Caersws Vicus, Powys: Excavations at the Old Primary School 1985-86 9780860546290, 9781407318271

Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
Contents
LIST OF FIGURES
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Caersws military vicus, Powys
Chapter 2: The excavations in 1985-86, Caersws Site 10
Chapter 3: The Finds
Chapter 4: Conclusions
Bibliography
APPENDIX 1. A COMMENT ON CHARCOAL IDENTIFICATIONS FROM CAERSWS 10
APPENDIX 2. A COMMENT ON A PIECE OF REALGAR FROM CAERSWS SITE 10
APPENDIX 3. A COMMENT ON A HARNESS FITTING FROM CAERSWS 10
APPENDIX 4. A COMMENT ON A PROBABLE CANNEL COAL MOULD FROM CAERSWS 10
APPENDIX 5. CONTENTS OF THE CAERSWS 10 ARCHIVE REPORT
Footnote references

Citation preview

Caersws Vicus� Powys Excavations at the Old Primary School, 1985 - 86

Jenny Britnell

BAR British Series 205 1989

B.A.R. 5_, Ce�tremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR 205, 1989: 'Caersws Vicus, Powys' © The Clwyd-Powys Archae ological Trust, 1989 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860546290 paperback ISBN 9781407318271 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546290 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

C on ten t s

L is to ffi g ur es L is to ft a b les C hap ter 1 : C aersw s m i l i tary v i cu s , P owy s I n t roduc t ion D es c r ip t ion o fp a s t d i s cover ie s T he n a tu r e o ft h e s e t t lemen t T he d a t ing o ft h e s e t t lemen t A cknow ledgemen t s C hap t er 2 :T he e xcava t ionso f1985 -86 ,Caer sw s S i te 1 0 I n t roduc t ion T he r o ad s B u i ld ing m e thod s a r id m a te r ia ls P er iod 1 P er iod 2 P e r iod 3 C hap ter 3 : T he F inds G la s s v e s se ls b yJ enny P r ice a nd H .E .M . C oo l G la s sb o t t le s b yJ ane tA rno ld B ead s , g l a s s c oun t e r sa nd o t he rg l a s s o b jec t s b yW endy J . Owen a nd J ane tA rno ld Ag l a s sb ang le b yP e ter C r ew C o ins b yE dward B e s ly O b jec t s o fl e ad b yJ ane tA rno ld a nd W endy J . Owen B ronze a nd s i lve r b yJ ane t W eb s te r I r onwo rk b y Wendy J . Owen A n i r on f i nge r -r ing w i th i n tag l io b y Dav e Z ienk iew ic z

L I L i

1 1 2 4 6

8 8 9 1 1 6 2 8

3 1 4 4

A n i r on f i nge r -r ing? b yH .E .M .Coo l O b jec t so fs t one b y W endy J . Owen A n ima l b one b yB ruce L ev i tan S am ian w a re b yP e ter V .W eb s te r S am ian p o t te r s ' s t amp s b yB renda D i ck inson P la in a nd d eco ra ted s am ian c a ta logue

7 4 7 4 7 9 8 0 8 1

b yP e t er V .W eb s ter C oa r se p o t te ry b yP e ter V .W ebs ter a nd K .F . H ar t ley Ampho ra s t amp s b y W endy J . Owen Mo r ta r ium s t amp s b yK .F . H ar t ley Ac l ay f i gu r ine b a se b y W endy J . Owen Ap o t te ry c oun te r b y W endy J . Owen

8 2 8 9 1 22 1 22 1 24 1 24

C hap ter 4 : C onc lu s ion s

1 25

B ib l iography

1 28

A ppend ice s A ppend ix 1 :C ha rcoa l i d en t if ica t ion b y G raham Morgan . A ppend ix 2 : Ac ommen t o n as ma l l p i ece o fa r sen ic s u lph ide ( r ea lga r )

1 33

b yG raham Morgan A ppend ix 3 : Ac ommen to n s i lve rn e i l lo o n ac oppe ra l loy h a rne s s f i t t ing b yJ u s t ine B ay ley . A ppend ix 4 A c ommen to n t h e c anne l c oa l

1 33

4 4 4 9 5 1 5 3 5 4 7 0

?mou ld b y K a te H un ter A ppend ix 5 : C on ten t so ft h e A rch ive R epo r t b y W endy J . Owen

1 34

7 3

F oo tno te r ef erence s

1 36

1 34

1 35

1

L IST OF F IGURES

1 S imp l if ied p l an s how ing t h eC a e r sw s Ia nd IR oman f o r t s a nd t h e i ra nnexe s 2 L o ca t ion o fp r ev iou s ly i n ve s t iga t ed s i t e s i n t h eC a e r sw s Hv i cu sa nd a nnexe 3 A e r ia l v i ew o fC ae r sw s v i l lage a nd t h e C a e r sw s Hf o r t 4 L o ca t ion o ft h e 1 985 -86 e xcava t ion s 5 S umma ry p l an so fP e r iod 1 ,P ha se s 1t o3 6 P e r iod 1 ,P ha se 3 ,B u i ld ing s 1a nd 2 7 P e r iod 1 ,c ha r red j o i s t si nB u i ld ing 1 8 P e r iod 1 ,o ven si nB u i ld ing 2 9 S umma ry p l an so fP e r iod 2 ,b u i ld ing s e quenc e 1 0 P e r iod 2 ,p r ima ry o c cupa t ion l e ve l s 1 P e r iod 2 ,w e s te nd o fB u i ld ing 3 1 2 P e r iod 2 ,e a s te nd o f B u i ld ing 3 1 3 P er iod 2 ,s i nkage a f f e c ted m a in o ccupa t ion 1 4 P e r iod 2 ,o ven i nB u i ld ing 3 1 5 P e r iod 3 ,p ebb le s p read s a nd p o s tho le s 1 6 E a s t /we s t s e c t ion t h rough B u i ld ing 3 1 7 P e r iod 2 ,e a s te nd o fB u i ld ing 3 1 8 P e r iod 3 , p ebb le s p r ead s 1 9 C ompa r ison o fq uan t i t ie s o ff i r s tc en tu ry g l a s s f r om C a e r sw sa nd C he s te r 2 0 G la s sv e ss e l s ,n o s4 -33 ,3 8 -41 2 1 G la s sv e ss e l s ,n o s3 4 -36 ,4 5 -75 2 2 G la s sb o t t le s 2 3 G la s sa nd a mbe rb ead s 2 4 G la s sc oun te r s 2 5 G la s so b je c t s 2 6 G la s sb ang le 2 7 L ead w e igh t s 2 8 O b je c t so fb ronze ,n o s 1 10 2 9 O b je c t so fb ronze ,n o s 1 -2 1 3 0 O b je c t so fb ronze ,n o s2 2 -28

3 5 7 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 5 1 5 1 7 1 8 2 1 2 1 2 4 2 6 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 0 3 5 3 7 4 1 4 5 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 1 5 4 5 7 5 9 6 3

3 1 3 2 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 8

O b je c t so fb ronz e , n o s2 9 -36 O b je c t so fb ronze , n o s 3 7 -44 O b je c t so fb ronze , n o s4 5 -62 O b je c t so fb ronze ,n o s 6 3 -67 I r onwo rk , n o s 1 27 I r onwo rk , n o s2 8 -35 I r on f i nge r -r ing s ,n o s3 6 ,3 7 I r on f i nge r r ing ? Q ue rn s tone s ,n o s 1 5 Q ue rn s tone s ,n o s6 -7 ,w o rked s t one n o s8 11 ,w o rn s t one ,n o . 1 2 Wo rn s t one ,n o . 1 3 S ha le a rm le t C anne l c oa l ? mou ld P l a in s am ian c up ,n o2 8 D eco ra ted s am ian , n o s 2 9 -35 D eco ra t ed s am ian ,n o s 3 6 -49 D e co ra t ed s am ian ,n o s 5 3 -62 C oa r s ep o t te ry ,n o s 1 34 C oa r s ep o t te ry ,n o s3 5 -69 C o a r se p o t te ry ,n o s7 0 103 C oa r se p o t te ry ,n o s 1 04 137 C oa r se p o t te ry ,n o s 1 38 -176 C oa r se p o t te ry ,n o s 1 77 -2 11 C oa r se p o t te ry ,n o s2 12 -245 C oa r se p o t te ry ,n o s2 46 -277 C oa r se p o t te ry ,n o s2 78 -305 C oa r se p o t te ry ,n o s3 06 -332 C oa r se p o t te r y ,n o s 33 -365

5 9 6 0 6 1 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 5

C oa r se p o t te ry ,n o s3 66 -396 C oa r s ep o t te ry ,n o s3 97 -436 C oa r se p o t te ry ,n o s4 37 -456 Ampho ra s t amp s ,n o s4 57 -458 Mo r ta r ia s t amp s ,n o s4 59 -469 Ac l ay f i gu r ine b a se Ap o t te ry c oun te r

6 5 6 7 6 9 7 0 7 1 7 2 7 3 7 4 7 5 7 7 7 8 7 8 7 9 8 2 8 4 8 7 8 8 9 5 9 7 9 9 1 01 1 03 1 05 1 07 1 09 11 13 15 17 19 1 2 1 1 22 1 22 1 24 1 24

L i s t o f T ab le s

1 S umma ry o fd a t ing e v idence f r om t h eC ae r sw s Iv i cu sa nd f r om t h eC ae r sw s I& I f o r t s 6 2 As umma ry l i s to fd a tab le c o in s f r om P e r iod 1l e ve ls 1 6 3 As umma ry l i s to fd a tab le c o in s f r om P e r iod 2l e ve l sa nd l a t e r 2 7

4 A n ima l s pe c ie s r e p re sen ted a tC ae r sw s 5 S ou r ce s , f o rm s a nd d epo s i t ion o fs t ra t if ied s am ian f r om C ae r sw s , S i te 1 0 6 S umma r y o fc oa r se p o t t e ry d r aw ing n umbe r s r e la t ed t ot h e i rc on t ex t s

7 9 8 0 9 3

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

I n t roduc t ion .

1

C hap ter 1 :

I NTRODUCT ION

c en tu ry a nd l a te rd a te h ave b een f ound i nt h ev i cu st o t h e s ou th -we s t o f t h ep or ta p rae tor ia ( Dan ie ls e ta l .

C ae r sw s o ccup ie s af o ca l p o in t i n t h e R oman r oad s y s tem c on t ro l l ing c en t ra l Wa le s , t owa rd s t h eh ead o f t h e S eve rn V a l ley i nn o r thern P owy s . L lwyn yB ra in ,

1 970 , 3 7 -8 ) ; t h e i n te r io r o f t h e f o r t w a s h e igh tened w i th c l ay a bou tt h es ame t i me ( Dan ie ls e ta / . 1 968 ,6 5 ; 1 970 , 3 8 ) . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t t h is w o rk w a s i n tended t or a ise t h e f l oo r s o fb u i ld ing s a bove f l ood

t h e l a rge ro ft wo a ux i l l ia ry f o r t s h e re ( Cae r sw s I ,3 . 8 h a . , J a r re t t 1 969 , 7& 6 6 ) , l i e s i n a n a dvan tageou s p o s i t ion o n as pu r o ve r look ing t h e r i ve r , e a s t o f t h e moder nv i l lage . T he f o r ti su nexcava ted ,b u ti st h ough t t o b e o f p re -F lav ian d a te ( J a r re t t 1 969 , 6 6 ) . N o e v idence h a s b een f ound a t L lwyn y B ra in f o r a m i l i ta ry v i cu s ,b u tt h is i sp e rhap st ob ee xpe c ted i ft h e f o r td oe si n de ed b e long t ot h ee a r l ie rc onque s tp e r iod . A s l igh t ly s ma l le r f o r t ( Cae r sw s I , 3 . 1 h a . , J a r re t t 1 969 ,6 6 -70 )w a se s tab l i shed ,p robab ly i nt h ee a r ly t o m id 7 0 s A .D . , o n as l igh t r i se a bove t h e f l ood -p la in , n ea rt h ec onf luence o ft h er i ve r sS evern a nd G a rno j u s t n o r th -wes t o f t h e v i l lage . ' Aw a t ch ing b r ie f c a r r ied o u tb yt h eC lwyd -Powys A r chaeo log ica lT ru s td u r ing e x ten s ive p ipe lay ing o pe ra t ions w i th in t h e p r e sen t v i l lage d u r ing A p r i l a nd May 1 988 a nd t r i a l e xcava t i on si n Novembe r 1 988 ,h ave r e vea led n ew e v idence f o rt h ee x ten to ft h ev i cu sa t ta ched t ot h el a te rf o r t ;2 t h e f o l low ing p a rag raphs s umma r ize t h el a te s te v idence i n t h el i gh to fp a s td i scove r ie sw h ich h ave e s tab l i shed t h e p re sence o f ac i v i l ian s e t t lemen tt ot h e s ou th a nd e a s t o fC ae r sw s I( f ig . 2 : b racke ted n umbe r s i nt h e t e x t c o r respond t ot h en umbe r s o n t h ep l an ) . T o t h e n o r th o ft h e f o r t t h e l a nd i sp oo r ly d ra ined , a nd d rop sd own t ot h e Man th r ig b rook . T he p r esence o fa na dd i t iona lb ank o n s l igh t ly l owe rg round o n t h e w e s ts i de o ft h ef o r t ,n ow i d en t if ied a s aR oman f l ood b ank ( Dan ie l se ta l . 1 966 , 12 ) ,s ugge s t st h a tt h is a r ea t o o w ou ld h ave b een u nsu i tab le f o r s e t t lemen t . T he c ou r se so ft h eS ever na nd G a rno t ot h es ou th a nd w e s t o f t h e f o r t h ave a l te red s i nce t h e R oman p er iod , a nd t r ace s o f ac hanne l t hough tt or ep resen t ap re -Roman l i ne o ft h eG a rno w a si d en t if ied j u s tt ot h ew e s to ft h e f l ood b ank o nt h ew e s ts i de o ft h ef o r ti n1 966 ( Dan ie ls e ta / . 1 966 , 12 ) . T he f l ood b ank i sc on t inued f u r the r t ot h en o r th ,b eyond t h el im i t so ft h en o r the rn a nnexe , b y al owe rb ank o fu nknown d a te . T he re i sr e a son t o t h ink t h a te ven t h e mo re f a vou red g round t ot h es ou th a nd e a s to ft h ef o r th ad b een v une rab le t op a r t icu la r ly h i gh r i ve rl e ve ls . T h ick g rave l d ump so fm id s e cond

l e ve l ( Dan ie ls e ta l . 1 968 , 6 5 ) .

DESCR IPT ION OF D ISCOVER IES I N THE V ICUS

3

A n e a r ly n i ne teen th c en tu ry r epo r t o f ac omp le te j a r a nd h uman r ema ins w ea the r ed f r om a r i ve r b ank s ugge s t s t h a t ac eme te ry a s soc ia t ed w i th t h e s e t t le m en t m ay h ave b een s i ted t ot h e s ou th o rw e s to ft h e f o r t( F i she r1 917 ,3 5 ) . T h i sc anno tn ow b el o ca ted a nd h a s p o ss ib ly b e en w a shed a way b y t h e r i ve r . As t one b u i ld ing ( 1 )f ound c .6 0m .t ot h es ou th o ft h e f o r ti n1 854 ( Dav ie s 1 857 , 1 51-172 ; H ame r 1 869 , 5 1 6 5 ) i sn ow i d en t if ied a s a n e x t ra -mu ra l b a th -hou se . E xcava t ion s i n1 968 ( 2 ) , b e tween t h eb a th -house a nd t h e f o r t ( Dan ie ls e ta l . 1 970 , 3 7 -8 ) r e vea led t r ace s o f t imbe r b u i ld ing s d a ted t ob e tween A .D . 7 5 a nd t h e l a t te rh a lf o ft h et h i rd c en tu ry ,t o ge the rw i th e v idence s ugge s t ing ab ranch r oad f r om t h e b a th -hou se t ot h e p or ta p rae to r ia ( Dan ie ls e ta l . 1 970 , 3 8 ) . O b serva t i ons ( 3 ) d u r ing t h e c on s truc t ion o f ah ouse i n 1 982 s ugge s t ed t h a t as t one b u i ld ing , w i th s e cond c en tu ry p o t te ry f r om t h ef l oo r s ,l a yj u s tt ot h ew e s to ft h em a in r oad e x tend ing f r om t h e v i a p rae tor ia ( ob se rva t ion s b y JC onne l l ) . E xcava t ion s o n t h eo ppo s i te s i de o ft h i sr oad ( 4 ) i n 1 909 ( P ryce 1 940 ) , 1 966 ( Dan ie l s e ta / . 1 966 ) a nd mo re e x ten s ive ly i n 1 985 -86 ( Cae r sw s S i te 1 0 , t h e s ub jec t o f t h e p re sen t r epo r t ) , h ave p rov ided a s e q uence f r om t h e l a te r f i r s t c en tu ry t ot h e e a r ly t h i rd . T h ree m a in p e r iod s o fu se w e r e i d en t if ied a tS i te 1 0 . P e r iod 1( F lav ian )c on s i s ted o ft h ree p hase s : P ha se 1 -t h e c ons t ruc t ion o f am a in r oad s ou th f r om t h e f o r t a nd p e r ime te r o r p a t ro l r oad o u t s ide t h e t h i rd d i t ch ( p re sumab ly a bou tt h es ame t ime a st h ee s tab l i shmen t o f t h e f o r t ) ; P hase 2 -a y a rd a r ea s e t i n t h e a ng le b e twe en t h e ma in r oad a nd t h i rd d i t ch , o ve r ly ing t h e p e r ime te rr oad ; P ha se 3-e r e c t ion o ft imbe rb u i ld ing s

2

C aer sw s v i cus ,1 985 -6 .

I n t roduc t ion .

( ?t a ve rn , s hop s a nd w o rk shop s ) o ve r ly ing t h e y a rd , a l so d i gg ing o fp i t s a nd w el s ; a bou t A .D . 1 00 t h e b u i ld ing s w e re b u rn t d own , o r d emo l i shed a nd t h en b u r n t . P e r iod 2( ma in ly T ra jan ic )s aw t h er e -e s tab l i sh m en to f ap e r ime te rr o ad a nd t h el a y ing d own o fo t he r s i de r o ad s ; t h e e r e c t ion o fn ew t i mbe r b u i ld ing s , i n c l ud ing a ' c o r r ido r h ou se ' ( a ga in ? s hop s a nd w o rk s hop s ) ; ab u i ld ing j u s tt ot h es ou th o fa nd p o s s ib ly o f t h es ame d e s ign a st h ec o r r ido r -hou se ,w a sd emo l i shed a nd r e p la ced b y as i de l a ne w h i le t h ef i r s tw a ss t i l l i n u s e . D u r ing P e r iod 3 ( Had r ian ic t o A n ton ine ) t h e P e r iod 2b u i ld ing sd e cayed o rw e re d emo l i shed a nd a n a r ea o f c obb led h a rd s tand ing e s tab l i shed ; p o s s ib ly s ome y ea r sl a te r ac l ay l a ye rw a ss p r ead o ve rs ome o r a l o ft h ec obb l ing . P lough ing h ad r emoved m u ch o f t h ec obb l ing a nd m o s to ft h ec l ay a l ong w i th e v idenc e ( i fa ny )o fs ub sequen tR oman a c t iv i ty o n t h e s i t e . Mo r e R oman d epo s i t s w e r e i d en t if ied i n 1 909 ( 5 ) ( P ryce 1 940 ,8 8 ) a nd 1 9 10 ( 6 ) c .1 20 m . s ou th o ft h e f o r t ; o t he ro b se r va t ion sm ade a tt h a tt i me s ugge s tt h a t t h e se m igh tl i ea ta bou tt h es ou the rn l i m i to ft h ev i cu s ( P ryc e 1 940 , 8 9 ) . As i de r o ad o ve r ly ing ad omed c l ay o ven ( 7 ) w a s i d en t if ied d u r ing b u i ld ing w o rk si n1 984 ( e xcava t ion s b yC .R . Mu s son o nb eha l fo fC .P .A .T . ) ,c .6 0m .f r om t h e s ou th -ea s tc o rne ro ft h e f o r t . T he r o ad i so n l i ne w i th t h e s e conda ry l a ne t ot h e s ou th o ft h e ' c o r r ido r h ou se 'i d en t if i ed i n1 985 ( 4 ) . F u r the rt r a ce so ft h er o ad ( 8 ) w e re i d en t if ied d u r ing t h e p i pe lay ing o pe ra t ion s i n1 988 , t o ge the rw i th e v idenc e o fc l ay f l oo r s ( 9 -13 ) w h i ch p robab ly r e p re sen t b u i ld ing s s i ted a l ong t h i s r o ad a nd p o s s ib ly o n t h ep e r ime te rr o ad a tt h e s ou th e a s tc o rne ro ft h e f o r t . Ap i t , a nd t wo w e l l s ( 1 4 16 ) i d en t if ied i n1 988 s l igh t ly f u r the rt ot h ee a s t ,r e p re sen t t h e f u r the s t r e co rded l i m i t o ft h e v i cu s a tt h e s ou th e a s t . T he m a in r o ad l e ad ing f r om t h ee a s tg a te o ft h ef o r t ( 1 7 ) , e x tend ing f r om t h e v i a d ecumana , i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le o na e r ia lp ho tog raph sr unn ing a tl e a s ta sf a ra s t h e Man thr ig b rook ,a sa r es l igh ti n d ica t ion so f ar o ad ( 1 8 ) b r anch ing o f t h i s t o t h e s ou th . E v idence o f o c cup a t ion ( p robab ly s t r ip d eve lopmen t )e x t end ing t o w i th in a bou t2 0m .o ft h eb rook a l ong t h es ou th s i de o f t h i s r o ad , a nd r e p re sen t ed b y p o s s ib le o ven s ( 1 9 -20 ) a nd f l oo r s ( 2 1 -26 ) , w a s f ound d u r ing 1 988 . T he r e i s n ega t ive e v idenc ef r om o b se rva t ion si n1 988 o fR oman d epo s i t sf u r the rt ot h es ou th -ea s t ,b u ti ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e l a you t o f t h e v i cu s i nt h i s a r ea m ay h ave b e en l o ca l ly d e te rm ined b y t h e p r e sen ce o f t h e b rook . F u r the re v idenc eo fo ccupa t ion o fl a te f i r s ta nd s e cond c en tu ry d a te ( 2 7 ) ,p o s s ib ly i n c lud ing b u i ld ing sf o unded o n ap ebb le s p r ead f r on t ing t h en o r th s i d eo ft h em a in r o ad , w e r e i d en t if ied d u r ing t h e c ou r se o f b u i ld ing w o rk si n1 978 o nh i ghe rg round t ot h ee a s to ft h eb r ook ( e xcava t ion sb yJ .C onne l l : s e ed e ta i l si nJ one s f o r th c om ing ) . T he re h ave b een r e po r t so ff i nd sf u r the re a s t , i n c lud ing ac o in o fL i c inu si n af i e ld b e long ing t ot h e t h en w o rkhou se w h ich w a sj u s t s ou th o ft h e R oman r o ad t owa rd sC he s te ra nd c . 1k m . f r om t h ef o r t ; a nd

ab u r ia lu r no nt h es ou ther nb ank o ft h eS eve rn ,a bou t 2k m . f r om t h e f o r t a nd p robab ly n ea r t h e r oad t o Wroxe te r ( Dav ie s 1 857 , 1 67 a nd t h e f i gu re o ppo s i t e p . 168 ) . I ns p i t eo ft h ea moun to fa r chaeo log ica li n te re s tt h a t h a sb e en s hown i nC ae r sw s Ia nd i t sc i v i ls e t t lemen t , m o s t o f t h e i n fo rma t ion o b ta ined b y e xcava t ion h a s e i the rb e en l o s tt h rough t i me o ri sa sy e tp ub l i shed i n o n ly b r ie fi n te r im r e po r t s . I ti se spe c ia l ly n o t icab le t h a t v e ry l i t t le i n fo rma t ion i sa va i lab le a bou t f i nd s f r om p a s t e xcava t ion s . T h i s h o ld s t r ue t o o f o r p a s t w o rk d one a to t he r i mpo r tan t R oman s i te s i nc en t r a l Wa le s , s u ch a sF o rden G ae ra nd C a s t e l l C o l len . T he l a ck o f p ub l i shed c ompa ra t ive m a t e r ia l f r om a nywhe r ec l o se rt h an Wroxe te r ,t h eC he sh i re P la in o r t h e l owe r S eve rn v a l ley h a s b een e mpha s ised a nd r e g re t ted b yt h o se w o rk ing o nt h e mo r ec ommon f i nd s f r om t h e r e cen t e xcava t ion s , w h i le t h e u nexpec ted ly r i ch a nd u nu sua l n a tu re o f s ome o f t h e g l a s s a nd b ronze s h a s a l so b een e mpha s i sed , t h ough a ga in , t h e l a ck o f c ompa ra t ive l o ca l m a te r ia l d im in i she s t h e a moun to fu s e fu lc ommen to nt h e i rs i gn if icance . T he o ppo r tun i ty h a sn ow b een t a ken ,t h e r e fo r e ,t op ub l i sh a sf u l ly a sp o s s ib le r e po r t so nt h ef i nd sf r om t h e 1 985 8 6e xcava t ion s . T he c o l le c t ion i ss ma l lb u tb e ing f r om aw e l ls t ra t i f ied a nd c l o se ly d a tab le s i t e ,c ou ld f o rm ,i t i sh op ed ,a ni n i t ia ld a ta -ba se ( a lbe i tn eed ing c on s ide r a b le f u r the ra dd i t ion si nt h el o ng r u n )f o rf u tu re w o rk b o th i n C a e r sw s i t s e l f a nd , d ue t o t h e p auc i ty o f p ub l i shed m a te r ia l f r om c en t ra l Wa le s g ene ra l ly , i n t h e w ide ra r ea .

THE NATURE OF THE S ETTLEMENT C ae r sw sI ,w i th i t sn o r the rn a nnexe ,e nc lo se sa na r ea o f3 . 7h a . ,a nd i sa mong s tt h el a rge s ta ux i l ia ry f o r t si n Wa le s . T he p r e sen te v idence s ugges t st h a tt h ea s so c i a t ed m i l i ta ry v i cu s c ove r sa n a r ea o fp e rhap s 3 . 3 h a . , e x tend ing f o ra tl e a s t1 75 m .f r om t h ee a s te rn s i de ,a nd 1 20 m . f r om t h e s ou ther n s i de o ft h e f o r t . T hu s t h e s e t t lemen t r e p re sen t s t h e l a rge s t c i v i l ian s e t t lemen t d u r ing t h eR oman p e r iod f o ra bou t3 0k m . t ot h ee a s t a nd p robab ly m uch f u r the r i no t he rd i re c t ion s . T he d i spo s i t ion o ft h e s e t t lemen t , t ot h e s ou th a nd e a s to ft h e f o r ta nd i t sr e la t ion sh ip w i th t h ep r inc ipa l r o ad s f r om t h e f o r t i sf a i r ly c ha r ac t e r i s t ic ( Somme r 1 984 ,4 2 -44 ) . S hop sa nd w o rk shop sh ave b e en i d en t i f i ed j u s t t o t h e s ou th o f t h e f o r t , w i th s ma l l -s ca le i n du s t r ie s i n c lud ing i r on ,b ronze a nd l e a the rw o rk ing ( P r yc e 1 940 , 8 6 ; s e e d e ta i l s o f i r onwo rk ing i n t h e f o l low ing r e po r t ) . T he n ume rou sc oun te r sf r om o ne o f t h eF l av ian b u i ld ing s f o und a tS i te 1 0 s ugge s t t h a ti t m igh th ave b een u sed a s at a ve rn . I r on w eapon sa l so f o und i n 1 985 -86 a nd i r on s pea r s f o und i n 1 968 i n b u i ld ing st ot h ew e s to ft h eg a te ,s ugge s tt h em anu f a c t u re o r a t l e a s t r e ta i l o f s u ch i t em s . C omme r c ia l e n te rp r ise i sf u r the r i n d ica t ed b y f i nd s o f s ma l l l e ad w e igh t s f r om b o th s i te s , a nd t h e g ene ra l q ua l i ty o f

Caersws vicus, 1985-6.

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4

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

I n t roduc t ion .

d ome s t ic f i nd ss ugge s t st h a tt h ei n hab i tan t se n joyed a r e a sonab ly l u c ra t ive l i f e s ty le . T he re i sl i t t le i n d ica t i on o fm uch i n te r change w i th t h el o ca ln a t ive p opu la t i on , a nd m uch o ft h e e v idence p o in t s s pe c if i ca l ly t o t h ep rov is ion o fs e rv ice st ot h eg a r r ison o ft h ef o r t . T he f u nc t ion o ft h en o r the rn a nnexe h a sn o ty e tb een e s tab l i shed ; t r i a le xcava t ion si n1 986 ( Tho rbu r n 1 986 a nd n o . 2 8 o n f i g . 2 )r e vea led g r ave l s u r f ace s a nd a s ma l l h ea r th , b u t t h e s c a le o f t h e e xcava t ion s w a s i n su ff i c ien t t od e te rm ine w he the r i tc on ta ined b u i ld i n g s o r o t he r s t ruc tu r e s . T he d i s cove ry o f s e ve ra l u nf i r ed h exagona lt i l e s( opu ss e c t i le )w i th in o ne o ft h e t r enche s s ugge s t s t h e p o s s ib le e x i s t en ce o f ak i ln , a s y e t u n lo ca ted . S im i la r t i l e s a r e r e co rded f r om t h e e x t r a -mu ra l b a th -hou se ( Dav ie s 1 857 , 1 60 ) , w h ich i s t ob e s e en a sp a r to ft h e m i l i ta ry e s tab l ishmen t . T he p r e s ence a tC ae r sw st o oo fs t amped t i l e s( t egu lae )( s e e S t ephen s 1 986 , f o r ar e cen td i s cu s s ion o ft h e se ) ,a nd t h e l i l c l ihood t h a t m o r ta r ia a tl e a s t w e re b e ing m ade l o ca l ly ( b e low p .1 22 ) , e mpha s i se t h e p o s s ib i l i ty t h a t k i ln s m igh tb e f o und n ea rby .

DAT ING OF THE S ETTLE MENT I ti st ob ee xpe c ted t h a tt h ef o r tune so f am i l i ta ry v i cu s w ou ld , a tl e a s t i ni t s e a r ly d ay s , m i r ro r t h o se o ft h e a rmy i ts e rved ; y e t w h i l s t t h e r e a r e c l ea r p a ra l le l s b e tween t h e t wo e s tab l i shmen t s a tC ae r sw s ,t h e re a r e s ome a ppa ren tc on t rad ic t ion s . T he b u i ld ing s e quence s w i th in t h ef o r ts ugge s t am i l i ta ry p r e sence i n to a tl e a s t t h ee a r ly t h i rd c en tu ry a nd t h e re i se v idence o fc on t in u ed a c t iv i ty i n to t h e l a te t h i rd a nd f o u r th c en tur ie s , t h ough t h es t a tu so ft h i so ccupa t ion i sp e rhap so pen t o q ue s t ion . T he v i cu s , h oweve r , m ay e f f e c t ive ly h ave c ea s ed t of u nc t ion , c omme r c ia l ly a tl e a s t ,a f te ra bou t A .D . 1 30 . T he r ei ss of a r , i n su ff i c ien te v idence f r om t h e i n te r i o r o f t h e f o r t t op u t c l o s e d a te s o rn umbe r s t oa ny f l uc tua t ion si nt h es i ze o ft h eg a r r ison . I ns p i te o ft h e a moun to ft r ench ing c a r r ied o u tb y B o sanque tw i th in t h ef o r t ,t h em a s so fh i sf i nd sc ame f r om t h e vicus. T h i s b i a si nd a tab le f i nd sf r om t h ea r ea h a sb een c on t inued b y m o re r e cen tw o rk , a nd a sy e t , t h e s i ze , o rf o rt h a t m a t te r , p r e senc e o ra b sence o f ag a r r ison a t ag i ven p e r iod h a st ob ea s se s sed b yt h es t udy o ff i nd sf r om t h e c i v i l ian s e t t lemen t . P ryc e 's i n ve s t iga t ion o fB o sanque t 's s am ian ( 1 932 ) s howed a ni n ten s ive o ccupa t ion o ft h ea r ea o u t s ide t h e p or ta p rae tor ia i nt h e l a s tq ua r te ro ft h e f i r s tc en tu ry a nd d u r ing t h ef i r s td ecade o ft h es e cond c en tu ry ; t h e r e w a s am a rked d e c r ea s ei nv o lume i nt h el a t eH ad r ian ic a nd A n ton ine p e r iod s , b u t i tw a s s t i l l s u ff i c ien t ly p l en t ifu l t ow a r ran t t h e c onc lu s ion t h a t d u r ing t h es e p e r iod s t h e o ccupa t ion o fC ae r sw s a nd i t s s e t t lemen t w a s n o t i n s ign i f ican t . S am ian f r om S i te 1 0 i sa ga in m o s t ly F l av ian a nd e a r ly T r a jan ic ,w i th a bou t aq ua r te r o ft h ed a tab le p i e ce sb e long ing t ot h ep e r iod 1 00 -120 A .D . ; o n ly av e ry f ew p i ece sd a t ing i n to t h em idd le o f

t h e c en tu ry w e r e f o und . A l though e xcava t ion s e l se w he r e w i th in t h e v i cu s h ave n o t b een e x ten s ive , p r a c t ica l ly a lt h ep o t t e ry f r om t h er e cen ts a lvage w o rk a nd o t he r s ma l le r e xcava t ion s i s , o nce m o re , o fl a te f i r s t a nd e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry d a te . T he r e a r e o n ly o c ca s iona l o c cu r r ence s o f s h e rd s t h a t n eed b e l a t e r t h an m id s e cond c en tu ry . T he 1 909 , 1 966 -67 a nd 1 985 -86 e xcava t ion sc u ti n to a na ppa ren t ly p r ime s i t e w i th in t h e R oman s e t t lemen t , i mmed ia te ly o u t s ide o ne o ft h em a in f o r tg a te sa nd c l o se t ot h eb a th -hou se . I tm igh t r e a sonab ly b e e xpe c t ed t h a t t h e s e quence s f o und h e r e , r ef le c ted a s t h ey a r e , i n t h e s c a t t e red e v idence f r om e l sewhe re i nt h e ViCUS, w ou ld r e p res en t am ic roco sm o ft h ef o r tune so ft h ec i v i l ian s e t t lemen t a s aw ho le . I ts e ems l i ke ly t h en t h a t i n ten s ive d ome s t ic a nd c omme r c ia l a c t iv i ty i n t h e v i cu s l a s ted f o r o n ly a p e r iod o f5 0 -60 y ea r sb e tween a bou tA .D .7 5a nd A .D . 1 30 . T he r ea f te r , t h e re i ss o l i t t le e v idence o f s u ch a c t iv i ty t h a ti tc an r e a sonab ly b es ugge s t ed t h a tb yt h e e nd o ft h eH ad r ian ic p e r iod o re a r ly i nt h eA n ton ine t h e v i cu s w a s s e ve re ly r e duced i n p opu la t ion o r w a s d e se r ted . A t ten t ion h a s b een d r awn t ot h e f a c t t h a t t h e r e i se v idenc e a ts e ve ra l o f t h e We l sh f o r t s t h a t g a r r i son sw e r eb e ing w i thd rawn o rr e duced a bou tt h i s p e r iod . E l sewhe re i n Wa le s , i ta ppea r s t h a t m i l i ta ry v i c i w e r e d i sappea r ing a bou t t h e s ame t i me , n one s e em ing ly s u r v iv ing t h e w i thd raw l o fl a rge n umbe r s o ft r oop s ( Dav ie s 1 984 , 12 ) . T hu s , i tm igh tw e l lb e t h a t t h e c l ea r ly e v iden ced r un -down o ft h e C ae r sw s v i cu s w a s t h e c on sequence o f a n a s y e t u np roved w i thd raw l o r h eavy r e du c t ion o f t h e g a r r i son i nt h e H ad r ian ic o re a r ly A n ton ine p e r iod . U ndoub ted ly t h e f o r t c on t inued i n s ome s o r t o f o c cup a t ion , h oweve r , a ss hown b y t h er e con s t ruc t ion o ft h e c en t ra l b u i ld ing s i ns t one a nd t h e b u i ld ing o f n ew b a r ra ck so nt h er a ised i n te r io r . I t sp o s i t ion a tt h e h ub o ft h er o ad s y s tem i nc en t ra l Wa le sw ou ld s ugge s t af u nc t ion f r om t h i st i me o nwa rd sp e rhap s ,c h ief ly a s ab a se f o ra dm in i s t ra t ive p e r sonne l ,a nd h e ld o n ly b y ac a r e take r g a r r i son .

ACKNO WLEDGEMENTS T he 1 985 -86 e xcava t ion sa tt h eC a e r sw sO ld P r ima ry S choo lw e r ec a r r ied o u tb y ag roup o fb e tween s i xa nd e i gh t u n s t in t ing ly e ne rge t ic a nd e n thu s ia s t ic p eop le w ho f o rmed p a r to ft h eC lwyd -Powy sA r chaeo log ica l T ru s t 's C ommun i ty P rog ramme T eam . T he s upe r v i s o r s w e re N ige l J one s , K enne th B ra s s i l , a nd J ame s T ho rbu rn . J ame s T ho rbu rn t o ok o ve ra sd i r e c to r f o r t h el a s tf o u rm on th so ft h ew o rk . O ve rt h e 1 5m on th s o fe xcava t ion t h e t e am c ons i s ted o fG a ry B a l l , P au l B u l la rd , P e t e r D owney , H e id i G en t le , L i sa G ou ld , M icha e lG r igg ,B r ian H a r t ,A lan J ame s ,G a ry L anca s t e r ,C hr i sL ew i s ,G eo f f r ey L ou is e , K a t eM i l ls ,P addy Mo ind ro t , I a nR obb a nd G a ry Wa t son . F i nanc ew a sp rov ided b yt h eC ommun i ty P rog r amme

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

I nt roduc t ion .

F igure 2 : L oca t ion o fp rev ious ly i nve s t iga ted s i te s i nt he C aersws I v i cus a nd a nnexe ,s ca le 1 : 2500

5

6

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

I n t roduc t ion .

V /CUS I N AREA OF SOUTH GATE

DATES AD

THE FORTS

c .5 0 -75

C on s t ruc t ion a nd o c cup a t ion o f C a e r sw s I ? L eve l l ing o fC a e r sw sI ? E s tab l ishmen to fC a e r sws I ?

C on s t ruc t ion o fm a in a nd p e r ime t e rr o ad s D ecomm i s s ion ing o fp e r ime te r r o ad T empo ra ry y a rd s /wo rk s a r ea s C on s t ruc t ion o fs hop s /wo rk shop s e t c D emol i t ion o rd e s t r uc t ion o fb u i ld ing s l e av ing m uch f i r ed eb r i s C lay l e ve l l ing a bove F l av ian b u i ld ing s V i cu sb u i l tt on ew p l an , a ga in w i th s hop s , w o rk shop s e t c .

c .7 5

C on s t ruc t ion o ft i mbe rf o r t

< 100

R ampa r t s l igh ted & b u i ld ing s d emo l i shed l e av ing s ome f i r ed eb r i s

> 100

R ampa r tr emode l led & ? sma l le r g a r r ison i n s ta l led , a ga in i nt i mbe r b u i ld ing s .

R emod e l l ing o fp a r t so ft h ev i cu s D e cay o rd emo l i t ion o fT ra jan ic b u i ld ing s

> 130

L aye r s o fr i ve rg r ave l d ump ed o ve rt h e r ema in so fT ra jan ic b u i ld ing s , m uch r e duced o c cupa t ion o ft h e a r ea , s ome n ew b u i ld ing p e rhap s t a k ing p l ace ,b u to n ly at h in s c a t te r o fc on tempo ra ry p o t te ry . C on tempo ra ry f i nd sr a re ,b u tt h eb a th -hou se p robab ly c on t inu ing t ob e u sed .

C lay d ump ed i ni n te r ior , t i mbe r b a r ra ck sa nd s t one c en t ra lb u i ld ing s r e con s t ruc ted .

c .3 00+

A dd i t ion o fh ypo cau s t ed r ooms t o p rae tor ium , b a r ra ck s i nr e t en tu ra d emo l i shed , t h o se i np rae t en tu ra r e ta ined .

c .4 00+

P rae to r ium d emo l i shed b u t h ypocau s t ed r o om s r e ta ined

T ab le I : s ummary o fd a t ing e v idenc e f r om t h e C a er sw s Ia nd H f o r t sa nd t h e C aer sw sIv i cu s

o f t h e Manpowe r S e rv ice s C omm i s s ion a nd C adw : We l sh H i s to r ic Monumen t s ; t h e w ay w a s s moo thed a dm in i s t ra t ive ly b yt h er e ady c oop e r a t ion a nd i n te r e s t o ft h el a ndowne r s , Mon tgome ry sh i r eD i s t r ic tC ounc i l , a nd t h es uppo r ta nd h e lp in -k ind g i ven b ym embe r so f t h eP l ann ing D epa r tmen tw e re v e ry m u ch a pp r e c ia ted . T he f i nd s a nd t h e e xcava t ion r e co rd s h ave b een r e t a ined i nt h e T r u s t 's We l shpoo l o ff i ce f o r t h e t i me b e ing . T he f i nd sr e po r t sa r ec r ed i ted t ot h e i ra u tho r so r c on t r ibu to r s ,b u tt h ank sa r ea l so d ue t oG a ry Wa t son ,

Wendy J .Owen ,a nd J ane tA r no ld f o rt h e i rh e lp i nc o o r d ina t ing a nd d r aw ing t o ge the rt h ev a r iou sr e po r t s ,t o J ame sT ho rbu rn f o rh i sw o rk o nt h es l ag sf r om t h es i t e ( t ob ef o und i nt h ea r ch ive r e po r t ,s e eA ppend ix 5f o r d e ta i l s ) a nd t oK a t e H un te r o f U n ive r s i ty o f Wa le s C o l lege , C a rd if f , f o r c on se rva t ion w o rk . T he f i nd s d r aw ing s a r e b y B r ian V . W i l l iam s a nd K a thy H o l l a nd ,a nd t h ep l an sd r awn f o rp ub l ica t ion a r eb yK a thy H o l land . Many t h ank sa l so g ot oD rJ e f f rey D av ie sa nd B i l l B r i t ne l l f o rt h e i r i mp rov ing c ommen t so n e a r l ie r d r a f t so ft h i sr e po r t .

C aer sws v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

I n t roduc t ion .

7

F igure 3 :A er ia lv i ew o fC aersw sv i l lage a nd t he C aersw sHf o r t ,f r om t he s ou th . T he f or tl i es s l igh t ly a bove a nd t ot he l e f to ft he c en tre o ft he p i c ture ,w i th t he Machyn l le th r oad p as s ing a cros si t ss ou th -eas tc orner a nd o u t t hrough t he n or th g a te . P r inted w i th p erm is s ion o fT he C ambr idge Un iver s i ty C omm i t tee f o r A er ia l P ho tography .

8 C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e x cava t ions .

C hap ter 2 : T he e xcava t ions i n1 985 -86 , C aer sw sS i te 1 0 4

I NTRODUCTION E xcava t ion s w e re c a r r ied o u t i nt h e p l ayg round w e s t o f t h e f o rme r P r ima ry S choo l i n C ae r sw s b e tween J anua ry 1 985 a nd Ma r ch 1 986 , i na dvance o fh ou s ing d eve lopmen t . T he s i te l i e sw i th in t h ea r ea o ft h ev i cu s i mmed ia te ly o u t s ide t h es ou th g a te ,t h ep or ta p rae tor ia o ft h eC ae r sw s IR on ian f o r t( f ig . 3 ) . Ar ough ly r e c tangu la r a r ea m ea sur ing a bou t 1 4 m . b y2 0m .w a se xcava ted t ot h ee a s to ft h er oad i s su ing f r om t h e s ou th g a te , a nd as ma l le ra r ea o f 8m . b y 1 0 m .w a so pened a c ro s st h ee a s te rn h a l fo ft h er oad i t se lf . P a r t o ft h e r oad s u r f ace w a s a l so r e vea led b e low t h e f l oo ro f as t ab le -b lo ck a d jo in ing t h e s choo l y a rd . L a te r l e ve ls w e re f u l ly e xcava ted , b u t t h e o nse t o f s e ve re w ea the rc ond i t ions a nd as ho r tage o ft i me l a te i nt h e e xcava t ion u nfo r tuna te ly p erm i t ted o n ly ar e s t r ic ted a r ea o ft h e p r ima ry l e ve ls t ob e e xam ined i n a ny d e ta i l . T he s i te p a r t ly e ncompa sse s t r enche s e xcava ted b y P ro f e s so r R .C . B o sanque t i n 1 909 , ( P ryce 1 940 , 8 6 8 9 ) ,a nd t ot h en o r th o ve r lap s e xcava t ion s c a r r ied o u t i nt h es c hoo lp l ayg round i n1 966 ( Dan ie l se ta l . 1 966 , 14 -115 ) . T he w e s te rn l i m i t o fe xcava t ion w a s d i c t a t ed b yt h es t ab le -b lo ck m en t ioned a bove ,t h ee a s ter n l i m i t b y s choo l b u i ld ing s , a nd t h e s ou the rn l i m i t b y modem h ouse s a nd t h e i r a s so c ia ted g a rden s . An umbe r o f w o rked f l in t s w e r e f ound w i th in t h e R oman l e ve l sa l ong w i th m any r o l led f l i n t p ebb le s , a r e po r to n t h ese w i l l b e f ound i nt h e s i te a r ch ive ( s e e A ppend ix 5f o rd e ta i l s ) . T he R oman o c cupa t ion c ons is ted o f t h r ee m a in p e r iod s o f u se s umma r ised o n p p . 1a nd 2 a bove . T he re i se v idenc e o n ly o fa gr icu l tu r a l u se o ft h e l a nd t h e re a f t e r , t h ough t wo s ma l l p i ece s o f t h i r teen th o r f ou r teen th c en tu ry p o t te ry w e re f ound i nt h ep l oughso i ls .

o n af ounda t ion o fl a rge rp ebb le sc omp re s sed s l igh t ly i n to t h eo l d s o i l s . T he w e s te rn s i de o ft h e m a in r o ad a tt h is p o in t l i e s b enea th amode rn r oad ,b u ti tw ou ld s e em t oh ave b een a bou t 1 0m . w ide o ve ra l l . T he r emova l o fp a r to ft h e r oad ( 37 )s howed i tt oh ave a no ve ra l ld ep th o f9 0 -100 c m . , c omposed o f as e quence o f a bou t 1 0 c onc re t ed l a ye r s o f r i ve r g rave l . S ome s u r faces a ppa ren t ly r ep resen ted m a jo rr e sur f ac ing , b u t mos to ft h e l a ye r s r e p resen ted l o ca l ised p a tch ing . Wh i l s t i ti sc l ea rt h a t t h e r oad r ema ined i n u se t h roughou t t h e p e r iod o f o ccupa t ion o fb o th t h e f o r t a nd t h e v i cus , l i m i ta t ions i mpo sed b yt h ea r ea sa va i lab le f o re xcava t ion m ade i t p o s s ib le t o e s tab l ish o n ly g ene ra l ised s t ra t ig raph ic l i nk sb e tween t h eg radua l b u i ld -up o ft h er o ad a nd t h e v a r iou sp ha se s o ft i mbe rb u i ld ing s o n t h ee a s ts i de o f t h e r o ad . T owa rd s t h e b ase o f t h e r oad m ake -up a p a r t ia l ly c o l lapsed v o id ( 720 ) ,a bou t2 0 -30 c m . a c ro ss a nd r unn ing a tr i gh t -ang le s t o t h e l i ne o f t h e r oad , p o s s ib ly r ep resen ted o ne o r mo re d r a in s , p re sumab ly c ons t ruc ted o f w ood , w h ich m ay h ave c a r r ied o ve r f l ow w a te rf r om t h ee a s te rn p o r t ion o ft h eo u te rd i t ch t owa rd s t h e l owe rg round t ot h e w e s t . As l igh te rp e r ime te ro rp a t ro l r oad ( 39 ) , w h ich w a s p robab ly a bou t 6 -8 m . w ide r a n c l o se t oa nd p a ra l le l w i th t h e o u t e rmo s t f o r t d i t ch . T h i s r o ad w a s f i r s t e s tab l ished d u r ing t h e p r ima ry c ons t ruc t ion p ha se o f t h e f o r t . T he l owe s t 2 0 c m . o f m e ta l l ing w a s s ub se q uen t ly o ve r la in b y ay a rd a nd t h en b y at i mbe r b u i ld ing ( Bu i ld ing 1 )b e long ing t oP e r iod 1( s ee D an ie ls e ta l . 1 966 , 14 -115 a nd b e low ) w h ich f r on ted t h e m a in r o ad . F o l low ing t h e a c c iden ta l b u rn ing o f t h e b u i ld ing ( o r i t s d e l ibe ra te d emo l i t ion ) t h e p e r ime te r r oad w a s r e -e s tab l i shed a tt h e b eg inn ing o fP e r iod 2 . T he r oad w a s t h e rea f te r ma in ta ined a s ar ough s i de s t ree t ,a nd w a sr e su r f a ced o n ly o nce ,w i th a bou t 1 5 -25 c m . o fm ake -up l a id o nt h ee a r l ie rl e ve l s . T he e a s te rn

THE ROADS

p a r to ft h er oad w i th in t h e e xcava ted a r ea w a s s e a led b y al a ye ro fs t ony y e l low c l ay ,w h ich m igh tr e p resen t

A na r ea t ot h en o r th -we s to ft h e ma in e xcava t ion w a s

c l add ing m a ter ia l f a l len f r om t h en o r th w a l l o fB u i ld i n g 3d u r ing i t s d ecay o rd emo l i t ion .

e xcava ted a c ro s s t h e e a s ter n s i de o f t h e m a in r oad i s su ing f r om t h ep or ta p rae tor ia , a nd a l ong t h e s ou th e dge o ft h e p er ime te r r oad r unn ing p a ra l le l w i th t h e o u t ermo s to ft h ree f o r td i t che s . B o th r oad s w e re l a id

B u i ld ings 3a nd 4w e re s e tu p i nt h ea ng le b e tween t h e ma in a nd p e r ime te rr oad ,a nd w e re b acked b y ar e a r l a ne r unn ing s ou thwa rd s f r om t h e p er ime te r r oad . F o l low ing t h e d emo l i t ion o fB u i ld ing 4 ,a no the r s i de

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e x cava t ions .

9

l a ne s e ems t oh ave b een e s tab l i shed a l ong t h e s ou th s i de o fB u i ld ing 3 ,p re sumab ly s epa ra t ing i tf r om o t he r b u i ld ing s f u r the r t ot h e s ou th . T he ma in r o ad a ta l l s t ages a ppea r s t o h ave b een ma in ta ined a t ah i ghe r l e ve l t h an t h e a d jacen t b u i ld ing s a nd s i de r oad s , i n -

n o r th a nd s ou th r a nge so fB u i ld ing 3( s ee f i g .10 ) . T he t i mbe r f r amed o u te r w a l l s h ad v a r iou s ly b een

c l ud ing t h ep e r ime te rr oad , t h e l a t te r h av ing t oc l imb q u i te s t eep ly a tt h e i rj unc t ion . Mo s t o f t h e j unc t ion b e tween B u i ld ing s 3a nd 4 a nd t h e ma in r oad w a s i n acce ss ib le f o r e xcava t ion , a nd i ti su nce r ta in w ha t p rov is ion , i fa ny , w a s m ade f o r p reven t ing s u r f a ce w a t e r f r om f l ood ing a d jacen tb u i ld ing s . T he t o po ft h e m a in r oad w a sd i s tu rbed b y p l ough i n g , b u t t h e l a te s t d a tab le f i nd a s soc ia ted w i th i tw a s

t r ench ,a nd f r equen t ly a l ong i n te rna lw a l l l ine sw he re t h e re w e re n o t r enche s . T he se w e re a s sumed t o r e p re sen ts t udd ing s e ti n to b eams e i the rw i th in t r enche s o rl a id o nt h eg round s u r f ace a nd t h u s mo re d i ff icu l tt o s e e . F ounda t ion t r enche s s eem t o h ave b een u sed e spe c ia l ly a r ound t h em a rg in so ft h eb u i ld ing s ,i nb o th P er iod s 1a nd 2 . T hes e w e re p robab ly mo r e o f ten t o p rov ide af i rm f oo t ing f o r as i l l b eam a tg round l e ve l ( a s t r enche s 7 13 & 7 15 , o n t h e n o r th o fB u i ld ing 3 ) t h an t oc on ta in e mbedded t imbe r s ( a s t r enche s 1 097 , 1 098 a nd 4 17 i nt h e s ou th w e s to ft h e s i t e ) . Wa l ls h ad p e r iod ica l ly t o b e r epa i red o r u nde r p i nned d ue t o s ub s idence o f e a r l ie r l e ve ls ( a s f o r e xamp le t h en o r th e a s tc or ne ro fR oom 7 ,p .2 2b e low ) a nd t h ea l te ra t ion s t ot h en o r th a nd s ou th w a l l so ft h e

p a r t o f a Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l l mo r ta r ium o f t h ird o r f ou r th c en tu ry d a te , w h ich c ame f r om s i l t s o n i t s e a s te rn e dge .

BUILDING METHODS AND MATERIALS A l l t h e b u i ld ing s f ound d u r ing t h e 1 985 -86 e xcava t i on s w e r eo ft imbe ra nd c l ay c ons t ruc t ion . T he o n ly t i l e ,b r ick o rb u i ld ing s t one f ound s e ems t oh ave b een b rough tt ot h es i t ea sr ubb le o rf o rr e -use i nh ea r ths a nd o vens ; t h e q uan t i ty o ft i l e i sm in ima l , a nd i ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h e b u i ld ing s h ad t h a t ched o rs h ing le r oo f s . L i t t le c an b e s a id a bou t t h e o r ig ina l f o rm o f t h e P e r iod 1s t ruc tu re s , B u i ld ing s 1a nd 2 ,b u t t h e re i s s l igh t ly f i rme r e v idence i nt h e c as e o fB u i ld ing 3 i n P e r iod 2 . T he p resence o f ac en t ra l c o r r ido r i nt h i s i n s tance , a nd t h e n a r rowne s s o f t h e r ooms , w h ich a ve rage 3m .a c ro s s ,s ugge s t st h a tt h er oof so nt h ef r on t a nd s i de so ft h eb u i ld ing w e re mono -p i tched . T he r oo f o ft h ee a s te r ne x tens ion ,w h ich w a su pt o5 . 5 m . w ide , i sh oweve rp e rhap s mo re l i ke ly t oh ave b een d oub le p i t ched . Wa l ls Two t ype s o fw a l l c ons t r uc t ion w e re p robab ly u sed , t imbe r -f ram ing f o r mo s t o u te r w a l ls , a nd s t ake a nd i n te rwoven w a t t l ing f o rt h ei n te rna lw a l l so fP er iod 1 , B u i ld ing 1 ,a t l e a s t . S t ruc tu ra l e v idence w a s n o t a lway s r e cogn ised b u t t h e p re sence o f ap a r t i t ion o r w a l l w a s o f ten h i n ted a tb y o t he r i n d ica to r s . I nt h i s r epo r tt h et e rm w a l l l ine h a sb een u sed t oi d en t ify t h e a s sumed l i ne o f aw a l l . T he se w e re s ome t ime sc l ea r ly d ef ined b y w a l l t renche s , o r l i ne s o f s t ake o r s t ud h o les ; e l sewhe re t h e l i ne o f aw a l l i si d en t if ied f r om , f o re xamp le ,t h ee x t en to ff l oo r s o rt h ed i spo s i t ion o f o ven s a nd t h e c l ay b a se s o rc ha r co a l s p read s a s soc i a t ed w i th t h em . I n s uch c a se s t h e r e i s n o c l ea r s t ruc tu ra l e v idence b e cau se o fl a t e rd i s tu rbance , s ub s i dence ,o rp e rhap sb ecause aw a l lw a ss e to ns i l l -beam a tg round l e ve l . T he p o s i t ion o fd oo r s w a sn o rma l ly u nc lea r , b u t a t t h el owe s tl e ve ls o fB u i ld ing 3t h es hape o ft h ep r ima ry p ebb le s u r f ace i nt h e c en t ra l c o r r ido r m igh t i n d ica te t h e e n t rance s t oR ooms 2 ,3 , 9a nd 1 0 a tl e a s t , i nt h e

s e t i n t r enche s , o r o n s i l l b eams s uppo r t ing c l o se s t udd ing . V o ided h o le sa bou t 8c m .a c ro s sa nd 3 0 -50 c m . a pa r t w e re f ound a l ong s ome l e ng ths o f w a l l

c en t ra l c o r r ido r , b o th i n B u i ld ing 3 . I n p l ace s t h e s a ndy c l ay t h a tw a sa s sumed t oh ave m ade u pt h e2 0 3 0c m . t h ickne ss o ft h ew a l ls w a si d en t if ied i ns i tu a s i nB u i ld ing 3w he re s i nkage h ad p re se rved t h e s t ump o f aw a l l w i th i t s w e s t s i de i nR oom 7a nd i t se a s t i n R oom 1 4 . E lsewhe re t h e re w a se v idence o fc o l lap sed w a l l ing a si nB u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 3( b e low , p .2 6 ) , a nd o ve r t h e p e r ime te r r oad t o t h e n o r th o f B u i ld ing 3 ( a bove ,p .8 ) . As ho r tl e ng th o fc l ay f o und i nt h es ou th e a s t c o rne r o f R oom 1 , B u i ld ing 3 ,w a s p o s s ib ly a s u rv iva l o f af a c ing o n t h ew a l l s o ft h a tr oom ( b e low , p .2 3 ) . S t ake a nd w a t t le c ons t ruc t ion i sb e s t e v idenced i n t h ei n t er na lw a l ls i nt h eP e r iod 1b u i ld ing s . C ha r red 6 8c m . d i ame te r u p r igh t s s ome 4 0 c m . a pa r t w i th h o r izon ta l w a t t le s w oven b e twe en t h em o cca s iona l ly s u rv ived i n s i tu . N ume rous f r agmen t s o f w a t t le i mp re s sed d aub r e su l t ing f r om t h e b u rn ing o f t h e P e r iod 1b u i ld ing s how t h ea ve rage s i ze o ft h ew a t t le s t oh ave b een 2 -3 c m . P a r to f ab u rn tw a t t le p ane lw a s p r e se rved w he re i th ad c o l lap sed n ea r t h e o vens o f B u i ld ing 2 . T h i sh ad v e r t ica l m embe r si no ak s ome 5 c m .b y 2c m .s paced 1 0 -12 c m .a pa r t ,i n te rwoven w i th f i ne h aze l o r a l de r w a t t le s a bou t 1c m . i nd i ame te r , w i th g r i t ty b u rn t d aub b e tween t h e w au le s .5 F loors An umbe ro fd i f f e ren tf l oo rt ype sw a sd i s t ingu ished i n t h eb u i ld ing si d en t if ied d u r ing t h ee xcava t ion ,s ome o f w h ich p e rhap sr e la ted t od i f f e r ing u se s o fr ooms . S t r ip s o f c ha r red w ood i nt h e s u r f ace o f t h e c l ay b enea th R oom 3o fP e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,s amp le s o f w h ich h ave b een i d en t if ied a sa l de ro rh a ze l o f 1 0 -15 y ea r sg row th ,6 p rov ide ac l ea ri n d ica t ion o f ab oa rded w ooden f l oo r s uppo r ted b y c . 1 0 c m . w ide j o is t s . D an ie ls a nd h i sc o l league sf ound s even c ha r red p l ank s a nd t h e i ra s soc ia ted j o i s t s a tt h e n o r th e nd o fw ha ti n t h e 1 985 -86 e xcava t ions w a sc a l led R oom 2( Dan ie l s e ta l . 1 966 , 15 ) , t h ough n one s u rv ived w i th in o u r

b a th-house

1 0 C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e xcava t ions .

0—

F igure 4 :L oca t ion o ft he 1 985 -86 ,S i te 1 0 ,e xcava t ions i nr e la t ion t ob u i ld ings a nd p rev ious d i scover ie so ut s ide t he s ou th g a te o ft he C aer sw sIf o r t ,s ca le 1 : 666

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e x cava t ion s . 1

a d jacen ta r ea . O the rf l oo r sw i th in t h eP e r iod 1b u i ld i n g s w e re o fc l ay . G r ea te rv a r ia t ion s w e re f ound i nB u i ld ing s 3a nd 4 o fP e r iod 2 . R oom 1 o fB u i ld ing 3p robab ly h ad a w ooden f l oo r e a r ly o n i n i t s l i f e ; i n t h i s i n s tan ce p o s s ib ly p l a ced o nj o is t s s e ti n to at e r race i nt h ec l ay l e ve l l ing p r ima ry t ot h i sp ha se . O the rf l oo r sw e re o fa v a r ie ty o fd i f f e r en tt y pe sr a ng ing f r om c l ean c l ay a nd s a ndy c l ay , t os a nd a nd m ix tu r e s o fs a nd a nd g r ave l . S ome r e f loo r ing s w e re c a r r ied o u tb y ac omb ina t ion o f at h ick m ake -up o rl e ve l l ing l a ye ro fs t one ,s a nd o r c l ay , w i th a t h in c ove r ing o f c l ay o r g r ave l , a s f o r e xamp le i nB u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 7 ,w he re an ew c l ay f l oo r w a ss e to n to ap avemen to fe dge se tp ebb le s ,a nd l a t e r ag r ave lf l oo rw a sl a id o n as t one f o unda t ion p o s s ib ly i na na t t emp tt op r even tr i s ing d amp . A ga in i nB u i ld i n g3 ,R ooms 7a nd 1 4w e re n o tab le f o rt h en umbe ro f t i me st h ey w e re r e f loo red o ve ra l l ,t h ef l oo rl e ve l i n7 , i np a r t i cu la r , b e ing a lway s s omewha t h i ghe r t h an i t s f e l low s . S uch c hange s w e re p e rhap s a sm uch t od o w i th s ome p a r t icu la r f u nc t ion o f t h is r oom a sb e ing f o rced b y s ub s idence . S ub s id enc e d amage w a s p rob ab ly t h e r e a son f o r m uch o f t h e r e pa i r a nd r e f loo r ing w o rk c a r r ied o u t e l sewhe re , h oweve r , t h ough c hange i n f u nc t ion , o r g ene ra l r e fu rb i shmen t m igh t b e g ue s sed a ti np l a ce s ( e gR oom s 1a nd 2o fB u i ld ing 1 ) . O ven s Many o ven sa nd h ea r th sw e re f ound ,i nb o th b u i ld ing s o f P e r iod 1 ,i n t h e e a s t e rn a nd s ou the rn r ooms o f B u i ld ing 3 ,a nd i n an o r the rn r oom o fB u i ld ing 4 .T he s t ruc tu r e so fm o s to ft h e se w e re n o tc l ea rb ecau se t h ey h ad g ene ra l ly b een d emo l i shed a nd o ve r la in b y l a te r f l oo r s o r b y f u r the r o ven s , b u t t h e re w a s o ne f a i r ly c l ea re xamp le i nR oom 1 4o fB u i ld ing 3w he re a no ven h ad s unk i n to a ne a r l ie rp i ta nd b een s e a led b y at h ick l a ye ro fs a nd p r io rt o ar e -f loo r ing o ft h er oom . H e r e , t h ough t h e p o s i t ion o ft h e mou th w a s n o t i d en t if ied , t h es t ruc tu r es t i l l s t ood af ew c en t ime t r e sp roud o ft h e i n ne r f l oo r o f t h e o ven , s how ing t h a t t h e d ome h ad b een s haped a nd s t reng thened w i th s h e rd so fg l obu la r a mpho r aa nd aw h i te w a re f l agon ( f ig . 1 4 ) . As im i la r u s eo fa mpho r as he rd si na no ven s t ruc tu r ew a sf o und i n as ma l lr e scue e xcava t ion i n1 984 ,i na no the rp a r to f t h eC a e r sw sv i cu s( f ig .2 ,n o .7 ) . T he o ven i nR oom 1 4 w a su nu sua li nt h a ti tw a sn o to ne o f ar e bu i l ts e r ie s ; i t h ad s e r ved t h e l i f e t ime o fo ne f l oo r o ft h e r oom a nd t h en b een a bandoned , b u r ied b enea th l a te r f l oo r s . I nP e r iod 1B u i ld ing s 1a nd 2i n i t ia l ly h ad h ea r th s r a the r t h an o ven s , t h a t i nB u i ld ing 1s t ayed i np l a ce w h i le an ew f l oo rw a sb u i l ta r ound i ta nd aw a l lb u i l t t oi t sw e s t( Room 2 ) . I nB u i ld ing 2s u cce s s ive h ea r th s w er ef i na l ly t o pped b y ap a i ro fo ven s . I nP e r iod 2t h e m o s tu sua lc on s t ruc t ion w a so f ab road a nd t h ick c l ay p l a t fo rm s e t o n ap ebb le f ounda t ion o r i n to l owe r l e ve l s , o n w h ich w e re o ne o r t wo o ven s o r h ea r th s , o f t en r e bu i l t . I nR oom 1 3 , t h ec l ay p l a t fo rm i n i t ia l ly h ad t wo s i ng le o ven s ; t h en ap a i ro n i t ,t h el a t t e rw i th

p ebb le p l a t fo rm sa tt h e i re nt r ance s . I nR oom s 8a nd 9 t h ep robab ly s i ng le o ven s h ad b e en h eav i ly u s ed a nd r e -bu i l t u p t o 7t i me s o n t h e s po t . T he se h ad b een d amaged b y t h e B o sanque t e xcava t ion s , b u t e nough e v idence w a sl e f tt os how t h a tt h es t r uc tu r e si n co rpo r a t ed l a rge r o unded s t one s ,p r ev iou s ly u sed a st h re sh o l do rp av ing s t one s( s ee f i g s4 0a nd 4 1 f o re xamp le s o fs u ch s t one s ) . S uch l a rge s i ng le o ven sw e r eg ene r a ly s e ta ga in s tt h ew a l l o f ar oom ,a nd p e rhap sh ad a c h imney , w h i le t h e s ma l le r ' p a i r ' i nR oom 1 3 w e re a ppa ren t ly f r ee s tand ing . S t akeho le s w e re f o und t o e i th e r s i de o ft h e B u i ld ing 4 o ven o rh ea r th , p e rhap s i n d ica t ing s c r een ing . N one o ft h e o ven s f o und w e r e l i ke ly t oh ave b een f o ri n du s t r ia l , r a the r t h an b ak ing , u s e , t h ough t h e n umbe ro fo ven s p r e s en ta nd t h e u n u sua lp ropo r t ion so f mo r ta r ia f o und s ugge s tt h a tb ak i n g m igh th ave b een d one o n ac omme r c ia l s c a le .

PERIOD I( f ig s 5-8 ) T he re w a s o n ly s uf i c ien t t i me t oe xcava t e f u l ly t wo a pp rox ima t e ly 7m . s qua r ea r ea so ft h ep r ima ry l e ve l s o ft h e s i te . Af i r s tp ha se o fa c t iv i ty ( 1 539 ) i sa lmo s t c e r ta in ly c on tempo ra ry w i th t h ef o unda t ion o ft h ef o r t , a nd i sa s so c ia ted i nt h is a r ea w i th t h ec on s t r uc t ion o f t h em a in r o ad l e ad ing f r om t h ep or ta p rae tor ia ( 1 534 ) a nd t h e p a t ro l o r p e r ime t e r r o ad ( 1 532 ) r u nn ing a t r i gh t -ang le s t oi t( f ig . 5 a ) . B a sa l c l ay l a ye r s i nt h e a ng le b e twe en t h e e a r l ie s t l e ve ls o f t h e se t wo r o ad s p roduced s am ian a nd o t he rf i nd so fF l av ian d a te ,a nd s howed s i gn s o f c on s ide rab le d i s tu rbance , p robab ly i n c lud ing d e tu rf ing , p r e sumab ly c au sed d u r ing t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e f o r ta nd r o ad s . I n as e cond p ha se ( 1 538 ) , f o l low ing a s i ng le r e s u r f a c ing ( 1 4 10 , 1 369 ) , t h ep a t ro l r o ad t o ge the rw i th a na r ea e x tend ing t ot h es ou th ,w a so ve r la in b y at h in ly p ebb led y a rd a r ea ( 1 540 ) a tl e a s tl a rg e rt h an t h e 7m . s qua re e xcava ted a r ea , b edded o n al a ye r o f c l ay ( 1 372 )( f ig .5 b ) . O ne o ft h ef ew f e a tu re sf ound a tt h i s l e ve l c on s i s ted o f t wo ' n e s ted ' s e c t ion s o f g l obu la r a mpho r a ,s e ti n to ah o l low ( 1 366 )i nt h is s t one s u r f a ce . B o th p i ece sh ad p o s s ib le d ra in h o le sa bou t 1 . 5c m . i n d i ame te rc h ipp ed i n to t h em a tt h e i rl owe s tp o in t s ,a nd t h e re w e re t r ace so fb u rn ing a r ound t h eu ppe re dge o f t h e l a rge r , l owe rp i ece . T he f u nc t ion o ft h ec obb led a r ea w a sn o te xp l ic i t : i tw a st o oi n sub s tan t ia lt oh ave t a ken t h ew e igh to fa n ima ls o rv eh ic le si na ny b u td r y c ond i t ion s , b u t m ay n eve r the le s s h ave a c t ed a s a s t o r age y a rd o r c on s t ruc t ion d epo t d u r ing t h e e a r ly d ay so ft h ef o r t . I n at h i rd p ha se ( 1 537 ) , t h e s t one y a rd w a s s upe r s e ded b y B u i ld ing 1 ,w h ich b u t t ed t h e r o ad r u nn ing s ou th f r om t h ef o r t ,a nd p a r t ly s t radd led t h el i ne o ft h e f o rme rp e r ime t e rr o ad ( f ig s S c a nd 6 ) ; e l emen t so fa s e cond p robab le b u i ld ing ( Bu i ld ing 2 ) w e re f o und s l igh t ly t ot h es ou th -ea s t . As t r a t ig raph ic r e la t ion sh ip w a s n o t e s tab l ished b e tween t h e t wo b u i ld ing s , b u t t h ey w e re b o th s e a led b y at h ick l a ye r o fb u rn t d aub

1 2 C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e xcava t ions .

A

P hase 1 Outer f or t d i tch P er i me te r r oad ( 39 )

Ma in r oad ( 37 )

6

4 .

P hase 2

P ebb le s u r face/yard

6

5m

F igure 5 : S ummary p lans f o r P er iod 1 ,P hase s 1t o3 ,s ca le 1 :400

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e x cava t ions . 1 3

( 1025 ) r ep re sen t ing t h e i r c o l lap s e a nd b y af u r the r l a ye ro fc l ay w h ich f o rmed af o unda t ion t ob u i ld ing so f P e r iod 2 ; B u i ld ing s 1a nd 2h ave t h e re f o re t a ken t o h ave b een c on t empo r a ry . A ta bou tt h i st i me ,t h em a in r o ad w a s a tl e a s tp a r t ly r e newed ( 1 533 ) . S t ru c tu ra l d e ta i l s o ft h eb u i ld ing s w e re p a r t icu la r ly w e l l p r e se rved , m a in ly b e cau s eb o th B u i ld ing s 1a nd 2h ad b een b u rn t ,a nd a l though i tw a s n o tp o s s ib le t o r e cove r ac omp le te p l an , ap a r t ia l r e con s t r uc t ion o f B u i ld ing 1 ,a tl e a s t , i sp e rm i t t ed b y r e f e rence t ot h e e xcava t ion sc a r r ied o u ti n1 966 ,a nd f i gu re 6i n c lude s e v idence f r om t h os ee xcava t ion s( Dan ie l se ta / . 1 966 , p l . V I I ; P u tnam , W .G . , p e r sona l c ommun i ca t ion ) . T he p l an o fB u i ld ing 2i sa l so u nc lea r ,b u tt h a ti tw a s r e c t i l inea r w a s c l ea r ly a t te s t ed b y s t one a nd c l ay f l oo r s , s t ake l i ne s ( 1 481 a nd 1 478 ) , as e c t ion o fc o l l a p sed b u rn tw a t t le w a l l ing o rp a r t i t ion ( 1 253 ) ,b u rn t s t ake s( 1287 ) ,a nd o ven s( 1 27 1a nd 1 272 ) . T he se w e re a l l s e a led b y at h ick l a ye ro fb u r n td aub ( 1 98 , 1 025 ) c ompa rab le w i th t h eb u rn td aub l a ye r( 1 98 )o ve r ly ing B u i ld ing 1 . S eve ra l p i t s a nd w e l l s w e re f o und t ot h e e a s t a nd s ou th o ft h e a r ea o c cup ied b y t h e ' y a rd ' a nd t h en b y B u i ld ing 1 ,t h ough t wo o ft h e se ( 1 531 , 1 446 ) c l ea r ly p r e -da ted B u i ld ing 2 .

BU ILD ING 1 ( 1 522 ) F o l low ing t h e e xcava t ion o f t h e n o r th s i de o f t h i s b u i ld ing i n1 966 , t h ef o l low ing s e quence o fd eve lop m en tw a sp ropo s ed : f i r s t ly , as t ru c tu re b u t t ing t h el i p o ft h el a s td i t ch a nd o ve r ly ing a ne a r ly r o ad ;s e cond ly , i t sd emo l i t ion a nd s ub s equen tr e p la cemen tb y ab u i ld i n go fr ough ly s im i la rp l an ,o nce mo re a lmo s tu pt ot h e d i t ch e dge ; t h i rd ly , t h er e -e s tab l i shmen to ft h e r o ad . E xcava t ion s i n 1 985 -86 e x tended t h e p l an o f t h e b u i ld ing s ou thwa rd s a nd c onf i rmed t h a t a l te ra t ion s h ad b een m ade t oi t sn o r th p a r t , b u tn oe v idence w a s f o und t os ugge s t t h a t i th ad b e en c omp le t e ly d emo l i s hed a nd r e bu i l t . T he 1 985 -86 e xcava t ion s s howed t h a ti ni t sf i na l f o rm t h eb u i ld ing c on s i s ted o fa tl e a s t f o u rr ooms ( 1 523 )b e tween 3 . 5 m . a nd 5 . 0m . l e ng th . w i th af r on tage o fa tl e a s t9 . 0m .a l ong t h em a in r o ad , a nd e x t end ing u pt o7 . 0m .f r om i t .T h re eo ft h er ooms w e r er e ad i ly d i sce rn ib le b ys t r ik ing d i f f e rence si nt h e n a tu r eo ff l oo r s , s ome o fw h ich h ad b e en b oa rded . T he w a l l s( 1 524 )o ft h eb u i ld ing a pp ea rt oh ave b een f o unded o n s i l l -b eams g ene r a l ly l a id d i r e c t ly o n t h e s u r fa ce o ft h ee a r l ie ry a rd . A s soc ia t ed f i nd s i n d ica te t h a tt h eb u i ld ing w a sp robab ly e r e c ted i nt h el a t e r7 0 s o re a r ly 8 0 s A .D . ,a nd h ad b een b u rn ta nd l e ve l led b y a bou tA .D . 1 00 . S ome g round leve le l emen t so fb o th B u i ld ing s 1a nd 2 h ad b e en b u rn t i ns i tu , b u t i ti s u nce r ta in w he the r t h e b u i ld ing s w e re a c c iden ta l ly o r d e l ibe ra te ly g u t ted b y f i re , o r w he the r t h ey w e re d emo l ished a nd t h er e su l t ing d eb r i s s e t o n f i r e . T he f o rme rb u i ld ing sa nd s ome p i t sw e r es e a led b yu pt o2 0 c m . o f b u rn t d aub a nd c ha r coa l d e r ived f r om , a nd

l a rge ly f o und a bove , t h e b u i ld ing s , a nd f a d ing o u t a way f r om t h em . R oom 1( 1 455 )( c . 3 . 5 m . x5m . )h ad at h ick f l oo ro f b r igh ty e l low c l ay p i e r ced b y an umbe ro fs t ake h o le s ( 1 494 ) p o s s ib ly r e p re sen t ing s c r een s o r p a r t i t ion s . T he n o r th e nd o ft h er oom ,a nd an o r ther na nd w e s t er n w al r e p re sen t ed b y s ha l low w a l l t ren che s w e r e r e v ea led i nt h e 1 966 e xcava t ion s . T he e a s t a nd s ou th s i de so ft h er o om ( p a r t ia l ly v i s ib le a tt h et o po ff i g .7 ) w e r e c l ea r ly d ef ined b y d i f f e rence s i nt h ec o lou ra nd t e x tu re o ft h ec l ay f l oo r ,a nd b yt h ep r e senc eo fc ha r red s t ake a nd w a t t le w a l l ing . Ad i s t in c t ive s e t t ing o ff ou r f l a ts t one sp l a ced i n as l igh th o l low ,w a sf o und o nt h e s u r f a ce o ft h el a te rc l ay f l oo ri nt h i s r o om . R oom 2 ( 1 456 ) m a t ched R oom 1f o rs i ze a nd s h ap e . T he s ub -f loo r( 1 299 )c on s i s ted o f at h in l a ye ro fg r ey a nd g r i t ty c l ay w i th m uch i r on -s ta in ing ,s t rong ly c on t r a s t ing w i th t h ef l oo ro fR oom 1 .I t sn o r th e nd i nt h e 1 966 e xcava t ion sp roduced s e ven c ha r r ed f l oo rb oa rd s a nd t h e i rj o i s t s( Dan ie l se ta l . 1 966 , 15 ) . Two c ha r red s t ake u p r igh t s ( 1 308 ) 3 8 c m . a pa r t w i th w a t t l ing b e t ween a nd t oe i the rs i de o ft h em m a rked t h eb a se o ft h e w al ( 1291 )b e tween R oom s 1a nd 2 . T he c l ay f l oo r s o fR oom s 1a nd 2 o ve r lay at h in p a t chy l a ye r o f b u rn ing , w h ich c ove red a n e a r l ie r f l oo r , c on s i s t ing o f at h in l a ye ro fb r igh ty e l low c l ay ( 1 350 , 1 359 ) . T h i s h ad t wo h ea r th s o r o ven b a se s ( 1 362 , 1 328 )r e s t ing o ni t ,t h e l a t te rw a si n co rpo r a t ed i nt h eo ve r ly ing s ub -f loo r( 1 299 ) i nR oom 2 ,a nd w a s p i e r ced b ys t ake s e t t ing s( 1 365 , 1 547 ) . As i ng le r oom ( 7m . x5m . )m ay h ave o ccup ied t h i sa r ea i n ap r ima ry p ha se . R oom 3( 1 454 ) . O n ly t h e n o r the r n p a r to ft h i s r oom w a se xcava ted . As ub -f loo ro fp a le b r own c l ay ( 1 240 ) d i re c t ly a bove t h ef o rme ry a rd s u r f ace w a so ve r la in b y f i ve c ha r r ed j o i s t s( 1 546 ,s e ef i g .7 ) ,a nd t h ree f u r the r s l igh t d ep r e s s ion s i n t h e c l ay s howed w he re o t he r j o i s t sh ad l a in . S ome c ha r r ed w a t t le w a l l ing s u rv ived a tt h ew e s te nd o ft h ew a l l( 1 525 )t h a ts e pa ra t ed R oom 3f r om R oom 1t ot h en o r th . R oom 4( 1 545 )i sp a r t ly c on jec tu r a l ,d ue t ot h el i m i t ed s c a le o f e xcava t ion , b u t t h e f l oo r h ad a t h ick i r on p anned c l ay f o unda t ion l a ye r ( 1 30 4 ) , w i th a t h in s u r f a ce o fg r ey , g r i t ty c l ay ( 1 288 ) . T he p o s s ib le d i v i s ion ( 1 530 )b e twe en R ooms 3a nd 4w a sm a rked b y as l igh td i f f e renc eb e twe en t h ec o lou r a nd t e x tu re o ft h e i rf l oo r s ,a nd b yt h ef a c tt h a tt h ew e s t e dge o ft h e f o unda t ion c l ay ( 1 304 ) a l so f e l l o n a bou t t h a t s ame l i ne .

BU ILD ING 2( 1 551 ) T he n o r th s i de o fB u i ld ing 2i sp o s s ib ly r e p re sen ted b y t h e m a rg in o f ac l ay f l oo r ( 1 485 ) a nd al i ne o fs t ake

1 4 C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e xcava t ions .

F igure 6 : P er iod 1 ,P has e3 ,B u i ld ing s 1a nd 2 ,s ca le 1 : 200

h o le s( 1478 )c .5 0c m .a pa r t . F u r the rn o r th w a s ar ough s t one s u r f a ce ( 1467 )r ep resen t ing ay a rd o rp o s s ib ly a p a th . F u r the r n o r th a ga in w a s a no the r l i ne o f s t ake h o le s( 1 481) ,s e tr ough ly 3 0 -50 c m . a pa r t ,w h ich m ay r e p resen tp a r to fy e ta no the r s t ruc tu re . Aw e s tw a l l l ine ( 1 583 ) w i th an umbe ro fa ppa ren t p o s t s e t t ing s m ay h ave b een a n i n te rna l d i v i s ion a s t r ace s o fa no the re a r ly w a l l l ine ( 1 549 ) r unn ing e a s t w e s t w e re s e en f u r the r w e s t i n t h e b o t tom o f t h e B o sanque tt r ench . T h i sl i ne w a sc on t inued b y al e ng th o ft r ench f ound b e low R oom 8o ft h eP e r iod 2B u i ld ing 3 . T owa rd s t h e n o r the rn s i de o ft h e c l ay f l oo r w e re s upe r imposed h ea r ths ( 1 442 , 1 375 ) s epa ra ted b y a s t ony s u r f ace ( 1 378 ) , t h e s e w e re i nt u rn o ve r la in b ya c l ay b a se ( 1281) s uppo r t ing a p a i r o f o vens ( 1271 , 1 272 , s e e f i g . 8 ,o ppo s i te ) .

P ITS AND WELLS OF P ER IOD 1( 1552 ) F i f teen p i t s , o fw h ich a tl e a s t s i x w e re c e r ta in ly c on s t ru c t ion p i t s f o r w e l ls , w e re f o und w i th in t h e e xca v a ted a r ea , a nd p e rhap s b e longed e xc lu s ive ly t o t h e

P e r iod 1o ccupa t ion . W i th t h ee xcep t ion o fo ne o ft h e w e l ls w h ich w a sp a r t ly e xposed b yo ne o fB o sanque t 's t r enche s( 1 576 ) ,a nd w a ss hown t oh ave h ad ar e c tan g u la r t i mbe r l i n ing , r e sou rce s w e re i n su ff ic ien t t o a low t h e e xcava t ion o fa ny o ft h e w e l ls t ot h e i r f u l l d ep th . T he o t he r p i t s i n c luded t wo o r t h r ee f a i r ly s ha l low , l o ng a nd n a r row h o l low s ,p robab ly q ua r r ie s f o rc l ay . N one o ft h ep i t sa ppea r ed t oh ave c on t inued i nu se i n to P e r iod 2 .

DAT ING EV IDENCE FOR PER IOD 1 F ind s a s so c ia ted w i th t h e P e r iod 1 o ccupa t ion a nd d e s t ruc t ion s ugge s t a n o ve ra l l d a te range f r om A .D . 6 9 t oc .A .D . 1 00 . A l though m any o ft h e b ronze a nd g l a s s f i nd s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e P e r iod 1o ccupa t ion w ou ld b ea ccep tab le i nN e ron ian c on tex t s ,t h es am ian a nd c oa r se w a res ,a nd ac o in l i s te nd ing i nt h er e ign o f N e r va ( s e e T ab le 2 o ve r lea f ) , c onf i rm t h a t a l l f ou r p ha se s o f P e r iod 1 s hou ld b e long t o t h e l a s t t h r ee d e cade s o ft h e f i r s tc en tu ry A .D .

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e xcava t ions . 1 5

F igure 7 :P er iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,c harred j o i s t so n s ub -f loor o fR oom 3 ,p ar t o ft he f l oor o fR oom 1v i s ib le i nt he b ackground

F igure 8 :P er iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 ,p a ir o fo vens ,n o s 1 271 a nd 1 272

1 6 C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e x cava t ions .

P rovenance

C a ta logue N o .

I s sued u nde r

D a te

D enom ina t ion

S ea led b yB u i ld ing 1

B u i ld ing 1 R oom 2 F loo ro fR oom 3

R oom 4

2 2 2 2 5

C . FVNDAN Q V e spa s ian V e spa s ian?

3 2 7 6 1 7 2 0 5 0 1 4

MN . AQV IL MN . FMN .N 7 1 BC V e spa s ian? 6 9 -79 AD ? P . CLOD IVS M .F . 4 2 BC V e spa s ian 7 2 -73 AD V e spa s ian c .7 1 -78 AD D om i t ian ? /T i tu s ? 7 9 -86 AD ? V e spa s ian 7 1 -73 AD

d ena r iu s s e r ra tu s ,m uch w or n a s , s l igh t ly w or n ? d ena r iu s , w o rn ? a s , s l igh t ly w o r n? a s , s ome w ea r a s ? d upond iu s , s l igh t ly w o rn?

3 2 3 5 5 4 5

D om i t ian? 8 6 AD D om i t ian 8 1 -96 AD l a te 1 s t / e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry AD? l a te 1s t . ea r ly 2 nd c en tu ry AD ?

s e s t e r t iu s d upond iu s , v e r y s l igh t ly w o rn a so rd upond iu s a so rd upond iu s

1 5 2 6 2 9

V e spa s ian V e spa s ian? V e spa s ian?

7 2 -73 AD 6 9 -79 AD ? 6 9 -79 AD ?

a s ,s l igh t ly w o r n t ow o rn a s , u nwo rn a s ,n o tm uch w o rn

2 3 3 9

V e spa s ian N e rva

6 9 -79 AD 9 6 -98 AD

1 0 1 BC 6 9 -79 AD 6 9 -79 AD ?

d ena r iu s , w o rn a s , s l igh t ly w or n ? a s , s l igh t ly w o r n

B u i ld ing 2

O ther l a yer s

D e s truc t ion l e ve l s a so rd upond iu s a s , v e ry s l igh t ly w o rn?

T ab le 2 : As ummary l i s to ft h ed a ted c o ins f r om P er iod 1l e ve l s

PERIOD 2 ( f ig s9 -15 ,a nd f i g . 1 7 ) T he r ema ins o ft h eP e r iod 1b u i ld ing sw e r es e a led b y at h ick l a ye r o f c l ay ( 1 510 ) w h ich a ppea r s t oh ave p e te red o u tt owa rd s t h ee a s te rn s i de o ft h ee xcava ted a r ea . T h i sr a i sed t h eg ene ra lg round l e ve lb yb e tween 2 0c m .a nd 4 0c m . ,a nd s e em st oh ave b een i n tended t o l e ve l o u t t h e s u r f ace a bove h eap s o f b u rn t c l ay a nd d aub r e su l t ing f r om t h e d emo l i t ion o f t h e P e r iod 1 b u i ld ing s a nd t op rov ide af i rm f o unda t ion f o r t h e i r s u cce s so r s . T he p e r ime t e r r o ad ( 3 9 ) w a s r e -e s tab l ished a l ong s i de t h eo u te rf o r td i t ch ,a nd a tl e a s tt wo n ew b u i ld ing s f r on ted b y av e randah w e re e r e c ted a tr i gh t -ang le s t o t h e m a in r o ad ( 3 7 ) . T he e n t i r e g round p l an o f o ne b u i ld ing ( Bu i ld ing 3 )a nd t h en o r the r np a r to f as e cond ( Bu i ld ing 4 ) ,s e tl e s st h an 5 0c m .f r om i t ,f e l lw i th in t h e a r ea o f S i te 1 0 ; p a r t s o f b o th b u i ld ing s h ad b een r emoved b y t r en che s d ug b y B o sanque t i n 1 909 . C on t inued r e su r f a c ing o f t h e m a in r o ad a tt h i s t i me w ou ld h ave m a in ta ined i t s s u r f a ce p robab ly s l igh t ly a bove t h a to ft h ea d ja cen tb u i ld ing s ,w h ich w e r eb o th

f r on ted b y av e randah a l ong t h em a in r o ad . D e sp i te t h e l a y ing d own o ft h e l a ye ro fc l ay l e ve l l i ng , i ti se v iden t t h a t s ub s idence c on t inued t ot a ke p l ace a bove u nde r ly ing p i t sa nd w e l l sb e long ing t ot h e P e r iod 1o ccupa t ion . S i nkage o fu p t oa bou t4 0c m s o ccu r r ed i nm any p a r t s o f t h e t wo b u i ld ing s , w h ich n e ce s s i ta t ed c on s tan tr e pa i ra nd p a t ch ing t ot h ef l oo r s i ns ome r oom s , a nd t h e r e p la cemen to ru nde rp inn ing o fs ome o ft h ew a l l s . S ub s idence i ns ome a r ea sw a ss o s e ve re t h a t i tm ay h ave l e d t o t h e a bandonmen t o f c e r ta in r o oms , a nd p o s s ib ly w a s t h e r e a son f o r t h e e a r ly d emo l i t ion o f B u i ld ing 4 . D e sp i t e c l ea r p r ob l em sw i th t h es t ruc tu ra ls t ab i l i ty o fB u i ld ing 3 ,m o s to f t h e r e pa i r s o n ly a f f e c ted o ne o rt wo a d ja cen t r oom s , a nd i ts e em s t h a t n o a t temp t w a s m ade t oe f f e c t a n o ve ra l lr e con s t ruc t ion o ft h eb u i ld ing d u r ing i t sp er iod o fu s e .

THE WEST VERANDAH ( 6 67 ) Av e randah c ove r ing ap aved w a lkway f l anked t h e

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e xcava t ions . 1 7

Ma in r oad

P er i me ter r oad

B u i ld ing 3

B u i ld ing 4

0

5m

B u i ld ing 3

Bu i ld ing 4

B u i ld ing 3

F igure 9 : S ummary p lan so fP er iod 2 ,b u i ld ing s equence ,s ca le 1 :400

1 8 C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e x cava t ion s .

e a s ts i de o ft h em a in r o ad . T h i sl i nked B u i ld ing s 3a nd 4 ,a nd p o s s ib ly c on t inued a c ro s s t h e f r on t s o f o t he r b u i ld ing s f u r the r t ot h e s ou th . T he w a lkway w a sa bou t2 . 0m .w ide a nd w a sf o unded o nt h ec l ay l e ve l l ing o ve r ly ing t h eb ur n td eb r i sb e long i n g t oP e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 . I n i t s e a r l ie r p ha se s i t a ppea r s t o h ave b een m a in ta ined b y t h e p e r iod i c a dd i t ion o f e ven ly la id l a ye r s o r p a t che s o fp ebb le s s e pa ra ted b y t h in l a ye r s o f s i l t . T he m e ta l l ing w a s g ene ra l ly m uch t h inne r a nd l e s s c onc re ted t h an t h e l a ye r si nt h em a in r o ad ,b u tp r e sumab ly k ep tp a ce w i th i t sg r adua lb u i ld -up ,f i na l ly a t ta in ing a no ve ra l lt h ick n e s so fc .2 0c m . T he w a lkway h ad c l ea r ly c on t inued a c ro s s b o th b u i ld ing s ,b u to n ly as ma l ll e ng th o ft h ef r on tw a l l o f t h ev e randah a tt h en o r th e nd o fB u i ld ing 3f e l lw i th in t h e l i m i t s o f e xcava t ion . T h i s w a s r e p re sen ted a t v a r iou sl e ve l st h roughou tt h eb u i ld -up o ft h ew a lkway a s a n u nme ta l led b and o f s o f t s o i l a nd s t one s ( 962 ) p a ra l le l w i th , a nd a bou t 2m . f r om t h e f r on t w a l l o f B u i ld ing 3 .A ti t sn o r th e nd ,t h ef e a tu re t u rned ar i gh t a ng le , a nd j o ined t h e n o r th s i de o fB u i ld ing 3 . T he b and w a s o n ly b e tween 1 0 -20 c m . a c ro s s i nh i ghe r l a ye r s o f t h e w a lkway ( 9 41 , 9 30 ) , b u t b enea th t h i s l e ve l i tb roadened t oa bou t4 0 c m . i nw id th , w he r e i t s howed a s ad i v id ing t h e p r ima ry s t one w a lkway

s u r f a ce ( 9 59 ) f r om t h e m a in a nd s i de r o ad s a nd a s c u t t ing t h e c l ay l e ve l l ing ( 100 1) . I tb o t tomed a tt h e e a r l ie s t s u r f a ce o f t h e P e r iod 1m a in r o ad . N e i th e r p o s t -po s i t ion s o r p a ck ing w e r e i d en t if ied w i th in t h e s l o tb u tt h e mo s tp robab le i n t e rp re ta t ion i st h a ti th ad h e ld aw ooden f r amewo rk b a s ed o n as i l l b eam a nd s uppo r t ing a p en t r o o f , a nd t h a t t h e w a lkway w a s c l o sed t ot h en o r th . T he u ppe rmo s tl a ye r so ft h ew a lkway ,d i r ec t ly a bove t h ep r ima ry w a l lo ft h ev e randah ,w e r ec u tt h rough b y at r ench o rg u l ly ( 6 86 ) 3 0 -40 c m . w ide , f i l led w i th a l a ye ro fs o i la nd s t one ( 6 87 ) . T h i ss e em st or e p r e sen t al a t e r r e bu i ld ing o f t h e v e randah , w h i ch i nt h i s i n s t ance w a so pen a tt h en o r th e nd .

