u n - r o b ' i n k à s ' l ) . T h e s e a t Dunfermline, Baron. See Abercromby. D u n g a n n o n ( d u n - g a n ' o n ) . A t o w n i n County of t h e D u k e of S u t h e r l a n d , n e a r Golspie, ScotT y r o n e , I r e l a n d , 35 m i l e s w e s t - s o u t h w e s t of l a n d . T h e b u i l d i n g is m o d e r n , b u t i n c o r p o r a t e s B e l f a s t . It w a s t h e a n c i e n t s e a t of t h e O'Neills. r e m a i n s of a n 11th-century s t r o n g h o l d . D u n g a r v a n ( d u n - g H r ' v a n ) . A t o w n i n C o u n t y Duns, or Dunse ( d u n s ) . A b u r g h in BerwickW a t e r f o r d , I r e l a n d , 38 miles n o r t h e a s t of .Cork. shire, Scotland, 13 miles w e s t of B e r w i c k . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 2,198. P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 5,263. D u n g e n e s s (dunj-nes'). A h e a d l a n d a t t h e Dunsinane (dun-si-nan'), or Dunsinnan (duns o u t h e r n e x t r e m i t y of K e n t , E n g l a n d , south- s i n ' a n ) . One of t h e S i d l a w H i l l s in P e r t h s h i r e , S c o t l a n d , 9 miles n o r t h e a s t of P e r t h . H e i g h t , e a s t of R y e .

Dundrennan

ford in 1301 ; removed in 1304 to Paris, where, in a disputation on the immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary he displayed so much ingenuity and resource as to win the title of Doctor Subtilis, and where he rose to the position of regent of the university; and died at Cologne, Germany, Nov. 8, 1308, while on a mission in the interest of his order. His name, Duns, Dunse, Dunce, came to be used as a common appellative,'a very learned man,' and, being applied satirically to ignorant and stupid persons, gave rise to dunce in its present sense.

1849 ; was elected deputy to the National Assembly in 1871 ; and became a life senator in 1875.

Du Parquet, Jacques Diel. See Did du Parquet.

Dupaty ( d u - p â - t é ' ) , Charles Marguerite Jean Baptiste Mercier.

Born at La Rochelle,

F r a n c e , M a y 9, 1746: died a t P a r i s , S e p t . 17, 1788. A F r e n c h j u r i s t . H e w r o t e " R é f l e x i o n s h i s t o r i q u e s s u r les lois c r i m i n e l l e s " (1788), e t c . Dupe (dup), Lady. A n old l a d y i n D r y d e n ' s c o m e d y " Sir M a r t i n Mar-all." Duperrey (diï-pe-râ'), Louis Isidor. B o r n â t P a r i s , Oct. 21, 1786: died S e p t , 10, 1865. A F r e n c h n a v a l officer a n d s c i e n t i s t . He served as

hydrographer in the Uranie, under De Freycinet, who made explorations in the North Pacific 1817-20 ; and 1822-25 commanded a scientific expedition to Oceania and South America. He determined the positions of the magnetic poles and the figure of the magnetic eouator. Author of the volumes on hydrography and physical science in " Voyage autour du monde, exécuté par ordre du roi sur la corvette La Coquille pendant les années 1822, 1823, 1824, et 1825 " (1826-30).

Duperron

( d u - p e - r ô n ' ) , Jacques Davy, B o m a t St.-Lô, F r a n c e , N o v . 15,1556: died a t P a r i s , S e p t . 5,1618. A F r e n c h cardinal, i n s t r u m e n t a l in c o n v e r t i n g H e n r y I V . to Catholicism. Dupes, Day of. [ F . Journée des Dupes."] A n a m e given t o Nov. 11,1630, w h e n t h e e n e m i e s of R i c h e l i e u w e r e foiled i n t h e i r i n t r i g u e s a g a i n s t h i m w i t h t h e king, Dupetit-Thouars ( d i i p - t ë ' t ô - â r ' ) , Abel Aubert. B o r n a t S a u m u r , F r a n c e , A u g . 3, 1793: died a t P a r i s , March 17, 1864. A F r e n c h r e a r a d m i r a l . He circumnavigated the globe 1837-39, and extended a Frcnch protectorate over Tahiti and the Marquesas Islands in 1842 (see Pritehard), and over the entire Society group in 1843.

Durbin Dupetit-Thouars, Louis Marie Aubert 345 Dupetit-Thouars, Louis Marie Aubert. Born Rambouillet, France, July 8, 1535. A French A French genre and portrait painter, a pupil of

at Bournois, near Saumur, France, Nov. 5, cardinal and politician. He became chancel- S o u c h o n . He studied in Paris, and a f t e r w a r d in Italy and Spain. H e h a s painted portraits, especially of women, 1758: died at Paris, May 11, 1831. A French lor and prime minister in 1515. with g r e a t success, a n d is also a sculptor, l i e received botanist and traveler. l i e visited Mauritius, Duprat, Pascal Pierre. Born at Hagetmau, medals in 1866, 1869, 1870, 1878, a n d 1879. Landes, France, March 24, 1815 : died Aug. Madagascar, and Réunion 1792-1802. D u r a n c e (dii-rons'). A river of southeastern Dupin (dü-pañ'), André Marie Jean Jacques : 17, 1885. A French politician and journalist. Europe which joins the Rhône 3 miles southcalled a T h e Elder." Born at Varzy, Nièvre, He took p a r t in the F e b r u a r y revolution in 1848 ; founded, west of Avignon: the Roman Druentia. Length, i t h Lamennais, " L e peuple c o n s t i t u a n t " ; opposed t h e France, Feb. 1, 1783: died at Paris, Nov. 10, w coup d ' é t a t in 1851, and was arrested a n d obliged t o 224 miles. 1865. A French lawyer and politician. He leave F r a n c e ; edited various journals ; was a m e m b e r of M'as president of t h e Chamber of Deputies 183-2-40, and of t h e Legislative Assembly 1849-51.

t h e National Assembly in 1871, arid, later, of t h e Chamber of Deputies ; a n d was sent as ambassador to Chile in 1883, a n d died on t h e r e t u r n journey.

Durand (du-ron'), Madame (Alice Marie Céleste Fleury): pseudonym Henry Gréville.

Born at Paris, Oct. 12, 1842. A French nova t v a r z y , Nièvre, France, Oct. 6, 1784: died at Duprato ( d i i - p r â - t ô ' ) , Jules. Born at Nîmes elist. Durand (du-rand'), Asher Brown. Born at Paris, Jan. 18. 1873. A French political econo- in 1827 : died at Paris, May 19,1892. A French mist and politician, brother of A. M. J. J. c o m p o s e r . l i e gained t h e E o m a n prize in 1848, a n d be- South Orange, N. J., Aug. 21, 1796 : died there, c a m e professor of harmony at t h e Conservatoire in 1866. Sept. 17,1886. An American landscape-painter Dupin. H e published " V o y a g e s d a n s la firande-Bret a g n e " (1820-24), " .forces productives d e s nations " (1S51), Among his operas are " L e s trovatelles" r (1854), " P â - and engraver. q u e r e t t e s " (1856), "Salvator R o s a " (1861), L e c e r i s i e r " D u r a n d a n a ( d ô - r â n - d a ' n a ) . The sword of etc. Roland (Orlando). It is also called Durandat, Dupleix (dii-plàks ' ), Marquis Joseph François. (1874), etc. Born at Landrecies, Nord, France, Jan. 1, Dupray (dii-prâ'), Louis Henri. Bornât Sedan, Durenda, Durindana, etc. 1697: died at Paris, Nov. 10, 1764. A French Nov. 3, 1841. A French military painter, a H e (Roland) h a d f o u g h t all day in t h e thickest of t h e general, governor-general of the French East pupil of Pils and Léon Cogniet. dealing deadly blows with his good sword Dur end a ; D u p r é (dii-prá'), G i o v a n n i . Born at Siena, fray, b u t all his prowess could n o t save t h e day. So, w o u n d e d Indies 1742-54. Italy, March 1,1817: died at Florence, Jan. 10, to death, and surrounded by t h e bodies of his friends, lie Duplessis (dû-ple-së')i Georges Victor An- 1882. An Italian sculptor. Among his works are stretched himself on t h e ground, and prepared to yield u p t o n i e G r a t e t - . Born at Chartres, March 19, ' ' A b e l " and " C a i n " (Pitti Palace, Florence), "Sappho," his soul. B u t first he drew his f a i t h f u l sword, than w h i c h he would sooner have spared t h e arm l h a t wielded it, 1834. A French critic and historian of art, " Giotto," t h e Wellington m o n u m e n t , etc. and saying, " O sword of u n p a r a l l e l e d brightness, excelcustodian of the department of prints iu the r é , J u l e s . Born at Nantes, France, April lent dimensions, a d m i r a b l e t e m p e r , and h i l t of the whitNational Library. He has published numerous D5,u p1811 : died at L'Isle Adam, Oct. 6, 1889, A est ivory, decorated with a splendid cross of gold, t o p p e d works. noted French landscape-painter. He was original- by a berylline apple, engraved with t h e sacred n a m e of ly a porcelain-painter in his f a t h e r ' s manufactory. At t h e God, e n d u e d w i t h keenness and every o t h e r virtue, who Duplessis-Mornay. See Mornay. now shall wield t h e e in battle, w h o shall call t h e e m a s t e r ?

Dupin, Baron Pierre Charles François. Born

Duplin (dup'lin), or Dupplin.

A moor in

Perthshire, Scotland, 7 miles southwest of Perth. Here, 1332, Edward Baliol defeated the Scottish Royalists under the Earl of Mar. D u p o n ç e a u (dû-pon'sô; F. pron. dii-pôù-sô'), P e t e r S t e p h e n . Born at île-de-Ré, France, June 3, 1760 : died at Philadelphia, April 1, 1844. A French-American lawyer and philologist. He published "Memoir on the Indian Languages of North America" (1835), etc.

Dupont (dii-póñ'), or Dupont de l'Eure (düpôii' dò 1èr), Jacques Charles.

Born at Neu-

age of eighteen lie went to Paris, where his talent was at onee recognized. I n 1831 h e sent his first p i c t u r e to t h e Salon. I n 1833 h e w e n t t o E n g l a n d and also to Berry w i t h J u l e s A n d r é and Troyon. I n 1849 he was m a d e chevalier of t h e Legion of Honor, and officier in 1870. He received a second-class medal at t h e Exposition Universelle in 1867, a second-class medal in 1883, and a m e d a l of honor at t h e Exposition Universelle in 1889. H e s p e n t his winters in Paris f r o m 1876-82. H e was t h e first and last of t h e g r o u p of Fontainebleau artists of 1830, called the Romantic or N a t u r a l School (Rousseau, Delacroix, Corot, Diaz, Millet, Troyon, etc.). H i s studio was for some years in t h e Abbey of Saint Pierre in t h e forest of Fontainebleau, and afterward in L'Isle Adam. Several o f - h i s pictures are in t h e L u x e m b o u r g Museum, one a t Lille, and a n u m b e r are owned in t h e U n i t e d States.

He t h a t possessed t h e e was never conquered, never d a u n t e d by t h e foe ; p h a n t o m s never appalled him. Aided by t h e Almighty, with t h e e did h e destroy t h e Saracen, exalt t h e f a i t h of Christ, and win c o n s u m m a t e glory. O h a p p y sword, keenest of t h e keen, never was one like t h e e ; he t h a t m a d e thee, m a d e not t h y fellow ! Not one escaped with life from thy stroke." And l e s t D u r e n d a should fall into t h e h a n d s of a craven or an intidel, Roland emote it upon a block of stone a n d brake it in twain. Then ho blew his horn, which was so resonant t h a t all other h o r n s were split by its sound ; and n o w he blew it with all his might, till t h e veins of his neck burst. A n d the blast of t h a t dread horn,

bourg, Euro, Feb. 27, 1767: died on his estate, On Fontarabian echoes borne, Rouge Pierre, Normandy, March 3. 1855. Á reached even to K i n g Charles's ear as h e lay encamped French politician. lie became president of the im- Duprez (dii-prâ'), Caroline (Madame V a n den and ignorant of t h e disaster t h a t h a d befallen the rearperial court at Rouen in 1811 ; was a m e m b e r of the Cham- H e u v e l ) . Born at Florence, 1832 : died at Pau, g u a r d eight miles away. Poole, Story of t h e Moors, p. 36. ber of Deputies 1817-48; was m i n i s t e r of justice about six France, April 17,1875. A French opera-singer, D u r a n d a r t e (do - ran - d a r 7 t e ) . A legendary months in 1830 ; and was president of the provisional gov- daughter of G. L. Duprez. Duprez, Gilbert Louis. Born at Paris, Dec. 6, Spanish hero whose exploits are related iu ernment formed in Feb., 1848. D u p o n t , P i e r r e . Born at Lyons, France, April 1806. A French tenor singer and composer. old Spanish ballads and in "Don Quixote/' II. 2 3 . H e was t h e cousin of Montesinos, a n d was killed at 23, 1821 : died at St. Etienne, France, July 25, He published "L'Art du chant" (1845), etc. t h e b a t t l e of Roncesvallcs. One of t h e ballads, a frag1870. A French lyrical poet. He was collaborator D u p u i s (dü-püe'), A d o l p h e . Born at Paris, ment, can be traced to t h e " C a n c i o n e r o " of 1511, and one, on t h e dictionary of t h e Academy 1842-47. His works in- Aug. 16, 1824: died at Nemours, Oct. 25, 1891. " D u r a n d a r t e , D u r a n d a r t e , " to t h e old "CancionerosGeneclude " Les deux a n g e s " (1842 : crowned by the Academy), A French actor. rales." Ticfcnor. "Les bœufs" (1846), "Le chant des nations," "Le chant Dupuis, Charles Francois. Born at Trie-le Durandus (du-ran'dus), Gulielmus (Guildes ouvriers," etc. Château, Oise, France, Oct. 16, 1742: died at Is- laume Durantis or Durand). Born at PuiPierre Dupont . . . seemed a t one t i m e likely to be a A misson, near Béziers, France, 1237: died at p o e t of t h e first rank, b u t u n f o r t u n a t e l y wasted his t a l e n t sur-Tille, Côte-d'Or, France, Sept. 29, 1809. in Bohemian dawdling a n d disorder. H i s songs were t h e French scholar and man of letters. He "wrote Rome, Nov. 1, 1296. A prelate and jurist, d e l i g h t of t h e y o u n g generation of 1848, and two of t h e m , " L'Origine de tous les cultes, ou la religion surnamed u T h e Speculator." He wrote "Specu" Le Chant des Ouvriers " a n d " Les Boeufs," are still m o s t universelle" (1795). etc. lum judiciale" (1474), ''Rationale divinorum ofttciorum " r e m a r k a b l e compositions. Saintsbury, T r e n c h Lit., p. 548.

Dupuytren (díi-püe-trañ'), Baron Guillaume.

(1459), etc.

Dupont (dû-pont'), Samuel Francis. Born at Born at Pierrc-Buffière, Haute-Vienne, France, D u r a n g O (do-ran'gô). Oct. 6, 1777: died at Paris, Feb. 8, 1835. A

1. A state of northern 'Bergen Point, N. J., Sept. 27, 1803: died at Mexico, lying between Chihuahua on the north, Philadelphia, June 23,1865. An American ad- noted French surgeon and anatomist. Coahuila on the east, Zacatecas on the southmiral, graudson of Dupont de Nemours. He D u a u e s n e (dü-kán'). Marquis A b r a h a m . Born east, Jalisco on the south, and Sinaloa on the entered t h e navy as a m i d s h i p m a n in 1815 ; was p r o m o t e d at Dieppe, France, 1610: died at Paris, Feb. 2, Population c o m m a n d e r in 1842 ; c o m m a n d e d t h e Cyane d u r i n g t h e war 1688. A French naval commander, distin- west. Area, 37,600 square miles. w i t h Mexico ; a n d at tho outbreak of t h e Civil W a r b e c a m e guished in the wars against the Spanish and (1893), 2 6 5 , 9 3 1 . - 2 . The capital of the stato of Durango, situated near the foot of the Sierra p r e s i d e n t of a board convened at Washington to devise a D u t c h . H e d e f e a t e d t h e combined Spanish a n d D u t c h plan of naval operations against t h e Confederate States. fleets u n d e r De R u y t e r off t h e Sicilian coast April 22, Madre Mountains. Also called Victoria, forHe c o m m a n d e d t h e naval expedition which, iu conjuncmerly Guadiana. Population, 24,800.— 3 . A 1676. tion w i t h a land army u n d e r General Thomas W. Shersmall town in the province of Biscay, Spain, man, c a p t u r e d P o r t Royal, South Carolina, Nov. 7,1861 ; 14 miles southeast of Bilbao. It is a military was p r o m o t e d rear-admiral in 1862 ; was repulsed in an D u a u e s n e , F o r t . A fort formerly on the site of stronghold. a t t a c k on F o r t Sumter, April 7, 1863 ; a n d was relieved Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, erected by the French in 1754. It was taken by the English 1758. See Durante (do-ran ' te), Francesco. Born at of his c o m m a n d J u l y 5, 1863. Frattamaggiore, near Naples, March 15, 1684: D u p o n t d e l ' É t a n g (dü-póñ' dé là-ton'), Comte Braddoclc. P i e r r e . Born at Chabanais. Charente, France, Duguesnoy (dü-ká-nwá'), François, or Fran- died at Naples, Aug. 13,1755. An Italian comJuly 14, 1765: died at Paris, March 7, 1840. çois F l a m a n d . Born at Brussels, 1594 : died at poser of sacred music. In 1742 he succeeded A French general, distinguished at Marengo Leghorn, July 12,1646. A Dutch sculptor, son Porpora at the Conservatory of Santa Maria di and other battles, especially Friedland (1807). of an excellent sculptor from whom he received Loreto at Naples, where he died. h i s first l e s s o n s . At an early age he m a d e t h e figure of Durantis (dii-ron-tês'), Guillaume. See DuHe capitulated at Baylen iu 1808.

Dupont de Nemours (dü-póñ' dò ne-mdr'),

P i e r r e S a m u e l . Born at Paris,Dec. 14,1739: died near Wilmington, Del., Aug. 6, 1817. A French political economist and politician. He

assisted Turgot 1774-76 ; was a d e p u t y t o t h e States-General in 1789 ; and became a m e m b e r of t h e Council of t h e Ancients in 1795. H e wrote " P h y s i o c r a t i e . ou constitution n a t u r e l l e d u g o u v e r n e m e n t le p l u s avantageux au genre h u m a i n " (1763), " P h i l o s o p h i e de l ' u n i v e r s " (1796), etc.

D ü p p e l (diip'pel). A village in Schleswig, Prussia, opposite Sonderburg, 28 miles north-

J u s t i c e on t h e portal of t h e Chancellerie at Brussels, a n d two angels f o r t h e door of t h e J e s u i t church. I n 1619 h e was sent by t h e a r c h d u k e Albert to study in Rome. H e is especially f a m o u s f o r t h e children which h e executed in m a r b l e a n d bronze, b u t more f r e q u e n t l y in ivory, for drinking-cups, etc. The sculpture of t h e Baldachino at St. Peter's is by him. His f r i e n d Le Poussin r e c o m m e n d e d him to Richelieu, a n d he was on t h e point of s t a r t i n g for Paris w h e n he was poisoned by his b r o t h e r ( J é r ô m e Duquesnoy, b o r n 1612 : b u r n e d for u n n a t u r a l crime Oct. 21, 1(154), also a very clever sculptor.

randus.

D u r a z z o . A facetious and lively old man in Massinger's play 4 'The Guardian." He is the guardian of Caldoro. Durazzo (do-ràt'so). [F. Duras, It. Durazzo, Turk. Dratsh, Slav. Durtz ; from L. Dyrrhachium.] A seaport in the vilayet of Scutari, European Turkev, situated on the Adriatic in lat. 41° 20' N., long. 19° 26' E.: the ancient Epidamnus, later Dyrrhachiiim. It was founded by

D u r a D e n (do'ra den). A small glen near St. Corcyreans about 625 B. c., and became t h e t e r m i n u s of a Andrews, Fifeshire, Scotland, noted for the g r e a t R o m a n road. Caesar was r e p u l s e d h e r e by Pompey number of the fossil fish found in its sand- 48 B. c. ; a n d here R o b e r t Cuiscard defeated t h e emperor stone. Alexins in 1081, and took t h e city in 1082. D ü p p e l , L i n e s of. A chain of Danish fortifi- D u r a n (do-ran'), AgUStin. Born at Madrid, Durban, or D'Urban (dér'ban). A town in cations west of Sonderburg in the island of Oct. 14,1789: died there, Dec. 1,1862. A Span- Natal, South Africa, situated near Natal Bay Alsen. Thev were stormed by the Prussians i s h c r i t i c a n d l i t t é r a t e u r . He w r o t e " Sobre la deca- in lat. 29° 52' S., long. 31° 2' E. It is the terminus April 18, 1864. dencia del t e a t r o e s p a ñ o l " (1823), etc., a n d edited old of t h e railway to t h e interior. Population (1891), 25,512. Spanish r o m a n c e s and comedies. Durbin (dèr'bin), John Price. Born ill BourD u p r a t (dii-prá'), A n t o i n e . Born at Issoire, Duran (dü-roñ'). Carolus (Charles Auguste bon County, Ky., 1800: died at Philadelphia, Puy-de-Dôme, France, Jan. 17, 1463: died at E m i l e D u r a n d ) . Born at Lille, July 4, 1837. n o r t h e a s t of S c h l e s w i g . T h e allied German troops were defeated h e r e b y t h e Danes May 28,1848, a n d again on J u n e 5. T h e r e d o u o t s were stormed by t h e Saxons a n d Bavarians April 13,1849, a n d by t h e Prussians April 18,1864.

Durbin

346

Dutertre

O c t . 18, 1876. A i l A m e r i c a n c l e r g y m a n of t h e with engaged shafts ; the former are covered with zigzag davas. After their return he won in gambling from YuM e t h o d i s t E p i s c o p a l C h u r c h , p r e s i d e n t of D i c k - and other line-patterns. The altar-screen and episcopal dhishthira everything he had, including his own freedom i n s o n C o l l e g e 1834-45. He was secretary of the throne are of the 14th century, the stalls of the 17th. and that of his brothers, and his wife Draupadi. The reMissionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal Church The eastern or Nine Altars transept is architecturally sult of the gambling was a second exile of thirteen years. beautiful, and is very skilfully joined to the older work. n the great battle ne fell by the hand of Bhima, who had 1850-72. He wrote "Observations in E u r o p e " (1844), The Galilee chapel, projecting in front of the western Ivowed to break his thigh in consequence of the insult to '1 Observations in Egypt, etc." (1845). façade, has four interior walls resting on round chevron- Draupadi. D u r d e n ( d o r ' d e n ) , D a m e . A n o t a b l e h o u s e w i f e molded arches which spring from slender clustered col- D u s e ( d ô ' s à ) , E l e a n o r a . B o m at Vigevano, umns, the whole supporting the roof in a manner rather in a famous English song: hence the nickname than Northern. The dimensions of t h e cathe- 1861. A n I t a l i a n t r a g e d i e n n e . She is-the grandg i v e n t o t h e c a r e f u l a n d c o n s c i e n t i o u s E s t h e r Saracenic dral are 510 by 80 feet, length of transepts 170, height of daughter of Luigi Duse who established the Garibaldi Summersoii in Dickens's " Bleak House." vaulting 70, of central tower 214. The old monastic build- Theater at Padua. She began to play, when hardly twelve D u r d l e s (der'dlz), S t o n y . " A s t o n e - m a s o n , ings are still almost complete, and are of high interest. years old, in wandering companies and minor theaters, c h i e f l y i n t h e g r a v e s t o n e , t o m b , a n d m o n u m e n t Durham was, perhaps, a .Roman station. I t became the until she compelled recognition by her admirable tragic w a y , a n d w h o l l y of t h e i r c o l o r f r o m h e a d t o seat of the old bishopric of Lindisfarne in 995, and its genius in Naples. She played in the United States 1892-93. f o o t , " i n C h a r l e s D i c k e n s ' s ' ' M y s t e r y of E d w i n bishops were, in the m id J le ages, nearly independent Juliet, Francesca da Rimini, Camille, .Fernande, etc., are D r o o d . " H e i s u s u a l l y d r u n k , a n d h a s w o n d e r - rulers over the palatinate of Durham. Population (1891), her most important parts. 14,863. f u l a d v e n t u r e s i n t h e c r y p t of t h e c a t h e d r a l . D u s h e n k a (do'shen-kâ). A romantic poem D i i r e n ( d u ' r e n ) . A t o w n i n t h e R h i n e P r o v i n c e , 3 . A c i t y i n D u r h a m C o u n t y , N o r t h C a r o l i n a , b y B o g d a n o v i t c h , p u b l i s h e d i n 1775. P r u s s i a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e R o e r 23 m i l e s s o u t h D u s h r a t t u (dosh-rat'tu), or T u s h r a t t u (toshn o r t h w e s t of R a l e i g h . I t h a s i m p o r t a n t t o b a c c o w e s t of C o l o g n e : t h e a n c i e n t M a r c o d u r u m . r a t ' t u ) . A M u g of M i t a n i m e n t i o n e d i n t h e T e l I t has manufactures of cloth, iron, paper, etc. I t was m a n u f a c t u r e s . P o p u l a t i o n ( 1 8 9 0 ) , 5 , 4 8 5 . e l - A m a r n a t a b l e t s . From his diplomatic corresponthe scene of a victory of Civilis over the Ubii in 69 A. D.; Durham, Earl of. See Lambton. dence with the Egyptian king Amenopliis I I I . (of the lbth and was the seat of councils and assemblies in the 8th Durham Book, The. See the extract. dynasty: about 1500 B. c.), it appears that there existed an century. Population (1890), 21,551. The Durham Gospels, too, known as St. Cuthbert's or old friendship between Egypt and Mitani, and that AmenDorenda. See Durandana. the Durham Book, belonging to the close of the seventh D i i r e r ( d i i ' r e r ) , A l b r e c h t . B o r n a t N u r e m b e r g , century, have Northumbrian Saxon glosses of the age of ophis had married Dushrattu's daughter. B a v a r i a , M a y 21, 1 4 7 1 : d i e d t h e r e , A p r i l 6, those of the Ritual upon their Latin text. D u s h y a n t a (dosh-yan'ta). [Skt.] A k i n g of 1528. A f a m o u s G e r m a n p a i n t e r a n d e n g r a v e r , Morley, English Writers, I I . 175. t h e l u n a r r a c e , a n d d e s c e n d a n t of P u r u a n d t h e f o u n d e r of t h e G e r m a n s c h o o l . He was the son of h u s b a n d of S h a k u n t a l a , b y w h o m h e h a d a s o n A l e t t e r w r i t t e n i n 1850 B h a r a t a . The loves of Dushyanta and Shakuntala, her a goldsmith who first instructed him in his trade and then D u r h a m L e t t e r , T h e , apprenticed him to the painter Michael Wolgerauth for b y L o r d J o h n R u s s e l l ( p r e m i e r ) t o t h e B i s h o p separation from him, and her restoration through the disthree years and a half, after which (1490) h e visited Stras- of D u r h a m , d e n o u n c i n g t h e n e w l y e s t a b l i s h e d covery of his lost ring in t h e belly of a fish, form the plot burg, Colmar, Basel, and Venice where he was much im- R o m a n C a t h o l i c h i e r a r c h y i n E n g l a n d a n d of Kalidasa's drama "Shakuntala." pressed by the works of Mantegna. He returned in 1494 and married Agnes Trey. He probably worked in the W a l e s , a n d t h e r i t u a l i s t i c * t e n d e n c i e s i n t h e Dussek (dô'shek), Johann Ludwig. Bora at C z a s l a u , B o h e m i a , F e b . 9, 1 7 6 1 : d i e d a t S t . studio of Wolgerauth until 1497, when he removed to an C h u r c h of E n g l a n d . atelier of his own. From 1505 to 1507 he lived in Venice. D u r h a m S t a t i o n . A p l a c e i n N o r t h C a r o l i n a , G e r m a i n - e n - L a y e , n e a r P a r i s , M a r c h 20, 1812. Then followed his most active years in Nuremberg. From 29 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of R a l e i g h . Here, April 26, A B o h e m i a n p i a n i s t a n d c o m p o s e r . 1512 he worked for the emperor Maximilian, who made 1865, tho Confederate general J". E. Johnston surrendered D i i s s e l d o r f ( < l u s ' s e l - d o r f ) . 1 . A c i t y i n t h e R h i n e P r o v i n c e , P r u s s i a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e ' e a s t b a n k of him his court painter, and whom he attended at Augsburg with 29,924 men to General W. T. Sherman. t h o R h i n e i n l a t . 5 1 ° 1 3 ' N . , l o n g . 6° 4 6 ' E . i t in 1518 as deputy for his native city to the assembled Diet. Durinda. Durindana. See Durandana. I n 1521-22 he visited the Netherlands. He attended the D i i r i n g S i e l d ( d ü ' r i n g s - f e l d ) , I d a v o n . B o r n a t is an important commercial and manufacturing town, and is especially noted for its school of art (landscape and recoronation of Charles V. at Aix-la-Chapelle, and obtained the appoiufcment of court painter before his return to M i l i t s c h , S i l e s i a , P r u s s i a , N o v . 12, 1 8 1 5 : d i e d ligious painting), founded in 1767, and developed under Nuremberg, where he continued to work until his death. a t S t u t t g a r t , W u r t e m b e r g , O c t . 2 5 , 1 8 7 6 . A G e r - Cornelius and Schadow. I t s famous picture-gallery was H e r w o r k s i n c l u d e removed to Munich in 1805. I t contains the electoral He may be regarded as the inventor of etching. As a de- m a n p o e t a n d n o v e l i s t . signer of woodcuts and an engraver he ranks higher than " S k i z z e n a u s d e r v o r n e h m e n W e l t " ( 1 8 4 2 - 4 5 ) , palace, the Church of St. Lambert, the Church of St. Anas a painter, llis woodcuts number nearly 200, including " A n t o n i o F o s c a r i n i " ( 1 8 5 0 ) , e t c . drew, the Kunsthalle, and a Realschule. I t is the birth" T h e Apocalypse " (16 subjects), " T h e Greater Passion D ü r k h e i m ( d ü r k ' h i m ) . A t o w n i n t h e P a l a t - place of Heine and Cornelius. Dlisseldorf belonged to (12 subjects), and " The Lesser Passion " (S7 subjects). His the grand duchy of Berg in Napoleonic times. It was ani n a t e , B a v a r i a , 13 m i l e s w e s t of M a n n h e i m . I t copperplates number over 100, including "Melancholia," nexed to Prussia in 1S15. Population (1890), 144,642. " Death and the Devil," " T h e Little Passion " (16 subjects), i s f r e q u e n t e d f o r i t s g r a p e - c u r e a n d s a l t b a t h s . 2. A g o v e r n m e n t d i s t r i c t i n t h e R h i n e P r o v " S t . Jerome in hi3 Study," etc. Among his paintings are P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 5,902. i n c e , P r u s s i a , P o p u l a t i o n ( 1 8 9 0 ) , 1,973,107. "Adoration of the Trinity" (Vienna), " A d a m and E v e " D u r l a c h ( d ö r ' l ä c h ) . The pseuA t o w n in Baden, situ- D u s t w i c k (dust'wik), J o n a t h a n . (Florence), " F o u r Apostles" (Nuremberg), etc. H e wrote a t e d o n t h e P f i n z 3 m i l e s e a s t of K a r l s r u h e . d o n y m u n d e r w h i c h T o b i a s G e o r g o S m o l l e t t " V o n Menschlicher Proportion" (1528), and works on I t w a s f o r m e r l y t h e c a p i t a l of B a d e n - D u r l a c h . w r o t e " T h e E x p e d i t i o n of H u m p h r e v C l i n k e r " " Measurement" (1525) and " Fortification " (1527). Diirer (1794). never employed fresco, although he furnished the designs P o p u l a t i o n ( 1 8 9 0 ) , 7,999. for the mural decorations of the city hall at Nuremberg, Duroc (dü-rok' ), Gérard Christophe Michel, D u t c h ( d u c h ) . 1. The Teutonic or Germanic Born at Pont-à-Mousson, the " Calumny of Apelles" and the " Triumph of Maxi- D u c d e F r i u l i . n e a r N a n c y , F r a n c e , O c t . 25, 1772 : k i l l e d n e a r r a c e ; t h e G e r m a n p e o p l e s g e n e r a l l y : u s e d a s milian." p l u r a l , (a) The Low Germans, particularly the people M a r k e r s d o r f , S a x o n y , M a y 22, 1813. A F r c n c h general and diplomatist. H e became in 179Ö aide- of Holland, or the kingdom of the Netherlands ; the DutchD'UrfS, Honore. S e e UrftS, I)'. de-camp to Bonaparte, whom he accompanied to Egypt men ; the Hollanders : called specifically the Low Dutch: D u r f e e ( d e r ' f e ) , J o b . B o m a t T i v e r t o n , E . I . , in 1798. He took a prominent part in the overthrow used as plural. (6)The High Germans; theinhabitantsof S e p t . 20, 1 7 9 0 : d i e d t h e r e , J u l y 26, 1847. A n of the Directory in 1799, and was employed by the first Germany ; the Germans : formerly called specifically the High Dutch: used as plural. A m e r i c a n . j u r i s t a n d p h i l o s o p h i c a l w r i t e r , c h i e f consul in diplomatic missions to Berlin, St, Petersburg, 2 . T h e T e u t o n i c o r G e r m a n i c l a n g u a g e , i n j u s t i c e of R h o d e I s l a n d S u p r e m e C o u r t 1 8 3 5 - 4 7 . Stockholm, and Copenhagen. He accompanied the em- c l u d i n g a l l i t s f o r m s , (a) Tho language spoken in peror in the campaigns of 180t>-06 and 1807, and was killed H e w r o t e " P a n i d e a " (1846), e t c . by his side near Markersdorf. H e was the favorite officer the Netherlands ; t h e Hollandish language (which differs very slightly from the Flemish, spoken in parts of the D'Urfey (der'fi), Thomas, called " T o m of Napoleon. adjoining kingdom of Belgium): called distinctively Low D'Urfey." Born in Devonshire, Kngland, about 1650 ( ? ) : d i e d a t L o n d o n , 1723. A n E n g l i s h Durostorus (dü-ros'tö-rus), or Durostorum Dutch. (b) The language spoken by the Germans ; German ; High German: formerly and still occasionally called ( r a m ) . T h e R o m a n n a m e of S i l i s t r i a . dramatist and humorous poet. Ilis songs were distinctively High Dutch. published as "Pills to Purge M e l a n c h o l y " Dürrenstein (dür ' ren -stïn), or Dürnstein Dutch Courtezan, The. A comedy by Mars(durn'stîn), or T i r n s t e i n ( t i m ' s t ï n ) . A vil(1719-20). t o n , p r i n t e d i n 1605. lage in Lower Austria, situated on the D a n u b e D u r g a (dor'gii). [Skt.,' the inaccessible.'] In Dutch East India Company. See East India H i n d u m y t h o l o g y , t h e w i f e of S h i v a . S e e Devi. 4 1 m i l e s w e s t - n o r t h w e s t of V i e n n a . Richard I. Company. England was imprisoned in its castle 1192-93. I t waB D u r h a m (dur'am). [ M E . Durem, Durcsme, of tlie scenc of a battle between the Russians and the French Dutchman's Fireside, The. A novel by J. K. a l t e r e d f r o m Dunholm, A S . DunJwlm ( M L . under Mortier in 1805. P a u l d i n g , p u b l i s h e d i n 1831. r e f l e x Duiiholmum, Dnnelmum, Dunelmia), hill[ A s s y r . , Dutch west India Company. A commercial i s l e , f r o m dun, h i l l ( d o w n ) , a n d holm, i s l a n d : D u r S h a r r u k i n ( d ö5 r s h ä r - r ö - k e n ' ) . a p p l i e d o r i g . t o t h e r o c k y p e n i n s u l a o n w h i c h ' f o r t r e s s of S a r g o n . ] A c i t y of A s s y r i a n o r t h - a s s o c i a t i o n f o r m e d i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s i n 1G21. other important grants it received from the govt h e first c h u r c h w a s b u i l t . ] 1 . A c o u n t y i n e a s t of N i n e v e h , b u i l t b y S a r g o n I I . : t h e m o d - Among ernment the exclusive right of trading with a large part northern England, lying between Northumber- ern Khorsabad. of the coasts of America and Africa, planting colonies, l a n d o n t h e n o r t h , t h e N o r t h S e a o n t h e e a s t , a n d Duruy (dii-ruê'), Jean Victor. Born at Paris, building forts, employing soldiers and fleetH, and making W e s t m o r e l a n d a n d C u m b e r l a n d o n t h e w e s t . S e p t . 11, 1811. A F r e n c h h i s t o r i a n a n d s t a t e s - treaties, as well as attacking the colonies and commerce I t is separated from Yorkshire by the Tees on the south. m a n , m i n i s t e r of p u b l i c i n s t r u c t i o n 1863-69. i n of Spain and Portugal. To this company were due the I t is mountainous in the west, is rich in minerals, particu- t h e latter year he became senator. His works include extensive colonies of the Dutch in Brazil (1625-54) New larly coal and lead, and is noted lor its breed of cattle. "Histoire des Romains, etc." (1843-44), " H i s t o i r e de Netherlands (finally given up in 1674), the West Indies, I t was a county palatine until 1836. Area, 1,012 square P r a n c e " (1852), "Histoire de la Grèce ancienne" (1862), Guiana, and the Gold Coast of Africa. Its powerful fleets miles. Population (1891), 1,016,569. "Histoire moderne" (1863), "Histoire des Grecs"(1887- made numerous descents on the coasts of Spanish and 2. T h e c a p i t a l of t h e c o u n t y of D u r h a m , s i t u - 1889). Several of his works form part of the " Histoire Portuguese America, captured ships, and obtained an ima t e d o n t h e W e a r i n l a t . 5 4 ° 4 6 ' N . , l o n g . 1° universelle " published under his direction. mense amount of booty. Owing to the expense of its 3 5 ' W . I t contains a castle founded in 1072 by William wars and the loss of some of the colonies, the company the Conqueror, and rebuilt by Bishop Hugh of Puiset a D u r v a s a s ( d ö r ' v a - s a s ) . [ S k t . , ' i l l - c l o t h e d . ' ] A was dissolved in 1674. A new one was formed in 1675, hundred years later. The interior possesses many fea- s a g e n o t e d f o r i r a s c i b i l i t y . Many fell under his and existed until 1791, but was never very prosperous. tures of interest, as the beautiful Noruian arcade, door, curse. I n Kalidasa's drama he curses Shakuntala for Born at Tours, and gallery, the .Norman chapel beneath the 14th-century keeping him waiting at the door, and so causes the sepa- D u t e n s ( d i i - t o n ' ) , L o u i s . F r a n c e , J a n . 1 5 , 1 7 3 0 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , M a y 23, keep, the refectory of t h e 14th century, and a 17th-cen- ration between her and King Dushyanta. A French antiquary, numismatist,* and tury carved staircase of oak. Tho castle is now occupied Durward (dér'wârd), Quentin. A young m1812. i s c e l l a n e o u s w r i t e r . H e published "Recherches by Durham University. The cathedral of Durham is a a r c h e r of t h e S c o t t i s h G u a r d i n S c o t t ' s n o v e l monument of great intrinsic importance, which is en- " Q u e n t i n D u r w a r d . " A f t e r m a n y a d v e n t u r e s sur l'origine des découvertes attribuées aux modernes" (1766), "Mémoires d'un voyageur qui se repose" (1806), hanced by its imposing position on the brink of a steep h e m a r r i e s I s a b e l l e d e C r o v e . hill above the river Wear. The west front is flanked by D u r y o d h a n a ( d ö r - y ö ' d h a - n a ) . [ S k t . , ' h a r d t o etc., and edited Leibnitz's works (1769). two massive square towers, and a tower of similar form c o n q u e r . ' ] E l d e s t s o n of D b r i t a r a s h t r a , a n d Dutertre (dii-târ'tr), Jean Baptiste. Born at rises high over the crossing. The present church was l e a d e r of t h e K a u r a v a p r i n c e s i n t h e g r e a t w a r C a l a i s , 1610 : d i e d a t P a r i s , 1687. A F r e n c h D o founded at t h e end of the 11th century, and was practi- of t h e M a h a b h a r a t a . Upon the death of his brother m i n i c a n m i s s i o n a r y a n d a u t h o r . He served in the cally completed by the middle of the 12th. The Lady Paiidu, Dhritarashtra took his five sons, the Pandava army and navy before joining the Dominicans in 1635; chapel or Galilee is later, and the curious east transept from 1640 to 1657 most of his time was spent in the called the Nine Altars, at the eastern extremity of the princes, to his own court., and had them educated with his French Antilles, where he witnessed many events of the choir, is of the early 13th. The cloister is Perpendicular. hundred sons. Jealousies sprang up, and Duryodhana Carib wars. His "Histoire générale des îles Saint Chris took a special dislike to Bhima from his skill in the use of The Norman interior is exceedingly impressive. The tophe, de la Guadeloupe, etc." (1(154) was enlarged and piers of the nave are alternately cylindrical and square, the club. He poisoned Bhima, who waB restored to life by republished as "Histoire générale des Antilles habitées the Nagas. He was the occasion of the exile of the Pan- par les Français" (Paris, 1667-71, 4 vols. 4to>

