Bronze Age Round Cairns in Dumfries and Galloway: An inventory and discussion 9780860542865, 9781407317441

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Dedication
Table of Contents
List of Figures
Acknowledgements
Preface
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: Discoveries from Excavations
Chapter 3: Cairns - Structure and Construction
Chapter 4: Distribution - General Observations
Chapter 5: Cairn Locations and the Use of Statistics
Chapter 6: Cairns - Settlement, Agriculture, and the Environment
Chapter 7: Conclusions
Catalogue
Appendices
Appendix I
Appendix II
Appendix III
Appendix IV
Appendix V
Abbreviations
Bibliography

Citation preview

Bronze Age Round Cairns in Dumfries and Galloway An inventory and discussion

M.J. Yates

BAR British Series 132 1984

B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford

X2· 0ES, England.

GENERAL EDITORS A.R Hands, B. Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R Walker, M.A.

BAR -132,1984 :'Bronse·Age Round Cairns of Dumfries and Galloway'

© M.J.Yates,1984 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860542865 paperback ISBN 9781407317441 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860542865 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

To Ann ie and J enny

CONTENTS L IST OF

F IGURES

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

v

PREFACE

v ii

CHAPTER

1

- Introduct ion

1

CHAPTER

2

-Discover ies f rom e xcavat ions B ur ia ls • .n umbers •r e lat ionsh ip b e tween a nd b ur ia l :b ur ia l r ite P o ttery :B eakers :F ood v esse ls :C inerary u rns Me ta l work F lint S tone O rnaments S ummary a nd c onc lus ions

5 5 c a irn 7 7 9 1 0 1 2 1 4 1 7 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 9

C HAPTER

3

-C a irns -Structure a nd c onstruct ion K erbs I nterna l K erbs C ists • .s ize a nd r ite :c onstruct ion :c ist c overs . l ut ing :c ist p os it ion i n c a irn :o r ientat ion . mu lt ip le c ists :o r ig ins a nd a ssoc iat ions i nner mounds C a irn f orm :h e ight :p rof ile :d iameter :p lan :d itches

C HAPTER

4

- Dis tr ibut ion -G enera l o bservat ions T opography R e lat ionsh ip b e tween r ound c a irns

3 9 4 1 4 3

CHAPTER

5

-C a irn l ocat ion a nd t he u se o f s tat ist ics C a irns a nd a lt itude Ca irns a nd g rad ient Ca irns a nd a spect Ca irns a nd s o lid g eo logy Ca irns a nd d r ift g eo logy

4 6 4 9 5 0 5 3 5 3 5 6

C HAPTER

6

-C a irns , S ett lement, E nv i ronment

6 0

i

A rgr icu I t ure a nd

2 2 2 2 2 3 2 4 24 2 5 2 7 2 7 2 8 2 8 2 9 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 3 3 7 3 8

t he

CHAPTER

CHAPTER

6

7

-

( contd) S ett lement Agr icu lture E nv ironment

6 0 6 0 6 4

onc lus ions - C

6 9

A w ider c ontext: m ode ls a nd mod if icat ions D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway -c a irns , c u lture a nd c ontext D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway -distr ibut ion a nd s ett lement: a n e nv ironmenta l approach CATALOGUE I ntroduct ion East D umfr iessh ire

( ED)

West

( WD)

D umfr iessh ire

S outh

K irkcudbr ightsh ire

( SK)

N orth

K irkcudbr ightsh ire

( NK)

West

K irkcudbr ightsh ire

W igtownsh i re East W igtownsh ire Water o f

Luce

( WK)

( EW)

( WL)

East

Luce

( EL)

West

W igtownsh i re

( WW)

- a rea s ite -a rea s it e -a rea -site -a rea -site - a rea - s ite

s urvey Ii s t s urvey Ii s t s urvey l ist s urvey l ist s urvey l ist

-a rea -site -a rea -site -a rea -site -a rea -site

s urvey l is t s urvey l ist s urvey l ist s urvey l is t

ummary o f b ur ia l 1 - S a ssoc iat ions

d epos its ,

APPENDIX

ites 2 - S

Thomas J ohnstone

APPENDIX

3 - R ound

APPEND I X

4 - P oss ib le c a irns

APPENDIX

5 - A lphabet ica l n umbers

APPENDIX

i dent if ied c a irn

b y

a rtefacts

l ist

o f

7 6 7 8 8 3 8 3 8 6 9 1 9 8 1 07 1 23 1 28 1 45 1 49 1 56 1 65 1 75 1 77 1 82 1 87 1 93 2 06 2 11 24 2 28 2

and 2 34 2 36 2 38

g roups n ot

7 0

i nc luded s ites

i n

w ith

s urvey

2 39

c ata logue 2 4 1

ABBREVIATIONS

2 45

B IBLIOGRAPHY

2 46

L IST OF

F IGURES

F ig 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 3 1 3 2 3 3 3 4 3 5 3 6 3 7 3 8 3 9 4 0 4 1 4 2 4 3 4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 8 4 9 5 0

G enera l l ocat ion map s how ing p r inc ipa l t owns Map s how ing d iv is ions u sed i n t he c ata logue R ivers a nd t opography T ab le o f c ists , b ur ia l r ite a nd p ottery t ype T ab le o f p ottery t ypes , b ur ia l r ite a nd p os it ion w ith in c a irn X2 t est o f c ist o r ientat ion C a irn p rof iles C airn d iame ter f requenc ies -W ho le R eg ion D istr ibut ion o f c a irns o ver 2 0m i n d iame ter Ca irn d iame ter f requenc ies -b y c ounty G enera l d istr ibut ion o f r ound c a irns i n D umfr ies and Ga l l oway A lt i tude f requenc ies est o f a lt i tude f requenc ies X2 t est o f g rad ient X2 t G rad ient a nd a spect f requenc ies est o f a spect f requenc ies X2 t est o f s o li d g eo logy f requenc ies -W ho le R eg ion X2 t X2 t ests o f s o lid g eo logy f requenc ies -b y c ounty est o f d r ift g eo logy f requenc ies -W ho le R eg ion X2 t X2 t est o f d r if t g eo logy f requenc ies -b y c ounty D istr ibut ion o f o ther bur ia l t ypes K ey t o s ymbo ls u sed i n maps a nd p lans i n c ata logue Map s how ing a rea d iv is ions u sed i n c ata logue Ca irn d istr ibut ion -E ast Dumfr iessh ire ( ED) The Mossknowe c a irn g roup ( ED) Ca irn d istr ibut ion -W est D umfr iessh ire ( WD) S it es n oted b y T homas J ohnstone ( WD) The R ockha II Ho l ma ins c a irn g roup ( WD) Gaw in Moor c a irn g roup ( WD) Haze lshaw H ill WD 5 1 Ca irn d istr ibut ion -South K irkcudbr ightsh ire Bargatton S K 1 4 Conch ieton S K 2 6 Ca irn d istr ibut ion -N orth K irkcudbr ightsh ire N etherho lm o f Da I q ua i rn NK 1 Barndennoch/Carnava I NK 1 3 Ca irn d istr ibut ion -W est K irkcudbr ightsh ire The P rannandow c a irn g roup WK The M inn i gaff c a irn g roup The G lenqu i cken/Cau I d s ide c a irn g roup R or ie G ill's Ca irn WK 8 M innigaff WK 1 4 Cairn d istr ibut ion -E ast W igtownsh i re East W igtownsh i re -Distr ibut ion o f o ther monuments ( see k ey f ig 2 2) Ca irn d istr ibut ion -W ater o f Luce Carscreugh WL 2 8 Cairn d istr ibut ion -E ast Luce May Farm E L 2 6 May Farm E L 2 7 Cu lshabben E L 2 8 ) Mochrum F e ll EL 2 9)

v i i x x 6 8 2 9 3 2 3 4 3 5 3 6 4 0 4 7 4 8 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 7 5 8 7 2 8 1/82 8 2 8 8 8 9 9 9 1 0 1 1 03 1 05 19 1 1 25 1 3 1 1 35 1 47 1 52 1 53 1 58 1 59 1 60 1 62 1 67 1 69 1 77 1 78 1 88 1 98 2 07 2 16 2 16 2 18

F ig 5 1 5 2

5 3

M ilton F e ll EL 3 5 N ear Cu lshabben EL 4 0 ) B rae Moor EL 4 1 ) N ear B rae H ouse E L 4 2 ) Ca irn d istr ibut ion - West W igtownsh ire

i v

2 20 2 22

25 2

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T hanks a re d ue t o many p eop le , l andowners , Ii brar ians , f armers and f oresters b ut I s hou ld part icu lar ly l ike t o e xpress my g rat itude t o Mr L . Masters a nd Mr A . Morr ison who s uperv ised t he t hes is f or G lasgow U n ivers ity o f wh ich t h is work f ormed a part. I am a lso g ratefu I t o P rofessor G . J obey f or r ead ing t he t ext a nd mak ing many h e lpfu l s uggest ions. I n t he f ie ld t he l oca l k now ledge o f Messrs M . Anse l I a nd J . W i lliams was much apprec iated a nd I am e spec ia lly t hankfu l t o M r A . E . T rucke l I, n o t o n ly f or p ract ica l h e lp, b ut a lso f or h is i nfect ious e nthus iasm. I am a lso g ratefu l t o Ruth D ickson who a rranged a nd 'word-processed ' t he t ext and whose s k ill a nd c are w ill b e apparent. S evera l i nst itut ions a lso p rov ided va luab le a ss istance. The f ac ilit ies o f t he D epar tment o f A rchaeo logy a t G lasgow, a nd Dumfr ies B urgh Museum a re g ratefu lly a cknow ledged a nd t he debt owed t o t he A rchaeo log ica l D iv is ion o f t he O rdnance S urvey ( now i n t he S cott ish S ites a nd Monuments R ecord) a nd t he R oya l Comm iss ion o n Anc ient a nd H istor ica l Monuments f or S cot land i s perhaps o bv ious. F ina lly I must t hank my w ife Agg i f or h e lp i n t he f ie ld and s uppor t dur ing t he i nterm inab le p er iod o f wr it ing u p. S he a lso p repared t he a lphabet ica l c oncordance wh ich s hou ld make t he c ata logue e as ier t o u se.

v i

P R E F A C E The S ubject S tr ict ly s peak ing a c a irn i s n o more t han a p il e o f s tones and c onsequent ly t here a re many f eatures wh ich m ight have a r easonab le c la im t o b e i nc luded u nder t he g enera l t i t le o f ' Round Ca irns.' I n o rder t o g ive t he p resent work s ome s ort o f u n it y i t t herefore s eemed w ise t o make s evera l s pec if ic exc lus ions. F irst, a l I c a irns wh ich c an b e e as ily e xp la ined i n t erms o f r ecent a ct iv ity - c li mbers' c a irns , s hepherds' c a irns and c learance h eaps o f b ou lders a nd a ngu lar s tones f ound a t t he e dges o f modern c u lt ivat ion - h ave a l I b een om itted. S econd ly, s ince N eo lith ic c a irns i n t he a rea have b een e xam ined a nd pub lished b y H ensha l I ( 1964 ; 1 972) t here i s l i tt le va lue i n i nc lud ing t hem e ven t hough s ome , most n otab ly t he Bargrennan t ype , a re most c er ta in ly r ound. F ina lly t he g roups o f s ma ll c a irns , t he s o-ca lled c a irnf ie lds , wh ich a re s o c ommon t hroughout t he a rea, w ill b e t he s ubject o f f orthcom ing pub licat ions ( Yates 1 984 ) and have t herefore a lso b een e xc luded. The p r inc ip le c r iter ion f or i nc lus ion i n t h is s urvey has b een t hat t he c a irns must b e r ecognisab le a s i nd iv idua l monuments i n t he ir own r ight, n ot s i mp ly o ne e lement i n a c ompos ite s ite. Thus t he c a irn o n Gaw in Moor ( WD 3 4 , s ee f ootnote p . 4 ) has b een i nc luded e ven t hough i t l ies amongst a g roup o f sma ll c a irns , s i mp ly b ecause i t c an e as ily b e d ist ingu ished f rom t hem by v irtue o f i ts s ize. On t he o ther hand t he c a irn a t T ors Warren ( WW 1) was o n ly l m i n d iameter -s ma ller t han many c a irnf ie ld c a irns - b ut e xcavat ion s howed t hat i t had b een c onstructed a s a s pec if ic i f u ni mpress ive monument, a nd s o i t t oo h as b een i nc luded. S ome g roups o f sma ll c a irns may a lso have b een s pec ia lly bu ilt a s bur ia l monuments , f or e xamp le , a t A ln ham i n N orthumber land ( Jobey 1 966) b ut e v idence s uggests t hat t he major ity were p r i mar ily t he r esu lt o f agr icu ltura l a c t iv ity a nd were n o t i ntended t o f u lf il a ny part icu lar f unct ion o ther t han t o p rov ide a p lace f or u nwanted f ie ld s tones ( Yates 1 983; 1 984 ) . The Area Dumfr ies a nd Ga lloway R eg ion l ies a t t he SW e xtrem ity o f S co t land ( f ig 1 ). T he l ong c oast line l ooks o ut westwards a cross t he N orth Channe l t o U lster a nd s outhwards d own t he I r ish S ea t o t he I s le o f Man and Wa les. T o t he S E t here i s t he b road S o lway e stuary w ith t he h ills o f Cumbr ia b eyond , wh il e t he r eg ions o f t he S cott ish B orders and S trathc lyde l ie t o t he E and N r espect ive ly. B e fore l oca l g overnment r eorgan isat ion i n 1 975 D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway was d iv ided i nto t hree c ount ies. W igtownsh ire a nd K irkcudbr ightsh ire emerged w ith d ifferent b oundar ies a s t he n ew W igtown a nd S tewartry D istr icts and t he o ld c ounty o f D umfr iesshire was s eparated i nto t he t wo ' d istr icts' o f Annanda le a nd E skda le i n t he E w ith N ithsda le i n t he W . B o th c ount ies a nd d istr icts a re e ssent ia lly adm inistrat ive units b ut u nfortunate ly t he n ew d iv is ions p roved s ingu lar ly unsu itab le f or t he s ort o f f ie ld s urvey a ttempted h ere. t hree

The o ld c ount ies were n o t d ist inct g eograph ica l a reas v ii

p erfect b ut t hey d id d ef ine e ach w ith i ts own c haracter

a nd c ou ld b e e as ily s ub-d iv ided i nto meaningfu l t opograph ica l u n its ( f ig 2 ). They h ave t herefore b een r eta ined a nd a re u sed t o p rov i de t he bas ic l ocat iona l f ramework f or t he t ext and t he c ata logue. F ortunate ly t he c ount ies r ema in f irm ly e ntrenched i n t he p opu lar i mag inat ion a nd i t w ill b e many y ears b efore t hey a re f orgotten. V iewed a s a who le D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway i s c haracter ised b y a q u ite r emarkab le t opograph ica l v ar iety ( f ig 3 ) . T o s ome e xtent t h is may r ef lect t he g eo log ica l f oundat ions f or a lt hough t he R eg ion i s d om inated b y t he g reywackes a nd s ha les o f t he O rdov ic ian a nd S iI u r ia n r ock s equences t here a re s evera l g ran ite i ntrus ions a nd s ome q u ite e xtens ive a reas o f P erm ian a nd Carboniferous s andstone e spec ia lly i n t he E ( Gre ig 1 97 1). Over lying much o f t he s o l i d g eo logy, part icu lar ly a t l ower a lt itudes t here i s a r ange o f d r ift d epos its. T here a re ma in ly o f g lac ia l o r igin w ith h eavy b ou lder c lay most w idespread i n t he E and l ighter mora inic d epos its b ecom ing more c ommon i n t he W . S ands a nd g rave ls o ccur a long most o f t he r iver va lleys w ith more r ecent a lluv ium c lose t o t he p resent water c ourses. T here a re a lso e xtens ive a reas o f r a ised b each l ef t a fter t he H o locene mar ine t ransgress ion t ogether w ith d epos its o f b lown s and a nd d unes , part icu lar ly i n W igtownsh ire. The f ace o f t he l andscape t oday r ef lects a ll t hese i nf luences b ut i t i s p robab ly t he p attern o f p resent l and u se wh ich s tr ikes t he c asua l v is itor l most f orc ib ly a nd p rov ides t he most g raph ic i lustrat ion o f t he var iat ions w ith in t he R eg ion. T here a re . h igh, r ugged mounta ins o f o ver 8 00m OD and s pectacu lar s cenery i n t he c entra l a nd n or thern p arts o f K irkcudbr ightsh ire wh i l e t he E o f t he R eg ion i s d om inated b y more g ent le u ndu lat ing u p lands wh ich n everthe less s t i ll r each a lt i tudes i n e xcess o f 6 00m. Most o f t hese a reas a re o f l i tt le o r n o a gr icu ltura l va lue a nd s ome h ave b een t aken o ver a s N at iona l P arks. I n W igtownsh i re t he t erra in i s g enera lly much l ower b ut t he h igh r a infa ll h as meant t hat much o f t he l and a bove about 1 00m OD i s c overed b y p eat wh ich has f ormed i nto e xtens ive ' f lows' i nterrupted o ccas iona lly where t he u nder ly ing r ock b reaks t hrough. T he l ess i nhosp itab le u p lands p rov ide a s parce l iv ing f or a f ew hardy s heep b ut i ncreas ing ly l arge a reas a re t aken o ver f or c on iferous a fforestat ion. A round t he u p land f r inges c att le b ecome more c ommon a nd i n s ome s he lt ered a reas bar ley may b e g rown. A b road t ract o f l and k nown a s t he ' Low land D rum l i n B e lt r unn ing f rom SW D umfr iesshire t o S W igtownsh i r e p rov i des more f ert il e l and a nd i s n ow u sed ma in ly f or b eef a nd b ar ley p roduct ion a lt hough s ome da iry f arm ing i s p ract iced a nd t he l ess hardy b reeds o f s heep a re a lso k ept. T he most f ert ile a gr icu ltura l l and, h owever , l ies o n t he b road c oasta l p la in a long t he N s ide o f t he S o l way F irth. T h is a rea i s i ntens ive ly c u lt ivated a nd s uppor ts many l arge da ;ry

h erds.

v iii

i x

C H A P T E R

1

In troduct i on S uperf ic ia lly a t l east most r ound c a irns l ook v ery much t he s ame and i t t akes c arefu l e xcavat ion t o r evea l t he k ind o f s truc tura l d eta i I s wh ich m ight f orm t he bas is f or t ypo log ica l d ist inc t ions. I n D umfr ies and Ga l l oway t here h ave b een v ery f ew e xam inat ions o f t h is s ort s o t he n ecessary i nformat i on i s g enera lly absent. F rom t he b eg inning, t herefore , a t ypo log ica l s tudy s eemed i nappropr iate wh i l e a more g enera l d istr ibut iona l s urvey, paying part icu lar a ttent ion t o t he r e lat ionsh ip b etween c a irns and t he l andscape appeared t o s u it t he s ubject r ather b etter . S uch a n a pproach i nev itab ly r e lied h eav ily o n f ie ldwork and i ndeed a l I b ut f our o f t he s ites i n t he c ata logue were v is ited o r a t l east s earched f or i n t he f ie ld dur ing 1 975-8. Th is i s i mportant f or i t e stab lished t he va l i d ity o f t he bas ic data and a l l owed p ersona l o bservat ion o f l ocat iona I c haracter ist ics a nd r e lat ionsh ips. Maps a lone c an b e v ery m is lead ing. I t h as a lso p rov i ded a c orpus o f data f or o ther workers and e x ists a s a r ecord o f t he c ond it ion o f t he s ites a t a p ar t icu lar p o int i n t ime. A lthough t he p resent work i s e ssent ia lly a f ie ld s tudy i t i s s t ill n ecessary t o t ry t o p lace t he s ites i nto s ome s ort o f c hrono logica l a nd c u ltura l c ontext a nd f or t h is e ven Ii m ited e vidence f rom e xcavat ion i s c ruc ia l. U nt il a f ew y ears a go i t s eemed qu ite r easonab le t o i nterpret v irtua lly a ll r ound c a irns a s f unerary monuments o f t he e ar l i er B ronze Age dating p r inc ipa lly t o t he f irst ha lf o f t he s econd m illennium BC, but n ow s uch a sweep ing a ssumpt ion r equ ires s ome j ust if icat ion. I t i s t rue t hat n e ither t he f unc tion n or d ate o f a ny part icu lar r ound c a irn c an b e e stab lished f or c erta in w ithout e xcavat ion, b ut t hroughout n or thern B r ita in s evera l h undreds o f t hese s ites h ave b een e xam ined o ver t he l ast c entury a nd where t he e v idence c an b e c hecked t he vast major ity s eem t o have b een B ronze Age b ur ia l s ites. R ound c a irns , par t icu lar ly i n NW B r ita in, wh ich c an b e s pec if ica lly e xc luded f rom t h is g enera l i nterpretat ion r ema in r e lat ive ly r are a nd s hou ld a l ways b e s een a ga inst t he w ider p icture b uilt u p f rom t he e v idence o f many y ears r esearch. Hav ing s a id t h is , h owever , i t i s i mportant t hat s ome o f t he a lt ernat ives a re c ons idered. F unct ion E ssent ia lly a c a irn may b e b uilt f or s evera l r easons -to mark s ome thing t o c over s omething o r s imp ly t o g et r id o f u nwanted s tones i n a c onvenient way. A bur ia l c a irn may d o a l I o f t hese t h ings b ut a s uperf ic ia lly v ery s im ilar s tructure may have a r isen e nt ire ly a s a r epos itory f or f ie ld s tones. T here i s a lso t he p oss ib ility t hat a c a irn m ight b e b u ilt a s a c eno taph o r monument t o o ne o r more i nd iv idua ls who were a ctua lly b ur ied e lsewhere. T here a re n o c erta in e xamp les i n D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway b ut t h is r ema ins a p oss ib le e xp lanat ion f or ( WD a nd

t he u nusua l c a irn/barrow e xcavated a t Gate lawbr idge therw ise a l I t he s it es wh ich have b een e xam ined 2 5) .1 O r ecorded i n t he R egion h ave p roduced s ome i nd icat ions o f

b ur ia l. T hese o n ly a ccount f or about 2 0% o f t he k nown c a irns b ut i n t he absence o f e v idence t o 1

t ota l n umber o f t he c ontrary i t

d oes s eem t o monuments.

c onf irm

t he

f undamenta lly

f unerary

nature o f

t hese

Date I t i s n ow c lear t hat a ny i nd ividua l r ound c a irn c ou ld b e long t o qu ite a var iety o f p er iods. Monuments a t P it nacree , P erthsh ire , C Ia cha ig o n t he I s le o f A rran, t he r ound b arrow o f D ugge lb y H owe i n N Y orksh ire a s we ll a s t he CI ava t ype t ombs o f N E S cot land d emons trate t hat c ircu lar mounds w ere o ccas iona lly b u ilt b y t he N eo l i th ic i nhab itants o f n or thern B r ita in ( P iggott 1 954 ; H ensha II 1 972 ; K innes 1 979). T he work o f C orcoran h as s hown t hat r ound c a irns were s omet i mes b u ilt w ithi n l ong c a irns a nd t here s eems t o b e n o g ood r eason why t hey s hou ld n o t a lso h ave b een c onstructed s eparate ly ( Corcoran 1 969 b , 9 7-8). I n SW S co t land t he B argrennan g roup o f c a irns i nc ludes s evera l c ircu lar e xamp les wh ich, were i t n o t p oss ib le t o s ee t he r ema ins o f t he b ur ia l c hambers , wou ld p robab ly n o t h ave b een i dent if ied a s N eo l i th ic a nd m ight , t herefore , h ave b een i nadver tant I y i nc luded i n t h is s urvey ( see p reface). C onsequent ly i t i s i mportant t o r ecognise t he p oss ib ility t hat s ome r ound c a irns , part icu lar ly b e tter p reserved e xamples i n t he a rea o f B argrennan t ype t ombs , may b e N eo lith ic i n date. S im ilar d iff icu lties have a r isen w it h t he d iscover ies o f I ron Age b ur ia ls i n p r imary c ontexts b eneath r ound c a irns. T he e xcavat ion a t A ln ham , N orthumber land d rew a ttent ion t o t he p rob lem a nd s ince t hen o ther s ites h ave b een r ecogn ised ( Jobey 1 966 , 3 2 ; Wh i mster 1 98 1 ) . F rom Annanda le t here i s t he p uzz ling a nd p erhaps d ub ious r eference t o a n u n ident if ied c a irn a t Mossknowe ( ED 1 9) wh ich c overed a c ist c onta ining a n u rn , a shes , a nd ' severa l i ron r ings a bout t he s ize o f a h a lf-crown , s o r usted t hat t hey f e l I t o p ieces' ( OSA 1 3 1 794 , 2 73 a nd G ibson 1 863 , 5 0). T h is c ou ld c once ivab ly r efer t o a n I ron Age b ur ia l a lt hough t he s ource i s n ot v ery r e liab le. More r ecent ly A shmore ( 1980) h as i ntroduced t he p oss ib ility t hat s ome sma ll c ircu lar c a irns may b e long t o t he ' Pre-V ik ing I ron A ge' a nd c ou ld h ave P ict ish a ssoc iat ions. H owever , t hese s ites a ppear t o b e c onf ined t o t he N a nd E o f S cot land a nd n eed n o t , t herefore , b e r e levant t o t he S a nd W o f t he c ountry. Ano ther r eference f rom D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway which h igh lights t he d iff icu lties o f dat ing a c a irn f rom i ts e xterna l a ppearance c an b e f ound i n W ilson's Anna ls o f P reh istor ic I, S cot land ( 1863) 1 33. H e r ecorded t hat a s i lver a rm i Il a was f ound w ith h uman b one i n a c ist b eneath a l arge c a irn a t B lakerne ( SK 4 6) n ear Cast le D oug las i n 1 756. The a rm i Il a i s n ow a ccepted a s a n i tem o f V ik ing manufacture and a lthough t he b ur ia l may h ave b een s econdary t he p oss ib ility o f V ik i ng c a irns i n t he a rea c anno t b e e nt ire ly r u led o ut. It wou ld b e u nw ise t o o verstress t he p rob lems p resented b y t he e x istence o f N eo lith ic , I ron Age , o r e ven V iking r ound c a irns. I n D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway, o ut o f 2 1 c a irns wh ich have p roduced datab le f inds 2 0 c an b e p os it ive ly i dent if ied a s e ar l i er B ronze Age. A lt hough t h is i s o n ly a sma l l p ercentage ( 5.5% o f a ll t he r ound c a irns i n t he a rea) t here a re many more e xamp les wh ich wou ld b est b e i nterpre ted a s e ar l i er B ronze Age. S uch a date may b e s uggested b y e ar ly r ecords o f t he d iscovery o f , f or e xamp le , ' an u rn c onta in ing a shes' o r ' burnt h uman b one b eneath a n a nc ient B r it ish u rn.' T he p resence o f a 2

s hort c ist may a lso i mp ly a B ronze Age bur ia l i n most i nstances. T he c ategory o f k erb-ca irns i dent if ied b y R itch ie a nd M cLaren ( 1972) s eems t o b e long t o a l ater p er iod w ith in t he B ronze A ge t han t he major ity o f r ound c a irns ( R itch ie a nd R itchie 1 98 1, 6 9) b ut s ince t hese a re r ecogn isab le f ie ld monuments and o n ly a s ing le e xamp le has b een i dent if ied i n t he R eg ion ( at Carscreugh WL 2 8) t h is n eed n ot b e o f g reat s ignif icance a nd s hou ld n ot i nf luence t he o vera ll p icture. T o c onc lude , i t appears t hat t he vast major ity o f i ndiv idua l r ound c a irns may b e r egarded a s f unerary monuments o f t he e ar l i er B ronze Age a nd i t i s u pon t h is a ssumpt ion t hat t he f o l l ow ing c ons iderat ion o f t hese s ites i s based. It i s t herefore i mportant t o t ry t o q uant ify t he p robab ility t hat e ach s ite c onforms t o t h is i nterpretat ion s o t hat t he r e lat ive s trength o f t he e v idence c an b e a ssessed when d raw ing c onc lus ions o f a more g enera l nature. I n a n a ttempt t o d o t h is , f ive ' categor ies o f p robab ility' have b een d ef ined. I n s ome ways t h is i s a lso a n a ttempt t o g ive e xpress ion t o t he f ie ld w orker's r ather s ubject ive f ee lings a bout t he a uthent ic ity o f a s i te a s a n a nc ient monument. T here c an b e n o d oubt t hat a d ifferent i ndiv idua l wou ld d raw d ifferent c ategor ies o r d ispute t he c ategor ies i nto wh ich t he s ites have b een p laced. I n s p ite o f t h is t he e xerc ise s t ill s eems va luab le. T he f ive c ategor ies wh ich a re u sed ma in ly i n t he c ata logue a re d ef ined a s f o llows:CATEGORY 1 ( Poss ib le ) - A q uest ionab le s ite wh ich s eems more l ike ly t o b e a B ronze Age f unera l c a irn t han a nyth ing e lse. S uch a s ite c ou ld b e a r ather p oor f ie ld monument, w ith l i tt le i n i t s f avour , o r a quest ionab le r eference may h ave g iven s ome s parse i nformat ion wh ich c ou ld s uggest a B ronze Age c a irn. CATEGORY 2 ( Quite P oss ib le) - A r easonab le f ie ld monument which a lthough n ow p erhaps l arge ly d estroyed , was c lear ly more s ubstant ia l i n t he past. P erhaps a r eference t o i ts o r ig ina l s ize o r s ome f ind wh ich m ight have b een B ronze Age may a lso e x ist. CATEGORY 3 ( Fa ir ly P robab le) - A we ll p reserved s ite c onformi ng t o t he c lass ic i dea o f a B ronze Age c a irn o r a r e liab le r eference t o s uggest i t was s o i n t he p ast. CATEGORY 4 ( H igh ly P robab le) -A s ite , e xtant o r d estroyed, which has p roduced a f ind l ike ly t o b e B ronze Age. T he p resence o f a s hor t c ist may p erhaps b e t aken t o i mp ly a B ronze Age d ate i n s ome c ircumstances. CATEGORY 5 ( Cer ta in) -A s it e wh ich h as p roduced a B ronze Age b ur ia l d epos it w ith d ist inct ive a r tefacts. T he r eference mus t b e c omp lete ly r e liab le a nd d escr ibe t he bur ia l a nd f inds s o t hat n o d oubt r ema ins. The c a irn s hou ld a lso b e d escr ibed. S ites i n t h is c ategory have f requent ly b een e xcavated. I n a ss ign ing a c a irn t o o ne o f t hese c ategor ies i t i s i mportant t hat a l I t he a va i!ab le e vi dence r e levant t o t he s ite s hou ld

b e c ons idered.

3

NOTE

1 .

A l l s ite d escr ipt ions a nd r ef erences t o c airns i nc luded i n t his s urvey a re g iven i n t he c atalogue; t heref ore , i n t he t ext o nly t he i ndex n umber o f t he m onument i s s tated . F ul l d etails o f t he s ystem o f n umbering i s g iven i n t he 3. i ntroduct ion t o t he c atalogue o n p . 8

4

C H A P T E R D iscover ies f rom

2

e xcavations

O ut o f a t ota l o f p erhaps 3 78 r ecorded i ndividua l c airns wh ich m ight b e long t o t he e ar l i er s econd m illennium BC i t i s d isappo inting t hat s o many have b een d estroyed o r s evere ly d isturbed w ithout a ny r ecord o f t he ir c ontents. Many o f t he f inds made i n t he 1 9th c entury have s ince b een l ost o r a re on ly b r ief ly o r i mperfect ly d escr ibed. V ery r are ly d id t he e ar ly ant iquar ians g ive a ny i nformation about t he a ctua l s tances o f t he ir d iscover ies s o t hat f requent ly e ven t he

c ircump os ition

o f t he bur ia l, o r ientat ion o f a c ist, o r whether t he bur ia l was i nhumed o r c remated a re matters o f i nference. D eta ils o f c a irn c onstruction a re , f or t he most part, e ntire ly l ack i ng. I n f act o nly 1 0 t o e ven s evere ly

ca irns i n D umfr ies and Ga l l oway have b een e xcavated t he most r ud i mentary a rchaeo logica l s tandards. Th is l im its any d iscuss ion o f B ronze Age bur ia l p ract ices i n

t he a rea. BURIALS

( append ix

1 )

In Dumfr ies a nd Ga l l oway t he f unerary c haracter o f i nd iv idual r ound c a irns i s based upon 8 0 s ites which have produced s ome e vidence o f bur ia l. Th is i s n ot a v ery l arge proport ion a nd are , h owever , d iscover ies e xam ined

f u ll a

which

more

d eta ils sma ll

p rovide

o f most number a

c ore

d epos its a re absent. There o f adequate ly r ecorded

o f

i nformat ion

which

c an

b e

t horough ly.

Numbers Unti I r e lative ly

r ecent ly

r ound

c airns

were

c ons idered

t o

b e a n i ntegra l part o f a ' s ing le g rave t rad it ion' i ntroduced i n t he l ate t hird m illenniu m BC, and c ontrasting w ith t he mu lt ip le bur ia ls

a ssoc iated

w ith

e ar l i er

N eo l i thic

c a irns have b een t o ta lly e xcavated apparent t hat t his i s a m is leading

t ombs.

c a irns s hown

and barrows t hroughout n orthern B r ita in t o c ontain more t han o ne i nd ividua l. I n

c a irns

c an

c a irns ED 7 ,

c overed WD 3 6 ,

bur ia ls.

c ertain ly

The

b e

i nc luded

A s

c airns

o f

r ound

w ith

t hese

have n ow b een t his R eg ion 1 2

( appendix

a m ini mum o f t wo i nd ividua ls e ach WD 4 6 a nd WL 2 5 c onta ined a t

t wo

more

i t has b ecome i ncreas ing ly phrase. A l arge n u mber o f

P inzar ie

( WD

9 )

and

1). S ix

and c a irns l east t hree Barndennoch

( WD 2 0) were r emoved many y ears ago but i t i s r ecorded t hat t hey c onta ined 9 a nd 7 c ists r espect ive ly. A l I t hese bur ia l f igures r epresented m in i mum o bv ious bur ia l d epos its wou ld s ing le c remation d epos it may

n umbers s ince o nly t he most b e n o ted. Furthermore , e ven a c ontain more t han o ne p erson.

T here i s a lso a r eference t o a c ist a t Knowehead c a irn ( WD 4 6) c onta ining t wo s ke letons. It i s t herefore c lear t hat, e ven t hough 5 8 s ites have p roduced e vidence o f n o more t han o ne b ur ia l, c airns were n ot i ntended e xc lus ive ly f or a s ing le i nd ividua l. This wou ld agree we l I w ith P etersen's o bservat ions o n

t he

r e lative

f requency

o f

mu ltip le

bur ia l

i n

t he

Eng lish

B ronze age ( 1972 ). H owever , l arge numbers o f bur ia ls n eed n ot h ave existed b eneath a l I r ound c a irns. The s ites o f P inzar ie a nd Barndennoch ( WD 9 and WD 2 0) c an p erhaps b e para lle lled 5

P ygmy se v es l

Unknown

•

I

i

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

1

I

, i

I

. . , 4 . ,

N

00

N , i

0 N

I

N I

,

I

I

r 4

1

I

1 4

4 1

N

I

ON

•1

0 r •i

1 . 1

I

N

0

0 Ue

N

e

4 , >

1 . 4 U .M

1 . » 4

I

c e l c i • : 1 2 1

I

t ypes. N (i )

( 1 ) . 4 . 1

. -

Unknown

pottery

C o l la red u rn

Cordoned u rn

POTTERY

( ' ( 2 : 1

•• i • L 4

1 r q

, — i

r f ,

\ C D r n

* \ O

1 -4

r •* " . 1

r,

03 •" 1

Z . 4 Z

0 0 •• 4 -,

L T 1

c d

E

E . -

POS IT ION

Unknown

C rema t ion

z . z

•

t r ,

i

I

I n

0

I

1

o , 4

4 4 0 I

CO

I

N

11

. . I -

I f l

N.

N 1 1

0\ 11

r f)

NI I f %

In 1 . 1

\0

I

CO

e

N

1 . 1 1

CD N

e

CO

0

' A =

C en t ra l

4 . 1 U U W

VO

,-

I

1 1

, -I

N

1 : ,

• 5 4

TOTAL

b4

3 0

O the r b u r ia l s

E

0

T o ta l c i s t s

. •

V . 5 e . .

V ) . 4 . › 1) ( 'r i ( . J

a ) , Q a i E 1

by m onuments e xcavated i n more r ecent y ears , f or e xamp le Barns F arm, D aI g ety ( Watk ins 1 982) b ut t hey r ema in u nusua l l east i n t he l oca l c ontext. Re lat ionship

b e tween c a irn

and

bur ia l

( f ig

a t a t

4 )

T he r e lat ionsh ip b e tween t he b ur ia l d epos its a nd t he c a irn c onstruct ion i s v ita l f or i t i s t h is wh ich marks B ronze Age r ound c a irns a part f rom most o f t he ir N eo l i th ic p red ecessors and, i ndeed, f rom o ther B ronze Age b ur ia l p ractices. F irst ly, h owever many add it iona l bur ia ls t here m ight b e t here c an o n ly b e o ne c entra l bur ia l d epos it ( a lt hough o n o ccas ions t hi s m ight c onta in more t han o ne i nd iv idua l ). Th is d epos it p rov ides a f oca l p o int , c erta in ly f or t he c a irn and p oss ib ly a lso f or any add it iona l bur ia ls. l t wou ld t herefore s eem t hat, un like N eo l i th ic c hambered t ombs where n o p os it ion c ou ld b e c ons idered more i mportant t han a ny o ther , t he c entra l b ur ia l i n a r ound c a irn was o f g reater s ignif icance a nd p erhaps prov ided t he ma in i ncent ive f or c a irn c onstruct ion. S econd ly, add it iona l bur ia ls p laced n ear t o t he c entra l d epos it m ight b e c ons idered a s part o f t he s ame f unerary t rad it ion o r r itua l, b ut o nce t he c a irn was b u ilt t he s ite was , i n e ffect, c losed t o t hat t rad ition. F urther bur ia ls m ight b e i nser ted i nto t he f abr ic o f t he c a irn b ut t hey must b e d ist inct ly s econdary a nd a re e ssent ia lly i rre levant t o any c ons iderat ion o f t he c a irn's o r ig ina l c onstruct ion. U nfortunate ly i t i s r are ly p oss ib le t o d eterm ine t he p rec ise r e lat ionsh ip b e tween c a irns a nd bur ia ls f rom t he e ar lier r ecords. O ften t he o n ly i nd icat ion o f t h is i mportant r e lat ionsh ip i s t he p os it ion o f t he b ur ia l w ith in t he c a irn a nd f requent ly e ven s uch e lementary i nformat ion a s whe ther i t was c entra l o r e ccentr ic i s n ot r ecorded. The a pproximate p os it ions o f 3 6 b ur ia l d epos its b eneath r ound c airns a re k nown. O f t hese 2 4 a re c entra l a nd 1 2 a re e ccentr ic ( exc lud ing t hose a t P inzar ie and Barndennoch where n o d e ta i I s a re r ecorded ). Most e ccentr ic bur ia ls o ccur u pon s ites where a c entra l bur ia l d epos it i s a lso k nown. O ccas iona lIy , h owever , a s ing le e ccentr ic c ist may b e f ound when t he c entra l a rea o f t he c a irn has n ot b een e xam ined ( eg G reenhouse B r idge , EL 2 3) . T he o n ly o ther e ccentr ic b ur ia ls have b een f ound a t S ta irhaven ( EL 1 ) where t here was o n ly a s li ght e xam ination o f t he c entre , and a t H igh Banks ( SK 3 3) where t he c entre had a lready b een d isturbed. The barrow a t Wy lie's Wood ( SK 5 7) a lso c onta ined a n e ccentr ic b ur ia l a nd a ga in t he c entra l a rea was n o t e xam ined. T h is wou ld s eem t o s uggest t hat e ccentr ic p os it ions were u sed p r inc ipa lly i n c onjunct ion w ith c entra l b ur ia ls , n o t f or t he o n ly bur ia l d epos it b eneath a c a irn. l t may a lso i mp ly a p reference f or t he c entra l p os it ion a nd , t herefore , t ends t o c onf irm t he s uppos it ion t hat t he c entra l bur ia l was o f g reater s ignif icance a nd c onst ituted s ome s or t o f ' foundat ion' d epos it. B ur ia l

R ite

( f ig

4 )

O f 2 9 bur ia ls where t he r ite i s k nown, o r may b e r easona b ly i nferred, 1 9 were c remated a nd 1 0 were i nhumed. Th is a pparent p reference f or c remat ion m ight b e a ttr ibutab le t o t he t endency f or c remated b one t o s urv ive i n a c id s o il c ond it ions. 7

POS IT ION

I nhuma t ion

7 1 -

1 1 .

I

U nknown

H 2

N I

,— ,

C rema t ion

Unknown

N

r 1

I

, . . . 1

M

o t • ,1

I

C C r e " ,

1 -1

I I I I —

, . _ , — — „ cr . : , ,

I

r e ' l

I

r e)

e -1

11

r j-

I

I

N

ON

I

I

I

,

CO

e q

11

1.

N-

I

1 .4

N-

I

C O

rq

U . 4 . 4 '

c u

I

U U

LL I

7 ,d S . ' — '

U

C . )

, . r z , . . C . ) .

1 , V c e

Q . ,

C D ' v ) ü >

0 0

z

F .

c i a ) .

. c; , —

0 u

8

I

, — I

7; $ . , ,

, ' , ' , '

u

> ›,

z

0V . S b — , - . , . , E z

c s

C r ,

, .

0

, z 0 z › u zi a 0. .

, 7 g — • 1 8 H

o f p ottery t ypes ,

T o ta l n umbe r

i

H owever , i f l arge c ists may b e t aken t o i nd icate i nhumat ion bur ia l a r ather d ifferent p icture may emerge. There a re s evera l p rob lems i nherent i n an a ssumpt ion s uch a s t h is. It i s n ot unknown f or c remat ions t o o ccur i n l arge c ists , f or e xamp le a c ist 1 .1 m x 0 .69m a t O ld K irk Farm , D umbartonsh ire , c onta ined an u ndoubted c remat ion ( Morr ison 1 97 1, 1 9), b ut g enera lly, where t he e v idence c an b e c hecked, c ists l arge e nough t o h o ld a c rouched h uman ( say n o sma ll t han 0 .75m x 0 .6m) t end t o c onta in i nhumat ions ( p. 2 5 ). The p resence o f l arge c ists t heref ore , may b r ing t he n umber o f s uspected i nhumat ions w ith in c airns t o 3 2 , s o t hey may, c once ivab ly, h ave b een more c ommon t han c remat ions. On p resent e vidence , h owever , i t wou ld b e unw ise t o a rgue t hat e ither r ite was d om inant s ince c lear ly both were p ract ised e xtens ive ly , i n c onjunc t ion w ith c a irn bur ia l, t hroughout D umfr ies and Ga lloway. A lthough t here i s amp le e v idence f or t he c o-ex istence o f t he t wo r ites , e ven w ith in t he s ame c ist ( Petersen e t a l 1 974), t here d oes s eem t o b e a g enera l t endency f or c remat ion t o post-date i nhumat ion ( Burgess 1 980 , 1 15) but t h is i s a nat iona l v iew a nd o ne wh ich i s p erhaps o verinf luenced b y t he S a nd E o f B r ita in. I n I re land , and much o f NW B r ita in, i nhumat ion n ever s eems t o have had t he i mpor tance t hat i t d id i n S Eng land i n t he e ar ly B ronze Age ( Her ity and E ogan 1 977; Burgess 1 980 , 3 00) a nd i t wou ld b e u nw ise t o d raw a ny major c hrono log ica l d ist inction. I n v iew o f i ts g eograph ica l p os it ion t he s ame i s p robab ly t rue i n Dumfr ies and Ga l l oway, but i n t he a bsence o f a ny C 14 dates i t i s d iff icu lt t o b e c onf ident e ither way. C er ta in ly t here i s l i tt le s ignif icant d ifference i n t he p os itions o f t he t wo r ites w ith in t he i nd iv idua l r ound c a irns o f t he R eg ion. There were , a t most, 5 c entra l and 5 e ccentr ic c remat ions , c ompared w ith 1 5 c entra l, a nd 6 e ccentr ic i nhumations. I ndeed t here a re n o i nstances o f a n e ccentr ic i nhumation o ccurr ing w ith a c entra l c remat ion d epos it w ith in t he R egion. Th is m ight s uggest t hat i nhumat ion s hou ld b e a l i tt le e ar lier b ut i t c ou ld e qually r ef lect a s oc ia l r ather t han a c hrono log ica l d ifference. POTTERY

( f ig

5 )

The bas ic d iv is ion o f B ronze Age p ottery i nto ' beakers', ' food v esse ls' a nd ' c inerary u rns' has r ema ined i n g enera l u se . The major ity o f p ots f i t we ll i nto o ne o r o ther o f t hese c ategor ies , but a s w ith a ny r ig id t ypo logy t here a re many e xamp les wh ich t ended t o b lur t he d ist inct ions. T he v esse l f rom S toneyk i rk, f or e xamp le , i s i nc luded by Morr ison a s a b ucket u rn ( Morr ison 1 968 , N o 5 4) and by R itch ie ( 1970 N o 3 7) a s a b eaker. S im ilar ly t he v esse ls f rom K nockdoon T orrs , Luce S ands , i nc luded b y C larke ( 1970 N os 1 800 a nd 1 799) a s AOC b eakers , a nd p laced i n ' Step 1 ' by R itch ie and S hepherd ( 1973 , 2 0 , F ig 1) , a re d escr ibed a s b eaker/food v esse ls b y S i mpson ( 1965

N os 6 3 a nd 6 4). Two d ecades ago i t was t hought t hat t hese p o ttery t ypes were o f c hrono log ica l and c u ltura l s ign if icance. Th is v iew h as b ecome l ess a cceptab le a s a n i ncreas ing n umber o f C 14 dates h ave appeared a nd a s more d eta iled a ttent ion has b een pa id t o o bjects a ssoc iated w ith p ottery ( see Burgess 1 980 f or a g enera l c ons iderat ion o f t he e vidence). B eakers have r eta ined an e ar ly p lace i n t he c hrono logy but t hey apparent ly c ont inued i n u se 9

l ong a fter t he a dvent o f t he o ther c eram ic s tyles. T hese l a ter p ottery t ypes h ave b een s hown t o b e b road ly c ontemporary d isp lac ing t he d iscred ited e ar lier b e lief t hat f ood v esse ls w ith i nhumed b ur ia ls p receded t he c remat ion r ite and t he c inerary u rn t rad it ion. E xcept f or a s ma ll n umber o f r ecent d iscover ies a l I t he B ronze Age p ottery f rom t he a rea h as b een p ub lished i n c orpus f orm b y Morr ison ( 1968), S i mpson ( 1965), R itch ie ( 1970 ), R itch ie a nd S hepherd ( 1973), a nd C ow ie ( 1978) . T he a rtefac ts a ssoc iated w ith t he v esse ls h ave a lso b een c ons idered by t hese wr iters , a nd a d eta il ed d escr ipt ion a nd d iscuss ion o f t h is mater ia l i s , t herefore , u nnecessary. l t i s worthwh ile , h owever , t o make s ome more g enera l o bservat ions a nd c ompar isons a nd t o e xam ine more c lose ly t he r e lat ionsh ip b e tween p o ttery a nd t he s ites t hemse lves. B eakers R itchie ( 1970) a nd R itch ie a nd S hepherd ( 1973) a lready c ons idered many o f t he b as ic p rob lems r e lat ing t o t he b eakeru s ing p eop le o f SW S cot land a nd h ave i nterpreted t he e vidence a long c onvent iona l II nes. T hey p o inted o ut t hat b eakers h ave b een f ound i n a v ar iety o f l ocat ions - the s and d une a nd s ett lement s ites s uch a s L uce B ay, N ewb ie a nd K irkburn i n N eo li th ic c a irns s uch a s M id G len i ron I and L ochh i II a ccompanying i nd iv idua l c ist b ur ia ls a nd w ith bur ia l d epos its b eneath r ound c a irns o r w ith in c remat ion c emeter ies. A l most a ll t he b eaker s herds f rom t he d une and s e tt lement s ites a re o f t he e ar ly ' Step 1 a nd 2 ' t ypes ( Lanting a nd V an d er Waa ls 1 972). T h is c onforms t o a more g enera l p at ince t ern s s im il ar l ocat ions e lsewhere ( eg A rdnamurchan and N orthton) h ave a lso p roduced p o ttery p redom inant ly o f t h is t ype. I t h as t herefore b een s uggested t hat t h is s ort o f l oca li ty was par t icu lar ly f avoured d ur ing t he i nit ia l p hases o f s e tt lement b y b eaker-us ing p eop le. B eakers o f t h is t ype h ave a lso b een f ound i n s evera l N eo lith ic c a irns t hroughout S cot land. R itch ie h as e xam ined t hese a ssoc iat ions a nd h as c onc luded t hat t he r e li g ious/funerary a ct ivity o f t he i nd igenous N eo l i th ic f o lk was r espected , i ndeed f o llowed, b y t he b eaker-us ing n ewcomers. T he b eaker f ound i n t he N eo lithic l ong c a irn a t L ochh i II i s n ot a ' Steps 1 o r 2 ' b eaker a nd t herefore r equ ires s ome e xp lanat ion. F irs t ly, t he v esse l was n ot i n a p r imary c ontext a nd i t i s t herefore n o t s urpr is ing t hat i t b e longs t o a l ater t ype. S econd ly, i t d id n o t a ppear t o a ccompany a b ur ia l i n f act t he s herds were s cattered i n a n a rea a long t he c entra l a x is o f t he c a irn. l t i s p oss ib le t hat t he p o t h ad b een p art o f a b ur ia l d epos it , d isturbed i n r ecent t imes o r , p erhaps more l ike ly, i t was a n u naccompanied v ot ive d epos it . E ither way i t s eems t hat e ven a fter t he f unerary p ractices o f t he N eo li th ic i nhab itants h ad d ec li ned, b eaker-us ing p eop le s t ill r espected a nd u t ilised t he ' ha llowed g round' o f t he l ong c a irn. When t he l ater d eve lopments i n t he b eaker p o ttery o f D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway a re c ons idered, l i tt le c an b e a dded t o t he p rev ious work b ut i t i s worth s tress ing t hat when ' S tep 1 a nd 2 ' b eakers a re e xc luded o n ly 6 o r 7 i dent if iab le v esse ls r ema in. T his i n i tse lf may s uggest t hat t he ' Beaker C u lt ure ' ( however i t i s d ef ined, s ee B urgess a nd S hennan 1 976; H arr ison 1 0

1 980) was n ever adopted i n t he R eg ion t o t he e xtent t hat i t was e lsewhere. Most o f t hese b eakers b e long t o C larke's ' Nor thern' t ype ( C larke 1 970) o r ' Steps 5 a nd 6 ' and, a s R it ch ie has p o inted o ut, t he most u sua l a ssoc iat ion was a ccompanying a s ing le g rave c ist b ur ia l. B eyond t h is i t i s i mposs ib le t o g enera li se - indeed c ons ider ing t he n umber o f v esse ls i nvo lved, t he var iety i s s urpr is ing. F our b eakers were f ound w it h n o t race o f a c a irn o r barrow c over ing t hem. The v esse l f rom Gaw i n Moor i s t he o n ly e xamp le c er tain ly t o h ave c ome f rom a b ur ia l w ith in a r ound c ar in ( WD 3 6), a lthough t he s herd f rom Mo l l ance ( SK 4 5) may r epresent a no ther. The b eaker f rom L ochh i I was f ound i n a l ong c a irn. Three o f t he v esse ls were f ound i n c ists ( four i f t he e xamp le f rom Mo l l ance i s i nc luded) p robab ly a ccompany ing i nhumed b ur ia ls , wh il e t he S toneyk i rk b eaker was s i mp ly b ur ied i n s and a nd c onta ined a c remat ion. The L ochh i II a nd S troangasse l b eakers d id n o t a ppear t o have h ad a ny d irect f unerary a ssoc iat ions -in f act t he l atter was f ound i n t he g rave l a t t he s ide o f a s tream and may have d omest ic c onnect ions. The e v idence f rom w ith in SW S co tl and d oes n o t p rove whe ther b eakers were i ntroduced b y i mm igrant p eop les o r a s part o f Burgess' a nd S hennan's ' cu lt package' ( 1976). I t d oes , h owever , h igh light s ome o f t he p rob lems wh ich n ow f ace a rchaeo log ists t rying t o u nderstand t h is e p isode o f p reh istory. F irst ly , t here c an b e l i tt le d oubt t hat L uce Bay was o f c ons iderab le i mportance t o t he u sers o f ' Step 1 a nd 2 ' b eakers a nd y et n owhere , e it her i n t he i mmed iate h inter land , o r e ven i n t he SW o f S co t land a s a who le , h as a b eaker o f t h is t ype b een f ound i n a ' s ing le g rave' c ontext. E lsewhere , e spec ia lly i n s outhern and e astern B r ita in, t he f requent a ssoc iat ion o f ' Step P b eakers a nd s ing le g rave b ur ia ls has l ed t o t he a ssumpt ion t hat t he p eop le who b rought t he b eakers a lso i ntroduced t h is b ur ia l r ite. Th is wou ld n o t s eem t o b e t he c ase i n SW S cot land o r , i ndeed, o ver much o f N a nd W B r ita in. B y t he s ame t oken t he p ract ice o f bur ia l b eneath r ound barrows o r c a irns was a lso t hought t o have b een i ntroduced by b eaker-us ing f o lk - a nd y e t o n ly o ne b eaker i n t he a rea c an b e s a id w it h c erta inty t o have c ome f rom s uch a s ite. S im ilar ly t he i ntroduct ion o f meta l t echno logy h as b een a ttr ibuted t o t he b eaker-us ing p eop le a nd y et n o me ta l work h as b een f ound a ssoc iated w ith t he b eakers o f SW S co t land. Th is i s s urpr is ing s ince i t has o ften b een a rgued t hat t hese f o lk were m eta l p rospectors ( eg Case 1 977 ) . T he h ills o f Ga lloway a re moderate ly r ich i n m inera ls s uch a s c opper , l ead, s i lver a nd g o ld and o ne wou ld p erhaps e xpect t he p ract ised e ye o f a p rospector t o r ecognise t he a ppropr iate g eo log ica l f ormat ions. E ven i f t he Ga l l ov i di an r esources were i gnored , I r ish me ta ls w ere c erta in ly i mported i nto E ng land and S cot land a nd i n v iew o f t he l ocat ion o f Ga l l oway i t i s s urpr is ing t hat more b eaker meta l work has n ot b een f ound. It i s a lso d iff icu lt t o e xp la in why Luce S ands s hou ld h ave b een s o c omprehens ive ly abandoned b y t he u sers o f t he l ater b eaker t ypes. Work o n 3 69 u nstrat if ied b eaker s herds f rom t h is a rea has s hown t hat 1 54 a re b ad ly abraded a nd n o mo t if c ou ld b e i dent if ied, but o f t he r ema ining 2 15 , 2 05 a re most p robab ly f rom ' Step 1 o r 2 ' b eakers wh ile o n ly 1 0 a re l ike ly t o h ave c ome f rom more d eve loped s ty l es (i nc lud ing i nc ised 1

xamp les) a nd f ew o f t hese c ou ld b e c lass if ied w ith d ecorated 1e c erta inty. I t i s d iff icu lt t o d raw c onc lus ions f rom s uch m in i ma l a nd var ied e v idence b ut i t wou ld s eem t hat s ome o f o ur e ar l i er n ot ions s hou ld b e r e-exam ined , whe ther o ne a ccepts B urgess' s uggest ions o r n ot. C er ta in ly t he e ar l i er ' Step 1 a nd 2 ' b eakers a re n o t a ssoc iated w ith a ny o f t he u sua l t rapp ings o f t he ' Beaker Cu I t ure' . T he f ew a ssoc iat ions s eem t o Ii nk t hem more c lose ly w ith t he f unerary a nd s e tt lement s ites o f t he i nd igenous N eo l i th ic f o lk ( K irkburn a nd Luce Bay h ave b o th p roduced q uant it ies o f d omest ic N eo lith ic p ottery). The s ubsequent d eve lopment o f t he b eaker s er ies i n t he a rea i s n o e as ier t o e xp la in. Lant ing a nd Van d er Waa ls' c r it ic isms ( 1972) o f C larke's mu ltip le i nvas ion t heory ( C larke R itch ie a nd S hepherd's 1 970) s eem j ust if ied. H owever , adaptat ion o f t he Lant ing a nd Van d er Waa ls ' step d eve lopments' w ith i ts i mp licat ion t hat t he c hanges i n p o ttery s ty le were i nterna l t o SW S cot land i s e qua lly d oubtfu l ( R itch ie a nd S hepherd 1 973) . T here a re s imp ly n o t e nough b eakers i n t he a rea f or a c ont inuous r eg iona l d eve lopment. It i s a p ersona l o p inion t hat t he ' beaker i nf luence', b e i t a s a ' cu lt package' o r a n e thn ic o r c u ltura l g roup, was l im ited a nd had Ii t le l ong t erm i mpact o n t he R eg ion. T he v ar ie ty o f t a ssoc iat ions a nd l ocat ions o ut l i ned above s eem t o i mp ly t hat t he b eaker p resence was n ot a s a u n if ied c u lture but r ather a s e lements o f a f ore ign c u lture wh ich were adopted a nd adapted o r i mported b y t he i nd igenous p opu lat ion. This v iew i s s uppor ted b y t he f act t hat many o f t he f unerary p rac t ices o f t he s econd m il l enn ium B C c an b e t raced f rom N eo lith ic r ather t han b eaker s ources. S evera l N eo l i th ic r ound c a irns e x ist i n t he Bargrennan d istr ict o f Ga l l oway a nd t here a re o thers e lsewhere i n n or thern B r ita in. C remat ion r ite was p rac t ised i n t he N eo l i th ic t ombs o f L ochh i II a nd S lewca irn ( Masters 1 973; 1 98 1) a nd s ome p o ttery s ty les , t oo , s eem t o h ave t he ir o r ig in i n l ater N eo l i th ic wares. T he s ing le g rave t rad it ion o f t he s econd m illennium B C a lso s eems t o have b een o verstated i n t he past and t he e nc losed c remat ion c eme tery s ites may h ave d eve loped f rom N eo lith ic c ommuna l bur ia l p ract ice ( K innes 1 979). F ina lly t he r e lat ive ly l ow l eve l o f ' beaker i nf luence' may b e t he r esu lt o f a s trong e x ist ing f unerary t rad it ion, o r p erhaps s i mp ly b ecause SW S cot land f rom t he a reas o f i ntense ' beaker Y orksh ire ,

o r e astern

was r emoved g eograph ica lly a c t iv ity' s uch a s Wessex,

S cot land.