BU ILD ING 3( 1 281 ) S ummary B u i ld ing 3wa sa bou t 9m .w id ea nd e x tend ed u pt o2 2 m . f r om t h er o ad f r on tage . D e sp i te n ume rou s a l te ra t i on sa nd s ma l l sca le r ebu i ld ing o pe ra t ion s ,t h eb u i ld i n g f o r mo s t o f i t s l i f e p robab ly c on s i s ted o f s ome e l even t of o u r teen r ooms , e ach 3 m . t o 4m . a c ro s s p l aced a r ound ac en t ra l c o r r ido ro rc ou r t . T he l a t t e r w a s i n i t ia l ly a bou t 1 . 5 m . w ide a nd w a s p e rhap s

F igure10 : P er iod 2 ,p r imary o ccupa t ion l e ve l s ,s c a le 1 : 200

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e xcava t ions . 1 9

u n roofed t oa low l i gh t i n to t h e c en t ra l p a r t s o f t h e b u i ld ing . F ron t ing t h e v e randah w e re t wo r ooms ( Rooms 1 a nd 1 , w h ich i nt h i s p o s i t ion c ou ld r ep r esen t s ma l l s hop so rb oo ths )s epa ra ted b y ap a s sage w h ich l e di n to t h ec en t ra lc o r r ido r( s ee f i g . 1 ) . T h is w a sf l anked b y q u i te s ma l l r ooms o n t h en o r th s i de a nd l a rge rr oom s o n t h e s ou th . T he n o r th r a nge o f t h e b u i ld ing c om p r ised t h ree r ooms ( Room s 2 -4 ) . Much o f t h e s ou th s i de h ad b een d e s t royed b y B o sanque t 's e xcava t ion t r enche s ,a nd a l though t h ed i s t inc t ion b e tween d i f f e r e n t r ooms i nt h is r a nge i ss p ecu la t ive , i tt o o p e rhap s c omp r ised t h ree r ooms ( Room s 8 10 ) t o ma t ch t h e n o r th r ange . T he e a s tr a nge c ons is ted i n i t ia l ly o f ar ow o f t h ree r ooms ( Room s 5 -7 ) w h i ls t a n e a s t e rn e x t en s i on a dded t h ree r ooms ( Rooms 1 2 14 ) a nd w ha tw a s p e rhap s av e r andah ( s ee f i g . 1 2f o r av i ew o fR ooms 6 , 7 , 8a nd 9 ) . T he re i si n suff i c ien ts u rv iv ing d e ta i lt ob e c e r ta in o ft h ea r ch i tec tu ra lr e con s t ruc t ion o ft h eb u i ld i n g , b u t i ts e ems p robab le t h a t t h e r ooms h ad mono p i tched r oo f s w h ich p o s s ib ly s l oped t owa rd s t h ec en t r a l o pen c ou r tya rd . D ra inage w ou ld h ave b een a p rob lem i ft h is w a st h ec a se h oweve r ,a nd n oe v idence w a s f ound f o ra r rangemen t s t oc a r ry r a in -wa te ra way f r om t h e c en t ra l a r ea . T he s eve re s ub s idence o f a P e r iod 1p i t( 1 555 )b e low t h is a r ea m ay h ave d i s rup ted a ny s uch a r rangemen t s ,a nd h ave e ven tua l ly a c ted a sa s ump a nd s oakaway . D ra inage p rob lem s w ou ld h ave b een c ons ide rab ly l e s si ft h es uppo sed ly mono -p i t ched r oof s h ad s l oped o u twa rd s .Ce r ta in d e ta i ls o ft h e e a s t e r n e nd o ft h e b u i ld ing a r e p oo r ly u nde r s tood d ue t o d eep s ub s idence a bove s e ven p o ss ib le o rc e r ta in w e l l p i t sa nd ap o s s ib le l i nea rc l ay p i t ,a l o fP e r iod 1 .T he e a s te rnmo s t s u i te o fr ooms ( Rooms 1 2 -14 ) , t o ge the r w i th t h e e a s t c o r r ido r o r v e randah , w e re p robab ly a dded o nt oB u i ld ing 3 ,r a the rt h an f o rm ing p a r to fi t s p r ima ry p l an . S ub sequen t ly , t h e e a s t v e randah p e r h ap s w a s w idened a tt h e e xpen se o f t h e t h ree r oom s b eh ind i t . T he re w a si n suff ic ien tt i me t oc omp le te t h e e xcava t ion o ft h i sa r ea d own t ot h eo ld g round s u r f ace a nd i ti sp o s s ib le t h a t s ome o ft h e l owe r l a ye r s e xca v a ted a tt h is p o in t a nd a t t r ibu ted t oP e r iod 2 ,s hou ld b e long t oP e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . T he e a s te rn l i m i to fe xcava t ion w a s d i c ta ted b y t h e p rox im i ty o ft h e a d ja cen t s choo l b u i ld ing , b u tp roba b l y c o inc ided a lmo s t p rec ise ly w i th t h e e a s t e nd o f B u i ld ing 3 . O b serva t ion sm ade d u r ing t h ed igg ing o f p o s th o le sf o r ab ounda ry f e nce o nt h es t r ip o fg round b e tween t h e s c hoo l a nd t h e e xcava t ion i n d ica t ed a n a b rup t c hange i nt h e c ha rac te r o fR oman d epo s i t s a t t h is p o in t . T he se w e re r e p re sen ted b y af a i r ly t h ick l a ye r o fp ebb le s a ppa ren t ly b e ing p a r t o f as t ree t o r l a ne b eh ind B u i ld ing s 3a nd 4 w h ich w ou ld h ave j o ined t h e p e r ime te r r oad a t t h e n o r th a nd t h e s e conda ry e a s t -we s tl a ne ( b e low p .2 5 ) a tt h es ou th o f B u i ld ing 3 . R oom 1( 986 )h ad ap r ima ry f l oo r( 963 )c ons is t ing o f t h e g ene ra l c l ay l e ve l l ing w h ich i n t roduced P e r iod 2 .

T he re w e re n o e a r l ie r p i t s b e low t h e r oom a nd i n c onsequence t h e re w a s ab u i ld -up o fo n ly a bou t1 0c m . o fs o i ls w i th in t h e r oom d u r ing i t s u se , i n c lud ing o ne p robab le r e -f loo r ing r e p re sen ted b y at h in l a ye ro fp ea g r i t a nd s o i l ( 8 17 ) i n t h e c en t ra l a r ea a nd a t t h e s ou the rn s i de . Ac l ay l a ye r ( 8 18 ) o ve r ly ing t h e m a r g i n s o ft h i s l a ye r , a sw e l l a st h e s ou the rn a nd e a s t e rn w a l ls o ft h er oom ,s e emed t or ep re sen tc o l lap sed w a l l c l add ing . T he f r on t w a l l o f t h e r oom ( 6 88 ) w a s r e a sonab ly w e l l m a rked b y al i ne o fv o id s t ud h o les c .5 0 -60 c m . a pa r t . T he o r ig ina l l i ne so ft h e n o r th a nd s ou th w a l l s ( 1404 ,9 72 )w e re m a rked r e sp ec t ive ly b y af ounda t ion t r ench ( 7 13 ) a nd s t ake o r s t ud l i ne s ( 1 179 ) . A t o ne s t age t h er oom w a se x t ended s ou thwa rd sb y0 . 5m .b y a new w a l lt r ench ( 1343 ) . T he p o s i t ion o ft h ee a s tw al h ad b een l a rge ly c u t a way b y a mode rn p i t , a nd a l though n o s t ruc tu ra l e v idence w a s i d en t if ied , ar e a s onab le i n d ica t ion o fi t sl i ne ( 1330 ) w a sg iven b ys o i l c hange s . R oom 2 ( 1 185 ) i sp oo r ly r ep re sen ted d ue t o l a te r s e cond c en tu ry d i s tu rbance ( 352 a nd 7 36 ) , a sw e l l a s b yt wo moder np i t sa nd b yo ne o fB o sanque t 's t r enche s . T he p r ima ry f l oo rw a sf o rmed o ft h eo r ig ina ll e ve l l ing ( h e re n umbe red 6 40 ) . T he n o r th w a l l w a s a ga in f o rmed b y t h e f ounda t ion t r ench m a rk ing t h is s i de o f t h eb u i ld ing ( 7 13 ) . As ou the rn w a l l o ft h e r oom w a s m a rked b y t h e l i ne o f s t ake s ( 1 179 ) , a nd a n e a s t er n w a l l l ine ( 1585 ) , t hough l a rge ly d e s t royed b y l a t e r d i s tu rbance , s e emed t ob e i n d ica ted b y s o i l c hange s . R oom 3 ( 1 120 ) h ad s u f f e red a m a rked d eg ree o f s ub s idence , a bou t at h i rd o f t h e s ou the rn p a r t o ft h e r oom a nd i t sp re sumed s ou th w a l lh av ing s unk i n to t h e t o po fa ne a r l ie rp i t ( 1556 ) . L aye r so fb u rn tc l ay a nd c ha rcoa l( 6 38 , 1 045 )o ve r ly ing t h ep r ima ry c l ay l e ve l l i ng ( 6 40 ) ,a nd s e em ing t or ep re sen t ah ea r th o ro ven , w e re p a r t ia l ly o ve r la in b y ad i s t inc t s t one s u r fa ce ( 6 39 )c on t inuou sw i th t h a ti nt h ec o r r ido ro ry a rd t ot h e s ou th . I ts e em s l i ke ly t h a t , u n le s s t h i s m e re ly r e p re s en t s ad oorway , t h e r oom w a s a bandoned o nce t h e s ub s idence b e came s eve re . A n a t temp t w a s p e rhap s m ade a t al a te s t age h e re , a sa bove a no the rp i t ( 1 555 ) f u r the r t o t h e s ou th , t o m a in ta in t h e s t ab i l i ty o f t h e s agg ing s t ruc tu re b yi n se r t ing a na dd i t iona lp o s ta tt h i s p o in t ( 1 580 ) . Af u r the rs t one s u r f ace ( 906 )a nd ad ump o fb roken p o t te ry a nd s o i l ( 3 73 ,4 22 ) o ve r lay t h e ma rg in s o ft h e s u r fa ce c on t inu ing f r om t h ey a rd t ot h es ou th ,a nd a l so r e spe c t ed t h e n o r th a nd e a s t w a l ls o ft h e r oom . T he n o r th w a l l( 1404 )a tt h is p o in tw a sm a rked b y at r ench ( 448 ) w h ich b u t ted a t t h e n o r th -ea s t c or ne r o f t h e r oom ; t h e e a s t w a l l ( 1 556 ) w a s m a rked b y a3 0 c m . w ide s t r ip o fs o i l ( 1039 ) w h ich o ve r l ie sc l ay l e ve l l ing ( 1040 ) a nd w h ich i st hough t t or e p re sen t t h e p o s i t ion o f as i l l b eam . R oom 4( 1 119 ) a ga in h ad t h ec l ay l e ve l l ing ( 1040 )a s

2 0 C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e x cava t ion s .

i t sp r ima r yf l oo r , h e re h o l lowed t owa rd st h ec en t re o f t h er oom . T he o u t l ine o ft h ee a r l ie s ts t one s u r f a ce i n t h ec en t ra lc o r r ido rs ugge s t st h a ti n ap r ima ry p ha se a t l e a s t , t h er oom w a se n t e red b y ad oo ra ti t ss ou th -ea s t c o rne r . T he m a rg in s o f t h e r oom h ad an umb e r o f s ma l l a r ea so fs t one , s o i lo rc l ay , s ome o fw h ich m ay r e p re sen tt h er ema in so fl a ye r s w h ich h ad o nce o ccu p i ed t h e e n t i re a r ea o f t h e f l oo r , b u t w h ich , t o ge the r w i th t h e c l ay l e ve l l ing , h ad b een s ub sequen t ly w o rn a way . T he se l a ye r s , a nd t h e c en t ra l h o l low w e re i n t u rn o ve r la in b y al a ye ro fd a rk c ha r coa l ly s o i l ( 9 18 ) a nd ac l ay f l oo r( 9 23 ) . A l lr e spe c tt h ew a l l l ine ( 1 382 ) o nt h es ou th s i de o ft h er oom ,b u ts u cceed ing l a ye r so f r ubb ish a nd c ha r coa l ly s o i l ( ma in ly 4 77 ) a nd o t he r c l ean c l ay l a ye r s c on t inued i n to t h e c en t ra l c o r r ido r , s ugge s t ing t h a tt h er oom w a so p en t ot h es ou th d u r ing t h el a te rp a r to fi t su se . As ma l lb ow l shaped p i t( 8 2 1 ) l i ned w i th s t i f fr e dc l ay h ad b een c u tt h rough t h el a te s t l a ye r r e spe c t ing t h e s ou th w a l l l ine ( 9 23 ) a nd w a s s im i la r ly f i l led w i th c ha r coa l ly s o i l . T he re w a sn o e v idenc e t h a t aw a l l t r ench h ad b e en d ug a c ro s s t h e n o r th s i de o fR oom 4 ,b u t s i nce i th a s b e en a s sumed t h a t t h e p u rpo se o f t h e w a l l t r ench i d en t if ied f u r the rt ot h ew e s t( 7 13 ,4 48 )w a st op rov ide af i rm f o unda t ion f o r as i l l b eam , i ti sp o s s ib le t h a ta b eam a t t h i s p o in t , o n f i rme r g round b eyond t h e l e ve l led a r ea o fB u i ld ing 1 ,n e eded m e r e ly t ob e l a id u pon t h e g round s u r f a ce . Aw e l l -ma rked w a l l l ine ( 1 383 ) o n t h e e a s t er n s i de o f t h e r oom f o rmed t h e w e s te rn s i de o fR oom s 5 7 i nt h ee a s t e rn r a nge . T he d i v i s ion b e tween r oom sb e long ing t ot h ee a s te r nr a nge a nd R ooms 4 , 8 ,a nd t h e e a s te rn e nd o f t h e c en t ra l c o r r ido rw a sm a rked b yd i s t inc ts o i l c hange s ,a nd t h e a b senc eo fa ny s t ruc tu ra le v idence a ga in s ugge s t st h a t t h e w a l ls a tt h is p o in t w e re f ounded o n as i l l b eam p l aced o n t h e g round s u r f ace . R oom 5 ( 7 97 ) w a s a f f e c ted o n i t s e a s ter n s i de b y s i nkage i n to aw e l l ( 1 554 )b e long ing t oP e r iod 1a nd s u f f e red s im i la r ly o nt h es ou th o ve r ap i t( 1 466 ) . T he e a r l ie s t f l oo r l e ve l w a s a ga in f o rmed o f t h e c l ay l e ve l l ing ( 1040 ) ,u pon w h ich p a t che s o fc ha r coa la nd c ha rcoa l ly c l ay d epo s i t s h ad a c cumu la t ed , i n t u rn o ve r la in b y ap ebb le s p r ead ( 1049 ,8 84 )w h ich c ove r ed t h ee n t i r ef l oo ra r ea . T h i sl a te rf l oo rw a ss e a led o nt h e n o r th s i de b y c ha rcoaly s o i l s ( 9 20 , 9 36 ) w h ich i n c l uded a pp re c iab le q uan t i t ie so fs m i th ing d eb r i s :7Two p a t che so fb u rn tc l ay ( 4 78 ,5 79 )( c ove red b ya dd i t iona l c ha r coa ld epo s i t s )w e re f o und a l ong t h en o r th e dge o f t h er oom . T he se u ppe rmo s ts o i l ss p read o ve rt h en o r th p a r to ft h ew e s tw a l l l ine ( 1 383 ) ,s ugge s t ing t h a tt h e re w a s ad oo ra tt h i s p o in t . T he re t h ey m ixed w i th t h e l a ye r s o f r ubb ish a nd c ha r coa l ly s o i l s ( 4 77 ) i n t h e u pp e rmo s tl e ve ls o fR oom 4 . T he s ou ther na nd w e s t e r nw a l ls o fR oom 5a ppea rt oh ave b e en b u t t re s s ed b y as e t t ing o fl a rge q ua r r ied s t one s ( 8 26 ) a t as t i l l l a t e r s t age ( p robab ly t oc omba tt h ee f f e c t so fs i nkage )a nd t h ef l oo rh ad b een r a i sed b y at h ick l a ye ro fv e r ys a ndy s o i l ( 462 ) .

T he s ou th w a l l o f t h e r o om w a s f o rmed b y t h e c on t inua t ion o ft h e s ou th w a l l l ine o ft h e n o r th r a nge o fr ooms ( 1 382 ) . T he e a s ts i de o ft h er oom ,i nc ommon w i th R oom 1 2 t oi t s e a s t , h ad s u f f e r ed c on s ide rab ly f r om s ub s idence a bove p i t sb e long ing t oP e r iod 1( p i t 1 554 i nt h i s i n s tance ) . T he e x ten t o f t h e r oom i s i n d ica ted b yt h ef l oo r s ,w h ich l i ne u pw i th aw a l l l ine ( 1 505 )b e tween R ooms 6a nd 1 3t ot h es ou th ,b u tt h e o n ly s t ru c tu ra le v iden ce a tt h i sp o in tw a sp r ov id ed b y as i ng le s t ake h o le . R oom 6( 7 96 ) h ad a ga in s u f f e red e x t reme s ub s idence a bove P e r iod 1 p i t s . T he e a r l ie s t f l oo r l e ve l w a s f o rmed a tt h et o po ft h ep r ima ry l a ye r so fc l ay l e ve l l ing ( 1 127 , 1 220 ) , b u t s ub sequen t f l oo r l a ye r s w e r e o b s c u red b ys e ve r es ub s idence a bove e a r l ie rp i t sb enea th o ppo s i te c o rne r s o f t h e r oom . T he a r ea o f s i nkage a bove ap i t ( 1 466 ) o n t h ee a s t s i d e , f o re xamp le , h ad n e ce s s i ta ted p e r iod ic p a t ch ing a nd l e ve l l ing t h rough o u tt h eu s eo ft h er oom ,i no rde rt or e ta in ar e a sonab ly l e ve lf l oo r . Two p a t che so fs t one ( 1 046 )s t i l ls u r v ived o n al e s sa f f e c ted a r ea t owa rd st h ec en t r eo ft h er oom , a nd a l ong t h e e a s t e rn e dge , t h e l a t t e r c ove r ed b y a l a ye ro fs i l t ( 1 02 1 ) . T he e a r l ie s tw a l l l ine ( 1 341) d i v id ing R oom s 6a nd 7w a sp robab ly m a rked b y ad eep ,c l ay -pa ck ed t r en ch ( 1 033 )c u tt h rough t h eu nde r ly ing d eb r i so fP e r iod 1 , B u i ld ing 2 . N o s t ud h o le s w e r e f o und w i th in t h e t r ench , h oweve r ,a nd i ti sa s sumed t h a tt h e s o l id c l ay f i l l ing h ad s uppo r ted as i l l b eam . T he t r ench i t se l f c ame t o ab u t t -end s l igh t ly f u r the r t ot h e w e s t , j u s t b eyond t h ew e s te r ns i de o fR oom 8 ,b u tt h el i ne c l ea r ly h ad c on t inued t ot h ev e r y f r on to ft h eb u i ld ing ,a l ong t h e e n t i re s ou th s i d e o ft h e c en t r a l c o r r ido r . I nl a te r r e bu i ld ing s , t h e l i ne o ft h e w a l l w a s m oved s ou th b y b e twe en 3 0 -45 c m . , p robab ly a s ac onsequence o f c hange st oR oom 7 ,d e s c r ib ed b e low . T he w e s tw a l l l i ne ( 1 383 ) o f t h e r oom w a s m a rked b y ad i s t inc t c hang e b e tween f l oo r s w i th in t h e r oom a nd t h o se w i th in t h ec en t r a lc o r r ido ro ry a rd f u r the rt ot h ew e s t , b u ta ga in n oc e r ta in s t ruc tu ra le v idence w a sp r e se rved . As ha l low ,d i s t inc t ive ,c l ay -pa cked t r ench ( 1 064 )w a s f i r s t i d en t if ied b e low t h e l owe s t l e ve l s o ft h ec en t ra l c o r r ido r , c . 1m . t ot h e w e s t o ft h e w e s t er n w al -l ine ( 1 383 ) , t h i s m igh tr e p r e sen t t h e e a r l ie r e x ten t o ft h e r oom . T h i sp e rhap sf o r tu i tou s ly f a l l so nt h es ame l i ne a st h el a t e s tw e s te r nw a l lo fR oom 7 ,b u to n s t ra t ig ra p h ic g r ound ss e em su n l ike ly t ob e long t o al a t ep e r iod . R oom 7( 1 518 ) , t h roughou ti t so ccupa t ion ,h ad f l oo r l e ve l s w h ich s t ood s l igh t ly h i ghe r t h an t h o se i nt h e r ema inde r o f t h e b u i ld ing . T he e a r l ie s t f l oo r w a s c ompo sed o f t h e t h i ck l a ye r o f b u rn t d aub ( 1025 ) , r e p r e sen t ing t h ed emo l i t ion r u bb le o fP e r iod 1 ,B u i ld i n g 2 . T he m a rg in s o f t h e r oom h ad b een g r ea t ly a f f ec ted b y s ub s idence a bove P e r iod 1f e a tu re s ( p i t 1 557 b e low t h e s ou th -we s te dge , h o l low 1 376 b e low t h e s ou th w a l l , a nd t h e e dge o f p i t 1 531 b e low t h e n o r th -ea s tc o rne r ) a l o fw h ich h ad n ec e s s i ta ted p e r i -

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e xcava t ions . 2 1

F igure 1 : V iew o ft he w e s te nd o fB u i ld ing 3 . T he c obb led w a lkway i so nt he l e f ts i de ,R oom 1l i e sb e tween t he f i gure a nd t he h or izon ta l r od , t he p a ssage b e low t he r od , a nd R oom 1 i nt he m idd le a nd f o reground .

F igure 1 2 : V iew o ver R ooms 5 ,6 , 7a nd 8o fB u i ld ing 3 ,s e en f rom t he w es t . T he l i ne o ft he s ou th w a l l o f B u i ld ing 3i sc l ear ly v i s ib le d own t he r i gh th and s i de o ft he p r in t . T he f i gure a tt he t op i si nt he a rea o ft he e a s tern e x tens ion a nd t he o ne o n t he l e f t i sw i th in t he a rea o fB u i ld ing 4 .

2 2 C aer sw s v i cas , 1 985 -6 . T he e x cava t ion s .

o d ic p a tch ing . V a r iou sl a ye r so fb rown s i l t ,t h in l a ye r s o f c ha r coa l a nd c l ay , a nd l a ye r s o f c ha r coa l ly s o i l ( 1 038 , 1 026 , 1 055 , 9 04 , 9 80 , 7 26 ) h ad a c cumu la t ed a bove t h e e a r l ie s t f l oo r b e fo r e b e ing s e a led b y a n o ve ra l l l a ye r o f c l ay w i th s a ndy l e n se s ( 8 44 ) . T h i s f o rmed t h e b a s e f o r an ew f l oo r m ade o fs a ndy s o i l ( 7 29 ) ,i nt u rn s e a led b y ac l ay f l oo r( 5 86 ) f o unded o n s ma l l e l onga t ed a nd e dge se t p ebb le s u p t o 1 0 c m . a c ro s s( 606 ) . A l lt h e se f l oo r sw e re d ef ined b yt h es ame w a l l l ine s o n t h e w e s t ( 1 383 ) , n o r th ( 8 27 / 1341 ) a nd s ou th a nd e a s t( 1 245 ) . S i nkage o fs ome o ft h ea r ea b e low R oom 7a lowed af ew c en t ime t re s o f t h e t h ick c l ay w a l l t os u r v ive a bove t h ep r ima ry f l oo r ; t h i sp r e se rved t h el i ne o ft h e i n ne rf a c e so ft h er oom o nt h ee a s ta nd s ou th . T h i sc l ay w a l l w a s s e ti n to at r ench d ug s l igh t ly i n to t h eu nde r l y ing d aub ( 1 025 ) . T he s ou th w a l l l ine c o r re sponded w i th an umbe r o f v o id s t ud o r s t ake h o le s s ome o f w h ich l a y p a ra l le l w i th t h e e dge so ff l oo r ,a nd i tw a s e v iden t t h a t t h e o u te r w a l l o f t h e b u i ld ing h ad b een r e pa i red t wo o r t h r ee t i me s i nt h i s a r ea a s ac on se q uence o fs i nkage a bove ap r e -ex i s t ing h o l low ( 1 376 ) . T he n o r th w a l l l ine c o r re spond sw i th t h ec l ay -packed t r ench ( 1033 ) d e sc r ibed i nR oom 6 a bove , b u t t h e re w a s n o s u rv iv ing s t ruc tu ra le v idence f o rt h e e a s ta nd w e s t w a l l s . E v idence w a s f o und a t t h e n o r th e a s t c o rne r ,h oweve r ,o fa na ppa ren t ly c on t inu ing e f fo r tt o s uppo r t aw a l ls a gg ing i n to ap i t( 1 531 ) . An umbe ro f f a i r ly l a rge s t one s( 10 13 )h ad b e en p u shed ,s e em ing ly o ne b e low a no the ra nd p e rhap so ve r ap e r iod o ft i me , u nd e rt h ec or ne rt imbe r so fR oom s 6a nd 7 . T he l a te s ts u r v iv ing f l oo rl e ve l s s how t h a tR oom 7 h ad b een e x tended a bou t7 5c m .t ot h ew e s t . H e re ,t h e f l oo rw a sa ga in g i ven as t one f o unda t ion ( 3 63 ) ,b u tt h i s t i me o fl a rge rr o unded s t one s 1 0 -20 c m . a c ro s s . T he l a ye r e x tended i n to t h e mode rn p l ough so i ls a nd h ad b een c on s ide rab ly d i s tu rb ed e xcep tw he r ei th ad s unk i n to e a r l ie rf e a tu r e s w he r ee v idence s u rv ived t os how t h a t i th ad b e en s u r f a ced w i th f i ne g r ave l a nd s ma l l p ebb le s( 509 ) . T he e dge so ft h i sf l oo rw e r ed ef ined b y f a i r ly d i s t inc t w a l l l ine s o n t h e w e s t ( 1 500 ) , n o r th ( 1 50 1) , a nd s ou th a nd e a s t( 1 245 ) . R oom 8 ( 7 40 ) h ad a ga in b een g r ea t ly a f e c t ed b y s ub s idenc ea bove P e r iod 1p i t s ( 8 40 , 1 479 ) , a nd p o r t i on so ft h ew e s ta nd c en t ra lp a r t sh ad b e en r emoved b y a n e x ten s ion t oB o sanque t 's m a in t r ench . T he m o s t d i s t inc t ive f e a tu re o ft h e r oom w a s as e r ie s o fo ven s ( o ve ra l l n umbe r 1 000 )t h a tw e re p robab ly m a in ta ined a nd r e p laced t h roughou tP e r iod 2 . A l though t h ee a r l i e re xcava t ion sh ad r emoved mo s to ft h ew e s ter ns i de o ft h er oom , as u rv iv ing f r agmen to nt h en o r th s ugge s t s t h a tt h e s u cc e s s ive o ven s h ad b u t t ed a ga in s t i t ,b a ck t o -back w i th af u r the r o ven ( 7 9 1) i nR oom 9 . T h i s a ppea red t ob e c onf i rmed b y t h e e x ten t o f a s h a nd c ha r coa l l a ye r s a s so c ia t ed w i th t h e R oom 8 o ven s , s ugge s t ing t h e mou th s w e r e t ot h e e a s t . T he n o r th w a l l l ine ( 1 34 1 )o ft h er oom w a sm a rked b yt h ec l ay p a cked t r ench ( 1 033 )c on t inu ing f r om t h en o r th s i d eo f

R oom 7 ,a nd t h es ou th s i de b y aw a l l l ine d ef ined b y f l oo r -edge s( 4 17 ) ,b u tw i thou ta ny s u r v iv ing s t ruc tu ra l e v idence . T he e a r l ie s t o ven w a s s e t d i r ec t ly i n to a l a ye r o f b u rn td aub ( 4 07 ,1 030 )r e p r e sen t ing m o r eo ft h ed eb r i s o f P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . T h i s w a s a s so c ia t ed w i th v a r iou sl a ye r so fc ha r coa la nd b u rn tc l ay ,w h ich w e re o ve r la in b y af l oo r o f s a nd a nd g r ave l ( 806 ) w h ich b u t ted a ga in s tt h eo ven s t ack . At h in a nd f a i r ly l e ve l p ebb le f l oo r( 4 0 1 )b e long ing t ot h el a t e rh i s to ry o ft h e r oom a c cumu la ted d epo s i t so fb u rn ta nd u nbu rn tc l ay , a nd w a sp a t ched b ya dd i t iona la r ea so fs t one ( 7 32 ) . A t t h i sl a te rs t age af u r the rp ebb le s p r ead w a sl a id d own o ve r t h e f l oo r a nd t h ough s ub s id ing i n to e a r l ie r f e a t u re s( 8 40 , 1 479 ) ,c on t inued w i thou ti n t e r rup t ion i n to t h ec en t r a lc o r r ido ro ry a rd t ot h en o r th . T h i ss ugg e s t s t h a ta tt h i ss t age t h er oom ,l i k eR oom 4o ppo s i te i ti n t h en o r th r a nge ,t o ok t h ef o rm o fa no pen -s ided w o rk i n ga r ea ,r e duced i ns i ze b y 1m .o nt h ee a s t e rn s i de a s ac on sequence o ft h ee n la rgemen to fR oom 7 . R ooms 9a nd 1 0( 1 563 a nd 1 56 4 )a r es p e cu la t ive s i nce t h i sa r ea o ft h eb u i ld ing h ad b een l a rge ly r emoved b y o ne o f B o sanque t 's e xcava t ion t r en che s . T he r oom s a r e p r opo sed p a r t ly o n a na logy w i th t h ea r rangemen t o f t h o se i n t h e n o r th r a nge . I th a s a l ready b een s ugge s t ed t h a tt h em o s tl i ke ly d i v i s ion b e tween R oom s 9a nd 8l i e so n t h el i ne b e tween t wo b l o ck so fo ven s ; ap o s s ib le d i v i s ion b e twe en R oom s 9a nd 1 0i sr e p re s e n ted b yt h ew e s t e rn e dge o ft h ec l ay p l a t fo rm f o rt h e w e s te rn b l ock ( 7 91 ) . T he e a r l ie s t d i v id ing w a l l b e t we en R oom s 1 0a nd 1 ( 8 24 )i sr e p re sen t ed b y aw a l l t r ench ( 1 342 ) , b u t al i ne o fv o id s t ud o r s t ake h o le s s ugge s t st h a tt h i sw a ss ub s equen t ly r e po s i t ioned s l igh t ly f u r the rt ot h ee a s t . I ts e em sl i ke ly t h a ti nt h ee a r l ie ry e a r so fP e r iod 2t h e n o r th w a l l l ine ( 1 34 1 )o ft h et wo r ooms f e l l o n al i ne d r awn b e tween t h e c l ay -pa cked t r en ch ( 1 033 ) m a rk i n gt h en o r th s i de o fR ooms 7a nd 8a nd t h ef o unda t ion t r ench m a rk ing t h en o r th w al ( 9 7 1) o fR oom 1 . A t t h i sp o in th oweve r ,i tw a so n ly r e p re sen ted b y as ho r t l e ng th o ff o unda t ion t r ench ( 1 184 ) . S ub s idence i n to a n u nde r ly ing P e r iod 1p i t ( 1 555 ) p robab ly n e ce s s i t a t ed t h e e ven tua l a bandonmen t o f t h i s a l ignmen t . S t ru c tu ra l e v iden ce i sl a ck ing f o r al a te r n o r th w a l l l i ne f o rt h et wo r oom s ,b u ti t sa pp rox ima te p o s i t ion i s i n d ica ted b y t h es ou the rn l i m i t so fl a te rl a ye r s w i th in t h e c en t ra l c o r r ido ro ry a rd . T he o u t l ine o f t h e e a r l ie s t s t one s u r f ace s i n t h e c en t ra l c o r r ido r s ugge s t s t h a t b o th r oom s m ay h ave b een e n t e red b yd oo r so pen ing i n to t h ec o r r ido ra tt h e i r n o r th w e s tc o rne r s . P a r to ft h es ou th w a l l( 4 17 )o ft h e t wo r ooms s t i l ls u r v ived i nt h eb o t tom o fB o sanque t 's e xcava t ion t r ench i nt h i sa r ea . R oom 1 ( 9 11) l a t e rs ubd iv ided b y ap a r t i t ion w a l l ,i s a s sumed , l i ke R oom 1o nt h en o r th s i d eo ft h ec en t r a l c o r r ido r , t or e p r e sen t as hop s e to n t h er o ad f r on tage . R ea sonab ly g ood e v id ence t h e w a l l s a nd f l oo r s h ad

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .T he e x cava t ions . 2 3

s u r v ived ,d e sp i te t h e i rp a r t ia lr emova lb yB o sanque t 's t r en che s a nd s i nkage o ve r aP e r iod 1p i t b e low t h e s ou th s i de o ft h e r oom . T he r oom i sn o tab le f o r t h e a moun t o fr e -f loo r ing w h ich w a s u nde r taken , w h ich a l toge the ro ccup ied ad ep th o fm o re t h an 3 0c m . T he l owe s tl e ve l i nt h er oom ( 1095 ) w a sf o rmed o f t h el a ye ro fc l ay l e ve l l ing ,w h ich a tt h i sp o in th ad b een l owe r ed t o ad ep th o f a bou t 1 0 c m . b e low a d jac en t l e ve ls i nR oom 1a nd t h e p a s sage b e tween t h e t wo r oom s . T he l owe s tl a ye rw i th in t h i sh o l low c on s i s ted o ff i ne d a rk s i l t( 9 12 ,9 14 ) ,w h ich w a so ve r la in f i r s t ly b y ap a t chy l a ye ro fc ha r coa l -r ich s o i l ( 6 55 )a nd t h en b y al a ye ro ff i ne s a nd ( 9 16 ) . At h in o r gan ic l a ye r( 9 13 ) p e rhap sr e p re sen t ed w ooden b oa rd ing ,p o s s ib ly r e p r e s e n t ing a f l oo r r a ised t o t h e l e ve l o f t h e a d jo in ing r oom sa nd p a s sage a nd s uppo r ted b yj o i s t s s e to n t h e l owe s tl a ye ro fs i l t . T he n ex t f l oo r i sr e p re sen ted b y t wo c l ay l a ye r s( 8 88 ,8 56 ) ,o n to w h ich h ad b een p l a ced as t one s e t t ing ( 8 25 )a ppa ren t ly r e p re sen t ing as ubd i v i s ion , p a r t i t ion ing o f ft h e s ou the rn h a lf o ft h er oom w h i ch h ad b e come s e ve re ly a f f e c t ed b y s ub s idenc e , a nd p robab ly a l so s uppo r t ing t h e f r on t w a l l o f t h e b u i ld ing w h ich w ou ld a l so h ave b een a f f ec ted b ys i nk a ge . As e r ie so fl a ye r ss ub s equen t ly b u i l tu pt ot h en o r th o ft h ep a r t i t ion c on s i s t ing o f ac ha r coa l ly l a ye r( 3 75 ) , f o l lowed b y an ew g r ave lf l oo r( 8 35 ) ,w h ich w a sa ga in o ve r la in b ys o f tc ha r coa l ly s i l t s( 802 )a nd at h in l a ye r ( 6 41a ) o fs t one . T o t h e s ou th o ft h e p a r t i t ion w a s a s equence o fs i l ty s o i l ( 8 65 ) , at h ick s a ndy l a ye r( 7 94 ) a nd a l a ye r o f c ha r coa l -f l ecked s o i l , o ve r la in b y a l a te s tf l oo rm ade o fg r ave la nd s ma l l p ebb le s ( 6 4 1b ) . T h re e s i de s o f t h e r oom w e re b ounded b y w a l l t r enche s . Ad i s t inc t ive t r ench ( 1 393 )a tt h ew e s te nd o f t h em a in s ou th w a l l( 4 17 ) ,w h ich h ad b een d ug t h rough t h e p r ima ry c l ay l e ve l l ing a nd i n to t h e u nd e r ly ing n a tu ra lc l ay ,c on ta ined v o id s t ud h o le su pt oc .3 0c m . a p a r t . T he e a s tw a l l( 8 24 )w a sr e p re s en ted b y at r ench ( 1 342 )w h ich c on ta ined s t ud h o le s ,a nd b ya tl e a s to ne s t ake l i ne . Av o id p o s th o le w a sf o und a tt h ej unc t ion b e tween t h i sa nd t h ew a l l t rench o ft h es ou th w a l l ,a nd as t r ip o fc l ay ( 1099 )j u s ti n s ide t h i sc o rne ro ft h er oom a ppea red t or e p re sen tt h er ema in so ft h eo r ig ina lc l ay w a l l -f a c ing . T he n o r th w a l l l ine ( 9 7 1 ) w a s r e p re s e n ted b y aw a l l t rench ( 1 344 ) w h ich h ad b een r e p a i r ed o n a tl e a s t o ne o cca s ion b y t h e i n se r t ion o fa f u r the r l i ne o f s t ud o r s t ake h o le s ( 1 180 ) . Aw a l l t r ench w a s n o t i d en t if i ed a l ong t h e l i ne o f t h e f r on t w al ( 6 88 )o ft h eb u i ld ing a tt h is p o in t ,a l though ar ow o fs t ud h o le sw a sf ound w h ich p r e sumab ly r e la ted t oa s i l l -beam s e td i re c t ly o nt h es u r f a ce o ft h ep r ima r yc l ay l e ve l l ing ,a nd w h ich c o r re sponded w i th ac on s i s t en t ly o c cu r r ing d i v i s ion b e tween f l oo r sw i th in t h er oom a nd d epo s i t s i nt h ev e randah t ot h ew e s t . Two o ft h es t ud h o le so ft h ew e s tw a l l l ine w e re o ve r la in b yt h el i ne o f s t one s ( 8 25 ) w h ich s e emed t or e p re sen t ab u i ld ing r e pa i rt ot h i s s e c t ion o fw a l l a s ar e su l to fs ub s idence i n to a ne a r l ie rp i t ,a nd w h ich ( t oj u dge b yt h ec ha ra c t e r o ft h es t one s )m u s th ave b een e f f e c t ed a tt h es ame t i me

a st h ep a r t i t ion w a s i n se r ted . T he C en t ra l C o r r ido r ( 9 88 , 118 ) w h ich r a n a tr i gh t a ng le st ot h ev e randah f r on t ing t h eb u i ld ing w a sp o s s i b ly c ove red w he r e i tr a n b e tween t h e t wo f r on t r oom s ,b u tu n roo f ed w he r ei tg ave a cce s st ot h er a nge s b eh ind i t . T he c o r r ido r w a s o r ig ina l ly a bou t 1 . 5 m . w id e , b u t w a s l a te r s l igh t ly b roadened i na l l b u t t h e w e s t e rn e nd t o aw id th o fo ve r 3m . T he p r ima ry p l an o ft h ec en t ra lp a r to ft h eb u i ld ing w a sr e la t ive ly c l ea r ,d e sp i te c on s ide rab le s i nkage a bove t wo p r e -ex i s t ing P e r iod 1p i t s ( 1 555 , 1 556 ) . T he e a rl ie s t l e ve l s , f o rmed o f t h e p r ima ry c l ay l e ve l l ing ( h e re 1 063 ) ,w e re d i r ec t ly o ve r la in b y ap ebb le s u r f a ce ( 1053 , 1 054 ) , d e f ined b y t h e w a l l l ine s ( r e sp ec t ive ly 1 382 a nd 1 341 ) o ft h e n o r th a nd s ou th r a nge s . T he o u t l ine o f t h e se s u r f ace s s ugge s t s t h a t a tt h i s s t age R oom s 2 ,4 , 9a nd 1 0 a tl e a s tw e re e n te r ed b y d oo r s o pen ing o nt ot h ec en t ra lc o r r ido r . A cce s st oR oom s 1 a nd 1 w ou ld i n i t ia l ly p robab ly h ave h ad t oh ave b e en t h rough r e spe c t ive ly R ooms 2 a nd 1 0 b eh ind t h em . T he l a te rr e du c t ion i nt h es i ze o fR oom 1 0w ou ld h ave a lowed ad oo ri n to R oom 1 a ti t sn o r th e a s tc or ne r , f r om t h ec en t ra lp a s sage . T he s t one so fi t sp a r t i t ion d i d n o tc on t inue a c ro s s t h e w id th o fR oom 1 a nd c ou ld h ave g i ven a c ce s sf r om i t sn o r the rn t ot h es ou the rn p a r t a tt h eb a ck ( e a s t s i de ) . A sa l r eady m en t ioned ,t h ed i spo s i t ion o fl a t e rl e ve l s w i th in t h e c en t ra l c o r r ido ra nd i nt h e s ou th r a nge o f r oom ss ugge s t s t h a tt h el a u e rw a sr e du ced i ns i ze ,i t s n o r th w a l l l ine b e ing m oved s ome 1 . 5 m . f u r the r s ou th , a s ac on sequence o fs e ve re s ub s idence a bove e a r l ie r p i t s . As e r ie s o fs t one s e t t ing s a nd p robab le p o s t h o le s a bove a p o s s ib le s t r e tch o f f o unda t ion t r ench ( 1 184 ) o n t h e o r ig ina l l i ne , a nd af u r the rp o s t h o le ( 1 578 )o nt h is l i ne i nt h es unken u ppe rf i l lo fo ne o ft h ee a r l ie rp i t s( 1 555 ) ,s ugge s t st h a ts ome e f fo r tm ay h ave b e en m ade t oc on t inue t os uppo r tt h er oo ft i mbe r s ( wh ich w ou ld p r e sumab ly n o t h av e b een c u t b a ck ) o ve rt h e f o rme r w a l l l ine . F o l low ing t h eb ro aden ing o ft h ee a s t e rn p a r to ft h e c en t ra lc o r r ido r ,t h ep a s sage b e tween R oom s 1a nd 1 b egan t ob er e su r f aced a s as epa ra t ee n t i ty ,h av ing u p t os i x l a ye r s o rp a t che s o fs ma l l i sh p ebb le s o rg r ave l ( wh i ch o c ca s iona l ly s p r ead s l igh t ly i n to t h e c o r r ido r f u r the rt ot h ee a s t ) ,s e pa ra t ed b yt h in l a ye r so fs i l ta nd c l ay ,s ome o fw h ich e x t ended f r om t h ew a lkway a l ong t h ef r on to ft h eb u i ld ing . T he c o r r ido rt ot h ee a s th ad as e pa r a te d eve lopmen t , w i th p e r iod ic r e su r f ac ing a nd p a t ch ing i n te r leaved w i th a c cumu la t ing l a ye r s o fr ubb ish . R oom 1 2 ( 1 57 1) , i n t h e e a s t e x ten s ion , h ad b e en g r ea t ly a f f e c ted b y s ub s idenc ed ue t ot wo u nde r ly ing p i t s ( 1 554 , 1 20 2/ 12 03 ) b e long ing t oP e r iod 1 . T he e a r l ie s tf o rm o ft h er oom ( 1 572 ) h ad a si t sn o r th w a l l a n e x ten s ion o f t h e l i ne ( o ve ra l l n umbe r 1 404 ) t h a t m a rk s t h e n o r th s i de o ft h er e s to ft h eb u i ld ing . T he w e s t w a l l ( 1 505 ) i n p a r t icu la r , h ad s uf e red f r om

2 4 C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e x cava t ions .

F igure 1 3 : P er iod 2 ,s i nkage a f ec ted ma in o ccupa t ion ,s ca le 1 : 200

s ub s idence , b u t i t s p o s s ib le c ou r se i ss ugge s t ed b y d i f f e rence s i nf l oo rm ake -up a nd b y as i ng le s t ake o r s t ud h o le ( s ee R oom 5a bove ) . T he s ou th w a l l , f o r w h ich t h e re i sa ga in n os u rv iv ing s t ruc tu ra le v idence , i sa s sumed t o b e m a rked b y t h e e dge o f a n o ven p l a t fo rm o nt h en o r th s i de o fR oom 1 3 . T he n o r th a nd w e s tw a l l l ine sp robab ly s u r v ived i n to as e cond p ha se o ft h er oom ( 1 12 1) ,t h ough i tw a sr e duced i ns i ze a tt h e s ou th . T he o r ig ina le a s tw a l l l ine ( 1 349 ) ,m a rked b ya s l igh ts c a rp , s o i l c hange s ,a nd al i ne o fp a r t ia l ly v o id s t ud h o le s , a ppea r s t oh ave b e en r e p la ced b y aw a l l ( 7 24 )a bou t 1 . 5 m . f u r the rt ot h ew e s t . T h i sl a te rw a l l w a sr e p r e sen ted b yv a r iou ss o i lc hange s ,a nd b y as ho r t s ou thwa rd sr e tu rn ( 1 386 )o ft h en o r th f o unda t ion t r ench ( 7 15 ) . R oom 1 3( 1 517 )i ni t sf i r s tp ha se ( 1 409 )c on ta ined t wo o ven s ( 8 85 , 1 052 ) r e s t ing o n ap l a t fo rm o fs t one a nd c l ay ( 1051 ) . T he e a s t a nd w e s t w a l l l ine s w e re a c on t inua t ion o ft h o se n o ted i nR oom 1 2a bove ,t h ee a s t w a l l b e ing p a r t icu la r ly w e l l m a rked b y al i ne o fv o id s t ud o r s t ake h o le s . Ap o s s ib le s ou th w a l l l ine i s r e p re sen t ed o n ly b ys o i lc hange s . I ni t ss e cond p ha se ( 6 53 ) t h er oom w a s l a rge ly o ccup ied b y at h ick o ven p l a t fo rm ( 4 28 ) ,s e to nt h es ame l a ye ro fs t one a nd c l ay

( 105 1 ) a si nt h e f i r s tp ha se , a nd p a r t ly o ve r ly ing t h e e a r l ie r o ven s , w h ich w e re d emo l i shed . T he c l ay p l a t fo rm w a sp a r t icu la r ly t h ick w he r ei to ve r lay s i nk a ge i n t h e t o p o f ap r e -ex is t ing p i t ( 1 531) , a nd i t d i c ta t ed a n ew w a l l l ine b e twe en R oom s 1 3 a n 1 4 a bou t 1m . t ot h en o r th o ft h eo r ig ina l l i ne . Ap a i ro f o ven s ( 7 92 , 7 93 ) w a s c on s t ruc ted o n t h e n ew c l ay p l a t fo rm ,e a ch a s so c ia ted w i th as ma l lp avemen tm ade o fe dg e -se tp ebb le s p robab ly a tt h eo ven m ou th s . R oom 1 4 ( 1 519 ) w a s a ga in o n ly h e s i ta t ing ly r e cog n i sed i ni t sf i r s tf o rm ( 1 408 ) ,i nt h a tb a sa lc l ay a nd s o i l l a ye r s d i dn o tr un s of a rn o r th a s ,b u tr e a ched f u r the r e a s t t h an , t h e mo r e r e ad i ly r e cogn is ed n o r th a nd e a s t w a l l so ft h el a te rf o rm o ft h er oom ( 6 54 ) . T he s e cond p ha se r oom w a sr e ad i ly d i s t ingu i shed b y an ew f l oo ro f f l a t p ebb le s ( 7 44 ) f o unded o n g r ey s a ndy s o i l ( 8 20 ) . A no ven ( 7 4 1 )s e ti n to t h es o l id c l ay w a l lo nt h en o r th o f t h e r o om w a s b u t ted b y t h e s t one f l oo r . D ue t o s i nkage a tt h i sp o in to ve r aP e r iod 1p i t( 1 531 ) ,a nd t h e t h ick b u i ld -up o f s l igh t ly c onc re t ed s a nd o ft h e s u c c eed ing f l oo r ( 584 ) , t h i s o ven w a s p a r t icu la r ly w e l l p r e se rved ( s e e f i g . 1 4 ) . I na dd i t ion , t h eg ood s t a t eo f p r e se rva t ion o ft h ep ebb le f l oo rp r ov ided a n u nu sua l o ppo r tun i ty t or e co rd t h e p o s i t ion o fn o r th , w e s ta nd

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 . T he e x cava t ions . 2 5

s ou th w a l l f ace s i nR oom 1 4 , r a the r t h an ar ough ly c en t ra l l i ne g ene ra l ly s hown b y s t ud o r s t ake h o le s e l sewhe re o n t h e s i te . T he e a s t ` v e randah ' ( 1 574 ) i ni t s e a r ly p ha se ( 1 117 ) w a s r e a sonab ly c l ea r ly d i s t ingu i shed b e twe en w al l i ne st oe i the rs i de ( 1 349 ,1 439 )w h i ch w e re m a rked b y v o id o rl o o se ly f i l led s t ud o rs t ake h o le s ,a nd b y as c a rp d ownwa rd sf r om i t sf l oo ri n to R ooms 1 2a nd 1 3t ot h e w e s t . Am a t ch ing l i ne w a s n o t d i s t ingu i shed o n t h e s i de o fR oom 1 4 , h oweve r , p o s s ib ly b e cau se o f t h e d i s loca t ion c au s ed b ys i nkage i n to a ne a r l ie rp i t( 1 565 ) . T he v e randah m ay i n i t ia l ly h ave h ad c l ay f l oo r s( 1 110 , 138 , 126 ) ,( w i th s l igh tb r eak ss ugge s t ing ap o s s ib le c r o s s -wa l l o r p a r t i t ion ( 1 495 ) ) , c ove r ed b y as t one f l oo r( 1 059 ) . G iven i t sp o s i t ion ,i ts e ems b e t t e rt ot e rm t h i s a r ea v e randah t h an c o r r ido r , t h ough t h e r e i sa m a rked d if e rence b e twe en t h e ` f loo r ' s u r f a ce s h e r e a nd t h o se o ft h e w e s tv e r andah . T he l a ck o f as t one s u r f a ced w a lkway m ig ht ,a ta ny r a te ,s ugge s tt h i sa r ea w a sf o rd ome s t i c r a the rt h an p ub l ic u se . S ub sequen t ly , u pon b roaden ing ( 1 118 ) , t h e v e ran d ah t o ok o nm o re t h ed imen s ion so f ar oom o r as e r ie s o fr oom s ,a l though n oc r o s s -d iv is ion sw e r en o t ed . A t t h i sl a t e rs t age t h ea r ea c on ta ined as i ng le o ven ( 7 37 ) s e t i n as ha l low p i t w h ich h ad b een d ug i n to e a rl ie r l e ve ls ,a nd w h ich w a s o ve r la in b y al a te rs a ndy f l oo r ( 6 2 1 ) s im i la rt ot h el a te s tf l oo r ( 5 84 ) i nR oom 1 4 . T he e a s tw a l lo ft h ev e randah f e l lj u s to nt h el i m i to f e xcava t ion a nd w a s p robab ly a l so t h e e a s t e nd o f B u i ld ing 3 ,a ppea r s t oh ave b een o ft wo p ha se s : a n e a r l ie rl i ne ( 1 438 )b e ing m a rked b y ar ow o fv o id s t ud h o le ss e ti n al a ye ro fp ebb ly c l ay ( 1 111) , a nd al a te r l i ne ( 1 439 )r e p re sen ted b y ar ow o fe i gh tn a i l s w i th in as t r ip o fc l ay ( 3 4 ) ,a nd o ve r ly ing al a ye ro fc l ean r i ve r g r ave l( 4 88 ) ,j u s tb e low t h e moder nt o p so i l . T he s ou th w a l l ( 4 17 ) w a s r e a sonab ly d i s t in c t , d e sp i te s i nkage a bove ap r e -ex i s t ing p i t( 1 565 ) ,b u tt h en o r th w a l lw a s l e s s c l ea r d ue t od i s tu rban ce w i th in a nd a r ound t wo o t he re a r ly p i t s ( 8 89 , 1 437 ) .

BU ILD ING 4( 1 324 ) S ummary T he n o r the rn s i de o f as e cond b u i ld ing w i th p a r to fa r a nge o fr ooms w a s r e vea led a l ong t h es ou th e dge o f t h ee xcava ted a r ea ,s e tl e s st h an 5 0c ms f r om t h es ou th w a l lo fB u i ld ing 3 .W i thou tf u r the re v idence ,t h ef o rm o f t h e b u i ld ing m u s t r ema in u nce r ta in . T he g r ea t e r p a r t o f t h e s t r ip h ad s u f f e red f r om s ub s idence o ve r e a r l ie r p i t s , a nd p o s s ib ly a s ac on sequence o f t h i s B u i ld ing 4w a sd emo l i shed w h i le B u i ld ing 3r ema ined i nu s e . I tw a s r e p laced b y ar ough c obb led s u r f ac e , p rob ab ly r e p re sen t ing a s i de l a ne , w h ich j o ined t h e m a in r o ad o nt h ew e s t .S ub s idence s t i l lc on t inued ,a nd u p u n t i l t h e e nd o f t h e l i f e o f B u i ld ing 3 s i nk age h o l low si nt h es u r f ac eo ft h el a ne c on t inued t ob em ade g ood w i th p a t ch ing a nd r e su r f a c ing , i n te r leaved w i th

l a ye r so fr ubb i sh ( 1 405 ) . A bou t at h i rd o ft h e e xcava t ed a r e ao ft h eb u i ld ing h ad b een r emoved b y B o sanque t 's t r enche s , b u t a t l e a s tt h r ee r oom sw e r ef a i r ly c l ea r ly d i s t ingu i shed b y w a l l -l ine s ; af o u r th i ss p e cu la t ive . T he re i sn oc e r ta in s t ru c tu ra l e v idenc e f o r t h e n o r th s i de o ft h e b u i ld ing b eyond t h ee a s ts i de o fR oom 3 ,b u te v iden ce h e re m ay h ave b een r emoved , a f te r t h e b u i ld ing h ad b een d e m o l i shed , b y aw a l l t rench ( 1 393 ) b e long ing t ot h e l a te rp ha se so fB u i ld ing 3 .T ot h ew e s to fB o sanque t 's m a in t r ench t h e n o r th w a l l l ine w a s m a rked b y a d i s t inc tf o unda t ion t r en ch ( 1098 ) . T ot h ee a s to ft h a t t r ench ,h oweve r ,o n t h en o r th s i de o fR oom s 2a nd 3 , t h e f o unda t ion t r ench w a s e i the r v e ry s h a l low , o r a b sen t a l toge the r . T he f i rmne s s o f t h e t h ick b u rn t l a ye r o fd aub ( 1 231 ) o fP e r iod 1 ,b e low t h e p r ima ry P e r iod 2c l ay l a ye r sa tt h i sp o in t ,p r obab ly o bv ia ted t h e n eed f o r af o unda t ion t r ench .P a r t ialy v o id s t ud h o le s ( 1 384 ) w e re n o ted w i th in v a r iou s c l ay l a ye r s ( 8 0 1 , 9 45 ) , r e p r e sen t ing t i mbe r s w h ich h ad p robab ly b e en a t ta ched t o as i l -b eam s e t d i re c t ly o n to t h e c l ay l e ve l l ing . S im i la rv o id sw e re n o tn o ted h oweve ri nt h e m ixed c l ay s( 12 12 )p a ck ing t h eb a se o f as ho r tl e ng th o ff o unda t ion t r ench d i scove red o n r ough ly t h i s l i ne , c u t t ing s l igh t ly i n to t h e u nde r ly ing s p read o f b u rn t d aub . T h i sp a r t icu la rf e a tu re t h e re fo re r ema in su nex p l a ined e ven t h ough i ta ppea r st or e p re sen tp a r to ft h e n o r th w a l l o fB u i ld ing 4 . R oom 1( 1 399 )l i e sa tt h ef r on to ft h eb u i ld ing ,a nd h ad b een b ad ly a f f e c ted b y s ub s iden ce o f aP e r iod 1p i t ( 1087 ) . T he e a rl ie s t f l oo r w a s p robab ly a l a ye r o f c l ean c l ay ( 9 33 ) o ve r ly ing al a ye r o fc ha r coa l ly s o i l ( 2 85 ) w h ich m ay r e p re s en t P e r iod 1d e s t ru c t ion o r d emo l i t ion d epo s i t s . P a t chy l a ye r s o fc l ay a nd c ha r c oa l o n ly a f ew c en t ime t r e s t h ick h ad a c cumu la ted w i th in t h er oom b e fo re t h eb u i ld ing w a s d emo l i shed . T he n o r th ( 1 346 )a nd w e s tw a l l s( 1 347 )o ft h er oom w e r ef o unded i nt r enche sc u t t ing t h rough s eve ra l t h in P e r iod 1 l a ye r s ( 1 08 1 , 1 082 1 083 ) , a nd i n p l a ce s r e p re s en ted b yv o id s t ud h o le s ,s ome v i s ib le w i th in a p o s s ib le s t r ip o fi ns i tu c l ay w a l l ing ( 8 41 ) . T he e a s t w al -l ine i st e n ta t ive ly i d en t if ied f r om as o i l c hange n ea rt h ew e s te dge o ft h e 1 909 e xcava t ion t r en ch . I fB u i ld ing 4w a ss im i la rt oB u i ld ing 3 ,t h en p e rhap s2 r oom s h ave b een r emoved b y t h e B o sanque te xcava t i on s , b u t f o r c onven ience s u ch u nev idenced r oom s h ave b een i g no red i nt h en umbe r ing u s ed h e re . R oom 2 ( 1 398 ) h ad b een p a r t ia l ly r emoved o n t h e w e s t er n s i de b y t h e e a r l ie r e xcava t ion t r ench . T he e a r l ie s tf l oo ri sa ga in r e p re sen ted b yt h ec l ay l e ve l l ing ( 1092 ) ,o ve r la in b y at h in o ccupa t ion s o i l ( 1 024 ) a nd r e p la ced b y ar e la t ive ly r ough s t one f l oo r( 8 38 ) , ac l ay o ven w h ich h ad b e en p a r t ia l ly c u ta way b yB o s anque t h ad b een s e to nt h el a t te r . Al i ne o ff i ve s t ake h o le s( a t as l igh ta ng le t ot h en o r th w a l lo ft h eb u i ld ing ) n o t ed i n t h e s u r f a ce o f t h e p r ima ry c l ay l e ve l l ing a nd a

2 6 C aer sw s v i cus ,1 985 -6 . T he e x cava t ion s .

f u r the r g roup o f s i x p o s s ib le s t ake h o le s , a pp ea r r e s pe c t ive ly t oc o r re spond t o , t h ough l y ing b eyond , t h e n o r th a nd s ou th s i de so ft h eo ven . R oom 3( 1 397 )h ad a ga in b een f o unded o nt h ep r ima ry c l ay l e ve l l ing ( 1092 , 1 211 ) ,b u th ad b ecome s e r iou s ly d i s to r ted o n t h e e a s t s i de a s ac on sequenc e o fs ub s i d ence w i th in a ne a r l ie rp i t( 1 569 ) . L aye r so fs o i la nd s ma l l p ebb le s ( 1 188 , 170 , 9 89 ) h ad c o l le c t ed i nt h e h o l low t h u s f o rmed . E l sewhe re t h e c l ay l a ye r w a s c ove r ed b y at h in l a ye ro ff i ne b rown s i l t ( 9 50 ) . A l l t h e se l a ye r s w e r e o ve r la in b y al a ye r o fs t i f f y e l low c l ay ,u pt o 4c m .t h ick ,w h ich r a nu pt oa nd a r ound v o id s t ud h o le sm a rk ing t h en o r th w al o ft h eb u i ld ing ,a nd t h e re fo re p robab ly r e p re sen t s c l ay d e r ived f r om a d emo l i shed s e c t ion o ft h eo u te rw a l l . R oom 4( 1 396 )i smo re s p e cu la t ive s i nce o n ly as ma l l p o r t ion w a s a va i lab le f o r e xcava t ion , a nd t h e e n t i re a r ea h ad a ga in b een s e ve r e ly a f fe c t ed b y s ub s idenc e a bove aP e r iod 1p i t( 1 562 )s e a led b enea th t h ep r ima ry c l ay l e ve l l ing ( h e re 1 2 11 ) . T he c l ay w a ss u c ce s s ive ly o ve r la in b y as e r ie so fl a ye r s :b rown s o i l( 1 037 )s im i la r t oo ccupa t ion l a ye r si nR ooms 2a nd 3 ;f i ne g r ave la nd s ma l l p ebb le s ( 9 93 ) ; a nd al a ye ro fy e l low ish b r own , p ebb ly c l ay ( 1036 / 1044 ) . T he se l a ye r s , l i ke t h o se i n R oom 3w e r es e a led b y al a ye ro fc l ay w h ich p robab ly r e p re sen t ed c o l lap s ed o rd emo l i shed w a l l ing m a te r ia l .

DAT ING EV IDENCE FOR P ER IOD 2 I ti smo s tp robab le t h a tB u i ld ing s 3a nd 4w e r ee r e c t ed i na bou tA .D . 1 00 ; t h ey w e r ep robab ly i n ten s ive ly i n u s ef o r ap e r iod o fo n ly a bou t2 0o r3 0y ea rs ,b u tl a te r l e ve l s i n c lude as ma l l q uan t i ty o fm a te r ia ld a tab le u p t ot h eA n ton ine p e r iod . An o tab le f e a tu r eo ft h ef i nd s a s so c ia t ed w i th t h e P e r iod 2o c cupa t ion , h oweve r , i s t h a tt h ey i n c lud e ah i gh p r opo r t ion o fm a te r ia lo ff i r s t c en tu ry m anu f a c tu r e . Many s u ch p i e ce sw e r ef o und i n t h ep r ima ry c l ay l e ve l l ing f o rP e r iod 2 ,o ra l ong w a l l l i ne s o f B u i ld ing s 3a nd 4 , a nd w e r e p r e sumab ly d e r ived f r om e a r l ie rd epo s i t s . Mo s to ft h es am ian ,f o r e xamp le , i so ff i r s t c en tu ry d a t e ,b u t t h ea s semb lage i n c lude s ap ropo r t ion o fs he rd sd a t ing t oA .D . 1 00 -120 w h i ch c ome f r om l e ve l s t h roughou t t h i s p e r iod o f o c cupa t ion . A ga in , mo s to ft h eg l a s sa nd b ronze sa r e p robab ly o ff i r s tc en tu ry m anu f a c tu r e ,b u tt h eb rooche s i n c lude t y pe s w h ich w e re p opu la ri nt h e s e cond c en t u ry ( s ee f i g s 2 8 &2 9 ) . An o t iceab le a moun to ft h e g l a s sw a sf ound i nt h ea r ea o ft h ee a s t e rn e x ten s ion o f B u i ld ing 3 ; i ti sn o tc l ea rw he the rt h i si s ar ef l e c t ion o fd i s tu rbance o fr i ch P e r iod 1l e ve l sb e low ,o ro fs ome a c t iv i ty h e re i n vo lv ing t h eu se o rr e u se o fi s tc en tu ry g l a s si nt h ee a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . T he c o in sf r om P e r iod 2c on t ex t s a r e mo s t ly o f f i r s t c en tu ry B .C . a nd f i r s t c en tu ry A .D .d a te ,b u ti n c lud ed a mong s tt h em a r ef i ve o fT r a jan ( Tab le 3o ppo s i t e ) . T he b u lk o ft h eR oman c o a r se w a r e si so ff i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry d a t e .

F igure 1 4 : O ven i nR oom 1 4 o fB u i ld ing 3 ,v i ewed f r om t h es ou th , i nt h e b ackground i sR oom 1 3 .

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e xcava t ions . 2 7

P rovenance

C a ta logue N o .

I s sued u nde r

D a te

L eve l l ing c l ay s

1 1 3 1 8 1 9

V e spa s ian V e spa s ian V espa s ian V e spa s ian

7 5 -79 7 1 7 1-77 7 1-78

Wa l l t rench b ackf i l l s

5 1 2 2 1

S VFENAS V e spa s ian V e spa s ian

5 9 BC 7 7 -78 AD 6 9 -79 AD

2 8 3 7 4 5 4 4 3 3

V e spa s ian? D om i t ian? T ra jan T ra jan D om i t ian

6 9 -79 AD ? 8 1-96 AD 1 03 -112 AD 1 03 -112 AD 8 5 -89 AD

a s , w o rn a so rd upond iu s d upond iu s , s l igh t ly w or n ? d upond iu s , v e ry s l igh t ly w o rn d upond iu s? , s ome w ea r ?

9 3 6 4 8

V e spa s ian D om i t ian T ra jan

7 5 AD 8 4 -85 AD 1 03 -117 AD

d ena r iu s , s l igh t ly w o rn? a s , w or n? d upond iu s , v e ry s l igh t ly wo rn

5 3 7 1 0 3 8

T ibe r iu s V e spa s ian N e rva

l a te I s tc en tu ry AD? 1 5 -16 AD 7 8 -79 AD 9 7 AD

B u i ld ing 3 R oom 3 R oom 4 R oom 6-i n ap i t R oom 7 R oom 8 R oom 1 ( s hop? )

R oom 1 4

AD AD AD AD

D enom ina t ion

d ena r ius s e s te r t iu s , much w o rn a s , s ome w ea r ? a s

d ena r iu s , wo rn d ena r iu s a s

a so rd upond ius d ena r iu s , much w or n d ena r iu s , wo rn d upond iu s , v e ry s l igh t ly w or n ?

B u i ld ing 4 R oom 1

8

R oom 2 R oom 4

5 2 4 4 1

N e ro

l a te i s tc en tu ry AD? L . ROSC I .FABAT I 6 4 BC T ra jan 1 0 1 -102 AD

a so rd upond ius d ena r iu s s e r ra tus , w o rn d ena r iu s , v e ry s l igh t ly w o rn

E nd o fP er iod 2

1 2 4 3 1 3 4 4 6

MN .AE M IL IO .LEP V e spa s ian D om i t ian D om i t ian T ra jan

d ena r iu s , much w o rn d upond iu s o ra s s e s te r t iu s , s l igh t ly w or n ? d upond iu s , w o rn d upond iu s , u nwo rn? o rv e ry

4 9

c .6 5 -68 AD

14 113 6 9 -79 8 1-96 8 1-96 1 03 -112

BC AD AD AD AD

l a te 1 s t / ea r ly 2 nd c en tu ry AD

Ma in s t ree t

1 6

V e spa s ian

B a se o fp loughso i l

4 3 5 1

T ra jan

3 0 4 0 4 7

V e spa s ian? D om i t ian T ra jan

7 2 -73AD

9 6 -102 AD l a te i s tc en tu ry AD

a s , s l igh t ly w o rn

s l igh t ly w o rn a s ?

a s , s l igh t ly w or nt ow or n

d upond ius a so rd upond iu s

Modern c on tex t s 1 966 e xcay . b a ck f i l l P o s tho le b a ck f i l l 1 909 e xcay . b a ckf i l l

6 9 -79? AD 9 7 AD 1 03 -117 AD

T ab le 3 : As ummary l i s to ft he d a tab le c o ins f r om P er iod 2a nd l a ter

a so rd upond ius a s , n o t m uch w or n d upond iu s , s l igh t ly w or n

2 8 C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e x cava t ion s .

P er iod 3 ( f ig s 1 5 &1 8 )

T he r e i ss ome u nce r ta in ty a bou t t h e f i na l p ha se s o f a c t iv i ty w i th in t h is a r ea o ft h ev i cu s ,m a in ly b ecau se o f p l ough ing a nd o t he r d i s tu rbance t o t h e u ppe rmo s t l a ye r se xcep tw he re t h ey h ad s unk d own i n to t h et o p s o f e a r l ie r f e a tu re s . I n ten s ive o ccupa t ion h e re h ad c l ea r ly c ea sed b yt h e 1 20 so r1 30 s ,b u t as ma l ln umbe r o f f i nd s i n d ica t e s ome a c t iv i ty b eyond t h e H ad r ian ic p e r iod . T he se c on s i s to fp o t te ry d a tab le t ob e tween t h e m idd le o ft h e s e cond a nd t h et h i rd c en tu ry , i n c lud ing l a te rB la ck B u rn ished w a re f o rm sa nd S eve rn V a l ley Wa r e t a nka rd s ( f ig . 6 1 ,n o s4 35 ,4 38 ,4 50 ,4 55 ) . T he a r ea w a sp robab ly w ho l ly c ove r ed b y ar e a sona b l ys ub s tan t ia lp ebb le s u r f a ce ( 1 5 14 ) ,p e rhap st h eA n t o n ine d ump n o ted i nt h e 1 966 e xcava t ion s( Dan ie ls e t a l . 1 970 , 3 7 -38 ) , a nd t h en b y ac l ay s p r ead ( 1 339 ) , t r ace so fw h ich w e r ef o und a bove t h es t one s u r f ace i n s ome o ft h e s unken h o l low s ,t h ed eepe ro fw h i ch h ad f i r s t b een l e ve l led w i th d epo s i t s o f f l a t o r a ngu la r s t one ,o rw i th b roken b r ick a nd t i l e . B o th l a ye r s h ad o n ly s u rv ived w he r e t h ey h ad e s caped l a t e r d i s tu r b ance , a nd a l though t h ey w e r e mo s tn o t icab ly o n t h e s ou th a nd s ou th -e a s t s i de s o f t h e s i t e , o ve r ly ing t h e a r ea o fB u i ld ing 4a nd t h ee a s te rn e x t en s ion o fB u i ld i n g 3 ,d i sconnec ted p a t che s a l so t h ough tt ob e long t o t h i s p e r iod w e re f o und i nt h e u pp e r f i l ls o fh o l low s

a bove t h ec en t re o fB u i ld ing 3 ,a nd o ve rR oom 1 a nd t h e w e s t v e r andah . T he s t one s u r f ace ss e em i np l a ce st or e spec tp a r t so f B u i ld ing 3 ,a sf o re xamp le t h el a t e s ts ou th w a l l l ine o f R ooms 7a nd 8 ,a nd p a r to ft h ee a s tw a l l l ine o fR oom 7 ,w h ich m igh te i the ri n d ica te t h a tp a r t s o ft h eb u i ld i n gw e re s t i l ls t and ing a tt h i sp e r iod ,o rt h a ta tl e a s tt h e s t ub s o fs ome o ft h e w a l l sr ema ined . As t r a t ig raph i c a l ly l a te g roup o fs e ven teen s t one -p a cked p o s th o le s ( 1 282 ) ,b e twe en 2 0c m .a nd 5 0c m .a c ro s s ,w e re f o und s c a t te r ed a c ro s s t h e m a in a r ea o fe xcava t ion . T he se , a l though r e a sonab ly d i s t in c t ive ,d on o ta ppea rt of o rm a ni d en t if iab le s t ruc tu re . S ome o ft h ep o s th o le sm igh t b ea s soc ia t ed w i th l a te r e pa i r so rr e bu i ld ing o fB u i ld i n g 3 ,b u t i ti se qua l ly p o s s ib le t h a t t h ey m igh t h ave b een a s soc ia ted w i th al a t er e -u se o ft h i sa r ea a s ay a rd . Two o f t h e p o s t h o le s , t h ough s e a led b y t h e p ebb le s u r f a ce ,h ad p a ck ing s t one sw h ich p ene t r a ted t h rough i ti n am anne rw h ich s ugge s t ed t h a tt h es t and ing p o s t s m igh th ave b een c on tempo ra ry w i th i t . P o s s ib ly a l so c on tempo ra ry i sar ow o fs e ven l a rge s o i l -pa cked p o s t p i t s ( 6 68 ) ,b e tween 5 0c m . a nd 6 0c m .a c ro s s . T he se c u t f r om ah i gh l e ve l t h rough t h eP e r iod 2w a lkway , a nd i n to t h e u nde r ly ing P e r iod 1d epo s i t s a t as l igh t a ng le t ot h em a in r o ad . T hey m ay r e p r e sen tt h ef a cade o f al a t es t ruc tu re o ccupy ing t h ef o rme rs i t eo fB u i ld i n g 3 ,o r( mo re p robab ly ) af e nce s e pa ra t ing t h i sa r ea f r om t h em a in r o ad .

F igure 1 5 : P er iod 3 ,p ebb le s pread sa nd p o s tho les ,s c a le 1 : 200

ROOM 7 EARLY

ROOM 7 LATE

n d s ur face

EASTERN CORR IDOR/ROOM

ROOM 8 EARLY

ROOM 8 LATE

3p ebb le s pread

ROOM 1 4 LATE

c i )

B osanque t t r ench

ROOM 1 4 EARLY

O ld g round s ur

ROOM 7EARLY

ROOM 7 L ATE

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e xcava t ions . 2 9

0 0 c

2 0 0 c

0

F igure 1 6 : E a s t /wes ts e c t ion t hrough B u i ld ing 3 ,s ca le 1 :40

3 0 C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 . T he e xcava t ions .

F igure 1 7 : T he e a s tern e nd o fB u i ld ing 3 ,v i ewed f r om t he n or th , t he f i gure a tt he t op l e f ti sw o rk ing w i th in R oom 1 4 ,w i th al a te f l oor ing o fR oom 7a l ong s ide h im . T he o u t l ines o fR ooms 6a nd 5a re v i s ib le i nt he c en tre a nd f o reground r e spec t ive ly .

F igure 1 8 : Av i ew o ft he s ame a rea a s i nf i gure 1 7 a bove , b u t s how ing t he P er iod 3p ebb le s preads , a nd t he l a te s tf l oor f ounda t ion i nR oom 7

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

3 1

Chap ter 3 : T he F inds

GLASS

THE GLASS VESSELS ( f ig s 1 9 -22 ) b yH .E .M . C oo la nd J enn if er P r i ce T he a s s emb lage o fR oman v e s se lg l a s sf r om S i t e 1 0a t C ae r sw s p rov ide s a n i n t e r e s t ing p rob lem b ecau se a l t h ough t h em a jo r i ty o fp i ec e sw e r ef o und i nP e r iod 2 c on tex t s ( A .D . 1 00 -130 ) as i gn if ican tp ropo r t ion o fi t w ou ld h ave b een i nu s ea tt h el a te s td u r ing t h ee a r l ie s t y ea r s o ft h e o ccupa t ion , s t a r t ing i nc .A .D . 7 0 . T he a s semb lage c on s i s t s o f 7 03 f r agmen t s o f g l a s s o f w h ich 3 7% ( 2 59 f r agmen t s ) c ame f r om b l ue -g re en p r i sma t ic a nd c y l ind r ica lb o t t le s . T he r ema in ing 6 3% c ame f r om am in imum o f4 4v e s se ls i nu s e ,w he re i ti s p o s s ib le t oa s s ign ac l o se d a t e ,b e tween t h em id f i r s t a nd m id s e cond c en tu r ie s . N ine t een o ft h e se v e s s e ls , h oweve r ,ee m o s tl i ke ly t oh ave b e en i nu s ed u r ing t h e N e ron ian o re a r ly F l av ian p e r iod . T he N e ron ian t oe a r ly F l av ian v e s se l s m ay b e d i v i ded i n to t wo g roup s , t h o se f r om c ommon t y pe s f o und o n m o s t R omano -Br i t ish s i t e s o ccup ied a tt h e t i me a nd t h o se w h ich a r e r a re r . T he c ommon f o rm s i n c lude a p o lych rome p i l la r m ou lded b ow l ( I s ing s F o rm 3 ;C oo l &P r ice f o r thcom ing ,n o s1 6b ) ,H o fhe im c up s( I s ing sF o rm 1 2 ;P r ice 1 985a ,3 05 ; C oo l &P r ice f o r thcom ing ,n o s2 79 -331) a nd at u bu la ru ngen tb o t t le w i th s h ea r ed r im ( I s ing s F o rm 8 ; P r ice 1 978 , f i g . 4 0 .49 ; C oo l & P r ice f o r thcom ing , n o s 1 2 10 -1242 ) . T he p o lych rome p i l la r m ou lded b ow l ( n o . 1 )i sd a rk b l ue w i th o paque y e l low a nd w h i te m a rb l ing w h ich i s o ne o ft h ec ommone rt h ree c o lou rc omb ina t ion s . T he g roup o f H o fhe im c up s c on ta in s a tl e a s t 1e me r a ld g r een ( n o s 2 6 -26 c ) , 4b l ue -g r een ( n o s 4 5 -51 ) a nd p o s s ib ly ap eaco ck b l ue e xamp le ( n o .2 8 ) ,a l though a s t h el a s to ne i so n ly r e p r e sen ted b y ah ea ta f f e c t ed b ody f r agmen tt h ei d en t if i ca t ion i sn o ts e cu re . B o th o ft h e se v e ss e l t y pe sw e re c ommon i nC laud ian a nd N e ron ian p e r iod s ,b u tt h ey a r eo n ly o c ca s iona l ly f o und o nn o r th e r n B r i t i sh s i t e s a s so c ia ted w i th t h eF l av ian a dvance . T he i ru s e ,t h e re fo re ,d oe sn o ta pp ea rt oh ave e x tended m uch b eyond t h ee a r l ie s ty ea r so ft h eF l av ian p e r iod . T ubu la r u nguen t b o t t le s w i th s h ea red r im s , r e p re -

s e n ted h e re b ya tl e a s t 1b l ue -g r een e xamp le ( n o s7 4 5 ) ,w e re i nu s ec on tempo raneou s ly a nd a l so w en to u t o fu s ed u r ing t h eF l av ian p e r iod . T he r a re r v e s se l s c on s i s t o f 3c a s t a nd a tl e a s t 6 m ou ld b l own v e s se l s . N o . 7i s ap o lych rome f l o ra l m o s a ic b ow l w i th aw ide r im w h ich m ay h ave h ad a b a se r i ng l i ke t h e s ma l l b ow l f r om D udwo r th F a rm , B akewe l l( P r ice 1 985b ,4 69 ,f i g .9 ) . I tc on s i s t so fs i x p e ta l led y e l low -b rown a nd o paque y e l low f l owe r ss e t i n ay e l low -b rown g round . F r agmen t s f r om c a s t p o lych rome b ow l s l i ke n o . 7a r e r a re o n R omano B r i t i sh s i t e s ( P r ice 1 985b ,4 69 ) a nd o ne sw i th f l owe r p a t te rn s h ave o n ly p r ev iou s ly b een r e co rded a tF i sh b ou rne ( Ha rden & P r ice 1 971 , 3 24 , n o . 2 ,f i g . 1 37 ) •t h ough t h e re i sa l so as im i la rb ow lw i th s l i ce s f r om a • c omp lex c ane d ep ic t ing as i x -pe ta l led f l owe ri ne me r a l dg r een ,y e l low ,t u rquo i se a nd p u rp le s e ti n ap u rp le g r ound f r om C rook S t r e e t , C he s t e r ( u npub l ished ) . T he c on t ex t so ft h e se b ow l sa r en o th e lp fu l i np rov id i n ge v idenc ef o rt h e i rp e r iod o fu s e . C a s tf l o ra lm o sa ic g l a s s p robab ly w en t o u t o f p rodu c t ion b e fo r e t h e m idd le o ft h e f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . ( Ha rden 1 947 , 2 93 ; H a rden & P r ice 1 97 1 ,3 24 ) . H oweve r ,a sv e s s e l sm ade i nt h i sf a sh ion w e r eu ndoub ted ly l u xu ry i t ems o ft a b le w a r e ,i n d iv idua le xamp le sc ou ld w e l l h ave b e en c a re f u l ly l o oked a f te r a nd r ema ined i nu se p e rhap s f o ra c on s ide rab le t i me a f t e rt h i s . T he b ow la tC he s te ri sa g ood e xamp le f o rt h eo ccupa t ion o ft h e s i t e d oe sn o t a pp ea r t oh ave s t a r ted u n t i l t h e e a r ly F l av ian p e r iod ( Ca r r ing ton 1 986 , 1 8 ) . A no the rp o lych rome c a s tg l a s so b je c ti sr e p r e sen ted b yn o .8 .T h i si sa ne me ra ld g r e en a nd o paque r e df l a t f r agmen t , g round a nd w hee l -po l i shed o n b o th s i de s w i th t h eu nb roken e dge b eve l led . I ti su n l ike ly t oh ave c ome f r om av e s se lb u tm ay h ave c ome f r om ar e c tan g u la rf l a to b jec tw i th s ma l lf e e ta tt h ec o rne r sv a r iou s ly i n te rp re ted a sl i d so rp a le t t e ss u ch a st h eo ne sf r om p r e B oud ican d epo s i t s a tC o lche s t e r ( Ha rden 1 947 , 2 98 , n o . 3 9 , p l . XXXV I I ; C oo l &P r ice f o r th com ing , n o s 1 85 -8 ) o rf r om as ma l l s t and w i th f e e tl i ke o ne f r om H e r cu laneum ( S ca tozza H ö r ich t 1 986 , 7 2 , n o . 2 58 , l a y . XX I I I ) . T he se t y pe so fo b jec t sa r ev e ry r a re a nd t h ei d en t if ica t ion o fn o . 8i sn o ts e cu r ea st h ef r agmen t i sv e ry s ma l l . A s i ti s ac a s tp o lych rome o b je c t i ti s m o s tl i ke ly t od a te t ot h eC laud io -Ne ron ian p e r iod .

3 2

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

T he o t he r c a s t v es se l s a r e r ep re sen ted b y t h re e o paque t u rquo ise f r agmen t s ( no s 9& 1 0 ) , N o . 9i sa r im f r agmen t f r om as ma l l c up . N o . 1 0 c ame f r om a v e sse lw i th af l a tb a se w i th c on cen t r ic c i r cu la rg roove s o n t h ei n ter io r ,p e rhap sf r om av e s se l l i ke t h e s ha l low b ow ls w i th l ow c urv ing s i de s f ound i n t h e P a sa je C obo sd epo s i ta tT a r ragona w h ich w a sp robab ly a c cu m u la t ing d u r ing t h es e cond q ua r te ro ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .D . ( P r ice 1 987a , 7 1 , f i g . 3 . 15 ) , a nd i nt h e p o t te ry s hop a tC o lche s te rd e s t royed b yt h eB oud ican r i s ing i n A .D .6 1 ( Ha rden 1 958 , 1 57 ,n o .4 ,f i g .7 9 ) . A l though t h e se f r agmen t s a r e s ma l l , i ti sh i gh ly u n l ike ly t h a t t h ey c ame f r om t h es ame v e s se la st h er im d i ame te ro f n o . 9i sl e s st h an t h a to ft h eg roove so n t h e i n te r io ro f t h eb ase o fn o . 1 0 . O paque c a s t v e sse ls a r e n o t c ommon f i nd s f r om R omano -Br i t ish s i te sp robab ly b ecause t h ey w e re g o ing o u to fu se a bou tt h et ime o ft h eC onque s t . A tV indon i s sa , f o r e xamp le , a l l o f t h e c l ose ly d a t ed c on tex t s w h ich p roduced o paque v e s se l sw i th p o t te ry l ike p ro f i l e s w e re o fT iber ian o re a r ly C laud ian d a te ( Be rge r 1 960 , 2 4 ) . I ns uch c i rcums tance s i ti sn o t s u rp r i s ing t h a tt h eC laud io -Ne ron ian s i te a tS heepen ,C o lche s t e r ( Ha rden 1 947 , 2 98 -9 , n o s 3 8 -47 ; C ha r le swo r th 1 985 , m f . 3 ,f .6 ,n o . 3 3 )h a sp rodu ced t h el a rge s tn umbe ro f o paque f r agmen t s i nR oman B r i ta in . C lo se ly d a ted c on tex t s i n B r i ta in p roduc ing c a s t o paque g l a s s a r e u sua l ly C laud ian o r e a r ly N e ron ian . T h i s i sw e l l i lus t ra ted b y s eve ra l o t he r f i nd s o fo paque t u rquo ise g l a s s ,o ne o ft h e mo re f r equen t ly e ncoun te red c o lou r s . T he p o t te ry s hop a tC o lche s te r d e s t royed i nA .D . 6 1 p roduced at u rquo ise b ow lo fI s ing sF o rm 1 8( Ha rden 1 958 , 1 57 ,n o .3 ,f i g .7 9 ) ,a nd t h e re a r eo t he rt u rquo i se f r agmen t s f r om p re -Boud ican c on tex t s a t S heepen ( Cha r le swo r th 1 985 ,m f .3 ,f .6 ,n o .3 3 )a nd L ong tho rpe ( Cha r le swo r th 1 974 , 8 8 , f i g . 4 8 .1) . Ac h ip f ound i n s t ree t s i l t s d a t ing t o A .D . 1 30 -50 a tV e ru lam ium i s c l ea r ly r e s idua l( Cha r le swo r th 1 984 , 1 47 ,n o . 1 3 ) ,b u t af r agmen tf ound i nt h eF l av ian r ampa r ta tC o rb r idge ( i b id . 1 49 ) i so f mo re s i gn if icance a si tm u s t i n d ica te t h a ts ome o paque t u rquo ise g l a s s v es se l s w e re s t i l l i n u se d u r ing t h ee a r ly F lav ian p er iod ,a s mu s tt h e f r ag m en tf r om t h ev i cu sa tC a s t le fo rd , We s tY o rk s( S i te 1 7 4 , u npub l i shed ) . D u r ing t h e N e ron ian a nd e a r ly F lav ian p e r iod a v a r ie ty o f mou ld b lown v e s se ls w e re i n u se i n t h e n o r th -we s tp rov ince s( P r ice f o r thcom ing a ) . T he o ne s f ound a tC ae r sws a r e r e p res en ted b y r e la t ive ly s ma l l f r agmen t s w h ich s ome t ime sm ake sp r ec ise i d en t if ica t i ons d i ff icu l t , b u t i ti sc l ea r t h a t e xamp le s b o th o f N e ron ian f o rms a nd o ne s i nu se d u r ing t h e F l av ian p e r iod w e re p re sen t . G iven t h er e la t ive ly h i gh p ropo r t i on o f mou ld b l own v e s se ls p resen t ,i ti si n te re s t ing t o n o te t h a tn o f r agmen t so fc i rcu s c up s w e r er e cove red a s t h e se t e nd t o b e t h e c ommone s t f o rm o f mou ld b l own v e s se l o n e a r ly m i l i ta ry s i te s . T he e a r l ie s t mou ld b l own v e s se l f o rm r e cogn ised a t C a e r sws i s ah em i sphe r ica l r i bbed c up ( Coo l &P r ice f o r thcom ing ,n o s 2 43 -5 ) l i ke t h eb l ue -g r een o ne f r om

ap i t d a ted t oA .D . 6 0 -75 a tV e ru lam ium ( Cha r le s w o r th 1 972 , 1 96 , n o . 1 ,f i g . 7 4 .2 ) . Two c up s a r e r e p re sen ted b yn o s 1 2 &1 3( d eep b rown )a nd 1 4( d eep b l ue ) . T he se v e s se l sw e re i nu se f r om t h eT ibe r ian o r e a r ly C laud ian p e r iod a si ss hown b y e xamp le s f r om V indon is sa ( Be rge r 1 960 , 5 5 )a nd F r6 ju s ( P r ice 1 988 , 3 0 , f i g s 2 4 -5 ) . T hey o ccu r i n B r i ta in b y t h e e a r ly N e ron ian p e r iod a tt h el a te s ta so ne o ccu r sa tB randon , H e r e fo rd , as i te o c cup ied d u r ing t h ep e r iod c .A .D . 5 t o6 0 ( P r ice 1 987b , 7 3 -4 , n o . 3 ) . T he i ru se c on t inued i n to t h eF l av ian p er iod a st h ey a r eo cca s iona l ly f ound o n n o r the rn s i te s s uch a s C he s t e rho lm a nd C a r l i s le ( P r ice 1 985a ,2 06 ,n o . 1 ) , Yo rk ,C a s t lefo rd a nd B inch e s te r( a l l u npub l ished ) . T hey a r eq u i te c ommon f i nd s o ne a r ly R omano -Br i t i sh s i te sb u tn eve ro ccu ri nl a rge n umbe r s . T he s l igh t ly l a te r mou ld b lown v e sse ls i n c lude a d eep b lue n eg ro -head b eake r ( no . 1 ) f ound i n 1 6 f r agmen t s i ns eve ra l d i f f e ren t c on tex t s ma in ly o fP e r i od 2 ,b u t i n c lud ing P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion d epo s i t s . T he f r agmen ta ry n a tu re o ft h i s b eake r make s i td i f f i c u l t t o i d en t ify t h e mou ld i tc ame f r om . T h i s i s u nfo r tuna te a s t h e o n ly o t he r n eg ro h ead b eake r s c e r ta in ly f ound i nB r i ta in ,f r om C ae r leon ( Boon 1 967 , 9 5 -7 , f i g . 2 )a nd f r om L ondon ( P r ice 1 974 ,2 91 -2 ,f i g . 5 ) , w e re b o th b lown i n to t h e s ame mou ld . T he C ae r l e on b eake rw a s f ound w i th F lav ian r ubb i sh s e a led b y t h e m e ta l l ing o ft h el e g iona ry p a rade g round d a ted t o c .A .D . 1 40 , a nd n eg ro h ead b eake r s w e re c l ea r ly i n u se b y t h ee a r ly F lav ian p er iod a so ne h a sb een f ound a tH e rcu laneum d e s t royed i nA .D .7 9( Sca tazza H ö r ich t 1 986 , 5 2 , n o . 1 03 , t a y . X I I ) . A t p re sen t t h e r e i sn o e v idence t os how t h ey w e re i nu se d u r ing t h eN e ron ian p e r iod a nd t h ey s e em t o b e aF lav ian d eve lopmen t ( P r ice f o r thcom ing a ) . D eep b lue g l a ss w a sg o ing o u t o f c ommon u se d u r ing t h e l a te f i r s t c en tu ry , s o i ti s p robab le t h a t n o . 1 w a s m ade i nt h e e a r l ie r F l av ian p e r iod . T he d a rk b l ue n eg ro -head b eake r i nS ou th S h ie ld s Mu seum w h ich h a sb een p ub l ished a sc om ing f r om e i the rS ou th S h ie ld so rP ompe i ii sw i thou tk nown p rovenance ( P r ice 1 974 , 2 92 , f oo tno te 3 ) . O ne a lmond k nob t r unca te dc on ica lb eake ri sr e p re s en ted b y al i gh ty e l low -b rown b ody f r agmen t( no . 1 4 ) a nd n o s 1 5a nd 1 6m ay a l so h ave c ome f r om as im i la r d eep b l ue b eake r . N o . 1 4b e longs t oB e rge r 's v a r ian t c( Be rge r 1 960 , 5 2 ) w he re t h eb o sse s a r e f r amed b ya r i b a nd e nc lo sed w i th in a d i amond l a t t ice . T h i s a ppea r s t ob e t h e c ommone s t v a r ian t f ound o n R o m ano -Br i t ish s i te s . T hey h ave b een f ound a tI l che s te r ( P r ice 1 982 ,2 27 ,n o .2 ,f i g . 12 ) ,G louce s te r( Be rk ley S t ) , Wroxe te r , B a th a nd C he s te r ( Gos s S ta nd A bbey G r een ) ( a l l u npub l ished ) , a nd o ne w he re t h e b o s se s w e r e o n ly p a r t ia l ly f r amed w a s f ound i n ap i t a t V e ru lam ium d a ted t o A .D . 6 0 t o 7 5 ( Cha r le swo r th 1 972 , 1 96 ,n o .2 ,f i g .7 4 .3 ) . A lmond k nob b eake r s ,l i ke t h e n eg ro h ead b eake r s , a ppea r t oh ave b een i nu se d u r ing t h eF lav ian p e r iod , t h ough t h ey a r eo f ten m ade i ns t rong c o lou red g la ss w h ich a ga in s ugge s t st h a tt h ey w e re b e ing m ade d ur ing t h ee a r l ie rp a r to fi t . L ike t h e

C a er sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

r i bbed c up s ,f r agmen t sf r om a lmond k nob b eake r sa r e n o tu n common f i nd s i nR oman B r i ta in a l though t h ey n eve ro ccu ri nl a rge n umbe r s . T he v e sse l f o rm o fn o . 1 8 h a s n o t b e en i d en t if ied . T he l owe rb ody f r agmen ti sc onvex -cu rved a nd d e co r a ted w i th p a r to f ah o r izon ta l l a u re l w rea th . S im i la r c onvex -cu r ved l owe rb ody f r agmen t s ,a l so d e co ra ted w i th h o r izon ta lw rea th so fo l ive l e ave sa nd f r u i th ave b een f o und a tC u lve rS t ,C o lche s t e ri n ac on t ex td a t ed t oA .D . 7 5 -100 ( Coo l &P r ice f o r thcom ing ,n o . 2 42 ) a nd Wroxe te r( u npub l i shed ) . T h i sm o t if i sa l so k nown o n o t he r f o rms o f m ou ld b l own v e s se l s , s u ch a st h e t r unca ted c on ica l b eake r . T he re i s ac omp le t e e x a mp le i n t h e R öm i sch -Ge rman i sche s Mu seum , C o l o gne ( Ha rden e ta / . 1 987 ,1 57 ,n o .7 9 ) ,a nd f r agmen t s a r ek nown f r om s u ch s i t e sa sN i jmegen ( I s ing s 1 976 ) a nd B rook S t , W inche s te r ( P r ice f o r thcom ing b ,n o . 1 2 ) , b u t c omp le te v e ss e l s w i th o pen c u r ved b od ie s , p e rhap sh em i sphe r ica lb ow l s ,h ave n o ty e tb e en n o t ed w i th t h i s m o t if . N o s2 0a nd 2 1 a r e t wo b l own v e s se l sw h i ch w ou ld a lmo s tc e r ta in ly h ave b een i nu s ed u r ing t h eN e ron ian o r e a r ly F l av ian p e r iod . T he f o rm s c anno t n ow b e i d en t if ied ,b u tt h e i rg l a s sw ou ld b em o s tu nu sua la f t e r t h i s p e r iod . N o . 2 0 i s ad eep b l ue f r agmen t w i th o paque y e l low a nd o paque w h i t es po t sm a rve r ed s moo th a nd n o .2 1 i sa no paque t u rquo ise w hee l cu tf r agmen t . F ragmen t s f r om s t rong c o lou red v e s s e l s d e co r a ted w i th o paque w h i t em a r ve r ed s po t sa r en o tu ncommon o nN e ron ian s i te s( Coo l &P r ice f o r thcom ing ,n o s2 63 7 2 ) b u t s po t s i nt wo c o lou r s a r e mu ch r a re r . N o . 2 0 a ppea r s t ob e t h e o n ly f r agmen tw i th b o th w h i te a nd y e l low s po t st oh ave b een n o ted f r om R oman B r i ta in , a pa r tf r om t wo l owe rb ody f r agmen t sp e rhap s f r om a h em i sphe r i ca l c up o r g l obu la r b a th f l a sk f o und i na F l av ian t o e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry p i t a t C a rma r then ( 1 968 e xcava t ion s , u npub l i shed ) . F ragmen t sf r om a tl e a s tt wo b l ue -g reen p i l la rm ou lded b ow l s( no s2 -6 )w e re a l so f o und . T he se m ay h ave b e en i nu s e c on t empo raneou s ly w i th t h e v e s s e l f o rm s d i s c u s sed s o f a r b u t c ou ld a l so b e l a te r , a s b l ue -g r een p i l la rm ou lded b ow l sc on t inued i nu s eu n t i lt h ee nd o f t h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .D .( Coo l &P r ice f o r thcom ing ,n o s 2 5 -283 ) . A no the rf i r s tc en tu ry v e s se li sr e p r e s en ted b y t h eh and le f r agmen tn o . 2 3 . T he d a te i si n d ica ted b y t h ed eep b l ue c o lou ra st h i sw a sg o ing o u to fu s ed u r ing t h e F l av ian p e r iod . Many o f t h e v e s se l t y pe s w h ich b ecame c ommon d u r ing t h eF l av ian p e r iod , r ema ined i nu s e w e l l i n to t h es e cond c en tu ry . I nt h i sa s semb lage t h eo n ly v e s se l w h ich c an b ea s s igned p r ima r i ly t ot h eF l av ian p e r iod a p a r t f r om t h e mou ld b l own v e s se l s n o s 1 , 1 4 a nd p o s s ib ly 1 5 -16 , i s af a ce t -cu t b eake r ( n o . 3 8 ; I s ing s F o rm 2 1 ,C oo l &P r ice f o r thcom ing n o s3 95 -400 ) . A s i ti so n ly r e p re sen ted b y as ma l lb ody f r agmen t ,i ti sn o t p o s s ib le t oi d en t ify t h ep r e c i se f o rm . F a ce t -cu tb eak e r sw e r ei nu se f r om a tl e a s tt h el a t eN e ron ian o rv e ry e a r ly F l av ian p e r iod i n to t h ee a r ly s e cond c en tu ry a nd a r e c ompa r a t ive ly c ommon o n R omano -Br i t i sh s i t e s .