Dzungaria

347

Dutrochet

Dickschailel" (1882), " W a n d a " (1876% " D e r Bauer ein built on piles; and are especially noted for their custom Dutrochet (du-tró-shà'), René Joachim Henri. Schelm " (1877). " D i m i t r i j " (1882). These were all proof head-hunting. Born at Nèon, Poitou, France, Nov. 14, 1776: duced at Prague. He has written also a series of piano- DyamOIld, or Diamond. See Diamond. died at Paris, Fe"b. 4, 1847. A French physi- forte duets "Slavische Tanze " (1878), a collection of vocal D y c e f d x s ) , A l e x a n d e r . B o r n a t E d i n b u r g h , , „ '-,' 7 a s . ^ » . 15 I S f f l t I i n ^ n „ ologist and physicist. He wrote " Nouvelles re- dueta''Klange aus Mahren,'''Ziegeunerlieder, etc.. T h e /June \30, 1798: died oat London, M May 15, 1869, cherches surl'endosmose et l'exosmose" (1828), Spectre s Bride, a cantata (1885), " S t . Lud aula, an orato- A British literary critic and Shaksperian rib (1886), " R e q u i e m Mass"(1891), a symphony entitled etc. " F r o m the N e w W o r l d " (produced at N e w York 1893), a s c h o l a r . H e took the degree of A. E. at Oxford ill 1819, entered the ministry about 1822, abandoned the clerical number of symphonies (No. 3 is thebest-known), concertos, Dutteeah. See Datiya. string quartets, songs, impromptus, intermezzos, chamber profession in 1825, and devoted himself to literature. He Du'uzu. See Xammua. music, etc. H e has introduced two original Bohemian Duval (dii-val'), Claude. Born at Domfront, forms, the " Dumka " ( e l e g y ) and the " F u r i a n t " (a scherzo) edited a number of English classics, including Peele (18281839), Beaumont and Fletcher (1843-46), and Webster (1&30), Normandy, in 1643: executed at Tyburn, Jan. in his symphonies and chamber music. but is chiefly known for his edition ot Shakspere (1857). 21, 1670. ' A noted highwayman. 'His adven- Dwamish (dwa'mish). A name properly be- Dyce, W i l l i a m . Born at Aberdeen, Scotland, tures form the subject of a number of novels longing to a small tribe of North American In- g e p t . 19, 1806: died at Streatham, England, and ballads. dians near Seattle, Washington, and improperly Feb. 14, 1864. A British historical painter, Duval, Jules. Born at Rodez, Avevron, France, given collcctively to a number of distinct founder of the Prerapliaelite movement in the 1813 : killed in Franco, Sept. 20,1870. A French bands in the neighborhood. See Salishan. English school of painting. He graduated with political economist, Ho published'-Histoire de D w a r a k a (dw&'rii-ka), or D w a r k a (dwiir'ka), the degree of A . M . at the University of Aberdeen in l'émigration europeenne, asiatique et africaine j j „ a t (ië-gat'). A town in Guierat, British 182*2; exhibited his first picture, " Bacchus nursed by the of Nyssa," at the Royal Academy, London, in an XIXeme siècle" (1862\ etc IndiaT in lat722° 1 6 ' N „ long. 68 died at London, Duverney (dii-ver-nà'), Gui chard Joseph. Boston) 1852-81. Born Aug. 5, 1648: died Sept. 10, 1730. A Dwight, Sereno Edwards. Born at Greenfield s c h o l a r . H e graduated at Cambridge University in 1778, and subsequently became pastor of a dissenting congregaFrench anatomist. Hill, Conn., May 18,1786; died at Philadelphia, tion at Cambridge. Having abandoned the clerical proDuvernois (diï-ver-nwa/), Clément. Born at Nov. 30, 1850. An American Congregational fession, he settled in 1792 at London, where he devoted Paris, April 6, 1836 : died there, July 8, 1879. clergyman and author, son of Timothy Dwight: himself to literature. His chief works are " Histury of the A French politician and publicist. president of Hamilton College 1833-35. He University and Colleges of Cambridge " (1814) and " Privileges of the University of Cambridge " (1824). Duveraoy (du-ver-nwa/), Georges Louis. wrote " T h e Hebrew "Wife " (1836), " L i f e of E d w a r d s " Dyer, John. Born at Aberglasney, CarmarBorn at Montbcliard, France, Aug. 6, 1777: (1830), and edited Edwards's works (1820). thenshire, Wales, 1700: died July 24,1758. An /Wlgliu, Theodore. j.uguuuiv. J^wi^x at -Northampton, . .. died at Paris, March 1, 1855. A French natu- Dwight, Bom Mass., Dec. 15, 1764: died at New York, June E n g l i s h p o e t . H e became vicar of Calthorp, Leicesralist, a collaborator of Cuvier. tershire, in 1741, and subsequently held several livings in Duveyrier (dii-vâ-rya'), Anne Honoré Jo- 12, 1846. An American journalist and poli- Lincolnshire. H e published " Grongar H i l l " (1727), " Huseph: pseudonym Mélesville. Bom at Paris, tician, brother of Timothy Dwight. He served ms of R o m e " (1740), " The Fleece " (1757). as Federalist representative from Connecticut in the 9th Nov. 13, 1787: died at Paris, Nov., 1865. A congress, Dec. l" 1806,-March and 3,1807; was secretary of the the Dyer, or Dyar, Mrs. M a r y . Died at Boston, French dramatist, a collaborator of Scribe and ^^¿¿^{¿¿'toim; founded about ¿817 " " " " ' Mass., June 1.3660. A Quaker fanatic. Shcwas others.

Duveyrier, Charles. Born at Paris, April 12, 1803: died at Paris, Nov. 10, 1866. A French dramatic author. He was an adherent of SaintSimonism. Duveyrier, Henri. Born at Paris. Feb. 28,1840 : killed himself at Sèvres, April 25,1892. An African explorer and geographer. He made a prelim-

inary tour to the Sahara, March-April, 1857,and published valuablc contributions to Berber ethnology and linguistics (1859). In 1858 he undertook, in the service of the French government, his exploration of the Sahara, which lasted until 1801. He did much to extend French influence. I n 1874 he made another expedition to the south of Tunis; in 1876 he was sent oti a political mission to Morocco. Most of his works arc found in German and French scientific journals. His principal book is " E x ploration du Sahara" (1864).

" N e w York Daily Advertiser," with which he was con-

twice banished from the Massachusetts colony on pain of

nected until 1835. death, and, as she persisted in returning, was hanged on Dwight, Theodore. Born at Hartford, Conn., Boston Common. March 3, 1796: died at Brooklyn, N. Y „ Oct. Dyer, Thomas Henry. Born at London, Mav 16, 1866. An American author, son of Theo- 4, 1804: died at Bath, Jan. 30, 1888. An Enga o r o Dwight. He wrote a "History of Con- l i s h h i s t o r i a n . H e was f o r some time employed as a clerk in the W e s t India House, and eventually devoted neeticut " (1841), etc. himself wholly to literature. He wrote " H i s t o r y of ModDwight, Theodore William. Born at Cats- ern E u r o p e " (1861-64), " A History of the City of H o m e " 7

j i . Y . ,} J u l y 18,1822 : d i e d at C l i n t o n , N . Y . ,:

June 29, 1892.

(1865), etc.

An Amerieau jurist. He was Dyfed (duv'cd).

The old British name of the

graduated at Hamilton College, Clinton, New York^in

c o u n t r y of t h e D i m e t t e , a r e g i o n i n t h e south-

Y o r k " (1822), etc., and the poems "Conquest of Canaan" (1785) a n d " Greenfield H i l l " (1794).

+er

1840, and was professor of municipal law in ^ Columbia 1 1 wCole lege 1858-91, when he became professor emeritus. He published " Argument in the Court of Appeals in the Kose W i l l Case " (1864), and " Cases extracted from the Report of the Commissioners of Charities in England, and the Disposition of Property for Charitable and Public Uses" (1864).

s t of Wales. Dying Alexander. A head, held to be a Greek original of Hellenistic date, very remarkable for the intensity of its expression of pain, and of admirable execution. Dying G-aul, The, formerly called The Dying T S S S g t f S S S X situated I n ^ T a s t Dwight, Timothy. Born at Northampton, Gladiator. A celebrated antique statue of 31 miles southeast of Boston. It is the terminus Mass., May 14 1752: died at New Haven, the Pergamene school, in the Capitolino Muof the French Atlantic cable, laid from Brest in Conn.J Jan." 11, 1817. An American Congrega- s e u m , H o m e . The warrior, nude, sits on the ground tional divine, educator, and author, a grand- with bowed head, supporting himself with his right arm. 1869. son of Jonathan Edwards: president of Yale T h e statue is especially fine in the mastery of anatomy Duyckinck (di'kingk), Evert Augustus. Born at New York, Nov. 23, 1816: died there, Aug. C o l l e g e 1795-1817. H e wrote " Theology _Explained displayed, and in its characterization of the racial type. 13, 1878. An American author. He published, and D e f e n d e d " (1818), " T r a v e l s in N e w England and New Dymond (di'mond), Jonathan. Born at Execonjointly with his brother, a " Cyclopaidia of American Literature " (1856: supplement 1865).

E n g l a n d . D e c . 19, 1 7 9 6 : d i e d M a y 6, 1828. J _L . .. ' H e followed the occupation of a

A n English author.

Dwight, Timothy. Born at Norwich, Conn., linen-draper at Essex, where in 1825 he founded an auxilDuyckinck, George Long. Bom at New York, Nov. 16,1828. An American scholar, grandson iary society of the Peace Society. His chief work is " E s s a y s Oct. 17, 1823: died there, March 30. 1863. An of Timothy Dwight (1752-1817). He was graduated on the Principles of M o r a l i t y " (1829). American biographer and critic, brother of at Yale College in 1849 ; studied divinity at Yale 1851-55, Dyveke (du've-ke), or Duveke, L . Ooliunhula and at Bonn and Berlin 1856-58; became professor of sacred (kol-um'bu-lii). [ ' L i t t l e Dove.'] Born at AmE. A. Duyckinck. literature and N e w Testament Greek in the divinity school sterdam, 1491: died, probably by poison, 1517. Duyse (doi'ze), Prudens van. Born at Den- at t a l e in 1858 ; was appointed president of Yale College dermonde, Belgium, Sept. 17, 1804: died at in 1886; and was a member of the N e w Testament Revision The mistress of Christian II. of Denmark. Christian met her in 1507 at Bergen, where her mother kept a Ghent, Belgium, Nov. 13,1859. A Flemish poet Company. He has published " T h e True Ideal of an small inn. She accompanied him to Oslo as his mistress, and essayist, curator of the archives at Ghent: American University " (1872), etc. a relation which she maintained even after his elevation poems collected in " Vaderlandsche P o e z y " D w i l i a (dwe'nä). or Dvina (dvë-nâ') : called to the throne in 1513, and his marriage to Isabella, sister (1840), " H e t Klaverblad " (1848), etc. also the Northern Dwina. A river of north of the emperor Charles V., in 1515. She has been made the D v o f a k (dvor'zhäk), Antonin. BornatMlihl- ern Russia, formed by the union of the Su- Bubject of a tragedy by Samsoe (18th century), and of va" ' Sept. -* ' 8, "• 1841. A noted Bo- khona and Witchegda in the government of Vo- •ious novels andpoems L hausen, ~ Bohemia, hemian composer. In 1857 he went to Prague and logda, flowing intothe Dwina Bay of the White Dyrrhachium (di-rSTri-um). The Eoman name joined the organ school there. I n 1873 his hymn " D i e Sea 25 miles below Archangel. Length, includ- J«is.] A native " " I ™ ™ / ^ 1S83, and in 18S4 at the Worcester musical festival. In » (18yi)> f i i 0 T n p 0 usually believed to be its aboDyur ('dyBr). 1LB 1892 he was elected director of the National Conservatory r ? c . e 0 1 B o r n e o , u s u a l l y 0 < ™ » H U l u ( Charlemagne, who appointed her abbess was college tutor in 1852. He was presented to the rectory s o u t h e a s t , e a s t , a n d n o r t h e a s t of P a l e s t i n e , a s of a nunnery, a post from which she was later dismissed for of Swanswick, near Bath, in 1857, and wasprebendof Wan- M o a b , A m m o n , A r a b i a D e s e r t a , A r m e n i a , A s stow in Wells Cathedral in 1871 and rural dean of Bath 1873- s y r i a , B a b y l o n , P a r t h i a . The countries designated immorality. She died a beggar in the streets of Favia. E a d f r i d ( e d ' f r i d ) , o r E a d f r i t h ( e - a d ' f r i t h ) . D i e d 1877. He was reelected professor of Anglo-Saxon at Oxford by the term in particular passages must be discovered in 1876, the professorship having been made permanent. from the context. 721. B i s h o p of L i n d i s f a r n e 698-721. Among his works are "Two of the Saxon Chronicles ParalE a d i e (e'di), J o h n . B o r n at A l v a , S t i r l i n g - lel " (1865), " The Philology of the English Tongue ,7(1866), 2 . T h e c o u n t r i e s c o m p r i s e d i n t h e E a s t e r n or s h i r e , S c o t l a n d , M a y 9 , 1 8 1 0 : d i e d a t G l a s g o w , "Book for the Beginner in Anglo-Saxon" (1866), " English B y z a n t i n e e m p i r e . — 3 . I n c h u r c h h i s t o r y , t h e J u n e 3, 1876. A S c o t t i s h t h e o l o g i a n a n d b i b l i - Plant Names, etc." (1880), "Anglo-Saxon Literature "(1884), c h u r c h i n t h e E a s t e r n E m p i r e a n d c o u n t r i e s c a l critic, a p p o i n t e d p r o f e s s o r of b i b l i c a l l i t e r - " A Hand Book to the l a n d Charters, etc. "(1888), "English a d j a c e n t , e s p e c i a l l y t h o s e on t h e e a s t , a s " t h e a t u r e i n t h e U n i t e d S e c e s s i o n D i v i n i t y H a l l 1843. Prose, etc." (1890), etc. W e s t " is the church in the Western Empire.— He wrote commentaries on Ephesians, Colossians, Philip- E a r l e , P l i n y . B o r n at L e i c e s t e r , M a s s . , D e c . pians, and Galatians (1854-09), "Bible Cyclopaedia"(1848), 17, 1762: d i e d a t L e i c e s t e r , N o v . 19, 1832. A n 4 . O n e of t h e f o u r g r e a t p r e f e c t u r e s i n t o w h i c h '' The English Bible: an external and critical History of va- A m e r i c a n i n v e n t o r . H i s c h i c f m v e 7 i t i o n w a s t h e R o m a n E m p i r e w a s d i v i d e d i n i t s l a t e r a m a c h i n e f o r m a k i n g c a r d s f o r c o t t o n - a n d h i s t o r y . I t comprised the dioceses of Asia, Pontus, rious English Translations of Scripture, etc." (1876), etc. the East, and Egypt, and the diocese of Thrace (from the E a d m e r , o r E d m e r ( e d ' m e r ) . D i e d 1124 (?). A n w o o l - c a r d i n g . E n g l i s h h i s t o r i a n , a m o n k of C a n t e r b u r y a n d a E a r l e , P l i n y . B o r n a t L e i c e s t e r , M a s s . , D e c . JSgean to the Danube). c o m p a n i o n a n d i n t i m a t e f r i e n d of A n s e l m . He 31, 1809: d i e d at N o r t h a m p t o n , M a s s . , M a y 18, 5 . A d i o c e s e i n t h e p r e f e c t u r e of t h e E a s t , i n was the author of the 1 ' Historia Novorum," and of lives of 1892. A n A m e r i c a n p h y s i c i a n a n d w r i t e r o n t h e l a t e r R o m a n E m p i r e . It w a s s o m e w h a t Anselm, Dunstan, and others. t h e t r e a t m e n t of t h e i n s a n e , s o n of P l i n y E a r l e m o r e c o m p r e h e n s i v e t h a n S y r i a . — 6 . I n m o d Eads (edz), James Buchanan. Born at Law- ( 1 7 6 2 - 1 8 3 2 ) . He was appointed professor of psychology e r n u s e , A s i a ; t h e O r i e n t ( w h i c h s e e ) . r e n c e b u r g , I n d . , M a y 2 3 , 1 8 2 0 : d i e d at N a s s a u , in Berkshire Medical Institution at Pittsfield, Mass., in East Africa, British. A British protectorate N e w P r o v i d e n c e , B a h a m a I s l a n d s , M a r c h 8,1887. 1852, and was superintendent of the Massachusetts State i n A f r i c a , f r o n t i n g o n t h e I n d i a n O c e a n f r o m A n A m e r i c a n e n g i n e e r . He designed and constructs Hospital for the Insane 1864-85, when he retired. Author t h e e q u a t o r t o a b o u t l a t . 5 ° S . On the northeast ed a number of United States ironclads and mortar-boats of " A Visit to Thirteen Asylums for the Insane in Europe " and north it is bounded by the Italian protectorate of for use on the Mississippi River during the Civil War; con- (1839) and " The Curability of Insanity " (1887). Somaliland find the Italian possessions in Abvssinia ( a o structed the steel arch bridge across the Mississippi at St. E a r l e , T h o m a s . B o r n at L e i c e s t e r , M a s s . , A p r i l cording to treaty of 1891). On the southwest'and south Louis 1867-74; and was subsequently employed by Con- 2 1 , 1 7 9 6 : d i e d a t P h i l a d e l p h i a , J u l y 14,1849. A n it is separated from German East Africa by Victoria gress in deepening and rendering permanent the channel A m e r i c a n l a w y e r a n d writer, s o n of P l i n y E a r l e . Nyanza, and by boundaries settled by agreements of 1886 and 1890. Westward it extends to the Kongo Free State, of the Mississippi by means of jetties, according to a plan He practised his profession at Philadelphia many years; and northwestward indefinitely. It is exploited by the proposed by himself. was an influential member of the State constitutional Imperial British East Africa Company. The capital is Eadward. S e e Edward. convention in 1837; and was the vice-presidential candi- Mombasa. Area of Ibea (the part under the Imperial British East Africa Company) and the vague "Hinterland," Eadwine. S e e Edwin. date of the Liberty party in 1840. B o r n at L o n d o n , over 1,000,000 square miles. See Zanzibar. E a g l e h a w k (e'gl-hak), A mining town in Vic- E a r l o m (er'lom), R i c h a r d . t o r i a , A u s t r a l i a , a b o u t 100 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of 1743: d i e d t h e r e , Oct, 9 , 1 8 2 2 . A n E n g l i s h m e z - East Africa, German. A German dependency zotint engraver. i n A f r i c a , a c q u i r e d i n 1885-90, a n d a d m i n i s t e r e d Melbourne. a n i m p e r i a l g o v e r n o r . On the north it borders Eagle of Brittany, The. A surname of Ber- Early (er'li), Jubal Anderson. Bom in Frank- bony British East Africa. (See above.) It fronts on the Inl i n C o u n t y , V a . , N o v . 3, 1 8 1 6 : d i e d a t L y n c h t r a n d D u G-uesclin. dian Ocean. Southward it is bordered by Portuguese b u r g , Y a . , M a r c h 2 , 1 8 9 4 . A n A m e r i c a n g e n e r a l . E a g l e Of D i v i n e s , T h e . A s u r n a m e of T h o m a s East Africa (line settled by agreements of 1886 and 1890), He graduated at West Point in 1837, and served as a lieu- and by the Nyassaland Protectorate (settled by treaty with Aquinas. tenant in the Florida war 1837-38, when he resigned his Britain 1890). Westward it borders on the Kongo Eagle of Meaux, The. A surname of Bossuet. commission and became a lawyer in Virginia. In the war Great State. The possessions of the sultan of Zanzibar on Eagle Pass (e'gl pas). A place in Maverick with Mexico he served as a major of volunteers 1847-48. Free the coast were purchased by the Germans in 1890. An inC o u n t y , s o u t h w e s t e r n T e x a s , o n t h e R i o G r a n d e He was appointed to a colonelcy in the Confederate ser- surrection in 1888-90 was suppressed by VVissmann. Area, a b o u t 140 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of S a n A n t o n i o . vice at the beginning of the Civil War, and commanded a about 380,000square miles. Population, about 2,900,000 (:). H e r e t h e M e x i c a n I n t e r n a t i o n a l R a i l r o a d m e e t s division of Lee's army at Gettysburg July 1-3,1863. Hav- East Africa, Portuguese. A Portuguese deing been ordered to the valley of the Shenandoah in 1864, the Southern Pacific. he invaded Maryland, defeated General Lewis Wallace at p e n d e n c y i n E a s t A f r i c a , f o r m e d i n 1891 o u t 348

East Africa, Portuguese

34lJ

of the colony of Mozambique under the name Eastern War. of Estado d'Afriea Oriental. It is administered by E a s t Flanders.

See Crimean War.

See Flanders, East.

Eaton, Theophilus " Dacotah " (1849)," Ilomance of I u d i a n Life " (1852), " A u n t Phillis's Cabin " (1852)," Tales of Fashionable Life "(18.56).

a commissioner. I t is bounded n o r t h by German East Africa, s o u t h a n d west by t h e British possessions and spheres of influence (delimited in 1891), a n d by t h e South African Republic. I t f r o n t s on t h e I n d i a n Ocean. Portuguese s e t t l e m e n t s on t h e eastern coast of Africa b e g a n early in t h e 16th century. W h e n t h e recent partition of t h e country began, Portugal came into collision with Great Britain, b u t t h e rival claims were a d j u s t e d in 1891. Area, 261,700 square miles. Population, about 800,000.

East Friesland (est frez'land). A region in E a s t m a n , S e t h . Barn a t Brunswick, Maine,

company founded in 1885 for the exploitation of the German Sphere of Influence in E a s t Africa.

(1890), 4,395. the junction of the Lehigh w i t h t h e DelaEast Hartlepool (est har'tl-pol). A seaport in at Durham, England, 16 miles east-southeast of ware, 52 miles north of Philadelphia. It lias

f o l k a n d S u f f o l k . Redwald was its first historical king (about f>93-617); its l a s t u n d e r - k i n g was E d m u n d (killed 870). I t formed l a t e r a p a r t of t h e Danelagh, a n d was one of the f o u r earldoms of Canute.

mercantile associations formed in different (1890), 14,481. countries in the 17th and 18th centuries for the E a s t o n , N i c h o l a s . Born ill England, 1593: died purpose of conducting uuder the auspices of the at Newport, 11. I., Aug. 15, 1675. A colonial government a monopoly of the trade of their re- governor of Rhode Island, no came from Wales in spective countries with the East Indies, (a) The 1634, a n d resided successively at I p s w i c h (Massachu-

the western part of the province of Hannover, P r u s s i a : formerly a principality. It included ori-

gin ally t h e D u t c h province of G roiling en, and n o r t h e r n Oldenburg. I t passed to Prussia in 17)4, to Holland in 1807, to Hannover in 1815, and to Prussia ill 18(j6.

J a n . 24,1808: died at Washington, D. C., Aug. 31, 1875. An American brigadier-general. Ue*vas

employed (1850-55) in t h e b u r e a u of t h e commissioner of I n d i a n affairs to illustrate the work entitled " H i s t o r y , Condition, a n d .Future Prospects of t h e I n d i a n Tribes of t h e United States," published by order of Congress 18501857.

East Goths. See Ostrogoths. E a s t h a m p t o n (est-hamp'ton). A m a n u f a c t u r New York. The easternmost district of East Africa Company, British. See British ing town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, East Brooklyn. East Africa Company, Imperial. 12 miles north-northwest of Springfield. It is E a s t o n (es'ton). A city and t h e capital of East Africa Company, uerman. A German the seat of Williston Seminary. Population

Northampton County, Pennsylvania, situated

Durham. Population (1891), 21,521. East Anglia (est ang'gli-a). An ancient Eng- East India Company. The name of various lish kingdom, corresponding to the modern Nor-

considerable manufactures, is t h e centcr of an iron-ore region, and is t h e seat of Lafayette College. Population

E a s t A n g l i a n . A general t e r m for the dialects Danish E a s t I n d i a Company was organized in 1618; was setts), N e w b u r y (Massachusetts), H a m p t o n (New Hampin 1634; was reorganized in 1670; a n d was finally shire), a n d Newport (Rhode Island). He was governor of England spoken in the eastern districts (those dissolved dissolved in 1729, w h e n its possessions, t h e chief of which of t h e u n i t e d colonies of R h o d e Island and Providence northeast of London). was T r a n q u e b a r on the Coromandel coast, were ceded to 1650-52. E a s t b o u r n e (est'bern). A watering-place in t h e g o v e r n m e n t . (6) T h e Dutch East I n d i a Company was Sussex, England, situated on the English Chan- f o r m e d by t h e union of several smaller t r a d i n g compa- E a s t p o r t (est'port). A seaport in "Washington March 20,1602. I t received from t h e state a monopoly County, Maine, situated oil Moose Island in nel 19 miles east of Brighton. It is strongly nies of t h e t r a d e on t h e f u r t h e r side of t h e Strait of Magellan P a s s a m a q u o d d y Bay, in lat. 44° 54' N., long. fortified. Population (1891). 34,977. a n d of t h e Cape of Good Hope, including t h e r i g h t to 66° 59' W . It is the easternmost town of the East Cape (est kap). 1. A cape at the eastern m a k e treaties a n d alliances in t h e n a m e of t h e .States- United States. Population (1890), 4,908. extremity of Madagascar.— 2. A cape at t h e General, to establish factories a n d forts, and to employ soli t f o u n d e d Batavia in J a v a on t h e site of a native East Retford. A town ill Nottinghamshire, eastern extremity of the North Island of New diers. city in 1619, a n d in t h e m i d d l e of t h e 17th century held Zealand.—3. [Russ. Fostokhni.] A capo in t h e principal seats of commerce t h r o u g h o u t t h e Indian England, situated on the Idle 22 miles east of Siberia, t h e easternmost headland in Asia, archipelago, including Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, a n d Bor- Sheffield. Population (1891), 10,603. projecting into Bering Strait in lat. 66° N., neo, a n d h a d flourishing colonics in South Africa. I t was E a s t R i v e r . A strait between Now York and dissolved and its territories transferred to t h e s t a t e Sept. Brooklyn, connecting L o n g Island Sound with long. 169° 4 4 ' W . 12, 1795. (c) The English E a s t I n d i a Company, come w Y o r k B a y . L e n g t h t o the e n t r a n c e of t h e Harlem, E a s t c h e a p (est'ehep). [ME. Estchepe, Eastern posed originally of I.ondon merchants, was incorporated N Market. See Chcapside.'] Originally, the east- by Queen Elizabeth Dec. 31, 1600, u n d e r t h e t i t l e of " T h e 9 miles ; to F o r t Schuyler, 10 miles. W i d t h between New York a n d Brooklyn, £ t o % mile. ern market-place of t h e city of London, located Governor and Company of M e r c h a n t s of London t r a d i n g at the junction of W a t l i n g street and Ermine with t h e East Indies." I t obtained f r o m t h e c o u r t of East River Bridge. See Brooklyn Bridge. E a s t S a g i n a w . A city in Saginaw County, Delhi in 1612 t h e privilege of establishing a factory at S t r e e t . I t was q u i t e large, including t h e site of modern Billingsgate a n d Leadenhall m a r k e t s . Eastchcap is now Surat, w h i c h c o n t i n u e d to be t h e chief British station in Michigan, situated on Saginaw Kiver. it is a a small street r u n n i n g east a n d west near t h e n o r t h e r n end of London Bridge.