F ood v esse ls E ighteen i dent if iab le f ood v esse ls have b een f ound i n D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway a nd a ll h ave b een Ii s ted by S i mpson ( 1965) . H e d iv ided t hem i nto I r ish vases ( 4 e xamp les), Y orksh ire v ases ( 2 e xamp les), f orms o f b eaker/food v esse l ( 4 e xamp les), a nd t he most c ommon t ype i n t he a rea, t he I r ish b ow ls , w ith 8 e xamp les. S i mpson f e lt t hat t his e v idence r ef lected a c omp lex pattern o f i nf luences b ut w ith t wo d om inant f orces f rom i nd igenous b eaker-us ing p eop le o n t he o ne h and, a nd f rom I re land o n t he o ther. I n v iew o f t he r ecent r e-exam inat ions o f t he b eaker e v idence i n B r ita in t here i s a n eed t o r e-assess t he i nf luence wh ich t h is p ottery h as u pon l ater c eram ic s ty les. T his i s 1 2

b eyond t he s cope o f t he p resent work b ut i t wou ld s eem t hat , w it h s ome mod if icat ions , S i mpson's bas ic i nterpretat ions s t ill h o ld g ood i n s p ite o f c hanges i n t erm ino logy. S i mpson f o llowed Ap S imon i n d er iving t he I r ish vase f ood v esse ls f rom ' shor t n ecked' beakers. Th is t ype o f b eaker f a lls ma in ly i nto ' Steps 5 a nd 6 ' and i s b e tter r epresented i n SW S cot land t han a ny o ther t ype. It i s t herefore p oss ib le t hat t he I r ish vases o f t he a rea s how a natura l and i nd igenous d eve lopment o f s ty le. The b eaker f ood v esse ls a lso d emonstrate a c lose l ink b etween t he t wo c lasses o f p o ttery. H owever , i t has a lready b een s hown t hat b eaker i nf luence was p robab ly n o t g reat i n SW S cot land and S i mpson p erhaps u nderest i mated t he e ffect o f N eo l i th ic pottery t rad it ions o n t he d eve lopment o f f ood v esse ls. S ince h e wro te h is paper more l ater N eo l i th ic p o ttery has b een d isc overed i n t he a rea a t Luce B ay a nd M id G len i r on I c hambered t omb ( at N e nd o f c hamber) . The c hambered t omb o f M id I has p G len i ron roduced a part icu lar ly i nterest ing a ssoc iat ion i n t h is c onnect ion. I n t he d isturbed a rea o f t he t erm ina l chamber was f ound t he r ema ins o f a f ood v esse l ( type uncer ta in) w ith a b ronze aw l a s we ll a s s ome s herds o f l ate N eo l i th ic P e terborough ware ( poss ib ly Mort lake s ty le) ( Corcoran 1 969a). The t wo v esse ls were n ot n ecessar ily d epos it ed t ogether but t he u se o f a N eo lith ic monument b y f ood v esse l-us ing p eop le may i mp ly a c loser c onnect ion t han S i mpson s upposed. It may be a dded t hat t he f orm and f abr ic o f f ood v esse ls c an o ften b e much more s im ilar t o t hose o f N eo lith ic p ottery t han t hey a re t o b eakers , h owever s uperf ic ia l t h is may s eem t o c eram ic e xper ts. I t s hou ld a lso b e n oted t hat t here i s n o d irect a ssoc iation o f f ood v esse ls w it h b eakers e xcept f or t he p oss ib le i nstance o f Mo l l ance c a irn ( SK 4 5). H ere a b ur ia l a ccompanied by a b eaker may h ave b een r emoved t o make way f or a no ther bur ia l, t h is t ime w ith a f ood v esse l. The e xamp le o f H igh Banks quo ted by S i mpson i s i naccurate. The b eaker b ur ia l was d iscovered i n a c ist n ear t o , but c omp lete ly s eparate f rom, t he t wo c a irns wh ich p roduced t he f ood v esse ls. The c lose r e lat ionsh ip b e tween I re land a nd SW S cot land i s d emonstrated b y t he p redom inance o f I r ish b ow ls amongst t he f ood v esse l s er ies i n t he a rea. The d iff icu lt ies p osed b y b eaker i nf luence a re n o t r e levant h ere s ince t hese b ow ls were a pparent ly i ntroduced t o t he a rea a s a n a lready d ist inct p o ttery s ty le. S i mpson s uggested t hat t he ir p resence , e spec ia lly i n t he c oasta l r eg ions , r epresents part o f a g enera l s pread o f I r ish b ow l-makers u p t he W c oast o f S cot land. U nfortunate ly n o d ist inct ive a r tefacts have b een f ound d irect ly a ssoc iated w ith any o f t he f ood v esse ls o f D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway. I t i s , t herefore , d iff icu lt t o b e s ure whether t he a rr iva l o f t h is p o ttery r ef lects a f o lk movement, a t rad ing r e lat ionsh ip, o r e ven t he s prerad o f a c u lt o r r e lig ion. An e xam inat ion o f t he c ircumstances i n wh ich f ood v esse ls h ave b een f ound t ends t o c onf irm s ome o f t he e ar lier v iews o f B ronze Age f unerary a ct iv ity. Where r ecords e x ist most p ots h ave b een f ound i n a c ist a ccompanying a n i nhumed o r c remated b ur ia l a nd 4 5% were c overed b y a c a irn. T h is may s eem unremarkab le b ut i t a ssumes a part icu lar i mportance when c ompared w ith t he c ircumstances i n wh ich o ther e ar ly s econd m illennium BC p o ttery t ypes have b een d iscovered. I t wou ld s eem f rom t he e v idence s et o ut i n f igs 4 a nd 5 ( p. 6 ) t hat t he c onstruct ion o f a r ound c a irn o ver a bur ia l was part icu lar ly 1 3

f avoured b y f ood v esse l-us ing p eop le , i n s tark c ontrast t o t he u sers o f o ther p ottery t ypes. S im ilar ly, o n ly f ood v esse l and t o a l esser e xtent b eaker-users appear t o have made r egu lar u se o f c ists. On ly o ne f ood v esse l has n ot b een f ound i n a c ist o f s ome s or t. Th is i s s ure ly d irect ly r e lated t o t he p ractice o f i nhumat ion wh ich was a pparent ly o n ly c arr ied o ut by f ood v esse l and b eaker-us ing p eop le i n t h is a rea. Where r ecords e x ist, c remat ions a ctua lly o utnumber t he i nhumat ions a ssoc iated w ith f ood v esse ls but many o f t he l arger c ists wh ich c onta ined f ood v esse ls may a lso have c onta ined i nhumations which h ad d ecayed l ong b efore t he ir d iscovery. The r e lat ionsh ip be tween f ood v esse ls and i nhumations i s n e ither s trong n or e xc lus ive b ut i t s hou ld n o t b e d ism issed. Ch iI d e ( 1946 , 1 05) n o tes t hat ' of a ll a scerta inab le f ood v esse l b ur ia ls o n ly 2 1 p er c ent w ere a fter c remat ion.' More r ecent e vi dence wou ld t end t o c onf irm t h is. F ood v esse l u sers were n o t a verse t o mak ing u se o f e x ist ing mounds. The p oss ib ility t hat t he Mo l l ance f ood v esse l was i nserted i nto a bur ia l monument o r ig ina lly built t o r ece ive a ' beaker b ur ia l' has a lready b een ment ioned but i t s eems t hat natura l mounds were a lso u sed. T era l I y Motte ( Livens 1 957) was e ssent ia lly a natura l mound o f g rave l a lthough i t may h ave b een mod if ied f or l ater u se. The v esse l f rom Ca irngaan was f ound i n a c ist s unk i nto a ' sandy k no ll' ( Maxwe ll 1 885 , 4 5). S i mpson r ecorded t hat t he N ewb ie f ood v esse l c ame ' from a c a irn' ( S impson 1 965 , 3 9 , N o 1 9) b ut a ccord ing t o t he o r ig ina l r epor t t h is f ragmentary v esse l was f ound i n a c ist i n a ' mound o f d r ift' ( Jard ine 1 864 , 1 2) . Th is may c once ivab ly h ave b een a n a rt if ic ia l c onstruct ion s uch a s a barrow, b ut i t was n ot a c a irn. T he o n ly p oss ib le f ood v esse l f rom t he R eg ion wh ich was n ot f ound i n a c ist i s t hat f rom Pa l merston, D umfr ies ( S i mpson 1 965 , N o 1 8). Th is v esse l c onta ined a c remat ion and h ad b een p laced i n a p it w ith in a c remation c emetery upon a natura l mound o f g lac ia l ' mora ine' ( Sh ir ley 1 93 1, 8 1) . T he pot i s u ndecorated a nd d oes n o t f i t c onvenient ly i nto a ny o f t he c lass if icat ions o f f ood v esse ls - indeed, i t has t he f abr ic a nd g enera l appearance o f a h ybr id w ith e lements o f a b iconica l p ygmy v esse l. I t i s i nterest ing t hat s uch an a typica l s pec i men s hou ld b e t he o n ly p oss ib le f ood v esse l t o b e f ound i n e ven a n i nd irect a ssoc iat ion w ith c inerary u rns i n t he a rea. I n v iew o f t h is , a nd t he f act t hat i t was a ssoc iated w ith a c remat ion, i t would p erhaps b e b e tter d escr ibed a s a c inerary urn ( Morr ison 1 968 , N o 8 9) . C inerary

U rns

T he c o llared, c ordoned and b ucket u rns , t he pygmy v esse ls a nd t he e ncrusted u rns/en larged f ood v esse ls may a l I b e g rouped t oge ther u nder t h is b lanke t h ead ing. I nd icat ions o f t he b ur ia l r ite d o n ot s urv ive i n many c ases , but where t he e vidence has b een f ound i t i nvar iab ly p o ints t owards c remat ion. Thus t he t erm ' c inerary u rn' p rov i des a u sefu l g ener ic d escr ipt ion. I n e xam in ing t he r e lat ionsh ip b e tween t hese v esse ls and t he c a irns o f D umfr ies and Ga lloway o ne o bservation d eserves part icu lar emphas is. Out o f 5 7 i dent if iab le c inerary u rns ( inc lud ing p ygmy v esse ls) o n ly 6 have b een f ound i n r ound 1 4

ca irns and s ome o f t hese e xamp les a re d oubtfu l. Th is amounts t o o n ly 1 0.5%. Many o f t he o thers were c hance f inds , o ften made d ur ing agr icu ltura l a ct iv ity, and t h is i s r ef lected i n Morr ison's d istr ibut ion map ( Morr ison 1 968 , F ig 1 ) . I n most o f t hese c ases t here was n o t race o f a c over ing c a irn o r mound. Th is c ou ld, o f c ourse , b e d ue t o s tone r obb ing o r p lough ing but i n s evera l c ases t h is wou ld n ot s eem l ike ly. T he e xamp le o f t he bur ia l a t B urnfoot P lantat ion i s p er t inent t o t he argument ( Cow ie e t a l 1 98 1) . H ere a c o llared u rn was f ound i nver ted o ver a c remat ion. I t a ppeared t o have b een mere ly p laced i n a h o le a l most t he s ame s ize a s t he u rn a nd n o t race o f a mound c ou ld b e i dent if ied. The f act t hat t he s ite l ay o n marg ina l l and t hat h ad b een a fforested meant t hat p rogress ive damage by agr icu ltura l a ct iv ity was u n like ly. T he d istance o f t he s ite f rom b uild ings o r a d ry s tone dyke s uggested t hat r obb ing f or bu ild ing s tone was e qua lly i mprobab le a nd t he s teepness o f t he s lope wou ld, i n any c ase , have made c a irn c ons truction v ery d iff icu lt. I t t herefore s eems p robab le t hat i n t his i nstance n o c a irn was e ver b uilt a nd t he s ame c ou ld app ly t o s ome o f t he o ther ' uncovered' c hance f inds i n t he a rea. A t l east 1 7 c inerary u rns , a l most 3 0% , h ave b een d iscovered i n f lat c eme tery s ites s uch a s D inwood ie G reen, Pa lmerston and K irkburn ( Hodgeson and C ormack 1 975; S h ir ley 1 93 1; C ormack 1 963 r espect ive ly ) . I n n o c ase was t here a c a irn al though t he Pa l merston s ite was l ocated o n a o r b arrow natura l r ise i n t he l and. D e ta iI s d o n o t s urv ive b ut s im il ar s ites may a lso have e x isted a t Wa llace Ha ll ( N.S.A. 1 84 1, 8 3) and o n Luce Bay ( W ilson 1 888 , 6 6-7; 1 889, 9 3-5). F our c ordoned u rns t oge ther w ith up t o 9 c remat ion bur ia ls were f ound i nser ted i nto t he c hambered c a irn o f M id G len i ron I , d emons trat ing t he u se o f a n e x ist ing monument a s a s ite f or a c eme tery ( Corcoran 1 969a). Th is a pparent p reference o f t he u rnu sers f or c remat ion c eme ter ies a nd ' f lat g raves c onforms w it h t he e vidence f rom n orthern B r itain a s a who le. I t a lso , p erhaps , emphas ises t he d ifferences f rom t he S o f B r ita in where c remat ion u rns o ccur r egu lar ly w it h in barrows. N ot a ll t he SW S co tt ish c inerary u rns have b een f ound i n c eme tery s ites o r ' f lat' g raves f or t here i s p os it ive e v idence t hat a sma ll n umber were bur ied i n r ound c a irns o r b arrows. The sma ll r ound c a irn, 1m i n d iameter , o n Luce S ands ( WW 1) i n which a b ucket u rn was f ound may b e u nusua l, a nd t here may b e s ome d oubt about t he p rec ise nature o f t he v esse l f ound b y C orcoran a t M id G len i ron A ( 1969b). H owever , t here c an b e n o q uestion about t he r ecent d iscover ies o f a c ordoned u rn and p ygmy v esse l b eneath t he e dge o f t he v ery l arge c a irn a t Car lochan ( SK 4), n or c an o ne d oubt t he b ur ia l o f t he 4 c o llared u rn i n t he barrow a t Wy Ii e's Wood ( SK 5 7) . It i s i nterest ing t hat i n b o th t hese i nstances t he u rn bur ia l was e ccentr ic a nd may have b een a s econdary add it ion o r o f l esser i mportance. A t Car lochan t he c entra l b ur ia l was a n i nhumat ion i n a c ist a ccompanied b y a dagger b ut d eta i I s o f a c entra l b ur ia l a t Wy l ie ' s Wood, i f a ny, a re u nknown. A p ygmy v esse l f rom t he 't umu lus' ( poss ib ly a barrow) a t Wh inn ie l i ggate ( SK 3 4) a ccompan ied a nother u rn but n o d e ta i I s s urv ive , a nd s im ilar ly a ll t hat i s k nown o f t he p ygmy v esse l f rom K nockman ( NK 1 7) i s t hat i t c ame f rom a c airn ( W ilson 1 888 , 6 4f). These f ew i nstances c erta in ly s uggest t hat c a irns were n o t c ommon ly u sed f or bur ia ls a ccompanied b y c inerary u rns. 1 5

C onsequent !y t hese c eram ic s ty les may s eem t o b e o f l i tt le r e levance t o t he s tudy o f c a irns. H owever , s ome 1 8 c a irns h ave p roduced p ottery o f u nknown t ype a nd b etween 5 a nd 8 o f t hese v esse ls h ave b een f ound w ith c remat ions. It t herefore s eems l ike ly t hat s ome o f t hese c ou ld b e c inerary u rn b ur ia ls. I n 5 i nstances t he d imens ions o f t he v esse ls a re r ecorded and i n e ach c ase t he s ize wou ld s eem t o i nd icate a c inerary u rn r ather t han a f ood v esse l o r b eaker. U nfortunate ly n o d eta ils o f t he p os itions o f t hese v esse ls w ith in t he r espec t ive c a irns h as s urv ived. A lthough b ur ia l w ith c inerary u rns i n c a irns may h ave b een l ess c ommon t han i n ' f lat' g raves o r c emeter ies , e ven i n t he c ontext o f n orthern B r ita in i t i s b y n o means u nheard o f , p art icu lar ly i n Y orksh ire ( Mort imer 1 905) . I n f act c inerary u rns h ave b een f ound i n a v ar iety o f c ontexts. T he r e-use o f t he c hambered t omb a t M id G len i ron I a s a c remat ion c eme tery b y c ordoned u rn-us ing p eop le h as a lr eady b een n o ted. O ther v esse ls h ave b een f ound i nserted i nto n atura l m ounds, f or e xamp le t he p ygmy v esse ls f rom L ochrutton ( B ishop 1 919 ) a nd Ca i r ng II ( Corr ie 1 929), a nd t he c ordoned u rn f rom Ba I n e iI f ound o n ' a l ow, r ocky k no ll' ( Cur ie 1 916) . A t o ne t ime i t was t hought t hat c inerary u rns b e longed t o t he ' m idd le' o f ' late' B ronze Age b ut t h is v iew has l ong b een d iscred ited ( Burgess 1 969). C 14 d ates d o n o t s how a ny 2 o f t hese p ottery t ypes c ont inuing i n u se much b eyond 1 250 b c and i t n ow s eems t hat t hey most ly b e long i n t he f irst h a lf o f t he s econd m illenn ium B C ( Burgess 1 974 , F ig 2 5) . There a re f ew a ssoc iat ions w it h in D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway s o i t i s d iff icu lt t o r e late t he c hrono logy i n t h is a rea t o t hat o f t he r es t o f t he c ountry. T he b ur ia l d epos it a t B aI n e iI i s part icu lar ly i mportant s ince t he c rutch h eaded p in a nd p erhaps t he f a ience b ead p rov ide a n o bvious l ink w ith t he r ich Wessex b ur ia ls ( Burgess a nd C owen 1 972 , 1 74). O ther a ssoc iat ions a re n ot s o h e lpfu l. B one p ins , b o th r ound a nd s quare i n s ect ion, h ave b een d iscovered w ith t he c o llared u rns f rom Wy lie's W ood a nd B urnfoot P lantat ion, a nd b eads o f j et , amber a nd b one have a lso b een f ound o ccas iona lly. A r iv etted b ronze k nife/dagger o f u ncer ta in t ype was f ound w ith a c o llared u rn o n Luce S ands. A t anged r azor o f c lass I ( Co les 1 965) c ame f rom t he b ur ia l, a lso i n a c o llared u rn, f rom L ow Ba I y ett, S andm i II ( Anderson 1 942), a nd a nother r azor was f ound w ith a c ordoned u rn a t S hutt l e fi e ld ( Ch iI d e 1 935 , 1 37) . A l I t hese a ssoc iat ions a re c ompat ib le w ith a d ate b etween 1 700 a nd 1 250 b c. It h as b een a rgued t hat t he c inerary u rn-us ing p eop le were 't he most a ss iduous o f t he i nd igenous c ommun it ies p res erv ing N eo l i th ic b ur ia l a nd r itua l t rad it ions ( Burgess 1 974 , 1 78). T h is s eems t o o verstate t he c ase. C remat ion, i t i s t rue , o ccurs i n N eo lith ic c ontexts , b ut many o f t he s it es c oncerned h ave p roduced q u ite e ar ly C 14 d ates ( for e xamp le 3 240 ± 1 05 ; 2 7 10 ± 5 0 a nd 2 585 ± 5 5 b c f or D a ll ad ies l ong barrow, a nd 3 120 ± 1 05 b c f or L ochh i II c a irn) wh ich r emove t hem c hronol og ica lly f rom t he s econd m illenn ium B C. I t wou ld a lso s eem u nw ise t o r e late t he mu lt ip le b ur ia ls w ith in a c remat ion c emetery t oo c lose ly w it h t he c ommuna l b ur ia ls w ith in a l ong c a irn o r c hambered t omb. N everthe less , s ites o f l ate N eo li t h ic c u lture a nd d ate wh ich l ook f orward t o t he c remation c emetery i dea have b een f ound. S ites I a nd XI a t D orchester a re t he b est k nown i nstance ( Atkinson e t a l 1 95 1) b ut Ca irnpapp le H ill, West L oth ian, p rovides a more l oca l e xamp le ( P iggo tt 1 948) . 1 6

METALWORK T here i s o n ly a s ing le s urv iv ing p iece o f me ta l work f rom a c a irn i n t he R eg ion -the b ronze dagger f rom Car lochan c a irn ( SK 4 4) . T h is i tem has a lready b een f u lly d escr ibed a nd d iscussed ( Hensha II 1 968) and s eems t o b e a f lat dagger , o r ig ina lly a ttached t o a V -type h ilt b y 3 r ive ts. I t wou ld b e i mprudent t o i nterpret e ar ly s econd m illenn ium BC s oc ie ty i n Dumfr ies a nd Ga lloway a s a ' warr ior a r istocracy' o n t he bas is o f a s ing le f ind, b ut t he Car lochan dagger m ight p oss ib ly i mp ly t hat t h is b ur ia l was t hat o f a n i mportant l oca l f igure. t a lso s erves t o l ink t he R eg ion w ith o ther d eve lopments i n t he r est o f S cot land a nd B r ita in a s a who le. A ' sword' w ith h uman b ones i s r ecorded f rom t he c airn a t Smeaton B r idge ( NK 7 ) . Th is i s a r ather o dd a nd, p erhaps , dub ious r eference b ut t h is s ite c ou ld r epresent a nother ' dagger g rave'. The f act t hat t he wr iter r efers t o a ' sword' n eed n ot c ontrad ict t h is , s ince t he dagger f rom Car lochan was a lso d escr ibed a s a ' sword' i n t he o r ig ina l a ccount. L ess t han 1 km f rom Smeaton B r idge c a irn i s t he l arge c a irn o f S troanfreggan ( NK 8 ) wh ich h as a lso p roduced a p iece o f b ronze. The f ragment i s u n ident if iab le a nd i t i s n ot c er ta in whe ther i t was f ound i n t he l arge e ccentr ic c ist o r e lsewhere b eneath t he c a irn. Taking a w ider v iew o f a ll t he e ar ly b ronze meta l work i n SW S cot land, C o les ( 1965) p o ints o ut t wo f acts r e levant t o t he p resent s tudy. F irst ly, h e n otes t hat t he e ar l l est meta l work b road-butt f lat a xes a nd a t anged dagger - a re u sua l l y a ssoc iated w ith monuments o f t he b eaker-us ing p eop le a nd i t s eems t hat t hey were t he f irst me ta l urg ists i n t he a rea. H owe ver , C o les s uggests t hat a l I t hese i tems were p robab ly o f I r ish manufacture a nd p o ints o ut t hat t hey a l I c ome f rom W igtownsh ire. T h is s upports t he e ar l i er s uggest ion t hat t he i nf luence o f b eaker-us ing p eop le i n t he a rea was Ii m ited. S econd ly, C o les s tresses t hat t he o ther e ar ly B ronze Age me ta lwork c ou ld b e o f l oca l manufacture b ut i nf luenced f rom t wo d irect ions. The n arrow-butt f lat axes and hammer-f langed axes r ef lect a n i nf luence f rom NW S cot land, wh ile t he d ecorat ion o n s ome o f t hese i tems i mp lies an I r ish c onnect ion, a lthough i t i s , o f c ourse , p oss ib le t hat s uch d ecorat ion was e xecuted l oca lly ( Co les 1 965 , 8 7) . I n v iew o f t he g eograph ica l l ocat ion o f t he R eg ion

t h is c omb inat ion

o f

i nf luences

i s

n ot

s urpr is ing.

FLINT

s ome

Except f or a sma ll amount o f p oor q ua lity p ebb le f l int o n o f t he W igtownsh i re b eaches , f li nt d oes n o t o ccur

n atura lly i n SW S cot land. Th is f act a lone s hou ld n ot e xp la in t he pauc ity o f f l int f ound b eneath r ound c a irns , n or s hou ld i t n ecessar ily s uggest t hat f l int was o f l im ited i mportance t o t he c a irn-build ing c ommunit ies o f t he a rea. O ther a reas , f or e xample t he P ennines , wh ich a lso have n o n atura l s ource o f f l int p roduce l arge quant it ies o f f l int a rtefacts a nd waste , b o th a s s urface f inds a nd b eneath barrows and c a irns. I n most i nstances t he s carc ity o f f li nt a l most c erta in ly r ef lects t he n eg lig ib le a rchaeo log ica l s k ills o f t he f arm workers a nd amateur a nt iquar ians who have s tumb led a cross most o f t he p rehistor ic d iscover ies i n t he a rea. 1 7

A sma ll n umber o f f li nt t oo ls have b een f ound a ccompanying s ome o f t he bur ia ls b eneath c a irns. The b est e xamp le i s t he f ine p iano-convex kn ife o f b lack f l int f rom t he c ist i n S troanfreggan c a irn ( NK 8 ) . Th is d istinct t ype o f i mp lement has b een f requent ly f ound a ccompany i ng f ood vesse l b ur ia ls a nd i t i s p oss ib le t hat t he S troanfreggan bur ia l s hou ld, t herefore , b e i nc luded w it h t he o ther f ood vesse l b ur ia ls i n t he a rea, e ven t hough n o p o ttery was d iscovered. Ano ther k nife was f ound w ith t he b ur ia l i n t he sma ll c airn o n 1) L uce S ands ( WW a nd a f lake-kn ife c ame f rom o ne o f t he c ists i n t he c a irn a t Barndennoch ( WD 2 0). B o th o ccurred w ith c remat ions b ut n e ither i s d iagnost ic. Sma ll f l int s crapers have b een d iscovered w ith t wo c overed b ur ia ls - o ne o n t he c over s tone o f t he c is t i n t he c a irn a t S ta irhaven ( EL 1 ) and o ne w ith t he c remat ion a nd c o llared u rn i n t he barrow a t Wy l ie's Wood ( SK 5 7). A lthough sma ll r ound s crapers have a w ide d istr ibut ion a nd were p robab ly i n u se f or many c entur ies t hey have b een f ound qu ite o ften w ith bur ia ls o f t he e ar ly s econd m illenn ium BC. P erhaps t he most e as ily r ecognised f li nt i mp lements o f t h is p er iod a re t he b arbed and t anged a rrowheads. These , t oo , a re n o t e spec ia lly c ommon i n t he R eg ion b ut t here i s o ne r eference t o t he d iscovery o f 'barbed a rrowheads' i n t he c a irn a t Barndennoch. An a rrowhead o f u nspec if ied t ype was d iscovered i n a c ist i n a c a irn o n G lenquicken Moor ( WK 2 8). T h is s ame c ist a lso p roduced a ' perfect ly r ound p o l i shed ba ll o f f lint' ( Corr ie 1 928 , 2 80) . O ther f li nt i tems h ave a lso b een f ound i n r ound c airns b ut t he ir r e lat ionsh ip w ith t he a ctua l b ur ia l i s n o t a l ways c lear. On s evera l o ccas ions a rtefacts a nd i nd ist inct f l int chips a nd f lakes have b een f ound s cattered o ver t he o ld g round s urface b eneath t he c a irn. A t Car lochan ( SK 4 4) a sma ll burnt f l int s craper was f ound n ear t he p os it ion o f t he d isturbed c entra l b ur ia l, b ut 7 worked a nd u nworked p ieces o f r ough f li nt a nd p itch-stone were a lso f ound o n t he o r igina l g round s urface. Th is c ontrasts w it h t he r ecord o f o ver 6 0 p ieces o f f li nt f ound b eneath S troanfreggan c a irn ( NK 8 ) . l t i s p oss ib le t hat t he f l int c h ips r epresent a n e ar lier u se o f t he s ite f or f l int working a nd t hat t he c onstruct ion o f a c a irn i n t he s ame p lace was c o inc identa l. Th is wou ld e xp la in t he p resence o f m icro liths o n o therw ise much l ater s ites. On t he o ther hand, r itua l i nc lus ion o f f l int w ith in t he a rea o f t he c a irn c annot b e r u led o ut. S TONE O ther s tone t oo ls f rom c a irns a re i nfrequent. A lthough R oe ( 1967) h as l isted o ver 1 70 batt le a xes , mace h eads a nd axe hammers f rom t he a rea , o n ly 6 s eem t o have b een f ound a ssoc iated w ith r ound c a irns. These were a t Au I dg i r th B r idge ( WD 2 1), Land F arm ( WD 1 5), Wh iteha ll ( WD 4 4), Tynron par ish ( WD

6 9), P enpont ( WD 7 0) a nd n ear Twynho lm ( SK 6 2). T here i s o n ly o ne b e lievab le r eference t o t he d iscovery o f a s tone a xe i n a c a irn i n D umfr ies and Ga lloway. Th is r ecords a f ragment o f a ' greenstone axe' i n t he s ame bur ia l a t G lenqu icken ( WK 2 8) which p roduced t he a rrowhead and p o lished f l int ba ll. The f ragment was a pparent ly l odged i n t he s ke leton a nd i t s eemed t o t he e xcavators t hat t he a rm had b een 1 8

a l most s evered b y t he b low ( N.S.A. 1 845 , 3 32-3) . The f ragment was n ot, o f c ourse , an i ntent iona l add it ion t o grave g oods and i t i s u nfortunate t hat i t h as b een l ost. axe a nd ba ll, a s we ll a s t he ba ll f rom S K 5 2 , c ou ld we ll Neo li th ic and i t wou ld b e u nw ise t o a ssume t hese s ites necessar ily B ronze Age i n date.

a xe t he T he b e a re

ORNAMENTS B eads o f j et , amber , b one a nd f a ience have b een f ound w it h b ur ia ls o f t he f irst h a lf o f t he s econd m illenn ium B C t hroughout B r it a in a nd s im i l ar b eads o ccur i n D umfr ies a nc l Ga lloway. J e t b eads, i n part icu lar , have b een f ound o n s evera l o ccas ions a round L uce S ands and i n t wo i nstances a ccompan ied c remat ions i n bucke t u rns. A n eck lace o f 1 87 v ery f ine d isc beads , a lso o f j et , was f ound w ith t he S toneyk i rk b eaker ( Mann 1 902). The f u ll r ange o f f a ience b eads - segmented , s tar a nd quo it-shaped - h ave a lso b een p icked up o n L uce S ands a nd a quo it-shaped b ead was f ound w ith t he Ba lne iI b ur ia l d epos it ( Burgess a nd C owen 1 972). G enera lly, h owever , b eads h ave n ot been f ound i n c a irns. The o ne p oss ib le e xcept ion i s t he r ecord o f ' druid ica l b eads' f ound i n ' Be lt on mound' ( ED 2 6) b ut t h is i s o pen t o quest ion. Th is l ack o f b eads , l ike t he l ack o f f l int f inds , i s p robab ly due t o t he c rude manner i n wh ich most ca irns were r emoved. One s hou ld add t hat b eads were n o t necessar ily g rave g oods t he d eceased p erson c ou ld e as ily have b een wear ing t hem a ttached t o c loth ing a s b uttons. Th is c ou ld e xp la in why o dd b eads a re much more c ommon t han c omp le te n eck l aces. The s ing l e V -perforated b utton f rom l Ho lma ins c a irn p erhaps i lustrates t h is ( WD 5 4). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS W it h t he e xcept ion o f t he V iking r ing f rom t he c a irn a t BI a ckerne ( SK 4 6) ( perhaps i n a s econdary c ontext), a nd t he putat ive d iscovery o f i ron r ings' b eneath a c a irn a t Mossknowe ( ED 1 9), a ll t he a rtefacts f rom r ound c a irns i n Dumfr ies a nd Ga lloway c an b e p laced i n t he f irst ha lf o f t he s econd m illenn ium BC. Th is t ends t o c onf irm t he e ar l i er a ssumption t hat t hese monuments b e long p redom inant ly t o t he e ar lier B ronze Age. G iven t h is p rem ise t he c ons iderat ion o f t he c ontemporary mater ia l s uggests s evera l p o ints r e levant t o t he s tudy

o f c a irns i n t h is a rea. The c eram ic a nd meta l work e v idence i nd icates t he l im ited i nf luence o f t he b eaker-us ing p eop le , p erhaps r ef lect ing t he d istance o f Dumfr ies and Ga lloway f rom a reas o f c oncentrated ' beaker a c t iv ity' i n t he E . s uch i mpact a s t hey d id h ave i n t he R eg i on was t herefore we ll r emoved f rom s ource , o r was ' second-hand ', p oss ib ly a rr iving f rom I re land. Except ing N eo li thic e xamp les , t he f irst r ound c a irns i n t he a rea may h ave been i ntroduced w ith b eaker p ottery, but t he e vidence s uggests t hat f or t he most part b eaker-users i n t he R eg ion a dopted a w ide var iety o f b ur ia l l ocat ions. W it h t he u lt i mate a ss im ilat ion o f t he ' Beaker Cu lture' c ame t he emergence o f d iffer ing b ur ia l t rad itions , d eve loped e ssent ia lly f rom i nd igenous N eo l i th ic p ract ices b ut r ef lect ing a lso c ontact w ith b eaker-us ing f o lk. I n D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway t hese bur ia l t rad itions f o l l owed t wo bas ic d irect ions. On t he 1 9

o ne h and t here was c ommuna l b ur ia l w ith in c remat ion c eme ter ies. Many bur ia ls were d epos ited w ithout a ny a ccompany ing o bjects b ut a c ons iderab le n umber w ere i nterred w ith c inerary u rns. C o llared and c ordoned u rns p redom inate a nd p ygmy v esse ls have a lso b een f ound. I n t h is a rea , h owever , o n ly o ne q uest ionab le f ood v esse l h as b een f ound i n t h is t ype o f l ocat ion, a t P a l mers ton. The pot was n o t a d ist inct ive t ype a nd had b een u sed a s a c inerary u rn. T he c remat ion c eme tery t ogether w ith i ts p o ttery s eem t o h ave t he ir o r ig ins i n t he N eo lith ic but t he l ack o f N eo lithic c remations o f s uitab le date i n t he a rea i mp lies t hat t he d eve lopment t ook p lace e lsewhere , a lthough i t i s a l ways p oss ib le t hat n ew e vidence w ill c hange s uch a v iew. T here i s t he poss ib ility t hat c remat ion c emeter ies were a d eve lopment f rom h enges and i f t h is were s o t hen t he h enge a t B road lee ( Atkinson 1 952) a nd p erhaps t he s ite o f ' P icts Knowe' ( NX 9 53 7 2 1) i n K irkcudbr ights hire m ight a llow a d egree o f c ont inu ity w ith in t he a rea. There may a lso have b een a t rad it ion o f i nd iv idua l bur ia l w ith in ' f lat' o r ' uncovered' g raves. T h is i s p robab ly o ver-represented i n t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord b ecause c over ing c a irns a nd barrows have b een r emoved o r t he add itiona l bur ia ls o f a c remat ion c emetery were n ot d iscovered. O n t he o ther hand t here was b ur ia l b eneath r ound ca irns a nd b arrows. The p resence o f N eo li th ic r ound ca irns i n t he a rea a nd e lsewhere i n n orthern B r ita in i s we l I known, but i t i s s t ill d iff icu lt t o p rove a d irect c onnect ion. B eaker-us ing p eop le c erta in ly built a t l east o ne r ound c a irn i n t he Reg ion b ut g enera lly t hey s eem t o have p referred o ther l ocat ions. O n t he e v idence o f f inds , h owever , i t s eems t hat r ound c a irns were e spec ia lly f avoured by f ood v esse l-us ing p eop le. B urgess ( 1980) has r ecent ly t r ied t o s e t t hese a nd o ther b ur ia l t rad it ions i nto a w ider c ontext a nd h as d rawn s ome g enera l c hrono log ica l and s oc ia l d iv is ions. Most cairns , part icu lar ly t hose w ith i nhumat ions , m ight b e long t o h is Overton p er iod ( c.1700 -1450 1 : 3) w ith c remat ion becom ing more c ommon and c eme tery s it es d ominat i ng t he r ecord o f f unerary monuments i n t he f o llow ing B edd B ranwen p er iod ( c.1450 - 1250 b c) . T h is v iew has n o t f ound u niversa l a cceptance a nd i ndeed i t i s i nev itab ly b iased t owards a reas where t here i s a s ubstant ia l v o lume o f e xcavat ion data. It may o f c ourse , b e j ust a s r e levant e lsewhere but i t i s n o t s o e asy t o j ustify i n p laces l ike D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway where C 14 dates a re absent a nd t here a re f ew s ecure ly s trat if ied f inds. I n v iew o f t h is , a nd t he f act t hat n o part icu lar c eram ic s ty l e o r f unerary t rad it ion c an b e p laced e xc lus ive ly i n o ne p er iod o r t he o ther i t i s s afest t o c ons ider c ai rn c onstruct ion s i mp ly a s o ne e lement i n a n e xtens ive r ange o f b ur ia l p ract ices wh ich were b road ly c ontemporaneous t hroughout most o f b o th t he Overton a nd B edd B ranwen phases. Over t he s evera l c entur ies i nvo lved i t i s natura l t hat t hese e lements m ight b e c omb ined i n d ifferent

ways

a nd

i n

t ime

t he emphas is

2 0

m ight

c hange.

NOTES

1 . 2 .

B ased u pon a n e xaminat ion o f b eaker s herds b y Mrs A . Y ates i n 1 975 . U ncorrected d ates o btained b y r ad io-carbon a ssay a nd g iven i n r ad io-carbon y ears a re f ol lowed b y t he n otat ion b c . C orrected d ates a nd a ll d ates g iven i n c alendar y ears a re f o llowed b y t he n otat ion BC .

2 1

C H A P T E R

3

Ca irns -structure and c onstruct ion C ons iderat ion o f c a irn s truc ture i s s evere !y l im ited b y s i mp le l ack o f e v idence. The pauc ity o f adequate ly e xcavated s ites a nd t he amb iguous nature o f d e ta ils i n t he e ar lier r epor ts a re s er ious d iff icu lt ies. U nder n orma l c ircumstances f ie l dwork i s o f l i tt le a ss istance but d epend ing u pon t he s tate o f p reservat ion o f a s ite , c erta in f eatures may b e n o ted. L itt le c an b e d educed o f t he i nterna l a rrangements o f a we l I p reserved c a irn but i f i t has b een r obbed t o a c er ta in e xtent t hen c ists o r k erbs o r o ther s tone d e ta ils c an, o ccas iona lly, b e i dent if ied. O therw ise s uperf ic ia l d eta iI s a lone c an b e o bserved. KERBS A s t he mater ia l o f a c a irn s e tt les a nd s preads t he o r ig ina l o uter e dge i s o ne o f t he f irst f eatures t o b e o bscured. It i s , t herefore , o n ly r are ly p oss ib l e t o i dent ify k erbs f rom f ie ldwork a lthough e v idence f rom e lsewhere s eems t o s how t hat t hese were qu it e c ommon. Most o f t he p lans o f c a ir ns i n W igtownsh ire d rawn b y D . P h illips ( f igs 4 9 , 5 0 , 5 2 ) s how k erbs a round t he o uter e dges and s ome o f t he e ar l i er e xcavat ion r epor ts i mp ly t he p resence o f s ome f orm o f k erb. T he e xcavat ions i n t he l ate 1 9th c entury o f t he s outhernmost c a irn a t H igh Banks Farm ( SK 3 2) c ut t hrough ' a r ing o f l arge p ieces o f r ock quarr ied l oca lly' wh ich p robab ly 'r epresented t he o r igina l l im it o f t he c a irn.' The e xcavators e ncountered a s im il ar phenomenon a t t he n orthern c a irn ( SK 3 ) but t he 3 s tones were apparent ly much l arger. The c onstruc tion o f a k erb i s a l og ica l f irst s tep i n b uild ing a f unerary c a irn s ince i t wou ld mark o ut t he a rea f or s ubsequent d umping o f s tone. A s s uch t he s hape o f t he k erb wou ld l arge ly d e term ine t he s hape o f t he mound a s a who le. A k erb may a lso have f u lf illed t he i mportant f unc t ion o f marking o ut a s pec ia l a rea f or b ur ia l p erhaps s ome t ime i n a dvance o f c a irn c onstruct ion. T h is i dea i s d iff icu lt t o p rove b y e xcavat ion b ut i t ga ins c redence a s a rchaeo logists r ecognise t hat c a irns f requent ly c onta in more t han o ne p r imary b ur ia l. I t wou ld b e u nw ise t o o ver-stress t he p ract ica l i mportance o f k erbs i n c a irn b uild ing. I n a barrow t he k erb c ou ld a ct a s a r evetment t o r e ta in l oose mater ia l w ith in and t hus e nab le t he b uilders t o c onstruct a h igher and more i mpos ing monument. T o a c ertain e xtent t he s ame i s t rue o f a k erb a round a ca i rn, b ut i f t he o uter s tones a re p os itioned w ith c are and a re o f a r easonab le s ize t he c a irn c ou I d p robab ly s tand o n i t s own. S ome c a irns i n t he R eg ion c lear ly d id n ot h ave c onstructed 4 k erbs. A t Car lochan ( SK 4) t he Ii m it o f t he c a irn was i dent if ied s i mp ly b y t he t erm inat ion o f t he l arge b ou lders wh ich f ormed t he basa l l ayer o f c a irn mater ia l. H ere t he ca irn c ompos it ion appeared t o b e g raded w ith t he l argest s tones a t t he b ottom and sma ller s tones above. A s im ilar f eature c an b e s een a t L ingdowey c a irn I ( WL 5 8). Th is wou ld g ive t he ca irn g reater s tab ility t han r andom s tone-dump ing and c onsequent ly a k erb may have b een u nnecessary. S ome c a irns , h owever , were built w ith s ubstantia l k erbs. E ros ion c aused by c att le has r evea led a we l I built k erb o f 2 2

r ounded b ou lders s tand ing t wo o r t hree c ourses h igh a round t he ca irn a t Ga l I aberry ( WD 4 2) . N o t a ll k erbs n eed have b een f unc t iona l. The v isua l va lue o f an e nt ire ly c osme t ic k erb c ou ld have b een more i mportant. U nfortunate ly n one h as b een f ound i n D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway i n r ecent y ears s o i t i s d iff icu lt t o assess t he ir i mpor tance i n t h is R eg ion. A ccord ing t o P h illips' p lan o f a ' ca irn n ear B rae H ouse' ( i t i s n o t c lear whether t h is r efers t o E L 2 8 o r n ot) t here s eems t o have b een a k erb o f f latt ish upr ight s tones a round t he e dge ( f ig 5 0). l t i s u n l i ke ly t hat t hese wou ld g ive a ny s uppor t t o t he c a irn b ut t hey wou ld present a smoother e xterna l appearance. S im ilar a rrangements o f s tones appear o n Ph illips' p lans o f t he c a irns a t B rae House 2 ( f ig 5 2) and t he c a irn a t Lang R ig, May ( f ig 4 8 ) ( EL 2 6?) ( ne ither c er ta in ly i dent if ied). D ur ing f ie ldwork, u pr ight s tones s een p rotrud ing t hrough t he s urface o f t he c a irn n ear t o i ts e dge o ccas iona lly s uggest t he p resence o f t h is s ort o f k erb, f or e xamp le a t C ra iga ir ie ( EW 2 ). N o p os it ive i dent if icat ion has been p oss ib le b ecause t he f lat s tones c ou ld a l ways h ave b een u sed i n t he b ody o f t he c a irn a nd s ome i nev itab ly wou ld f a ll upr ight. The c a irn b u ilders were f aced w ith t hree a lternat ives e ither n o k erb a t a ll, a c onstructed k erb, o r a c osme t ic k erb o f u pr ight f lat s tones. T oo f ew e xamp les have b een f ound t o j ust ify t ypo log ica l d ist inct ions o n t hese g rounds a nd t here c er ta in !y s eems t o b e n o c u ltura l d ifference. U lt imate ly t he cho ice was p robab ly d e term ined by t he mater ia ls a va ilab le and t he s tone u sed i n t he c a irn. The q uest ion o f k erbs r a ises t he s ubject o f ' kerb-ca irns' i dent if ied b y R itch ie a nd McLaren ( 1972). These monuments s eem genera lly t o b e long t o a l ater p er iod w ith in t he B ronze Age , a round 1 000 b c ( R itch ie a nd R itch ie 1 98 1 6 9) and a re t herefore , s eparated c hrono log ica lly f rom t he major ity o f monuments u nder d iscuss ion h ere. H owever , o n ly a s ing le e xamp le a t Carscreugh ( WL 2 8) has b een r ecognised w ith in Dumfr ies a nd Ga lloway. C onsequent ly k erb-ca irns d o n o t s eem t o b e o f major s ign if icance t o t he R eg ion a nd t he ir i nf luence o n t he o vera ll p icture i s t herefore m inima l. I NTERNAL

KERBS

Add it iona l c irc les o f s tones w ith in t he b ody o f t he c a irn have b een n o ted a t a sma ll n umber o f s ites. A s ect ion d rawn b y D . Ph illips ( f ig 4 8 ) c lear ly s hows an i nterna l c irc le o f u pr ight s tones i n t he c a irn mound a t Lang R ig, May ( EL 2 6?). T he r eport o f t he d iscover ies a t C ra igb irnoch ( WL 5 1) n oted ' concentr ic r ings o f s tones' wh ich may h ave r eferred t o a s im ilar c haracter ist ic. F ie ldwork h as o n ly added o ne s ite , Mochrum F e ll ( EL 2 9), t o t he l ist a nd i t must b e adm itted t hat t h is

i s , i n f act, q u ite d oubtfu l. A f ew para ll e ls e x ist e lsewhere , f or e xamp le i n t he B renig Va l l ey, Wa les ( Lynch e t a l 1 974 a nd 1 975), and Harehope Ca irn, P eeb I e ssh i r e ( Jobey 1 980), b ut t hese f eatures a re probab ly u nder-represented b ecause l i tt le a ttent ion has b een pa id t o t he a ctua l f abr ic o f c a irns u nt iI r ecent ly. l t s eems un like ly t hat t he i nterna l k erb f u lf illed any p ract ica l f unct ion i n c a irn c onstruct ion and i t i s t empt ing t o s uggest a ' r itua l' e xp lanat ion. P erhaps t he i nterna l k erb o f a r ound c a irn was e ssent ia lly t he s ame a s t he c oncentr ic p ost c irc les 2 3

f ound b eneath r ound barrows , a lso i n t he B ren ig Va l l ey. A lternat ive ly a n i nner k erb m ight r e late t o a n e ar lier build ing p hase , b ut p rob lems o f t his t ype a re more p roper ly s o lved b y e xcavat ion. A s uperf ic ia lly s im ilar f eature t o t he i nterna l k erb i s t he a rrangement o f s tones f ound a round t he c ist i n t he cairn a t C onche it on ( SK 2 6) ( f ig 3 ). U nfortunate ly t he e xcavator , 3 a lthough e xce l l ent f or h is t ime , d id n o t t h ink f it t o exam ine t he r e lat ionsh ip b e tween t he c ist, t he s tone s ett ing and t he c a irn mater ia l, s o t he s ite r ema ins a p rob lem. l t i s poss ib le t hat t he s tone s ett ing was i ntended a s a t emporary s upport f or t he c ist s labs. C o les ( 1890) s uggested t hat a p ara lle l f or C onche it on may have e x isted a t H igh Barcap l e ( SK 2 0) where s evera l l arge e arthfast b locks o f s tone b ordered t he c ist on i t s E s o

a nd t hat

W s ides. U nfor tunate ly a ny s uch f eatures c an n o

t he s ite l onger b e

has been i dent if ied.

d isturbed

C ISTS U n like k erbs o r i ndeed a ny o ther f eature o f ca irn c onstruct ion i t i s u n like ly t hat a c ist wou ld be i gnored o r m istaken b y t he e ar ly ant iquar ians , a lt hough unfortunate ly t hey r are ly r ecorded a ny d e ta ils. A t t he s ame t ime many c is ts h ave r ema ined r ecogn isab le e ven i n s evere ly r obbed c a irns. A t s ome s ites t he c ist i s a l most a ll t hat s urv ives t o mark t he p os it ion o f t he c a irn ( eg Larg Moor , WK 2 6). I t i s t herefore , p robab le t hat t he a rchaeo log ica l r ecord o f c ists i s more c omp lete t han t hat o f o ther f eatures. E ven s o , i t i s c lear t hat c ists p layed an i mportant r o le i n f unerary monuments. A t l eas t 5 7 c a irns h ave c onta ined c ists b ut more may r ema in und isc overed b eneath t he b etter p reserved s it es. O ther c is ts were p robab ly r emoved t ogether w ith t he ir c over ing cairns w ithout a ny r ecord d ur ing t he l and i mprovements. Many c ists w ithout c over ing c a irns h ave a lso been d iscovered. S ome o f t hese c ou ld o r ig ina lly have b een s ea led b y c a irns b ut a s n o i nd icat ions h ave s urv ived t hese a re e xc l uded f rom t h is s urvey. T h is i s b ecause o f d iff icu lt ies a r is ing f rom t he p ara l l e l t rad it ion o f ' f lat g raves' i n N B r itain. F rom t he e vidence o f f ie ldwork and e ar l i er r ecords i t i s f requent ly i mposs ib le t o d ist inguish an u ncovered ' f lat' c ist bur ia l f rom a c ist b ur ia l b eneath a c a irn wh ich h as b een c omp lete ly r emoved. S ize and R ite

( f ig

4 ,

s ee p .