T he f ind s .

3 3

A tl e a s to ne o t he re xamp le h a sb een f o und a tC ae r sw s , ar im f r agmen tf r om a nO l ive rG roup Ib eake r( O l ive r 1 984 , 3 6 ) w a s r e cove r ed d u r ing e xcava t ion s i n1 855 ( Dav ie s 1 857 , 1 64 , p l a te f a c ing 1 5 1) . T ubu la r r immed b ow l s ( I s ing s F o rm 4 4 , C oo l & P r ice f o r thcom ing ,n o s6 30 -90 )a nd g l obu la ra nd c on ica l j u g s( I s ing sF o rms 5 2a nd 5 ,C oo l &P r ice f o r thcom i n g ,n o s8 7 1 -954 )b e came v e ry c ommon o nR omano B r i t i sh s i t e sd u r ing t h eF l av ian p e r iod . G lobu la rj ug s w en t o u t o f u s e d u r ing t h e f i r s t h a l f o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry b u tt h eo t he rt wo f o rm s r ema ined u n t i l a bou t o rs oon a f t e rA .D . 1 50 . I nt h i sa s semb lage o ne y e l low g r een t u bu la rr immed b ow lm ay b ei d en t i f ied f r om t h e r im f r agmen tn o . 3 2 . T he y e l low b rown r i bbed b ody f r agmen t n o . 3 1 a nd t h e y e l low -g re en a pp l ied t r ue b a se r i ng n o . 3 m ay a l so h ave c ome f r om t h i st y pe o f b ow l . A t ac on se rva t ive e s t ima t ea tl e a s ts e ven c on ica l o rg l obu la r j u g s a r e r e p re sen t ed . T hey i n c lude o ne d a rk y elow -b rown r i bbed c on ica lj ug w i th ac oncave b a se ( n o s2 9 -30 )a nd t wo b l ue -g reen c on ica lj ug s( n o . 5 7 ,r i bbed ; n o . 6 0 ,p l a in ) . T he o t he r sa r er e p r e sen ted b y h and le a nd n eck f r agmen t s w h i ch g i ve n o i n d ica t i on o ft h es h ap eo ft h eb ody . T hey r e p re sen ta tl e a s t o ne d eep b l ue j ug ( n o .2 2 ) ,o ne e me ra ld g r een j ug ( n o . 2 7 ) a nd a tl e a s t t wo o t he r b l ue -g reen e xamp le s ( n o s 5 8 -9 ,6 1 -7 ) . N og l obu la rj u g sm ay b ei d en t if ied w i th c e r ta in ty , b u t t h e f r agmen t f r om a m u l t ip le r i bbed h and le m igh t h ave c ome f r om o ne , a s t h i s t y pe o f h and le w a s m o s t c ommon ly u sed o n g l obu la r j ug s . T he p re sence o ft h i sf o rm o fg l obu la rj u go ro fc o l la r ed j a r s( I s ing sF o rm 6 7 b& c ;C oo l &P r ice f o r thcom ing n o s7 32 -64 )w h ich w e re i nu s ec on t empo raneou s ly ,i s i n d ica ted b y t h el owe rb ody a nd o pen p u shed in b a se r i ng f r agmen t sn o s2 4( d eep b l ue ) ,3 4( y e l low -b rown ) a nd 6 9 ( b lue -g r een ) . T he g r een i sh c o lou r le s s r im f r agmen tm igh ta l so h ave c ome f r om aj a ro ft h i st y pe , t h ough a ss ol i t t le i sp r e se rved i tm igh te qua l ly b e long t o at u bu la rr immed b ow l . A s f a r a sc an b e j udged f r om t h e r e la t ive ly s ma l l f r agmen t s , m o s t o f t h e j ug s a nd ( ? ) j a r s c ame f r om v a r ian t st h a ta r ec ommon a nd w ide sp read o nR omano B r i t i sh s i te s , b u t t wo c a l l f o r s pe c ia l c ommen t . T he c en t ra l ly r i bbed r i bbon h and le f r agmen t i ne me ra ld g r een g l a s s( n o .2 7 ) i sm o s tu nu sua l a st h e se j ug sa r e v e ry r a re ly m ad ei nt h a tc o lou r . Whe the rt h ee n t i re j u g w ou ld h ave b een e me ra ld g r een i si mpo s s ib le t ot e la s , v e ry o cca s ionaly , i nt h i s t y pe o fj ug t h e h and le a nd b ody a r e d i f f e r en t c o lou r s , a sm ay b e s e en o n aj ug f r om ap i t a tP a rk S t , T owc e s t e r w he r e t h e b ody i s y e l low -g re en a nd t h eh and le y e l low -b rown ( P r i ce 1 980 , 6 6 ,n o . 1 7 ,f i g . 1 5 )a nd o nt h ej ug f r om R adnage w he r e t h es ec o lou r sa r er e ve r sed ( Ha rden e ta l . 1 987 ,1 40 ,n o . 6 8 ) . A no the rr a r ev a r ian tm ay b er e p re sen t ed b yn o s3 4t o 3 6e . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a ta l lo ft h e se c ame f r om ay e l low b rown g l obu la rr i bbed j ug o rj a r . Two o ft h ef r agmen t s r e ta in r i b sw h ich h ave b een p i n ched t o ge the ra ti n te r v a l s a nd t h e v e s se l m ay h ave b een d eco ra t ed b y r i b s p i nched i n to d i amond s l i ke t h e d eep b l ue c on ica lj ug

3 4

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

f r om aF lav ian c r ema t ion b u r ia l a tG range R d , W in c he s te r ( Ha rden 1 967 , 2 38 -40 , n o . 1 7 , f i g . 7 ) , o r t h e

w i th g eome tr ic d e s ign s o ri n i t ia l s o ri n sc r ip t ion s , b u t t h e re a r e d i s t inc t r eg iona l d i f f e rence s i nt h e p a t te rn s

g r een c o l la red j a r f r om B o la rd s , Nu i t s S t G eo rge ( J oubeaux 1 982 , 5 8 , n o . C 59 , p l . 1 5 ) . T hough s e ve ra l o f t h ese v ess e l t ype s w e re i nu se w e l l i n to t h e s e cond c en tu ry , t h e s t rong c o lou r s o f s ome o ft h eC a e r sw sf r agmen t s( no s2 2 ,2 4 ,2 7 ,2 9 &

f o und . F o re xamp le ,i ti si n s t ruc t ive t oc ompa re b o t t le b a se s f r om n o r ther n B r i ta in ( Cha r le swor th 1 959 , f i g , 9 ) w i th t h os e f r om P o r tuga l ( A la rpo 1 975 ) . B a sa l d e s igns w h ich i n c lude v ege ta l mo t if s ,v e s se ls ,a n ima l s a nd f i sh a nd h uman a nd d iv ine f i gu re s a r e f ound i n s e ve ra l r eg ions , a si nS pa in ( P r ice 1 98 1 , 3 38 , 3 45 -50 , 3 64 -8 , f i g s 2 6 -7 , 3 1 , 3 9 , 4 9 -50 , 6 8 , 12 -3 ) , P o r tuga l ( A la r v ,ao 1 975 ) ,a nd e l sewhe re ,b u tw ea r en o ta wa r eo f a ny o t he rb o t t le ss how ing ag l ad ia to r . I ti sh oped t h a t

3 0 ) s ugge s tt h a t t h ey a r eo fF lav ian d a t e . S ome m ay h ave b een i nu se w i th t h e N e ron ian t oe a r ly F l av ian v e ss e ls d i scus sed a bove ,b ecaus et h ef o rms w e re i nu se d ur ing t h e l a te rN e ron ian p e r iod t h ough t h ey d i d n o t b ecome c ommon u n t i l t h e F lav ian p e r iod . T he f i na l g roup o f v e sse ls w h ich m ay b e c l o se ly d a t ed a r en o s3 9t o4 2w h ich c ome f r om t h ree c o lou r l e s s w hee l -cu t b eake r s ( P r ice 1 987c , 1 88 -9 1 , 2 02 -3 , n o s8 14 ,f i g s2 ; C oo l &P r ice f o r thcom ing ,n o s4 26 5 0 ) . T he se b eake r sw e re mo s tn ume rou s a nd h ad t h e g r ea t es t v a r ie ty o fs hape s i nt h e m id s econd c en tu ry , b u t t h in -wa l led c y l ind r ica l o ne s w i th b a se r i ng s s uch a s t h e o ne f r om Wroxe te r ( Bu she -Fox 1 916 , 3 4 , p l . XX I I I , f i g . 1 )w e re i n u se f r om t h e e nd o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry . O n ly i nt h ec ase o fn o s3 9 -40 , at h in -wa l led c y l ind r ica l b eake r w i th p u shed i n b ase r i ng , i st h e c omp le te f o rm k nown . No . 4 1 m ay b e f r om e i the r a c y l ind r ica lo ra no vo id b eake rb u t ,l i ke n o s3 9 -40 ,i ti s t h in -wa l led w i th at ubu la r b ase r i ng . A s t h ese w e re f r om P e r iod 2c on tex t sa nd p robab ly d epo s i ted b e fo re c .A .D . 1 30 ,t h ey p rov ide u se f u l a dd i t iona lc onf i rma t i on t h a ts uch t h in -wa l led c y l ind r ica l b eake r s w e r e i n u se a ta n e a r ly s t age o ft h e p roduc t ion . I na dd i t ion t ot h ev e sse ls a l r eady d i scu ssed ,t h e re a r e a tl e a s tf ou rf unne l -mou thed j a r sw i th r o l led r im s( no s 5 2 -6 )a nd t wo s ma l l f l a sk s( no s7 0 -7 1 i ) , i nb l ue -g re en g l a s s . I ti sn o t p o s s ib le t op rov ide c l o se d a t ing f o r u t i l i ta r ian c on ta ine r s s uch a s t h ese f r om t h e i r f o rms a l one . W i th t h e e xcep t ion o fn o . 5 5 ( Pe r iod 3 ) , t h ey w e r ea l l f ound i nl a te rP e r iod 2c on tex t sb u tp robab ly p r e -da te c .A .D . 1 30 . T he f r agmen t so fb a se a nd b ody ( no .8 9 )c ome f r om as qua re b o t t le o fu nu sua l ly h i gh q ua l i ty w i th aq u i te e xcep t iona l b a sa l d e s ign . T he s u rv iv ing f r agmen t s ( a pp rox ima te ly 7 5% ) o f t h e b a se s how t h e h ead a nd m uch o ft h eb ody o f ah e lme ted g l ad ia to rf a c ing t oh i s r i gh t . T he l e f ta rm i ss l igh t ly f l exed b yt h es i de o fh i s b ody , t h e f i s t h o ld ing a s ho r t s wo rd p o in t ing d i ago n a l ly u pwa rd s . T he r i gh ta rm h o ld ing al o ng s h ie ld i s e x tended a way f r om t h e b ody . T o t h e l e f t o f t h e g l ad ia to r , a th ead h e igh t , t h e re i s ac r ab l ike f e a tu r e , p robab ly a w r ea th , a nd b e low t h e re i s ad i agona l b ranch , p e rhap s ap a lm f r ond . I nB r i ta in s qua re b o t t le s a r e u sua l ly d e co ra t ed w i th g eome tr ic p a t te rns , o r o cca s iona l ly w i th i n i t ia l s o r i n scr ip t ions . O the rb a sa ld e s ign sa r ev e ry r a re ,t hough t wo e xamp le s w i th a s t y l i sed t wo -hand led c up s u r r ounded b y c oncen t r ic c i r c le s h ave b een f ound a t C a t ter ick a nd S ke le ton G reen ( Cha r le swo r th 1 981 , 2 70 , f i g . 1 04 ) . T he b a sa ld e s igns o ns qua re b o t t le sf ou nd e l sewhe re i nt h e w es te rn p rov ince s a r ea l so g ene ra l ly d eco ra ted

t h is p i ece w i l lb ed i scussed i ng r ea te rd e ta i le l sewhe re . When t h ec on tex t sp roduc ing a l lo ft h eg l as si n c lud i n g b o t t le s a r e s t ud ied , t h e p ropo r t ion s f r om o ne s o f d i f f e ren tp e r iod s a r e a sf o l lows : P e r iod 1 P er iod 2 P e r iod 2 / 3 P e r iod 3 U npha sed T he m a jo r i ty o ft h eg l a s sw a st h u sf ound i nP e r iod 2 c on tex t s ,b u ta sw i l l n ow b ec l ea r ,m any o ft h ei d en t i f i ed v e sse ls b e long t ot h ef i r s tc en tu ry a nd t h e i rp e r iod o f u se d oe s n o t n o rma l ly e x t end i n to t h e s e cond c en tu ry . T he o bv iou s i n f e rence t ob e d rawn i st h a t m uch o f t h e g l a s s f ound i n P e r iod 2 c on tex t s w a s a c tua l ly r e la ted t ot h eP e r iod 1o ccupa t ion . T h i ss e ems r e a sonab le a s ac er ta in a moun t o f r e t lepo s i t ion w a s o bv iou s ly t a k ing p l ace , s e e f o r e xamp le f r agmen t s f r om t h e s ame v e s se ls f ound i n b o th P er iod 1a nd P e r iod 2c on tex t s ( no s 1 -13 a nd 6 1) . T he p rob lem s t i l lr ema in s ,h oweve r ,t h a tt h ea s sem b l age c on ta in s ar e la t ive ly l a rge n umbe r o f v es se l f o rms a nd t y pe s o f g l a s s w h ich a r e n o rma l ly f ound o n ly o cca s iona l ly i nF lav ian o rl a te ra s semb lage s . T he l e ng th o ft i me av e sse lm ay r ema in i nu se a f te rt h ef o rm h a sg one o u to fp roduc t ion i sd i ff i cu l tt oa s se s s . I nt h e c as e o fh i gh q ua l i ty t a b lewa re s a sh e re , l ong s u r v iva l m ay n o tb eu nu sua la nd ,a sp rev iou s ly n o ted ,m id f i r s t c en tu ry v e ss e l s i n t h i s c a t ego ry d o o ccu r o n s ome n o r ther n B r i t ish s i te s i n d ica t ing t h a t af ew e xamp le s w e r e s t i l l i nu se i nt h e F lav ian p e r iod . A t C ae r sws , h oweve r ,t h er a nge o ft h e se m id f i r s tc en tu ry v e s se l si s m uch g r ea te r t h an i sn o rma l i nF lav ian a s semb lage s . T h is h a sb een i lu s t ra ted b yc ompa r ing t h ea s semb lage f r om S i te 1 0 C ae r sw s w i th t h o se f r om t wo s i te s a t C he s te r , w he re o c cupa t ion s t a r ted a t a pp rox ima te ly t h e s ame t i me a s o n S i te 1 0 . F igu re 1 9 s how s t h e r e la t ive p ropo r t ion so fd i f f e ren tt y pe so fg l a s sc ha ra c t e r is t ic o ft h ep er iod u pt ot h eF l av ian p e r iod ( e xc lud i n g f r ee b l own b l ue -g reen v e ss e ls ) c a lcu la ted a cco rd i n gt ot h em in imum n umbe ro fv ess e l sp resen t . I tw i l l b es e en t h a ta l though b o th o ft h eC he s te rs i te sp roduce i n d iv idua l e xamp le s o f t h e m id f i r s t c en tu ry t ype s ( c o lumns 2 -6 ) a s i st ob e e xpe c ted , n e i the r o f t h em s how st h ew ide r a nge o fs u ch v e ss e l sa sC ae r sw sd oe s . T he p rof i le o f t h e C ae r sws a s semb lage i st h u s o ne

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

C o lumn C o lumn C o lumn C o lumn C o lumn C o lumn C o lumn

w h ich i sc ha ra c te r is t ic o f as i t e w he r e o c cupa t ion s t a r t ed e a r l ie ri nt h eN e ron ian p e r iod t h an i ss ugge s t ed f o r t h is s i t e . T h is i sp e rhap s d ue t o ah i ghe r t h an n o rma lp ropo r t ion o f' o ld 'v e s se ls b e ing b r ough tt ot h e s i te w hen o c cup a t ion s t a r t ed ; b u tt h ep o s s ib i l i ty a l so e x i s t st h a tt h ea s semb lage o fg l a s sf r om S i t e 1 0m igh t b ec on tam ina ted b yr ubb i sh d i spo sa lo f as l igh t ly e a r l i e rp e r iod f r om e l sewhe re a tC ae r sw s .

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

C o lumn 1 0 C o lumn C o lumn C o lumn C o lumn

B lue /G reen P i l la r Mou lded B ow l s P o ly ch rome a nd s t rong c o lou red P i l la r Mou lded B ow l s

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C a s tp o lych rome v e s se l s C a s t s t rong c o lou red v e ss e l s N e ron ian m ou ld b l own v e s se ls B lown p o lych rome v e ss e l s B lown o paque v e s se l s F l av ian m ou ld b l own v e s se l s O the rN e ron ian /F lav ian m ou ld b l own v e s se l s Eme ra ld g r een a nd p eaco ck b l ue b l own v e s se l s D eep b l ue b l own v e s se l s Y e l low /b rown b l own v e s se l s Y e l low /g r een b l own v e s se ls L igh t /g r een b l own v e ss e l s

K ey f o r' t ype so fv e s se l 'c o lumn s i nf i g . 1 9 C o lumn 1 C o lumn 2

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CHESTER , OLD MARKET HALL . n = 16

F igure 1 9 : c ompar i son o fq uan t i t ie so ff i r s tc en tury g l a s sf r om C aer sw sa nd C he s ter

3 6

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

A bbrev ia t ion s p . h . , p r e sen t h e igh t ; r . d . , r im d i ame ter , n . d . n e ck d i ame t e r ; b . d . , b a se d i ame ter , w . t . , w a l l t h ickne s s ; r . t . ,r im t h ickne s s ; n . t . ,n e ck t h ickne s s ; d im . ,d imen s i on s . A l l m e a su remen t s a r ei nm i l l ime t re s .

P i l lar Mou lded B ow l s T he se f r agmen t sa r ef i re p o l i shed e x te rna l ly a nd w hee l p o l i shed i n te rna l ly . When t h er im i sp r e sen ti ti sw hee l p o l ishe d i n te rna l ly a nd e x te rna l ly . 1 .

( No t i l u s t r a ted ) R im f r agmen t . P o lych rome d eep b l ue g r ound w i th o paque w h i te a nd y e l low r o d s . F ragmen tb roken a tt o po fr i bbed a r e a . P . h . 1 8 ,r . t . 3 . 5 . F i nd n o . 2 90 , C on t ex t 163 ,P e r iod 1d e s t ru c t ion l e ve l s . 2 . ( No t i l u st r a ted ) R im f r agmen t . B lue -g reen . F r agmen tb r oken a tt o po fr i bbed a r ea . P . h . 1 5 , r . t . 5 .F i nd n o .9 48 ,C on tex t3 83 ,P e r iod 2s o i ls . 3 . ( No ti l u s t ra ted ) 5j o in ing r i ma nd 5b ody f r agmen t s . B lue -g r een . L a rge s tb ody f r agmen tr e ta in sp a r t s o f 3r i b s . A b raded b and o n i n te r io r o f l owe r b ody . H ea ta f f e c ted a nd d i s to r ted . R . t .3 . 5 . F ind n o .9 49 ,C on tex t s 189 & 156 ,P e r iod 2s o i lo n o ri n aw a l l l ine a nd P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . 4 . 2l owe rb ody f r agmen t s . B lue -g reen . P a r t so f3 r i b s . W ide a b raded b and o ni n te r io r . D im .4 9x 2 1 &4 4 x3 8 . F ind n o . 9 50 ,C on tex t9 63 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing p r e ceed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . 5 . ( No t i l u s t r a ted ) L owe r b ody f r agmen t . B lue g r een . P a r to f 1r i b . Whe e l -cu tl i ne o n i n te r io r . D im . 1 8 x1 3 . F i nd n o .9 51 ,C on tex t7 80 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,s o i ls o no ri n aw a l l l ine . 6 . ( No ti l u s t r a t ed )L owe rb ody a nd b a s ef r agmen t . P a r t so f 4r i b sd y ing o u tb e fo re t h eb a se c en t r e . P . h .c .1 0 . F i nd n o .9 52 ,C on t ex t1 446 ,P e r iod 1 , B u i ld ing 2 . A lso 7b ody f r agmen t s f r om b l ue -g re en b ow l s , e a ch w i th 1r i bu n le s so t he rw ise s t a ted : b . F i nd n o .9 53 ,C on tex t 1 063 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,e a s te rn v e randah o rc o r r ido r , e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . c . F i nd n o .9 54 ,C on t ex t3 75 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 1 . d . F i nd n o . 9 55 ,C on t ex t 1 240 ( 2f r ag s ) , P e r iod 1 , B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 3 . e . F i nd n o .9 56 ,C on tex t1 289 ,P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve ls . f . F i nd n o .9 57 ,C on tex t1 333 ,s o i li nt o po fr o ad s ide g u l ly i nd n o .9 58 ,C on tex t1 336 ( 2f r ag s ) ,u n s t ra t i f ied g . F i nP e r iod 1 . A lso 8 h ea t a f f e c ted a nd d i s to r ted f r agmen t s f r om b l ue -g re en b ow l s , e a ch w i th 1r i b u n le s s o t he rw ise s t a t ed : h . F i nd n o .9 59 ,C on t ex t1 230 ( 2f r ag s , 1w i th p a r t s o f 2r i b s ) , c l ay l e ve l l ing p rece ed ing P e r iod 2 b u i ld ing w o rk . i . F i nd n o .9 60 ,C on tex t 87 ,b ackf i l lo fP e r iod 2 ,

J . k .

B u i ld ing 3f o unda t ion t r ench . F i nd n o . 9 6 1 , C on tex t9 28 ( 4f r ag s ) ,b a ck f i l l o f P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3f o und a t ion t r en ch . F i nd n o .9 62 ,C on t ex t 1 299 ( v e ry h eav i ly b u rn t ) , P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 .

C a s t 7 . T h ree j o in ing r im a nd b ody f r agmen t s o fb ow l . P o ly ch rome -t r an s lucen t , s l igh t ly g r een t inged , y e l low -b rown g round , 6 -p e ta l led f l owe r s w i th c en t ra ld o to fg round c o lou ro u t l ined w i th o paque y e l low . W ide r im ,e dge c h ipped ;c onvex -cu rved b ody . S u r f ace s g round a nd p o l i shed , e x t e r io r s how s l igh t t o o l ing m a rk s a nd i so n ly l i gh t ly w he e l -po l i shed . P . h .c .3 0 ,w . t .3 .F ind n o . 1 30 , C on tex t 6 35 , B u i ld ing 3 ,e a s t er nc o r r ido r , l a te r i nP e r iod 2 . 8 . F r agmen t o f p a le t t e? P o lych rome , o paque r e d l a ye ro n u nde r s ide ; u ppe rs i de h a st h icke rl a ye r o f t r an s lucen t e me ra ld g r een a ppea r ing b l a ck w i th o paque r e dm a rb l ing . F l a tf r agmen tw i th 1 b eve l led e dge . S u r f a ce s g round a nd p o l i shed . D im .2 5 x1 4 ,w . t .4 .F ind n o .2 91 ,C on tex t 164 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r ec eed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . 9 . R im f r agmen to fc up ? O paque t u rquo ise ; s t ra in c r a cked . S l igh t ly i n ben t r im ; c onvex -cu rved s i de . S u r f ac e sg round a nd p o l i shed . P . h . 1 5 ,r . d . c .4 5 . w . t . 2 . 5 . F ind n o . 3 03 , C on t ex t 1 060 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 2 ,l a te ri nP e r iod 2 . 1 0 . 2j o in ing b a se f r agmen t s o f b ow l? O paque t u rquo i se .S ide c u rv ing i n to f l a tb a s e . 3c oncen t r ic w hee l -cu tc i r cu la rg roove so ni n te r io r . S u r f a ce s g round a nd p o l ished . D im .2 6 x1 5 ,w . t .2 .F ind n o .3 07 ,C on tex t9 76 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,e a s t er nv e randah o rc o r r ido r ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 .

Mou ld b l own 1 . ( No t i l u s t ra t ed ) 1 6 f r agmen t s ( 2j o in ing ) f r om N eg ro h ead b eake r . D e ep b l ue . S ome b ubb le s . F ragmen t si n c lude a ne ye ( 7 16 ,b ack f i l lo fB u i ld ing 3w a l lt r ench ) ,p a r to ft h el i p sa nd t e e th ( 7 16 ) ,t h e n ape o ft h en e ck w i th c u r l sa bove ( 3 14 ,b ack f i l l o fm ode rn p i t ) ,s e ve ra lf r agmen t ss how ing c u r ly h a i r . D im .( l a rge s t )3 8 x2 0 ,w . t . 1 .F ind n o .9 63 , C on tex t s3 04 , 3 13 , 3 14 ,4 96 ,7 15 , 7 16 , 8 47 . 1 2 . R im f r agmen t o f r i bbed b ow l . D a rk y e l low b rown ;m any b ubb le s . C u rved r im ,e dge c r a cked o f fa nd g round ; s t ra igh t s ided b ody s l op ing o u t s l igh t ly t or a i sed r i bbed z one ; t o p s o f 2v e r t ica l r i b s r ema in . P . h . 1 9 , w . t . 1 . 5 . F ind n o . 9 64 , C on tex t 1 289 , P e r iod 1d e s t ru c t ion l e ve l s . 1 3 . ( No ti lu s t ra t ed )L owe rb ody f r agmen to fr i bb ed b ow l . D a rk y e l low -b rown ;m any s ma l lb ubb le s . C onvex -cu rved s i de . L owe rp a r t s o f 2v e r t ica l r i b sr ema in . D im . 1 6 x1 4 ,w . t .2 . F i nd n o .3 43 , C on tex t1 230 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing p r eceed ing P e r iod 2 b u i ld ing w o rk .

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

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C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

N o s 1 2 a nd 1 3 a r e a lmo s t c e r ta in ly f r om t h e s ame v e s se l . 1 4 . ( No ti l u s t r a ted )U ppe rb ody f r agmen to fr i bb ed b ow l . D e ep b l ue ; o c ca s iona l s ma l l b ubb le s . L owe r p a r t o f p l a in a r ea a bove r a is ed r i bb ed z one ;u ppe rp a r t so f 2v e r t ica lr i b sr ema in . D im . 1 7 x1 0 , w . t . 1 . F i nd n o . 9 65 , C on tex t 1 073 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 3 ,l a te ri nP e r iod 2 . 1 5 . B ody f r agmen t o fa lmond k nob b e ake r . L igh t y e l low -b rown ;o c ca s iona ls ma l lb ubb le s . S t ra igh t s i ded . P a r t so f 3a lmond shaped b o s se so u t l ined w i th ar a i sed r i b , s e t i n s ide ad i amond shap ed l a t t ice . D im . 2 5 x2 5 , w . t . 2 . 5 . F i nd n o . 51 , C on tex t 1 4 11 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . 1 6 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) B ody f r agmen t . D e ep b l ue ; s ome s ma l l b ubb le s . S t ra igh t s ided . P a r t o f2 c u r ved m ou ld ing s . D im .2 5 x8 ,w . t .2 .F i nd n o . 3 60 ,C on tex t1 2 ) 44 ,u nce r ta in ,p robab ly P e r iod 1 . 1 7 . L owe r b ody a nd b a se f r agmen t . D e ep b l ue ; s ome s ma l lb ubb le s .S t ra igh ts i d e ;s l igh t ly c on cave b a se . P a r t o f ` V ' -shap ed mou ld ing o n s i de ; m ou lded r i b a tj u nc t ion o f s i de a nd b a se w i th c oncen t r ic m ou ld ing i mmed ia te ly i n s ide i to n b a se . P . h . 1 2 , b . d . c .5 0 , w . t . 2 . F i nd n o . 3 14 , C on tex t 177 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,b a ck f i l lo fa f o unda t ion t r en ch . N o s 1 6a nd 1 7m ay b ef r om s ame v e s se l . 1 8 . B ody f r agmen t . B lue -g re en ; o c ca s iona l s ma l l b ubb le s . C onvex -cu rved s i de . F o l iage d e s ign c on s i s t ing o f ac ent r a l s t em b r anch ing i n to 3a t o ne e nd a nd a n e l onga t ed o va l f r u i t -p o s s ib ly p a r to f al a u r e lw rea th d e s ign . F ragmen tb roken a te dge o fa no the r mou ld ing . D im .2 7 x2 0 ,w . t . 1 . 5 . F i nd n o . 34 ,C on t ex t 1 2 11 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing p r e ceed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . 1 9 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) B ody f r agmen t . B lue -g r een ; o c ca s iona l s ma l lb ubb le s . Mou ld ing sc on s i s to f c onvex cu r ved a r ea b e tween aV shaped m ou ld ing . F ragmen t b roken a te dge o f a b rup t c hange o f a ng le . D im . 2 2 x1 , w . t . 2 . F ind n o . 9 66 , C on tex t1 092 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing p r eceed ing P e r iod 2 b u i ld ing w o rk . B lown P o ly ch rome 2 0 . B ody f r agmen t . D eep b l ue w i th o paque w h i te a nd o paque y e l low s po t s m a rve r ed s moo th . C onvex -cu rved s i de . D im . 2 0 x1 7 , w . t . 2 . 5 . F i nd n o .5 47 ,C on tex t1 446 ,P e r iod 1B u i ld ing 2 . O paqu e t u rquo i s e 2 1 . 4b ody f r agmen t s , 3j o in ing . S t ra igh t s i d e . 1 w he e l -cu tl i ne . D im . ( 3j o in ing ) 2 1 x2 3 . F i nd n o . 3 71 , C on t ex t 1 258 , P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 ; F i nd n o .2 56 ,C on tex t9 05 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 , s o i l s i no ro n aw a l l l ine . D eep b l ue 2 2 . N e ck a nd h and le f r agmen t o fj ug .

E longa t ed

b ubb le s . U ppe r p a r t o f a ngu la r r i bbon h and le w i th c en t ra lr i b ;f o lded u ppe rh and le a ta chmen t r e ta in ing s ma l l p a r t o f n e ck . H and le s e c t ion ( e xc lud ing r i b ) 3 x5 . 5 . F i nd n o . 9 67 ,C on t ex t 1 05 1 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 3 , l a te ri nP e r iod 2 . 2 3 . H and le f r agmen t . E longa ted b ubb le s . S t ra igh t r i bbon h and le w i th c en t ra l s ha l low i n den ta t ion . L eng th 1 7 ,s e c t ion 9x3 . F i nd n o . 3 63 ,C on tex t 175 , B u i ld ing 3 ,c ou r tya rd ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . 2 4 . ( No t i l u s t ra t ed ) B a se f r agmen t o fj ug o rj a r ? Sma l l b ubb le s . S i de o f o pen p u shed in b a se r i ng ? D im .2 9 x1 9 ,w . t .3 .F i nd n o .9 68 ,C on tex t 1 322 ,P e r iod 1 . 2 5 . ( No t i lu s t ra t ed ) B ody f r agmen t . O c ca s iona l s ma l lb ubb le s ;s t r eak i ly w e a the red s u r f a ce . P a r t s o f 2o p t i cb l own r i b si nv e ry s h a l low r e l ie f . D im . 2 8 x2 2 ,w . t .2 3 .5 . F ind n o .9 69 ,C on tex t1 372 , y a rd s o i l s ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 1 . A lso 1o t he rb ody f r agmen tw i th 1o p t ic b l own r i b i n s h a l low r e l ie f : b . F ind n o .9 70 ,C on tex t1 049 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 5 , e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . A lso 2u ndeco ra ted d eep b l ue b ody f r agmen t s : c . F ind n o . 9 7 1 , C on t ex t 8 29 , B u i ld ing 3 ,e a s te rn c o r r ido r , l a te ri nP e r iod 2 . d . F ind n o . 9 72 , C on tex t 1 092 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r e ceed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . Eme ra ld g r een 2 6 . 2j o in ing l owe r b ody f r agmen t s o f c y l ind r ica l c up .O c ca s iona ls ma l lb ubb le s ;w ea the r ed s u r f ace . C onvex cu rved s i de . 1a b r aded b and . D im .5 3x 2 7 , w . t . 3 4 . F ind n o . 9 73 , C on tex t s 1 240 & 1 288 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom s 3& 4 . A lso 2 o t he r b ody f r agmen t s w i th 1 a b raded b and p rob ab ly f r om s im i la rc up s : b . F ind n o . 3 08 , C on t ex t 176 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r eceed ing P e r iod 2 b u i ld ing w o rk . c . F ind n o .9 74 ,C on t ex t4 08 ,P e r iod 1d e s t ru c t ion l e ve l s . 2 7 . H and le f r agmen t o f j ug . E longa t ed b ubb le s ; d u l led s u r f ace s . A ngu la r r i bbon h and le w i th c en t ra lr i b . L eng th 7 5 ,s e c t ion ( e xc lud ing r i b )2 5 x5 . F ind n o . 9 75 , C on tex t 9 03 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,c ou r tya rd . A lso 5u nde co ra t ed e me ra ld g r een b ody f r agmen t s : b . F ind 3 72 ,C on tex t1 256 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing p r e ceed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . c . F ind n o . 9 76 , C on tex t 4 08 ( 2 f r ag s ) , P e r iod 1 d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . d . F ind n o .9 77 ,C on t ex t1 336 ( 2f r ag s ) ,u n s t ra t i f ied i nP e r iod 1 . G r een -b lue ( p eacock ) 2 8 . ( No t i lu st r a ted ) B ody f r agmen t o f c y l ind r ica l c up ? S ome s ma l l b ubb le s ; d u l led s u r f a ce s . C onvex -cu rved s i de . 1a b raded b and . H ea t a f e c ted a nd d i s to r t ed . D im . 2 6 x2 8 . F ind n o . 9 78 , C on t ex t 1 230 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r eceed ing

C aer sw s v i cus ,1 985 -6 .

P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . Y e l low -b rown 2 9 . 1b a s ea nd 1b ody f r agmen to fj u g ? D a rk y e l low b rown . Many s ma l l b ubb le s . S i de c u rv ing i n to s ha l low c oncave b a se . P . h .c .7 .w . t .2 .F i nd n o . 9 79 , C on t ex t 1 327 , P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . 3 0 . 2 4b ody f r agmen t so fc on ica lr i bbed j ug ? Many s ma l l b ubb le s . D a rk y e l low -b rown . S l igh t ly c onvex -cu r ved s i de . V e r t ica l r i b s b e com ing s h a l lowe r a nd d y ing o u t t owa rd s b a se . D im . ( l a rge s t f r ag . ) 5 1 x2 0 , w . t . 1 . 5 . F ind n o . 9 80 , C on t ex t 1 378 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . 3 1 . ( No t i l u s t ra t ed ) 2b ody f r agmen t s o f b ow l ? L igh ty e l low -b rown . O cca s iona ls ma l lb ubb le s . L a rge r f r agmen t b en t t h rough c a r ina t ion t o( ? ) w ide l owe rb ody a nd r e ta in sp a r t so f 3d i agona l r i b s . D im .( l a rge s tf r ag . )4 4 x2 0 ,w . t .2 .F ind n o . 9 8 1 ,C on tex t8 0 1 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,o no ri n aw a l l l ine . A lso 1o t he r l i gh t y e l low -b rown b ody f r agmen t w i th p a r to f 1r i b : b . F ind n o .9 82 ,C on t ex t8 11 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 1 , e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . Y e l low -gre en 3 2 . R im f r agmen to ft u bu la rr immed b ow l .O c ca s iona l b ubb le s . O u tben tr im ,e dge o u ta nd d own . P . h . 1 ,r . d .c .2 0 ,w . t . 1 . 5 . F ind n o .9 83 ,C on t ex t 79 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 3 . 3 . C omp le te b a se o fb ow lo rj ug . O cca s iona ls ma l l b ubb le s . A pp l ied t r ue b a se r i ng w i th d i agona l t o o l ing m a rk s ;b a se s ha l low ly c oncave c en t ra l ly ; p o s t t e chn ique s c a r s . B a se w o r n ; s i de g rozed . B .d . 7 0 . F ind n o . 9 84 , C on t ex t 7 70 , P e r iod 2 s t r ee ta nd r ubb i sh l a ye r so ve ra bandon ed B u i ld ing 4 . 3 4 . 2j o in ing l owe rb ody a nd b a se f r agmen t s a nd 2 b ody f r agmen t s o f g l obu la r r i bbed j a r o r j ug . S ome s ma l lb ubb le s . C onvex -cu r ved s i de ;o pen p u shed in b a se r i ng ; b a se m is s ing . B a se r i ng w o rn . 1b ody f r agmen tr e ta in sp a r t so f 3r i b si n s ha l low r e l ie fd y ing o u tt owa rd s 1e dge . P . h .4 4 , b . d .c .7 0 . w . t .2 . F ind n o .9 85 ,C on tex t4 20 ,i n P e r iod 2s t re e ta nd r ubb i sh l a ye r so ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . 3 5 . B ody f r agmen t . O c ca s iona l b ubb le s . C onvex c u rved ,s l igh t ly c a r ina ted s i de . P a r t so f 2t r a i led ( ? ) r i b sp i nched t o ge the ra sp a r to fs p e c tac le o r d i amond p a t te rn . D im .2 9 ,w . t . 1 . 5 .F i nd n o .9 86 , C on tex t7 ,b a ck f i l l o f 1 909 e xcava t ion t r ench . 3 6 . 4b ody f r agmen t s . O cca s iona l s ma l l b ubb le s . C onvex cu rved s i de . 1f r agmen tr e ta in sp i n ched j u c t ion o f 2r i b sf o rm ing as pe c ta c le o rd i amond p a t t er n ; 2f r agmen t sr e ta in 1r i be a ch ; 1f r agmen t u nd eco ra ted . D im . ( r ibbed f r ag s )2 7 x2 0 ,27 x 2 0 &2 6 x2 1 . F i nd n o .9 87 ,C on tex t1 085 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,b a ckf i l l o ff o unda t ion t r ench . A lso 5c onvex -cu rved b ody f r agmen t se a ch w i th p a r t

T he f i nd s .

3 9

o f 1s ha l low r i b : b . F ind n o . 9 88 , C on t ex t 7 69 ( a l so 1u ndeco r a ted f r agmen t ) ,B u i ld ing 3 ,f i l lo fr e pa i rp o s tho le ,l a t e i nP e r iod 2 . c . F i nd n o .9 89 ,C on tex t8 0 1 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 4 , s o i l s i no ro n aw a l l l ine . d . F ind n o .9 90 ,C on tex t8 41 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 4 , s o i l s i no ro n aw al l ine . e . F ind n o .9 91 ,C on t ex t8 64 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 1 , e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . f . F ind n o .9 92 ,C on tex t5 35 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 , s o i l s i no ro n aw a l l l ine . A lso 2u nde co ra ted y elow -g r een b ody f r agmen t s : ind n o .9 93 ,C on t ex t7 81 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 , g . F l a te ri nP e r iod 2 . h . F i nd n o .9 94 ,C on tex t8 05 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 , l a te ri nP e r iod 2 . L igh t -pa l e g r een 3 7 . ( No ti l u s t ra ted ) 7l i gh tg r een u nde co ra ted b ody f r agmen t s a . F ind n o .9 95 ,C on tex t7 98 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 4 , l a te r i nP e r iod 2 . b . F ind n o .9 96 ,C on tex t8 20 ( 4f r ag s ) ,B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 1 4 , l a te ri nP e r iod 2 . c . F ind n o . 9 97 , C on t ex t 1 0 15 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 4 ,e a r l ie r i nP e r iod 2 . d . F ind n o .9 98 ,C on t ex t5 87 ( y e l low t inged ) ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,s o i l so n o ri n aw a l l l ine ? 1p a le g r een u ndeco r a ted b ody f r agmen t e . F ind n o . 9 99 ,C on tex t5 36 ,b a se o fp l ough so i l . C o lou r le s s 3 8 . B ody f r agmen t s o f f a c e t -cu t b eake r . E x te r io r g r ound .O c ca s iona ls ma l lb ubb le s ;d u l led s u r f ac e s ; s t ra in c r a ck . P a r t so f 5o va lf a ce t ss e ti nq u in cunx t of o rm h exagon s . D im .2 1 x2 0 ,w . t .4 .F i nd n o . 1 000 , C on t ex t 1 049 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 5 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . 3 9 . 2r im a nd 3b ody f r agmen t so fc y l ind r ica lb eake r , 1r im a nd 1b ody f r agmen t j o in ing . S l igh t ly g r een t inged ; o cca s iona l s ma l l b ubb le s ; s t ra in c r ack s . C u rved r im ,e dge c r a cked o fa nd g r ound ; s t ra igh t s i de ; r o unded c a r ina t ion t ol owe rb ody . 1a b raded b and b e low r im e dge , 1w he e l -cu tl i ne o n u ppe r b ody , 1p a i r o f w hee l c u t l i ne s o n m idd le p a r to fb ody , 1s im i l a rp a i ra bove c a r ina t ion . P . h .( r im & j o in ing b ody f r ag . )2 8 ,r . d .9 0 ,w . t . 1 2 . F ind n o . 1 00 1 , C on tex t4 20 , 6 20 & 7 31 , a l P e r iod 2 a nd r e spe c t ive ly : s t r ee t a nd r ubb i sh l a ye r ss o i ls o ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 ,s o i l so n o r i n aw a l l l ine o fB u i ld ing 4 ,a nd b a ckf i l l o f f o unda t ion t r ench o fB u i ld ing 3 . 4 0 . 4j o in ing l owe rb ody & b a se f r agmen t so fb eake r . S l igh t ly g r een t inged ; o cca s iona l b ubb le s . C a r ina t ion t o l owe r b ody s l op ing i n to t u bu la r p u shed in b a se r i ng ; b a se ( p rob ab ly d omed ) m is s ing . P .h . 1 6 ,b . d .3 5 ,w . t .1 . 5 . F i nd n o . 1 002 , C on t ex t3 98 ,P e r iod 2b a ckf i l l i nP e r iod 1p i t .

4 0

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

N o s 3 9 a nd 4 0 a r e a lmo s t c e r ta in ly f r om t h e s ame v e s se l . 4 1 . 4j o in ing l owe r b ody a nd b ase f r agmen t s o f

4 8 .

b eake r . S ome s ma l l b ubb le s ; d u l led s u r f a ce s . C onvex curved l owe r b ody s l op ing i n to s o l id

e dge . P .h . 2 9 , w . t . 1 . 5 . F ind n o . 1 0 15 ,C on tex t 1 2 11 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing p rece ed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing

p u shed in b a se r i ng ; b a se ( p robab ly d omed ) m is s ing . 2w hee l -cu tl i ne so n l owe rb ody . P .h . 2 1 ,b . d .3 7 ,w . t . 1 . 5 . F ind n o . 1 003 ,C on tex t s4 77 &4 96 , b o th B u i ld ing 3 a nd l a te r i nP er iod 2 , r e spec t ive ly f r om R oom s 4a nd 8 . 4 2 .

4 9 .

r e ta ins p a r t so f 3s im i la rl i ne s , 1f r agmen tr e ta in s p a r to f ap a ir o fl i ne sa nd i sb roken a l ong at h i rd l i ne ;o t he rf r agmen t su ndeco ra ted . D im .( whee l c u tf r ag s )3 0 x1 0 ,2 0 x1 7 ,2 2 x1 8 ,2 4 x9 ,w . t . 1 . 5 . F ind n o . 1 004 , C on tex t 8 0 1 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 4 ,s o i ls o n o ri n aw a l l l ine . A lso 2o t he r s t ra igh t -s ided f r agmen t s w i th w hee l -cu t l i ne s : F ind n o . 1 005 ,C on tex t7 62 ( 1l i ne ) ,B u i ld ing 4 , R oom 2 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . c . F ind n o . 1 006 ,C on tex t9 54 ( 3l i ne s ) ,B u i ld ing 4 , R oom 8 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . A lso 1s l igh t ly c onvex -cu rved f r agmen tw i th 1w hee l c u t l i ne :

4 3 , b . d . c .3 5 , w . t . 1 . 5 . F ind n o . 1 0 16 , C on tex t 3 6 , b ack f i l l o f 1 966 e xcava t ion t r ench . A lso 1s im i la r l owe r b ody f r agmen t w i th 2 a b raded b and s a bove c a r ina t ion : b . F ind n o . 1 0 17 , C on tex t 1 336 , u ns t ra t i f ied i n P e r iod 1 . 5 0 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) B ody f r agmen t o f c y l ind r ica l c up . O cca s iona l s ma l l b ubb le s . S t ra igh t s i de , r ounded c a r ina t ion t ol owe rb ody . 1f a in ta b raded b and b e low b roken u ppe re dge ; 2a b raded b and s

b .

d . 4 3 .

4 4 .

F ind n o .1 007 ,C on t ex t 175 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,c ou r tya rd , e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted )U ppe rb ody f r agmen to fb eake r ?G reen t i nged ;o cca s iona ls ma l lb ubb le s .S t ra igh t s i de c urv ing o u t t o m i ss ing r im ; 2w hee l -cu t l i ne s . D im . 2 2 x1 4 , w . t . 1 . 5 . F ind n o . 1 008 , C on tex t 4 28 , B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 1 2 , l a te r i n P e r iod 2 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted )C o l la red r im f r agmen t ? S l igh t ly g reen t i nged . O u t e re dge o fc o l la red o rt u bu la r r im w i th s ma l l p a r t o f b ody a t ta ched t o l owe r e dged . D im . 1 3 x7 . F ind n o . 1 009 , C on tex t 1 025 , P e r iod 1d e s truc t ion l e ve l s .

A lso 1u ndeco ra ted c o lou r le s s f r agmen t : b . F ind n o . 1 010 , C on tex t6 55 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom

a bove c a r ina t ion . D im .3 8x32 ,w . t . 1 . 5 . F ind n o . 1 018 ,C on tex t 189 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,b a ckf i l l o f af ounda t ion t r ench . A lso 1s im i la rb ody f r agmen tb roken a tc a r ina t ion w i th 2a b raded b and s a bove : b . F ind n o . 1 019 ,C on tex t 1 095 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . 5 1 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) B a se f r agmen t o fc up . S ome s ma l l b ubb le s ; d u l led s u r f ace s . H igh k i cked b a se . H ea ta f f ec ted a nd m uch d i s to r ted . D im .6 1 x5 3 , w . t . 1 . 5 . F ind n o . 1 020 , C on tex t 1 257 , B u i ld ing 3 ,e a s te rn v e randah o rc o r r ido r ,e a r ly i n P e r iod 2 . 5 2 .

5 3 .

1 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . A lso 1h ea ta fe c ted c o lou r le s s l ump : c . F ind n o . 1 0 11 , C on tex t 4 90 , P e r iod 1 f i l l o f t i mbe r l i ned w e l l . B lue -green 4 5 . R im f r agmen t o f c y l ind r ica l c up .

O c ca s iona l

5 4 .

4 7 .

R im f r agmen to fc y l ind r ica lc up . D escr ip t ion a s n o .4 5 . P . h .2 7 ,r . d . 6 5 ,w . t . 1 . 5 . F ind n o . 1 0 13 , C on tex t 1 336 , u ns t ra t if ie t l i nP e r iod 1 . R im f r agmen to fc y l ind r ica lc up . D es cr ip t ion a s

3r im a nd 7b ody f r agmen t so fo vo id j a r( a l lb u t ho ming ) . Many b ubb le su neven ly s p read t h rough g l a s s t op roduce s t reak s ; s ome b l ack i mpur i t ie s . F unne l mou th , r im e dge i r r egu la r ly r o l led i n ; c onvex -cu rved b ody . R .d .6 5 -70 ,w . t . 1 . 5 . F ind n o . 1 02 1 , C on tex t 5 93 , i nP e r iod 2 s t r ee t a nd r ubb ish l a ye r s o ve r a bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . 3j o in ing r im f r agmen t s o f j a r . Many s ma l l b ubb le su neven ly s p read t h rough g la ss t op roduce s t reak s . F unne l mou th , r im e dge r o l led i n , b eg inn ing t oc urve o u t t ob ody . I n te r io ro fr im w or n . P .h . 2 3 , r . d . 6 0 , w . t . 2 . 5 . F ind n o . 1 022 , C on tex t 5 77 , B u i ld ing 3 ,e a s te rn c o r r ido r , l a te r i nP e r iod 2 . 2j o in ing r im a nd 2b ody f r agmen t so fj a r . Many b ubb le s , s ome l a rge , u neven ly s p read t h rough g l a s s . S ho r tf unne l mou th ,r im e dge f i re r ounded ; c y l ind r ica l n e ck , c onvex -cu rved b ody . T oo l ing ma rk so n i n s ide o fn e ck . P .h .4 3 ,r . d .6 0 ,w . t . 3 . F ind n o .1 023 ,C on tex t s5 77 & 6 35 ,b o th B u i ld ing 3 ,e a s te rn c o r r ido r , l a te r i nP e r iod 2 .

s ma l lb ubb le . S l igh t ly i n cu rved r im ,e dge c r a cked o f fa nd g round a nd n ow c h ipped . W ide h o r izon ta l w hee l -cu t l i ne b e low r im e dge w i th a b raded b and b e low . P .h . 1 9 ,r . d .c .7 0 ,w . t . 1 . 5 . F ind n o . 1 0 12 , C on tex t 1 305 ,P er iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 . 4 6 .

w o rk . 2j o in ing l owe r b ody a nd b ase f r agmen t s o f c y l ind r ica lc up .O cca s iona ls ma l lb ubb le s .S t ra igh t s i de c u rv ing o u ts l igh t ly t or ounded c a r ina t ion t o c onvex -cu rved l owe rb ody ;c oncave b a se mo s t ly m is s ing . 2a b raded b and sa bove c a r ina t ion . P .h .

( No t i lu s t ra ted ) 1 0 b ody f r agmen t s o f b eake r ( ? ) . O cca s iona l s ma l lb ubb le s . S t ra igh ts i de ; 1 f r agmen tf r om ar ounded c a r ina t ion . 2f r agmen t s r e ta in p a r t so f ap a i ro fw hee l -cu tl i ne s , 1f r agmen t

n o .4 5 . P .h .2 5 ,w . t . 1 . 5 . F ind n o . 1 014 ,C on t ex t 1 025 , P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . R im f r agmen to fc y l ind r ica lc up . D e sc r ip t ion a s n o . 4 5 w i th a dd i t iona l a b raded b and b e low r im

5 5 .

3j o in ing r im f r agmen t s o fj a r . S ome b ubb le s , o c ca s iona lb l ack i mpu r i t ie s . F unne l mou th ,r im e dge i regu la r ly r o l led i n . P .h .2 0 ,r . d .c .4 5 ,w . t .

C a er sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

4 6

3 4

5 5 4 9

6 0 6 4

5 7

5 8

1

7 2

7 1

7 5

F igure 2 1 : G las sv e ss e ls , s ca le 1 : 2

7 4 7 3

4 1

4 2

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

1 . 5 . F i nd n o . 1 024 , C on tex t 4 85 , B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 1 4 , l a te ri nP e r iod 2 . 5 6 . ( No ti l u s t ra ted )R im f r agmen to fj a r ?O cca s iona l b ubb le s . R im e dge b en to u t , u pa nd i n . R .d . c . 6 0 . F ind n o . 1 025 , C on t ex t 9 19 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,s o i l so n o ri n aw a l l l ine . 5 7 . 2j o in ing r im a nd 4n e ck ( 3j o in ing )f r agmen t so f r i bbed j ug . S ome s ma l lb ubb le s . R im f o lded o u t a nd d own , u p a nd i n ; c y l ind r ica l n eck ; b ody b eg inn ing t os l ope o u t . P a r t s o f 9r i b sr u nn ing f r om b ody u p o n to n e ck , r i b s v a ry i nr e l ie fa nd h e igh t a tw h ich t h ey d i e o u t ; r i b s d i agona l o n b ody . T oo l ing m a rk s a tb a se o f n e ck . S ca r p o s s ib ly f r om u ppe rh and le a t ta chmen to n n e ck b e low r im . R .d .4 0 ,o u te rn . d .3 0 ,w . t .4 .F i nd n o . 1 026 ,C on tex t 1 095 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . 5 8 . N e ck f r agmen to fj ug . O cca s iona ls ma l lb ubb le s . C y l ind r ica l n eck b roken a ts ha rp j unc t ion w i th b ody . 9c l o se se t r i b s i n v a ry ing r e l ie f r u n v e r t ica l ly u pn eck f r om b ody . T oo l ing m a rk sa t b a se o fn e ck . O u te rn . d .2 2 ,n . t .6 .F i nd n o . 1 027 , C on t ex t5 59 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 4 ,l a t ei nP e r iod 2 . 5 9 . ( No t i l u s t ra ted ) H and le a nd n e ck f r agmen t o f j ug . Many e l onga t ed b ubb le s ;s t ra in c r a ck ;l a rge s t r eaky g r een i mpu r i ty . U ppe r p a r t o fa ngu la r r i bbon h and le ; f o lded u ppe r h and le a t ta chmen t w i th s ma l lp a r to fn e ck a t ta ched . H and le s e c t ion 3 5 x6 . F ind n o . 1 028 , C on tex t9 31 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 6 ,f i l lo fs i nkage o ve rP e r iod 1 p i t . 6 0 . H and le a nd b ody f r agmen to fc on ica lj ug . S ome b ubb le s , e l onga ted i n h and le ; s t reaky g r een i mpu r i ty i nh and le . L owe rp a r to fr i bbon h and le w i th c en t ra l r i b ; c l aw l owe r a ta chmen t w i th c en t ra lp i nched e x ten s ion t r a i l( ma jo r i ty m i s s ing ) . B ody p o s s ib ly d e l ibe ra te ly b roken o f f a r ound h and le a t ta chmen t . Max imum h and le w id th 6 2 . F ind n o . 1 029 ,C on tex t5 63 ,P e r iod 3 . 6 1 . ( No t i l u s t ra ted ) 2j o in ing h and le f r agmen t s o f j ug . S ome s ma l lb ubb le s ;s t ra igh tr i bbon h and le w i th c en t ra l r i b , n ow c h ipped . H and le s e c t ion ( e xc lud ing r i b ) 2 6 x7 . F ind n o . 1 030 ,C on t ex t 1 025 ,P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . C on tex t1 271 , P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . A lso 1f r agmen tf r om t h ee dge o f as im i la rh and le w i th ac en t ra l r i b : b . F ind n o . 1 031 ,C on t ex t 166 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 4 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . 6 2 . ( No t i lus t ra ted ) H and le f r agmen t o f j ug . O cca s iona l s ma l l b ubb le s . E dge o f s t ra igh t r i bbon h and le w i th c ent r a l d oub le r i b . H and le s e c t ion ( e xc lud ing r i b ) 1 7+ x5 . F i nd n o . 1 032 , C on tex t1 230 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing p r eceed ing P e r iod 2 b u i ld ing w o rk . A lso 1f r agmen t f r om t h e e dge o f as t ra igh t r i bbon h and le : b . F i nd n o . 1 033 ,C on tex t 1 327 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing

2 . ( No t i l u s t ra t ed ) H and le a nd b ody f r agmen t o f j ug . O c ca s iona l s ma l l b ubb le s ; s t ra in c r a ck , d u l led s u r f ac e s . E dge o fr i bbon h and le p r obab ly w i th c en t ra l r i b ( now m i s s ing ) ; l owe r h and le a t ta chmen t ( p robab ly w i th c en t ra l e x ten s ion ) , r e ta in ing p a r to fb ody w i th 1v e r t ica l r i b . D im . ( o f b ody ) 2 8 x1 6 , w . t . 1 . 5 . F i nd n o . 1 034 , C on tex t 8 76 , P e r iod 2 , w a lkway i n f r on t o f B u i ld ing 3 . 6 4 . H and le a nd b ody f r agmen to fj ug . Sma l lb ubb le s ; s t r eaky g r een i mpu r i t ie s i n h and le . S l igh t ly c onvex -cu rved s i de w i th p a r t o f 1v e r t ica l r i b . C en t ra lp i nched e x ten s ion t r a i lf r om l owe rh and le a ta chmen t . D im . ( o fb ody ) 4 0 x3 1 , w . t . 1 . 5 . F i nd n o . 3 10 , C on tex t 134 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 2 ,l a te ri nP e r iod 2 . 6 5 . ( No t i l u s t ra t ed ) H and le a nd b ody f r agmen t o f j u g . S ome s ma l l b ubb le s . P a r t o f p i nched e x ten s ion t r a i l f r om l owe r h and le a t ta chmen t . D im . ( o fb ody ) 2 3 x2 2 , w . t . 1 . 5 . F i nd n o . 3 78 , C on tex t 1 025 , P e r iod 1d e s truc t ion l e ve l s . 6 6 . ( No t i l u s t ra ted ) H and le a nd b ody f r agmen t o f j u g . E longa t ed b ubb le si nh and le . B ody f r agmen t w i th 1d i agona l r i b a nd t i po fo u te rp r ong f r om c l aw l owe r h and le a t ta chmen t . D im . ( o fb ody ) 1 8 x1 ,w . t . 1 . 5 . F i nd n o . 1 035 ,C on tex t 174 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r ece ed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . A l so 1f r agmen tf r om t i po fl owe rh and le a t ta chmen t : b . F ind n o . 1 036 ,C on tex t5 7 1 ,P e r iod 2b a ck f i l l i n P e r iod 1t i mbe r l ined w e l l . 6 7 . ( No t i l u s t ra t ed ) H and le a nd b ody f r agmen t o f j ug .F ragmen tf r om c en t re o fh and le w i th m u l t ip le p rom inen t r i b s , p a r t s o f 2r i b s e x ta n t , s imp le l owe rh and le a t ta chmen tr e ta in i n gs ma l lf r agmen t o fb ody . D im . 2 9 x1 0 , w . t . 3 . F i nd n o . 1 037 , C on tex t7 07 , s o i l si n? r o ad d r a in ,P e r iod 2 ? 6 8 . ( No ti l u s t ra ted )H and le a nd b ody o ff r agmen to f j ug . D u l led s u r f a ce s . S imp le l owe ra ta chmen t o ft r i angu la r s ec t ioned h and le w i th s ma l lp a r to f s i de . D im .( o fb ody )2 6 x1 7 ,w . t .4 . 5 . F i nd n o . 1 038 ,C on tex t 37 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 0 . A lso 1h ea t a f f ec t ed f r agmen t f r om 1s im i la r l owe r h and le a t tachment b . F i nd n o . 1 039 ,C on tex t8 87 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 , b a ckf i l l o ff o unda t ion t r ench . 6 9 . ( No ti l u s t r a ted )L owe rb ody a nd b a se f r agmen t o fj a ro rj ug . O cca s iona ls ma l lb ubb le s . C onvex c u r ved s i de ; s i de o f o pen p u shed in b a s e r i ng , i n ne re dge o fb a se r i ng a nd b a s em i s s ing . D im . 3 6 x3 2 , w . t . 2 . F i nd n o . 1 040 , C on tex t 3 50 , P e r iod 3 ,p ebb le s p r ead s . 7 0 . C omp le t e r im a nd n e ck a nd p a r t o f b ody o f g l obu la rf l a sk i n 3j o in ing f r agmen t s ,a l so 2o t he r b ody f r agmen t s . Many b ubb le s , s ome l a rge , p roduc ing s t r eak s . R im e dge i regu la r ly b en t o u t , u p a nd i n w i th s ma l l t r i angu la r p rof i le ; s l igh t ly c oncave s i ded n e ck c u rv ing o u ts moo th ly

6 3 .

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

t oc onvex b ody . P . h .8 3 ,r . d .2 ,w . t .2 .F i nd n o . 1 0 4 1 ,C on tex t6 20 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,s o i l so n o ri n aw a l l l ine . 7 1 . C omp le te r im a nd n eck f r agmen to ff l a sk . Many b ubb le s u neven ly s p r ead t o ,p roduce s t reak s ; s t ra in c r a ck s . R im e dge b en t o u t , u p a nd i n ; c y l ind r ica ln e ck . P . h .5 2 ,r . d .2 9 ,n . t .2 .F ind n o . 1 042 ,C on t ex t5 72 ,i nP e r iod 2s t r ee ta nd r ubb i sh l a ye r s o ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . A lso 1f r agmen tf r om o u te re dge o fr im f o lded o u t ,u p a nd i nf r om j ug o rf l a sk : b . F ind n o . 1 043 ,C on t ex t5 7 1 ( r .d .c .4 0 ) ,P e r iod 2 b a ck f i l l i nP e r iod 1w e l l . A lso 5c y l ind r ica ln e ck f r agmen t sf r om j ug so rf l a sk s : c . F ind n o . 1 0 44 ,C on t ex t5 70 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 2 , e a r l ie ri nP e r iod 2 . d . F ind n o . 1 045 , C on tex t 5 72 , i nP e r iod 2 s t ree t a nd r ubb ish l a ye r so ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . e . F i nd 1 30 ,C on tex t6 35 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,e a s t e rn c o r r ido r , l a te r i nP e r iod 2 . f . F i nd n o . 1 046 ,C on t ex t8 0 1 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 4 , s o i l s i no ro n aw a l l l ine . ind n o . 1 047 ,C on tex t 104 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing g . F 3 ,c ou r tya rd . A lso 5c y l ind r ica l n e ck a nd s hou lde r f r agmen t s w i th t o o l ing m a rk sa tb a se o fn e ck f r om j u g so rf l a sk s : h . F ind n o . 1 048 ,C on tex t 1 063 ( 3f r ag s ) ,B u i ld ing 3 ,w e s t e rn c o r r ido r ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . i . F ind n o . 1 049 , C on tex t4 28 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 3 ,l a te ri nP e r iod 2 . j . F ind n o . 1 050 ,C on tex t 1 034 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,b ack f i l l o ff o unda t ion t r ench . 7 2 . 2j o in ing b ody a nd b a s ef r agmen t so fo vo id j a ro r f l a sk ( ? ) . Many b ubb le s . C onvex -cu rved s i de ; c oncave b a se w i thou tp on t i l s c a r . P . h . 2 7 , b . d . 4 0 ,w . t .1 . 5 . F i nd n o .1 05 1 ,C on tex t6 30 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,c ou r tya rd , l a t e i nP e r iod 2 . 7 3 . 5l owe rb ody a nd b a se ( 3j o in ing ) f r agmen t so f o vo id j a ro rf l a sk ( ? ) . Many b ubb le s ,s ome l a rge . C onvex b ody ; s h a l low c oncave b a se w i thou t p on t i ls c a r . P . h . 2 2 ,b . d .4 5 -50 ,w . t . 1 .F ind n o . 1 052 ,C on t ex t7 98 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 4 ,l a te ri n P e r iod 2 . 7 4 . R im f r agmen to ff l a sk o ru nguen tb o t t le . S ome s ma l lb ubb le s ;s t r eaky g r e en i mpu r i t ie s . S l igh t ly o u t tu rned r im ,e dge s h ea red . P . h . 1 0 ,r . d . .c .2 5 , n . t .4 . F ind n o . 1 053 ,C on tex t8 02 , B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 1 , l a t e ri nP e r iod 2 . A l so 1c y l ind r ica l n eck f r agmen t f r om a n u nguen t b o t t le : b . F ind n o . 1 054 , C on t ex t4 30 ,P e r iod 2 . 7 5 . 2j o in ing b a se f r agmen t s o f t u bu la r u nguen t b o t t le . Many b ubb le s . V e r t ica ls i de c u rv ing i n to f l a t t ened b a se . P . h . 1 7 ,m ax imum b ody d i ame te r 2 2 , w . t . 2 . F ind n o . 3 45 , C on tex t 1 230 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p re ceed ing P e r iod 2 b u i ld ing w o rk .

T he f ind s .

4 3

C on tex t 87 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,s o i l so no ri n aw a l l l ine . 7 6 . ( No t i l u s t ra t ed ) 3b ody f r agmen t s . O c ca s iona l s ma l lb ubb le s .C onvex -cu rved ;l a rge s tf r agmen t s b end ing t h rough r ounded c a r ina t ion . L a rge s t f r agmen t r e ta in s p a r t s o f 4b road s ha l low r i b s i n c lud ing t e rm ina l s o f 2 ,o t he r f r agmen t s e a ch h ave 1r i b . D im .( l a rge s tf r ag . )7 0 x3 2 ,w . t .2 . 5 . F ind n o . 1 055 , C on t ex t7 67 ,P e r iod 2 ,r o ad . A l so 6o t he rb ody f r agmen t se a ch r e ta in ing p a r to f 1 ( u n le s so t he rw ise s t a ted )b road s ha l low r i b : b . F i nd n o . 1 056 , C on tex t 6 18 ( 2f r ag s , 1w i th 2 r i b s ) ,P e r iod 2 ,r o ad s id es i l t s . c . F ind n o . 1 057 ,C on tex t7 06 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 8 , e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . d . F ind n o .1 058 ,C on tex t 156 ,P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . e . F ind n o .1 059 ,C on tex t 163 ,P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . f . F ind n o . 1 060 ,C on t ex t 1 427 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 1 , r oad . A l so 6o t he rb ody f r agmen t se a ch r e ta in ing p a r to f 1 ( u n le s so t he rw i se s t a t ed )n a r row r i b : ind n o . 1 06 1 , C on tex t 176 , c l ay l e ve l l ing g . F p r e ceed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . h . F ind n o . 1 062 ,C on tex t5 32 ( 3r i b s ) , B u i ld ing 3 , f i l lo fr ep a i rp o s tho le ,l a t ei nP e r iod 2 . i . F ind n o . 1 063 , C on tex t 5 46 ( 2r i b s ) , P e r iod 3 , s ub s idenc e f i l le r s . j . F i nd n o . 1 064 , C on t ex t 9 19 ( 2f r ag s , 1w i th 2 r i b s ) ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,s o i l so no ri n aw a l l l i ne . k . F ind n o . 1 065 ,C on tex t 1 048 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 1 . 1 . F ind n o . 1 066 ,C on tex t 1 049 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 5 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . m . F ind n o .1 067 ,C on tex t1 223 ,P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . A l so 1h ea ta f f ec ted a nd d i s to r ted b ody f r agmen tw i th p a r t so f 4n a r row r i b s : n . F i nd n o . 1 068 , C on tex t 9 63 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r eceed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . 7 7 . ( No t i l u s t ra t ed ) B ody f r agmen t . O cca s iona l s ma l l b ubb le s ; d u l led s u r f a ce s . C onvex -cu r ved s i de . 1n a r row c u rv ing t o o led u pr i b . D im .2 5x 1 5 ,w . t .1 .F i nd n o .1 069 ,C on tex t1 336 ,u n s t r a t if i ed i nP e r iod 1 . A lso 1o t he rb ody f r agmen tw i th s im i la rc u rv ing r i b : b . F ind n o . 1 070 ,C on t ex t8 87 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 , b a ck f i l l o ff o unda t ion t r ench . 7 8 . ( No ti l u s t ra ted )B ody f r agmen t . S ome b ubb le s p roduc ing s t r eak s . C onvex cu r ved s i de . P a r t so f 3n a r row s p i ra l t r a i l s . D im . 3 0 x1 5 , w . t . 2 . 5 . F ind n o . 1 07 1 ,C on tex t3 70 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 4 , l a t e i nP e r iod 2 .

4 4

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

G la s s b o t t le s b yJ ane tA rno ld 8 8 . T he b o t t le s n o s 7 9 -94 c ome f r om l a rge b l u i sh -g reen c on ta ine r sw h ich w e re e x t reme ly c ommon t h roughou t t h eR oman Emp i re i nt h ef i r s ta nd s e cond c en tu r ie s ,a nd w h ich o ccu ri nc on tex t so ft h i sd a te o nn ea r ly e ve ry s i te i nR oman B r i ta in . T he m o s tc ommon c on ta ine rf o rms a r e s qua re a nd c y l indr ica l b o t t le s ( I s ing s 1 957 , f o rm s 5 0 -51) . A l lt h eb o t t le sh ave s im i la rr ims ,n eck s ,h and le s a nd s hou lde r s ,b u tt h eb od ie so fc y l indr ica lb o t t le sa r e f r ee b lown ,w he r ea st h o se o fn ea r ly a l ls qua re a nd o t he r p r isma t ic b od ied b o t t le sa nd j a r sa r eb l own i n to ab ody mou ld . Av e ry w ide v a r ie ty o fr a ised d e s ign so ccu ro n

8 9 .

s qua re b o t t le .B a se d e s ign ;o nl a rge rb a se f r agmen t h ead a nd u ppe rb ody o fh e lme t ed g l ad ia to rh o ld ing as ho r ts wo rd i nl e f th and ,r i gh ta rm m is s ing ,b u t ab roken mou ld ing o n e dge o fs ma l le r f r agmen t m ay b ef r om s h ie ld . L au re lw rea th i nt o pl e f th and

t h eb a se s( s ee C ha r le swo r th 1 959 , f i g . 9 ) . B oon ( 1967 , p .9 5 , f i g . 1 )h a s d r awn a t ten t ion t o f e a tu re sw h ich o ccu ro nc y l indr ica lb o t t le s ,s uch a st h e b and s o f a b ra s ion c ommon ly f o und a tt h e t o p o ft h e b ody a nd n ea rt h eb as eo ft h ese b o t t le sw h ich s ugge s t s t rong ly t h a t t h e v e s se ls w e re moved i na nd o u t o fa c l ose -f i t t ing c a se ; a nd t ol o ca l ized b and s o fr ubb ing o f ten f ound b e low t h er im ,p robab ly i n d ica t ing t h a tt h e s t oppe rw a sa t ta ched t ot h eb o t t le b y ac o rd .

c o rne r w i th ad i agona l b ran ch b e low . P .h . 6 8 , w id th o f b o t t le 8 2 . F ind 1 29 , C on tex t 5 57 , i n P e r iod 2s t ree ta nd r ubb i sh l a ye r so ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . 9 0 .

9 1 . B lue -green 7 9 .

8 0 .

8 1 .

m a rk sa nd h or i zon ta l s c ra t che s . R .d . ( ou te r ) 3 0 , ( i nne r ) 1 4 . F ind n o .4 15 ,C on t ex t 1 299 ,P e r iod 1 , B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 2 . R im ,n e ck ,s hou lde ra nd h and le o fs qua re b o t t le . S t r eaky g r een i mpu r i t ie s . R im i sb en t o u t a nd r o l led i nd own i n s ide o fc y l ind r ica ln e ck . R ibbon h and le w i th c en t ra l i n den ta t ion h a sf o lded u ppe r a t ta chmen t a nd s imp le l owe r a t ta chmen t . R .d . ( ou t e r ) 2 5 , ( i nne r ) 1 7 . F ind n o . 5 35 , C on tex t 1 327 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . 8b ody a nd 2b a se f r agmen t s( s eve ra lj o in ing )o f

R im a nd n e ck f r agmen t ,p o ss ib ly w i th p ro je c t ion o n n e ck . V e r t ica l s c ra t che s o n i n ne r e dge . E longa ted b ubb le s . R .d . ( ou te r ) 7 5 , ( i nne r ) 4 0 .

9 2 .

F ind n o .7 80 ,C on t ex t7 88 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 3 , e a r l ie ri nP er iod 2 . R im f r agmen t . T ubu la r r im . R .d . ( ou te r ) 1 20 , ( i nne r )7 5 . F ind n o .9 44 ,C on tex t1 032 ,P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,s o i l s i no ro n aw a l l l ine . R im a nd n eck ( 2j o in ing f r agmen t s ) . F o lded r im w i th f l a tt o p . H o r izon ta l s c ra t che sa r ound n eck .

9 3 .

9 4 .

B ase f r agmen to fp r isma t ic b o t t le . B a se h a st wo c oncen t r ic mou lded r i ng s . S ome b ubb le s . B .d .c . 6 8 . F ind n o .8 24 ,C on tex t4 03 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 8 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . B a se f r agmen t o f p r isma t ic b o t t le , s how ing a m ou lded r i ng . Wea rs c ra t che sa to u te re dge . F ind n o .8 28 ,C on tex t8 37 ,P e r iod 2 . B a se f r agmen t o f p r i sma t ic b o t t le , s how ing t wo mou lded r i ng s . F ind n o . 8 29 , C on tex t 1 299 , P er iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 2 . B a se f r agmen t o f p r isma t ic b o t t le s how ing a mou lded r i ng . F ind n o . 8 27 , C on t ex t 5 76 , i n P er iod 2s t r ee ta nd r ubb i sh l a ye r so ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . B a se f r agmen to fb o t t le ,s how ing am ou lded r i ng . B .d .c .1 62 . F ind n o .8 25 ,C on tex t4 46 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 2 ,l a t ei nP er iod 2 .

R .d .( ou te r ) 10 ,( i nne r )7 0 .F ind n o .7 82 ,C on tex t s 177 a nd 1 208 ,P e r iod 2 ,s o i ls a l ong w a l l sb e tween 8 2 .

B u i ld ing s 3& 4 . T ubu la rr im f r agmen t .R .d ( ou te r )1 00 ,( i nne r )6 0 . F ind n o .7 79 ,C on tex t8 35 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 , l a te ri nP er iod 2 .

8 3 .

BEADS , GLASS COUNTERS AND OTHER GLASS OBJECTS ( f ig s 2 3 -25 )

R im f r agmen t . R im h a sf l a t t ened t o p . R .d .( ou te r ) 10 , ( i nne r ) 6 2 . F ind n o . 7 77 , C on tex t 2 57 , B u i ld ing 3 ,c ou r tya rd ,l a te i nP e r iod 2 . R im a nd n e ck f r agmen t .F o lded r im w i th f l a t tened t o p . R .d . ( ou te r ) 7 0 , ( i nne r ) 3 4 . F ind n o . 7 83 , C on tex t 1 336 ,P e r iod 1 .

b y Wendy J . Owen a nd J ane tA rno ld

8 5 .

R im a nd n eck f r agmen t . N a r row n e ck . F o lded r im w i th s t ra in c r a ck s . R .d . ( ou te r ) 1 20 , ( i nne r ) 8 0 . F ind n o .7 81 ,C on tex t8 58 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,c ou r tya rd .

9 5 .

8 6 .

R im f r agmen t . N a r row n eck . F o lded r im w i th f l a t tened t op . R .d .( ou te r )6 0 ,( i nne r )3 0 . F ind n o . 7 78 ,C on t ex t4 14 ,P e r iod 3 ,p ebb le s p read s . R im , n e ck , s hou lde ra nd h and le . S t reaky g re en i mpu r i t ie s . R im h a sf l a t tened t o p . F o lded u ppe r a ta chmen tf o rh and le .C y l ind r ica ln eck h a st o o l ing

8 4 .

8 7 .

A l l m ea su remen t sa r ei nm i l l ime t re s . B ead s

9 6 .

T u rquo ise f r i t me lon b ead w i th s ha l low g ad roon ing . D iame te r 1 4 ,l e ng th 1 ,p e r fo ra t ion d i ame t e r 7 . F ind n o . 2 5 , C on tex t 7 ,b ackf i l l o f 1 909 e xcava t ion t r ench .A no the rt wo m e lon b ead s c ame f r om t h is c on tex t . T u rquo ise f r i t me lon b ead w i th s ha l low g ad roon ing , h eav i ly w ea the red . D iame te r 1 0 , l e ng th 8 ,p er fo ra t ion d i ame te r 4 . F ind n o . 8 8 , C on tex t4 77 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 4 ,l a t e ri nP e r iod 2 .

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

8 1

8 8

9 0

9 1 8 9

9 2

9 3

9 4

F igure 2 2 : G la s sb o t t le s ,s c a le 1 : 2

T he f ind s .

4 5

4 6

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

9 7 .

T u rquo ise f r i t m e lon b ead w i th s ha l low g ad roon ing , h eav i ly w ea the red . D iame te r 1 7 , l e ng th 1 5 ,p e r fo ra t ion d i ame te r8 . F ind n o . 1 00 , C on tex t 4 90 , P e r iod 1f i l l o ft i mbe r l i ned w e l l . A no the rm e lon b ead c ame f r om t h is c on tex t . 9 8 . D a rk b l ue g l a s s m e lon b ead w i th s ha l low g ad roon ing , h eav i ly w ea the r ed a nd c h ipped . D iame te r 2 5 , l e ng th 2 2 , p e r fo ra t ion d i ame t e r 9 . F ind n o . 1 0 1 ,C on tex t4 77 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 4 , l a te r i nP e r iod 2 . 9 9 . T u rquo ise f r i t m e lon b ead w i th s ha l low g ad roon ing ,w ea the red . D iame t e r 1 8 ,l e ng th 1 4 , p e r fo ra t ion d i ame te r 7 . F ind n o . 1 98 , C on tex t 8 14 , P e r iod 2w a lkway i nf r on to fB u i ld ing 3 . 1 00 . T u rquo ise f r i t me lon b ead w i th s ha l low g ad roon ing , h eav i ly w ea the red . D iame te r 1 2 , l e ng th 9 ,p er fo r a t ion d i ame te r5 . 5 . F ind n o .2 53 , C on tex t 1 042 , P e r iod 2b a ck f i l l o f af ounda t ion t r ench b e tween R ooms 6& 7 ,B u i ld ing 3 . 1 0 1 . T u rquo ise f r i t m e lon b ead w i th f a i r ly s ha l low g ad roon ing , h eav i ly w ea the red . R idged p e r fo ra t ion , D iame te r2 3 , l e ng th 1 9 ,p e r fo ra t ion d i ame te r 1 2mm . F ind n o . 3 02 , C on tex t 165 , P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . 1 02 . T u rquo ise f r i t m e lon b ead w i th s ha l low g ad roon ing , h eav i ly w ea the red . D iame te r 1 3 , l e ng th 1 0 ,p e r fo ra t ion d i ame te r7 . F ind n o . 3 20 , C on tex t1 2 10 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing p receed ing P e r iod 2 b u i ld ing w o rk . 1 03 . T u rquo ise f r i t me lon b ead w i th s ha l low g ad roon ing ,h eav i ly w e a the red . D iame t e r 1 9 .5 , l e ng th 1 7 ,p e r fo ra t ion d i ame te r6 . F ind n o . 3 11 , C on tex t1 092 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing p r eceed ing P e r iod 2 b u i ld ing w o rk . 1 04 . F ragmen t o f d a rk b lue g l a s s m e lon b ead w i th s ha l low g ad roon ing . F ind n o . 1 99 ,C on tex t8 44 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 7 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . 1 05 . T u rquo ise f r i t m e lon b ead w i th f a i r ly s ha l low g ad roon ing , c h ipped . D iame te r 1 5 , l e ng th 1 3 , p e r fo ra t ion d i ame te r 6 . F ind n o . 37 , C on tex t 1 227 , P e r iod 1s o i l . 1 06 . D a rk b l ue g l a s sm e lon b ead w i th d eep g ad roon ing -t h ree f r agmen t sa moun t ing t oo ve r at h i rd o ft h e w ho le .S eve ra lb ubb le h o l low s . L eng th 1 6 . F ind n o . 1 84 , C on tex t 7 76 , P e r iod 2 ,r oad s ide g u l ly . 1 07 . D a rk b lue g l as s m e lon b ead w i th f a i r ly d eep g ad roon ing . D iame te r2 5 ,l e ng th 1 8 ,p e r fo ra t ion d i ame te r 9 . F ind n o . 2 48 , C on tex t 1 040 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p re ceed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . T he f i t( o rf a ience ) m e lon b ead sa r e ac ommon f i nd t h roughou tt h eR oman p e r iod ,t h eg l a s sv e r s i on s o ccu r i ns ome q uan t i t ie s d u r ing t h e l a te r f i r s t a nd e a r ly t o m id s e cond c en tu ry ( Gu ido 1 978 , p .1 00 , f i g . 3 7 .2 1-2 ) , a nd a r e o f ten f o und o n m i l i ta ry s i te s . 1 08 . G reen , s em i -opaque a nnu la r g l a s s b ead w i th c h ipped s i de . D iame te r 1 9 ,l e ngt h8 ,p e r fo ra t ion d i ame te r 1 0 . F i nd n o . 1 54 ,C on tex t7 79 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 3 .

1 09 . F ragmen t o f a nnu la r a mbe r b ead . H e igh t 4 . 5 . F ind n o . 5 2 , C on tex t 4 46 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 2 , l a te r i nP e r iod 2 . 10 . T ubu la r b ead o f g r een g l a s s . L eng th 5 . 5 mm . F ind n o . 1 08 ,C on t ex t4 82 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 4 . 11 . G reen g l a s s b ead o f r e c tangu la r c ro s s s e c t ion . L eng th 7mm . F ind n o . 16 ,C on tex t6 30 ,l a te i n B u i ld ing 3 ,w e s t c o r r ido r . 12 . T ubu la r b ead o f g reen g l a s s , L eng th 1 4 mm . F ind n o . 1 70 , C on t ex t 4 90 , P e r iod 1 ? f i l l o f t i mb e r -l ined w e l l 1 576 . Sma l lb ead ss uch a sn o s 10 -112 a r eo f t en f ound s paced o u t o n b ronze c ha in b race le t s o r n eck l a ce s ( Cha r le swo r th 1 972 ,2 14 ; C rummy 1 983 , f i g . 3 6 , n o . 1 422 -3 ) . P a r t so f af u r the r 1 4m e lon b ead so ft u rquo ise f r i t ,a nd 2o fc o lou r ed g l a s sw e re f ound ,a l ong w i th f r agmen t s o fa no the r 2a mbe rb ead sa nd 3o fg reen g l a s s .

C oun ter s I n a l , 7 9 p ia no -convex r ound g l a s s c oun te r s w e re f o und ,3 5f r om P er iod 1a nd t h eb u rn td eb r i so ve ri t ,4 0 f r om P er iod 2l e ve ls , 3f r om P e r iod 3 ,a nd 1f r om t h e b a ck f i l lo fo ne o fB o sanque t 's 1 909 e xcava t ion t r enche s . A l l a r e o fo paque g l a s s a nd i ns eve ra l c o lou r s . Mo s t a r e w h i t e ( 39 ) o fw h ich o ne h a sc o lou red i n c lu s ion s ; o ne i sf o rmed b y 2c oun te r s f u sed t o ge the r ,a nd t h ree a r ef r agmen ta ry . T h r ee p i e ce so fw h i te g l a s s ,p e rhap s t h er aw ma te r ia l f o r s u ch c oun te r s w e re a l so f ound i n P e r iod 1l e ve l s . T he re a r e 2 0 b l ack c oun te r s , 3o fw h ich h ave c o l o u r ed i n c lu s ion s a nd 2a r ef r agmen ta ry . S ome c oun t e r sa ppea rt ob eb l a ck b u ta r ea c tua l ly v e ry d a rk g reen ( 7 )( 2w i th c o lou red i n c lu s ion s ) ,o rd a rk b lue ( 1 ) ,b lue g r een ( 1 ) o r d a rk b rown ( 1 ) . O the r c o lou r s o fg l a s s r e p resen t ed a r e b l ue ( 7 ) , 3o f w h ich h ave c o lou red i n c lu s ions ) , b lue -wh i te ( 2 ) a nd y e l low ( 1 ) . T he s i ze d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h ec oun te r si sc en t r ed o na n a ve rage d i ame te ro f1 4 15 mm . w i th a lmo s ta l c oun t e r s c on ta ined w i th in t h e 1 0 -19 mm . r ange . T h ree c oun te r s w e re u nu sua l ly l a rge m ea su r ing 2 0 mm . , 2 4 mm . a nd 2 6 mm . r e spe c t ive ly . S uch c oun te r s a r e t h ough t t o h ave b een u sed a s g am ing c oun t e r sa nd a re e x tre me ly c ommon o n Roman s i t e s o f a l l p e r iod s . F o r ty -e igh t w e re f ound a tt h e F o r t re s s B a th s ,C ae r leon , a l l b u to ne o fe i the r ` b la ck ' o rw h i te g l a s s . I ng ene ra l t h eC ae r leon c oun t e r s w e re m o r e c ommon i nc on tex t s p r io r t oc .A .D . 1 00 -110 ( Z ienk iew icz 1 986 ) . O n ly as e le c t ion o ft h e c oun t e r s i si lu s t ra ted h e re , a l ong w i th t h e t h ree ' i ngo t s ' . 13 . B lack c oun t e r w i th u neven b u t s moo thed b a se , c i r cu la rb ubb le h o l low o nu pp e rs ur fa ce ,c h ipped . Max imum d i ame te r 1 5 , h e igh t ( e s t ima ted ) 7 . F ind n o . 5 6 , C on tex t 4 87 , P e r iod 3 s o i ls . O ne

C aer sw s v i cus ,1 985 -6 .

9 6

95

T he f ind s .

4 7

9 7

1 00

9 9

98

1 02 1 0 1

1 03

-

1 04

-

-

1 06

1 07

1 09

1 05

1 08

10

F igure 2 3 : G la s sa nd amber b eads , s ca le 1 : 1 mo re c oun te r f r om t h is c on tex t . 14 . D a rk g r een ( appea r sb l a ck )c oun t e r ,l i gh tc o lou r ed i n c lu s ion v i s ib le o n c h ipped s i de . Smoo thed b a se . Max imum d i ame te r1 8 ,h e igh t7 .F ind n o . 1 03 , C on tex t3 50 , P e r iod 3 ,p ebb le s p read s . 15 . Sma l l b l ack c oun t e r w i th s moo thed b a se . Max imum d iame te r 1 ,h e igh t6 . F ind n o . 1 69 , C on tex t 8 02 , B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 1 , l a te r i n P er iod 2 . 16 . B lack c oun te r w i th s moo thed b a se . Max imum d i ame t e r 1 8 , h e igh t 7 . F ind n o . 2 08 , C on tex t

9 23 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 4 ,l a te ri nP e r iod 2 . O ne o t he rc oun te rc ame f r om t h is c on tex t . 17 . Wh i te c oun te r w i th s moo thed b a se . Max imum d i ame te r 1 6 , h e igh t 6 . F ind n o . 2 13 , C on tex t 9 19 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,s o i ls o n o ri n aw a l l l i ne . 18 . B lue c oun te r w i th l i gh t c o lou red i n c lu s ion s . Smoo thed b u tu neven b a se . Max imum d i ame te r 1 8 ,h e igh t8 .F ind n o .2 58 ,C on tex t 1 032 ,P e r iod 2b a ck f i l lo ff ounda t ion t r ench b e tween R ooms 6 & 7o fB u i ld ing 3 .

4 8

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

19 . Wh i te c oun te rw i th ab ubb le h o le n ea rt h es moo thed b a se . Max imum d i ame te r 1 3 ,h e igh t6 . F ind n o . 7 56 , C on tex t 115 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 4 .

7 . F ind n o . 2 98 , C on tex t 1 040 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p receed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk s . 1 22 . B lack c oun t e r w i th r ed a nd l i gh t c o lou red i n c lu s ions . Smoo thed b as e . Max imum d i ame te r 1 9 ,h e igh t7 .F ind n o .3 12 ,C on tex t 1 064 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,s o i ls o n o ri n aw a l l l ine . 1 23 . Wh i te c oun te r w i th s moo thed b a se . Max imum d i ame te r2 0 ,h e igh t 7mm . F ind n o .3 44 ,C on t ex t 1 98 , P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve ls .

1 20 . Sma l l w h i te c oun te r w i th s moo thed b a se . Max imum d iame te r 1 , h e igh t6 . F ind n o . 2 88 , C on tex t 162 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,s o i l so no ri n aw a l l l ine . 1 2 1 . B lack c oun te r , s c r a tched o n u ppe r s u r f ace . Smoo thed b a se . Max imum d i ame te r 1 6 , h e igh t

13

18

14

16

15

19

1 23

1 24 . L a rge b l ack c oun te r w i th u neven s u r f a ce s .

1 20

1 24

1 21

1 25

17

1 22

1 26

/

F igure 2 4 : G las sc oun ters , s ca le 1 : 1

C a er sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

P robab ly h ea ta f f e c ted . Max imum d i ame t e r2 4 , h e igh t 7 . F ind n o . 3 47 , C on tex t 1 98 , P e r iod 1 d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . 1 25 . D oub le c oun te r f o rmed b y o ne l a rge a nd o ne

MISCELLANEOUS GLASS OBJECTS

s ma l le r w h i te g l a s s c oun te r f u sed t o ge the r . Smoo thed b ase . D iame te r1 8 ,h e igh t7 ;d i ame te r 1 4 ,h e igh t6 . F ind n o .4 13 ,C on tex t 1 240 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 3 . 1 26 . B lack c oun te r w i th s moo thed b a se . Max imum

A l l m ea su remen t s a r e i nm i l l ime te r s .