E a s t C o w e s (est kouz). A small town in the Isle of Wight, England, opposite West Cowcs. N e a r it is t h e royal residence of Osborne. E a s t E n d (est end). T h a t p a r t of London which lies cast of t h e Bank, including a large and thickly settled region noted for its poverty. E a s t e r I s l a n d ( e s ' t e r l ' l a n d ) . An island in t h e eastern Pacific, west "of Chile, in lat. 27° 30' S., long. 109° 30' W . It is noted for its gigantic prehistoric statues.

E a s t e r n Archipelago, See Malay Archipelago.

Eastern Empire (es'tern em'pir), or Byzan-

t i n e E m p i r e (biz'an-tin or bi-zan'tin em'pir), or G r e e k E m p i r e (grek e m ' p i r ) : also called

the Lower Empire.

The eastern division of

the R o m a n Empire, and, a f t e r 476, the R o m a n Empire itself, with its capital at Constantinople, and with greatly varying boundaries. It in-

eluded a t its g r e a t e s t extent s o u t h e a s t e r n Europe, western Asia, n o r t h e r n Africa, p a r t of Italy, and various islands. A f t e r 800 its rival in t h e W e s t was t h e E m p i r e of t h e West, a n d t h e R o m a n E m p i r e of the German nation. T h e leading f a c t s in i t s history a r e : f o u n d a t i o n of Cons t a n t i n o p l e 330 A. D.; final separation of t h e Eastern a n d W e s t e r n empires on t h e death of Theodosius, 395 ; reign of J u s t i n i a n , 527-565; reign of Hei'aclius (restoration of i h e Roman power, duel w i t h Persia, beginning of t h e Saracen conquests), 610-641; reign of Leo t h e Isaurian, 717-741; t h e Macedonian dynasty (Basil I., Constantine V I I . , Nicephorus I I . , J o h n I., Basil II., etc.), 867-1057; dynasty of Comnenus (Alexius I., Crusades, Manuel I., etc.), 1081-1185; Isaac I I . (Angelus), 1185-95; fall of t h e empire u n d e r Alexius I I I . , conquest of Constantinople, a n d division of t h e empire by t h e Venetians a n d Crusaders, 1203-04 ; Latin empire at Constantinople, 1206-61; t h e Greek empire continued at Nicaea, 1204-61; t h e Greek e m p i r e at Constantinople reestablished u n d e r t h e dynasty of Palasologus, 1261; o v e r t h r o w of t h e empire und e r Constantine XI., and c a p t u r e of Constantinople b y t h e T u r k s u n d e r Mahomet I I . , 1453.

I n d i a u n t i l t h e organization of Bombay. In 1615 it received permission of t h e natives to erect F o r t St. George at Madras. I n 1661 it was invested by Charles I I . with a u t h o r i t y to make peace a n d war with infidel powers, erect forts, acquire territory, a n d exercisc civil and criminal jurisdiction in its settlements. I n 1668 it obtained a grant of t h e island of Bombay, w h i c h f o r m e d p a r t of t h e dower of Catharine of Portugal. I n 1675 it established a factory on t h e H u g l i in Bengal, which led to t h e foundation of Calcutta. In 1749 it inaugurated, by t h e expulsion of t h e R a j a h of Tanjore, a series of territorial conquests which resulted in t h e acquisition and organization of British India. A g o v e r n m e n t board of control was established b y P a r l i a m e n t in 1784, and in 1858 t h e company relinquished altogether its f u n c t i o n s of g o v e r n m e n t to the crown. (d) T h e F r e n c h East India Company was f o u n d e d by Colbert in 1664. I t established a factory at Surat in Aug., 1675, a n d acquired P o n d i c h e n y , which became t h e capital of t h e F r e n c h possessions on t h e Corom a n d e l coast. I t was dissolved Aug. 13, 1769, when its territories were ceded to t h e crown, (e) T h e Swedish East I n d i a Company was formed at Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1741, a n d was reorganized in 1806.

East India United Service Club. A London

club established in 1848. The club-house is at 16 St. James's Square, London. E a s t I n d i e s . [Formerly sometimes East Indies: so called in distinction f r o m the newly discovered countries in America, supposed at first to b e remoter p a r t s of India, and called the West Indies or West Indias. See West Indies.] A vague collective name for Hindustan, F a r t h e r India, and t h e Malay Archipelago.

Eastlake (est'lak), Sir Charles Lock, Bom at

Plymouth, England, Nov. 17,1793: died at Pisa, Italy, Dec. 23. 1865. An English painter. He lived at R o m e 1816-30, and at London 1830-55; was keeper of t h e National Gallery 1843-47; was president of t h e lloyal Academy f r o m 1850 until his d e a t h ; a n d was k n i g h t e d in 1850. I l i s b e s t painting is " P i l g r i m s in Sight of H o m e " (1828).

E a s t L i v e r p o o l . A town in Columbiana County, Eastern Question, The. The collective name Ohio, situated on t h e Ohio River 35 miles northgiven to the several problems or complications west of Pittsburg. It has m a n u f a c t u r e s of potin the i n t e r n a t i o n a l polities of Europe growing tery. Population (1890), 10,956. out of the presence of the Turkish power in E a s t L o n d o n . A seaport in Cape Colony, lat. 33° 2' S., long. 27° 55' E. Population, 6,858. t h e southeast.

E a s t e r n Biumelia (es'tern rd-me'lia).

Eastern states.

A popular designation of the

six New England S t a t e s : Maine, New H a m p shire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. E a s t e r n T u r k e s t a n . Same as East Turkestan,

East Main.

East Saint Louis.

I t is now consoli-

A town in Saint Clair

County, Illinois, situated on the Mississippi opposite Saint Louis. Population (1890). 15,169.

East Saxons. See Saxons and Essex.

E a s t S h o r e . The p a r t of Maryland which lies east of Chesapeake Bay. E a s t T u r k e s t a n (also known formerly as C h i -

nese Turkestan or Little Bokhara). A de-

pendency of t h e Chinese empire in

central

A s i a . The Thian-Shan M o u n t a i n s separate it from Asiatic R u s s i a : Sungaria lies on t h e n o r t h ; t h e K w e n - I u n M o u n t a i n s separate it f r o m Tibet and K a s h m i r on t h e s o u t h ; a n d t h e Pamirs a n d Asiatic R u s s i a are on t h e west. T h e chief river is the Tarim ; t h e chief city, Yark a n d . I t f o r m s t h e Chinese Lu, or southern circuit of Ili. Length, about 1,250 miles. Area, 431,SCO square miles. Population, estimated, 580,000.

E a s t w a r d H o ! A comedy written chiefly b y Chapman and Marston, with contributions by

Jonson. I t was w r i t t e n and acted d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r of 1004-05, and was entered u p o n t h e Stationers' Register Sept. 4, 1605. T h e a u t h o r s were imprisoned for satirizing t h e Scots in t h i s play, and sentenced to have their ears a n d noses split. Jonson, t h o u g h not responsible for t h e obnoxious passages, gave himself u p with his friends. At a feast given by him a f t e r t h e i r delivery, his m o t h e r drank to his h e a l t h and exhibited a package of ' ' l u s t y , strong p o i s o n " which, had t h e s e n t e n c e of mutilation been carried out, she' was to " have m i x t in t h e prison a m o n g his d r i n k , " and to have first d r u n k of it herself (Fleay). The play was revived in 1751 as " The P r e n t i c e s , " and in 1775 as " O l d City M a n n e r s . "

Easy (e'zi), Sir Charles. The " careless husb a n d " in Cibber's comedy of t h a t name.

He is

dissolute a n d lazy, b u t n o t entirely vicious, and is finally b r o u g h t b a c k t o t h e p a t h of virtue by Lady Easy, his wife. She m a k e s i t a p o i n t never t o rufile h i m with jealousy.

Easy, Midshipman. Se e Mr. Midsh ip m a n Easy.

Eaton (e'ton), Daniel Cady. Born at Fort

Gratiot, Mich., Sept. 12, 1834: died at New Haven, J u n e 29, 1895. An American botanist, grandson of Amos Eaton. He graduated in 1857 at Yale College, in which institution h e b e c a m e professor of b o t a n y in 1864. H e published " F e r n s of t h e S o u t h w e s t " ( " United States Geological Survey," Vol, VI, ls78) and " F e r n s of N o r t h America " (1878-79).

Eaton, George W. Born at Henderson, HunSame as Haddingtonshire. A portion of the Northwest Ter- tingdon County, Pa., J u l y 3. 1804: died at

The East Lothian.

s o u t h e r n p o r t i o n o f B u l g a r i a , i t lies s o u t h of t h e Balkans, a n d s o u t h a n d east of Bulgaria proper. I t was f o r m e d by t h e t r e a t y of Berlin (1878) o u t of Turkish territory, a n d m a d e an autonomous province with a Turkish-appolnted governor-general. By t h e revolution of Sept. 17,1885, t h e g o v e r n m e n t was overthrown, a n d union with Bulgaria proclaimed. T h e new a r r a n g e m e n t was recognized by T u r k e y in 1886. The chief city is Philippopolis. Area, estimated, 12,500 square miles. Population (1888), 960,441.

center of t h e l u m b e r and salt trade. d a t e d with Saginaw (which see).

ritories of Canada, lying east of H u d s o n Bay and west of L a b r a d o r proper. E a s t M a i n . A river in Canada which flows into J a m e s Bay. Length, about 400 miles.

Hamilton, N. Y., Aug. 3, 1872. An American educator and Baptist clergyman. He was presi-

lington, Vt., 1861. A n American poet and jour-

was appointed in 1637. In 1639 he was fined 100 m a r k s for gross b r u t a l i t y t o one of hi3 ushers, N a t h a n i e l Briscoe, w h e r e u p o n he fled to Virginia, leaving d e b t s t o t h e a m o u n t of £1,000.

d e n t of Madison University (Hamilton) 1856-68, and of H a m i l t o n Theological Seminary 1861-71.

a t o n , N a t h a n i e l . Died in London a f t e r 1660. Eastman (est'man), Charles G-amage. Born EThe first head-master of H a r v a r d College. He at Fryeburg, Maine, J u n e 1,1816: died at Burnalist. H e was f o r m a n y years proprietor and editor of t h e " V e r m o n t Patriot," published at Montpelier,Vermont. InJ1848 h e p u b l i s h e d a volume of poetry.

Eaton, Theophilus. Died at New Haven, Eastman, Mrs. (Mary Henderson). Born at Conn., J a n . 7, 1658. F i r s t governor of the Warrenton, Va., in 1817. An American novelist, Wife of Seth Eastman. Among her works are

colony of New H a v e n . He came in 1637 from Lon-

don to*New England with J o h n Davenport, whom h e as-

Eaton, Theophilua aisted in the purchase of Quioipiak from the Indiana as a site for the colony of New Haven, which was planted iu 1638. In 1639 he was elected governor of the colony, which post he retained until his death.

E a t o n , W i l l i a m . Born at Woodstock, Conn., Feb. 23,1761: died at Brimfield, Mass., June 1, 1811. A n American officer and adventurer, c o n s u l at T u n i s 1799-1803. He was subsequently

Echidna

350 F e b . 2, 1838. A n American physician and medical writer.

ever, seems to be turned in favour of the former by an inscription more recently discovered, and certainly reading EBVR. Wright, Celt, p. 128.

Ebers (ä'bers), Carl Friedrich. Bom at Cas- Ebrard (ä'brärt), Johann Heinrich August. sel, March 20, 1770: died at Berlin, Sept. 9, 1836.

A German musical composer.

Ebers, Ernil. Bom at Breslau, Dec. 14, 1807: died at Beuthen on the Oder, 1884.

A German

appointed United States naval agent to the Barbary states, painter. Born at Berlin, March 1, 1837. and during the Tripolitan war organized a movement E b e r s , G e o r g . among the natives to restore Hamet, the brother of the A G e r m a n E g y p t o l o g i s t and n o v e l i s t . He first reigning pasha, Yussuf Oaramalli. With the assistance studied jurisprudence at Göttingen, then Oriental lanand archaeology at Berlin. In 1865 he became doof the American squadron he took Derne iu 1805, and was guages cent in Egyptian language and antiquities at the Univerabout to march on Tripoli when peaca was concluded in sity of Jena; in 1870 he was called to Leipsic as professor 1806 between the United States and the reigning bey. in the same fleld. His first work, " Ägypten und die E a t o n , W y a t t . Boril at Philipsburg, Canada, Bücher Hoses " ( " E g y p t and the Books of Moses"), apMay 6,1849. A n American figure and portrait peared 1867-68. In 1869-70 he made a journey to Egypt, p a i n t e r . He studied at the National Academy of Desigo which was repeated iu 1872-73, when he discovered the in New York and with Gröröme in Paris. Among his por- so-called "Papyrus Ebers," published in 1874 under the traits are those of William Cull en Bryant and Timothy Cole. title " Papyrus E., ein hieratisches Handbuch der ägyptischen Medizin." "Durch Gosen zum Sinai" ("Through E a u C l a i r e (ö klär). [F., 'clear w a t e r / ] A Goshen to Sinai") appeared in 1872; ^Ägypten in Wort und city in Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, situated Bild " (' 1 Egypt in Word and Picture ") in 1878. Among his on the Chippewa Eiver 83 miles east by south romances are " E i n e ägyptische Königstochter" ("An of St. Paul. It has an important lumber trade. Egyptian Princess," 1864), " Uarda " (1877), "Homo Sum " (1878\ "Die Schwestern" {"The Sisters." 1880), " Der KaiPopulation (1890), 17,415. ( " T h e Emperor," 1881), " S e r a p i s u (1685), "Die JS'ilEaux Bonnes (o bon). [F.,'good waters.'] A ser" b r a u t " (1887), ' Joshua " (1889), etc. watering-place in the department of Basses-

Born at Erlangen, Bavaria, Jan. 18,1818 : died there, July 23,1888. A German clergyman of the Reformed Church, and theological and miscellaneous writer. Ebro (ä'brö). [L. Iberus, F . Èbre.~] A river in Spain which rises in the province of Santander and flows into the Mediterranean in lat. 40° 42' X., long. 0° 51' E. Length, about 440 miles. Saragossa is situated on it.

Ecbatana (ek-bat'a-nä), or Agbatana (agbat'a-na), or A c h m e t h a (äk'me-tha). [Anc i e n t P e r s i a n Hangmatdna ; in B a b y l o n i a n ins c r i p t i o n s Agamatanu or Agamtanu; modern Hamaddn.~\ T h e c a p i t a l of M e d i a , b u i l t , accordi n g t o f a b l e , b y S e m i r a m i s . It was captured and

plundered by Cyrus in 550 B. c., and was used by the Persian monarchs as a summer residence. Alexander the Great spent some months there in 824 B. c. It is mentioned in the Bible (Ezra vi. 2) as the place in which the decrec of Cyrus permitting the Jews to rebuild the temple was found. Hamadàn is one of the most important citieB of modern Persia.

Pyr6n6es, France, about 28 miles south of Pau. E b e r s w a l d e (ä'berz-väl-de). A town in t h e E c c a r d (ek'kärd), J o h a n n e s . Born at Mühlprovince of Brandenburg, Prussia, 28 miles hausen, Thuringia, in 1553 : died at Berlin in It is noted for its springs (chloridof sodium). E a u z e (oz). A town in the department of Gers, northeast of Berlin. Population (1890), 15,977. 1611. A German musician, noted as a comFrance, 29 miles northwest of Auch. It is on E b e r t (ä'bert), A d o l f . Born at Cassel,Prussia, p o s e r of c h u r c h m u s i c . In 1589 he was made kapellthe site of the RomanElusa. Population (1891), J u n e 1, 1820: died J u l y 1, 1890. A German meister to the margrave of Brandenburg at Königsberg ; in 1608 he was given the same position under the Kurfürst commune, 4,110. Romance philologist, professor at Leipsic from at Berlin, lie wróte both sacred music and songs. E b a l (e'bal). A mountain in Palestine, form- 1862. E c c e H o m o (ek'se hö'mö). [L., 'behold, the i n g t h e northern side of the fertile v a l l e y in which lies Nablus, the ancient Shechem. Mount Ebert, Friedrich Adolf. Born at Taucha, near man!'] The name given (from the words of Leipsic, July 9, 1791: died at Dresden, Nov. P i l a t e ) t o r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s of Christ w i t h t h e Ebal rises to the height of 2,986 feet(or, according to some, 13, 1834. A German bibliographer. He was li- C r o w n of t h o r n s . Among the best-known paintings 3,077 feet). From Ebal the curse for disobedience to the law was pronounced, the blessing for obedience being given from Mount Gerizim, which lies opposite on the south of the valley. Upon Ebal Joshua erected the first altar to Jehovah after conquering Canaan. Its modern Arabic name is Jebel Eslamiyah.

brarian at Wolfenbüttel (1828), and later (1826) at Dresden. His principal work is an " Allgemeines bibliographisches Lexikon " (1821-30).

Ebert, Karl Egon yon, Born at Prague, Bohe-

mia, J u n e 5,1801: died there, Oct. 24,1882. A % E b b s f i e e t (ebz'flet). A hamlet i n t h e Isle of German poet. E Thanet, Kent, England, miles west-south- b i n g e n (ä'bing-en). A t o w n m the Black w e s t of l i a i n s g a t e . It was the landing-place of Forest circle, "Würtemberg. Population (1890), 6,864. Hengist and Horsa in 449, and of St. Augustine in 597. Ebionites (e'bi-on-its). [From LL. Ebionitee,

Ebel (ä'bel), Hermann Wilhelm. Born at

Berlin, May 10, 1820: died at Misdroi, Pomerania, Prussia, Aug. 19, 1875. A German philologist, especially distinguished i n Celtic philology: professor at Berlin from 1872. H i s chief work is a revision of Zeuss's "Grammatica celtica " (187.1), E b e l i n g (a'bel-ing), A d o l f . Born at Hamburg, Oct. 2i, 1827. A German writer. He traveled in

Brazil; lived in Paris as a teacher and newspaper correspondent until 1870; and then lived successively in Düsseldorf, Cologne, Metz, Cairo, and Cologne. His works include " Lebende Bilder aus dem modernen PariB " (18661876), " Bilder aus Cairo " (1878), etc.

Ebeling, Christoph Daniel. Born at Garmis-

sen, near Hildesheim, Prussia, Nov. 20, 1741: died at Hamburg, J u n e 30, 1817. A Gorman geographer. H e contributed to Büsching's "Erdbeschreibung" the volumes on America (1794-1816).

Ebelsberg (a'belz-bero), or Ebersberg (ä'berz-

of this subject is oue by Titian (1543), in the Imperial Gallery at Vienna. Christ, bleeding and crowned with thorns, is led out from the palace above a flight of steps by soldiers. Below are a mocking company of soldiers and people, in which a portrait of the sultan Suliman is conspicuous.

Ecce Homo : A Survey of the Life and Work

of J e s u s C h r i s t . The chief work of Professor John Robert Seeley of Cambridge, England, it

was first published anonymously in 1865. I t created much excitement among various Protestant denominations, and elicited a number of replies. 'ebydn), lit. 'the poor'; the origin of the appli- Eccelino da Romano. See Ezzelino da Rocation of the name is uncertain.] A party of mano.

p i . , Gr. 'Eßiuvaiot, f r o m H e b . 1ebyonim

(pi. of

Judaizing Christians which appeared in the E c c l e f e c h a n (ek-1-feéh'an). A village in Dumchurch as early as the 2d century, and disap- fries, Scotland, 13 miles east of Dumfries. It p e a r e d a b o u t t h e 4 t h century. They agreed in (a) i s noted as the birthplace of Thomas Carlyle. the recognition of Jesus as the Messiah, (&) the denial of Ecclemach. See Eslen. his divinity, (c) belief in the universal obligation of the Mosaic law, and (d) rejection of Paul and his writings. E c c l e s f i e l d (ek'lz-féld). A manufacturing t o w n The two great divisions of Ebionites were the Pharisaic in Yorkshire, England, near Sheffield. Ebionites, who emphasized the obligation of the Mosaic Ecclesiastes, or The Treacher. fGr. ÍKK7^T¡GIlaw, and the Essenic Ebionites, who were more speculative acriKÓg, a member of the ecclesia (ckkXtjuIo), an e c c l e s i a s t : a t r a n s l a t i o n of H e b . qohcìeth.] A and leaned toward Gnosticism. E b l i s (eb'lis), or I b l i S (ib'lis). I n Arabian my- book of the Old Testament, commonly ascribed thology, the chief of the evil spirits. Beckford to Solomon, but probably of later date. E c c l e s t o n (ek'lz-ton), S a m u e l . Born in K e n t i n t r o d u c e s h i m ill " V a t h e k . " S e e Azazel. His person was that of a young man whose noble and County, Md., J u n e 27, 1801: died at Georgeregular features seemed to have been tarnished by malig- town, D. C., April 21, 1851. An American prelnant vapours. In his large eyes appeared both pride and ate of the Roman Catholic Church. H e became despair; his flowing hair retained some resemblance to archbishop of Baltimore in_1834. that of an angel of light. In his hand, which thunder had blasted, he swayed the iron sceptre that causes the mon- E c c l e s i a z u s a e (ek-klè-zi-a-zu'sè). A comedy of ster Ouranabad, the Afrits, and all the powers of the Aristophanes, exhibited in 392 B. c. in it the abyss to tremble. Beckford, Vathek, p. 102. women meet in'parliament (whence the name), and decide to take control of the state, with community of goods Eblis, Hall of. See the extract. and husbands. The play is inferior in literary quality, Iu the midst of this immense hall, a vast multitude was and is marked by obscenity. incessantly passing, who severally kept their right hands Ecffberht. See Egbert. on their hearts [which were on fire], without once regard-

bera). A small place in Upper Austria, on the Traun southeast of Linz, where the F r e n c h in May, 1809, defeated the Austrians. E b e n e z e r (eb-e-ne'zer). [Heb., 1 stone of help.'] A stone set u p by Samuel, after a defeat of the Philistines, as a memorial of divine aid. Eber. See Heber. ing anything around them. They had all the livid pateness Echeetee. See Sì tcM ti. of death. Their eyes, deep sunk in their sockets, resem- E c h e l o o t (e'che-lot). A tribe of the Upper E b e r b a c h (ä'ber-bäch). A small town in Baden, bled those phosphoric meteors that glimmer by night in Chinook division of North American Indians, on the Neckar 14 miles east of Heidelberg. places of interment. Some stalked slowly on, absorbed in first encountered b y L e w i s and Clarke near E b e r h a r d (ä'ber-härt) I . Born Dec. 11, 1445: profound reverie; some, shrieking with agony, ran furiously the Dalles of the Columbia Eiver, and probably died Feb. 24,1496. First Duke of Würtemberg, about, like tigers wounded with poisoned arrows; whilst e x t i n c t . S e e Chinookan. grinding their teeth in rage, foamed along, more 1495. H e consolidated the country, framed its others, frantic than the wildest maniac. Beckford, Vathek, p, 191. Echenique (ä-chä-ne'kä), José Rufino. Born constitution, and established the University of at Puno, 1808 : died at Arequipa, Get. 18, 1879. Tübingen (1477). E b o l i (a'bo-le). A town in the province of Sa- A Peruvian general and statesman. He served Santa Cruz, but after the defeat at Yungay (Jan., Eberhard, Christian August Gottlob. Born lerno, Italy, 45 miles east-southeast of Naples. under 1839) he gave his allegiance to Gamarra. In 1843 he was at Belzig, Prussia, Jan. la, 1769: died at Dres- Population (1881), 9,089. one of the leaders of the revolt against Vivanco. He was den, May 13, 1845. A German poet and prose- Eboli, Princess of (Anna de Mendoza). Born elected president of Peru April 20, 1851. Revolts against in June, 1540: died at Pastrana, Spain, Feb. w r i t e r . He wrote " Hannchen und die Küchlein " (1822: 2, 1592. Daughter of Don Diego Hurtado de him, beginning in 1853, resulted in his defeat by Castilla a domestic idyl), "Der erste Mensch und die Erde " (1828), Mendoza, viceroy of Peru, a n d mistress of and exile, Jan., 1855. He returned in 1862; aided in the etc. P h i l i p II. of S p a i n . She married in 1559 the favorite defease of Callao in 1866 ; and was again a presidential can-

Eberhard, Johann August. Born at Halber-

stadt, Prussia, Aug. 31, 1739: died Jan. 6,1809. A German philosopher, professor at Halle from 1778. H e published " N e u e Apologie des Sokrates" (1772), etc.

Eberhard, Konrad.

Born at Hindelang, Ba-

Bui Gomez de Silva, prince of Eboli. While mistress of the king she sustained similar relations to the minister Antonio Perez. She was, in consequence of a political intrigue, betrayed by Escovedo, the secret agent at the court of Don John of Austria. Escovedo being murdered soon after by Perez, she was suspected of complicity in the crime, and was banished from court im 1574?. She figures as one of the characters in Schiller's "Don Carlos."

didate in 1872.

Echeverría (ä-chä-va-re'ä), Estéban.

Born

in Buenos Ayres, 1809: died at Montevideo, 1851. A n A r g e n t i n e p o e t . He published lyrical

poems and others, including " L a Cautiva," " E l Angel Cai do," and "Elvira." He was banished by the dictator

varia, Nov. 25, 1768: died at Munich, March Echeverría, Francisco Javier. Born in Jalapa, 13,1859. A German sculptor. H i s most notaEboracum (e-bor'a-kum), or Eburacum (e-bur'- July 25,1797 : died at Mexico, Sept. 17,1852. A ble works are at Munich. Mexican financier. He was secretary of the treasury E b e r l (ä'berl), A n t o n . Born at Vienna, June a-kum). The Roman name of York. ill 1834, again in 1838, and finally from 1S39 to 1841. In .Eburacum is the spelling given in the Itinerary of An- 1839 lie succeeded in funding the Mexican debt. He was 13, 1766: died there, March 11, 1807. A Gertoninus, in Ptolemy, and in the geographer of Ravenna, acting president for a short time in 1841. man pianist and composer. while an inscription formerly found in York, but not preE b e r l e (eb'6r-le), J o h n . Born at Hagerstown, served, as well as the Roman historians who mention this E c h i d n a (e-kid'nä). [Gr. "E^ríva.] In Greek Md., Dec. 10, 1787: died at Lexington, Ky., place, call it Eboracum. The weight of authority, how- mythology, a monster half maiden, half scr-

351 Echidna Eden, W i l l i a m pent, daughter of Chrysaor aud Callirrhoe (or of t h e D a r l e y A r a b i a n . H e was a chestnut horse with North Holland, Netherlands, situated near the Tartarus and Ge), and mother of the Chimseras, a blaze and one white leg. American Eclipse was an Zuider Zee 11 miles northeast of Amsterdam. the Sphinx, Cerberus, and other monsters. She American horse foaled in 1814. It is noted for its cheese. Population (1891) Eclympasteyre. A name given by Chaucer in 6,424. was slain by Argos while sleeping. Echinades (e-kin'a-dez). In ancient geography, " T h e Book of the Duchess" to the heir of Mor- Edda (ed'a). [ON. Edda, poetics. Etymologically connected with ON. odhr, poetry, meter, a group of islands west of Acamania in Greece, pheus, the god of sleep. mind, soul.] A work written (in prose and "Morpheus, and Eclympasteyre situated about lat. 38° 25' N., now reunited, in verse) by Snorri Sturluson(born 1178: died by That was the god of slepes heyre." part, to the mainland. I t is supposed to be a name of his own invention. Frois- assassination 1241), containing the old mytholEcho (ek'ö). [Gr. 'II;tA] In Greek mythology, sait uses the same name in his "Paradis d ' A m o u r , " b u t ogy of Scandinavia and the old rules for versemaking ; also, a collection of ancient Icelandic a nymph who by her prattling prevented Hera he is merely copying Chaucer. Skeat. from surprising her husband Zeus in the com- Ecnomus (ek'no-mus). [Gr. "EKvojioç,'] A hill p o e m s . The name Edda (whether given by Snorri himpany of the nymphs. The goddess punished her by near the modern Licata, southern coast of Sicily. self is not known) occurs in the inscription of one of the of the work. Snorri's Rdda as it was origicondemning her never to speakfirstand never to be silent Here, 811 B. c., the Carthaginians defeated the Syracusan manuscripts nally written consisted of three parts : the Gylfagiiming when any one else spoke. She pined away to a bodiless tyrant Agathocles. Near here, 256 B. c., the Roman ileet (delusion of Gylii), an epitome of the old mythology; voice (echo) for love of Narcissus. defeated the Carthaginians. Skaldskaparmal (art of poetry), an explanation of poetical Echo Canon (ek'ö kan'yon). A remarkable École des Femmes, L ' (lâ-kol' dà f a m ' ) . [F., expressions and periphrases; and Hattatal (list of meters), a laudatory poem on the Norwegian king Hakon Hakonscanon in the Wahsatch Mountains in northern 4 The School of Wives.'] A comedy by Molière, son, and Jarl Skuli, in which all forms of verse used in the Utah, traversed bv the Union Pacific Railroad. produced Dec. 2G, 1662. old poetry are exemplified. To this was ultimately added Echo Lake. The n a m e o f v a r i o u s s m a l l s h e e t s a Formali (preface), and the Bragaroedhur (sayings of [ F . / Cri- Bragi), Of w a t e r , ( a ) A lake in N e w Hampshire, in the Fran- Ecole des Femmes, Critique de 1\ describing the origin of poetry, and in some manuA play by scripts Thulur, or a rimed glossary of synonyms, lists of conia Notch, (b) A lake near North Conway, New Hamp- tique of the School of Wives.'] Molière, retorting on the critics of his play, and poets, etc. The work was intended as a handbook of shire. Echternach (ech'ter-näch). A town in Luxem- particularly the critical marquis, his favorite poets. I n the year KI4S the Icelandic bishop Brynjulf Sveinsson discovered a collection of old mythological burg, on the Sure 18 miles northeast of Lux- butt, produced June 1, 1663. [F., poems which was erroneously ascribed to Sscmnnd Sige m b u r g . I t has a noted abbey church. The yearly Ecole des Maris, L' (lâ-kol' d i mâ-re'). fussori (born l o r e : died 11.M), and hence called from him ' The School of Husbands.'] A comedy by Mo- Ssemundar Edda hins Frodha, the Edda of Ssemund religious ''dancing-procession," or dance-feast, held at Whitsuntide, is celebrated. I t originated in a superlière, produced in 1661. Sganarelle, as the guardian the Learned. The poems that composc thi3 Edda are of stitious elfort to prevent a return of an epidemic of St. Vitus's dance which visited the place in the Sth century.

of a young girl, is the hero of this play, the plot of which is partly taken from Tcrcnce, Boccaccio, and Lope de Vega.

unknown origin and authorship. They are supposed to have been collected about the middle of the 13th century,

École Spéciale des Mines, École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures, Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, etc.

and has been rebuilt in 1700,1750-59, and 187U-82. In the present structure the light (159,600 candle-power) is 133

but were composed at widely different periods down from Echuca (e-chö'kä). A town in Victoria, AusA French school of the 9th century, to the first half of which the oldest is to tralia, at the junction of the Campaspe and École Polytechnique. be assigned: hence the name now given to this collectechnology, f o u n d e d b y decree of the ConvenMurray. tion, tho Elder or Poetic Edda, in distinction from the t i o n , M a r c h 1 1 , 1 7 9 4 . From its origin and object of its £ c i j a (ä'the-Hä). A city in the province of Se- foundation it was devoted to instruction in purely scien- Younger or Prose Edda of Snorri, to which alone the ville, Spain, situated on the Jenil 47 miles east- tific and technical branches, such as artillery, military name Edda legitimately belonged. Tho Elder Edda is northeast of Seville: the Roman Astigi or and civil engineering, the building of roads and bridges, usually considered to include 32 poems (some of them Augusta Firma in Baltic a. Population (1887), ship-building, etc. There were at first 360 students, and fragmentary). 29 of which are in Brynjulf's MS., the Codex Regius of the Edda, and three from other sources. the course was 3 years. The number was later decreased 23,615. to '200, a:id the term shortened to 2 years. A f t e r graduaEck (ek), Johann von (originally Maier or tion the students choose between a military and a civil Eddystone ( e d ' i - s t o n ) Rocks. ['Whirlpool M a y r ) . Born at Eck, Bavaria, Nov. 13, 1486: career. The military students go to the École d'Applidied at Ingolstadt, Bavaria, Feb. 10, 1543. A cation at Metz for 2 years, after which they enter the rocks.'] - A reef in the English Channel, south German theologian, one of the most active op- army as lieutenants. T h e others enter various special of Cornwall, in lat. 50° 10' 49' N., long. 4° 1(5' ponents of Luther and the Reformation. He be- schools in Paris, such as the École des Ponts et (/haussées, W . On them a famous lighthouse was erected 1696-99, came professor of theology at Ingolstadt in 1510. H e disputed at Leipsic with Karlstadt and Luther in 1519, and procured the papal bull against Luther in 1520.