6)

T he s ize o f a c ist must o bv ious ly d epend, t o a c erta in e xtent , o n what i t was i ntended t o c onta in. A c remat ion bur ia l r equires much l ess s pace t han a n i nhumat ion a nd t h is d ifference i s r ef lected i n t he c ists. Two v ery sma ll c ists have b een f ound a t C ra igb irnoch ( WL 5 0) a nd S ta irhaven ( EL 1 ) ( 0.55 x 0 .36 x 0 .37m a nd 0 .5 x 0 .35 x 0 .3m r espect i ve Iy). T hese wou ld b e much t oo sma l I t o a ccommodate t he i nhumation o f a nyth ing b ut an i nfant o r p oss ib ly a ' r itua l' ani ma l bur ia l a nd i n f act b oth c ists c onta ined c remat ions a ccompan ied b y f ood v esse ls. S im ilar sma ll c ists have b een f ound e lsewhere ( eg Garrochar, R e id 1 944) w ithout c over ing c a irns and h ave a lso b een u sed w ith in c remat ion c emeter ies ( eg Pa l merston; S h ir ley 1 93 1) . O ccas iona lly t hey s eem t o h ave a ctua lly r ep laced t he c inerary u rn f or t here a re r ecords o f c remat ion b ur ia ls 2 4

depos ited i n sma ll c ists and c overed w ith a sma ll f lat s tone i n t he s ame manner a s s ome i nurned c remat ion ( for e xamp le , w ith in t he s tone c irc le a t T emp le Wood, A rgy ll; S cott , p ersona l c ommun icat ion) . T he r ema ining c ists w ith k nown measurements a re n ear ly a l I s ubstant ia lly l arger. They average 1 .14m l ong a nd 0 .66 w ide a nd most f a l I w ith in 0 .2m e ither way o f t h is. A c ist around t his s ize wou ld b e u nnecessar ily l arge f or a c remat ion a lone and i t i s t herefore p robab le t hat n ear ly a l I were o r ig ina lly i ntended t o r ece ive i nhumat ions. A ctua l s ke le ta l e vidence f or t his i s r are b ut t h is c ou ld b e d ue t o t he a c id s o il c ond it ions which p reva il i n t h is a rea. T hree c ists d o n o t f a ll i nto t hese l arge o r sma ll categor ies and c annot e as ily b e a ss igned t o c remat ing o r i nhum ing bur ia l p ract ice. The b eaker f rom Gaw i n Moor ( WD 3 6) was f ound i n a c ist 0 .6m x 0 .45m - too sma ll f or e ven a d im inut ive adu lt. T he t wo Y orksh ire Vase f ood v esse ls f rom Ror ie G ill's c a irn ( WK 8 ) were f ound i n o n ly s light ly l arger c ists o f 0 .73m x 0 .53m and 0 .7m x 0 .47m -just l arge e nough t o a ccommodate a sma ll i nd ividua l e ach. T he f act t hat n o b ones were f ound a t a ny o f t hese s ites may s uggest i nhumat ion s ince c remat ion wou ld p robab ly have s urv ived a nd s hou ld have b een r ecogn ised b y t he e xcavators. I t t herefore s eems p oss ib le t hat t hese s ites r epresent t he g raves o f j uven iles. T he r e lat ionsh ip b e tween c ist s ize a nd b ur ia l r ite n eed not a l ways b e c lear ly d ef ined ( p. 9 ). S evera l e ar l i er e xcavat ions have r eported ' burnt b one' w ith in c ists ( eg B urnswark ( ED 1 4), Knowehead ( WD 4 6), Barndennoch ( WD 2 0) ) and a lt hough t he c ist s izes were n o t a l ways n o ted i t i s wor th s tress ing t hat c remat ions w ith in c ists may n o t have b een s o r are a s i s s ome t imes s upposed. The e xcavat ions a t Queenafjo ld, Orkney, have s hown t hat t he s ize o f t he c ist n eed n o t a l ways i nd icate t he nature o f t he b ur ia l d epos it. H ere a c remat ion depos it was f ound i n a c ist 0 .5m x 0 .6m ( R itch ie and R itch ie 1 974 ) and a t O ld K irk F arm , D umbar tonsh ire , a s t ill l arger c ist was f ound t o c onta in a c remat ion ( Morr ison 1 97 1, 1 9). The r eports o f t he d iscover ies a t Ch lenr ie ( WL 9 ), Ca irnwa inie ( WK 2 7) and H igh Banks ( SK 3 2) p ose a n a dd it iona l prob lem s ince t here i s s light e v idence a t t hese s ites f or b oth c remat ion (' burnt b one' ) a nd i nhumat ion i n t he s ame c ists. A lt hough n o t t oo much r e l i ance s hou ld b e p laced u pon t hese r epor ts t hey d o l end s uppor t t o t he s uggest ions t hat c remat ion and i nhumat ion c ou ld c o-ex ist and t hat t he s ing le-grave t rad it ion was n o t s o s ing le a fter a l I ( Pe terson, e t a l 1 974 ) . They a lso p erhaps i mp ly t hat s ome o f t he l arger c ists wh ich c onta ined c remat ions may o nce have i nc luded i nhumat ions wh ich were r emoved

o r

s ince

d ecayed.

Construct i on A s s hou ld b e e xpected t he c onstruct ion t echn iques a re l arge ly g overned b y t he nature o f t he mater ia ls ava ilab le. The e ssent ia l d ist inct ion b e tween c ists bu ilt o f f lat s labs a nd t hose c ons isting o f r ougher s tones p robab ly r ef lects t he l oca l g eo logy r ather t han a ny c u ltura l d ifference. U nfortunate ly t he g eo log ica l maps d o n ot i nd icate t he b uild ing q ua lit ies o f t he r ocks i n any part icu lar a rea s o n o d irect c ompar isons o f d istr ibutions c an b e made. I n c erta in parts o f Dumfr ies and 2 5

Ga l l oway t he p redom inant ly S ilur ian r ocks a re t h in ly b edded a nd b reak e as ily i nto f lat s labs o f u n iform t h ickness a nd a ppropr iate s ize. The major ity o f t he c ists have b een bull t o f t h is s ort o f s tone , u s ing f our s labs f or t he s ides a nd a f i f th f or t he c apstone. P os it ive p roof i s l ack i ng but s evera l s i tes c ou ld a lso have had a s ixth s lab o r a pavement o f s evera l f lat s tones f orm ing t he base. C ists o f t h is s or t s ome t i mes o ccur i n a reas where s tone o f t h is t ype i s n o t o bv ious ly a va ilab le. I t i s , t herefore , probab le t hat s tone was o ccas iona lly b rought i nto an a rea f or c ist c onstruct ion. Th is s hou ld n ot i mp ly t he movement o f s tone o ver l arge d istances , f or a ll par ts o f t he R eg ion a re p robab ly n o more t han a f ew k ilome tres f rom a s u it ab le s ource. I n s ome i nstances i t i s p oss ib le t hat s tone has b een t r immed a nd d ressed t o g ive s tra ight e dges t hus e nsur ing a c lose f i t a t t he c orners. The h e ight o f t he s tones a round t he s ides may a lso have b een t r i mmed d own t o g ive a n e ven s upport f or t he c over ing s lab. The s ites a t Larg Moor ( WK 2 6), Ma in sr idd le ( Trucke l I 1 957), Cau I d s ide I ( WK 3 0 ) a nd K ing S chaw's G rave ( ED 7 ) a ll p rov ide g ood e xamp les. I t i s worth n ot ing t hat t he ' rebated c ists' f ound i n t he K il mar t in g raves i n Argy ll do n o t s eem t o have b een b u ilt i n D umfr ies and Ga lloway. Nor a re t here a ny c lear e xamp les o f s tones b e ing l a id o n t he u pper e dges o f e nd o r s ide s labs t o l eve l t hem i n o rder t o s upport t he c over s tone a s , f or e xamp le , a t Auchenharvie , S tevens ton, Ayrsh ire ( Morr ison 1 971). S ome c ists were bu ilt o f much r ougher s tones ( eg Mo l I a nce , S K 4 5) and t hese s eem t o r epresent an a ttempt t o make t he b est o f l oca l r aw mater ia ls. The s tones u sed u sua lly h ave a t l east o ne f a ir ly f lat f ace s e t f ac ing i nwards and a re n ot iceab ly l arger t han t he o ther s tones i n t he ca irn. Because t he s tones a re l ess r egu lar a nd o ften sma ller t han t he s lab s tones i t was f requent ly n ecessary t o u se more t han f our f or t he s ides ( at Mo l l ance e ight were u sed) . A s t he n umber o f s tones i ncreases s o t he s hape var ies f rom t he bas ic r ectangu lar p lan t o more o va l o r p o lygona l s hapes. A t Wee Ca irn ( WL 1 2) o n ly r ounded b ou lders s eem t o h ave b een ava ilab le a nd t he c ist i s o va l and appears t o b e b uilt o f e ight o r n ine s tones. Another t ype o f c ist wh ich has b een f ound i n t he Reg ion , b oth b eneath c a irns and i n i so lat ion, i s t he ' stone1 i ned p it' o r s unken c ist. Th is may t ake d ifferent f orms a ccord ing t o t he mater ia l a va ilab le. The e xamp le a t Ma i nsr idd le was built o f t h in s labs ( Trucke l I 1 957) wh ile t hat a t G lengyre c ons isted o f a p it l ined o n t he b ottom w ith sma ll s labs and a round t he s ides w it h more r ounded s tones , u p t o t wo c ourses h igh ( Mann 1 923) . T h is r a ises t he q uest ion o f whether c ists were r a ised o r s unk, f or a lt hough t he major it y o f e xamp les i n t h is a rea s eem t o h ave b een above t he o r igina l g round s urface , t h is n eed n o t r epresent t he r ea l s tate o f a ffa irs. A s unken c ist i s l ess l ike ly t o b e d iscovered dur ing t he r emova l o f t he c a irn by n ona rchaeo log ica l hands. I n s p ite o f t h is t he c ists a t C onche it on ( SK 2 6 ) ( f ig 3 3 ), Wee Ca irn ( WL 1 2), S troanfreggan ( NK 8 ), Mossknowe ( ED 2 2) and p erhaps Mochrum F e l I ( EL 2 9) may a l I b e long t o t h is c lass and i t i s a lways p oss ib le t hat s ome o f t he o ther s unken c ists wh ich s tand above t he o r ig ina l ground s urface a re i n l ocat ions where t he t h in s o il w ith r ock beneath p revents d igg ing t o any d epth, b ut t h is i s n o t i nvar iab ly s o. T he r a ised c ists a t Cau I d s ide ( WK 3 0 a nd 3 1) and L arg Moor 2 6

( WK 2 6) a re a l I s ited upon c lay d epos its wh ich c ou ld b e e xcavated. F urthermore , t here i s o ne r ecorded i nstance o f a c ist c ut i nto s o lid r ock a t E rv ie i n W igtownsh ire ( W ilson 1 885).

C ist C overs U n like t he s ides o f t he c ist, wh ich c ou ld b e o f q uite sma l I s tones , t he c over must b e moderate ly l arge. F lat s labs were o bv ious ly i dea I f or t hi s and were g enera lly f avoured t hroughout t he R eg ion. I n s ome c ases t hey were most p robab ly b rought s ome d istance f or t he p urpose. Most o f t he s urv iv ing c ist c overs a re o f a s u itab le s ize t o c over t he c ist e as ily w ith aII y t wo a sma l I o verhang a l I t he way r ound, b ut o ccas ion i s tones have b een u sed. S evera l c ists have b een c overed by very l arge c ap s tones , o ut o f a l I p roport ion t o t he c ists t hemse lves. The g rave a t Ma l l ance ( SK 4 5) was s ea led b y a huge a ngu lar b lock o f g ranite we igh ing a l most a t onne ( not 1 2 c wt a s i n t he r eport). A s im ilar s ized b lock o f g reywacke c overed t he c ist a t S troanfreggan ( NK 8 ). I t i s i nterest ing t hat b oth t hese g raves may b e r e lated t o f ood v esse l-us ing p eop le , by p o ttery i n t he c ase o f Mo l l ance c a irn a nd, l ess c erta in ly, by t he pI a no-convex k n ife f rom S troanfreggan. T he r e lat ionsh ip between f ood v esse l-us ing p eop le a nd t he i nd igenous N eo l i th ic p eop les has a lready b een p o inted o ut. P erhaps mass ive c ist c overs r epresent a c ont inu ity o f t he mega l i th ic t rad ition i n f unerary monuments. I ndeed s ome o f t he ir b est para lle ls may b e s een i n t he N eo l i thic Li nkardstown t ombs i n I re land ( Ryan 1 98 1) . E xcess ive ly l arge s labs have a lso b een u sed, f or e xamp le a t H igh B arcap l e ( SK 2 0) where t he c ist was c overed by a p o lygona l s tone 1 .93m x 1 .5m a cross , b ut t h is i s r are. I t i s probab le t hat s labs were e as ier t o b reak d own t o a more c onven ient s ize. T here must have s eemed l i tt le p o int i n c arry ing a h eavy s lab f or a ny d istance when o n ly ha lf was r equ ired. A lthough o ne must adm it t o t he p oss ib ility t hat q uarrying and maybe d ress ing o f c ist c overs was c arr ied o ut , t he e v idence h as n o t s urv ived. The r ough e dges a round most c ist c overs s eem t o b e t he p roduct o f natura l weather ing. D ecorat ion h as o n ly b een i dent if ied o n a s ing le c ist c over , f rom R edbrae , wh ich was n o t f ound b eneath a c a irn ( Stevenson 1 948) . T h is c over has a c entra l p erforat ion wh ich c an b e para lle lled i n t he e xamp le f rom Catter line , K incard ines h ire ( Re id and F raser 1 924) a nd, t o a l esser e xtent, by t he p erforated s ide s lab f rom a c ist a t O rmsary, K napda l e , A rgy ll ( Morr ison 1 972). B o th u pper a nd l ower f aces o f t he R edbrae c ist c over b ear i nc ised l ines wh ich f orm a sma ll l att ice pattern a t o ne p o int. Cup marks a re a lso apparent o n b o th s ides. Lut ing The c ists a t Mossknowe ( ED 2 2) a nd S troanfreggan ( NK 8 ) b oth had c lay l ut ing d own t he j o ints o f t he s tones and i n t he l atter c ase t he f inger p r ints o f B ronze Age man were p reserved. It i s d iff icu lt t o s ee why l ut ing s hou ld have b een t hought d es irab le s ince i t wou ld n ot s erve any p ract ica l purposes. P erhaps ' r itua l' s ea l i ng o f a c ist w ith c lay was t hought t o 2 7

p reserve t he b ody, o r i ts ' sp ir it ', f rom d ecay. R itchie a nd R itch ie ( 1974 , 3 6) have n oted s evera l para lle ls f or t h is prac t ice i n O rkney a nd i t may h ave b een q u ite w idespread t hroughout S cot land. P erhaps t he h igh r a infa ll h as washed away a ll t races i n o ther i nstances. C ist

P os it ion

i n

Ca irn

I n o n ly 2 8 c ases c an o ne b e c er ta in o f t he c ist's pos it ion w ith in t he c a irn. The major ity o f t hese ( 20) a re c entra l, wh ich m ight appear t o r ef lect t he a ct iv ity o f e ar ly ant iquar ians who a l most i nvar iab ly c oncentrated upon t he c entre. T h is a rgument d oes n ot s tand c lose e xam inat ion f or t he major ity o f t hese c is ts were d iscovered d ur ing f ie ldwork, r e lat ive ly r ecent e xcavat ions , o r b y f armers a nd workmen a s a c a irn was b e ing r obbed o r r emoved. T hese a ct iv it ies , par t icu lar ly t he l atter , were c onducted w it hout s pec if ic p reference f or t he c entre - indeed r obb ing a nd r emova l t end t o s tart f rom t he most c onven ient s ide f ree f rom v ege tat ion c over. S even e ccentr ic c ists have b een r ecognised i n t he c a irns a t G reenhouse B r idge ( EL 2 3), S troanfreggan ( NK 8 ), Cau lds ide I ( WK 3 0), S ta irhaven ( EL 1) , K ing S chaw's Grave ( ED 7 ), B lackmyre ( WK 2 5) and R or ie G ill's Ca irn ( WK 8 ), w ith a t l east t wo more f rom t he c a irn o f Gaw in Moor ( WD 3 6). I n a ll c ases where t he i nformat ion has b een r ecorded t hese c ists w ere o n t he S o r E s ides o f t he c a irns. K ing S chaw's G rave , R or ie G ill's Ca irn and p erhaps B lackmyre c a irn a lso c onta ined c entra l c ists a nd q uite p oss ib ly o ne o f t he t hree c ists b eneath t he Gaw in Moor c a irn was a lso c entra l. I n t hese c ircumstances i t m ight s eem d iff icu lt t o a rgue t hat t he c entra l b ur ia l was o f greater s ign if icance o ther t han by v irtue o f i ts p os ition. A t R or ie G ill's Ca irn, h owever , t he s ett ing o f s tones , a l most Ii ke a N eo lith ic f orecour t, a round t he western s ide o f t he c entra l c ist c erta in ly s upports t h is v iew. I ndeed , t he e ccentr ic c ist appears d ist inct ly s econdary, c ut i ng a cross o ne e nd o f t he s tone s ett ing ( f ig 4 1). A lthough d eta iI s h ave n o t s urv ived i t i s p oss ib le t hat a s im i l ar a rangement e x isted a t K ing S chaw's G rave. H ere t he c entra l c ist was apparent ly 'Ii nked ' by a n o ver lapp ing r ow o f s tones s e t l ike r oof ing t i les' t o a t l east o ne e ccentr ic c ist ( W ilson 1 863 , 8 8). N one o f t he o ther c a irns c onta in ing e ccentr ic c ists h as b een f u lly e xam ined a nd t herefore i t i s u ncerta in whe ther t here a re o ther , h itherto u nd iscovered, c entra l b ur ia ls - wi t h o r w ithout c ists. C er ta in ly a t G reenhouse B r idge a no ther l arge c ist c ou ld s urv ive u ndetected b eneath t he c entre o f t he c a irn, a nd a t S troanfreggan a nd Cau lds ide I s unken c ists may e x ist. On ly a t S ta irhaven was a ' s light e xam inat ion' o f t he c entre c arr ied o ut, w ith n egat ive r esu lts. Genera lly i t a ppears t hat c ists were p redom inant ly c entra l. Or ientat ion The

o r ientat ion

o f

1 8

c ists

i s

k nown.

T hree

h ave

t he ir

l ong axes r unn ing bas ica lly N /S , f ive r an E /W , s ix r an N E/SW and f our r an NW/SE. A lthough t h is i nd icates a s l i ght p reference f or t he NE/SW o r ientat ion i t i s , a ctua lly , o f n o s tat ist ica l s ignif icance ( f ig 6 ). More i mpor tance c ou ld b e

2 8

a ttached t o c ist o r ientat ion i f i t c ou ld b e r e lated t o c orpse , but a s n o t a s ing le s ke leton has b een r ecorded i n t he R eg ion t h is i s i mposs ib le.

Observed F requenc ies E xpected F requenc ies

NE/SE

N /S

OR IENTAT ION

( 0 )

( E)

0—E ( 0 —E )2 E

t hat o f t he adequate ly

E /W

NW /SE

3

6

5

4

4 .5

4 .5

4 .5

4 .5

1 .5

+ 1 .5

+ 0 .5

0 .5

0 .50

0 .50

0 .05

0 .05

( 0 _ 0_

1 . 10 w i th 3d f

P robab i l i ty o fb e tween 0 .75 a nd 0 .80 t ha t r e la t ion i sd ue t o c hance , t herefore n ot s i gn if ican t .

F ig 6 X2 t e st o f c ist o r ientat ion .

Mu lt ip le C ists The i mportance o f mu lt ip le c ists b eneath r ound c a irns has b een d iscussed b y S avory ( 1972) and l i tt le e v idence h as c ome t o l ight t o c hange h is bas ic c onc lus ions. H e i nc luded t he c a irn a t G aw i n Moor ( WD 3 6) and R or ie G ill's Ca irn ( WK 8 ) i n h is a ppendix but t hree more s ites s hou ld a lso b e added. K ing I S chaw's G rave ( ED 7 ) c ou ld have c onta ined t hree c ists. The c a irn a t Barndennoch ( WD 2 0) was r eputed t o h ave h ad s even c ists whi l e t hat a t P inzar ie ( WD 9 ) may have had n ine. N one o f t hese s ites i s p reserved f or a more up t o date e xam inat ion b ut a ll t he r epor ts a re moderate ly r e liab le. Ca irns w ith l arge n umbers o f c ists s eem t o s uggest a c loser Ii nk w ith I re land t han R or ie G ill's Ca irn o r t he c a irn o n Gaw in Moor , and t he d iscover ies f rom t hese t wo monuments t yp ify t he d il emma o f mu lt ip le c ist c a irns o ut l i ned b y S avory. I n B r ita in a s a who le , b eaker a ssoc iat ions a re p redom inant but i n I re land f ood v esse l b ur ia ls h ave b een d iscovered a l most e xc lus ive ly. B oth o ccur i n D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway, p erhaps r ef lect ing t he g eograph ica l l ocat ion o f t he R eg ion. C is ts -O r ig ins and Assoc iat ions The

f irst

c ists

i n

t he

( see f ig R eg ion

4 ,

p .

s eem

6 ) t o

have

b een

i ntroduced t ogether w ith a rtefacts a ss igned t o t he b eaker-us ing p eop le. F or t he most par t t hese i tems were d epos ited i n ' f lat 2 9

g raves', n ot b eneath mounds o r c a irns. F ew datab le f inds h ave b een d iscovered i n c a irn-covered c ists but w it h t he s ing le e xcept ion o f t he b eaker f rom Gaw in Moor ( WD 3 6), a ll wou ld b e a cceptab le i n t he c ontext o f a f ood v esse l g rave. F lint s crapers a nd a rrowheads f ound a t t he s ites o f S ta irhaven ( EL 1 ), G lenqu icken ( WK 2 8) a nd B arndennoch ( WD 2 0 ) a re n ot p ar t icu lar ly d iagnost ic, b ut t hey d o s omet i mes o ccur w ith f ood v esse ls. The p iano-convex f l int kn ife f rom S troanfreggan ( NK 8 ) a nd t he r eported j et b utton f rom H o l ma ins c airn ( WD 5 4 ), h owever , a re b oth f inds o ften a ssoc iated w ith f ood v esse l g raves , a lthough t hey a lso o ccur i n o ther c ircumstances. T o c onc lude , i t s eems t hat c ists were i n it ia lly i ntroduced i nto t he R eg ion by b eaker-us ing p eop le b ut t he hab it o f c over ing t he c ist w ith a c a irn was n o t p reva lent u nt i I f ood v esse l-us ing f o lk i n t he a rea adopted t h is b ur ia l p ractice. O n p resent e v idence i t appears t hat t hese p eop le a ccount f or t he vast major ity o f t he c ist b ur ia ls b eneath c a irns i n t he a rea. Wh il e t he r itua l o f c ist bur ia l may h ave b een d ifferent, t he b uild ing t echniques r equ ired were s im ilar t o t hose e mp loyed b y mega lith ic b uilders and t he o ccs iona l u se o f mass ive c ist-covers may s erve t o emphas ise t he e ssent ia l c ont inu ity. I NNER MOUNDS Two c a irns a t Mossknowe ( ED 2 2) a nd B urnswark ( ED 1 4) h ad a c ompos ite s tructure c ons ist ing o f a sma ll c entra l mound o f c lay c over ing a s tone c ist a nd c overed b y a much more s ubstant ia l c a irn o f s tones. S im ilar a rrangements h ave b een n oted e lsewhere i n S co t land. A t Queensf jo ld Barrow , Orkney ( R itch ie 1 974) a sma ll mound o f c lay s urrounded, b ut d id n o t c over , t he c entra l c ist, a nd t he who le was c overed b y t he s o il o f t he barrow. A s light ly d ifferent c a irn a t S ummerda le , a lso i n O rkney, c ons isted o f a c ist w ith in a sma ll mound o f s tones a nd g rave l wh ich was c apped b y c lay ( Ashmore 1 974 ). C ompos ite c a irns s uch a s t hese may f ind para lle ls i n t he s outh o f E ng land where a s tack o f t urves was o f ten u sed a s a c entra l c ore. There wou ld n o t s eem t o b e a ny c u ltura l s ign if icance i n t hese t ypes o f monuments and i n f act t he i nner mounds may r ef lect p ract ica l c ons iderat ions. T hey c ou ld have been i ntended t o s upport t he wa l I s o f a c ist d ur ing t he r itua l o f bur ia l, b efore t he c onstruct ion o f t he c a irn. S im ilar sma ll mounds c ou ld h ave b een bu ilt o f s tone t o f u lf iI t he s ame f unct i on b ut, o f c ourse , t hey wou ld b e much l ess l ike ly t o b e o bserved b y e ar ly e xcavators. The a va ilab ility o f mater ia ls may a lso h ave i nf luenced t he c onstruct ion. B o th t he B urnswark a nd Mossknowe c a irns were b uilt c lose t o b ou lder c lay s o mater ia l f or t he c entra l mound c ou ld b e o bta ined quite e as ily. T he p resence o f i nner mounds a lso r a ises t he q uest ion o f mu lt iper iod u se. l t i s p oss ib le t hat t hese sma ll i nterna l f eatures r epresent a n e ar l i er u se o f t he s ite , pr ior t o t he c onstruct ion o f t he l arger c over ing c a irn. S uch a p henomenon may h ave e x isted b eneath t he l arge c a irn o n Ca irnpapp le H ill, West L oth ian ( P iggott 1 948), a nd a t t he Wykeham F ores t barrow i n N Y orksh ire an o r ig ina l sma ll c a irn 3 -4m i n d iame ter , was c apped and e n larged o n a t l east t wo l ater o ccas ions ( Brewster 1 973). Genera lly, h owever , t h is wou ld n o t s eem t o app ly t o t he 3 0

examples in Dumfries and Galloway interpretation would be preferable.

where

a

structural

CAIRN FORM ( SIZE AND SHAPE} It is not always possible to determine even the form of a cairn from fieldwork. Frequently the shape is distorted by stone robbing or by the addition of field clearance stone. Very often measurements given in earlier records differ markedly from the results of recent fieldwork. Usually this only reflects recent activity but occasionally, in the case of wel I preserved monuments, it is due to additional material slipping down the sides. Consequently a more recent diameter may be greater than that recorded, say 60 years ago, and the cairn appears to have grown. With these limitations a few observations of the height, profile, diameter and plan can be made.

Height Only the very best preserved cairns give any indication of their original height and even these sites must have spread to a certain extent over the years. The cairn at CraigengiIan (NK 10) (3.Sm high) and White Cairn, Corriedow (NK 18) (almost 4m high) are two of the best examples of the larger cairns and originally they may have stood higher. Only a handful of sites still have the same impressive visual impact but some smaller sites also seem to have survived almost intact. The round cairn at SIeweairn (SK 55) is on Iy t Orn in diameter, but it is still t .4m high (excluding the shepherds' cairn that surmounts it) and the perfect cairn on Craigairie (EW 2), which is only 9m diameter, has survived to a height of c.1.6m. Considering only the very wel I preserved cairns, the ration of cairn height to diameter seems to be regularly 1 : 8, but varies between t : 6 and 1 : 9. After examining all these sites one is left with the impression that originally they were somewhat higher and these ratios only reflect the natural settlement of the stone into a stable profile. Profile

During fieldwork several different cairn profiles were noted. Initially it was thought that some of these may be significant but most probably they are almost all due to natural settlement or later robbing. This view seems to be confirmed by the presence of different profiles in the same cairn, when seen from different directions. 1. Domed (fig 7). This shape probably comes closest to the original profile of most cairns in the area. Very few examples can be quoted but this is probably due to stone settlement and robbing. The best example of a domed cairn is that at Craigairie (EW 2). 2. Concave (fig 7). This, perhaps, is the commonest profile of the welI preserved eairns and seems to be the product of settlement of the stones. If the cairns were originally domed then the steepest portion of the mound would be that near the edge and consequent Iy stones from these parts wou Id tend to 31

DOMED

DISHED

RIM

ONLY

CONCAVE

STEPPE D

Fig 7: Cairn profiles.

32

s l ip d own t o t he g round. S omet i mes t h is g ives t he a ppearance o f a ' p latform' a round t he monument a s a t M id Gl en i ron ( WL 3) a nd c are must b e t aken n o t t o c onfuse t h is w ith 3 s pec ia lly c onstruc ted ' p latforms', but a s o n ly a s ing le e xamp le ( M inn i gaff WK an b e i dent if ied i n t he R eg ion w ith a ny 1 ) c c onf idence t h is i s n o t a s er ious d iff icu lty. I f t h is p rocess c ont inued t hen mater ia l f rom h igher up t he c a irn wou ld a lso s lump d own and u lt i mate ly t he c a irn wou ld s e tt le i nto t he c haracter ist ic c oncave s hape. It i s p oss ib le t hat t he c a irn wou ld u lt imate ly r ever t t o a d ome s hape , but c over ing a l arger a rea, a nd c ons iderab ly l ower. S ome c a irns a re c oncave o n o ne s ide o n ly, ow ing t o d ifferent ia l r obb ing o f s tone f rom a s ing le par t o f t he c a irn. 3 . D ished ( f ig 7 ) . Th is i s t he c lass ic p rof ile o f a r obbed c a irn. Over t he c entur ies t urf , h eather o r o ccas iona lly p eat may c o lon ise a c ons iderab le marg in a round t he e dge o f a c a irn. T h is o bscures t he o utermost s tones and a lso r enders t hem l ess a ccess ib le t o t he s tone r obber. H e may, t herefore , t ake t he u ncovered s tones f rom a h igher and more c entra l p or t ion o f t he s it e. A s t he r emova l o f t he s tones p roceeds t he c overed e dges wou ld b e t he l ast part o f t he c a irn t o g o a nd many s ites a re n ow r epresented b y n o more t han a r ing o f t he o r ig ina l c a irn mater ia l ( f ig 7 - 'R i m On ly '). S uperf ic ia lly t hese s ites o ften a ppear Ii ke t he u b iquitous ' hut-c irc le' b ut t he p resence o f l oose s tones b eneath t he t urf i n t he c entra l a rea g enera lly s uggests i nterpre tat ion a s a r u ined c a irn. O ccas iona lly modern f ie ld c learance s tone may b e d umped i nto t he h o l l owed a rea and, t o a c erta in e xtent, t h is m ight r estore t he appearance o f t he s ite , a s a t Car lochan Ca irn ( SK 4 4) . D iame ter

( s ize)

( f igs

810)

An e xam inat ion o f a l I t he h igh ly p robab le ( categor ies 4 a nd 5 , s ee p . 3 ) f unerary c a irns o f B ronze Age date i n t he a rea s hows a t remendous var ie ty o f d iameters r ang ing f rom 1m a t o ne e xtreme t o 2 8m i n d iameter a t t he o ther. Most o f t hese s ites f a ll f a ir ly e ven ly b e tween 8m and 2 5m i n d iame ter , wh ich s t ill r epresents a c ons iderab le r ange. A s im ilar ly w ide var iety o f d iameters c an b e o bserved when a l I t he k nown i nd ividua l r ound c a irns a re c ons idered t oge ther b ut i t must b e r emembered t hat t he p oor s tate o f many s ites p revents t he ir measurement, e ven t o t he n earest me tre. E ven i n we ll p reserved monuments i t i s n o t p oss ib le t o b e s ure o f t he d iameter f rom s uperf ic ia l e xam inat ion a lone s ince t he o uter e dge i s i nvar iab ly o bscured by v egetat ion o r s li pped mater ia l f rom t he c a irn i tse lf. F rom t h is i s may s eem t hat any c onc lus ion r egard ing c a irn d iameter i n t he R eg ion i s o f l i tt le a rchaeo log ica l s ign if icance. N everthe less , a s s o f ew c a irns r ema in i ntact, t he d iameter o f a s ite i s p robab ly t he b est i nd icat ion o f i ts o r ig ina l s ize. When t he r e lat ionsh ip b e tween t he n umber o f c a irns a nd t he measurab le c a irn d iameters i s p lo tted a s a f requency p o ly gon, c ons iderab le f lu ct i ons c an b e s een ( f ig 8 ). S evera l o f t hese f luctuations may b e t he r esu lt o f t he i ncons istenc ies and p rob lems o ut lined a bove , but t hree p eaks o r ' modes' a t 1 011 m , 1 5m a nd 1 819m a re par ticu lar ly n ot iceab le. S uch a 3 3

Nu mber o f Cairns

' Ca tego ry

0

2 0

1 0

Ca irn

1's i tes

d ia meter

i n

metres

F ig 8 : C airn d iameter f requenc ies - W ho le R eg ion .

3 4

3 0

••

_ • c CD

d iameter .

•

•

•

0

• • •

• •

•

., —

• S.

•

•

• s

•

•

•

I

3 5

DU MFRIESSHI RE . .

.. 1 1 .

Ca tagory 1 s ites

5 .

0

0

5

1 0

1 5

20

2 5

30

20

25

30

K IRKCU DB RI G HTS HIRE

5

1 0

1 5

WI G T O WNS HIRE

Cairn

d i a meter

(metres)

F ig 1 0: C airn d iameter f requenc ies -b y c ounty . 3 6

p redom inance i s n o t e as ily e xp la ined i n t erms o f s tone r obb ing, t he a dd it ion o f f ie ld c learance , o r d ifferent ia l d estruct ion, a ll o f wh ich a re r andom a ct ivit ies wh ich wou ld t ake p lace i rrespective o f c a irn s ize. I t t herefore , a ppears t hat c a irns o f r ough ly 1 012m , 1 8-20m a nd t o a l esser e xtent 1 5m i n d iameter were d istinct ly p referred by t he c a irn b u ilders. I t i s d iff icu lt t o i nterpret t h is a pparent p reference i n a rchaeo log ica l t erms. The sma ll n umber o f e xcavat ions d emonstrate n o s pec if ic r e lat ionsh ips b e tween d ist inct a rtefacts o r c onstruct ion t ecnh iques and c a irns o f any part icu lar s ize. O n p resent e vidence , t herefore , c a irn s ize wou ld s eem t o b e o f l i tt le c u lt ura l s ign if icance. When p lo tted o n a d istr ibut ion map n o s pec ia l d ifference c ou ld b e r ecogn ised e xcept i n a f ew a reas where l arge c a irns a re p redom inant ( eg C ree Va lley, B ladnoch Va lley, f ig 9 ). T he c omp lete l ack o f C 14 dates i n t he a rea a lso p rec ludes a ny c hrono log ica l d ist inct ions. One i s f ina l l y l eft w ith t he r ather o bv ious f ee ling t hat i f a f unerary c a irn were i ntended t o mark a bur ia l p lace v is ib ly, t hen t he s ize o f t he c a irn s hou ld r e late t o t he v isua l i mpact t hat an i nd iv idua l, h is f am ily, o r h is t r ibe w ished t o make f or t he ir dead. Th is i nfers t hat c a irn s ize s hou ld b e p roport iona l t o t he l oca l i mpor tance o f t he d eceased , b ut o f c ourse t h is n eed n o t b e s o i n a ll c ases. Excavat ions e lsewhere have p roved t hat s ome bur ia l mounds were e n larged mere ly t o c over add it iona l a nd s econdary b ur ia ls ( eg Wykeham F orest Barrow, Y orksh ire , B rewster 1 973) . F requency p o lygons have a lso b een d rawn f or t he s eparate c ount ies t o s ee i f any var iat ions c ou ld b e r ecognised ( f ig 1 0) . I n W igtownsh ire t he f requency d istr ibution i s v ery s im ilar t o t hat o f t he R eg ion a s a who le w ith modes a t 1 012m , 1 416m a nd 1 819m. I n K irkcudbr ightsh ire t oo t he s ame bas ic p attern may b e s een e xcept t hat t he 1 5m mode i s a l most n one x istent a nd s eems t o b e part o f t he g enera l i ncrease i n f requency t owards t he 1 8m p o int. B y c ompar ison t he f requency p o lygon f or D umfr iessh ire s hows a s omewhat d ifferent pattern. T here i s n o mode a t 1 011 m and t hat a t 1 8m s eems r ather i so lated. There i s , h owever , a p eak a t 8 -9m a nd p erhaps a nother a t 1 3m. It wou ld b e u nw ise t o p lace t oo much i mportance u pon t hese p eaks b ecause o n ly a sma ll n umber o f s ites a re i nvo lved ( 39 c ompared w ith 5 7 i n K irkcudbr ightsh ire a nd 7 2 i n W igtownsh i re) but t hey d o p erhaps r ef lect a t rend t owards sma ller c a irns i n t h is part o f t he R eg ion. P lan

( see f igs

i n

c ata logue)

I n d iscuss ing t he d iameter o f c a irns i t h as b een a ssumed t hat a l I r ound c a irns a re , i ndeed, c ircu lar. W ith a v ery f ew e xcept ions t h is i s b road ly t rue. I ndeed i t i s s urpr is ing h ow many f ie ld monuments r e tain a n ear p erfect c ircu lar s hape i n s p ite o f r ecent d isturbance. T he e xcept ions a re u sua lly s ites o n s lopes o r l arge s ites where mater ia l has s lipped o n o ne s ide. F ew p lans h ave b een d er ived f rom e xcavat ions b ut i n a ll c ases t hey s how a s tr ict adherence t o a n ear p erfect c ircu lar f orm ( eg Car lochan Ca irn ( SK 4 4) a nd t he s ites e xam ined b y P h illips , e g f igs 4 8 , 4 9 , 5 0 , 5 2 ). Th is s hou ld n ot c ause a ny s urpr ise t o t hose who a ccept t hat B ronze Age man was s killed i n mathematics a nd s urveying ( Thom 1 967). N ext t o t he c omp lex t echniques r equired t o l ay o ut s ome s tone c irc les i t wou ld b e a 3 7

s i mp le t ask t o mark o ut a c irc le o n t he g round. T he i mpor tant p o int h ere i s t hat t hey c ons idered i t worthwhile t o t ake t h is sma ll t roub le a t a ll. l t wou ld have b een e asy e nough t o p ile u p s tones i n a r ough ly c ircu lar c a irn t o c over a g rave a nd mark t he s pot adequate ly. The p rec ise s hape wou ld b e i mmater ia l but t h is d oes n o t s eem t o h ave b een s o i n Dumfr ies a nd Ga lloway. Th is i mp lies t hat t he c onstruction o f t he c a irn was, i tse lf , a matter o f s ome i mportance a nd perhaps c onst ituted an i mportant part o f t he b ur ia l r itua l. E lsewhere p o lygona l c a irns and barrows have b een i dent if ied ( eg t he B renig, Lynch e t a l 1 974) but t hese a re n o t r andom c onstruct ions a nd i nd icate t he s ame d egree o f c are t aken i n t he b uild ing p rocess. D ITCHES S ince mater ia l f or c a irn c onstruct ion n eeds t o b e gathered r ather t han e xcavated i t i s p erhaps n ot s urpr is ing t hat, un like t he e arthen barrow, c a irns a re r are ly a ssoc iated w ith s urround ing d itches. W ith in D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway o nly t he r ather amb iguous monument a t Gate lawbr idge ( WD 2 5) was c erta in ly e nc irc led b y a d itch, a nd i ndeed i t i s wor th r ecord ing t hat a t n o o ther s ite were t here a ny i nd icat ions o f d itches o r s im ilar s urround ing f eatures.

3 8

C H A P T E R D istr ibut ion

-G enera l

4

Observat ions

F rom t he g enera l c a irn d is tr ibut ion map ( f ig 1) i t i s c lear t hat W igtownsh ir e c onta ins t he d ensest c oncentrat ion o f r ound c a irns. W ith 1 54 s ites w it h in 1 200 s q kms ( 1 s ite t o 8 s q kms) i t c ontrasts s trong ly w ith K irkcudbr ightsh ire wh ich h as 15 s ites i n 2 400 s q kms ( 1:2 1 s q kms) a nd D umfr iessh ire w ith 1 9 4 s ites i n 2 900 s q kms ( 1:3 1 s q kms) . D ifferences o f t h is magn itude c anno t b e e xp la ined b y a ny more r ecent a ct iv ity a nd o ne must, t herefore , c onc lude t hat t h is p redom inant ly wester ly d is tr ibution i s a d irect r esu lt o f f unerary a ct iv ity i n t he B ronze Age. J ust a s t he s ite c oncentrat ions a re i mportant s o a re t he l arge b lank a reas u pon t he d istr ibut ion map. ( The sma ll l oca l d ifferences a re e xam ined i n more d e ta il i n a s er ies o f a rea s urveys i nc luded w ith t he c ata logue.) The pauc ity o f c a irns i n E D umfr iessh ire c annot b e e nt ire ly d ue t o agr icu ltura l a ct iv ity s ince t he a rea i s p redom inant ly u ncu lt ivated a nd o ther s it es , n o tab ly s tone c irc les , have s urv ived r e lat ive ly we l I ( Bur l 1 976). I t s eems t hat t he a bsence o f c a irns i n t h is e aster ly a rea i s a g enuine f eature o f t he o r ig ina l d istr ibut ion, a nd t hat t he c ontrast w ith t he c oncentrat ions o f t hese s ites i n t he W i s a r ea l r ef lect ion o f p rehistor ic a ct iv ity. I n o ther a reas t he pauc ity o f s ites c an b e a ttr ibuted t o t he i nhosp itab le n ature o f t he t erra in. T he most n otab le e xamp les o f t h is o ccur i n t he h igh lands o f K irkcudbr ightsh ire , i n t he p eat-f lows o f W igtownsh i re , a nd i n t he NW u p lands o f D umfr iessh ire. I n h istor ic t imes t hese a reas h ave n ever b een p opu lated b y more t han a h andfu l o f i nd ividua ls e ven i n t he y ears p reced ing r ura l d epopu lat ion dur ing t he 1 9th c entury a nd i mprovements. N ot o n ly t he e v idence f rom c a irns b ut a lso t hat f rom o ther monuments o f a ll p er iods wou ld s uggest t hat a l ow p opu lat ion was a lso a f eature o f t hese a reas i n e ar l i er t imes. Two b lank a reas i n W igtownsh ire c annot b e s o r ead ily e xp la ined. The a reas o f t he c entra l Rh inns a nd R yan/Luce d epress ion n ear S tranraer , a nd t he S part o f t he Wh i t horn p en insu lar SW o f N ewton S tewart a re b oth l owlying a nd q u ite i ntens ive ly c u ltivated, s o a gr icu lture c ou ld h ave r emoved s ome o f t he s ites. T h is a lone s eems a n i nadequate e xp lanat ion, f or t here i s a lso a n o tab le a bsence o f t he t ype o f f inds ( eg c ists , u rns , e tc) wh ich c u lt ivat ion t ends t o r evea l. I f i n f act t he I a ck o f s ites i s a n a ccurate r ef lect ion o f f unerary a ct iv ity t hen i t i s d iff icu lt t o f ind a n a cceptab le e xp lanat ion. D r ift g eo logy a nd t opography may b e r e levant f actors. A lt hough t he R yan/ L uce d epress ion h as b ecome a r ich f arm ing a rea t h is i s l arge ly d ue t o e xtens ive d ra inage p rogrammes. O r ig ina lly l arge a reas w ere marshy a nd t here a re s t ill c ons iderab le p eat f ormat ions a t West F reugh. P erhaps t he d epos its o r b ou lder c lay o n t he Wh it horn p eninsu la s upported d ense f orest wh ich s im ilar ly d e terred f unerary a ct iv ity. G reat c aut ion s hou ld b e e xerc ised w ith t hese s uggest ions f or i n t he R eg ion a s a who le t he e vi dence i s c ontrad ictory. Wh i l e t he r a ised b each d epos its o f t he Ryan/Luce d epress ion were a vo ided, s im ilar d epos its n ear N ewton S tewart were a pparent ly f avoured. The b ou lder c lay a nd u ndu lat ing t opography o f t he Wh it horn p eninsu la i s a lso f ound 3 9

• • •4 t•

•

•

4 0

a nd G alloway .

i n S K irkcudbr ightsh ire where a r e lat ive ly l arge n umber o f s it es have b een l ocated. N o e asy s o lut ion c an b e f ound t o exp la in t h is , but d iffer ing l oca l c ond it ions p erhaps r e lat ing t o more g enera l n on-funerary c ons iderat ions ( eg s e tt lement o r ear ly agr icu lture) may have b een i mportant. Topography

t he

An e xtreme ly w ide var iety c a irn b u ilders a nd part ly f or

o f t opography was s e lected b y t h is r eason a ttempts t o d ef ine

l ocat iona I c ategor ies a re r ather u nsat isfactory. N everthe less i t i s p oss ib le t o r ecognise s evera l g roups o f s ites w ith c erta in t opographica l s im ilar it ies. The most o bv ious g roup a re c a irns b uilt o n h illtops. l t mus t b e r emembered t hat w ith in t h is g roup a re n o t o n ly t he c a irns Ii ke D oug las Ca irn ( SK 5 4), o n t he s umm it o f C r iffe l H ill, and t hose o n t he t op o f Ca irnsmoor o f F leet ( WK 2 1 a nd 2 2) o ver 6 00m OD , b ut a lso c a irns o n much sma ller h ills a s a t Car lochan c a irn ( SK 4 4) and H igh Banks c a irns ( SK 3 2 a nd 3 3) . t must b e adm itted t hat s evera l o f t he v ery h igh c a irns a re d oubtful a nd t h is r a ises t he w ider q uest ion o f t he a uthent ic ity o f t hese d ramat ic b ut l ess a ccess ib le s ites. I t has l ong b een t he p ract ice o f c l i mbers t o e rect c a irns upon t he s umm its o f t he h igher h ills and t h is c ou ld a ccount f or s ome o f t he h ighest s ites. I n a ppearance f ew o f t hese a re i mmed iate ly c onv inc ing but t he t rad it ion t hat t hey a re ' anc ient b ur ia l c a irns' a nd t he n o tes i n t he O .N.B. i n t he O rdnance S urvey mean t hey c anno t b e e xc luded. N one o f t hese h igh c a irns has b een e xcavated, s o p os it ive p roof i s , a s y et, l ack ing. I f i ndeed t hey were b uilt i n t he s econd m illenn ium BC t hen t hey r epresent a c ons iderab le e xpenditure o f e ffor t by t he e ar lier B ronze Age p opu lat ion. The o ther h illtop s ites a re g enera lly more r ead ily a ccess ib le. G lac ia l h illocks , e spec ia lly i n S K irkcudbr ightsh ire and t he R h inns o f Ga l l oway were part icu lar ly p opu lar b ut s o t oo were s ome l arger h i II s. N umerous e xamp les c an b e q uoted f rom t he t op o f Mochrum F e l I ( EL 2 9) a nd Ca i r nerzean F e l I ( WL 5 9) i n t he W t o H o l ma ins Moor ( WD 5 4 ) i n t he E . A l I h illtop c a irns h ave an o bv ious c haracter ist ic i n c ommon n otab ly t hat t hey a re v is ib le f rom a c ons iderab le d istance , o f ten s tand ing o ut aga inst t he s ky line. T h is may have b een an i mportant c ons iderat ion i n t he ir l ocat ion, a nd a d es ire t o c ons truct c a irns i n p rom inent p os it ions may e xp la in t he p opu lar ity o f h illtops wh ich i n f act a ccount f or 2 0% o f k nown c a irn l ocat ions. A sma ll g roup o f c a irns wh ich s hou ld, p erhaps , b e i nc luded w ith h illtop c a irns has a lso b een i dent if ied. T h is c ompr ises c airns c onstructed j ust o ff t he s umm it, u sua lly o n t he o r SW s ide. I n most c ases , a s a t Wee Ca irn ( WL 1 2) a nd R oyach C a irn ( WD 3 7), t he s umm it i s a lready o ccup ied b y a no ther c airn. T h is m ight i mp ly t hat t he l ower c a irn s ucceeded t he h illtop s ite. I n o ther i nstances , f or e xamp le a t Wh ite C a irn, C orr idow ( NK 9 ), where t here i s a n em inent h illtop a va ilab le l ess t han 1 00m away, t he c ho ice o f a l ess p rom inent l ocat ion i s n ot i mmed iate ly e xp licab le. A t t he o ppos ite e nd o f t he l ocat iona l s ca le t here i s a s ma ll n umber o f s ites u pon va lley f loors. T hese vary i n a lt itude f rom l ess t han 3 0m OD t o a l most 2 30m OD a t Cau l ds id e B urn (WK 3 0 a nd 3 1 ) but a l I a re e ssent ia lly l owlying i n 4 1

r e lat ion t o h illtop s ites r easons e lus ive ,

t he s urround ing t opography. in c ontrast t o t hey a re g enera lly n ot i n p rom inent p os itions.

f or but

t he s e lect ion o f t hree o bservat ions

t hese l owlying may b e r e levant.

t he T he

l ocat i ons a re F irst ly, i t i s

n ot iceab le t hat w ith a f ew e xcept ions ( Ca irn MacNe i IIi e WL 3 7; S toanfreggan NK 8 ; H o lm o f Da lqua irn NK 1; and s ome o f t he p oss ib le s ites i dent if ied by J ohnstone i n t he D umfr ies b as in ( Dobie g roups

1 958) ) a l most a ll t he l owlying and va lley s ites o ccur i n ( see append ix 3 ). The most n otab le are a t Mossknowe

( ED 1 9-23), Lochmannoch ( SK 1 1-13), Auchencairn ( SK 3 6-38), Cau I d s ide and G lenquicken ( WK 2 6-28 , 3 0 and 3 1 ), a nd M innigaff

( SK

1-14). 1

These

s ites

a ccount

f or

8 0% o f

known

l ow-

l ying o r va lley f loor c a irns. The o r igina l t otal may have b een g reater s ince c u ltivation i n t hese a reas has been p articu lar ly i ntens ive. H owever , both c o llect ions o f c a irns a nd s o l i tary e xamp les wou ld b e wou ld appear va lid.

e qua lly

t hreatened

and

s o

t he

o bservat ion

S econd ly, s evera I o f t hese g roups a re c lose t o s tone c irc les, e spec ia lly t he t ype w ith a c entra l s tone , wh ich s eem t o have p rovided s ome s ort o f f oca l p o int f or t he f unerary ca irns. F ina lly, i t s hou ld b e r emembered t hat while t hese s ites are n o t i n e spec ia lly p rom inent p os itions , r a ised g round s uch a s a p iece o f o utcropping r ock, a sma ll g lac ia l mound, o r a r iver t errace was o ften p referred, where p oss ib le , t o a c omple te ly l eve l s ite. The vast major ity o f i nd ividua l c a irns f a l I b e tween t hese upper and l ower e xtremes and a re p os it ioned i n a t remendous ly w ide var iety o f l ocat ions. As s hown i n t he a rea s urveys t he o n ly f actor which s eems c ommon t o most s ites i s t he c ho ice o f ' ra ised l ocat ions'. The ir s ituations f a l I i nto many t ypes b ut s ome a re more c ommon t han o thers and, t herefore , may h ave b een r egarded a s e spec ia lly s uitab le. R idges o f h igh ground were Moor

r egu lar ly u sed and e xamp les c an ( WD 5 1, 5 2 and 5 3), White Ca irn,

L och ( WK 1 8), C orbe l I y Gubh i II R ig ( WD 3 2), number

o f

s ites

N orth ( SK 5 2), Corbe l I y S outh ( SK 5 1), and N ether D od ( WD 2 9) . T he sma l I

upon

l ess

i mpos ing

i nc luded, part icu lar ly d r ift, f or e xamp le ,

t hose upon D rumwhirn

p rom inence

t hese

w ith

t he

o f

many

h illtop

o f

c airns

b e c ited a t Rockha l I above C I a tter ingshaws

t he ( EL

s ites

s ince

t hey

t hey

r idges l onger 2 1 ). c an

c an

p erhaps

c erta in ly

a lso

kno l I s o f B ecause b e

d isplay

b e

g lac ia l o f t he i nc luded

t he

s ame

v isua l

e ffect, o ften s tand ing o ut against t he h or izon. A s im ilar appearance i s s ome ti mes a chieved b y o ther s ites. These s o-ca lled ' fa lse-crested' c a irns a re quite nu merous and i nc lude s ome v ery i mpress ive s ites , most notab ly Cra igengi It an c a irn ( NK 1 0) i n t he U pper K en va lley. f ine e xamp les e xist a t Barndennoch ( NK 1 3) a nd Auchen I ai r ie

( WK

3 4) . Fa lse-crested

s ites

t end

t o

O ther H igh

o ccur

upon

f lattish b reaks i n a h ill s lope which a l l ow t heir d istinctive appearance , but t his a lso means t hat much o f t he v isua l i mpact i s l ost when v iewed f rom a h igher p os ition o r f rom a n oblique ang le. F or t his r eason i t i s p oss ib le t hat s evera l o ther cairns s hould a ll

b e

s ites

i nc luded f rom

e xhaustive Ii st. The l argest upon s ites

a ll

i n

t h is

ang les

and

most

c ategory i t

i s

var iab le

r ocky kno lls o r mounds o f a re f ound t hroughout t he 4 2

but

w ithout

i mposs ib le g roup

g lac ia l R egion,

t o

a pproaching p roduce

c ons ist

o f

a n

cairns

t i ll o r grave l. These f rom t he u p lands o f

Dumfr iessh ire ( eg T om's Knowe c a irn, ED 5 ) t o t he l ow lands o f W ig townsh i r e ( eg S p itta l C roft, EW 1 4) . They d o n ot o ccupy s uch i mpos ing p os it ions a s t he s umm it, n ear s umm it, a nd c rested s ites but t here c an b e n o d oubt t hat t he s e lect ion o f t hese l ocat ions made t he most o f t he s ite a nd added c ons iderab ly t o t he v isua l i mpact. C erta in ly t he i mpress ion o f s ize a nd h e ight i s e nhanced when a n a r t if ic ia l c a irn o f wh ite s tones i s c onstructed o n an e x ist ing g reen mound. O ther t ypes o f c a irn l ocat ion d o n ot f a ll e as ily i nto c ategor ies. A c ons iderab le n umber o f c a irns a re f ound o n t he more l eve l p ort ions o f h ill s ides b ut s uch vague d escr ipt ions are o f l i tt le h e lp. O thers o ccur u pon s li ght p romontor ies pro ject ing f rom h ill s ides wh ile s ome , f or e xamp le R ob G ill's c a irn ( ED 1 8), a re mere ly u pon t he h ighest p o int o n g enera lly l eve l o r g ent ly u ndu lat ing g round. The var ie ty o f l ocations i s c onfus ing b ut t h is i s a l most c erta in ly a r ef lect ion o f t he var iab le t opography o f Dumfr ies and Ga lloway. The o ne o utstand ing, u nifying f actor wh ich c an b e r ecognised i n a ll but a v ery sma ll n umber o f l owly ing s ites i s t he s e lect ion o f r a ised p os it ions. Whatever t he f unerary r ite o r c u ltura l a ssoc iat ions , t h is c haracter ist ic must emphas ise t he v isua l i mportance o f f unerary c a irn c ons truct ion. Re lat ionsh ip

b etween

r ound ca irns

( append ix

3 )