4 9

b y Wendy J . Owen

1 29 . ' I ngo t 'i nw h i te g l a ss . D imens ions 3 3 x2 5 x2 1 .

1 30 . Sma l l g l a s st e sse ra ,d a rk b l ue ,o paque , i regu la r c ub ic s hape . L eng th 8 ,w id th 8 ,h e igh t7 . F ind n o .3 30 ,C on tex t1 092 ,t h ec l ay l e ve l l ing p r io rt o t h eb u i ld ing o fP e r iod 2 . A s e cond , s im i la r , g l a s s t e s se ra w a s f o und i n C on tex t 9 03 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,c ou r tya rd . 1 31 . F ragmen to fs p i ra lt w i s ted s t i r r ing r od .T ran s lucen t p a le b l ue -g reen g l a s s w i th o paque w h i te t r a i l s p i ra ll ing a round i t .L eng th 5 9 ,d i ame te r6 .F ind n o .2 70 ,C on tex t2 85 ,P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve ls . R od sl i ke n o .1 31 w e re u sed f o rs t i r r ing c o sme t ics o ru ngen t si mpo r ted i ns ma l lg l a s sf l a sk ss uch a s n o .7 4a bove ( bu ts e eb e low ,i nt h ed e sc r ip t ion o f

F ind n o .4 10 ,C on tex t1 289 ,P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve ls .

t h em anuf a c tu re o fg l a s sb ang le s ,f o ra no the ru se o fs uch r od s ) .

d i ame te r 1 6 , h e igh t7 . O ne f u r the rc oun t e rw a s f ound i n t h i s c on tex t . F ind n o . 4 23 , C on tex t 1 240 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 3 . 1 27 . ` I ngo t ' i nw h i te g l a s s . D imen s ion s 1 6 x1 3 x6 . F ind n o . 4 27 , C on tex t 1 288 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 4 . 1 28 . ' I ngo t 'i nw h i te g la ss . D imen s ion s 1 9 x1 7 x1 3 . F ind n o .4 55 ,C on tex t 1 364 ,P e r iod 1B u i ld ing 1 s o i ls .

1 28

1 27

1 29

1 31

1 30

F igure 2 5 : G las so b ject s ,s ca le 1 : 1

A GLASS BANGLE

( f ig . 2 6 )

b yP e t er C r ew 1 32 . F ragmen t( app rox ima te ly 1 / 6 th )o f ag l a s sb ang le , i n te rna ld i ame te r6 2 mm . ,w id th 1 3 .5 mm . ,d ep th 8 . 0 mm . ,w i th as l igh t ly e ccen t r ic p i ano -convex c r o s s s e c t ion . T he b ody i so f t r an s lucen t p a le b l ue -g reen g l a s s ,w i th w e l l -def ined i n t e rna lp ape ry f o lds a nd r a re s phe r ica l a nd l e n t icu la r b ubb le s . T he i n te rna l s u r f ace i sm a t t , w i thou ts t r iae , b u t w i th o ne s ma l l g roup o f s ho r t s t ab m a rk s . T he e x te rna l s ur f ace h a st h er ema ins o f af i re -po l ish ,

b u ti sh eav i ly s c ra tched a nd a b raded , i n d ica t ing c ons ide rab le w ea r . B o th e nd sh ave f r e sh b reak s . T he d eco ra t ion c ons is t so f ac en t ra l c ab le a nd a s i ng le s p i ra l ,b o th o ft r ans lucen t m id -b lue g l a s s w i th t wo -p ly o paque w h i te t h r ead s a nd b o th s t and ing 0 .6 mm .a bove t h es u r f ace o ft h eb ang le . F ind n o .3 77 ,C on tex t1 234 ,P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve ls . 1 33 . ( No ti lus t ra ted )F ragmen to f ag la s sb ang le o fa s im i la r c ha r ac te r a nd s i ze t ot h e a bove . I th a s b een d i s to r t ed ( tw is ted a nd f l a t tened ) i n as em i mo l ten s t a te . O ne e nd h a s b een h ea t -smoo thed a nd t h eo t he re nd h a s af r e sh b r eak . T he s p i ra lo n t h i sf r agmen ti st owa rd so ne e nd a nd p a r to fi th a s

5 0

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

b e en l o s td ue t ot h e f r e sh b r eak . F ind n o . 4 16 , C on tex t 1 302 , P er iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 . T he t wo f r agmen t s a r e v e ry s im i la r a nd a r e a lmo s t c e r ta in ly f r om t h es ame b ang le . T he c on tex to fn o . 1 32 w ou ld t h e re fo re i n d ica te t h a tt h eb ang le w a so r ig ina l ly b roken a nd l o s td ur ing t h ee a r ly F l av ian p e r iod . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a tb roken f r agmen t so fb ang le sw i th s p ira ls , o r e ye s , m igh t h ave b een k ep t a s a mu le t s , w h ich m igh te xp la in t h el a te rc on tex to fn o . 1 32 ,b u ti n c ommon w i th t h em a jor i ty o fs uch p i ece st h e re i sl i t t le a b ra s ion o f t h e b roken e nd s . When c omp le te t h e b a ng le w ou ld h ave h ad f ou r , o r p o s s ib ly s i x , s p i r a l s e ven ly p l a ced a r ound t h e b ang le b u t a l te rna te ly o n o ppo s i te s i de s o f t h e c en t ra l c ab le . I ti st h e re fo re u n l ike ly t h a t f r agmen t s o f t h e s i ze f ound a tC ae r sw s w ou ld n o th ave as p i ra l o n t h em . C omp le te b ang le s a r e s e am les s a nd a r e m ade b y g a the r ing t h e b ody g l a s s o n to a p o in ted i r on t o o l , s hap ing t h is i n i t ia l ly i n to as ma l l ' d oughnu t ' o fg l a s s . T he b ang le i sd e co ra ted w i th ac ab le a tt h i s s t age b y a t ta ch ing o ne e nd o f ah ea ted t w i s ted r od ( s im i la r t o n o . 1 3 1 a bove ) w h ich i ss t re t ched a nd t h inned a st h e ' d oughnu t ' i st u rned s l ow ly i n f r on t o f t h e f u rnace . T he s p i ra l sa r e f o rmed b yt h es ame t w is ted r od b e ing i mp re s sed v e r t ica l ly i n to t h e d oughnu t a nd a s ho r t l e ng th b e ing c u ta nd t w is t ed o f . T he c ab le a nd s p i ra ls a r e t h en m a rve red l i gh t ly t o i mp re s s t h em i n to t h e b ody g l a s s . T he ' d oughnu t ' i st h en h ea ted i nf r on to f t h ef u rnace w i th t h et oo lb e ing s l ow ly a nd c on t inua l ly t u rned , s o t h a t t h e b ang le e xpand s u nde r i t s o wn w e igh tt ot h ef i n ished s i ze . T he m a t ti n te rna l s u r f ace o ft h eb ang le i sar e su l to fc on ta c tw i th t h ei r on r od ,a nd t h e p ape ry f o ld s i n t h e b ody g l a s s a r e d ue t o t h e o r ig ina l ly g a the red t h read s o fg l a ss n o t h av ing c om p l e te ly f u sed ( c f . B u lme r , 1 950 ) . T he p roce s s d e m and s ag r ea td ea lo fs k i l la nd e xpe r ience a nd b ang le s w ou ld h ave b een m ade b y s pec ia l is tc r a f t smen . T he e xamp le f r om C ae r sws i st y p ica l o ft h e t y pe 2 c ab le -deco ra ted b ang le s f i r s t d ef ined b y K i lb r ide J one s( 1938 )a nd t h en t h ough tt oh ave am a in ly n o r th e r nd i s t r ibu t ion a nd m anuf ac tur ing s ou rc e . S t evenson ( 1 956 a nd 1 976 ) h a s s ub sequen t ly d emons t ra t ed t h a t t h e t y pe 2 b ang le s a r e mo re w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted i n s ou the rn B r i ta in . Mo re r e cen tf i nd s , s ome f r om w e l l d a ted c on tex t s ,a l low amo re d e ta i led c ons ide ra t ion o f t h ese b ang le s . S ome 1 25 e xamp le s o f t y pe 2 b ang le s h ave n ow b een r e co rded . A l though t h e re a r e af ew a noma lou s e xamp le s , e i the r b e cau se o f t h e i r s i ze o r v a r ie ty o f d e co ra t ion , t h e m a jo r i ty h ave a r ema rkab ly s im i la r c ha rac te r . T hey c an b ed i v ided i n to t h r ee m a in g roup s , t y pe 2 A w i th a n i n t e rna l d i ame te rb e tween 8 0a nd 9 0 mm .( 1 3e xamp les ) ,t y pe 2 B w i th a n i n te r na ld i ame te r b e tween 4 0 mm a nd 6 0 mm . a nd d e co ra ted w i th a s i ng le c ab le ( 57 e xamp le s ) a nd t y pe 2 C ,d i ame te r4 0 6 0 mm . , d eco ra ted w i th t h ree c ab le s ( 4 1 e xamp le s ) . Whe rea st h et y pe 2 Aa nd 2 Cb ang le sh ave av a r ie ty o f b ody a nd c ab le c o lou r s , t h e t y pe 2 B e xamp le s h ave

a lmo s te xc lu s ive ly t r an s lucen tb l ue o rb l ue -g re en ( ' bo t t le g l a s s ' ) b od ies , w i th b l ue a nd o paque w h i te c ab le s , t y p if ied b y t h e e xamp le f r om C ae r sw s . A bou t o ne f i f th o ft h e t ype 2 B e xamp le s h ave s p i ra l s b u t t h i s i s u n l ike ly t o b e a n a ccu ra te s t a t is t ic a s m any o f t h e f r agmen t sa r es ma l l a nd t h e s p i ra ls h ave n o tn e ce s sa r i l yb een p r e se rved o nt h em . T h i si sb e s td emon s t r a ted b yf ou rf r agmen t so f ab ang le f r om H yndfo rd c r annog , t h ree o ft h em e ach h av ing as p ir a la nd ,i nt h is c a se ,t h e l a rge s t b e ing w i thou t o ne . T he m a jo r i ty o ft h ef i nd sf r om s ou ther nE ng land a nd Wa le sa r ei nf a c to ft h el a rge rt y pe 2 Av ar ie ty a nd e i gh t o f t h e e l even e xamp le s r e co rded d a te f r om e a r ly R oman c on tex t s . T he re a r e t wo e xamp le s , p r e -75 A .D . , f r om F i shbou rne ( Cun l if f e 1 97 1 , 3 66 -367 , f i g . 1 44 )a nd s i xe xamp le sf r om U sk i nN e ron ian c on tex t s ( no ty e tp ub l ished ) . T he re a r ea l so t wo e xamp le sf r om H o l land , o ne f r om t h e R oman f o r t a t V a lkenbu rg , d a t ing b e tween A .D . 4 7 a nd A .D . 6 9 ,( v an L i th 1 977 ) a nd o ne u nda ted f r om ag rave a tW i jk b i j D uu r s tede ( van L i th 1 979 )w h ich a r et h eo n ly e xamp le so fB r i t ish t y pe b ang le s s of a r f o und o n t h ec on t inen t . T he s ma l le r , a nd mo re n ume rou s , t y pe 2 B a nd 2 C e xamp le s s t i l l h ave am a rked ly n o r the rn d i s t r ibu t ion , c oncen t ra t ed i n s ou the rn S co t land , b u t w i th s i gn if i c an tg roup si nC umb r ia ,Y o rk sh i r ea nd n o r th L inco ln s h i r e . T hey a r e a l so f ound a t aw ide rv a r ie ty o fb o th R oman a nd n a t ive s i te s . F ew e xamp le s a r e c l o se ly d a ted b u tt h ey g ene ra l ly s e em t of a l l i n to al a te f i r s tt o s e cond c en tu ry b racke t . F u r the rs ou th t h e re a r e v ery f ew e xamp le so fa ny t y pe 2b ang le so t he rt h an t h o se o f t y pe 2 A m en t ioned a bove . F rom Wa le s t h e re i sa n a noma lou s g roup f r om B ryn yC a s te l l , Me r ione th i n c l ud ing t h ree t ype 2 v a r ian t s w h ich a r e n o t c l o se ly c ompa rab le i n f o rm a nd p robab ly p r e -da te A .D . 7 9 ( C rew 1 980 ) , at ype 2 v a r ian t f r om C e fn G ra ianog , C ae rn s . ,a nd at y pe 2 C f r om C a rma r then ( Boon 1 978 . F rom s ou the rn E ng land t h e re a r e f ou r e xamp le s o f t y pe 2 C , w h ich a r e a l l u nu sua l f o r o ne r e a son o r a no the r ( C rew f o r thcom ing ) . O n ly t wo e xamp le s o f t y p ica lt yp e2 Bb ang le sh ave b een f o und f u r the rs ou th t h an C ae r sw s ,o ne f r om B is ley ,G louc s . a nd o ne f r om C i rence s t e r , n e i the r c l ose ly d a ted . T he d i scove ry o ft h eb ang le f r om C ae r sw si s ,t h e re f o re ,d oub ly u sef u l i nt h a ti te x tend st h ek nown d i s t r i b u t ion o fi t ss ub typ e a nd i so ne o ft h e f ew e xamp le s w h ich c an b e c l ose ly d a ted . I ndeed i t s e a r ly F l av ian c on tex t i n d ica te s t h a t i ti ss omewha t e a r l ie r t h an t h e n o r the r n e xamp le s . I ti st emp t ing t os e et h es p read o f t h e t y pe 2b ang le sa c ro s s B r i ta in a s ar e f le c t ion o ft h e R oman a dvance , w i th t h e C ae r sw s e xamp le s t and ing s omewhe re b e tween t h e e a r ly t y p e 2 A s i nt h e s ou th a nd t h e mo re c ons is ten t t y pe 2 Bs w h ich p re sumab ly d eve lop f r om t h em . Why b ang le s o f t h is d i s t inc t ive c ha ra c te r s hou ld s udden ly a pp ea r i nt h e R oman a r c haeo log ica lr e co rd i sn o tc l ea r . W i th t h ee xcep t ion o f t h eD u tch f r agmen t st h e r ea r en oc on t inen ta lp a r a l le l s , a nd i na ny c a se i ts e ems l i ke ly t h a t t h ese m ay h ave b een m ade i nB r i ta in . B r i t i sh c r a f t smen c l ea r ly h ad

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

t h e t e chn ica l a b i l i ty t op roduce c ab le -de co ra ted g l as s o b jec t s ,a sd emons t ra ted b y t h eC la ss 9b ead s( Gu ido 1 978 ) . P e rhap s t h e s t imu lu s p rov ided b y t h e R oman p re sence w a s t h e a va i lab i l i ty o f l a rge r q uan t i t ie s o f g l a s s , w h ich w ou ld h ave b een e age r ly u sed b yn a t ive c r a f tsmen t om ake an ew t y pe o fp roduc t f o r an ew m a rke t . I t wou ld s e em t h a t t h is w a s ad eve lopmen t w h ich t ook p l a ce f i r s ts omewhe re i ns ou the rn B r i ta in -ah ypo the s i s w h ich r ema in s t ob e d emon s t ra ted b y t h e d i scove ry o ft h e w o rkshop so ft h e se c r a f t smen .

4 .

5 .

6 .

T he f ind s .

5 1

D ena r iu ss e r ra tu so fL .ROSC I .FABAT I ,C raw fo rd 4 12 / 1 , R ome , 6 4 B .C . , w o rn . F ind n o . 1 94 , C on tex t 7 28 , P e r iod 2 f i l l o fs i nkage h o l low i n B u i ld ing 4 . D ena r iu so fS VFENAS ,C rawfo rd 4 2 1/ 1 ,R ome , 5 9 B .C . , w o rn . F ind n o . 3 36 , C on tex t 1 208 , P er iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,f i l l o ff ounda t ion t r ench . D ena r iu s o f P .CLOD IVS M .F . , C rawfo rd 4 94 / 2 3 ,R ome ,4 2B .C . ,w o rn? F ind n o .4 00 ,C on t ex t 1 2 40 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,f l oo ro fR oom 3 .

T iber iu s , AD . 1 4 -37 7 . D ena r iu s , Empe ro ri nQ uad r iga ,R IC ( 2nd e d i t ion ) 4 ,L yon ,A .D . 1 5 -16 , much w o rn . F ind n o . 1 41 , C on tex t7 82 ,P e r iod 2 ,f i l lo fl a te p i ti nR oom 1 4 . N ero , AD . 5 4 -68 8 . A s , r e v . V ic to ry t y pe ( c . A .D . 6 5 -68 ) ; l a rge f r agmen t , s l igh t ly w o rn . F ind n o . 3 51 , C on tex t 1 083 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,l ow i nR oom 1 . V espas ian , AD . 6 9 -79 9 . D ena r iu s ,P ax r e ve r se ,R IC 9 0 ,R ome ( COS V I= A .D .7 5 ) ;c o r roded ,s l igh t ly w o rn ? F ind n o .2 00 , C on tex t9 13 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,l ow i nR oom 1 . 1 0 . D ena r iu s , A nnona , R IC 1 31b , R ome ( unda t ed , A .D . 7 8 -79 ) ; w o rn . F ind n o . 1 24 , C on tex t5 84 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,h igh i nR oom 1 4 . 1 . D ena r iu s ,? IOV IS CVSTOS a sR IC 1 24a ,R ome ( unda ted , AD 7 5 -79 ) ; c o r roded . F ind n o . 2 79 ,

1 2 . 1 32

1 3 . F igure 2 6 : G las sb ang le , s ca le 1 : 2 1 4 .

COINS b y Edward B es ly R epub l ican 1 . D ena r iu so f MN .AE M IL IO .LEP ,C rawfo rd 2 91 /

2 .

1 ,R ome , 14 -113 B .C . , much w o rn . F ind n o . 1 35 ,C on tex t4 20 ,s t ree ta nd r ubb ish l a ye r sa bove a bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . D ena r ius o f C FVNDAN .Q . ; C rawfo rd 3 26 / 1 ,

3 .

R ome , 1 0 1 B .C . , w o rn . F ind n o . 4 4 1 , C on tex t 1 35 1 ,P e r iod 1 ,y a rd -s tone s ea led b yB u i ld ing 1 . D ena r iu ss e r ra tu so f MN . AQV IL . MN .F . MN . N . ,C rawfo rd 4 0 1/ 1 ,R ome ,7 1 B .C . , much w o rn . F ind n o . 3 94 , C on tex t 1 30 1 , P e r iod 1 , al owe r l e ve l o fR oom 1i nB u i ld ing 1 .

1 5 .

C on tex t 1 00 1 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r io r t oP e r iod 2 b u i ld ing w o rk . D ena r iu s , IMP -X IX , Mod iu s , R IC 10 , R ome ( A .D . 7 7 -78 ) ; c o r roded . F ind n o . 2 19 , C on tex t 8 87 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,u ppe rf i l lo f af ounda t ion t r ench . S e s te r t iu s ,S PQR /OB /C IVES /SERVATOS i no ak w r ea th ( p robab ly COS I I =A .D . 7 1 ; c o r roded , m uch w o rn . F ind n o . 2 37 , C on tex t 1 026 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r io rt oP e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . D upond ius , < FORTVNAE> REDVC I , c f . R IC 4 73 /487 ( COS I I / I I I I =A .D . 7 1-73 ) ; c o r roded , s l igh t ly w o rn . F ind n o . 3 89 , C on tex t 1 304 , P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,s ub -f loo ri nR oom 4 .

A s , r e ve r se u nce r ta in ( COS I I I =A .D . 7 2 -73 ) ; l a rge f r agmen t ; s l igh t ly w o rn t ow o rn? F ind n o . 4 11 , C on tex t 1 336 , u n s t ra t if ied i nP e r iod 1 . 1 6 . A s , E ag le , R IC 7 47 ( COS I I I =A .D . 7 2 -73 ) ; s l igh t ly w or n -wor n . F ind n o . 10 ,C on tex t 1 39 , l a te r oad s u r f ace . 1 7 . A s ,E ag le ,c f .R IC 4 97 ( COS I Io rI I I =A .D .7 1 7 3 ) ; c o r roded , s l igh t ly wo rn? F ind n o . 3 90 , C on tex t 1 240 , P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,f l oo r i n R oom 3 . 1 8 . A s ,E ag le c f .R IC 4 97 e t c( A .D .7 1-77 ) ;c o r roded , s ome w ea r ? F ind n o . 2 99 , C on tex t 9 63 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r io rt oP e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . 1 9 .A s ,A equ i ta s ,c f .R IC 4 82 ( c .A .D .7 1-78 ) ;c o r roded .

5 2

2 0 .

2 1 .

2 2 .

2 3 .

2 4 .

2 5 .

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

F ind n o . 2 92 , C on tex t 1 040 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r io r t oP e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . A s , V ic tory r unn ing l e f t ( c . A .D . 7 1 -78 ) ; l a rge f r agmen t ; c o r roded , s ome w ea r . F ind n o . 3 92 , C on tex t 1 240 , P er iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,f l oo r o f R oom 3 . A s , r e ve r se u nce r ta in ( A .D . 6 9 -79 ) ; c o r roded . F ind n o .4 08 ,C on tex t1 342 ,P er iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 , f i l l o f af ounda t ion t r ench . A s , r e ve r se u nce r ta in ( A .D . 6 9 -79 ) ; c o r roded , s l igh t ly w o rn? F ind n o . 4 50 , C on tex t 1 372 , P er iod 1 ,c l ay m akeup f o ry a rd b e low B u i ld ing 1 . D upond iu so ra s ,r eve r se u nce r ta in ( A .D .6 9 -79 ) ; c o r roded . F ind n o . 3 64 ,C on tex t 156 ,P e r iod 1 d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . D upond iu so ra s ,r eve r se u nce r ta in ( A .D .6 9 -79 ) ; f r agmen t ,c o r roded . F ind n o .4 57 ,C on tex t3 25 , P e r iod 2 ,l a te s o i l s i nB u i ld ing 3 . A s ,F EL IC ITAS o rF IDES PVBL ICA ( A .D . 6 9 7 9 ) ;f r agmen t ,p iobab ly V e spa s ian ,s l igh t ly w o rn . F ind n o .4 45 ,C on tex t 1 368 ,P e r iod 1 ,y a rd s t one b e low B u i ld ing 1 .

2 6 .

2 7 .

2 8 .

2 9 .

3 0 .

A s ,V ic to ry t y pe ( A .D .6 9 -79 ) ;p robab ly V e spa s ian , mo s t ly c o r roded , b u t u nwo rn . F ind n o . 5 62 , C on tex t 1 336 , u n s t ra t if ied i nP e r iod 1 . A s ,r eve r se u nce r ta in ,V e spa s ian? ( A .D . 6 9 -79 ) ; c o r roded , s l igh t ly w o rn? F ind n o . 3 87 ,C on tex t 1 30 1 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,l ow l e ve li nR oom 2 . A s ,r eve rse u nce r ta in ,V e spa s ian? ( A .D .6 9 -79 ) ; c o r roded , w o rn . F ind n o . 2 06 , C on tex t 9 06 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,l ow l e ve l i nR oom 3 . A s ,r eve rse u nce r ta in ,V e spa s ian? ( A .D .6 9 -79 ) ; c o r roded ,n o tm uch w o rn . F ind n o . 5 57 ,C on tex t 1 227 ,P er iod 1s o i l s . A s o r d upond iu s , V e spa s ian? ( A .D . 6 9 -79 ) ; c o r roded . F ind n o . 4 8 , C on tex t 3 6 , b a ck f i l l o f 1 967 e xcava t ion t r ench .

Dom i t ian , AD . 8 1 -96 3 1 .

S e s te r t ius , r eve r se

3 2 .

c o r roded , s l igh t ly w o rn? F ind n o . 2 04 ,C on tex t 9 2 1 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,l a te p i t f i l l . S e s te r t iu s ,t wo f i gu re r e ve r se ,c f .R IC 3 22 ( A .D . 8 6 ) ;c o r roded ,p robab ly D om i t ian . F ind n o .5 34 , C on tex t 1 42 1 , P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 .

3 3 .

3 4 .

u nce r ta in

( A .D .

8 1-96 ) ;

D upond iu s ( ? ) , < F IDE I PVBL ICAE> , c f . R IC 2 91 ( A .D . 8 5 -89 ) ; c o r roded , s ome w ea r ? F ind n o . 2 34 ,C on tex t9 58 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,l ow l a ye r i nR oom 8 . D upond iu s , r e ve r se u nce r ta in ( A .D . 8 1-96 ) ;

3 6 .

f r agmen t , w o rn . F ind n o . 2 40 , C on tex t 6 57 , P e r iod 2s o i l s . D upond iu s , Mone ta /Fo r tuna r e ve rse ( A .D . 8 19 6 ) ; f r agmen t ,v e ry s l igh t ly w o rn . F ind n o .3 75 , C on tex t 1 258 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . A s , V ic to ry r unn ing l e f t , R IC 2 42 c /302 ( A .D .

3 7 .

8 4 -85 ) ; c o r roded , w or n ? F ind n o . 3 9 , C on tex t 3 75 ,P er iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 . A s o r d upond iu s , D om i t ian? ( A .D . 8 1-96 ) ;

3 5 .

c o r roded . F ind n o . 1 9 1 ,C on tex t 8 93 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 4 . N er va , AD . 9 6 -98 3 8 . D upond iu s ,F o r tuna ,R IC 9 9( TR PI=A .D .9 7 ) ; l a rge f r agmen t , v e ry s l igh t ly w or n ? F ind n o . 2 32 , C on tex t 7 98 , P er iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 4 . 3 9 .

4 0 .

A s ,A equ i ta s ,c f .R IC 5 1 ( A .D .9 6 -98 ) ;c o r roded , v e ry s l igh t ly w o rn? F ind n o . 3 7 , C on tex t 2 85 , P er iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . A s , A equ i ta s t ype? , c f . R IC 7 7 /94 ( COS I I = A .D .9 7 ) ;c o r roded ,b u tn o t much w o rn . F ind n o . 6 1 , C on tex t 8 7 , f i l l o f mode rn p o s tho le .

T ra jan , A .D . 9 8 -117 4 1 . D ena r iu s ,V ic to ry r unn ing l e f t ,R IC 6 0( COS I I I =A .D . 1 0 1-102 ) ; c o r roded , v e ry s l igh t ly w or n . F ind n o . 1 96 , C on tex t 7 28 , P e r iod 2 f i l l o f s i nkage h o l low i nB u i ld ing 4 . 4 2 . D ena r iu s ,S .P . ,G en iu s t ype? ,c f .R IC 1 80 ( A .D . 1 03 o rl a te r ) ;c o r roded . F ind n o . 1 95 , C on tex t 7 28 , P e r iod 2 f i l l o f s i nkage h o l low i nB u i ld ing 4 . 4 3 . D upond iu s ,r eve r se u nce r ta in s ea ted f i gu re ( A .D . 9 8 -102 ) ; c o r roded . F ind n o . 4 7 , C on tex t 2 23 , b a se o fp lough so i l . 4 4 . D upond ius ,S pe s ,R IC 5 20 (COS V ) =A .D .1 03 1 2 ) ; v e ry s l igh t ly wo rn . F ind n o . 1 44 , C on tex t 7 29 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,e a r ly i nR oom 7 . 4 5 . D upond iu s ,S a lu s? /Conco rd ia ? ,c f .R IC 5 16 (COS V ) =A .D . 1 03 -12 ) ; c o r roded , s l igh t ly w o rn? F ind n o . 1 74 ,C on tex t8 50 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 6 ,p i t f i l l 4 6 . D upond iu s ,s ea ted D ac ian ,e t c ,R IC 5 63 ( COS V =A .D .1 03 -12 ) ;c o r roded ,u nwo rn? o rv e ry s l igh t ly w o rn? F ind n o . 1 22 , C on tex t 3 76 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,l a t e i np a s sage f r om w a lkway . 4 7 . D upond iu s , AL IM I TAL t y pe ,R IC 4 60 /605 ( COS V /V I =A .D . 1 03 112 -117 ) ; s l igh t ly w o rn . F ind n o . 1 5 , C on tex t 7 ,b ackf i l l o f 1 909 e xcava t ion t r ench . 4 8 . D upond ius ,F o r tuna ,R IC 5 02 /591 ( COS V /V I= A .D . 1 03 -17 ) ; v e ry s l igh t ly w or n . F ind n o . 1 59 , C on tex t7 8 1 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 U ncer ta in d a te 4 9 . U nce r ta in a s , l a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry A .D . ; c o r roded . F ind n o . 1 05 ,C on tex t4 14 , P e r iod 3 , p ebb le s p r ead s . 5 0 . U nce r ta in f r agmen ta ry ? a s ,r e ve r se t ype V ic to ry r unn ing r i gh t ,p o s s ib ly T i tu so rD om i t i an ; c o r roded . F ind n o .4 03 ,C on tex t1 240 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 , 5 1 .

5 2 .

f l oo ro fR oom 3 . U nce r ta in a s o r d upond iu s ( f ragmen t ) , l a te i s t c en tu ry ; c o r roded . F ind n o . 6 0 , C on t ex t 5 36 , b a se o fp l ough so i l . U nce r ta in a s o r d upond iu s , p robab ly l a te i s t c en tu ry A .D . ; c o r roded . F ind n o . 2 59 , C on tex t

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

1 02 4 ,P er iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 2 . U n ce r ta in a so rd upond iu s ,p e rhap sl a te I s tc e n tu ry A .D . ; c o r roded . F i nd n o . 2 84 , C on t ex t 1 095 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,p r ima ry i nR oom 1 . 5 4 . U nce r ta in a s o r d upond iu s , l a t e I s t c en tu ry t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry A .D . ;c o r roded . F i nd n o .5 36 , C on tex t 1 4 11 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . 5 5 . U nce r ta in a s o r d upond iu s , l a t e i s t c en tu ry t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry A .D . ;c o r roded . F ind n o .5 45 , C on t ex t 1 441 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . 5 6 -68 . F ragmen t s o f a s se s o r d upond i i ; l i t t le o r n o s u r f a ce s u r v iv ing . 5 3 .

OBJECTS OF LEAD

( f ig . 2 7 )

b yJ ane tA rno ld a nd W end yJ . Owen WE IGHTS A l l m ea su remen t s a r e i nm i l l ime t r e s , a nd w e igh t s i n g ramme s . W i th t h ee xcep t ion o fF ind n o . 2 80 t h e l e ad w e igh t s f r om C ae r sw sd on o tc o r re spond v e ry c l o se ly ,i fa ta l , t ot h ew e igh t sa s sumed b yN av i l le ( 1 922 )o rB ockh f o r a s ,q uad ran s ,u nc ia e t c . ( Nav i l le 's e s t ima t ei s3 22 .56 g ramme s f o r t h e w e igh t o f t h e a s o r l i b ra ; B ockh 's e s t ima te i s3 27 .45 g r amme s ) . 1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

T ub shaped w i th o f f -cen t r et a pe r ing p e r fo r a t ion . Max imum d i ame te r 2 8 , t h ickne s s 1 , w e igh t 4 8 .3 . F ind n o . 1 63 , C on tex t 4 77 , B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 4 ,l a te i nP e r iod 2 . T ub shaped w i th r ounded s i de s . ' S ' m a rk c u t i n to o ne f a ce . Max imum d i ame t e r 1 6 ,t h ickne s s 6 ,w e igh t 1 0 .2 . F ind n o . 4 25 , C on tex t 1 309 , P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 1 . S ub rounded . Max imum d i ame te r2 2 ,t h ickne s s 8 ,w e igh t 1 7 .7 . F i nd n o . 1 64 , C on tex t 7 70 , i n P e r iod 2s t r ee ta nd r ubb i sh l a ye r so ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . B un shaped w i th r o unded s i de s . S i ng le h o le p i e r c ing c en t re o fo ne f a ce . Max imum d i ame te r 1 8 ,t h ickne s s8 ,w e igh t2 1 .6 . F i nd n o .1 ,C on t ex t 5 ,b a ckf i l l o f moder np o s t -p i t . B icon ica lw i th f l a tf a ce s ,e a ch w i th as i ng le h o le p i e r c ing i t s c en t re . Max imum d i ame t e r 2 0 , t h ickne s s 1 4 ,w e igh t3 5 .4 . F i nd n o . 5 4 ,C on tex t 4 93 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 ,l a te i nP e r iod 2 . T h ick d i s cw i th s l igh t ly f a ceued s i de sa nd p o s s ib ly ac en t ra l , p l ugged p e r fo ra t ion -s how ing a s a r a ised c en t ra ls u r f a ce o ne a ch f a ce . O ne f a ce h a s t h re eh o le sd r i l led i n to i t .P o s s ib ly aq uad ran s( 3 u nc iae ) , a l though i ti sl i gh t e r t h an t h e w e igh t a s sumed f o rt h i s( 80 .64 g .b yN av i l le ;8 1 .86 g .b y B ockh ) . Max imum d i ame te r 2 8 , t h ickne s s 1 4 , w e igh t7 6 .4 . F ind n o .2 09 ,C on tex t6 55 ,B u i ld ing

T he f ind s .

5 3

3 ,R oom 1 , e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . B icon ica l w i th f l a t f a ce s . O ne o r p o s s ib ly t wo h o le sd r i l led i n to o ne f a ce .P o s s ib ly as e s cunc ia -q u i te c l o se t o t h e a s sumed w e igh t f o r t h i s ( 4 0 .32 g . b y N av i l le ; 4 0 .93 g . b y B o ckh ) . Max imum d i ame t e r 2 2 , t h ickne s s 1 5 , w e igh t 4 2 .4 . F ind n o . 4 20 , C on tex t 1 288 , P e r iod 1 , B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 4 . 8 . Sma l l b i con ica l w i th l i ne c u t i n to o ne f a c e p os s ib ly t h e s ymbo l f o ra n u nc ia , a l though i ti s l i gh te rt h an t h ew e igh ta s sumed f o rt h i s( 2 6 .88 g . b y N av i l le ; 2 7 .29 g . b y B o ckh ) . Max imum d i ame t e r2 0 ,t h ickne s s ,1 0 ,w e igh t2 3 .3 . F i nd n o . 3 58 , C on tex t 1 242 ,P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . 9 . B icon ica l w i th f l a tf a ce s ,o ne o fw h ich h a s f i ve s ha l low h o le sd r i l led i n to i t-p robab ly t h es ymbo l f o r aq u incunx i t sw e igh tc o r re spond sw e l lt ot h e w e igh t a s sumed f o r t h i s b y N av i l le ( Bo ckh 's e s t ima t e i s 1 34 .4g ) . Max imum d i ame t e r 3 2 , t h ickne s s2 3 ,w e igh t1 34 .6 .F ind n o .2 80 ,C on tex t 1 060 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 2 ,l a te ri nP e r iod 2 . 1 0 . B un -shap ed w i th t wo h o le sd r i l led i n to o ne f a c e -p o s s ib ly t h es ymbo lf o r as e x tans a l though i ti s l i gh t e rt h an t h ew e igh ta s sumed f o rt h i s( 5 3 .76 g . b y N av i l le ; 5 4 .58 g . b y B o ckh ) . Max imum d i ame t e r2 6 ,t h ickne s s 1 0 ,w e igh t4 7 .8 . F i nd n o . 1 65 ,C on t ex t7 8 1 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 ,l a te ri n P e r iod 2 . 1 . B icon ica lw i th f l a tf a ce s . O ne f a ce h a sf o u rh o le s p i e r c ing i t ,t h e o t he r h a s o ne h o le . Max imum d i ame te r 2 7 , t h ickne s s 1 3 , w e igh t 6 3 .95 . F i nd n o . 3 82 ,C on t ex t 1 275 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . 1 2 . T ub shaped , w ea the red a nd c o r roded , w i th o ne d eep ly d r i l led h o le o f -cen t r eo no ne f a ce .P o s s ib ly a n u nc ia b u ti sr a the rh eav ie rt h an t h e a s sumed w e igh tf o rt h i s ( s ee n o . 8a bove ) . D iame t e r2 5 , t h ickne s s9 ,w e igh t2 7 .7 . F ind n o .4 56 ,C on tex t 1 372 , y a rd s o i ls ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 1 . 1 3 . B icon ica lw i th f l a tf a c e sa nd t h es ugge s t ion o fa s ha l low h o le i nt h ec en t re o fo ne f a ce . Max imum d i ame t e r2 4 ,t h ickne s s1 6 ,w e igh t5 8 .6 . F i nd n o . 4 33 ,C on tex t 1 305 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 . 1 4 . C y l ind r ica l a nd c on cave a t o ne e nd . T h i s c o r re spond sq u i t ec l os e ly t ot h ew e igh ta s sumed f o r as em i s ( 6 u nc iae ) ( 1 6 1 .28 g .b y N av i l le ; 1 63 .73 g . b y B ockh ) , b u t i ss l igh t ly h eav ie r . Max imum d i ame te r 3 2 , t h icknes s 2 2 , w e igh t 1 65 .35 . F i nd n o . 4 17 , C on t ex t 1 300 , P e r iod 1 , B u i ld ing 1 ,w a l l l ine . 1 5 . T ub shaped . Max imum d i ame te r 3 0 , t h ickne s s 1 , w e igh t 7 1 .8 . F i nd n o . 1 66 , C on tex t 8 12 , P e r iod 2 ,w a lkway i nf r on to fB u i ld ing 3 . 1 6 . T ub -shaped ( a lmo s tb i con ica l ) ,w i th f l a ts u r f ace s , o ne o fw h ich h a sb e en h o l lowed . T he o t he rh a s al o zenge shaped h o le c u ti n to i t ,a nd t wo s ma l l h o le sw i th in t h a t . Max imum d i ame te r3 0 ,t h i ckne s s 1 4 , w e igh t 9 6 .6 . F i nd n o . 2 09 , C on t ex t 6 55 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . 1 7 . C on ica lw i th f l a tf a c e st o pa nd b o t tom . B o t tom

7 .

5 4

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

1 8 .

T he f i nd s .

F i nd n o .4 18 ,C on tex t1 300 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,

f a ce h a s as ha l low h o le p i e r c ing i t( p o s s ib ly t h e s ymbo l f o ra n u nc ia ) . S l igh t ly h eav ie rt h an t h e a s sumed w e igh t f o ra n u nc ia ( s e e n o . 8a bove ) . Max imum d i ame te r 2 5 , t h ickne s s 1 , w e igh t 2 9 .9 . F ind n o . 1 83 , C on tex t 2 7 1 , b a ckf i l l o f m ode rn p i t . C on ica l ,w i th c oncave b a se a nd t h es ugge s t ion o f as l igh th o le i nt h ec en t re o ft h eu ppe rf a ce . C lo se t ot h ea s sumed w e igh tf o r as e . x tan s ( 2u nc iae ) . Max imum d i ame te r3 2 ,t h ickne s s9 ,w e igh t5 1 .3 .

w a l l l ine . I na dd i t ion t ot h ea bove w e igh t s ,t h e r ew e re 2 48 p i ec e s o fl e ad w e igh ing 4 434 g . T he se c on s i s ted o fs h ee t s ( 104 p i ece s , 102 g . ) ,s t r ip s( 1 1p i ec e s , 1 32 g . ) ,p i p ing ( 1p i ec e ,7 30 g . ) ,u n iden t if ied o b je c t s( 1 7p i ece s , 170 g . ) ,l ump s( 1 1p i ece s ,1 98 g . )a nd f r agmen t sa nd s c rap s ( 10 4p i ec e s , 102 g . ) . Af u l lc a ta logue i sh ou s ed i nt h e a r ch ive ( d e ta i ls i nA ppend ix 5 ) .

W i l

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4

3

5

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8

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6

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d i e

1 2

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1 5

1 3

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1 7

AI F igure 2 7 : L ead w e igh t s ,s c a le 1 : 2

BRONZE AND S ILVER

( f ig s2 8 -34 )

b yJ ane tW eb s t er

Among t h e s i x ty s e ven b ronz e s ma l l -f ind s f r om t h e e xcava t ion s a tt h e C ae r sw s v i cu s s e ve ra l c a tego r ie s

a r ew e l lr e p re sen ted .T he l a rge s tc a t ego ry i so fb r oo che s w h i ch m ake u p o ve r aq ua r te ro ft h et o ta l n umb e ro f i t em sd i s cu s s ed b e low . T he c o l le c t ion o fb ow b r oo che s i su n rema rkab le i nt h a t n o th ing n eed b e e a r l ie r t h an F l av ian o rl a t e rt h an e a r ly t om id s e cond c en tu ry A .D . . Mo reove ri tc on ta in so n ly t y pe st h a tm igh tb ee xp e c t ed i n Wa le s a nd , g i ven t h e d a t e r a nge , s how s n e i the r a

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

5 5

m i l i ta ry n o r ac i v i l ian / na t ive b i a s . B u tt h ep enannu la r b roo che sa r eo fi n te r e s ts i nce t h ey i n c lude a ne xamp le o f af o rm k nown t ob eu ncommon ( n o . 1 3 ) ,a nd a l so a n e xamp le w h ich r ef le c t s t h es i t e 's l i nk s w i th Wroxe t e r w hence t h e b roo ch i n q ue s t ion p r e sumab ly d e r ive s ( n o . 1 ) . An umbe ro fi t em so fm i l i ta ry d r e s sw e r er e cove red f r om t h ee xcava t ion . T he i rp r e senc ei sn o ts u rp r i s ing i n v i ew o f t h e c l o se p rox im i ty o f t h e s i t e t o t h e a ux i l ia ry f o r t . I nt h i sg roup o fo b je c t s a ny N e ron ian a f f in i t ie s m ay b e s e en m e r e ly a s e v idence o f t h e r e la t ive l o ngev i ty o f t h e i t em s i nq ue s t ion , s ome o f w h ich , n o tab ly t h e b a ld r ic f a s tene r s ( n o s 2 0 & 2 1 ) , m ay s t i l l h ave b een i n nova t ive i nt h ep r e -F lav ian a nd e a r ly F l av ian p e r iod s . T he h a rne s s f i t t ing s , o n t h e o t he r h and , m ake u p a s u rp r i s ing p ropo r t ion o ft h e b ronze s ma l l -f ind s f r om t h es i t e( a pp rox ima te ly a ne i gh th o ft h ew ho le )a nd a r e p a r t i cu la r ly n o t ewo r thy . T he t h re e h a rne s s r ounde l s c a ta logued b e low a r e v a r iou s ly d eco ra ted w i th s i lve r a nd n i e l lo ,a nd t wo a tl e a s tw ou ld n o tb ei n app rop r ia t e i n as o l id ly p r e -F lav ian c on tex t . N o .2 3m ay h ave b een a tt h e e nd o f al o ng w o rk ing l i f e w hen d epo s i t ed , p r e sumab ly e a r ly , i nP ha se 1 ;b u tn o . 2 2w ou ld h ave b een w e l lo u to fd a te b yt h en ,l e ta l one b yt h et i me o f i t sd epo s i t ion i nP ha se 2 .E qu ipmen to fs u ch r i chne s s , w i th c l o se p a ra l le l so n t h eG e rman f r on t ie r ,i s ,a tt h i s e a r ly d a te , u n l ike ly t ob eo t he rt h an m i l i ta ry . T he f r agmen t s o f b ronze v e s se ls r e cove red a ga in f o rm as i gn if ican t g roup . A pa r t f r om t h e h i nged l i d w i th t h ed uck k nob ( no .3 8 )f r om av e s se lo fp rov inc ia l m anu f ac tu re o fs e cond c en tu ry A .D .d a te ( wh ich m u s t b e long t ot h ef i na ly ea r so f ,o re ven p o s t -da te ,t h em a in o c cupa t ion o ft h es i te ) ,t h ea s semb lage i mp l ie st h eu s e o f q ua l i ty t a b le -wa re i n t h e l a t e f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . . T ha ts ome a tl e a s to ft h i s t a b le -wa re b egan l i f ea st h e p r ope r ty o f am embe ro ft h em i l i ta ry i ss ugge s t ed b y t h ep r e sen ce o fa tl e a s to ne v e s se l i mpo r t ed f r om t h e C on t inen to fp robab le m id f i r s tc en tu ry A .D .m anuf a c t u r e ( n o . 3 5 ) . T ha tt h eo ff i ce r so ft h eN e ron ian a rmy t r ave l led w i th t h e i ro wn p e r sona lc omp l imen to fq ua l i t y b r onze v e s s e l s h a s a l r eady b een e v idenced a tT he L un t ,B ag in ton ( T ran s . B . &W .A .S . LXXXV ,p .6 9 , n o s 1& 8 , f i g s 2 0 , 2 1) a nd a t U sk ( J . Web s te r f o r thcom ing ) a nd i ti sp r e sumab ly i n t h a t s o r t o f c on t ex t t h a t s ome a tl e a s t o f t h e p i ece s r e p r e sen ted h e re w e re a s semb led . I t em s o fj ewe l le ry , o t he r t h an b roo che s , i n c lud e a s i lve r f i nge r r i ng a nd a b r onze o ne a nd ap robab le n eck le tw h ich o we sm o re t ot h eC e l t ic t r ad i t ion so fi t s p rovenance t h an t o t h e R oman ised e nv i ronmen t i n w h ich i tw a sw o rn . B u tp e r sona l e qu ipmen ti su nex p e c ted ly s c a rce .

t h e s p r ing m e chan ism w h ich h a s p i e r ced d i sc t e rm i n a l s t ot h e s em i -cyl ind r ica l s i de -w ing s t os uppo r tt h e a x ia lb a ro ft h es p r ing a nd ar e a rwa rd h ook t oh o ld t h e e x te rna lc ho rd ;a l so b yt h es em i -c i r cu la r mou ld ing st o e i the r s i de o ft h e h ead a nd b y t h ep rof i le o ft h e b ow w h ich i sh umped a tt h eh ead a nd s h a l low ly a r ched o r m o re n ea r ly s t ra igh tb e low ( s ee J a r re t t & Wra thme l l 1 98 1 , p . 1 69 , n o s 1 & 1 2 , f i g . 6 9 ) . T hough n o t u ncommon i n s ou the rn B r i ta in c oncen t ra t ion s h ave b een n o ted i nt h ew e s tM id land sb y Mack re th ( B rod r ibb aa / . 1 97 1 ,p . 19 )a nd i nt h eL owe rS eve rn V a l ley b y H a t ta t t( Ha t ta t t 1 985 , p .8 2 ) . T ha tt h et y pe e vo lved w i th in t h ep e r iod 5 0 -6 1 A .D . o na na logy w i th C amu lodunum T yp e Vw a ss ugge s ted i nt h e Wh i t ton r e po r t ( J a r re t t & Wr a th rne l l 1 98 1 , p . 1 69 ) . T ha ti tr ema ined p opu la ri n Wa le sw e l li n to t h e s e cond c en tu ry i se v iden ced a t C a e r leon , w i th e x a mp le sf r om t h eE x t ra -Mu ra lA r ea d epo s i ted a f t e r1 30 A .D . ( Boon f o r thcom ing , 2 3 .24 ) a nd i n aH ad r ian i c A n ton ine c on t ex ti nt h eF o r t re s sB a th s( Z ienck iew icz 1 986 ,p .1 70 ) . T he s e r ie s a s i ti sr e p re sen ted i n Wa le s a nd t h e v a r ia t ion s w h ich t h e re o c cu rw i th in i ta r e mo r e f u l ly d i scu s sed i nt h ef o r thcom ing c a ta logue o ft h eR oman b roo che s i nt h ec o l le c t ion s o fN ewpo r t Mu seum .

T he b roo che s B ow b rooche s T he f i r s tt h re eb roo che sb e long t ot h eP o lden H i l lw i th D o lph in P ro f i le s e r ie s . T he t y pe i sc ha ra c te r ised b y

4 .

1 .

2 .

3 .

F ragmen ta ry . T he s p r ing a r rangemen t i sa s d e sc r ibed a bove . T he b ow i sh umped a tt h eh ead a nd s t ra igh t i np r of i le . T he re a r e s em i -c i r cu la r m ou ld ing s t oe i the r s i de o ft h e h ead a nd t h e r e m ay h ave b een ar i dged V shaped t o ngue , t h e s k euomo rph o f t h e o l d f o rwa rd c ho rd h ook , e x tend ing d own t h ec en t re f r on to ft h eh ead f r om t h e f u nc t iona l r e a rwa rd c ho rd h ook . F i nd n o . 2 42 ,C on tex t9 03 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,C ou r tya rd . A no the r , mo re d amaged t h an t h el a s t . A ga in t h e b ow i sh umped a tt h eh ead a nd s t ra igh ti np rof i le . T he s em i -c i r cu la rm ou ld ing st oe i the rs i de o ft h e h ead a r e v i s ib le . F ind n o . 4 38 , C on tex t 1 367 , t r amp led o l d s o i l s . T he s p r ing m e chan ism i sa sd e s c r ibed a bove . I n t h i sc a se t h eb ow i sl e s sh umped a tt h eh ead t h an i n t h e p r eceed ing e xamp le s a s i td e s c r ibe s a w id e r c u rve b u t i sn ea r ly s t ra igh t b e low . T he e x tan ts i de -w ing h a s as l igh tr i bbed m ou ld ing a t i t so u te re dge . T he m ou ld ing s t oe i the rs i d e o f t h e h ead o f t h e b ow h ave t a ken o n a n a lmo s t t r i angu la r s h ape b ecau se o f t h e l e s s h umped f o rm o ft h eh ead . T he b ow c a r r ie sl o ng i tud ina l r i bbed o rnamen t w h ich t e rm ina te s as ho r t w ay a bove t h ep r e sen tb r eak l e av ing t h ee x tan tr emnan t o ft h e l owe rb ow p l a in . F i nd n o . 1 27 , C on t ex t 5 74 , i nP e r iod 2s t ree t a nd r u bb i sh l a ye r s o ve r a bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . A l though a ny p i e r ced d i s ct e rm ina l st ot h es i d e wi n g sh ave b een l o s tt h rough d amage ,t h er e a rwa rd h ook f o r t h ec ho rd a nd t h e h ump ed h ead o ft h e b ow , w i th s t ra igh tp rof i le b e low , a nd t h e s em i -

5 6

5 .

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

c i r cu la r mou ld ing s t o e i the r s i de o f t h e h ead d e s igna te t h i s b rooch f r agmen t a no the r i nt h e s ame s e r ie s a st h e p r eceed ing t h ree . An umbe ro fr e cu r r ing v a r ia t ion s c an b ed i s t in g u i shed a mong b roo che so ft h i s s e r ie so ccu r ing i ns ou th Wa le s( s e et h ef o r thcom ing c a ta logue o f t h eR oman b roo che s i nt h ec o l le c t ion s o fN ew p o r t Mu seum ) b u tt h eC ae r sw s b roo ch , w i th i t s e l abo ra t ed e co ra t ion ,d oe sn o tc onfo rm t oa ny o f t h em . E a ch d amaged s i de -w ing c a r r ied ac u rved d oub le r i bl o ng i tud ina lm ou ld ing p o s i t ioned as ho r td i s t a nce a way f r om t h ej unc t ion w i th t h eb ow . T he re a r e l a rge s em i -c i r cu la r mou ld ing s t oe i t h e r s i de o ft h e h ead o ft h e b ow . Ac en t ra l r i b r u n sd own t h ef r on to ft h eb ow f r om t h er e a rwa rd c ho rd h ook a sf a ra st h e w a i s t ; t oe a ch s i d e i sa s e r ie so fl e n to id mou ld ing sr unn ing d ownwa rd s t ot h e e dge o ft h elow . S eve re d amage t ot h e b roo ch p r even t s ap r e c i se r e con s t ru c t ion o ft h e o r ig ina l d e s ign s c heme b u t t h e u ppe r l e n to id m ou ld ing sa r ev e ry h eavy a nd a r es e pa ra ted f r om e a ch o t he rb y g roove s d ef ined b y i n c ised l i ne s ; b e low , t h e mou ld ing s s e em l e s s h eavy a nd t h e d e co r a t ion m ay h ave d egene r a ted i n to d i agona l l i ne o r namen tw i thou t mou ld ing s . T he d e co r a t i on o f t h e u ppe r b ow t e rm ina te s a tt h e w a i s t m ou ld ing w h ich c omp r i se s as ub s tan t ia l b u t ton f l anked b y n a r row t r an sve r se r i b s a bove a nd b e low a nd w h ich i t se lf c a r r ied s ome d i agona l l i ne o r namen t . T he l owe rb ow i sl o s t . T he l i ne o ft h ec a t chp la t ei sc on t inued a s ar i bu p t h eb ack o ft h eb ow t ot h eh ead , an o tu ncommon f e a tu r eo n b roo che s o ft h i s s e r ie s . B roo che si nt h i ss e r ie sw i th l e n t icu la r mou ld ing s a r en o tu nk nown i n Wa le s . Ab rooch f r om C o l l f r yn , f o r e xamp le , h a s m ou ld ing s r unn ing a l d own t h e b ow u pwa rd s a nd o u twa rd s f r om a c en t ra l r i bb ed p ane l . Ab rooch f r om n ea r P e t e r s f ie ld , H amp sh i r e ( Ha t ta t t 1 985 , p .8 4 .6 , n o . 3 80 ,f i g . 3 6 ) ,h a sl e n to id mou ld ing sw h i ch f o rm z i g -zag p a t ter n s t oe i the r s i de o f ac en t ra l r i b . B u tt h eC ae r sw sb rooch c onfo rm sw i th n e i the ro f t h e se a nd r e p re sen t s af u r the r v a r ia t ion d i s t in g u i shed p a r t icu la r ly b yt h ep r e sence o ft h ew a i s t b u t ton . F ind n o .2 0 ,C on t ex t7 ,b a ck f i l lo f1 909 e xcava t ion t r en ch . AH inged D o lph in b roo ch .Q u i te b ad ly d amaged . T he c r o s s -ba r f o r t h e p i vo t f o r t h e h i nged p i n s u rv ive si nf u l lo no ne s i de o ft h eh ead o n ly . I t s q u i te e l abo ra te o r namen ta t ion i sc onf ined t ot h e f r on t . I tt e rm ina t e si n al a rge k nobbed mou ld ing w i th an a r row g roove a nd af i ne r i bo nt h ei n ne r s i de ; t h e k nobbed mou ld ing i sd e co ra t ed w i th d i agona l i n c i sed l i ne o r namen t a nd a b and o f s im i la r o rnamen t , a t t h e o ppo s i t e a ng le , r u n s a c ro s s t h e n a r row r i b , i nwa rd s , w i th i t s i n ne r e dge d ef ined p a r t ly b y al o ng i tud ina l i n c i sed l i ne . Ap l a in r i b mou ld ing r u n s a t ad i agona l

6 .

7 .

f r om t h ep i na pe r tu r ea tt h et o po ft h eh ead o ft h e b ow t ot h el owe re dg eo ft h ec r o s s -ba rd e s c r ib ing as l igh tc u r ve o n t h e l owe rp a r to fi t sj ou rney . T he i n c i sed l i ne o rnamen ti sr e pea ted d own t h e f r on to ft h eb ow w he re i tf o rm s ac hev ron p a t t er n t oe i the r s i de o f ac en t ra l l o ng i tud ina l g roove , s a ve i nt h em idd le o ft h eb ow w he r et h eg roove i sl e s s w e l l d e f ined a nd t h e l i ne o r namen t c on v e rge s . A t t h e h ead , t h e b ow i se nc i r c led b y at h ick m ou ld ing ,d oub le u nde rnea th ,w he r ei tj o in st h e c r o s s -ba r . L i t t le r ema in so ft h ec a t ch -p la te b u ti th ad o pen w o rk o rnamen t . Al a te N e ron ian -F lav ian d a t e i ss ugge s t ed f o r H inged D o lph in b roo che s( s ee C rummy 1 983 ,p . 1 2 , T yp e 9 4 ) . F ind n o . 5 38 , C on t ex t 1 371 , t r amp led o l d s o i l s . Ah i nged ,e name l led H ead s tud b rooch i n ap oo r s t a te o fp r e se r va t ion . T he p i vo t f o r t h e h i nged p i nw a sh ou sed i n ac y l ind r ica lc a s ing c a s ti no ne w i th t h e b a ck o ft h e s ho r t s t ubby ' s ide -w ing s ' . T he re i sn ow n oe v idence o f ah ead loop t h ough i tm ay h ave b een o fo ne p i ece w i th t h ep i vo t . T he m o re c omp le te ' s ide -w ing ' c a r r ie s s imp le l o ng i tud ina l mou lded a nd g r ooved o r namen t . T he b ow ,o fs ub s tan t ia lc on s t ruc t ion a nd r e c tan g u la rc r o s s se c t ion , i sh i gh ly a r ched a tt h eh ead w i th ar e a rwa rd s l ope t oi t ss t ra igh tl owe rp rof i le . T he re i sap ronounced h ead s tud w i th c oncen t r ic s e t t ing sf o re name l . A bove t h eh ead s t ud af a in t l i ne i nt h ev e ry b ad ly c o r roded s u r f ac em ay i n d i c a te t h eo r ig ina lp r e senc eo f ac r e s tm ou ld ing ,a n o t u ncommon d e co ra t ive f e a tu re o fH ead s tud b rooche s ( c f . P a in te r &S a x 1 970 ,p p . 1 6 1 166 , n o s 1 0 , 1 3 , 1 4 , 1 5 , 1 6 ,f i g . 3 ; H a t ta t t 1 985 ,p p . 1 01 104 ,n o s4 19 ,4 23 -425 ,f i g s .4 2 ,4 3 )b u tt h e b rooch i st o ob ad ly d amaged f o rc e r ta in ty . B e l ow t h eh ead s tud i s ap ane lo fr e c tangu la rc els f o re name l t e rm ina t ing i na ne l onga t ed t r i angu l a re name l led c e l la bove ac i r cu la r mo t i fw h ich , w i th i t s c oncen t r ic s e t t ing s f o r e name l , e choe s t h e h ead s tud i t se lf . T he b ow t a p e r s s l igh t ly a nd t e rm ina te s i n a n e l abo ra te k nobbed f o o t . T he c a t chp la te i ss e ve r e ly d amaged a nd c o r r od ed b u ti tm ay h ave c a r r ied c u rv i l inea ri n c i s ed l i ne o r namen t , an o tewo r thy f e a tu r e , i fs o , o n a b roo ch o ft h i s t y pe . T he H e ad s tud B rooch h ad a ch ieved i t s f u l ly e vo lved f o rm b e fo re o r b y t h e e a r ly F l av ian p e r iod a nd f l ou r i shed i nt h es e cond c en tu ry ( s e e J a r re t t & Wra thme l l 1 98 1 , p . 1 7 1 , n o s 1 5 -17 ; a l so C rummy 1 983 ,p .1 3 ,T ype 1 48 f o r as um m a ry o f t h e d a t ing e v idenc e ) . F i nd n o . 7 5 , C on t ex t4 09 ,P e r iod 1s o i l s . T he s e ve r e ly d amaged f r agmen to fa no the rH ead s t ud b rooch . I th ad as p rung p i n ,t h es p r ing b e ing s e cu red b y m ean so fa n a x ia l b a rw h ich p a s s ed

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

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F igure 2 8 : Ob ject s o fb ronze , s ca le 1 : 1

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1 0 .

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

t h rough ap i e r ced l u gc a s ti no ne w i th t h er e a ro f t h e h ead . H a t ta t t n o te s t h a t t h e s p rung f o rm o f H ead s tud b rooch u sua l ly h a s t h eC o lche s t e r B s p r ing m echan ism w i th ad oub le l u ga tt h er e a ro f t h e h ead p i e r ced t or e ce ive t h e a x ia l b a r o ft h e s p r ing a nd , a bove , t h e e x te r na l c ho rd ( Ha t ta t t 1 985 ,p .1 0 1 ) . T he re i sn ow n ot r a ce o fa nu pp e r p i e r ced l u go n t h eC a e r sw sf r agmen ta nd i ti sa t l e a s tp o s s ib le t h a t ,i n s tead ,t h ec ho rd w a ss e cu red b y af o rwa rd h ook a si na n e xamp le o f ah ead s t ud b rooch f r om Wh i t ton ( J a r re t t & Wr a thme l l 1 98 1 ,p .1 71 ,n o . 1 5 , f i g . 6 9 ) . T he s i de -w ing sa pp ea r t oh ave b een v e ry s ho r t , s c a r ce ly p ro je c t ing b eyond t h el i ne o ft h eb ow a t t h eh ead t oc oncea lt h en a r row s p r ing . A ga in t h e b ow i so fs ub s tan t ia lc on s t ruc t ion w i th ar e c tan g u la rc r o s s -se c t ion . T he re i sap r onounced h ead s t ud ,t h ough n o ts op rom inen ta so nt h ep r ev iou s b r oo ch ,w i th s im i la rc oncen t r ic s e t t ing sf o re name l . B e low i s ar e c tangu la r e name l led c e l l , a ppa r e n t ly t h et o po f ap ane lo fs u ch o r namen tr unn ing d own t h eb ow . F i nd n o .3 68 ,C on tex t1 256 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing p r eceed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . T rumpe tb roo ch w i th as p rung p i n . T he s p r ing w a s s e cu red b y m ean s o f ap i e r ced l u g , c a s t i n o ne w i th t h e r e a r o ft h e h ead , w h ich s e cu r ed a t u bu la ra x i sb a rw h ich i t se lf w ou ld h ave h ou sed t h e e nd s o f aw i re h ead loop , n ow l o s t . T he re w a sh e r en om ean so fs e cu r ing t h ei n te rna lc ho rd . T he t r umpe th ead o ft h eb roo ch i se nc i r c led b ya p l a in r i b . T he r e i s ap rom inen t w a i s t b u t ton w h ich c a r r ie s n o t ched d eco ra t ion o n t h e f r on t o n ly b u tw h ich i sn eve r the le s sf u l ly mou lded a t t h e b a ck a nd t h e r e a r e p a i r s o fp l a in t r an sve r se m ou ld ing sa bove a nd b e low . T he b roken l e gh a s ap rom inen tc en t ra l r i dge . T rump e t b roo che s a r e t h ough t t oh ave e vo lved b yt h em idd le o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .D .( Boon & S avo ry 1 975 , p p . 5 0 -57 ; H a t tau 1 985 , p . 1 05 ) a nd c on t inued i n u se u n t i l l a t e i n t h e s e cond c en tu ry . F ind n o .2 44 ,C on tex t9 18 ,B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 4 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . F ragmen to ft h eh e ad o fa no the rT rumpe tb roo ch . T he s p r ing a r rangemen ti sa sa bove . T h i s f r agmen t b e long s t o ab rooch o f H u l l 's C he s te rt y pe w he re t h et r umpe ts h ape i sa ch ieved b yf l anged m a rg in st oe i the rs i de o f at r i angu la r h eaded b ow , c f . J a r re t t & Wra thme l l 1 98 1 , p . 1 74 -5 , n o s 2 2 -24 , f i g . 7 0 . H u l l n o te s t h a t t h e C he s te rt y pe i sc ommon o nn a t ive s i te so ccup ied b e fo re t h e C onque s t b u t o ccu r s o n w ho l ly R o m an s i t e st o o( Hu l l 1 967 ,p .4 2 ,n o . 1 08 ) ,a nd a n e xamp le f r om a n e a r ly F l av ian p i t a tU sk c on f i rms t h ep r e senc eo ft h et y pe o nm i l i ta ry s i t e si n Wa le s f r om t h e l a te N e ron ian p e r iod . F i nd n o . 3 95 , C on tex t 1 302 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 . AH inged T shaped b roo ch w i th a n e name l led u pp e rb ow a nd e l abo ra t e w a is t m ou ld ing s . Ap a r t ia l ly d amaged c r o s s -ba rh ou se s t h e ? i ron

p i vo tf o rt h ep i n . O n ly t h eb a s eo f ac a s th ead l o op r ema in sa bove t h eh ead . T he u ppe r b ow d e s cr ibe s as ha rp a ng le a tt h e h ead a nd c a r r ie s ar e c tangu la rp ane lc omp r i s ing t wo l e ng thw is eb and s o fe name l i n se t s i na l te r n a t ing c o lou r s . A t t h e w a i s t t h e p l a in b u t ton , c l a sp ed b e tween a can thu s m ou ld ing s , i ss epa r a t ed f r om t h e u ppe r a nd l owe r b ow b y p l a in t r an sve r s e m ou ld ing s . T he l e g i sp rom inen t ly r i dged a nd t a p e r st o ap ronounced mou lded f oo t . T he d amaged c a t chp la t e i so ne s id ed : t h a t i s , i n s tead o fb e ing d r awn o u tf r om t h ec en t re o ft h e l e g ,i ti sd r awn o u tf r om t h el e f th and s i de w hen v i ewed f r om t h er e a r . T he b rooch b e long s t ot h a t c l a s s d e sc r ibed b y H ul i nt h e N o r 'nou rr e po r ta sB roo che s w i th a w id e ,e nameled h ead a nd m o r eo rl e s se l abo r a te b u t ton ( Hul 1 967 ,p .3 2 ,T yp e7 ,n o s 9& 1 0 ,f i g . 1a nd p .6 2 ,n o .2 47 ,f i g .2 4 ) . T he u s eo ft h eo ne s i ded c a t chp la te i s an o t u ncommon f e a tu re o f H inged T shaped e name l led b roo che s , w h ich w e r e m anu f a c tu r ed i ns u ch n umbe r si nt h e s e c o nd c en tu ry b u tt h ev a r ia t ion i nd e co r a t ive d e ta i l b e tween i n d iv idua l p i e ce s o n w h ich i to ccu r s s ugge s t s t h a ti tc anno tb ec on s ide red d i agno s t i c i ni d en t ify ing t h ep rodu c t so fs i ng le w o rk shop s . T he b roo ch m ay b e c ompa red w i th a c l o se ly s im i la ro ne f r om C a e rwen ta l so w i th ao ne -s ided c a t chp la te ( Newpo r t Mu seum A cc .n o .8 5 -148 (6 ) ) . F i nd n o . 1 46 ,C on tex t7 81 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 1 . P enannu lar b rooch es 1 . P enannu la rb r ooch o fF ow le r 's T ype A 4 ,w h ich s h ed ef ine sa sh av ing m i l led k nob t e rm ina l sw i th m ou ld ing s( Fow le r1 960 ,p p . 1 5 1 -2 ,f i g . 1a nd p . 1 75 ) . S he s ugge s t s af i r s tt ot h i rd c en tu ry A .D . d a te r a nge f o r t h e se b rooche s a nd c i te s t h ree e xamp le s o ft h e t y pe f r om Wroxe te r . F i nd n o . 3 1 ,C on tex t7 ,b ack f i l lo f1 909 e xcava t ion t r ench . 1 2 . P enannu la r b rooch o f F ow le r 's T ype D 2 , c ha ra c te r i sed b y h av ing t h e u ppe r f a ce o f t h e t e rm ina l sp i nched i n to a n' h ou r -g la s s 's h ape a nd s ome t ime s h av ing ad e co ra t ed r i ng . T he C a e r sw sb roo ch h a st h e ' h ou r -g la s s ' n o t ch i n go ft h et e rm ina l sw i th f u r the rt r an sve r se sl i ne o r namen tt oe i the rs i de . T he r i ng i sd e co r a ted o n t h e f r on t f a c e o n ly w i th a c en t ra l b eaded r i b f l anked b y ap l a in r i bt oe i the rs i de . C ompa re a s im i la rb r oo ch f r om L ydney ( Whe e le r &Whee le r 1 932 ,p p . 7 8 ,7 9 , f i g . 1 4 ,n o . 3 4 ) . T he d epo s i t ion o ft h eC a e r sw sb rooch s how st h a t i tm u s t b e long t ot h e e a r l ie r p a r to ft h e f i r s t t o f o u r th c en tu ry A .D . d a t e r a nge s ugge s t ed b y F ow le r ( Fow le r 1 960 , p p . 1 5 1 , 1 52 , f i g . 1 ,p . 1 76 ) . F i nd n o . 1 04 , C on t ex t 4 82 , B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 1 4 , l a t e ri nP e r iod 2 . 1 3 . F r agmen t s o f ap enannu la r b rooch o fF ow le r 's T ype D 3 ,h e r e n o tw i th b en t -ba ck t e rm ina l sb u t

C a er sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

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f mu te )

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C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

w i th t h ee nd s o ft h e r i ng e xpanded i n to s qua r e , f l a tt e rm ina l sw h ich c a r r ied a n i mp re s sed s a l t i re f r amed o nt wo s i de sb yt r an sve r se l i ne o r namen t . F ow le rs ugge s t s ap o s s ib le d a t er a nge o ft h es e c o nd t o t h e f o u r th c en tu r ie s A .D . f o r t h i s t y p e ( Fow le r 1 960 ,p p . 1 5 1 , 1 52 , f i g . 1 ,P . 1 76 ) . T he d epo s i t ion o ft h e C a e r sw s b roo ch s ugge s t s t h a ti tb e long st ot h ee a r l ie s tp e r iod o ft h et y p e 's m anu f a c tu re . H a t ta t tn o t e si ta so ne o ft h el e a s tc ommon f o rm s ( Ha t ta t t 1 985 , p p . 1 86 , 1 88 , n o . 6 55 , f i g . 7 5 ) . F ind n o . 2 31 , C on tex t 7 76 , P e r iod 2 r o ad s id e g u l ly . B rooch f ragmen t s 1 4 . F ragmen tp e rhap so f ah i nged p l a te b roo ch w i th o penwo rk d e s ign . I n su ff i c ien tr ema in st oe nab le c l a s s if ica t ion . I ndeed i ft h i sw a sp a r to f ab rooch i tw a ss omewha t -u nu sua li nt h a t ,w hen n o ti nu se , t h e p i n w ou ld h ave b e en v i s ib le t h rough t h e o penwo rk o r namen t . P e rhap sr e s idua l . F i nd n o . 1 87 ,C on tex t8 96 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 2 ,e a r ly i n P e r iod 2 . 1 5 . ( No ti l u s t r a ted )F r agmen to ft h el e ga nd c a t chp la t e o f ab ow b roo ch o ff i r s to rs e cond c en tu ry A .D . d a te . F ind n o .1 3 1 ,C on tex t7 57 ,f i l lo f aB u i ld ing 3r e pa i rp o s tho le , l a te i nP e r iod 2 . 1 6 . ( No ti lu s t ra t ed )F ragmen to ft h es p r ing a nd p i n o f at wo -p ie ce b ow b roo ch w i th m u l t i -co i ls p r ing . P robab ly l a te f i r s t o r e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry i n d a te . R e s idua l . F i nd n o .7 1 ,C on tex t5 49 ,P e r iod 3 ,s ub s idenc e f i l le r . 1 7 . F ragmen to fc a s tb ronze w i th o ne f l a t ,a ppa ren t ly c i r cu la r f a ce , h o l low b eh ind . T he e x tan t e dge h a s t wo p l a in n a r row m ou ld ing s s e pa ra ted b ya w id e rm ou ld ing d eco ra ted w i th t r an sve r se i n d en ted l i ne s ,c l o se ly s paced . P e rhap sp a r to f al a rge f oo t k nob f r om ab roo ch . F ind n o . 1 85 ,C on t ex t8 73 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 4 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 .

M i l i tary d re s s 1 8 . F ragmen t s p e rhap s o f ab ron ze h e lme t . T he a pp l ied r e eded b and w h ich b o rde r s t wo o f t h e l a rge r f r agmen t s c l os e ly r e semb le s t h e b row b and s e en o nh e lme t sf r om t h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .D . ( Rob in son 1 975 ,p .4 5f f . S ee a l so U lbe r t 1 969 , t a t 3 0 ,n o s7 9a nd U lbe r t1 959 ,u r f .2 5 ,n o . 1 5 ) . A bove t h er e eded b o rde ri s ad omed r i ve th am m e r ed t h rough f r om t h ef r on t . I mmed ia te ly a d j a cen tt oi ta tt h eb a ck i s aw a she rw i th t h es ha f t o f ar i ve te me rg ing f r om i t . T h is a r rangemen ti s r e pea t ed w i th t h e w a she r a nd t h e r i ve t i n t h e o ppo s i te o rde r a bove t h e f u r the r e dge o f t h e r e eded b o rde r . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t t h e se w e r e r i ve t s h amme r ed i n to t h e h e lme t i n p a i r s t o s e cu re al i n ing . T he f l a tne s s o f t h e s e r ie s o f f r agmen t s w h ich c a r ry t h e r e eded b o rde r w ou ld s ugge s t t h a t , i f

1 9 .

2 0 .

t h ey a r e i n de ed p a r t o f ah e lme t , t h ey a r e f r om t h e a r ea b e tween t h e e a r -p iec e a nd t h e t emp le w he re t h eh e lme tm igh tb ee xpe c t ed t oh ave t h e l e a s t c u rva tu r e . Two o b long t or n s t r ip s , v a r iou s ly c u r ved , o ne w i th al o ng sha f ted d omed r i ve tm ay p e rhap sb e f r agmen t s o fe a r -p ie ce s . A ccompany ing t h e se f r agmen t sa r e an umbe ro f f u r the rp i e ce s w i th f l a t -headed o rd omed r i ve t s . F ind n o . 1 02 ,C on t ex t5 96 ,y a rd s tone ,e a r ly P e r i od 1 . F ragmen tp e rhap so fa nS fo rm h ook a t ta chmen t u sed f o rs e cu r ing a c ro s s t h ec he s tt h e s hou lde r p i e ce s w o rn a sr e in fo r cemen t s t os c a le a rmou r a nd c ha in m a i l . S fo rm h ook sw e re l i t t le d i s cu s sed b yR ob in son t h ough h e i l u s t ra ted t h e e xamp le f r om C ha s s e na rd a nd t h e r e l ie f f r om t h e P a laz 7o D uca le , Man tua ( Rob in son 1 975 , p .1 72 , p l . 4 80 a nd p . 1 58 , p l .4 5 1) w h ich d emon s t ra t e t h e i r f u nc t ion . Af ule r d i s cu s s ion c i t ing o t he r e xamp le s f r om B r i ta in a ppea r s i n an o t e o n t h e f i ne r am 's h eaded s e rpen th ook f r om t h e 1 97 1 e xcava t ion s a tU sk ( J . Web s te r f o r thcom ing ) . T he C ae r sw s i t em i sb ad ly a b raded b u t o n t h e b a s i so fw ha ts u rv ive si ts e ems t or e semb le m o r e c l os e ly t h es e r ie so fh ook sw i th r a the rn i gga rd ly r am 's -head t e rm ina l se v idenced o n t h e G e rman f r on t ie r , a tN eu s s , f o r e xamp l e ( N i s sen e ta l . 1 90 4 ,t a f . XXXB ,n o .6 2 ,p .3 80 , f i g s 1 2&1 3 ) , a nd p a r t icu la r ly a tV indon i s sa ,w he re s e ve ra lo f t h e k nown e xamp le s a l so h ave a t r an sve r s e m ou ld ing m a rk ing o f ft h e z oomo rph ic e l emen t a tt h eb a se o ft h eo u te rmo s tc u r ve ,a st h eC ae r sw s p i ec e a ppea r s t o . F ind n o . 4 46 , C on tex t 1 368 , y a rd s tone ,e a r ly P e r iod 1 . B ronze s t r ap -end w i th ,e me rg ing f r om i t , ah ook i nt h ef o rm o f as wan 's h ead . T he p i ece i sq u i t e b ad ly d amaged , p a r t icu la r ly a tt h e p a r t o f t h e s t rap -end f u r the s t a way f r om t h e s wan 's h ead h ook . T ra ce so fl e a the rr ema in b e tween t h et wo l e ave s o ft h e s t rap -end i t se lf . T he s wan 's h ead f o rm s at i gh t h ook , w i th t h eb i rd 's h ead n ea t ly m odeled b u tw i thou ta ny d e ta i l . T he n e ck o ft h eb i rd e me rge sf r om ar e c tangu la r m ou ld ing a d ja cen tt o ap a i ro fs ub s tan t ia lm ou ld i n g sw h ich m a rk t h ee nd o ft h es t rap -end p rop e r . B eyond t ho se m ou ld ing s t h e f r on t l e a f o f t h e s t rap -end t a ke s t h e f o rm o f ar e c tangu la rp ane l b u ti t so u t l ine b eyond t h et wo V shaped n o t che s w h i ch m a rk t h el i m i ts o ft h er e c tangu la rp ane li s l o s tt h rough d amage . A tt h e f u r the re nd o ft h e s t rap -end a r e t wo b road t r an sve r se m ou ld ing s . T he r e a rl e a fo ft h es t rap -end t a pe r sa nd i sb r oken o f fa bove t h ep o in tw he re t h eb u f f ed e nd o ft h e d omed r i ve t , v i s ib le o n t h e f r on t a nd u sed t o s e cu re t h el e a the rs t rap ,c an b es e en . Ad e ta ched d i sco id f r agmen tp i e r ced b y t h e s h a f to f ar i ve t w a sp e rhap st h eo u te rt e rm ina lo ft h es t rap -end .

C a er sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

2 1 .

A l though an umbe ro fp o s s ib le u se sm ay b es ug g e s ted f o rt h i s f i t t ing i t sm o s tp robab le f u n c t ion w a s a s t h e h ook e l emen t o f ah ook a nd e ye f a s t ene r f o r u s e w i th t h e l e a the r s t rap o f t h e b a ld r ic , t h a t i t em o fe qu ipmen t w h ich o bv ia t ed t h en eed f o rt h et wo m i l i ta ry b e l t sc u r ren ti nt h e e a r ly f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . b y a c commoda t ing t h e s wo rd ,s e ef o re xamp le t h eF l av ian t omb s tone o f C a iu sV a le r iu sC r i spu sf r om W ie sbaden ( U lbe r t 1 96 8 ,a bb . 1 2 ) . B a ld r ic sa nd t h e i rf a s t ene r sw e re d i scus sed b yR i t te r l ing ( R i t t e r l ing 1 9 12 ,p p .1 55 1 56 ,t a f x i i ,n o . 1 8 ,t h ee ye e l emen t ,n o s . 1 4 ,2 0 t h eh ook e l emen t ) ; a sw e l la st h em o r es t anda rd t y pe o fh ook w i th ab a lu s te r b a r a tt h e e nd f o r a dd i t iona l s e cu r i ty ( R i t t e r l ing 1 912 ,t a f . x i i , n o . 1 4 )a ne xamp le w a sa l so r e cove red f r om H o f he im w i th a na n ima lh eaded h ook p e rhap si nt h ef o rm o f ar am 's h ead ( R i t te r l ing 1 9 12 ,t u 4 ' .x i i ,n o .2 0 ) . A no the r e xamp le o f ab a ld r i c h ook f a s t en ing w i th az oomo rph ic h ook ,s omewha tc l o se rt ot h e C a e r sw s p i ec e , i s af i t t ing i n B onn Mu seum , f r om X an t en ,d e s c r ibed a s ac l amp ;t h eh ook wa s t h ough tt ob ei nt h ef o rm o f ad uck 's h ead b u tt h e b eak i sd amaged a nd i t ,t o o ,c ou ld w e l lh ave b een as wan ( Menze l 1 986 , p .9 4 , n o . 2 23 , t a f . 1 05 ) . T he p rovenance o f t h e X an ten p i ece s ugge s t s t h a ti ti sp r e -F lav ian i nd epo s i t ion . S im i la r f i t t ing s w e re u s ed i n c onne c t ion w i th h o r se -ha rne s s ( c f . H o lwe rda 1 931 , a j b . 3 , 2 a nd a j b . 5 , f ) a nd t h e d i ff i cu l ty o fd i s t ingu i sh ing b e t we en t h e i ru s ea sb a ld r ic a nd h a rne s sf i t t ing sh a s b een p o in ted o u tb yR i t te r l ing . I nt h ec a s eo ft h e C a e r sw sp i e ce , h oweve r , t h e o pen n a tu r eo ft h e h ook a nd t h e a b sence o f a ny s o r t o f T -ba r t o a f o rd a dd i t iona l s e cu r i ty a tt h ee nd o ft h eh ook s u gge s t st h a ti ti smo re l i ke ly t oh ave s e r ved w i th ab a ld r ic ( d e sp i te B i shop 1 988 , p . 1 03 ( i i ) , p . 1 69 , t a b le 1 0 , f i g . 5 5 ) . T he f i ne s tp a rale l f o rt h eC ae r sw ss wan h eaded b a ld r ic f i t t ing u nde r d i scu s s ion i su ndoub ted ly n o . 2 1 b e low , t h ough t h e t wo p i e ce s a r e b y n o m ean s i d en t ica l . F ind n o . 2 39 , C on t ex t 1 030 , P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . A no the r b ronze s t rap -end w i th , e me rg ing f r om i t ,ah ook i nt h ef o rm o f as wan 's h ead . A ga in t h e p i e ce i sq u i te b ad ly d amaged w i th t h es t rap -end l o s tc omp le te ly b eyond t h ed omed r i ve t . A ga in t h e re a r e r emnan t s o f l e a the r b e tween t h e t wo l e ave so ft h es t rap -end . T he s wan 's h ead h ook i s b i gge ra nd m o re o p en t h an i nt h ep r ev iou se xamp le ; i t ,t o o ,i sn ea t ly mode l led b u tw i thou ta ny d e ta i l s a ve f o r at r an sve r se mou ld ing b e twe en t h eh ead a nd t h e b eak w h ich i sa bs en t i nt h ep r e ceed ing e xamp le . T he b i rd 's n e ck e me rge sf r om t h eh eavy r e c tan g u la r mou ld ing w h ich m a rk st h ee nd o ft h es t rap e nd p rope r . B eyond t h a tm ou ld ing t h ef r on tl e a f o ft h es t rap -end i sr e c tangu la ri ns hape b u ta dop t s amo re r ounded o u t l ine r o und t h e d omed r i ve t

T he f i nd s .

6 1

b eyond t h e t wo V shaped n o t che s w h ich a ga in m a rk t h el i m i t so ft h er e c tangu la rp ane l . T he r e a r l e a fo ft h e s t r ap -end t a pe r s a nd t e rm ina te s j u s t a bove t h e b u f fed e nd o ft h e s ha f to ft h e d omed r i ve t . T he m o s tp robab le f u nc t ion f o rt h i sf i t t ing w a sa s t h eh ook e l emen to f ah ook a nd e ye f a s t ene rf o r u se w i th t h e l e a the rs t rap o f ab a ld r ic a sn o . 2 0 a bove . F i nd n o . 3 29 ,C on tex t 1 2 16 ,B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 8 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 .

H arne s s f i t t ing s H arne s sr ound e l s 2 2 . Sma l lh a rne s sr ounde l . O nt h eb a ck a r et wo l u g s , t oa ccommoda te t h eh i nge o f ad eco r a t ive p endan t , a nd t h ef o u rs t ub sw h ich o r ig ina l ly m ade u pt wo r e c tangu la rl o op st os e cu r et h el e a the rt r ace s ,s e e Web s te r1 97 1 ,p p . 10 -111 ,f i g s 9& 1 0 ,n o s 2& 3a nd H o lwe rda 1 931 , a f b . 3 b ,b ' , a l so B i shop 1 988 ,p p .9 5 ,9 7 ,f i g .2 4 ,3 & p .1 39 ,f i g .4 1 ,T ype 2 e . T he r ound e li sp i e r ced a tt h ec en t re t or e c e ive as t ud . T he f r on t i sd e co r a ted w i th c on cen t r ic c i r c le s o f Y -shaped i n se t s o f c oppe r s u lph id e n i e l lo ,w h ich a r et h ough tt oh ave b een i n d iv idua l ly c u tt os hape a nd i n la id i n to r e c e s se sc u to rc a s ti n t h e f a ce o ft h e r ounde l . ( Ia m m o s tg r a te f u l t o K a te H un te r a nd J u s t ine B ay ley f o r X r ay f l uo re sc enc ea na ly s i so ft h i so b jec ta nd f o rt h e i r i d en t if i ca t ion o f t h e i n lay a nd i t s m e thod o f a pp l i ca t ion ,s e eA ppend ix 3 . ) I ti sc l o se ly s im i la r i ns i ze a nd d eco ra t ive d e ta i lt o as t ud o rr o unde l f r om H o fhe im ( R i t te r l ing 1 9 12 ,t a l l x i i ,n o . 3 8 ) . T he p i ec e s hou ld p robab ly b e d a ted s oon a f t e r t h e m idd le o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . . F ind n o . 1 20 ,C on tex t6 59 ,P e r iod 2r o ad . 2 3 . A no the rh a rne s sr ound e l . T he b a ck o ft h ep i e ce i se qu ipped w i th t wo r e c tangu la rl o op sf o rl e a the r t r ac e sa si nn o . 2 2a bove . S ee B i shop 1 988 ,p p . 9 5 , 1 39 , T yp e l d . O n t h e f r on t t h e r o unde l i s d i shed w i th in ap l a in mou ld ing s e t as ho r tw ay i n f r om t h eo u t e re dge . T he c en t re i sp i e r ced w i th as ma l l h o le f o rt h es ha f to f as t ud . T he d i shed a r ea o f t h e r ounde l i sd eco ra t ed w i th af l owe r mo t i f . T he p e ta l so ft h ef l owe ra r en ow b l a ck a nd w e r e p e rhap s r e nde red i nn i e l lo . T hey a r e s e t a ga in s t as i lve red b a ckg round ( whe r es i lve r ing i s r e f e r r ed t oi nt h i sr e po r tt h ep r e sence o fs i lve rh a s b een v e r if ied d u r ing c on se rva t ion ) . T he s i lve r ing e x t ended a tl e a s ta sf a ra st h ef i ne g roove w h i ch f l ank s t h e o u t e r s i d e o f t h e p l a in mou ld ing e n c i r c l ing t h e d i shed a r ea a nd m ay o r ig ina l ly h ave i n c luded t h eo u te rb o rde rt o o . Am id f i r s t c en tu ry d a te w ou ld b e a pp rop r ia t e . F ind n o .4 12 ,C on t ex t1 305 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 . 2 4 . Al a rge h a rne s sr ounde l . T he o b jec tc omp r i se sa l a rge f l a td i s co fb ronze w i th ac oa t ing o fs i lve r o n t h e f r on tb u t w i th a ny d e co r a t ive d e ta i l l o s t ; t h ec en t re o ft h ed i s c i sp i e rced b y as ma l l h o le

6 2

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

w h ich , t oj udge b y t h e b e t te r s t a t e o ft h e s i lve r c oa t ing s u r round ing t he h o le , p robab ly a c commoda t ed ap ro je c t ing s t ud . A tt h eb ack o f t h e r ounde l a r e t h e r ema in s o f f o u r l o op s , t wo i mmed ia t e ly a d jacen tt oe a ch o t he r ,a nd a l s e ta t a n a ng le t ot h er e a ro ft h er o unde l . T he p i ece m ay b ec ompa r ed w i th o ne a s cr ib ed t o t h ef i r s tp e r iod o ft h es t one f o r ta tH edde rnhe im ( F i sche r 1 973 ,p .8 6 ,a bb . 1 6 , n o . 1 )w h ich s t il r e ta in si t sd eco ra t ion . S ee a l so B i shop 1 988 ,p p . 9 5 , 1 4 1 , f i g . 4 2 ,T ype 6 a ,b . T he r ounde lp robab ly b e long st ot h el a s tq ua r te r o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry A .D . . F i nd n o . 31 ,C on tex t 1 074 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,s o i l si no ro n aw a l l l i ne . H a rne s ss t ud 2 5 . F ragmen t so f ac i r cu la rs t ud . O nt h eb a ck ,n ea r t h e e dge ,a r e w ha t m ay b e t h es t ub s o fp e rhap s s e ve ra l s ma l l s ha f t s o f c i r cu la r c r o s s -s e c t ion . T he f r on th a s ap l a in mou ld ing r unn ing a ppa ren t ly a l r ound t h e s t ud c l o se t ot h eo u t e re dge . T he c en t re o ft h es t ud i sd e co ra ted w i th t wo s e r ie so f r a d ia t ing c e l l s ,t h ei n ne rs ub -c re s cen t ic ,t h eo u te r t r i angu la r ,f i l led w i th au n i fo rm ,n ow p a le g r e en , i n lay . T he se i n se t sa r es im i la rt ot h o se o fn i e l lo o n t h e h o r se -pendan t s f r om N ew s t ead ( Cu r ie 1 9 11 , p l . LXX I I IA 2 4 ) . P e rhap s ap i ece o f h a rne s se qu ipmen t . F ind n o .4 0 1 ,C on t ex t 1 240 , P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 3 . H a rne s s e ye le t s 2 6 . H a rne s s e ye le t . E ye le t s s u ch a st h i s w e r e u sed w i th ar i ng , s e eB ra i l s fo rd 1 962 ,P . 2 ,n o s A 30 3 2 , f i g . 2 ,o r , l a te r , w i th ap ha le r a , s e e Cu r ie 1 9 11 ,p l .LXX IV ,n o .6 ,t os e r ve a ss t rap d i s t r ibu to r s o n h o r se h a rne s s . F ind n o . 1 77 , C on t ex t 8 58 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,C ou r tya rd . 2 7 . F ragmen to fa no the rh a rne s s e ye le ta nd as c rap o fl e a the r . F i nd n o .5 40 ,C on tex t1 37 1 ,t r amp led o l d s o i l s . 2 8 . S ma l l d omed s t ud , a t ta ched t h rough af r agmen t o ft a pe r ing b r onze . P e rhap st h ee nd o f as im i la r h a rne s s e ye le t . F ind n o . 3 52 , C on tex t 1 240 , P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 3 . Y ok ef i t t ing 2 9 . S ma l l ,d amaged r ounde li nh eavy c a s tb r onze ,i t s f r on tf a c ei nt h ef o rm o ft h eh ead o f as a ty rw i th l u xu r ian t h a i r a nd b ea rd a nd p o in t ed e a r s , o n ly o ne o fw h ich s u r v ive s . T he re i sas ma l l mou lded f e a tu re o nt h et o po ft h eh ead ,p e rhap st h ec l aw s o fa n a n ima l 's p aw s e en i np rof i le . T he u s e o f p unched d o t s i n t h e m ode l l ing o f t h e f a c ia l f e a tu re s i sn o tewo r thy . T he b a ck o ft h ep i e ce i sf l a tw i th , i nt h ec en t r e , t h e t r a ce o ft h e r e c tangu la r s ha f t w i th r o unded u pp e ra nd l owe re dge s w h ich e me rged f r om i t . T he r ounde li sc l o se ly s im i la rt o as e r ie so fy oke -

f i t t ing si nt h eR he in i s che sL and e smu . seum ,B onn , ( Menze l 1 986 , n o 4 6 4 , a nd , p a r t i cu la r ly , n o s 4 64a -467 , p p . 1 66 -8 , a bb . 4 ,t a f . 1 4 1) e a ch o f w h i ch c on s is ted o f ah o r se shoe s h ap ed b a rt e rm i n a t ing i n ar ound e l , a ppa r en t ly h e ld i np l ac e a t t h e t o p o ft h e h ead b y t h ep aw o rm ou th o fa n a n ima lp e r ched o nt h eb a ri t s e l f . T he f u n c t ion o f t h e se h o r se shoe s haped y oke -f i t t ing s a nd t h e i r t y po logy h a s b een d i scuss ed b yR adnö t i ( S aa l b u rg J ah rb . 1 9 , 1 96 1 , 1 8 -36 ) . T h r ee o ft h eB onn f i t t ing s , f r om N eu s s , h ave Ba cchu s m a sk r o un d e l se a ch w i th ap an the rr e s t ing i t sp aw so nt h e t o p o ft h e h ead . Af ou r th , m o r e c omp le te e x a mp le ,b u to fu nknown p rovenan ce ,h a si t sr oun d e l si nt h ef o rm o f ay oung b ea rd le s ss a ty rw i th p o in t ed e a r s , w i th a n o p en -mou thed d o lph in g r a sp ing t h et o po ft h eh ead i n s tead o f ap an the r . T he f a c ia l f e a tu re s o f t h i s b e a rd le s s s a ty r a r e e nhan ced b yt h eu se o fp unched d o t si n am anne r v e ry s im i la rt ot h e i ru se o nt h eC ae r sw s s a ty r . T he re s e em s t ob e l i t t le d oub tt h a tt h eC ae r sw s s a ty ri s af r agmen to f ah o r se sho es haped y oke f i t t ing p e rhap se ven ap rodu c to ft h es ame w o rk s hop a s t h o se f r om t h e R h ine land d i scus s ed a bove . Af i r s tc en tu ry A .D .d a te h a sb een s ugge s ted f o r t h e C on t inen ta l e xamp le s a nd w ou ld b e a pp ro p r ia t e f o r t h e C ae r sw s p i ece . F i nd n o . 14 , C on t ex t6 55 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 ,e a r ly i nP e r i od 2 . F unc t iona l r i ng s 3 0 . ( No ti l u s t r a ted )F r agmen t so f af u nc t iona l r i ng . P robab ly f r om h a rne s s . F ind n o . 1 36 , C on t ex t 7 70 , i nP e r iod 2s t ree t a nd r u bb i sh l a ye r s o ve r a bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . 3 1 . I r r egu la r ly s haped r i ng o f f l a t tened h exagona l c r o s s se c t ion w i th s i gn s o f w ea r a tt h e p o in t s w he r et h eh oop i st h inne s t . F i nd n o .3 5 ,C on t ex t 2 60 , b a se o fp l ough so i l .