Eckermann (ek'er-män), Johann Peter. Born at Winsen, Hannover, Sept. 21, 1792: died at Weimar, Dec. 3, 1854. A German writer, a friend and literary executor of Goethe. He is known chiefly from his "Gespräche mit Goethe " ( " C o n versations with Goethe," 1836-48).

Economy (c-kon'ô-mi). A township 17 miles feet above the sea, and can be seen for 17£ miles. [Traditionally derived from northwest of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania: the seat Eden (e'den). 'eden, delight, pleasure, probably conof a community of Harmonists. Population Heb. nected with Babylonian edinu, field or park.] (1890), 1,029. In biblical history, the name of the first abode Écorcheurs (â-kor-shér'), Les. Bands of armed of man, in the midst of which a garden, the garden of Eden (the "paradise"), was planted. adventurers who, favored by the Hundred Years' War, ravaged France and Belgium in The position of Eden is described in Ken. ii. 8 if. by four rivers that go out from it, and by the countries they surthe 15th century,beginning about 1435. Among round or pass in their course. Of these two, the Euphrates

Eckersberg (ek'erz-bero), Christopher W i l helm. Boi'u at Varnäs, near Apenrade, Schles- their leaders wereVillandras and Crabaniies the Bastard. wig, Jan. 2,1783: died at Copenhagen, July 22, They were called Écorcheurs, or flayers, probably because 1853. A Danish historical, portrait, and marine they " not only waylaid and plundered their victims, but stripped them of every vestige of clothing, leaving them painter. nothing but their shirts." Eckert ( e k ' ö r t ) , Thomas Thompson. Born a t St. Clairsville, Ohio, April 23,1825. An Ameri- Écrins (âk-raù'), Barre des. The highest peak c a n t e l e g r a p h i s t . H e organized the military telegraph of the Pelvoux range, in the Alps of Dauservice of the United States in 1862 ; was brevetted brigaphiné, France. Height, 13,460 feet. dier-general in 1865 ; was assistant secretary of war 1866Ecselen. See Eslen, 1867; and became president of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company in 1875? president of the American Ecstatic Doctor. A surname of Ruysbroeck. Union Telegraph Company in 1880, and vice-president and Ector (ek'tor), or Hector, Sir. In the Arthurgeneral manager of the Western Union Telegraph Comian romance, a faithful knight who with his wife pany in 1S81, and president in 1803. brought up the iniant Arthur. He was the Eckford ( e k ' ford), Henry. Born at Irvine, father of Sir Kay. Scotland, March 12, 1775: died at Constantinoor Hector, de Maris, Sir. In Arthurian ple, Nov. 12, 1832. An American ship-builder. Ector, romance, the brother of Sir Lancelot. He mourned He camc to N e w York city in I7i>6 ; was employed by the United States government to construct ships of war on the Great Lakes during the War of 1812 ; was appointed naval constructor in the United States navy-yard at Brooklyn in 1820; and in 1831 became chief naval constructor for the Ottoman empire.

his death with a bitter lament, and afterward went with Sir Bois and seven other knights to the Holy Land, where they died on a Good Friday.

and Tigris (Hebrew Perath and Hiddekel), are the wellknown rivers of Mesopotamia; the other two, Pishon and Gihon, have been identified with various streams. One of the latest hypotheses, that of Friedrich Delitzsch, assumes that the narrator in Genesis thought Eden located near the city of Babylon and meant by the rivers Pish on and Gihon two canals; he also attempts to identify the countries mentioned in this passage with territories in that region. I t is generally agreed that the description in Genesis alludes to the Mesopotamia^ valley.

Eden. A river in Westmoreland and Cumberland, England, which flows into Solway Firth 8 miles northwest of Carlisle. There are other small rivers of this name in Great Britain. Length, about 65 miles. Eden, Emily. Born in Old Palace Yard, "Westminster, March 3, 1797: died at Richmond, England, Aug. 5, 1869. An English novelist and traveler, daughter of William Eden, first Baron Auckland.

She resided in Tndia 1835-42, and

Ecuador (ek'wa-dor; Sp. pron. â-livva-dôr'). wrote "Portraits of the People and Princes of I n d i a " [Sp. República del Ecuador, Republic of the (1844), " T h e Semi-detached House " (1859), " T h e Semi-atA republic of South America, lying Eckhardt (ek'härt), or Eckart, The trusty. Equator.] between Colombia on the north, Peru on the tached Couple " (I860), etc. [G. der treue Eckhardt. ] An old man in Ger- south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. East- Eden, (3-eorge, Earl of Auckland. Born near man traditionary lore, in the legend of Frau ward its claims extend to the confines of Brazil, but Co- Beckenham, Kent, Aug. 25, 1784: died Jan, 1, Holle or Holde (Venus). He appears in the Mans- lombia and Peru dispute all the territory to the eastern 1849. An English statesman, son of William feld country on the evening of Maundy Thursday with a base of the Andes. A t present (1$&4) the actual jurisdicEden, first Lord Auckland. He was president of white staff to save the people from the furious host which travels in Holle's train. His duties differ in different traditions. Sometimes he is the companion of Tannhäuser, and has even been considered to bo the same person. H e is also said to be in the servicc of Holle, and to sit outside the Venusberg to warn passing knights of the dangers therein, to which the enamoured Tannhäuser had abandoned himself. He is also doomed to abide at the Venusberg till the judgment.

Eckhart, or Eckart, or Eckardt: generally styled Meister. Born, probablv at Strasburg, about 1260: died about 1328. The founder of German mysticism. He was accused of heresy in 1327, but denied the charge and appealed to the Pope, who declared in 1329 (bull " I n Ccena Domini," March 27) that Eckhart'B doctrincs were partly heretical.

Eckmühl (ek'mül), or Eggmühl. A village of Lower Bavaria, situated on the Grosse Laber 13 miles south-southeast of Ratisbon. Here,

April 22, 1809, Napoleon defeated' the Austrians under the archduke Charles. For his part in the battle Davout was created princc of Eckmühl.

tion of Ecuador extends to about long. 73="W., on the river Napo, and does not include any part of the Marailon or upper Amazon. The country is traversed from north.to south by the Andes, which form a continuous eastern range and a roughly parallel but much broken western range, containing some of the highest peaks in South America and numerous volcanoes. Between the mountains there are several high table-lands or basins. The coast regions and those east of the mountains are low, hot, andcoverod in great part with forest. The principal products and exports are cacao, hides, sugar, and rubber. The inhabitants are whites (of Spanish descent), Indians, and mixed races. The executive is vested in a president elected for i years, and congress consists of 2 chambers. There are 1(5 provinces besides the Galapagos Islands. The Roman Catholic is the state religion, and the only one tolerated. Capital, Quito. A t the time of the conquest, the greater pare of Ecuador was snbjcct to the Incas of Peru. I t was conquered by the Spaniards 1533-34, and under the name of Kingdom of Quito was a presidency attached to the viceroyalty of Peru. The Spanish rulers being expelled with the aid of Bolivar 1822-23, the country was united to the Colombian Confederation until 1830, when it seceded arid adopted its present name. Sincc then it has sulfered greatly from political revolutions. Area in jurisdiction, about 155,000 square miles ; claimed, 275,964 square miles. Population, about 1,260,000.

Eclemach. See Eston. Eclipse (e-klips'). [So named because he was foaled during the eclipse of 1764.] A famous race-liorse, a descendant, in the male line, of Edam (ë'dam).

A town in the province of

the Board of Trade and master of the mint in Lord Grey's cabinet (1830-34), ftrst lord of the admiralty 1834 and 1835, and governor-general of India 1835-42. l i e ordered the deposition of Dost Mohammed in 1S38, and thus commenced the Afghan war. H e was created earl of Auckland in 1839.

Eden, Richard.

Born about 1521: died 1576.

A n English translator. H e studied at Cambridge; held a position in the treasury 1544-46; was private secretary to Sir W. Cecil 1552 ; and was appointed to a place in the English treasury of Prince Philip of Spain in 1554, a position which he lost soon after, owing to an accusation of heresy. I n 1562 he entered the service of a French nobleman, with whom he traveled extensively. Eden's name as a translator is appended to many books on geography, travels, navigation, etc. Among these arc A Treatyse of the Newe India '(1553: a translation of part of Munster's " Cosmographia "), which is the first intelligible description in English of America; and "Decades of the N e w e "World" (1555: mainly a translation of Peter Martyr's work).

Eden, William. Born April 3, 1744: died May 28, 1814. The first Lord Auckland, son of Sir Robert Eden of Winderstone Hall, Durham.

He entered Parliament in 1774 ; was one of the commissioners sent to America in 1778; held various offices in the ministry ; was employed to negotiate a commercial

Eden, William treaty and other agreements wit ii France 1785-87; and was ambassador to Spain and to Holland. He was raised to the peerage in 1789. He wrote " Principles of Penal Law " (1772), "History of New Holland " (1787), etc. E d e n h a l l (e'dn-h&l). T h e s e a t of t h e M u s g r a v e s of C u m b e r l a n d , E n g l a n d , n e a r P e n r i t h . Eden Hall, Lack of._ S e e Luck of Eden Hall. E d e n k o b e n (a-den-ko'ben). A t o w n in the P a l a t i n a t e , B a v a r i a , 15 m i l e s w e s t ^ s o u t h w e s t of Spires. N e a r it is the royal villa L u d w i g s h o h e , b u i l t i n 1846. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 4,914. Eden of Germany. A n e p i t h e t of B a d e n . Edessa ( e - d e s ' s a ) , o r .¿¡gse ( e ' j e ) . I n a n c i e n t g e o g r a p h y , t h e e a r l y c a p i t a l of M a c e d o n i a , r e p r e s e n t e d by the m o d e r n Vodona, 47 miles westn o r t h w e s t of S a l o n i k i . Edessa. A c i t y i n M e s o p o t a m i a , i n t h e v i l a y e t of A l e p p o , T u r k e y , i n l a t . 3 7 ° 1 3 ' N . , l o n g . 3 8 ° 2 5 ' E . : t h e m o d e r n U r f a o r O r f a . i t s ancient name "was also Antiochia or Callirrhoe. I t became the capital of an independent kingdom in 137 B. c., and under Trajan was made tributary to Rome. In the 4th and 5th centurics it was an important seat of Christian learning. I t belonged to Mohammedan powers, except in the 11th century, when it was held by the Byzantine empire, and in 1097-1144, when it was held by the Crusaders and was the capital of a Latin principality of Edessa. I t was sackcd by the Turks in 1147, and was finally possessed by them in 1637. Population, estimated, 40,000. E d f l l (ed'fd). A town in Upper Egypt, situated n e a r t h e l e f t b a n k of t h e N i l e in lat. 24° 59' N . : the ancient Apollinopolis Magna, Coptic Atbo. The celebrated temple of Edfu is the most perfect existing example of an ancient Egyptian religious edifice. I t was founded by Ptolemy Philopator in 222 B. c. The entrance is by a massive double pylon 250 feet wide and 115 high, from which the strong inclosing wall is carried around the temple. Within the pylon lies the great court with its peristyle of columns. Behind it lies the hypostyle hall, to the rear of which is a sec ond hall with 3 ranges of 4 columns, from which opens the double veBtibule of the isolated sanctuary, ou the passage around which are placed, as usual, a number of small chambers. The abundant sculptures, though in style mere imitations of the older Pharaonic work, are from their subjects both interesting and instructive. The length of the temple is 450 feet. Edgar ( e d ' g a r ) , o r Eadgar. B o r n 9 4 4 : d i e d J u l y 8 , 9 7 5 . 'A k i n g of E n g l a n d , s o n of E d m u n d ( E a d m u n d ) a n d i E l f g i f u , H e ascended the throne in 958 as successor to his brother Eadwig (Edwy). He ruled the whole nation (We3t Saxons, Northumbrians,and Mercians), and his quiet reign gained for him the surname " The Peaceful." He is said to have ceded Lothian (northern Bemicia) to Kenneth of Scotland. Edgar. I n S h a k s p e r e ' s " K i n g L e a r , " t h e s o n of t h e E a r l of Grloster. Edgar. S e e Ravenswood, Edgar. Edgar, Sir John. A p s e u d o n y m of S i r R i c h a r d Steele, under which he conducted " T h e Theat r e " f r o m J a n . , 1720, t i l l A p r i l , 1720. Edgar, o r Eadgar, jEtheling. [ A S . wtheling, t h e p r i n c e . ] B o r n i n H u n g a r y b e f o r e 1057: d i e d i n t h e first p a r t of t h e 1 2 t h c e n t u r y . An E n g l i s h p r i n c e , g r a n d s o n of E d m u n d I r o n s i d e . E d g a r t o w n (ed'gar-toun). T h e c h i e f t o w n of D u k e s County, Massachusetts, situated on Mart h a ' s V i n e y a r d 74 m i l e s s o u t h - s o u t h e a s t of Population Boston. It is a s u m m e r resort. ( 1 8 9 0 ) , 1,156. E d g e c o t e (edj'kot). A place in Northamptons h i r e , E n g l a n d , 17 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t o f N o r t h ampton. H e r e , J u l y 26, 1469, t h e i n s u r g e n t s u n d e r R o b i n of R e d e s d a l e d e f e a t e d t h e r o y a l i s t s u n d e r t h e E a r l of P e m b r o k e . E d g e h i l l (ej'hil). A ridge in Warwickshire, E n g l a n d , s i t u a t e d 12 m i l e s s o u t h of W a r w i c k . Here, Oct. 23,1642, was fought the first battle of the civil war, between the Royalists under Charles I. and the Parliamentarians under the Earl of Essex: result indecisive. E d g d W O r t h (ej'werth), M a r i a . Born at Black B o u r t o n , O x f o r d s h i r e , J a n . 1, 1767: d i e d a t E d g e w o r t h s t o w n , L o n g f o r d , I r e l a n d , M a y 22, 1849. A n E n g l i s h n o v e l i s t , d a u g h t e r o f R i c h a r d L o v e l l E d g e w o r t h . She wrote, in conjunction with her father, "Essays on Practical Education" (3.798) and an " Essay on Irish Bulls " (1802). Her chief independent works are "Castle R a c k r e n t " (1800), " B e l i n d a " (1801), " M o r a l Tales" (1801), "Popular Tales" (1804), "Tales of Fashionable Life" (1809-12), " L e o n o r a " (1806), " P a t r o n a g e " (1814), "Ormond " (1817). and " H e l e n " (1834). Edict of Nantes. S e e Nantes, Edict o f . Edin. A p o e t i c a l n a m e of E d i n b u r g h .

Edinburgh (ed'n-bur-o), or Edinburghshire,

o r Mid-Lothian. A c o u n t y of S c o t l a n d , l y i t t g b e t w e e n t h e P i r t h of F o r t h o n t h e n o r t h , H a d dington, Berwick, a n d Roxburgh on the east, Selkirk, Peebles, and Lanark on the south, and L i n l i t h g o w o n t h e n o r t h w e s t . A r e a , 362 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 4 3 4 , 2 7 6 . Edinburgh ( e d ' n - b u r - o ) . [ F o r m e r l y Edinlorow, Edinbro, M E . Edinburgh, Edenboroiv, e a r l i e r Edwinesburch, Edwinesburg, A S . *Eddwines burh, E d w i n ' s c a s t l e . ] T h e a n c i e n t c a p i t a l of S c o t l a n d , i n t h e c o u n t y o f E d i n b u r g h , 2 m i l e s s o u t h of t h e F i r t h of F o r t h , i n l a t .

352 55° 5 7 ' N . , l o n g . 3 ° 1 2 ' W . : o f t e n c a l l e d " t h e m o d e r n or n o r t h e r n A t h e n s , " b o t h f r o m i t s t o p o g r a p h y a n d a s a s e a t of l e a r n i n g . S e e Dunedin. I t is noted for its picturesque situation on ridges near Calton Hill and Arthur's Seat. I t is the seat of the judicial and administrative government of the country, and an important publishing and literary center. I t contains a university, castle, Holyrood Palace, Scott monument, St. Giles's Church, the Parliament House (with the Advocates' Library), the Royal Institution, the National Gallery, St. Mary's Cathedral, and various charitable and educational institutions. The castle, a citadel and palace, occupies a high rock in the middle of the city. The exterior has been greatly modified, h u t much in the interior remains as of old, including some of the royal apartments and the Romanesque chapel. Here are preserved the royal regalia of Scotland. The Parliament House is now occupied by the Supreme Law Courts. I t is a large Renaissance building, with porticos of Ionic columns over an arcaded and rusticated basement. The great hall has a handsome roof of oak, and contains interesting portraits and statues. The cathedral (St. Giles's Church) was founded in the 12th century, but the present structure is of the 15th. The interior has high navepillars and Pointed arches. The transept is Norman, with massive piers supporting the tower. The fine recessed and sculptured west doorway is modern. St. Mary's Cathedral, the masterpiece of Sir G. Gilbert Scott, was completed 1879. I t is a spacious structure in the Early English style, with an imposing central spire 295 feet high. Edinburgh was fortified by the Northumbrian king Edwin (whence its name Edwin's Burgh) about 617; succeeded Perth as the capital 1437 ; was taken and sacked by the English in 1544, and again (by Cromwell) in 1650; and was occupied by the Young Pretender in 1745. I t is famous in the literary history of the last half of the 18th and first half of the 19th century, through its connection with Hume, Robertson, Dugald Stewart, Adam Smith, Burns, Scott, Wilson, the "Edinburgh Review," etc. Population (1891), 261,261.

Edinburgh, Duke Of. S e e Edinburgh, University of.

Alfred. A f a m o u s seat of l e a r n i n g , f o u n d e d i n 3 582 b y J a m e s V I . I t comprises the faculties of arts, divinity, law, and medicinc. Its library contains about 150.000 volumes and 2,003 manuscripts. There are 42 professors, besides lecturers, and the number of matriculated students in 1892-93 was 9,227. Conjointly with the University of St. Andrews it sends a member to Parliament. The large university building is of t h e 18th century. The celebrated medical school occupies a magnificent modern Renaissance building.

Edinburgh Review. A literary and political

r e v i e w , f o u n d e d a t E d i n b u r g h i l l 1802 b y J e f frey, Sydney Smith, Brougham, Horner, and others. A knot of clever lads (Smith was SI, Jeffrey 29, Brown 24, Horner 24, and Brougham 23) met in the third (not, as Smith afterwards said, the " eighth or n i n t h " ) storey of a house in Edinburgh, and started the journal by acclamation. Leslie Stephen, Hours in a Library, I I I . 140.

Edison

( e d ' i - s o n ) , Thomas Alva. B o r n at Milan, Ohio, F e b . 11,1847. A celebrated A m e r i c a n i n v e n t o r . He became at the age of twelve a newsboy on the Grand Trunk Line running into Detroit, and subsequently a telegraph operator. H e came in 1871 to New York, where he perfected the duplex telegraph (1872), and invented the printing telegraph for gold and stock quotations, for the manufacture of which latter appliance he established a workshop at Newark, N. J. ID 1876 he removed to Menlo Park, N. J., and later to West Orange, N. J., where he has devoted himself to inventing. Among his inventions are his system of duplex telegraphy (which he subsequently developed into quadruplex and sextuplex transmission), the carbon telephone transmitter, the microtasimeter, the aerophone, the megaphone, the phonograph, and the incandescent electric lamp.

Edisto

(od'is-to). A river in S o u t h Carolina, f o r m e d b y t h e u n i o n of t h e n o r t h a n d t h e s o u t h b r a n c h , a n d flowing i n t o t h e s e a b y t w o c h a n n e l s a b o u t 25 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of C h a r l e s t o n . L e n g t h , o v e r 150 m i l e s . Edith ( e ' d i t h ) . [ M E . Edith ( M L . Edithct), A S . Eddgith.] D i e d at W i n c h e s t e r , D e c . 19,1075. A n A n g l o - S a x o n q u e e n . She was the daughter of Godwine, earl of Wessex, and married Edward the Confessor in 1045, receiving Winchester and Exeter as her morning gift. She is said to have planned the murder of Gospatric, one of the king's thegns, in 1064, at the instigation of her brother Tostig, earl of Northumberland. She founded a church at Wilton, which was consecrated in 1065; and on the death of her husband retired to Winchester, in the quiet possession of which she was allowed to remain by William the Conqueror.

Edith.

1 . O n e of t h e p r i n c i p a l c h a r a c t e r s i n Beaumont and Fletcher's " B l o o d y Brother."— 2 . T h e M a i d of L o r n i n S c o t t ' s p o e m " T h e L o r d of t h e Isles." Edith Dombey. S e e Donibey, Ediya ( e d - e ' y a ) . T h e b l a c k t r i b e s w h i c h i n habit the island Fernando Po, W e s t Africa. Physically degenerate, they also live in a very low state of culture. They speak a Bantu language which is related to those of the fronting mainland and subdivides itself into a number of dialects. Some authors call it Fern andian. From their form of salutation, t h e Ediya are generally known by the name of Bubis. Those who have adopted Christianity are making progress in civilization.

Edmonton

(ed'mon-ton). A village in Middles e x , E n g l a n d , n o r t h of L o n d o n .

Edmonton, The Devil or Merry Devil of. See Merry,

etc.

Edmonton, The Witch of.

S e e Witch,

etc.

Edmund ( e d ' m u n d ) ,

Edrei o r Eadmund, S a i n t .

[AS. Eadmund, L . Edmundus, F . Edmond, It. EdBorn about 840: mondo, S p . P g . Ednmndo."] k i l l e d b y t h e D a n e s 870. K i n g of E a s t A n g l i a 855-870. Edmund, S a i n t . B o r n a t A b i n g d o n , E n g l a n d , N o v . 20, p r o b a b l y b e t w e e n 1170 a n d 1175 : d i e d a t S o i s y , F r a n c e , N o v . 16, 1240. Archbishop o f C a n t e r b u r y . H e was the son of one Edward or Reinald Rich, studied at Oxford and Paris, and in 1233 was appointed archbishop of Canterbury. He came forward as a champion of the national church against papal encroachment ; but, finding himself unable to resist the appointment of 300 Italians to as many English benefices, abandoned his archiépiscopal see in 1240 and took refuge in the monastery of Pontigny, in France. He died at Soisy, whither he had gone for the benefit of his health, and was canonized in 1247. He is also called Edmund Rich and Edmund of Pontigny.

Edmund I., or Eadmund, surnamed Magnifi-

CUS ( ' t h o M a g n i f i c e n t ' ) . Born about 922: killed at Pucklechurch, Gloucester, England, M a y 26, 946. K i n g of t h e W e s t S a x o n s a n d M e r c i a n s . He was the son of Edward the Elder, and a brother of Athelstan whom he succeeded in 941). H e subdued Cumbria (945), which he bestowed on Malcolm I. of Scotland. He was killed by a robber named Liofa while keeping the feast of St. Augustine of Canterbury a t Pucklechurch, Gloucestershire. The robber having entered the hall unbidden, the king ordered a cup-bearer to remove him, and when the robber resisted came to t h e cup-bearer's relief. I n the struggle that ensued he was stabbed to death with a dagger,

Edmund II., or Eadmund, surnamed Ironside. B o r n p r o b a b l y a b o u t 9 8 9 : d i e d , p r o b -

a b l y a t L o n d o n , N o v . 30, 1016. K i n g of t h e "West S a x o n s . He was the son of Ethelred " t h e Unready," whom he succeeded in April, 1016. After many victories over t h e Danes, he was defeated in a bloody battle at Assandun (Ashington) in Essex by Canute, w i t h whom he was forccd to divide his kingdom, provision being made, it is said, that the survivor should be sole king. He retained Wessex, Essex, East Anglia, and London, while Canute received Northumberland and Mercia, His death, which was probably due to natural causes, h a s been attributed by later tradition to poison administered by Eadric Streona at the instance of Canute. After h i s death Canute took possession of the whole kingdom. Edmund. Ill S h a k s p e r e ' s " K i n g L e a r , " a b a s t a r d s o n o f t h e E a r l of G l o s t e r . Edmunds ( e d ' m u n d z ) , George Franklin. Born at Richmond, Vt., F e b . 1,1828. A n A m e r i c a n s t a t e s m a n . He was a Republican senator from. Vermont to Congress 1866-91 ; was a member of the Electoral Commission in 1877 ; and was acting Vice-President 1883-85. He is the author of the Edmunds Act of 1882 for the suppression of polygamy in "Utah, and of an act passed in 1887 pertaining to the same subject. Edmunds, John. A f e l o n , t h e p r i n c i p a l c h a r a c t e r of t h e t a l e " T h e C o n v i c t ' s R e t u r n , " i n Charles Dickens's " P i c k w i c k Papers." Edohwe ( e d ' ô - h w â ) . A t r i b e o r d i v i s i o n o f N o r t h A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s , f o r m e r l y l i v i n g on. K l a m a t h River, Siskiyou County, California, w h e r e a f e w n o w r e m a i n . I n 1851 i t h a d 2 4 "villages, w i t h a n e s t i m a t e d p o p u l a t i o n of 1,440. See Sastean.

Edom

( e ' d o m ) , o r Idumea ( i d - u - m e ' a ) . [IIeb.r * reddish,' "muddy.'] The region i n tiie l o w l a n d s o u t h of t h e D e a d S e a , b o u n d e d o n t h e w e s t b y t h e d e s e r t of P a r a n , a n d on t h e n o r t h e a s t b y t h e m o u n t a i n s of M o a b : t h e m o d e r n W a d i e l A r a b a h and the surrounding mountainous country, ext e n d i n g southward to the J î l a n i t i c Gulf, a n d including the seaports Elath and Eziongeber. The most important cities of this rugged barren territory were Bozrah, the capital llaon, Phunon, and Sela, afterward called Petra, from which the whole district was named Petrsea. The Edomites were descendants of Esau, the brother of Jacob, and were, therefore, designated as. "brothers of Israel" (Num. xx. 14, Deut. ii. 4, 8), but becamelaterthchereditary enemies of Israel : Saul attacked them (1 Sam. xiv. 47) and subdued them (2 Sam. viii. 13). After the division of the Israclitish kingdom they came under t h e supremacy of Judah, b u t made frequent and sometimes succossful attempts to regain their independence. They were for the last time subjected by Uzziah about t h e middle of the 8th ccntury B. c. Tiglath-Pileser I I I . made (about 743) Kaus Malik, king of Edom, tributary. Esarh addon (680-668) mentions K ans G abri of Edom among the tributary kings. In the time of Nebuchadnezzar (604-561) Edom, still ruled by a king, was attaekeil by the Babylonians. During the captivity they took possession of portions of .Tudea, while their own territory was occupied by Arabic tribes, the Nabathseans, and was called^ after the city of Petra, Arabia Petrfea. The Hasmonean king John Hyrcanus took Dora and Morissa and forced t h e Idumeans to accept Judaism about ISO B. c. Afterward! they became the rulers of the Jews in the person of Antipater and his descendants the Herodians. The last king of this race, Herod Agrippa II., died about 100 A. D., bub the name of Idumea vanishes from history with t h e f a l l of Judea.

Edred. or Eadred ( e d ' r e d ) .