Throughout most o f Dumfr ies a nd Ga lloway t he d istr ibut ion o f r ound c a irns wou ld b e b est d escr ibed a s d ispersed ( f ig 1). The d egree o f d ispersa l var ies f rom t he v ery s cattered d istr ibution i n s outhern and n orthern K irkcudbr ightsh ire t o t he more c oncentrated g roupings b etween t he R ivers Annan a nd N ith. Even i n W igtownshire t he s ites a re s t ill r e lat ive ly s cattered c ons ider ing t he n umber c oncentrated w ith in a s ing le a rea Ii ke East L uce o r a round t he Water o f Luce. S uch a d istr ibution pattern a rgues aga inst t he i dea o f s pec ia l r itua l areas and r ather f avours t he c oncept o f c a irns s cattered t hroughout g enera l a reas o f s ett lement. H owever , s ince t he o vera ll d istr ibut ion i s d ispersed t he sma ll number o f c a irn c oncentrat ions s tand o ut a ll t he more. l t i s i mportant t o r ecognise t hat n one o f t hese c oncentrat ions i s e spec ia lly c lose ly g rouped. O ften t he monuments a re s eparated by s evera l h undred metres but i n t he c ontext o f t he who le R eg ion e ven t he c a irns o n, f or e xamp le , Ca irnerzean/ Ca irncarrow, s pread o ver 3 kms , c ou ld c onst itute a g roup. B ecause o f t h is w ide s pac ing i t wou ld n o t b e c orrect t o t h ink o f t hese c a irn g roups a s c emetery s ites para lle l t o t hose i n Wessex ( eg N ormanton D own ) . B e tter para lle ls e x ist e lsewhere i n S cot land - m ost n o tab ly a t K il mar t in i n A rgy ll. E ven h ere , where 9 c a irns a re s pread o ver 4 kms , t he t erm ' ceme tery wou ld s eem m isp laced. l t wou ld b e more r ea list ic t o t h ink i n t erms o f f avoured a reas r ather t han p laces s pec if ica lly s et apart

f or b ur ia l. There a re a t most 8 g roups o f 4 o r more c a irns. T ogether t hey c onta in 4 7 c a irns , u nder 1 1% o f t he t ota l, s o t hat wh ile t hese a re i mportant f rom a f unerary p o int o f v iew, t hey o n ly r epresent a sma ll part o f t he t ota l c a irn b ur ia l a ct iv ity. Apart f rom t he ir o bv ious p rox im ity t o o ne a nother t here i s n o th ing t o d ist inguish t hese c a irns f rom o thers i n t he R eg ion. S uperf ic ia lly a t l east t hey appear much t he s ame a nd most a re 4 3

u pon l ow moor land a nd up land pas ture i n t he s or t o f r a ised p os it ions where i nd ividua l c a irns a re r egu lar ly r ecorded. I n many o f t he u p land g roups ( eg Gaw in Moor , WD 3 3-38) s ome o f t he c a irns a re i ntery i s ib l e a nd i t may b e t hought t hat t h is was a c onsc ious d ec is ion b y B ronze Age man. A d es ire f or i ntery i s ib l e c a irns c ou ld p erhaps p rov i de a n e xp lanat ion f or s ome o f t he c a irn g roups but s ince r a ised p os it ions were u sua lly c hosen a nyway, i nterv is ib ility may have b een n o more t han a f ortu itous c onsequence o f c onstruct ing c a irns i n more p rom inent p laces. Two c a irn g roups a t Mossknowe ( ED 2 0-23) a nd M inn i gaff ( WK 1 115) a re d ist inct ly l owlying a nd i n f act t h is marks t hem a part f rom o ther c a irn g roups a nd f rom t he g enera l c a irn d istr ibut ion. A lt hough c a irn g roups i n Lanarkshire and o ther p arts o f t he B orders h ave b een r ecorded ( eg RCAHM 1 978 , N os 3 1 a nd 3 3) o n ly t hose i n A rgyll s eem t o o ccupy t he s ame s ort o f l ow g round. I n add ition t o t he l arge c oncentrat ions t here a re n umerous g roups o f 2 o r 3 c a irns mak i ng a t ota l o f 6 6 s ites. T hese g roups d isp lay t he s ame v ar ie ty o f l ocat ions b ut a lt hough t here a re s ome s ites a t q u ite h igh a lt itudes most o ccur u pon r e lat ive ly l owlying g round , part icu lar ly t he g roups o f 3 c a irns ( eg Auchenca irn, S K 3 6-8 a nd May, EL 2 5-7). I f a ll t he c a irn g roups a re c ons idered t oge ther t hey c ompr ise 2 9% o f t he t o ta l c a irns i n D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway. C lear ly t h is r epresents a s ign if icant p roport ion a nd, i n s ome ways , p rov ides a c ontrast t o t he o vera l I d ispersed d istr ibut ion pattern. T his wou ld s eem t o s uggest a d egree o f c ont inu ity i n c er ta in a reas b ut whe ther t h is r epresents r epeated u se b y t he s ame f am ily o r t r iba l g roup c an o n ly b e s pecu lat ion i n t he absence o f more e xcavat ion. S evera l o f t he g roups o f c a irns e xh ib it an i nterest ing a nd , a s y e t, u nexp la ined d eta il. A t Gaw in Moor ( WD 3 5 a nd 3 6), L ochmannoch ( SK 1 and 1 2), C a irn K inna ( WK 1 and 2 ), Carscreugh ( WL 2 6-28) and p erhaps L ow Moor ( EL 3 2-34) a sma ll c a irn, l ess t han 5 .0m i n d iame ter , i s l ocated c lose t o a l arger s ite o f more u sua l d i mens ions. I n s ome i nstances , most n otab ly a t L ochmannoch, a g ood c ase c ou ld b e made f or d ism iss ing t he sma ller c a irn a s a p ile o f r ecent f ie ld-c learance s tone b ut a ga in e xcavat ion a lone c an p rov ide t he n ecessary e v idence. T o date , i t i s o n ly p oss ib le t o r ecord t h is o bservat ion. S ome c a irn g roups a re s ituated c lose t o o ther s ubstant ia l monuments p art icu lar ly s tone c irc les a nd l ong c a irns. T he p oss ib ility t hat r ound c a irns were o ccas iona lly f ocused u pon t hese monuments h as b een ment ioned ( p. 4 2 ) b ut a c ompar ison b e tween c a irn g roups , i so lated c a irns , a nd o ther monuments s hows a no ther i nterest ing l ocat iona I c haracter ist ic. I n o n ly t wo i nstances , a t G lenterrow ( WL 1 0) and Ca irnho ly ( WK 3 5), i s a s ing le r ound c a irn s ituated c lose t o a nother monument. A l I o ther j uxtapos it ions o f t h is s ort a re b e tween s tone c irc les o r l ong c a irns a nd t wo o r more r ound c a irns. The c a irn g roups a t Cau lds ide ( WK 3 0-3 1), G lenquicken ( WK 2 6-29), L ochmannoch ( SK 1 1-12), a nd T orhousk ie ( EW 1 618) a re a ll n ear s tone c irc les , wh i l e t hose a t M id G len i ron ( WL 3 3-35 ), S t idr iggs ( WD 5 9-6 1), D rannandow ( WK 7 a nd 8 ) and p erhaps W indy Edge ( ED 1 112) a re c lose t o l ong c a irns. T he i mp licat ions o f

t his 4 4

a re

d iff icu lt

t o

e va luate

f or

c lear ly c a irn g roups e x ist where n o s tone c irc le o r l ong c a irn has been r ecorded, and many o f t hese o ther monuments -indeed t he major ity - e x ist w ith n o r ound c airn n earby. Why t hen d o s uch a l arge p orport i on o f r ound c a irn g roups appear t o b e f ocused upon t hese o ther t ypes o f monument when i so lated r ound c a irns d emonstrate n o s uch l ocat iona I Ii nks a t a ll? l t wou ld s eem t hat i n c erta in a reas o r a t c erta in p er iods w it hin t he B ronze Age t hese o ther monuments h e ld a r ather s pec ia l a ttraction f or t he c a irn builders. l t i s e asy t o s ee s tone c irc les a s c entres f or s ome r itua l a ctiv ity and p erhaps t he add ition o f t wo o r more bur ia l c a irns marks an e xtens ion o f t he r it ua l r ather Ii ke t he c reat ion o f a g raveyard a round a Chr ist ian c hurch. The p roxi m ity o f s ome r ound c a irns t o l ong c a irns c ould i mp ly a c ont inuity o f f unerary a ct iv ity w ith in t he s ame area. N everthe less t he f act r ema ins t hat t hese l ocat iona I a ssoc iat ions a re n ot c ommon and any c onc lus ions , n o matter h ow t entat ive , t he area.

c annot

b e

app lied

4 5

t o

t he

major ity

o f

c airns

i n

C H A P T E R Ca irn

l ocat ion

and

5

t he u se o f s tat istics

T opograph ica l a spects o f c a irn l ocat ion have a lready b een e xam ined but t here a re o ther l ocat iona l c haracter is t ics wh ich must a lso b e c ons idered. The r e lat ionship b e tween r ound c a irns a nd a lt itude , s lope , a spect, s o l i d and d r ift g eo logy a re e spec ia lly i mportant. U n like t opography t hese f eatures are a ll measurab le a nd t herefore Ii m ited u se o f e lementary s tatist ica l t echniques i s a ppropr iate. Th is i s n ot s o much t o p rov ide n ew a nswers b ut r ather t o q uant ify and c heck t he data u pon wh ich c onc lus ions m ight b e based. S tat ist ics a re o f part icu lar use i n c ompar ing t he ' observed f requenc ies' ( 0) w ith wh ich ca irns o ccur , i n r e lat ion t o a natura l phenomenon, w ith t he ' expected f requenc ies' ( E). These c an b e d ef ined a s t he n umber o f ca irns o ne wou ld e xpect t o f ind w ith in a s pec if ic a rea o f l and -b e i t o f a c erta in a lt itude , s lope , g eo logy, e tc , i f t hat c haracter is t ic had n ot e ffected t he c a irn d istr ibut ion. Thus t he e xpected f requency ( E) o f c a irns f or a ny g iven a rea i s propor t iona l t o l t he s ize o f t hat a rea. Th is i s b est i lustrated by a n e xa mp le. I f 7 0% o f t he l and were b e low 3 00m OD o ne wou ld ' expect' 7 0% o f t he s ites t o o ccur i n t hese a reas. I f t h is s hou ld b e o bserved t hen o ne c ou ld a ssume t hat a lt itude was o f l i tt le s ignif icance w ith in t hese t erms o f r eference. I f , h owever , 9 0% o f s i tes were o bserved i n t hese a reas t h is s uggests t hat t hese a ltitudes were f avoured. By t he s ame t oken, i f o n ly 4 0% o f s ites were t o f a ll i n t hese a reas i t wou ld s eem t hat t hey h ad b een avo ided. Thus t he d ifference b etween o bserved ( 0 ) and e xpec ted ( E) f requenc ies i s o f much g reater u se i n a ssess ing t he i nf luence o f n atura l c haracter ist ics upon c a irn d istr ibut ion t han abso lute va lues a lone. I n o rder t o c a lcu late t he ' E' f requenc ies i t i s n ecessary, f irst, t o quant ify t he R eg ion i n t erms o f t he natura l c haracter ist ics u sed. I n part icu lar t h is means c a lcu lat ing t he a rea o f l and o f any g iven c haracter ist ic; f or e xamp le , w ith r egard t o d r ift g eo logy o ne must e stab l i sh t he p ropor t ions o f l and c overed b y s and a nd g rave l, b ou lder c lay, a lluvium , r a ised b each a nd b lown s and d epos its , a nd t he l and w ith n o d r ift d epos its. The most c onvenient way o f d o ing t h is i s b y r andom s amp ling a s o ut lined b y R e id ( 1972). A lthough t here i s a l ways t he r isk o f i naccuracy d ue t o t he s tandard d ev iat ion t h is was k ept t o a m in imum b y t aking o ver 5 00 s amp les. I t has b een a rgued t hat t he t hree o ld c ounty a reas wh ich make up t he R eg ion f orm qu ite d ist inct g eograph ica l units and f or t h is r eason t he s amp les f rom t he d ifferent c ount i es h ave b een kept s eparate. Th is a llows t he e vi dence f or e ach c ounty t o b e c ons idered s eparate ly a nd t hus t he l arge n umber o f s ites i n W igtownsh ire n eed n ot s wamp t he who le R eg ion a nd d istor t t he o vera ll p icture. I n c ompar ing 0 and E f requenc ies much u se i s made o f t he

X2

t est:

f o llow ing

t he

f ormu la

X 2= 20E E) 2

a va lue f or

X2

i s

o bta ined. Th is c an t hen b e c ompared w ith t he r e levant s tat ist ica l t ab le ( eg Murdoch a nd Barnes 1 970 , t ab le 8 ) wh ich g ives t he p robab ility t hat t he r e lat ionsh ip b e tween t he c airn d istr ibut ion and t he natura l c haracter ist ic c oncerned i s d ue t o c hance.

I f

t he

p robab ility

i s 4 6

l ow

(l ess

t han

0 .0 1 ) t hen

i t

DU MF R IESSH I RE

K IRKCUDBR I GHTSHIRE

1 1 1 1

di

Li

WIGT OV VNSH IRE

TOTALS

« m

at_

I IM

,

• II

1 52

3 05

4 57

6 10

7 62

5 00

1 000

1 500

2000

2500

ALTI T U D E

F ig 1 2: A lt itude f requenc ies . 4 7

me tres f eet

TOTAL AREA A lt i tude ( x 1 00 f to r 3 0 .5 m )

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1+

1 0

O bse rved c a irn f r equenc ie s

1 8

5 5

4 7

3 3

4 5

2 8

3 2

2 0

2 0

2 0

5

1

E xpec ted c a i rn f r equenc ie s

2 3

4 0

3 7

2 8

3 0

2 3

2 5

3 0

1 7

2 0

1 3

4 8

1 . 1

5 .6

2 .7

0 .9

7 . 5

1 . 1

2 .0

3 . 3

0 .5

0

4 .9

2 8 .5

( 0 E) 2 E

( 0 -E )

_

58 .1 w i th 1 1 d f

P robab i l i ty o fl e s s t han 0 .001 t ha tr e la t ion sh ip i sd ue t o c hance , t herefore s i gn if icant .

DUMFR IESSH IRE

(

-

A l t i tude ( x 1 00 f to r 3 0 .5 m )

0

1

-

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

-

1 0

1+

-

O bse rved c a i rn f r equenc ies

3

8

3

3

3

4

5

8

1 3

1 6

3

7

E xpected c a irn f r equenc ie s

4

5

5

4

5

5

5

9

5

6

5

1 8

0 .3

1 . 8

0 .8

0 .3

0 .8

0 .2

0

0 .1

0 .8

6 . 7

( 0 -E) 2 E ( 0 -E)

1 2 .8 1 6 .7

P robab i l i ty o fl e s t han 0 s . 001 t ha tr e la t ion sh ip i sd ue t o c hance , t he refore s i gn i f icant .

-4 1 .3 w ith 1 1 d f

K IRKCUDBR IGHTSH IRE A l t i tude

0

00 f to r 3 0 .5 m ) ( x1

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

-

,

1 0

9

8

-

-

1+ ,

Obse rved c a i rn f r equenc ie s

7

2 0

9

7

1 7

1 2

1 6

6

5

4

2

4

E xpected c a i rn f r equenc ie s

6

8

1 4

1 2

1 1

1 0

1 0

1 1

6

7

3

1

0 .2

1 8

1 .8

2 . 1

3 . 3

0 .4

3 .6

2 . 3

0 .2

1 . 3

0 .3

4 . 5

( 0 -E) E ( 0 -E )

P robab i l i ty o fl e s t han 0 .001 t ha tr e la t ion sh ip s i sd ue t o c hance , t he refore s i gn i f icant .

38 .0 w i th 1 1 d f

W IGTOWNSH IRE

o

1

Obse rved c a irn f r equenc ie s

8

E xpec ted c a i rn f r equenc ie s

2 4

A l t itude ( x 1 00 f to r 3 0 .5 m )

3

4

5

6

2 7

3 5

2 3

2 5

1 2

1 1

8

5 1

2 7

1 2

1 5

8

9

3

1 0 .7

E

2 .0

0 .4

8 . 3

>

( 0

E )

1 1 3.

2

-

-

-

( 0 -E 2

7 +

2

2 .4

1 0

6 .7

s P robab i l i ty o fl e s t han 0 .001 t ha tr e la t ion sh ip i sd ue t o c hance , t he refore s i gn if ican t .

=5 1 .9 w i th 7d f

F ig 1 3: X ' t est o f a lt itude f requenc ies . 4 8

wou ld s eem t hat t he part icu lar natura l c haracter ist ic i s s ign if ic ant t o c a irn d istr ibut ion. It i s , h owever , c ruc ia l t o r emember est i s a t est o f s tat ist ica lly s ign if icant r e lat iont hat t he X2 t s h ip - it d oes n ot g ive a ny i nd icat ion o f c ausa lity, a nd i ndeed t he r esu lts must a lways b e c hecked a ga inst c ommon s ense. Ca irns

and A lt itude

( f igs

1 213)

The f requency w ith wh ich c a irns o ccur a lt itudes i s i lustrated d iagrammat ica lly ( f ig 1 2) . l t hat most c a irns o ccur a t t he l ower a lt itudes a nd 6 0% a re b e tween 3 0-152 OD. Th is c erta in ly s eems d ist inct p reference f or t he l owerly ing p os it ions b ut

a t var ious T h is s hows i ndeed o ver t o i mp ly a b efore a ny

s uch s tatement c an b e made w ith c onvict ion, o bserved and e xpected c a irn f requenc ies s hou ld b e c ompared. B o th f requenc ies have been g iven i n f ig 1 3. When t he X2 t est i s a pp lied t he r esu lts i nd icate t hat t he p robab ility t hat t he d ifference b e tween t he o bserved and e xpected f requency i s d ue t o c hance i s l ess t han 0 .00 1 ( 0.0% o r 1 i n 1 000), l e t he d ifference i s s ignif icant a nd , t herefore , a lt itude has a s ign if icant r e lat ionsh ip w ith c a irn d istr ibut ion. G iven t h is , i t i s n ecessary t o r e turn t o t he f requency t ab les t o t ry t o e stab l i sh a l i tt le more d eta il. C lear ly t he h igher a lt itudes were r e lat ive ly u npopu lar a nd t h is s hou ld p erhaps b e emphas ised s t ill more , f or u p land s ites w ill have s uffered l ess f rom t he d estruct ive i nf luences o f r ecent a gr icu lture. The l arger n umber o f c a irns i n W igtownsh ire , o n t he o ther hand, s eems t o r ef lect t he p opu lar ity o f l owerlying a reas. H owever , t here may have b een o ther r easons f or t he p opu lar ity o f W igtownsh ire a nd i t i s t herefore w ise t o app ly t he s ame X2 t est t o t he t hree c ount ies s eparate ly. I n e ach c ase a lt itude emerges a s a s ignif icant f actor a nd i n t he c ount ies o f D umfr iessh ire and K irkcudbr ightsh ire t he h igher a lt itudes above 35m OD a re s t ill r e lat ive ly u nfavoured. 3 I n a n a ttempt t o i ntroduce a l i tt le s oph ist icat ion i nto t he a na lys is a nother X2 t est was t r ied. I n t h is t he s eem ing ly u npopu lar l and a bove 3 35m OD was e xc luded s o t he t ests o n ly a pp ly t o t he l ower g round. Thus , wh i l e t he o bserved f requenc ies r ema in t he s ame t he e xpected f requenc ies c hange a nd by c ompar ing t he t wo i t i s p oss ib le t o d e term ine whether est a lt itude c hanges a re s ign if icant b e low 3 35m OD. T he X2 t was app lied t o t he f requenc ies f rom t he who le R eg ion a nd t hen t o t he f requenc ies i n D umfr iessh ire a nd K irkcudbr ightsh ire ( W igtownsh i re was om itted a s a ll t he l and i s b e low 3 35m OD a nd t herefore t he p rev ious a na lys is was s t ill va lid) a nd aga in c hanges i n a ltitude p roved s ignif icant, e ven w ith in t h is l ower a nd sma ll r ange . C ompar ing t he f requenc ies f or t he t o ta l R eg ion i s n ot e spec ia lly i nformat ive s ince i t ama lgamates f requenc ies f rom 3 t opograph ica lly d ifferent a reas and i s s omewhat d istorted by t he h igh c a irn f requenc ies i n W igtownsh i re. When t he c a irns i n W igtownsh ir e a re c ons idered a lone t here s eems t o b e a d ist inct p reference f or l and above 6 1 m OD b ut t his b ecomes l ess marked above 1 52m OD. The d ist inct l ack o f s ites b e low 6 1 m OD c ou ld b e a r ef lect ion o f t wo p oss ib ly r e lated f actors. F irst ly, i n W igtownsh ire most c u lt ivated g round i s b e low 6 1m OD a nd many s ites c ou ld t herefore have b een r emoved. S econd ly , t he Wh it horn p en insu la, where s carce ly a ny 4 9

c a irns

a re

r ecorded,

i s

a l most

a ll

b e low

6 1m

OD

a nd

t his

a rea

c ompr ises a s ubstantia l part o f t he c ounty. I t i s a persona l o pinion t hat n e it her o f t hese s uggest ions wou ld b e s uff ic ient o n t he ir own, but t ogether t hey may p rovide a r easonab le i f r ather c ircu lar e xp lanat ion! The d ecreas ing i mpor tance o f l and above 1 52m OD s eems t o r ef lect t he l ack o f s it es o n t he h igh moor land o f W igtownshire which has a lready b een n o ted. The f requency d iagram f or K irkcudbr ightshire ( f ig 1 2) i s more d iff icu lt t o i nterpret. Aga in f ew s ites are f ound o n t he h igher g round above 1 83m OD and t his p robab ly r ef lects a r ea l f eature o f t he o r igina l d istr ibut ion. A t l o wer a lt itudes t he pattern i s c onfus ing and e rrat ic w ith a h igh pos it ive c orre lat ion b etween c a irns and a lt itudes o f 3 0-61 m OD but w ith f ew s ites b etween 6 1m and 1 22m OD. N ot t oo much i mpor tance s hou ld b e a ttached t o t h is f luctuation f or i t may o nly r esu lt f rom d ifferent ia l p reservat ion w ith in t he l ower and more i ntens ive ly c u ltivated f arm land. The p opu lar it y o f t he 3 0-6 1m OD a ltitudes p robab ly r ef lects t he r e lat ive ly l arge nu mber o f c a irns s hire.

i dent if ied

i n

l ow,

d rum l i n

l and

o f

S outh

K irkcudbr ight-

Cairn f requenc ies f or Dumfr iesshire a re more c ons istent a lt hough t hey d iffer f rom t hose f or Ga l l o way. U nlike t he d iagrams f or K irkcudbr ightshire a nd W igtownshire c a irns i n Dumfr iessh ire a re p roport iona lly s carce a t t he l ower a ltitudes f rom 0 t o 2 44m OD and s how a d istinct p reference f or l and b etween 2 44m and 3 05m OD. I n D umfr iesshire l and a t t h is h e ight c an b est b e d escr ibed a s l ow moor land and t he f act t hat i t has n ot b een c u ltivated i n r ecent y ears c ould e xplain t he h igh number o f c a irns r ecorded. C onverse ly t he I a ck o f l ower s ites m ight r ef lect t he i ntens ive c u lt ivat ion o f t he a reas around t he c oasta l p la in and i n t he Dumfr ies , Thornhi ll , a nd Annan bas ins. J ohnson

The s ites r ecorded i n t he e ar ly 1 9th n ear Dumfr ies ( Dob ie 1 958) s erve

c entury by Thomas l t o i lustrate t hat

monuments have b een r emoved f rom t hese a reas and t he r ecord o f c a irns i s c onsequent ly d im inished ( f ig 2 7). T o c onc lude , t here i s c lear ly a s trong r e lationsh ip b etween a ltitude and c a irn d istr ibut ion. I n s pite o f t he f act t hat

a

g reater

p roportion

o f

c a irns

have

a l most

c erta in ly

s urv ived a t h igher a ltitudes t he l ower l and s till p ossesses t he most r ecorded e xamp les. I t i s i nterest ing t hat t he l and o ccupied

by

most

c a irns

b ecomes

p rogress ive ly

l ower

t owards

t he W w ith 3 05m OD marking a g enera l upper l imit i n Dumfr iessh ire , 1 83m OD i n K irkcudbr ightshire and 1 52m OD i n W igtownshire. A lthough varying c airn f requenc ies a t t he l ower a ltitudes wou ld a lso s eem t o b e s tat istica lly i mportant t h is c ou ld r esu lt more f rom t he vagar ies o f d ifferentia l p reservat ion w ith in c u ltivated a reas r ather t han f rom t he a ctivity o f Bronze Age

man.

Ca irns

and

Grad ient

Grad ients

have

b een

gauged

by

measur ing

t he

h or izonta l

d istance b etween t he c ontours above t he b e low t he s ite o n a 2 1 i nch ( 1:25 ,000) O rdnance S urvey map. The c ontours are a t 1 5.24m ( 50 f oot) i nterva ls and t he f o l l ow ing categor ies have b een

u sed:-

5 0

0 .

—A l mos t l e ve l ,

o ve r 4 00m b e tween c on tou r s

L es s t han 1 :26

1 .

V e ry g ent le s l ope ,

2 00 -400m b e tween c on tou r s

c . 1:13 a t s t eepe s t

2 .

Q u i te g ent le ,

1 00 -200m

c . 1:7

3 .

M ode rate ,

5 0 100m

c . 1:3

4 .

Q u i te s t eep ,

2 5 -50m

c . 1:1 .6

5 .

V e ry s t eep ,

l e s t han 2 5m s

o ve r 1 : 1.6

( S ites upon

h illtops e xc luded

G rad ient *

f rom

t h is e xam inat ion).

0

1

2

3

DUMFR IESSH IRE

9

2 7

1 7

3

K IRKCUDBR IGHTSH IRE

1 9

4 9

1 3

5

1

2 2

W IGTO WNSH IRE

2 0

7 1

2 5

7

—

2 6

TOTAL REGION

4 8

1 47

5 5

1 5

1

6 8

EXPECTED FRE QUENC IES FOR TOTAL REG ION

5 2

6 9

5 4

5 7

3 4

0 .3

8 .2 8

0 .0+

3 0 .9

3 2 .0

( 0 —E )2 E

>

( 0

=1 51 .4 w i th 4 d f

4

5

S u mm it 2 0

P robab i l i ty o fl e s t han 0 .001 t ha tr e la t ionsh ip s i sd ue t o c hance , t herefore s i gn if ican t .

F ig 1 4 , X ' t est o f g rad ient f requenc ies .

g iven

The i n

f requency o f f igs 1 4 and

c a irns upon 1 5 a nd t h is

t hese var ious g rad ients i s c an b e c ompared w ith t he

e xpected f requenc ies d e term ined f rom t he r andom s amp le. U s ing t he X2 t est t he g rad ient c an b e s hown t o b e a s ignif icant f actor i n c a irn d istr ibut ion. C lear ly t here i s a s trong p os it ive c orre lat ion b etween c a irns a nd g rad ient 1 , t he v ery g ent le s lopes , wh ile t he g rad ients 3 , 4 , a nd 5 a re s eem ing ly avo ided. It wou ld b e u nw ise t o a ttr ibute t oo much i mportance t o g rad ient i n c a irn d istr ibut ion i n s p ite o f t he s tat ist ica l r esu lts. Most o f t he s teepest t erra in o bv ious ly o ccurs i n a reas wh ich a re l arge ly d evo id o f c a irns b ut where o ther e xp lanat ions s uch a s a lt itude a nd t he g enera lly i nhospitab le t errain wou ld b e e qua lly, i f n o t more , s ign if icant. P ract ica l c ons iderat ion mus t a lso b e r e levant f or a s teep s lope wou ld make c a irn c onstruct ion a much more d iff icu lt o perat ion a nd t here wou ld a lways b e a t endency f or t he mater ia l t o s li p d ownhill. I n s ome c hambered t ombs ( eg Cuween H ill, Ma in land, O rkney) t he c hamber has b een s et i nto a s lop ing h ills ide wh ich t hus r educes t he amount o f s tone n eeded t o f orm a c over ing m ound, b ut t his d oes n ot s eem t o o ccur i n t he s econd m illennium BC i n D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway.

5 1

GRAD IENT

ASPE CT

40 DU MFRI E SSHI RE 3011

1

ii 4

20

W

2

3

6 1 6

1 0

1 1 1 3

0 1 2

3

4

40

5 S umm it

K IRKC UDBR I GHTSHIRE 1

30 3 20

8

7 1 9

1 0

9 1 3

1 2

c a

3

4

40

5 S um m it

VI GT O W NSHIRE

1 2

30 . n

3 20

6 1 5

1 6 1 1

20

1 0

32 1

2 3

4

5 S umm it

c a

TOTAL

RE G I ON

40 1 4 30 8 20

1 1 29

26 3 1

55

1 0

7 9

0 1 2

3

4

5 Su m m it

F ig 1 5: G rad ient a nd A spect f requencies . 5 2

E

Ca irns

and Aspect

( f igs

1 516)

I t h as l ong b een r ecogn ised t hat r ound c a irns f requent ly o ccupy s outh-fac ing s lopes. W ith o ver 3 00 c a irns r ecorded and a ccurate ly l ocated i n D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway i t i s p oss ib le t o t es t t his a ssoc iat ion. I t i s i mpor tant, h owever , t o b ear i n m ind a r e levant f eature o f t he l andscape i n t h is a rea. Ow ing t o i ts p os it ion i n t he s outh-west c orner o f S cot land most o f t he s lopes i nev itab ly f ace i n t h is d irect ion. F or t h is r eason i t i s par t icu lar ly n ecessary t o c ompare t he o bserved c a irn f requenc ies w ith t hose e xpected i f c a irns a re d istr ibuted w ithout r egard f or a spect. U s ing t he r andom s amp le t o o bta in t he propor t ions o f l and f ac ing i n var ious d irect ions t he ' expected' f requenc ies c an b e c a lcu lated.

A spect

S E

S

SW

W

NW

N

NE

—

E

No D irect ion

-

O bserved c a irn f r equenc ie s

( 0 )

3 1

7 9

5 5

2 8

8

1 4

1 1

2 9

2 1

E xpected c a irn f r equenc ie s

( E)

3 1

4 5

2 8

3 7

1 8

2 2

1 8

3 7

3 8

0—E

0

+ 34

+ 27

9

10

8

7

8

17

( 0 —E ) E

0

2 5 .6

2 6

2 .2

5 .6

2 .9

2 .7

1 .7

7 .6

' >

( 0 —E )

= 74 .3 w ith 8 df

s P robab i l i ty o f l e s t han 0 .001 t ha t r e la t ionsh ip i s d ue t o c hance , t he re s i gn if icant .

F ig 1 6 , X ' t est o f a spect f requencies .

On s evera l o ccas ions t he r andom s amp le p o ints a nd t he c a irns t hemse lves f ace t owards more t han o ne o f t he e ight bas ic c ompass p o ints u sed ( S , SW , W , NW , N , NE, E , and S E) . I n t hese i nstances t he most c entra l d irect ion has b een t aken. S ites l ocated u pon h ill t ops a nd wh ich l ook o ut i n a ll d irect ions a re e xc luded f rom t he s urvey b ut t hose wh ich f ace n owhere were i nc luded, a s a c ons iderab le n umber o f t he r andom s amp le p o ints a lso f a ll i nto t h is c ategory. The 0 a nd E f requenc ies c an b e c ompared u s ing t he X2 t est and t he r esu lt s hows a s trong r e lat ionsh ip b e tween a spect a nd c airn d istr ibut ion ( f ig 1 6). When 0 -E va lues a re e xam ined i t i s c lear t hat s outher ly and s outh-wester ly s lopes were e spec ia lly f avoured t o a much g reater e xtent t han o ne m ight e xpect mere ly f rom t he p redom i nance o f t hese s lopes i n t he a rea. C a irns and S o lid Geo logy

( f igs

1 7-18)

The f requency w ith wh ich r ound c a irns o ccur u pon t he ma in r ock t ypes i n D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway a re g iven i n f ig 1 7. M ost s ites a re upon t he g reywackes a nd s ha les o f t he O rdovic ian a nd S ilur ian r ock s equences ( Gre ig 1 97 1), b ut s ince t hese a re f ound o ver 7 6% o f t he a rea t h is i s n ot e spec ia lly 5 3

TOTAL REG ION R ock t ype *

b 1/2

b 3

Ob served c a irn f r equenc ie s

( 0 )

E xpected c a irn f r equenc ie s

( E )

b 4

b 5

b 6

d l

d4 /5

e / b

u

G

-

.

—

2

1 01

1 53

2 2

9

8

1

1 6

8

1 4

3

7 5

1 16

4 2

1 9

1 0

6

3 1

6

2 6

5

1 5

+ 2

12

4 .2

7 . 3

0 .7

5 . 5

0 -E ( 0 -E) 2 E

1

+ 26

+ 37

20

10

2

0 .3

9 .0

1 1 .8

9 . 5

5 . 3

0 .4

. _ >

( 0 -E) 2 54 .0 w i th 9d f E

P robab i l i ty o f l e s t han 0 .001 t ha tr e lat ionsh ip i s s d ue t o c hance , t he refore s i gn if ican t .

* The r ock t ype a bb rev ia t ions f o low t ho se u sed b y t he G eo log ica l S urvey u pon t he i rp ub l i shed map s . l T hey c an b e s u mmar i sed a sf o low s : l

Abbrev ia t ion

D e sc r ipt ion

P er iod -

-

b 1/2

O rdov ic ian

B lack s ha le s ,g r i t s a nd g reywacke s .

b3

O rdov ic ian

B lack s ha le s , g reywacke s , s o me c ong lomera te s a nd s o me l ime s tone s .

b 4

S i lur ian

G reywacke s , g r i t s a nd s ha le s .

b 5

S i lur ian

F laggy g r eywacke s a nd s ha le s .

b 6

S i lur ian

G reywacke s , s ha le s a nd ` g rapto l i te s ha le ' .

d l

L ower C arbon i ferou s

C a lc iferou s s and s tone s a nd l ime s tone s .

d 4 /5

Uppe r C a rbon ife rou s

G r i t s , s ha le s a nd c oa l mea sure s .

e ) e /b )

P erm ian

( Sand s tone s ( Sand s tone s a nd b recc ia s

U

-

Me tamorph ic a ureo le

G

-

G ran i te

,

F ig 1 7 : X '

t est o f s olid g eo logy f requenc ies - W hole R eg ion . 5 4

DUMFR IESSH IRE Rock t ype *

b 4

b 3 -

O b served c a i rn f r equenc ies

( 0 )

E xpected c a irn f r equenc ie s

( E )

0E ( 0 E) 2 E

Q 2.: -E 12

b 5

b 6

d l

d 4 /5

e /b

, 8

3 6

5

7

5

1

1 4

1 3

2 6

8

9

5

3

1 2

5

+ 10

3

2

0

2

+ 2

1 . 9

3 .8

. 1 1

0 .4

0

1 . 3

0 .3

=8 .8 w i th 6 df

P robab i l i ty o f 0 .1 -0.2 t ha t t he r e la t ionsh ip i s d ue t o c hance , t he refore n o t s i gn if ican t .

K IRKCUDBR IGHTSH IRE Rock t ype *

b 3

b 4

b 5

b 6

u

G

4 8

1 4

2

7

1 4

1 5

2

O b served c a irn f r equenc ie s

( 0 )

2 1

E xpec ted c a i rn f r equenc ie s

( E )

2 5

3 6 -

0 -E ( 0 -E) E

7

( 0 _ E )2

5 .

.

2 3 -

5

+ 12

1

0

+ 2

9

0 .6

4 .0

0 .1

0 .0

0 .8

3 . 5

,

-

P robab i l i ty o f 0 .1 -0.2 t ha t t he r e la t ionsh ip i s d ue t o c hance , t he refore n o t s i gn if ican t .

-9 .0 w i th 5d f

W IGTO WNSH IRE Ro c k ty pe *

O bserved c a i rn f r equenc ie s

( 0 )

E xpected c a i rn f r equenc ie s

( E )

b 1/2

b 3

b 4

b 5

e /b

2

7 2

6 9

3

2

3

4 9

6 0

2 1

1 5

1

+ 23

+ 9

18

13

0 .3

1 0 .8

1 .4

1 5 .4

1 1 .3

, 0 -E ( 0 -E) 2 E ( 0 -E )2

* See f i g

P robab i l i ty o f l e s t han 0 .001 t ha t t he s r e la t ion sh ip i sd ue t o c hance , t he refo re s i gn i f i can t .

39 .2 w i th 4 df

1 7

F ig 1 8: r

t est o f s o l id g eo logy f requencies - b y c ounty .

5 5

i nformat ive. These r ocks c an b e s ubd iv ided and a n X2 t est may b e u sed t o d e term ine whe ther t here i s a ny r ea l c orre lat ion b etween t he r ound c a irn d istr ibut ion a nd particu lar v ar iet ies o f s o lid g eo logy. The a na lys is f or t he who le R egion s uggests t here i s a s ign if icant r e lat ionsh ip. Th is i s s urpr is ing s ince t he more s ubject ive e vidence o f t he a rea s urveys i nc luded i n t he c ata logue s omet i mes a ppears t o c ontrad ict t h is. It i s c lear t hat t here i s a s trong p os it ive c orre lat ion b etween r ound c a irns a nd O rdov ic ian b 3 a nd S ilur ian b 4 r ocks a nd a n egat ive r e lat ionsh ip w ith g ranite , mar ls a nd s andstones , a nd S ilur ian b 5 r ocks ( f ig 1 7) . Th is o bv ious ly r ef lects t he l arge n umber o f s ites i n W igtownsh ir e wh ich c ons ists l arge ly o f b 3 and b 4 r ocks ( 74%) . T o m in im ise t h is p oss ib le d istort ion s eparate X2 t ests were t r ied f or e ach c ounty ( f ig 1 8). S ome o f t he r arer r ocks a re o n ly r epresented by v ery l ow f requenc ies i n t he r andom s amp le a nd s ince t h is w ou ld a lso c ause s ome d istort ion t hese a re om itted. I n t he c ount ies o f D umfr iessh ire and K irkcudbr ightsh ire i t s eems t here i s n o s tat ist ica lly s ignif icant r e lat ionsh ip b e tween r ound c a irns a nd s o l i d g eo logy. I n W igtownsh ir e t he t est p roduced a d ifferent r esu lt s uggest ing t hat t here was a va lid c onnect ion. There s eems t o b e a d ist inct p reference f or O rdov ic ian b 3 and S i lur ian b 4 r ocks e ven when t he p reponderance o f t hese r ock t ypes i s t aken i nto a ccount. R ound c a irns r are ly o ccur o n t he T r iass ic s andstones o r o n t he S ilur ian b 5 r ocks. Th is p rov ides a n e xce llent e xamp le o f h ow s tat ist ics c an b e m is lead ing f or t h is d ist inct ion may a ctua lly b e a r ef lect ion o f t wo o ther f eatures n oted b e low i n t he d escr ipt ion o f s ite l ocat ions i n W igtownsh i re. The absence o f s ites u pon S ilur ian b 5 r ocks i s l arge ly a r ef lect ion o f t he pauc ity o f s ites i n t he Wh it horn p eninsu la where most o f t h is r ock t ype o ccurs. Th is s hou ld n o t b e t aken t o i nd icate t hat b 5 r ocks were u npopu lar s ince i n t he o ther c ount ies t o t he E c a irns a re f requent ly f ound u pon t hese r ock t ypes. It s eems most Ii ke ly t hat t here i s s ome o ther e lus ive r eason why t h is a rea was a vo ided. T he l ack o f s ites o n t he P erm ian s andstones may b e e xp la ined more e as il y . T h is a rea c orresponds c lose ly w ith t he R yan/Luce d epress ion wh ich c onta ins v ery f ew c a irns. Th is a rea a lso happens t o b e a l mos t e nt ire ly c overed by r a ised b each d epos its and i t t herefore a ppears t hat i t i s t he d r if t r ather t han t he s o li d g eo logy wh ich m ight b e s ignif icant. I n c onc lus ion, s o l i d g eo logy d oes n ot appear t o have e ffected t he d istr ibut ion o f i nd iv idua l r ound c a irns t o a ny g reat e xtent. Ca irns and

Dr ift Geo logy

( f igs

1 9-20)

The abso lute f requenc ies o f c a irns u pon t he var ious s ubso ils ( f ig 1 9) s hows t hat o ver 8 0% o f t he s it es o ccur u pon e ither b ou lder c lay a nd t i ll o r o n a reas w ith n o d r if t d epos its. L itt le i mportance s hou ld b e a ttached t o t his f or mos t o f t he l and s urface o f Dumfr ies and Ga lloway b e long t o o ne o r o ther est was a pp lied t o t he d ata f rom o f t hese t ypes. Aga in a n X2 t t he who le R eg ion. The r esu lts p roved t here was n o s tat ist ica lly s ignif icant r e lat ionsh ip b e tween r ound c a irns a nd d r if t g eo logy.

5 6

TOTAL REG ION D r if t d epo s i t *

B C

A l

SG

P ea t

RB

.

No D r if t ,

O bse rved c a irn f r equenc ies

( 0 )

1 20

8

2 8

2 1

1 1

1 46

E xpec ted c a irn f r equenc ies

( E )

14

1 8

2 1

2 7

1 0

1 44

0—E

+ 6

10

+ 7

6

+ 1

+ 2

( 0 —E )2 E

0 . 3

5 .6

2 .3

1 . 3

0 .1

0 .0+

( 0 —E )2

= 9.6 w i th 5d f

P robab i l i ty o f0 .05 — 0 .1 t ha t t he r e la t ion sh ip i s d ue t o c hance , t herefo re n o t s i gn if ican t .

*T he a bbrev ia t ion su sed f or t he t ype s o fd r if t d epo s i t a r e a sf o low s : l B C

B ou lde r c l ay . S ome u nd if ia ted mora ine h a s a l so b een i nc luded i n t h i s c a tegory . ferent

A l

A luv iu m . l

S G

G lac ia l s and s a nd g rave l s .

RB

R a i sed b each ma ter ia l . T he b lown s and d epo s i t s i n t he R yan — L uce d epres re sion a i nc luded i nt h i s c a tegory .

F ig 1 9 , X '

t est o f d rif t g eo logy f requencies -w ho le R eg ion .

B efore d ism iss ing t he d r ift mater ia l, h owever , i t i s wor th e xam ining, b r ief ly, t he e vidence f rom t he t hree c ount ies s eparate ly , f or t h is g ives a n apparent ly c ontrad ictory i mpress ion. I n e ach c ounty t he a na lys is s hows , t h is t ime , a s ignif icant r e lat ionsh ip b e tween c a irn d istr ibut ion a nd t he d r ift l d epos its ( f ig 2 0). Th is i lustrates adm irab ly t he i mportance o f c heck i ng s tat ist ica l r esu lts aga inst c ommon s ense. I t appears t hat, t o s ome e xtent, t he r e lat ionsh ip b etween c a irns a nd d r ift d epos its i s a r ef lect ion o f t he a l tit ud i na I d ifferences n o ted e ar lier. I n Dumfr iesshire most s ites a re u pon t he l ow moor land a nd o ver much o f t h is t erra in t here i s v ery l i tt le d r ift mater ia l. C onsequent !y t he c ompar ison b e tween 0 a nd E f requenc ies s how a l arger p ropor t ion o f c a irns u pon t he d r ift l ess a reas t han upon t he b ou lder c lay a nd g rave ls wh ich t end t o c over t he l ower s lopes. I n K irkcudbr ightsh ire t he r everse i s t rue , f or a s l ower g round was more f avoured s o more s ites o ccur u pon t he b ou lder c lay whi l e p ropor t iona lly f ewer a re f ound o n t he d r ift l ess h ills. T he r e lat ive ly l arge number o f s ites f ound u pon t he s ands a nd g rave l d epos its may b e more s ign if icant f or t hese a re g enera lly a reas o f i ntens ive agr icu lture a nd n orma lly o ne w ou ld e xpect c a irns t o b e u nder-represented u pon t h is s ubso il. I t i s, t herefore , p oss ib le t hat s ands a nd g rave ls were f avoured f or c a irn c onstruct ion a lthough t h is i s n o t apparent i n t he o ther c ount ies. 5 7

DUMFR IESSH IRE D r if t d epo s i t * Observed c a i rn f r equenc ie s (0 ) E xpected c a i rn

f r equenc ie s

A l

S G

P ea t

RB

No D r if t

2 1

4

1

0

o

4 0

3 1

5

4

1

2 7

BC

( E )

8

0— E

10

1

+ 3

4

1

+ 13

c o —E )2 E

3 .2

0 .2

. 1 1

4 .0

1 . 0

6 . 3

>

n zI 22

=1 5 .8 w i th 5d f

P robab i l i ty be tween 0 .005 a nd 0 .01 t ha t r e la t ion sh ip i sd ue t o c hance , t hereforesi gn i f i cant .

K IRKCUDBR IGHTSH IRE D r if t d epo s i t

BC

A l

S G

P ea t

RB

No D r if t

Observed c a i rn f r equenc ie s (0 )

4 8

3

1 2

o

4

4 1

E xpec ted c a i rn f r equenc ie s

3 1

6

3

6

2

6 1

0—E

+ 17

3

+ 9

6

+ 2

19

c o —E ) E

9 . 3

1 . 5

2 7 .0

6 .0

2 .0

5 .9

( r )

,

( $ 3

E )2

s P robab i l i ty o fl e s t han 0 .001 t ha tr e la t ion sh ip i sd ue t o c hance , t he refore s i gn i f ican t .

= 51 .7 w i th 5d f

W IGTO WNSH IRE _ D r if t d epo s i t

BC

A l

S G

5 1

1

E xpected c a i rn f r equenc ie s (E )

4 4

0—E

Observed c a irn f r equenc ie s

( 0 )

( 0 —E )2 E >

( 0 —E )2

P ea t

RB

No D r i f t

5

2 1

7

6 4

5

6

2 8

1 5

5 1

+ 7

4

1

7

8

+ 13

1 . 1

3 .2

0 .2

1 .8

4 .3

. 3 3

=1 3 .0 w i th 5d f

* For d e ta i l s o fa bbrev ia t ions s ee f i g

P robab i l i ty o f b e tween 0 .01 and 0 .02 t ha t r e la t ion sh ip i sd ue t o c hance ,the refore s i gn i f i can t ( j u s t ! ) .

19

F ig 2 0: X ' t est o f d r if t g eology f requencies -b y c ounty .

5 8

I n W igtownsh ire a c ompar ison o f t he O -E f requenc ies s hows a d ist inct pauc ity o f r ound c a irns upon t he r a ised b each d epos its w ith a r e lat ive ly l arge n umber o f s ites upon b ou lder c lay and d r ift l ess a reas. The l ack o f s ites u pon r a ised b each mater ia l i s e spec ia lly n ot iceab le i n t he R yan/Luce d epress ion. Th is a rea has c er ta in ly b een e xtens ive ly c u lt ivated i n r ecent y ears and s ome c a irns c ou ld have b een r emoved. On t he o ther hand i t was a v ery p oor ly d ra ined a rea u nt i I t he l ate 1 9th c entury a nd p oss ib ly i t h e ld f ew a ttract ions t o B ronze Age c a irn builders. It wou ld b e u nw ise t o a ssume t hat a ll r a ised b each d epos its were avo ided b y c a irn bu ilders s ince t he e vidence f rom K irkcudbr ightsh ire s hows t h is t o b e man ifest ly untrue. T o c onc lude i t wou ld s eem t hat i n s ome l oca lised a reas t here may b e s ome r e lat ionsh ip b e tween r ound c a irn d istr ibut ion and t he d r ift g eo logy b ut t he r easons f or t h is may i nvo lve add it iona l c haracter ist ics s uch a s a lt itude o r d ra inage. On t he who le , d r ift g eo logy wou ld n ot s eem t o b e a major i nf luence upon c a irn d istr ibut ion.