S tud s 3 2 . S ma l ls t ud . T he f r on tf a ce i sc onvex a nd c a r r ie s m ou lded d e co ra t ion i nt h ef o rm o f af l owe rw i th ar a i sed c i r cu la rc en t re s u r rounded b y ag r oove a nd s i x r a d ia t ing p e ta l s b eyond . T he re i st h e r emnan to f as ha f ta tt h er e a r . An o td i s s im i la r s t ud , w i th ar e a rwa rd l o op w a s r e cove red f r om Wroxe te r( Kenyon 1 938 ,p .2 24 , n o . 5 ,f i g . 1 5 ) . F i nd n o . 1 88 ,C on tex t8 96 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 2 , e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . 3 . L a rge s t ud c on s i s t ing o f at h in l a ye ro fs i lve ro n ac a s tb ronze b a ck ing . I nt h ec en t re o ft h es t ud i s ad omed b o s s w i th ab road , s h a l low g roove e n c i r c l ing i ta nd a b road , s h a l low mou ld ing b eyond . T hes e m ou ld ing s a r e f a sh ioned i nt h e b ron ze , t h e s i lve r c ove r ing m e re ly f o l low s u nd e r ly ing c on tou r s a nd c a r r ie s n o f u r th e r

C aer sws v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

6 3

-

2 2

1

2 3 I

2 4

i

2 6 i

, „ , d F igure 3 0 : Ob jec t s o fb ronze , s c a le 1 : 1

2 7

2 8

i

6 4

3 4 .

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

d e co ra t ion o nt h ef a ce . A tt h eb ack t h eb ronze i s s eve re ly c o r roded b u t t h e r emnan t o f t h e s ha f t s e ems t op a s st h rough t h er ema ins o f ar e c tangu la r s t r ip o fb ronze i mmed ia te ly b eh ind t h e b ronze b ack ing . F ragmen t s o f b a rk w e re f ound i n a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e s t ud . F ind n o . 2 45 , C on tex t 1 056 , P e r i od 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,s o i l s i no ro n aw a l l l ine . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) S hee t b ronze s t ud o n al e ad b a ck ing . T he c en t re o f t h e s t ud i sd i shed a nd p i e r ced c en tra l ly b y as haf tw i th as ma l l d omed h ead ; b eyond t h ed i shed a r ea i s ab road s ha l low c onvex mou ld ing . A ssoc ia ted f r agmen t so fw ood m ay i n d ica te t h a tt h es t ud w a sa t tached t o ab ox . F ind n o .2 27 ,C on tex t9 93 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 3 , g rave l l a ye r , e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 .

T he s t amp o n t h e C ae r sw s t e rm ina l i sb ad ly a b raded b u ts e em sl i ke ly t or e co rd t h en ame o fa b ronze sm i th MATVT IO /MATVTVS k nown f r om a n e xamp le f ound a t S t . -Chef , I s&e , a nd r e c o rded b yW i l le r s ( 1907 ,p p . 7 8 ,9 0 ,n o . 1 82 )a s MÄTV t iO .F i n ac u rved f r ame ; t h e C ae r sws s t amp h a s MÄTVT I .OF . G iven t h el o ngev i ty o f b ronze v e s se ls , t h e d epo s i t ion o f t h e C a e r sws p i ece w i th in t h e p e r iod A .D . 9 0 120 ? w ou ld s ugge s tt h a t aC apuan o r ig in w ou ld n o tb ei n ap p rop r ia te . B u t t h e p re sence o fa no the r i t em o f t h e w o rk o f Ma tu t io /Ma tu tu s n o t g rea t ly t ot h e e a s t o f L yon , at own i n t h e v i c in i ty o f w h ich a no the rb ronze sm i th ,D racc iu s ,i sk nown t oh ave b een m anuf a c tu r ing a nd s t amp ing s aucepans i n t h e m id f i r s tc en tu ry ( Ta s s ina r i 1 975 ,p p . 2 9 -30 , n o . 1 3 ) a nd w ho se w o rk a l so r e ached B r i ta in ( Egge r s 1 966 , p . 1 08 , n o . 6 5a , p . 1 28 , a bb . 2 3 )

V es se ls 3 5 . T erm ina lo f as aucepan h and le o ft h et y pe w h ich e nd s i n ad i sc p i e rced w i th ar ound h o le . T he p i ece i sb roken w he re t h e g r ip a nd t h e t e rm ina l j o ined , t h ough t h i s i su n l ike ly t o h ave b een a r e su l t o f w eakne s s i n m anuf ac tu re s i nce t h e w ho le h and le w ou ld h ave b een c a s ti no ne p i e ce . T he t e rm ina lc a r r ie s ac o rded r i bc l o se t oi t so u t e r e dge a nd ap l a in u p s tand ing f l ange b o rd e r s t h e c i rcu la rh o le i nt h em idd le . T he re i st h er emnan t o f amanufa c tu re r 's s t amp i n ac u rved f r ame . H and le s w i th t h i s t ype o f t e rm ina l o c cu r o n s aucepan s o f v a ry ing f o rm m anu f ac tu r ed f r om t h ee a r ly f i r s tc en tu ry A .D . i nt h eC apuan w o rk s hop s a nd l a te r i nP rov inc ia l w o rk shop s t ot h e c l o se o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry ( s ee d en B oe s te rd 1 956 ,p .7 11 , n o s 1 4 -29 ,p l s I I I ) . V e s se ls o r p a r t s o f v e sse ls w i th t h is t y pe o f h and le a r e n o t u ncommon f i nd s f r om B r i ta in . E gge r s l i s t s 4 4 s uch i t ems , i n c lud ing 1 0 f r om Wa le s ( Egge r s 1 966 , p p . 1 00 -164 p as s im ) , o f w h ich t h e 3 1 e xamp le s c omp le te o rc apab le o r r e cons t ruc t ion ,i n c lud ing 7f r om Wa le s ,a r ec l a s s i f ied b y h im i n to s i x c a tego r ie s . O f t h e 1 3 b roken h and le s a mong t h e 4 4 i t ems l i s t ed b y E gge r s o n ly o ne , t h a t f r om S t . A lban s ( Egge r s 1 966 , p . 1 05 , n o . 3 3 , p .1 53 , a bb . 5 3c ) r e semb le st h ep a t te rn o fb r eakage o ft h eC ae r sws p i ece , o ve r h a lf b e ing b roken a c ro s s t h e g r ip p rope r ,o the r sa to rc l ose rt ot h er im ,b o th b e ing p o in t sa tw h ich t h e r ew ou ld h ave b een c on s ide r a b le s t res s i nu se . I ts e ems a tl e a s tp o s s ib le t h a t t h e C ae r sw s d i sc w a s d e l ibe ra te ly c u t f r om ad amaged v e s se l o r h and le t os e rve p e rhap s a s ar e p la cemen t l i d o r t o p f o r as ma l l c y l ind r ica l u t ens i l s uch a s a n i n kwe l l . B u t a mo re o r l e s s c omp le te h and le f r om H of he im i sb roken i n as im i la rp l a ce t ot h e C ae r sws a nd S t .A lbans p i e ce ss ot h ee v idence i s n o t c onc lu s ive ( R i t te r l ing 1 912 , p . 1 8 1 ,5 , t a l l x i v ,39 ) .

3 6 .

s ugge s t s t h a t t h e C ae r sw s s aucepan w a s t h e p roduc to f as im i la rw o rk shop i nt h es ame v i c in i t y . F ind n o . 3 25 , C on tex t 1 216 , B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 8 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . T he h and le o f as ma l lb ronze v e s se l . T he h and le i ss imp le a nd p l a in . I tw iden so u tt o af a ns haped e nd a nd i sp i e rced b y ac i r cu la rh o le f o rs u spen s ion . P e rhap st h eh and le o f aB a th s auce r( den B oe s te rd 1 956 ,p p . 1 3 -14 , n o s 3 6 &3 8 ,p l . I )o rp o s s ib ly t h e f u r the re nd o ft h e l o ng h and le o f ad ippe ro r s t ra ine r o f t h e t y pe e mbe l l i shed w i th s wa l low t a i l o r s im i la r e x ten s ion s i n t h e m idd le ( d en B oe s te rd 1 956 , p p . 1 9 -23 , n o s 5 3 -6 1 , p l . I I ) . S uch h and le sa r es ome t ime sp i e r ced f o rs u spen s ion ( Ta s s ina r i 1 975 , p p . 4 1-42 , n o s 5 1-53 , p l . X I I ) a nd t wo e xamp le s i nt h e Mus & d e s A n t iqu i te s N a t iona le s ,P a r i s ,h ave c i r cu la rs u spens ion h o le s

3 7 .

l i ke t h e C ae r sw s p i ece ( Ta s s ina r i 1 975 , n o s 5 2 , 5 3 ) .F ind n o .2 28 ,C on tex t9 80 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . F ragmen t so ft h e s ma l l , h i gh ly a r ched h and le o f as ma l lj ug . T he re i st h er emnan to f al e a fs haped t h umb r e s to n t h e t o p o ft h e a r ch o ft h e h and le . Two f a ce ma sk s a do rn t h e h and le , o ne i n t h e c en t re t h e h and le o ve r look ing t h e i n te r io ro ft h e v e sse l b e tween t h ea rms b y m eans o fw h ich t h e h and le w a s a t ta ched t ot h e r im ; t h e o t he ra tt h e b o t tom o ft h eh and le w he re i tw a sa t tached t ot h e b ody o ft h ev e s se l .B o th m a sk sa r eb ad l yd amaged . T he u ppe rc ons is t so f ar ound ,? f ema le ,f a ce w i th p rom inen t f e a tu re s a nd s omewha t a r cha ic e ye s a nd ad oub le r ow o fw avy h a i r . T he l owe rh ead i s mo re U -shaped . D amage o bs cu re st h ed e ta i ls b u t t h e re w e re l a rge e ye s a nd a s ho r t , s t ra igh t n o se . A bove i s ad oub le b and o fh a i ro rp e rhap s o fh a i ra nd ad i adem . T he b ody o ft h eh and le i s d eco ra ted w i th al o zenge p a t ter no fi n c ised l i ne s . H igh ly a r ched h and le sw i th a rm st of i tt h er im o f t h e v e s se l a r e u sua l ly a s soc ia ted w i th s l ende r n ecked j ug sw i th ap ronounced c a r ina t ion b e low t h e n e ck , w i th e i the r as i ng le o r at r efo i l mou th

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

2 9

T he f ind s .

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33

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F igure 3 1 : Ob jec t s o fb ronze ,a l l s c a le 1 : 1 ,e xcep t t h e e n largemen t o ft h e s t amp w h ich i sr eproduced a t2 : 1

6 6

3 8 .

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

( c f .d en B o e s te rd 1 956 ,P . 6 5 ,n o .2 25 ,o fS ou th e r n I t a l ian m anuf ac tu re a nd f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . d a te a nd p .6 7 f . ,n o .2 33 o fP rov in c ia l m anuf a c t u re a nd s e cond c en tu ry d a te ,p l . X )t h ough t h ey m ay a l so b ea s so c ia ted w i th w ide n e cked v e s s e l s w i th l i t t le c u r va tu re ( T a s s ina r i 1 975 , p p . 7 2 -73 , n o s 1 94 196 ,p l . XXXV I I ,f i r s t se cond c en tu r ie s A .D . ) . T he a b s ence o fa ny f r agmen to ft h ev es se l a nd t h ee xcep t iona l ly s ma l l s i ze o ft h eC a e r sw s h and le p r e c lude s i d en t if i ca t ion b u t as im i la r ly s ma l l j u g w i th a t r e fo i l mou th f r om P annon ia i l u s t ra ted b yR adn6 t i ( Radnö t i 1 938 ,p l . XL IX , n o .4 )i sp e rhap sw o r thy o fn o te . S ot o oa r et h e s ma l lg roup o fs ma l lb u lbou sf i r s tc en tu ry s i lve r j ug sf r om C ampan ia d i s cu s sed b yS t rong ( S t rong 1 966 ,p .1 4 1 ,f i g .2 8b ) ,w h ich m ay h ave s e rved a s t h ep ro to typ ef r om w h ich t h eC a e r sw sp i e ce w a s u l t ima te ly d e r ived . F ind n o . 17 , C on tex t6 56 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,c ou r tya rd . P a r t o ft h e h i nged l i d o f ab r onze v e s se l . T he m ou ld ing o n t h et o po ft h el i d i st h er emnan to f ac r ude ly r e nde red d uck o rs ma l l b i rd a so n t h e e xamp le si nt h e Mu s ee d e sA nt i qu i t ee sN a t iona le s , P a r i s , d i s cu s sed b y T a s s ina r i ( Ta s s ina r i 1 975 , p p .6 9 -70 ,n o s1 80 -182 ,p l . XXXV ) . T he u pwa rd c u rve a nd a ppa ren t ly s t ra igh t e dge o f t h e l i d p rop e r as ho r tw ay i nf r on t o ft h e f i gu re o ft h e b i rd s ugge s t sa l so t h a tt h el i dw a sf r om as pou ted v e s se l o f t h e t y pe d i scu s sed b y T a s s ina r i a nd u sua l ly t h ough tt ob eo fp rov inc ia l m anu f a c tu re o fs e cond c en tu ry A .D . o rl a te r d a te ( Ta s s ina r i 1 975 ,p .6 9 ;d en B oe s t e rd 1 956 ,p .7 0 -1 ,n o s2 57 8 ,p l .X I ) . F ind n o .5 46 ,C on tex t1 449 ,P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,c ou r tya rd .

S poon 4 0 . S i lve red b ronze s poon o fc och l ear e t y pe w i th a s ma l l r o und b ow l a nd at h in t a per ing h and le o f c i r cu la rc r o s s -se c t ion . T he h and le i si nf r agmen t s a nd t h eb ow li sd amaged . T he l i ne o ft h eh and le i sc on t inued d own t h eb a ck o ft h eb ow lw h ich i s d e co ra t ed w i th as e r ie so fr a d ia t ing l i ne se nd ing i ns c ro l l s ,r e nde r ed i ni mp r e s sed d o t s ,t op ro duce af l owe r l ike m o t if . T he r i b w h ich c on s t i tu t e s t h ec on t inua t ion o ft h eh and le i sd eco r a t ed w i th d i agona l i n c i sed l i ne s . T he p l a in s h ape o f t h e b ow l s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s poon i so ff i r s tc en tu ry A .D .m anuf a c tu r e( S t rong 1 966 ,p p . 1 55 ,1 77 ) . F i nd n o .3 50 ,C on tex t 193 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r ec eed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk .

K ey sa nd L o ck s F o r af u l ld i s cu s s ion o ft h ew o rk ing so fl o ck sa nd k ey s a nd ac l a s s i f ica t ion o ft h e v a r iou s t y pe s i nu s e i nt h e R oman p e r iod s e e Mann ing 1 985 ,p p . 8 8 -97 ,p l s . 3 7 4 3 . 4 1 .

4 2 .

K n if e H and le 3 9 . B ronze k n if eh and le w i th t h er emnan to fa ni r on b l ade . T he h and le t e rm ina te s i na n o pen l o op w i th a no pen r e c tangu la rp ane lb e low a nd ,b eyond , ab roken ,c on s t r ic t ed e x t en s ion t oh o ld t h et a ng o ft h eb l ade . B ron ze h and le s o ft h i s t y pe w e re d i s cu s s ed b y Mann ing i nh i ss t udy o ft h eR omano B r i t i sh i r on k n ive s i nt h e B r i t ish Mu seum , a nd t h e C a e r sw s h and le , a l though i tn ow l a ck s t h e d i s t inc t ive t r i angu la re nd -p ie ce w i th ac u rv i l in ea r c u t -away w h ich m a sked t h e j u nc t ion b e tween t h eb l ade a nd t h eh and le ,m u s tb e long t oh i sT ype 1 C . Mann ing r e f e r s t oG a rb s ch 's d i scu s s ion o f b ron ze k n if eh and le so ft h i st y pe a nd s ugge s t sa p r edom inan t ly f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . d a te f o r t h e t y p ea s aw ho le ( Mann ing 1 985 ,p .1 08f f ) . T he h and le m ay b ec ompa red w i th am o r ee l abo r a te e xamp le f r om C ae r leon ( J . Web s t e ri nD i ck i n son & E van s f o r thcom ing ,n o . 3 19 ) . F i nd n o . 1 8 , C on t ex t 1 4 1 , b a ckf i l l o f 1 909 e xcava t ion t r ench .

4 3 .

4 4 .

4 5 .

F ragmen to f ar o ta ry k ey . C ompa r ef o re x amp le s e ve ra lr o ta ry b ronze k ey sf r om L ondon ( Whe e le r 1 930 ,p p .7 4 -5 ,p l . XXX I ,n o s1 9 ) . T he C a e r sw s e xamp le d i f f e r s f r om t h e se i nt h a t t h e p l ane o f t h eb i ti sa tr i gh ta ng le st ot h ep l ane o ft h el o op . I n t h is r e sp ec t i tr e semb le s a n i r on k ey f r om G r ea tC he s t e r fo rd ,E s sex i nt h eB r i t i sh Mu seum ( Mann ing 1 985 ,p .9 4 ,0 6 1 ,p l .4 2 ,s e ea l so p .9 1 , f i g .2 5 ,9 ) . F i nd n o .3 97 ,C on t ex t1 288 ,P e r iod 1 , B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 4 . F r agmen t so f at umb le rl o ck s l ide k ey o f Mann ing 's S l ide -Key s T ype 2 ( Mann ing 1 985 , p . 9 3 ) . C ompa r e s e ve ra l f i ne e xamp le s f r om U sk . Mann ing n o t e st h a tt h et y pe i sc ommon b o th i n b ronze a nd i r on . F ind n o .2 54 ,C on tex t3 82 ,f i l l o ft i mbe rl i ned w e l l ,P e r iod 2 . L ock b o l tf o r at umb le rl o ck o p e ra ted b y as l ide k ey o ft y pe d e s c r ib ed a bove .T he b o l ti se x ten s ive ly p i e rced t h ough t h eh o le i no ne c o rne ri sb l o cked p e rhap sa st h er e su l to f at umb le ro r at o o th f r om ak ey b ecom ing j ammed i ni t ,c f . a n e xamp le f r om J ew ry Wa l l , s im i la r ly b l ocked ( Kenyon 1 948 , p .2 58 , f i g . 8 6 , n o . 1 3 ) a nd a n e xamp le f r om U sk w h ich h a so ne h o le b l ocked ,a ppa ren t ly d e l ibe ra t e ly , w i th a p l ug o f l e ad , p e rhap s f o r r e a son s o f s e cu r i ty ( J . Web s t e r f o r thcom ing ) . F i nd n o . 2 8 ,C on tex t6 6 ,b a se o fp l ough so i l . F r agmen t s o f al o ck b o l t f o r at umb le r l o ck a s a bove . F i nd n o . 2 46 ,C on t ex t 1 0 15 ,B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 1 4 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . A no the r l o ck b o l t f o r at umb le r l o ck , w i th a s imp le p a t t e rn o fp i e r c ing .F i nd n o .2 18 ,C on t ex t 9 45 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,s o i ls o no ri n aw a l l l i ne .

C a er sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

3 7

3 9

4 1

4 0

44

e

r die

4 2 F igure 3 2 : O b jec t s o fb ronze , s c a le 1 : 1

43

6 7

6 8

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

P er sona l O rnamen t s ( i nc lud ing s i lver ) 4 6 . F ragmen t s o f ab r ace le t o r n eck le t o f f a ce t ted c i r cu la rc r o s s -sec t ion . O ne p i ece h a st h er ema in s o f ac o i lo fb ronze w i re t w i s ted r ound i t ,p robab ly f o rt h es u spens ion o f ap endan tr a the rt h an p a r to f a n e xpanded f a s ten ing . T he l a rge d i ame te r o ft h e p i ece s ugge s t s t h a t i t w ou ld mo re s u i tab ly h ave s e rved a s an eck o rna m en tt h an a s aw r is to ra rm o rnamen t . C ompa r i s on w i th a rm le t s o r b ra ce le t s f r om C o lche s te r d i scu ssed b y C rummy s how s t h eC ae r sw sp i ece t o h ave b een o ve r at h i rd a s b i g a ga in a s t h e l a rge s te xamp le a mong t h a tc o l lec t ion ( Crummy 1 983 ,p .3 6 ) ,w he rea st h ree o ft h et w is ted P enan n u la r R od t o r cs a nd o ne o f t h e B eaded t o r cs d i scu s sed b y Ma cg rego r ( Macg rego r 1 976 , n o s 1 92 -4 ,a nd n o .2 05 )a r eo fc l o se ly s im i la rd i ame t e r t o t h e C a e r sws i t em . I ndeed t h e r od l ike n a tu re o ft h ep i ece ,w h ich m ay b ec ompa red w i th t h e h oop s o f t o rc s f r om L ambay I s land , C o . D ub l in , Emb say , S k ip ton a nd T re 'r C e i r i d i s c u ss ed b y K i lb r ide Jone s ( K i lb r ide Jone s 1 980 , p p . 1 42 -9 , f i g s 4 1-2 ) , a nd i t s r e cove ry f r om a R oman c on t ex ti nt h eC e l t ic h ea r t land w ou ld n o t b ei n con s is ten tw i th i t si n te rp re ta t ion a sp a r to fa B eaded t o r c o f w h ich t h e f i r s t t oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry A .D . m anu f ac tu re b y B r igan t ian c r a f t s m en i sd i s cu s sed b y Ma cg rego r( Ma cg rego r1 976 , p p . 9 7 -99 ) . B u t t h ec o i l o fw i re r ound t h eh oop a nd t h ea b sence o fd i agno s t ic f e a tu re sr e nde ra ny s uch s ugge s t ion u nce r ta in . F ind n o . 3 56 , C on 4 7 .

4 8 .

4 9 .

t e x t 1 025 , P er iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . L a rge f i nge r r i ng o f h eavy c o i led w i re . T he re s e ems t ob e s ome s hap ing o f t h e t e rm ina ls b u t a ny d eco ra t ive d e ta i l h a s b een l o s t t h rough c o r ro s ion . F ind n o .2 95 ,C on tex t 166 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 4 , e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . P la in s i lve r f i nge r r i ng w i th ab road f l a t b eze l , t a pe r ing s hou lde r sa nd an a r row h oop e mpha s ized

M i sce l laneous 5 0 . T he k nobbed h ead o f ap i nw i th as ha f to fr cugh ly c i rcu la r c ro s s -se c t ion . F ind n o . 2 94 , C on tex t 165 , P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve ls .

5 2 .

5 4 .

5 5 .

5 6 .

5 7 .

5 8 .

5 9 .

6 0 .

T he k nobbed h ead o f ap i nw i th s ha f to fr e c tangu la r c r o s s sec t ion . B ad ly c o r roded . F i nd n o . 4 22 , C on tex t 1 308 , P e r iod 1B u i ld ing 1 ,w a l l l ine . Sma l l f l a t h eaded n a i l w i th s ha f t o f r ough ly r e c tangu la r c ro s s -se c t ion . B en t a s i f f r om

D omed d i sc o fb ronze ,r i s ing a bove at r an sve r se m ou ld ing t o as t em . F la t a tt h e b a ck . As ma l l t e rm ina l . F ind n o . 6 4 , C on tex t4 11 , P er iod 3 . S ho r t c u rved l e ng th o f c a s t b ronze r od o f D s haped c ros s -se c t ion . P e rhap s p a r t o f as ma l l d rop h and le . F ind n o .2 50 ,C on tex t1 041 ,b a ckf i l l o fP e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3f ounda t ion t r ench . L eng th o f b ronze r od o f c i r cu la r c ro s s -s ec t ion w i th as l igh ts ugge s t ion o ff l a t ten ing a to ne e nd . P o s s ib ly a s t y lu s o r an eed le . F ind n o . 2 38 , C on tex t 1 031 , B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 4 , e a r ly i n P e r iod 2 . D isc o fh eavy c a s tb ronze p i e rced c en t ra l ly w i th as ma l lc i r cu la rh o le . Af unc t iona li t em p robab ly f o ru se w i th w ood . F ind n o . 3 80 ,C on tex t 1 236 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p rece ed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . F ragmen t s o f as ma l l f l a tp l a te o fb ronze w i th a c en t ra l mou lded f e a tu re . P e rhap st h er ema in so f ap endan t w i th p ha l l ic o rnamen t l i ke t h a t f r om C aerwen t i n N ewpo r t Museum ( Acc . n o . D 2 8 65 ) . F ind n o . 3 93 , C on tex t 1 240 , P er iod 1 , B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 3 . S tud o rt e rm ina l o fc a s tb ronze . B eh ind ap l a in d i sco id f a ce t h e o b jec t n a r rowed t o aw a i s t b e fo re e xpand ing i n to af u r the r , s ma l le r ,d i sco id e l emen tw h ich h oused an a r row s ha f to fc i r cu la r c r o s s sec t ion . O r ig ina l ly s i lve red . F ind n o .4 04 ,

6 1 . 6 2 .

b yw ea r . T he re a r eg roove so n t h e i n ter io r f a ce u nde rt h e s hou lde r s o ft h e r i ng w he re t h e e dge s o f t h e s i lve r w e re r o l led t o ge the r d ur ing m anu f ac tu re . F ind n o .5 5 ,C on tex t5 08 ,P e r iod 2 s t ree ta nd r ubb ish l a ye r so ve rf o rme rB u i ld ing 4 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) S t rand o f s i lve r w i re w i th a f u r the r p i ece o f s i lve r w ir e t w i s t ed r ound i t . F rom a ni t em o fj ewe l le ry . F ind n o . 1 72 ,C on tex t 3 75 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 1 .

5 1 .

5 3 .

e x t ra c t ion . F ind n o .4 02 ,C on tex t 1 298 ,P e r iod 1 r oad . Sma l lf l a th eaded n a i l . B en ta si ff r om e xt r ac t ion . T he s ha f t i so fr e c tangu la r c r o s s -sec t ion . F i nd n o . 2 71 , C on tex t 1 091 , P er iod 1r o ad . ( No t i lu s t r a ted ) F ragmen t s o f t we eze r s? F i nd n o . 19 , C on tex t 5 74 , i n P e r iod 2 s t ree t a nd r ubb ish l a ye r s o ve r a bandoned B u i ld ing 4 .

6 3 .

C on tex t 1 240 , p e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 3 . K nobbed a nd mou lded t e rm ina l . F ind n o . 4 89 , C on tex t 1 336 , u ns t ra t i f ied i nP er iod 1 . F ragmen t o f ac y l inde r o f c a s t b ronze w i th a n e xpanded e nd i nt h e f o rm o f ah eavy mou ld ing . T he c y l inde ri sh o l low ,w i th an a r rowe ra pe r tu re w i th in t h e mou lded t e rm ina l t h an w i th in t h er e s t o f t h e c y l inde r . T he p i ece m ay r ep r es en t t h e s hea th ing o f aj unc t ion o ft wo s ha f t so fd i f f e r ing t h icknes s . P e rhap s f r om a p i e ce o f f u rn i tu re . F ind n o . 5 39 , C on tex t 1 371 , t r amp led o l d s o i l s . Sma l l f i t t ing w i th f ou r r ad ia t ing a rms , t h r ee o f w h ich a r ep o in ted , t h e f o ur th s p layed . F ind n o . 3 17 , C on tex t 147 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 3 , e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 .

6 4 .

6 5 .

Two f r agmen t so fc a s tb ronze ,o ne c omp r i s ing a s ma l l h eavy r i ng w i th mou ld ing sa d ja cen tt ot h e p o in tw he re i t a ppa ren t ] yj o ined t h eo the rf r agmen t w h ich i sr ough ly r e c tangu la r b u t w i th r ounded s u r f a ce so no ne s i de . F ind n o .2 67 ,C on t ex t9 45 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,s o i ls i no ro n aw a l l l ine . D amaged f r agmen to fs hee tb ronze . B en td oub le w i th ar i gh ta ng led p rof i le t op rov ide as hea th ing a nd a ppa ren t ly w i th ac u rv i l inea r o u t l ine t oi t s

C aer sws v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

1

4 5

4 8

4 7

0

Q 1

,

5 1

5 0

5 3

5 2

i

5 5

i

5 6

1

5 7

5 8

5 9

i

6 0

F igure 3 3 : Ob ject s o fb ronze a nd s i lver , s ca le 1 : 1

6 1

6 2

I

6 9

7 0

6 6 .

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

f r ee e dge s . F ind n o . 3 06 , C on tex t 1 092 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r e ceed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . H ook shap ed p i ece o fb ronze r o dw i th c r e scen t ic a ppendage s t o e i the r s i de o f t h e b en t p o r t ion w h ich i si t se lf t a pe red . F ind n o .3 6 ,C on t ex t2 62 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 3 ,l a te ri nP e r iod 2 .

6 7 .

S ma l lw edge shaped o b jec to fb ronz eo fn a r row o b long c r o s s se c t ion w i th f u r the r t h in s h e e t so f b ron ze a t ta ched o ve rp a r to fi t sl e ng th o n e i the r s i de . O f u nknown f u nc t ion . F i nd n o . 3 00 , C on t ex t9 63 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing p r e ce ed ing P e r iod 2 b u i ld ing w o rk .

/ /

i

-

1

'

-t

I

6 3

6 4

65

6 7

F igure 3 4 : O b jec t so fb ronze ,s c a le 1 : 1

I RON WORK

( f ig s3 5 -37 )

b yW end yJ . Owen f r om c ommen t sb yP rof es sor W .H . Mann ing R e f e rence sg i ven b e low a r et oW .H . Mann ing 's B r i t i s h Mu seum I r on C a ta logue ( Mann ing 1 985 ) .

8 .

1 .

9 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

F e r ru le . C on ica l f e r ru le , w i th ak nob a ti t st i p . L eng th 5 3 mm . C on tex t 1 092 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r io rt oP e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . F e r ru le ,c on ica lw i th ak nob a ti t st i p( s ee Mann ing 1 976 , f o r s im i la r e xamp le s ) . L eng th 5 9 mm . C on tex t6 2 1 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,E a s t e rn c o r r ido r ,l a te i n P e r iod 2 . F e r ru le , w i th c on ica l s haped s o cke t ,a nd ak nob a ti t st i p . L eng th 6 5 mm . C on tex t7 34 ,p i tf i l l , l a t e i nP e r iod 2 . M i l i ta ry f e r ru le w i th c on ica ls o cke ta nd ak nob a t i t st i p . L eng th 5 9 mm . C on tex t9 96 ,B u i ld ing 3 , E a s t e rn v e r andah o rc o r r ido r ,P e r iod 2 . P robab ly ac a tapu l tb o l th ead o fT ype 1 .S qua re s e c t ioned p y ram ida l h ead a nd c on ica l s o cke t . L eng th 9 0 mm . C on tex t6 2 1 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,E a s ter n c o r r ido r , l a te i nP e r iod 2 . P robab ly ac a tapu l tb o l t h ead , ( w i th t i po fh ead

1 0 .

1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

m is s ing ) , w i th c on ica l s o cke t . L eng th 6 2 mm . C on tex t 7 29 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 7 ,P e r iod 2 . 7 . P robab ly ac a tapu l tb o l th ead o fT ype 1 .S qua re s e c t ioned , t a pe r ing p o in t a nd as t ra igh t s o cke t . L eng th 8 2 mm . C on t ex t 4 15 , B u i ld ing 3 , C ou r tya rd ,l a t ei nP e r iod 2 . P i lum h ead ? S qua re s e c t ioned f r agmen to ft h e h ead , b roken a tb o th e nd s . L eng th 3 8 mm . C on tex t3 59 ,P e r iod 3 ,c l ay s p read s . P i lum h ead ,p y r am ida l -shaped a nd a lmo s ts qua r e i ns e c t ion . T he s t em i sr ound i n s e c t ion a nd b roken . L eng th 1 00 mm . C on tex t7 99 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 4 ,l a te ri nP e r iod 2 . S pea rhead w i th o n ly a f r agmen t o f t h e b l ade s u rv iv ing a nd c l o sed s o cke t . L eng th 8 0 mm . C on tex t7 29 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 7 ,P e r iod 2 . S pea rhead w i th t h et i pl o s t . Al e a f -shaped b l ade w i th c l o sed s o cke t . L eng th 9 0 mm . C on t ex t9 18 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 4 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . S p ea rhead w i th n a r row b l ade , mo s to fi tm is s ing . T he s o cke t i sc l o sed a nd h a s t h e r ema in s o f a r i ve t . L eng th 9 0 mm . C on tex t 1 237 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r io rt oP e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . P o r t ion o fm a i l ,l o r i ca h ama ta . D iame te ro fe a ch r i ng 7mm . C on tex t6 09 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 6 , l a te i nP e r iod 2 . K n i f e f r agmen t , b roken a tb o th e nd s . D own -

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 9854 .

T he f ind s .

7 1

7

5 6

0

1 0

•

M O>

dd iP" ' 1 3

0

1 9

2 0

1 6 2 1

2 4 1 8

2 6

F igure 3 5 : I ronwork ,a l l s ca le 1 : 3 e xcep tn o . 1 3 w h ich i sr eproduced a t1 : 1

7 2

1 5 .

1 6 .

1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 .

2 1 .

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

t u rned b l ade o fT ype 7 .L eng th 1 20 mm . C on tex t 6 08 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,w a l l l ine s o i l s . K n if eb l ade o fT ype 7 C ,w i th d own tu rned a ng le . B roken a tb o th e nd s . O rgan ic m a te r ia l a tt h e t a ng e nd m igh t s ugge s t ab one h and le . L eng th 15 mm . C on tex t 9 14 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 , e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 .

2 4 .

K n if e b l ade o f T ype 7 C , d own tu rned a ng le . L eng th 1 25 mm . C on tex t 6 29 , B u i ld ing 3 , C ou r tya rd , l a te i nP e r iod 2 . U n iden t if ied o b jec t ,p o s s ib ly t h ei n comp le te b l ade o f ak n if eo rs he a r s .I ns e c t ion t h eb l ade i st h icke r

2 5 .

o n o ne e dge , a nd n a r rowe r o n t h e s ha rpened c u t t ing e dge . L eng th 1 55 mm . C on tex t 1 062 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 5 ,f i l l o f ap i t . K n if eb l ade ,i n comp le te .L eng th 7 4 mm . C on tex t 138 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,E a s te rn v e randah o r c o r r ido r . B lade f r agmen t . L eng th 6 5 mm . C on tex t9 96 , B u i ld ing 3 , Ea s te rn v e randah o rc o r r ido r ,P e r iod 2 . Ad oub le s p iked l o op w i th r i ng a t tached . T he s p ike e nd sa r eb en to u twa rd s .S im i la rt oe xamp le s R 34 -38 . L eng th 4 8 mm . C on t ex t1 02 1 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 6 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . B uck le o r l o op -headed s p ike a nd r i ng o fT ype R 27 . Ac i rcu la r f r ame o rr i ng w i th ' t ongue ' o r s p ike a t tached b yw rapp ing a round i t . D iame te r 6 4 mm . C on tex t 5 86 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 7 .

2 2 .

2 3 .

T -shaped l i f tkey , i n c lud ing t h e h and le e nd . A ncho r -shaped w i th as i ng le t o o th o n e a ch s i de o ft h es t em w h ich i sr e c tangu la ri ns e c t ion . T he t o p o f t h e h and le i sc u r led r ound i n to a l o op . S im i la rt o 024 . L eng th 2 03 mm . C on tex t9 53 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 . L if tkey ,T -shaped w i th h and le e nd l o s t . A ncho r s haped , w i th as i ng le t oo th o n e ach s i de o f t h e

s t em . T he s t em i ss ub rec tangu la r i ns e c t ion . L eng th 16 mm . C on tex t 1 095 , B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 1 ,e a r ly i nP e r iod 2 . T -shaped l i f tkey , a ncho r -shaped w i th a s i ng le t o o th o n e ach s i de o f t h e s t em . T he s t em i s r e c tangu la r i nc ro ss -se c t ion , w i th ah o le a tt h e t o pe nd o ft h eh and le . L eng th 1 65 mm . C on tex t 1 040 , c l ay l e ve l l ing p r io r t oP e r iod 2 b u i ld ing w o rk . F ou r l i nk s o ff i gu re -o f -e igh t c ha in , o ft h e s ame t y pe a sS 9 -S13 . A ve rage l e ng th o fe ach l i nk i s5 0 mm . C on t ex t7 35 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 4 ,l a te ri n P e r iod 2 . L a rge r i ng ,r e c tangu la ri ns e c t ion . D iame t e r1 38 mm . C on t ex t 3 6 1 , p i t f i l l , l a te i nP e r iod 2 . At h ick b a r ,b en ta tt h et i p ,w i th a ne ye a to ne e nd . L eng th 18 mm . C on tex t 6 18 , f i l l o fr o ad s ide g u l ly ,P e r iod 2o r3 . H ook f o r s u spens ion f r om b eam , b roken a tt h e

2 6 . 2 7 .

2 8 .

u ppe r e nd . T he re a r e t wo r i ve t s t h rough i t . L eng th 10mm .C on tex t1 253 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . C o rne r b ind ing . A ng led p i ece o fb i nd ing w i th t wo n a i lo rr i ve th o le si no ne o ft h ea rms .C o r ro s ion p roduc t s s ugge s t t h a ti tw a sp robab ly o r ig ina l ly a t ta ched t o aw ooden o b jec t . L eng th 9 5 mm . As e cond p i ece o fb i nd ing ,b en t ,h a s ar i ve th o le n ea rt h et o pe nd . L eng th 1 00 mm . C on tex t 1 025 , P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . L oop ed t e rm ina l ,w i th s qua re s hap ed c ro s s -se c t ion . L eng th 8 4 mm . C on tex t1 30 1 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 2 . C a rpen te r 's s poon b i t o r a uge r , b roken a to ne e nd , p e rhap s o f T ype B 55 . L eng th 7 7 mm . C on tex t3 21 ,b ackf i l lo f1 909 e xcava t ion t r ench . N a i lo fT ype l Ao r1 Bw i th t i pm is s ing ,a nd b en t a tt h e e nd . S qua re i nc ro s s -se c t ion . L eng th 6 0 mm . C on t ex t5 72 ,i nP e r iod 2s t ree ta nd r ubb i sh

2 9 .

3 0 .

3 1 .

3 2 .

3 1

2 9

0 1%

3 0 2 9

2 8

1 7 3

0

'

u g

. rI -•

3 3

3 2

F igure 3 6 : I ronwork , s ca le 1 : 3

3 4 3 5

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

3 .

3 4 .

l a ye r so ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . S aw b l ade f r agmen t w i th r i ve t h o le p unched t h rough i tn ea ro ne e nd .T he re a r ea pp rox ima t e ly 2t e e th p e r c en t ime t re , a nd t h ey h ave b een s e t a l te rna t e ly u p a nd d own , p robab ly d e l ib e ra te ly h a rdened i nt h ef o rge . L eng th 7 3 mm . C on tex t 1 98 , P e r iod 1d e s t r uc t ion l e ve l s . U n iden t if ied o b jec t . A t h in r e c tangu la r p l a te w i th f i ve r e c tangu la rp e r f o r a t ion si ni t .A t ta ched t o aw ooden o b je c tb y s t ud sa tr e gu la ri n te rva l s a l ong i t se dge s . L eng th 8 5 mm , w id th 4 2 mm . C on t ex t5 74 , P e r iod 2s t re e ta nd r ubb i sh l a ye r s

3 5 .

3 6 .

T he f ind s .

7 3

a bove B u i ld ing 4 . U n iden t if ied o b je c t . Ap l a te ,p robab ly w i th r i ve t h o le sf o ra t ta chmen t ,j o ined t o al o op ,t h ee nd o f w h ich i sb roken . L eng th 6 0 mm ; w id th o fp l a te 3 9 mm . C on tex t 5 94 , i n P e r iod 2 s t re e t a nd r ubb i sh l a ye r s o ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . I r on f i nge r -r ing w i th s e t t ing f o r i n tag l io , w h ich w a sp r ob ab ly o fa mbe r( t hough t o o? hea t -sha t t e r ed f o ra ny f u r the ri d en t if i ca t ion ) . I n te r na ld i ame t e r c .1 4 .5 mm . x1 8 .6 mm . ,p robab ly am an 's r i ng . F ind n o .4 37 . C on tex t 158 ,P e r iod 1d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s .

3 7 3 6

F igure 3 7 : I r on f i nger -r ing s ,s c a le 1 : 1 e xcep t t h ee n larg emen to ft h e i n tag l io w h ich i sr eproduced a t2 : 1 A n I ron f i ng er -r ing w i th i n tag l io ( f ig .3 7 ) b y JD . Z i enk i ew i cz 3 7 .

I r on f i nge r -r ing ,v e ry m uch c o r roded a nd l a ck ing l owe rh a lf o fh oop ; i n t er na ld i ame t e rc .1 7 mm . , a nd p robab ly ,t h e r e f o r e , am an 's r i ng . T he b road f l a t b e ze l n a r row s m a rked ly a t t h e s hou lde r s ( wh ich a r en o tf u l la nd h i gh a si st y p ica lo fm any f i r s t c en tu ry r i ng s ) , a nd w h i l s t t h e f o rm o ft h e r i ng m ay b e c ompa r ed , f o r e xamp le , w i th t wo s e cond c en tu ry s pe c imen s f r om t h e C ae r leon F o r t re s sB a th s( Z ienk iew icz , 1 986 ,f i g .4 6 ,n o s5 &8 ) , t h e c ompa r i son m ay h ave n o b ea r ing o n d a te . T he b ez e l r e ta in s t h e c omp le te a nd f i ne i n tag l io d e sc r ib ed b e low . T he i r on o ft h eb eze l w a s w o rked o ve r t h e b eve l led p o r t ion o f t h e s t one i no rde rt os e cu r e i t( i . e . ' Roman ' s e t ) , s o t h a to n ly t h ef l a te ng raved f a ce tw ou ld h ave b e en s e en . T he i n tag l io i sac ha lcedony o ra ga t e ,s o f tm i lky b l ue -g r ey i nf r on t v i ew , b u t t r an sm i t t ing ar i ch b rown c o lou r a sc an b e s e en w he re p a r t o ft h e i r on b e ze li sb roken a way . C omp le t e ,w i th o n ly af ew s u r f ace s c ra t che sa nd al i t t le w ea rt oe dge a tb eve l ,t h es t one h a ss e en l i t t le u s e . I np rof i le t h es t one i sa sZ ienk iew icz 1 986 ,f i g .4 5 , I( w i th f l a tb a ck , w i th s i de sv e r t ica l t h en b eve l led i nt o f l a te ng r aved f a ce ) , a nd s oc ompa r e si na ppe a r a n ce w i th i b id . ,g em n o . 3( l o s tc .7 5 -85 ) w h ich

i so f as im i la r s t one a nd p robab ly o f s im i la r o r ig in . D imen s ion s : 1 2 .0 mm . x1 0 .0 mm .o ve r a l ,a nd c .2 . 5 mm . d eep . T he e ng r aved f i gu r e ,a so nm any c heape rg em s , i se conom ica l ly c u t w i th am in imum o fw hee l c u tl i ne s . I ti sd e sc r ibed a si ta ppea r si ni mp re s s i on . Am a le f i gu re ,b a re legged b u tw i th t u n ic b i l low ing o u t a tw a i s t , w a lk s o rd ance s t ol e f t , w i th s t ra igh t r i gh t l e g b ea r ing o n ag round l ine a nd l e f tl e gr a i sed s l igh t ly b eh ind . T he w r ea thed h ead ,i np rof i le ,h a sn o se a nd m ou th i n d ica t ed b y t h ree s i ng le c u t s . T he r i gh ta rm i sr a i sed i nf r on t , p ro f e r r ing ab ow lo rp l a t te rf r om w h ich r i se s e v e r a lv e r t ica ls t roke sm ean tf o rf r u i to ro t he rp ro d uce ; b enea th f a l l s as i ng le l i ne w i th o b l ique s t roke s ,p robab ly i n t ended a sd r ape ry . T he l e f t a rm t r a i l sb eh ind ,b u tw i th p a lm a nd f i nge r su p t u rned a si fi nd anc e . N o e xa c t p a ra l le l h a s o ccu r r ed t om e , b u t t h e t h eme i sc l ea r : t h e f i gu re s ha r e s f e a tu re s o f B onu s E ven tu s a nd o f ad anc ing s a ty r , b o th o f w h i ch f i gu re s a r e o fv e ry c ommon o c cu r r ence o n i n tag l io s ( wh ich w e re p r inc ipa l ly o f t a l i s m an ic s i gn if i canc e t o t h e i r w ea re r s ) . B onu s E ven tu s , a s ' b r inge r o f g ood t h ing s ' a nd m a le c oun te rpa r t t oC e re s /Deme te r , w a s s ymbo l ic o f p l en ty a nd p ro sp e r i ty ,a nd t h es a ty rw a so fs im i l a r i mpo r ta nd i mbued , o fc ou r se , w i th B ac ch i c o ve r tone s . T he g ener a lp o se ,w i th b ow lo ff r u i t e t c . , i sc ommon t om any d ep ic t ion s o f B onu s

7 4

C aer sw s v i cus ,1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

E ven tu s( e .g .F or t r es sB a th sg em n o . 1 7 ) ,b u tt h e e a r s o f c o rn w h ich a r e a lmo s t i n va r iab ly i n c l uded a sa t t r ibu te sa r el a ck ing h e r e ,n o rd o e st h e p endan t d r ape ry u sua l ly f i gu r e . F o r as a ty r i n j u s tt h i sp o se , w i th l e f th and u p tur ned i nd an ce , s e e Maa skan t -K le ib r ink 1 978 , n o . 9 5 1 . B u t s a ty r s a r e t y p ica l ly s hown w i th t h e b unch o f g r ape s a nd l a gobo lon , p i pe s e t c . , w h ich d o n o t a pp ea rh e re ,a nd n o tw i th t h eb ow l . T he p r e sen t f i gu re i sm o s tp robab ly m ean t f o rB onu sE ven t u s ,b u tt h ed e l ib e ra te o m i s s ion o ft h ec or ne a r s , a nd t h ea dop t ion o fa na t t i tude o fd ance m ay h i n t a t ad e l ibe ra te c onf la t ion o ft h i s d e i ty w i th t h e s a ty r . AF l av ian o rF l av ian -T r a jan ic d a te w ou ld s e em a pp rop r ia te , o n t h e e v idenc e o f t h e w e l l -s t ra t i f i ed F o r t re s s B a th s c o l le c t ion ( c ompa re , f o r e xamp le , g ems 3a nd 1 5 o fs im i la rp ro f i le , a nd t h e l a t te rf o rs t y le ) . T he w e a r e r so fs u ch ar i ng n eed n o th ave b een o fu nu sua l ly h i gh s t a tu s ,a si s s oo f t en i n f e r r ed . T he C ae r leon d epo s i td emon s t ra te s t h a t g em s tone s s e t i n i r on r i ng s w e r e c ommon ly ( i fn o tu n ive r sa l ly )w or nb yt h eo rd i n a ry l e g iona ry s o ld ie r s ,a nd s o ,t o od oub t le s s ,b y m any a ux i l ia r ie s -w ho se p ay w a s n o t s o v e ry m uch l e s st h a ts u ch p ro tec t iv et r inke t sw ou ld b e b eyond t h e i rp u r se . F ind n o . 50 . C on t ex t1 364 , P e r iod 1 ,c l ay i nB u i ld ing 1 .

A n i r on f i nger r ing? ( f ig 3 8 ) b yH .E .M . C oo l 3 8 .

Aq ua r te ro f af i nge r r ing? c on s i s t ing o f as t rand o f w ir e w rapped c l o se ly a r ound ac en t ra l c o re s t rand c . 2 0 t i me s w i th l e f t -hand t w i s t ; o ne b roken e nd c o r roded a nd o b s cu red . S ec t ion 3 . 5

g e r -r ing s w i th r o se t te s a r e n o t w e l l d a ted i n B r i ta in ,b u tt h ey a r el i ke ly t oh ave b een c on tem p o r a ry w i th t h eb r ace le t so fs im i la rs h ap ei nu s e d u r ing t h ef i r s ta nd s e cond c en tu r ie s ,s u ch a st h e o ne s f r om a n A n ton ine c on t ex t a tS p r inghead ( P enn 1 957 ,f i g . 1 5 .8 )a nd t h el a t ef i r s ta nd e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry d epo s i ti nt h e Wa lb rook ,L ondon ( Coo l 1 983 ,7 28 ,n o . 8 ) . I ft h ei d en t if i ca t ion o fn o . 3 8a s af i nge r r ing o f t h is t y p ei sc o r re c t ,i ta ppea r st ob e mo s tu nu sua l a s , t o m y k now ledge , n o o t he r i r on e xamp le s h ave b een r e co rded . R oman p e r sona lo r namen t s m ade o fi r on a r el e s s u ncommon t h an i sg ene r a ly a pp re c ia ted . T he u s eo fi r on i nt h ef i r s ta nd s e cond c en tu r ie st om ake f i nge r r ing sw i th i n ta g l i i sw e l l k nown , a s i tw a s t h e r e su l t o f t h e s ump tua ry l aw s w h ich g ove rned t h e r i gh t t o w ea r g o ld f i nge r r ing s ( H en ig 1 978 , 4 7 ) . I r on w a sa l so u sed f o rh a i rp i n sa nd b r a ce le t s ; w em ay n o te ,f o re xamp le , af i r s tc ent u ry h a i rp i nd ep ic t i n g aw oman 's h ead f r om t h e Wa lb rook ( Coo l 1 983 ,6 30 ,n o . 1 )a nd t h ef o u r th c en tu ry b r a ce le t s f r om t h eL ankh i l l sc eme t e ry ,W inche s t e r( C la rke 1 979 , 3 2 1) . T he a moun to fi r on p e r sona l o r na m en t si sp robab ly u nde r e s t ima ted b e cau se o ft h e d i ff i cu l t ie s o f i d en t i fy ing t h em w hen t h ey a r e h i gh ly c o r roded . I ti ss a lu ta ry t or ef le c tt h a tt h e i d en t if i ca t ion o fn o . 3 8 a dvanced h e re h a s o n ly b een p o s s ib le b ecau se i th a s b een c l eaned a nd c ons e rved , a nd t h a t t h is w o rk w a s u nde r taken b e cau se i tw a st h ough tt h a tt h eo b jec tm igh th ave b e en m ade o f s i lve r . T h i s m igh t l e ad u s t o s u spe c tt h a tn o . 3 8i sn o ta su nu sua la si ts e em s , a nd t h a t c omp a rab le m a t e r ia l m ay h ave b een o ve r looked a nd l e f ta ss ma l lc o r roded l ump s .

m m .

N o . 3 8 m ay b e as ma l l f r agmen t f r om a n i r on f i nge r -r ing . i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tw hen c omp le t e i t c on s i s t ed o f aw i re s t rand b en ti n to ar i ng w i th t h e o ve r lapp ing e nd s f o rm ing ar o se t te b e fo r eb e ing t w i s ted a r ound t h e h oop , s u ch a si nt h ec oppe r a loy r i ng f r om L owbu ry H i l l , B e rk s ( A tk in son 1 9 16 , p l . X I , n o . 3 ) . O n t h e f r agmen t f r om C ae r sw s o ne s t rand w rap s a r ound t h e h oop a p p rox ima t e ly t wen ty t i me s a nd t h e re i s ah eav i ly o b s cu red e xpan s ion a to ne e nd t h a tm igh th ave b een t h e r o s e t te a tt h e b e ze l . I nc oppe r a l loy r i ng s o f t h is p a t ter n t h e f r ee e nd o f t h e w i re s n o rma l ly w rap a r ound t h eh oop b e tween o ne a nd t h re e t i me s , b u t t h e re a r e e xamp le s f r om R ich b o rough a nd V e ru lam ium w he re a pp rox ima t e ly h a lf t h e h oop i se nca sed b y s u ch t w i s t s ( Coo l 1 983 ,9 95 ,n o s 8 10 ) ,a nd o ne f r om G rea tD un m ow ,E s sex w he r ea l lo ft h eh oop i se nca sed i n t h i sm anne r( i b id . ,9 95 ,n o . 1 )a st h eh oop o fn o . 3 8 p r obab ly w a s . C opp e r a loy e xpand ing f i n -

• F igure 3 8 : I r on f i nger -r ing? ,s c a le 1 : 1

OBJECTS OF S TONE

( f ig s3 9 -43 )

b yW end yJ . Ow en

QUERNSTONES T he m a jo r i ty o ft h eq ue rn s tone se xcava t ed a r e o ft h e s o r td e s c r ib ed a s' Roman t y p e 'b yR ode r( C r aw fo rd & R od e r , 1 955 ) . I ts e em sl i ke ly t h a tt h ey w e re i mpo r t ed f r om t h e R h ine land s i nce t h e s t one u sed f o r t h e i r m anu f a c tu r ei sv o lcan ic ,s im i la rt ot h e ` N iede rmend ig l a va 'q ua r r ied a t Mayen i nt h eE i f e l . T he u ppe rs t one s

C a er sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

2 1

3

4

F igure 3 9 : Querns tone s , s c a le 1 : 2

7 5

7 6

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

h ave b i -d i re c t iona l g r oov ing o n t h eu ppe rs u r f a ce . A r a ised ' r im ' a r ound t h e c i r cumf e rence e nab le s t h e w ho le a r ea c on ta ined w i th in i tt ob eu s ed a s as h a l low h oppe r . T he g r ind ing s u r f a ce i sc on cave , w i th r a d ia l g roov ing . T he e dge s a r e v e r t ica l , w i th d eco ra t ive v e r t ica lg roov ing a l la r ound . T he l owe rs t one st e nd t o h ave ac oncave ,v e ry r o ugh b a se . T he g r ind ing s u r f ac e i ss l igh t ly c onvex w i th t r a ce s o fr a d ia l g roov ing . A p i ece o f i r on ( t he r y nd ) w a s f a s tened i nr e c tangu la r s e t t ing s( c ha se s )o nt h eh oppe ra s ad ev ice t oa d ju s tt h e d i s tance b e tween u ppe ra nd l owe rs t one a nd h ence t h e f i nene s so rc oa r s ene s so ft h em i l l ing . 1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

A pp rox ima t e ly 6 0% o f t h e u ppe r s t one o f a r o ta ry q uer n , o f t h e ' Roman ' t y pe d es c r ibed a bove . D iame te r 3 92 mm . , t h ickne s s a t c i r cumf e rence 9 8 mm . C u ti n to t h eu pp e rs u r f a ce a tt h ec en t ra lp e r fo r a t ion i sar e c tangu la rs o cke t , p e rhap s f o r ar ynd cha se . T he s e c t ion o f a n a ng led p e r fo ra t ion ,p robab ly f o rf i t t ing aw ooden h and le s how s o n o ne o f t h e f r ac tu r ed f a ce s . S tone t y pe : ah i gh ly p o rou sv e s icu la rl a va . F ine g r a ined g round m a s sw i th v e ry o cca s iona ll a rge c r y s ta l so fp y roxene s( ? ) . F ind n o .2 93 ,C on tex t 1 023 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 2 . F ragmen to f ar o ta ry q ue rn ,p robab ly t h e l owe r s t one , o f t h e ' Roman ' t y pe . T h ickne s s a t c i r cumf e rence 8 mm . D iame t e r e s t ima t ed a s 3 90 mm . S tone t y pe : v o lcan ic . F i nd n o . 1 43 , C on tex t 1 44 , f i l l o f mode rn p i t . B roken f r agmen to fu ppe rs t one o fr o ta ry q ue rn o ft h e' Roman 't y pe . Max imum d imen s ion s 1 60 mm . x 6 9 mm . x 9 6 mm . ( t h ickne s s a t c i r cumf e rence ) .D iame te re s t ima ted a s3 90 mm . S ton et y pe :v o lcan ic . F ind n o . 1 43 ,C on tex t4 44 , P e r iod 2 ,R oad . B roken f r agmen to f ar o ta ry q ue rn s tone , o ft h e ' Roman 't y p e ;p r obab ly t h el owe rs t one . Max imum d imen s ion s 1 00 mm . x1 36 mm . x4 8 mm . ( t h ickne s s a tt h e c i r cumf e rence ) . S tone t y pe : v o lcan ic . F ind n o .5 59 ,C on t ex t 1 449 ,P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,C ou r tya rd . C omp le te l owe rs t one o f ar o ta ry q ue rn ,s p l i ti n to 2p i e ce s . T he s t one i sr ough ly s h aped a nd n o t p e r f e c t ly c i r cu la r . Max imum d i ame te r3 88 mm . , t h ickne s s a tc i r cum f e renc e 7 4 mm . T he u ppe r s u r f a ce d oe s n o th ave ac en t ra l p e r fo r a t ion , b u t r i se st owa rd st h ec en t r et of o rm al i pa r ound t h e c en t r a ls o cke tf o rt h es p ind le . T he l owe rs u r f a ce i sr ough a nd u neven . S tone t y pe : am ed ium g r a ined s a nd s tone . C on tex t 1 065 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing p r eceed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . F ragmen to ft h eu ppe rs t one o f ar o ta ry q ue rn ,o f t h e' Roman 't y pe a nd s im i la rt on o .4 .T h ickne s s a tc i r cum f e renc e 8 8mm , d i ame t e r e s t ima ted a s 3 90 mm . T he g r ind ing s u r f a ce i sc oncave , b u t s how s n o t r ac e o f t h e u sua l r a d ia l g roov ing . T he r e i s ar e c tangu la rs o cke tc u ti n to t h e u ppe r s u r f a ce a tt h ec en t ra lp e r fo ra t ion ,p r e sumab ly f o r

7 .

ar y nd -cha se . S t one t y p e : ag r ey , h i gh ly p o rou s v e s icu la r l a va . F ine -g ra ined g round m a s s w i th v e ry o c ca s iona l l a rge c r y s ta ls o f ?p y roxene s . C on tex t7 76 , f i l l o f amoder np i t . A pp rox ima t e ly 5 0% o f t h e u ppe r s t one o f a r o ta ry q ue rn . D iame te r 3 70 mm . , t h ickne s s a t c i r cumf e rence 7 2 mm . T he g r ind ing s u r f ace i s c oncave ,w i th n os u rv iv ing g r oov ing . T he u ppe r s u r f a ce i sa lmo s tf l a ta nd w i thou td eco ra t ion . A n a r row h oppe r h a s b een f o rmed b y a' s tep ' a r ound t h e c en t ra l p e r fo ra t ion . A s o cke t h a s b een c u ti n to t h ec en t ra lp e r f o r a t ion ,p r e sumab ly t o a c commoda te a r ynd cha se . C u t i n to t h e u pp e r s u r f ace i s ag roove f o r al a t e ra l h and le . S t one t y pe : s a nd s tone . F i nd n o . 2 07 , C on tex t 7 79 , P e r iod 2 , s t ree t a nd r ubb ish l a ye r s o ve r a bandoned B u i ld ing 4 .

MISCELLANEOUS S TONE OBJECTS 8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 .

1 2 .

B roken p a r to f aw he t s tone w i th t wo s moo thed , f l a t f a ce s , b o th s how ing s c ra t ch m a rk s f r om s ha rpen ing . O ne f l a ts moo th s i de e dge s u rv ive s , b u t t h e o t he r e dge s a r e b roken a nd u neven . D imen s ion s2 28 mm . x1 0 4 mm . x4 8 mm . S tone t y pe : a m ica ceou s , g r ey -g re en , f i ne -g ra ined s a nd s tone o rs i l t s tone .C on t ex t1 040 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing b e fo re P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk s . S ma l lr e c tangu la rs haped w he t s tone o rp a l le t t e . A l l s u r f ac e s a r e s moo thed a nd s how s c r a t ch m a rk sa nd g roove s . O ne f a ce h a sl o s t mo s to fi t s s moo thed s u r f a ce ( d r awn u ppe rmo s ti ns e c t ion ) . D imen s ion s8 8 mm . x6 0 mm . x2 4 mm . S t one t y pe : g r een s l a t e . F ind n o . 7 7 , C on t ex t 3 97 , P e r iod 2b ack f i l l i nt o po fP e r iod 1p i t . I r r egu la rs h ap ed s t one f r agmen tw i th f l a ts moo thed u pp e r a nd l owe r f a ce s . U ppe r f a ce h a s t wo p a ra l le l g roove l i ne s a c ro s s i t . T he f a ce s l ope s d own t owa rd s o ne e dge , w he re i th a s m any s c ra t ch a nd g roove m a rk sr u nn ing i nt h ed i re c t ion o ft h es l op e . D imen s ion s9 0 mm . x7 4 mm . x1 7 mm . S t one t y pe : af i ne -g ra ined s i l t s tone , m e tamo rpho sed o rb u rn t . F ind n o . 8 5 ,C on tex t 2 6 ,b ackf i l l o f 1 909 e xcava t ion t r ench . P av ing s t one ? Af l a tr o ugh ly r e c tangu la rs haped s t one , w i th o ne c o rne rb roken o f f . T he c or ne r s a r er ound ed . O ne s u r f a ce i sw o rn a nd t h eo t he r r ough . D imen s ion s 2 50 mm . x1 68 mm . x3 6 mm . S tone t y pe : am ed ium -g ra ined g r een i sh g r ey s a nd s tone .C on t ex t3 79 ,B ui l d ing 3 ,c ou r tya rd , l a te i nP e r iod 2 . I r regu la rs h ap ed s t one ,p o s s ib ly u s ed a s ap av ing s t one . I th a s o ne f l a t ( u pp e r ? ) f a ce a nd o ne u neven s u r f ac eo ppo s i te .O ne s i de e dge i sv e r t ica l a nd o ne i sr ounded . Max imum d imen s ion s2 86 mm . x3 14 mm . x4 0 mm . S t one t y pe : af i ne m ed ium g r a ined s a nd s tone .C on t ex t6 34 ,B u i ld ing 3e a s te nd , l a te ri nP e r iod 2 .

C aer sw s v i cus ,1 985 -6 .

6

T he f ind s .

7

4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9

8

1

F igure 4 0 : Querns tones ,w orked s t one sa nd w orn s t one , s ca le 1 : 2

1 0

7 7

7 8

1 3 .

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

F ragmen to fp av ing s t one? R ough ly r e c tangu la r s h aped s t one w i th o ne b roken c o r ne r . U ppe ra nd l owe rs u r f ace sa r es moo thed a nd s l igh t ly c oncave , b o th h av ing s c r a t ch m a rk s . Mo r ta r a dhe re s t o e dge sa nd o ne o ft h es u r f ace s . D imen s ion s2 35 mm . x2 76 mm . x2 6 mm . S tone t y p e : s i l t s tone ( m icaceou s ) . C on tex t5 93 ,i nP e r iod 2s t r ee ta nd r ubb ish l a ye r so ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 .

A SHALE AR MLET 1 4 .

A p l a in , c i r cu la r b ra ce le t o r a rm le t , a lmo s t c e r ta in ly o f K imme r idge s h a le . T h ree j o in ing p i e ce s f o rm a pp rox ima te ly 6 5% o f t h e a rm le t . E x te rna ld i ame te r9 4 mm . , i n t e rna l d i ame t e r7 8 mm . , i n te rna l r a d iu s 3 9 mm„ t h ickne s s 8mm . F i nd n o s 13 a nd 1 56 , C on tex t s 5 07 ,P e r iod 2 , h i gh l e ve l s o ft h e v e randah , a nd 8 17 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 . T he c r o s s sec t ion i sn o t p e r f e c t ly c i r cu la r , t h e e dge sh av ing b een s moo thed a nd r ounded o f fb u t r ema in ing s l igh t ly a ngu la r . T he d i ame te ro ft h e b r a ce le t i sq u i te l a rge , b u t n o t u nu sua l ly s o , f i t t ing e a s i ly i n to t h e r a nge o f t ho se f o und a t S i l che s te r( Lawson 1 976 ) . A l though t h em a jo r i t y f o und a tS i lche s te r h ave i n t e rna l d i ame t e r s b e tween 6 0 mm .a nd 6 2 mm . ,f i ve o u to ft h es i x ty p l a in a rm le t s h ave t h e s ame i n te rna l d i ame te r ( 7 8 mm . ) a st h eC a e r sw s f i nd .

r1 3

F igure 4 1 : Worn s t one ,s c a le 1 : 2 S eve ra l mo re p i ece so fl a rge rs t one s ,w i th w ea rs im i la r t ot h a to nn o s 1 -13 w e r ef o und i nP e r iod 2l e ve ls . I t s e ems p robab le t h a t a l h ad b een b rough t i n f r om e l sewhe r ea nd r e u sed i nf r agmen ta ry f o rm i nB u i ld ing 3 , g ene ra l ly p e rhap s i n o ven c on s t ruc t ion . T h r ee j o in ing f r agmen t so fo ne s t one ,t o ge the rw i th a no the r 8n on jo in ing f r agmen t s ,w e re f o und i nt h eb a ck f i l lo f t h e l a rge s t B o sanque t e xcava t ion t r ench : p a r t ia l ly h ea t a f f e c ted , t h e se h ad p robab ly b een r e u sed i nt h e o ven c omp lex 7 91 ,i nw h ich o ne s t one ( Con tex t9 10 ) r ema ined i ns i tu .

O the r s t one s n o t i l u s t ra ted h e re i n c lude 4 p o s s ib le p av ing s t one s , 3o fw h ich a r es i l t s tone a nd w e re f o und i nC on t ex t 7a nd 3 86 ,a nd t h eo t he ro f av o lcan ic r o ck c ame f r om i nC on tex t9 19 . F ive m a son ry b l o ck sa nd f r agmen t s w e re i d en t if i ed , m o s t ly o f s a nd s tone , i n C on tex t s3 98 ,5 86 ,6 70 a nd 8 29 -t h el a s tr e -u sed a sa s h a rp en ing s t one . A no the r 6s ha rpen ing s t one s a nd w he t s tone s o fs i l t s tone a nd s a nd s tone w e re f o und i n C on tex t s7 ,4 0 ,4 51 a nd 57 .

I 1

S 1 4

F igure 4 2 : S ha le a rm le t , s c a le 1 : 1

A CANNEL COAL MOULD? 1 5 .

Ar e c tangu la rb l ock o fc anne lc oa l, 10 mm x 2 8 mm x 1 mm w i th as h a l low l i nea rd ep r e s s ion a ppa ren t ly c u ti n to o ne s u r f ace , w i th w ha ts e ems t ob e a' g a te 'a to ne e nd . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h i s

Caersws vicus, 1985-6,. was a mould; see Appendix 4 for details of conservation and for some suggestions as to how it might have been used. Find no. 175. Context 729, sandy floor in Building 3, Room 7, middle or later part of Period 2. In response to a request for help in identifying what might have been made in the mould, H.E.M. Cool writes: 'The product of this mould might have been a blank for a penannular finger-ring with snakes'

n, finds.

79

head terminals (see for example Marshall 1907: 180-1, nos 1135-42).. However, I do not know of any examples of such rings which have bosses on the hoop as the product of this mould would have had. It also seems likely from the small amount of information we have about the way in which such objects were made in Roman Britain, that the casting for such a ring would already have been pennanular rather than straight as the product of this mould must have been. The identification must therefore remain unproven.•

Figure 43: Cannel coal ?mould, scale 1:3

THE ANIMAL BONE by Bruce Levitan The bone assemblage from Caersws is small, and the majority of the material was not identified to species level due to the high degree of fragmentation in the assemblage. Bones from 215 contexts were examined, and because the sample size is so small (less than 1000 fragments, with only thirty-three identified to species: 12 sheep/goat, 1 sheep, 3 pig, 17 cattle), quantification in the table below is in terms of frequency of occur­ rence in contexts (eg. out of 160 contexts from Period 2, cattle occur in eight of them, and 'cattle-size' fragments in 85 contexts). This method is particularly appropriate for this type of assemblage (O'Connor 1985). Most of the contexts are from Period 2, and cattle are consistently better represented than sheep/goat in all the Roman periods, although 'sheep-size' fragments are better represented than 'cattle-size' fragments in Period 2. Pig is only represented in Period 2. One of the sheep/goat bones is from sheep, and none could be definitely identified as goat. All but two of the bones are burnt to the extent where they are white and cracked in appearance. This is typical of sites of this period in Wales (Gilchrist & Mytum 1986, 29), and the appearance of the bones suggests being burnt at a temperature exceeding 600 degrees centigrade (Gilchrist & Mytum 1986, 32). Such temperatures can easily be obtained in hazel and ash fires at maximum heat (Gilchrist & Mytum, 31). The assemblage is typical of bone survival from

areas that are not conducive to bone preservation, and where burnt bone is generally the only material that survives. It is impossible to carry out detailed analysis · of material so poorly preserved, especially if only a biassed portion of the assemblage is present (i.e. burnt bone: it is unlikely that all the bones from the site were burnt). Such assemblages, however, are worth report­ ing because bone material is so rare from this region. The present assemblage is too small and too poorly preserved to be used as a basis for economic interpre­ tations about the site, but by adding to the corpus of information from th·e region, a more complete picture may eventually be created.

Table 4: Species represented at Caersws Frequency

Species

Period 1 Period 2 Period 3 Period 4 No. % No. % No. % No. % Cattle Sheep/goat Pig 'Cattle-size' 'Sheep-size' No. of Contexts

4 2 0 8 7

29 14 0 57 50

8 5 7 4 3 2 85 53 92 58

14

7

160 74

Total number of contexts: 215

2 13 1 7 0 0 9 60 8 53 15

7

4 5 0 8 12

15 19 0 31 46

26 12

80

Caersws vicus, 1985-6.

The finds.

THE POTTERY

Christine & David Rees, Tony Smith, Russ Taylor and Howard Weeks for their work on the decorated ware from Caersws Site 10. This report is as much theirs as mine.

by Peter V. Webster with contributions from Brenda Dickinson, K.F. Hartley and Wendy J. Owen SAMIAN WARE (figs 44-47) Acknowledgements This report was compiled from notes made by a group meeting regularly in the Department of Extra-Mural Studies, UWC, Cardiff. I am most grateful to Phil Davies, Robin Fisher, Judith Grey, Nonna Hancock, Marcia Hill, Lynn Johns, Owen Powell, David Price,

Introduction In common with most central Welsh sites, Caersws has a soil which is not kind to its samian. Edges and some decorative details tend to be softened and powdery in places. Nevertheless, a considerable quantity of iden­ tifiable samian was recovered. The majority was either from South Gaul or Les Martres-de-Veyre in Central Gaul. The spread, both in tenns of source and date can be fairly easily seen from the summary Table 4 below.

Table 5: Sources, forms and deposition of stratified samian from Caersws, Site 10

South Gaul

Form

Period 1

Period 2

Period 3

Total

15/17 18 18/31 22 24/25 27 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 37 67 78 C.11 R.8 R.9 R.10 R.13

2 38

10 160 2 3 2 107 43 19 1 1 14 16 10 205 27 3 22

1 11

13 209 2 3 2 163 64 20 1 1 14 23 14 242 30 5 26 1 1 3 1

1.55 24.93 0.24 0.36 0.24 19.45 7.64 2.39 0.12 0.12 1.66 2.74 1.66 28.88 3.58 0.60 3.10 0.12 0.12 0.36 0.12

TOTALS Central Gaul

TOTALS

53 18 1

5 2 27 3 2 4 1 1 2 1 160

18/31 27 29 30 33 35 36 37 42 81 C.11 C.15

3 3

2 2 10

1

%

646

32

838

100.00

14 8 1 3 1 1 1 48 1 1 2 1

4 2

18 10 1 3 1 1 1 51 1 1 2 1

19.77 10.99 1.10 3.30 1.10 1.10 1.10 56.04 1.10 1.10 2.20 1.10

82

9

91

100.00

3

C a er sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

F rom t h eT ab le t h ep r eponde r ance o fS ou the rn o ve r C en t r a l G au l ish f a b r ic s i si mmed ia te ly a ppa ren ta si s t h e d ea r th o f m id a nd l a t e s e cond c en tu ry f o rms . F o rm s 3 1 , 3 2 a nd 8 1 a r e p r e sen t i no n ly v e ry s ma l l n umbe r s a nd f o rm s 3 1R , 4 5 a nd 7 9 /80 a r e t o ta l ly a b sent A c ompa r ison o ft h en umbe r so ff o rm 2 7( t he t y p ica l f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry c up )w i th C en t ra l G au l i sh e xamp le so ff o rm 3 ( t he p redom inan tA n ton i n e c up ) s how s as im i la r p a t te rn , w i th t h e f o rme r c on s ide rab ly m o re n ume rou s . Am a rked d ec l ine i n a c t iv i ty i nt h e m id a nd l a te s e cond c en tu ry i sc l ea r . F o r g r ea te r c h rono log ica l p r ec i s ion w e m u s t r e ly u pon t h e d e co ra ted w a re a nd s t amp s . An umbe r o f v e s se l so ff o rm 2 9a r ep r e sen t( s e en o s3 4 ,3 5 ,3 7 ,4 7 , 5 6 ) b u t n one n eed h ave b een d epo s i ted b e fo r e t h e F l av ian p e r iod . T he e a r l ie s ts t amp sa r en o s1 6( c .A .D . 5 0 -65 ) , 1 3( c . A .D .6 0 -75 )a nd 1 4( c . A .D .6 5 -85 )b u t t h e p a t te rn i so ve rwhe lm ing ly F l av ian a nd t h e re i s n o th ing h e r e w h ich n eed s ugge s t o c cupa t ion b e fo r e t h e t r ad i t iona l m id -70 s d a te . T he l a te s t i lu s t ra ted p i e ce i sn o .4 0 f r om L e s Ma r t re s -de -Vey re . I ts hou ld b en o t ed t h a t ad i sp ropo r t iona t en umbe ro fL e s Ma r t re s p i e ce sa r ei l u s t ra ted a st h e se t e nd t op rov ide t h el a te s t d a t ing e v idenc e w i th in t h e i rp a r t icu la rg roup s . E ven w i th a l t h e l a te s t d eco ra ted w a re p ub l i shed t h e r e i s n one t h a tn eed e x tend e ven i n to t h es e cond q ua r t e ro f t h es e cond c en tu ry . We h ave a l r eady s e en t h a ts ome l a t e r p l a in w a re s a r e p r es en t b u t i ti sv e ry c l ea r t h a t a c t iv i ty d e c l ined m a rked ly i nt h el a s tt h r ee q ua r te r so f t h e s e cond c en tu ry a nd t h a t t h e m a jo ro ccupa t ion o f t h e s i t ec an b e p l aced o n ly w i th in t h eh a l fc en tu ry c . A .D . 7 5 -125 .

T he p o t ter s ' s t amp s b yB r enda D i ck in son A l l b u t o ne o f t h e i d en t if ied s t amp s a r e o f p o t te r s k nown t oh ave w o rked a tL a G rau f e senque . T ho se f r om d i e sa t t e s t ed t h e r ea r ed i s t ingu i shed b y( a ) . T he s t amp o f Mab io a nd t h eu n iden t if i ed s t amp sa l s e em t ob ei nf a b r ic s f r om t h eL aG rauf es enque r a nge . 1 . OF .BAS •S [ I •N I ]o nf o rm 1 8 / 31 ;B a s s inu si ,D ie l a . B a s s inu s 's c ommone s td i sh f o rms a r e 1 8 / 31 a nd 1 8 / 31R , b o th o f w h ich w e re i n t roduced a tL a G rau f e senque i n t h e F l av ian -T r a jan ic p e r iod . Two d e co ra ted b ow l s o f t h i s d a te a lmo s t c e r t a in ly b e long t oh im ; o ne , f r om L a G rau f e sen q ue , h a s af r agmen ta ry m ou ld -s tamp , t h eo t he r , f r om S t anw ick v i l la , H e i l s , p a r t o f ac u r s ive s i gna tu re . c .A .D .9 0 -110 . F i nd n o . 1 58 ,C on t ex t 5 74 , P e r iod 2 , s t r ee t a nd r ubb i sh l a ye r s o ve r a bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . 2 . [ OF ]CHNNon f o rm 1 8 ,s l igh t ly b ur n t ;C enso ri , D ie 2 c ' . T he d i e f r om w h ich t h i s c ome s o r ig ina l ly g ave OF C INS ,b u tr e cu t t ing o ft h el e t t e r sh a sm ade i t

T he f i nd s .

8 1

a lmo s tu n re cogn i sab le a s as t amp o fC en so r . F o r d a t ing e v id ence f o rt h i sp o t te r ,s e en o s 3a nd 4 .c . A .D .7 0 100 . F i nd n o . 35 ,C on tex t1 092 ,P e r iod 2 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing . 3 . [ OFCIEN o nf o rm 1 5 / 17 o r1 8 ;C en so ri ,D ie 3 b ( a ) . T h i s i sC en so r 's c ommone s t s t amp , n o ted f r om m any F l av ian f o unda t ion s ,i n c lud ing B inche s t e r , B u tzba ch , C ame lon a nd t h e S aa lbu rg ( 5 ) . c . A .D .7 0 -100 . F i nd n o .5 80 ,C on tex t1 073 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 4 . 4 . OFCE o n f o rm 2 7g ; C enso ri ,D ie 3 g ' ( a ) . T h is s t amp , f r om ab roken d i e ,a ppea r s o n ly o n f o rm 2 7 . T he o r ig ina l d i e w a s u sed m a in ly o n f o rm 2 9 , i n c lud ing o ne b ow l f r om t h em a in s i t e a tC o rb r idge .c .A .D .7 5 -90 . F i nd n o . 1 82 ,C on t e x t 8 34 , i nP e r iod 2 s t ree t a nd r ubb i sh l a ye r s o ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . 5 . [ L ] CO / IV I ,r e t rog rade ,o nf o rm 1 5 / 17 o r1 8 / 31 ; L .C o s iu s V i r i l i s ,D ie 2 7a ( a ) . As t amp u sed o n t h eF lav ian -T ra jan ic d i sh f o rm 1 8 / 31R a nd n o t ed f r om D om i t ian ic f o unda t ion s , s u ch a s C ann s ta t t ( 2 ) a nd t h e S aa lbu rg ( 2 ) . c . A .D .8 0 110 . F ind n o . 1 080 . C on tex t6 6 ,b a se o f p l ough s o i l s . 6 . F EL IXSEV o n f o rm 2 7 ; F e l ix i Seve ru s i ,D ie l a( a ) . T h i ss t amp o c cu r so n t h ep r e -F lav ian c up f o rm s 2 4 , R i t te r l ing 8 a nd R i t t e r l ing 9 ,b u t t h e r e a r e a l so e xamp le sf r om F l av ian f o unda t ion s ,s u ch a s C a e r leon a nd C a r l i s le . c .A .D . 5-75 . F i nd n o . 5 64 ,C on tex t 1 459 ,P e r iod 1 ,s o i l s . 7 . [ IVL I] IN I . o n f o rm 1 8 ; I u l l inu s i ,D ie 3 a( a ) . T he s i te r eco rd f o r t h i s s t amp , i n c lud ing D on c a s te r , L anca s te r , Ma l ton a nd R o t twe i l -Ho ch m au ren , s ugge s t s F l av ian d a te . c .A .D . 7 0 -95 . F ind n o .5 69 ,C on tex t5 08 ,i nP e r iod 2s t r ee ta nd r ubb i sh l a ye r so ve rB u i ld ing 4 . 8 . I VLL IM o nf o rm 1 5 / 17 o r1 8 ; I u l l inu si ,D ie 7 a ( a ) . S eve ra l e xamp le s o f t h i s s t amp a ppea r a ts i t e s f o unded ,o ra bandoned , i nt h e l a te rF l av ian p e r i od . T he se i n c lude I n ch tu th i l( whe r ei to ccu r si n t h e G u t te r h oa rd ) , B u tzba ch , C he s te rho lm a nd t h em a in s i te a tC o rb r idge . c .A .D .8 0 100 . F ind n o . 2 17 , C on tex t 8 44 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 7 . 9 . OF MÄB IO o n f o rm 3a ( ? ) ,b u rn t ; Mab io ,D ie l a . A n u n common s t amp , a ppa r en t ly u s ed i n t h e F l av ian p e r iod o rl a te r , t oj u dge f r om e xamp le s n o ted f r om C ae r leon , C he s t e r a nd Y o rk . F i nd n o . 5 42 ,C on tex t 1 378 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . 1 0 . OFMA -[ SCVL I ]o nf o rm 1 5 / 17R o r1 8e t cR ;L . T r -Ma scu lu s , D ie 4 a . S t amp s f r om s e ve ra l o ft h i s p o t te r 's o t he r d i e s a r ei n ag roup o fF l av ian -T ra jan ic w a s t e r sa tL a G r au f e senque . A s t amp f r om 4 a o ccu r s a t N ew s tead . c .A .D . 8 0 110 . F ind n o . 5 72 ,

8 2

1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

C on tex t 107 , i n P e r iod 2 s t ree t a nd r ubb ish l a ye r so ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . [ 0 1FPATRC o nf o rm 1 5 / 17 o r1 8 ;P a tr ic iu si ,D ie 5 a ( a ) . T h is s t amp i sc ommon a tF lav ian f ounda t ion s i n B r i ta in ; t h e re a r e a l so e xamp le s f r om B u t zbach a nd t h eS aa lbu rg ,w h ich w i l lb e long t ot h el a t t e r

U n iden t i f ied 1 8 . BASS I [? ,o n f o rm 2 7? A lmo s tc e r ta in ly as t amp o f Ba s su si ;t h e Bi sn o t

h a lf o ft h ep e r iod . c .A .D .7 5 -100 . F ind n o . 5 73 , C on tex t7 81 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 . [ OF . 11ONT I o n f o rm 1 8 ; P on tu s , D ie 8 a( a ) . As t amp n o ted o nd i she sf r om C a r l i s le a nd C a s t le f o rd a nd o nt wo b ow ls o ff o rm 2 9f r om L ondon . c .A .D . 7 0 -90 . F ind n o . 5 76 ,C on tex t9 63 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing p re c ed ing P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . [ PR I MI ] MA o nf o rm 2 7g ;P r imu si i ,D ie 3 0b . T he d i e f r om w h ich t h is s t amp c ome s w a s f i r s t u sed i nt h ep re -F lav ian p e r iod ,o n c up s o ff o rm 2 4 ; i to ccu r s o n o the r f o rms a tF l av ian f ounda t i ons , s uch a s Yo rk a nd R o t twe i l -Hochmau ren . E xamp le sf r om C ame lon a nd N ew s t ead a r ea lmo s t

4 48 , C on tex t 1 368 , P e r iod 1 ,C ou r tya rd . OF IVCVND I? o n f o rm 2 9 . P robab ly a s t amp o f I u cundu s i i . . .VND I i s c l ea ra nd t h eb eg inn ing o ft h es t amp s e em st of i t I u cundu s b e t te r t h an S ecundu s o r V e recundu s . T he l owe rz one o fs t ra igh tg ad roon s i sn o t v e ry i n fo rma t ive , b u t t h e f a b r ic a nd g l a ze s ugge s t e a r ly -F lav ian d a te . F ind n o . 5 49 ,C on tex t 1 411 , P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . I leg ib le , o n f o rm 1 8 . F l av ian . F ind n o . 1 08 1 ,C on tex t7 80 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 , w al l i ne . OF . . . . I? o n f o rm 1 8 . F lav ian . F ind n o .2 2 1 ,C on tex t9 23 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,

c e r ta in ly s urv iva ls . c .A .D .6 0 -75 . F ind n o .5 71 , C on tex t 1 411 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 . OFRVF IN o nf o rm 2 7g ,( T . )R uf inu si ,D ie 4 c ' . T he e a r l ie s ts t amp sf r om t h is d i er e ad OFRVF IN , b u td amage o rw ea re ven tua l ly p roduced s t amp s w i th i n comp le te O 's a nd N 's ,o ro cca s iona l ly ,a s h e re ,w i th ac omp le te 0 b u to n ly p a r to ft h eN . T he se l a te rv e r s ion s a r e m a in ly F lav ian a nd a r e n o ted f r om s i te s s uch a sC ae r leon , C he s te r a nd Y o rk ,b u to ne f r om t h eS e l st i l e ry s hou ld b ep re F lav ian . c .A .D . 6 5 -85 . F ind n o . 5 6 1 ,C on t ex t 1 460 ,P e r iod 1s o i l s . OF .RVF o n ac up ;R ufu s i i ,D ie 4 a( a ) . A pa r tf r om as i ng le e xamp le f r om C amu lodunum , w h ich o ugh t t ob e p re -F lav ian , a l l t h e d a tab le s t amp s f r om t h i s d i e o c cu r a tF lav ian f ounda t i ons . T he s i te reco rd i n c lude sN ew s tead a nd t h e m a in s i te a tC o rb r idge . c .A .D .6 5 -90 . F ind n o . 4 28 ,C on tex t 1 305 , P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1s o i l s . S EN ICIO o n f o rm 2 7g ; S en ic io , D ie 6 b . S en ic io i st h ee a r l ie s t p o t t e r r e p re sen ted i nt h is c o l lec t ion . H i s o u tpu t i sa lmo s t c e r ta in ly e n t i re ly C laud ian a nd N e ron ian ,t hough t wo s t amp s a r e n o ted f r om C ame lon a nd C he s te r . T he re i s n os i te d a t ing f o rt h is p a r t icu la rs t amp . T he w o rn c ond i t ion o f t h e l e t te r s a nd o f t h e c up i t se l f s ugge s t st h a ti ti sas urv iva l . c .A .D .5 0 -65 . F ind n o . 5 62 ,C on tex t 1 46 1 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 2 .

1 7 .

OF .SEXCN o nf o rm 2 7 ;S ex ( tus ) -Canu s ,D ie 4 a ( a ) .

e n t i re ly c l ea r , b u t t h el e t ter ing i sr em in iscen to f s eve ra l o f h i s d i e s . B a s su s 's s t amp s a r e n o t u ncommon i nF lav ian c on tex t s ,t h ough t h eb u lk o fh i so u tpu ti se a r l ie r . c .A .D . 5 0 -70 . F ind n o . 1 9 .

2 0 .

2 1 .

2 2 .

2 3 .

2 4 . 2 5 .

2 6 . 2 7 .

R oom 4 . 0 [ o rC I o rG E o n f o rm 1 8 . F l av ian . F ind n o . 1 082 ,C on tex t 156 ,P e r iod 1 ,d e s t ruc t i on l e ve l s . O r o r1 0 ,p robab ly o n ar ou le t ted d i sh . F lav ian . F ind n o . 5 68 , C on tex t 4 96 , P e r iod 2 ,R oom 5 , B u i ld ing 3 . [ N M o n f o rm 1 5 / 17 o r 1 8 . F lav ian . F ind n o . 5 52 ,C on tex t 1 336 , P e r iod 1 . ] V ./ 'o n f o rm 1 8 . F lav ian . F ind n o . 1 083 ,C on tex t 1 449 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,C ou r tya rd . P [ o n f o rm 1 8 . F lav ian . F ind n o . 4 19 , C on tex t6 13 , b a se o fp l ough so i l . I S •F o n f o rm 1 5 / 17 o r 1 8 . F lav ian . F ind n o .5 67 ,C on tex t4 77 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 4 .

T he p l a in w are Al i s to fa l lp l a in w a re s umma r ised b yc on tex tw i l lb e p l aced i nt h es i te a r ch ive ( s ee A ppend ix 5f o rd e ta i ls ) . T h is i n fo rma t ion i sf u r the r s umma r i sed i n T ab le 4 a bove . O n ly o ne v e s se l s e ems s uff ic ien t ly u nu sua l t o m er i t p ub l ica t ion h e re : 2 8 .

F o rm 1 4 /25 , b u t w i thou t t h e u sua l r ou le t ted u ppe rz one a nd w i th a pp l ied r o s e t te s . T he f a b r ic i s aman ly l i gh to range w i th ab rown r ed s l ip .

I ti sn o tc l ea rw he the r t h i s s t amp r ep re sen t s t h e n omen a nd c ognomen o fo ne m an o ra na s soc ia t i on o ft wo p o t te r s . Many o ft h ee xamp le sn o ted c ome f r om F lav ian f ounda t ion s ,i n c lud ing W i lde r s poo l a nd B u tzbach , w h ich w e re b o th f ounded u nde rD om i t ian . T he re i sa l so o ne f r om ag r ave a tN i jmegen w h ich c on ta ins a n a s o fN e rva , o f A .D .9 7 . c .A .D . 7 5 -100 . F i nd n o . 1 60 ,C on tex t 5 84 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 4 .

2 8 F igure 4 4 : P la in s am ian c up , s ca le 1 : 2

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

Ia m g r a te fu l t o M is s B r enda D ick in son f o r e xam in ing t h ep i ec e . S he s ugge s t st h a ti tm ay b e af i r s tc en tu ry ( F lav ian )p rodu c to fL ezoux . F o r ap i ec e w i th s im i la r d e co ra t ion s e e K a r n i t sch 1 959 , t a f . 1 . C on tex t s 6 55 , 8 65 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 . T he d ecora ted w are Al i s t o f a l d e co ra ted w a re w i l l a pp ea r i n t h e s i t e a r ch ive w i th n o t e s o n s ome p i e ce s n o t p ub l i shed b e low . P ub l i shed p i ece s h ave b een s e le c ted f o rt h e i r d a t ing p o ten t ia l f o r t h e s i te o rf o ri n d iv idua l c on t ex t s o rf o r t h e i rg ene ra l i n te r e s t .

3 2 .

A bbrev ia t ion s D . =D e che leue 1 904 ; 0 .= O swa ld 1 937 ; O .& P .= O swa ld & P ryc e 1 920 ; S .& S . =S t anf i e ld & S imp son 1 958 ; R oge r s =R oge r s 1 974 .

3 .

2 9 .

3 0 .

3 1 .

F o rm 3 7 , S ou th G au l i sh . T h i r ty t wo f r agmen t s m ak ing u pa bou th a lf o f ab ow l . T he o vo lo w i th t r ip le e nded t o ngue i ss im i la r t o t h a t u s ed b y B i rag i lu s ( Kno r r 1 9 19 , t e x tb i ld 5 ) . T he m a in z one o f d e co ra t ion i s aw ind ing s c ro l l w i th l a nceo la te l e ave s i nt h e u ppe r l o be s im i la r t o t h o se u s ed b yR u f f inu s( Kno r r 1 9 19 , t e x tb i ld 9 ; Web s t e r 1 987 ,E 18 ) . T he l owe rl o b ec on ta in sa l e a f a nd t e nd r i l s mo t if o ne o f w ho s e e l emen t s m ay b e K no r r 1 9 19 , 4. 4 0 ,5 ( OL Ingenu i ) . c . A .D . 7 0 -90 . C on tex t s 9 63 , 1 032 , 1 095 , 156 , 196 , 1 230 , 1 240 ,P e r iod 1 ,B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 3 , a nd l a te r . F o rm 3 7 ,S ou th G au l ish . Many f r agmen t s ,m o s t j o in ing . A no vo lo w i th t r ip le e nded t o ngue l i e s a bove as c ro l ld e s ign . T he u ppe rl o b ec on ta in sa l a rge l e a f s im i la r t o K no r r 1 952 , t a l l 6 5 , E ( Vo lu s ) . T he l owe rl o be s a r ed i v ided a nd w e re p rob ab ly i n tended t oa l te rna te b e twe en p ane l so f l e a ft i p so ve r al i on f a c ing t ot h er i gh ta nd al e a f d e s ign o ve r al i on f a c ing t ot h el e f t ,a l though t h e n umbe r o f l o b e s wa s n o t s u ff i c ien t t oa ch ieve t h i si na lc a se s( t wo l e a fd e s ign sa r ej u x tapo s ed ) . T he o vo lo i ss im i la rt ot h a to fG e rmanu s( Kno r r 1 952 ,t a f . 3 0 ,C ) ; t h el e a fd e s ign t oK no r r 1 9 19 , t a f . 1 8 , L( L .C re s t io ) w i th s im i la r i t ie s t oF re re 1 972 , p .2 39 , n o . 7 4 . F o r t h e g ene ra l s t y le s e e May 1 9 16 ,p l . XX IV ,A .c .A .D .8 0 100 .C on t ex t s 156 , 163 , 1 240 , 1 259 , 8 58 , 9 63 , P e r iod 1 , B u i ld ing 1 ,R oom 4 ,a nd l a t e r . F o rm 3 7 , S ou th G au l i sh . E leven j o in ing p i e ce s w i th z oned d eco ra t ion . A w r ea th o f d oub le l e ave s i mmed ia te ly b e low t h eo vo lo l i e so ve r a c en t r a lz one o fp ane ls a nd ab a sa lw rea th o fs ma l l S shaped g ad roon s . T he o vo lo w i th t r ip le e nded t o ngue c ou ld b e t h a t u sed b y C ru cu ro . T he s u r v iv ing a n ima l s f i gu red i nt h ep ane l s i n c lude t h eh i nd q ua r t e r so f ab oa r( p o s s ib ly K no r r1 9 19 , t a f2 9 ,1 )a nd al i on ( Kno r r1 9 19 ,t a f .2 9 ,1 0 ,s e e a l so A ) . F o r as im i la rl i on w i th t e nd r i la bove s e e

T he f ind s .