Died at Frome, Engl a n d , N o v . 23, 955. A k i n g of E n g l a n d , y o u n g e s t s o n of E d w a r d t h e E l d e r a n d E a d g i f u , a n d b r o t h e r of E d m u n d I. w h o m h e s u c c e e d e d i n 9 4 6 . His government was controlled by his mother and Dan* stan ; his reign was marked by revolts in Northumbrian Edrei ( e d ' r f - i ) . [ H e b . , ' s t r o n g , ' ' • m i g h t y / )

Edrei

353

Eeckhout

I n O l d T e s t a m e n t h i s t o r y , t h e c a p i t a l of Og, Bannockburn (June 24). The exile of his new favorites, a c t e d i n 1590. I t was entered on the Stationers' B o the two Despensers, by Parliament in 1321 involved him gister in 1595 I was printed anonymously in 1596and at k i n g of B a s h a n . Near it Og was defeated by the Israel- in a war with the barons, who were defeated at the battle one time was attributed to Shakspere. ites. The city was with the territory assigned to the tribe of Boroughbridge in 1322. In 1823, after an unsuccessful t^ j j ttt a -nlav b v H p v w o o d , n r i n t e d i n 1 V • A p i a " r L e ™ OOU> P r i u i e a m of Manasseh. invasion of Scotland, he concluded a peace for thirteen _ E d r i c ( e d ' r i k ) , or E a d r i c . P u t t o d e a t h b y years with Bruce, whose assumption of the royal title was loUU. passed over in silence. His queen, Isabella, having in 1825 E d w a r d e s ( e d ' w a r d z ) , S i r H e r b e r t Beniclllllll. C a n u t e , 1017. A n E n g l i s h n o b l e m a n , e a l d o r m a n of M e r c i a , c h i e f a d v i s e r of .«Ethelred t h e been sent to France to negotiate with Charles IV. concern- B o r u a t p r o d e s l e y , S h r o p s h i r e , E n g l a n d , N o v . ing the English fiefs in France, intrigued with Roger Mor- , 0 - i q t q . ^ h ^ n t T , n n ^ n T W 21 IRfifl An Unready. timer and other disaffected barons, landed in England in H I ? 1 * • d i e ( 1 ™ • L ^ n c l o i 1 ' U e ( * \ f i 8 . b ? , Edrisi. See Idrm. 1326, captured Bristol, executed the Despensers, and im- E n g l i s h g e n e r a l and author, d i s t i n g u i s h e d m prisoned Edward, who was deposed by Parliament and t h e Sikh w a r s i n I n d i a 1845-49. H e p u b l i s h e d Edrisites. See ldrisites. a y e a r o n t h e P u n j a b F r o n t i e r " (1851), etc. E d w a r d ( e d ' w a r d ) , s u r n a m e d " T h e E l d e r . " murdered in Berkeley Castle. [ A S . Eddivcard", g u a r d i a n of p r o p e r t y , L . Ed- E d w a r d I I I . Born at W i n d s o r , England, N o v . E d w a r d s ( e d ' w a r d z ) , A m e l i a Blandford. B o r n a t L o n d o n i n 1831: d i e d a t W e s t o n S u p e r vardus, F . fidouard, I t . Eduardo, Edoardo, Odo- 13, 1312: d i e d a t S h e n e ( R i c h m o n d ) , E n g l a n d , ardo, Sp. Eduardo, P g . Eduardo, Duarte} G . Edu- J u n e 21, 1377. K i n g of E n g l a n d 1327-77, He M a r e , S o m e r s e t , A p r i l 15, 1892. A n E n g l i s h a r d . l D i e d a t F a r n d o n , N o r t h a m p t o n s h i r e , i n was the sou of Edward II. and Isabella of France, novelist, miscellaneous writer, and Egyptolo925. K i n g o f t h e W e s t S a x o n s , son of A l f r e d the deposition of his father, he was proclaimed king un- gist. She showed talent for drawing and music, and in t h e G r e a t w h o m he s u c c e e d e d i n 901. He de- der a council of regency, the actual government being 1853 began to write for periodicals, and devoted herself exercised by the queen and herfavorite, Roger Mortimer. feated his cousin Ethelwald, who disputed his title to the from 1880 to archaeological studies. In 1883 she became throne. On the death of his sister Ethelfleda (Elfleda), the He married Philippa of Hainault in 1328, and in the same the honorary secretary of the Egyptian exploration fund. year concluded the treaty of Northampton with the Scots, widow of Jithelred, ealdorman of Mercia, he incorporated in which Robert Bruce was recognized as king. In 1330 he She received the title of doctor of philosophy from ColumMercia (which had long acknowledged the overlordship of took the government into his own hands, securing the ex- bia College, New York, and lectured on the antiquities of the West-Saxon kings) with Wessex. He completed the ecution of Mortimer and imprisoning the queen mother. Egypt, etc., in 1889 and in succeeding years in the United conquest of the Danelagh, or Five Boroughs of the Danes, On the death of Bruce in 1329, Edward Baliol seized the States. " A Thousand Miles up the N i l e " (1877) was ilconquered East Anglia and Essex, and received the sub- crown, to the exclusion of Bruce's infant son David. Baliol lustrated from her own sketches. Among her novels are "Barbara's History" (1864), ' Lord Brackenbury" (1880), mission of Strathclyde and all the Scots. At his death he did homage to Edward, and a revolt of the nobles drove "Debenham's Vow " (1870), "Half a Million of Money," ruled Wessex, Kent, and Sussex by inheritance ; Mercia, him across the border. Edward defeated the national party "Miss Oarew " (1865), " Hand in Glove," etc. She also at Halidon Hill in 1333, and restored Baliol. In 1338 he Essex, and East Anglia by conquest; and Northumberland, became involved in a war with France (the Hundred Years' wrote " A Summary of English History" (1856), " A n Wales, Scotland, and Strathclyde as overlord. War), whose throne he claimed in right of his mother. Abridgment of French History " (1858), " Pharaohs, FelE d w a r d , s u r n a m e d " T h e M a r t y r . " B o r n p r o b - In 1346, at the battle of Neville's Cross, his army defeated lahs, and Explorers" (1891), etc., and in 1865 published a b l y i n 963: m u r d e r e d M a r c h 18, 979. K i n g the Scots under David I I . (Bruce), who had recovered the a volume of ballads. B o r n at of t h e W e s t Saxons, s o n of E d g a r w h o m he suc- Scottish throne in 1342; the Scots, however, succecded in E d W & r d S ( e d ' w a r d z ) , B e l a B a t e s . c e e d e d i n 975. He was elected by the witan through maintaining their independence. He gained with his son. the influence of Saint Dunstan, primate of England, in spite the Black Prince, the victory of Ci ¿cy over the French in S o u t h a m p t o n , M a s s . , J u l y 4, 1802: d i e d a t of the measures taken by his stepmother, Elfrida, to secure 1346, and reduced Calais in 1347, while the Black Prince A t h e n s , Ga., A p r i l 20, 1852. A i l A m e r i c a n the crown for her sou .Ethelred. He was murdered by her gained the battle of Poitiers in 1356. In 1360 he concluded t h e o l o g i c a l p r o f e s s o r a n d e d i t o r of r e l i g i o u s order, and was succeeded by his stepbrother, ¿Ethelred I I . with the French the peace of Bretigny, by which he re- p u b l i c a t i o n s . E d w a r d , s u r n a m e d " T h e C o n f e s s o r , " f r o m h i s nounced the French crown and Normandy, Anjou, Maine, E d w a r d s , B r y a n . Born at W e s t b u r y , W i l t r e p u t e d s a n c t i t y . B o r n a t I s l i p , O x f o r d s h i r e , and Touraine, in return for the cession in full sovereignty shire, M a y 21,1743: d i e d at S o u t h a m p t o n , J u l y to England of Aquitaine, Ponthieu, Guisnes, and Calais. a b o u t 1004: d i e d J a n . 5,1066. K i n g of t h e W e s t He subsequently, in a war with Charles V., lost all his pos- 15, 1800. A n English W e s t India merchant S a x o n s , son of i E t h e l r e d I I . a n d E m m a of N o r - sessions in France, with the exception of Bordeaux, Calais, and h i s t o r i a n . He lived in Jamaica 1760-D2, when he m a n d y . He lived chiefly in Normandy during the Dan- and Bayonne. During his reign occurred several visita- returned to England. He established a bank at Southampish supremacy, and was elected to the throne of his fa- tions of the "black death " (1348-49, 1361, and 1369). ton, and in 1796 was elected to Parliament. He is best ther through the influence of Godwine, earl of Wessex, known for his "History of the British Colonies in the B o r n at R o u e n , F r a n c e , p r o b a b l y West Indies," of which the first two volumes were pubon the death of Harthacnut, in 1042. He married Edgitlia, E d w a r d I V . daughter of Godwine, in 1045. He died without issue, and A p r i l 29, 1441: d i o d A p r i l 9, 1483. K i n g of lished in 1793: later editions are greatly enlarged, the E n g l a n d 1461-83. He was the son of Richard, duke was succeeded by his wife's brother Harold, whose title was best being that of 1819. His " Historical Survey of St. disputed by William, duke of Normandy. Anotableevent of York, and Cecily Nevill, daughter of the Earl of Domingo," first published in 1797, is generally appended of his reign was the compilation, in 1070, of the so-called Westmoreland. He was known as the Earl of March pre- to the later editions of the "History." vioustohisaccession, andpiayed aprominentpartinthe t>™,„ nt- Q f r n ^ n „ f i ttw,^ "Lawsof Edward the Confessor." He was canonized in 1161. struggle of his house (the house of York) with that of E d w a r d s , G e o r g e . B o r n at b t r a t t o r d , iLfesex, Lancaster for the possession of the throne. In conjuncE n g l a n d , A p r i l 3, 1693: d i e d a t P l a i s t o w , near E d w a r d I . , s u r n a m e d " L o n g s h a n k s . " B o r n at W e s t m i n s t e r , E n g l a n d , J u n e 17-18, 1239: d i e d t ion with the Earla of Salisbury and Warwick ho defeated L o n d o n , J n l v41 23,1773. A n E n g l i s h n a t u r a l i s t , the Lancastrians under Henry VI. at Northampton in 146C, H e polished a* History of Birds " (1745-51), "Gleanings a t B u r g h - o n - t h e - £ a n d s , n e a r Carlisle, E n g l a n d , and took the king prisoner. His father, the Duke of o f Natural History" (1758-64 : 3 volumes additional to J u l y 7, 1307. K i n g of E n g l a n d 1272-1307. He York, was defeated and killed at the battle of Wakefield t h e « nj S tory "), etc. was the son of Henry I I I . and Eleanor of Provence. In later in the same year, whereupon Edward succeeded to , J Qr^ i r . 7 ^ 1254 he married Eleanor of Castile. He took an active the title, defeated the Lancastrians at the battle of Morti- E d w a r d s , H e n r i M i l n e . bee Milne Edwayds. part in the struggle between his father and the barons, mer's Cross in 1461, and was proclaimed kiner at London E d w a r d s , J o n a t h a n . Born at East W i n d s o r , inflicting a decisive defeat on their leader, Simon de Mont- March 4, 1461. The early part of his reign was dis- C o n n . , Oct. 5, 1703: d i e d a t P r i n c e t o n , X . J., fort, at Evesham in 1265. He engaged, 1270-72, in the turbed by constant attempts of the Lancastrians to reseventh Crusade, and was returning from the Holy Land gain the throne. In 1464 he secretly married Elizabeth M a r c h 22, 1758. A n e m i n e n t A m e r i c a n t h e o when he heard of his accession to the throne. He reached Grey, daughter of Richard Woodville, Baron Rivers, and l o g i a n a n d m e t a p h y s i c i a n . He was pastor of the England in 1274, in which year he was crowned. In 3276 widow of Sir John Grey, a Lancastrian, which causcd a Congregational Church at Northampton, Massachusetts, he began the conquest of Wales, which had become prac- revolution under the Earl of Warwick, who joined forces 1727-50; missionary to the Indians at Stockbridge, Massatically independent during the barons' wars, and in 1284 with the Lancastrians and proclaimed the deposed and chusetts, 1751-58; and president of Princeton College in annexed that country to England. He expelled the Jews captive Henry VI. king. Edward suppressed the rising 1758. He published " A Treatise concerning the Religious from England in 1290. On the death of the Maid of [Nor- in the battles of Barnct (April 14, 1471) and Tewkesbury Affections" (1746), "Qualifications for Full Communion way, granddaughter of Alexander I I I . of Scotland, the (May 4, 1471), in the former of which Warwick was slain. in the Visible Church " (1749), " An Essay on the Freedom of the W i l l " (his most celebrated work,published 1754), Scottish estates were unable to decide between the two B o r n i n W e s t m i n s t e r A b b e y , ftov. "Doctrine of Original Sin Defended" (1758), "History of chief claimants to the throne, Baliol and Bruce, with the E d w a r d V . result that Edward was appointed arbitrator. He decided 2 or 3,1470: m u r d e r e d i n t h e T o w e r of L o n d o n the Redemption " (1772). in favor of Baliol, whose homage he received. In 1294 he ill 1483. K i n g of E n g l a u d A p r i l - J u n e , 1483. E d w a r d s , J o n a t h a n , c a l l e d " T h e Y o u n g e r . " became involved in a war with France, which formed an N o r t h nrrmtrvn IVTnftq M f i v 2fi 1745' nrn alliance with Scotland. In 1296 he defeated the Scots at He was the son of Edward IV. by Elizabeth Woodville. ~D o r u at N o r t h a m p t o n , M a s s . , M a y ¿0, 1 ^ 0 . Dunbar, compelled B iliol to resign the crown, carried tho He succeeded to the throne under the regency of his £ , All Scotch coronation-stone to London, and placed Scotland uncle Richard, duke of Gloucester, who secretly put him d i e d a t S c h e n e c t a d y , N . Y . , A u g . 1, 1801. . , _ and his brother to death and usurped the government. A m e r i c a n C o n g r e g a t i o n a l c l e r g y m a n , son of u n d e r an English regent who was, however, defeated by x j d w a r d V I . B o r n at H a m p t o n Court, E n g - J o n a t h a n E d w a r d s . l i e w a s p r e s i d e n t of U n i o n T 0 Hiem-i Wp Kiiwarn lisfeHterl .-1 ™ . .. .^ , , , . ^ ~ „.. the patriot ai..\v SirWiLliam Wallace iti in 1907. 1297. Edward defeated the Scots under Wallace in the battle of Falkirk, July 22, land, O c t . 12, 1537: d i e d a t G r e e n w i c h , n e a r C o l l e g e ( S c h e n e c t a d y ) 1799-1801. B o r n at W e s t h a m p t o n , 1298. In 1303 he concluded the pcace of Amiens with L o n d o n , J u l y 6,1553. K i n g of E n g l a n d 1547- E d w a r d s , J u s t i n . France, having married in 1299 Philip IV.'s sister, Marga- 1553. He was the son of Henry V I I I . by his third queen, M a s s . . A p r i l 25,1787: d i e d a t V i r g i n i a S p r i n g s , ret. Iuvading Scotland in 1303, he received the submission Jane Seymour, and succeeded to the throne under the re- y a J u l y 23, 1853. A n A m e r i c a n c l e r g y m a n , of Bruce, and in 1305 he ordered the execution of Wallace, gency of his uncle, the D u k e ^ Somerset. who was sup- a u t k o r o £ v a r i o u s t r a c t s o n t e m p e r a n c e , e t c . •who had' been betrayed to the English. He died on the ^Untod about 1550 by the Duke of Northumberland. _ a , u u l i U L - V i " > way to Scotland, where a new insurrection had placed p, u r i l j g his reign occurred the publication of the 42 E d w a r d s , K l C n a r a . Horn m bomersetsnire, Bruce on the throne in 1306. Among the chief internal a r t i C i e s Qf religion and the introduction of the Book of E n g l a n d , a b o u t 1523: d i e d O c t . 31. 1566. An events of his reign were the publication of theJrst stat- common Prayer. Before his deathhe was induced by the E n g l i s h d r a m a t i s t . In 1561 he was appointed masute of Winchester in 1275; the separation of the old King s D u k e o { Northumberland to assign the crown to Lady t p r ° f t h p children of the Chanel He wrote a drama " DaCourt into three tribunals (the Court o Exxhequer Court J j m e G m o ^ I ^ M a ^ ^DodsleyTand a t o t h e e s c U l s i o n o f Mary and Elizabeth. » e f / o f t i e E d w a r d , P r i n c e of W a l e s c a l l e d " T h e B l a c k ^ ¿ W « - . « f ^ R e a r e d in " T h e t h e S t a r C h a m b e r ) and of the chancellor; the publication P r i n c e . ' * B o r n at W o o d s t o c k , E n g l a n d , J u n e Paradjse of Daynty Devises (15,B). —¡„ i .vrn w),. . ¿ j ^ a t W e s t m i n s t e r , E n g l a n d , J u n e E d w i n ( e d ' w m ) , or E a d w i n e . Born prooatuy of the statute of mortmain in 1279, and the statute of Winchester in 1235; aud the summons in 1295 of the first per- 8, 1376. S o n of E d w a r d I I I . He fought with dis- i n 585: d i e d i n 633. K i n g of N o r t h u m b r i a 61/fect Parliament. tinction at Cr6cy in 1346; gained the victory of Poitiers in 633, son of K i n g E l l a of D e i r a . He was the fifth E d w a r d II. B o r n a t C a r n a r v o n , W a l e s , A p r i l 1356; was created duke of Aquitaine in 1363; defeated Bretwalda, and his overlordship extended over all Teu25, 1284: m u r d e r e d at B e r k e l e y Castle, n e a r the Castilians at Navarrete in 1367; and stormed Limoges tonic Britain except Kent. He was defeated and slain in the battle of Heathfleld in 633 by the rebellious MerG l o u c e s t e r . E n g l a n d , S e p t . 21, 1327. K i n g of in 1369. cians under Penda in alliance with Cadwallon of Wales. E n g l and 1307-27. He was the fourth son of Edward I. E d w a r d I . A p l a y b v P e e l e , p r i n t e d i n 1593. During his reign Christianity was introduced into Northby his first wife, Eleanor of Castile. He was created in This work occupies a very noteworthy position in the u m bria. 1301 the first "Prince of Wales. On his accession to the , Antrplinn A ballad b v Oliver throne he recalled his favorite, Piers Gaveston, who had progress of English tragedy; for it marks the transition A wauau i>y ^ u i i v e r been banished by Edward I. He married Isabella of France from the Chronicle Histories, of which we met with an XiQWin a n a A n g e l i n a . example in Bale's " K y n g e Johan," where elements of G o l d s m i t h , p r i v a t e l y p r i n t e d o r i g i n a l l y t o r t h e inl3U8. The insolence of Gaveston having aroused the the morality are still present, to the Histories of Shak- C o u n t e s s of N o r t h u m b e r l a n d . The ballad was anger of the barons, the favorite was banished through spere. W a r d > fiiat- D r a t n - L i t first p u b l i s h e d i n " T h e V i c a r of W a k e f i e l d , " their influence in 1308, only to be shortly recalled by the king! " i n 1310,"in ^ n ^ q u e n c e of tlie incom E d w a r d I I , A tragedy b y Marlowe,,entered a n d is also c a l l e d - T h e H e r m i t . " . A ballad by Mallet, writEdward, who was completely under the ascendancy of on the'Stafrioners' R e g i s t e r J u l y 6,1593. I t was E d w i n a n d E m m a . Gaveston, the government was intrusted by the barons to probably written abnut 1590, but was not published till t e n j n 1760. 21 ordainers, whu procured the passage of the ordinances 1598, after Marlowe's death. Charles Lamb remarks that t m ^ . j ) r 0 0 ( j S e e Muster)/ of Edwin Drood. of the Parliament of 1311, in accordance with which Gaves- "the reluctant pangs of abdicating royalty in Edward fur/ J f , U T h p . „ ton was exiled, and provisions were made for annual Par- nished hints which Shakspere since improved iD his E d w y ( e d \ v i ) , o r ± i a a W l g , s u r n a m e a inei?air. liaments and for the reform of administrative abuses. In Richard i l l . " B o r n a b o u t 938: d i e d 958. S o n of E d m u n d I . 1312 the barons brought about the execution of Gaveston, E d w a r d I I I . A t r a ^ e d v a t t r i b u t e d to M a r - H e b e c a m e k i n g of W e s s e x 955. who had been recalled by the king. In 1314 Edward was l o w e , f o u n d e d on H o l i n s h e d ' s " C h r o n i c l e , " E e c k h o u t ( e k ' h o u t ) , o r E c k h o u t , G e r b r a n a defeated by the Scots under Robert Bruce at the battle of 23

Eeckhout v a n den. Born at A m s t e r d a m , A u g . 19,1621: d i e d a t A m s t e r d a m , S e p t . 22, 1674. A D u t c h p a i n t e r , a p u p i l of R e m b r a n d t . E e c l o o (à-klò'). A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of E a s t F l a n d e r s , B e l g i u m , 12 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of G h e n t . P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 11,642. Efik (ef'ik). An African tribe dwelling around t h e e s t u a r y of t h o C r o s s a n d O l d K a l a b a r r i v e r s i n W e s t A f r i c a . It largely consists of a fusion of various tribal elements brought iti by the slave-trade. The country is ruled by a few wealthy native freemen and merchants, Btyled "kings," whose extensive trade in palin-oil is dependent on the labor of numerous slave subjects. Under Scottish Presbyterian missionaries the Efik people have made encouraging progresa in Christianity and civilization. The mission press has issued a considerable literature iii Eflk. This language has preserved few Bantu elements, and is generally classed with the Xigritic branch. Iboko and Ibibio are its principal dialects. Duketown, one of the largest native settlements of the West Coast, is now the capital of the British Oil Rivers Protectorate. The neighboring Creektown is also an important place. I t is said that the export of slaves from this region and Bonny used to equal that of all the rest of Upper Guinea. Ega.

See

Teffé.

É g a l i t é ( â - g a l - i - t â ' ) , P h i l i p p e . TF., ' e q u a l i t y . ' ] T h e n a m e given during the F r e n c h Revolution to Louis Philippe Joseph, due d'Orléans. See Orléans. E g a n ( e ' g a n ) , P i e r c e . B o r n a t L o n d o n 1772 (?) : d i e d t h e r e , A u g . 3, 1849. A n E n g l i s h w r i t e r o n s p o r t s . He was the author of a monthly serial, "Boxiana: or Sketches of modern Pugilism" (1818-24), " Life in London," a serial illustrated by George and Isaac R. Cruikshank (1821), etc. Egan, Pierce. B o r n a t L o n d o n , 1814: d i e d J u l y 6, 1880. A n English novelist and artist, s o n of P i e r c e E g a n t h e e l d e r . He wrote " Wat Tyler" (1851X " P a u l Jones" (1842), " T h e Snake in the Grass " (1853), etc. E g a ñ a (â-gan'và), Juan. Born at Lima, Peru, 1769: d i e d a t S a n t i a g o , C h i l e , A p r i l 13, 1836. A C h i l i a n j u r i s t , s t a t e s m a n , a n d a u t h o r . He took an active part in the revolution of 1810, and was a leading spirit in the first Chilian congress ; was imprisoned by the Spaniards ill 1814 at Juan Fernandez ; was released in 1817 ; and shortly after was again a member of the Chilian congress. Among his numerous published works are " Tratados jurídicos," "Descripción geologica y mineralogica de Chile," " Memorias políticas," and "Tratado de educación." His writings have been collected in 10 volumes. E g b a ( e g ' b â ) . A t r i b e of Y o r u b a . S e o AbeoJcuta. E g b e r t ( e g ' b è r t ) . [ A S . Ecgberht.] Born about 7(5 : d i e d 837. K i n g of W e s s e x 802-837. He received the submission of Mcrcia and Northumberland in 827, and became lord of all England. EgbO (eg'bô). A secret socioty a m o n g the E f i k t r i b e of O l d K a l a b a r , W e s t A f r i c a . The Egbo-men form the aristocracy and rule the country. They have an annual festivity in which an ox is slaughtered and allowed to putrefy before it is eaten. The principal participants wear masks and paint their bodies. Egede ( à ' g e - d e ) , Hans, s u r n a m e d " T h e A p o s t l e of G r e e n l a n d . " B o r n i n S e n j e n , N o r w a y , J a n . 31, 1 6 8 6 : d i e d i n t h e i s l a n d of F a l s t e r , D e n m a r k , Nov. 5,1758. A N o r w e g i a n missionary. He was stationed 1721-36 among the Eskimos of Greenland, where in 1721 he founded the colony of GodthaabHe became superintendent of the Greenland mission in 1740, and resided many years at Copenhagen. He wrote several works on the history of Greenland. E g e d e , P a u l . B o r n i n V a a g e n , N o r w a y , 1708 : d i e d a t C o p e n h a g e n , 1789. A N o r w e g i a n m i s s i o n a r y . s o n of H a n s E g e d e . He was stationed in Greenland 1731-40 ; succceded his .father as superintendent of the Greenland mission ; and lived many years in Copenhagen. He completed a translation, begun by his father, of the New Testament into the Eskimo language. He also compiled a catechism and a ritual in that language. _ E g e r (a'ger). A river in Bohemia which joins t h e E l b e 3 3 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of P r a g u e . L e n g t h , 160 m i l e s . E g e r . [ B o h e m . Clieb. ] A c i t y i n B o h e m i a , s i t u a t e d o n t h e E g e r i n l a t . 50° 5 ' N . , l o n g . 12° 2 2 ' E . It contains a castle, built by Frederick Barbarossa about 1180 on a rock above the river, and long an imperial and royal seat, now forming an imposing ruiu. There is a double chapel, Romanesque in the lower story and Pointed above. Eger was the scene of Wallenstein's murder in 1634. I t was formerly a free imperial city and a fortress. Population (1891), 18,658. E g e r (in H u n g a r y ) .

See

Erlau.

354 D u k e of B r i d g e w a t e r , y o u n g e r s o n of t h e first d u k e b y h i s s e c o n d w i f e . He iB notable as the projector of a canal from Worsley to Manchester (the first in England, throughout its course entirely independent of a natural stream), and of one from Manchester to Liverpool. He was Buraamed " The Father of British Inland Navigation."

Egypt time governor of Flanders and Artois, and was a member of the council of state under Margaret of Parma. Although a Catholic and a courtier, he opposed the absolute government which Philip II. attempted to introduce into the Netherlands under cover of religion. He was treacherously seized by the Duke of Alva i^ept. 9, 1G67, aud executed in company with the Count of Hoorn.

E g m o n t . A tragedy by Goethe, published in 1788. 1 8 0 0 : d i e d t h e r e , F e b . 18, 1857. A n English E g m o n t , M o n n t . A n extinct volcano in the p o l i t i c i a n a n d m a n of l e t t e r s , first E a r l of E l l e s - N o r t h I s l a n d , N e w Z e a l a n d , s i t u a t e d a b o u t l a t . m e r e ( k n o w n a s F r a n c i s L e v e s o n - G o w e r u n t i l 39° 1 6 ' S . , l o n g . 174° 5 ' E . I t was discovered by 1833), s o n of G e o r g e G r a n v i l l e L e v e s o n - G o w e r , Cook Jan. 13, 1770, and named iu honor of Count Egmont. m a r q u i s of S t a f f o r d a n d d u k e of S u t h e r l a n d . Height, 8,300 feet. He was a member of Parliament 1822-46; a lord of the E g r e m o n t ( e g ' r - m o n t ) . A t o w n of C u m b e r treasury in 1827 ; Under-Secretary of state for the colonies l a n d , E n g l a n d , o n t h e E d e n s o u t h of W h i t e in 1828; chief secretary for Ireland 1828-30 ; and secretary h a v e n . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 6,243. at war in 1330. He was created Viscount Brackley of E g u i a r a y^ E g u r e n ( a - g é - a ' r à e à - g o - r à n ' ) , Brackley and Earl of Ellesmereof Ellesmere in 1846; and J u a n J o s é . B o r n i n M e x i c o C i t y a b o u t 1695 : was president of the Royal Asiatic Society in 1S49, and of d i e d t h e r e , J a n . 29, 1763. A M e x i c a n a u t h o r . the Royal Geographical Society 1854-55. He wrote " Medi- He took orders, and was professor of theology and rector of the University of Mexico. His most important work is terranean Sketches" (1843), etc. Egerton, Francis Henry, eighth Earl of Bridge- the ''Biblioteca Mexicana," a bibliographical dictionary, w a t e r . B o m N o v . 11, 1756: d i e d a t P a r i s , F e b . of which only a part was printed (Mexico, 1755). He also 11, 1829. A n E n g l i s h n o b l e m a n a n d c l e r g y - wrote numerous philosophical and theological treatises, etc. m a n , f o u n d e r , b y h i s w i l l , of t h e " B r i d g e w a t e r Egypt ( e ' j i p t ) . [ H e b . Mizraim, A s s y r . Mugur, T r e a t i s e s " (which see). A r . Migr, C o p t i c Kemc, G r . Alymrog, L . JEgyptm, E g e r t o n , Sir T h o m a s , B a r o n E l l e s m e r e a n d . j E g y p t e , G. Agi/pten, I t . Egitto.'] 1. A c o u n t r y viscount Brackley. Born in Cheshire, England, F i n n o r t h e a s t e r n A f r i c a , n o w a d e p e n d e n c y of a b o u t 1 5 4 0 : d i e d a t L o n d o n , M a r c h 15, 1617. T u r k e y , f a m o u s f o r t h e g r e a t a n t i q u i t y a n d A u E n g l i s h j u r i s t , l o r d c h a n c e l l o r of E n g l a n d f o r m e r s p l e n d o r of i t s c i v i l i z a t i o n , i t is bounded by the Mediterranean on the north, and extends south1603-17. E g e u s ( e - j e ' u s ) . T h e f a t h e r of H e r m i a i n S h a k - ward, including the delta and the valley of the Nile, to the first cataract (lat. 24° 6' IT.). On the east it is bounded spere's ' ' M i d s u m m e r Night's Dream." the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea, and on the west by Egg (eg), Augustus Leopold. Born at London, by the desert. I t includes also the Sinaitic peninsula and a M a y 2, 1 8 1 6 : d i e d a t A l g i e r s , A l g e r i a , M a r c h Btrip on the western coast of Arabia. The present south26, 1863. A n E n g l i s h p a i n t e r of h i s t o r i c a l a n d ern limit of its pussessiuns is in the neighborhood of the second cataract. Egypt proper consists practically of the genre scenes. E g g a ( e g ' a ) . A t o w n i n G-ando, i n t h e B r i t i s h delta and a narrow strip on each side of the Mie. The soil has been celebrated for its productiveness, due to the Niger Territories, on the lower Niger. P o p u - inundations of the river, and it was long the granary of l a t i o n , 10,000-15,000 ( i ) . Rome. Modern Egypt has 14 mudiriyehs or provinces, E g g i s c h h o m (eg'ish-korn). A m o u n t a i n i n t h e with Cairo as the capital and Alexandria as the seaport. A l p s , n e a r t h e h e a d of t h e R h o n e v a l l e y , c a n t o n The government is a hereditary viueroyalty, ruled by a kheof V a l a i s , S w i t z e r l a n d . H e i g h t , 9 , 6 2 5 f e e t . dive, subordinate to Turkey. The inhabitants are EgypEggleston (eg'l-ston), Edward. Born at Ve- tians (fellaheen, town-people, and Bedawin), Nubians, v a y , I n d . , D e c . 10, 1837. A n A i n e r i c a u a u t h o r . Abyssinians, Levantines, Turks, negroes, Armenians, Jews, In *l85fi he became a Methodist preacher, and has been and Europeans. The leading religion is Mohammedan, editor at different times of " The Little Corporal,'' " The but there are many Copts. The prevailing language is Sunday School Teacher," the New York " Independent," Arabic. The history of ancient Egypt was given by Mane"Hearth and Home," etc. In 1879 he retired from the tho under 31 dynasties. (See Manetho.) These dynasties pastorate of the Church of the Christian Endeavor in are thus grouped by Mariette : the Ancient Empire, dynasBrooklyn, N. Y., and devoted himself entirely to litera- ties I.-XI. ; the Middle Empire, dynasties X I . - X V I I I . ; ture. His chief works of fid ion are " T h e Hoosier School- the .New Empire, dynasties XVIII.-XXXI. The 1st dymaster "(1871), "The End of the World "(18:2). "The Mys- nasty was founded by Menes in 5004 B. c., according to During the early dynasties Memphis was the tery of Metropolisville " (1873), " The C ircuit liidei "(15/4), Mariette. center, and in the time of the 4th occurred the building of "Rosy" (1878), " T h e Hoosier Schoolboy" (1883), " T h e the Pyramids (about 4000 B. c.— Mariette). The construcGraysons" (1887), " T h e Faith Doctor" (1891), "Duffels" tion of Lake Mceris and the Labyrinth are assigned to the (18„,,,.,, , . n T n r r , . . n u} . «.,llprl K/tuvS mmerlin tSÏÏ?™; T , -?a • f " £dia\ i l K n a r t (elk h a r t ) . A c i t y m E l k l i a r t C o u n t y , I n d i a n a , s i t u a t e d a t t h e l u n c t i o n of t h e E l k h a r t a n d St J o s e n h r i v e r s i n l a t 41° 40' N , n „ „ S8 J w t Ä 11 J ? ? F'' ™ w - P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 11,dbO. t i l K h O m . S e e rea Bulge. E J k M o uo fn t a i n s a n d W e s t ^ E l k M o u n t a i n s m o u n t a i n s i n w e s t e r n Colorado, w e s t of t h e S a g u a c h e r a n g e . H e i g h t of C a s t l e P e a k , J,4,'115'eet- „ E l l a . S e e JElla. E l l a n d (el'land) A town in Yorkshire Engl a n d , o n t h e Ca,lder 9 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of B r a d ±°, r d - , P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 9,991. ™ a ° d u n , i e - I 1 l a A n -af>n). [ A S . Elian dun, p r o b . S ' Ä i Ä t e i Ä S d e t e a t e d t ü 6 Mer Vn S ? V ^ ¿ Ä g "

^ ¿ t y ? Cel-ich-pör'). 1 A d i s t r i c t i n B e r a r , B r i t i s h I n d i a , i n t e r s e c t e d by l a t . 21° 20 JS., l o n g . 77° 30' E . A r e a , 2,623 s q u a r e m i l e s . P o p u l a t i o n (1881), 313,805.—2. T h e chief t o w n of t h e E l l i c h p u r d i s t r i c t . P o p u l a t i o n , a b o u t 25,000-30,000. E l l i c o t t (el'i-kot), C h a r l e s J o h n . Born April 25, 1819. A n E n g l i s h b i b l i c a l c o m m e n t a t o r , b i s h o p of G l o u c e s t e r a n d B r i s t o l f r o m 1863. graduated at St. John's College, Cambridge, in 1841, and was Hulsean lecturer in 1859. Iiis lectures appeared as "On the Life of Otir Lord Jesus Christ,"and he hasalso published, besides minor works, a series of "Critical and Grammatical Commentaries " on most of the Pauline epis«CS. He was for eleven years chairman of the scholars produced the revised version of the Sew Testament, Ellicott City. T h e c o u n t y - s e a t of H o w a r d C o u n t y , M a r y l a n d , s i t u a t e d on t h e P a t a p s c o 8 m i l e s w e s t of B a l t i m o r e . Itisthescatof St. Charles's and Koch Hill colleges (both Roman Catholic). it was formerly named Ellicott's Mills. Population (1890), 1,488. E l l i o t ( e l ' i - o t ) , G e o r g e A u g u s t u s . S e e Eliot. E l l i o t s o n (ei'i-ot-son), J o h n . Born at London a b o u t 1790 (?) d i e d a t L o n d o n J u l y 29, 1868. All E n g l i s h p h y s i c i a n a n d p h y s i o l o g i s t . He wrote "Principles and Practice of Medicine" (183!)), "Human Physiology " (1840), etc. E l l i o t t : e l ' i - o t > , G h a r l e s L o r i n g . B o r n a t Scipio. v y tj Ï 8 1 2 - d i e d a t A l b a n v N Y Ail!? 25 • * •) • a t AlDany ^ . ï A u g . ¿0, 1808. A n A m e r i c a n p o r t r a i t - p a i n t e r . e l e c t e d n a t i o n a l a c a d e m i c i a n in 184b. Elliott Charles Wyllys Born at Guilford C o n n . , M a y 27, 1817 : d i e d A u g . 20, 1883. A n a • • n -i A m e r i c a n m i s c e l l a n e o u s w r i t e r . He published "Saint Domingo, etc. (1855), a " ï c w England History " gS»7) "Book of American Interiors " (1876), " Pottery and l'orcelain a877). E l l i o t t , E b e n e z e r . Born at Masborough, YorkE n g l a n d , M a r c h 17, 1781: d i e d n e a r g M t,,,,. ' ],,„ t-m.,1.,,-,,1 î loin i-.,,.i;,,i, g i .îvi' anglisti T' P o e S U r n a m e d ' t h e C o r n - L a w E h y m e r . " Author of "Corn-Law Ehymes" (1831), "The Village Patriarch " (1B29), "The Banter." " The Splendid Village," etc., and many miscellaneous poems. _ E l l i o t t Sir H e n r y M i e r s . B o r n a t W e s t m m s toepre, 1808 : d i e d a t S i m o n ' s T o w n . C a p e ot Good p - ' D,ec' 2 0 ' . 1 8 5 3 a \ , A S , English historian, l o n g i n t h e s e r v i c e of t h e4 E a s t I n d i a C o m p a n v . f ^ ^ 3S S f f i S S , Î Â ^ Â ^ i Ä ^ d J Ä » f v S V Î ^ «HWoTof M i i » ^ ' ( i n 8 volumes, 1867-77), etc. E l l i o t t , J e s s e D u n c a n . B o r n in M a r y l a n d , J u l y 1 4 , 1 7 8 2 : d i e d a t P h i l a d e l p h i a , D e c . , 1845. A n A m e r i c a n n a v a l ofticer. H e was second in

M ' l v S 1764- g u i l l o t i n e d a t Pnri« M n v I O 1794. -1' command under Commodore Perry at the battle of lake A' ^ i t t i nf T YVI ' E l l a n g o w a n , L a i r d Of. S e e Bertram, Godfrey. Erie, Sept. 10, 1813, and the following month succeeded Ä Ä ^ r i i T l r ™ ! , « E l l a s a r ( e l - l ä ' s ä r ) . A c i t v or d i s t r i c t in M e s o - Perry iiUhe command on I.akc Kric He commanded the g z a b e t h , C h a , r l o t t e S e e Char lotte Ehsabeth. ^opofw a rOntarioi,,Decat,irss, etc.