5 9

C H A P T E R Ca irns -S ett lement,

Agr icu lt ure ,

6 and

t he

Env ironment

S e tt lement The r e lat ionship b etween r ound c a irns and s ett lement h as o ften b een d iscussed b ut o n ly r are ly d o any s at isfactory a ssoc iat ions emerge. T here a re t wo ma in r easons f or t h is. F irst ly, f unerary monuments a re n o t n ecessar ily s i tuated n ear t o s e tt lement a reas -indeed a c omparat ive a na lys is o f f unerary a nd s e tt lement s ites i n t he D urness a rea s howed a s ignif icant d ifference ( Re id 1 972). I n D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway a c ompar ison o f t h is s or t i s n ot f eas ib le ow ing t o a g enera l I a ck o f s ett lement s ites o f a ll p er iods e spec ia lly i n t he W , but o ther e vidence wou ld s uggest a s im ilar c onc lus ion. Most c a irns a re l ocated o n h illtops o r h ill c rests i n s ituations wh ich a re p rom inent, and t herefore e xposed, a nd wh ich w ou ld n o t b e c onduc ive t o e veryday h ab itat ion. T h is d oes n ot a pp ly t o a l I c a irns a nd s ome l owly ing s ites a re i n p laces wh ich wou ld s eem q uite s uitab le f or s ett lement, b ut t hese a re i n t he m inor ity. S econd ly, c a irns may n ot h ave b een u sed by a ll s ec t ions o f t he c ommunity. I f t hey were i ntended o n ly f or p r iv i l eged members o f s oc ie ty s pread t hroughout a h omogeneous c ommun ity t hen n o p rob lem wou ld a r ise. H owever , i f t here was a d ist inct ion w ith in t he R egion, w ith a g reater p ropor tion o f 1 ), t c a irn b u ilders i n t he W ( see f ig hen c lear ly c a irns c annot b e u sed a s i nd icators o f s ett lement o r s ett l ement i ntens ity o ver t he who le a rea. Even w ith t hese Ii m itat ions t he d istr ibutiona l e vidence f rom D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway d oes s uggest a b road a ssoc iat ion. T he absence o f c a irns i n t he part icu lar ly i nhosp itab le a reas s uch a s N orth Dumfr iessh ire a nd t he K irkcudbr ightsh ire h igh lands o f Ca i r nsmore d emonstrates t hat a reas where s ett lement must h ave b een d iff icu lt were a lso unattract ive f or f unerary a ct ivity. C onverse ly c a irn f requenc ies r ise i n t he m ore f avourab le a reas Ii ke S outh K irkcudbr ightsh ire. T h is i s b est l i lustrated by t he r e lat ionsh ip b etween c a irns a nd a lt i tude wh ich s uggests a d ist inct p reference f or l ower g round, b e low 3 35m OD. I t has a lso b een n o ted t hat t he u pper l im its o f t he c a irn d istr ibut ion d ecrease t owards t he W ( p. 5 0) . T h is d ecrease r ef lects quite a ccurate ly t he l eve ls a t wh ich t he w ilder moor land b egins i n t he t hree c ount ies. C Ii matic a nd e nv ironmenta l c hanges may have a lt ered t hese l eve ls o ver t he c entur ies b ut t he o vera ll i mpress ion i s t hat t he c a irns f o llow , q uite c lose ly, t he l im its i mposed b y s uch natura l c haracter is ts. T h is i mp lies t hat c airns may r ef lect s e tt lement i n a g enera l r ather t han s pec if ic manner. P erhaps t he s e lect ion o f p rom inent p os it ions was i n o rder t hat f unera l c a irns c ou ld b e s een f rom t he a reas o f s e tt lement. I n t h is way t hey may have f ormed p ar t o f t he e veryday l andscape t hroughout b road a reas o f B ronze Age a ct iv ity, w ithout g iv ing a ny par t icu lar i nd icat ion o f p rec ise s e tt lement l ocat ion. Agr icu lture In a l I a gr icu lt ure a re

p ost-Meso l i th ic p reh istory, v irtua lly i nseparab le . O f 6 0

s ett lement a nd t he many natura l

r esources ( eg f li nt , m inera ls , e tc) wh ich c ou ld i nf luence s ett lement o n a w ider s ca le t he agr icu ltura l p otent ia l mus t have b een t he c ruc ia l f actor i n d eterm in ing t he l oca l s ett lement pattern. N o matter h ow r ich t he m inera I r esources , f ood p roduct ion must a l ways have b een v ita l a nd t h is wou ld c erta in ly a ppear t o have i nf luenced t he c a irn d istr ibut ion i n Dumfr ies a nd Ga lloway. I n d iscuss ing s e tt lement t he l oose t erm 'i nhosp itab le' was u sed b ut o ne c ou ld e as ily, a nd p robab ly more a ccurate ly , s ubst itute t he p hrase ' agr icu ltura lly n onp roduct ive'. Th is wou ld g o s ome way t owards e xp la in ing why s uch a reas were i nhosp itab le. I t i s n o t icab le t hat j ust a s t he u pper a lt i tud ina l l im it o f c a irn d istr ibut ion a nd t he l ower Ii m it o f t he w ilder moor land d ecrease t owards t he W , s o t oo d oes t he l eve l o f t he r ecent ly e nc losed a gr icu ltura l l and. I n D umfr iessh ire v ery f ew e nc losed f ie lds a re h igher t han 2 44m OD wh ile i n W igtownsh i re 9 2m OD i s about t he h ighest a lt itude a t wh ich c rops h ave b een g rown s ince t he 1 8 th c entury. T here i s n o r eason t o s uppose t hat t h is g enera l p henomenon d id n ot e x is t i n t he B ronze Age. It i s , t herefore , p oss ib le t hat t he d ecrease i n a lt i tude o f c a irns t owards t he W , Ii ke t he r ecent e nc losure pattern, i s a r ef lect ion o f t he a gr icu ltura l p otent ia l o f t he g round, wh ich, i n t urn , has i nf luenced s ett lement. T he p redom inance o f c a irns o n S a nd SW-fac ing s lopes ( p. 5 3) wou ld s uppor t t h is v iew f or t hese a reas wou ld b e b oth more p roduct ive a gr icu ltura lly, and more c onduc ive t o s ett lement. This l ink b e tween f unerary c a irns a nd agr icu lture may b e s tronger t han i s f requent ly s upposed , part icu lar ly when t he s ource o f t he s tone n eeded f or t he c onstruct ion i s c ons idered. Over parts o f E ng land mater ia l f or a barrow c ou ld e as ily b e o bta ined b y e xcavat ing a s urround ing d itch. I n S cot land t h is wou ld o ften b e i mpract ica l s ince t he s ubso il i s f requent ly s o lid r ock o r i ntractab le b ou lder c lay. S tone , o n t he o ther h and, i s r ead ily a va ilab le , but i t i s n ot g enera lly r ecognised t hat s tones and b ou lders r are ly Ii e u pon t he g round s urface. The a ct ion o f e arthworms i n d igest ing s o i I and d epos it ing c asts u pon t he s urface g radua lly c auses e veryth ing t oo l arge t o pass t hrough a worm's b ody t o s ink, t hus f orm ing a c haracter ist ic 'worm-sorted s o iI h or izon' ( Atk i nson 1 957) . Even i n a c id s o iI c ond it ions where worm a ct iv ity may b e r educed, a s tone l ef t u pon o pen g round c an b e q uick ly c overed b y t urf. T he s ame wou ld app ly t o wood land c ond it ions e xcept t hat u nder-brush a nd an a ccumu lat ion o f i eafmou I d wou ld add f ur ther t o t he d iff icu lt ies o f o bta ining s tone. This l eaves a var iety o f p oss ib le s ources , n otab ly o utcropping r ock, s cree mater ia l, s tream a nd r iver b eds , a nd s tone r evea led a s a r esu lt o f g round d isturbance. N o d oubt a ll t hese s ources were u sed , but t o vary i ng d egrees. Outcrop a nd s cree a re ma in ly c haracter ist ic o f t he h igher g round where c a irns a re s carcest. E ven i n S outh K irkcudbr ightsh ire a nd W igtownsh i r e where o utcrops o ccur more c ommon ly a t l ower a lt itudes most c a irns s eem t o b e b uilt o f r ounded s tones wh ich h ave o bv ious ly n o t b een s p lit f rom t he l ive r ock. I n a ny c ase t h is wou ld b e a n e xtreme ly t ime c onsum ing a nd d iff icu lt t ask. R iver b eds c ou ld p rov i de a n adequate s ource o f c a irn mater ia l b ut aga in o n ly a sma ll n umber o f s ites a re l ocated c lose t o l arge water c ourses. Most o f ten sma ll s treams wou ld b e t he n earest s ources o f water and t hese c ou ld o n ly p rovide a l im ited 6 1

amount o f l oose s tone. T h is l eads t owards t he c onc lus ion t hat most s tone u sed f or c onstruct ing c a irns c ame f rom d isturbed g round. The most a cceptab le e xp lanat ion, i n a p rehistor ic c ontext , f or g round d isturbance Ii es i n t he p ursuit o f c u ltivat ion, and c erta in ly t h is wou ld p rovide a r easonab le s ource f or t he quant ity o f s tone r equ ired i n a lmost a ll t he a reas where c a irns a re f ound ( Brad ley 1 978 , 1 02). I n s upport o f t h is i t may b e r eca lled t hat most c a irns a re bui I t o f r ounded and weathered s tones t yp ica l o f f ie ld c learance mater ia l. It i s a lso n o t iceab le t hat when t he c a irn mater ia l c an b e c ompared w ith t he s ubso iI t he t wo i nvar iab ly c onta in t he s ame s ort o f s tone. The b ou lders f ound i n t he b asa l c ourse o f Car lochan Ca irn ( SK 4 4) were s im ilar t o t hose f ound a round t he e dges o f t he s urround ing f ie lds and wh ich had b een r emoved f rom t he u nder ly ing g lac ia l t i ll dur ing r ecent p lough ing. S im ilar ly, t he c a irn a t M inn igaff ( WK 1 4 ) was b u ilt o f sma ll water-worn s tones wh ich c ou ld have c ome f rom t he r iver n earby. H owever , t hese were i dent ica l t o t he s tones wh ich o ccur i n t he r a ised b each d epos it upon wh ich i t s tood. I t s eems t hat o n ly t he s tones f or a c ist were t ransported a ny d istance o r were s pec ia lly o bta ined - the r est wou ld , l og ica lly, h ave c ome f rom t he s urface o f t he a reas o f c u lt ivat ion n earest t o hand. Th is a rgues f or a much c loser c onnect ion b etween t he o therw ise d ivergent c oncepts o f c a irns a s i mportant f unerary monuments and c a irns a s dumps f or u nwanted f ie ld-gathered s tone. It a lso i mp lies a c lose r e lat ionsh ip b etween f unerary c a irns and a reas o f agr icu ltura l a ct iv ity. The r e lat ionsh ip c an b e e xam ined f urther w ith r eference t o t he d r ift g eo logy d epos its. These d epos its , o r t he ir absence , d irect ly a ffect t he f er t ility, d ra inage , a nd t he e ase w ith wh ich t he s o i I may b e c u lt ivated. They wou ld , t herefore , h ave b een major f actors e ffect ing p rehistor ic agr icu lture a nd s hou ld h ave e xerted a s im ilar i nf luence o n s ett lement a lso. H owever , i t h as b een s hown t hat, w ith a f ew e xcept ions , t here i s n o s trong e tween t hese d epos its and c a irn d istr ibut ion. T h is r e lat ionsh ip b wou ld s eem t o i nd icate t hat d r if t g eo logy was o f Ii t le t s ignif icance i n t he l ocat ion o f f unerary c a irns. Wh il e t his i s p robab ly t o b e e xpected , i t appears t o c ontrad ict t he a rguments a bove f or a c lose l ink b e tween c a irns a nd agr icu lture , but t h is n eed n o t b e s o. A r easonab le c onc lus ion c ou ld ma inta in t hat wh il e c a irns were p redom inant ly c lose t o g enera l a reas o f c u lt ivat ion, when t he s e lect ion o f t he a ctua l s ite was made , o ther c ons iderat ions , par t icu lar ly t he v isua l i mpac t o f t he monument, t ook p recedence. I f t hese a rguments a re f o l l owed t hen t he c a irn d istr ibut ion m ight s uggest a p redom inance o f a gr icu ltura l c ommunit ies i n t he W b ut a s h as b een s hown t his c ou ld a lso r ef lect a r egiona l d ifference i n r itua l. It m ight a lso g ive a n i nd icat ion o f t he t ype o f l and which was u t ilised. The qu ite d ramat ic f a ll i n c a irn f requenc ies a bove 3 05m i n D umfr iessh ire , 1 83m i n K irkcudbr ightsh ire , and 1 52m i n W igtownsh i re , may r ef lect t he u pper Ii m its o f l and c u lt ivat ion f or t he t hree c ount ies a t t hat t ime. T he f act t hat t hese l im its a re c ons iderab ly h igher t han t he modern l im its n eed n o t c ontrad ict t he s uggest ion, f or p ost-med ieva l ' fermtoun' s ett lements and e v idence o f r ig and f urrow have b een i dent if ied a t t hese a lt itudes. Furthermore t he mean annua l t emperature o f t he f irst ha lf o f t he s econd m illenn ium B C was p robab ly 1 .5°C 6 2

warmer t han t oday ( Lamb e t a t 1 966). I t i s i nterest ing, i n t h is c onnect ion, t hat t he upper a tt itud ina l Ii m its f or c a irns a re about 6 1 m-9 1 m above t he modern l im it o f i mproved l and i n e ach o f t he t hree c ount ies. A t l ower a lt i tudes t he f luctuat ions i n c a irn f requenc ies , e spec ia lly t hose n o ted i n K irkcudbr ightsh ire , a re p robab ly part ly due t o d ifferent ia l p reservat ion r esu lt ing f rom l and i mprovements and i ntens ive f arm ing. F or t h is r eason i t i s d iff icu lt t o e stab l i sh a va lid l ower Ii m it t o t he c a irn d istr ibut ion, and c onsequent ly a ny a ssessment o f t he u se made o f t hese a reas i s b ound t o b e u nre liab le. I n s p ite o f t h is i t i s n o t iceab le t hat v ery f ew c a irns t hroughout t he R eg ion o ccur b e low 3 0m OD a nd t h is may r ef lect a n a ctua l avo idance o f v ery l ow l and. P oor d ra inage which h as o n ly r ecent ly b een c orrected i n many p laces may have b een a s er ious d e terrent t o much p reh istor ic a ctiv ity i n t hese a reas a nd t h is c ou ld b e r ef lected i n t he c a irn r ecord. The t wo l ow land c a irn g roups a t Mossknowe a nd M inn i g aff a re b oth o n g ood qua lity f arm land e ither u pon o r c lose t o s andy d epos its ( e ither a s a lluv ium o r r a ised b each) . S uch d epos its h ave l ong b een va lued a s f arm land a nd c onsequent ly c a irns a re p robab ly u nder-represented o n t hese s ubso ils ( see s urvey o f N ithsda le a nd work o f T . J ohns tone , D ob ie 1 958). The f eatures wh ich h ave made s uch d epos its a ttract ive t o modern f armers m ight h ave b een j ust a s i mportant t o p reh istor ic man. I f d ra inage was n o t a p rob lem t hen l ight s andy s o ils , p erhaps e nr iched w ith m inera ls d er ived f rom e ar l i er f lood ing, c ou ld h ave had t remendous advantages a t a t ime when o n ly s i mp le p loughs were a va il ab le. A t t he s ame t ime a lluv ia l d epos its c onta in l ess s tone a nd i f t he a rgument o ut lined above i s c orrect t hen p erhaps c a irns wou ld n ot have b een bu ilt i n t hese a reas anyway. It i s worth n o t ing t he i ncreas ing n umber o f ' r ing-d itches', p oss ib ly t he o ut lines o f e ar then barrows wh ich a re b e ing r ecogn ised o n a lluv ium f rom a er ie ' pho tographs. A l arge n umber o f c a irns a re bu ilt u pon b ou lder c lay a nd o ther t i ll. Th is i s s urpr is ing, f or i n c ontrast t o t he s ands and g rave ls t hese d epos its t end t o g ive r ise t o h eavy s o iI s wh ich w ou ld b e d iff icu lt t o c u lt ivate w ith p r im itive t oo ls. I n s ome a reas , part icu lar ly t he l owerly ing par ts , t he b ou lder c lays c ou ld we ll have s uppor ted e spec ia lly d ense f orest g rowth a nd t h is m ight e xp la in t he pauc ity o f s ites i n s uch a reas a s t he Wh i t horn P en insu la a nd p erhaps East D umfr iessh ire. Most o f t he c airns o n t i ll o ccur i n t he a reas d ef ined a s t he ' drum lin l ow lands' e spec ia lly S outh K irkcudbr ightsh ire a nd East Luce. I n t hese a reas a nd s ome o ther parts o f t he R eg ion where t i ll h as b een d epos ited, i t a ppears t hat s ome o f t he g lac ia l mounds p rov ided we l I d ra ined a reas r a ised above t he b oggy h o l l ows wh ich, i n many c ases , have o n ly r ecent ly b een r ec la i med. T hus , i t s eems t hat l oca l c ircumstances a nd r equ irements wou ld d e term ine t he e xtent t o which a gr icu ltura l u se was made o f t he d r ift d epos its. Ca irns a re a lso f ound q uite c ommon ly a t h igher a lt itudes where t here a re n o d r ift d epos its a nd t he s o l i d g eo logy f orms t he s ubso il. T oday t he s o ils i n t hese a reas a re g enera lly s ha l l ow, s tony a nd v ery l ow i n n utr ients b ut t h is was n o t a l ways t he c ase. Indeed, i n t he l arge ly f orested l andscape o f t he f irst ha lf o f t he s econd m illennium BC t here a re s evera l r easons why s uch a reas m ight h ave b een part icu lar ly 6 3

a ttract ive. F irst ly, t he wood land c over c ou ld have b een l ess d ense and e as ier t o c lear , n o t s o much b ecause o f t he a lt itude b ut b ecause t he p rox im ity o f t he r ock t o t he s urface wou ld t end t o i nh ib it t he g rowth o f t he more s ubstant ia l f orest hardwoods b y p revent ing t he f u ll d eve lopment o f t he t ap r oo t. A t t he s ame t ime t hese c ond it ions wou ld f avour s ha llow r oot ing s pec ies s uch a s p ine a nd b irch wh ich, b ecause t hey a re s oftwoods , wou ld b e e as ier t o f e ll. S econd ly, t he f ert ility o f t hese s o ils c ould h ave b een qu ite h igh, e spec ia lly i n t he y ears i mmed iate ly f o llow ing d eforestat ion. G reywackes i n part icu lar c an g ive r ise t o l ight , f ree d ra in ing s o iI s w ith a h igh base s tatus. T hey w ou ld i nev itab ly b e s ubject t o l oss o f n utr ients t hrough l eaching b ut i n t he d r ier c li mate o f t he e ar l i er B ronze Age t h is may n o t have b een e xcess ive. I t wou ld b e u nw ise t o f orce t he c onnect ion b e tween c a irns a nd agr icu lture any f urther , f or t he e v idence i s f ar f rom c onc lus ive. The e x istence o f a sma l I number o f c a irns , a lI r ather d oubtfu l ' category 1' s ites , h igh above any r easonab le c u lt ivat ion Ii m its - o ver 5 00m OD - ind icates t hat t he c onnect ion n eed n ot a lways have a pp l i ed, and t he o vera l I d isregard f or d r ift g eo logy wou ld n o t s uggest t hat c a irns f o l l owed c u lt ivat ion i n a s lav ish way. It wou ld s eem t hat c a irns c an r ea lly o n ly b e t aken a s t he most g enera l i ndicators o f s ett lement a nd c u lt ivat ion a nd a l I s uggest ions o f a c loser a ssoc iat ion must b e r egarded a s s uppos it ion, i n D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway a t l east. Env ironment Lynch ( 1975) has a rgued t hat e ar ly man had a n a pprec iat ion o f natura l b eauty a nd o f ten made u se o f t he d ramat ic l andscapes o f h igh land B r ita in a s e ffective b ackdrops t o e nhance h is monuments. A lthough i t i s d iff icu lt t o quant ify s uch s ubject ive q ua lit ies i t wou ld s eem , f rom t he e v idence i n D umfr ies and Ga l l oway, t hat much i mportance was a ttached t o t he v isua l i mpact o f i nd iv idua l r ound c a irns and t h is appears t o h ave b een a s ignif icant i nf luence i n t he c ho ice o f l ocat ion. U nfortunate ly t he modern e nvironment i n wh ich t hey n ow s tand must b e v ery d ifferent f rom t hat i n wh ich t hey were o r igina lly c onstructed. The a rguments advanced e ar l i er wou ld l ose much o f t he ir s trength i f t hese monuments were built i n c losed wooded c ircumstances a nd i t i s t herefore i mportant t o e xam ine t he e v idence f or t he B ronze Age e nv ironment i n SW S cot l and. T h is w ill n ot o n ly p rov ide a c ontext f or t he b ur ia l c a irns b ut i t a lso i ntroduces s ome s pecu lat ion o n t he e conomy o f t he p eop le who b uilt t hem. U nfortunate ly t he most e xtens ive p o llen a na lyses f rom t he a rea were c arr ied o ut w ith b o tanica l r ather t han archaeo logica l r esearch i n m ind. Moar ( 1969) was i nterested i n e ar ly pos tg lac ia l v egetat ion wh ile B irks ( 1972; 1 975) was c oncerned w ith t he c omparat ive d eve lopment a nd d ec line o f p ine g rowth o n p eat i n d ifferent par ts o f S cot land. I t i s t herefore s omet i mes n ecessary t o e xam ine t he data f rom a s l ight ly d ifferent p o int o f v iew. Work a t B urnswark ( Squires 1 978), Racks Moss ( N icho ls 1 967), C Ia tter ingshaws ( Durno , i n C ondry and Anse l I 1 978) and above a ll, B loak Moss i n Ayrsh ire ( Turner 1 975 ) s hows a g reater i nterest i n t he r e lat ionsh ip b e tween man a nd h is e nv ironment , but o ften t he r esu lts a re g iven v ery b r ief ly and 6 4

w ith Ii t t le d iscuss ion. Most o f t hese s tud ies a re based upon l ong c ores t aken f rom p eat b ogs o r l ake s ed i ments and t hey a re o f p art icu lar va lue f or t hey ilustrate g enera l e nvironmenta l t rends. T here a re , h owever , t hree p r inc ipa l d iff icu lt ies. F irst ly, p eat b ogs a nd l akes d o n o t a l ways o ccur i n a reas o f p reh istor ic s ett lement, i ndeed I a rge a nd e xtens ive p eat b ogs c ou ld we l I have d e terred s ett lement. S econd ly, t here i s a l ack o f p rec ise dat ing e v idence f or t he B ronze Age l eve ls ( except a t B loak Moss) . Th ird ly, t he v ege tat iona l e nv ironment r ef lected i n t he p o llen d iagrams i s r ather i ncons istent. A t Racks Moss o n t he S o l way c oas t n ear D umfr ies , N icho ls r e lied upon t he e lm d ec line ( hor izon A ) a nd t he G renzhor izont RY I ll ( hor izon C 2/3) t o p rov ide t erm in i p ost a nd ante q uos f or t he e ar ly p reh istor ic l eve ls. The p o llen f rom t hese l ayers i s s trong ly i nd icat ive o f a d ense ly wooded e nv ironment b roken f rom t ime t o t ime b y c lear ings wh ich were e ventua lly r eco lonised by t rees. T owards t he e nd o f t he p er iod t he i ncrease i n Gram ineae , P ter id i um a nd P Ia ntago s uggests s ome o pen ing o f t he f orest b ut c erta in ly n o t o n a l arge s ca le. P o ll 6 n d iagrams f rom S ni b e B og a nd C ooran Lane i n t he K irkcudbr ightsh ire h igh lands r ef lect a s im ilar p icture o f a h eavily wooded l andscape ( B irks 1 972; 1 975). A t B loak Moss t he u se o f 't hree d imens iona l' p o l l en a na lys is a nd C 14 dat ing a l l ows r ather more p rec is ion. H owever , a lt hough t here were s evera l d ist inct p hases o f sma ll s ca le f orest c learance d ated t o t he B ronze Age t he a rea a round t he Moss was c lear ly d om inated b y c losed wood land u nt i I p ost-Roman t imes. A s im i l ar ly l ate d ate f or who lesa le c learance was r ecogn ised a t E l l ers ide Moss ( 0 1d fi e ld a nd S tratham 1 963) i n N Lancash ire , a nd a t R ed Moss i n N Lancash ire ( Hi bbert e t a l 1 97 1) . In D erbysh ire , t oo , p o ll en d iagrams f rom p eat a t o ver 6 00m OD o n K inder S cout s uggest a p redom inant ly wooded e nvironment ( Conway 1 954 ; T a lu s 1 964) . T hus , i t i s p erhaps p oss ib le t o c onc lude w ith E vans ( 1975 , 1 5 1) t hat ' at B loak Moss w idespread c learance d id n o t t ake p lace u nt il a round a d 4 50 a nd t he s ame appears t o b e t rue o f much o f NW B r ita in a s a who le'. A s o ther e nv ironmenta l e v idence i s c ons idered t h is o vera ll p icture d oes n o t s eem q uite s o a cceptab le. P ennington's s tudy o f t he p o llen i n l ake s ed i ments i n C umbr ia l ed h er t o c onc lude t hat ' sma l l t emporary c learances o f p re-e lm d ec line date were s ucceeded a t t he t ime o f t he e lm d ec line ( c.3 100 b c) by w idespread d estruct ion o f u p land f orest a nd b y c oas ta l c learance .. o n a s ca le s uff ic ient t o b r ing a bout a p ermanent c hange i n b oth v ege tat ion a nd s o i I ( Penn ington 1 975 , 8 5) . P o l l en a na lys is o f s amp les t aken f rom b ur ied s o iI s b eneath b arrows a lso i nd icate a more o pen e nvironment. F or e xamp le t he B urton H owes o n t he N or th Y ork Moors d emonstrated a p rogress ive ly more o pen l andscape ( Di mb l eby 1 962; E vans 1 975 , 1 3 1 ) a nd s im il ar e v idence f or more o pen g round i n western B r ita in has b een d iscovered i n t he p o l l en f rom b eneath W inter H ill barrow i n Lancash ire ( D mb I e by 1 962) . An u npub l i shed p o l l en a na lys is o f a s amp le f rom b eneath W ind H ill barrow ( a lso i n Lancash ire) s howed t hat o n ly 2 0% o f t he p o l l en was a rborea l, i nd icat ing v ery o pen c ond it ions ( ana lys is b y D r J . H . T a l Ii s a nd i nformat ion f rom Mr N . T yson, t he e xcavator) . An a dditiona l p iece o f e v idence i n f avour o f a more o pen B ronze A ge e nv ironment has b een p o inted o ut b y A tk inson ( 1974). I f s tone c irc les were d es igned f or a stronom ica l o bservat ions t h is 6 5

must i mp ly t hat t he l andscape was s uff ic ient ly c lear t o a l low s uch o bservat ions t o b e made. S ince s tone c irc les i n Dumfr ies a nd Ga l l oway a re o ften l owlying t h is c ou ld s uggest a t l east part ia l c learance o f l ow a s we ll a s h igh g round. S ome p o l l en e v idence f rom w ithin t he R eg ion i s a lso i nd icat ive o f i ncreas ing !y o pen c ond it ions. P rec ise d ating i s , a s e ver , absent b ut d iagrams f rom CI a tter i ngshaws ( B irks 1 975), L och D ungeon a nd S nibe B og ( B irks 1 972) s how s porad ic i ncreases i n p o l l en o f P Ia ntago , P ter id ium and G ram ineae s uggest ing p rogress ive c learance i n t he u p lands o f K irkcudbr ightsh ire f rom t he e lm d ec li ne o nwards. S ome d iagrams i nd icate a more abrupt r educt ion i n t ree c over. A t B urnswark t here i s a mass ive f a ll i n t ree p o l l en s hor t !y a f ter t he e lm d ec l i ne a nd t he a rea a pparent ly r ema ined r e lat ive ly t ree less f or a l ong t ime ( Squ ires 1 978) . More i nformat ion, p ar ticu lar ly r e levant t o u p land c learance , may b e d er ived f rom a s tudy o f t he b lanke t p eat wh ich n ow c loaks many h ills ides i n t he R eg ion. A lthough i t i s u n like ly t hat b lanke t p eat d eve lopment b egan a t t he s ame t ime e verywhere t here i s e vidence f rom N E I re land t hat s uch ombrogenous p eat was e xtend ing t hroughout t he B ronze Age ( Sm ith 1 975) a nd n o d oubt t h is c ontr ibuted t o t he i ncreas ing ly o pen e nvironment a t h igher a lt itudes. The c ontrad ictory nature o f t he e nv iron ment e vidence s eems t o d isturb s ome wr iters. Wh itt ington ( 1980) p refers t o s ee t he B ronze Age i n S cot land a s a p er iod o f mass ive c learance , o pen l andscape a nd e xtens ive f ie ld-systems , a nd s uggests t ha t ' the p redom inance g iven t o ( data f rom) B loak Moss i s perhaps u nfortunate'. B ut B loak Moss p rovides a n i mpor tant p iece t o t he j ig-saw a nd t he e v idence n eed n ot b e s o c ontrad ic tory i f o ne a ccepts t he p oss ib il i ty o f s trong var iat ions w ith in q u ite r estr icted a reas. T ins ley ( 198 1) has emphas ised t he d ist inc t ion b etween u p land a nd l ow land l oca lit ies a nd i t n ow s eems t hat i n western a nd n orthern B r ita in t he l ow g round r ema ined e xtens ive ly wooded wh i l e par ts o f t he h igh g round w ere p redom inant ly c lear , o r were b ecom ing p rogress ive ly m ore o pen. T his wou ld c erta in ly a gree we l I w ith t he p icture r ef lected i n t he p o llen f rom D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway. U nfortunate ly a n i mportant d iff icu lty r ema ins. Po llen a na lys is c an y ie ld n o i nformat ion r egard ing t he average natura l o r u nnatura l t ree line i n a n a rea, s o t hat a ny a ttempt t o d ef ine c lose ly t he o pen u p lands o r wooded l ow land must f a il. Tay l or's c ons iderat ion o f p reh istor ic c l i mate ( 1975) may, h owever , p rov ide a n i nterest ing i ns ight. H e s uggests t hat t he warmer t emperature i n t he e ar l i er B ronze Age c ou ld have r esu lted i n a natura l t ree line s ome 2 00-300m h igher t han i t i s a t p resent. Th is wou ld mean t hat e xcept f or a sma ll n umber o f r ather dub ious r ound c a irns s ituated a t v ery h igh a ltitudes 5 ( over 50m OD) v irtua lly a ll t hese monuments o ccur o n l and wh ich was a t l east p otent ia lly wooded. T here w ou ld n o t, t herefore , s eem t o b e a ny a ssoc iat ion b e tween i nd ividua l r ound c a irns a nd natura lly o pen t erra in. T h is i s p robab ly a r ef lect ion o f t he g enera lly i nhosp itab le c haracter o f s uch a reas , par ticu lar ly i f b lanke t b og was s pread ing. P o l l en f rom t he N ick o f Cur leywee i n t he Ga lloway h ills, a t an a lt itude o f 4 57m OD ( Moar 1 969), s hows t hat o pen c ountry s pec ies , t o lerant o f p oor a c id s o ils , were a lready a bundant i n s ome h igh land a reas a t about t his t ime. T he a vo idance o f s uch b arren and u nproduct ive a reas wou ld s eem t o s uppor t t he e ar lier s uggestion 6 6

o f a d irect a ssoc iation b etween r ound c a irns and agr icu ltura l a ct ivity. Another i mportant p o int i s r a ised by t his Ii ne o f e nquiry. I f t here i s a c onnection b etween c a irns and a gr iculture ,

and

i f

a l most

a l I

c a irns

o ccur

i n

a t

l east

p otentia lly wooded a reas, t hen t he c a irns t hemse lves must b e i nd icat i ve o f s ome d egree o f f orest c learance , e ither i n t he B ronze Age , o r t he p reced ing N eo lith ic p er iod. The p o llen data p rov ides e vidence f or b oth. U lti mate ly t he e xtent o f c learance i n any a rea must have d epended l arge ly h ow f ar t he c li mate , s lope , a nd above a ll t he s o il c ond it ions, a llowed t he f orest t o r egenerate o nce t he t rees h ad been r emoved. This i n i tse lf c ou ld a ccount f or t he v ar iations i n t he e v idence n oted above. I n t he absence o f a c onven i ent, uniform e nviron menta l background i t i s i mportant t o s ee i ndividua l r ound c airns i n a var ie ty o f e nv i ron menta i c ontexts. Cairns have b een r ecognised o n va lley f loors and c oasta l p la ins, i n a reas which under natura l c ircumstances wou ld have b een wooded. Th is m ight s eem t o c ontrad ict t he i mportance wh ich has b een a ttached t o t he v isua l i mpact o f i nd ividua l c a irns. H owever , i f c airns were l ocated c lose t o g enera l a reas o f c ultivat ion and are , t hemse lves , i ndicators o f a d egree o f f orest c learance , t hen e ven i n a p redom inant ly c losed e nv iron ment t he v isua l i mpress ion o f t he c a irn wou ld n ot b e l ost i f t he c lear ing was o f any s ize. S uch c lear ings may r epresent 'I andnam ' phases s im ilar t o t hose r ecognised i n t he p o llen f rom B loak Moss. Here s evera l t emporary c learances were i dentif ied t hroughout t he N eo l i th ic and B ronze Age p er iods, c lose t o t he e dge o f t his l owlying p eat d eve lopment. I f t h is was s o t hen l owIy ing c airns c ou ld have b een i mpos ing monu ments t o t he i nhabitants while t hey l ived n earby but wou ld h ave become o bscured a s t he f orest r egenerated o nce t he a rea was abandoned. F or t his r eason t he l argest c a irn g roups a t M ossknowe and M inn igaff m ight r epresent a reas which were k ept o pen f or a c ons iderab le nu mber o f y ears. The s ame c ou ld app ly t o o ther l owIy ing c airn g roups, f or e xamp le i n Argyll, and a lso perhaps t o t he s light ly h igher g roups a t C ra igbirnoch, L och mannoch, Auchenca irn, Machermore , May and T orhousk i e. It i s i nterest ing t hat most o f t he l arger c a irn g roups o ccur o n r e lative ly l ow g round. This may b e b ecause t he l ower r a infa ll a nd h igher t emperatures a t t hese a ltitudes wou ld r educe t he l eaching o f s o il n utr ients. As a r esu lt a s o il wou ld r etain i ts f ertility f or l onger and c ould, t herefore , s upport p ers istent and r egular c ult ivat ion o n quite a l arge s ca le. The major ity o f c airns a re o n h ill s lopes , moor land, u p land pasture and h igher c u ltivated g round where t he e nvironmenta l h istory i s l ess c erta in. A t t he l ower l eve ls w ithin t his m idd le a l t i tude r ange n o d oubt f orest c over wou ld h ave b een j ust a s d ense a s o n t he va lley f loors and t herefore t he s ame a rguments app ly f or p erhaps t emporary 'l andnam c learances. As a ltitude i ncreases t he p o l l en e vidence s uggests t hat

a reas ,

o nce

c leared,

were

s lower

t o

r egenerate

n ew

f orest

a nd i t i s p oss ib le t hat i n s ome p laces t he f orest c ou ld n ot r ecover. This would b e particu lar ly Ii ke ly i f t he s o i I s tatus h ad b een r educed by e xcess ive c ultivat ion, o r t he a rea c ontinued The

t o b e r o le

c ons iderat ion.

g razed by d omest ic o r o f g raz ing ani ma ls A t

o ne

t ime

t he 6 7

l ack

i ndeed, w ild, ani ma ls. d eserves a l i tt le f urther o f

B ronze

Age

s ett lement

s ites was t hought t o i mp ly a mob ile p opulat ion w it h a n e ssent ia lly n omad ic e conomy based u pon pastora lism. This v iew i s n o l onger t enab le a nd t he e vi dence f or a more m ixed f arm ing p ract ice h as r ecent ly b een c onvenient ly s ynthes ised b y Wh itt ington ( 1980). C erea l p o llen was r epresented a t R acks M oss a nd s evera l p o l l en d iagrams f rom t he R eg ion h ave i nc luded weeds o f c u lt ivat ion' a t B ronze A ge l eve ls. Gra in i mpress ions o n s ome p ottery s herds f rom Luce S ands a nd e ven p erhaps t he c a irns t hemse lves wou ld a ll s eem t o i nd icate c u lt ivat ion i n t he a rea. N ever the less t here c an b e n o d oubt t hat l ivestock f arm ing was o f g reat i mportance. Pastora l a ct iv ity i s s uggested by t he Rumex a nd C ompos itae P o llen r epresented o n s evera l d i agrams f rom t he R eg ion ( eg S ni b e B og ). T he s tudy o f a n ima l b ones r ecovered f rom B ronze Age c ontexts s hows t hat d omest i cated a nima ls f ar o utnumbered w ild var ie t ies a nd i t s eems t hat c att le were t he d om inant s pec ies ( Gr igson, i n T ins ley 1 98 1) . Catt le , i n par t icu lar , c an p lay a v ita l r o le i n p revent ing f orest r egenerat ion b y e at ing y oung t rees. I n s ome a reas i t c an b e s hown t hat pastora l f arm ing s ucceeded e ar lier a rab le l and u se ( Sm ith 1 975) and i n s uch c ircumstances n o d oubt t he g raz ing o f l ivestock a ss isted i n ma inta ining f orest c learance. A t t he r isk o f p resent ing a c ircu lar a rgument , perhaps t he p redom inance o f r ound c airns i n p rom inent pos it ions a t t he h igher e nd o f t he m idd le a ltitude r ange ( f ig 1 2) c ou ld b e u sed t o s uggest t hat t hese a reas b ecame , o r were a lready, o pen d ur ing t he B ronze Age. It m ight a lso b e s uggested , a lt hough t here i s n o p os it ive e vidence , t hat t he a pparent p reference f or t hese med ium a lt itudes was b ecause t he t ree c over wou ld b e l ess d ense a nd t herefore e as ier t o c lear i n a dvance o f c u ltivat ion o r s e tt lement. A t t hese s li ght ly h igher a ltitudes i t i s p oss ib le t hat i f t he s o i I s d id n o t a l l ow f orest t o r egenerate t hen t hey wou ld a lso b e l ess Ii ke ly t o s upport c ont inuous c u ltivat ion. T h is m ight e xp la in t he g enera lly d ispersed c a irn d is tr ibut ion r ef lect ing a c ommun ity c ont inuous ly mov ing f rom o ne a rea t o a nother a s s o i I s b ecame e xhausted. T he p o l l en e v idence f rom B loak Moss wou ld s upport t h is s ince t he u se o f t he 't hree d i mens iona l' t echnique has s hown t hat, a f ter e ach p er iod o f s ett lement, t he p opu lat ion s h if ted away, b eyond t he 1 0km Ii m it o f t he p o llen c atchment a reas. I n t h is way a sma ll n umber o f c ommunit ies c ou ld r ange o ver a w ide a rea, gradua lly a nd p rogress ive ly c lear ing t he t ree c over a t t he h igher l eve ls. A f ina l p o int o f i nterest f rom t he B loak Moss p o l l en d iagram s hows t hat t he l ow land 'I andnam ' c learances o ccur a t t imes o f i ncreased p eat g rowth , i e i ncreased r a infa ll. P erhaps s e tt lement a nd agr icu lt ure were p redom inant ly u p land e xcept d ur ing t he wetter p er iods when l ower g round b ecame more a ttract i ve. Ca irns b uilt d ur ing p hases o f l ow land o ccupat ion were p erhaps e ngu lfed b y f orest when t he s ett lement was abandoned , b ut t hose a t h igher a ltitudes may we l I h ave r ema ined p rominent a nd i mpos ing monuments i n a n i ncreas ing ly o pen l andscape.

6 8

C H A P T E R

?

Conc lu s ions The more bas ic c onc lus ions r e lat ing t o r ound c a irns i n t he R eg ion may b e s ummar ised b r ief ly. A s tudy o f t he d iscover ies f rom t hese monuments i nd icates a p redom inant ly f unerary f unct ion a nd s uggests , ma in ly b y a na logy, a date i n t he e ar lier s econd m illennium B C. Th is n eed n o t b e t he who le s tory but i t s eems r easonab le t o a ssume t hat t he vast major ity o f c a irns b e long t o t h is p er iod , more e spec ia lly t o B urgess' Over ton a nd B edd B ranwen phases i n t he e ar l i er B ronze Age ( Burgess 1 980). A lt hough i nd iv idua l r ound c a irns f orm a d ist inct t ype o f monument t hey c annot b e t reated i n i so lat ion. It h as b een s hown t hat c a irns a re s i mp ly o ne e lement i n a h igh ly var iab le f unerary t rad it ion a nd must , t herefore , b e v iewed aga inst t he w ide r ange o f b ur ia l p ract ices wh ich c haracter ise t he p er iod. Th is more g enera l approach c a lls i nto q uest ion s ome e ar l i er n o t ions o f t he s econd m illennium, b ut a lso s eems t o c onf irm s ome o ther v iews wh ich a re o ut o f f avour a t p resent. W it h in D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway b ur ia ls a ccompan ied b y b eakers , f ood v esse ls a nd s evera l t ypes o f c inerary u rn may o ccur i n many d ifferent s ite c ontexts i nc lud ing c a irns , f lat g raves a nd c eme ter ies. The r ema ins o f a n i nd iv idua l may b e d epos ited a lone o r w ith o thers; t hey may b e c remated o r , more r are ly, i nhumed, a nd c ou ld b e p laced i n a c ist, s toneI i ned p it , o r a s i mp le h o llow i n t he g round. I f o ne t akes a nat iona l v iew t here s eem t o b e i nnumerab le p oss ib le c omb inat ions f or t hese e lements. A t p resent r ad io-carbon dat ing p rov ides l i tt le j ust if icat ion f or a ny f irm c hrono log ica l d ist inct ion a nd i t s eems s afest t o a ssume t hat a l I p ract ices were b road ly c ontemporaneous. H owever , i n Dumfr ies a nd Ga l l oway t he e v idence d oes p o int t owards c erta in l oose g roup ings. P r inc ipa lly t here s eems t o b e a Ii nk b etween f ood v esse ls , c a irns , c ists , a nd e ither s ing le b ur ia l o r sma l I n umbers o f p r imary b ur ia ls. A l I t hese e lements o ccur s eparate ly i n d ifferent c ontexts b ut most f ood v esse ls a re f ound i n c a irns o r i n ' f lat' c ists. Many c a irns c onta in c ists wh ile f ew c a irns c over more t han 2 o r 3 p r i mary b ur ia ls. T he f ew r ecorded i nstances o f i nhumat ion b ur ia l wou ld a lso s eem t o b e long w ith t h is g roup ing. O ther p o ttery t ypes have b een f ound i n c a irns b ut n one s o c ons istent ly a s t he f ood v esse ls. F ur thermore n o c inerary u rn has b een d iscovered i n e ither a s trat i graph ica II y e ar l i er p os it ion t o a f ood v esse l i n a c a irn a nd n o c inerary u rn has o ccup ied a c entra l, p erhaps ' super ior' p os it ion w ith a f ood v esse l i n a n e ccentr ic 'i nfer ior ' p os it ion. I ndeed, t he major ity o f c o llared a nd c ordoned u rns f rom c a irns a ppear i n e ccentr ic o r s econdary p os itions. O ther l oose a ssoc iat ions p erhaps r epresent ing d ifferent f unerary p ract ices h ave a lso b een r ecogn ised. I n SW S co t land b o th f lat and e nc losed c emetery s ites c onta in a l most e xc lus ive ly c remat ion bur ia ls . C inerary u rns o f var ious t ypes , a s we ll a s t he o ccas iona l p ygmy v esse l, a re b y f ar t he most c ommon c eram ic t ype w ith in t hese monuments a nd i n f act o n ly a s ing le a typica l f ood v esse l, w ith s trong p ygmy v esse l a ff in it ies , h as b een f ound i n a c remat ion c eme tery i n t he R eg ion. 6 9

A W ider C ontext -M ode ls and

Mod if icat ions

S im ilar g roupings have b een o bserved e lsewhere , m ost n otab ly i n NW E ng land ( Bu 'l ock 1 96 1) . More r ecent ly Burgess h as d emonstrated t hat t he d ist inct ion may b e more w idespread a lthough i t c lear ly d oes n ot o ccur t hroughout t he B r itish I s les ( Burgess 1 980) . It s eems r easonab le t o c haracter is e t hese o bservat ions i n t erms o f t wo f unerary t rad it ions, b ut i t wou ld b e wrong t o d raw a ny r ig id d iv is ion. T hey a re , i n f act, s i mp ly t he e xtremes i n a w ide var iety o f f unerary p ract ices , a nd a l arge n umber o f bur ia ls o f t he s econd m illenn ium BC f a ll s omewhere i n b e tween. Ca irn c eme ter ies , s ing le c inerary u rn b ur ia ls , c inerary u rns i n t he c entres o f c a irns , o ccas iona lly w ith in a c ist, a nd s ome t i mes a ccompany i ng an i nhumat ion ( inferred) have a ll b een f ound i n t he R eg ion, and e lsewhere i t i s n o t u ncommon t o d iscover e lements f rom t he d ifferent t rad it ions c omb ined o n t he s ame s ite. S ince t hese t rad it ions a re i dent if iab le o n ly t hrough f unerary a ct iv ity i t i s d iff icu lt t o a ssess t he ir r e levance t o a ny p oss ib le c u ltura l d ist inct ions. C lear ly, i t i s n o t f eas ib le t o d ef ine a ny ' cu I t ure ' i n t he Ch i I d ean s ense , b ut Burgess' s uggest ion t hat t he d ifferent b ur ia l p ract ices are p r inc ipa lly r ef lect ions o f f unerary f ash ion a nd a re o f l i tt le w ider s ign if icance s eems t o b e t ak ing a n e asy way o ut. T here a re , i nev itab ly, g reat d iff icu lt ies i n u s ing d ata f rom f unerary l monuments t o i lustrate a spects o f t he l iv ing s oc iety, but s ome o f t he p oss ib ilit ies a re worth d iscuss ion ( Cobh ' II 1 982). S evera l s uggest ions h ave b een p roposed a nd d ebate o ver t he ir r espect ive mer its c ont inues. F irst ly, t he d ifferent f unerary t rad it ions c ou ld b e long t o s eparate r e l i g ious ' denom inations' w ith in a n e ssent ia lly h omogeneous s oc ie ty. S econd ly, t hey c ou ld r ef lect s oc ia l d ist inctions w ith in a s im ilar ly h omogeneous s oc iety. T h ird ly t hey c ou ld b e a ssoc iated w ith c o-ex is ting b ut p redom inant ly s eparate g roups , p erhaps w it h c ultura l d ifferences. F our th ly t here may b e a c hrono logica l d ist inct ion w ith o ne t rad it ion g radua lly r ep lac ing t he o ther. These p roposa ls a re n o t mutua lly e xc lus ive. Burgess' r ecent s uggest ions i mp ly a s oc ia l d is t inct ion a ssoc iated w ith a f unerary f ash ion wh ich c hanged o ver t he y ears. T he e vi dence f rom D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway wou ld a lso f avour a j udic ious c omb inat ion o f v iews. P erhaps t he most i mportant i s t he s uggest ion t hat c a irn b ur ia l was i ntended p r imar ily f or members o f a s oc ia l e lite. There a re s evera l a rguments i n f avour o f t h is. T he s e lect ion o f r a ised a nd o ften d ramat ic l ocat ions f or c a irn c onstruct ion, t he o r ientat ion o f t he monument a round a c entra l bur ia l d epos it a nd t he amount o f l abour r equ ired t o b u ild e ven a modest r ound c a irn may a ll b e t aken t o i mp ly s ome p ar t icu lar i mpor tance f or t hose i nterred. T he r e lat ive ly sma l I n umber o f p r imary b ur ia ls i n a ll but a h andfu l o f i nd iv idua l r ound c a irns c ontrasts w ith t he s ignif icant ly g reater n umber i n f lat o r e nc losed c eme ter ies a nd t his , t oo , may s uggest a r ather more e xc lus ive b ur ia l s it e. F ur thermore , i f a ll t he i nhab itants were b ur ied i n c a irns e ven t he most g enerous c a lcu lat ions o n t h is b as is ( cf A tkinson 1 972 ) wou ld i nd icate a n i mposs ib ly sma ll p opu lat ion. H owever , t o t h ink i n t erms o f a s oc ia l e lite i nterred i n c a irns wh i l e t he r est o f t he i nhab itants were a l l ocated p laces i n s ome s ort o f munic ipa l c emetery, c ou I d b e a g ross o ver7 0

s i mp l i f ication.

Burgess

may

we l I b e

c orrect

i n

s uggest ing

t hat

t he p resence o f any g rave g oods - espec ia lly p ottery - m ay i nd icate a h igher s tatus. The var ious f unerary t rad itions c ou ld r ef lect a h igh ly s tructured s oc iety w ith var ious s trata o f e lite r epresented by d ifferent bur ia l p ract ices and s ty les o f p ottery. N everthe less s tatus may n ot b e t he o n ly f actor. I n Dumfr ies and Ga lloway t he d istr ibution s hows a c oncentrat ion o f i nd iv idua l r ound c airns i n t he W and a r e lat ive pauc ity o f t hese monuments i n t he E . A t t he s ame t ime c emetery s ites o ccur most f requent ly i n t he E ( f ig 2 1) s uggest ing t he poss ib ility o f a r egiona l var iat ion. Thus , whi l e i n t he W t he e lite were i nterred p redom inant ly i n c a irns o ther s ite c ontexts may a lso have b een u sed i n t he E . T his c ou ld b e due t o t r iba l o r more d eep ly r ooted c u ltura l d ifferences. H owever , n e it her f unerary t radition o bserves s tr ict g eographica l Ii m its and t h is may a lso b e s ignif icant. I f t here i s a c hrono log ica l d ist inct ion i t i s p oss ib le t hat o ne t rad ition g radua lly e xtended i ts i nf luence p rey i ous

o ver t he o ther , f unerary r eperto ire

adopt ing s ome i n t he p rocess.

e lements o f t he The s ame r esult

c ou ld be e xpected i f r e l i g ious b e i i efs o r f unerary f ash ion c hanged a s a r esult o f s i mp le c ontact w ith d ifferent n e ighbour ing p ract ices. A lt hough t he c oncept o f a p opulat ion s h ift t hought t ime i s n ot f ashionab le t oday, t his t oo c ou ld a ccount f or t he merging o f t he d istinction. S uch s trat ig raphica I e vidence a s t here i s i n Dumfr ies and Ga l l oway wou ld s upport B urgess' c ontent ion, t hat t he c inerary u rn and c remat ion c emetery g radua lly r ep laced t he c a irn, c ist and f ood v esse l i n much o f western B r itain. I f t h is were s o t hen i t wou ld appear t hat t he f ar W , most n otab ly W ig townsh i re , r es isted t his c hange and c a irns c ont inued i n u se. They may have b een a dopted f or u se a s c emeter ies , a s f or e xamp le t he N eo l i th ic c a irn o f M id G leniron I , but t he a ctua l c onstruct ion o f s pec if ic c remation c emeter ies has n ot y et b een i dent if ied. The p oss ibility o f s ome t r iba l o r c ultura l r eason f or s uch c onservat ism s hou ld n ot b e d ism issed. The c oncept o f f unerary p ractices r ef lect ing d ifferent c u ltures was c ir cu mstanc i aI

o nce p opular. e vidence f or

d eve lopment

t he

o f

e ar l i er

I t t he

s eemed t o d i morphism

s econd

m illennium

p rovide s een i n BC.

On

g ood t he

t he

o ne

h and i t was c onvenient t o v iew c emetery s ites a s a c ont inuat ion o f t he mu ltip le bur ia l t radit ion r epresented particu lar ly by l ater N eo lithic r ing-d itched e nc losures which a lso f requent ly s erved

a s

c emeter ies

( K innes

1 979) .

The

p ottery,

e spec ia lly

c o llared u rns, s eemed t o b e a d irect d eve lopment f rom c erta i n l ater N eo l i thic wares ( Longworth 1 961 ) and t he d om inant c remation r ite c ou ld a lso b e t raced f rom native N eo lith ic c u lt ures. Th is was s een i n c omple te c ontrast t o t hat b ecame c haracter ised s omewhat m is lead ing ly a s t he ' s ing le bur ia l t radition, o ften i n a c ist, b eneath a r ound c a irn o r barrow, a nd I n

f requent ly t he

S

and

i nhu mat ion a nd

W. The

I s les.

bur ia l s ing le

p r inc ipa lly c omplete mater ia l

a ccompanied E o f

t o

Eng land but

t his

bur ia l ' Beaker

by

b eaker

t here was

n ot

t rad ition F o lk'

was

o r

f ood

a lso

an

s tr ict ly

was

s een

a rr iving

v esse l

o bserved t o

f rom

owe t he

w ith me ta l-working t echno logy and o ther c u lture , which s pread r apid ly t hrough

The

f ood

v esse l-us ing

c u ltures 7 1

were

s een

p ottery.

a ssoc iat ion

a s

i n i ts

w ith t he

N

o r ig ins

C ont inent, e lements o f t he B r it ish d eve lopments

7 2

f rom t hese i mm igrants a nd t he var iety o f f unerary p ract ices i n t he p er iod was , u nderstandab ly, i nterpreted a s t he r esu lt o f c ontact b etween t wo b road ly c ontemporaneous c u ltures , o ne nat ive , t he o ther i mm igrant. Burgess r e jects t h is mode l c omp le te ly a nd i t i s f a ir t o s ay t hat i t d oes n ot f i t we l I i nto a c ontext i n D umfr ies and Ga lloway, n or i ndeed a nywhere where t he a ll i mportant ' beaker e lement' i s p oor ly r epresented. F or many y ears o ur v iew o f t he B ronze Age has b een d om inated b y t hese p o ts a nd e ven B urgess' n ew mode l f or t he s econd m illenn ium B C s eems t o r e ly h eav ily u pon h is s t ill r ather u nconvent iona l v iew o f t he i ntroduction o f t hese v esse ls t o B r ita in. F or t his r eason a d egree o f c aut ion i s r equired i n a pp lying h is c onc lus ions t o Dumfr ies a nd Ga lloway. V irtua lly a ll t he e lements i n t he ' ca irn, c ist a nd f ood v esse l' f unerary t rad ition may b e r ecognised i n t he l ate N eo li th ic. There a re n umerous N eo l i th ic r ound c a irns , most n otab ly t he passage g raves o f western a nd n or thern B r ita in. S ing le c ists a lso o ccur , par t icu lar ly i n t he L inkardstown t ype o f monument f ound i n I re land. F ood v esse l p o ttery, t oo , may owe more t o N eo l i th ic c eram ics t han h as g enera lly b een r ecognised. B urgess s tresses t hese a nd o ther f actors which p o int t o a c ont inuous i nd igenous d eve lopment f or t h is f unerary t rad it ion, j ust a s h as b een a ccepted f or t he ' ceme tery and c inerary u rn' t rad it ion. I n s p ite o f t h is t here c an b e n o d eny ing t hat a c hange was t ak ing p lace i n t he c entur ies i mmed iate ly b efore 2 000 BC. l t may, h owever , h ave b een a s h ift o f emphas is r ather t han a major c u ltura l u pheava l. It n ow s eems a cceptab le t o c haracter ize t he t h ird m illennium B C a s a p er iod which s aw t he g radua l d eve lopment o f a more h ierarchica l s oc iety t han i s t hought t o h ave e x isted i n t he e ar l i er N eo lith ic p er iod. The o rgan isat ion o f many p eop le t o c onstruct t he mass ive monuments o f B urgess' Me ldon B r idge and Mount P leasant p er iods must i mp ly l eadersh ip a nd s oc ia l h ierarchy. Later i t s eems t hat t he l eadersh ip d iver ted t he e ffor ts o f t he p opu lation, n o t t owards l arge ' pub lic' monuments , b ut t owards t he s erv ice o f a n e lite. H ow t h is may have b een a ch ieved c an o n ly b e s pecu lat ion, but r e l i gious b e l i ef , c ontro l o f l and o r t he d istr ibut ion o f p r im it ive va luab les , i nc lud ing p erhaps b ronze , may a l I have h e lped ma intain t he a uthor ity o f a sma l I n umber o f i nd iv idua ls ( C larke 1 976). I f , a s B urgess a rgues , t he l ate t h ird a nd e ar ly s econd m il l enn ia B C s ee t he emergence o f a n e ssent ia lly i nd igenous a r istocracy t hen i t i s r easonab le t o t h ink t hat t he h igher e che lons may h ave made u se o f f ine p o ttery, much o f i t p erhaps made s pec ia lly t o a ccompany t he ir d ead. I n s upp lying t h is d emand , p o tters may have i ncorporated t rad it iona l d es igns a nd b een i nf luenced b y n ew f orms a nd i deas f rom e lsewhere. I f o ne a ccepts t his v iew i t s eems qu ite f eas ib le f or b eakers , i n part icu lar , t o r ef lect n o more t han a d es ire b y t he wea lt hy e lements o f s oc iety t o have f ine p o ttery ( Harr ison 1 980 ) . T he s uggest ion o f a ' cu lt package' a ssoc iated a nd adopted a long w ith t he c eram ic s ty le may e xp la in s ome o f t he o ther i tems wh ich c haracter ise ' beaker g raves' ( Burgess and S hennan 1 976) . G enera lly i t i s n o l onger n ecessary t o i nvoke f o lk movement t o a ccount f or a ll t he c hanges wh ich t yp ify t he e ar ly s econd m illennium B C. T o s ome e xtent t he e lit ist v iew o f t he p er iod was s haken 7 3

by P etersen's s uggestion ( 1972) t hat t he c oncept o f s ing le bur ia l was i naccurate and m is lead ing. Th is work was u sed p r inc ipa lly t o s how t hat t he mu ltip le bur ia l o f t he N eo l i thic c ont inued c ont inuity

i n c airns a s we ll i s n ow g enera lly

t o i nfer c a irn i s numer ica l

a s c emeter ies. A s trong e lement o f a ccepted, but t here s eems n o n eed

t hat more t han a s ing le p r i mary bur ia l b eneath a i nd icat ive o f a more e ga litar ian s oc iety. I n f act a d istinction b etween p r i mary c a irn b ur ia ls a nd

c eme tery d epos it s s eems t o p ers ist. O ccas iona lly i t a ppears t hat a c a irn was s pec ia lly c onstructed t o mark a nd c over a c emetery ( eg p erhaps M isk Knowes, Ayrsh ire ( Mann 1 906) o r e ven Barnes Farm , F ife ( Watk i ns 1 982) ) but t he major ity o f r ecent e xcavat ions s uggest t hat t he u se o f a r ound c a irn a s a c emetery was s econdary. I n most i nstances t he s ite s tarted a s an o therwise t yp ica l r ound c a irn c over ing a sma ll nu mber o f p r i mary bur ia l d epos its ( usua lly 1 -4), f or e xamp le L i mef ie ld, Lanarksh i re ( RCAHM 1 978 , N o 7 7) , Harehope , P eeb I e ssh ir e ( Jobey 1 980) . The t ab le o f I r ish e ar ly s econd m illennium b ur ia ls r ecent ly pub lished by Wadde ll ( 198 1 F ig a s ignif icant d ifference b etween s ites bur ia ls and t hose which makes l i tt le o f t his. The f act t hat t he s eems i nva l i d d oes ' centra l' bur ia l i n

c onta ined c oncept

2 8) would p roduc ing

more ,

o f

a

e ven

t hough

' s ing le

n ot d eny t he s tatus a r ound c a irn, n or

a lso l ess

s uggest t han 3

h e

bur ia l'

h imse lf

t rad it ion

o f t he ' pr inc ipa l' o r d oes i t s eem un like ly

t hat s evera l members o f s ome l oca l e lite may have b een e nt it led t o bur ia l b eneath a r ound c airn i ntended p r i mar ily f or s omeone e lse. P erhaps s ome bur ia ls t ook p lace p r ior t o t he p r inc ipa l bur ia l, and p erhaps o ther c orpses were a ctua lly s tored u nti I t he d eath o f t he ' pr inc ipa l '. There i s e vidence f or t his f rom s evera l s ites , f or e xamp le B redon H ill ( Thomas 1 967) a nd Moneen ( 0 ' Ke l I y 1 952) . This r aises t he question o f whe ther c remat ion s i mp ly f ac ilitated t he s torage o f a b ody i n t he i ntervening y ears, and t h is c ou ld e xp lain why c remated r ema ins a re f ound s o r are ly i n a c entra l pos it ion t o an e ccentr ic i nhumat ion. The c remated i nd ividua l c ou ld have d ied e ar lier , b een s tored, a nd may o n ly have b een i nterred o n t he d eath o f a p erson o f g reater i mportance who j ust if ied t he c onstruction o f a s ubstant ia l monument. H e may b e a member o f t he s ame f am ily but t his i s g enera lly unprovab le , and i s s ure ly n o t s tr ict ly n ecessary. H owever , t he r e lat ive ly sma ll number o f i nd iv idua ls i nvo lved s uggests t hat e ven t h is ' sate llite' bur ia l was n ot a p r ivi l ege a ccorded t o e veryone. Thus , whi l e a d egree o f c ont inui t y f rom N eo l i th ic t rad itions may b e s een, r ound c a irn bur ia l a lso i l lustrates s omething o f t he c hange which was t aking p lace a t t he t urn o f t he m illenn ium. This c an p erhaps b e b est t ypif ied by t wo f undamenta l f eatures o f r ound c airns - first, t he i mportance a ttached

t o

c erta in

p r inc ipa l

i nd iv idua ls

bur ia l, and s econd, t hat t he marks t he e nd o f i ts p r i mary s evera l

t imes,

s ubsequent build ing

and

more

a ctivity

and

t he

The c oncept o f r ece ived t he a ttention s till t hought t o BC e ven t hough

i s

bur ia ls e ssent ia lly

i mportance

o f

who

c onstruction u se. A s ite

t he

may

b e

i nserted,

i rre levant i nd ividua l

s ing le bur ia l i t d eserves. I n

mer ited

c entra l

o f t he monument may b e e xtended t o who

but t he

t h is

i nit ia l

i nspired

i t .