8 3

N ew s t ead ( Cu r le 1 9 11) p .2 07 . T he h ook l ike s i ng le r e ed s a tt h eb a se o ft h e m a in z one p ane l o c cu ro n ab ow l s t amped b yM .C r e s t io f o und a t C a s t le shaw i n 1 908 ( s ee Web s t e r i n S t a r t f o r thcom ing ) . c .A .D . 7 0 -90 . C on tex t s 156 , 163 , 1 230 . P e r iod 1 ,d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s , a nd l a te r . F o rm 3 7 , S ou th G au l ish . T he t r ip le t o ngued o vo lo i ss im i la rt ot h o se u sed b yp o t te r ss t amp ing Me rca to , M .C re s t io a nd C rucu ro . B e low t h e w avy l i ne b o rde ri sat r e fo i l lea fw rea th . F o rt h e g ene ra ls t y le s e eP ompe i iH oa rd ,A tk in son 1 9 14 , p l . X I I I ,63 . c .A .D .7 0 -90 . C on tex t4 07 ,P e r iod

1 ,d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . F o rm 3 7 ,S ou th G au l i sh s how ing p ane ld eco ra t ion . T he re i s af r agmen to f aS tA nd r ew sC ro s s l i ke o r namen tt ot h el e f t T ot h er i gh t ,t h eo n ly n ea r c omp le te p ane l s how s t wo b i rd s o ppo sed w i th p endan t l e ave s b e tween . T he b i rd f a c ing r i gh t m ay b e0 .2232A . T he c o rded l e a fa nd b ud m ay b eK no r r 1 9 19 ,t e x tb i ld 1 2( Web s te r 1 987 ,H 8 ) . c .A .D .7 0 100 .C on tex t407 ,P e r iod 1 ,d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s . 3 4 . F o rm 2 9 , S ou th G au l i sh . A n u pp e r z one w i th w ind ing s c ro l l c on ta in ing at r ip le l e a ft e rm ina l a nd r o se t te -ended s p i ra l s . T he r ei sl i t t le w h ich i s d i agno s t ic o fa ny p a r t icu la rm ake rb u tt h ew ho le i sv e ry s im i la r t oK no r r 1 9 19 , t a f . 9 4 , A( s e e K no r r 1 9 19 ,p .8 8f o r ad i scu s s ion ) . c .A .D .7 0 8 5 . C on t ex t 147 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing b e fo re P e r iod 2 b u i ld ing w o rk . W i th av a r ie ty o fS ou th G au l i sh p l a in f o rm s( i nc lud ing 2 4 /25 )a l lo fw h ich c ou ld h ave b een d epo s i ted e a r ly i nt h e h i s to ry o ft h e s i te . 3 5 . F o rm 2 9 , S ou th G au l ish , u ppe r z one . Av e ry s im i la rd e s ign t ot h a to fn o .3 4a bove b u tf r om a s ma l le rb ow l . c .A .D .7 0 -85 . C on tex t1 2 11 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing b efo re P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . W i th S ou th G au l i sh , f r agmen t s , i n c lud ing p i ec e s o f t wo f o rm 2 9 ,f o rm s2 2 ,3 0a nd 3 7 . 3 6 . F o rm 3 7 ,S ou th G au l i sh ,w i th al e ad r i ve ts u r v iv ing . Ab ad ly r e p roduced o vo lo l i e s o ve r ar ow o f d oub le l e ave s , K no r r 1 9 19 , t e x tb i ld 6( Web s te r 1 987 ,B 63 ) . T he m a in z one c on s i s t so fc he rub s e i the r s i de o f ac r o s s mo t if i n co rpo ra t ing t h e l e ave s K no r r 1 9 19 , t e x tb i ld 1 2 ( Web s te r 1 987 , H 5 ) . T he b a sa lw r ea th h a st wo z one so fd oub le l e ave s ( Kno r r 1 9 19 , t e x tb i ld 6 , Web s t e r 1 987 , B 46 a nd B 39 ) . F o r av e s se li ns im i la rs t y le a nd i n co rpo ra t ing a s im i la r c r o s s mo t if c f . K no r r 1 952 , t a f . 2 0 , C . c .A .D . 7 0 -90 . C on t ex t4 90 , P e r iod 2 ,f i l l o fw e l l 3 82 w i th aj o in ing s h e rd f r om C on tex t 1 240 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing b e fo r eP e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . 3 7 . F o rm 3 7 , S ou th G au l ish . S even j o in ing p i e ce s w i th at r ip le t o ngued o vo lo o ve rp ane ld e co ra t ion s how ing ( f rom l e f t t or i gh t ) : H a r e ( 0 .2 119a ) o ve rl e a fs p r ay ,D iana a nd ' h ind ' ( 0 . 105 ,K no r r 1 9 19 ,t a f . 5 3 , 1 , Mas cu lu s ) , af e s toon c on ta in ing

8 4

C aer sws v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

2 9

3 0

3 2

3 5

3 4 F igure 4 5 : D ecora ted s am ian , s ca le 1 :2

C a er sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

3 8 .

3 9 .

4 0 .

4 1 .

4 2 .

as p i ra l ( c f . K no r r 1 9 19 , 4 .3 6 , A , G e rmanu s ) , o ve r ad og o n ' g r a s s ' w i th a t r ip le l e a f b a sa l w r ea th b e low . C f . K a r n i t s ch 1 959 , p l . 1 9 -20 ( Ma scu lu s ) . c .A .D .8 0 100 . C on t ex t1 040 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing b e fo re P e r iod 2b u i ld ing w o rk . F o rm 2 9 ,S ou th G au l ish . U ppe rz one c on ta in ing f e s toon s w i th a s p ira l s e pa ra t ed b y p endan t p omeg rana te s . T he p endan ta ppea r so n ab ow lo f F ron t inu sf r om Wroxe t e r( A tk in son 1 942 ,p l .6 8 , 3 6A )a nd a l so o ne o fI u cundu sf r om t h es ame s i te ( Bu she -Fox 1 9 14 ,p l . X I I , 3& p .3 0 ,n o .2 3 ) . c . A .D .7 0 -85 . C on tex t 1 228 ,c l ay l e ve l l ing b e fo re P e r iod 2 b u i ld ing w o rk . W i th S ou th G au l i sh f r agmen t s i n c lud ing as ma l l p i ec e o ft h e l owe r z one o ff o rm 2 9 ,f o rm s 1 8 ,3 0a nd 3 7 . F o rm 7 8 , S ou th G au l ish . T he o vo lo t o ngue h a s a n i n d i s t in c t b u t p o s s ib ly t a s s e l l ike e nd . T he d eco ra t ion b e low wa sa ppa r en t ly i np ane l sd i v id ed b yb l o ck so fv e r t ica l w avy l i ne s . O ne f r agmen t s how s ar unn ing h ound t ot h er i gh t . T he l e a fu s ed i nt h eb a sa lw r ea th m ay b et h a tw h ich a ppea r si n t h e w o rk o f Mode s tu s ( Kno r r 1 952 , t a f . 4 2 , B ) . F l av ian . C on tex t 3 83 w i th j o in ing f r agmen t f r om C on tex t 4 90 . B o th P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 , f i l l so fw e l l 3 82 . F o rm 3 7 , S ou th G au l i sh . As ma l lb ow l w i th a n i n d i s t inc t o vo lo o ve r al e a f s c ro l l a nd b a sa l w r ea th o fc hev ron s . T he l e a fs e em st oh ave b e en i mp re s sed b y as t amp w h ich w a se i the rw o r no r c l ogged w i th c l ay b u ta pp ea r st ob et h a tu s ed i n b ow l s s t amped O f .Co to i ( Kno r r 1 9 19 , t a f . 2 7 ) a nd O f . Iucund i( Kno r r1 9 19 ,t a f .4 3 ,26 & K no r r 1 952 , t a f . 3 1 ) . T he s ma l l l e a fb ud a nd c hev ron s a l so a ppea ri nt h ew o rk o fI u cundu s( Kno r r1 9 19 , t a f .4 3 , 9& 1 ) . C .A .D . 7 0 -90 . C on t ex t 1 077 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3s o i l so n aw a l l l ine . ( No ti l u s tra t ed )F onn 3 7 ,S ou th G au l i sh ,s how ing p ane l d e co ra t ion w h ich i n c lude s ac r o s s m o t i f a nd t h e V ic to ry 0 .8 14 ( D .48 1 ) . F o r s im i la r s c heme s s e e B r egenz C e l la r ( J a cob s 1 9 12 ) t a l l I I , 1 9a nd N ew s tead ( Cu r le 1 9 11) p l . XL I I I ,P i t XV . c .A .D . 9 0 -110 . C on tex t 6 36 , P e r iod 2 , v e randah s o i l s . F o rm 3 7 ,C en t ra lG au l i sh ( , L e s M a r t r e s d e V e v ,r e ) ,• T he o vo lo i sp robab ly t h e ` Donnaucu s ' o vo lo , S .& S . ,f i g . 1 . O the re l emen t sc an m o re e a s i ly b ea s s igned t or e la ted p o t t e r s . T he g r i f f in ( w i th s im i la r i t ie s t o0 .872 ) i sp robab ly t h a t a s s igned b y T e r r i s se t oS a ce r( Te r r i ss e 1 968 , p l . XLV I I , 3 87 ) . T he s nake a nd r o ck m o t i f a pp ea r s i n f r ee s ty le d e co ra t ion i nt h ew o rk o fA t t ianu s( S .& S . ,f i g . 2 3 ,3 ) . T he d o lph in f a c ing r i gh tm ay b e 0 .2384 u s ed b yD ru su sI . C ommon t oa l t h e se p o t t e r s i st h eu se o ft h el e a fb unch ,R oge r sL 19 a l though o n ly A t t ian u sa nd D r u su ss e em c ommon ly t ou s et h i s s t amp i nt o to , a sh e re , t h eo t he rt wo p o t te r s' t i pp ing i n 't h et o pt h r ee l e ave so n ly . T he m o s tl i ke ly d a te r a nge s e ems t ob el a t eT r a jan ic o re a r ly H ad r ian ic ( c . A .D . 10 130 ) . C on t ex t

T he f i nd s .

8 5

7 90 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,v e randah . W i th S ou th G au l ish f o rm 3 7 . A lso i l u s t ra ted f r om t h is c on tex t i s ar e la ted f r agmen to ff o rm 3 7 f r om L e s Ma r t re sw i th t h e u pp e rp a r t o ft h eb unch R oge r sL 19 a nd al i on , p e rhap s t h a ti nS .& S . ,p l . 4 5 , 5 17 . P robab ly c . A .D . 1 00 120 . S ee a l so n o s4 4 &5 4b e low . 4 3 . F o rm 3 7 ,C en t ra lG au l i sh ( Le s Ma r t r e s -d e -Vey r e ) . S i x f r agmen t s ( f ive j o in ing ) o f ab ow l v e ry s im i la ri ns t y le t ot h e I o ena l i sb ow l , S .& S . ,p l . 3 5 , 4 12 , w i th t h e s ame a r r angemen t o f l owe r w ind ing s c ro l l c on ta in ing a l i on a nd a d ee r ( n e i the r i n O swa ld ) a nd w i th t h e s ame b a sa l w r ea th ( S .& S . ,f i g . 1 0 ,1 ) . S u ff i c ien tr ema in st o s how t h a tt h eu ppe rz one c on ta ined h a l fm eda l l ion s a nd p endan t se nd ing w i th t h et r ip le l e a f( S .& S . , f i g . 1 0 ,2 8 ) . T he c hev ron sw h ich d i v ide t h el o be s o ft h e s c ro l l a r e S .& S . , f i g . 1 0 , 4 .T he p r ec i se j u x tapo s i t ion o fl i on t ol ef tf o l lowed b y d ee rt o l e f t d oe s n o t a ppea r o n t h e C o lche s te r b ow l i l u s t ra ted b y S .& S . , ( p l . 3 5 , 4 12 ; f o r w ha t i s a ppa ren t ly t h e c omp le te s c heme s e e A n t . J .X ( 1 930 ) p .3 49 ) b u t t h i s b ow l i sc l ea r ly f r om a c l o s e ly s im i la r mou ld .c .A .D .1 00 -120 .C on tex t s 8 56 & 8 65 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 ; C on t ex t8 99 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,s o i l si nw a l l l i ne . 4 4 . F o rm 3 7 ,C en t r a lG au l i sh ( Le s Ma r t re s -d e -Vey r e ) . E igh tj o in ing p i e ce s s how ing t h eo vo lo ,R oge r s B 14 o ve r af r ee s t y le h un t ing s c ene c on ta in ing a f i gu r ew i th t wo s t ave s( T e r r is se 1 968 ,p l . XXV I I , 3 7A ) , a nd a f i gu r e h o ld ing a s p ea r ( Te r r is se 1 968 ,p l . XLV I , 171 )a t tack ing ab oa r( S .& S . , p l .8 2 , 1 ) . A tt h eb a se o ft h ed e s ign a r et wo l i on s ( 0 .1404 & 0 . 142 1) w h i le s c a t te r ed i nt h ef i e ld i s t h e u ppe rp a r to ft h el e a fb unch R oge r sL 19 . A b ead r ow s epa ra te s t h e m a in d e s ign f r om t h e b a sa l w r ea th o f R oge r s G 370 . Mo s t o f t h e f i gu r e sa r eu s ed b yX 13 a nd S ace rb u tt h eu s eo f t h eu ppe rp a r to n ly o fL 19 a nd t h eb a sa l w rea th s ugge s tt h a tt h i s i st h ew o rk o ft h e f o rme r . C f . S .& S . , p l . 4 7 , p a r t icu la r ly 55 . S e e a l so c ommen t so nn o .5 4b e low a nd 4 2a bove . c .A .D . 1 00 120 . C on tex t s 6 55 , 8 65 , 8 88 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 ; C on tex t 4 16 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,i nh o l low i nc ou r tya rd . 4 5 . ( No ti l u s t ra t ed ) Wa l ls he rd so ff o rm 7 2( Cen t ra l G au l i sh )w i th b a rbo t ine d e co ra t ion i nt h ef o rm o f t r a i led l e ave sa s0 .& P . ,p l . LXX IX ,1 2 . A nt o n ine . C on tex t9 20 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 5 . 4 6 . F o rm 3 7 ,S ou th G au l i sh ,s how ing at r ip le t o ngued o vo lo o ve r ac r o s s mo t if w i th t h e l e a f , K no r r 1 9 19 ,t e x tb i ld 7( Web s t e r1 987 ,C 25 )a nd ap a ne l c on ta in ing t h e s a ty r 0 .704 ( D .353 ) u sed b y G e rmanu sa mong o t he r s( c f .K no r r1 9 19 ,t of 3 4 , 3 ) . c .A .D . 8 0 110 . C on tex t 9 79 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 6 .W i th S ou th G au l i sh f r agmen t s a nd aL e s Ma r t re sf o rm 3 7 . 4 7 . F o rm 2 9 , S ou th G au l ish . Al owe r z one w i th

8 6

4 8 .

4 9 .

5 0 .

5 1 .

5 2 .

5 3 .

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

s c ro l l d e s ign w i th l e ave s i nt h e u pp e rl o be a nd m eda l l ion s i nt h e l owe r . T h e l a rge r l e ave s a r e u s ed b y Ma scu lu s ( Kno r r 1 952 , t a i l 3 7 , A ) a nd Me lu s( Kno r r1 9 19 ,t a i l5 6 .A ) . T he b i rd sa ppea r i nw o rk s t amp ed L .Co s i( Kno r r1 9 19 ,t a f .2 5 ,2 0 1 ) , O f .Pa s sen i ( Kno r r 1 9 19 , 4. 6 2 , 3 8 ) a nd O f .Fe l ic i ( Kno r r 1 952 , t a f . 2 3 , C ) . T he l a t te r p o t te r a l so u s e s t h e l a rge r l e ave s ( Kno r r 1 952 , t a i l 2 4 ,D ) . c .A .D .6 0 -85 . C on tex t9 05 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,s o i ls o n o ri n aw a l l l ine . F o rm 3 7 ,C en t ra lG au l i sh ( Le s Ma r t r e s -de -Vey re ) . T he d oub le b o rde red o vo lo w i th c o rded t o ngue a ppea r st ob e as l igh t ly r e duced v e r s ion o ft h eX 9( Mede tu s -Ran to )o vo lo ,S .& S . ,f i g .9 ,1 .T he l e a fi sR oge r sH 119 u s ed b yX -8 ( Ran to ) . c .A .D . 1 00 120 . C on tex t 8 67 , P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 , R oom 1 2 . F o rm 3 7 ,C en t ra lG au l i sh ( Le s Ma r t re s -de -Vey re ) s how ing o vo lo 1o fD ru su s I( X -3 ,S .& S . ,f i g .4 ) o ve rp ane ld eco ra t ion w i th t wo o ppo sed g l ad ia to r s ( 0 . 1003 -4 ,D .582a )w i th t h es h ie ld ,R oge r sU 209 i n t h e f i e ld a nd a n i n d i s t inc t m o t i f w h ich i s p robab ly a b eaded c up . T he v e r t ica l b eaded b o rde r h a s t h e ' a ncho r ' m o t if , R oge r s 0 395 i mpo sed u pon i ta si nS .& S . ,p l . 1 ,1 4 1( s e ea l so T e r r i s se 1 968 ,p l .I ,1 0060 & p l .I V ,1 0033 ) . F o r as im i la r a r rangemen t o f g l ad ia to r , s h ie ld a nd c up s e e S .& S . , p l . 1 0 , 1 27 . c .A .D . 1 00 -120 . C on tex t8 67 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 2 . ( No ti l u s t ra t ed ) F o rm 3 0 , C en t ra l G au l i sh ( Le s Ma r t r e s -d e -Vey r e )s how ing t h e` Donnau cu s 'o vo lo S .& S . , f i g . 1 ( p rob ab ly R oge r s B 14 ) . O n ly a m inu te p o r t ion o ft h ed e s ign b e low s u rv ive sb u t t h i s c ou ld b e p a r t o f af r ee s t y le d e s ign w i th r u nn ing s t ag a nd p l an ta sS .& S . ,p l .4 7 , 58 . c . A .D .1 00 120 .C on t ex t4 07 .P e r iod 1 ,d e s t ruc t ion l e ve ls .C on t ex t4 15 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,h i gh i n c ou r tya rd .W i th aS ou th G au l i sh f o rm 3 7p r obab ly b y G e rmanu s . ( No ti l u s t ra t ed ) F o rm 3 0 ,C en t ra l G au l i sh ( Le s Ma r t re s -d e -Vey re ) . Av e ry a b rad ed s h e rd s h ow ing ac r o s s mo t i fo f w avy l i ne s w i th t h e s e gmen t s o ccup ied b ya can thu ss p r ay sj o ined b ya s t raga l i . S .& S . ,p l .4 3 ,493 u s e s av e ry s im i la rs c heme b u t w i th b eaded l i ne sa nd w i th t h ea dd i t ion o fs ma l l c i r c le s . c .A .D . 1 00 -120 . C on tex t4 93 ,P e r iod 2 , B u i ld ing 3 ,h i gh i nR oom 1 . ( No ti l u s t r a ted ) F o rm 3 7 , C en t ra l G au l i sh ( Le s Ma r t re s -de -Vey re ) . T he d e co ra t ion s how s a s e a t ed n ude m a le l o ok ing t o t h e r i gh t w i th a s ma l lw inged v i c to ry a th i sl e f ts hou lde r . F o rt h e u se o ft h i sj u x tapo s i t ion i nt h ew o rk o fX -13 c f . S .& S . , p l . 4 7 , 5 49 . c .A .D . 1 00 120 . C on tex t 4 93 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,h i gh i nR oom 1 . F o rm 3 7 ,C en t ra lG au l ish ( L e s Ma r t r e s -d e -Vey r e ) . F re es t y le d e co ra t ion w i th d ee rl e ap ing t ot h el e f t ( S .& S . , p l . 2 3 , 2 82 ) , al i on ( f ee t o n ly o n t h i s s h e rd )a sS .& S . ,p l .2 6 ,3 19 o ve r ab a sa l w r ea th o fS .& S . ,f i g .7 ,9 . A l la r eu s ed b yt h eP o t t e ro f

5 4 .

5 .

5 6 .

5 7 .

5 8 .

t h e R o s se t t e a sa r e t h e l e af t i p si nt h e f i e ld . A f u r the r s h e rd ( n o t i lu s t ra ted ) b ea r s a n o vo lo ( p o s s ib ly S .& S . ,f i g . 7a l so o ft h i sp o t t e r )a nd i s p rob ab ly f r om t h es ame v e s se l . c .A .D .1 00 -120 . C on t ex t9 33 , P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 1 . F o rm 3 0 ,C en t ra lG au l ish ( Le s Ma r t re s -de -Vey r e ) . T h is s ma l l f r agmen ts how sp a r to f ac r o s s m o t i f i n co rpo r a t ing t h ef e a the r l ike l e ave s ,Roge r sG 345 . F o r ac l o se ly s im i la rd e s ign b u tw i thou tt h ew avy l i ne o fo u rp i ece s e eS .& S . ,p l .2 2 ,274 ( Po t te ro f t h eR o se t t e ) . c .A .D . 1 00 -120 . C on t ex t5 76 ,i n P e r iod 2s t r ee ta nd r ubb i sh l a ye r so ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . W i th f r agmen t s o f S ou th G au l i sh v e s se l s i n c lud ing f o rm 2 9 . F o rm 3 7 ,C en t ra lG au l i sh ( L e s Ma r t r e s -de -Vey r e ) s how ing af r ee s t y le d e s ign o fah o r s eman ( ?0 .25 1) u sed b y X 13 ( S .& S . , 1 968 , p l . XX , 2 59b ) . S ca t t e r ed t h ough t h ed e s ign a r et h e u ppe rt h r ee l e ave so ft h el e a f -bunch R oge r sL 19 ,a sS .& S . , p l .4 7 , 55 . B e low i sab a sa lw rea th a sS .& S . ,p l . 4 7 , 5 49 . X 13 i st h e mo s t p robab le m ake r . c . A .D . 1 00 -120 . C on tex t7 79 , i nP e r iod 2s t ree t a nd r u bb i sh l a ye r s o ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . W i th S ou th G au l i sh a nd L e s Ma r t r e sv e s se l sa nd af r agmen to fn o . 2 8a bove . F o rm 3 7 ,C en t r a lG au l ish ( Le s Ma r t re s -d e -Vey r e ) . O ne f r agmen t( f rom C on tex t1 28 ,n o ti l u s t ra ted ) s how s c l ea r ly t h e p a i r s o f s ma l l d o lph in l ike f i gu re s u sed a sa n o vo lo s ub s t i tu te b y D ru su s I ( X -3 ) ,c fS .& S . ,p l . 1 4 ,1 78 & f i g .4 .T he d e s ign c on s i s t s o f a n a r cade m ade u p o f t h e c o lumn , R oge r sP 85 ,t o pped b yt h ed oub le a can thu ss p r ay , R oge r sK 25 , u sed a s ac ap i ta la nd w i th i n ve r ted h a lf m eda l l ion sa sa r che s .T he i d en t i f iab le f i gu re s a r e b o th g l ad ia to r s ( 0 .1063 , 0 . 10 27 ) . A bove t h ec o lumn si nt h ei n t e r s t ice so ft h ea r cade si st h e ' a ncho r ' R oge r s G 395 . F o r v e s se l s w i th t h e se e l emen t s s e e S .& S . , p l . 1 , 1 4 1 a nd T e r r i s se 1 96 8 ,p l .V , 1 23 . c .A .D . 1 00 120 . C on tex t 1 28 w i th f r agmen t s f r om C on tex t s5 57 a nd 5 93 . A l i nP e r iod 2s t r ee ta nd r ubb i sh l a ve r so v e ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . F o rm 2 9 ,S ou th G au l ish . I nt h eu ppe rz one i sa h ound r u nn ing t ot h er i gh tw i th as p ray o fl e av e s a nd g r a s s t u f t . Am a tch ing t u f ta pp ea r s o n t h e f r agmen t f r om C on t ex t 5 76 a nd s how s ah a re , a lmo s tc e r ta in ly t h ea n ima lw ho se l e g sa ppea rt o t h el e f to ft h es h e rd f r om C on tex t5 72 . T he l owe r z one c on s i s t so fp ane ld eco ra t ion w i t h af r agmen t o f ac r o s s mo t i fa nd af i gu r eh o ld ing as p ea ra s K no r r1 9 19 ,t a f6 7 ,3 . F o ra l t h ee l emen t so na v e ss e l s t amped O f .Puden t ; c f . K no r r 1 9 19 , t a t . 6 8 . c .A .D .7 0 -85 . C on t ex t5 72 w i th af r agmen t f r om C on t ex t 5 76 , b o th i nP e r iod 2 s t r ee t a nd r ubb i sh l a ye r so ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . ( No ti l u s t ra t ed ) F o rm 3 7 ,C en t r a l G au l i sh ( Le s Ma r t re s -de -Vey re ) . T he o vo lo s ub s t i tu te s how s t h e s ma l l d o lph in l ike mo t if su sed b y D ru su s I ( X -3 )a bove ab ead r ow . T he d eco ra t ion i n c lude s

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

3 6

3 9

4 7

4 6 4 3

4 8

4 9 F igure 4 6 : D ecora ted s am ian ,s ca le 1 : 2

8 7

8 8

5 9 .

6 0 .

6 1 .

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

al i on . F o r ad e s ign i nt h es ame g ene ra ls t y le s e e S .& S . , p l . 1 4 , 1 73 . c .A .D . 1 00 120 . C on tex t 5 72 w i th af r agmen t f r om C on t ex t 5 76 , b o th i n P e r iod 2s t r ee ta nd r ubb i sh l a ye r so ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . F o rm 7 8 , S ou th G au l i sh . T he r e i sn o o vo lo a l though o ne p robab ly e x is ted o nt h e mou ld a nd h a s b een r emoved i n f i n ish ing t h i s p a r t icu la r v e sse l . T he d e s ign i si n d is t inc t b u t i n c lude s a v e r t ica l l e a f a nd t h e h ead o f ab oa r , p rob ab ly 0 . 1670 . F l av ian o rF l av ian -T r a jan ic . C on tex t 4 88 , P e r iod 2 ,s o i l s o n o ri n aw a l l l ine . W i th o t he r v e s se l s i n c lud ing a f o rm 3 7 f r om L e s Ma r t r e s -de -Vey re . F o rm 3 7 ,C en t r a lG au l i sh ( Le s Ma r t r e s -d e -Vey r e ) . Af r agmen tw i th t h e ' S ' mo t if ,R oge r sS 68 u sed b yI g o ca tu s . A bove i st h eb a se o ft h el e a fc r o s s d e s ign , R oge r s L i , c ha ra c t e r i s t ic o ft h i s p o t t e r , c f . S .& S . ,p l . 1 7 ;2 10 & 2 15 . c .A .D . 1 00 -120 . C on tex t2 59 , P e r iod 2 / 3 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,i nh o l low i n c ou r tya rd . F o rm 3 7 ,C en t ra lG au l i sh ( Le s Ma r t r e s -d e -Vey re ) . T he o vo lo i sp robab ly t h e ` Donnaucu s ' o vo lo , S .& S . , f i g . 1 . P ane l d eco ra t ion i sd i v ided b y b ead r ow s w i th r o se t te t e rm ina l s a nd s how s ( f rom l e f t t or i gh t ) : m an w i th p ip e a nd c l ub

6 2 .

6 3 .

( 0 .590 ) , as t and ing f i gu re ( S .& S . , p l . 4 6 , 5 36 ) H e r cu le sa nd s nake s( 0 .783 ) ,t h es t and ing f i gu re a ga in , af i gu r ew i th s c a r f( S .& S . ,p l .4 8 ,5 76 ) ,a ' s ta tue ' a ch ieved b yc omb in ing t h ea l ta rR oge r s Q 74 a nd ac up id ( po s s ib ly t h a ti nS .& S . ,p l .2 9 , 3 46 ) , ac r ane ( s im i la rt o0 .2 196 , c f . S .& S . ,p l . 4 3 , 4 93 & p l . 4 8 , 5 76 ) o ve r a n u n id en t if ied a n ima l ( ? l ion ) . c .A .D . 1 00 -120 . C on tex t6 30 , P e r iod 2 / 3 , h i gh i nB u i ld ing 3 ,c ou r tya rd w i th j o in ing s h e r d sf r om C on tex t3 0 1 ,P e r iod 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 9 . F o rm 3 7 ,C en t ra lG au l i sh ( Le s Ma r t re s -de -Vey re ) s how ing aw ind ing s c ro l ld e co ra t ion w i th ,b e low , as e a mon s te r ,p o s s ib ly t h es e ah o r s e0 .34 u s ed b yX 12 ( I oena l is s t y le I ) ,c f .S .& S . ,p l .3 9 ,4 60 . T he w ind ing s c ro l l w i th l o be d i v ided b y s mal c i r c le sa nd c on ta in ing l e a f t ip s ,a sh e r e ,a pp ea r s i nt h ew o rk o fX 11 ( I oena l is s t y le I ,c f . S .& S . , p l .3 6 ,417 )a nd X 13 ( Donnau cu s ,S .& S . ,p l .4 6 , 5 40 & p l . 4 5 , 5 17 ) . c .A .D . 1 00 120 . C on t ex t 2 59 ,P e r iod 2 / 3 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,i nh o l low i nc ou r tya rd . ( No ti l u s t ra ted ) F o rm 3 7 ,C en t r a l G au l i sh ( Le s Ma r t re s -de -Vey re ) s how ing a n o vo lo w i th b ead r ow b e low . I ti sp robab ly t h e` Donnaucu s 'o vo lo S .& S . , f i g . 1 . c .A .D . 1 00 120 . C on t ex t3 79 , P e r iod 2 / 3 ,B u i ld ing 3 ,i nh o l low i nc ou r tya rd .

5 5

53 54

5 9

5 7

6 2

6 0 F igure 4 7 : D ecora ted s am ian ,s c a le 1 : 2

6 1

C a er sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

COARSE WARE

T he f ind s .

8 9

( f ig s4 8 -61 )

w h ich r e c e ived ( a nd p robab ly p roduced )l a rge q uan t i t i e so fS eve rn V a l ley Wa r e ,t h ef a b r ic i sp oo r ly r e p r e s e n ted a tC a e r sw s( 1 6v e s se l s ,o n ly 3 % o ft h et o ta l ) .

T he c h rono log ica lp a t ter no ft h es am ian f r om C ae r sw s h a s a l r eady b een o u t l ined . T he p a t te r n i nt h ec a se o f t h e c oa r se p o t t e ry s e ems i d en t ica l -p l en t if u l m id t o l a te f i r s tc en tu ry a nd e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry p o t te ry a nd ac ompa ra t ive ly s ma l l a moun t o f l a te r ( n ea r ly a l s e cond c en tu ry ) m a te r ia l . Among m any s am ian a nd c oa r se p o t t e ry g roup st h e r es e ems t ob e ac on s ide r ab le r e s idua l e l emen t , a l though , i nt h e c a se o ft h e c oa r se p o t te ry , t h i s i ss omewha t m a sked b y o u r i n ab i l i ty s u cce s s f u l ly t o s ub -d iv ide a l l o f t h e p r e -Had r ian ic

d ) ' Ma lv ern 'j a r s T he c oa r se g r ey -b rown h and -made a nd c r ude ly b u r n i shed j a r so ft h e Ma lve rn a r ea a r ek nown t ob ew ide ly d i s t r ibu t ed i n Wa le s ( c f . P ea co ck 1 967 ; B r i thd i r (Wh i te 1 978 ) n o . 2 2 w i th r e f e rence s ; t ot h e l i s t s i n t h e se t wo w o rk s c an b e a dd ed e xamp le s f r om U sk , C a rd if f ,C owb r idge a nd T r aw scoed ) . T he w ide d i s t r i b u t ion o fs u ch c r ude a nd u na t t ra c t ive v e s se l sd emand s s ome e xp lana t ion . T he u se fu lne s so ft h ev e s se l sa sa u t en s i l s e em s t o b e e xc luded s o o ne a s sume s t h a t d i s t r ibu t ion i sd ue t ot h e i ru s ea s ac on ta ine rf o rs ome c ommod i ty ( s a l th a sb een s ugge s ted a st h e i rp o s s ib le c on ten t s ) . I na l ,2 1 Ma lve rn j a r sw e re n o ted ,3 %o fa l l v e sse l s c oun ted .

C hrono logy

p o t te ry . P e rhap sb e cau se o ft h i s ,a t t emp t sa tm ean ing f u lc h rono log ica l q uan t if ica t ion h ave n o tp roved s u c c e s s fu l i nt h e c a se o f t h e c oa r se p o t te ry . F o r t h i s a spe c t , r e ade r s a r e r e f e r red t o t h e t a b le o f s am ian f o rm s ( Tab le 4 a bove ) w he r e t h e l ow p ropo r t ion o f s e cond c en tu ry p o t te ry i sm ade c l ea r . Al i s t o f a l p o t te ry r e cove r ed a nd ac a ta logue c ove r ing a l r im s w i l l b e p l aced i nt h e a r ch ive . T h i s i st h e b a s i s o f s t a t i s t ica l d e ta i l s g i ven b e low . S ource s a )L oca ls ou r ces N ok i ln si nt h ei mmed ia te v i c in i ty o ft h eC ae r sw sf o r t a r ek nown . H oweve r ,l a rge q uan t i t ie so fv e s se l sw e re f ound i nf a b r ic s w h ich s e em mo s t l i ke ly t ob e f a i r ly l o ca li no r ig in ( 7 5v e s se l si no x id i sed f a b r i c ,1 2% o fa l v e sse l sc oun ted ;2 65 v e s se l si nr e duced f a b r ic ,4 1% o f a l l v e s se l s ; t h u s m o re t h an h a l ft h e v e s se l s r e a ch ing t h e s i te s e em l i ke ly t ob e o f l o ca l o r ig in ) . S ee a l so m o r ta r ium f a b r ic n o . 3( p . 9 1 b e low ) . b )C hesh i r eP la in 1 47 v e s se l s ( 2 3% o f a l v e s se ls c oun t ed ) w e r e i na f a b r ic w h ich h a s b een t e rmed e l sewhe re ' Che sh i re P la in f a b r ic ' ( c f . Web s te r 1 982 , p . 1 5 ) . T h is f a b r ic , c ha r a c te r i s t ic o f s i te s o n t h e C he sh i re o rL anca sh i re P la in i sn o tab le f o rt h el a rge a moun to fs a ndy f i l le ri t c on ta in s , ap r oduc t , n od oub t , o ft h e l o ca l d r if t g eo l o gy . C a e r sw s m ay w e l l h ave d r awn s upp l ie s f r om s eve ra l o ft h e C he sh i r eP l a in k i ln s ( a nd i ti su n l ike ly t h a tw ek now t h es i te o fa l k i ln sp roduc ing t h ew a r e ) . T he C ae r sw s a s semb lage i sn o tab le f o r an umbe r o f v e sse l sw i th m ica d u s t ing ( n o s2 7 ,3 9 , 1 86 , 1 9 1 ,2 40 , 2 80 , 3 07 ) t o ge the r w i th o ne g l azed p i ece ( n o . 5 3 ) T he se ,a l ong w i th o t he rp i ece sn o t ed i nt h ec a ta logue , m ay b e o f H o l t o r ig in . J a r r e t t ( 1 969 , p . 1 6 ) p l a ce s C ae r sw si nt h ec ommand o ft h el e g ion b a sed a tC he s te r a nd t h i s m ay a ccoun tf o rt h eH o l tc onne c t ion a nd f o r t h e o t he rw is ep uzz l ing f a c tt h a tt h es i te y i e lded m o re p o t te ry o fC he sh i re o r ig in t h an p o t te ry f r om t h eM idd le a nd L owe r S ever n V a l ley ( c f . S ever n V a l ley Wa r e b e low ) . c )S ev ern V a l ley Wa re D esp i te i t s l o ca t ion w i th in e a sy r e a ch o f Wroxe t e r

e )B la ck -bu rn i sh ed w a r e ( BBI ) B lack -bu rn i shed w a r e a c coun t s f o r a bou t 1 3% o fa l v e s se l s r e cove r ed ( 8 4 e xamp le s n o t ed ) . C on s ide r ing t h eo ve ra l l d a t er a nge ( m id t ol a te f i r s tt ol a t e s e cond c en tu ry ) t h i ss e em s ar ema rkab ly l ow p e r cen tage a nd s e rve st oe mpha s i se t h el owe rl e ve lo fp o s t -Had r ian ic a c t iv i ty o nt h es i t e . T he a ppea rance o f BB1 i n Wa le s p r io r t oc .A .D . 1 20 c anno t b e e x c luded . I ti s , f o r i n s tanc e ,p r e sen ta tU sk f r om t h ec onque s tp e r iod a nd w e h ave s ugge s ted t h a t s ome o ft h e C ae r sw s p i e ce s m ay b ep r e -Had r ian ic ( n o s5 2 ,7 9 ,8 8 ) . H oweve r ,t h e a ppea ran ce o f t h e w a r e i nq uan t i ty a ppea r s t ob e a H ad r ian ic a nd l a te r p henomenon i n Wa le s a s i nt h e m i l i ta ry N o r th . A tC a e r sw sw ec an h a rd ly c l a im s u ch q uan t i ty b u tt h i si sn o tb e cau se o ft h ee a r ly d a te o fa l l o u r BB1 . R a t he r i ti s ap roduc t o ft h e l ow l e ve l o f a c t iv i ty a f t e r A .D . 1 20 . E ven a low ing f o r t h i s , a g r adua l i n c re a se i ns upp l ie so fB la ck -bu rn ished w a re i sd e te c tab le i nP e r iod s 1 2a st h en umbe r so fv e s se l s f r om e a ch p ha se a nd s ub -pha se s how : P e r iod 1 P e r iod 2 e a r ly m idd le l a t e P e r iod 3>

o 5 1 5 4 4 1 4

f )C o lou rc oa ted w a r es I na l lo n ly 1 6c o lou rc oa ted v e s s e l sw e re n o t ed ( 3% o f t h e t o ta l ) . O ft h e se , 7w e r e r oughca s t b eake r s f r om N o r th G au l a nd 4r o ughca s tp rodu c t s p robab ly f r om C o logne ( t he N ene V a l ley i sa na l te rna t ive s ou r ce f o r t h i s c l a s s o fc o lou rc oa ted w h i t e w a re b u t r o ughca s t v e s se l sw h ich a r ec e r ta in ly f r om t h eN ene V a l ley a r e r a re ) . T he r ew e re a l so 4e xamp le so fL yon r o ughca s t b eake r s . T he L yon w a r e i sa pp rop r ia te f o r as i te o c cup ied i n t h e e a r ly F l av ian p e r iod a nd i sl i ke ly o r ig ina l ly t oh ave b e en i mpo r ted t ot h es i t ee a r ly i ni t s o c cup a t ion . L e zoux a nd Mo se l le ' Rhen i sh ' w a r e sa nd c o lou rc oa ted f a b r i c sc e r ta in ly f r om t h eN ene V a l ley

9 0

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

a r e c on sp icuou sb y t h e i ra b sence a nd f u r the re mpha s i se t h e l ow l e ve l o f a c t iv i ty f r om t h e m id s e cond c en tu ry . g ) Amphorae A l lt h ea mpho rae i l u s t ra t ed i nt h ec a ta logue b e low a r e D re sse l 2 0 ,s ou th S pan ish o l ive o i l a mpho ra e . I na l , f r agmen t s o f 1 3 s u ch a mpho rae w e re n o ted ( n e i the r a mpho rae n o r m o r ta r ia h ave b e en i n c luded i n t h e s t a t i s t ic so n w h ich t h ep e r cen tage s m en t ioned i ns e c t i on s a ) t o 0a bove a r e b a s ed ) . O n ly t h re e o t he r a mpho ra f o rms w e re n o ted . O ft h e se ,o ne s h e rd w a so f D re ss e l 2 4 I t a l ian w ine a mpho ra a nd t wo o f' c a r ro t ' a mpho r at y pe ( Camu lodunum 1 89 o rs im i la r ) ,p e rhap s c on ta ine r s f o rN o r th A f r ican f r u i t . T he m inu t eq uan t i yo fa mpho rae f o rc ommod i t ie so t he rt h an o l ive o i l i sn o tab le a nd m ay h ave s ome b ea r ing o nt h eu s age a nd s t a tu s o f t h e s i te e xcava t ed . Two a mpho r a s t amp s w e r e f o und ( n o s4 57 ,4 58 b e low ) . h ) Mo r ta r ia D e ta i l s o fm o r ta r ia w i l lb ef ound b e low . i )O the rs ou r ces Af ew o t he r v e s se l s w e re f o und w h il i w e r e t h ough t n o tt ob eo fe i the rl o ca lo r ig in o rd e r ived f r om s ou rc e s a l r eady m en t ioned . I na l , t h e se a c coun tf o ro n ly 2% o fv e s se l sc oun t ed . T hey i n c lude t wo f l agon sf r om t h e V e ru lam ium r e g ion a nd o ne p robab ly f r om t h e Man ce t te r -Ha r t sh i l l r e g ion . T he se w e re p r e sumab ly b y -p roduc t so ft h et r ade i n mo r ta r ia f r om t h o se a r ea s .

FOR MS An umbe ro fc oa r se p o t te ry f o rm s o ccu r r ed s or e gu l a r ly t h a t ,i no rde rt os a ve r e pe t i t ion , i ti sd e s i rab le t o d i scu s s t h em s e pa r a te ly . 1 )E v e r t ed r im j a r s T he e ve r ted r im w a s p opu la r t h roughou t t h e e a r l ie r R oman p e r iod i nB r i ta in . I ta ppea r sf r om t h ec onque s t p e r iod i n Wa le s ( e g : a tU sk , n o . 1 4 i nt h e f o r t re s s s e r ie s . Mann ing 1 98 1 ,p .2 09 ) a nd i ne a r ly l e ve l s a t Wroxe te r( Da r l ing 1 977 , f i g . 6 . 7 ,n o s2 3 -4 ) . I tw a sa p opu la r F l av ian a nd T r a jan ic f o rm ( s ee f o r e xamp le C ae r leon ,N a sh -W i l l iams 1 932 ,n o s2 ,6 ,1 9 -22 ,2 5 -6 , 3 6 -7 ; G e l l igae r , Wa rd 1 903 ,p l .X I ,8 ; N o r th B r i ta in , G i l lam 1 970 ,n o s9 7 -8 , 1 0 1 -3 ) . I nm o s ta r ea s ,i ts e ems l i ke ly t h a tt h e f o rm ,e s sen t ia l ly ac ook ing p o td e s ign , d i sappea red a s t h e m a rke t f o r s u ch v e s se ls b e came d om ina t ed b y B la ck -bu rn i shed w a r e j a r s . F rom t h e H ad r ian ic p e r iod o nwa rd si ti sn o t icab le t h a tm any j a r s f r om w e s t e rn B r i ta in i nr e duced w a re st e nd t of o l low BB1 f a sh ion s . T hu st h ef l oru i to ft h ee ve r ted r im j a ri s F l av ian a nd T r a jan ic a nd i t st o ta l l i f e span i nt h e We s t l i t t le m o r e t h an m id f i r s t t o e a r ly o r m id s e cond c en tu r y . A s w i th t h e f l anged a nd c a r ina t ed b ow l s d i scu s sed b e low , p roduc t ion s e em s m a in ly t o h ave

b een i nt h e h and s o f s ma l l l o ca l p roduce r s e a ch o f w hom p roduced f o rm s w h ich w e r e t o s ome e x t en t i d io sync ra t ic . I ti st h u s ag ood d ea le a s ie rt od e scr ibe av e s se l a s ' e ve r t ed r im ' a nd a s cr ib e i t aF l av ian T ra jan ic d a t et h an t op a ra l le li t sf o rm p re c i se ly o u t s ide t h e i mmed ia te l o ca l i ty . W i th s of ew C a e r sw s p i ece s p r ev iou s ly p ub l i shed , w eh ave l i m i ted o u r se lve s h e re t o ab a s ic d e s c r ip t ion a nd g ene r a ld a t e . I ti st ob eh oped t h a t p ub l ica t ion o f f u r the r s ubd iv ided l a te f i r s t a nd e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry l e ve ls i nt h ea r ea w i l l e nab le u s e ven t ua l ly t or ef ine t h i s g ene ra l d a t ing . 2 )F langed a nd c ar ina ted b ow l s T h i s i se s sen t ia l ly t h e k i t chen b ow l t o m a t ch t h e e ve r ted r im c ook ing j a r a nd h a s m u ch t h e s ame c u r r e ncy . T he t y pe a ppea r s i n Wa le s w i th t h ec onque s t ( U sk f o r t re s ss e r ie st y pe 1 9 , Mann ing 1 98 1 ,p .2 09 ) . I t i sp opu la r i n t h e F l av ian a nd T ra jan ic p e r iod ( a t C a e r l e ,on , N a sh -W i l l iam s 1 932 , n o s 3 55 -399 ; G e l l i g a e r , Wa rd 1 903 , n o s 1 , 2& 4 ; i n No r th B r i ta in , G i l lam 1 970 , n o s 2 14 -8 ) . I t s d e c l ine c an a ga in b e a s soc ia t ed w i th t h ei n c r ea se i nB B1 b ow l sw h i ch b o th c ap tu red t h em a rke ta nd i n f luen ced s uch f l anged b ow l s a sc on t inued t ob em ade i ns e lf co lou r ed f a b r ic s . A n o ve ra l ld a te r a nge o fm id f i r s tt oe a r ly o rm id s e cond c en tu ry a nd aF l av ian a nd T r a jan ic f l oru i t a r e a ga in s ugge s t ed . A sw i th t h ec o r re spond ing e ver t ed r im j a r s , l o ca lv a r ia t ion sa bound w i th in t h eg ene ra lt y pe a nd w e h ave , t h e re fo re , l i m i t ed o u r se lve s h e re t o ag ene ra l d e sc r ip t ion a nd d a t e f o r t h e r e a son s g i ven u nde r 1 ) a bove . 3 )T he ` Ca er sw sb ow l ' A t a n e a r ly s t age i nt h e p r epa r a t ion o f t h is r e po r t , i t b e came o bv iou s t h a t o ne b ow l f o rm w a s u nu sua l ly c ommon . T os a ve d e sc r ip t ive s p a ce t h i sf o rm h a sb een t e rmed t h e ` Cae r sw sb ow l ' . T h i si so f f e red a s ap i ece o fc onven ien ts ho r thand w i th in t h i sr e po r tr a the rt h an i nt h eb e l ie ft h a ti tw i l l f i nd g ene ra l u se e l sewhe r e . E xamp le so ft h i sb ow l t y pe w i l lb ef ound s c a t t e r ed t h roughou tt h e t e x t( f o re xamp le n o s 8 6 , 1 53 -6 ,2 63 4 ) . I t s c ha ra c t e r i s t ic s a r e a n u p r igh t o r n e a r u p r igh t w a l l a bove w h ich i s ar im f o rmed b y p ro je c t ing c o r d on ss e pa ra ted b yg roove s . R ou le t ted d eco ra t ion ,p a r t i cu la r ly o n t h e w a l l a nd as l ipped s u r fa ce ( g ene ra l ly w h i t e ) i sc ommon . S ome s im i la r i ty t o t h e s am ian f o rm s2 9a nd 3 0i sa ppa ren t . T he f o rm a l so a ppea r sa t Wroxe te r( Bu she -Fox 1 9 13 ,n o .7 )w he re i ti sg i ven a l a t e f i r s t t oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry d a t e ( b u t s e e a l so D a r l ing 1 977 ,f i g .6 . 7 ,n o .2 1 f o r an o td i s s im i la rf o rm f r om m i l i ta ry l e ve l s ) . O ne v e r s ion o ft h i s b ow l t y pe w a sc e r ta in ly m ade a tW i lde r spoo l( Ha r t ley & Web s te r 1 973 , n o . 4 7 ) as i t e w h ich p robab ly d i d n o t s t a r t p roduc t ion b e fo r e c .A .D . 9 0 . S ome o ft h e C a e r sw s v e ss e l s a ppea r t o b e f r om C he sh i re P la in s ou r ce s . S im i la rv e s se l sh ave b een n o t ed a tF o rden G a e r( P ryce &P ryce 1 929 ,n o s 1 2&1 4 ) . T he c onc en t ra t ion o ft h is t y pe a tC ae r sw si s ,a sy e t , u nexp la ined . I ft h er e sem b l ance t ot h es am ian f o rm 2 9i sv a l id t h en a no r ig in i n

C a er sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

t h ee a r l ie rF lav ian p e r iod s e ems p robab le . A tC ae r sw s , t h e f o rm s e em s t y p ica l o f t h e f i r s t a nd e a r ly s e cond c en tury l e ve ls a nd w e w ou ld s ugge s t t h a t t h is i sa F lav ian a nd T ra jan ic f o rm .

T he Mor tar ia b y K .F . Har t l ey Am in imum o fa tl e a s t4 0 mo r ta r ia a r er e p resen ted b y t h e s he rd s e xam ined . T he s o i l a t C ae r sw s t r ea t s p o t te ry h a r sh ly s ot h a tt h is n umbe rm ay b eo n t h el ow s i de . T he re i so n ly o ne e xamp le w h ich i sn ec e s sa r i ly o re ven l i ke ly t ob el a te rt h an t h em id s e cond c en tu r y ; t h is i st h eo n ly c e r ta in p i ec ef r om t h ei mpo r tan tp o t te r i e si nt h e Mance t t e r -Ha r t sh i l la r ea o f Wa rw ick sh i re ; i t i si n d i spu tab ly t h i rd o rf ou r th c en tur y i nd a te a nd w a s f ound i ns t ree t s i l t s o n t h e m a in r o ad s ou th f r om t h e f o r t . F ou r mo r ta r ia , o fG i l lam t y pe 2 38 ( G i l lam 1 970 ) , d a t ed A .D . 7 0 100 , a r e i mpo r t s f r om p o t te r ie s w h ich w e r e p robab ly i nt h e P a s d e C a la is a r ea , a nd e i gh t , d a ted w i th in t h e p e r iod A .D . 6 0 -120 b u t p robab ly mo s t ly f i r s t c en tu ry , a r e f r om p o t ter ie s i nt h e V e ru l am ium r e g ion . T he r ema in ing 2 7 mo r ta r ia a r e f r om m uch m o re l o ca l s ou r ce s . A t l e a s te l even b u tp robab ly f ou r t een w e re m ade i n

T he f ind s .

9 1

F o rc onven ience a nd t oa vo id r ep e t i t ion t h e f a br ics i d en t if ied a r e d e sc r ibed i nt h e f o l low ing p a rag raphs . F ab r ic I F rom t h eV e ru lam ium r e g ion . G ranu la rf a b r ic u sua l ly g r ey ish -c r eam , s ome t ime s w i th p ink c o r e ; t h e f a b r ic c an v a ry i nc o lou r t ob rown ish -c ream a nd e ven r e d d i sh -b rown ; i ti sa lway s p a cked w i th f a i r ly w e l l s o r ted , mo s t ly q ua r tz i n c lu s ions ; t h e re a r es ome t ime s o c ca s iona l , l a rge r r e d -b rown a nd b l a ck i n c lu s ion s . T he t r i tu ra t ion g r i tc ons is t sm a in ly o ff l i n tw i th q ua r tz a nd o c ca s iona l r ed -b rown a nd b l a ck m a te r ia l , p roba b l y i r on s l ag . Many a r e s e l f -co lou r ed t h ough s ome a pp ea rt oh ave as u r f ace s l ip , s l igh t ly d a rke r t h an t h e f a b r ic . T he i mpo r tan t p o t te r ie s a d jacen t t o Wa t l ing S t ree t , b e tween B rock ley H i l l a nd V e ru lam ium , i n c l ud ing k nown w o rk shop s a t B ro ck ley H i l l , L i t t le Munden ( Br icke t Wood ) ,R ad le t ta nd V eru lam ium a r e k nown c o l lec t ive ly a s ' t he V eru lam ium r eg ion ' . F ab r ic 2 F rom t h e E ng l i sh M id land s . D r ab , f r iab le c r eam f a br ic ,p owde ry t ot h et o uch , w i th amode ra te a moun t o fs ma l lq ua r tz a nd o cca s iona lr e d -b rown a nd b l ack ish i n c lu s ions ; n os l ip u sed u n le ss s e lf -co lou red . T r i tu ra t i on g r i tc ons i s t so fs ub rounded q ua r tz ,h a rd b l ack ish a nd s ome r e d -b rown m a ter ia l . T he se m o r ta r ia a r e c e r ta in ly a l f r om t h e m id land s a nd a r e p o s s ib ly a l

ap o t te ry a t Wroxe te rw h ich f l ou r i shed i nt h ef i r s th a lf o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry t h ough e v idence i sl a ck ing f o r r e a l ly p r e c i se d a t ing ;i t sp rodu c t sa r ee spe c ia l ly c ommon i nc en t ra la nd n o r th Wa le s . T h is r e g iona l ly s u cce s s fu l p o t te r y e xp la ins t h ea ppa ren t a b sence o f s e cond c en t u ry mo r ta r ia f r om t h e much mo r e i mpo r tan tp o t te r ie s a t Mance t te r . O ne o t he r mo r ta r ium ,t h a to fC amu la cu s ( no .4 62 b e low ) ,d a ted A .D .7 0 -120 ,c ame f r om aq u i te

f r om e i the rt h ep o t ter ie sa t Mance t te ra nd H a r t sh i l l i n Wa rw icksh i re ( Fab r ic 5 ) , o r f r om t h o se a t Wroxe te r ( Fab r ic 6 ) , b u t t h e f a b r ic h a s d e te r io ra ted s o m uch i n t h e s o i l c ond i t ion s a tC ae r sw s t h a t t h ey c an n o l o nge r b e r e ad i ly a t t r ibu ted t ot h e c o r rec t s ou rc e . G iven t h e m a rke t ing p a t te rn i nt h ea r ea ,i ti sl i ke ly t h a t mo s to ra l l a r e f r om Wroxe t e r .

d i f f e ren t ,p robab ly m ino rw o rkshop w h ich i sl i ke ly t o

F abr ic 3 P robab ly f r om C ae r sw s . O range -b rown ; t h ec o re m ay s hade f r om ab rown i sh -p ink t os of tg r ey o rt h e re m ay b e as andw ich e f f e c t o fb rown ish -g r ey w i th a n i n ne r

h ave b een a t Wroxe ter , t h i s m ay p r e -da t e t h e b e t te r k nown p o t tery . A mo r ta r ium ,d a ted A .D . 5 0 -85 ( no . 7 7b e low ) ,c an b ea t t r ibu ted t oe i the rG louce s te ro rS ou th Wa le sw i th r e a sonab le c e r ta in ty ; i tm ay w e l l h ave b een m ade b y ap o t te ro fc on t inen ta lo r ig in a si t sr im f o rm ,w i th n ea r h o r izo n ta l l e dge w he re t h e f l ange j o in s t h e b ead ing , m ir ro r s t h e p roduc t s o f p o t ter ie s i n c en t ra l F rance . T h ree mo r ta r ia ( no s4 59 -46 1) a r ep robab ly t h ew o rk o f am ino rp o t te rw o rk ing a tC a e r sw si t se lf . T he r ema in i n g e i gh t c an b e a t t r ibu ted t o Wa le s o r t h e w e s t o f E ng land , i n c lud ing s ou rce s a sf a ra pa r ta sG louce s te r a nd t h eC he sh i re P l a in . T he f a br ic sp roduced i nt h e se a r ea sh ave ab a s ic s im i la r i ty a nd c an b eq u i te d i ff icu l t t od i s t ingu ish . T he re i s , h oweve r , g row ing e v idence f r om C ae r leon , S egon t ium , U sk e t c . t o s how t h a t u n s tamped mo r ta r ia w e r eb e ing m ade i n Wa le si nb o th t h e f i r s t c en tu ry a nd t h e e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry . T h i s w a s n o d oub t m a in ly t a k ing p l ac e i n s ma l l a rmy w o rkshop s . T h is b e ing s o , t h e p r e sump t ion m u s t b e t h a tm any o ft h ee i gh t mo r ta r ia i nq ue s t ion w e r em ade i n Wa le s r a the r t h an e l sewhe re .

c o re o fo range -b rown . T he se v a r ia t ions a r ed ue t ot h e v e ss e ls b e ing s ub je c ted t od i f f e ren t f i r ing c ond i t ion s a nd ,n od oub t ,f u ndamen ta l ly t oi n suff ic ien tc on t ro lo f t h e f i r ing c ond i t ions . I ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h e p roduc t s w ou ld s ome t ime s b e o range -b rown t h roughou t . T he f a br ic i sf r iab le a nd r a the ra shy i nt e x tu re ; i to f ten h a s ap owde ry s u r f ac ep robab ly d ue t ow ea the r ing . T he re a r e f r equen t t o mode ra te , i l -so r ted q ua r tz i n c lu s ion s , m o s t ly s ub rounded , w i th v e ry o c ca s iona l b rown a nd b l ack i n c lu s ions . T he t r i tu ra t ion g r i t c on s is t s m a in ly o r s o le ly o f a ngu la r , i l -so r ted q ua r tz o f ten w i th a h a ck ly f r a c t u re ,a nd r a re b l ack o rb rown g r i t so f ah a rd m a te r ia l ; t h e re a r es ome t ime sf l e ck so fg o ld m ica b o th a l one a nd c on ta ined w i th in t h e q ua r tz . A l l o f t h e k nown mo r ta r ia h ave t r aces o f ac r eam s l ip . A lmo s t c e r ta in ly m ade i n as ma l l w o rk shop a tC ae r sw s . F abr ic 4 F rom Wroxe te ra nd s i te si nt h eC he sh i r eP la in . S l igh t ly

9 2

C aer sw s v ia l s ,1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

m ic aceou s , s o f t i sh a nd f i ne t ex tu red , b rown i sh -bu f f f a b r ic w i th t h ick b r own ish -p ink c o re ; t h e r e a r e f ew , i l -so r t ed ,q ua r t z ,a nd r a re r e d -b rown i n c lu s ion s . L i t t le t r i tu r a t ion g r i ts u rv ive s ; i ti n c lude sq ua r t z ,r e d -b rown s a nd s tone , a nd b l a ck m a te r ia l . Ab rowne r o r r e d b rown s l ip m ay h ave b een u sed b u to n ly r a the ru nce r t a in t r a ce s s u rv ive . F ab r ic 5 Man ce t te r -Ha r t sh i l l . S o f t ,f i ne tex tu red ,c r eam f a b r ic w i th s ome s ma l l q ua r tz a nd o c ca s iona l d a rke r i n c lu s i on s . T r i tu r a t ion g r i t c on s i s t s a lmo s t e n t i r e ly o f a ngu la r b l a ck i sh m a te r ia l w h ich i sl i ke ly t ob e r e u sed , w a s te p o t t e ry , w i th t h e o c ca s iona l q ua r tz g r i t m ixed i n . P roduced i nt h e Man ce t te r -Ha r t sh i l lp o t te r i e s i n Wa rw ick sh i r e ; i ti sn o rma l ly h a rd e r b u t w i l l h ave s u f f e r ed c hem ica l w ea the r ing f r om t h ea c id s o i l c ond i t ion s . F ab r ic 6 F rom Wroxe te r . C r eam f a b r ic w i th t h ick p i nk c o r ea nd s ome q ua r tz i n c lu s ion s . T he t r i tu ra t ion g r i tc on s i s t so f w e l l -m ixed q ua r tz ,b rown s a nd s tone a nd b l a ck m a t e r i a l ( ? i ron s l ag ) . P roduced a tp o t te r ie s i nt h ev i c in i ty o f W roxe te r ; i tu sua l ly h a s mo re i n c lu s ion s a nd i s m uch h a rde r . F ab r ic 7 F rom G a l l ia B e lg ica . Af i ne t e x tu r ed , c r eam f a b r i c s ome t ime s w i th p i nk c o r e ; m ay v a ry i nc o lou r a nd h ave ag r een i sh o rb rown i sh t i nge ; f ew i n c lu s ion so f f a i r ly w e l l so r t ed q ua r t z w i th o c ca s iona l r e d -b rown m a t e r ia l . T r i tu ra t ion c on s i s t s o f f l i n t a nd q ua r t z . P o t t e r ie s i nG a l l ia B e lg ica , p robab ly i n t h e P a s d e C a la is ,w h ich s pe c ia l ized i nm ak ing f o rm G i l lam 2 38 m o r ta r ia ( G i l lam 1 970 ) .

F ab r ic 1 2 S ou th w e s tE ng land , Wa le so r Wroxe te ri nt h a to r de r o f p robab il i ty . F ine tex tu r ed , o r ange -b rown f a b r ic w i th t h ick i sh g r ey c o re a nd s ome s ma l l q ua r tz i n c lu s i on s . T he r e i s aw e l l -p r e se rved t h ick c r eam s l ip . T r i tu ra t ion g r i ti n c lude sq ua r tz . Mo r ta r ia i nt h i sf a b r ic a r e w e l l -f in i shed o f f ; t h e r e a r ep o s s ib ly o n ly t wo i n t o ta l . T h i sf a b r ic i smo r el i ke ly t ob ef i r s tc en tu ry t h an l a te r . F ab r ic 1 3 F rom Wa le s o r t h e C he sh i r e P l a in . S o f t i sh , s l igh t ly a b ra s ive , b r igh t o r ange -b rown f a b r i c w i th s ome s ub r o unded q ua r tz i n c lu s ion s ; t r a ce s o fc r eam s l ip . N o t r i tu ra t ion g r i t s u rv ive s . F ab r ic 1 4 ? F rom Wroxe te r . S o f t i sh , o r ange -b rown f a b r ic f i red t od r ab ,p i nk b rown a tt h es u r f ace ; f a i r ly f r equen ti l s o r ted i n c lu s ion s o f q ua r tz , r ounded s a nd s tone , r e d b rown a nd b l a ck i sh m a t e r ia l . N oi n d i ca t ion o fw he the r as l ip w a su sed .

C a ta logue Am o r e e x ten s ive v e r s ion o ft h e f o l low ing c a ta logue w i l l b e f o und i nt h es i t ea r ch ive ( s ee A ppend ix 5f o r d e ta i ls ) . H e re , an umbe ro fo bv iou s ly r e s idua lv e s se l s h ave b een o m i t t ed a s h ave m any u n s t r a t i f ied p i e ce s w h ich d o n o t a dd t ot h e g ene ra l p i c tu r e . Nume r ica l d e ta i l s g i ven a bove a r e b a sed o n t h e a r ch iva l l i s t . V e s se ls g ene ra l ly s how s ome e v idence o fd amage b y s o i la c t ion a nd e s t ima t e so fh a rdne s sa r en o tg ene ra l ly g i ven . A l lf a b r i c sm ay b ec on s ide red t oc on ta in s ome f i l le ru n le s s o t he rw is e s t a ted .

F ab r ic 8 Mad ei nt h eG louce s te ra r ea o rj u s tp o s s ib ly i n Wa le s . V e ry h a rd ,o r ange -b rown f a b r ic w i th b l a ck i sh c o r ea nd s a nd typ e i n c lu s ion s ; s e l f -co lou red . T r i tu ra t ion g r i t c on s i s t so fm ixed q ua r tz ,s a nd s tone a nd b l a ck i sh m a t e r ia l .

F rom o ld s o i l s

F ab r ic 9 F rom t h e We s to fE ng land o r Wa le s . O r ange -b rown f a b r ic w i th b l a ck i sh c o r e a nd c r eam s l ip . T he r e a r e t i ny q ua r t zi n c lu s ion s . T r i tu r a t ion i n c luded s a nd s tone a nd q ua r tz . S l igh t ly a b ra s ive s u r f ace .

2 .

F ab r ic 1 0 Mad e i n Wa le so rt h eC he sh i re P l a in . F i ne t ex tu r ed , o r ange -b rown f a b r ic w i th al i t t le i l so r ted q ua r tz a nd d a rke r i n c lu s ion s . T r i tu ra t ion i n c luded q ua r tz a nd s a nd s tone . S e l f -co lou red . F ab r ic 1 P robab ly m ade i n Wa le s . G ene r a l ly s im i la ri nc o lou r t oF ab r ic 9b u t l e s s s a ndy ; f r iab le . T r i tu r a t ion g r i t i n c luded q ua r t z .

1 .

3 .

4 .

S ou th S pan i sh o i la mpho ra ,D r e s se l2 0 .C f . Ma r t in K i lche r n o . 1 0 ; P ea cock & W i ll iams 1 986 , p . 1 37 . M id t ol a te i s t c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 2 2 . C on tex t 1 37 1 , g r ey c l ayey s o i l . F l agon i nl i gh t o r ange f a b r ic . C f . U sk f o r t re s s s e r ie sn o . 2f o rt h i sg ene r a lt y p e . Mann ing 1 981 , p . 2 05 . M id i s t c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 2 1 . C on tex t 1 371 . B eake r i nc r eam f a b r ic w i th t r ac e s o f ab rown c o lou rc oa t . A r ch ive n o .2 0 . C on t ex t1 367 ,c l ay l o am w i th c ha r coa l a nd d aub . F l anged b ow l i np i nk -bu f ff a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 2 3 . C on tex t 1 371 .

P er iod 1 B u i ld ing 1 5 . F l agon i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th t h in w h i te s l ip . S im i la r t oG i l lam 1 970 , n o . 3 ,b u t w i th mo re e ven r i ng s . P o s s ib ly i s t c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 03 . C on t ex t1 288 ,g r ey g r i t ty c l ay f l oo ro rs ub -

T he f i nd s .

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

G ene ra l p ha s ing

F igu re n o s

B r eakdown o fc on tex t s w i th in p e r iod s

O ld s o i ls

9 3

D raw ing n o s

1

1 4

1 1 1 1 1

5 7 8 13 1 4 -22 2 3 -24 2 5 -34

h i ghe rl e ve l so fw a lkway l a ye r s o fr ubb ish a nd p ebb le s o ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 h i ghe rl e ve ls o fB u i ld ing 3 s o i l s i no ro ve rw a l l l ine s B u i ld ing 3 B u i ld ing 4 p i t f i l l s r o ad s

2 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 -5 5 -6 6 6 6 -9 9 10 1 0 -11 1 1 -12 1 2

3 5 -45 4 6 -99 1 00 -101 1 22 -132 1 33 -134 1 35 -140 1 42 196 1 97 -200 2 0 1 -203 2 04 -288 2 89 -388 3 29 -355 3 56 -364 3 65 -370 3 71 -382

d ecay o fB u i ld ing 3a nd p o s s ib le r e pa i r st oi t p ebb le s p read s s ub s idenc e f i l le r s c l ay s p r ead s

1 2 -13 1 3 14 1 4 1 4

3 83 -433 4 34 -443 4 44 4 45 -456

P er iod 1 B u i ld ing 1 B u i ld ing 2 o t he r c on tex t s r o ad s d e s t ruc t ion l e ve l s P er iod 2 c l ay l e ve l l ing e a r ly l e ve l s

B u i ld ing B u i ld ing B u i ld ing B u i ld ing

w a l l t ren ch f i l l s l ow a nd m idd le l e ve l so fw a lkway m idd le l e ve l s

3 4 3 4

B u i ld ing 3 B u i ld ing 4

P er iod 3

T ab l e 6 : S ummary o fc oar se p o t t ery d raw ing n umber sr e la ted t ot h e ir c on tex t s

6 .

7 .

f l oo ri nR oom 4 . J a r i no r ange b uf ff a b r ic , s moo thed e x te rna l ly . S eve rn V a l ley Wa re . C f . U sk S eve rn V a l ley s e r ie sn o .2 . 2( P . Web s t e rf o r thcom ing ) .P robab ly i s tc en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 1 9 . C on tex t1 302 ,s i l ty s o i lb e low l a te s tf l oo ri nR oom 1 . F l anged b ow li nm id g r ey f a b r ic . O ne o ft h el a t e i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry s e r ie s . A r ch ive n o .3 05 . C on tex t 1 305 , a s hy , s a ndy l a ye r b e low l a te s t f l oo ri nR oom 1 .

B u i ld ing 2 8 . ( No ti l u s t ra ted )F r agmen t s o f aL yon w a re c up w i th a pp l ied ' r a spbe r r ie s ' . C f . G r eene 1 979 ,p . 3 1 ,n o s7 11 . M id I s tc en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .6 62 . C on tex t 1 4 11 , p a le y e l low c l ay . 9 . B eake ri nl i gh tg r een -bu f ff a b r ic w i th r oughca s t d e co ra t ion a nd d a rk g r ey -b rown c o lou r c oa t .

1 0 .

1 . 1 2 .

1 3 .

L yon w a re , s e e t o o n o . 2 6 . A r ch ive n o . 2 4 . C on tex t 1 460 ,p ebb le s i ng r ey s a ndy m a t r ix . E ve r ted r im j a r i nm id g r ey f a b r ic . L a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 06 . C on tex t 1 460 . J a ri nl i gh to r ange f a b r ic w i th g r ey c o r e . A r ch ive n o . 8 3 . C on tex t 1 378 ,s a nd a nd f i ne g r ave l . C a r ina t ed b eake ri no r ange -bu f ff a b r ic w i th s ome s a ndy f i l le r . T he f o rm a ppea r si nS eve rn V a l ley w a re f r om t h e m id i s t c en tu ry . C f . Web s t e r 1 976 , n o . 5 9 ; o u rp i ec e i sn o ti nS eve rn V a l ley Wa re ,a l though c l ea r ly r e la ted t oi t .P robab ly i s t c en tu ry .A r ch ive n o .5 88 .C on tex t1 327 ,c ha r coa l a nd d aub i nb rown s i l t . Mo r ta r ium i nF ab r ic 8 .A .D .6 0 -90 . A r ch ive n o . 5 98 . C on tex t 1 273 ,s t ony c l ay ,w i th b ody s he rd f r om 1 05 1 , i nB u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 3 , p robab ly f r om s ame v e s se l . ( K .F .H . )

9 4

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

O the rc on tex t s 1 4 . R im i n l i gh t r e d -b rown g r anu la r f a b r i c w i th f i l led b ody ,p robab ly f r om as ma l lc a r ro ta mpho ra o ft h e s ame g ene ra l t y p e a sC amu lodunum n o . 1 89 . C f .P ea cock & W i l l iams 1 986 ,p p . 1 09 -10 . T he s t epped r im a ppea r st ob eu nu sua l . P o s s ib ly af r u i t c on ta ine r . A r ch ive n o . 6 6 1 . C on tex t 1 322 , 1 5 . J a r i nl i gh tr e d f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 5 . C on t ex t 1 083 , s t ony & c ha r coa l ly d a rk s o i l s s ou th o f B u i ld ing 1 . 1 6 . J a r i nl i gh t o range r ed f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 8 . C on tex t 1 083 . 1 7 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 1 . C on tex t 19 1 , c ha r coa l s t a ined s o f t y e l low c l ay f i l l o f t r ench 192 . 1 8 . F langed b ow l i ng r anu la rb l a ck f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 1 2 . C on tex t 191 . 1 9 . F l anged b ow li nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic ,o ne o ft h el a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry s e r ie s . A r ch ive n o .5 80 . C on t ex t 1 464 , b rown h a rd c l ayey l o am f i l l o f s ma l l p i t 1 479 . 2 0 . Mo r ta r -l ike b ow l i nl i gh to r ang ef a b r ic p o s s ib ly f r om t h eC he sh i re P l a in .A r ch ive n o .3 00 .C on tex t 9 73 , s t ony b ackf i l l t oc on s t ruc t ion p i t f o r w e l l 8 89 . 2 1 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 1 9 1 . C on t ex t 3 83 ,b rown muddy s o i l i nw e l l 3 82 . 2 2 . ( No t i l u s t ra t ed , b u t c f . n o . 2 89 b e low ) B ody s he rd f r om aj a rw i th v e r t ica lg r oove s ,i no r ange f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 5 81 . C on tex t 130 , m ixed c l ay a nd s t one f i l lo fp i t 1 437 . R oad s 2 3 . B eake ri nl i gh to r ange f a b r ic w i th g r ey c o re . C f . H o l t ( G r ime s 1 930 ) n o . 2 0 1 . L a t e i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .2 78 . C on t ex t5 9 1 ,g r ey s a ndy s i l t . 2 4 . F l anged b ow l i nl i gh tb rown f a b r ic , o ne o ft h e l a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry s e r ie s . A r ch ive n o . 2 79 .C on t ex t1 427 ,e a r ly n o r th sou th r o ad s u r f a ce . D e s truc t ion l e ve l s 2 5 . ( No t i lu s t ra ted ) C a r ro t a mpho ra ( p robab ly C amu lodunum 1 89 ) . P ea co ck & W i l l iams 1 986 , p .1 09 , i s tc en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 07 . C on t ex t 156 , b u rn tc l ay a nd c ha r coa l . 2 6 . B eake ri nc r eam f a b r ic ,w i th r ough ca s td eco ra t ion a nd g r ey -b rown c o lou r c oa t . L yon w a re . C f . G r eene 1 979 , f i g . 8 ,n o . 2 0 .4 . A r ch ive n o . 7 . C on tex t 156 . 2 7 . S t ra ine ri no range b u f ff a b r ic w i th t r a ce so fm ica d u s t ing , s e e S i lche s te r ( May 1 9 16 , p l . XLV I I I , n o .6 2 ) ,H o l t( G r ime s1 930 )n o .2 16 . A r ch ive n o . 2 . C on tex t 1 98 . 2 8 . J a ri nh a rd g r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 1 .C on tex t 1 98 . 2 9 . E ver t ed r im j a ri no r ange -p ink f a b r ic . L a te i s tt o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 09 . C on tex t

3 0 .

3 1 . 3 2 .

3 .

3 4 .

1 98 . S ou th S pan i sh o i l a mpho r a , D r e s se l 2 0 . C f . Ma r t in -K i lche r t y p e 1 7 ; P eaco ck & W i l l iams 1 986 ,p .1 37 . L a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry .B u rn t a f te r i tw a s b roken . A r ch ive n o . 5 87 . C on tex t 1 98 , b u rn tc l ay . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o .6 8 . C on tex t 4 08 , i n t e r leaved c l ay , b u rn tc l ay a nd c ha r coa l . J a ri nl i gh to r ange red f a b r ic ,p o s s ib ly f r om t h e C he sh i r e P l a in , p robab ly f r om av e s se l s u ch a s H a r t ley & Web s te r 1 973 , n o . 3 7 . A r ch ive n o . 1 39 . C on tex t2 85 ,c ha r coa l . J a r p robab ly o r ig ina l ly i no x id i s ed f a b r i c , n ow b u rn ta nd d a rk g r ey i np l ac e s . A r ch ive n o . 1 8 . C on tex t 1 289 , i n te r leaved c ha r coa l a nd b u rn t c l ay . F l anged b ow l i ng r ey -b rown f a b r ic , w i th g r ey s u r f a ce . F l anged a nd c a r ina ted b ow l s e r ie s . A r ch ive n o . 6 6 . C on t ex t4 07 ,b u rn tc l ay .

T he P e r iod 1p o t te ry i sc e r ta in ly p r e -Had r ian ic a nd i s m o s tl i ke ly t ob ef i r s tc en tu ry . T he a pp ea r ance o fs u ch i t em s a st h e L yon Wa re ( no s 8 ,9 ,2 6 ) , e a r ly S eve rn V a l ley Wa re ( no .6 )a nd e a r ly f l agon t y p e ss u ch a sn o . 2s ugge s to c cup a t ion f r om t h ee a r ly F l av ian p e r iod a t t h el a te s t . C oup led w i th t h es t r a t ig raph ic e v idence a nd t h es am ian w a re n o s2 9 -33 ,t h e re s e em sn or e a son w hy t h i sp ha s e s hou ld n o tb eF l av ian .

P er iod 2 C lay l e ve l l ing p r io r t on ew b u i ld ing s 3 5 . F l agon i nl i gh to range f a b r i cw i th g r ey c o re . F o r t h e g ene ra l t y pe s e e U sk f o r t re s s s e r ie s 2 . 2 ( Mann ing 1 98 1 ,p .2 05 ) . T he t y pe i su n l ike ly t o h ave l a s t ed b eyond t h em id F l av ian p e r iod .A r ch ive n o . 1 4 . C on tex t 1 209 , l i gh tg r ey g r ity c l ay . 3 6 . F l agon i n l i gh t r e d -b rown f a b r ic w i th c r eam w h i te s l ip . P robab ly 1 s tc en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .1 5 . C on tex t 1 220 ,b rown t oy e l low c l ay . 3 7 . J a r i nf i ne , p a le c r eam f a b r ic w i th p a in ted r e d d eco ra t ion . H o l t i s ap o s s ib le s ou rc e : c f . H o l t ( G r ime s 1 930 )n o . 5 5 , f o r av e s se la ppa r en t ly i n as im i la rf a b r i ca nd a l so w i th p a in t ed d e co r a t ion . A r ch ive n o .4 30 . C on tex t1 026 ,b r own i sh y e l low s t i f fc l ay . 3 8 . P robab ly ab ow l ,i no r ange b u f ff a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 3 . C on tex t 1 040 , y e l low s t i f fc l ay . 3 9 . E ve r ted r im j a rw i th i n den t ed w a l l si nd u l lp i nk f a b r ic w i th g r ey c o r e a nd m ica d u s t ed s u r f a ce ; e v idence o fb u rn ing . C f .H o l t( G r ime s1 930 )n o . 2 0 1 . A r ch ive n o . 1 0 . C on tex t 17 1 , y e l low t o b rown c l ay . 4 0 . J a r i nl i gh t o r ange f a b r ic w i th g r ey c o re . T he h i gh s hou ld e rs ugge s t s aI s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry d a te . A r ch ive n o .3 02 . C on tex t1 209 ,l i gh tg r ey g r i t ty c l ay .

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1985 -6 .

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E ve r ted r im j a ri nb rown f a b r ic ,b u rn to nt h er im a nd v e ry a b raded . L a t e i s t e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 1 93 . C on tex t6 40 ,p a le y e l low s t i f f c l ay . B eake ri nc r eam f a b r ic ,w i th r oughca s td e co ra t ion a nd g r ey -b rown c o lou r c oa t ; L yon w a re ; a s im i la rt y pe ,b u td i f f e ren tv e s se lt on o .9 .A r ch ive n o . 1 3 . C on tex t 196 ,l i gh tb rown c l ay . Mo r ta r ium i nF ab r ic 1 . A .D . 6 0 100 . A r ch ive n o . 5 97 . C on tex t 1 236 ,p a le c l ay . ( K .F .H . ) L id i nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o .3 0 1 . C on t ex t 1 092 , y e l low f i ne c l ay . L id i ng r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey i n ne rs u r f ac e . A r ch ive n o .6 60 . C on tex t1 2 11 ,d i r ty y e l low s t i f f c l ay w i th c ha r coa l f l e ck s .

5 8 .

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6 2 . P e r iod 2 ,e a r ly l e ve l s B u i ld ing 3 R oom 4 4 6 . J a r i n l i gh t o r ange f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 7 1 . C on tex t 1 067 ,b u f fs i l ty c l ay . 4 7 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o .2 25 . C on tex t 9 23 , l i gh tb rown h a rd c l ay . 4 8 . L id i nl i gh tb rown f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey s u r f ace , p robab ly o fC he sh i re P l a in o r ig in . A r ch ive n o . 2 26 . C on tex t9 23 . 4 9 . L id i nr e d -b rown f a b r ic w i th g r ey s u r f a ce s .A r ch ive n o . 37 . C on t ex t9 18 ,t h in f i r s to ccupa t ion l a ye r . 5 0 . Mo r ta r ium i nF ab r ic 4w i th aw o rn a nd f r agmen t a ry s t amp ( s ee n o .4 62 b e low ) . A .D .7 0 -120 . A r ch ive n o . 5 92 . C on tex t9 18 . ( K .F .H . ) R oom 6 5 1 .

J a ri ng r ey f a b r ic w i th b rown c o re ,p robab ly f r om t h eC he sh i r eP l a in . A r ch ive n o . 2 27b . C on tex t 1 02 1 , g r ey -b rown s i l t .

R oom 8 5 2 . J a ri nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 1 . G i l lam d a te s t h e t y pe e a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry , b u t a n e a r l ie r d a te s ou th o f t h e Wa l l z one i sn o ti mpo s s ib le . A r ch ive n o . 1 7 . C on t ex t 1 22 1 , c ha r coa l ly s o i l . 5 3 . S ma l le ve r ted r im j a ri nc r eamy -g r ey f a b r ic w i th t r ace s o f ag reen -b rown g l aze . Mo s t p robab ly f r om H o l t , a l though n e i the r G r ime s ( 1 930 ) n o r A r thu r( 1 978 ) i l u s t ra te sj a r s . A r ch ive n o . 3 45 . C on t ex t4 03 , l i gh tb rown s i l t . 5 4 . J a r i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f a ce s . N on jo in ing f r agmen t s s ugge s t t h e v e s se l w a s r u s t ica t ed . L a t ei s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 47 . C on t ex t4 03 . 5 5 . L a rge j a ri nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic . L a te i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry d a t e . A r ch ive n o .3 49 . C on t ex t4 03 . 5 6 . J a ri nl i gh tb rown i sh f a b r ic w i th w h i t e ,p robab ly c a lc i te , g r i t s . A r ch ive n o . 3 46 . C on tex t4 03 . 5 7 . ( No ti lu s t ra ted ) ` Ma lve rn ian 'j a r i nd a rk g r ey b rown f a b r ic w i th c r u shed s t one i n c lu s ion s . C f .

6 3 .

P ea co ck 1 967 ,n o .5 .A r ch ive n o .3 52a . C on t ex t 4 03 . J a r i nl i gh t g r ey , f a b r ic . S he rd s , p o s s ib ly f r om t h e s ame v e sse l s how v e r t ica l r u s t i ca t ed l i ne s . L a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 50 . C on tex t4 03 . F l anged d i sh i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a r e ,o ne o ft h e 2 nd c en tu ry s e r ie s ; w i th aw a l l s he rd f r om a B lack -bu rn i shed b ow l w i th s i zeab le c hamf e r , e a r ly t o m id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 51 . C on tex t4 03 . L id i ns im i la rf a b r ic t on o .5 7 . C f .P eaco ck 1 967 , n o . 1 8 . A r ch ive n o . 3 52 . C on te x t4 03 . B ow l o rj a ri nm id -g r ey f a b r ic w i th l i d s e a t ing . A r ch ive n o . 6 12 . C on tex t4 05 , f i ne b rown s i l t s w i th b u rn ing d eb r i s f r om o ven s . L id i n g r ey f a b r ic , f r om t h e C he sh i re P l a in . A r ch ive n o . 6 11 . C on tex t4 05 . L id i nb uf f f awn f a b r ic .A r ch ive n o .6 59 .C on t ex t 1 2 18 .

R oom 1 0 6 4 . W ide -mou thed j a r i n l i gh t b rown f a b r ic w i th g r ey o u t e r s u r f a ce . S eve rn V a l ley Wa re . T he s ame g ene ra l t y pe a s Web s te r 1 976 , n o s 1 9 -20 . P robab ly i s tc en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .4 15 . C on t ex t 1 006 , c ha r coa l ly c l ay s i l t s . 6 5 . L id i nr e dd i sh g r ey f a b r ic w i th r e dc o re ,a nd d a rk g r ey s u r f a ce s . A r ch ive n o . 2 80 . C on tex t 1 006 . R oom 1 6 6 . S ou th S pan i sh o i la mpho ra ,D re s se l2 0 . P e rhap s Ma r t in -K i lche r t y pe 3 0 ; P ea co ck & W i l l iam s 1 986 , p . 1 38 . L a t e i s t t o m id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 72 . C on tex t8 56 , s moo th c l ay . 6 7 . E ve r ted r im j a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 2 2 1 . C on t ex t9 14 ,c ha r coa l ly c l ay s i l t . 6 8 . J a r ? i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f a ce s . A r ch ive n o . 3 82 . C on tex t9 14 . 6 9 . L id i nr e dd i sh f a b r ic w i th d a rk i sh g r ey s u r f a ce ; p rob ab ly o fC he sh i re P l a in o r ig in . A r ch ive n o . 2 22 . C on t ex t9 14 . 7 0 . L id i nh a rd g r anu la r m id -g r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 3 83 . C on tex t9 14 . 7 1 . J a ri nm id -g rey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o .3 73 . C on tex t 8 57 , r e d s t i f fc l ay . 7 2 . J a r i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f ac e . A r ch ive n o . 1 98 . C on tex t6 55 ,c ha r coa lr i ch s o i l . 7 3 . J a r i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r e x te rna l s u r f a ce ,p robab ly f r om t h eChe sh i r eP l a in .A r ch ive n o . 1 97 . C on tex t6 55 . 7 4 . J a r i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th m id g r ey s u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 1 99a . C on tex t6 55 . 7 5 . B ow li nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th m id -g rey s u r f a ce . F o rt h eg ene ra l t y pe s e eH o l t( G r ime s 1 9 30 )n o . 9 7 ( a l though t h e re i sn o i n d ica t ion t h a t o u r e xamp le h ad a no mpha lo sb a s e ) ;p rob ab ly i n t end ed t ob er em in i s cen to ft h es am ian f o rm 3 7 . A r ch ive n o . 1 99 . C on tex t6 55 .