Emerson (em'ér-son), George Barrell.

Bom

at Kennebunk, Maine, Sept. 12, 1797: died at Newton, Mass., March 14, 1881. An American educator, and writer on education. He taught at Boston many years, and in 1831 assisted in the organization of the Boston Society of Natural History, of which he be-

A r w a n d (ar-wancT). A mountain in north- of Rowley's "When you see nie," etc., "Essays on Shak- came president in 1837. H e wrote a " Report on the Trees Shrubs Growing Naturally in the Forests of Massachuwestern Persia, a few miles south of Hamadan spere," "William Shakspere" (1876: English translation and setts" (1846). (Ecbatana): the ancient Orontes. Height, 1888), " Notes on Elizabethan Dramatists " (1880-84), etc. Ralph "Waldo. Born at Boston, nearly 9,000 feet. Elzevir (el'ze-vir), or Elsevier, or Elzevier Emerson, May 25, 1803: died at Concord, Mass., Eiwes (el'wes), or Meggott (meg'ot), John. ( e l ' z e - v e r ) . A f a m o u s f a m i l y o f B u t c h p r i n t - Mass., April 27, 1882. A celebrated American essayBorn at Westminster, April 7, 1714 : died at e r s , c e l o b r a t e d e s p e c i a l l y f o r t h e i r e d i t i o n s of i s t , l e c t u r e r , a n d p o e t . He graduated at Barvard Marcham, Berkshire, Nov. 26, 1789. A noted c l a s s i c a l a u t h o r s , a n d o f F r e n c h a u t h o r s o n College in 1821, and was a Unitarian clergyman in Boston English miser, son of a brewer named Meg- h i s t o r i c a l a n d p o l i t i c a l s u b j e c t s ( a s e r i e s k n o w n l82i>-32. I n 1833-34 he commenced his career as lecturer

E l y (ë'li)._ [ME. Ely, EU, AS. Elig, eel island, from *ëlf œl, eel, and ïg, island.] A city in Cambridgeshire, England, 15 miles north-northeast

o f C a m b r i d g e . I t contains a famous cathedral, a building of great size, begun in lu83. The nave and weBt tower were completed toward the end of the 12th century, and the west porch or galilee dates from about 1215. The .Norman choir was replaced by the existing presbytery in the middle of the 13th century, and the octagonal central lantern was finished in 1328. The large Lady chapel adjoining the north transept, with elaborate vaulting and ornate arcading under the large windows, was built in the middle of the 14th century. The exterior of the church is distinguished by its high, castellated west tower. Under the tower is a curious galilee or en trance-porch, which opens into an unfinished west transept. The nave is imposing, with its long ranges of Norman arches and its lofty triforiumgallery. Its roof is of wood. The vaulting of the octagon forms the only existing Pointed dome of its type. The presbytery is among the most excellent achievements of Decorated work. The cathedral measures 520 by 77 feet ; length of transept, 178.4 ; height of nave, 62 ; of choir-vaulting, 70. Population (1891), 8,017.

E l y , I s l e of. A marshy plain in Cambridgeshire, England, north of the Ouse. It forms part of Bedford Level. der Hereward.

I t was a stronghold of the Saxons un-

Many of the Elzevir editions bear no other typographical mark than Bimply the words Apud Elzeverios, or Ex officina Elseveriana, under the rubrique of the town. Isaac took as typographical mark the branch of a tree surrounded by a vine branch bearing clusters of fruit, and below it a man standing, with the motto non solus. The third Louis adopted Minerva with an olive branch, and the motto ne extra oleas. When (he Elseviers did not wish to put their name to their works they generally marked them with a sphere, but of course the mere fact that a work printed in the 17th century bears this mark is no proof that it is theirs. The total number of works of all kinds which bear the name of the Elseviers is 1213, of which 968 are in Latin, 44 in Greek, 126 in French, 32 in Flemish, 22 in the Eastern languages, 11 in German, and 10 in Italian. Encye. Brit.

(which continued between thirty and forty years) on such subjects as "Human Culture," "Human Life," "The Philosophy of History," "The Times," "The Present Age," etc. In 1834 he settled at Concord, and edited " The Dial " 1842-14. He was the author of " N a t u r e " (18S6), "Essays" (1841 and 1844), " P o e m s " (1846), "Representative Men " (1850), " Memoirs of Margaret Fuller " (1852), " English Traits" (1856), "Conduct of Life " (i860), May Day, and Other Pieces " (1867), "Society and Solitude " (1870), "Letters and Social Aims" (1876\ " P o e m s ' (1876). He also compiled and edited " Parnassus," a volume of poems " selected from the whole range of English Literature."

E m e r s o n , W i l l i a m . Born at Ilurworth, near Darlington, England, May 14, 1701: died at Hurworth, May 20, 1782. An English mathematician. E m e s a (em'e-sa). See Horns. Émigrés(â-më-grâ')>Les. [F.,'theemigrants.'] In French history, the royalists who left France in 1789 and succeeding years, and took refuge in Germany, Switzerland, Great Britain, and

other countries. Part of them fought against the French revolutionary armies, and many had their headquarters at Ooblenz. Some returned during the consulate or empire, others not until the Restoration. Nearly all had lost their property, but after the Restoration some of them received for a few years a government grant.

Émile (â-mël')} or De l'éducation (de lâ-dti-

kâ-syôii'). [F.,'of education.'] A treatise on education, in the form of a romance, by Jean Jacques Rousseau, published in 1762: named from its chief character. E m i l i a (à-mërë-a), L. j E m i l i a (ë-mil'i-a). [The Roman province .¿Emilia was named from the censor JEmilius Lepidus, builder of the Via iEmilia.] A division of northern Italy forming a compartimento, lying south of the Po and north of Tuscany. It comprises the provinces of Bo-

E l y C h a p e l . The chapel of the former palace of the bishops of Ely, in the city of London. It is a fine example of Decorated architecture. E l y m a i s (el-i-ma'is). In ancient geography, a region in western Asia. The name was used either as an equivalent of Elam or for a part of it. E l y m a s (el'i-mas). [G-r. 'EK^af.] A sorcerer, whose real name was Bar-Jesus, mentioned in Emanuel. See Immanuel. the New Testament (Acts xiii. 6). E m a n u e l (e-man'û-el) I., Pg. M a n o e l (ma-no- logna, Ferrara, Forli, Modena, l'arma, Piacenza, Ravenna, E l y o t (el'i-ot), Sir T h o m a s . Born probably el'). surnamed '' The Great " and "The Happy." and Reggio nell' Emilia. Area, 7,967 square miles. Popin Wiltshire, before 1490: died at Carlton, Born May 3, 1469 : died at Lisbon, Dec. 13, ulation (1891), 2,260,848. Cambridgeshire, March 20, 1546. An English 1521. King of Portugal, cousin of John II. Emilia (ë-mil'i-a). [L. ¿Emilia, fem. of JEmis c h o l a r a n d d i p l o m a t i s t . He was educated at home. 1. A character in Chaucer's "Knight's In 1511 he was clerk of assize on the western circuit, and whom he succeeded in 1495. He promoted the lius.] in 1523 Cardinal Wolsey gave him the position of clerk of expeditions of Yasco da Gama, Cabrai, Corte- Tale," Dryden's "Palamon and Arcite," Beaumont and Fletcher's "Two Noble Kinsmen," the privy council. He was sheriff of Oxfordshire and real, and Albuquerque. Berkshire in 1527. In 1531 he published " T h e Boke and other versions of the same story, she is a In Charlotte Bronte's novel very beautiful woman, loved by bothPalamon and Arcite, named the Governour," which related to t h e education E m a n u e l , P a u l . of statesmen and was dedicated to Henry VIII. This se- "Villette," alecturerin Madame Beck's school. and won by the former. The name is variously spelled E m a n u e l P h i l i b e r t Duke of Savoy. Born at cured royal patronage, and he was appointed ambassador Emelie, Em,dye, Emily, etc. to Charles V. In 1535 he was again senfe to the emperor, Chambéry, Savoy, July 8, 1528 : died Aug. 30, following hiin to Naples, n e was member of Parliament 1580. An Italian general, son of Charles III. 2. In Shakspere's tragedy " Othello," the wife for Cambridge in 1542. He also wrote " Of the Know- o f S a v o y . She reveals his perfidy, and he kills He entered the service of the emperor of Iago. ledge which maketh a Wise Man" (1533), "Pasquil the Charles V. in 1548. and in 1553 obtained command of the her.—3. An attendant on Ilcrmione in ShakPlayne " (1533), " T h e Castel of I l e l t h " (1534). "BibJio- imperial army in the war against the French, whom he spere's "Winter's Tale."—4. The woman loved theca" (a Latin and English dictionary, 1538), " D e f e n c e dei'eated at Saint-Quentin in 1557. He recovered by the by Peregrine Pickle, in Smollett's "Adventures of Good Women " (1545), etc. treaty of Câteau-Cambrésis, concluded April 3, 1559, the of Peregrine Pickle." duchy of Savoy, which had been taken by Francis I. of E m i l i a G-alotti (à-më'lë-a ga-lot'të). A tragedy E l y P l a c e (ë'ii plâs). A place on Holborn France from Charles III. Hill, London, the entrance to which is almost E m b a (em'bâ). A river in Uralsk, Asiatic by Lessing, produced in Germany in 1772, and opposite St. Andrew's Church. The town house Russia, which flows into the Caspian Sea from produced on the English stage by Thorn pson in 1794. of the bishops of Ely stood here, and the place was en- the northeast.

Emilian Way

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Bmilian Way. S e e Via ¿Emilia. Emmittsburg (em'its-berg), or Emmettsburg Emilio. See Mmilius. (em'ets-berg). A town in Frederick County, E m i l y (em'i-li). [ P . fimilie, I t . S p . P g . Emilia, M a r y l a n d , 48 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of B a l t i m o r e . It 6 . Emilie.] 1 . T h e h e r o i n e of M r s . B a d c l i f f e ' s i s t h e s e a t of M o u n t S t . M a r v ' s C o l l e g e ( R o m a n ' ' M y s t e r i e s of U d o l p h o . " By her (iread of real dan. C a t h o l i c ) . P o p u l a t i o n ( 1 8 9 0 ) , 844. gers she is skilfully made to believe in unreal ones. E m m o n s (em'onz), N a t h a n a e l . B o r n .at E a s t 2 . I n D i c k e n s ' s " D a v i d C o p p e r f i e l d , " M r . P e g - H a d d a m , C o n n . , A p r i l 20, 1 7 4 5 : d i e d a t F r a n k g o t t y ' s n i e c e , c a l l e d '* L i t t l e E m i l y . ' " s h e is af- l i n , M a s s . , S e p t . 23, 1840. A n A m e r i c a n C o n fianced to Ilarn Peggotty, and is afterward betrayed by g r e g a t i o n a l c l e r g y m a n a n d t h e o l o g i a n . His Steorforth. c o l l e c t e d w o r k s w e r e p u b l i s h e d i n 1842. i l m i n e n c e Gtrise (a-me-nons' grez), L ' , [ F . , Emory (em'd-ri), William Hemsley. Bom in An ' T h e G r a y C a r d i n a l . ' J A p a i n t i n g b y G ^ r o m e , Q u e e n A n n e C o u n t y . M d . , S e p t . 9, 1811. n o w I n t h e S t e b b i n s c o l l e c t i o n , N e w Y o r k . I t A m e r i c a n s o l d i e r . He graduated at West Point in represents t h e noted confessor of Cardinal de Richelieu 1831; became lieutenant of topographical engineers in descending a palace staircase, feignedly oblivious of t h e 1838; served on t h e staff of General Kearny during the cringing before him and t h e gestures of hatred behind Mexican w a r : was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers March 17.1862; commanded a division under Genhim of a body of brilliant courtiers. eral Banks in Louisiana in 1863; commanded t h e 19th E m i n P a s h a ( a / m e n p a s h ' a ) o r B e y ( b a ) ( E d - army corps in the Red River expedition in 1864; a n d f o u g h t uard Sclmitzer), B o r n a t O p p e l n , G e r m a n y , with distinction at Opequan Creek, Sept. 19, 1864, and a t M a r c h 28, 1 8 4 0 : k i l l e d n e a r N y a n g w e b y t h e Fisher's Hill, Sept. 2-2. 18f>4. He wrote " Notes of a MiliA r a b s i n 1892. A n o t e d A f r i c a n e x p l o r e r . tary Reconnoissance in Missouri and California" (IS48), Born of Jewish parents, he became a Protestant in 184«, and "'Report on t h e United States and Mexican Boundary and professed Islamism when he entered the service of Survey " (1853-59). Mohammedan governments. After studies in medicine and ornithology he went, in 1865, to Turkey, where he ac- Emory College. An institution of learning at companied a high official in his journeys until 1873. I n 1875 he made a short visit to Germany. I n 1876 he joined O x f o r d , G e o r g i a , i n c o r p o r a t e d i n 1836. I t i s Gordon Pasha, then governor of the Sudan, explored t h e u n d e r t h e c o n t r o l of t h e M e t h o d i s t E p i s c o p a l Nile up to Lake Albert, and visited Mtesa in 1877. I n C h u r c h ( S o u t h ) . 1878 he was made bey and governor of t h e Equatorial E m p e d o c l e s ( e m - p e d ' o - k l e z ) . [Gr. 'IfnredoProvinces. In a few years he raised his ruined prov- KMjq.~\ B o r n a t A g r i g e n t u m , S i c i l y : l i v e d a b o u t inces to relative prosperity, made rich scientific collec- 4 9 0 - 4 3 0 B. c . A G r e e k p h i l o s o p h e r , p o e t , a n d tions, and completed t h e accounts of Schweinfurth and s t a t e s m a n . He was a supporter of t h e democratic party J linker. From 1883 lie was cut off, l»y the Afahdi, from communication with Egypt, and his position soon became in his native city against t h e aristocracy, and possessed precarious. Stanley went to his relief, and both reached great influeuce through his wealth, eloquence, and knowt h e east coast in 1889. In the service of Germany he re- ledge. He followed Pythagoras and Parmenides in his t u r n e d to the lakes in 1890, accompanied by Dr. Stuhl- teachings. He professed magic powers, prophecy, and a m a n n and Lieutenant Langheld. He established the sta- miraculous power of healing, and came to have, in popution of Bukoba, and left it in charge of Lieutenant Lang- lar belief, a superhuman character. H e was said to have held. With Dr. Stuhlmann he then proceeded westward, thrown himself into the crater of E t n a in order that, intending, despite contrary orders, to make his way to from his sudden disappearance, t h e people m i g h t believe t h e west coast by way of t h e Shari. At Momfu, west of him to be a god. Albert Kyanza, t h e rebellion of his carriers compelled The figure of Empedocles of Agrigentum, when seen h i m to change his route (1891). Dr. Stuhlmann returned across the twenty-three centuries which separate us from to the coast w i t h t h e richest harvest of scientific data him, presents perhaps a more romantic appearance than ever gathered by an African expedition. Emin was killed that of any other Greek philosopher. This is owing, in a by the Arabs, by order of Chief Kibonge, near Nyangwe, great measure, to the fables which invest his life and death in October. 1892. Two of t h e murderers confessed their with mystery, to his reputation for magical power, and to . crime to R. Dorsey llohuti, United States agent in t h e t h e wild sublimity of some of his poetic utterances. Yet, Kongo Free State, in April, 1894. even in his lifetime, and among contemporary Greeks, he swept t h e stage of life like a great tragic actor, and l e f t to E m m a (em'a). A n o v e l b y J a n e A u s t e n , p u b - posterity t h e fame of genius as a poet, a physician, a pal i s h e d i n 1816. triot, and a philosopher. Emmanuel, or Emanuel (e-man'ii-el). See Symondtt, Studies of t h e Greek Poets, I. 207. [mmamif.L E m m a n u e l C o l l e g e . A c o l l e g e of C a m b r i d g e Empedocles on Etna. A classical drama by U n i v e r s i t y , f o u n d e d i n 1584, o n t h e s i t e of a M a t t h e w A r n o l d , p u b l i s h e d i n 1853 a n d 1867. A n a m e sometimes given to c o n v e n t of t h e B l a c k F r i a r s , b y S i r W a l t e r M i l d - E m p i r e C i t y . m a v f o r t h e d e f e n s e of P u r i t a n i s m . Some of t h e N e w Y o r k a s t h e m e t r o p o l i s of t h e E m p i r e buildings of t h e convent were adapted to the uses of t h e S t a t e . college. The chapel was built by Wren. Over t h e cloister E m p i r e S t a t e . A n a m e p o p u l a r l y g i v e n t o N e w t h e r e is a gallery of portraits. The library possesses many Y o r k o n a c c o u n t of i t s l e a d i n g p o s i t i o n i n r e treasures. s p e c t of p o p u l a t i o n , w e a l t h , a n d i n d u s t r i a l e n Emmanuel's Land. See Delectable Mountains. t e r p r i s e s . E m m a u s ( e m ' a - u s or e-ma'us). [Gr. E m p o l i (em'pd-le). A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of I n s c r i p t u r a l g e o g r a p h y , a v i l l a g e of P a l e s t i n e F l o r e n c e , I t a l y , o n t h e A r n o 15 m i l e s w e s t n o t f a r f r o m J e r u s a l e m . I t s exact position is un* P o p u l a t i o n (1881), known. I t was long identified with a city (Emmaus, later s o u t h w e s t of F l o r e n c e . Nicopolia, modern 'Amwas) about 20 miles from Jerusa- c o m m u n e , 1 7 , 4 8 7 . Emporia (em-po'ri-a). T h e c o u n t y - s e a t of lem. E m m e n d i n g e n (em'men-din g-en). A town in Lyon County, Kansas, situated on the Neosho Populat h e c i r c l e of F r e i b u r g , B a d e n , s i t u a t e d n e a r t h e R i v e r 5 2 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of T o p e k a . E l z 10 m i l e s n o r t h of F r e i b u r g . H e r e , O c t . 19, t i o n ( 1 8 9 0 ) , 7 , 5 5 1 .

1796. t h e A u s t r i a n s d e f e a t e d t h e F r e n c h u n d e r Empson (emp'sou), or Emson, Richard. Exec u t e d a t L o n d o n , A u g . 17, 1510. An English Moreau. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 4,039. p o l i t i c i a n . He was associated with E d m u n d Dudley in E m m e n t h a l ( e m ' m e n - t a l ) . A. v a l l e y i n t h e c a n - the execution of the obnoxious financial policy of Henry t o n of B e r n , S w i t z e r l a n d , e a s t of B e r n , n o t e d VII., and became the object of popular hatred by t h e rigor for its fertility a n d b e a u t y . I t i s t r a v e r s e d b y with which he collected the taxes and penalties due to the a t r i b u t a r y of t h e A a r e , t h e E m m e . T h e c h i e f crown. After t h e death of Henry he was executed w i t h his associate on the charge of treason. town is Langnau. f/ E m m e r i c h (em'mer-ich). A t o w n in t h e R h i n e E m p U S a ( e m - p u ' s a ) . [Gr. Efi^ovaa, o n e - f o o t e d . ] I n Greek legend, a cannibal monster sent b y Province, Prussia, situated on the Rhine, n e a r Hecate (under various forms) to frighten travt h e D u t c h f r o n t i e r , i n l a t . 5 1 ° 5 0 ' N . , l o n g . 6 ° e l e r s . The Lami?e were reckoned among t h e Empusaj. 14' E . : t h e a n c i e n t E m b r i c a . I t h a s a m i n s t e r . An Empusa is mentioned in " T h e Frogs" of Aristophanes, P o p u l a t i o n (1890). 8.237. and also in t h e life of Apollonins Tyangeus by Philoatratus, E m m e t (em'et), Robert. B o r n a t D u b l i n i n and Goethe introduces one in the second part of " Faust." 1 7 7 8 : h a n g e d a t D u b l i n , S e p t . 20, 1803. A n The last has not t h e same habit of transformation as t h e I r i s h r e v o l u t i o n i s t , b r o t h e r of T h o m a s A d d i s others, but surpasses them ¡ill in her hideous appearance E m m e t . He was, like his brother, a leader of the United and her cannibalistic habits. Irishmen, and in July, 1803, p u t himself at the head of an E m s ( e m z ) . [ G r . ( S t r a b o ) 'Auaoiac. ( P t o l e m y ) unsuccessful rising in Dublin. He escaped to t h e Wick- 'Afidatoij; L . Amisia, Amicus, l a t e r Kmisa, Emelow Mountains, b u t returned to take leave of his affianced, 6 « . ] A r i v e r of P r u s s i a w h i c h r i s e s i n W e s t Sarah Curran, with t h e result that he was captured and p h a l i a n e a r P a d e r b o r n , a n d flows t h r o u g h t h e hanged. His attachment to Miss Curran is celebrated D o l l a r t i n t o t h e N o r t h S e a a t t h e D u t c h f r o n by Moore in his famous poem " S h e is far from the land t i e r . L e n g t h , 180 m i l e s . where her young hero sleeps." Emmet, Thomas Addis. Born at Cork, Ire- Ewmast ,e r ionrg -Bp al adc e E imn s t h(eb apdr oevmi nzc) e. o fA Ht eo sws ne - Naansdl a n d , A p r i l 2 4 , 1 7 6 4 : d i e d a t N e w Y o r k , N o v . 14, 1827. A n I r i s h l a w y e r a n d p o l i t i c i a n , b r o t h e r s a u , P r u s s i a , o n t h e L a h n 7 m i l e s s o u t h e a s t of of R o b e r t E m m e t . He was admitted to the Irish bar C o b l e n z . I t is one of t h e most frequented health-rein 1790, was elected secretary of t h e Society of United sorts in Germany, on account of its hot mineral springs. Irishmen in 1795, and became one of the directors of the Here occurred t h e famous interview, July 13, 1870, besociety in 1797. He was implicated in the rebellion of tween William I. of Prussia and t h e French ambassador 1798, in which year he was arrested, together with the Benedetti, which precipitated the Franco-Gcrman war. other directors. He was imprisoned until 1802, and in Population (1890), 5.472. 18''i4 emigrated to New York, wheTe he practised law, and Emser (em'zer), Hieronymus. Born at Ulm, in 1812 became attorney-general of the State. G e r m a n y , M a r c h 26, 1 4 7 7 : d i e d a t D r e s d e n , Nov. 8,1527. A G e r m a n t h e o l o g i a n , n e became Emmez. See Jemez.

Encyclopédie in 1504 secretary to Duke George of Saxony, who gave him a benefice in Dresden. An account of the disputation at Leipsic (1519), which he gave in an open letter addressed to John Zack of Prague, occasioned a violeut controversy with Luther. He attacked Luther's translation of the Bible, and published in 1527 a translation of t h e New Testament after the Vulgate.

Enambuc (â-non-buk'), or Esnambuc, Pierre VandTOSCLUe Diel d'. Born, probably at D i e p p e , a b o u t 1 5 7 0 : d i e d o n t h e i s l a n d of S t . Christopher (St. Kitts), W e s t Indies, Dec., 1636. T h e f o u n d e r of t b e F r e n c h W e s t I n d i a n c o l o n i e s . He engaged in privateering cruises, and in 1625 established a colony on St. Christopher, at the Bume til lie t h a t the crew of an English vessel settled there. DTitiambuc was aided by Richelieu, and though his colony was driven out for a t i m e by t h e Spaniards {1(51:9), and passed through many vicissitudes, it ultimately prospered. He founded others in various islands.

Enanthe (ë-nan'the). [ S e e Œnanthe,] In Fletcher's " H u m o r o u s Lieutenant," the name u n d e r w h i c h Celia disguises herself. Enara (à-nâ'râ), or Enare (â-nâ'râ)? Lake. A l a r g e l a k e i n t h e e x t r e m e n o r t h e r n p a r t of Finland, with an outlet into the Arctic Ocean. Enarchus(e-nar'kus). In Sidney's 4' Arcadia," t h e K i n g of M a c e d o n . H e i s t h e f a t h e r of P y r o d e s a n d u n c l e of M u s i d o r u s . Enarea (e-nà'râ-à). A region in the Galla c o u n t r v , A f r i c a , s o u t h of A b y s s i n i a , a b o u t l a t . 8° 30' N., l o n g . 37° E.

Encalada, Manuel Blanco.

See Blanco En-

caiada. E n c e l a d u s (en - sel ' a - dus). [ G r . 'EyKs?i,aôoç.] 1 . I n G r e e k m y t h o l o g y , o n e of t h e h u n d r e d a r m e d g i a n t s , a s o n of T a r t a r u s a n d G e . — 2 . T h e s e c o n d s a t e l l i t e of S a t u r n , d i s c o v e r e d b y H e r s c h e l A u g . 28, 1 7 8 9 . Enchanted Horse, The. A f a b u l o u s horse in " T h e A r a b i a n N i g h t s ' E n t e r t a i n m e n t s . " Firouz Schah, t h e Prince of Persia, is carried by t h e enchanted horse to thepaiaceof t h e Princess of Bengal, and persuades her to return with him. The Indian who owns t h e horse abducts her. The Sultan of Kashmir rescues her. Firouz Schah follows them, disguised as a dervish, and by a clever ruse gains possession of princess and horse. E n c h a n t e d Island, The. Dryden's of S h a k s p e r e ' s " T e m p e s t . "

alteration

Encina, or Enzina (en-thë'nà), Juan de la or d e l . B o r n a t or n e a r S a l a m a n c a , Spain, a b o u t 1 4 6 9 : d i e d a t S a l a m a n c a , 1534. A S p a n i s h p o e t , f o u n d e r of t h e S p a n i s h d r a m a . He was for a t i m e in t h e household of the first Duke of Alba ; went to Rome, entered t h e church, and became chapel-master to Leo X . ; visited the lloly Land; and became prior of Leon. He published a collection of his dramatic and lyric poems, " C a n c i o n e r o " (1496 : enlarged 1509).

Enciso (en-thë'sô), Martin Fernandez de*

B o r n a b o u t 1 4 7 0 : d i e d a f t e r 1528. A Spanish lawyer. He went to America with Bastidas in 1500, and settled as a lawyer at Santo Domingo. I n 1509 h e joined t h e enterprise of Ojeda for colonizing Tierra Firme. Ojeda sailed in Nov., 1509, and Enciso followed with another ship in May, 1510. Ojeda having leit t h e colony, Enciso took command of t h e survivors and founded Antigua (Darien), b u t he was soon deposed and banished by Balboa and others. He went to Spain, and in 1514 returned to Darien as alguacil mayor of Pedrarias'& expedition. Late in 1514 he led an expedition against the Indians of Cenu. Probably he soon r e t u r n e d to Spain. In 1519 he published there his " S u m a de geografia, "" which gives t h e first account in Spanish of t h e .New World.

Encke (eng'ke), Johann Franz. Bom at Ham-

b u r g , S e p t . 23, 1 7 9 1 : d i e d a t S p a n d a u , n e a r B e r l i n , A u g . 26, 1865. A G e r m a n a s t r o n o m e r . He became in 1825 secretary of the Academy of Sciences and director of the Observatory in Berlin. He is best known from his investigation of t h e comet named f o r him. Encke's Comet. A comet discovered by P o n s a t M a r s e i l l e s , N o v . 26, 1818, a n d m o r e f u l l y i n v e s t i g a t e d b y J . F . E n c k e , f o r w h o m it w a s named. Encratites ( e n ' k r â - t ï t s ) . [ G r . 'F.vKpartTat, l i t , ' the self-disciplined/ ' continent/] In the early h i s t o r y of t h e c h u r c h , e s p e c i a l l y a m o n g t h e Gnostics, those ascetics who refrained from m a r r i a g e a n d f r o m t h e u s e of flesh-meat and w i n e . They were members of various heretical sects, although sometimes spoken of as a distinct body founded by t h e apologist Tatian of t h e 2d century. They were also called Continents.

Encyclopaedia Britannica (en-sï-klô-pë'di-a. bri-tan'i-ka). A n E n g l i s h " d i c t i o n a r y of a r t s j s c i e n c e s , a n d g e n e r a l l i t e r a t u r e . " first p u b lished, i n p a r t s , a t E d i n b u r g h 1768-71. The p u b l i c a t i o n of t h e l a s t ( 9 t h ) e d i t i o n w a s c o m m e n c e d i n 1 8 7 5 a n d c o m p l e t e d i n .1888.

Encyclopedia, The. See Encyclopédie.

E n c y c l o p é d i e ( o i i - s ë - k l ô - p à - d ë ' ) : full title, "Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et d e s m é t i e r s " ( ' M e t h o d i c a l D i c t i o n a r y of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades')« A F r e n c h encyclopedia. See the extract.