has a lso p erhaps n ot I re land s ing le bur ia l i s

b e c haracter istic o f t he e ar ly s econd m illenn ium multip le bur ia l d epos its a re known ( Her ity a nd 7 4

E ogan 1 977) . The f act r ema ins t hat t he major ity o f t he p er iod i n n orthern B r ita in c onta in t he r emains

b ur ia ls o f o f o n ly a

s ing le i nd iv idua l a nd p erhaps t he quest f or c ont inuity o f t he mu lt ip le bur ia l t rad ition has t ended t o o bscure t his f act. I n s ome ways p erhaps P etersen's work has b een a n a rchaeo log ica l r ed h err ing. The c ause o f N eo l i th ic c ontinui t y a nd i nd igenous d eve lop ment may b e b etter s erved by t rying t o i dentify i nd ividua l o r s ing le bur ia ls i n t he N eo lith ic. The L inkardstown t ombs may p rovide a u sefu l e xamp le ( Ryan 1 98 1) but t hese a re an I r ish phenomenon and n eed n ot r e late t o t he r est o f B r ita in. The s a me may b e t rue o f t he N eo lithic c ists d iscovered i n t he c omp lex monument a t A lt anagh, C o. Tyrone ( W ill i ams , f orthcoming) . I f , a s n ow s eems p oss ib le , t he major ity o f e ar ly s econd m illenniu m BC bur ia l p ractices have t he ir o r igins i n native N eo lithic c u ltures , o ne i s p rompted t o a sk why t here s hou ld b e s uch d ivers ity and why, i n particu lar , t wo r e lat ive ly we l I d ef ined f unerary t raditions s hou ld e vo lve. t hese quest ions r equires a more nat iona l p resent work c an o ffer but t wo p o ints

The answer t o b oth approach t han t he may b e made. The

d ivers ity o f t he s econd m illenn ium BC bur ia l t raditions c ou ld b e a r esponse t o a lready d iverse f unerary p ractices o f t he p receding m illenn iu m which l ater b ecame c rysta llized, e spec ia lly i n c erta in g eograph ica l a reas. I t wou ld b e wrong t o t hink o f l ater N eo lithic bur ia l p ract ices a s unif ied. They were , i f

anything,

more

var iab le

t han

t he ir

s uccessors

and

t here

i s

e very r eason t o s uppose t hat d ivers ity s hou ld e vo lve d iverse ly. F urthermore , t he more r igid s oc ia l and, p erhaps , p o l i t ica l s tructure e nvisaged by many a rchaeo log ists f or t he e ar ly s econd m illennium BC may e xp la in why s pec if ic 't rad itions ' o nce e stab l i shed, c ou ld b e ma inta ined g eographica l and p erhaps t r iba l l im its. This a l I i mp l i es a v ery l oose mode l, N eo l i thic d irections p r inc ipa l

w ithin w ith

g enera l

var ious

l ate

f unerary p ractices g radua lly e vo lv ing i n d ifferent i n d ifferent parts o f t he c ountry. Eventua lly, t wo t rad it ions emerge and b ecome e ntrenched i n t he more

s tructured and h ierarchica l s oc iety r ef lected by t he monuments o f t he e ar l i er B ronze Age. Over t he c entur ies c hanges i n f ashion, c ontact w ith o ther g roups a s we l I a s d iverse o r igins c ou ld a ccount f or t he var iat ions s een w ith in t he t raditions , and t he passage o f t ime c ould a lso e xp lain t he e ventua l d om ination o f o ne t rad ition o ver a nother. Th is wou ld s eem t o c orrespond q uite we ll w ith t he a ' Bedd B ranwen'

c oncept o f phase a s

an ' Overton' p roposed by

phase f o llowed by B urgess. P erhaps

i ntentiona lly h e d oes n ot d ef ine e ither p er iod c lose ly - indeed t he ava ilab le e vidence i s p oss ib ly n ot y et r eady f or s uch c lose d ef inition. C erta in i tems f a ll w ithin o ne o r o ther phase but t he m ore genera l var iety o f f unerary p ract ice c annot b e c onf ined w ithin a s ing le p er iod o n p resent t he c ruc ia l f unerary d ist inction i n

C 14 e v idence. Burgess' mode l

N everthe less Ii es i n t he

g enera l s hift t owards c remat ion i n t he B edd B ranwen phase and i t i s i n t h is p er iod t hat h e wou ld p lace t he major ity o f c remation c emeter ies. Th is wou ld t he w idespread c onstruction o f

appear c a irns

c haracter ise

a

t he

c onso lidation

p receding Overton phase. There a re t wo particu lar w onders

what

happened

i n

o f

s ort

p rob lems

a reas 7 5

where

t o b e i n c ontrast t o and barrows wh ich o f w ith

a r istocracy t his.

c remat ion

i n

t he

F irst ly,

o ne

had

a l ways

b een t he d om inant r ite , e ven i n t he N eo l i th ic. T h is app lies par t icu lar ly t o I re land a nd a lso t o a l esser e xtent t o western S co t land. One c an s t ill e nvisage t he Over ton phase a s s ee ing t he c onstruct ion o f many, p erhaps t he major ity, o f r ound c a irns a nd barrows , b ut s ince t h is c lear ly c ont inued i n t he B edd B ranwen phase i t i s wor th q uest ion ing whe ther t he d ist i nct ion i s v a lid i n a f unerary c ontext. S econd ly, i f c remat ion a nd e spec ia lly c eme tery s ites e nc losed b y c ircu lar d itches o r b anks b e long p redom inant !y t o t he l ater p er iod t hen i t b ecomes more d iff icu lt t o s ee t hem a s a d irect c ont inuat ion o f l ate N eo lith ic t rad it ions c urrent s ome f our c entur ies e ar lier. I t i s t empt ing t o s uggest t hat t h is a spect o f N eo lith ic f unerary p ract ice r ema ined d om inant i n s ome r eg ions , p erhaps t he P enn ines o r parts o f S cot land wh ile i n o ther a reas i t may h ave b een k ept a live b y c erta in s ect ions w ith in a s oc iety where o ther bur ia l p ract ices were more w idespread. D umfr ies and Ga lloway

-C a irns ,

Cu lture and

C ontext

I f t he n ot ion t hat r ound c a irns were i ntroduced w ith b eaker c eram ics a s p art o f a f o lk movement i s abandoned t hen i nd igenous d eve lopment b ecomes p oss ib le o n a l oca l a s we ll a s n at iona l l eve l. N eo l i th ic r ound c a irns , t he B argrennan group , e x ist i n t he R eg ion a nd i t i s t empt ing t o s ee s ome o f t he s ing le c hambers ( eg Ca irnderry, H ensha l I 1 972 , KRK 7 ) a s p recursors o f t he s econd m illenn ium c ists. T he s im ilar ity b e tween t he L inkardstown-type c ists a nd t he c ists a t S troanfreggan ( NK 8 ) a nd Mo l l ance ( SK 4 5) has a lready b een n o ted and i t n eed n o t b e u nreasonab le t o s ee c a irn d eve lopment i n Dumfr ies a nd Ga l l oway a s i nf luenced f rom I re land j ust a s much a s f rom E ng land o r t he r est o f S cot land. C lear ly t he u se o f b eakers i n t he a rea d id n o t f o llow a ny s pec if ic f unerary t rad it ion and i t s eems v ery much a s t hough t h is c eram ic t ype was i ncorporated i nto t he w ide r ange o f f unerary p ract ices c urrent a t t he t urn o f t he m illenn ium. T h is i nc luded r ound c a irn c ons truct ion i n o n ly o ne i nstance. 1n o ther a reas r ound b arrow a nd c a irn c onstruct ion b ecame w idespread a t t he s ame t ime a s t h is c eram ic s ty le a nd, c onsequent ly, t he b eaker p o ttery a nd a ssoc iated ' cu lt package' o r whatever , h as p erhaps b een c red ited w ith more s ign if icance t han i t d eserves. I n D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway c a irn c onstruct ion c lear ly b e longs much more c lose ly w it h f ood v esse l p ottery, p art icu lar ly t he I r ish vase a nd b ow l t ypes. N ever the less t h is c ou ld r ef lect par t o f e ssent ia lly t he s ame p henomenon iI lustrated b y b eakers e lsewhere. T he a ff in ity b e tween t he d ecorat ion o n l ater b eakers a nd s ome f ood v esse ls h as l ong b een r ecognised, a nd h as l ed t o t he s uggest ion t hat t he f ood v esse ls owe much t o b eakers a nd, t o s ome e xtent, mark a f ur ther s tage o f d eve lopment. H owever , o ver much o f western B r ita in b eakers , e spec ia lly l ater t ypes , a re c omparat ive ly f ew , wh ile f ood v esse ls , e spec ia lly I r ish b ow ls , a re more c ommon. T hese v esse ls d isp lay a r ef inement o f d ecorat ion and s kill i n manufacture a t l east c omparab le t o t hat s een i n b eakers. It t herefore s eems r easonab le t o s uggest t hat t he r e lat ionsh ip b etween l ate b eakers a nd s ome f ood v ese ls may b e c ous i nI y r ather t han ancestra l. T h is may g o s ome way t o e xp la in why, a fter t he i ntens ity o f o ccupat ion b y b eaker-us ing peop le i n t he e ar ly ' Step 1 a nd 2 ' s tages , f or e xamp le a t L uce S ands , t here 7 6

s eems t o b e s o l i tt le e v idence o f l ater a ct iv ity. P erhaps f ood v esse ls r epresent t he i mmed iate s uccessors , i nf luenced, n o t o n ly by b eaker s ty l es d eve lop ing e lsewhere , b ut a lso b y N eo l i th ic wares , e spec ia lly C arrowkee l ware , wh ich were p robab ly s t ill i n u se. T h is i s a n i mpor tant p o int b ecause i f b eakers r ef lect l i tt le more t han a d es ire , b y a n emergent wea lthy e lement i n s oc ie ty, f or f ine p o ttery, t hen t he s ame c ou ld b e t rue o f s ome f ood v esse ls. I n D umfr ies and Ga l l oway i t may b e p oss ib le t o s ee t he w idespread c onstruct ion o f r ound c a irns , w ith t he emphas is p laced u pon t he i nd ividua l, a s a no ther f acet o f t he s ame r ise o f a s oc ia l e lite r ef lected i n t he f ine p o ttery. T h is wou ld s eem t o a dd we ight t o t he ' func t iona l i s t v iew o f b oth b eakers a nd f ood v esse ls. The n atura l, a nd p redom inant ly i nd igenous , d eve lopment o f a f ine p o ttery t rad it ion s eems more Ii ke ly i f s evera l s ty l es emerged, a nd t he f act t hat l ater b eakers a nd f ine I r ish b ow l f ood v esse ls t end t o o ccur s eparate ly may s imp ly r ef lect d ifferent r eg iona l p references , p erhaps d ue t o n o more t han p rox im ity t o e xterna l i nf luences f rom t he C ont inent o n t he o ne h and o r p re-ex ist ing r eg iona l var iat ions i n l ater N eo lith ic c eram ics o n t he o ther. The g eograph ica l p os it ion o f D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway has d e term ined t hat t he p reh istory o f t he R eg ion s hou ld b e s ubject t o i nf luence f rom s evera l d irect ions , b ut t he s hort s ea r oute t o I re land s eems t o have e ncouraged r ather t han h indered c ross-channe l c ontact. T he s im ilar ity o f s ome c ists t o t he I r ish L inkardstown t ype , t he p redom inance o f t he c remat ion r ite , t he pauc ity o f b eaker p o ttery, t he o ccurrence o f mu lt ip le c ist c a irns and t he s im ilar ity o f t he c eram ic s ty les f rom t he t wo a reas a ll s uggest a c lose a ssoc iat ion. R ecent ly t here has b een s ome d ebate c entred upon t he i ntroduct ion o f c inerary u rns , par t icu lar ly c o llared u rns , t o I re land. B r ind ley has s uggested ( 1980) t hat t hey c ou ld r epresent a n i nd igenous I r ish d eve lopment, n o t , a s h as p rey i ous ly b een t hought, t hat t hey were i ntroduced f rom western S co t land ( Kavanagh 1 976) . I n s p ite o f B r ind ley ' s a sser t ions , t he s im ilar it ies b etween v esse ls f rom t he t wo a reas a re t oo c lose f or a n i ndependent d eve lopment a nd a n I r ish o r ig in f or t he S co tt ish u rns s eems t he l east Ii ke ly o f t he t wo p r inc ipa l a lternat ives ( see t he d istr ibut ion map, K avanagh 1 976 , F ig 7 ). Th is i nev i tab ly r a ises t he d iff icu lt q uest ion o f t he a rea o f o r igin f or t he a spects o f e ar ly s econd m il l ennium f unerary p ract ice wh ich a re c ommon t o b oth r eg ions. A rchaeo log ica l e v idence o n ly r are ly i nd icates t he d irect ion i n wh ich a t rad ition o r i tem o f mater ia l c u lture was mov ing. T he p rob lem may b e i lustrated b y f ood v esse ls wh ich a re o f par t icu lar l i mportance t o t he d eve lopment o f c a irn b ur ia l i n t he R eg ion. I r ish vases o ccur i n p rofus ion i n western S cot land , i ndeed B urgess p refers t o c a ll t hem Ir ish/Scott ish vases f or t h is r eason a nd i t i s d iff icu lt t o p o int t o e ither a rea a s t he p lace o f o r igin. I r ish b ow l f ood v esse ls a re a lso c ommon i n b o th a reas b ut wou ld s eem t o o r ig inate i n I re land i n v iew o f t he ir a ff init i es w ith I r ish N eo l i thic c eram ics. T he c eram ic e v idence w ou ld s eem t o s uggest t hat i nf luence was i n b oth d irect ions a nd i f t h is were s o t hen t he c oncept o f i nvas ion g ives way t o t he i dea o f a ' cu lture p rov ince' w ith in wh ich i deas were e xchanged qu ite f ree ly. S uch a p rov i nce c ou ld c er ta in ly i nc lude SW S cot land a nd U lster a nd may b e e xtended t o t ake i n much o f t he

I r ish

S ea

b oard. 7 7

T h is d iscuss ion has b een i ntended p r i mar ily t o s e t t he i nd iv idua l c a irns o f D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway i nto a w ider c ontext o f nat iona l d eve lopment. I f o ne a ccepts t hat t he p lethora o f f unerary p ract ices o f t he p er iod n eed b ear l i tt le r e lat ionsh ip t o c u ltura l, p o lit ica l o r e thn ic g roups t hen many o f t he p rob lems a ssoc iated w ith t he d ifferent f unerary t rad it ions d isappear. E ven s o , t hese s ame f unerary pract ices p rov ide a n o therw ise a l most n on-ex istent gIi mpse i nto t he e ar l i er s econd m illennium B C a nd s ome e xp lanat ion s eems n ecessary. T he d iscover ies f rom c a irns w ith in t he a rea a re l im ited and r e late t o t oo f ew s ites t o a llow much o f a Reg iona l c u lture t o b e e stab lished, b ut g enera lly t he r estr icted e vidence wou ld appear c ompat ib le w ith t he r ather f lu id mode l proposed b y B urgess. S ome mod if icat ions h ave b een s ugges ted and i t s eems e spec ia lly i mportant n o t t o r egard t he c hrono log ica l f ramework a s more t han a l oose g u ide. A s im ilar ly f lex ib le a pproach s hou ld a lso p erhaps b e t aken t owards t he d istinct ion b etween t he Overton a nd B edd B ranwen p er iods. A lthough t he f inds s uggest c a irn c onstruct ion t ook p lace p redoninant ly i n t he O ver ton p er iod, t he c omparat ive pauc ity o f i nhumation bur ia l i n t he W makes t he d iv is ion r ather v ague. Dumfr ies and Ga ll oway Env i ornmenta I Approach

- Distr ibut ion

and

S ett lement

- an

D istr ibut iona l s tud ies a re o ften most u sefu l a s i ndicators o f s ett lement a nd i t i s i n t h is r espect t hat t he s tudy o f ca irns has t he most va lue e ven t hough t he c onc lus ions may b e s ummar ised q u ite b r ief !y . The g enera l d istr ibut ion s ugges ts t hat t he i nd iv idua l r ound c a irns o f D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway may b e t aken a s a r ough i nd icat ion o f a reas o f s e tt lement , but t he p rob lems d iscussed above mean t hat t hey must n ot b e s een a s a ny s or t o f i ndex o f s ett lement i ntens ity. N ever the less a b road a ssoc iat ion o f c a irns w ith s ett lement s eems va li d l arge ly b ecause o f t he nature o f c a irns t hemse lves. A lt hough o ther s ources o f s tone may have b een u sed o n o ccas ion , a reas o f c u lt ivated g round p rovide t he most o bvious s ource o f c a irn b uild ing mater ia l i n t he R eg ion. I t t herefore s eems r easonab le t o s ee c a irns , u n like b arrows , a s g enera l i nd icators o f a reas o f a gr icu lture. I f t h is c an b e a ccepted t hen c lear ly s ett lement a nd c u ltivat ion were e xtens ive a nd c ou ld b e f ound u pon a w ide var ie ty o f s o i I s . I n t he warmer d r ier c l i mate o f t he e ar ly s econd m illenn ium B C most o f t he s o ils i n t he a rea w ould have b een q uite f er t il e a nd workab le. T here a re , h owever , s ome n otab le e xcept ions , i n part icu lar t he h igher a ltitude s o iI s , a bove 3 35m i n t he E , b ut l ower i n t he W , a nd a lso t he h eav ier c lay s o i I s o f East D umfr iessh ire a nd t he Wh i t horn p eninsu la. I n t hese t wo c ases o ne m ight o ffer an i nterest ing s pecu lat ion. H eavy s o ils may have d e terred c u lt ivat ion but t he va lue o f t he l and a s pasture may have b een h igh a nd u naffected b y t he s ubso i I o r t he t ree c over which p robab ly p ers isted. Catt le a re n atura lly b rows ing a n i ma ls and wou ld b e a t h ome i n a wood land e nv ironment. It s eems r easonab le t hat i n s ome a reas t he n atura l r esources l ent t hemse lves t o f orms o f f arm ing o ther t han c u lt ivat ion, a nd a p auc ity o f c a irns may i mp ly a p redom inant ! y pastora l e conomy. F lem ing ( 197 1; 1 973) s uggested t hat i n l ow land B r ita in r ound barrows r ef lected a pastora l e conomy. I t i s p erhaps p oss ib le t hat r ound c a irns, t he 7 8

h igh land e quiva lent t o r ound barrows i n most r espects , were t he p roducts o f a p redom inant ly a grar ian c ommun ity. T he g enera l pauc ity o f b arrows i n t he a rea m ight s uppor t s uch a n ot ion. The e v idence i s r ea lly t oo s l im t o p rov ide n ecessary p roof but i t i s p oss ib le t o s pecu late t hat s ome o f t he o ther bur ia l monuments , most e spec ia lly t he e nc losed c remat ion c eme ter ies , wh ich o ccur ma in ly i n t he E o f t he R eg ion, may have b een p referred b y pastora l i s ts s o t hat t he t wo p redom inant f unerary t rad it ions may r ef lect a n e conom ic d is t inction a nd t he d ifferent d istr ibut ion may b e d eterm ined b y l and c apab ility r ather t han t r iba l o r c u ltura l d iv is ion, a lt hough t hese may h ave a r isen g iven t ime. A p oss ib le para lle l f or s uch a s pecu lat ion may b e s een i n t he c ontrast b e tween t he monuments o f t he D erbysh ire Ii mestone a nd t hose t o t he N o n t he P ennine g r itstone ( Fow ler 1 956). I f c a irns r ef lect s ett lement i n a b road way i t i s p ert inent t o a sk what s ort o f s ett lement t hey may i mp ly. T he e nv ironmenta l background i s i mportant b ut u nfortunate ly va luab le p o l l en e v idence i s n o t e nt ire ly c ons istent. Much d epends u pon a lt itude a nd t he p oss ib ility o f marked d ifferences b etween o ne a rea a nd t he n ext must b e a ccepted , a t l east i n t he h igh land part o f B r ita in. The r ad io-carbon d ated d iagrams f rom BI o ak Moss , a l owlying s ite i n Ayrsh ire , s uggests a d ense ly wooded e nv ironment wh ile o ther work i n t he R eg ion, a s we l I a s i n N or thern I re land ( Sm ith 1 975) a nd t he Lake D istr ict, has d emonstrated t hat t he u p lands were e ither a lready, o r were b ecom ing i ncreas ing ly, c lear o f f orest. C lear ly b o th s ituations o ccurred i n SW S co t land. T he ma in d iff icu lty i s i n d e term ining t he a reas a nd a lt i tudes a t wh ich w ood land g ave way t o c learer g round. Ca irns must, t herefore , b e s een i n b oth c ontexts. The p o l I e n f rom B loak Moss i nd icates s evera l p er iods i n t he e ar ly s econd m illenn ium BC when t here were sma ll s ca le I a ndnam p hases , p robab ly n o t f ar f rom t he e dge o f t he b og. A f ter e ach I andnam, c u lt ivat ion was a bandoned a nd f orest r egenerated. A s im ilar p attern c an b e s een a t Racks Moss ( N icho ls 1 967) . T urner s uggests t hat o n e ach o ccas ion t he p opu lat ion - o r a t l east t he agr icu ltura lists - m oved b eyond t he c atchment a rea f or t he p o l l en, wh ich s he e st i mated t o b e a bout 1 0kms f rom h er s amp le s ite. T here a re t wo p oss ib le r easons f or t h is. F irst ly, i t i s p oss ib le t hat t he s o il b ecame e xhausted making a move t o a more f ert ile a rea n ecessary. I f t h is were t he s o le r eason, h owever , i t i s d iff icu lt t o s ee why m ovement s hou ld n o t h ave b een a r e lat ive ly s hor t d istance , r ema ining w it h in t he 1 0kms p o l l en c atchment a rea. A s econd e xp lanat ion may b e s uggested b y t he f act t hat t he I andnam p hases c orrespond w ith i ncreases i n t he r ate o f p eat g rowth wh ich, i n t urn, r ef lect i ncreas ing p rec ip itat ion. I t i s p erhaps p oss ib le t hat s e tt lement was most f requent u pon t he more margina l u p land s o ils. I t h as b een s hown t hat s uch a reas may h ave had c erta in a ttract ions a nd t he e v idence f rom t he p o llen i mp lies q u ite e xtens ive u se o f t he u p lands i n s ome p arts o f t he R eg ion. H owever , a t t imes o f h igher r a infa ll t hese s o ils wou ld b e more s uscept ib le t o l oss o f f ert ility t hrough l each ing a nd i t may, t herefore , h ave b een n ecessary t o move t o l owerly ing g round. When t he r a infa l I d ecreased p eop le may h ave r eturned t o t he u p lands. Th is i s an a ttract ive p ropos it ion, but i t r equires s ome a dd it iona l c omment. T he c li mate a t t he t ime was 7 9

warmer

t han

t oday,

but

t h is

wou ld

n ot

a ffect

t he

r e lat ive

s uscept ib ility o f up land s o ils t o l eaching. It s hou ld a lso b e r emembered t hat t he f luctuat ions u nder d iscuss ion a re m inor b y c ompar ison w it h t he marked c l i mat ic d eter iorat ion s evera l c entur ies l ater , and i t wou ld p robab ly b e wrong t o v isua lise who lesa le abandonment o f t he up lands a t t hese t imes. I t s eems more Ii ke ly t hat a s er ies o f p oor harvests may s i mply h ave e ncouraged s ome i ndividua ls t o l ook e lsewhere f or t he ir c u It ivation r equirements. Aga inst s een

t o

t h is

r ef lect

background t h is

t he

r ound

movement

c a irns

amongst

t he

Dur ing t he o ccupation o f a s ett lement o ne o f l oca l i mportance may d ie and a c a irn, s tones f rom t he n earby c u ltivation p lots , t he

c entur ies

s evera l

moves

may

t ake

c an

p erhaps

l ow land

b e

a reas.

o f more i ndividua ls c omposed l arge ly o f may b e b uilt. O ver

p lace

and

t h is

c ou ld

a ccount f or t he e ssent ia lly d ispersed d istr ibut ion o f r ound c a irns. H owever , t here a re a f ew n otab le c a irn c oncentrat ions which r a ise t he i nterest ing p oss ib ility t hat i n s ome a reas c ultivat ion and o ccupat ion were more p ermanent. T h is v iew may b e s upported by t he o ccur c lose t o f ert ile ab le have t hose

f act t hat s ome o f t hese c oncentrat ions a lluv ia l d epos its wh ich may have b een

t o s upport more c ontinuous c u ltivation. They may c ons isted o f Ii ghter and more e as i l y t i lled s o i I s o n t he h eavier g lac ia l mater ia l. H owever,

d istr ibut iona l e v idence have b een i mportant.

a lso t han t he

i s n ot c ons istent and o ther f actors may A l I t his s uggests a l ow land l andscape

c ons isting o f a patchwork o f sma ll c u ltivated c lear ings, a f ew l arger and more p ermanent ly s e tt led a reas , abandoned c ultivation p lots , p erhaps t urned o ver t o pasture , c omple te ly abandoned c lear ings a t var ious s tages o f f orest r egenerat ion, and s ome a reas o f una ltered, c li max, m ixed o ak f orest. A t h igher a ltitudes a d ifferent p icture emerges. I nitia lly s ome f orest c learance may have b een n ecessary, but t his c ou ld have b een f ac ilitated by a l ess d ense t ree c over a nd , i ndeed, s ome a reas may a lready have b een r e lat ive ly t ree less. T he t hinner , f ree-dra ining s o i I s may h ave had g ood a gr icultura l p otent ia l but wou ld have b een Ii ab le t o l oss o f nutr ients t hrough l each ing o r p oor b een n ecessary t o move

management. It may, t herefore, have o n more f requent ly as s o i I s became

i mpover ished. I n an up land l ocation s uch i mpover ished s o i I s wou ld p robab ly n ot r egain t he ir f ormer s tatus , and t ree c over , o nce r emoved, wou ld p robab ly n ot r e-estab lish i tse lf i n t he a rea. Thus i ncreas ing ly o ut

c learance wou ld o pen e nvironment

a s n otab le Aga inst

b e p rogress ive , l ead ing t o a n i n wh ich c a irns would h ave s tood

l andmarks. s uch a background

i nd ividua l r ound s ett lement o n b oth

c airns up land

a s and

i t

i s

poss ib le

t o

s ee

r ef lect ing an e rrat ic path o f l ow land -a s we ll a s t he ground

i n b etween. The d ispersed d istr ibut ion wou ld appear t o b e d eterm ined b y t he t wo p r inc ipa l g eographica l/env iron menta l f actors o f s o il and c li mate e ven t hough c lose c orre lat ion e ither d r ift g eo logy o r a ltitude i s n ot a l ways p resent ( p. O ther

f actors

may

have

b een

i mportant

l oca l l eve l t here i s l i tt le t o s uggest o r c u ltura l i nf luence o ther t han c onstruct ion d iscussed e ar lier. This c oncept o f r e lative ly r ef lected i n a d ispersed c airn 8 0

nat iona lly,

b ut

a ny major po lit ica l, t hose i mp lic it i n

w ith 5 6f). a t

a

s oc ia l ca irn

f luid a nd ' mobi l e' c u ltivation d istr ibution has an i mportant

i mp li cat ion f or t he d eve lopment o f e ar ly s econd m illenn ium B C s tud ies. R ecent ly i t has b ecome f ash ionab le t o a rgue i n f avour o f t he who lesa le o rgan isat ion o f l arge t racts o f l and w ith c arefu l a nd we l I r egu lated u se b y b o th c uI ti vat ion i sts a nd pas tora l i sts ( Fow ler 1 98 1) . T h is may a pp ly t o s ome e spec ia lly ' wea lthy' a reas o f s outhern E ng land a nd a lso , b y c ontrast, t o s ome c ommunities l iv ing o n i s lands o r i n l ess h osp itab le p ar ts o f t he c ountry where agr icu ltura l r esources were Ii m ited. I n t hese c ircumstances , c arefu l r egu lat ion may have b een v ery i mportant b ut t h is d oes n ot s eem t o have a pp l i ed i n D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway. T he g enera l l ack o f s trong d istr ibut iona l c haracter ist ics f or i nd iv idua l r ound c a irns o ther t han a l oose a ssoc iat ion w ith ' sett lement' a reas s uggests a more o pportun ist c ho ice o f s ett lement a nd agr icu ltura l s ites , t ak ing advantage o f what was ava ilab le a nd mov ing o n when c ircumstances d ictated. E v idence f or g reater o rganisat ion o f t he l andscape may e ventua lly b e r evea led, b ut a t p resent i t i s marked b y i ts a bsence. F ina lly, o ne c ou ld s uggest t hat t he more o pportun ist a pproach t o l and u se s uggested above may h ave b een h igh ly o rganised i tse lf. T o i ns ist t hat o n ly r egu lar f ie ld b oundar ies a nd l arge s ca le p ermanent c u lt ivat ion a re i nd icat ive o f o rganisat ion i s p erhaps a t went ieth c entury o ver-s im l i fi cat ion o f t he worst k ind.

8 1

CATALOGUE

K EY

TO S YMBOLS U SED

I N ACCOMPANY ING

MAPS AND

P LANS

S ite P lans Extent o f

u nexcavated c a irn

W ith we l Id ef ined

Ear thfast s tones ( except WK 8 , f ig

e dge .

4 1)

S tone wa l l Maps R ound

c a irns

( category

R ound

c airns

( categor ies

C is t

i n

1 - s ee p . 2 -5 -see

3 ) p .

3 )

c a irn

S tone c irc les C remat ion

c eme ter ies

H enges L ong C is t

c airns ( uncovered) .

S tand ing

s tones

R ing-ditch P it

a lignment

C ursus S ites

f ound

t hrough

a er ia l

pho tography

F ig 2 2

A P

8 2

C A T A L O G U E I ntroduct ion I n o rder t o make n o tes may b e h e lpfu l.

f u ll

u se

o f

t he

c ata logue

t he

f o llow ing

A . The c ata logue i s d iv ided i nto n ine s ect ions c orrespond ing t o t he s ubd iv is ions o f t he o ld c ount ies ment ioned e ar l i er ( f ig 2 3). They a re a rranged f rom E -W a s f o llows: East

D umfr iessh ire

( ED)

West

D umfr iessh ire

( WD)

S outh

K irkcudbr ightshire

( SK)

N orth

K irkcudbr ightshire

( NK)

West

K irkcudbr ightsh ire

East

W igtownsh ire

Water o f

Luce

( WK)

( EW)

( WL)

East

Luce

( EL)

West

W igtownsh ir e

( WW)

The i ndex n umber o f e ach c a irn i s p ref ixed b y t he t wo i n it ia l l etters o f t he a rea i n which i t i s l ocated and t he s ites a re l isted and d escr ibed i n n umer ica l o rder w ith in t hese bas ic d iv is ions. B . I n v iew o f t he i mportance a ttached t o t he l andscape i n c a irn d istr ibut ion t he sma ll a reas a re b r ief ly a nd i nd iv idua lly d escr ibed. Th is i s an a ttempt t o e stab lish a l oca l g eographica l b ackground t o t he c a irn d istr ibution. T hese d escr ipt ions a re e ssent ia lly s i mp le a nd i n f act c onst itute a c o l l ect ion o f i mpress ions gathered dur ing f ie ldwork. I n Dumfr ies and G a ll oway, o r i ndeed a ny r ura l a rea, i t i s t he pattern o f m odern l and-use wh ich s tr ikes t he c asua l o bserver most f orc ib ly. C onstant r eference i s , t herefore , made t o t h is a spect o f t he a reas. T h is i s e spec ia lly h e lpfu l s ince i t d irect ly a ffects s ite s urv iva l a nd i t a lso p rovides a g ood i nd icat ion o f t he p o tent ia l o f t he l and. C . S ites wh ich a re c lose t oge ther w ill g enera lly have c onsecut i ve n umbers a nd add it iona l r eferences o r i nformat ion wh ich may r e late t o s evera l s ites w ill e ither b e i nc luded a t t he e nd o f e ach a rea l ist o r a s a n ' NB' e ntry amongst a g roup o f c onsecut ive ly n umbered s ites. D . f rom f arm t hat

S ite names a re l arge ly a rb itrary a nd t he n earby f arm names , t opograph ica l name n eed n ot i mp ly t hat a s ite i s o n

h ave b een t aken f eatures , e tc. A l and b e long ing t o

f arm.

E . The g r id r eferences a re g iven i n 6 f igures , e xcept when s ites a re c lose t oge ther when 8 f igure r eferences a re g iven. U nl ocated o r a pprox i mate ly l ocated s ites a re i nd icated by a 2 o r 4 f igure r eference. 8 3

F . L ocat iona l d escr ipt ions a re e ssent ia lly s ubject ive a nd i nc lude an amateur a ssessment o f t he a gr icu ltura l l and u se. T erms s uch a s ' pasture' o r ' cu lt ivated' s imp ly i nd icate t he u se a t t he t ime o f t he v is it. G . S ite d escr ipt ions a re based u pon a c omb inat ion o f p ersona l f ie ldwork c arr ied o ut b e tween O ctober 1 974 and A pr il 1 979 , t ogether w ith e ar l i er r ecords. An a ttempt i s made t o c orre late t he data. H . Measurements , where p oss ib le , were t aken a nd a re g iven h ere i n metres t o t he n earest 0 .5m. G reater a ccuracy i s s imp ly n ot meaningfu l o n c a irns wh ich a re s pread and d amaged e tc. A l I h e ights a re e st i mates , e xcept f or t hose which a re i l lustrated i n s ect ion wh ich were a ccurate ly l eve lled. I . A l I measurements d er ived f rom e ar l i er s ources a re g iven d irect ly w ithout metr ic c onvers ion. The r eason f or t h is i s s i mp le. T o d escr ibe a s ite a s 6 0 ' i n d iam c onveys a v ery d ifferent d egree o f a ccuracy t o t he e xact me tr ic e quiva lent - 18.18m - b ut t o r ound t h is d own t o 1 8m wou ld b e t o m isr epresent t he s ource. J . The s ummary wh ich f o l l ows t he s ite d escr ipt ions g ives bas ic abbrev iated data u sed i n t he s tat ist ica l a na lyses. S ix c haracter ist ics a re n o ted: 1 . R e liab ility c ategory - Th is a ttempts t o q uant ify t he p robab ility t hat a monument i s a B ronze Age b ur ia l c a irn. More d eta ils a re g iven o n p . 3 b ut e ssent ia lly t he c ategor ies a re a s f o llows: 1 2 3 4 5

= = = = =

p oss ib le qu ite p oss ib le f a ir ly p robab le h igh ly p robab le c erta in

2 . A lt itude - T h is i nd icates t he a lt itude o f t he s ite t o w ith in 3 0.5m ( 100') OD. 0 = s ea l eve l t o 3 0m ( 100') O D; 1 = 3 0m ( 100 ') t o 6 1m ( 200') OD; 2 = 6 1m ( 200 ') t o 9 1m ( 300 ') OD e tc. 3 . G rad ient - See p . 5 0 g rad ients may b e s ummar ised 0 1 2 3 4 5 S

= = = = = = =

f or t hus:

a l most l eve l v ery g ent le s lope qu ite g ent le s lope moderate s lope qu ite s teep v ery s teep o n t he s umm it o f a h i I o r

f u ll

e xp lanat ion.

T he

h illock

4 . A spect - Th is i nd icates t he o r ientation w ith in 8 p oss ib le c ompass p o ints. I f more t han o ne d irect i on i s p oss ib le , t hen t he c entra l d irect ion i s g iven. T he l ocat i ona I d escr ipt ion g ives more d e ta iI s i f t here i s a ny 8 4

d oubt. A s we ll a s t he c ompass p o ints 0 = v iews d irect ions a nd -= n o par t icu lar o r ientat ion. 5 . S o l i d G eo logy upon g eo log ica l f o l l ows:

A bbrev iat ion

- T he maps.

i n

a ll

abbrev iat ions u sed f o l l ow t hose They c an b e s ummar ized a s

P er iod

D escr ipt ion

b l/ 2

O rdov ic ian

B lack s ha les , g r its g rey wackes.

b 3

O rdovic ian

B lack s ha les, g reywackes , s ome c ong lomerates a nd s ome Ii mestones.

b 4

S il ur ian

Greywackes , s ha les.

b 5

S ilur ian

FI a ggy g reywackes s ha les.

b 6

S il ur ian

G reywackes , s ha les a nd ' grapto l i te s ha le'.

d l

L ower Carbon iferous

Ca lc iferous s andstones Ii mestones.

d 4/5

U pper Carbon iferous

ha les G r its ) s measures.

e ) e /b)

P erm ian

( Sandstones ( Sandstones

a nd

U

-

Metamorph ic

aureo le

G

-

G ranite

g r its

and

a nd

a nd

a nd

and

c oa l

b recc ias

_ 6 .

D r ift

B C( M) = B C = AL = S C = RB = B S = = ? =

G eo logy

- T he

f o l l ow ing

abbrev iat ions

a re

Mora i n where g eo log ica l maps d ist ingu ish B ou lder c lay a nd t i ll A lu v ium G lac ia l s ands and g rave ls Ra ised b each B lown s and N o d r ift T he o bservab le d r ift d epos it d oes n o t agree w ith t hat s hown o n t he G eo log ica l S urvey

K . O n ly r eferences wh ich i nformat ion a re i nc luded.

e ither Mere

l ocate a s ite ment ions i n

o ccas iona lly i nc luded, e spec ia lly when r eference t o a p art icu lar monument. 8 5

t hey

u sed:

maps

o r add t o pass ing

c onst itute

t he

o ur a re o n ly

EAST

DUMFRIESSHIRE

( f igs

2 4-25)

The R iver Annan i s a s omewhat a rb itrary p o int a t wh ich t o d iv ide t he o ld c ounty o f D umfr iessh ire b ut t here i s s ome j ust if icat ion b oth t opograph ica lly a nd, p erhaps , a rchaeo log ica lly. T he h igh r o lling moor land h as a c haracter d ist inct f rom t he u p lands o f t he r es t o f D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway. T he more r ounded t erra in h as a much g reater s im ilar ity t o t he S co ttish B order c ount ies , e spec ia ll y Lanarksh ire , S e lkirksh ire and P eeb lesshire , t han i t d oes t o t he r ugged a nd r ocky h ills o f Ga lloway. T hese u p lands may b e d iv ided i nto t wo t ypes. T o t he N a nd N E o f t he a rea h igh l and r is ing t o we ll o ver 6 00m O D merges i nto t he Tweedsmuir H ills. A lthough d eep, s teep-s ided va lleys c ut t hrough t he a rea ( eg E skda l e ) t he h igher l and t ends t o l eve l o ut a nd b ecomes m ore g ent le. A t t he h igher a lt itudes t here a re f ew d epos its o f g lac ia l d r ift a nd o n ly t h in, h igh ly a c id s o iI s h ave d eve loped d irect ly o n t he h ard, p redom inant ly S i lur ian r ock. T he l ower h ills a re c overed b y w idespread d epos its o f g lac ia l t i ll. T he s o ils r ef lect t he s ubso il but t he p oor d ra inage i n many p laces h as p roduced p redom inant ly ' g leyed' s o iI s. Much o f t he a rea h as b een c overed b y a v ery e xtens ive p eat d eve lopment. T he h igh r a infa lI a nd u ndu lat ing l andscape o ffer p art icu lar ly s uitab le c ond it ions f or p eat f ormat ion, s ince t he h o llows e ncourage t he t opogenous p eat wh il e t he r e lat ive ly g ent le s lopes a ll ow h i ll p eat t o f orm. Most o f t he h ills a re c overed b y h eather , mat tg rass a nd o ther s pec ies t o lerant o f t he a c id c ondit ions. S pec ies s uch a s E r iophorum a nd Mo linia g rasses a re e spec ia lly c ommon o n t he we tter h ills ides. Agr icu ltura lly t h is l and i s f a ir ly b arren, p rov id ing o n ly v ery r ough g raz ing f or a sma ll n umber o f hardy b iackface s heep. S ome o f t he l and i s l eased o ut f or g rouse s hoo t ing a nd d eer s ta lking. Much o f t h is a rea i s t oo h igh f or a ion fforestat b ut s ome parts o f t he N E h ave b een p lanted i n r ecent y ears. T he l ower u p lands , a round t he p er iphery o f t he h igh l and , a re s im ilar i n t opography a nd v egetat ion b ut t here a re more e xtens ive d epos its o f g lac ia l t i ll. A lt hough d ra inage i s s t ill g enera lly p oor a t t he l ower a lt itudes , t he r educed r ainfa ll a l l ows much g reater u se o f t he l and. S heep f arm ing i s s t ill p redom inant b ut i n t he l ast 1 5 y ears more a nd more l and h as b een t urned o ver t o s i lv icu lture. The l ow land p or t ion o f East D umfr iessh ire c an a lso b e d iv ided i nto t wo p arts f o llow ing t he b as ic d iv is ion o ut lined b y McIver ( 1945 , 2 53). A long t he c oast a nd c ont inu ing i n land f or s ome 1 4 kms i s t he ' So lway A rab le R eg ion'. E ast o f t he R iver Annan t h is c orresponds q uite c lose ly t o t he a rea o f s andstone a nd mar l g eo logy wh ich h as c ontr ibuted t o t he we lI d ra ined n ature o f t he g round. I n s evera l p laces , h owever , e xtens ive i mperv ious g lac ia l d epos it s h ave b een s uff ic ient t o i nhib it d ra inage a nd h ave g iven r ise t o p eat f ormat ion, e g N utberry Moss. T he a rea h as b een i ntens ive ly c u lt ivated f or many y ears a nd t he f ert il e s o iI a lso p rov ides g ood p asture f or s evera l l arge da iry h erds. B e tween t he a rab le r eg ion a nd t he u p lands i s t he 'In ter-Annan-Eskda le D a les R egion '. T h is a rea h as b een c ons iderab ly mou lded b y g lac ia l a ction wh ich h as g iven r ise t o i ts c haracter ist ic g ent le u ndu lat ing t opography. Much o f t he 8 6

a rea has b een c overed b y g lac ia l d r ift d epos its , u sua lly c lay. The s o ils a re f er t ile and most o f t he a rea i s e nc losed and has b een f armed qu ite i ntens ive ly s ince t he l and i mprovements o f t he 1 8th c entury. A t t he p resent t he s o-ca l l ed ' beef and b ar ley' f arm tng p o licy i s p redom inant but t here i s s ome d a iry f arm ing a nd o ther c erea l c u lt ivation. The S it es In c ons ider ing t he d istr ibut ion o f i nd iv idua l f unerary c a irns i n East D umfr iessh ire o ne must b ear i n m ind t hat most o f t he s ites s hown o n f ig 2 4 b e long t o ' category 1 '. T h is means t hat t he ir r o le a s f unerary monuments may b e q uest ioned and c er ta in l y t he ir dat ing a s B ronze Age must b e o pen t o s ome d oubt ( see p . 3 ). Even i nc lud ing s ites o f t h is c ategory i n t he s urvey o ne must r emember t hat t he t ota l n umber o f p otent ia l f unerary monuments r ema ins sma ll ( on ly 3 0) i n s p ite o f t he l arge a rea i nvo lved. Th is d oes n o t p rov ide a s ure bas is f or t he i dent if icat ion o f d istr ibut iona l c haracter is tics. I n t he u p land p ort ion o f t he r eg ion t wo c a irns o n ly c an b e i nc luded w ith a ny c erta inty; G range ( ED 1 5), wh ich i s n o l onger e xtant a nd c ou ld n ot b e p rec ise ly l ocated, a nd K ing S chaw's G rave ( ED 7 ), a c omp lex s ite o n h igh b ut moderate ly l eve l moor land ( now a fforested) . When t he ' category 1 ' s ites a re i nc luded t hen a d iffuse d istr ibut ion c an b e r ecogn ised, g enera lly f o l l ow ing t he waterways. U n like K ing S chaw's G rave m ost o f t he s ites a re l ocated a long t he va lley s ides. The ma jor ity a re p os it ioned o n a b reak i n t he h ill s lope o r o n t he s hou lder o f a h ill o ver look i ng a part o f t he va l l ey o r l ower m oor land. On ly t wo s ites a re upon t he s umm its o f h ills. One i s t he h igh ly d ub ious s ite o n E ttr ick P en ( ED 3 ) ( 692m OD), wh i l e t he o ther i s s ituated o n t he s umm it o f B urnswark ( ED 1 4) w ith in t he I ron Age h i II fort . B o th t hese s ites c ommand s pectacu lar v iews a cross t he s urround ing c ountrys ide and a re v is ib le f rom c ons iderab le d istances. A lthough t he d istr ibut ion i s g enera l ly s cattered t here may have b een a sma ll g roup ing o f s ites o n t he h igh moor land o f W indy Edge ( ED 1 0 , 1 a nd 1 2). I t i s i n t he l owerlying a reas o f East D umfr iessh ire t hat m ost o f t he r e liab ly i dent if ied s ites o ccur. A lt hough t he t opography d oes n ot l end i tse lf qu ite s o r ead ily t o t he s ort o f d ramat ic s ite l ocat ion n o ted i n s ome o f t he u p land a reas , i t a ppears t hat a r a ised p os ition was s t ill f avoured where p oss ib le. Even s ome o f t he l ower s ites a round Mossknowe a re u pon l ow, l oca l em inences j ust above t he f lood p la in o f t he r iver. E lsewhere , e ven when s ites have b een p os it ioned upon r e lative ly f lat g round , e g R ob G il I c a irn ( ED 1 8), t he most p rom inent l ocat ion was c hosen. The e ssent ia lly r iver ine d istr ibut ion n oted i n t he u p land s i tes c ont inues , a nd i ndeed i s emphas ised, o n t he l ower g round. T hree s ites a re l ocated a long t he E b ank o f t he R iver A nnan, a nd a long t he W bank o f K irt l e water a t Mossknowe t here i s a more c oncentrated g roup o f 6 s ites ( f ig 2 5). The d r ift a nd s o lid g eo logy o f t he a rea d oes n ot appear t o have h ad a ny o bvious e ffect upon t he d istr ibut ion o f c a irns. S ites o ccur o n a l most t he c omp le te r ange o f s o l i d a nd d r ift d epos its a lthough t he l arger n umber o f s ites o n b ou lder c lay i n t he l ower a rea may s eem t o r epresent a p reference f or t h is s ubso il. I n f act much o f b o th t he u p lands a nd l ow lands i s 8 7

F ig 2 4: C airn d istribut ion -E ast Dumf r iesshire

8 8

F ig 2 5: T he Mossknowe c airn g roup

( ED).

c overed b y b ou lder c lay s o i t wou ld s eem t hat a lt itude r ather t han s ubso il i s s ign if icant. The g roup ings o f s ites o n W indy Edge a nd a round a lready b een n o ted b ut a re wor th a c loser M ossknowe. have e xam inat ion. A lthough n o c ontro lled e xcavat ion has t aken p lace i t i s poss ib le t hat t he s ites o n W indy Edge r epresent a ct iv ity o ver more t han o ne p er iod. The f ocus o f t he s ites s eems t o b e t he l ong c a irn, a l most c er ta in ly N eo lith ic i n date , a nd t he t wo s ma l I r ound c a irns c ou ld we l I b e B ronze Age b ur ia l c a irns , d im inutive t hough t hey a re. The t wo s tand ing s tones s erve t o e mphas ise t he c ont inued r itua l o r r e l i g ious i mportance o f t he a rea t o p eop le o f t he s econd m illennium B C. Aga inst t h is i t s hou ld b e s tated t hat n one o f t he monuments i s i n a g ood s tate o f p reservat ion a nd p roper e xam inat ion o f t he t wo r ound c a irns a nd t he s tand ing s tones i s f ur ther i nh ib ited b y t he d ense f orest wh ich c loaks t he h ills ide. The s ites n ear Mossknowe ( ED 1 9 - 23) r epresent a d ifferent s ort o f s ite g roup ing. H ere a l I t he s ites a re most p robab ly o f e ar ly B ronze Age date , but t here i s n o o bv ious f oca l p o int. They a re n o t c lose ly s paced but a re r anged o ut a long t he r ivers ide f or s ome 2 kms. l t i s p oss ib le t hat t here w ere o r ig ina lly more s ites a long t he r iver s ince D . M . Bate i n 1 909 r ecorded t hat ' a c ons iderab le number o f c a irns o ccur i n t he va lley o f t he K irt le; a nd amongst about a d ozen I i nspected o n ly o ne h ad apparent !y n o t b een p revious ly d isturbed'. On ly f our o f t he ' dozen' o r s o s ites s he s aw h ave s ury i ved a nd r ecords o n ly e x ist o f about s even s it es i n t he a rea a ltogether. T he s urv iv ing s ites a re n ot i n a g ood s tate o f p reservat ion and h ave l arge ly b een o bscured b y r ecent d ump ing o f

f ie ld-c learance

s tone.

The

e dges 8 9

o f

s ome

s ites

have

b een

d istorted

by

c lose

agr icu ltura l

p loughing

and

i ndeed

one

c a irn

( ED 2 2) i s n ow a l most r ectangu lar a s a r esult. T he s ites a re a ll o n s light ly r a ised p ieces o f g round, u sually j ust above t he f lood p la in and, i n s pite o f t he g enera lly f la t t erra in, most c ommand a w ide v iew d own t he r iver. There appears t o h ave b een n o a ttempt a t a ligning t he c a irns e ither w ith e ach o ther o r

w ith

any

o utstand ing

natura l

f eature.

A s Bate p o inted o ut i n 1 909 s uch a g enera lly l owly ing l ocat ion i s n ot t ypica l and i t i s d iff icu lt t o f ind para l l e ls w ith in Dumfr ies and Ga l l oway. S evera l i ndividua l s ites h ave t b een r ecorded i n s im ilar p os itions , f or e xample S pi ta I c a irn ( EW 1 4) above t he B ladnoch f lood p la in, and Ca irn MacNe l Ii e ( WL 3 7) n ear t he Water o f Luce. P erhaps t he best p ara lle l f or t he t he

g roup ing o f t he s ites t ogether i s t he g roup o f m onu ments o n E bank o f t he C ree , S o f M inn ig aff ( WK 1 -14). F ina lly, t he o vera ll pauc ity o f c airns i n E ast

Dumfr iesshire c ompared w ith o ther p arts o f t he Reg ion deserves c ons iderat ion. There c an b e n o d oubt t hat s ome s it es i n t he l owI y ing parts have b een r emoved o ver t he y ears, e ither b ecause t hey were o bstructions t o agr icu ltura l a ct iv ity o r b ecause t hey p rovided an a ccess ib le s ource o f b u ilding mater ia l. I n s p it e o f t his more c a irns have b een r ecorded o n t he l o wly ing agr icu ltura l l and t han o n t he h igher moor l and. I n t hese up lands t here has b een l i tt le o r n o c u lt ivat ion a nd e nc losure dykes a re f ew. A fforestation may have damaged o r obscured s ome monuments , but s ince t he l ack o f up land s ites i s n ot r estr icted t o a reas o f a fforestation t h is wou ld not a ppear t o b e r e levant t o t he w ider d istr ibut ion. An absence o f a rchaeo log ica l a ct iv ity wou ld n o t s eem t o b e t he c ause e ither s ince a l arge number o f s ett lement s ites have b een n o ted by t he OS a nd J obey ( 1968) . One must, t herefore , c onc lude t hat t he a rea r ef lects a r ea l n egat ive d istr ibution r esu lting f rom a n a ctua l I a ck o f f unerary c a irn build ing a ct ivity by ear ly B ronze A ge p eop le.

9 0

CATALOGUE -E AST

ED

1

2

3

R efs. 3

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

2 .

2 6

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

1 .

1

2 .

2 2

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

Raeburnfoot ( NY 2 47 9 9 1 ) . S ituated o n t he v ery e dge o f a r iver t errace above a w ide f lood p la in a nd w ith a g ood v iew d own t he f ert ile va lley. T he c a irn has b een t ota lly d estroyed and t he s ite i s o n ly d iscern ib le a s a s light ly more s tony patch a bout 1 0m d iam i n t he f ie ld. R efs.

5

3 .

O S R ecords

S ummary,

E D

2 6

E ttr ick P en ( NT 1 99 0 76) . S ituated o n t he s umm it o f E ttr ick P en a t o ver 6 70m OD c ommand ing a n e xtens ive v iew o ver t he e nt ire s urround ing c ountrys ide. The r ema ins c ons ist o f a n i rregu lar s pread o f s tones n o more t hen 0 .4m h igh and measur ing 2 9.0m ( E.W) x 2 4.0m ( N-S). Th is may s uggest t he f ormer e x istence o f a l arge c a irn but i t i s d iff icu lt t o e xp lain t he p resent d ilap idat ion s ince t here a re n o s tone wa lls n earby wh ich c ou ld p rovide a n e xp lanat ion i n t erms o f s tone r obb ing. On t he h ighest p o int t here i s a sma ll r u ined ' shepherds' c a irn' c onstruc ted w ith s ome o f t he s tones f rom t he l arger c a irn. S ummary,

E D

2 .

Wh ite C oomb ( NT 1 62 1 50). S ituated a l i tt le t o t he SW o f ED 1 i n a s im ilar ly d ramat ic l ocat ion o ver look i ng, part icu lar ly, t he va lley t o t he S a nd E . The c a irn i s l arge ly t urfed o ver a nd was c lear ly n ever l arge , n ow measur ing o n ly 7 .0m d iam x 0 .4m h igh. T h is i s a v ery d oubtfu l s ite. There a re n o d rystone wa lls n earby t o a ccount f or t he d enudat ion o f c a irns ED 1 a nd E D 2 a nd t here i s a c ase f or d ism iss ing t hem a ltogether. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords

E D

( ED)

Wh ite C oomb ( NT 1 63 1 50) . S ituated o n t he s umm it o f Wh ite C oomb H ill, a t o ver 7 90m OD w ith e xtreme ly d ramat ic v iews a l I r ound b ut e spec ia lly t o t he E and S . T h is i s a d oubtfu l s ite , o vergrown r ound t he e dges and w ith a modern ' c li mbers' c a irn' e rected o n t op. l t s eems n ever t o have b een l arge a nd n ow measures 9 .0m d iam b y 0 .4m h igh. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords

E D

DUMFRIESSHIRE

1 .