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Ma in c o r r ido r 7 7 . Mo r ta r ium i nF ab r ic 1 0 , A .D . 5 0 -85 . T he f l a t s hou lde ri s s im i la rt ot h o se o n m o r ta r ia f r om a c on t inen ta l w o rk shop w h ich w a s a c t ive i nt h i s p e r iod . P robab ly t h ew o rk o f ap o t te r f r om t h e c on t inen t ,w o rk ing i nB r i ta in ; s u ch mo r ta r ia a r e u ncommon b u t t h ey h ave b een r e co rded f r om G louce s t e r , Wroxe t e r , U sk a nd E lg inhaugh ( p robab ly c a r r ied f r om s ou th -we s t E ng land ) . A r ch ive n o . 5 99 . C on tex t 1 054 ,p ebb le s u r f ac e b e tween R ooms 1a nd 1 . ( K .F .H . ) 7 8 . S ou th S pan i sh o i la mpho ra ,D r e s se l2 0 . P e rhap s Ma r t in -K i lche r t y pe 2 5 ; P eaco ck & W i ll iam s 1 986 ,p .1 37 ; E a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .6 64 . C on tex t1 449 ,s t ony c l ay i ns ub s idence s . 7 9 . J a ri nB la ck -bu rn ished w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o . I . P o s s ib ly l a te i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 6 63 . C on tex t 1 449 . 8 0 . ( No t i l u s t ra ted ) B ody s he rd i n c r eamy w h i t e f a b r ic w i th r e dp a in ted d e co r a t ion . A r ch ive n o . 6 7 1 . C on tex t 1 449 . 8 1 . L a rge f l agon i nl i gh tb u f ff a b r ic . S ee N o r thw ich ( J one s 1 97 1) f i g . 1 6 ,n o .9 . L a t e i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 4 . C on tex t 1 078 , p ebb ly b a sa l l e ve l . 8 2 . E ve r ted r im j a ri ng r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke rs u r f ac e . A r ch ive n o .4 14 . C on tex t9 98 ,s t i f fb u f f -ye l low c l ay . 8 3 . Mo r ta r ium i nF ab r ic 1 . A .D . 7 0 110 . A r ch ive n o .5 96 . C on tex t9 98 ,w i th as he rd f r om t h es ame v e s se l i nC on tex t9 19 , w a l l l ine s ou th o fR oom 4 .( K .F .K . ) 8 4 . B ow l i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 1 83 . C on tex t 175 ,c l ay . 8 5 . ` Ca e r sw sb ow l 'i nl i gh tg r ey f a b r i c . A r ch ive n o . 1 82 . C on tex t 1 068 ,c ha rcoa l a nd b u rn tc l ay . 8 6 . ` Ca e r sw sb ow l ' i nl i gh tg r ey f a b r i c w i th d a rke r s u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 1 84 . C on tex t 175 ,c l ay . R oom 1 4 8 7 . J a r i n c r eamy w h i t e f a b r ic w i th r e d p a in t ed d e co ra t ion . H o l t i s ap o s s ib le s ou r ce . H igh s hou lde red v e s se ls s u ch a st h i s a r e u sua l ly l a t e i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 6 55 . C on tex t 1 073 , p a le c r eamy g r ey c l ay . 8 8 . B ow li nB lack -bu rn ished w a re .C f .G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 5 0 . H oweve r , t h e l a ck o fl a t t ice d eco ra t ion a nd t h e d eepe rp rof i le p l a ce s t h i s n ea re r t ot h e ' Wa r C eme te ry B ow l s ' ; c f . Ma iden C a s t le ( Whe e le r1 943 )n o s 1 7 1182 ,s o ap r e -Had r ian ic a nd e ven l a te i s t c en tu ry d a te s e ems p o s s ib le . A r ch ive n o . 6 56 . C on tex t 1 073 . 8 9 . B ow li no r ange f a b r ic ,s oo ted ,f r om t h eC he sh i r e P la in . i s t c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 6 58 . C on t ex t 1 073 . 9 0 . B ow l i n d u l l o r ange f a b r ic w i th b u rn i shed

d eco ra t ion . A r ch ive n o . 6 57 . C on t ex t 1 073 . E a s t v e r andah o rc o r r ido r 9 1 . Ampho r a i nl i gh t o r ange b u f f g r anu la r f a b r ic . S ou th S pan ish o i l a mpho r a , D r e s se l 2 0 . C f . Ma r t in -K i lche r t y pe 1 6 ; P e aco ck & W i l l iam s 1 986 ,p . 137 . M id t ol a t ei s tc en tu r y . A r ch ive n o . 12 . C on tex t 1 257 ,d a rk g r ey c l ay . 9 2 . R oughca s tb eake ri nl i gh tc r eam f a b r ic w i th l i gh t r e d -b rown c o lou r -co a t . T he f a b r ic s ugge s t s C o logne o r ig in . A r ch ive n o . 13 . C on tex t1 257 . 9 3 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rk s u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 14 . C on tex t 1 257 . 9 4 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th t r ac e s o fr u s t ica t ed d e co ra t ion . A r ch ive n o . 11 . C on t ex t 138 , h a rd y e l low c l ay . 9 5 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 1 09 . C on t ex t 1 058 , p ebb le s i nc l ay m a t r ix . 9 6 . Mo r ta r ium i nF ab r ic 1 3 . L a t e i s t o re a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 6 67 . C on t ex t 1 058 , w i th j o in ing s h e rd f r om 122 i nR oom 1 4 . 9 7 . J a ri nc o a r s ed a rk g r ey f a b r ic .P rob ab ly Ma lve rn i a n A r ch ive n o . 1 07 . C on t ex t 1 050 ,p ebb le si ns o i l m a t r ix . 9 8 . J a ri nc o a r se d a rk g r ey f a b r ic .P rob ab ly Ma lve rn ian . A r ch ive n o . 1 08 . C on tex t 1 050 . 9 9 . B eake ri nl i gh to r ange f a b r ic ,p robab ly f r om t h e C he sh i re P l a in . A r ch ive n o .2 8 1 . C on tex t1 058 , p ebb le s i nc l ay m a t r ix . B u i ld ing 4 R oom 2 1 00 . J a r i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic , L a t e i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 59 . C on tex t 1 024 , o c cup a t ion l a ye r . 1 0 1 . W ide -mou thed j a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . T he r ei s s ome r e semb lance t ot h e' Be lg i c 's t y le j a r sw h ich a ppea r i nt h e S eve rn V a l ley i nt h e i s t c en tu ry . C f . Web s t e r 1 976 ,n o s 1 9 -20 . A r ch ive n o . 58 . C on t ex t 1 024 . 1 02 . J a r i no range b u f f f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 2 27c . C on t ex t 1 023 ,b rown s o f tc l ay . R oom 3 1 03 . J a ri nl i gh to r ange S eve rn V a l ley f a b r ic w i th g r ey c o re . S ome o f t h e f i l le r h a s l e a ched o u t . C f . Web s te r 1 976 ,n o . 1 .T h i sf a b r ic v a r ie ty o ccu r s a tU sk a nd S udb rook w h ich s ugge s t st h a ti tm ay b e ai s t c en tu ry f e a tu re . A r ch ive n o . 5 60 . C on tex t 1 037 , o c cup a t ion l e ve l . 1 04 . E ve r ted r im j a r i nr e d -b rown f a b r ic w i th g r ey s u r f a ce . L a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .6 36 . C on tex t5 70 ,o ven o rh ea r th . 1 05 . B ow l i nl i gh t o r ange f a b r ic , p robab ly f r om t h e C he sh i r eP l a in . A r ch ive n o . 52 . C on t ex t9 50 , b rown f i ne s i l t . 1 06 . B ow l i nl i gh to r ange f a b r i c , p robab ly t h e s ame v e s se l a si nC on tex t s 79 ( n o . 2 23 b e low ) a nd 1 056 ( a r ch ive n o . 1 28 , n o ti l u s t ra ted ) . A r ch ive

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C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

n o . 5 53 . C on tex t9 50 . 1 07 . S ou th S pan i sh o i la mpho ra ,D r e ss e l2 0 . P e rhap s Ma r t in -K i lche r t y p e 2 4 ; P ea cock & W i l l iam s 1 986 ,p .1 37 . E a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 5 55 . C on tex t9 93 , f i ne g r ave la nd p ebb le s . 1 08 . J a ri nf awn f a b r ic w i th h eav i ly s oo t ed e x te r io r . A r ch ive n o . 5 56 . C on tex t9 93 . 1 09 . R ou le t t ed v e s se l ,p robab ly ab eake r ,i nm id -g rey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 5 54 . C on tex t9 93 . 10 . B ow li nl i gh to r ange f a b r ic . F l ange t r immed o f f i na n t iqu i ty . A r ch ive n o . 5 57 . C on tex t9 93 . 11 . ( No t i l u s t r a ted ) J a r i nc oa r se d a rk g r ey f a b r i c . P robab ly o f Ma lve rn o r ig in , c f . P ea co ck 1 967 , n o .7 .S im i la rt on o . 1 83 b e low ,b u tn o tc e r ta in ly f r om t h es ame v e s se l . A r ch ive n o . 5 5 . C on t ex t 100 , s ma l l p ebb le s i nb rown s i l t . 12 . F l agon n e ck i nl i gh to r ange f a b r ic p robab ly f r om t h e C he sh i re P l a in . P robab ly a t wo -hand led f l agon a sN o r thw ieh ( J one s1 97 1) f i g . 1 ,n o . 1 5 . A r ch ive n o . 4 78 . C on tex t 188 , g r ey c l ay a nd c ha rcoa l f i l l o fp i to rt r ench 1 233 . 13 . J a r i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th m id g r ey s u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 1 62b . C on tex t 188 . 14 . J a r i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r i c w i th m id g r ey s u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 1 63 . C on tex t 188 . 15 . J a r i n g r anu la r d a rk g r ey f a b r ic , b u rn i shed e x te rna l ly . T he w a l l h a s az one o fd e co r a t ion , p rob ab ly l a t t ice . Av e s se l i nf luenced b y B la ck b u rn ished w a re a nd , t h e ref o r e , p robab ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 1 65 . C on tex t 188 . 16 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 1 66 . C on t ex t 188 . 17 . ( No ti l u s t ra ted )J a ri nl i gh to r ange f a b r ic .A r ch ive n o . 1 68 . C on tex t 188 . 18 . ( No ti lu s t r a t ed )J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th m id g r ey s u r f ace . A r ch ive n o . 1 69 . C on tex t 188 . 19 . ( No ti l u s t ra t ed )J a ri ng r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 1 70 . C on tex t 188 . 1 20 . J a ri nc oa r se d a rk g r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 1 64 . C on tex t 188 . 1 2 1 . F l anged a nd c a r ina ted b ow l i nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th t r a ce so fd a rke rs u r f a ce . O ne o ft h eF l av ian T r a jan ic s e r ie s . A r ch ive n o . 1 67 . C on t ex t 188 . P er iod 2 ,w a l l t rench f i l l s B u i ld ing 3 1 22 . F l agon i nl i gh t o r ange f a b r ic . T he e ven r i ng s s ugge s t aI s tc en tu ry d a t e . C f .U sk f o r t re s ss e r ie s ( Mann ing 1 98 1) n o .4 .A r ch ive n o . 17 . C on tex t 7 14 , y e l low -b rown c omp ac t c l ay w i th c ha r coa l a nd d aub , f i l l ing w a l lt r en ch 7 13 ,o nn o r th w a l l . 1 23 . F l anged b ow l i ng r anu la rl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke rs u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 18 . C on t ex t7 16 , b rown f i ne s o i l a nd s t one w i th c l ay p a t che s f i l l ing w a l l t r en ch 7 15 o nn o r th w a l l . 1 24 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke rs u r f ace . T he e ve r ted r im , s hou lde rc o rdon a nd g ene ra l s h ape s ugge s t al a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry d a te . A r ch ive n o . 15 . C on tex t4 43 ,l i gh tb rown c l ay

f i l l o fw a l l t r ench 4 48 o n n o r th w a l l . 1 25 . F l anged b ow l i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r i c w i th d a rk e r s u r f a ce . C f . G i l lam 1 970 , n o . 2 15 ( e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry ) . A r ch ive n o . 16 . C on t ex t4 43 . 1 26 . F l anged b ow li nb rown f a b r ic ; o ne o ft h eF l av ian T ra jan i cs e r ie s . A r ch ive n o . 1 37 . C on tex t1 032 , v e ry s o l id r e da nd y e l low c l ay f i l lo fw a l l t rench 1 033 ,n o r th s i de o fR ooms 7a nd 8 . 1 27 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th s l igh t ly d a rke rs u r f ace , p robab ly f r om t h e C he sh i r e P la in . L a t e i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 92 . C on t ex t 9 65 ,b rown c ompa c tc l ayey s o i lf i l l ing ap o s s ib le w a l l t r en ch . 1 28 . E ve r ted r im j a ri ng r ey f a b r i c ,p robab ly r u s t ica ted . L a t e i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 4 49 . C on tex t8 87 ,b rown s o i la nd p ebb le sf i l l ing t r ench b e tween R oom s 1 0a nd 1 . 1 29 . J a ri nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ,b u r n tl i gh tg r ey t o o r ange . C f . G i l lam 1 970 ,n o . 1 23 . E a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .2 27 . C on tex t9 32 ,d a rk b rown c ha r coa l ly s o i lo nw al b e tween R oom s6 a nd 1 3 . 1 30 . E ve r ted r im j a ri ng r ey f a b r i cw i th d a rke rs u r f a ce , f r om t h e C he sh i r e P l a in . L a t e i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .4 38 . C on t ex t9 32 . 1 3 1 . J a ri ng r ey w a re w i t hd a rke rg r ey o u te rs u r f ace , f r om t h eC he sh i r eP l a in .A r ch ive n o .6 23 .C on t ex t 4 2 1 , mo t t led c l ay o n s ou th w al . 1 32 . E ve r ted r im j a ri ng r ey f a b r ic . L a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 4 43 . C on t ex t 7 80 , l i gh tb rown c l ayey s o i l i nt r ench o n s ou th w a l l . B u i ld ing 4 1 33 . S ou th S pan i sh o i l a mpho ra , D r e sse l 2 0 . C f . Ma r t in -K i lche r t y pe 2 5 ; P eacock & W i l l iam s 1 986 ,p .1 37 . E a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 1 62 . C on t ex t 1 084 , b rown c l ayey f i l l o f t r ench 1 098 f o rw e s tw a l l . 1 34 . J a r i n o r ange b u f f f a b r ic w i th l e dge f o r l i d i n te rna l ly . A r ch ive n o . 1 6 1 . C on tex t 1 084 .

P er iod 2 ,l ow a nd m idd l e l e ve l so f w a lkway 1 35 . E ve r ted r im j a r i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic , f r om t h e C he sh i r e P l a in . L a t e i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 86 . C on tex t 7 90 , p ebb le s a nd b rown s i l t so ve r aw a lkway s u r f a ce . 1 36 . J a r i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic . L a te i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 87 . C on t ex t7 90 . 1 37 . Ma lve rn t y pe j a ri nc oa r se d a rk g r ey f a b r i c w i th h eavy s oo t ing o ve r b u rn i sh ing e x te rna l ly . C f . P ea co ck 1 967 ,n o .9 . A r ch ive n o .6 43 . C on t ex t 7 90 . 1 38 . Ma lve rn t y pe j a r i ng r anu la r g r ey f a b r ic w i th b u rn i shed s u r f a ce . C f .P eaco ck 1 967 ,f i g . 1 ,n o . 5 . A r ch ive n o . 3 88 . C on t ex t 6 26 , b rown s i l t s o ve r ap ebb led s u r f a ce . 1 39 . F l anged b ow l i ng r ey f a b r ic . O ne o ft h el a te i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry s e r ie s . A r ch ive n o . 3 9 1 .

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

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F igure 5 1 : C oar se p o t tery , s ca le 1 :4

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C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

C on tex t9 30 , ag ood p ebb led s u r f a ce . 1 40 . F l anged b ow l i nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 6 50 . C on tex t 8 13 , p eag r i t s a nd s i l t s o ve r a w a lkway s u r f ac e . 1 4 1 . ( No t i l u s t r a ted ) L id i n r e dd i sh -b rown , f a i r ly c oa r se f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey s u r f ace s . A r ch ive n o .3 90 . C on tex t8 78 ,g r ey s i l t so ve r aw a lkway s u r f ace . T he e a r ly P e r iod 2c o l le c t ion i sp r edom inan t ly l a t e i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . T he re a r e af ew i t em so fB la ck b u r n ished w a r e( no s5 2 ,5 9 ,7 9 ,8 8 , 1 29 )b u tt h e se a r e a l o fe a r ly t y pe sa nd f r om t h i sl o ca t ion t h ey n e ed n o t n e ce s sa r i ly , t h e re fo r e ,b ea sl a te a sH ad r ian ic i nd a te . Al a te f i r s tt oe a r ly s e cond c en tu ry d a te i ss ugg e s t ed f o r t h ec o l le c t ion a s aw ho le w i th at e rm inu sp e rhap si nt h e d e cade c .A .D . 10 120 .

1 53 .

1 54 .

1 55 . 1 56 .

1 57 . 1 58 .

1 59 . P e r iod 2 ,m idd le l e ve l s B u i ld ing 3 R oom 2 1 42 . Mo r ta r ium i nF ab r ic 3 .P robab ly l a te ri s tc en tu ry . T he p o t te r 's s t amp s a r e i mp re s s ed d i agona l ly a c ro s s t h ef l ange ( s ee n o .4 60 b e low ) . A r ch ive n o . 5 90 . C on t ex t 8 96 , c l ay ; as pou t f r agmen t f r om t h e b a ck f i l l ( Con t ex t s 4 30 & 2 55 ) o f a mode rn p i ti nt h e s ame a r ea d oe sn o tj o in b u ti s a lmo s tc e r ta in ly f r om t h i s v e s se l . ( K .F .H . ) 1 43 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o .7 5 . C on tex t 7 39 , c ha r coa l i nd a rk s o i l . 1 44 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r i c . A r ch ive n o .7 5a . C on tex t 7 39 . 1 45 . L id i n g r anu la r o r ange f a b r ic w i th g r ey c o re . A r ch ive n o . 7 6 . C on tex t7 39 . R oom 7 1 46 . J a ri ng r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o .8 0 . C on t ex t7 29 , l i gh tb rown g r i t ty s o i l . 1 47 . J a ri no r ange -buf ff a b r i c .A r ch ive n o .8 1 .C on tex t 7 29 . 1 48 . B ow l i ng r anu la r o range b u f f f a b r ic . Av e s se l r em in is cen to fs am ian 3 7w a sp robab ly i n tended . A r ch ive n o . 8 2 . C on tex t7 29 . 1 49 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o .7 9 . C on tex t 7 25 , c r eamy w h i t e t or e dc l ay . 1 50 . J a r i nB lack -bu rn ished w a r e . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 4 . L a te 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 53 . C on tex t9 54 ,r e da nd y e l low c l ay . R oom 8 1 5 1 . F l anged b ow li nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey s u r f a ce s , f r om t h e C he sh i r e P l a in . L a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 6 48 . C on tex t 8 06 , f i ne b rown s i l ta nd g r ave l . R oom 1 1 52 . F l agon i nl i gh t o r ange f a b r ic w i th ap a le , t h in s l ip . C f .H o l t ( Gr ime s 1 930 )n o . 10 . L a te i s t

1 60 . 1 6 1 .

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1 63 .

1 64 .

1 65 .

1 66 . 1 67 . 1 68 .

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1 70 .

t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .3 58 . C on tex t 7 8 1 ,b rown s i l ty s o i l . F l agon i np i nk f a b r ic w i th t h in w h i te s l ip . C f . G ilam 1 970 , n o . 5 ,e a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 59 . C on t ex t7 81 . S ma l lj a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . T he r ei sas im i la r i ty t oe a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry B la ck -bu rn ished j a r s hap e s . T h i sc ou ld b eo fs im i la rd a te . A r ch ive n o . 3 62 . C on t ex t7 8 1 . J a r i nh a rd , g r anu la r g r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 3 60 . C on t ex t7 81 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke rs u r f a ce s . L a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry d a te . A r ch ive n o . 3 63 . C on tex t 7 81 . J a ri ng r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o .3 6 1 . C on t ex t7 81 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke rs u r f a ce s . L a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 64 . C on tex t 7 8 1 . D i sh i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a r e . C f .G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 7 6( m id t ol a t e2 nd c en tu ry ) ; o u rp i ec e h a s m o r e a cu t e a ng led l a t t ice a nd c ou ld p e rhap s b e s omewha t e a r l ie r . A r ch ive n o . 3 67 . C on tex t 7 8 1 . J a r i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f ac e s i n p l ac e s . A r ch ive n o . 3 68 . C on tex t7 81 . F l anged b ow li nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . O ne o ft h el a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry s e r ie s . A r ch iv en o .3 69 . C on tex t 7 8 1 . J a r i n l i gh t o r ange S eve rn V a l ley Wa re , c f . Web s t e r1 976 ,n o . 1 .A r ch ive n o .3 79 . C on t ex t 8 65 ,d a rk o ccupa t ion s o i l . ( No t i l u s t ra t ed ) B ody s he rd s o f aj a r i ng r i t ty c r eam t o p a le g r ey f a b r i c w i th r e d p a in t ed d eco ra t ion , o ve r ( i n t h e c a se o f t h e r o unde l s ) l i gh t ly s t amped c i r c le s . T he re a r ef u r the rs he rd s i nC on t ex t 7 94 , l a t e s a ndy s i l t s . H o l t s e ems a p o s s ib le s ou rce . A r ch ive n o .6 53 . C on tex t8 65 . Hanged b ow l i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic . L a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 76 . C on tex t 8 65 . Ma lve rn t y pe j a ri ng r anu la rb rown f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey ,b u rn ished s u r f a ce s .C f .P eaco ck 1 967 , n o . 8 . A r ch ive n o . 3 75 . C on tex t8 65 . L id ? i nl i gh t o r ange f a b r ic . P robab ly f r om t h e C he sh i re P l a in . A r ch ive n o . 3 78 . C on t ex t8 65 . J a ri no r ange f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 6 46 . C on t ex t 7 94 ,g r een ish g r ey s a ndy s i l t s . J a r i n o r ange -b rown f a b r ic w i th c r eam s l ip . P o s s ib ly a' Honey J a r ' . C f . U sk f o r t r e s s s e r ie s 1 .5 ( Mann ing 1 98 1 ) . A r ch ive n o . 3 1 . C on t ex t 3 75 . F l agon i nb u f f f a b r ic . C f . G i l lam 1 970 , n o . 5 . E a r ly t o m id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 2 9 . C on t ex t 3 75 . J a r i no r ange f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 3 0 . C on tex t 3 75 .

Ma in c o r r ido r 1 7 1 . E ve r ted r im j a r w i th l i gh t g r ey o u t e r s u r f ace .

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

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F igure 5 2 : C oar se p o t tery ,s c a le 1 : 4

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1 74 . 1 75 . 1 76 .

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C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

T he f a b r ic i sal i gh tg r ey a nd l i gh to r ange -b rown s a ndw ich . A r ch ive n o . 2 10 . C on tex t 9 03 , c ha r coa l ly l a ye r . R im ,p robab ly o f aj a r ,i nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke rs u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 2 11 . C on t ex t9 03 . ( No ti lu s t r a ted )D ish i nl i gh to r ange f a b r ic . T he w ho le p robab ly r e semb led s am ian f o rm s 1 8 o r 1 5 / 17 . L a t e r i s t c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 2 12 . C on tex t9 03 . L id i nd a rk g r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o .2 13 . C on t ex t 9 03 . L id i n g r ey f a b r ic , b u rn t l i gh t g r ey t o l i gh t o r ange . A r ch ive n o . 2 14 . C on tex t9 03 . L id i n B lack -bu rn i shed w a re . C f . Wa l lac e & Web s te rf o r thcom ing . A r ch ive n o .2 15 . C on tex t 9 03 . J a r i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic , p robab ly o f C he sh i re P l a in o r ig in . A r ch ive n o .2 17 . C on tex t8 95 ,h a rd l i gh t c l ay . B ow l i n l i gh t o r ange b u f f f a b r ic , p robab ly o f C he sh i re P l a in o r ig in . Av e s se l r em in i sc en to f s am ia n3 7w a si n tended .A r ch ive n o .2 07 .C on t ex t 8 95 . L id i ng r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 2 06 . C on t ex t 8 95 .

R oom 1 2 1 80 . N a r row n e cked j a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th m id g r ey s u r f a ce s . A r ch ive n o . 8 4 . C on t ex t 1 060 , d i r ty s t ony c l ay s . 1 8 1 . J a r i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic . T he r im a nd h i gh s hou lde rs ugge s t ai s to re a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry d a t e . A r ch ive n o . 8 5 . C on tex t 1 060 . 1 82 . J a r i n g r ey f a b r ic w i th r u s t ica ted d e co ra t ion . R u s t ica t ion w a sp opu la ri nt h el a t e i s ta nd e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry ; c f . T homp son 1 958 ; G i l lam 1 970 , n o s9 5 -99 . A r ch ive n o . 8 6 . C on tex t 1 060 . 1 83 . J a ri nc oa r se d a rk g r ey f a b r i c ,p r obab ly Ma lve rn ian . A r ch ive n o . 8 7 . C on tex t 1 060 . R oom 1 3 1 84 . J a r i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th t r a ce s o f ad a rke r s u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 8 9 . C on t ex t 1 0 17 , b r own s i l t s a nd c ha r coa l . 1 85 . Ma lve rn t y pe b ow l i n d a rk g r ey f a b r ic . C f . P ea cock 1 967 ,n o .4 13 . A r ch ive n o .4 28 .C on t ex t 1 052 ,r e d s t i f fc l ay . R oom 1 4 1 86 . B e , ake ri nl i gh to r ange f a b r i c ,m ica d u s t ed e x te r io r . A r ch ive n o .9 7 . C on tex t 1 0 15 ,g r ey s a ndy s i l t s . 1 87 . F l anged a nd c a r ina ted b ow l i ng r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke rs u r f a ce . F rom t h eC he sh i re P l a in ,o ne o f t h el a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry s e r ie s . A r ch ive n o .4 26 . C on t ex t 1 0 15 . 1 88 . J a r i nB lack -bu rn i shed w a r e . T he s imp le b ead r im i st y po log ica l ly e a r ly a nd ai s tc en tu ry d a te n o t i mp robab le . C f . Waddon H i l l ( Web s te r 1 960 ) n o . 7a nd a l so n o . 8 a bove . A r ch ive n o .

9 8 . C on tex t 1 0 15 . 1 89 . F lagon i no range f a b r ic w i th w h i t es l ip . A r ch ive n o .4 32 . C on tex t7 98 , y e l low t ob rown c l ay . 1 90 . E ver t ed r im j a r i nr e d -b rown f a b r i c w i th g r ey b rown s u r f ac e . L a te I s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 4 33 . C on tex t7 98 . 1 9 1 . F l anged b ow li no r ange f a b r ic w i th g r ey c o r ea nd m ica d u s t ing . C f . H o l t( G r ime s 1 930 ) n o . 1 58 . A r ch ive n o . 6 44 . C on t ex t7 98 . 1 92 . L id i n l i gh t p i nk f a b r ic w i th c r eam s u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 5 83 . C on t ex t7 98 . 1 93 . L id i np i nk f a b r ic w i th p a le rs u r f a ce s . A r ch ive n o . 6 45 . C on t ex t7 98 . 1 94 . Ma lve rn t y p ej a ri nd a rk g r ey f a b r ic w i th g r ey b rown s u r f ace . C f .P eacock 1 967 ,n o .3 .A r ch ive n o .4 36 . C on tex t8 20 , g r ey s a ndy s o i l . 1 95 . E ve r ted r im j a r i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f a ce , f r om t h e C he sh i re P l a in . L a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . Ar ch ive n o . 4 37 . C on t ex t 8 20 . 1 96 . F l ang ed b ow lw i th i nm id -g rey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f a ce , o f C he sh i re P l a in o r ig in . L a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 4 35 . C on tex t 7 99 , v e ry t h in s k im o fr e ds a nd . B u i ld ing 4 R oom 3 1 97 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic d e r ived f r om at y pe s e en i nt h em id i s tc en tu ry a tU sk ( Fo r t r e s st yp e 1 , c f . Mann ing 1 98 1 , p . 2 07 ) , b u t a l so c ommon d own t ot h eT ra jan ic p e r iod ,c f .G i l lam 1 970 ,n o s 1 06 108 . A r ch ive n o .4 74 . C on t ex t8 64 ,c ha rcoa l l a ye r . 1 98 . B ow l i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f a ce s , i n tended t ob e r em in i s cen t o fs am ian f o rm 3 7 . L a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .4 75 . C on t ex t 8 64 . 1 99 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . C f .G i l lam 1 970 ,n o .1 07 . L a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 5 50 . C on t ex t9 49 , y elow i sh b rown s t if c l ay . 2 00 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 5 51 . C on t ex t9 49 .

P er iod 2 ,h i ghe rl e ve l so fw a lkw sy 2 0 1 . F l agon i ng r anu la r , l i gh t r e d f a b r ic . T he e ven r i ng ss hou ld d eno t e ai s tc en tu ry d a te . A r ch ive n o . 2 5 . C on tex t 6 87 , s t ony b r own s o i l f i l l ing f r on tw a l l t r ench r e cu t . 2 02 . J a ri nl i gh to r ange S eve rn V a l ley w a r ew i th g r ey c o re . A r ch ive n o . 1 94 . C on t ex t 6 46 muddy b rown c l ay sa nd s i l t s . 2 03 . J a ri nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a r e . M id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 85 . C on t ex t6 46 .

P er iod 2 ,l a y er s o fr ubb i sh a nd p ebb le s o v er a ban d oned B u i ld ing 4 2 04 . W ide -mou thed j a ri no r ange S eve rn V a l ley w a re .

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

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F igure 5 3 : C oar se p o t tery ,s ca le 1 :4

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1 06

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f ind s .

C f . Web s te r 1 976 , n o . 2 0 . I s t t o2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 2 16 . C on tex t 1 035 , b rown ish r e d s t i f fc l ay . 2 05 . F langed b ow l i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic o f C he sh i re P la in o r ig in . S im i la rt oo u rA rch ive n o .2 84 f r om C on tex t 4 46 , n o t i lu s t ra ted h e r e . L a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tury . A r ch ive n o . 4 70 . C on tex t 7 28 , y e l low c l ay s i l t i n h o l low o ve r P er iod 1 w e l l . 2 06 . C ae r sw sb ow l 'i ng r ey f a br ic w i th d a rke rs u r fa ce . A r ch ive n o . 5 47 . C on tex t9 00 , b rown c l ay a nd s t one s . 2 07 . F langed b ow l i n l i gh t g r ey f a br ic o f C he sh i re P la in o r ig in . C f . G i l lam 1 970 , n o . 2 15 f o r g ene ra l t y pe . A rch ive n o . 5 48 . C on tex t9 00 . 2 08 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . C f .n o . 1 97 a bove f o rt h e t y pe . A r ch ive n o . 5 24 . C on tex t 7 79 . 2 09 . R oughca s tb eake ri np each c o lou red f a b r ic w i th d a rk b rown c o lou rc oa t . AN o r th G au li s hp roduc t . C f .A nde r son 1 981 ,f i g . 1 9 .3 ,n o .2 6 . L a te i s tt o e a r ly 2 nd c en tury . A r ch ive n o . 5 23 . C on tex t 7 79 , b rown s o i l . 2 10 . F langed b ow li nl i gh to range f a b r ic ,b u rn tg r ey i n p l ace s ,o fC he sh i re P la in o r ig in . O ne o ft h el a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry s e r ie s . A rch ive n o .5 44 . C on tex t 8 09 . r ed s t if fc l ay . 2 11 . Mo r ta r ium i nF abr ic 3 , mode ra te ly w o r n ; o ne s t amp a nd p a r to ft h es e cond s u rv ive ( s ee n o .4 59 b e low ) . P robab ly l a te r i s tc en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 5 91 . J o in ing s he rd s f r om C on tex t s 2 57 , 5 57 , 5 73 , 5 74 , 5 92 , 6 19 , 7 31 , 7 70 , 7 79 & 8 34 , o t he r s he rd s f r om 6 20 a nd 7 3 1 a r e p rob ab ly f r om t h e s ame v e sse l ; as he rd f r om 5 43 c ou ld b e .( K .F .H . ) 2 12 . J a r i nl i gh t g rey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f ace ; o f C he sh ire P l a in o r ig in . A r ch ive n o .5 25 . C on tex t 7 79 . 2 13 . J a ri nB la ck -bur n ished w a re h eav i ly s oo ted . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 3 , m id t o l a te 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 5 26 . C on tex t7 79 . 2 14 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic p robab ly f r om t h eC he sh i re P la in .T he re a r es ome s im i la r i t ie st oH o l t( Gr ime s 1 930 ) n o . 7 1 . A r ch ive n o . 5 27 . C on tex t7 79 . 2 15 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o .5 28 . C on tex t 7 79 . 2 16 . J a ri nc oa r se g r ey f a b r ic ,p o s s ib ly a ne a r ly e xamp le o fD e rbysh i re w a re . T h is w a re w a si np roduc t ion b y a bou t A .D . 1 40 , c f . J one s & Web s te r 1 969 . A r ch ive n o . 5 29 . C on tex t7 79 . 2 17 . J a r i nh a rd l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 5 30 . C on tex t 7 79 . 2 18 . J a r i n l i gh t g rey f a b r ic w i th l i gh t r u s t ica t ion . R u s t ica t ion i s al a te r i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tury f a sh ion , c f . T hompson 1 958 . A r ch ive n o . 5 31 . C on tex t 7 79 . 2 19 . J a r i n l i gh t g rey f a br ic w i th d a rke r s u r f ace . A r ch ive n o . 5 32 . C on tex t7 79 . 2 20 . J a r i n l i gh t b rown f a b r ic w i th g r ey e x ter na l s u r fa ce . L a te i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tury . A r ch ive n o . 5 33 . C on tex t 7 79 .

2 2 1 . J a ri ng r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 5 35 . C on tex t7 79 . 2 22 . ` Cae r sw sb ow l ' i nm id -g rey f a b r ic . A rch ive n o . 5 37 . C on tex t 7 79 . 2 23 . B ow l i nl i gh t o range f a br ic , o f C he sh i re P la in o r ig in . T he f o rm i sd er ived f r om aT e r ra N ig r a b ow l a sG reene 1 979 , f i g . 4 6 ,b u td e r iva t ive sd o n o tn e ed t ob ea se a r ly . P robab ly t h es ame v e s se l a sn o . 1 06 a bove .f rom C on tex t9 50 . A rch ive n o . 5 38 . C on tex t 7 79 . 2 24 . B ow l? i nf awn t og r ey f ab r ic . A rch ive n o . 5 39 . C on tex t 7 79 . 2 25 . D ish i nl i gh t g rey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r face , a C he sh i re P la in p roduc t , c f . H o l t ( Gr ime s 1 930 ) n o . 1 51 . Ou rp i ece i su nu sua l ly t h ick f o rt h is t yp e o fv e s se l . A rch ive n o . 5 40 . C on tex t 7 79 . 2 26 . B ow l i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s moo thed s u r fa ce . A r ch ive n o . 5 41 . C on tex t 7 79 . 2 27 . L id i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f . H o l t ( Gr ime s 1 930 ) n o . 1 00 . A r ch ive n o . 5 42 . C on tex t 7 79 . 2 28 . L id i no range f a b r ic w i th s oo ted r im . A r ch ive n o . 5 43 . C on tex t 7 79 . 2 29 . J a r i n l i gh t g rey f a b r ic w i th d a rk g rey o u te r s u r f a ce ,p robab ly f r om t h eC he sh ire P la in . L a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 6 41 . C on tex t 5 76 , s t one s u r fa ce a nd i t s m akeup . 2 30 . J a r i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 3 ,m id t ol a te 2 nd c en tu ry . Al o to fs oo t ing e x te rna l ly . A r ch ive n o . 5 15 . C on tex t 7 70 . b rown s t icky c l ay s i l t . 2 31 . L id i nl i gh tg rey f a b r ic ,o fC he sh i re P la in o r ig in . A r ch ive n o . 5 19 . C on tex t 7 70 . 2 32 . R oughca s tb eake ri nc r eam f a br ic a nd d a rk b rown c o lou r c oa t e x ter na l ly ( r ed -b rown i n terna l ly ) a nd p robab ly a No r th G au l ish p roduc t . C f . A nde r son 1 981 ,f i g . 1 9 .3 ,n o .2 6 . L a te i s tt om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 1 55 . C on tex t 6 95 , s ma l l p a tch o fp ebb le s u r fa ce . 2 33 . J a ri nB lack -bu rn ished Wa re ,b u rn tp i nk i np l ace s . C f .G i l lam 1 976 ,n o . 1 .E a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 6 34 . C on tex t 5 69 , f i ne b rown s o i l w i th p ebb le s . 2 34 . B ow l i nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke rs u r face ,o f C he sh i re P la in o r ig in . C f . Wroxe te r( Bu she -Fox 1 913 ) n o . 6 . L a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 5 00 . C on tex t 5 72 . 2 35 . J a r i nl i gh t g rey f a b r ic . L a te i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 5 14 . C on tex t6 19 . 2 36 . L a rge f l agon n e ck i n l i gh t o r ange f abr ic w i th g rey c o re a nd c r eam s l ip ; aC he sh i re P la in p roduc t . A r ch ive n o . 4 79 . C on tex t6 20 ,b rown s i l ty c l ay . 2 37 . J a r i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 1 ,a l though o u re xamp le l a ck s t h e w avy l i ne o n t h en eck . E a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 4 83 . C on tex t6 20 . 2 38 . J a r i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o .3 .L a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 4 83b . C on tex t 6 20 . 2 39 . J a r i nl i gh t g rey f a b r ic .

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C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

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F igure 5 4 : C oar se p o t tery , s c a le 1 : 4

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C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

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c en tury . A r ch ive n o . 4 86 . C on tex t6 20 . 2 40 . J a r i n l i gh t o range f a b r ic w i th m ica d u s t ing . Wa l l s he rd ss ugge s tt h a tt h ed e co ra t ion i n c luded r a ised b o s se s . C f . H o l t ( Gr ime s 1 930 ) n o . 5 0 . L a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 4 87 . C on tex t 6 20 . 2 41 . B ow li ns moo th l i gh tc r eam f a br ic w i th r ou le t ted z one s ; r em in iscen t o ft h e s am ian f o rm 3 0 , a nd p o s s ib ly I s tc en tu ry i nd a te ; w i th ar im f r agmen t p rob ab ly f r om as im i la rv e sse l . A r ch ive n o .4 88 . C on tex t 6 20 . 2 42 . B ow l i ns moo th l i gh tc r eam f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 4 88b . C on tex t6 20 . 2 43 . B ow l i n m id -g rey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 4 21 . C on tex t 6 28 , y e l low s t if fc l ay . 2 44 . E ve r ted r im j a r i nl i gh t g r ey f a br ic w i th d a rke r e x te r io rs u r f ace . A r ch ive n o . 1 53 . C on tex t3 55 , b ur n t r e d c l ay . 2 45 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rk s u r fac e ,p robab ly

2 46 .

2 47 .

2 48 . 2 49 .

aC he sh i r e P l a in p roduc t . A rch ive n o . 2 43 . C on tex t 3 55 . J a r i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 4 . L a te 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 6 19 . C on tex t 1 28 , t o po fb u rn tc l ay 3 55 . F langed d i sh i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re . O ne o f t h eH ad r ian ic -An ton ine s e r ie s . A rch ive n o . 1 51 . C on tex t 1 28 . J ai nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o .4 71 . C on tex t 1 28 . Mo r ta r ium i n af a b r ic a pp rox ima t ing t oF ab r ic 2 e xcep t f o r b e ing c ons ide rab ly p inke r i nc o lou r ; t h is d i f f e rence i s , h oweve r s uch a s c ou ld b e c aused b y f a u l ty f i r ing c ond i t ions . Mode ra te ly w or n b u t t h e v e sse l w a s s ha t te red a nd s ome f r agmen t s h ave s u f f e r ed c ons ide rab le b a t te r ing . Two f l ange f r agmen t s h ave p oo r ly p re served s t amp s ( s e e n o . 4 6 4 b e low ) . A .D . 1 00 -150 .

A rch ive n o .6 66 . C on t ex t1 28 ; t h r e ,e l a rge s he rd s f r om 6 20 a r e l i ke ly t ob e f r om t h e s ame v e s se l , d e sp i te s upe r f ic ia ld i f f e rence i nc o lou r .( K .F .H . ) 2 50 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A rch ive n o . 1 56 . C on tex t 5 74 . 2 51 . J a ri nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . G i l lam 1 976 , n o s 1 2 ,e a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 1 57 . C on tex t 5 74 . 2 52 . J a r i n g r ey f ab r ic w i th d a rk g r ey e x te r io r a nd

n o . 1 20 . E a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 5 03 . C on tex t 5 93 , mo t t led s t if c l ay . 2 58 . F langed d i sh i nB lack -bu rn i shed w a re .C f .G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 5 4 , e a r ly t o m id 2 nd c en tu ry . T he a b senc eo fd eco ra t ion i su nu sua l . R e s idue b ur n t o n to t h e i n s ide . A rch ive n o . 5 08 . C on tex t 5 93 . 2 59 . B ow l i nl i gh t g rey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r e x te r io r . A r ch ive n o . 5 09 . C on tex t 5 93 . 2 60 . J a r i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey s u r f a ce , f r om t h eC he sh i r eP la in . A r ch ive n o .6 28 .C on tex t 5 08 , r e d c rumb ly c l ay . 2 6 1 . B ow li nl i gh tg r ey f ab r ic w i th t r ace so fd a rk g rey s u r f ace , f r om t h e C hesh i re P la in . C f . Wroxe te r ( Bu she -Fox 1 9 13 ) n o . 6 . L a te i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 6 30 . C on tex t 5 08 . 2 62 . J a r i n l i gh t g rey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f ace . A r ch ive n o . 5 10 . C on t ex t 5 94 , c ha rcoa l . 2 63 . ` Ca e r sw sb ow l ' i nl i gh to r ange f a br ic w i th t r ace s o f aw h i te s l ip e x te rna l ly ,r ou le t ted . A r ch ive n o . 5 12 . C on tex t 5 94 . 2 64 . ` Ca e r sw sb ow l ' i nl i gh to r ange f a br ic w i th g r ey c o re . A r ch ive n o . 3 04 . C on tex t 5 92 , b rown g r i t ty s o i l . 2 65 . Two -hand led f l agon i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th

2 66 . 2 67 .

2 68 . 2 69 .

d a rk g r ey s u r f ace . A r ch ive n o . 6 31 . C on tex t 5 57 , y e l low -b rown c l ay . J a r i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic . L a te i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 6 04 . C on tex t 5 57 . F langed d i sh o rb ow l i nB lack -bu rn ished Wa re . O ne o ft h e2 nd c en tu ry s e r ie s . A rch ive n o .6 33 . C on tex t 5 57 . L id i nB lack -bu rn i shed Wa re . C f . H o l t( G r ime s 1 930 ) n o . 1 00 . A r ch ive n o . 6 32 . C on tex t 5 57 . F langed b ow l i n l i gh t g r ey f a br ic , f r om t h e

C he sh i re P la in . R em in iscen t o f 2 nd c en tu ry b ow l s i n B la ck -bu rn ished w a re . A r ch ive n o . 6 03 . C on tex t 5 57 . 2 70 . D ish i nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey s u r f ace ,

2 7 1 . 2 72 .

p o s s ib ly d e r ived f r om m id I s t c en tu ry d i she s s u ch a sG reene 1 979 , f i g . 4 9 , n o s 7 -9 . A r ch ive n o . 6 06 . C on tex t 5 57 . ` Cae r sw sb ow l ' i nl i gh tg r ey f a br ic w i th s l igh t ly d a rke rs u r fa ce . A r ch ive n o . 6 05 . C on tex t 5 57 . J a r i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 2 . M id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 4 96 . C on tex t 5 58 , y e l low -b rown c l ayey s o i l . J a r i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic , p robab ly o f C he sh i re P la in o r ig in . L a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 4 97 . C on tex t 5 58 . L id i nl i gh tg rey f a br ic ,o fC he sh i re P la in o r ig in , w i th f u r the rf r agmen t s i nC on tex t5 08 . A r ch ive

i n ne rr im . A rch ive n o .2 92 . C on tex t5 74 ,b rown g rea sy c l ay s i l t s . 2 53 . ` Cae r sw s b ow l ' i n g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey s u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 1 58 . C on tex t5 74 . 2 54 . B ow li nl i gh to range red g ranu la rf a br ic ,p e rhap s

2 73 .

f r om t h e C he sh i re P la in . T he s im i la r i ty i nf o rm t on o .2 53 a bove i sn o t iceab le . A rch ive n o . 1 59 . C on tex t 5 74 . 2 55 . ` Cae r sws b ow l ' i nl i gh tr e df a br ic w i th g r ey c o re .

n o . 4 98 . C on tex t 5 58 . 2 75 . ` Cae r sws b ow l ' i no range f a b r ic w i th w h i te s l ip , f r om t h eC he shi r eP la in . A r ch ive n o .6 40 .C on tex t

A rch ive n o . 4 72 . C on tex t 5 74 . 2 56 . ` Cae r sw s b ow l ' i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f a ce . A rch ive n o . 4 73 . C on tex t 5 74 . 2 57 . J a r i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 970 ,

2 74 .

5 75 , y e l low s t i f fc l ay o ve ra r ea o fB u i ld ing 4 . 2 76 . L id i n l i gh t g r ey f a br ic w i th d a rke r s u r f a ce . A rch ive n o . 5 0 1 . C on tex t 5 75 . 2 77 . E ve r ted r im j a r i nm id -g rey f a br ic . L a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry .

A r ch ive n o . 6 24 .

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4 23 , l i gh tb rown s a ndy s o i l . 2 78 F lagon i nl i gh tb uf ff a br ic . C f . No r thw ich ( J one s 1 97 1) n o . 9 . P e rhap s f r om Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l l . A r ch ive n o . 1 40 . C on tex t4 20 , b rown s o i l . 2 79 F lagon i nl i gh tb uf ff a b r ic w i th ac r eam s u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 1 41 . C on tex t4 20 . 2 80 . B eake r i n l i gh t o r ange red f a b r ic w i th m ica d u s t ing . C f . H o l t( G r ime s1 930 )n o .2 0 1 . A r ch ive n o . 1 42 . C on tex t4 20 . 2 8 1 . R oughca s tb eake ri nc r eam f a b r ic w i th d a rk r ed b rown c o lou r c oa t . AC o logne p roduc t . C f . A nde r son 1 981 ,f i g . 1 9 .1 ,n o . 5 . L a te i s tt om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 1 43 . C on tex t4 20 . 2 82 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 1 44 . C on t ex t 4 20 . 2 83 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . R em in iscen to fH ad r ian ic t o A n ton ine j a r s i n B lack -bu rn ished w a re a nd p re sumab ly o f s im i la r d a te . A rch ive n o . 1 45 . C on tex t 4 20 . 2 84 . J a ri nc oa r se b l a ck f a b r ic . P robab ly Ma lver n ian , c f . P eacock 1 967 . A rch ive n o . 1 46 . C on tex t 4 20 . 2 85 . J a r i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 2 . M id 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 1 47 . C on tex t 4 20 . 2 86 . J a r i n B lack -bu rn ished w a re . T he r im b ead v a r ie s c ons ide rab ly i nt h ickne s s . A rch ive n o . 1 48 . C on tex t4 20 . 2 87 . L id i nl i gh t g r ey g r anu la r f a br ic w i th p i nk c o re a nd d a rk g r ey s u r f ace . A r ch ive n o . 1 49 . C on tex t 4 20 . 2 88 . B ow l i n B lack -bu rn ished w a r e w i th l a t t ice d e co ra t ion . P robab ly f r om ab ow ls uch a sG i l lam 1 976 ,n o .5 0 . E a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tury . A r ch ive n o . 6 22 . C on tex t 3 92 , s t ony s o i l . T he re a r ec ons ide rab le s im i la r i t ie sb e tween t h e m a te r i a l c l a s s if ied a s ' e a r ly P e r iod 2 ' a nd t h a t s e en a s ' m idd le P e r iod 2 ' . I nb o th c a se s t h e c o l le c t ion s a r e p r edom inan t ly l a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry a nd i nb o th c a se s B la ck -bu rn i shed w a re i sp re sen t i no n ly s ma l l q uan t i t ie s . H oweve r ,t h e BB1 t ype sp re sen ti n' m idd le P e r iod 2 'c on tex t sa r el a te rt h an t h os ef r om t h ee a r l ie r s ub -phas ea nd a ne a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tury d a te s eems l i ke ly w i th at e rm inu s p e rhap s i nt h e p e r iod c .A .D . 1 25 -140 .

P er iod 2 ,h i ghe r l e v e l so fB u i ld ing 3 R oom 2 2 89 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey b urn i shed s u r f a ce a nd g rooved d e co ra t ion . T he d eco ra t ion i sh i gh ly u nu sua l a nd t h e w ho le m ay h ave b een i n tended t or e semb le r i bbed g l a ss v e s se l s , s uch a sV e ru lam ium ( F re re 1 972 ) f i g . 7 6 , n o s2 5 -26 .

i n te rna l ly . C f .G i l lam 1 976 ,n o .3 4 . E a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 2 08 . C on tex t 8 96 . R oom 3 2 91 . J a r i nl i gh t g r ey f a br ic , s l igh t ly d a rke r s u r f a ce s . A rch ive n o .3 13 . C on tex t4 22 ,b rown s t ony s o i l . R oom 5 2 92 . F lagon? i no range f ab r ic w i th w h i te s l ip , f r om t h e C he sh i re P la in . A r ch ive n o . 6 26 . C on tex t 4 62 , y e l low -b rown s andy s o i l . R oom 6 2 93 . E ve r t ed r im j a ri ng r ey f ab r ic ,p robab ly o fC he sh i re P la in o r ig in . A r ch ive n o .2 23 . C on tex t9 31 ,h a rd s and a nd s t one s i na nd o n m a rg in so fp i t 8 51 . 2 94 . B ow l i n l i gh t o range f a b r ic w i th g r ey c o re , p robab ly o fC he sh i r eP la in o r ig in .C f .W i lde r spoo l ( Ha r t ley & Web s te r 1 973 ) n o . 4 7 . A r ch ive n o . 2 24 . C on tex t9 31 . 2 95 . Mo r ta r l ike b ow l i nl i gh to range f ab r ic p o s s ib ly f r om t h eC he sh i r eP l a in . A r ch ive n o .3 41 .C on tex t 6 09 , b rown f i ne s o i l . 2 96 . L id i n l i gh t g rey f a b r ic , p a r t o f t h e s ame l i d o ccu r si nC on tex t6 09 . A rch ive n o .3 44 . C on tex t 9 79 , b as a l f i l l o fs ha l low h o l low . R oom 8 2 97 . F lagon i nb u f ff a b r ic w i th p i nk c o r e . T he e ven r i ng ss ugge s t ai s tc en tu ry d a t e . A rch ive n o .6 9 . C on tex t 4 98 , g r ave l . R oom 9 2 98 . S ou th S pan ish o i la mpho ra ,D re sse l2 0 . Ma r t in K i lche r t ype 2 8 ; P eacock & W i l l iams 1 986 , p . 1 37 . M id 2 nd c en tury . A r ch ive n o .5 86 . C on tex t 3 0 1 ,b u rn tc l ay o ven p l a t fo rm ,p l ough s c ra tched . 2 99 . B ow l i nl i gh t o r ange f a b r ic . A rch ive n o . 5 73 . C on tex t 3 0 1 . R oom 1 3 00 . J a ri nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re w i th h eav i ly s oo ted e x te r io r . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 2 . M id 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 3 56 . C on tex t7 52 , b rown g r i t ty s o i l a nd p ebb le s . 3 01 . L id i n l i gh t o range f ab r ic . A rch ive n o . 3 57 . C on t ex t 7 52 . 3 02 . E ver ted r im j a r i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rk e x te rna l s u r face . F ragmen t s w i th r u s t ica ted d e co ra t ion a r ep robab ly f r om t h e v es se l . A r ch ive n o . 2 00 . C on t ex t6 41 , d a rk b rown l oo se s o i l . 3 03 . L id i nl i gh tg rey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o .2 0 1 . C on tex t 6 41 . Ma in c o r r ido r

L a te I s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 2 09 .

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C on tex t8 96 ,y e l low -b rown f i ne c l ay s i l ti nh o l low 7 36 . 2 90 . F langed b ow l i nB la ck -burn i shed w a re , s oo ted

K i lche r t ype 2 0 , P eacock & W i l l iams 1 986 , p . 1 37 . L a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 3 93 . C on tex t7 78 , d a rk muddy s o i l s i np a s sage

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b e tween R ooms 1a nd 1 . 3 05 . Ma lve rn t y pe j a r i ng ranu la r r e d t og r ey -b rown f a b r ic w i th b u rn ished e x te r io r . C f . P ea cock 1 967 ,n o .7 . A rch ive n o .4 13 . C on tex t8 80 ,s o i l . 3 06 . B ow l? i n l i gh t g r ey f a br ic . A r ch ive n o . 3 24 . C on tex t4 77 ,c ha rcoa l ly s o i l si nR oom 4a nd e a s t e nd o ft h e y a rd . 3 07 . D ish i nl i gh tr e df a br ic p o s s ib ly o fC he sh i re P la in o r ig in . T he re i sg o ld m ica d u s t ing o nt h es u r fa ce a nd c on s ide rab le s oo t ing i n s ide t h er im . A rch ive n o . 3 27 . C on tex t4 77 . 3 08 . B ow l i n l i gh t g r ey f a br ic w i th s l igh t ly d a rke r s u r f ace . P robab ly aC he sh i re P la in p roduc t ,a nd i n tended t ob e r em in iscen t o f s am ian f o rm 3 7 . C f .N o r thw ich ( J one s1 971)p .5 3 ,n o .1 6 . A r ch ive n o . 3 28 . C on tex t4 77 . 3 09 . Ma lve rn t ype d i sh i n d a rk g r ey f a br ic w i th c r ushed r o ck i n c lu s ions a nd c ons ide rab le s oo t ing . C f . P eaco ck 1 96 7 , n o . 1 7 . A rch ive n o . 3 29 . C on tex t 4 77 . 3 10 . F langed b ow li nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re . A rch ive n o . 3 30 . C on tex t4 77 . 3 11 . F langed b ow li nB la ck -bur n i shed w a re . A r ch ive n o . 3 32 . C on tex t4 77 . 3 12 . L id i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f . H o l t( Gr ime s 1 930 ) n o . 1 00 . A r ch ive n o . 3 34 . C on tex t4 77 . 3 13 . L id i nm id -g rey f ab r ic . A rch ive n o .3 36 . C on tex t 4 77 . 3 14 . B eake r i np a le c r eam f a b r ic . C f . H o l t ( Gr ime s 1 930 ) n o . 1 97 . L a te i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 5 78 . C on t ex t 6 14 , y e l low -b rown c l ay . 3 15 . B ow l i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th s l igh t ly d a rke r s u r fa ce ,o fC he sh i re P la in o r ig in a nd r em in iscen t o f t h e s am ian f o rm 3 7 . C f . N o r thw ich ( J one s 1 97 1) f i g . 1 6 ,n o . 1 6 . A rch ive n o .4 05 . C on tex t 8 10 , d a rk c ha r coa l r i ch s o i l . 3 16 . F langed b ow li nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic ,o ne o ft h el a te 1s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry f l anged a nd c a r ina ted s e r ie s . A r ch ive n o . 1 95 . C on tex t6 56 ,c ha rcoa l l a ye r . R oom 1 3 3 17 . S ou th S pan ish o i l a mpho ra , D re sse l 2 0 . C f . Ma r t in -K i lche r t ype 1 3 ; P ea cock & W i l l iams 1 986 , p . 1 37 . M id i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 8 8 . C on tex t 1 051 , p ebb le s w i th b ur n t a nd u nbu rn t c l ay b e low l a te s t o vens i n R oom 1 3 .

o fo ven 7 37 . 3 2 1 . D ish i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re , p robab ly f r om a v e sse l a sG i l lam 1 976 , n o . 5 0 , e a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry ; b u t s e ea l so E xe te r( B idwe l l 1 979 ) n o . 18 . Ai s tc en tu ry d a te i sp o s s ib le . A r ch ive n o . 4 19 . C on tex t 6 2 1 , f i ne s andy g r ey -b rown s o i l . 3 22 . B ody f r agmen t so fb ow l i nl i gh tg r ey f a br ic w i th d a rk e x te r io ra nd i n c i sed d eco r a t ion .C f .S ou thwa rk ( Ma r sh & T y r e s 1 978 )p .5 74 ,I V .e . i ;d a ted t h e re t ot h e p r e -Had r ian ic p e r iod . A r ch ive n o . 4 20 . C on tex t 6 21 . 3 23 . Mo r ta r ium i n ab rown ish v a r ian to fF ab r ic 7 : a n i mpo r ta nd p robab ly f r om t h eP a sd eC a la is ,A .D . 7 0 -100 . A r ch ive n o .5 93 . C on tex t6 2 1 .( K .F .H . ) 3 24 . B ow li nl i gh tg rey f a b r ic w i th d a rke rs u r fa ce . C f . Wroxe te r ( Bushe -Fox 1 913 ) n o . 6 . L a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tury . A r ch ive n o . 4 22 . C on tex t 6 35 , r e d t oy e l low mo t t led s t if fc l ay . 3 25 . ' Ca e r sw sb ow l 'i ng r ey -b rown f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r fa ce s ,b u rn i shed e x te rna l ly . A r ch ive n o .4 24 . C on tex t 7 03 , f i ne y e l low ish s i l t s . 3 26 . Mo r ta r ium ,i nw ha ti sp robab ly af i ne rv e r s ion o f F ab r ic 1 . V ery w o rn a nd b u rn t . A .D . 6 0 -90 . A r ch ive n o . 6 68 . C on tex t 6 35 , w i th j o in ing s he rd s f r om 6 2 1 a nd 5 77 . ( K .F .H . ) 3 27 . Mo r ta r ium i nF abr ic 1 .C omp le t er im o f aw e l l w o rn v e ss e l , w i th 2s t amp s ( s ee n o .4 68 b e low ) . E a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry o r l a t e s t y ea r s o f t h e 1 s t . A rch ive n o . 5 95 . C on tex t7 03 , f i ne g r ey b rown s o i l . ( K .F .H ) 3 28 . L id i ng r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 1 05 . C on tex t 7 03 .

P er iod 2 :s o i l si no r o ver w a l l l ines B u i ld ing 3 3 29 . B eake r i nl i gh t g r ey b uf f f a br ic w i th m id -g rey s u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 1 98 . C on tex t 6 57 , s a ndy s o i l o n n o r th w a l l l ine . 3 30 . E ve r ted r im j a ri n ag r ey h a rd f a b r ic w i th s moo th d a rk g r ey e x terna l s u r face . A r ch ive n o . 1 33 . C on t ex t8 76 ,r e da nd y e l low s t i f fc l ay o nw a lkway , p e rhap s f a l len w a l l ing . 3 31 . B eake ri np a le b u f ff a br ic w i th g r ey -b rown c o lou r c oa ta nd r oughca s t de cor at ion . AC o logne p ro du ct , A nde r son 1 981 , f i g . 1 9 .1 , n o . 5 . P robab ly m id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 89 . C on tex t 8 76 .

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3 32 . J a r i ng r ey f abr ic , f r om t h e C he sh i re P la in . C f . H o l t( Gr ime s 1 930 )n o . 5 7 . L a t e i s tt om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .4 39 . C on tex t 1 007 ,b rown t oy e l low a nd r e ds t i f fc l ay o nw a l l l ine b e twe en

3 18 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f ab r ic w i th s l igh t ly d a rke rs u r f ace , p robab ly f r om t h e C he sh i re P la in . A rch ive n o . 4 25 . C on tex t9 96 , g r i t ty s o i l . 3 19 . T r ip le v a se i no range f a br ic w i th w h i t e s l ip . C f . H a r t ley & Web s te r 1 973 , n o . 7 9 . A r ch ive n o . 6 18 . C on tex t9 96 . 3 20 . Mo r ta r l ike b ow li nb uf f -o r ange f a b r ic w i th b l ack c o re . A r ch ive n o .6 15 . C on tex t7 30 ,i na shy f i l l

R ooms 1a nd 2 . 3 33 . J a ri nb uf f -g rey f a b r ic , f r om t h eC he sh i re P la in . A rch ive n o . 4 48 . C on tex t 1 020 , m ixed f i ne b rown a nd y e l low -b rown c l ays o nw a l lb e twe en R ooms 7a nd 1 4 . 3 34 . E ver ted r im j a r i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic , f r om t h e C he sh i re P la in . L a te i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 4 51 . C on tex t 9 57 , b r igh t y e l low

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

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C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

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c l ay s t r ip o n s ou th w a l l o fR oom 8 . 3 35 . E ver ted r im j a r i n l i gh t , b l ue -g rey f a b r ic w i th g r ey s u r f ac e . L a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 4 52 . C on tex t9 57 . 3 36 . J a r i nm id -g rey f a b r ic , f r om t h e C he sh i re P la in . A r ch ive n o . 4 56 . C on t ex t 8 00 , c ompa c t r e d t o y e l low c l ay so n w a l lb e tween R ooms 1 3a nd 1 4 . 3 37 . E ver ted r im j a ri ng rey f a br ic . A rch ive n o . 1 32 . C on tex t 1 070 , b rown f i ne c l ayey s o i l s o n s ou th w a l l l ine . 3 38 . J a r i nl i gh t g r ey m icaceou s f a b r ic , w i th d a rke r g r ey e x te r io rs u r fa ce . A r ch ive n o .2 19 . C on tex t 9 19 , l i gh tb rown h a rd c l ay o n w a l l l ine s ou th o f R oom 4 . 3 39 . B ow li nd a rk g r ey f abr ic ,p robab ly i n t ended t ob e r em in iscen to ft h es am ian f o rm 2 9 . A r ch ive n o . 2 20 . C on tex t9 19 . 3 40 . Ma lve rn t ype d i sh i ng ranu la rg rey -b rown f a br ic w i th d a rk g r ey s u r f ace s a nd r ough b u rn i shed l a t t ice . C f . P eacock 1 967 , n o . 1 7 . A r ch ive n o . 4 53 . C on tex t 9 57 , b r igh t y e l low c l ay s t r ip o n s ou th w a l l o fR oom 8 . 3 41 . B ow l i n g rey f ab r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f ace s a nd r ou le t ted d e co ra t ion , f r om t h e C he sh i re P la in a nd p robab ly i n tended t ob er em in iscen to fs am ian f o rm 3 7 . A r ch ive n o . 4 54 . C on tex t9 57 . 3 42 . L id i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f a ce . A rch ive n o .2 18 . C on tex t9 05 ,l i gh tb rown s andy c l ay o n w a l l l ine n o r th o fR ooms 7a nd 8 . 3 43 . F langed b ow l i n B lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 ,n o . 3 6 . M id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .6 51 . C on tex t8 19 ,c l ean y e l low c l ay o ns ou th w a l l l ine o fR oom 1 4 . 3 44 . B ow l i nv e ry l i gh t r ed f a b r ic . F o r t h e g ene ra l t y pe s e eW i lde r spoo l ( Ha r t ley & Web s te r 1 973 ) n o . 4 7 . A r ch ive n o . 1 23 . C on tex t 5 73 , f i ne b rown s o i l o n s ou th w a l l . 3 45 . B ow li nl i gh tr e dg ranu la rf a br ic . P robab ly f r om t h eC he sh i re P l a in , av e s se lr em in i scen to fs am ian f o rm 3 7w a si n tended . A r ch ive n o . 1 38 . C on tex t 5 35 , y e l low s t i f fc l ay i ns ou th w a l l . 3 46 . ' Cae r sw s b ow l ' i nl i gh t g r ey f ab r ic w i th b rown c o re ,g i v ing ac omp le te p rof i le f o rv e s se l so ft h i s t y pe . A r ch ive n o . 1 24 . C on tex t7 31 ,f i ne g rave l i ns ou th w a l l . 3 47 . L id i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f . H o l t( Gr ime s 1 930 )n o . 1 00 ; Wa l lace & Web s te rf o r thcom ing . P robab ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 1 36 . C on tex t 4 88 , f i ne g r ave l i ne a s t w a l l . 3 48 . P o s s ib ly a ja rw i th l i ds e a t ing i nl i gh tg r ey f a br ic , o fC he sh i re P la in o r ig in .A r ch ive n o .4 41 .C on tex t 4 88 . 3 49 . J a ri ng r ey f a br ic . A rch ive n o .4 42 . C on tex t4 88 . 3 50 . R oughca s tb eake r i np each c o lou red f a b r ic w i th d a rk b rown c o lou rc oa t . AN or th G au li s hp roduc t . C f . A nde r son 1 981 , f i g . 1 9 .3 , n o . 2 8 . M id 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 1 35 . C on tex t 3 4 , s o i l i n e a s t w a l l . 3 51 . F l anged b ow l i ng ranu la r l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th

d a rke rs u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 19 . C on tex t 7 04 , c ompa c tb rown s o i l o ve r l i ne o fs ou th w a l l . 3 52 . D ish i nB la ck -bu rn i shed w a re ; b u rn tl i gh tb rown . G i l lam ( 1 976 , p .7 3 ) s ugge s t s t h a t v e sse l s w i th w a l ls a t ap ronounced a ng le s u ch a so u re xamp le c ame l a t e ri nt h e2 nd c en tu ry s e r ie s . A r ch ive n o . 4 50 . C on tex t6 08 ,b rown f i ne s o i lo ve rw e s tw a l l o fR oom 6 . 3 53 . J a ri nl i gh tg rey f a br ic . A r ch ive n o . 1 74 . C on t ex t 4 44 , t h ick y e l low c l ay o ve r p a r t o f e a s t -we s t r oad , p os s ib ly f a l len w a l l ing m a te r ia l . 3 54 . F langed b ow l i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic , w i th d a rke r s u r f ace ,o ne o ft h eF lav ian -T ra jan ic s e r ie s .A r ch ive n o . 1 76 . C on tex t4 44 . 3 55 . J a r i nl i gh t g rey f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey s u r f a ce . A rch ive n o . 1 75 . C on tex t4 44 . B u i ld ing 4 3 56 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . T he e ve r ted r im a nd h i gh s hou lde r s ugge s t al a te i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry d a te . A r ch ive n o . 1 25 . C on tex t 1 056 , d a rk b rown s o f t s o i l w i th s ome s t one a nd c ha r coa l , o ve r l i ne o fn o r th w a l l . 3 57 . F langed b ow l w i th r e eded r im , i nl i gh t o range f a br ic . A r ch ive n o . 1 29 . C on t ex t 1 056 . 3 58 . F langed b ow l i nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th m id g r ey s u r fa ce . T he re a r e f a in t s i gn s o f w avy l i ne d eco ra t ion e x te rna l ly , p e rhap s a pp l ied w i th a b ru sh . F o rt h ed eco ra t ion s e e Wh i t ton ( J a r re t t& Wra thme l l 1 981) n o . 3 29 . A rch ive n o . 1 3 1 . C on tex t 1 056 . 3 59 . J a r i ng r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey s u r f a ce s . T he s hape m ay h ave b een i n f luenced b ye a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry B la ck -bu rn i shed w a re f o rm s . A rch ive n o . 2 82 . C on tex t 10 1 , c l ay a nd s o i l o n w e s t w a l l l ine . 3 60 . J a r i n b rown f a b r ic w i th g r ey c o re a nd g r ey s u r f a ce . P robab ly l a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .4 45 . C on tex t9 84 ,f i ne b rown c l ayey s o i la nd s ome p ebb le so nw a l lb e tween R ooms 3 a nd 4 . 3 6 1 . L id i ng rey f a br ic w i th d a rk g rey s u r f a ce . A r ch ive n o . 4 46 . C on tex t 1 057 , b uf fs t i f fc l ay o n n o r th w a l l l ine o fR oom 4 . 3 62 . B ow l? i n d a rk g rey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 4 90 . C on tex t8 0 1 ,m ixed b rown s o i l si no ro ve rl i ne o f n o r th w a l l . 3 63 . J a ri nl i gh tg rey f a br ic , aC he sh i re P l a in p roduc t . A r ch ive n o . 4 91 . C on tex t 8 0 1 . 3 64 . J a r i n l i gh t g rey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 4 91b . C on tex t 8 01 .

P er iod 2 ,p i tf i l l s 3 65 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a br ic . A r ch ive n o .7 . C on tex t 1 062 , c ha rcoa l ly f i l l o fp i t 155 i nB u i ld ing 3 , R oom 5 . 3 66 . N a r row -necked j a r i nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 10 . C on tex t 1 029 ,p a le s a ndy c l ay f i l lo fp i t

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1 028 i nB u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 6 . 3 67 . J a r i n l i gh t g r ey f ab r ic w i th d a rke r e x t e r io r s u r f a ce . A C he sh i re P la in p roduc t . C f . H o l t ( Gr ime s 1 930 ) n o . 5 1 . L a te i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tury . A r ch ive n o . 4 68 . C on tex t 8 52 , b rown s o i l a nd l a rge s t one s i ns i nkage o ve rp i t 8 51 , i n B u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 7 . 3 68 . F lagon i nl i gh to range f a br ic w i th g rey c o re a nd w h i te s l ip . P o s s ib ly r e la ted t o t h e s o c a l led ' Hof he im f l agon ' o f I s tc en tu r y d a te . S ee a l so N o r thw ich ( J one s 1 971) f i g . 1 0 , n o . 2 . A r ch ive n o . 4 66 . C on tex t 7 86 , c l ay a nd m uddy s o i l s i n s i nkage o ve rp i t sb e low ma in c o r r ido ro fB u i ld ing 3 . 3 69 . E ve r ted r im j a r i nl i gh tg rey f a b r ic . L at e i s tt o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 4 67 . C on tex t 7 86 . 3 70 . F langed b ow l i no range f abr ic . H eav i ly s oo ted o ne x te r io ra nd i n t e r io r . A rch ive n o .3 08 . C on tex t 3 98 , m ixed b rown c l ays a nd s t one s unk i n to p i t 3 60 i nB u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 2 .

P er iod 2 ,R oad s 3 71 . J a ri nl i gh to range f a b r ic w i th g r ey c o re ,P robab ly aS evern V a l ley p roduc t . C f . Web s te r 1 976 , n o . 3 . A rch ive n o . 1 72 . C on tex t 1 69 , p ebb le s i n s andy m a t r ix a tj unc t ion o fe a s t -we s t a nd m a in r oad s . 3 72 . F lagon i n o r ange f a b r ic w i th w h i te s l ip . i s t c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .4 57 . C on tex t 1 68 ,p ebb le s i ng r ey s andy m a t r ix a tj unc t ion o fe a s t -we s ta nd m a in r oad s . 3 73 . T he n eck , p robab ly f r om at wo -hand led f l agon , i nl i gh to r ange f a b r ic ,p robab ly f r om t h eC he sh i re P la in . C f .H o l t( Gr ime s 1 930 )n o . 1 27 . L a te i s t t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 1 73 . C on tex t 3 00 , h i ghe s t s urv iv ing e a s t -we s tr oad s u r f ace . 3 74 . J a ri nB la ck -bu r n i shed w a re ,w i th h eavy s oo t ing . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o s 1 2 . E a r ly t o m id 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 6 13 . C on tex t6 93 , y e l low c l ay i n ar oad s ide h o l low . 3 75 . W ide -mou thed j a r i n g r ey f a br ic w i th d a rke r s u r fa ce , f r om t h e C hesh i re P l a in . A r ch ive n o . 4 59 . C on tex t 7 76 , g rey -b rown s i l ty s o i l a nd p ebb le s i n ar oad s ide h o l low . 3 76 . J a r i ng r ey f a b r ic , w i th s l igh t ly d a rke r s u r f ace , f r om t h eC he sh i re P la in . C f .H o l t( Gr ime s 1 930 ) n o . 4 8 . L a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tury . A r ch ive n o .4 60 . C on tex t 7 76 . 3 77 . J a r i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r f ace , p robab ly f r om t h e C he sh i re P la in . A rch ive n o . 4 6 1 . C on tex t 7 76 . 3 78 . J a r i n m id -g rey f a b r ic , s l igh t ly p a le r a t c o re . A r ch ive n o . 4 62 . C on tex t 7 76 . 3 79 . J a r i nl i gh t g rey f a br ic , d a rke r t owa rd s s u r f ace . A rch ive n o . 4 63 . C on tex t 7 76 . 3 80 . Mo r ta r ium i nF ab r ic 7 ,s u r f a ce e r oded . A .D .7 0 1 00 . A rch ive N o . 5 94 . C on tex t 76 w i th j o in i n

9 37 , r o ad s tone . ( K .F .H . ) 3 8 1 . J a r i n m id -g rey f a b r ic . F lav ian t o T ra jan ic . A rch ive n o . 2 76 . C on tex t 4 49 , d a rk b rown m uddy r oad s ide s i l t s . 3 82 . J a ri nm id -g rey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o .2 77 . C on tex t 6 98 , b rown c l ayey r oad s ide s i l t s . A s w i th e a r l ie rc o l le c t ions , l a te f i r s ta nd e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry p o t te ry p r edom ina t e s i nt h e h i ghe r l e ve l s o f B u i ld ing 3 ,a l though s t ra t ig raph ica l ly t h is m u s tr e p re s e n t ac ons ide rab le r e s idua l e l emen t i n t h e a s sem b l age . B lack -bu rn ished w a re i s mo re p l en t ifu l b u t i t s e ems u n l ike ly t h a tp i e ce s s uch a sn o s 2 90 , 3 00 , 3 2 1 , 3 42 o r3 74 t a ke t h ec o l le c t ion a s aw ho le much b eyond c .A .D . 1 40 . Al a te H ad r ian ic t oe a r ly A n ton ine d a te s e ems p os s ib le .

P er iod 3 ,d ecay o fB u i ld ing 3a nd p oss ib l e r epa i r s t o i t N o r th R ange 3 83 . L id i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r fa ce . A rch ive n o . 4 65 . C on tex t 7 27 , s a ndy l a ye r s s p read o ve r n o r th -we s tc o rne r . 3 84 . J a r i nB la ck -bu rn ished w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o s 1& 3 ,2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .2 8 . C on tex t 4 93 , f i ne c ha rcoa l ly s o i l o ve r a r ea o fR oom 3 . 3 85 . Sma l lj a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke rs u r f ace . A rch ive n o . 6 0 . C on tex t 3 73 , d a rk b rown c ha rcoa l ly s o i l i na r ea o fR oom 3 . 3 86 . J a r o r b ow l i n l i gh t o r ange f a br i c , p o ss ib ly o f S eve rn V a l ley o r ig in . A rch ive n o . 6 1 . C on tex t 3 73 . 3 87 . F langed a nd c a r ina ted b ow l i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th m id -g rey s u r f ace . A r ch ive n o .6 3 . C on tex t 3 73 . 3 88 . F langed d i sh i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . A r ch ive n o . 6 5 . C on tex t 3 73 . 3 89 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 5 7 . C on tex t 3 70 ,d a rk b rown c ha r coa l ly s o i l i na r ea o fR oom 4 . 3 90 . B ow l i nl i gh t g rey f a br ic w i th d a rke r s u r f ace . A rch ive n o . 5 9 . C on tex t 3 70 . 3 91 . W ide -mou thed j a ri no range -buf fS ever nV a l ley w a r e , b u rn t d a rk g r ey i np l ace s . C f . Web s te r 1 976 ,n o .2 0 . i s tt o2 nd c en tury . A r ch ive n o .7 0 . C on tex t4 76 , f i ne g r ave l f i l lo fp i t8 2 1 , i nR oom 4 . S ou th R ange 3 92 . J a r i nl i gh t g rey f a b r ic , w i th m id -g rey s u r face . A r ch ive n o . 7 2 . C on tex t 4 96 , d a rk b rown c ha rcoa l ly s o i l i na r ea o fR oom 8 . 3 93 . ' Cae r sw sb ow l ' i nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic , w i th d a rke r b u rn ished e x te r io r . A r ch ive n o . 7 3 . C on tex t 4 96 . 3 94 . J a r i nB la ck -bur n i shed Wa re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 3 ,m id t ol a te 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 3 99 . C on tex t6 29 ,r e dt oy e l low s t i f fc l ay o ve rp a r t so f

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y a rd a nd o fR ooms 1 0 a nd 1 . C en t ra l a r ea 3 95 . J a r i n B la ck -burn ished w a re . T he w avy l i ne d eco ra t ion i s a2 nd c en tu ry f e a tu re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 ,n o s 1 3 . A rch ive n o .3 . C on t ex t2 58 ,f i ne a shy s o i l i ns i nkage . 3 96 . Mo r ta r ium i nF ab r ic 2 . Mode ra te ly w o rn w i th a s t amp i mp re s sed a c ro s s t h e f l ange ( s ee n o . 4 63 b e low ) . A .D . 1 00 -150 . A r ch ive n o .6 65 . C on tex t 2 57 , mo t t led y e l low c l ay . ( K .F .H ) 3 97 . L a rge f l agon i ng ranu la rl i gh to range f a b r ic ,w i th ag rey c o re a nd c r eamy -wh i te s l ip . A rch ive n o . 3 6 . C on tex t2 59 , b u rn ta nd u nbu rn tc l ay f i l l ing s i nkage . 3 98 . J a r i n l i gh t g rey f a b r ic , w i th d a rke r s u r f ace . A r ch ive n o . 3 9 . C on tex t 2 59 . 3 99 . B ow li nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f .G i l lam 1 976 ,

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4 04 .

n o . 3 4 . E a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 4 2 . C on tex t 2 59 . D i sh i nB la ck -burn i shed w a re . C f .G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 5 4 . E a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 4 3 . C on tex t2 59 . R oughca s t b eake r i nl i gh t p ea ch f a b r ic , w i th a g rey c o re a nd g rey -b rown c o lou rc oa t . AN o r th G au l ish p roduc t . C f . A nde r son 1 981 , f i g . 1 9 .3 , n o .2 5 . L a te i s tt om id 2 nd c en tury . A r ch ive n o . 3 7 . C on tex t2 59 . B ow l i n B lack -bu rn ished w a re , b u rn t o r ange b rown . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o . 3 7 . M id 2 nd c en tury . I ts hou ld b e n o ted t h a t t h e d i agno s t ic f e a tu re o f t h e se b ow l s i s t h e b a sa l c hamf e r , w h ich i sm i ss ing f r om o u rp i ece ,s o ap re c ise d a te w i th in t h e2 nd c en tu ry i sn o tp o ss ib le . A r ch ive n o . 4 4 . C on tex t 3 79 , s t ony y e l low -buf fc l ay i n t o p o fs i nkage . F lagon i n l i gh t o range f a b r ic , w i th t r a ce s o f c r eam s l ip . A rch ive n o . 4 5 . C on tex t 4 16 , c ha rcoa l ly b rown s o i l i ns i nkage . J a ri nB la ck -bu rn ished w a re , s oo ted o n t h e r im .

n o . 4 . L a te 2 nd t o3 rd c en tu ry . H eav i ly s oo ted o n t h e r im . A r ch ive n o . 4 0 1 . C on tex t 6 30 . 4 13 . D ish i nB lack -bu rn i shed w a r e . B u rn tr e s idue so n i n te r io r . A rch ive n o . 4 03 . C on tex t 6 30 . 4 14 . B ow l i nm id -g rey f a br ic w i th d a rk g rey s u r f ac e . P e rhap s i n tended t o b e r em in i scen t o f s am ian f o rm 2 9 , a nd t h u s i s tc en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .4 04 . C on tex t 6 30 . 4 15 . J a r i nS eve rn V a l ley Wa re , l i gh t o range w i th a g rey c o re . C f . Web s te r 1 976 ,n o . 3 . A rch ive n o . 4 09 . C on tex t 8 74 , c ha r coa l r i ch b l a ck s o f ts o i l . 4 16 . B ow li np ink t og r ey f a b r ic a nd r o u le t t ed d e co r a t ion , r em in iscen t o f s am ian f o rm 2 9 . C f . Wroxe t e r ( Bu she -Fox 1 913 ) n o . 1 . A rch ive n o . 4 10 . C on tex t 8 74 . 4 17 . S ou th S pan ish o i l a mpho ra , D re sse l 2 0 . C f . Ma r t in -K i lche r t ype 3 0 ; P ea cock & W i l l iams 1 986 , p . 1 38 . L a te i s t t o m id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 2 57 . C on t ex t 4 25 , b rown s of t s o i l a nd s t one s . E a s te rn e x tens ion 4 18 . F lagon i n l i gh t b u f f f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o . 9 2 . C on tex t 4 82 , l i gh t b rown c l ay i na r ea o fR oom 1 4 . 4 19 . J a r i nl i gh t g rey f a b r ic , b u rn t o r ange i np l a ce s . A r ch ive n o . 9 3 . C on tex t4 82 . 4 20 . F langed d i sh i n B lack -bur n i shed w a re , b u rn t l i gh t b rown . S im i la r t oG i l lam 1 970 , n o . 3 08 . E a r ly t o m id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 9 4 . C on tex t 4 82 . 4 21 . F langed d i sh i ng r ey f a b r ic w i th b u rn ished d a rk g r ey s u r f ace . Aw a l ls he rd h a sw avy l i ne d e co ra t ion a sG i l lam 1 970 ,n o .3 11 a nd av e sse lr em in i sc en t o f2 nd c en tu ry B la ck -bu rn i shed w a re w a sp rob ab ly i n tended . A rch ive n o . 9 5 . C on tex t4 82 . 4 22 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . A r ch ive n o .9 0 . C on tex t 5 84 , mo t t led c omp ac ts andy s o i li na r ea o fR oom 1 4 . 4 23 . F langed b ow l i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r

C f .G i l lam 1 976 ,n o . 1 ,e a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 4 6 . C on tex t4 16 . L id i nB la ck -bu rn i shed Wa re . C f . H o l t( Gr ime s 1 930 ) n o . 1 00 . A r ch ive n o . 3 94 . C on tex t4 16 . L id i nB lack -bu rn ished w a r e ,s e en o .4 05 a bove . A r ch ive n o . 3 95 . C on tex t4 16 . ' Cae r sws b ow l 'i ng r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke re x te r io r . A r ch ive n o . 4 9 . C on tex t 5 00 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a br ic ,s oo ted e x te rna l ly . A rch ive n o .4 8 . C on tex t 5 00 , c l ayey s o i l i ns i nkage .

s u r fa ce . O ne o ft h e f l anged a nd c a r ina ted b ow l s e r ie s . A rch ive n o . 9 1 . C on tex t 5 84 . 4 24 . L id i n g r ey f a br ic , f r om t h e C hesh i re P la in . A r ch ive n o . 4 27 . C on tex t 5 86 , y e l low s t if fc l ay i nR oom 1 4 . 4 25 . B eake r i nc r eam f a b r ic a nd d a rk b rown c o lou r c o a t . P robab ly aC o logne p roduc t . C f .A nde r son 1 98 1 f i g . 1 9 .1 , n o . 5 . A nde r son d a t e s t h e t y pe f r om l a te i s tt om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .9 9 . C on tex t 5 77 ,y e l low t or e da nd b rown c l ay o ve r

4 09 . J a r i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o .2 ,m id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .3 96 . C on t ex t 6 17 , c l ean p a le y e l low c l ay . 4 10 . B ow l i n l i gh t g rey f a br ic w i th d a rke r s u r f ace . A r ch ive n o . 3 98 . C on tex t 6 17 .

a r ea o fe a s tern v e randah o rc o r r ido r . 4 26 . J a ri nm id -g rey f a b r ic . A rch ive n o . 1 00 . C on tex t

4 05 . 4 06 . 4 07 . 4 08 .

4 11 . J a r i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o .4 . L a te 2 nd t o3 rd c en tury . A r ch ive n o .4 00 . C on tex t 6 30 , d a rk c ha r coa l ly s o i l . 4 12 . J a r i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 ,

5 77 . 4 27 . ' Cae r sws b ow l 'i nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th m id g r ey s u r f a ce . A rch ive n o . 1 03 . C on tex t 5 77 . 4 28 . J a r i nl i gh t g rey g r anu la r f a b r ic w i th m id g r ey s u r f a ce a nd t r ace s o fr u s t ica t ion ; s e e c ommen t s o n n o . 4 42 . A r ch ive n o . 1 0 1 . C on tex t 5 77 . 4 29 . D ish i nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey s u r f ace .

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

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C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

A r ch ive n o . 1 04 . C on tex t 5 77 . 4 30 . J a r i nB lack -bu rn ished w a r e f r om aj a r s uch a s G i l lam 1 976 , n o s 5& 7 . L a te 2 nd t om id 3 rd c en tury . A rch ive n o . 5 62 . C on tex t7 69 , b rown s o i l a nd p a ck ing s t one s i n7 68 . 4 31 . B eake r i np a le p ea ch c o lou red f a b r ic w i th d a rk b rown c o lou r c oa t a nd s i gn s o f r oughca s t d e co ra t ion . AN o r th G au li s hp roduc t . A nde r son 1 98 1 , f i g . 1 9 .3 , n o . 2 6 . L a te i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tury . A r ch ive n o . 5 77 . C on t ex t 5 39 ,b rown s o i l a nd p a ck ing s t one s i n5 38 . 4 32 . J a r i nl i gh tg r ey f a br ic , s oo ted o n r im . A rch ive n o . 2 04 . C on tex t 6 70 , d a rk b rown l o o se s o i l f i l l ing o ne o f t h e l a rge p o s tho le s c u t t ing t h e w a lkway . 4 33 . J a ri nl i gh tg rey f a br ic . A rch ive n o .5 6 1 . C on tex t 6 83 ,o ne o ft h el a rge p o s tho le sc u t t ing t h ew a lkway , f i l led w i th d a rk b rown l o o se s o i l .

P er iod 3 ,p ebb le s p read s 4 34 . F lagon i nl i gh to range g rey c o re a nd c r eam s l ip . P robab ly f r om t h e C he sh ire P la in . C f . G i l lam 1 970 ,n o . 5 . E a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 2 37 . C on tex t 3 54 , p ebb le s i nb rown s o i l . 4 35 . P robab le S eve rn V a l ley t a nka rd i n b u rn t g rey b uf ff a b r ic ; p robab ly av es se l s uch a s Web s te r 1 976 , n o .4 3 . L a te 2 nd t o3 rd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 2 39 . C on tex t4 14 ,p ebb le s i nf i ne s o i l . 4 36 . J a ri nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . G i l lam 1 970 , n o . 1 23 . L a te i s tt oe a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 5 64 . C on tex t 3 54 . 4 37 . F langed b ow l i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re ; o ne o f t h e2 nd c en tu ry s e r ie s . A r ch ive n o .2 40 . C on tex t 4 14 . 4 38 . F lagon i ng r ey f a b r ic w i th o r ange b uf f s u r f a ce a nd c r eam s l ip . T he re a r es im i la r i t ie s t oG i l lam 1 970 , n o . 7( e a r ly 2 nd t o e a r ly 3 r d c en tu ry ) . A r ch ive n o . 2 41 . C on tex t4 85 ,p ebb le s i nl o o se s o i l . 4 39 . B eake ri np each f a b r ic w i th r oughca s td e co ra t ion a nd g r ey -b rown c o lou r c oa t . A No r th G au l ish p roduc t .C f .A nde r son 1 98 1 ,f i g . 1 9 .3 ,n o s2 8 -29 . M id 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o .2 42 . C on t ex t4 85 . 4 40 . J a r i n l i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r s u r face , p robab ly f r om t h e C he sh i re P la in . A r ch ive n o . 2 98 . C on tex t4 85 . 4 41 . F langed b ow l i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re , o ne o f t h e2 nd c en tu ry s e r ie s . A r ch ive n o .2 48 . C on tex t 4 85 . 4 42 . J a ri nl i gh tg r ey f a b r ic . R u s t ica t ion i s al a te i s t t oe a r ly 2 nd c en tury f e a tu re ,c f .T homp son 1 958 . A rch ive n o . 5 65 . C on tex t4 85 . 4 43 . L id i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rk g r ey s u r f ace . A rch ive n o . 5 67 . C on tex t 6 16 , g r ave l a nd c l ay s i l t . P er iod 3 ,s ubs id ence f i l ler s 4 44 . B ow l i n p a le c r eam f a b r ic w i th r e d p a in ted

d eco ra t ion . P robab ly i n tended t ob er em in iscen t o fs am ian f o rm 2 9 . H o l tw ou ld s e em ap o s s ib le s ou rc e . P robab ly i s tc en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 5 68 . C on tex t4 65 ,b rown l o o se s o i la nd a ngu la rs t one s . P er iod 3 ,c l ay s pread s 4 45 . J a ri nl i gh tg rey f a br ic . A r ch ive n o .5 75 . C on t ex t 4 86 , l i gh t b rown f i rm c l ay . 4 46 J a r i nl i gh t g rey f a b r ic w i th s moo th d a rk g r ey s u r fa ce . T he re i ss ome r e semb lance t o T e r ra N ig ra . C f .G reene 1 979 ,f i g .4 5 ,n o . 5 .P robab ly i s t c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 5 69 . C on tex t 2 9 , b rown ish y e l low c l ay . 4 47 . Ma lve rn t y pe j a ri ng ranu la rd a rk g r ey f a b r ic . C f . P ea co ck 1 967 ,n o . 9 . A rch ive n o . 5 70 . C on tex t 2 9 . 4 48 T anka rd i n o range S eve rn V a l ley w a re . C f .

4 49

Web s t e r 1 976 , n o . 4 3 . L a t e 2 nd t o3 rd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o .2 54 . C on tex t4 66 ,b rown ish y e l low s t i f fc l ay . F langed b ow l i nl i gh tg rey f a b r ic w i th m id -g rey i n s ide s u r f ace a nd r e d -b rown t og r ey o u te rs u r f a ce . A rch ive n o .6 21 . C on tex t3 59 ,l i gh tb rown c l ay .

C on tex t sp robab ly o fP er iod 3 4 50 . J a r i nB lack -bu rn ished w a re . C f . G i l lam 1 976 , n o .4 ,l a t e2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o .4 31 . C on tex t 7 82 ,c l ay a nd m uddy s o i ls f i l l ing s ma l li n t ru s ion i nB u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 1 4 . 4 51 . ' Ca e r sw s b ow l ' i nl i gh t g r ey f a b r ic w i th d a rke r g rey i n ne r s u r fa ce , f r om t h e C he sh i re P la in . A r ch ive n o . 6 42 . C on tex t 5 76 . 4 52 . Sma l lj a ri nB lack -bu rn i shed w a r e .C f .B i rdo swa ld ( R ichmond & B i r ley 1 930 )n o . 1 8 . E a r ly t om id 2 nd c en tu ry . A rch ive n o . 1 92 . C on tex t 3 6 1 , y e l low g r in ),c l ay f i l l ing t op o fs i nkage o ve rp i t 3 60 , i nB u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 2 . 4 53 . S to r age j a r i nd u l l o range f ab r ic . A r ch ive n o . 5 85 . C on tex t 3 48 , y e l low c l ay . 4 54 . Sma l lb eake ri nf i ne l i gh tg rey f a b r ic w i th o range s u r f ace .C f .H o l t( Gr ime s1 930 )n o .1 97 .P robab ly i s t t o e a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 6 20 . C on tex t 3 48 . 4 55 . J a r i n B lack -bu rn ished w a re , p o ss ib ly f r om a v e sse l s u ch a sG i l lam 1 976 , n o . 3 . M id t ol a te 2 nd c en tu ry . A r ch ive n o . 1 80 . C on tex t 5 03 , p ebb le s i nb rown s o i l o n t op o fm a in r oad . 4 56 . B ow l i no range f a b r ic w i th b u rn i shed e x te r io r . P robab ly aS eve rn V a l ley p roduc t . T he g ene ra l f o rm i st h a to ft h ec a r ina ted b ow l sc u r r en ti nt h e i s ta nd 2 nd c en tu ry . C f . Web s te r 1 976 , n o . 5 9 . H oweve r , t h e c o rdon a nd h and le m ake t h i s a n u nu sua l p i e ce a nd s ome i n f luence i sp o s s ib le f r om o t he r f o rms , f o r i n s tance m id i s t c en tu ry c on s t r ic ted b ow l ss uch a sU sk f o r t re s ss e r ie st y pe 2 0 ( Mann ing 1 981 p .2 08 ) . A r ch ive n o . 2 69 . C on tex t 7 38 , l a ye r o fp ebb le s .

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

C lea r ly m uch o ft h em a te r ia lf r om P e r iod 3i sr e s idua l . T he l a te s tp i e ce s f r om t h ep o s s ib le r e fu rb i shmen t o fB u i ld ing 3a r en o s4 11 a nd 4 30 o fl a te 2 nd t ot h i rd c en tu ry d a te . I nv i ew o ft h eo ve r a l l d a t ing o ft h es i te a nd t h e s c a r c i ty o f p i e ce s w h ich m u s t b e l a te 2 nd c en tu ry , mo s t a c i tv i ty w a s p rob ab ly e a r ly t o m id A n ton ine . H oweve rs l igh tl a t e rA n ton ine a c t iv i ty i s i mp l ied . Among s tt h eo t he rP e r iod 3g roup s ,t h el a te s tp i ece s p r e s en ta r el a t e2 nd t oe a r ly 3 r dc en tu ry ( n o s4 35 ,4 38 , 4 48 ) . T he a b sence o fp i ece st h a tm u s t d a te t ot h et h i rd

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c en tu ry o rl a te ra nd ,i n de ed ,o fs u ch c ommon l a te 2 nd 3 r d c en tu ry t y p e s a s t h e BB 1 f l anged a nd g r ooved b ow l ,w ou ld s ugge s t am id t ol a te 2 nd c en tu ry d a te f o r P e r iod 3g ene ra l ly . T he r e i sv e ry l i t t le , e ven f r om u n s t ra t i f ied l e ve l s w h ich n e ed b e l a te r t h an t h e l a t e 2 nd c en tu ry . T he l a te s tp i e ce sn o ted a r eA r ch ive n o .2 36 ,f r om t h et o po f t h e p ebb le s p r ead s , o fm id t ol a te t h i rd c en t u ry d a t e , a nd t h e t h i rd o r f o u r th c en tu ry Man ce t te r -Ha r t sh i l l m o r ta r ium f o und i ns i l t sb e s ide t h em a in r o ad ( s ee p . 9 1 a bove ) .

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C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

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T he f i nd s .

( f ig . 6 2 )

b y Wendy J . Owen 4 57 . As t amp a l ong t h eh and le o f aD res se l 2 0S ou th S pan ish o i l a mpho ra r e ad s H ISPA .SAE . . T he r e i s ag r ea t s im i la r i ty t o e xamp le s i n C a l lende r ( 1965 ) u nder ' 1559 . SAEN IANENSES ' , p a r t icu la r ly ' ( h ) H ISPAN .SAENF . A cco rd ing t oC a l lende r , t h e se s t amp s i n d ica te t h e n ame o f a' f ig l ina ' w h ich w a s s i tua ted b e tween A rva ( Pena d el aS a l )a nd A xa t i( Lo ra d e lR io ) ,p robab ly a tL a sH ue r ta sd e lR io w h ich l i e sb e tween t h e se t wo s i te s . T he w o rd m ay h ave b een d e r ived f r om ap e r sona l n ame . F ind n o .2 30 , C on tex t8 56 , 4 58 . B roken f r agmen t o f t h e s t amped h and le o f a D re sse l2 0t y pe a mpho ra . O n ly at i ny p o r t ion o f o ne e nd o ft h es t amp s u r v ive s ,e nd ing i nt h el e t te r 0 . F ind n o .4 54 ,C on tex t 1 367 ,

mo / 40 4 57

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F igure 6 2 : Amphora s t amps ,s ca le 1 : 2

MORTARIU M S TA MPS

( f ig . 6 3 )

b yK .F . Har t l ey 4 59 . S he rd s f r om ad ozen c on t ex t s , 1 6o fw h ich j o in ( s ee a l so n o . 2 11 a bove ) . T he se m ake u pa bou t t h ree -qua r te r s o f amode ra te ly w o rn mo r ta r ium ; o ne s t amp a nd p a r t o f t h e s e cond o ne s u rv ive , b o th w e re i mp re s sed d i agona l ly .F ab r ic 3 .J o in ing p i ece s f r om C on tex t s 5 57 , 5 74 , 5 92 , 6 19 , 7 70 , 7 79 , 8 34 ( a l l r ubb i sh l a ye r s o ve r a bandoned B u i ld ing 4 ) ; 5 73 & 7 31 , o ve r s ou th w a l l l i ne o f B u i ld ing 3 ;a nd 2 57 l a te l a ye ri nm a in c o r r ido ro f B u i ld ing 3 . O the r s he rd s f r om 6 20 ( s t ree t a nd r ubb ish l a ye r s ) a nd 7 31 a r e p robab ly f r om t h e s ame v e sse la nd as he rd f r om 5 43 ( f i l lo f aP e r iod 1 ?w a l l t r ench )c ou ld b e . 4 60 . F ou r j o in ing s he rd s i n C on tex t 4 30 j o in f i ve j o in ing s he rd s i nC on tex t8 96 ( s ee a l so n o . 1 42 a bove ) . T he e nd o f t h e s pou t f l aked o f f i n

4 6 1 . Af l ange f r agmen tf r om a no the rv e s se l i nF ab r ic 3 ,w i th s t amp a ga in i mp re s sed d i agona l ly a c ro s s t h e f l ange . F ind n o . 2 22 , C on tex t9 23 , a n e a r ly l e ve l i nB u i ld ing 3 ,R oom 4 . N o s4 59 -46 1 h ave s t amp sf r om t h es ame d i e( t he d raw ing i s ac o l la t ion o f t h e t h re e ) ; t wo o t he r s t amp sf r om t h is d i ea r er e co rded f r om Wroxe te r ( o ne o ft h em f r om K enyon 1 980 , f i g . 1 2 ,n o . 8 7 , a nd p .3 1 , r e s idua l i n3 rd c en tu ry c on tex t ) . A l t h ough c l ea r ly r e cogn izab le ,t h es t amp sa r es em i l e g ib le a nd n oc e r ta in r e ad ing c an b eo f f e red . A l l f i ve o f t h i s p o t te r 's k nown mo r tar ia h ave t h e s t amp si mp re s sed d i agona l ly . T h is i sa nu nu sua l f e a tu re w h ich i nt h e V e ru lam ium r e g ion w ou ld d eno te ad a te w i th in t h ep e r iod A .D . 6 0 -90 , b u t t h er im type so ft h e se C ae r sw sv es se l sc ou ld a l so f i t ad a te i nt h e e a r ly y ea r s o ft h e 2 nd c en tu r y . T hu s ad a te w i th in t h e p e r iod A .D . 7 0 -120 i s f a i r ly c e r ta in , b u t mo r e e v idence i sn eeded t o n a r row t h i s p e r iod . T he q ua r tz u sed i n t h e t r i tu ra t ion g r i t i sl i ke ly t ob e f r om a p r ima ry s ou rce a nd t h e t ype o f f a b r ic w ou ld b e t te r f i ta s ou rce i n Wa le s t h an a t Wroxe t e r . I ndeed , t o f i nd t h ree mo r ta r ia o fs uch ar a re p o t te ri ns u ch a f a b r ic s t rong ly s ugge s t st h a th ew o rked a tC a e r sw s . T he re a r e t wo r e a son s f o r b e l iev ing t h a t t h i s p o t te r h ad s ome l i nks w i th G louce s te r , p e rhap s c om ing f r om t h e re . F i r s t , h i s s t amp b ea r s a s u rp r i s ing r e semb lance t ot ho se o f am ino rp o t te r w ho w o rked a tG louce s te r w i th in t h e s ame p e r i od , A .D . 7 0 -120 ( Ha r t ley f o r thcom ing ) . T hey d o n o t h ave e xa c t ly t h e s ame ' r ead ing ' s o o ne c anno t c l a im t h em t ob e t h e w o rk o f t h e s ame m an t h ough t h a tw ou ld n o tb ei mpo s s ib le . T hey h ave ,a tl e a s t ,t h es im i la r i ty w h ich m ay b ef ound i nt h es t amp so fp o t te r sw ho w o rked i nt h es ame w o rk shop . T he s t amp sa r ea l so i mp re s sed d i ago n a l ly ; e ven i n t h e f i r s t c en tu ry t h i s w a s a n u nu sua lp rac t ice ,s t r ic t ly l i m i ted t o af ew p o t te r s i n av e ry f ew p o t te r ie s . O ne o ft h e f o remo s to f t h ese p o t te r s w a s A . T e ren t iu s R ipanu s w ho w o rked a tG louce s te r ; a no the r w a s t h e p o t te r m en t ioned a bove ( a l so s e eb e low n o . 4 62 ) . I ti s l i ke ly t h a t i tw a s a n a cc ep t ed p ra c t ic e i no ne o r t wo w o rk shop s t h e re a nd a nyone l e a rn ing h i s t r ade t h e re c ou ld h ave p i cked u p t h e h ab i t . 4 62 . At h i rd o ft h er im o f amo r ta r ium i nF ab r ic 4( s ee a l so n o . 5 0 a bove ) . T he e roded , f r agmen ta ry s t amp r e ad sF E [;i ti sp a r to f af e c i tc oun te r s tamp

a n t iqu i ty ; as pou tf r agmen ti nC on tex t2 55 d oe s n o tj o in b u ti sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly f r om t h i s mo r ta r iu m . O ve r h a lf o f t h i s w o rn mo r ta r ium s u rv ive s , i n c lud ing b o th o ft h ep o t t e r 's s t amp s , w h ich a r e i mp re s sed d i agona l ly a c ro s s t h e f l ange . F ab r ic

u sed b y ap o t te r w ho w a s p robab ly c a l led C amu lacu s , ( L r e ve r sed ) . T h re e o t he r m o r ta r ia a r e r e co rded , w h ich a r e s t amped w i th t h e a pp ropr ia te d i e s , a l l f r om Wroxe te r w he re h e p robab ly w o rked ( Bu she -Fox 1 9 13 , f i g . 1 6 , n o .