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Encyclopédie

ford. The chief manufactures are cotton and woolen goods, iron and steel, hardware, leather, etc. l i s mineral the ruins of a royal palace, and is the seat of the manuproducts are iron and coal, tin, copper, etc. England has 40 facture of Martini-Henry rifles. Population (1891), 31,532. counties (Northumberland, Durham, York, Cumberland, 2. A town in Hartford County, Connecticut, Westmoreland, Lancashire, Cheshire, Statford, Derby, Notsituated on the Connecticut iîiver 14 miles tingham, Lincoln, .Norfolk, Cambridge, Huntingdon, Hutnorth-northeast of Hartford, it has noted manu- land, Leicester, Shropshire, Hereford, Worcester, Warwick, factures of carpetB and powder. I t contains a community. Northampton, Bedford, Suttolk, Essex, Hertford, Middlesex, Buckingham, Oxford, Gloucester, Monmouth, Wiltof Shakers. Population (1890), 7,199. Eafield, William, Born a t Sudbury, England, shire, Berkshire, Surrey, Kent, Sussex, Hampshire. Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and Cornwall); its capital is London, -uwi/oq 1 7 4 ] . d i p d at, N o r w i c h England and its government a constitutional hereditary monarchy. ^ T ' r r at ivoiwii.il, ^ n ^ i d n u , The Anglican Church is established, and there are many >ì'.] In Greek mythology, " Idylls of the King." absence of years to find t h a t his wife, t h i n k i n g E n i f ( e n ' i f ) . [Ar. enf, the nose.] The bright him dead, l i a s married his friend. F o r her the goddess of the dawn, daughter of Hyperion, third-magnitude star e Pegasi, in the nose of sake he does n o t reveal himself, and dies bro- and sister of Helios and Selene: called by the t h e hippogriff. Komans Aurora. kon-hearted. Eostra (eös'trä). [AS. Eóstra (Beda), for EdsE n i m (ë'nim), or E n i n (ê'nin). A fabulous [Heb.] Son of Seth a n d g r a n d Ire. Cf. AS. easier, OJrlG. ôstara, E a s t e r . ] T h e country of great wealth, which in the 16th and E n o s ( e ' n o s ) . goddess of spring (the dawn of the year). Her 17th centuries was supposed to exist somewhere son of Adam, cult was probably common to the West-Germanic tribes, , A seaport in the vilayet of Adrix on the t r i b u t a r i e s of the upper Amazon. Various Enos (â'nos). expeditions were made in quest of it. In 1«35 a Peruvian anople, Turkey, situated on the ¿Egcan Sea although no specific mention is made of her except among adventurer cailed Francisco Bohorquez asserted that he in lat. 40° 41' N.. long. 26° 4' E . : t h e ancient the Anglo-Saxons. The name has been perpetuated in had actually visited Enim and seen the king in a palace Easttr, which is supposed to have been originally applied adorned with gold and precious stones. Bohorquez agreed JEnus. Population, estimated, 6,000-7,000. to the spring festival held in her honor. to lead a party to this country, but was arrested after com- Enriauez. See Henriquez. Eothen (ë-ô'then ). [Gr. rjûdev, from the dawn.] mitting various atrocities in the Indian missions. E n s c h e d e (ens'che-da). A t o w n i n the province A book of travels in t h e East, by Alexander E n i m a g a s (a-ne-ma'gas), or I m a c o s (e-ma'- of Overyssel, Netherlands, in lat. 52° 13' N., William Kinglake, published 1844. kos). or I n i m a c a s (e-ne-ma/kas). A savage long. 6° 5 3 ' E . It has important cotton m a n u - j j o t v o s ( e t - v e s h ) , Baron Jtizsef. Born at Budapest, Hungary, Sept. 3, 1813: died at Butribe of Indians in northern Argentina, on the factures. Population (1889), 7,079. east side of the Pilcomayo. They are classified E n s c h e d é . A noted Dutch family of p r i n t e r s dapest, F e b . 2, 1871. A H u n g a r i a n novelist, a n d t y p e f o u n d e r s . Isaac Enschedé, its founder, eswith the Mataco stock. tablished a press in Haarlem in 1703. His son Johannes publicist, statesman, and orator, minister of Enkhuizen (enk'hoi-zen). A seaport in t h e (.Tulvl0,l708,-Nov. 21,1780) succeeded him in the business, worship and public instruction 1867-71. He province of North Holland, Netherlands, on t h e and'was the most noted member of the family. His col- wrote the novels "Karthausi" ("The Carthusian," 1838), Zuvder Zee 28 miles northeast of Amsterdam. lection of dies and matrices (of the 15th-17th centuries), "A' falu jegyzoje" (" The Village Notary," 184-0, "Wag. It 'was an important commercial and fishing only part of which is preserved, was famous. The busi- yarorsz^g 1514-ben " (" Hungary in 1514," 1847). ness (an extensive one) is still carried on. E p a m i n o n d a s ( e - p a m - i - n o n ' d a s ) . L('r- ' E 7 r a ! m ~ town a b o u t 1600. Population (1889), 5,780, E n n a (en'ä), or H e n n a ( h e n ' ä ) . The ancient E n s i s h e i m (en'sis-him). A town in Upper Al- v^vrfffCi'Ejro^vwwiaf.] Born about 438 B. c.: died n a m e of Castrogiovanni. It was called the navel of sace, Alsace-Lorraine, situated on t h e 111 16 at Mantinea, Arcadia, Greece, 302 B. C. A f a Sicily, from its position in the ccnter of the island. It was miles south of Colmar. Population (1890). 2,709. mous T h e b a n general and statesman. He deconnected with the myth of Persephone, and was from E l l t l e b u e h (cnt'li-böch). A pastoral valleyJ in feated the Spartans at l e u c t r a in 371; invaded the Peloponnesus; founded Megalopolis (in Arcadia); aud was ancient times a seat of the worship of Demeter. It bei i , »T victorious and was mortally wounded at Mantinea in 562. longed to the Carthaginians, and fell into the hands of Switzerland, west ot Lucerne, the Romans in the first Punic war. In 859 it was taken E n t o m b m e n t , The. A p a i n t i n g by Raphael E p a n o m e r i a (a-pa-no-ma-re'a). A town on the by the Saracens, and in 1080 came into tho possession of (1507), in the Palazzo Borghese, Rome. The island of Santorini (Thera), in the Grecian Arthe 2vormans. body of Christ is borne by two men, attended by St. John, chipelago. It is remarkable for its position on Ennemoser (en'e-mo-zer), Joseph. Born at St. Joseph of Arimathea, and the holy women. The com- precipitous rocks. is remarkably skilful, and the expression of emoHintersee, Tyrol, Nov. 15, 1787: died at Egern position Epeiros. See Epirus. tion dramatic. "by the Tegcrnsee, U p p e r Bavaria, Sept. 19, Entragues, Catherine Henriette de Balzac Eperies (ä-pär'yes), Hung. Eperjes (e'per7 1854. A Tyrolese writer on medicine and phi- d e . S e e Verneuil, " Marquise "de. " yesh). The capital of the county of Sàros, losophy. H e published " Der M a g n e t i s m u s " Entrecasteaux. See jyEntrecasteaux. H u n g a r y , situated on the Tarcza in lat. 48° (1819), etc. Entrecasteaux (ontr-kas-to'), Joseph Antoine 5 9 ' lS\, l o n g . 21° 1 7 ' E . It was founded by a GerE n n i s (en'is). The capital of County Clare, Bruni d \ Born at Aix, F r a n c e . 1739: died at man colony, and was the scene of the execution of ProtIreland, situated on t h e river Fergus 20 miles sea, J u l y 20.1793. A F r e n c h navigator. He en- estants by the Imperialist Caraffa in 1687. Population 10,371._ northwest of Limerick. Population (1891), tered leicu the* ine naval unxii service Bi.1 »ij 1754, became commander — of (1890), . _ , in 6,500. the French fleet in the East Indies in 1785, and was ap- £ p e m a y ( a - p e r - n a ). A town m the departpointed governor of Mauritius and the Isle of Bourbon in f Marne, France, situated on the Marne t E n n i s c o r t h y (en-is-kor'tlii). A town in County In 1791 he was sent, with the rank of rear-admiral, , nf r h » I n n « ; « n r M a r n o u i= Wexford, Ireland, situated on the Slaney 13 1787. in search of the lost navigator La Pérouse. He failed in 19 m i l e s n o r t h w e s t o t L h d l o n s - M r - i U a r n it „ Foote. produced in 1753, a n d printed in 1756 Both Macklin and F o o t e played Buck in this

m i l e s n o r t h w e s t of W e x f o r d . It was taken by Cromwell in 1649, and by the insurgents in 1798. Population (1891), 5 «48.

the main object of his expedition, but made important ex- the chief center of the trade n champagne the wine plorations along the east coast of New Caledonia, the west being stored here in vaults in the chalk rock. Populaand southwest coast of New Holland, and the coast of Tas- tion (1891), commune, 18 ¿61. mania, accounts of which have been published by De la E p h e s i a c a . S e e Habrocomas and A)itlua. Biliardière (1800), De Rossel (1808), and De l'rémenville E D heSUS ( e f ' e - s u s ) . [Gt.'Epecrof.] I n a n c i e n t F (1838). _ geography, one of t h e twelve Ionian cities of

t h e b a t t l e (1689). see Neivtown

The 6th

n o t e d f o r i t s f r u i t f u l n e s s . It contains 3 districts: Vianna do Castello, Braga, and Porto. Area, 2,807 square miles.

of L a t i n l i t e r a t u r e . He served in the Roman army in Sardinia (204 B. c.), and there met M. Porcius Cato, who

Capital, Paratià. Arca, estimated, 30,000 square miles. Population, estimated (1887), 300,000.

Enniskillen (en-is-kil'en). The capital of County F e r m a n a g h , Ulster, Ireland, situated on an'island b e t w e e n Upper and Lower Lough Entre-Minho-e-Douro (en ' tre - m en 'vo - e - do Erne, in lat. 54° 21' N., long. 7° 39' W . F o r r o ) . A p r o v i n c e i n t h e n o r t h e r n p a r t of P o r t u g a l , lation (1891), 5,570.

Butler..

Enniskilleners (en-is-kil'en-erz).

Popu-

Dragoons in t h e British service: so named E n t r e R l o s ( e n ' t r a re'os). [Sp., ' b e t w e e n rivf r o m its origin among the defenders of Ennis- ers. ? ] A province in the Argentine Republic, killen in 1689. lying between the P a r a n a on the west and south Ennius (en'i-us), Quintus. Bom at Rudise in and the Uruguay (separating it f r o m Uruguay) Calabria, 239 B. c . : died at Rome (?), 169 B. C. on the east, and bounded by Corrientes on t h e A famous Roman epic poet,, one of the founders n o r t h . Its chief industry is the rearing of live stock.

Asia Minor, in Lydia, situated on tlie Cayster, n e a r its mouth, in lat. 37° 57' N., long. 27° 21' E . It was conquered by Lydia, Persia. Alexander the Great, and the Remans. I t was celebrated for its temple of Artemis, and as a great commercial city, but was unimportant in the middle ages. It was a place of residence of Haul, and the seat of the third general council in 431, and of the Kobber Synod in 449. On its site are Ayasaluk and other small villages. Among its ruins a r e : (a) The great theater mentioned in Acts xix. 23. I t is Greek in plan, with Roman modifications. The cavea. 4' 5 feet in diameter, hastwoprecinctions, with 11 cunei in the two lower ranges, and 22 in the highest, which is skirted by a colonnaded gallery. The orchestra is 110 feet in diam-

Ephesus

364

eter, and the proscenium 22 feet wide. (5) The odeum, the Thebian and Trojan wars, down to the conclusion of ascribed to the 2d century A. D. In plan it is a half- the heroic age. circle 153 feet in diameter. There is one precinctiori, Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., I. 86. with 5 cunei below and 10 above it, ami a rich Corinthian E p i c h a r m u s ( e p - i - k a r ' m u s ) . [ O r . 'YuTzixap/zog.] gallery around the top. The orchestra is SO feet in diameter ; ttie stage has 5 doors and Corinthian columns, (C) B o r n i n the i s l a n d of C o s a b o u t 540 B. C. : d i e d at S y r a c u s e a t an a d v a n c e d a g e ( n i n e t y or A stadium, ascribed to the time of Augustus. It is 850 A G r e e k c o m i c p o e t . At an early feet long and about 2(H) wide. The north side and semi- n i n e t y - s e v e n ) . circular east end are supported on vaulted substructions, age he was carried to Megara, in Sicily, and thence, when the south side on the roek of the hillside. A double col- Megara was sacked by Uelon, to Syracuse. Thirty-five onnade: was carried along its entire length, and communi- titles of his comedies are extant, and he is said to have cated with the upper gallery of the stadium by a series of stairways. (>Z) A (e.nple of Artemis (Diana of theEphe- written 52 plays. siaiis', a famous sanctuary founded in the 0th century The notice that he fEpicharmus] added letters to the B. c., and rebuilt in the 4th, The temple was Ionic, dip- alphabet arises either from some later letters being first teral, outastyle, with 2 1 columns on the flanks, and mea- adopted in his works, or from his intimacy with simonides sured 164 by 342-5 feet. The base-diameter of the columns at Syracuse. It is not impossible, as Simonidea did adopt was t> feet, their height 55. The base-drums of 36 col- some additions, that he persuaded Epieharmus to spread umns of the front and rear were beautifully sculptured their use in copies of his very popular plays. with figures in relief: there are examples iu the British Mahaffy, Hist, of Classical Greek Lit., L 402. Museum. The cella had interior ranges of columns, Epieoene (ep'i-sen), or T h e S i l e n t W o m a n . Ionic in the lower tier, Corinthian above. [ G r . ¿TTi/coiwf, of e i t h e r g e n d e r , p r o m i s c u o u s . ] E p h e s u s , C o u n c i l Of. 1 . T h e t h i r d e c u m e n i c a l A c o m e d y b y B e n J o n s o n , p r o d u c e d i n 1609. c o u n c i l , c a l l e d b y T h e o d o s i u s I I . i n c o n n e c t i o n Epieoene was a supposed silent woman who really spoke w i t h V a l e n t i n i a n I I I . , h e l d a t E p h e s u s u n d e r softly and in monosyllables. She was brought to Morose, t h e d i r e c t i o n of C y r i l o f A l e x a n d r i a i n 431 A. D. who had an insane horror of noise, by his nephew who I t opened with 160 bishops (increased to 198), and included wished to play him a trick. After the wedding Epicccne for the first time papal delegates from Rome, who were scolds, screams, and develops into a virago; but after many instructed not to mix in the debates, but to sit as judges noisy, rough tricks and jokes which drive Morose to the over the opinions of the rest. It coudemncd the heresy verge of distraction, he is relieved by his nephew Sir of Nestorius without stating clearly the correct doctrine. Daupliine, who, in consideration of the payment of his debts and the promise of a proper allowance, reveals the 2 . T h e so-called R o b b e r Council, c o n v o k e d b y trick, which is that Epieoene is really a boy in disguise: T h e o d o s i u s , h e l d at E p h e s u s u n d e r t h e p r e s i - consequently there uever was a " silent woman." Colman d e n c y of Dioscurus of A l e x a n d r i a i n 449. i t in- the elder wrote a version of this play. I t was produced cluded 135 bishops. I t reinstated Eutyches iu the office by Garrick in 1776. of priest and archimandrite, from which he had been ex[Gr. pelled by the Synod of Constantinople (448), and deposed E p i c t e t u s ( e p - i k - t e ' t u s ) o f H i e r a p o l i s . A celebrated Stoic philosopher. Flavian, patriarch of Constantinople, who was so roughly 'E7r//cn?rof.] He was a native of Hierapolis in Phrygia, was a freedman handled that he died of his injuries shortly after. of Epaphroditus (the freedman and favorite of Nero), was E p h i a l t e s ( e f - i - a l ' t e z ) . [ G r . 'E^d/ir^c.] I n clas- a pupil of Musonius ltufus,and taught philosophy at Home sical m y t h o l o g y , a b l i n d g i a n t w h o w a s d e p r i v e d until 94 (S.J?) A. D., when he removed to Nicopolis in Epio f his l e f t e y e b y A p o l l o , a n d o f his r i g h t b y rus, in consequence of an edict of Domitian banishing the philosophers from Rome. Although he left no written Hercules. works, his essential doctrines are preserved in a manual E p h i a l t e s . D i e d 456 B. C. A n A t h e n i a n states- compiled by his pupil Arriau. He taught that the sum of m a n a n d g e n e r a l . He was the friend and partisan of wisdom is to desire nothing but freedom and contentment, Pericles, and was the principal author of a law which and to bear and forbear; that all unavoidable evil in the abridged the power of the Areopagus and changed the world is only apparent and external; and that our happiness government of Athens into a pure democracy. He was, depends upon our own will, which even Zeus cannot break. according to Aristotle, assassinated by Aristodicus of TaEpicure M a m m o n , Sir. See Mammon. nagra, at the instance of the oligarchs. E p i c u r u s (ep-i-ku'rus). [ G r . 'E^¿Kovpog.'] B o r n Ephorus (ef'o-rus). [ G r . "E^opof.] B o r n a t i n Samos, 342 B. C. : d i e d a t A t h e n s , 270 B. C. Cumee : l i v e d in t h e first h a l f of t h e 4th c e n t u r y T h e f o u n d e r of the E p i c u r e a n school of philosB. c. A G r e e k w r i t e r , a u t h o r of a u n i v e r s a l o p h y . He was the son of Neocles, an Athenian cleruch settled in Samoa, and belonged to the Attic deme of Garh i s t o r y , f r a g m e n t s o f w h i c h h a v e b e e n p r e - gettus (whence he is sometimes called the Gargeitian). He served. is said to have studied under Xenocrates at Athens, and E p h r a e m ( e ' f r a - e m ) S y r u s ( ' t h e S y r i a n ' ) . subsequently taught at Mytilene and Lampsacus. In 306 B o r n p r o b a b l y a t N i s i b i s , M e s o p o t a m i a , a b o u t he opened a school in a garden at Athens, where he spent the remainder of his life. He is said to have written 308 A. D. : d i e d a t E d e s s a , M e s o p o t a m i a , a b o u t about 300 volumes, fragments ouly of which are extant. 373. A t h e o l o g i a n a n d s a c r e d p o e t of t h e S y r - His will, 4 epistles, and a list of 44 propositions containing ian Church. T h e c h i e f e d i t i o n of h i s w o r k s the substance of his ethical philosophy, have been preserved by Diogenes Laertius. He taught that pleasure is w a s p u b l i s h e d a t R o m e 1732-43. the only possible end of rational action, and that the ultiEphraim (e'fra-im). [ H e b . , ' d o u b l e f r u i t f u l - mate pleasure is freedom. He adopted the atomistic n e s s . ' ] 1. I n O l d T e s t a m e n t h i s t o r y , t h e y o u n g e r theory of Democritus, while bringing into it the doctrine son of J o s e p h , and f o u n d e r of the t r i b e of of chance. E p h r a i m . — 2 . O n e of t h e t w e l v e t r i b e s of I s r a e l : so c a l l e d f r o m i t s f o u n d e r , E p h r a i m , t h e E p i d a m n u s ( e p - i - d a m ' n u s ) . A n ancient name s o n of J o s e p h . I t occupied a central position iu Pales- of D u r a z z o . feee Durazzo. tine, being bounded on the east by the Jordan, on the E p i d a u r u s ( e p - i - d & ' r u s ) . [ G r . 'ETu6avpoc.'] 1. west by the Mediterranean and the tribe of Dan, on the A m a r i t i m e t o w n of l l l y r i c u m . I t was destroyed south by the tribe of Benjamin, and on the north by that some time after the reign of Justinian, and was replaced of Manassch. After the death of Saul the tribe of Ephraim, by Ragusa. I t was a Roman colony. together with all the other tribes except Judah, recog- 2 . A t o w n on t h e e a s t e r n coast of P e l o p o n e s nized Eshbaal (Ishbosheth) as legitimate king in op- sus, i n t h e d i s t r i c t c a l l e d A r g o l i s u n d e r t h e position to David ; but on the murder of Eshbaal submit- R o m a n s . Throughout the flourishing period of Grecian ted in common with the other tribes to the hegemony of history it was an independent state, possessing a small Judah under David. On the death of Solomon it revolted territory ('EwiSavpia), bounded on the west by the Argeia, (probably about 975 B.C.) under Jeroboam from Rehoboara, on the north by the Coriuthia, on the south by the Trcethe son of Solomon, and formed, in conjunction with all zenia, and on the east by the Saronic Gulf. (Smith.) It was the tribes except Judah, Simeon, part of Benjamiu. and the most celebrated seat of the ancient cult of -¡Esculathe I,evites. a separate kingdom, which retained the name pius. The sanctuary occupied a valley among hills, at of Israel, and adopted Shechem as its capital. This king- some distance from the city. An inner inclosure condom was destroyed by the Assyrians in 722 B. C. tained a temple to Jisculapius, the architecturally important tholos of Polycletus, extensive porticos which served Ephthalites. T h e W h i t e Huns. S e e Huns. as hospitals to the sick who came to seek the aid of the Epic Cycle, The. See the extracts. god and his priests, and many votive offerings. Outside There was a mass of songs and legends about Troy which of this inclosure were the stadium, one of the most imthe two great epics left untouched. This material was portant of ancient theaters, a gymnasium, propyliea, and worked up between 776 B. c. and 550 B. c., by a number other buildings, the arrangements for the collection and of epic poets of the Ionian school, who aimed at linking their poems with the Iliad and Odyssey as introductions distribution of water being especially noteworthy. Almost or continuations. In later times, compilers of mythology all our knowledge of this sanctuary comes from the extenused to make abstracts in prose from these epics, taking sive excavations conducted by the Archaeological Society them in the chronological order of the events, so as to of Athens since 1881, which are still (1893) incomplete. [ G r . 'EirlSavpog make one connected story. Such a prose compilation was E p i d a u r u s L i m e r a ( l i - m e ' r a ) . called an epic cycle (or circleX anu the compilers them- i} At(i7jpd.'\ I n a n c i e n t g e o g r a p h y , a t o w n on selves were called cyclic writers. In modern times the t h e e a s t e r n coast of L a c o n i a , G r e e c e , 22 m i l e s name " cyclic " has been transferred from the prose com- n o r t h - n o r t h w e s t of C a p e M a l e a . pilers to the poets. Jebb, Greek Lit., p. 37. E p i g o n i ( e - p i g ' o - n i ) . [ G r . kiziyovot, d e s c e n dants.] I n G r e e k m y t h o l o g y , t h e s e v e n sons I t was once commonly believed that the remaining epic poets equally avoided touching upon one another, that of t h e s e v e n A r g i v e c h i e f s w h o h a d unsuccessthey composed their own poems upon a fixed chronologi- f u l l y a t t a c k e d T h e b e s . The Epigoni, ten years after cal plan, each resuming where the other had finished, and the first attempt, defeated the Tliebans and avenged their so completing an account of what is called the epic cycle, fathers. This was supposed to have occurred shortly befrom the birth of Aphrodite in the "Cypria" down to the fore the Trojan war. conclusion of the " Nostoi," or " Telegonia," of Eugammon. But it seems clearly made out now that no such fixed system of poems existed; that the authors, widely separated E p i g o n i . A G r e e k e p i c p o e m of t h e T h e b a n in date and birthplace, were no corporation with fixed tra- c y c l e , b y A n t i m a c h u s of Claros, r e l a t i n g t o t h e ditions ; that they did overlap in subject, and repeat the r e n e w a l of t h e m y t h i c a l w a r b e t w e e n A r g o s same legends: and that the epic cycle does not mean a u cycle oi poems, but a cycle of legends, arranged by the a n d T h e b e s b y the d e s c e n d a n t s " of its heroes. grain mariaua, who illustrated them by a sel ectiou of poems, E p i m e n i d e s ( e p - i - m e n ' i - d e z ) . [ G r . 'Y.mfievid^gJ] or parts of poems, including, of course, the Iliad and Odys- L i v e d i n t h e 7th c e n t u r y B. c . A C r e t a n p o e t sey, and then such other epics as told the whole story of and prophet.

Eponym Canon Epimetheus (ep-i-më'thûs). [ G r . 'Emfiijdevçy afterthought.] In Greek mythology, the brot h e r of P r o m e t h e u s and h u s b a n d of P a n d o r a . Although warned by his brother, he acccpted Pandora as a gift from Zeus, with the result that through her curiosity she liberated evils peculiar to man, which Prometheus had concealed in a vessel. E p i n a c (â-pë-nâk'). A town in the department of S a o n e - e t - L o i r e , F r a n c e , I I m i l e s east-northeast of A u t u n . I t is t h e c e u t e r of a c o a l - m i n i n g r e g i o n . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), c o m m u n e , 4,061. É p i n a l ( â - p ë - n a l ' ) . T h e c a p i t a l of t h e d e p a r t m e n t of V o s g e s , F r a n c e , s i t u a t e d on t h e M o s e l l e i n l a t . 48° 10' N . , l o n g . 6° 26' E . it- has some manufactures, and contains the departmental museum and a library. I t was occupied by the Germans Oct. 12, 1870. Population (1891), commune, 28,223. Épinal Glossary. A n A n g l o - £ a x o n and O l d Saxon glossary preserved at Epinal, F r a n c e . It was originally from the Abbey of Moyen Jloutier, near Lenones. " T h e type of its writing is of the time of the Culdees ; its letters being of First-English, as written by the Celtic priests who laboured for the conversion of the English. It is ascribed by Mr. Sweet to the end of the seventh century." (Morley.) Mr. Sweet has edited a facsimile of this glossary, published at London in 1883. É p i n a y (â-pë-nâ'), Madame de l a L i v e d' (Louise Florence Pétronille Tardieu d'EsClavelles). B o r n a t V a l e n c i e n n e s , M a r c h 11, 1726: d i e d A p r i l 17, 1783. A F r e n c h author, an i n t i m a t e f r i e n d of G r i m m a n d J e a n J a c q u e s Rousseau. For the latter she erected a cottage, the Hermitage, in the garden of her château, f.a Chevrette, near Montmorency. Her "Mémoires et correspondance" was published in 1818, and her collected works in 1869. E p i p h a n i u s (ep-i-fâ'ni-us), Saint. Born near E l e u t h e r o p o l i s , P a l e s t i n e , a b o u t 315 A. D. : d i e d at sea n e a r C y p r u s , 403. A f a t h e r of the E a s t e r n Church. He became in 367 bishop of Constantia (the ancient Salamis) in Cyprus. He took a prominent part in the theological controversies of his day, and was present at the synods of Antioch (376) and Rome (382), where questions pertaining to the Trinity were debated. He died on the return voyage from Constantinople, whither he had gone to oppose the heresy o£ Origeti. He wrote a treatise against heresies entitled " Paiiarion," a dogmatical work entitled "Ancoratus," etc. Epipsychidion (ep-i-psi-kid'i-on). [ ' A little p o e m on the s o u l ' ; f r o m Gr. tiri, u p o n , ipvxq, soul, and d i m . hov."] A p o e m b y S h e l l e y , p u b l i s h e d i n 1821. E p i r u s , or E p e i r o s ( è - p î ' r u s ) . [Gr."H-^ipoç.] I n a n c i e n t g e o g r a p h y , that p a r t of n o r t h e r n G r e e c e w h i c h l i e s b e t w e e n I l l y r i a OD the n o r t h , M a c e d o n i a a n d T h e s s a l y on the east, .¿Etolia, A c a r n a n i a , a n d t h e A m b r a c i a n G n l f on the south, and t h e I o n i a n Sea on t h e w e s t ( t o t h e A c r o c e raunian p r o m o n t o r y ) . In earlier times the name was given to the entire western coast southward to the Corinthian Gulf. The kingdom of Epirus was at its height under Pyrrhus (295-272 R. C.). It was ravaged by .-Emilius I'aulus in 167 B. c. ; was a part of the Roman Empire 146 B. O.-1204 A, I>. ; was overrun by Albanians in the 14th century ; was conquered by the Turks in the 15th century ; and now forms part of the Turkish vilayet Janina, and part of the territory ceded to Greece in 1881. Episcopius ( e p - i s - k ô ' p i - u s ) (Latinized from B i s s c f i o p or B i s c h o p ) , S i m o n . B o r n at A m s t e r d a m , J a n . 1,1583: d i e d a t A m s t e r d a m , A p r i l 4,1643. A D u t c h t h e o l o g i a n , one of the l e a d e r s of Arminianism. H e published ''Confessio " (1621),4'Apologia " (1629)/' I n s t i t u t i o n s T h e o l o g i c a l " etc. Epistolae O b s c u r o r u m V i r o r u m . [ L . , ' L e t t e r s of O b s c u r e M e n . ' ] A c o l l e c t i o n of f o r t y - o n e a n o n y m o u s l e t t e r s , first p u b l i s h e d i n 1515, satiri z i n g the i g n o r a n c e , h y p o c r i s y , a n d l i c e n t i o u s ness of t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c m o n a s t i c s a t t h e t i m e of t h e " R e f o r m a t i o n , i t was occasioned by the controversy between Reuchlin and Pfefferkorn, a converted Jew, who advocated the destruction, as heretical, of the whole Jewish literature, except the Bible, and who was supported by the Dominicans of Cologne. The aulhorship of the letters is attributed by some to Ulrich von Hutten, Crotus, and Buschius. E p i t h a l a m i u m (ep^i-thâ-là'mi-um). A poem b y Spenser, p u b l i s h e d i n 1595: a m a r r i a g e s o n g f o r his o w n b r i d e . For splendour of imagery, for harmony of verse, for delicate taste and real passion, the " Epithalamium " excels all other poems of its class. SainUbury, Hist, of Elizabethan Lit., p. 87. E ç o n y m Canon (ep'ô-nim kan'on). The name g i v e n b y A s s y r i o l o g i s t s t o t h e list of a r c h o n s or chief m a g i s t r a t e s in A s s y r i a . This office of archon, called in Assyrian limmu, passed in rotation every year to different high dignitaries. Each king was limmu in the second year of his reign, and he was followed by the ge tier at of the army, or tartan. The limmu gave the name to the year in which he held this office (hence the term eponymus, in Greek 'one from whom somebody or something is named '). Documents and events were dated with these names (as in Rome with the names of the consuls of each year). The lists of the limmus were carefully and accurately kept. The custom probably goes back to a remote date, but the four lists of limmus found which are known by the name of Eponym Canon cover the

Eponym Canon y e a r s 911-666 B. c. A s each k i n g w a s l i m m u in t h e s e c o n d y e a r of his r e i g n , t h e E p o n y m Canon b e c a m e of t h e g r e a t est i m p o r t a n c e f o r t h e c h r o n o l o g y of t h e A s s y r i a n k i n g s . F u r t h e r and still m o r e i n t e r e s t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n has b e e n d e r i v e d f r o m t h e s e tables, w h i c h c o n t a i n a l o n g s i d e of t h e n a m e of t h e l i m m u a short n o t i c e of t h e p r i n c i p a l e v e n t s of h i s y e a r . T h u s , f o r i n s t a n c e , d u r i n g t h e r e i g n of A s u r d a n I I I . (772-754) an e c l i p s e of t h e sun in N i n e v e h is rec o r d e d , a n d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e c a l c u l a t i o n s o f t h e astrono m e r s such an e c l i p s e t o o k p l a c e on t h e 15th of J u n e , 763, so t h a t t h i s n o t i c e is of p r i m e i m p o r t a n c e f o r e a r l y c h r o n o l o g y .

365

Eric the Bed

Erato (er'a-td). [Gr. Eparw.] In Greek my- f o r g e t s a l l t h e d u t i e s of c h i v a l r y in h e r e m b r a c e s ; hia thology, t i e Muse of erotic poetry. In art s£e vassals c o m p l a i n b i t t e r l y of h i s sloth, and E n i d e rouses h i m to e x e r t i o n . A t t e n d e d b y h e r alone, h e sets o u t iu is often represented with the lyre. q u e s t of a d v e n t u r e s , of w h i c h a v a r i e t y a r e r e l a t e d . Eratosthenes (er-a-tos'the-nëz). [Gr. ' E p a r o e r Bunlop, H i s t , o f P r o s e F i c t i o n , 1.264. 0êv7}ç.] Born at Cyrene, Africa, about 276 B. c. : died about 196 B. C. An Alexandrian astrono- Erech (e'rek). One of the four cities of the mer, geometer, geographer, grammarian, and kingdom of Nimrod, in Shinar or Babylonia: philosopher: " t h e founder of astronomical ge- t h e G r e e k O r c h o e . I t w a s i d e n t i c a l w i t h U r u k o f t h e ography and of scientific chronology." He mea- i n s c r i p t i o n s , a n d is n o w r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e m o u n d of

Epping (ep'iûg). A town in the county of sured t h e o b l i q u i t y of t h e e c l i p t i c , and i n t r o d u c e d a Essex, England, 16 miles northeast of London. m e t h o d of c o m p u t i n g t h e earth's m a g n i t u d e . F r a g m e n t s o f his " G e o g r a p h i c a " ( V c u y p a j i i K d ) a r e e x t a n t . Population (1891), 2,565. (er'bach). A small town in the province Epping Forest. A royal forest in southwestern Erbach Starkenburg, Hesse, situated in the OdenEssex, England, formerly called Waltham For- of wald 21 miles southeast of Darmstadt, it haa a est. I t s area f o r m e r l y w a s a b o u t 60,0:)0 acres : i t n o w c o n t a i n s 5,600 acrcs, p r e s e r v e d b y L o n d o n , a n d o p e n e d t o t h e p u b l i c as a p l e a s u r e - g r o u n d in 1882.

castlc, a n d w a s f o r m e r l y t h e s e a t of an countship. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 2,788.

independent

ruins of W a r k a , s i t u a t e d on t h e l e f t bank of t h e E u p h r a t e s Southeast of B a b y l o n . I t w a s o n e of t h e o l d e s t seats o f B a b y l o n i a n c i v i l i z a t i o n , and h a d a c o l l c g e of l e a r n e d p r i e s t s and a l a r g e l i b r a r y . I t w a s a l s o t h e c h i e f seat of t h e w o r ship of I s h t a r as t h e e v e n i n g star, and of N a n a . Accordi n g t o a n i n s c r i p t i o n of A s u r b a n i p a l (668-626 Lt. C.) E r e c h was, in 2280 B. C., i n v a d e d b y t h e E l a m i t e k i n g K u d u r n a c h u n d i , w h o c a r r i e d off t h e i m a g e -of N a n a t o E l am, w h e r e i t r e m a i n e d f o r 1.635 years, t i l l h e ( A s u r b a n i p a l ) , i n 645, at t h e c o n q u e s t of Susa, r e t u r n e d it t o i t s a n c i e n t seat. A r o u n d t h e r u i n s of E r e c l i a r e f o u n d m a n y t o m b s , so t h a t i t w o u l d s e e m t h a t i t s e r v e d as a k i n d of n e c r o p o l i s .

Ercilla y Zuniga (âr-thêl'yâ ë thon-yë'gà), Épréménil. See Esprémesnil, Alonso de. Born at Madrid, Aug. 7,1533: died Epsom (ep'som). [Supposed to be equivalent there, Nov. 29,1594. A Spanish soldier and poet. to Ebba's home : so named from Saint Ebba, I n 1554 h e t o o k s e r v i c e w i t h J e r o n y m o d e À l d e r e t e , w h o h a d Erechtheum (e-rek-the'um). An Ionic temple queen of Surrey, A. D. 600.] A market-town in b e e n a p p o i n t e d g o v e r n o r of C h i l e . H e l e d an a d v e n t u - in Athens dating from the end of the 5th centhe county of Surrey, 15 miles southwest of r o u s l i f e i n S o u t h A m e r i c a u n t i l 1562, w h e n h e r e t u r n e d t o tury B. c., remarkable for its complex plan and architectural variety, as well as for its techniLondon, i n 1618 t h e m i n e r a l s p r i n g f r o m w h i c h E p s o m Spain. I n 1569 h e p u b l i s h e d t h e first p a r t of " L a A r a u salts w e r e first m a d e was d i s c o v e r e d , and in t h e l a t t e r p a r t o f t h e 17th c e n t u r y E p s o m b e c a m e a f a s h i o n a b l e resort, a n d r e m a i n e d so u n t i l 1736, w h e n t h e t i d e t u r n e d t o B a t h a n d C h e l t e n h a m . I t w a s e s p e c i a l l y a f f e c t e d by Charles I I . R a c e s w e r e run o n t h e d o w n s a m i l e a n d a half s o u t h of t h e t o w n p r o b a b l y as e a r l y as t h e r e i g n of J a m e s I . , b u t i t s i m p o r t a n c e as a r a c e - c o u r s e b e g i n s w i t h t h e e s t a b l i s h m e n t of t h e Oaks and t h e D e r b y i n 1779 a n d 1780. T h e s p r i n g m e e t i n g o c c u r s y e a r l y a b o u t t h e m i d d l e of A p r i l , a n d t h e D e r b y and Oaks a r e run a b o u t t h e end of M a y . P o p u l a t i o n (1891), 8,417.