RCAHM

1 1 920 ,

2 .

6

N o

2 08

3 .

2

4 .

E

T om's K nowe Ca irn ( NY 2 50 9 79) . p rom inent r ocky kno l I c ommand ing g ood s pec ia lly t o t he S and E . The s ite c onc ica l mound o f e arth a nd s tones measures 1 6.0m ( E-W) x 1 5.4m ( N-S). t he h e ight o f t he monument i s d ue t o 9 1

5 .

b 5

6 .

B C

S ituated o n a g enera l v iews , c ons ists o f a 1 .8m h igh a nd C lear ly s ome o f a natura l r ock

f ormat ion but t he

and,

S ummary, R efs. ED

6

i ndeed,

t he

who le

s ite

o n ba lance i t s eems a cceptab le , t rad ition o f t he name.

OS

1 .

1

7

3 .

S

4 .

( NY

2 64

9 53) . The

i s d er ived f rom t he t hat o f t he RCAHM

c o inc ide i t monument.

0

5 .

i s I n

O S. b ut

b 5

6 .

l ocat ion

g iven

f or

a ssu med t hey b oth r efer t o t he 1 962 t he O S n oted i t was

h igh. The s it e p lantat ion and i n n ot b e l ocated. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , 7

natura l,

b ecause

o f B C

n ow s pite 2 . 7 N o 2 02

t his

1t d oes n o t c orrespond s ince t he d escr ipt ions

d ilap idated but i n 1 912 t he RCAHM a rtif ic ia l mound o f e arth a nd s tone' 1 5'

ED

b e

o n ly

R ecords

A l I ang iII f oot s ite w ith

2 .

c ou ld i f

s ame much

r ecorded ' an x 1 8' and 3 '

Ii es i n a dense c on i ferous o f an e xtens ive s earch, c ou ld 3 .

1

4 .

E

5 .

b 5

6 .

B C

K ing S chaw's Grave ( NY 2 59 9 32) . S it uated o n a s li ght em inence i n f a ir ly l eve l moor land, n ow a fforested. T he s ite c lear ly o nce c ommanded e xtens ive v iews e spec ia lly d own t he E sk va lley, but n ow t rees o bscure v isib ility. T oday t he s it e c ons ists o f a l ow mound o f s tones , a l most c omp lete ly r emoved, but w ith an i dentif iab le d iameter o f 1 5.5m. I n t he c entre i s a we ll c onstruc ted c ist o f r ectangular s labs o r ientated NW-SW a nd measur ing 1 .25m x 0 .6m x 0 .75m h igh. I t i s built o f 3 upr ight s labs ( the SW e nd i s n ow o pen) and i s c overed by a we ll f itting c apstone. F ortunate ly W i l son g ives a d etai l ed a ccount o f t he s ite b efore and d ur ing i ts d emo lition i n 1 828 , t o p rovide s tone f or a wa ll nearby: .. o ' i t c ons isted f a h eap o f l oose s tones s urrounded by l arger o nes s et c lose t ogether , c irc le 5 4 f eet i n d iameter.' I n t he

f orm ing a r egu lar c entre was a c ist .. o f

' composed o f s ix l arge unhewn s tones o n ly human b ones i nd icating a p erson l a id

w ith

t he

h ead

t owards

t he

It c onta ined l arge s tature

n orth '.

c orners o f t he c entra l c ist t here e xtended, o f a S t Andrew's c ross, r ows o f s tones e ach o ther o f o ne o f

l ike t he s lat ing o f a h ouse. t hese , about 1 4' f rom t he

o f s tones. e xtrem ity

Another i s o f o ne o f

s aid t o have t he o ppos ite

c ross.' This was c lear ly a c omp lex a t l east 2 , p robab ly 3 and p oss ib ly The RCAHM r ecord t hat r emoved f rom t he s it e s o monument

o nce.

S ummary,

1 .

R efs.

4

2 .

8

W ilson 1 863 , 8 8-9 RCAHM 1 920 , N o 6 48 Dumfr ies J ourna l J une

9 2

2 4 ,

0

1 828

s tructure a nd t he r adiat ing been f ound a t Ii mbs o f t he

s ite wh i ch c onta ined 4 o r 5 c ists.

1 50 c art I o ads i t was a lso

3 .

t he

A t t he e xtrem ity c entra l chamber

another c ist was f ound o f c orrespond ing d i mens ions , but l a id a t r ight a ng les t o r ow t he

' From

i n t he f orm o ver lapp ing

4 .

E

o f a

5 .

s tone were s ubstant ia l

b 5

6 .

-

ED

8

S orb i e

B r idge

Iand,

n ow

Ewes ca irn

( NY

3 68

o vergrown

9 00). w ith

S ituated

o n

b rushwood,

g ent ly

f ac ing

Water. The RCAHM r ecord o n ly s urv iv ing t o a h e ight o f 7 ' i n

s loping

E t owards

a quarter o f t he 1 912 a lthough n ow

r ather more c an b e r ecogn i sed s uggest ing t hat p erhaps t here has b een s ome r ecent addition o f c learance mater ia l. It was n oted t hat a c ist was s a id t o have been f ound when t he c a irn was b e ing r emoved f or r oad meta l many y ears ago. S ummary, 1 . 3 2 . 4 3 . 2 Refs. RCAHM 1 920 , N o 2 22 Hys lop and Hys lop 1 912 , 6 2 ED

9

M idd leho lm

H ill

( NY

3 67

4 .

8 23).

E

5 .

b 6

S ituated

6 .

o n

A l

g ent ly

s lop ing moor land o ver look i ng t he va lley o f t he E sk t o t he E . There a re n o v is ib le r ema ins o f t h is s ite. Even i n 1 912 i t was r educed t o ' mere f oundat ions' a ccord ing t o RCAHM. S ummary, 1 . 1 Refs. RCAHM 1 920 , ED

1 0

The Haunches s pur o n t he RCAHM n oted d iameter i n and p lanted s econd c ai rn

R efs.

1 .

5 4 40

3 .

3

4 .

E

5 .

( NY 4 17 8 37) . S ituated u pon h ills ide w ith g ood v iews t o

d

6 .

an t he

-

em inent S . The

t he s ite o f t he c a irn, r ough ly 2 3' i n 1 912. T oday t he a rea has b een p loughed w ith c onifers and n o t race r ema ins. A i s r ecorded a t NY 4 16 8 35 by t he O S i n

1 979, but i t i s b een i nc luded. S ummary,

2 . N o

an

e xtreme ly 2 .

9

RCAHM

1 920 ,

1

N o

4 9

3 .

( NY

4 29

8 38

dub ious 2

4 .

ED

1

W indy

Edge

ED

1 2

h illtop RCAHM

n ow t otally e ngu lfed i n r ecorded t wo r ound c a irns a t

SW

approx ).

Edge l ong c a irn, 5 0' t o t he i dent if ied but a fter p loughing

s ite

and 5 .

has d

S ituated

n ot 6 .

upon

-

a

c oniferous f orest. e ach e nd o f W indy

S . These and w ith

c an j ust b e mature t rees

g row ing o n and a round t hem measurement i s i mposs ib le. The RCAHM d ment i ons o f 2 0' ( c7m) f or t he E c airn ( ED a nd 1 3' ( c4m) f or t he W c airn have b een 1) a ccepted. A s we ll a s t he l ong c airn t wo s tand ing s tones a lso

s urv ive

S ummary,

ED

S ummary, ED R efs. RCAHM ED

1 3

S orrys ike a cross m idd le b efore

2 .

9

3 .

2

4 .

SW

5 .

d

6 .

1 2 1 . 1 2 . 1 920 , N o 4 7

1

1 .

9

3 .

2

4 .

SW

5 .

d

6 .

Moor

1

( centred

NY

1 3

7 4) .

A

t umu lus

2 4'

a nd 3 ' h igh was r emoved i n 1 834 I n t he was a c ist 3 ' x 2 ' c onta ining a shes. S ome y ears a n u rn was f ound o uts ide t he c ist, a lso

c onta in i ng s ite

n earby.

c an

a shes.

n ow

b e

S ummary,

1 .

R efs.

1 84 1,

N SA

4

Th is

l ocated N ot

s eems

a

i n

a rea.

t he

l ocated.

2 10

9 3

r e liab le

r eport,

but

n o

E D

1 4

B urnswark ( NY 1 86 7 88) . S ituated upon a l eve l p or t ion o n t he i mpos ing p lateau o f B urnswark h i l , s light ly b e low i ts h ighest p o int, w ith in t he a rea o f a l arge h i Il for t. T he s ite c ommands e xtens ive v iews o ver much o f S D umfr iessh ire. T oday t he c a irn f orms a c lear ly d ef ined, t urfed o ver mound o f s tones 2 4m d iam a nd 1 .2m h igh. T he c entre has b een d isturbed r ecent ly. There i s n o t race o f any f eatures s uch a s a c ist o r k erb b ut t here d oes s eem t o b e a q uantity o f c lay i n t he bu ild ing mater ia l. A modern c a irn n ow s urmounts t he s ite. D ur ing h is e xcavat ions o f t he h i Il fort B arbour a lso s ect ioned t he c a irn. T h is r evea led a c entra l c ist, a lready d isturbed ( ?) w ith s ome c harred b one. T he c ist was e nc losed a nd c overed b y a n i nner mound o f c lay which h ad, i n t urn b een c overed b y t he s tones o f t he c a irn, wh ich t hen measured 5 1 -' h igh. S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 9 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , N o 2 72 Barbour 1 899 , 2 4 1-2

E D

1 5

1 6

S

4 .

0

5 . d 6 . B C ( B irreswark L avas )

G range ( approx NY 2 34 8 28). T here were a pparent ly a t l east 2 l arge c a irns o n G range E state , r emoved c 1834 , wh ich c onta ined ' something r esemb ling s tone c off ins' a nd human s ke letons. S ummary, R efs. N SA

ED

3 . E

1 . 3 1 84 1, 1 98

N ot

l ocated

Warmanb ie ( NY 1 9 6 8) . A Warmanb ie'. N o s ite i s n ow

n o te o f k nown.

a

' funera l

c a irn

a t

S ummary, 1 . 1 N o t l ocated R efs. D umfr ies Observer 1 J une 1 886 E D

1 7

Ca irn o f C reca ( NY 2 27 7 00). N oted o n e ar lier O S maps , s ituated o n f lat, g ood q ua l i ty f arm land a bove t he K irt le Water. l t i s t rad it iona lly k nown a s t he p lace o f a batt le w ith t he E ng lish. N o th ing n ow s urv ives. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords

E D

1 8

2 .

3

3 .

0

4 .

S

5 .

e

6 .

B C

R ob G ill ( NY 2 47 7 10) . S ituated am idst r o l l ing a gr icu ltura l l and o f v ery h igh q ua l i ty. The s ite i t se lf o ccup ies t he h ighest p o int o n a s l ight ly d omed h ill, w ith g ood v iews a l I r ound. T h is i s a we ll p reserved c a irn measur ing 2 9.0m i n d iam a nd 3 .5m h igh. l t i s l arge ly t urfed o ver b ut i t i s p oss ib le , i n t he d isturbance o n t he E s ide , t o s ee t hat i t i s c omposed o f r ounded water-worn s tones , p oss ib ly f rom t he r iver n earby. S evera l var iet ies o f s tone a re o bservab le , b ut t hese a re a lso a va i l ab le i n t he g lac ia l t i ll o n wh ich t he monument s tands. N o f eatures a re v is ib le. The s ite h as a lso s erved a s a r epos itory f or l arge b ou lders r emoved f rom t he a gr icu ltura l l and a round i n r ecent y ears. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 ,

2 . 2 N o 1 08 9 4

3 .

1

4 .

0

5 .

e

6 .

B C

ED

1 9

West

B e lt onmont

( NY

2 62

but n ot d escr ibed, by g iven has s ince b een s urvives. S ummary Refs. O S

1 . 1 R ecords

There

N B

a re

2 .

7 02) . Th is t he O S i n l andscaped

1

3 .

r eferences

1

t o

s ite

was

l ocated,

1 966. The l ocat ion and n ow n o c a irn

4 .

NW

s evera I

5 .

e

c a irns

6 . i n

BC t h is

g enera l a rea but i t i s n ot, n ow p oss ib le t o a ttr ibute t hem t o any part icu lar s ite. They c ou ld r efer t o a ny o f t he s ites ED 1 9-23 o r i ndeed r epresent o therwise unknown monuments. Bate r efers t o a ' dozen o r s o' c a irns, whereas n ow o n ly c onvenience a l I una llocated area may b e l isted h ere. Bate

4 c an b e i dent if ied. r eferences t o s ites i n

F or t his

1 3 1 794 , 2 73 -o ne o f s evera l c a irns i n t he f ound t o c onta in c remat ion bur ia l i n 1 792.

a rea

1 909 ,

OSA

1 08

G ibson

ED

2 0

1 863 , 5 0 -o ne o f s evera l c a irns i n a rea a lso o pened i n 1 792 ( therefore p oss ib ly t he s ame), c onta ined a c ist i n wh ich t here was an u rn c onta ining a shes. A lso i n t he c ist were s evera l ' iron r ings' about t he s ize o f a ha lf c rown - s o r usted t hat t hey f e l I t o p ieces.

Mossknowe ( NY 2 77 6 98 approx ). The l ocat ion, based upon t he RCAHM d escr iption, i s a s li ght ly r a ised p ortion o f g round n ear a c hurchyard. I n 1 912 t he RCAHM n oted o n ly t he ' foundat ions o f a c a irn' and n ow n o s ite c an b e l ocated. S ummary, 1 . Refs. RCAHM

ED

2 1

Mossknowe

1 N ot l ocated. 1 920 , N o 3 79

( NY

2 78

6 94).

S ituated

i n

t he

back

c ottage o n a s li ght r ise above t he f lood r iver. I t i s n ot i n a c ommand ing p os ition

garden

o f

p la in o f t he but t he o ther

s ites ( ED 1 9, 2 2 and 2 3) a re a ll v is ib le. The c airn has b een e xtens ive ly r obbed a nd n ow much r ubb ish, e spec ia lly b its o f o ld v ehic les, o bscure most o f t he r ema ins. T rees a re g row ing f rom t he o nly r e lat ive ly i ntact par t which i s 0 .8m h igh. The s ite i s un measurab l e but i n 1 962 t he O S r ecorded d i mens ions o f 2 0m

( N-S).

S ummary, Refs.

ED

2 2

1 .

2

2 .

1

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

e

6 .

BC

O S R ecords Bate 1 909 , 1 66

Mossknowe

( NY

2 80

6 92) . Th is

s ite

i s

v ery

l owlying,

s ituated a ctua lly o n t he f lood p la in o f t he r iver. A t p resent v ery l i tt le s urv ives a nd a lt hough t he s ite has n ot

b een

c u ltivated

e ncroachment

by

t he

p lough

has

l eft

i t v ery d istorted, t he r ectang le i s

appear ing a l most r ectangu lar. W ithin a l ow c ircu lar bank o f t urfed o ver

s tones

wh ich

t he

um

o r igina l I n 1 908

d iam

monument. t h is c airn

c ou ld

was 9 5

b e

a l I t hat

e xcavated

by

r ema ins

D orothea

o f

Bate.

A t t hat t ime t he c a irn was 5 0 ' i n d iam a nd 4 ' h igh. The s tones o f t he c a irn c overed a l ayer o f c lay 1 t h ick c onta in ing a q uant ity o f quartz i n t he c entre o f t he s ite. B eneath t he c lay was a s lab 5 ' 6 " x 2 ' 6 " wh ich c overed a l arger s lab 7 ' x 4 '. T h is i n t urn, c overed a c ist 4 ' 3 " x 1 ' 1 1" x 1 ' 1 0" d eep a nd a ligned E -W. T he j o ints o f t he f our s ide s tones w ere f i lled w ith c lay a nd t he f loor o f t he c ist was c overed by c lean r iver g rave l. Human r ema ins, u naccompan ied by a ny g rave g oods were f ound i n t he b o ttom. T hese c ons isted o f b ones a nd t eeth r epresent ing a t l east o ne adu lt a nd c h ild. S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 0 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , N o 3 71 Bate 1 909 Ca l I ander 1 924 ED

2 3

2 4

0

4 .

SW

5 .

e

6 . A l

Mossknowe ( NY 2 79 6 90). S ituated o n a r ise above t he r iver f lood p la in w ith moderate ly e xtens ive v iews. L ike ED 2 , p lough ing o f t he a rab le l and a round h as 2 s light ly d istorted t he s hape o f t he monument. It n ow c ons ists o f a r ough ly c ircu lar mound 0 .6m h igh a nd measur ing 2 5m ( E-W) a nd 2 4m ( N-S). W ith in t his a rea i s a more d omed mound c l3 m i n d iam and 1 .0m h igh wh ich may b e par t o f t he o r ig ina l monument, o r may b e more r ecent f ie ld-c learance s tone. The who le s ite i s t urfed o ver s o a ny d ifferent iat ion i n c onstruc t ion i s n o t p oss ib le. The s ite has c lear ly b een d isturbed and t he c a irn mater ia l has s pread s ince t he RCAHM r ecorded i n 1 912 , t hat t he c a irn measured 6 6 i n d iam and was 5 -7' h igh. I n 1 973 t he O S f e lt t hat o n ly t he c entra l mound was g enu ine a nd t hey a lso n o ted a p oss ib le k erb o n t he W s ide. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. O S R ecords RCAHM 1 920 ,

ED

3 .

2 .

1

3 .

0

4 .

S E

5 .

e

6 .

B C

N o 3 72

D ryfho lm ( NY 1 08 8 36 a pprox ). S ituated i n a l owlying, f lat a rea o f t op q ua lity f arm land. The s ite o f a ' tumu lus' i s marked o n e ar l i er O S maps b ut n oth ing n ow r ema ins. T he f armer s uggested t hat t he l ocat ion g iven i s t hat o f an o ld p umping s tat ion a nd he may we ll b e r ight. S ummary, 1 . 1 N o t l ocated. R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , N o 1 26

ED

2 5

Fa iry K nowe ( NY 1 99 7 45 a pprox ). Th is s ite was r eputed t o b e a n a nc ient bur ia l mound but i t has n ow b een d estroyed w ithout r ecord b y t he A74 t runk r oad. I ts i nc lus ion h ere s tands e nt ire ly upon l oca l t rad it ion and t he p lace name. S ummary, R efs. -

ED

2 6

1 .

1

N o t

B e lt onmound ( NY 2 78 b een l ocated a nd t he

l ocated.

6 98 approx ). Th is s ite has n o t r eference i n t he OSA c ould r efer 9 6

t o 2 3

any o r ,

o f t he c a irns i n t he a rea -e g ED 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 2 , par t icu lar ly ED 2 1. The O SA n oted a 't umu lus,

known a s B e lt on mound, o ne o f s evera l a long bank o f Ki r tl e Water was part ly r emoved s ome b efore 1 794'. A l arge s tone G ist c onta in ing d ruid ica l

b eads

S ummary,

1 .

R efs. ED

2 7

O SA

Murtho lm

was

4

1 3 ( NY

f ound.

N ot 1 794 ,

3 63

t he S y ears s ome

l ocated. 3 72 ,

8 40

f ootnote

approx ). A

l arge

c a irn

wh ich

may

o nce have c overed 'an u rn o r c ist' apparent ly s tood c 700m WNW o f Murtho lm f arm b ut n o t race r ema ins. S ummary, 1 . R efs. Hys lop E D E D

2 8 2 9

3 a nd

N ot l ocated. Hys lop 1 912 ,

5 6-7

C ock l aw ( NY 2 9 8 2 approx ). Hys lop a nd t wo c a irns i n t h is g enera l a rea. A t t he t here was a s lab built c ist a l i gned

Hys lop c entre NE-SW ,

c onta ined f ragments o f ' ca lc ined b ones'. There numerous r ecent c learance h eaps i n t he a rea, o f which m ight o bscure t he s ites i n quest ion.

r ecord o f o ne wh ich

a re a ny

n ow o ne

S ummary, ED 2 8 1 . 3 N ot l ocated. S ummary, ED 2 9 1 . 1 N ot l ocated. R efs. Hys lop and Hys lop 1 912 , 5 7-8 E D

3 0

C ra ighaugh ( NY 2 4 9 9 approx ). The ONB i n wh ich an u rn c onta ining a c remat ion

n o tes a c a irn was f ound i n

t his a rea i n t he e ar ly 1 9th c entury. l t was n ot l ocated dur ing f ie ldwork but i t may e x ist a t NY 2 47 9 90 , where water worn s tones a sre v is ib le i n a f ie ld bank. S ummary, R efs.

NB

S ince by

t h is

t he

more

1 .

4

N ot

ONB 1 7 , 6 5 RCAHM 1 980 ,

s ection

R CAHM

s ites

i n

( RCAHM

7 ,

o f

l ocated N o

o f

1 980;

9 7

s ee

above).

1

t he

part

( but

c ata logue

was

c ompiled

t his

has

added

1 98 1).

a rea

work

s evera l

WEST Un like

t he

E

DUMFRIESSHIRE o f

t he

t wo , l arge r ivers , t he N ith f rom N t o S t hrough w ide r ises g radua lly t owards up lands o f E skda lemuir

c ounty, and t he va l l eys.

t he D eugh t o t he E .

( f igs

2 6-29)

West

D umfr iessh ire

c onta ins

Annan, which r un b road ly On e ither s ide t he g round

H igh lands i n t he NW and t he B e tween t he t wo r ivers t here

i s a b lock o f h igh g round c entred a round Queensbury, a h igh h ill o f 6 97m OD. The up lands vary c ons iderab ly , b ecom ing more r agged w ith i ncreas ing !y s teep s lopes and more o utcropp ing r ock t owards K irkcudbr ightsh ire i n t he W . B ou lder c l ay a nd o ther d r ift d epos its o ccur s pasmod ica lly t hroughout t he up lands a lt hough t he h illtops a re u sua lly f ree. Ac id s o i I s a re w idespread b ut a lthough p eaty s o ils a re a lso c ommon t here a re f ewer mass ive a ccumu lat ions o f h ill p eat t han i n t he E . Except ions , s uch a s Fu lton F low, i n upper Annanda le , i nev itab ly o ccur i n s ome v ery p oor ly d ra ined l oca lit ies. Agr icu ltura lly a l arge p ortion o f t he up lands has b een t urned o ver t o a fforestation a s t he o bv ious a l t ernat ive t o t he s heep r ear ing wh ich was p redom inant u nt i I t he l ast war. A v ery sma ll n umber o f t he s urviving h ill f arms s t ill grow a l i tt le g ra in, i nvar iab ly bar ley, b ut o therwise a ny a rab le c u ltivation s eems t o b e l im ited t o w inter f orage c rops. S ome c att le , most n otab ly t he hardy Ga lloway b reed, are a lso r eared and g razed w ith t he s heep, e ven t hrough t he w inter. P erhaps o ne o f t he most i nterest i ng r esources o f t he up land a reas , e spec ia lly w ith r egard t o p rehistor ic man, a re t he m inera l d epos its o f g o ld and c opper which a re t o be f ound i n t he g eo log ica l f ormat ions a round S anquar. The l owerlying g round may b e d iv ided up i nto t he ' N ith and Annan Da les R egion' a nd t he ' Coasta l A rable B e lt' c ont inuing f rom t he ' So l way Arab le R eg ion' ( McIver 1 945). T h is a rab le l and i s v ery s im ilar t o t hat d escr ibed f or East Dumfr iessh ire w ith a s ing le , r e lat ive ly m inor , d ifference i n s o l i d g eo logy. Most o f t he a rea i s o n T r iass ic r ed s andstone , but t here i s a band o f c arboniferous c a lc iferous s andstone a round C larencef ie ld and B rydek i rk a nd S ilur ian s equences o f s ha les and g reywackes under l i e t he g lac ia l d epos its around T orthorwa I d . A more n oticeab le f eature i s t he extens ive p eat b og o f L ochar Moss. A lthough much o f t h is has b een d rained i n r ecent

y ears

i t

s till

c overs

a

s tr ip

a l most

6

kms

l ong

w ide. The D umfr ies ' dalesland' i s c entred a round t he Thornh i II , D umfr ies and L ochmaben. I n t hese a reas

a nd

2 kms

bas ins o f t he r iver

va lleys a re part icu lar ly w ide , w ith l arge d epos it s o f f l uv i ogl ac ia I s ands and g rave ls a s we l I a s more r ecent a l luv ia l d epos its i n t he l owestlying a reas. T h is i s h igh ly v a lued f arm l and m ixed

and

has

f arm ing

b een

c u ltivated

e conomy

i s

f or

d om inant

many w ith

c entur ies. a rab le,

T oday

b eef ,

a

s heep

and

a l i tt le da iry a l Ip ractised. B eyond t he l owlying, f l uv i o-g I a c ia I g rave ls a re h eavier b ou lder c lay and morain ic d epos its which c over s ides

o f

t he

va l l eys.

d es irab le i t s t ill g reater s tress o n

A l t hough

t h is

l and

i s

n ot

s upports t he s ame m ixed f arm ing b eef and bar ley p roduct ion. The

q ui t e

t he t he s o

b ut w ith a who le a rea

s hows abundant e vidence o f d epos its but a lso i n t he

g lac iat ion, n o t o n ly i n t he dr ift undu lat ing t opography. Typica l

d rum lins

t he

a re

n ot

c ommon

but

9 8

a ction

o f

t he

i ce

has

moulded

t he r ounded h ills a nd mounds o f v ery much t he s ame i mpress ion.

g lac ia l

s and

a nd

c lay

t o

g ive

The S ites I n c ontrast t o East D umfr iessh ire where o n ly s ome 3 0 s ites a re r ecorded, t he western part o f t he c ounty i s moderate ly p ro li f ic i n c a irns o f p otent ia lly e ar ly s econd m illenn ium B C date. Even t hough s evera l d ub ious r ecords o f c a irns h ave b een om itted a t ota l o f 7 0 s ites a re i nc luded i n t he s urvey. Twentyni ne o f t hese b e long t o ' category 1 ' and a re o pen t o a d egree o f d oubt, b ut t hat s t ill l eaves 4 1 more e as ily a cceptab le s ites u pon wh ich t o base t he d istr ibut ion a na lys is.

F ig 2 6: C airn d istribut ion - W est D umfr iesshire . 9 9

I n t he NW o f t he a rea a round il Il I a nd n orthwards t owards S anquar o n ly a r e lat ive ly sma ll n umber o f c airns a re k nown. T h is i s p erhaps s urpr is ing i n v iew o f t he m inera l d epos its. T he c a irns h ave a n e ssent ia lly r iver ine d istr ibut ion a nd a re a lso s omewhat s cattered. L ike t he s ites o f u pper E skda le t hey t end t o o ccupy r a ised g round o ver look i ng t he r iver o r i ts t r ibutar ies. The b est e xamp les o f t h is a re t he 4 s ites a long S h inne l water n ear T ynron ( WD 8 , 9 , 1 0 and 1 5) b ut t he s ites above S anquar ( WD 1 , 2 , 3 a nd 4 ) a lso s eem t o have a s im i l ar f ocus u pon t he R iver N ith, a lthough f rom a g reater d istance. Mov ing d own t he N ith, s ites s uch a s 2 Barndennoch ( WD 2 0) a nd Ca irn Ha l I ( WD 2) may h ave o ccup ied s im i lar p os it ions b ut t hey c anno t n ow b e i dent if ied. I n t he va lley a round t he T hornh ill bas in n o c a irns h ave b een r ecorded. T h is i s i n c ontras t t o t he D umfr ies b as in where t here a re r ecords o f a t l east 6 s ites ( WD 4 1, 4 2 , 4 3 , 4 6 , 4 7 a nd 4 8) a s we ll a s s omewhat quest ionab le ment ions o f about 6 more. B oth bas ins a re w ide , f er t i l e , a nd have b een q u ite i ntens ive ly f armed f or s evera l c entur ies. Consequent ly t he c omp lete l ack o f e xtant s ites i s n ot a ll t hat s urpr is ing. I ndeed o n ly 3 have s urv ived i n a r ecogn isab le f orm ( WD 4 2 , 4 3 a nd 4 7). T he a rchaeo log ica l d ispar ity b e tween t he t wo b as ins s eems t o Ii e i n t he p rocess o f s it e r ecord ing r ather t han i n s ite p reservat ion. L ower N ithsda le was f or tunate i n hav ing Thomas J ohnstone l iv ing l oca lly a t M ilnhead i n t he par ish o f K irkmahoe t er ( Dob ie 1 958 , 9 8). A lt hough t h is 'l earned a nt iquar ian' ( Trot 1 825 , 1 85) t rave l l ed t hroughout D umfr iessh ire a nd K irkcudbr ightsh ire r ecord ing s ites , h e a ppears t o h ave c oncentrated h is e fforts i n l ower N ithsda le. J ohnstone and a ppend ix 2 )

t he

S ites

o f

Lower

N ithsda le

( f ig

2 7

a nd

Thomas J ohnstone r ecorded n umerous s it es i n a sma ll n otebook wh ich, a t t he t ime o f wr it ing, i s k ept b y t he R oya l C omm iss ion f or Anc ient a nd H istor ica l Monuments i n S cot land. Th is n otebook i s e spec ia lly i mpor tant b ecause i t was wr itten b e tween 1 825 and 1 827 , b efore many a rchaeo log ica l monuments had b een d estroyed d ur ing t he c ont inu ing a gr icu ltura l i mprovements o f t he 1 9th c entury. U nfortunate ly J ohnstone's work d oes n o t a lways s tand u p t o c r it ic ism. H is o ccas iona lly l ud icrous s ite i dent if icat ions a nd h is f anc ifu l i nterpre tat ions d o n ot i nsp ire c onf idence a nd h is s ynonymous u se o f t he t erms ' ca irn', ' c irc le' a nd ' temp l e ' add f urther t o t he c onfus ion. F or t hese r easons i t was d ec ided t o e xc lude a ll t he more dub ious s ites f rom t he g enera l s urvey. The o n ly s ites a llowed a re t hose where t here i s a g ood c ircumstant ia l d escr iption o r wh ich a pparent ly r evea led f inds o r f eatures wh ich c ou ld i nd icate a n e ar ly s econd m illenn ium B C d ate. T hus t he ' Druid t emp l e' o f K i I bI a ne has b een e xc luded whereas h is c a irn a t K nowehead urnt b one , s eems a va lid ( WD 4 6), wh ich c onta ined a c ist and b i nc lus ion. When t hese s ites a re p lo tted o n t he d istr ibut ion map ( f ig 2 6) t hey appear t o s how a p reference amongst t he p reh istor ic c a irn b u ilders f or t he D umfr ies b as in r ather t han t he T hornh ill a rea, t he c oasta l p la in o r l ower Annanda le. T h is c ou ld b e a f a lse i mpress ion r ef lect ing n o more t han t he area o f J ohnstone's a ct iv ity. N everthe less , t he r esu lt ing d istr ibut ion o f 1 00

0

2 1

1

•

. •

4 5

0

1 52

•

• 2 2

., , . . . _

0

A .P . p i t a l ignment

e

•

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' ,i '` , ' 4 2

J ,7 . 2 3 . , 4 //

JJ

0•

4 3 A

° c?

J 0? „ , J ø c?

, \

J 0 , cursus

16

0

4 7 J 1

2

o

3K ms .

A J

4 6J . J

K EY

A DD IT IONS

0

' c i rc le ' n o ted b y J ohnstone w h ich m ay b e c a irn

u rns

s i tes

n o ted

b y J ohnstone

F ig 2 7 : S ites n oted b y T homas J ohnstone . c a irns i s a n i mportant r ecord o f s ites i n l ower N it hsda l e wh ich wou ld o therw ise b e u nknown. J ohnstone g ives u s a v ita l g li mpse a t t he monuments wh ich were i n e x istence 1 50 y ears a go a nd wh ich r ecent f arm ing p ractices h ave r educed i n n umber. I n f ig 2 7 a l I t he s ites o f l ower N it hsda l e , n oted b y J ohnstone , wh ich c ou ld b e o f e ar ly B ronze Age date a re p lo tted ' ( w ith J ' n ext t o t hem) . O ther s ites wh ich c ou ld b e b road ly c ontemporary a re a lso i nc luded s o t hat a f u ller p icture c an b e e xam ined. J ohns tone g ives o n ly v ery vague l ocat i ona I d escr ipt ions ( eg ' on Mr E llio t's f arm west o f L ocharbr iggs') a nd s ubsequent workers have n ot a l ways d one much b etter. F or t h is r eason l i tt le c an b e s a id o f t he e xact s it ing o f monuments i n r e lat ion t o l esser a nd more l oca l i sed t opograph ica l f eatures. On ly 4 c a irn s ites a re e xact ly k nown. A t Ga l I aberry t he t wo c a irns ( WD 4 2 a nd 4 3) a re b o th i n r a ised p os it ions , o ne o n t he 1 0 1

t op o f a sma ll n atura l mound o f g rave l a nd t he o ther o n t he s ide o f a s im ilar , adjacent mound. B o th s ites o ver look t he r iver va l l ey a lthough t he v iew f rom t he l atter i s much more r estr icted. The s ite n ear T inwa ld ( WD 4 7) i s a c omp le te c ontrast, s ituated i n a l owly ing a nd g ent ly s lop ing f ie ld above L ochar water. T he more d oubtfu l c a irn o n Da I sw n ton C ommon ( WD 4 5) i s o n s lop ing moor land l ook ing d own D uncow B urn, but t h is s ite may b e n o more t han a p ile o f r ecent f ie ldc learance s tones. L ook ing more g enera lly a t t he s ite d istr ibut ion i n t h is sma ll a rea s evera l f eatures emerge. F irst ly, w ith t he s ing le e xcept ion o f t he d ub ious s ite o n D a l sw inton C ommon, a ll t he p oss ib le c a irn s ites o ccur b e low 1 52m OD a nd t he major ity a re b e low 7 6m OD. T he o n ly B ronze Age s it e above 1 52m i s t he e nc losed c remat ion c eme tery o n Wh itestances Moor ( Scott-E l Ii o t and Rae 1 965) . T h is c ontrasts w ith o ther a reas wh ich have b een s tud ied, e g u pper Annanda le a nd E skda le , a nd i t r a ises a n i nterest ing p o int. An i n it ia l g lance a t t he s ite d istr ibut ion i n t h is a rea i s r em in iscent o f t hose d istr ibut ion maps p roduced a s a r esu lt o f a er ia l s urveys i n t hat t here s eems t o b e a g reat d ea l more a ct iv ity i n t he l owerly ing a reas t han h ad h itherto b een i dent if ied. A s im ilar s tate o f a ffa irs p oss ib ly e x isted i n o ther l owly ing a reas b ut t he e v idence has b een r emoved b y a gr icu ltura l a ct iv ity. E ven s o , t he absence o f i nd iv idua l f unerary c a irns o n t he h igh g round r ema ins a nd c anno t b e e xp la ined b y t he s ame a rguments. l t s eems , t herefore , t hat i n t h is par t o f D umfr iessh ire t he d istr ibut iona l c ontrast b e tween t he h igh a nd l ow g round i s r ea l a nd r ef lects a ctua l p reh istor ic a ct iv ity. Geo log ica lly t he major ity o f t he s ites a re u pon t he f luv iog lac ia l s ands a nd g rave ls wh ich o ver lie t he T r iass ic s andstone o f t he D umfr ies b as in. T he we l l -dra ined and f ert il e nature o f t h is s ubso il may h ave p roved a ttrac t ive t o p reh istor ic man a nd t h is m ight p rov ide a par t ia l e xp lanat ion f or t he apparent p opu lar ity o f t he a rea a s a who le. The most o utstand ing p rob lem o f c a irn d istr ibut ion i n l ower N it hsda l e i s t he d ispar ity b e tween t he monuments i n t he D umfr ies a nd T hornhill bas ins. T he s o iI s , t opography a nd g eo logy o f t hese t wo a reas a re v ery s im ilar a nd y e t n umerous c a irns a re r ecorded a round D umfr ies b ut v ery f ew a re k nown n ear Thornh ill. T h is c ou ld, p erhaps , b e n o more t han a r ef lect ion o f t he a ct iv ity o f Thomas J ohnstone but i t s eems s trange t hat a man whose a nt iquar ian i nterests t ook h im a ll o ver Ga lloway s hou ld n eg lect an a rea wh ich was s o c lose t o h is h ome. A lternat ive ly, t he d ist inct ion c ou ld b e a r ea l i nd icat ion o f p rehistor ic a ct iv ity a lthough t he e xp lanat ion i s , f or t he moment, e lus ive. P erhaps add it iona l f ie ldwork a nd a er ia l s urvey may s uggest s ome a nswers i n t he f uture. A round t he N ith e stuary t here i s a c omp le te l ack o f r ecorded c a irn s ites. Much o f t he a rea i s p oor ly d ra ined a nd t he l arge e xpanse o f p eat b og a t L ochar Moss was p robab ly e xtens ive b y t he b eg inn ing o f t he s econd m illenn ium B C. Th is may b e t he e xp lanat ion ( Morr ison 1 976 , 1 90 ; J ard ine 1 980). T o t he E o f t he e stuary l ies R ockha l I Moor , a n a rea o f h igh g round wh ich d iv ides l ower Annanda le f rom l ower N it hsda l e. The l and c ons ists o f u p land pasture o f moderate q ua l i ty a nd h as c er tain ly b een c u ltivated i n p os t-med ieva l t imes t o j udge f rom t he abundant s tra ight r ig. F ig 2 8 s hows 1 02

0 5 5 •

H o lma ins M oor 2 1 3 5 2 '

5 3 0

5 -1•

H aze tshaw" H i l l , AB eads

X B ur ia l ?

5 0

•

M OUND

,

0 AU rns

?

1

F ig 2 8: T he R ockhall-Ho lmains c airn g roup

2 Km .

( WD) .

6 c a irns i n t he a rea t ogether w ith t he s hort c ist f ound ' in a mound' a t B reconrae B urn ( Burnett 1 946 , 1 9) a nd t he u ncerta in d iscover ies o f p oss ib le B ronze Age d ate f rom Mousewa I d P lace ( Re id 1 889 , 2 6) a nd Buck l erho le T ower ( OSA 7 1 793 , 2 99). The h igher l and c ons ists o f t wo r idges d iv ided b y b oggy g round. T o t he E i s H o l ma ins Moor a nd u pon i t s s umm it i s a l arge c airn ( WD 5 4 ) c onta ining a c ist wh ich may have p roduced a n i nhumat ion a nd j et b utton. On t he W i s a s im ilar r idge u pon wh ich a re t he d ilap idated r ema ins o f 3 c a irns. T hese a re n o t s ited u pon t he t op b ut a re r anged a long t he c rest o f t he r idge S E o f t he s umm it. The s ites a re i n a l most a s tra ight l ine , but s ince t he l owest ( WD 5 3) i s o bscured f rom t he o ther t wo ( WD 5 1 and 5 2) b y t he c ontours o f t he l and i t s eems u n like ly t hat t hey c onst itute a l inear ' ceme tery '. l t i s most p robab le t hat t he ir a l i gnment i s a f ortu itous c onsequence o f t he ir p os it ions o n t he c rest o f a r e lat ive ly s tra ight r idge. N one o f t he l ower c a irns h as s urv ived i n g ood c ond it ion b ut t he ir p os it ions a long t he SW s ide o f t he h igh g round j ust a bove , a nd o ver look i ng , L ochar Moss c an g enera lly b e i dent if ied. Th is d istr ibut ion i s c omp lemented b y t he o ther d iscover ies i n t he a rea ( f ig 2 8). F ina l l y, i t i s worth n o t ing t hat a l I t he s ites c ommand v iews t o t he W a nd SW. On ly H o l ma ins c a irn ( WD 5 4 ), 1 03

b y

v ir tue o f i ts h e ight, o ver looks t he A nnan e stuary. The l owly ing parts o f Annanda le , e spec ia lly t he v a l l ey b ottoms , a re g enera lly d evo id o f c a irns. S ites have o n ly b een r ecorded a t B roomr ig ( WD 4 9) a nd W illiamson ( WD 5 7) a nd e ven i f t he h igh ly d oubtfu l ' ca irns' a t P innac le H ill a nd C ars Wood were i nc luded i n t he p resent s urvey t he o vera ll i mpress ion wou ld n ot b e a ltered. I n u pper Annanda le , o n t he moor land b etween t he R iver A nnan a nd t he L owther H ills t o t he W , more s it es h ave b een n oted. These s ites s eems t o b e f ocussed a round t he h ead o f K inne l Water a nd L ochanhead B urn, i n a n a rea o f w i I d moor land w ith a bundant s tony c rags a nd va l l eys , a nd t h ick p eat d epos its b o th i n t he h o llows a nd o n t he h ills a round. A ll t he s ites , w ith o ne e xcept ion, a re u pon r a ised g round. T o t he N i s t he r obbed c a irn o n B eatock H i ll ( WD 6 5), and t o t he E i s t he d isturbed s ite o n t he t op o f C ra ig ie la nds H ill ( WD 6 6) . On t he S s ide i s a c luster o f 3 c a irns ( WD 5 9-6 1) u pon a h igh r idge a nd c entered a round t he i mpos ing N eo lith ic l ong c a irn o f S ti dr iggs. On t he W s ide o f t he K inne lh ead bas in a re t hree s ites wh ich a re n o t i n s uch d om inant p os it ions b ut i n s p ite o f t his t he c a irn a t L ochanhead ( WD 6 2) a nd t hat n ear Kin lh ead ne f arm ( WD 6 4) b o th l ook o ut d own t he v a lley. T h is a rea i s par t icu lar ly n oted f or i t s l arge n umber o f g roups o f sma l I c a irns , f ie ld s ystems a nd s ett lement s ites. It i s i nterest ing t hat wh i l e t he g roups o f sma ll c a irns a nd s ett lement s ites t end t o o ccupy t he c entra l p ort ion o f t he b as in t he l arger , i nd iv idua l c a irns a re , f or t he most p ar t, r anged a round t he s ides. A lthough t here i s n o i nd icat ion t hat t hese monuments were c ontemporary, t h is d oes emphas ise t he f act t hat d iffer ing f actors m ight a ffect t he d istr ibut ion o f f unerary a nd s ett lement s ites. T h is s hou ld n o t i mp ly t hat t he o ne c ou ld n o t e x ist i mmed iate ly adjacent t o t he o ther. On o ccas ions ( eg B eatock H ill a nd t he K inne lh ead c a irn) c ond it ions w ere a pparent ly s at isfactory f or t he e stab lishment o f b o th t ypes o f monument. About 1 5 kms t o t he SW o f Ki nne lh ead t here i s a s im ilar c luster o f s ites o n Gaw in Moor ( WD 3 4-40) . H ere t he t opography i s more g ent le w ith l ow , r ounded h i lls s urround ing a n a rea o f p eat b og k nown a s Cape l Moss. T he a rea i s a ctua lly o n t he watershed b e tween t he R ivers Annan a nd N ith a nd t he water f rom t he c entra l b og d ra ins i nto b o th r ivers. N o i nd iv idua l c a irns h ave b een r ecogn ised o n t he N s ide o f t he b og and s ince t he who le a rea h as b een a fforested t he p robab ility t hat more s ites w ill b e n o ted i n t he f uture must b e sma ll. The s ites s hown ( f ig 2 9) h ave b een k nown f or many y ears a nd h ave n ot b een p loughed o r p lanted. A lt hough s evera l c a irns a re i n a p oor c ond it ion t he ir l ocat ions c an s t i ll b e i dent if ied. T o t he S o f Cape l Moss a re t hree h ills , A uchenca irn H e ight, B lackstand R ig a nd Wh ite H i ll, a nd u pon t he s umm it o f e ach i s a c a irn. An a dd it iona l c a irn , R oyach Ca irn ( WD 3 7), a lso e x ists u pon t he SW s lope o f A uchenca irn H e ight a lt hough l i tt le n ow s urv ives. A s we ll a s t hese h ighleve l s ites t here a re a lso t hree c a irns n ear t o t he b o ttom o n a s l ight s pur wh ich i s j ust above t he b og o n t he N E s ide. T he n orthern a nd s outhern most s ites ( WD 3 4 a nd 3 6 r espect ive ly ) a re s t ill v ery s ubstant ia l monuments wh i l e t he t h ird i s sma ll a nd , i ndeed, q uest ionab le. A lthough o n ly 1 30m s eparate t he t wo l arger c a irns t hey a re n ot i ntery i s ib l e ow ing t o t he i rregu lar n ature o f t he 1 04

l s ,s ma l c a irns; I •

I

. ;

e

I

C i f s

0 • • •

be

f,

° C 71

, t, ‘"

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1

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,

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3 8

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,

2 74

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l and.

l t

i s

2

1K m .

F ig 2 9: G aw in Moor c airn g roup

( WD) .

p oss ib le

was

t hat

a c onsc ious

e ffor t

made

t o

a lign

t hese t hree s ites -if s o i t f a iled b ut t he t wo l arger c a irns a re i n an a l most p erfect Ii ne w ith t he M id-Ca irn ( WD 3 9) o n t he t op o f B lackstand R ig. l t i s k nown t hat c a irn WD 3 6 c onta ined mu ltip le c ist b ur ia ls , a t l east o ne o f wh ich i nc luded a b eaker. t t herefore s eems p robab le t hat t h is was amongst t he e ar liest c a irns t o b e b u ilt i n t he v ic inity a nd i t may b e t hat t he o thers were i ntent iona lly p os it ioned i n r e lat ion t o i t . Whe ther o ne a ccepts t h is o r n o t t here i s c er ta in ly a c oncentrat ion o f l arge a nd i mpos ing c a irns a round Gaw in Moor a nd i t s eems l og ica l t o p ropose t hat t he a rea was o f s ome r ather s pec ia l i mportance i n t he e ar ly B ronze Age. The em inent ly s uitab le t opography c ou ld par t ia lly e xp la in t h is b ut a nother e xp lanat ion may a lso b e c ons idered. A d rove r oad r unning f rom t he SW t o t he N E c uts a cross Gaw in Moor a nd p asses c lose b y f our o f t he c a irns o n i ts way f rom T hornh ill t o Moffat a nd t he N . The s ame d rove r oad a lso passes w it h metres o f t he c a irns a t S t idr iggs n ear t he K inne l; .. „. A lthough d rove r oads were a r e lat ive ly r ecent p henomena, a nd i n most c ases w ere n o t c lear ly d ef ined, t hey d id o ften f o llow t raditiona l r a ises t he

pack a nd p oss ib ility

f oot t hat

t racks ( Ha ldane 1 952 , t he d rovers f o l l owed a

3 2) . Th is t rad it iona l

r oute

which

had

b een

i n

u se

s ince

p reh istor ic

t imes.

The n orthern a rea o f h igh h ills and o pen moor b etween t he R ivers Annan and N it h a lso c onta in a n umber o f p otent ia lly B ronze Age c airns. H ere t he d istr ibution i s much more s cattered and t he c a irns t end t o o ccur s ing ly. Aga in r a ised p os it ions were

p referred

but

i n

s uch

u ndu lat ing

g round

s uch

l ocat ions

may b e f ound a l most e verywhere. Most s ites a re i n q u ite d ramatic p os it ions , e g N ether D od ( WD 2 9 and 3 0) and C ape l G len ( WD 2 7) and o ther s ites , n ow l ost i n d ense f orest, e g Mc' Mount ( WD 3 1 ) , Gubhi IW ig ( WD 3 2) a nd Thre ip Moor ( WD 2 8), c ou ld p robab ly a lso b e i nc luded. Two o f t he more n orther ly s it es a re s ited o n l ower g round a t F e ll End ( WD 2 4) and B urn ( WD

2 3), a t t he f oot L ooking more Dumfr iessh ire t here

o f t he h igh L owther H ills. g enera lly a t c a irn d istr ibut ion i n West i s a s tr iking pauc ity o f l owly ing s ites.

Even t ak i ng i nto c ons iderat ion t he s ites n oted b y J ohnstone , c a irns s eem t o b e p redom inant ly u p land f eatures. Whatever t he r eason f or t his i t i s i n marked c ontrast t o t he d istr ibut ion o f o ther t ypes o f b road ly c ontemporary monu ments. These Ii e a l most e xc lus ive ly b eneath 1 22m OD. D ifferentia l p reservat ion may a ccount f or t his. Cu ltivat ion i n t he va lley b o ttoms w ou ld d estroy c a irns b ut a t t he s ame t ime i t c ould b r ing t o Ii ght c ists , i nd iv idua l c remat ion bur ia ls , u rns a nd i so lated f inds. Th is d oes n ot, h owever , p rovide a c omp lete answer. S tone c irc les, f or e xample , were j ust a s v u lnerab le a s c airns b ut t hey have e vident ly s urvived i n t he m idst o f i ntens ive ly f armed l and. It may a lso b e s ignif icant t hat t hese monuments h ave o n ly r are ly b een f ound o n up land a reas where i ntens ive f arm ing has n ot had much i mpact ( Stevenson 1 975). The appears

d istr ibut ion t o

s how

o f

c airns

a p reference

t he S ilur ian r ock t his t ype t end t o

i n

f or

s equences. This b e f ound a t t he

r e lat ion t he

t o

t he

g reywackes

s o lid a nd

g eo logy

s ha les

o f

i s p robab ly because r ocks o f h igher a ltitudes where c a irns

a re more p ro lif ic. I t s eems t hat t he o ccurrence o f c airns o n r ather t han a c ause , o f t he ir t hese r ocks i s a c onsequence , upland d istr ibution. o f g reat s ignif icance. T he D r ift d epos its c ou ld b e by f l uv i o-g lac ia I s ands l owlying a reas a re l arge ly c overed c ons ist ma in ly o f p ostand g rave ls, and t he r iver banks have c ontr ibuted t o t he g lac ia l a lluvia l d epos its. Th is c ou ld l ack f rom

o f l owlying c airns s ince t he n ecessary s tone i s f ur ther t he s urface a nd wou ld have b een t hat much more d iff icu lt

t o o btain. The va lue o f t hese s andy a nd g rave lly d epos its f or agr icu lture has b een n oted a nd, a lthough p os it ive e vidence i s absent, t h is may have a ttracted p rehistor ic man. P erhaps t h is c ou ld e xp la in t he number a nd var ie ty o f monu ments e spec ia lly i n

l ower

N it hsda l e.

1 06

CATALOGUE -W EST DUMFRIESSHIRE WD

1

B a il H ill ( NS 7 60 1 42). S ituated i n r ough u p land pasture o n t he s umm it o f Ba i I H ill i n a n e xtreme ly p rom inent p os it ion. The s ite s urv ives a s a l ow s tony mound 6 .5m i n d iam a nd 0 .2m h igh. I n 1 954 t he O S r ecorded a l ow g rassy mound 1 8.2m i n d iam b ut t h is c ou ld n o t b e i dent if ied o n t he g round a lthough i t p robab ly r epresents more c lose ly t he o r ig ina l d i mens ions o f t he s ite. The s tones were a pparent ly r emoved i n t he e ar ly 1 9th c entury f or wa l I bu ild ing a nd p r ior t o t hat t he s ite h ad b een u sed a s a ' s igna l o r watch t ower'. S ummary, R efs. ONB

1 . 2 6 ,

RCAHM WD 2

1 1 16; 1 920 ,

2 . 1 4 and O S

2 . 1 3 N o 5 62

5

0

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

B ogs B urn ( NS 8 15 1 22) . S ituated i n u p land r ough pasture o n t he l ower s lopes o f C onr ig H ill o n a s light natura l t errace o n t he h ills ide. T he l ocat ion l ooks o ut o ver t he N ith va lley t o t he W b ut i s v ery much i n t he s hadow o f l arger h ills t o t he N a nd E . The s ite was l ocated b y t he RCAHM , w ith in a s heepfo ld, n ow i n r u ins. T he p oss ib le c a irn i s n ow s t ill more d ilap idated a nd e x ists s i mp ly a s a r ough ly c ircu lar s tony a rea, a lmost e nt ire ly t urfed o ver. It i s n o t n ow measurab le b ut t he RCAHM n o ted a d i am o f 8 0-88'. 3 .

3

4 .

SW

5 .

d 5

6 .

BC

L ochs ide ( NS 8 00 1 03). S ituated i n u p land pasture o n t he S s ide o f a p oor ly d ra ined h ill o ver look i ng t he N ith v a l l ey. T h is was apparent ly a c ons iderab le c a irn, r obbed f or bu ild ing s tone p r ior t o 1 853. The O S n oted a f ew s tones i n 1 954 b ut n o th ing n ow r ema ins. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 7 R efs. S i mpson 1 853 , 4 4 O S R ecords

WD

4 .

N o 3 36

S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 1 0 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , N o 5 6 1 WD 4

3 . S R ecords

K nockenha ir ( NS 7 91 1 33) . S ituated i n r ough u p land pasture o n t he s umm it o f K nockenha ir H ill i n a n e xtreme ly p rom inent p os it ion. T he s ite n ow c ons ists o f a l ow mound o f s tones 1 2.0m i n d iem a nd u p t o 0 .3m h igh. The s ite has b een r obbed, p robab ly b efore t he RCAHM v is ited t he s ite i n 1 912. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 ,

WD 3

( WD)

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

Ca irn H ill ( NS 8 52 0 70). S ituated am idst r ough g raz ing o n t he s umm it o f Ca irn H ill i n a n o bv i ous ly em inent l ocat ion w ith e xtens ive v iews. The s ite n ow c ons ists o f a l ow s tony mound o f s tones , l arge ly t urfed o ver , measur ing 1 4.0m i n d iam and 0 .3m h igh. S ummary, R efs.

1 .

2

2 .

1 4

-

1 07

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

WD

6

G lengenny i n

f lat

( NS

p eaty

8 12

0 57) . S ituated

moor land

w ith

o n

g ood,

a very

but

not

s light

s pec ia l

r ise v iews

o ver s im ilar moor land, and d own t he G lengenny va lley. The s ite i s s till a l arge a nd i mpos ing monument 2 8m i n d iam and 1 .6m h igh. The e dges a re t urfed o ver b ut t owards t he c entre i t i s p oss ib le t o s ee t hat t he u pper l eve ls o f t he monu ment c ons ist o f quite s ma ll s tones 1 0-25cms a cross , v ery r em in isant o f f ie ld c learance mater ia l. H owever t here has b een n o c ultivat ion i n t h is l ocation i n r ecent y ears. I n s ome p laces t here has b een s ome s li ght d isturbance and t h is r evea ls l arger s tones t owards t he base o f t he c a irn, p erhaps s uggesting i t was c onstructed o f mater ia l g raded f rom sma ll t o l arge s tones. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , WD

7

8

8 5 60

3 .