3 . C on tex t 4 30 , l a te s a ndy l a ye r s s p r ead o ve r a r ea o fR oom s 1& 2a nd o fy a rd i nB u i ld ing 3 ; F ind n o . 2 24 , C on tex t 8 96 , b ase o f h o l low i n

3 ; 1 914 , 4 5 , f i g . 1 7 , n o . 3 1 ; t h e c oun te r s tamp w a sn eve rp ub l i shed ) . C amu lacus Ii sa no the ro f t h ep o t te r s w o rk ing i nt h e w e s to fE ng land w ho

R oom 2 ,B u i ld ing 3 ; C on tex t2 55 , f i l l o fr e cen t p i t c u t t ing t h e s ame a r ea o fB u i ld ing 3 .

a lway s i mp re ssed h i s d i e s d i agona l ly a c ro s s t h e r im ( s ee a bove n o s . 4 59 -46 1) .

C ae r sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

T he re w e re t h re eo t he rm ino rp o t te r sw o rk ing a t Wroxe te ra nd i nt h eC he sh i re p l a in ,t h eC a e r sw s a nd G louce s te r p o t te r s m en t ioned p r ev iou s ly , a nd t h e s i ng le i mpo r tan t p o t te r A . T e ren t iu s R ipanu s o f G louce s te r , w ho a l s t amped t h e i r m o r ta r ia i n e xa c t ly t h e s ame w ay . T he r e i s s u ff i c ien ts im i la r i ty a mong t h er im -p rof i le su s ed b yt h e se p o t t e r st os ugge s ts ome c on tempo rane i t ya nd t h ey s hou ld p robab ly a l lb ed a t ed w i th in t h e p e r iod A .D . 7 0 120 u n t i l f u r the r e v idenc e p e rm i t sc l o se rd a t ing . I ti sr e a sonab le t ob e l ieve t h a tt h e re a r e s ome l i nk sb e tween a l t h e s ep o t t e r st h ough s ome m ay b ea ts e cond h and a nd a t l e a s tf o u rw o rk shop sa r ei n vo lved .9 C on tex t9 18 , e a r ly i nR oom 4o rB u i ld ing 3 . Af u r the r t wo ( j o in ing ) s he rd s a r e a lmo s t c e r t a in ly p a r to ft h ea bove m o r ta r ium ,t h ough t h ey d o n o t j o in i t . C on tex t s 5 76 ( p ebb le l a ye r i n s t re e ta nd r u bb i sh l a ye r so ve ra bandoned B u i ld i n g4 ) , 5 77 ( e a s t er nc o r r ido ro fB u i ld ing 3 ) . 4 63 . T en s he rd s , a l l b u to ne j o in ing , i nF ab r i c 2a nd s how ing m ode ra t ew ea r( s ee a l so n o .3 96 a bove ) . T he s t amp ,i mp re s sed a c ro s st h ef l ange ,i sf r om ad i e w h ich g i ve sV ITALS , w i th v e r t ica lb a r i n t h e A , f o r V i ta l i s . H is s t amp s f r om t h e o ne o r p o s s ib ly t wo d i e s g i v ing t h i s r e ad ing a r e n ow k nown f r om B r econ? ( i n t h e m u seum ) ; C ae rau ; C a e r sw s( 2 ) ; Manc e t ter , W i lde r spoo l ; Wroxe t e r ( 6 ) . T he f a b r ic o f mo s to ft h e se , i n c lud ing t h e C a e r sw s e xamp le s , i n d ica te s Wroxe te r a s t h e s ou rc e , t h ough t h e f a b r ic o ft h e Mance t t e r o ne a nd a tl e a s to ne o ft h e Wroxe te rm o r ta r ia i n d ica te s ome a c t iv i ty a t Mance t te r . T he m o s ti mpo r tan t W roxe te r p o t te ry w h i ch s t amped m o r ta r ia w a s a c t ive i nA .D . 1 00 150 ; a l l Wroxe t e rp o t te r so f a ny i mpo r tanc eo u t s id eW roxe te ri t s e l fh ad m a rke t s i nc en t ra l a nd n o r ther n Wa le s . I ti sn o tc e r ta in w he the rt h i sV i ta l i s( I I )i st ob ee qua ted w i th t h e m uch mo re i mpo r tan tV i ta l i sI Vw ho w o rked a t Mance t te r ; h e s hou ld t h e r e fo r e b e t r ea t ed s epa ra t e ly . F ind n o .9 8 ,C on tex t2 57 , l a te l a ye r i nm a in c o r r ido ro fB u i ld ing 3 . 4 64 . Twen ty s e ven s h e rd s ,m any j o in ing ,p robab ly a l f r om t h e s ame m o r ta r ium ( s e e a l so n o . 2 49 a bove ) . Mode ra te ly w o rn b u t s h a t t e r ed ; s ome f r agmen t s h ave s u f f e red c on s ide r ab le b a t te r ing . T he f a b r ic a pp rox ima t e s t oF ab r ic 2e xcep t f o r b e ing c on s id e rab ly p i nke r ,p e rhap st h er e su l to f f a u l ty f i r ing c ond i t ion s O ne r e la t ive ly c omp le te a nd o ne f r agmen ta ry s t amp s u rv ive ,b o th i nv e ry p oo rc ond i t ion ; p e r f e c ti mp re s s ion sf r om t h ed i e u sed r e ad DOC I . C on tex t 1 28 , f o und l y ing o n b u rn t c l ay s a s so c ia t ed w i th ah ea r th o ro ven i n B u i ld ing 4 ,R oom 2 . 4 65 . Af r agmen tf r om C on t ex t3 55 ( s t re e ta nd r ubb i sh l a ye r ) j o in w i th t h r ee l a rge f r agmen t s i n 6 20 ( s t r ee t a nd r ubb i sh l a ye r ) . T he f i r s t c a r r ie s a f r agmen ta ry i mp re s s ion o ft h eb o rd e ro f as t amp w h ich c an b ea tr ibu t ed t ot h es ame d i eo fD o c i . .

4 66 .

4 67 .

4 68 .

4 69 .

T he f i nd s .

1 23

T he s ef r agmen t sa r ee i the rf r om n o .4 60 o rf r om ac l o se ly s im i la rv e s se l . Two j o in ing f l ange f r agmen t s i nF ab r ic 2w i th b rown i sh -o range s l ip . T he f a b r ic i ss o f te rt h an i t s hou ld b eb u ti so t he rw i se i ng ood c ond i t ion . A s ma l l p a r t o f t h e b o rde r o f as t amp s u rv ive s , e nough t o i n d ica te t h a t i ti sa lmo s t c e r ta in ly a no the r s t amp o f D o c i . . , f r om a d i f f e ren t m o r t a r ium . C on tex t5 57 , y e l low -b rown c l ay i n s t r ee ta nd r ubb i sh l a ye r so ve ra bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . Mo r ta r ia o fD oc i - a r en ow k nown f r om t h e f o l l ow ing s i te si n Wa le s : B r econ ; C ae rau ;C ae rhun ( 2 -3 ) ;C ae r sw s( 2 -3 ) ;C a s te l lC o hen ;a nd L lan io ; a nd i nE ng land f r om A lce s te r , Wa rw i ck sh i r e ; C he s te r ; H e ronb r idge ; K inde r ton ; N o r thw ich ; Wa l l T own ; Wo r ce s ter , a nd Wroxe te r ( 9 18 ) . H e i so ne o ft h e mo s t i mpo r tan t o ft h e p o t te r s w ho w o rked a t Wroxe te rw i th in t h ep e r iod A .D . 1 00 -150 . ( No ti l u s t ra t ed ) Two j o in ing f l ange f r agmen t si n F ab r ic 6 / 5 . T he f r agmen ta ry s t amp c anno t b e i d en t if ied b u t t h e m o r ta r ium w a s u ndoub ted ly m ade i nt h em id land s ,p robab ly a t Wroxe t e ro ri n t h e Mance t te r -Ha r t sh i l lp o t te ry i nt h ef i r s th a lf o f t h e2 nd c en tu ry . C on tex t5 74 ,r ubb i sh l a ye ro ve r a bandoned B u i ld ing 4 . A l lo ft h er im s u r v ive sf r om aw e l l -wo rn mo r ta r ium i nF ab r ic 1( s ee a l so n o .3 27 a bove ) . T he re i st h e n o rma lc omp lemen to ft wo s t amp s ,o ne o ft h em a b r aded ; b o th a r ef r om t h e mo s tc ommon ly u s ed d i eo fD o cca s ,w ho h ad aw o rk shop a tB rock ley H il i nt h eV e ru lam ium r e g ion ( s ee F ab r ic 1 ,p . 9 1 a bove ) , a nd w ho m oved d u r ing h i s w o rk ing l i f e t ot h e m id land s w he r e h e w a s a c t ive i nt h e Man ce t te r -Ha r t sh i l l p o t t e r ie s i n Wa rw ick sh i re a nd p o s s ib ly e l sewhe r e . T h i si s ap roduc to fh i s B ro ck ley H i l l p e r iod . H e w o rked w i th in t h e p e r iod A .D . 8 5 -125 a nd h i s a c t iv i ty i n t h e V e ru lam ium r e g ion i su n l ike ly t ob e l a te r t h an A .D . 10 ; t h es pou to ft h i se xamp le i si nk e ep ing w i th ad a te i nt h ee a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry o rt h el a t e s t y ea r so ft h e i s tc en tu ry . F ind n o . 1 86 ,C on t ex t 7 03 , aq u i te h i gh l e ve l i nt h ee a s te rn c o r r ido ro f B u i ld ing 3 . Sma l ls h e rd w i th i n comp le te r im sec t ion ,i nF ab r ic 1 .T he f a b r ic c l ea r ly i n d ica te sp roduc t ion a to ne o ft h ew o rk shop si nt h ei mpo r tan tp o t t e r ie sa d jac en t t o Wad ing S t ree t i nt h e a r ea b e tween B ro ck ley H il a nd V e ru lam ium . T he b o rde r o f as t amp s u r v ive s , i mp re s sed d i agona l ly a c ro s s t h e r im . T he b o rde rs how sv e ry f a in tb a r sg o ing d i agona l ly f r om t o pr i gh tt ob o t tom l e f t . S uch d e ta i l sa r en o t a lway sv i s ib le i ns t amp sa nd w hen t h ey a r et h ey a r ed i ff i cu l t t or e co rd ; i ti so f ten o n ly i nc a se s l i ke t h i s o ne , w he re n o th ing e l se s u rv ive s , t h a t t h ey a r ee ven n o t iced . I ti sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly t h e b o rde r o f an ame s tamp o rc oun te r s tamp o ft h e p o t te rA lb inu sw ho w o rked i nt h i sa r ea w i th in t h e

1 24

C aer sw s v ku s ,1 985 -6 .

T he f i nd s .

p e r iod A .D . 6 0 -90 ( s ee F re r e 1 972 , 3 7 1-2 & 1 984 ,28 1 -2 ,f o rf u r the rd e ta i l s ) . As t amp ,p o s s ib ly , b u t n o t n ece s sa r i ly f r om t h e s ame d i e i s p ub l ished i nC un l if f e 1 968 , p l . LXXXV I I I , n o . 2 ; i fi tw e re f r om t h e s ame d i e t h e C ae r sw s b o rd e r w ou ld b e t h e t o p o ne . ) C on tex t 195 , r o ad s tone i nP e r iod 1 .

4 70 . ( No ti l u s t ra t ed ) Af l ange f r agmen ti nF ab r ic 1 4 . T he b o rde r o f as t amp s u rv ive s b u t i ti st o o f r agmen ta ry f o r i d en t i f ica t ion ; i ti sh oweve r s im i la rt ob o rde r su sed a t Wroxe te rb yD e can iu s w ho o c ca s iona l ly u sed a n o r ange -b rown f a b r ic . T he m o r ta r ium i sl i ke ly t ob ee a r ly 2 nd c en tu ry i nd a te . C on t ex t2 4 , moder ns o i l l a ye r .

7 0Z 4 59 ,460 ,46 1

4 62

4 63

4 64

d t . / U UUU,

4 66

4 68

4 69

F igure 6 3 : Mor tar ia s t amp s , s c a le 1 : 2

A CLAY S TATUETTE BASE ( f ig .6 4 ) i d en t if i ed b yD r . F rank J enk ins 4 71 . T he f l a tb a se o f ap o t t e ry s t a tue t t ei nw h i te c l ay m ea su r ing 3 5 mm . x4 3 mm . x 4 mm . T he s t a tue t t e w ou ld h ave b een o f a n a n ima l , m o s t l i ke ly a d og , s i nce t h e b a se s o f d og s t a tue t te s w e re w ide ra tt h ef r on tt h an a tt h eb a ck ,a si nt h i s c a se . O n t h e u ppe r s u r f ac e o ft h e b a se o f t h i s e xamp le a r et wo k nob so fc l ay w h i ch w ou ld h ave b een l u t ed t ot h ef o re -f ee to ft h ea n ima l . Am o re c omp le t e e xamp le i s k nown f r om C le rmon t F e r rand i n t h e A l l ie r d i s t r ic t o f C en t ra l G au l w he re t h e re w a s af l ou r ish ing i n du s t ry m a s s p roduc ing s t a tue t t e s o f w h i te p i pe c l ay c a s t i n c l ay m ou ld s ( J enk in s 1 977 ) . S ome e xamp le s h ave b een f o und a sg r ave o f f e r ing st ot h ec r ema t ed d ead . F ind n o . 4 24 , C on tex t 1 288 , P e r iod 1 ,a f l oo ri nB u i ld ing 1 .

A POTTERY COUNTER

4 7 1

F igure 6 4 : C lay f i gur ine b a se ,s c a le 1 : 2

( f ig . 6 5 )

4 72 . T he c i r cu la rb a se o f ag r ey w a r ep o t ,i t su nde r s ide c oncave ,w i th t h ee dge sc h ipp ed a way t of o rm a d i sc o rc oun te r . D iame te r4 7 mm . F ind n o .2 29 , C on tex t9 03 , P e r iod 2 ,c ou r tya rd .

a j7 7 7 77 27ZZ - 3 4 72 F igure 6 5 : P o t tery c oun t er ,s c a le 1 : 2

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

Chap ter 4 :

C onc lu s ion s .

1 25

C onc lus ions

' Mu chmo re r ema in st ob ed on ea tC a er sw s ,a nd It r u s t t h a t b e t t er d ay s a r e a pp roach ing . . ' ( Dav ie s 1 857 , 1 67 ) .

T he C ae r sw s 1 0e xcava t ion si n d ica t e ar e la t ive ly s ho r t b u ti n t en se p e r iod o fc omme r c ia la c t iv i ty i nt h ev i cu s i nl i t t le m o re t h a t as i ng le g ene r a t ion f r om t h e7 0 sA .D . t ot h e1 20 so r1 30 s ,f o l lowed b y ar a p id t a i l ing o f fw i th o n ly as c a t te r ing o ff i nd sb e long ing t ot h em id t ol a te r s e cond a nd t h i rd c en tu r ie s . T he p r obab le s i gn if icance o ft h i s w i th r e ga rd t ot h e g a r r ison ing o ft h e f o r t h a s a l r eady b een c on s ide red i nC hap te r 1 . T he l i m i ted s c a le o ft h ee xcava t ion o fP e r iod 1l e ve l s m ean s t h a t t h e o ve ra l l c ha ra c te r o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry o ccup a t ion i sd i ff i cu l tt oa s se s s ,b u ti ts e em sp robab le t h a ti n i t ia l ly t h ea r ea w a su sed o n ly b yt h ea rmy . T he p r ima ry l e ve l s i n d ica te t h es t r ipp ing o ft u r fa sw e l la s t h ec on s t ruc t ion o f am a in r o ad s ou th a nd o f ap a t ro lo r p e r ime t e rr o ad j u s tb eyond t h eo u te rd i t ch o ft h ef o r t . E nough t i me e l ap s ed b e fo r e t h e l a y ing o f ac obb led y a rd f o r t h ep a t ro l r o ad t oh ave b een g i ven as e cond m e ta ll ing . T he e x ten to rp u rpo se o ft h ec obb led y a rd b u i l to ve rb o th t h ep a t ro lr oad a nd h i the r to u noccup ied l a nd s t re t ch ing a way f r om t h ef o r t ,i su nknown . T h i s n eed n o tn ece s sa r i ly i mp ly t h ed e comm i s s ion ing o fa p a t ro lr o u t ea r ound t h ef o r t ,t h ough i t sn a tu r em ay h ave d i sa l lowed h eavy u se , p a r t icu la r ly i nw e tw ea the r . T he c obb l ing wa s l a id o n ly t h in ly o ve r ac l ay b ed ( t he l a t te rp e rhap sg a ined f r om t h ea ppa r en tq ua r ry p i ts f u r the rt ot h ee a s t ) . T he ' wa t e rb a s in 'w i th ad r a in h o le i nt h e b a se f o rmed b y n e s t ed a mpho r a s he rd s m igh t i n d ica t e d ome s t ic o rl i gh t i n du s t r ia l u se o ft h i s y a rd , t h ough n ot r ac e so fb u i ld ing sw e re f o und i nt h es ma l l a r ea o pened o ve ri t . F o rw an to ff u r the re v idenc et h i s h a s b een s ugge s t ed a s b e ing at empo r a ry s t o rage o r w o rk sa r ea u sed b yt h ea rmy d u r ing t h ec on s t ruc t ion o f t h ef o r t . U n le s si tl a yw i th in a no t he rw ise u nev idenced e a r ly a nnexe ,t h eu s e ,w he the rc i v i lo rm i l i ta ry ,o ft h i s e x t ra -mu ra la r e aq u i te e a r ly i nt h el i f eo ft h ef o r ts e ems t oi n d ica t e as ubdued o rq u ie s cen tl o ca ln a t ive p opu la t i on . I ti so fi n te r e s tt h a tb ronze h o r se -ha r ne s sf i t t ing sa nd o t he rp i ec e so fm i l i ta ry d r e s sw i th g ene ra l ly N e ron ian a ff in i t ie s a nd w i th p a ra l le l s o n t h e G e rman f r on t ie r ,

w e r e f o und i nt h e se e a r l ie s tl e ve l s a nd a bove . T he s e e mpha s ise t h ee a r ly F l av ian o re ven l a t eN e ron ian d a t e o ft h ef o unda t ion o fC ae r sw sI ,a nd s uppo r ts p e cu la t i on ( p romp t ed b y t h e s i ze o ft h e f o r t ) t h a t t h e f i r s t g a r r i son w a s ac ava l ry , o r c omb ined i n f an t ry a nd c ava l ry r e g imen t ( P ryce 1 931 , 2 2 ) . I ts e em sp robab le t h a tt h ef i r s tc i v i ls e t t lemen to nt h e s i te i sr e p re sen t ed b y t h eb u i ld ing s t h a tw e re e r e c ted o ve rt h ey a rd ,o ne i n co rpo r a t ing V e spa s ian ic c o in si n i t s f o unda t ion l a ye r s . A l low ing f o r t h e s ma l l a r ea o pened o ve rt h eF l av ian s t ruc tu r e s , i ts e em st h a tt h ey d on o th ave t h ec ha rac te ro ft h e s t r ip b u i ld ing s f o und i nt h ev i c io ft h en o r the rn B r i t i sh f r on t ie r ,n o rp e rhap s , w e re t h e i rl a rge r oom s ,s ome w i th b oa rded f l oo r su sed p r ima r i ly a ss hop s . T he re w a sl i t t le c e r ta in i n d ica t ion f r om t h ef i nd s w ha t t h e i r f u nc t ion s m igh th ave b e en , a l though t h ed i s cove ry o fn ume rou sg am ing c oun te r s i n B u i ld ing 1 a nd i n t h e d eb r i s o f i t s d e s t ruc t ion s ugge s tt h a ti tm ay h ave b een at a ve rn . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t s ome c oun te r s w e re b e ing m ade o n t h e s i te , a s s e ve ra lc hunk so fo paque w h i te g l a s s ,a ppa r en t ly s im i la r t ot h ew h i te g l a s so ft h ec oun t e r s ,w e r ef o und i nt h e se l e ve l s , a s w e l l a s t wo w h i te c oun te r s f u sed t o ge the r ( f ig s 2 4 a nd 2 5 ) . I n 1 909 B o sanque t i d en t if i ed a n umbe r o f w e l l s w h ich p rodu ced f i nd s w h ich s ug g e s ted t oh im t h a t as a dd le ro rl e a the rwo rke ro ccup ied p a r to ft h ea r ea s ou th o fo u rB u i ld ing 1 ;f u r the rs ou th a ga in t h ed i scove ry o f ac r uc ib le ,s c rap so fb ronze ,a n e nameled b rooch a nd ar am 's h eaded p a t era h and le s ugge s t ed ac oppe r sm i th 's w o rk shop . I ti sn o tk nown a tw h ich p o in tw i th in P e r iod s 1a nd 2t h e se f i nd sf a l l , b u t n o w e l l s c e r ta in ly b e long ing t oP e r iod 2 w e re f o und i nt h e 1 985 -86 e xcava t ion s , s ol e a the rwo rk ing a tl e a s tm igh tb ea l loca ted t oP e r iod 1 . I th a s b een s ugge s ted t h a t t h e d e s t ruc t ion o f t h e F l av ian t i mbe r b u i ld ing s a nd t h e r e -e s tab l i shmen to f t h ep e r ime te rr oad m igh tb ea s soc ia ted w i th ab r eak i n o c cup a t ion o fa nd a l t e ra t ion st ot h ef o r ta bou tt h ee nd o ft h ef i r s tc en tu ry : i n te rna lf o r tb u i ld ing sw e r ea tt h a t t i me d emo l i shed a nd p a r t s o f t h em b u rn t , w h i le t h e o r ig ina l r ampa r tw a s s l igh ted ; s ome s i l t ing o ccu r red i n t h e i n ne r d i t ch b e fo re i tw a s b a ck f i l led a nd t h e s l igh ted r ampa r th e igh tened a nd r e f a ced ; n ew t i mbe r b a r rack sw e r ee r ec t ed ( Dan ie l se ta l . 1 968 ,6 5 ;J a r reu 1 969 ,6 9 -70 ) . T he 1 985 -6 e xcava t ion sc onf i rmed t h e

1 26

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

C onc lu s ion s .

l a te f i r s tc en tu ry d a te o fa na ppa ren t ly s im i la rd e s t r uc t i on w i th in t h e v i cu s . T he o cca s ion f o r ab r eak i nt h ef o r t 's o ccupa t ion a nd i t ss ub sequen tr e fu rb ishmen ti sn o tk nown . T he i d en t i f ica t ion ,h oweve r ,o ft h el a rge b u i ld ing j u s ts ou th o f t h ea r ea o ft h e 1 966 e xcava t ion s ( Bu i ld ing 3 ,e r e c ted a tt h e s ame t i me a st h er e -e s tab l ishmen to ft h e r o ad ) s e ems t os ugge s t t h a t t h e l a t t e r b e long ed t ot h e n ew v i cu sp l an r a the rt h an b e ing p a r to fa ny m i l i ta ry p l an , s u ch a sa low ing aw ide r f i e ld o f f i r e f r om t h e r am p a r t s , a s t e n ta t ive ly p ropo sed a f te r t h e 1 966 w o rk . T hu s i ti sp e rhap s mo r e l i ke ly t h a t t h e e a r ly s e cond c en tu ry w a s at i me o f p ea ce a nd g row ing c i v i l a nd c omme r c ia l s e t t lemen t , r a the r t h an p r epa r a t ion f o r r e newed m i l i ta ry a c t iv i ty . Mo re w o rk m u s tb ed one i n C a e r sw s ,t h ough ,i fm o re s pe c if ic q ue s t ion sa bou tt h e c ha r a c t e ro ft h eP e r iod 1v i cu sa nd t h ec au se o re x t en t o fi t sd e s truc t ion a r e t ob ea n swe red . T he i mp r e s s ion g i ven b yt h eP e r iod 2e v idence i so f ap l anned e x t r a -mu ra l d eve lopmen t e s tab l ished i n s e t t led t i me sb yp ro f e s s iona l t r ade r sp rov id ing g ood s a nd s e rv ice sf o rt h eg a r r ison . U n le s su nde r taken b yt h e m i l i ta ry , a pp r e c iab le i n ve s tmen to fc ap i ta l m u s th ave g one i n to b u i ld ing . T he p auc i ty o fl a rge s c a le v i cu s e x cava t ion i n Wa le sd oe sn o ta low l o ca lc ompa r ison o fb u i ld ing f o rm , a nd t h e ' c o r r ido r -bu i ld ing ' b e long i n gt ot h i sp ha se i sn o tr e ad i ly p a ra l le led o nH ad r ian ' s Wa l l , e xcep tp e rhap s a tV indo landa . T he u s e o ft h e f r on t r ooms a s s hop s s e ems l i ke ly , t h ough o n ly t h e p r e sence o f af ew w e igh t s i nt h ea r ea m igh tc o r robo r a te t h i s p ropo s i t ion . T he se a pp ea r t o h ave b een b a cked b y w o rk shop s a nd d ome s t ic a c commoda t ion . T he n umbe r o fo ven s i nB u i ld ing 3 ( none o f w h ich w e r eo fa n i n du s t r ia ln a tu re )c ou ld i n d i ca te b ak ing o n ac omme r c ia l s c a le . T he a moun to fs am ian w a re a nd s ome o ft h eb r onze s , s ugge s t t h a t t h e re c ou ld h ave b een s ome a ff luen ce w i th in t h e v i cu s . I ti su nc lea rh oweve rw he the r s u ch p ro spe r i ty s hou ld b ea tr ibu ted m o r e t oP e r iod 1t h an t oP e r iod 2 ,f o r , t h ough mo s t o ft h e a ppa r en t l u xu ry i t em sw e re f o und i nP e r iod 2l e ve l s ,t h ey a r eg ene ra l ly o fm id t ol a te rf i r s tc en tu ry d a te ,a nd aq ue s t ion a r i se s a st ow he the rt h ey r e p r e sen tr e s idua l i ty o rl o ngev i ty o f u s e ,p o s s ib ly i ns e cond -hand o wne r sh ip . T he u nu sua l a moun t o f m id f i r s t c en tu ry l u xu ry g l a s swa r e , f o re xamp le , c omb ined w i th as c a r c i ty o f s e cond c en tu ry g l a s s ,s ugge s t st h a ti tw a su n l ike ly t h a t t h e se e a r ly p i e ce s h ad b een u s ed o n t h e t a b le so ft h e P e r iod 2v i can i . T he q uan t i ty o fh i gh q ua l i ty C laud io N e ron ian v e s se l sr e p re sen t ed i nP e r iod 1a nd 2l e ve l s , s ugge s t s i n s t ead t h a t t h ey m igh t h ave b een b rough t i n c iden ta l ly t ot h es i te a l ready b roken ,d u r ing b u i ld ing o pe r a t ion s . T h i s w ou ld l e ave t h e p rob lem o f t h e i r o r ig in u n re so lved , a nd c ou ld r a i se a ga in t h ep o s s ib i l i t y , n o t r e c en t ly p u r sued , t h a t C a e r sw s Io ve r l ie s a p r e -F ron t in ian f o r t( Dan ie l s e ta l . 1 966 , 13 ) . T he l a ck o fp ub l ished i n fo rma t ion a bou tl o ca l f i nd s m ake si tn e ce s sa ry t ol o ok e a s tf o rc ompa ra t ive m a t e r i a l f r om w h ich t ob eg in t oa n swe r q ue s t ion s a bou t

t r ade l i ne s o ro t he r c on tac t st h a t t h eC a e r sw s v i can i m igh th ave h ad . Mo r et h an h a l ft h ec oa r se p o t te ry w a s p rob ab ly m anu f a c tu r ed n ea rby , h oweve r , a nd t h e re a r e t h r ee m o r ta r ia o f ap o t te r w ho a lmo s t c e r ta in ly w o rked l o ca l ly ( p p9 1 -2 & 1 22 a bove ) . Wroxe t e rw a s t h en e a r e s tl a rge R oman s e t t lemen t ,b e ing as ou rc eo f m anu f a c tu r ed g ood s s u ch a s mo r ta r ia , t h ough t h e r e la t ive ly s ma l lq uan t i ty o fS eve rn V a l ley Wa re f o und w a sr ema rked o n . T h i sf a b r ic w a su s ed ( a nd p robab ly p roduced ) i nl a rge q uan t i t ie sa t Wroxe te r ( s ee p .8 9 a bove ) ,a nd t h e r em ay b es ome s i gn if i cance i nt h ef a c t t h a t2 7% o ft h ec oa r se w a r es f r om S i te 1 0a tC ae r sw s w e r e f r om t h e mo r e d i s tan t s ou r ce o f t h e C he sh i re P l a in a s c ompa red w i th t h e 3% t h a t w a s i nS eve rn V a l ley Wa r e . T he s i ze o ft h e f o r t i nt h e f i r s tp l ace , a nd n ow t h e i d en t if i ca t io n o fh o r s e t r app ing s w i th m i l i ta ry p a ra l l e ls , s ugg e s t s t rong ly t h a t ac ava l ry r e g imen t w a s s t a t ioned a tC a e r sw sI . T he C he s te rc ommand a tt h e t u rn o f t h e f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . i n c luded f ou r s u ch r e g imen t s ,a nd J a r re t t( 1 969 ,16 )h a ss ugg e s ted C ae r sws m igh th ave h ou sed o ne o ft h e se ,w h i le Web s te r( a bove p .8 9 )n o t e st h a ts u ch ac onnec t ion w i th C he s te rc ou ld a c coun t f o r t h e h eavy p roponder ance o f C he sh i re P la in p o t t e ry a mong t h en on loca lf a b r ic s . T he p r e s e n ce a mong s t t h e se C hesh i re v e s se l s o f f i ne w a re s f r om H o l t( s ee f o re xamp le f i g .4 9 ,n o .3 9 ,f i g . 5 4 ,n o . 2 40 ) i mp ly ac e r ta in w ea l th . O fo t he rt r ade o rs t a tu s i n d ica to r s , Web s t e rr ema rk so nt h es ma l lp ropo r t ion o f a mpho rae f o rc ommod i t ies o t he rt h an o l ive o i l , t h e r e b e ing o n ly s ma l l f r agmen t s o f t wo c a r ro t a mpho r a ( c on ta ine r s f o r f i g s o r d a t e s p e rhap s ) a nd s e ve r a l l a rge rp i ec e so fa nI t a l ian w ine a mpho ra ( a bove p .9 0 ) . T he b ron ze f i nd so fo t he rt h an m i l i ta ry p i e ce sc on s i s t m a in ly o fb rooche s , o fw h i ch o ne o fp enannu la r f o rm w a s p robab ly m ade a t Wroxe te r w he re t h re e s im i la r e xamp le s h ave b een f o und ; o t he r p e r sona l e qu ipmen tw a su nexp ec ted ly s c a rc e . A no the rs i gn if i c an t g r oup i so f b ronze v e s se l f r agmen t s , m o s t ly i mp ly ing t h eu se o fq ua l i ty t a b le w a r ei nt h e l a t e f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . ,s ome o fw h ich ,a tl e a s t ,p robab ly o r ig i n a l ly b e longed t o am embe ro ft h eg a r r i son ( a bove p p 5 a nd 6 4 -66 ) . T he f r agmen ta ry n a tu re o fm any o ft h eb ronz ef i nd s i sp robab ly t ob ea t t r ibu ted a s much t ot h ea c id i ty o ft h e s o i la nd t od i s tu rbance o fe a r l ie rl a ye r sd u r ing P e r iod 2a st ot h ep o s s ib i l i ty t h a ts u ch p i ece sw e r es c r ap b e ing c o l le c ted f o r r e -u se b y ab ronzesm i th . A s a l r eady n o ted , B o sanque t a ppa r en t ly f o und e v idence ( P e r iod 1 ? ) b ronze w o rk ing , b u tp robab ly i na n a r ea s ou th o f S i te 1 0 ,f o rn os u ch e v idence w a si d en t if i ed d u r ing t h e 1 985 -86 e xcava t ion s . T he o c cupan t s o f B u i ld ing 3 s e em t oh ave t r aded w i th r e a sonab le s u cc e s s f o r p e rhap s aq ua r te r o f a c en tu ry . C ra f t o b je c t s , s u ch a s s p ind le w ho r l s w e re a b sen t ,a nd i tm ay b ea s sumed t h a tp r epa r ed c l o th f o r e xamp le w a sb ough ti n ,a sw el a ss ome g ood q ua l i ty t a b lewa r e . T he b u i ld ing w as e n la rged f a i r ly e a r ly i n i t sl i f e ,b u ti tw a sn o tab le t h a tt h e r eh ad b een n oo ve ra l l

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

r e -bu i ld ing a t temp t ed , d e sp i te w ha t m u s t h ave b e en s e ve r es t ruc tu ra lp rob lems c au sed b ys ub s idence .R epa i r s w e r ec a r r ied o u ta sd i c ta ted b ye xped iency ,t h e v i can i h e re p e rhap sb e ing c au t iou sa bou ti n ve s t ing f u r the ri n a ne n te rp r ise d epend ing h eav i ly o nt h ep r e sence o ft h e a rmy . T he 2 0 o r 3 0 -yea r o l d B u i ld ing 3 w a s s t i l l u sab le ,i fr a the ra l te red a nd p a r t ia l ly a bandoned ,w hen t h eb u lk o ft h e g a r r ison a pp ea r s t oh ave m oved a way f r om C a e r sw s , p r e sumab ly a s ac onsequence o f t h e H ad r ian ic c oncen t ra t ion o n t h e n o r th B r i t i sh f r on t ie r . Wh i l s tt h e r ea r es ome l a te rf i nd si nt h ev i c in i ty o ft h e b a th -house , t h e e xcava t ion o f t h e p r esen t a r ea ( i f t y p ica l o f t h e v i cus ) s ugge s t s t h a t o ccupa t ion i fa ny , w a so n c on s ide rab ly r e duced s c a le a f t e r A .D . 1 30 o r 1 40 . T h is s e ems t or e f lec t t h e p a t te rn i n Wa le s a s a w ho le ,w he r em i l i ta ry v i c i ,u n l ike t h e i rc oun t e rpa r t si n t h en o r the rn z one o ft h ep rov ince , h ad n o tt h et i me t o b u i ld s uf i c ien tc omme r c ia l t i e sw i th t h en a t ive p opu l a t ion t o s u rv ive t h e w i thd rawa l o f t r oop s a nd f o rm v i l lage s o rt owns i nt h e i ro wn r i gh t ( Dav ie s 1 986 ) . R e la t ive ly f ew e xcava t ions h ave b een c a r r ied o u ti n

C onc lus ions .

1 27

m i l i ta ry v i c i i n Wa le s , b u t t h e r e cen tw o rk , c omb ined w i th i n f o rma t ion a l ready a va i lab le ,h a su se fu l ly a dded t o o u r u nde r s tand ing o f b o th t h e l i ke ly n a tu re a nd c h rono logy o f t h e c i v i l ian s e t t lemen t a t tached t ot h e l a te ro ft wo f o r t sa tC a e r sw s . Mo re g ene ra l ly ,d i s cov e r ie s h e re w i l l a l so c on t r ibu te t ot h e g row ing a moun t o fe v idence a bou t t h e m i l i ta ry a nd c oncom i tan tc i v i l i a n o c cup a t ion i n Wa le s a s aw ho le . A s n o ted i n C hap te r 1 ,D r D av ie s h a s s hown f r om e x is t ing e v i d ence b o th i n s ide a nd o u t s ide We l sh f o r t s t h a t t h e re wa sp e rhap s aw ho le sa le c hange i nt r oop d i spo s i t ion s d u r ing t h e s e cond q ua r te r o f t h e s e cond c en tu ry . H e h a s r a ised t h e i s sue o f t h e p o s s ib le e conom ic c on se q uenc e so ft h es udden a pp ea rance o f al a rge p o ten t ia l m a rke tf o rn a t ive g ood sa nd s e rv ice sa nd o ft h ea ppa r e n t ly e qua l ly s udden r emova l o f t h a t m a rke t ( Dav ie s 1 984 ) . T he re i st h e refo re a nn e ed i n Wa le sn o to n ly f o r f u r the r e xcava t ion o f v i c i b u t a l so o f n ea rby n a t ive s e t t lemen t s ,b e fo r ef u r the ru nde r s tand ing c an b ea ch ieved o f t h e n a tu r e o f R oman ised c i v i l s e t t lemen t s a nd o f t h e i r r e la t ion sh ip w i th n a t ive p opu la t ion s .

1 28

C aer sw s v i cu s ,1 985 -6 .

B ib l iog raphy

B ib l iography

A laNao ,J . ,1 975 . Sou te i l le sc a r r6 e af o nd d e co r6 d u P o r tuga le R oma ine ' ,J ou rna lo fG la s sS t ud i e s , 1 7 , 4 7 -53 . A nde r son ,A .C . , 1 981 . ' S ome C on t inen ta lb eake r so f t h e f i r s t a nd s e cond c en tu r ie s A .D . ' , 3 2 1 -348 i n A .C . A nde r son a nd A .S . A nde r son ( e d s ) ,R oman P o t t e ryRe s ea r ch inBr i ta inandN o r th -W e s tE u rop e , B .A .R . I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s ,n o . 1 23 ( i ) . O x fo rd . A r thu r , P . , 1 978 . ' The l e ad -g lazed w a re s o fR oman B r i ta in ' , 19 -224 i nP .A r thu r &G . Ma r sh ( e d s ) E a r ly F ine War es i nR oman B r i ta in , B .A .R . 5 7 . O xfo rd . A tk inson , D . , 1 9 14 . ' A h oa rd o f s am ian w a re f r om P ompe i i ' ,J . R .S . , 4( 1 914 ) , 2 6 -64 & p l . I -XV I . A tk in son , D . , 1 9 16 . T he R omano -Br i t i sh s i t e o n L owbu ry H i l l i nB erk sh i r e . A tk inson , D . , 1 942 . R epor t o n E x cava t ions a tW rox e te r ( t h e R oman C i ty o fV i rocon ium ) i nt h ec oun ty o fS a lop 1 923 2 7 ' . B i rm ingham . B eck ,F . , Mon the l ,G . ,R abe is en ,E . , 1 983 . ' No te s u r u n m ou ld a f i bu le s d e B ib ra c te ' , A n t iqu i t eg N a t iona le s , n o . 1 4 / 15 , 1 982 -3 . B e rge r , L . , 1 960 . R öm i s che G lä se r a u s V indon i s sa , V e rof f en t l ichungen d e rG e se l l s cha f tp ro V in con i s sa B and I V . B a se l . B idwe l l , P .T . , 1 979 . T h e l e g iona ry b a th -hou se a nd B a s i l i ca a nd F o rum a tE x e te r . E xe te r . B i shop ,M .C . ,1 988 . ' Cava l ry e qu ipmen to ft h eR oman a rmy i n t h e f i r s t c en tu ry A .D . ' , J . C . C ou l s ton ( e d . ) ,M i l i ta ry e qu ipm en ta nd t h ei d en t i ty o fR o man s o ld ier s , B .A .R . I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s , n o . 3 94 . O x fo rd . B oon ,G .C . , 1 967 . ' Roman g l a s si n Wa le s ' ,9 3 -102 , A nna les d e s 4 eme C ongr2s d es J ournges I n t erna t iona le sd u V er r e . B oon ,G .C . , 1 978 . G la s s ,i nH .J ame s ,' Excava t ion sa t C hu r ch S t r ee t , C a rma r then , 1 976 ' , p p . 8 4 -85 i n G .C .B oon ( e d . ) , Monograph sa nd C o l l ec t ion s ,I : R oman S i te s . C a rd i f f . B oon ,G .C . &S avo ry ,H .N . , 1 975 . ' A s i lve rt r umpe t b roo ch w i th r e l ie f d eco r a t ion , p a r ce l g i l t , f r om C a rma r then ,a nd an o te o nt h ed eve lopmen to ft h e t y pe ' ,A n t iq . . 1 , 5 , 4 1-6 1 . B oon , G .C . , f o r thcom ing . E xcava t ion s i nt h eE x t ra Mu ra l a r ea o fC ae r leon .

B ra i l sf o rd ,J . ,1 962 . H od H i l l . V o lI .A n t iqu i t ie sf rom H od H i l li nt h eD u rd en C o l lec t ion . L ondon . B rod r ibb ,A .C .C . ,H and s ,A .R . & Wa lke r ,D .R . , 1 97 1 . E x cava t ion s a t S hak enoak F arm , n ear W i lco te , O x f ord sh i r e , P ar tI ,S i t es B & H . O x fo rd . B u lme r , W . , 1 950 . ' No te o n af r agmen t o f ag l a s s a rm le t f r om N ew s t ead ' , P roc . S oc . A n t iq . S co t . , 8 4 , 1 949 -50 , 3 7 -38 . B u she -Fox ,J . P . , 1 9 13 . E x cava t ion so nt h eS i te o ft h e R oman T own a tW rox e te r , S h rop sh i re , i n1 9 12 , R ep . R e s . C omm . S o c . A n t iq . L ondon ,n o . 1 . B u she -Fox ,J .P . ,19 14 .S econdr epo r to nt h ee x cava t ion s o n t h e s i t e o f t h e R oman t own a t W rox e t er , S h rop sh i r e , 1 9 13 , R ep . R e s . C omm . S oc . A n t iq . L ondon , n o . 2 . B u she -Fox ,J . P . ,1 9 16 . T h i rd R epor to nt h ee x ca va t ions o n t h e R oman T own a t W rox e te r , S h rop sh i re , 1 9 14 . R ep .R e s .C omm . S oc . A n t iq .L ondon ,n o . 3 . C a l lende r , M .H . , 1 965 . R oman Ampho rae . D u rham C a r r ing ton , P . , 1 986 . ' The R oman a dvance i n to t h e n o r th -we s tm id land s b e fo re A .D . 7 1 ' ,J ou rna lo f t h e C he s t er A r chaeo log i ca lS oc i e t y , 6 8 , 5 22 . C ha r le swo r th ,D . , 1 959 . ' Roman g l a s sf r om n o r the rn B r i ta in ' ,A rch .A e l . 4 , XXXV I I , 3 -58 . C ha r le swo r th ,D . ,1 972 . ' The g l a s s ' ,1 96 -2 15 i nF re r e , S . S . , 1 972 . C ha r le swo r th ,D . , 1 974 . ' The R oman g l a s s ' ,8 8 -90 i n S . S .F r e re & J .K .S tJ o seph ,' The R oman f o r t re s s a tL ong tho rpe ' ,B r i tann ia , 5 ,1 129 . C ha r le swo r th ,D . , 1 98 1 . ' The g l a s sf r om t h eb u r ia ls ' , 2 68 -71 i nC .P a r t r idge ,S k e l e ton G r een , al a t eI r on A ge a ndRomano -Br i t i sh s i t e ,B r i tann ia Monog raph n o . 2 . C ha r le swo r th , D . , 1 984 . ' The G la s s ' , 1 46 -73 i nS . S . F re r e 1 984 . C ha r le swo r th ,D . ,1 985 . ' The G la s s ' MF 1 :A6 -9 ,3 :F 1 F 11 , i n R . N ib leu , S he ep en : a n e a r ly R oman i n du s t r ia ls i t ea tC ae zu lodunum ,C .B .A .R e sea r ch R epo r t , n o . 5 7 C la rke , G . , 1 979 . T he R oman c eme t er ya tL ankh i l l s , W inche s t e r S t ud ie s 3 : P re -Roman a nd R oman W inche s t e rP a r t I . C oo l , H .E .M . , 1 983 . R oman p e r sona l o rnamen t s m ad eo fm e ta l ,e x c lud ing b rooch e s ,f r om s ou thern

C aer sw sv i cus , 1 985 -6 .

B r i ta in ,P h .D . t h e s i s , U n ive r s i ty o f Wa le s . C oo l , H .E .M . &P r ic e ,J . ,f o r thcom ing . R oman g l a s s f r omex cava t ion sa tCo l ch e s t e r1 97 1 -83 , Co lche s te r A r chaeo log ica l Monog raph . C r aw fo rd , M .H . , 1 974 . R oman R epub l ican C o inage ( 2V o l s ) . C amb r idge . C raw fo rd , O .G .S . &R ode r , J . , 1 955 . ' The Q ue rn q ua r r ie so f Mayen i nt h eE i f e l ' ,A n t iqu i ty ,2 9 ,6 8 7 6 . C rew , P . , 1 980 . ' B ryn y C a s ten ' , A rchaeo logy i n Wa l es ,2 0 , 2 8 . C r ew ,P . ,f o r th com ing . ' An u nu sua lg l a s sb ang le f r om K enche s t e r ' . C rummy ,N . ,1 983 . C o l che s te rA r chaeo log ica lR epo r t 2 : T he R oman s ma l lf i nd sf r om e x cava t ion s i n C okh e s te r , 1 97 1 -9 . C o lche s te r . C un l if f e ,B . , 1 968 . F i f th r e po r to n t h ee x cava t ion so f t h eR oman f o r t a tR i chbo rough , K en t , R ep . R e s . C omm . S o c . A n t iq . L ondon , n o . 2 3 . C un l if f e ,B . , 1 97 1 . E x cava t ion sa tF i shbou rne 1 96 1 1 962 , HT he F ind s ,R ep .R e s .C omm .S o c .A n t iq . L ondon , n o . 2 7 . C u r le ,J . ,1 911 . AR oman f r on t i er p os ta nd i t sp eop le . T h ef o r t o fN ew s tead i nt h e p ar i sh o fM e l ro se . G la sgow . D an ie l s ,C .M . ,J one s ,G .D .B . &P u tnam ,W .G . , 1 966 . ' Excava t ion s a tC ae r sw s , 1 966 : I n t e r im S u rvey ' , Mon tgom e ry sh i r e C o l lec t . , 5 9 ( 1 964 -66 ) , 12 15 . D an ie l s ,C .M . ,J one s ,G .D .B . &P u tnam ,W .G . , 1 968 . ' Excava t ion s a tC a e r sw s , 1 967 , I n t e r im S u rvey ' , Mon tgomer y sh i r e C o l l ec t . , 6 0 ( 1 967 -68 ) , 6 4 -66 . D an ie l s ,C .M . ,J one s ,G .D .B . &P u tnam ,W .G . , 1 970 . ' Excava t ion sa tC ae r sw s ,1 968 ' , Mon tgom e ry sh ir e C o l l ec t . , 6 1 ( 1 969 -70 ) , 3 7 -42 . D a r l ing ,M . J . , 1 977 . ' Po t te ry f r om e a r ly m i l i ta ry s i t e s i nw e s te rn B r i ta in ' ,5 7 -100 i nJ .D or e &K .G r eene ( e d s ) ,R oman p o t t e ry s t ud ie si nBr i ta in a nd b eyond : p aper s p resen ted t o J ohn G i l lam , B .A .R . S upp lemen ta ry S e r ie s , n o . 3 0 . O xfo rd . D av ie s ,D . ,1857 .' Ca e r sw s :R oman R ema in sD i s cove r ed a nd D e sc r ibed ', A rchaeo l .C amb ren s i s ,3 r dS e r ie s , 1 5 1 172 . D av ie s ,J . L . , 1 98 4 . ' S o ld ie r s ,P ea san t sa nd Ma rke t si n Wa le sa nd t h e Ma r che s ' ,9 3 -137 i nT .F .C . B lagg &A .C .K ing ( e d s ) ,M i l i tar ya nd C iv i l ian i nR oman B r i ta in . C u l tu ra l R e la t ion sh ip s i n aF ron t ier P rov in ce , B .A .R , n o . 1 36 . O xf o rd . D av ie s ,J . L . , 1 986 . ' Th ree We l sh v i c i : A na ly s i sa nd I mp l ica t ions ' , p ape r g i ven a t I n te rna t iona l l i me s fo r s chung , V ienna . D e che le t te , DJ . , 1 904 . L es v a se sc d ra r r z ique o rnd sd e l aG au le R oma ine ,V o l . 2 . P a r i s . d en B oe s t e rd , M . , 1 956 . T he b ron ze v e s s e l s i n t h e R i jk smu s eum G M K am a tN i jmegen . N i jmegen . D ick in son , V . , a nd E van s , D .R . , f o r thcom ing . ' Excava t ion s a t' Roman G a te s ' C ae r leon ' . E gge r s , H . J . , 1 966 . ` Röm is che B ronzege f ä s se i n B r i tann ien '‚ J ah rbuch d e sR öm i sch -Ge rman i schen

B ib l iog raphy .

1 29

Z en t ra lmu s eum s , Ma in z , 1 3 , 6 7 -164 . F i she r , J . , 1 9 17 . T ou r s i n Wa l es ( 1 804 -18 13 ) , b y R ichard F en ton , C ambr ian A rchaeo log ica l A s so c ia t ion . F i sche r ,U . ,1 973 .G rabungen i mr öm i s ch en S t e inka s t e l l v on H edd ernh e im , 1 957 -1959 , S ch r if t en d e s F rank f u r te r Mu seum sf ü rV o r -u nd F rühge s ch ich t e , F rank fu r t -am - Ma in , 1 973 . F ow le r , E . , 1 960 . ' The O r ig in s a nd D eve lopmen to f t h e P enannu la r B roo ch i n E u rop e ' , 1 49 -77 i n P ro c . P r eh i s t . S oc . , 2 6 . F re r e , S . S . , 1 972 . V eru lam ium E x cava t ion s , V o l . I , R ep . R e s . C omm . S oc . A n t iq . L ondon , n o . 2 8 . F re r e ,S . S . . 1 984 . V eru lam ium E x cava t ion s , V o l .I I ' , O xfo rd Un ive r s i ty c omm i t tee f o r A r chaeo logy , Monog r aph n o . 1 . G i lch r is t , R . & My tum , H .C . , 1 986 . ' Expe r imen ta l a r chaeo logy a nd b urn t a n ima l b one f r om a r cha eo log ica l s i te s ' , C i rcaea ( Bu l l . A s s . E nv i r . A rchaeo l . ) ,4 ( 1) , 2 9 -38 . G i l lam , J . P . , 1 970 . T yp es o fR oman C oa r s e P o t t e ry V e s s e l si nN or thern B r i ta in ,( 3 rd e d . ) . N ewca s t le . G i l lam , J . P . , 1 976 . ' Coa r se F umed Wa re i nN o r th B r i ta in a nd B eyond ' ,G la sgow A r chaeo l .J . ,4 ,5 7 8 0 . G r eene , K .T . , 1 979 . T he P r e -F lav ian F ine Wa r e s . R epo r to nt h eE xcava t ion sa tU sk ,1 965 -76 .C a rd i f f . G r ime s ,W .F . , 1 930 . ' Ho l t ,D enb igh sh i re :T he Wo rk s D epo to ft h e Twen t ie th L eg ion a tC a s t le L yon s ' ,Y C ymm rodor ,4 1 . G u ido ,M . , 1 978 . T he G la s sB ead so ft h eP r eh i s to r ic a nd R oman P er iod s i nB r i ta in a nd I r e land ,R ep . R e s . C omm . S oc . A n t iq . L ondon ,n o . 3 5 . G u i l laume t ,J .P . ,1984 .L e sf ibu l e sd eB ib rac t e ,t e chn ique e tt y po log ie . D i jon . H ame r , E . , 1 869 . ' Anc ien t An vy s t l i -P a r t I ' , Mon tgomer y sh i r e C o l lec t . , 2 ,5 1 -65 . H a rden , D .B . , 1 947 . ' The g l a s s ' , 2 87 -307 i nC .F .C . H awk e s &M .R .H u l l ,C amu lodunum :F i r s tR epo r t o nt h ee x cava t ion sa tC o l ch e s te r1 930 -1939 ,R ep . R e s . C omm . S oc . A n t iq . L ondon ,n o . 1 4 . H a rden , D .B . , 1 958 . ' G la s s ' , 1 57 -8 i n M .R . H u l l , R oman C o l ch es te r ,R ep .R e s .C omm . S o c .A n t iq . L ondon , n o . 2 0 . H a rden , D .B . , 1 967 . ' The g l a s sj ug ' , 2 38 -40 i nM . B idd le , ' Two F l av ian b u r ia l s f r om G r ange R d , W inche s te r ' . A n t .J . , XLV I I ,2 24 -250 . H a rden , D .B . , H e l lenkempe r , H . , P a in te r , K . & Wh i tehou se , D . , 1 987 . G la s s o f t h e C ae sa r s . L ondon . H a rden ,D .B . &P r ic e ,J . ,1 971 . ' The g l a s s ' ,3 17 -68 i n B . C un l i f f e , F i shbou rne , 1 96 1 1969 V o lume I : T he F ind s ,R ep .R e s .C omm .S oc .A n t iq .L ondon , n o . 2 7 . H a r t ley ,K .F . & Web s te r ,P .V . , 1 973 . ' The R omano B r i t i sh P o t t e ry K i ln sn ea rW i lde r spoo l ' ,A rchaeo l . J . , 1 30 , 7 7 103 . H a r t ley ,K .F . ,f o r th com ing .B e rke ley S t r ee tExcava t ion s , G louce s te r , s t amp so fC unda ?

1 30

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

B ib l iog r aphy .

H a t ta t t , R . , 1 985 . I r on A ge a nd R oman b rooche s . O xfo rd . H en ig ,M . ,1 974 . Ac o rpu so fRoman e ng rav ed g em s tone s f rom B r i t i sh s i t e s , i s tE d i t ion , B .A .R . 8 . H o lwe rda , J .H . , 1 931 . ' Gen v ond s t u i t d en R i jn b i j D oo rwe r th ' , O udhe idkund ige Med ed ee l ingen , S upp lemen tb i j n i euwe r e ek s x i i , 1 26 . H u l l ,M .R . , 1 967 . ' The N o r 'nou rb r oo che s ' ,2 8 -64 i n D . D ud ley , ' Excava t ion so nN o r 'nou ri nt h eI s le s o fS c ily , 1 962 -6 ' ,A rcha eo l . J . , 1 24 , 1 64 . I s ing s , C . , 1 957 . R oman G la s s f rom d a t ed f i nd s . G ron ingen . I s ing s , C . , 1 975 . ' Exchange f o r S u lphu r ' , 3 53 -6 i n F e s toen , o pged ragen a an A .N . Z adok s -Jo s ephu s J i t ta b i jh aa rz e ven t ig s t e v e r jaardag . B u s sum . J a cob s , J . , 1 912 . ` S ig i l la ta funde a u s e i nen r om i s che K e l le rz uB r egenz ' ,J ah rbuch f ur A l te r tum skund e , 6 ,1 72 -184 & t a ! I -V . J a r r e t t , M .G . , 1 969 . T he R oman F ron t i er i n Wa le s , r e v i sed e d i t ion o fV .E . N a sh -W i l l iam s ' v o lume . J a r r e t t ,M .G . & Wra thme l l ,S . ,1 98 1 . Wh i t ton :A nI r on A ge a nd R oman F arm s t ead i nS ou th G lamorgan . C a rd if f . J enk in s , F . , 1 977 . ' C lay S t a tue t te s o f t h e R oman We s te rn P rov ince s ' ,u npub l i shed t h e s i sa tU n ive r s i ty o fK en tL ib ra ry , C an te rbu ry . J one s , G .D .B . , 1 971 . ' Excava t ion s a t N o r thw ich ( Conda te ) ' ,A rchaeo l . J . , 1 28 , 3 1 -77 . J one s , G .D .B . & Web s te r , P .V . , 1 969 . ' De rby sh i re Wa re -A r e app ra i sa l ' ,D erby s .A r ch .J . ,8 9 ,1 8 -24 . J one s ,N .W . , f o r thcom ing . ' The v i cu sa tC a e r sw s ' . J oubeaux , H . , 1 982 . ' Ve r re r ie ' , 5 7 -65 i nE .P l an son , L aN d cropo le G a l lo -Roma ine d es G o lard s ,N u i t s S t -George . K a rn i t sch ,P . , 1 959 . D ie R e l i ef s ig i l la ta v on O v i lava . L inz . K enyon , K .M . , 1 938 . ' Excava t ion s a tV i rocon ium 1 936 -7 ' ,A rch . , LXXXV I I I , 1 75 -228 . K enyon ,K .M . , 1 948 . ' Excava t ion sa tt h eJ ew ry Wa l l s i te , L e ice s te r ' , R ep . R e s . C omm . S oc . A n t iq . L ondon , n o . 1 5 K enyon ,K .M . , 1 980 . ' Excava t ion sa tV i ro con ium i n I n su la 9 , 1 952 -3 ' , T ran s . S h rop sh i r eA rch . S oc . , LX ( 1 975 -76 ) . K i lb r id e Jone s , H . , 1 938 . ' G la s s a rm le t s i nB r i ta in ' , P roc . S oc .A n t iq . S co t . , 7 2 ( 1 937 -38 ) , 3 66 -395 . K i lb r ide Jone s , H .E . , 1 980 . C e l t ic c r af t sman sh ip i n b ron ze . L ondon . K no r r , R . , 1 9 19 . T öpf er u nd F ab r iken v e r z ie r te r T er ra -S ig i l la ta d es e r s t en J ah rhund e r t s . S t u t tga r t . K no r r , R . , 1 952 . T er ra -S ig i l la ta -Gef ä s s e d e s e r s t en J ah rhund e r t s sm i t T öp f ernamen . S t u t tga r t . L aN ie ce ,S . ,1 983 . ' Roman a nd D a rk A ge n i e l lo A .D . 2 00 -700 ' , 2 29 -34 i nA . A sp ina l l &S .E . Wa r r en ( e d s ) P roc . 2 2nd S ympos ium o n A rchaeom e t ry . U n ive r s i ty o fB rad fo rd . L aw son , A . J . , 1 976 . ' S ha le a nd J e t O b jec t s f r om S i lche s te r ' ,A rch . , 1 05 , 2 4 1 -75 . Maa skan t -K le ib r ink , M . , 1 978 . C a ta logue o f t h e

E ngraved G em s i nt h e R oya l C o in C ab ine t , T he H ague . Macg r ego r ,M . ,1 976 . E ar ly C e l t ic a r ti nn or th B r i ta in ( 2v o l s ) . L e i ce s t e r . Mann ing ,W .H . , 1 976 . C a ta logue o fR omano -Br i t i sh i r onwo rk i nt h e Mu s eum o fA n t iqu i t ies ,N ew ca s t l e u pon T yne . Mann ing ,W .H . , 1 981 . T he f or t r e s se x cava t ions 1 968 7 1 ,R epo r to n t h ee xcava t ion sa tU sk 1 965 1976 . C a rd if f . At y pe s e r ie s o fp o t t e r y a ppea r s o n p p . 2 03 -2 11 . Mann ing ,W .H . , 1 985 . C a ta logue o fR omano -Br i t i sh i r on t o o l s , f i t t ing s a nd w eapon s i n t h e B r i t i sh Mu s eum . L ondon . Ma r sh , G . &T ye r s , P . , 1 978 . ' The R oman p o t t e ry f r om S ou thwa rk ' , 5 33 -582 i n S ou thwark E x cava t ion s ,1 97 2 -7 4 ,L ondon & M idd le sex A r ch . S o c . &S u r r ey A r ch . S o c .J o in tP ub l ica t ion n o . 1 . L ondon . Ma r sha l l , F .H . , 1 907 . C a ta logu e o ft h ef i nger r i ng s , G r eek , E t ru s can a nd R oman , i nt h e d epar tm en t s o fA n t iqu i t ie s ,B r i t i sh Mu s eum . L ondon May ,T . ,1 9 16 .T he p o t t er yfo unda tS ikh e s t e r .R ead ing . Menze l , H . , 1 986 . D ie r öm i s chen B ron zen a u s D eu t s ch land .H I .B onn .i .T ex t .i .T af e ln . Ma inz . Mo s s ,A .A . , 1 952 . ` N ie l lo ' ,S t ud ie si nC on s erva t ion , 1 ,4 9 -62 . N a sh -W i l l iam s , V .E . , 1 932 . ' The R oman l e g iona ry f o r t re s s a tC ae r leon , Monmou th sh i re . R epo r to n t h e E xcava t ion s c a r r ied o u t i nt h e P ry sg F i e ld , 1 927 -9 ' ,A rch . C amb . , 8 7 ,4 8 104 & 2 65 -349 . N av i l le L . , 1 922 . ' F r agmen t sd em e t ro log ie a n t ique ' , R evue s u i s se d e n um i sma t ique , XX I I , 1 920 -22 , 4 2 -60 . N is sen , H . , K oenen , C . , L ehne r , H . , & S t ra ck , L . , 1 90 4 . ` Nova e s ium ' , B onne r J ah rbucher , 1 1 12 . O 'Conno rT .P . , 1 985 . ' On q uan t if y ing v e r t eb ra t e s s ome s c ep t ica lo b se r va t ion s ' , C i rcaea ( Bu l l .A s s . E nv i r . A r chaeo l . ) , 3 ( 1) , 2 7 -30 . O l ive r ,A . ,1 984 . ' Ea r ly R oman f a ce t t ed g l a s s ', J ou rna l o fG la s sS t ud ie s ,2 6 , 3 5 -58 . O swa ld , F . , 1 937 . I nd ex o fF igu r e -T ype s o n T er ra S i g i la t ta . L ive rpoo l . O swa ld ,F .G . &P ryc e ,T .D av ie s ,1 920 .A ni n t rod uc t ion t o t h e s t ud y o f T e r ra -S ig i l la ta t r ea t ed f rom a c h rono log i ca ls t andpo in t . L ondon . P a in te r , K . , &S ax , M . , 1 970 . ' The B r i t i sh Mu seum c o l lec t ion o fR oman H ead s tud b rooche s ' ,B r i t i sh Mu s eum Q uar te r ly , 3 4 , 1 53 -174 . P ea co ck , D .P .S . , 1 967 . ' Romano -Br i t i sh p o t te ry p roduc t ion i n t he Ma lve rn d i s t r ic t o f Wo r ce s te r sh i r e ' ,T rans . Wor c es te r sh i r eA rcha eo l . S oc . , 1( 1 965 -7 ) , 1 5 -28 . P ea co ck , D .P .S . &W i l l iams , D .F . , 1 986 . Amphorae a nd t h eR oman e conomy . L ondon . P enn ,W .S . , 1 957 . ' The R omano -B r i t i sh s e t t lemen ta t S p r inghead , e xcava t ion o f t h e B ake ry , S i te A ' , A rch . C an t . , LXX I , 5 3 105 .

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

B ib l iog raphy .

1 31

P r ice , J . , 1 974 . ' A R oman mou ld -b lown n eg ro -head b eake r f r om L ondon ' ,A n t . J . ,L IV , 2 91 -2 . P r ice , J . , 1 978 . ' The g la s s f l a sk ' , 1 02 i nJ .C o l l is , W inches ter E x cava t ions 1 949 -1960 V o lume I . W inche s te r . P r ice ,J . ,1 980 . ' The R oman g l a s s ', 6 3 -8 i nG .L amb r ick , ' Excava t ions a t P a rk S t ree t , T owces ter ' , N or thamp tonsh ire A rchaeo logy , 1 5 , 3 5 -118 . P r ice , J . , 1 981 . R oman G las s i nS pa in , P h .D . t h e s i s

R IC I( 2nd E d i t ion ) . T he R oman I mper ia l C o inage , V o lume I ,R ev ised E d i t ion :f rom 3 1 B .C . t o AD . 6 9b y C .H .V . S u the r land , L ondon 1 984 . R IC ( o the rr e f s ) .T he R oman I mper ia lC o inage , Vo lume I : V espas ian t o H ad r ian b y H . Ma t t ing ly a nd E .A . S ydenham , L ondon 1 926 . R ob inson , H . R u sse l l , 1 975 . T he a rmou r o fI mper ia l R ome . L ondon . R oge r s , G .B . , 1 974 . P o te r ies s i g i l lde s d e l a G au le

U n ive r s i ty o f Wa le s . P r ic e , J . , 1 982 . ' The R oman G la s s ' , 2 27 -32 i n P . L ea ch ,I l che s ter I :E xcava t ions 1 974 -5 . B r is to l . P r ic e , J . , 1 985a . ' The R oman g l a s s ' , 3 05 -12 i nL .F . P iu s , & J .K . S t J o seph , I nch tu th i l t h e R oman l e g iona ry f or tr ess e x cava t ions 1 952 -65 ,B r i tann ia Monog raph s e r ie s n o6 . L ondon . P r ice ,J . , 1 985b . ' Two p i ece s o fp o lych rome mo sa ic g l a s s t a b le -wa re f r om R oman B r i ta in ' ,A n t iq . J . , LXV ,4 68 -70 . P r ice ,J . , 1 987a . ' La te H e l len i s t ic a nd E a r ly I mpe r ia l c a s t v e sse l g la ss i nS pa in ' , 6 1-80 i nA nna les d u 1 0eme C ongr 2s d e l 'A s soc ia t ion I n te rna t iona le p ou r I 'H i s tor ie d u V er r e . P r ice , J . , 1 987b . ' The R oman g l a s s ' , 7 1 -6 i n S .S . F re r e ,' Brandon C amp ,H e re fo rd sh i re ' ,B r i tann ia , 1 8 ,4 9 -92 . P r ice ,J . , 1 987c . ' G la ss f r om F e lmonge r s , H a r low i n E ssex . Ad a ted d epo s i to fv e s se lg l a s sf ound i na n

C en t ra le .I .Lesmo tü ' snonf igurd s ,2 8 th s upp lemen t t oG a l l ia . P a r is . S tJ o seph ,J .K . , 1 977 . ' A i rr e conna issance i nR oman

A n ton ine p i t ' ,1 85 -206 i nA nna le sd u1 0 eme C ong rc l s d el 'A s soc ia t ion I n terna t iona le p our l 'H is tor ie d u V er re . P r ice ,J . , 1 988 . ` The A igu ie re sa nd A rgen t ie re s i te a t F r6 ju s( Fo rum J u l i i ) ' ,i nA c te sd u2 eme J ou rnd es d 'E t i sd e d e 1 'A ssoc ia t ion F ranca ise p our l a A rchaeo log ie d u V er r e . P r ice , J . , f o r thcom ing a . ' Deco ra ted mou ld b lown g l a s s i nt h ef i r s tc en tu ry AD ' , i nM . N ewby & S . Wr igh t( e d s ) ,G la ss o ft h eC aesar s :R oman G las s f rom 1 00 B .C . t o AD . 1 00 . S oc . o f A n t iq . O cc . P ape r . P r ice , J . , f o r thcom ing b . ' The R oman g l a s s ' , i nM . B idd le ,E xcava t ions i nR oman W inches ter . P ryce , F .N . , 1 940 . ' The E xcava t ions o f 1 909 a t C ae r sws ' , Mon tgome ry sh ire C o l lec t . , 4 6 , 6 7 -90 . P ryce ,T .D av ie s , 1 931 . ' The f o r ta tC ae r sws a nd t h e R oman O ccupa t ion o f Wa le s ' , Mon tgomery sh ire C o l lec t . , 4 2 , 1 7 -67 . P ryce , F .N . & P ryce T . D av ie s , 1 929 . ' The F o rden G ae r .T h i rd I n te r im R epo r t( Excava t ions o f1 929 ) ' , A rch . C amb . , 8 5 , 15 130 R adn6 t i ,A . , 1 938 . D ie r öm i schen B ronzegef ä s se v on P annon ien , D isse r ta t ione sP annon icae , S e r . I ,6 . R ichmond ,I . A . &B i r ley ,E .B . , 1 930 . ' Excava t ions o n H ad r ian 's Wa l li nt h eB i rdo swa ld -P ike H i l ls e c to r , 1 929 ' , C . &W . N S , 3 0 , 1 69 -205 . R i t te r l ing , E . , 1 912 . D as f rühröm i sche L ager b e i H of he im i m T aunu s , A nna len d e s B e re ins f u r N assau ische A l ter tumskunde G e sch ich t s fo r schung , 4 0 .

u nd

B r i ta in ' , 1 973 -76 J .R .S . , . S ca tozza H ö r ich t , L .A . , 1 986 . IV e tr i r oman i d i E rco lano M in is te r° p e ri b en ic u l tu ra l ie damb ien ta l i s opr in tenen zaar chaeo log icad iPompe i ,Ca ta logh i 1 . R ome . S t an f ie ld ,J .A . &S imp son ,G . , 1 958 . C en t ra lG au l i sh P o t t er s . D u rham . S t a r t , D . , f o r thcom ing . R epo r t o n e xcava t ion s b y G rea te r Manche s te r A r chaeo log ica l U n i t a t C a sde shaw . S t ephen s ,G .R . ,1 986 . ' The s t amped t i l e sf r om R oman C ae r sws ' , Mon tgome rysh ire C o l lec t . , 7 4 , 3 2 -37 . S t even son ,R .B .K . , 1 956 . ' Na t ive B ang le sa nd R oman G la s s ' ,P roc .S oc .A n t iq .S co t . ,8 8( 1954 -56 ) ,2 08 2 21 . S t even son , R .B .K . , 1 976 . ' Romano -Br i t ish G la s s B ang le s ' , G la sgow A rchaeo l . J . ,4 ,4 5 -54 . S t rong , D . , 1 966 . G r eek a nd R oman g o ld a nd s i lv er p la te . L ondon . T a s s ina r i ,S . , 1 975 . L av a i se l le d eb ron ze ,R oma ine e t P rov in c ia le , a u Mu sd ed e sA n t iqu i td sN a t iona le s , 2 9 th s upp l . t oG a l l ia . P a r is . T e r r i s se ,J .R . , 1 968 . L es c d ram iques s i g i l ld es G a l lo R oma ine s d es Mar t res -de -V eyr e , 1 9 th s upp l . t o G a l l ia . P a r i s . T homp son , F .H . , 1 958 . ' A R omano -Br i t ish p o t te ry k i ln a tN o r th H ykeham , L inco ln sh i re ' ,A n t iq . J . , 3 8 , 1 5 -51 . T ho rbu rn ,J . , 1 986 . A rchaeo logy i n Wa les , 2 6 ,4 5 . U lbe r t ,G . ,1959 .D i eröm i s chenDonauka s t e l leA i s l ingen u nd B urghöf e ,L ime sf o r schungen 1 . B e r l in . U lbe r t ,G . ,1 968 .R öm is che Waf f en d es 1 .J ahrhund er t s n .C h r . S tu t tga r t . U lber t , G . , 1 969 . Das F rühröm i sche K as te l l R he ingönhe im . D ie F unde a us d en J ahr en 1 9 12 u nd 1 913 ,L ime s fo r schungen 9 . B e r l in . v an L i th , S .M .E . , 1 977 . ' A R omano -Br i t ish B ang le f r om V a lkenbu rg ZH ' , C ingu la , I V , 1 30 -134 . v an L i th ,S .M .R . ,1 979 . ` Röm is che sG la sa u sV a lkenbu rg ZH ' , O udhe id l cund ige Med ed e l ingen , L IX -LX ( 1978 -9 ) , 19 -121 . Wa l la ce , C . & Web s te r , P .V . , f o r thcom ing . ' B la ck b u rn ished w a re j ug s a nd l i d s ' , J .R oman p o t te ry s t ud ies , 2 . Wa rd , J . , 1 903 . T he R oman F or t o fG e l l igae r i nt h e C oun ty o fG lamorgan . Web s t e r , G . , 1 960 . ' The D i scove ry aR oman F o r t a t

1 32

C a er sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

B ib l iography .

Waddon H i l l , S toke Abbo t , 1 959 ' , P roc . D or se t N a tu r . H i s : . A rchaeo l . S oc . , 8 2 , 8 8 108 . Web s te r , G .A . , 1 971 . ' A h oa rd o f R oman m i l i ta ry e qu ipmen tf r om F rem ing ton H agg ' ,i nR .M .B u t le r ( c d ) , S o ld ier a nd c i v i l ian i n R oman Y orksh i re . L e ice s te r . Web s te r ,J . ,f o r thcom ing . R epo r to nt h eb ronze f i nd s f r om t h eU sk e xcava t ion s1 968 -76 .T ob ep ub l i shed a sp a r to fo ne o ft h ev o lume s i nt h e s e r ie s o n t h e 1 965 -1976 e xcava t ion s ,c f . Mann ing 1 981 . Web s te r , P .V . , 1 976 . ' Seve rn V a l ley Wa re : A P re l im ina ry S tudy ' ,T rans .B r i s to lG louce s te r sh i r e A rchaeo l . S oc . , 9 4 , 1 8 -46 . Web s te r ,P .V . , 1 982 . ' Romano -Br i t ish c oa r se p o t te ry i nN o r th - We s tE ng land -a ni n t roduc t ion ' , L anc s . A rch .J . , 2( 1982 ) , 1 3 -31 Web s te r ,P .V . ,1987 .Romansam ianwa re .I n troduc tory n o t es , 3 rd E d . C a rd if f . Web s te r , P .V . , f o r thcom ing . R epo r t o n t h e p o s t f o r t re s sc oa r se p oue ry f r om U sk . T ob ep ub l ished a sp a r to fo ne o ft h ev o lume s i nt h es e r ie s o n t h e

1 965 -1976 e xcava t ion s , c f . Mann ing 1 981 . Whee le r , R .E .M . , 1 930 . L ondon i n R oman t ime s , L ondon Mu seum C a ta logue s , n o . 3 . Whee le r ,R .E .M . , 1 943 . Ma id en C as t le ,D o r se t ,R ep . R e s . C omm . S oc . A n t iq . L ondon , n o . 1 2 . Whee le r ,R .E .M . & Whee le r ,T .V . , 1 932 . E xcava t ion o ft h ep reh i s tor ic ,R oman a nd p os t -Roman s i te i n L ydney P a rk , G louces te r sh i re ,R ep . R e s . C omm . S oc . A n t iq . L ondon , n o . 9 . Wh i t e , R .B . , 1 978 . ' Excava t ions a t B r i thd i r , n ea r D o lge l lau , 1 974 ' , i nG .C .B oon ( e d . ) ,C ambr ian A r ch .As soc . Monograph sandCo l l ec t ions ,l ,Roman s i tes . W ile r s , H . , 1 907 . N eue U n ter suchungen i d ler d i e r öm i sche B ron ze indus t r ie v on C apua u nd v on N ied ergerman i en . H anove r &L e ipz ig . W i l son , D .R . , 1 984 . ' Def en s ive O u two rk s o fR oman F o r t s i nB r i ta in ' ,B r i tann ia , 1 5 , 5 1-62 . Z ienk iew icz ,J .D . , 1 986 . T he L eg ionary f or t re s sb a th s a tC aer leon . V o l . I , T he F ind s . C a rd if f .

C aer sw s v i cus , 1 985 -6 .

A ppend ices .

1 33

Append ices

APPENDIX 1 A CO M MENT ON CHARCOAL I DENT IF ICAT IONS FRO M CAERS WS 1 0 b yG raham Morgan '°

T he s pe c ie si d en t if ied a r e : O ak , Q uercus s pe c ie s ,a nd H a ze l ,C ory lus a ve l lana . I nv i ew o ft h es i ze a nd n a tu re o ft h es amp le s ,i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h eh aze lm ay i nf a c t

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1 295 1 253 1 253

3 86

4 28

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3 83

h a ze l h aze l h aze l

9 3

h aze l o ak o ak o ak o ak o ak o ak

i n c lude A lde r , A lnu s s pec ie s , a s t h ey b o th h ave v e ry s im i la rs t ruc tu re s . T he s i ze sa r et h ee s t ima ted d i ame t e r s i n m i l l ime t e r s . T he r i ng s a r e t h ose a c tua l ly p re sen t ,a ge t h ee s t ima ted n umbe ro fr i ng s t h a tm igh t h ave b een p re sen t f o r t h a t s i ze o f c ha rcoa l , a nd t h e g row th r a te b e ing ac ommen to n t h ep re sence o fw ide r i ng s( f a s t )o rn a r row ( s low )r e la ted t ot h eg row th r a t e t h a t i so f ten s hown f o r t h a t p a r t icu la r s pe c ie s . I t p rob ab ly s hows l o ca l e nv i ronmen ta l v a r ia t ion s .

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r i ng s

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2 0 1 5

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7 1 2

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APPENDIX 2 A COM MENT ON A P IECE OF REALGAR

s i nce r ea lga r f ound i nt h e U .K . t e nd s t ob e i nt r a ce s

FRO M CAERS WS S ITE 1 0 b yG raham Morgan

o n ly ,a nd t h is p i ece i sg eo log ica l ly ' ma ss ive ' . S im i la r b u t l a rge r l ump s h ave b een f ound i n f i r s t c en tu ry c on tex t s i n L e ice s te r ( 3 .5 g . ) a nd Mance t te r ( mo re

As ma l l s amp le ( 0 .317 g . ) o fr e a lga r( r ed ,w i th t r a ce s o f o rp imen t -y e l low ) w a s f ound i n C on t ex t 7 79 ( P e r iod 2 ,r ubb ish a nd c obb le l a ye r s o ve r a bandoned B u i ld ing 4 ) . B o th t h er e d a nd y e l low a r e v a r ie t ie so f

t h an 5 g . ) . b o th r epo r t s f o r thcom ing . T h i s m a te r ia l m igh th ave h ad am e ta l lu rg ica lu se ,b u tt h e Mance t te r s amp le w a s f ound i n ac on tex t c on ta in ing d ef in i te p i gmen t m a ter ia l . H oweve r , Ik now o fn o R omano B r i t i sh w a l l p a in t ing , t o d a te , w i th e i the r r e a lga r o r

a r sen ic s u lph ide . I ti sp o s s ib le t h a t i tw a s i mpo r ted ,

o rp imen t .

1 34

C aer sw s v i cu s , 1 985 -6 .

A ppend i ce s .

APPENDIX 3 A COM MENT ON A HARNESS F ITT ING F RO M CAERS WS 1 0 b yJ u s t ine B ay l ey" T he o b je c t w a s e xam ined u nde r l ow m agn if ica t ion a nd a r ea s o n t h e f r on t a nd b a ck s u r f ac e s a na ly sed q ua l i ta t ive ly b yX ray f l uo re scen ce ( X .R .F . ) . T he e x a m ina t ion s ugge s t s t h a tt h eo b jec ti s as i ng le p i e ce o f m e ta l w i th s hap ed d ep re s s ion s e i the rc u to rc a s t i n to t h e f r on t s u r f ace t o t a ke t h e b l ack i n lay . X .R .F . d e t ec ted c oppe r ,t i na nd l e ad o nt h eb a ck o ft h eo b je c t i np ropo r t ion s t h a t s ugge s t t h e o b je c t w a s al i gh t ly l e aded b r onze . T he s ame e l emen t sw e r ea l so d e t ec ted o nt h ef r on to ft h eo b jec ti np ropo r t ion sw h ich i n c luded b o th c o r roded m e ta la nd i n lay . T he a ppea rance o ft h e i n lay a nd t h eX .R .F .r e su l t sa r eb o th c on s i s ten tw i th i t b e ing c oppe rs u lph ide n i e l lo . T h i si d en t if i ca t ion c ou ld b e c onf i rmed b y r emov ing as amp le o ft h e i n lay a nd a na ly s ing i tb y X ray d i f f ra c t ion . N ie l lo i s ab l ack m a t e r ia l u sed f o r i n lay ing i n to m e ta lo b je c t s . I ti sc ompo sed o fm e ta ls u lph ide s ,u sed s i ng ly o ra sm ix tu re s . L aN ie ce ( 1 983 )h a ss hown t h a t R oman n i e l lo i sn o rma l ly as i ng le s u lph ide , c oppe r s u lph ide i nc oppe ra loy o b je c t sa nd s i lve rs u lph id ei n p r e c iou s m e ta ls . N ie l lo m ad e o f m ixed c opp e r a nd s i lve rs u lph ide sd oe sn o ta ppea ru n t i lt h ep o s t -Roman p e r iod . I n a n e a r l ie r s t udy o f n i e l lo , Mo s s ( 1 952 ) d e sc r ibe sa ne a r ly R oman o b je c tf r om H od H i l l m ade o fb ron ze i n la id w i th c oppe rs u lph ide n i e l lo a nd s a y s t h a tt h en i e l lo m u s th ave b een c u tt os h ape a nd i n la id a si t sm e l t ing p o in tw ou ld h ave b een a bove t h a to ft h e m e ta l s oi tc ou ld n o th ave b een a pp l ied m o l ten . T he o b je c t f r om C a e r sw s s e em s t o h ave a c ompa rab le c ompo s i t ion t ot h a td e sc r ibed b y Mo s s .

APPENDIX 4 A CO M MENT ON A PROBABLE CANNEL COAL MOULD F ROM CAERS WS 1 0 b yK a t e Hun t er

1 2

T h i sr e po r ti sa na ma lgama t ion o ft h ew o rk o fs e ve ra l p eop le . T he m ou ld m a te r ia lw a si d en t if i ed b yD rM ike B a s se t t a nd M ike L ambe r t , D epa r tmen t o fG eo logy , N a t iona l Mu seum o f Wa le s . J a ne t Web s te r , D epa r t m en t o fE x t r a -Mu r a l S t ud ie s , U .W .C .C . s upp l ied t h e r e f e rence s w h ich p o in t ed t o i t s p o s s ib le u s age a nd i d en t i ty . D r P e te W i l l iam s , R icha rd T homa s a nd D r P au lS u t ton o ft h eD epa r tmen to fC hem i s t ry U .W .C .C . v o lun t ee red s ome v e ry u s e f u l s ugge s t ion sa nd p r ac t i c a l e xamp le s . I na pp ea ranc ei tw a s ab l a ck r e c tangu la rb l o ck w h ich h ad c l ea r ly b e en c u tt os hape . O n o ne s i d e t h e r e w a s

a1 2 c m . w o rked g roove w i th w id en ing t e rm ina ls a t e i the re nd . F i ve d ep re s s ion sh ad b een d r i l led i n to e a ch t e rm ina la nd 1 0d e epe rd ep re s s ion sh ad b een d r i l led a t r e gu la r i n t e rva l s a l ong t h e g r oove . A t o ne e nd o n ly t h e re a ppea r ed t ob e ac a s t ing g a te . O na r r iva li nt h el a bo r a to ry t h eo b je c tw a sv e ry d i r ty a nd s uf e r ing f r om t h e t y p e o f l am ina r d ecay o f ten s e en i ns ha le o b je c t s . I tw a s t h ough tp o s s ib le t h a t i t m igh tb e amou ld a nd a ss u ch t h ec en t r a l s e c t ion wa s c l o se ly e xam ined b e fo re a ny t r ea tmen t w a s a pp l ied . H oweve rn on o tab le d epo s i t s w e r eo b se r ved n o r w a s a ny th ing n o ted o n t h e X r ad iog r aph . T rea tmen t A f te rc a re fu l c l ean ing w i th h and too l s i tb e came c l ea r t h a t t h e o b je c t wa s s t ead i ly d e te r io r a t ing b yp rog re s s i ve l am ina t ion . I tw a st h e r e fo r ec onso l ida ted w i th a p o lye thy lene g l yco l w ax , a s ar e su l t o f w h ich t h e l am ina t ion sc on t ra c ted a nd t h ed e ta i li nt h ec en t re w a s m uch e a s ie rt os e e . I tw a st h en p o s s ib le s a f e ly t ot a ke s i l icon r ubbe r i mp re s s ion s . R e sea r che r s s hou ld n o t e t h a tt h ew ax h a si n c re a sed t h ew e igh ta nd p roduced a s h iny s u r f ac e . I d en t i f ica t ion A f te rt r ea tmen t , at i ny b l ock w a sc u tf r om t h eb a ck f o r s e c t ion ing , w o rk c a r r ied o u ta tt h eN a t iona l Mu seum o f Wa le s b y D r M ike B a s se t t a nd M ike L ambe r t i d en t if ied i ta sc anne lc oa l ,w h i ch i sam ix tu re o fc oa l a nd mud s tone . C anne l c oa li sf o und i nt h eF l in ta r ea o f N o r th Wa le s , L e ice s t e r sh i re , C umbe r land a nd S co t land . I ti sn o tf o und l o ca l ly i nt h eC ae r sw s a r ea . I n t e x tu re c anne l c oa l i s f i ne g r a ined a nd s o f t , m ak ing i te a sy t ow o rk a nd c a rve . A f te rt h e s amp le b l o ck w a s r emoved , as e c t ion o ft h e i n t e r io rb e came v i s ib le . T h i sw a sb r own r a the rt h an b l a ck i nc o lou r . I t a ppea red t h a tt h ew ho le o b jec th ad b e en s ub jec t ed t o h ea tb u tn o te xce s s ive ly ,b ecau se o n ly t h ev e ry o u t s id e h ad c ha r r ed . T he l am ina rd e cay o b se r ved c o r re spond s w i th t h eb ehav iou ro fc anne l c oa l w hen b u rn t . T he o b je c tw a sj u dged t ob e am ou ld b u ta si tw a s m anu f ac tu red f r om c oa l , am a te r ia lw h ich i g n i te se a s i l y , i ts e emed u n l ike ly t h a t am a t e r ia l w i th a h i gh m e l t ing p o in t ( f o r i n s tanc e ac oppe r a loy ) c ou ld b e c a s t i n to i t . Mo re p o s s ib ly i tw a s u s ed t op rodu ce f o rme r s f r om l ow m e l t ing p o in t m a t e r ia l s , o f w h ich t h et wo m o s tp robab le w e r el e ad o rw ax . I fu s ed a sa t wo -p ie ce mou ld t h er i sk o fi g n i t ion w ou ld h ave b een r e duced b y t h ee xc lu s ion o fo xygen f r om t h ec ent r e . D r S u t ton d emon s t r a ted t h a ti tw a sp o s s ib le t oc a s t l e ad i n to a no the rc ombu s t ib le m a te r ia l -w ood . I nt h i s c a se t h ew ood c ha r red i nt h ei mmed ia te v i c in i ty o ft h e h o t m e ta l . T he s e cond p o s s ib i l i ty w a st h a tt h e mou ld w a su s ed t op roduce w ax f o rme r s . T h i s i ss uppo r t ed b y r e cen t p ub l ica t ion s f r om F r ance ( Be ck e ta / . 1 983 , G u i l l a ume t 1 984 ) . T he t e chn ique s ugge s ted w a sb a s ed o n a r chaeo log ica l e v idence f r om s i t e s c on tempo ra ry t o C ae r sw s . I ti n vo lved t h e p roduc t ion o f w ax m ode l s

Caersws vicus, 1985-6. from bronze, stone or clay two-piece moulds. Once cold the wax was removed and packed into a clay block together with other wax models produced from the same mould. Production then followed the well­ known 'lost wax' method for the manufacture of copper alloy objects. The clay was fired, the wax melted, poured out, and replaced by the molten copper alloy. Fragments of a large clay mould, used for the simultaneous manufacture of 12 identical brooches, have been found. The articles cited are, however, unclear as to the type of wax used and the method by which it was removed from the mould without break­ age. In conclusion this object may be tentatively identi­ fied as a mould used to produce formers. It may have been one half of a two-piece mould. The material used for casting cannot be identified with certainty as no trace was found. The mould has certainly been sub­ jected to some heat at least once.

APPENDIXS CONTENTS OF THE CAERSWS 10 ARCHIVE REPORT

by Wendy J. Owen A more detailed record of the excavation and finds data is housed at the offices of the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, 7A Church Street, Welshpool, Powys, SY21 7DL . Much of this archive report has been compiled on computer using the Central Excava­ tion Unit's software for processing site and finds rec­ ords. The archive consists of the following: Site Data

I) A catalogue of the context records re-ordered by structure and stratigraphy, 350 pages, in 3 volumes. 2) A catalogue of the context records in numerical order. 3) Selected black and white prints and colour slides 4) Original site plan and section drawings (78 A l and 66 A4 sheets). Finds Data

5) Catalogues of all finds ordered by type. 6) Catalogue of small finds, ordered under Find no. 7) The full coarse pottery descriptive list by Peter Webster and K.F. Hartley. 8) Flintwork identifications by H.S. Green, Keeper of Archaeology and Numismatics at the National Museum of Wales. 9) The full bronze and silver descriptive list by Janet Webster. General 10) Catalogue of all site and finds data 11) Catalogue of stored finds and record of their

Appendices.

135

location. The General and Finds catalogues could be obtained through the post, but the site record would best be consulted at Welshpool.

136 Caersws vicus, 1985-6. Footnote references. Footnote references 1

F0r more recent references to annexes attached to both the earlier and later forts see also Wilson 1984, 51-61, and St Joseph, 1977, 150. The plan of Caersws II and its vicu.s in fig. 2 is based on details in the following: Price 1940; Daniels, Jones and Putnam, 1966; Daniels et al 1910. The northern annexe and details of internal roads have been added from Cambridge University air photographs.

5

Identifications by G.C. Morgan, Department of Archaeology, Leicester University. Full details contained in Appendix 1.

6

Identifications by G.C. Morgan.

7

Identifications by J.A. Thorburn. Full catalogue contained in the archive report, for details of which see Appendix 5.

2. Further details are available in N.W.Jones, Caersws Romanforts and civilian settlement: the implications of future development, available on request from the Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust, 7A Church Street, Welshpool, Powys, SY21 7DL.

8

In the description of nos 12 and 13 'transverse' means running across the line of the ring.

9

Camulacus I should be treated separately from one or more potters of the same name who worked in the Verulamium region and the upper Nene valley.

3. Numbers in brackets in this section correspond to the numbers on fig. 2, showing previous investigations of the Caersws II vicu.s and annexe. 4. Numbers in brackets in this chapter are the context numbers of the features or layers referred to. Detailed descriptions of these contexts can be found in the Archive Report, details of which appear in Appendix 5.

10 Department of Archaeology, Leicester University. 11 Ancient Monuments Laboratory, HBMC, Savile Row, London. 12 Department of Archaeology, University of Wales College, Cardiff.