Epsom Wells, t A comedy by Thomas Shadwell, produced in 1675. Epworth (ep'wérth). A small town in Lincolnshire, England, 24 miles northwest of Lincoln : the birthplace of John Wesley. Ecuador, Confederaçâo do. See Confederaç&o do Equador. E r a of Good Feeling. In United States history, a name given to the period from 1817 to about 1824, which was marked by internal harmony and the absence of strong party feeling. É r a r d (â-râr'), Sébastien. Born at Strasburg, April 5, 1752: died at Passy, near Paris, Aug. 5, 1831. A French manufacturer of pianofortes, harps, and organs. He invented the

cana " ( f o l l o w e d l a t e r b y t h e s e c o n d a n d t h i r d partsX t h e finest h e r o i c p o e m i n t h e S p a n i s h l a n g u a g e . I t has also his» torical value,

Erckmann-Chatrian (erk'màn- sha - tré - on'). The signature of the literary collaborators Émile Erckmann (born at Phalsbourg, Meurthe, May 20, 1822) and Louis Gratien Charles Alexandre Chatrian (born at Soldatenthal, Meurthe, Dec. 18, 1826: died at Raincy, Seine, Sept. 3, 1890). I n 1848 t h e s e t w o m e n b e c a m e associated i n lite r a r y labors, t h e f o r m e r w r i t i n g c h i e f l y and t h e l a t t e r editing and a d a p t i n g f o r t h e stage. A m o n g their first publ i c a t i o n s a r e " S c i e n c e et g e n i e " a n d " S c h i n d e r h a m i e s " (1850), and m a n y short stories. T h e scries of n o v e l s t o w h i c h Erckmann-Chatrian owe, in great part, their reput a t i o n i n c l u d e s " L e F o u Y é g o f " (18(52), " M a d a m e T h é rèse, o u l e s v o l o n t a i r e s d e 1792 " (1863) " H i s t o i r e d'un cons c r i t d e 1813" and ' ' L ' A m i F r i t z " (1804), " W a t e r l o o " and " H i s t o i r e d'un h o m m e d u p e u p l e " (1865), " L a g u e r r e " and " L a m a i s o n f o r e s t i è r e " (1866), a n d m a n y o t h e r s . T h e i r d r a m a t i c c o m p o s i t i o n s and a d a p t a t i o n s are " G e o r g e s , o u l e chasseur d e s r u i n e s " (1848), " L ' A l s a c e en 1814" (1850), " L e J u i f p o l o n a i s "(1869), " L ' A m i F r i t z "(1876), " M a d a m e T h é r è s e " (1882), " L e s R a n t z a u " (1884), etc. Erckmann c l a i m s t h e s o l e a u t h o r s h i p of t h e n o v e l " L e s b r i g a n d s d e s V o s g e s il y a s o i x a n t e ans " (1850), a t o t a l l y d i f f e r e n t v e r s i o n of w h i c h w a s p u b l i s h e d b y h i m in " L a R e v u e de Paris" under the title " L l l l u s t r e docteur M a t h é u s " (1857). S i n c e Chatrian's d e a t h , E r c k m a n n has c o n t r i b u t e d t o " L e T e m p s " t w o p u b l i c a t i o n s , " K a l e b et K h o r a " a n d " L a p r e m i è r e campagne du grand-père Jacques," the l a t t e r b e i n g t h e f i r s t i n a series of stories d e a l i n g w i t h t h e w a r s of t h e e m p i r e .

cal perfection. I t i n c l u d e d a shrine t o A t h e n a P o i i a s ( a s g u a r d i a n of t h e c i t y ) , a l t a r s to s e v e r a l o t h e r d i v i n i t i e s , t h e t o m b o f E r e c h t h e u s ( w h e n c e its n a m e ) , t h e salt s p r i n g e v o k e d b y P o s e i d o n , a n d s e v e r a l o t h e r p e c u l i a r l y sacred memorials. T h e s h r i n e of A t h e n a f a c e d t h e east, a n d had t h e f o r m of a p r o s t y l e h e x a s t y l e cella. O n t h e n o r t h side, a t a l o w e r l e v e l , t h e r e is a p o r t i c o of f o u r b y t w o d e l i c a t e l y s c u l p t u r e d c o l u m n s , w i t h access b y a m o n u m e n t a l doorw a y t o a h a l l t r a v e r s i n g t h e b u i l d i n g b e h i n d t h e c e l l a of Athena. T h e w e s t w a l l of t h i s h a l l was f o r m e d of a h i g h b a s e m e n t - w a l l , u p o n w h i c h s t o o d f o u r p i e r s h a v i n g on t h e i r o u t e r f a c e t h e f o r m of I o n i c s e m i - c o l u m n s . The w a l l is usually r e s t o r e d as h a v i n g w i n d o w s in t h e i n t e r c o lumniations. A t t h e w e s t e n d of t h e south side is t h e f a m o u s P o r c h o f C a r y a t i d s , w h o s e r i c h e n t a b l a t u r e rests on t h e h e a d s of six f e m a l e figures, f o u r i n f r o n t , r a n k i n g as t h e finest of a r c h i t e c t u r a l sculptures. On t h e w e s t side o f t h e t e m p l e w a s t h e i n c l o s u r e in w h i c h g r e w t h e m i r a c u l o u s o l i v e - t r e e of A t h e n a , and o n w h i c h l i v e d t h e priestesses and t h e h i g h - b o r n m a i d e n s w h o w e r e s e l e c t e d e v e r y y e a r to s e r v e t h e g o d d e s s .

Erechtheus (e-rek'thus), or Erichthonius (e-rik-tho'ni-us). In Greek legend, a son of Hephffistus, and an autochthonous hero of Athens: often confounded with another of the same name, sometimes represented as his grandson. Eregli (e-reg'li), or Erekli (e-rek'li). A town d o a b l e - a c t i o n h a r p i n 1808, a n d m a d e i m p r o v e m e n t s i n in the vilayet of Kastamuni, Asiatic Turkey, p i a n o s and o r g a n s . situated on the Black Sea in lat. 41° 17' N., long. 31° 25' E.: the ancieut Heraclea. It is Erasistratus (er-a-sis'tra-tus). Born probably in the island of Ceos: lived about 300 B. C. A Ercles (èr'klëz). A corruption of Hercules. the center of a coal-mining region. PopulaGreek physician and anatomist. tion, about 4,000. But. . . . Y e t m y c h i e f h u m o u r is f o r a t y r a n t : I c o u l d Erasmus (e-raz'mus), Desiderius (originally Gerhard GerhardsO Gerhard's son'),D. G-eert p l a y E r c l e s r a r e l y , or a p a r t t o t e a r a c a t in, t o m a k e a l l Eretria (e-re'tri-a). [Gr. 'Kpir/^a.] In ancient s ' v e i n , a tyrant's v e i n : a l o v e r is geography, a city on the island of Eubcea, Geerts). [Gr. rpâcu/oç, beloved, desired: the s p l i t . . . T h i s is E r c l e Shale., Midsummer Night's Dream. Greece, 29 miles uorth of Athens. It was a rival L . desiderius has the same sense.] Born at m o r e c o n d o l i n g . — Hercule* — was one of the roarers of the oldof Chalcis, w a s d e s t r o y e d b y t h e P e r s i a n s in 490 B. C., a n d Rotterdam, probably Oct. 28, 1465 : died at r u[Ercles d e s t a g e . T h u s Greene, in his " G r o a t s w o r t h of W i t , " w a s a f t e r w a r d r e b u i l t . A n a n c i e n t t h e a t e r has b e e n exBasel, Switzerland, July 12, 1536. A famous 1592 : " T h e t w e l v e l a b o u r s of H e r c u l e s h a v e I t e r r i b l y c a v a t e d on i t s site b y t h e A m e r i c a n School at A t h e n s , 'lhe Dutch classical and theological scholar and t h u n d e r e d o n t h e s t a g e . " Hudson, N o t e to M . N . D.} c a v e a is s u p p o r t e d oil an a r t i f i c i a l e m b a n k m e n t . I t was satirist. H e w a s t h e i l l e g i t i m a t e son of G e r h a r d d e P r a e t , w a s l e f t an o r p h a n at t h e a g e of t h i r t e e n , and was

Ercta (erk'ta), or Ercte (-tè). [Gr. EìptcT-q, defrauded of his inheritance by his guardians, who com- 'Ep/cr??.] In ancient geography, a mountain in p e l l e d h i m to e n t e r t h e m o n a s t e r y of S t e i n . H e e n t e r e d northern Sicily, about 4 miles north of Paleri n 1491 t h e s e r v i c e of t h e B i s h o p of C a m b r a y , u n d e r w h o s e mo : the modern Monte Pellegrino, it was a p a t r o n a g e h e w a s e n a b l e d t o s t u d y at t h e U n i v e r s i t y of P a r i s . H e s u b s e q u e n t l y v i s i t e d t h e chief E u r o p e a u countries, i n c l u d i n g E n g l a n d (1498-99 and 1510-14), a n d i n 1521 settled at Basel, w h e n c e h e r e m o v e d to F r e i b u r g i n B r e i s g a u i n 1529. R e f u s i n g all o f f e r s of ecclesiastical p r e ferment, he devoted himself w h o l l y t o study and literary composition. H e aimed to r e f o r m without dismemberi n g t h e R o m a n C a t h o l i c Church, and at first f a v o r e d , b u t s u b s e q u e n t l y o p p o s e d , t h e R e f o r m a t i o n , and e n g a g e d in a c o n t r o v e r s y w i t h L u t h e r . H i s c h i e f p e r f o r m a n c e w a s an e d i t i o n of t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t i n G r e e k w i t h a L a t i n t r a n s l a t i o n , p u b l i s h e d i n 1616. B e s i d e s t h i s e d i t i o n of t h e N e w T e s t a m e n t h i s m o s t n o t a b l e p u b l i c a t i o n s a r e " Coll o q u i e s " and " E n c o m i u m M o r i i e . " A c o l l e c t i v e e d i t i o n o f his w o r k s w a s p u b l i s h e d b y L e C l e r c 1703-06.

Eraste (â-rast')- 1. The exasperated lover in Molière's comedy " L e s fâcheux •"('The Bores')H e has an a p p o i n t m e n t w i t h O r p h i s e w h o m h e l o v e s , a n d e v e r y p e r s o n in t h e p l a y c o m e s i n a n d p r e v e n t s it. 2. The lover of Julie in Molière's 44 M. de

s t r o n g h o l d of H a m i l c a r B a r c a i n t h e l a s t p a r t of t h e Tunic war.

first

Erdélyi (er'dàl-ye), Jânos. Born atKapos,Ung, Hungary, 1814: died at Sârospatak, Zemplin, Hungary, Jan. 23, 1868. A Hungarian writer. His chief works are collections of Hungarian folk-songs (1846-48) and folk-tales (1855). Erdmann (erd'mân), A x e l Joachim. Born at Stockholm, Aug. 12, 1814: died at Stockholm, Dec. 1, 1869. A Swedish geologist and mineralogist. Erdmann, Johann Eduard. Born at Wolmar, Livonia, Russia, June 13,1805 : died at Halle, June 12, 1892. A German philosopher, professor at Halle. H e published " V e r s u c h einer wissenschaftlichen Darstellung der Geschichte der neuern P h i l o s o p h i e " (1884-63), e t c .

d i v i d e d b y r a d i a l s t a i r w a y s i n t o 11 cunei. a n d is 266 f e e t in diameter. T h e o r c h e s t r a , 81A f e e t in d i a m e t e r , p r e sents a h i g h l y i m p o r t a n t f e a t u r e , h e r e first r e c o g n i z e d , in a n u n d e r g r o u n d passage l e a d i n g f r o m its c e n t e r t o t h e int e r i o r of t h e s t a g e - s t r u c t u r e . T h i s e x p l a i n s s e v e r a l obs c u r i t i e s i n t h e classical d r a m a .

Erfurt (er'fort). A city in the province of Saxony, Prussia, situated on the Gera in lat. 50° 58'N., long. 11°1'E. Itisfamousforitshorticulture, and has v a r i e d m a n u f a c t u r e s . I t c o n t a i n s a n o t e d cathedral, a c h u r c h of St. S e v e r u s , and an A u g u s t i n e m o n a s t e r y w h i c h has a c e l l o n c e o c c u p i e d b y L u t h e r . T h e t o w n w a s f o u n d e d v e r y early, a n d w a s a m e m b e r of t h e H a n s e L e a g u e . I t w a s an o b j e c t of s t r i f e b e t w e e n Saxony and t h e e l e c t o r a t e of "Mainz, a n d passed A n a l l y t o t h e l a t t e r . I t w a s a c q u i r e d b y P r u s s i a i n 1802, w a s t a k e n b y t h e F r c n c h in 1806, and w a s c e d e d t o P r u s s i a i n 1815. I t had a u n i v e r s i t y f r o m t h e 14th c e n t u r y t o 1816. I n 1808 it was t h e scene of a conference between Napoleon, A l e x a n d e r I., and German p r i n c e s , and i n 1850 w a s t h e s e a t of t h e G e r m a n U n i o n s parlament. P o p u l a t i o n (1890), 72,360.

Eric (e'rik), Sw. Erik (a'rik), Saint. Died near Upsala, Sweden, May 18,1160. King of Sweden, elected to the throne of Upper Sweden in 1150.

Erdmann, Otto Linné. Bom at Dresden, April H e u n d e r t o o k i n 1157 a c r u s a d e a g a i n s t t h e h e a t h e n F i n n s , 11,1804: died at Leipsie, Oct. 9, 1869. A Ger- p a r t of w h o m h e c o n q u e r e d and b a p t i z e d . Soon a f t e r his Pourceaugnac."—3. The lover of Lucille in m a n c h e m i s t . H e p u b l i s h e d " L e h r b u c h d e r C h e m i e " r e t u r n t o U p s a l a h e w a s a t t a c k e d by t h e D a n i s h p r i n c e Molière's comedy " Le dépit amoureux," usu- ( " M a n u a l o f C h e m i s t r y , " 1828), etc., and f o u n d e d t h e M a g n u s H e n d r i k s o n , and f e l l i n b a t t l e . ally called u Lovers' Quarrels" in Euglish. Eric X I V . , King of Sweden. Born Dec. 13,1533: " J o u r n a l f u r p r a k t i s c h e C h e m i e " in 1834. Erastians (e-ras'tianz). Those who maintain Erebus (er'e-bus), or Erebos (-bos). [Gr. "Epe- poisoned Feb. 26,1577. Son of Gustavus Vasa whom he succeeded in 1560, He elevated his misthe doctrines held'by or attributed to Thomas fioç. j In drreek mythology, the son of Chaos tress, K a t r i n a M & n s d o t t e r , t o t h e t h r o n e , a f t e r h a v i n g Krastus, a German polemic (1524-83), author of and brother of Nyx. m a d e u n s u c c e s s f u l o v e r t u r e s of m a r r i a g e t o Q u e e n E l i z a a work on excommunication, in which he pro- Erebus. An active volcano in Victoria Land, b e t h of E n g l a n d and M a r y Queen of Scots. H i s v i o l e n c e posed to restrict the jurisdiction of the church. Antarctic regions, about lat. 78° S., long. 168° E. a n d m i s g o v e r n m e n t c a u s e d his d e p o s i r i o n in 15 ; became a cavalry general in 1667; was created a prince of the Holy Roman Empire a n t a l ' d e l o r o g w i ' ) , g e n e r a l l y a b b r e v i a t e d t o trict, and contains the famous Krupp cast-steel works. Its Miinaterkirche, consecrated in 8713, is one of the oldest Estado Oriental. [ S p . , ' E a s t e r n S t a t e of U r u - in 1687 ; and was palatine of Hungary 16*7-97. g u a y . ' ] O n e of t h e n a m e s g i v e n t o t h e r e g i o n of German churches. There is a western choir, which is Esterhâzy von Galantha, P r i n c e Paul Anton octagonal like the similar feature at Aix-la-Ohapelle, .and n o w e m b r a c e d i n t h e R e p u b l i c of U r u g u a y . This v o n . B o r n M a r c h 11, 1786 : d i e d a t R a t i s b o n , there is an 11th-century eastern crypt. The Pointed nave designation and Estado Cisplatino, or Cisplatine State, were B a v a r i a , M a y 2 1 , 1 8 6 6 . A n A u s t r i a n d i p l o m a and choir are of 1316. The earlv-Romanesque cloister is used officially from about 1814 until 1823. During the last tist, s o n of N i k o l a u s v o n E s t e r h â z y . He was aptwo years Uruguay was united to Brazil. From 1823 to 1828 pointed minister at Dresden in 1810, and ambassador at noteworthy. Population (1890}, "78,700. official name was Provincia Cisplatina, but Provincia Home in 1814 ; was ambassador at London 1815-18,1830Essen, C o u n t Hans Henrik. B o r n at K a f v e l á s , the W e s t G o t h l a n d , S w e d e n , S e p t . 26, 1755: d i e d Oriental was commonly used. With the iudcpcndencc of 1838 ; and was Hungarian minister of foreign affairs a at U d d e w a l l a , S w e d e n , J u n e 28, 1824. A S w e - 1828 the country bccame, officially, the República Oriental short time in 1818, in the Batthyanyi ministry. dish field-marshal. He defended Stralsund against del Uruguay, but the name Estado Oriental was long re- Esther ( e s ' t è r ) . [ F r o m P e r s . atara, s t a r . ] T h e the French in 1807, and was governor of Norway 1814- tained in a semi-official way, and is still sometimes used. P e r s i a n n a m e of t h e q u e e n f r o m w h o m o n e E s t a i n g (es-tañ'), Charles Hector, Comte d \ of t h e O l d T e s t a m e n t b o o k s t a k e s i t s n a m e . 1816. E s s e n e s ( e - s e n z ' ) . [ L L . .Esse«?, f r o m Grr.'Eaar,voiy B o r n i n A u v e r g n e , 1 7 2 9 : d i e d a t P a r i s , A p r i l Her Hebrew name was Hadtmah ('myrtle ^ She is repH e w a s a b r i g a d i e r - g e n e r a l u n d e r resented in that book as the daughter of Abihail, cousin a l s o 'üaGaío/.; u l t e r i o r o r i g i n u n c e r t a i n . ] A J e w - 28, 1794. i s h s e c t of t h e 2d c e n t u r y B.C., s u p p o s e d t o h a v e L a l l y T o l l e n d a l i n t h e e x p e d i t i o n t o I n d i a i n and adopted daughter of Mordecai, of the tribe of Bens p r u n g f r o m t h e C h a s i d i m , t h e z e a l o u s r c l i g i o - 1758, a n d w a s w o u n d e d a n d t a k e n p r i s o n e r a t jamin. She was made queen in place of Vashti by King p o l i t i e a l p a r t y t h a t o r i g i n a t e d d u r i n g t h e s t r u g - t h e s i e g e of M a d r a s . Returning to France, he became Ahasuerus (Xerxes, 480-465 B. c.), aud in this position was g l e s of t h e M a c c a b e a n p e r i o d a g a i n s t H e l l e n i s t i c lieutenant-general of naval forces in 1763. In 1778 he com- able to protect her people against the hostile contrivances manded a squadron sent to aid the North American coloi n v a s i o n s . TlieEasenes, however, refrained from all po- nies against the English, and in Aug. of that year made of Hainan, in memory of which deliverance the feast of litical and public affairs, forming a kind of religious order. an unsuccessful attempt to recover Rhode Island from the Pui'im is still celebrated. Their ideal was to attain the highest sanctity of priestly English. Later he went to the West Indies, failed in an Esther. A n o r a t o r i o b y H a n d e l , t h e w o r d s b y consecration. To this end tliey separated themselves attempt to take St. Lucia, but conquered Grenada, and St. S. H u m p h r e y s f r o m R a c i n e ' s " E s t h e r / ' I t w a s from the world, and lived in settlements in the desert Vincent was taken by his orders. Byron's fleet, which at- w r i t t e n f o r t h e D u k e of C h a n d o s , a n d w a s first west of the Dead Sea. Most of them lived there in com- tempted to recover Grenada, was driven back to St.Kitts. p e r f o r m e d at C a n n o n s , n e a r L o n d o n , A u g . 29, munism and celibacy. Other peculiarities were disap- I n Oct., 1779, in conjunction with the American general 1720. proval of oaths and war, strict observance of the Sabbath, Lincoln, he made an unsuccessful attack on Savannah. and, especially, scrupulous attention to the Levitieal He was put to death by the Revolutionary tribunal in l7f)4. Esther ( e s - t â r ' ) - A p l a y b y R a c i n e , w i t h m u s i c b y M o r e a u , w r i t t e n f o r t h e p u p i l s of St. Cyr at laws of cleanliness. Their name is said to be derived A n a l m o s t e x - t h e r e q u e s t of M a d a m e d e M a i n t e n o n . I t w a s from their frequent bathing. Their asceticism evolved Estakewach ( a - s t a k - e ' w a c h ) . The acted with great pomp and ceremony b y the a theoretical mysticism, and miraculous cures and exor- t i n c t t r i b e of N o r t h A m e r i c a n I n d i a n s . n a m e i s d e r i v e d f r o m a w o r d meaning 'hot cisms were ascribed to them. Their external symbols school-girls before the king. Palaihnihan. were the white garment, apron, and shovel. They never s p r i n g . ' S e e Esthonia ( e s - t h o ' n i - a ) , orWiroma. [G-. Esthgained any hold on Judaism, and their number never ex- Estcourt ( e s t ' k o r t ) , Richard. B o r n at T e w k e s or Esihland, F . Esthonie : f r o m ceeded 4,000. Their relation to Christianity, and their in- b u r y , 1668: d i e d i n A u g . , 1712. A n E n g l i s h land, Estland, A g o v e r n m e n t of R u s s i a , o n e of actor. The history of his early life is obscure. About t h e JEstii.] fluence on It, are much discussed points. E s s e q U l b O (es-se-ké'bó). 1 . A r i v e r of B r i t i s h 1635 he was playing in Dublin. In 1704 he first appeared t h e t h r e e s o - c a l l e d B a l t i c P r o v i n c e s . It is bounded G u i a n a , flowing i n t o t h e A t l a n t i c a b o u t l a t . 7° on the English stage, where he played many important by the Gulf of Finland on the north, by St. Petersburg on N . , l o n g . 58° 30' W . L e n g t h , 620 m i l e s ; n a v i - characters, such as Falstaff, Sir Joslin Jolly, and Old Bel- the east* by Livonia on the south, and by the Baltic on the g a b l e 50 m i l e s . — 2 . A c o u n t y of B r i t i s h Gui- lair ; he also created many comedy parts, and wrote several west. The island of Dago belongs to it. Manufactures and plays. He was the first provedor of the Beefsteak Club, commerce are increasing. The capital is Revel. The bulk ana, formerly a separate colony. of the inhabitants are Esthonians, a Finnish race which Essex ( e s ' s e k s ) . [ M E . Essex, Essexe, Estsexe, and in the " T a t l e r " he is described under the name of has occupied the region from prehistoric times. The noEastsexe, A S . Edst-Seaxe, E a s t S a x o n s , o r i g . "Tom Mirror." bility and many of the town residents are Germans. The t h e n a m e of t h e i n h a b i t a n t s . Cf. Wessex, Sus- Este ( e s ' t e ) . A t o w n i n t h e p r o v i n c e of P a d u a , prevailing religion is Protestant. Esthonia was acquired sex.] A c o u n t y i n e a s t e r n E n g l a n d , l y i n g b e - I t a l y , s i t u a t e d 17 m i l e s s o u t h w e s t of P a d u a : by the Danes in the early part of the 13th century, passed t w e e n C a m b r i d g e a n d S u f f o l k o n t h e n o r t h , t h e a n c i e n t A d e s t e . It is noted for its castle (rocca) to the Livonian Knights in 1346, and on the dissolution of t h e N o r t h S e a on t h e e a s t , t h e T h a m e s ( w h i c h and leaning campanile. The rocca, the seat of the Este the order in 1661 fell to Sweden. It was acquired by Russ e p a r a t e s i t f r o m K e n t ) on t h e s o u t h , a n d H e r e - family, built in 1343 and strengthened by the Scaligers, is a sia in 1721. Area, 7,818 square miles. Population (18: bene-of their discovery, the ancient Iguvium, l a t e r in 898. King of F r a n c e 887 (888)-898. He de- factor.] A Greek title of honor assumed by Eugitbium. modern (rithbio.] Seven brazen See Ptolemy. f e n d e d P a r i s a g a i n s t t h e N o r t h m e n u n d e r R o l l o in 885-8^6, several kings of Egypt. a n d o n t h e d e p o s i t i o n of C h a r l e s t h e F a t , in 887, w a s e l e c t e d E u f a u l a (û-fâ'la). A city of Barbour County, t a b l e t s containing inscriptions.discovered n e a r k i n g of F r a n c e by a p a r t y a m o n g t h e n o b l e s . I n SÌKÌ C h a r l e s Gubbio, Italy, in 1444, and now preserved Alabama, situated on t h e Chattahoochee in T h e y f o r m t h e c h i e f m o n u m e n t of t h e a n c i e n t I nthere. t h e S i m p l e , s o n of C h a r l e s t h e F a t , w a s s e t u p as r i v a l It exports l a n g u a g e . F o u r of t h e t a b l e t s a r e w h o l l y C m b r i a ni ,b r oi an ne k i n g , a u d E u d e s w a s c o m p e l l e d t o c e d e t o h i m t h e c o u n - lat. 31° 53' N., loug. 85° 10' W. cotton. Population (1890), 4,394. is p a r t l y U m b r i a n a n d p a r t l y L a t i n , a n d t w o a r e L a t i n . try between the Seine and the Rhine. E u d e s I . Died in Cilicia, March 23,1103. Duke E u g a m o i l (u'ga-mon). [Gr. Evyauwv.] A Greek pTrhi ee s tisn.s c r i p t i o n s r e l a t e t o t h e a c t s of a c o r p o r a t i o n of of B u r g u n d y . H e f o u g h t u n d e r t h e s t a n d a r d of Al- cyclic poet of Cyrene (about 566 B. C.), author Euhernerus. See Evemerus. f o n s o V I . , k i n g of C a s t i l e a n d L e o n , a g a i n s t t h e S a r a c e n s of the " T e l e g o n i a " (which see). E u l a l i a (û-iâ'li-8), Saint. [Gr. EùAa/U'a, f a i r i n 1087. H e a f t e r w a r d d e p a r t e d o n a c r u s a d e t o t h e Holy- E u g a n e a n H i l l s (û-gâ'në-an hilz). A chain of speech; F . Euht/ie.] A R o m a n virgin martyr, L a n d , a n d d i e i i n Cilicia. volcanic hills in northeastern Italy, southwest t o r t u r e d to death during the persecution of E u d e s I I . Died in 1162. Duke of Burgundy. of P a d u a . Highest point, 1,890 feet. Diocletian in 308. H e compelled T h i b a u t of Champagne to do hom- Eugene (û-jën'), Prince (François Eugène de E u l e n g e b i r g e (oi'len-ge-bër'ge). A mountain age for t h e county of Troy in 1143. Savoie-Carignan). [Gr. ebyevfc,well-born; L. E u d e s I I I . Died at Lyons, J u l y 6,1218. Duke Eugemus, A\ Eugène, It. Sp. Pg. Eugenio, G. group of the Sudetic chain, southwest of Breslau. Its chief point is tlie Hohe Eule, 3,325 of B u r g u n d y . H e t o o k p a r t in 1209 i n t h e c r u s a d e Eugenius, Eu(jcn.~\ Born at Paris, Oct. 18, a g a i n s t t h e A l b i g e n s i a n s , a n d in 1214 c o m m a n d e d t h e r i g h t 1663 : died a t ' V i e n n a , April 21, 1736. A cele- feet high. w i n g of t h e F r e n c h a r m y a t t h e b a t t l e of B o u v i n e s . b r a t e d Austrian general. He was the son of Prince Eulenspiegel (oi'len-spë-gel), Till or Tyll. E u d e s I V . Died at Sens in 1350. Duke of E u g è n e M a u r i c e d e S a v o i e - C a r i g n a n , c o m t e d e Boissons, [G., 'owl-glass.'] The n a m e of a German Burgundy. He m a r r i e d t h e d a u g h t e r of Philip, by O l y m p i a M a n c i n i , a n i e c e of C a r d i n a l A l a z a r i n . H e of the 14th century who was probably born at w a s i n t e n d e d f o r t h e c h u r c h , a n d w h e n a b o u t t e n w a s Kneitlingen, n e a r Brunswick, and buried at king of France, in 1318. E u d e s . Born 665: died 735. Duke of Aqui- c r e a t e d a b b é of C a r i g n a n . B e i n g r e f u s e d a c o m m i s s i o n Mölln (according to a history of his life written t a i n e and Yasconie (Gasconv). His dominions in t h e F r e n c h a r m y by L o u i s X I V . , h e e n t e r e d t h e s e r - in North Germany in 1483 and t r a n s l a t e d into v i c e of A u s t r i a , w i t i i t h e r a n k of c o l o n e l , in 1683. H e w a s were invaded by t h e Saracens u n d e r Abd-er-Rahman, who Hisrh German find printed about 1550). Only a w e r e r e p u l s e d w i t h t h e a i d of C h a r l e s M a r t e l a t P o i t i e r s i n 732.

Eudes.

Died in 1037.

Count of Champagne.

in 1696 a p p o i n t e d c o m m a n d e r - i n - c h i e f of t h e i m p e r i a l a r m y a g a i n s t t h e T u r k s , w h o m lie t o t a l l y d e f e a t e d a t Z e n t a i n lti97, a n d c o m p e l l e d t o a c c e p t t h e p e a c e of Carlow i t z i n 1699. A t t h e o u t b r e a k of t h e W a r of t h e S p a n i s h

s m a l l p a r t of t h e d e e d s a t t r i b u t e d t o h i m a r e p o s s i b l y h i s o w n . T h e n a m e is m e r e l y t h e c e n t e r a b o u t w h i c h h a v e been grouped popular tales describing t h e mischievous

Eulenspiegel pranks of a vagabond of peasant origin. T h e stories h a v e been w i d e l y translated. A recent edition is that of LeipBic, 1854, by Lappenberg, w h o erroneously assumes Thomas M u r n e r to have been the author of the book.

372

thous and brother of Hyperenor. He was slain by Menelaus, w h o dedicated Euphorbus's shield iu the temple of Hera, near Mycense. Pythagoras professed t o be animated by his soul.

Europe north, Oise and Seine-et-Oise on t h e east, Eure-et-Loir on the south, Orne on the southwest, and Calvados on the west. Area, 2,29J square mileB. Population (1891), 349,47L

Euler (oi'ler), Leonhard. Born at Basel, Swit- Euphorion (u-fo'ri-on). [Gr. Eìxpopiuv.] Bornat Eure. A river of northern France which joins zerland, April 15, 1707: died at St. Petersburg, Chalcis; Euboea, 274 B. C. : died in Syria, prob- the Seine 10 miles south of Rouen, Length, Sept. 7 (0. ¡3. ), 1783. Acelebrated Swiss mathe- ably about 200 B. c. A Greek grammarian and about 120 miles. matician. H e was a pupil, at Basel, of Jean Bernoulli. poet: fragments.edited byMeineke (1823). Eure-et-Loir (èr'â-lvvâr'). A department of On the invitation of the empress Catherine he went Euphranor (u-fra'nòr). [Gr. Evtppàvop.'] Born France, capital Chartres, formed from parts of t o St. Petersburg, where he became (17.S0) professor of near Corinth : Jived in the middle of the 4th the ancient Orléanais, Perche, and Normandy. physics, and later (173a) succeeded Daniel Bernoulli in century B. C. A Greek statuary and painter. I t s boundaries are Eure on the north, Seine-et-Oise on the the academy. During the later years of his l i f e he was H i s treatises on symmetry and color were much used by P l i n y in the compilation of his 36th book. Lucian ranks his sculpture w i t h that of Phidias, Alcanienes,and Myron, and his painting w i t h that of Apelles, Parrhasius, and Aetion.

east, Loiret on the southeast, Loir-et-Uher and Sarthe on the south, and Orne on the west. I t has been called " t h e granary of France." Area, 2,267 square miles. Population (18i>l), 284,683.

I t is f o r m e d f r o m the East Euphrates (Murad-Su), which rises northeast of Erzerum, and a branch rising northwest of Lake Van. T h e united river then makes a w i d e circuit g a m u s 197-159 ( f ) B. c . H e was the son of Attalus westward, breaks through the mountain-chain of the TauI . whom he succeeded. l i e cultivated the friendship of rus, enters the terrace region at the modern Birejik, and the Romans, whom he assisted in the war against Antiochus turns in a meandering course toward the Tigris. I n the the Great. H e was present in person at the decisive battle neighborhood of Bagdad these t w o rivers approach one of Magnesia, and, on the restoration of peace, was rewarded another, and there the Babylonian canal-syBtem begins. I n its lower course, below Babylon, t l u Euphrates has by the addition of Mysia, Lydia, and P h r y g i a t o h i s k i n g d o m . changed its bed, shifting more and more westward. AcH e was a patron of learning, and founded at Pergamus one cording t o notices in classical authors, confirmed by the of the famous libraries of antiquity. inscriptions, it came in ancient t i m e nearer Sippara Eumenides (û-nien'i-dëz). [Gr. Ev/xeviôeç, the (Sepharvaim, modern A b u - H a b b a ) and U r u k (modern gracious ones.] A euphemistic name for the W a r k a ) than now ; and i t did not empty into the sea, united w i t h the Tigris, through the Shatt el-Arab, as at Erinyes in Greek mythology. present. A s late as the time of Sennacherib (705-TÉSL B. C.) Elimenides, The. A tragedy of jEsehylus, form- and his successors, the twin rivers flowed separately into ing the third of the great trilogy ("Agamem- the Persian Gulf, which extended then at least as f a r as non," l< Choephori." "Eumenides") exhibited t'orna Babylon has been rightly t e r m e d the g i f t of Euphrates and T i g r i s . " T h e soil is f o r m e d f r o m the alluvial at Athens in 458 B. c. deposits of these rivers, and this f o r m a t i o n still continues. Eumolpus (u-mol'pus). [Gr. Ev/xo'àttoç, the good During the w i n t e r months the Euphrates has but l i t t l e chanter.] In Greek mythology, a priestly bard, water in its bed ; but in the Bpring, and especially toward the summer solstice, it swells by the melting of the snow reputed founder of the Eleusioian mysteries. of the mountains, w h i c h often causes disastrous floods. Eunapius (u-na'pi-us). [Gr. Evvairi