1

4 .

NE

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

Lamgarroch H ill ( NX 7 15 9 88) . The NSA n o tes t hat ' there i s a g reat c a irn o f s tones o n t op o f L a mgarrock H i II'. N othing i s n ow v is ib le o n t he ground , but t he moor land s umm it i s we l I d ef ined and prov ides a v ery Ii ke ly l ocation f or t his s ite , c ommanding e xtens ive v iews i n a ll d irections. S ummary, R efs. N SA

WD

2 . N o

1 . 2 4 1 84 1,

2 . 1 8 4 75-6

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

Craigencoon ( NX 7 75 9 57). S ituated o n a s ma ll r ise a t t he e nd o f a we l I d ra ined r idge n ow prov id ing g ood qua lity pasture. I t i s o ver looked by P inzar ie H ill t o t he N E b ut has a g ood v iew d own t he va lley. The s ite i s n ow r obbed o f s tones i n t he c entre but s urvives a s a c ircu lar mound 1 9m i n d iam and 1 .0m h igh. It i s part ly t urfed o ver but s ome sma ll c onstruction a re v is ib le. These may b e

s tones o f t he f ie ld c learance

s tones s ince t he r ema ins o f r ig a nd f urrow nearby p rov ide e v idence o f c u ltivat ion. The RCAHM r ecord t hat t here

has

e vident ly

b een r if led, but a re n ow v is ib le.

S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , WD

9

P inzar ie

( NX

7 8

b een

n o

t race 2 . N o

5 6 11

9 5?) .

a c ist o f 3 .

The

i n

t he

t his

o r

1

4 .

N SA

c entre

which

a ny

o ther

S

5 .

r ecords

b 3

a

h as

f eatures 6 .

B C

c airn

a t

P inzar ie. N ine s tone c off ins were f ound c ontaining f ragments o f b one 't he who le o f which, w ith t he s urround ing s tones t o a d istance o f s ome f eet were f used i nto o ne mass'. There i s n o e asy exp lanation f or t h is s ite b ut i t may r epresent a c emetery c a irn w ith s ome e vidence o f t he a ctua l c remat ion p rocess p reserved i n t he c airn. N o s ite c an n ow b e l ocated. o n

The t he

RCAHM s umm it

r ecord a c airn r educed t o g round l eve l o f C ra igencoon H ill. This was 8 2' i n

d iam s t ill

and i t v is ib le.

i s p oss ib le t hat s ome k erb s tones were S ince Craigencoon and P inzar ie o ccupy

much t hese

t he s ame r eferences

g enera l a rea i t i s a llude t o t he s ame 1 08

p oss ib le t hat b o th s ite , b ut s ince n o

s ite t h is

c an n ow b e i s i mposs ib le

l ocated o n t o c heck.

t he

t op

o f

C ra igencoon

H ill

S ummary, 1 . 1 ? N ot l ocated. R efs. N SA 4 1 84 1, 4 75 RCAHM 1 920 , N o 6 10 WD

1 0

G ledbrae s umm it va lley.

( NX

o f I f

7 82

9 39).

a h ill t his i s

S ituated

i n

g ood

pasture

o n

t he

w ith e xtens ive v iews d own t he r iver an anc ient r ound c airn t hen i t was a

v ery l arge s ite measur ing n ow 2 8m i n d iam. A d rystone wa l I c rosses t he W s ide a nd much s tone was p robably r emoved f rom t he c a irn f or i ts c onstruct ion The c a irn i s n ow t urfed o ver a nd i s n o more t han 1 .3m h igh. There were a f ew e arthfast l arge s tones a round t he p er iphery wh ich may r epresent a k erb but t he 't wo .. l arge s tones a l i tt le t o t he N o f t he c entre' n oted by t he R CAHM a re n ow o bscured b eneath a p i l e o f r ecent f ie ld-c learance s tone. The N SA ment ions a l arge c a irn a t M 'question i n which were f ound a s tone c off in, f ragments o f b one and a s tone h ammer. Th is a l most c ertain ly r efers t o t he s ame s ite. S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 6 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , N o 6 12 N SA 4 1 84 1, 4 75 WD

1

3 .

1

4 .

E

5 .

b 3

6 .

BC

Auchenba inz ie ( NX 8 15 9 73) . S ituated o n h igh b ut we l I d ra ined u p land pasture w ith s pectacu lar v iews a cross t he S caur Water. The RCAHM r ecord t wo c airns o n t h is h ill. The s ite o f N o 5 30 c an b e l ocated f rom t he O S map but n othing i s n ow v is ib le. I ndeed i t was o n ly 2 4' i n d iam a nd ' reduced t o g round l eve l' when v is ited i n 1 912. T he r ough l ocat ion o f t he s econd s ite , N o 5 34 was i dent if ied but n othing r esemb ling a c airn was f ound i ndeed t here a re many m is lead ing patches o f o ut-cropp ing r ock i n t he a rea, and f or t his r eason t his s ite

has

b een

d ism issed.

S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , WD

1 2

Wh ite

Ca irn

( NX

2 . 9 N os 5 30 8 24

3 . 3 4 . and 5 34

W

9 76) . S ituated

5 .

i n

b 4

g ood

6 .

-

pasture

upon a l ow g lac ia l h ill o ver looked b y Auchenbainz ie H ill t o t he W . This was o nce a v ery l arge c a irn and i t 3 s t ill measures 3.5m i n d iam and r ises u p t o 1 .7m above t he s urround ing g round. I ts p resent s ize m ight b e part ly due t o t he d umping o f r ecent f ie ld-c learance s tones i n sma I p iles upon t he monument r ecorded t hat t he s it e was 9 0' i n d iam s o t he s ite has o bv ious ly and r obbed o f s tone. S ome o n

t he

S c ircumference

S ummary,

WD

1 3

1 .

R efs.

RCAHM

Fa iry

Knowe

and

n o

2 1 920 , ( NX

l onger

7

N o

5 29

8 71

known

b een e xtens ive ly d isturbed l arger s tones a t t wo p o ints

m ight

2 .

9 78

r epresent

3 .

2

4 .

approx).

but 1 09

but t he RCAHM i n 1 912. Even

may

a k erb. E

This

have

5 .

s ite

o nce

b 5

i s b een

6 .

BC

un located a c a irn

o r barrow i n v iew o f t he p lace t hat a c inerary u rn was f ound. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. Ca l l ander WD

1 4

N o t 1 924 ,

1 5

Ca l l ander

r ecords

l ocated. 1 09

Ca irnm i II Farm ( NX 8 42 9 4 1). It i s r ecorded t hat a c a irn was r emoved i n 1 834 f rom a p os ition n ow o ccup ied b y o ne o f t he f arm b u ild ings. A ' quartz p o l i sher ' i s s a id t o h ave b een f ound. N o th ing n ow s urv ives, b ut i t s l ocat ion c an b e d ef ined q u ite c lose ly . S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 1 R efs. B lack 1 893 , 11 ONB 1 856-98 , 2 2 1

WD

name.

3 .

0

4 .

-

5,

b 4

6 . A l

Land Farm; Lann Ha l I ( NX 8 08 9 25 approx ) I t i s r ecorded t hat a s tone c off in ( probab ly a c is t ), f ragments o f b one a nd a s tone h ammer were f ound when a c a irn was r emoved a t L and F arm, T ynron, a bout 1 800. N o ' Land F arm' c an n ow b e l ocated i n t he a rea, b ut Lann Ha l I a t t he N GR g iven above may b e t he s ame. S ummary, 1 . 4 N ot l ocated. R efs. N SA 1 2 1 84 1, 4 75 ONB 1 856-98 , 1 37 G ibson 1 863 , 4 8 B lack 1 893 , 1 09

WD

1 6

Wau lkm i II ( NX 7 80 9 03). T he l ocat ion o f t he s ite c an b e d eterm ined f rom e ar ly O S maps. The monument a pparent ly s tood o n a r a ised p iece o f g round near t he c onf luence o f t wo s treams i n a w ide f lat f lood p la in. N oth ing n ow s urv ives a nd t he l arge s tones n ear t o t he s ite o f t he monument a re c er ta in ly t he r esu lt o f r ecent f ie ld c learance. C orr ie n o tes t he d iscovery o f a ' c inerary u rn' f rom t he s ite. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , C orr ie 1 910

WD

1 7

0

4 .

-

5.

b 4

6 . A l

d iam.

S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , 1 8

3 .

C raes H ill ( NX 7 72 8 55). S ituated o n a v ery r ough a nd s tony S -fac ing up land h ill s lope. The monument measures 1 2m i n d iam a nd s tands 0 .9m h igh. T he e dges a re t urfed o ver , but s tone i s v is ib le t owards t he c entre where t here a re t he r ema ins o f a s hoot ing-butt b u iI t f rom s tones o f t he c a irn. T he s ite i s s urrounded b y g roups o f sma ll c a irns a nd i t i s p oss ib le t hat t his s i te i s s i mp ly a more p rom inent a nd l arger c omponent i n o ne o f t hese c ompos ite s ites. H owever , i t d oes s tand o ut a s d ist inct ive a nd i ts i nd ividua lity was obv ious ly n o ted by t he RCAHM who r ecorded i t i n 1 912 a s measur ing 3 7 ' i n

WD

2 . 3 N o 2 55

2 . 8 N o 2 43

3 .

2

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

O ld C rawfordton ( NX 8 16 8 89). I f t h is s ite i s c orrec t ly l ocated t hen i t s tands o n t he e dge o f a natura l t errace 1 10

i n g ood u p land pasture o ver look i ng t he Ca irn Water. N o th ing n ow r ema ins e xcept a r ather s tony s light r ise i n t he f ie ld. The s pread o f s tones c overs a r ough ly c ircu lar a rea about 1 3m i n d iam. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 3 3 . R efs. R CAHM 1 920 , N o 2 56 WD

1 9

2 0

4 .

N E

5 .

b 4

6 .

S G

Wh ite Ca irn ( NX 8 54 8 73). The o n ly r eference t o t h is s ite i s o n e ar ly 6 " O S maps. Any f ur ther d e ta ils k ept by t he O S were n o t t raced. T he a rea i s n ow u nder c u lt ivat ion a nd n o thing s urv ives. S ummary,

WD

2

1 .

1

2 .

4

3 .

1

4 ,

S E

5 .

b 4

6 .

S G

Barndennoch ( NX 8 91 84 a pprox) . T h is s ite c an n o t 8 n ow b e l ocated b ut i t i s r ecorded t hat a c a irn a t o r n ear B arndennoch was o pened i n 1 862 a nd s even c ists c onta in ing burnt b ones were f ound. It s eems h igh ly p robab le t hat a f li nt k n ife ( pI a no-convex t ype) r ecorded b y Anderson a nd B lack c ame f rom t h is s ite a s we l I a s a barbed and t anged a rrowhead ( though n o t n ecessar ily f rom t he s ame d epos it). There i s n o e vidence t hat a s tone axe f rom Barndennoch h as a ny a ssoc iat ion w ith t h is c a irn. S ummary, 1 . 5 N o t l ocated. R efs. T h ird S tat A cc 1 2 1 902 , 2 13 Anderson a nd B lack 1 888 , 3 73-4 Ca l I a nder 1 924 , 1 02

WD 2 1

Au I dg ir th B r idge ( NX 9 1 8 6 a pprox ). The p rec ise l ocat ion c ou ld n ot b e a certa in ed . G ibson r ecorded a n axe-hammer f ound i n 1 862 b y r a il way s urfacemen wh i l e r emov ing a l arge c a irn i n a f ie ld n ear Au I dg i r th B r idge. S ummary, 1 . R efs. G ibson

WD

2 2

2 N o t l ocated. 1 863 , 4 8

Ca irn Ha ll ( NX 9 0 8 5 -91 8 7). Capta in R idde l, t our ing i n 1 787 r ecorded t hat ' Ca irn Ha ll f arm has o ne o f t he l argest c a irns i n N it hsda l e '. T here i s a ' Ca irn Ha ll' i n D unscor a rea and a ' Ca irn Farm' n ear C loseburn. S ummary, 1 . 2 N ot R efs. R idde l 1 794

WD 2 3

l ocated.

B urn ( NX 9 07 9 84). S ituated o n a l eve l p iece o f v ery g ood u p land p asture wh ich f a l I s s teep ly t o t he E a nd S , but wh ich i s o ver looked by mounta ins o n t he NE. T he s ite i s a p rom inent a nd we l I p reserved c a irn 1 0m i n d iam a nd 1 .5m h igh. I t i s l arge ly t urfed o ver a nd has b een damaged a Ii t le by p lough ing c lose t o t he t e dge. S ummary, R efs.

WD

2 4

1 .

RCAHM

2 1 920 ,

2 .

5

N o

5 13

3 .

0

4 .

S

5 .

e

6 .

S G

F e ll E nd ( NX 9 30 9 77). S ituated o n a g ent le p ort ion o f a -h igh moor land h ills ide b efore i t s tar ts t o r ise v ery s teep ly. I t i s a ctua lly o n a s li ght t errace w ith w ide 11

v iews t o t he S , W and E . It i s a sma ll c a irn 8 m i n d iam a nd 1 .0m h igh a nd t here a re s evera l l arge s tones wh ich m ight r epresent a k erb. S co tt-E l Ii o t r ecords a g roup o f 3 sma ll c a irns i n t h is a rea, b ut a part f rom t h is o ne e xamp le t he o thers appear t o b e r ecent, p robab ly a ssoc iated w ith r oad o r d ra in c onstruc t ion. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 9 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , N o 6 9 S cott-E lliot 1 967 , N o WD

2 5

3 .

2

4 .

SW

5 .

2 6

2 7

2 8

5 .

e

6 .

B C

Ca irn B enthead ( NX 9 23 9 6 1) . S ituated i n g ood we l I d ra ined pasture t owards t he e nd o f a r idge o n a s l ight em inence. N o more t han a s li ght s catter o f s tones s urv ives. 3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

Cape l G len ( NX 9 69 9 78). S ituated i n a v ery d ramat ic p os ition o n a s l ight p romontory, o ver look ing a s teep s ided s tream va lley o ver 2 5m d eep. H igh h ills o ver look t he s ite o n t he N . The c a irn n ow measures 8 m i n d iam a nd i s 1 .0m h igh. S ome l arge s tones a round t he e dge may b e t he r ema ins o f a k erb. There s eems t o h ave b een s ome d isturbance i n t he c entre and n one o f t he 'l arge s labs' n o ted b y t he RCAHM c an n ow b e s een. The monument i s l arge ly t urf c overed. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 9 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , N o 7 1

WD

-

Gate lawbr idge ( NX 9 14 9 58). S ituated i n g ood c u lt ivated l and o n a g ent le SW-fac ing s lope c ommand ing e xtens ive v iews. Th is s ite c ou ld r ea lly b e i nc luded i n t he s chedu le o f ' mounds' but s ince i t d id c onta in s ome s tone i t s eems j ust if iab le t o i nc lude i t h ere. T oday i t i s v is ib le a s a p loughed c ircu lar mound 9m i n d iam and 0 .9m h igh. I n 1 952 i t was e xcavated. A c ircu lar d itch 3 2' o uter d iam a nd 4 -5' w ide s urrounded a c entra l mound c overed b y r edd ish s and. T he c entra I a rea was apparent ly d isturbed b ut t he monument s eemed t o b e b uilt ma in ly o f t urf w ith a f ew l arge s tones. B e low t h is a f oss i I s o i I was p reserved. T h is i s a n unusua l s ite a nd has n ot b een i nc luded i n genera l s tat istica l c a lcu lat ions. N o b ur ia l was f ound.

S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 7 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , N o 8 2 WD

6 .

1 5

S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 5 3 . 2 4 . SW R efs. Wa l l ace 1 954 , 1 3814 1 CBA N ews letter ( Group 5 ) 7 1 953 , 8 WD

b 4

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

Thr iep Moor ( NX c oniferous f orest , It c ou ld n o t b e

9 67 9 50). T he s ite n ow l i es i n d ense o n a watershed b e tween t wo s treams. l ocated a nd was l ast s een b y t he O S

who r ecorded h igh i n 1 959.

i t

a s

S ummary,

3

R efs.

1 .

O S R ecords RCAHM 1 920 ,

2 .

measur ing 7

N o 7 2 12 1

3 .

1 6m 1

i n 4 .

S

d iam 5 .

a nd

1 .5m

b 4

6 .

WD

2 9

N ether D od ( NX 9 77 9 52). S ituated upon t he c rest o f a g rassy s add le b e tween N ether D od and B ig K nowe u pon r ough u p land. l t c ommands w ide v iews o ver t he c ountrys ide t o t he SW but t o t he S a nd E c oniferous p lantat ion o bscures. The c a irn i s s t ill we l I p reserved and s tands o ut f rom c ons iderab le d istances. l t measures 1 3m i n d iam and i s 1 .0m h igh. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 ,

WD 3 0

3 1

3 .

1

4 .

S E

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

N ether D od ( NX 9 77 9 5 1) . S ituated i n much t he s ame t opograph ica l p os it ion a s WD 2 9 , b ut n ow i n d ense c on iferous p lantat ion. l t h as n o t b een damaged b y p loughing o r t ree-p lant ing. The s ite i s n ow l arge ly g rass c overed and measures 1 0.5m i n d iam a nd i s 0 .5m h igh. A r ecent s hepherds' c a irn s tands i n r u ins t o t he S o f t he c entre o f t he mounment. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 ,

WD

2 . 9 N o 7 3

2 . 9 N o 7 3

3 .

1

4 .

S E

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

K nockenshang ( NX 9 55 9 32). S ituated o n t he s umm it o f a sma ll h ill wh ich p robab ly c ommanded e xtens ive v iews b efore i t was c loaked b y c on iferous p lantat ion. T he s ite c ou ld n o t b e l ocated and h as a l most c erta in ly b een d estroyed. Two s tony a reas were l ocated n ear t he s umm it o f t he h ill, but n e ither c ou ld b e p os it ive ly i dent if ied a s t he r ema ins o f a c a irn. There i s a l ong t rad it ion o f a b ur ia l monument o n t h is h illtop, p robab ly o r ig inat ing w ith t he O S , but e ven i n 1 9 13 i t s eems t hat t he s ite was n o more t han a l ow s tony mound 8 ' i n d iam 'w ith a f ew l arge s tones l ying o n t he s urface'. l t must t herefore b e a r ather d ub ious i nc lus ion. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 ,

WD 3 2

2 . 9 N o 8 4

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

Gubh i II R ig ( NX 9 64 9 32). T he O S s how t he s ite o n t he S s ide o f Gubh i II R ig wh ich i s n ow e nt ire ly c overed b y mature c on iferous p lantat ion. T he s ite c ou ld n o t b e l ocated w ith c ertainty and t he d escr ipt ion b y t he RCAHM o f a c a irn 9 3' x 8 4 ' a nd 5 ' h igh s eems e xaggerated. l t i s p oss ib le t hey were d iscr ib ing t he e nt ire k no lI o n wh ich t he s ite s tood. Two s tony patches am idst t he f ores t were l ocated i n r ough ly t he c orrect a rea b ut n e ither c ou ld p os it ive ly b e a ssoc iated w ith t h is monument, own r ight.

a nd

n e ither

S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 8 R efs. R CAHM 1 920 , N o 7 6 Ca l l ander 1 924 H ensha II 1 972 , 4 22 WD 3 3

3 .

3 .

s eemed 2

4 .

S

c onv inc ing 5 .

b 4

i n

i ts 6 .

-

Auchenca irn ( NX 9 22 9 06?) . S ituated i n c u lt ivated SW-fac ing g rass land. Th is s ite was n o ted by RCAHM i n 1 9 12 a s b e ing l arge ly d estroyed a nd part ly c overed by r ecent f ie ld-c learance s tones. T he g enera l a rea i s n ow 1 13

Ii t tered w ith r ecent f ie ld-c learance c a irns and i t i s i mposs ib le t o b e c erta in wh ich i s t hat r eferred t o by t he RCAHM. l t must, i n a ny c ase , b e a d ubious s ite. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , WD

3 4

2 . 8 N o 7 4

3 5

0

4 .

SW

5 .

b4

6 .

Gaw i n Moor ( NX 9 43 9 14) . S ituated o n a s li ght l oca l em inence r a ised above t he s urround ing m oor land. T he a rea a round t he s ite i s n ow p lanted w ith c on ifers. T h is i s a e xtreme ly i mpos ing monument measur ing n ow 2 0.5m i n d iam a nd 2 .4m h igh. l t h as b een s light ly d isturbed and a sma ll s hepherds' c a irn has b een b u ilt o n t he t op. l t i s n o t c overed b y t urf and i s bu i I t o f weathered s tones o f a ll s izes. A g roup o f s ma ll c a irns l ies t o t he NE. S ummary, 1 . 3 2 . 9 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , N o 7 5 Ca l I ander 1 924

WD

3 .

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b4

6 .

Gaw in Moor ( NX 9 42 9 13). S ituated o n a S -fac ing s lope i n r ough moor land n ow p lanted w ith c on ifers. T he o n ly r eference t o t h is s ite i s o n t he e ar lier OS maps , but n o d eta ils s urv ive i n t he ir r ecords. T he s ite l ies b etween WD 3 4 and WD 3 6 a nd h as b een d amaged by f orestry p lough ing. A ll t hat r ema ins i s a s tony mound, l arge ly t urfed o ver , 8m i n d iam and 0 .4m h igh. It c ou ld b e l arger but t he s urround ing p eat h as c lear ly e ncroached. l t was a pparent ly e xcavated c 1894 b ut n o d e ta ils a re n ow known. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 8 3 . 2 4 . S 5 . b4 6 . R efs. D umfr ies and Ga lloway S tandard 2 5 J u ly 1 894 ,

WD

3 6

-

3

Gaw i n Moor ( NX 9 42 9 12) . S ituated o n r ough S -fac ing moor land , wh ich has n ow b een a fforested , o ver look ing t he d eep b og o f Cape l Moss. T he s ite i s q u ite l owly ing i n r e lat ion t o t he o ther c a irns i n t he a rea, b ut i s s t ill qu ite p rom inent. Th is i s a l arge c a irn 1 7m i n d iam and c 2.6m h igh but i ts h e ight has p robab ly b een e xaggerated b y t he u pcast f rom a n e ar l i er ' excavat ion t rench' c utt i ng i n f rom t he W s ide t o t he c entre. N o f eatures a re v is ib le i n t he ' excavated' a rea. The e dges a re t urfed o ver b ut t he s tones a round t he t op - ma in ly r ounded c 20-30cms a cross -a re s t ill bare. The ' excavat ions' t ook p lace i n 1 894 and a re r e lat ive ly we ll r ecorded f or t he t ime a lthough no p lans were k ept. The f u llest r epor t f rom wh ich a ll o thers were d er ived was pub l i shed i n t he D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway S tandard. Th is i s p rec ied h ere: The c a irn wh ich t hen measured 4 6' i n d iam was o pened f rom t he S s ide ( th is c ontrad icts t he e vidence v is ib le t oday which s uggests a wester ly t rench). S ixteen f eet f rom t he ' entrance' (i e e dge?) t hree l arge s tones f ormed a c ist 3 ' 6 " x 2 1" wh ich c onta ined b urnt e arth a nd a shes: n o b ones were d is t inguishab le a lthough i t s eems l ike ly t hat s ome b ur ia l d epos it h ad 1 14

e x isted. F our f eet E a nother c ist ( no measurements g iven) was f ound w ith ' s im i l ar c ontents'. Adjo ining were t races o f a n i nterment wh ich may r epresent a n add it iona l b ur ia l d epos it. ' More d irect ly e astwards , about 2 5' f rom t he o pen ing i n t he c a irn' a s lab o f wh instone was f ound i n a s lop ing p os it ion. B e low t h is was a c ist 2 ' x 1 1' wh ich c onta ined a b eaker ( C larke's L ate N or thern t ype , o r Lant ing a nd Van d er Waa l's s tep 4 o r 5 ). A f l int k n ife was a lso r ecovered b ut n o b ones were f ound. T h is i s c lear ly a c omp lex monument, b ut i t s eems t hat t he b eaker may a ccompany t he p r i mary b ur ia l d epos it a nd t h is i s a pparent ly t he most c entra l. S ummary, 1 . 5 2 . 8 3 . 2 4 . S R efs. D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway S tandard

5 . b 4 2 5 J u ly

6 . 1 894 ,

I D• 3 RCAHM 1 920 , N o 7 5 Ca l I a nder 1 924 R itch ie 1 970 , N o 1 5 WD

3 7

R oyach Ca irn ( NX 9 33 9 05). S ituated o n r ough SW-fac ing moor land, wh ich i s n ow a fforested, o ver look ing a sma ll s teep s ided va lley t o t he W . T he s ite i s much r educed a nd s urv ives ma in ly a s a l ow r u in o f c a irn mater ia l t urfed o ver and 1 4.5m d iam. N owhere i s i t h igher t han 0 .3m. T he s ite has n ot b een e ffected b y f orestry p lough ing, but may have b een a ltered b y t he c onstruct ion o f a mass ive bank o f u nknown date o r f unct ion t o t he W . The ONB s tates t hat s tones were r emoved ' some t ime a go t o b uild f ences'. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 9 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , N o 8 8 ONB 6 1 857-98 , 2 46

WD

3 8

3 9

2

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

Auchenca irn H e ight ( NX 9 34 9 05) . S ituated o n t he s umm it o f Auchenca irn H e ight i n r ough moor land , n ow a fforested , c ommand ing e xtens ive v iews o ver t he s urround ing a rea. The s ite i tse lf has b een t o ta lly r emoved , b ut a s li ght s tony mound 7m d iam i s j ust v is ib le. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. R CAHM 1 920 ,

WD

3 .

2 . 1 0 N o 8 3

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

M id Ca irn ( NX 9 40 9 05) . S it uated i n r ough moor land j us t t o t he NW o f t he s umm it o f a moderate s ized h ill, b ut c ommand ing a w ide v iew e spec ia lly t o t he N a nd W . T he s it e i s i n a n a fforested a rea b ut h as n ot , it se lf , b een damaged. T he c a irn n ow measures 1 8m i n d iam a nd i s u p t o 1 .4m h igh. l t i s n o t t urfed o ver e xcept a t t he e dges a nd has c lear ly b een d isturbed s ince i t was v is ited b y t he RCAHM. A sma ll r ecent c a irn has b een b u ilt o n t op a nd a s heep-pen o r s hoot ing-butt s et i nto t he S s ide , h as b een built w ith s tones f rom t he monument. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , Ca l I a nder

2 . 9 N o 7 5

1 924 15 1

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

WD

4 0

Wh ite H ill ( NX 9 44 9 07) . S ituated o n t he s umm it o f Wh ite H ill o n r ough moor land, n ow a fforested, c ommanding a w ide v iew e spec ia lly o ver Cape l Moss t o t he NW. The s ite has b een e xtens ive ly d isturbed a nd n ow c a irn

c ons ists o f l i tt le mater ia l 1 5m i n

s tony

mound

which

more t han a l ow c ircu lar r im o f d iam. I n t he c entre i s a s li ght

may

b e

a l i tt le

more

r es idua l

c a irn

mater ia l. I nitia lly i t was t hought t hat t his may b e a ' d isc-ca irn' c ons ist ing o f an e xterna l bank s urround ing a sma ll c entra l c airn but i n r etrospec t t his s eems more l ike ly t o b e f ortuitous r esu lt o f s tone r obbing. S ummary, R efs. WD

4 1

O S

1 .

2

2 .

R ecords

B raehead ( NX t he dwe lling

9

( no

3 .

S

4 .

d etails o ther

0

t han

5 .

S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 1 3 . R efs. J ohnstone 1 825-7 , f 1 2 D obie 1 958 , 1 0 1 4 2

6 .

-

9 50 8 47). J ohnstone r ecords a c a irn, n ear o f t he f arm, wh ich was r emoved a round

1 810. B eneath was f ound a ' stone c off in' o ver 6 ' i n l ength'. N o t race o f t he s ite i ts approx i mate l ocat ion may b e e sti mated.

WD

b 4

NGR )

1

4 .

SW

and ' ske leton s urv ives , b ut 5 .

b 4

6 .

S G

Ga l I aberry ( NX 9 60 8 40) . S ituated o n a s li ght r ise e nc losed o n t hree s ides but w ith g ood v iews d own t he N ith va lley. This s eems t o h ave b een a mass ive c a irn 2 3m i n d iam a nd a l most 4 .0m h igh. I t h as b een quarr ied i nto o n t he W s ide and a l ow drys tone wa l I has b een built a round t he b ase o f t he c airn o n i ts W and S s ides. A l arge p ropor t ion o f t he monument s eems t o b e built o f r edd ish c lay, much d isturbed b y r abb its , but t here i s a lso a l arge s tone c ontent e spec ia lly n earer t o t he t op. I t i s p oss ib le t hat t he b u lk o f t he mound i s natura l and a c a irn was bui I t o n t op a lternat ive ly t he mound c ould b e e ntire ly natura l, a lthough i t s eems r ather t oo r egu lar. I n 1 827 J ohnstone r ecords a c airn i n t his a rea. T he d i mens ions h e g ives c orrespond quite c lose ly w ith t h is s ite s ide

and i t i s was t he

p oss ib le t hat t he i nterference r esult o f h is i nvest igat ions.

't races o f f ire' and a 'human s ome o f t he s tones apparent ly l arger

s tones

S ummary, R efs.

WD

4 3

w ithin

1 .

1 ?

t he 2 .

o n H e

t he W f ound

t ooth '. The r emova I o f r evea led ' a c irc le o f

c a irn'. 1

3 .

S

4 .

S

5 .

e

6 .

S G

J ohnstone 1 825-7 , f 1 0 D obie 1 958 , 1 0 1, 1 09

Ga l I aberry ( NX 9 58 8 4 1) . S ituated o n t he h ighest p o int o f a r idge i n g ood c u ltivated pasture , over look i ng t he N it h

va lley.

mound 1 8m w it h s tones

T he

c ons ists

i n d iam and 1 .0m v is ib le a round t he

l arge b oulders a s t hough t wo The a re

s it e

o f

a

h igh, e dge.

f lat-topped

s tony

t urfed o ver , S ome o f t hese

b ut a re

o ver 0 .5m l ong and i n p laces i t s eems c ourses o f s tonework were c onstructed.

c entre i s f i lled p robab ly r ecent

w ith sma ller s tones , s ome o f wh ich f ie ld c learance s tones, a nd l arger 1 16

c learance mater ia l has a lso b een added. The s ite has p robab ly b een e xtens ive ly r obbed, a nd t he r esu lting h o l l ow l ater f i lled w ith c learance s tone b ut i t i s j ust p oss ib le t hat i t i s a ' p latform c a irn'. S ummary, 1 . 3 2 . 1 3 . R efs. J ohnstone 1 825-7 , f 1 0 D ob ie 1 958 , 1 0 1, 1 09 WD 4 4

e

6 .

S G

1 .

1 ?

2 .

6

3 .

1

4 .

S E

5 .

b 4

6 .

BC

K nowhead ( NX 9 87 8 14 approx ). T he l ocat ion g iven i s based u pon t he d escr ipt ion g iven b y J ohnstone: ' on 2 - mi l e SW o f t he c hurch o f K nowhead , a r idge K i I b l ane '. N oth ing s urv ives b ut J ohnstone n o tes a c a irn wh ich c onta ined a s hor t c ist wh ich, i n t urn, c onta ined t he ' burnt b ones o f t wo adu lts '. T o t he s outh o f t he c ist t here was a ' large wh instone and t he b ones o f a t h ird b ur ia l were put c arefu lly i nto Ii t le o pen ings o r t n iches i n t he c a irn, a l i tt le h ere , a l i tt le t here'. l t wou ld b e u nw ise t o a ttach t oo much i mpor tance t o t h is t h ird b ur ia l i n v iew o f t he g enera lly e xaggerated c la i ms made by J ohnstone. 1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

S G

T inwa ld ( NX 9 98 8 11). S ituated u pon t he t op o f a v ery s li ght b reak i n s lope i n SW-fac ing c u lt ivated f ie ld, c ommand ing moderate v iews. The s ite measures 2 1m i n d iam and i s a l most 4 .0m h igh. l t i s b u ilt o f r ounded s tones wh ich s eem un like ly t o b e a ll r ecent f ie ldc learance. S evera l l arge a sh t rees , a t l east 1 00 y ears o ld a re g row ing o n t he c a irn. S ummary, R efs. -

WD 4 8

5 .

1 N ot l ocated. 1 864 , 4 8

S ummary, 1 . 3 2 . 1 3 . R efs. J ohns tone 1 825-7 , f 2 7 D ob ie 1 958 , 1 02 , 1 14 WD 4 7

0

Da lsw inton C ommon ( NX 9 53 8 82). S ituated i n a va lley, c lose t o a s tream o r moor land , j ust o uts ide e nc losed f ie lds. T h is s ite was marked o n t he O S 6 " map o f 1 897 b ut t here a re n o o ther r ecords. l t i s a sma ll, t urfed o ver , s tony mound 1 0m i n d iam a nd 0 .75m h igh. Th is s ite c ou ld b e n o more t han a p ile o f c learance s tones r emoved f rom t he adjacent f ie ld i n t he l ast c entury i n r etrospect t h is i s most l ike ly. S ummary, R efs. -

WD 4 6

4 .

Wh iteha ll ( NX 9 66 8 55 approx). G ibson r ecords t hat a n axe-hammer was f ound i n a d yke o n Wh iteha ll Farm. S ome y ears e ar lier a c a irn had b een r emoved f rom t he f ie ld. T he a ssoc iat ion may b e f ortu itous a nd t he c a irn c annot b e l ocated. S ummary, 1 . R efs. G ibson

WD 4 5

S

1 .

2

2 .

0

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

e

6 .

S G

L ocharbr iggs ( NX 9 8 8 0 approx). J ohnstone r ecords a c a irn 1 30 ' i n c ircumference (i e c l 4m i n d iam ) and 6 ' h igh which c overed a s hort c ist wh ich c onta i ned 1 17

t he

s ku ll

o f

a c at

o r

d og.

W o f L ocharbr iggs. Th is ani ma l s ku ll c ou ld e as ily p oss ib ly

badger ,

and

l t

s tood

o n

Mr E llison 's f arm

c an n ot n ow b e t hat o f a

t herefore

n eed

b e l ocated. T he t rapped d og, o r

not

b e

r e levant.

S ummary, 1 . 2 N ot l ocated. Refs. J ohnstone 1 825-7 , f 3 4 D ob ie WD

4 9

1 958 ,

1 03

B roomr ig ( NY 0 61 8 29) . S ituated am idst g ood qua lity undu lat ing

o n a g rave l! y k no ll pasture. T he s ite i s

r ather d oubtfu l and a lthough i t i s qui t e w e l I d ef ined a s a t urfed o ver mound 2 2m i n d iam and 0 .1 m h igh, i t c ou ld b e e nt ire ly natura l. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , WD

5 0

2 . N o

2 5 85

3 .

0

4 .

S

5 1 3 0

6 .

S G

r ecent c u lt ivation a nd An o ld t ree s tands o n

part o f t he s ite and t he s tones c an t he r oots. O therw ise i t has b een t ota lly

F ig

e

Hungrey H ill ( NY 0 54 7 56) . S ituated am idst g ood SW-fac ing e nc losed a rab le l and a nd a ctua lly l ocated upon a sma ll natura l em inence , p robab ly o utcropp ing r ock, which e xaggerates t he s ize o f t he monument. T he s ite has b een much d isturbed by n o measurements c ou ld b e t aken.

WD

5 .

S ummary, Refs. OS

1 . 1 R ecords

Haze lshaw

H ill

moor land, o n N ith va l l ey.

2 .

( NY

t he The

2

3 .

1

0 67

7 62) .

4 .

be s een amongst r emoved.

SW

5 .

S ituated

b 6

u pon

6 .

-

r ough

c rest o f a l ong r idge o ver looking t he s ite c ons ists n ow o f a l ow c ircu lar

s tony bank 0 .4m w ide s urround ing a l ow c entral s tony mound, 1 6m i n d iam. ( The who le measur ing 2 4m d iam. ) Whi 1 st i t i s p oss ib le t hat t h is r epresents a ' d isc c a irn' c ons ist ing o f an i nner c airn w ith s urround ing bank, i t i s j ust a s l ike ly f rom r obb ing and

t hat t he p resent f orm h as r esu lted r ecent d isturbance. The p lan makes

t h is more apparent, s ince t he bank a nd p laces. S ome l arger e arthfast s tones r ema ins

o f

S ummary, R efs. WD

5 2

N ith

1 .

O S

R ockha ll a l ong

c ists, 3

but 2 .

t his 7

3 .

i s , 1

o n

c a irn merge i n m ight be t he

ba lance ,

4 .

S

5 .

d oubtfu l. b 6

6 .

-

R ecords Moor r idge

e stuary.

( NY 0 67 7 59 ) . am idst r ough The

s ite

i s

n ow

S ituated o n t he c rest o f moor land over looking t he c overed

by

l ong

h eather ,

but i t c an b e r ecogn i sed a s a l ow c ai rn 1 8m i n d i am built o f quite l arge s tones. There a re t wo l arge s tones o n t he e dge which may b e t he r ema ins o f a k erb. T he s ite and

has i s

up

S u mmary, R efs. WD

5 3

b een t o 1 .

RCAHM

Rockha ll Moor but c ommands

d isturbed

0 .5m 2 1 920 ,

but

i s

s t ill

r e lat ive ly

i ntact

5 .

6 .

h igh. 2 .

6

N o

5 19

( NY 0 69 a w ide

3 .

2

4 .

S E

b 6

-

7 56). S ituated o n f lat moor land, v iew o ver t he N it h v a l l ey. T he 1 18

HAZELSHA W

H ILL

WD 5 1

C D7 _

1 0

2 0 m

F ig 3 0 . c airn d am

s urvives t o a h e ight 1t i s n ow c overed by

o f 0 .4m h eather ,

and but

i s 7 .0m i n d isturbance

by c att le has r evea led 2 l arge s tones which may r epresent a k erb. The c airn i tse lf c ontains s evera I d ifferent t ypes o f r ounded and angu lar s tones. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords RCAHM 1 920 , WD

5 4

H o l ma in's

Moor

( NY

2 .

6

N o

5 23?

0 75

3 .

7 6 1).

o f a l ong r idge amidst r ough S o l way a nd N it h e stuar ies. i mpos ing h igh. l arge

monument

measur ing

1

4 .

SW

S it uated

5 .

upon

b 6

t he

6 .

s u mm it

moor land o ver looking The s ite i s s till 2 6m

i n

d i am

T he c entre has b een h o l l owed o ut u pr ight s tone 0 .7m l ong, a l i gned

and

-

o ver

t he an 3m

and s ing le WNW-ESE i s

he s ite. This must v is ib le 1 5.4m i n f rom t he N e dge o f t b e t he r ema ins o f t he c ist f ound i n 1 878 wh ich c onta ined unburnt human b ones and a j et button, 19 1

p resented i s t o t he s ize

t o t he NMAS i n 1 925. S o f t he c entre , b ut

t hen

I t

may

s t ill

S ummary, 1 . 5 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , WD

5 5

T rya l

Cairn

( NY

2 . N o

0 80

have

8 9 9

b een

3 .

7 34).

The s urv iv ing c ist s lab i f t he c ist was o f a ny e ssent ia lly

S

4 .

S ituated

0

5 .

am idst

c entra l. b 6

g ood

6 .

-

q ua lity

a rab le l and g ent ly s loping d own t o t he S . There i s n o more t han a s light swe ll i n t he f ie ld where t his s ite i s r ecorded. l t i s t rad itiona l l y a p lace where ma lefactors were t r ied. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords RCAHM 1 920 , WD

5 6

B ent

Mote

( NY

2 .

4

N o

5 24

0 74

3 .

7 0 1 ).

1

4 .

S it uated

S

5 .

i n

a

b 6

b .

g ood

BC

pasture

f ie ld o n t he h ighest p o int o f a l oca l em inence. The s ite i s n ow c omp lete ly r emoved and o nly a s catter o f sma llish s tones o n t he h ill t op s uggest i ts l ocat ion, b ut t his may b e f ortui t ous. Th is i s a v ery d oubtfu l s ite. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , WD

5 7

W illiamson Records, S ummary, Refs. OS

WD

5 8

( NY

but

2 . N o

0 90

3 .

1

9 3 1) . A

i t c ould

1 . 1 R ecords

1 5 4 1

n ot

N ot

b e

4 .

N

' Tumulus'

5 .

no ted

e

6 .

BC

i n

t he

O S

l ocated.

l ocated.

B lue Ca irn ( NY 09 9 83) . S ituated o n a c rest o f a 0 s light r idge o ver looking moor land t o t he S E. The s ite i s i n a sma ll c lear ing o n t he e dge o f a mature c oniferous p lantation, t o t he NW. t o

b e

1 8m

and The i n

i s i n c a irn

d i am

t he s hadow o f Queensberry H ill i tse lf i s much r uined and s eems

a lthough

Most o f t he s ite i s c 3 .0m h igh h a s b e e n _

are

i l-def ined. l

n ot t urfed o ver and built i n t he c entre.

t he

e dges

a ' beacon' T he RCAHM

r ecords t hat t here was a c ist t o t he S o f t he c entre , o r ientated E -W. Only t he S a nd E s ides s labs r ema ined and t he S s ide measured 3 ' 5 ". Th is f eature c ould n o t b e r ecogn i sed but s evera l f lat s l abs were s een o n t he s ite and o thers have b een bu ilt i nto t he ' beacon '. S ummary, 1 . 3 2 . 1 0 3 . R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , N o 3 63

WD

5 9

S tidr iggs

( NY

0 41

9 88) .

1

4 .

S it uated

S E

c 60m

5 .

b 4

N

o f

6 .

t he

S G

l ong

c a irn o n r ough moor land c ommanding extens ive v iews o ver t he moor land t o t he N a nd W , e ven t hough n o t i n an e spec ia lly p rom inent l ocat ion. The s ite has b een r obbed o f s tones and i s n ow o n ly c 0.2m h igh and 1 0m urfed o ver s tony i n d iam. l t s ury i ves r ea lly a s i- t mound

and

S ummary, R efs.

i ts

i nc lus ion

1 .

1

2 .

h ere

8

-

1 20

3 .

i s 1

l arge ly 4 .

s ubject ive.

NW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

WD 6 0

S t idr iggs ( NY 0 40 9 87) . S ituated c 20m W o f t he l ong c a irn o n a l eve l s pur o f r ough moor land p ro ject ing i nto t he p eat, w ith g ood v iews t o t he N and W , b ut n ot i n an i mpos ing p os it ion. The s ite i s a we l I p reserved , g rassed o ver r ound c a irn 8 .0m i n d iam a nd c l.0m h igh. S ummary, 1 . 3 Refs. RCAHM 1 920 ,

WD 6 1

1 .

1

4 .

NW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

2 . 8 N o 4 15

3 .

1

4 .

NW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

2 .

9

3 .

1

4 .

S E

5 .

b 4

6 .

S G

L ochan B urn ( NT 0 16 0 05). S ituated o n o ne o f s evera l s li ght k no l I s wh ich r ise above t he o therw ise l eve l b oggy moor land. The c a irn i s n ow r ather d enuded b ut s t ill measure 9m i n d iam and i s 0 .6m h igh. It i s t urfed o ver and n o f eatures a re v is ib le. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 ,

WD 6 4

1

L ochanhead ( NT 0 23 03) . S ituated o n l eve l moor land 0 n ear t he c onf luence o f t wo s treams. The s ite i s n ot i n an i mpos ing p os it ion and d oes n ot c ommand e xtens ive v iews. The c a irn i s qu ite we ll p reserved a nd i s 1 0.0m i n d iam a nd 1 .6m h igh, t urfed o ver , a nd w ith e v idence o f s light i nterference i n t he c entre. S ummary, R efs. -

WD 6 3

3 .

S t idr iggs ( NY 0 39 9 88) . S ituated upon r ough moor land c 160m W o f t he l ong c a irn o n a NW-s lop ing h ills ide o ver look ing t he p eat l ands a round K in ne lh ead . The s it e c ons ists n ow o f a l ow c ircu lar r im o f c a irn mater ia l 9 .0m i n d iam and o f n eg l i g ib le h e ight. A c recentr ic d rystone wa ll ( sheep s he lter) o ver lies t he s ite a nd h as p robab ly b een bu ilt o f s tones f rom t he c a irn. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 ,

WD 6 2

2 . 8 N o 4 15

2 . 9 N o 4 23

3 .

2

4 .

S E

5 .

b 4

6 .

BC

op o f a K inne lh ead ( NT 0 7 1 0 10) . S ituated upon t he t moor land r ocky em inence p ro ject ing f rom t he r ough reserved, a round. T he c a irn i s s t ill qu ite we l I p l t i s n ot measures 1 3.5m i n d iam a nd i s 1 .6m h igh. has b een t urfed o ver and a modern s hepherds' c a irn lso b een b uilt o n t op. A t l east o ne d ead s heep has a i nterred i n t he c a irn w ith in r ecent y ears. East o f t he c a irn, a nd p oss ib ly a ttached t o i t i s a l ow c ircu lar s tony bank u p t o 2 .0m w ide , 0 .3m h igh and measur ing 1 6m i n o vera l I d iam. l t i s d iff icu lt t o i nterpre t t h is a ssoc iat ion and i t i s p oss ib le t hat t he r ing bank p re-dates t he c a irn wh ich m ight s eem t o o ver ly i t . H owever t h is c ou ld b e l arge ly d ue t o t he s pread o f c a irn mater ia l o ver t he y ears. The s ite a lso l ies am idst a g roup o f sma ll c a irns b ut

i s

qu ite

d ist inct

S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 ,

f rom

t hem.

2 . 8 N o 4 22

3 .

1 2 1

S

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

WD

6 5

B eatock

H ill

( NT

0 62

0 20).

S ituated

o n

a sma ll

h i ll,

b e low B eatock H ill t o t he SW o ver look i ng t he s urround ing moor land t o t he W . The s ite i s b ad ly r obbed, p robab ly f or t he n earby r oad , and n ow c ons ists o f l i tt le more t han a r im o f s tones 1 3m i n d iam a nd 0 .3m h igh. The s tony c entre wou ld s uggest t h is i s a c a irn r ather t han a c ircu lar h ouse f oundat ion. T here a re a lso a f ew l arge b ou lders i n t he c entre, b ut n o t race o f a c ist o r k erb. S ummary, R efs. WD

6 6

1 .

2

6 7

8

3 .

2

4 .

W

5 .

b4

6 .

-

C ra ig ie lands H ill ( NT 0 68 06) . S ituated i n a g ood 0 agr icu ltura l pasture f ie ld s lop ing d own t o t he W . I t c ommands a s pectacu lar v iew o ver t he K i nne lh ead va lley t o t he W , but a ll o ther v iews a re o bscured b y t he Ii e o f t he l and. N one o f t he s tone n ow v is ib le s eems t o b e o r igina l c ons ist ing o f sma ll angu lar mater ia l and t he o ccas iona l mass ive b ou lder. T h is o ccup ies t he c entre o f a l arger , t urf c overed mound, and measures c l 5m i n d iam. T he l arger mound measures 2 4m i n d iam a nd i s c O. 4m a bove t he s urround ing g round l eve l, f orm ing a— s ort o f p latform. A lt hough t h is has c lear ly b een e xtens ive ly d isturbed and r obbed o f much o f i t s o r igina l s tone , i t i s p robab ly a ll t hat s urv ives. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 920 ,

WD

2 .

2 . 7 N o 4 27

3 .

2

4 .

W

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

E lfknowe ( NY 0 7). N o ted by t he RCAHM but n o t l ocated. t i s i nc luded b ecause t he p lace name s ounds q u ite l ike ly t o r efer t o a c a irn b ut t here i s n o pos it ive e vidence. S ummary, 1 . 1 N ot l ocated. R efs. RCAHM 1 920 , N o 5 22

WD

6 8

T or thorwa ld Moor ( NY 0 7) . T he O SA no ted t hat ' on T orthorwa ld Moor t here i s a c a irn; and a r ing o r c irc le f ormed o f sma ll s tones'. T h is i s probab ly r efer ing t o h igh g round E o f T orthorwa ld, b ut noth ing c an b e i dent if ied. S ummary, 1 . 1 N ot R efs. O SA 2 1 792 , 1

l ocated.

1 22

SOUTH

K IRKCUDBRI GHTSHIRE

( f ig

3 1)

Any Ii nes d rawn a cross t he map t o d ef ine t he n orthern and western l im its o f S outh K irkcudbr ightsh ire a re b ound t o b e a rge l y arb itrary, b ut g enera lly t he Water o f F leet i n t he W and t he h igh g round t o t he N c an b e t aken a s natura l b oundar ies. A lthough t he l im its may b e d iff icu lt t o d ef ine , t he a rea a s a who le i s quite d ist inct ive. I t c ons ists e ssent ia lly o f t wo parts. T o t he S , n ear t he c oast, a re t he s ubstant ia l g ran ite masses o f C r iffe l and B enga irn. These have g iven r ise t o q uite h igh h ills o f 5 50m OD and 4 00m OD r espect ive ly. The h igh ground c ons is ts o f r ough a nd s tony moor land w ith much s cree on t he s teeper s lopes and p eat f ormat ions i n t he h o llows. D r ift depos its, c hief ly o f b ou lder c lay, a re c onf ined t o t he l ower s lopes but i n t his a rea t hey a re e spec ia lly s tony and c onta in v ery s ubstant ia l b ou lders, u sua lly o f g ranite. The s o ils i n a l I t hese up land a reas a re p oor , s upport ing a s e lect ion o f t he l ess d emanding s pec ies o f g rass and s edge. S heep f arm ing and f orestry a re t he o nly v iab le l and u ses t oday. Cutting t hrough t he g ranite a re s evera l quite s teep-s ided va lleys. I n t he b o ttom o f s ome o f t hese va lleys a re d epos its o f a lluv ia l s ands a nd g rave ls which have p rovided f ert i l e agr icul t ura l f arm l and. S im ilar ly a ttractive f arm l and c an a lso b e f ound upon c oast, a lthough

t he g lac ia l and mar ine d epos its a round h igh w inds have c ontr ibuted t owards

p resent t reeless l andscape. To t he N a nd W o f t he

g ranite

up lands

i s

an

t he t he

e xtens ive

a rea o f r e lative ly l owIy ing g round, most ly b e low 1 52m OD. Th is c onforms approxi mate !y t o t he a rea r eferred t o by Hare ( 1942) as t he ' Centra l D rum lin L ow lands o f K irkcudbr ightshire' a lthough t his may b e a l i tt le m is lead ing. The a rea i s c haracter ised by an undu lat ing t opography o f sma ll, l ow, r ounded h ills t ypica l o f a g lac ia lly mod if ied l andscape. A lthough g lac ia l d epos its o f b ou lder c lay a nd g rave ls c over a l arge proportion o f t he a rea, t rue d ru m lins a re , i n f act, r are. The Ii ve

d ru m linlike h illocks s eem more o ften t o r ock moulded and r ounded by g lac ia l

s ome t i mes c overed d rum linlike t ail.

b y a d epos it o f T his d ist inct ion

b e p rotrus ions o f a ction. They a re

g lac ia l t i ll which c an f orm a i s i mportant s ince i t d irect ly

a ffects t he s ubso i I and c onsequent ly t he i nterpretat ion o f s ite d istr ibution. Agr icu ltura lly t he a rea i s r ich and a l most a ll t he l and i s e nc losed. A var iety o f c rops a re g rown f rom c erea ls t o f orage s ystem

c rops and t he i mportance o f s own pasture i n t he r otat ion means t hat v irtua lly a l I t he l and i s p loughed r egu lar ly.

Where

t here

i s

c ommonly s een i n a round t his and u nder lying u ncultivated

n o

g lac ia l

o verburden,

o utcropping

r ock

i s

t he f ie lds. It i s c ommon p ract ice t o p lough a lso a round a reas o f v ery t h in s o i I where

r ock may damage t he p lough. patches c an b e v ery m is leading

worker, e spec ia lly when t he patch r emains d ist inct f rom r eason i s n o l onger apparent

sma ll f ie ld-

f ie ld i s l ying a s pasture. t he s urround ing f ie ld but s ince a ll t races o f t he c rop

p loughing may have b een r emoved. p rovide c onvenient p laces f or t he s tones and t hus t hey c reate worker. S tony s o ils a re n ot

These t o t he

The t he and

Uncu It ivatab le patches a lso dumping o f f ie ld-gathered

f urther c omplicat ions f or t he f ie ldr estr icted t o a reas w ith s o lid r ock

s ubso i I s. The g lac ia l t i ll o f t he s tone and t his i s s ti ll r emoved 12 3

r egion a lso c onta ins much f rom c u ltivated f ie lds and

F ig 3 1: C airn d istribut ion -Sou th K irkcudbrightshire . d umped o n ' dead' g round s uch a s b ad !y d ra ined h o l l ows o r c orners o f f ie lds. I n r ecent y ears much work h as g one i nto d ra in ing t he l ow marsh lands i n S outh K irkcudbr ightsh ire , and e ven s ome l ochs have d isappeared t o p rovide va lued f arm l and. The S ites S outhern K irkcudbr ightsh ire c onta ins s ome 6 1 poss ib le B ronze Age f unerary c a irns , o f which 2 4 have b een p laced i n ' category 1'. T he ir d istr ibut ion i s g enera lly d ispersed t hroughout t he d istr ict and t he s or t o f c oncentrat ions f ound e lsewhere a re l arge ly absent. W ith s uch a n e ven s pread o f s ites d istr ibut iona l c haracter ist ics a re d iff icu lt t o i dent ify. It i s c lear t hat agr icu ltura l a ctiv ity h as h ad a p ar ticu lar ly damag ing e ffect upon t he c a irns i n t h is a rea. N o t o n ly were s it es r emoved but modern ' ca i rns ' o f f ie ld-c learance s tones have b een c reated, a nd e x ist ing s ites a re o ften o bscured b y a ccumu lat ions o f f ie ld-gathered s tones a nd f arm-yard r ubb ish. T o

s ome

e xtent

t h is

may

e xp la in 1 24

t he

r e lat ive ly

h igh

p ropor t ion

o f

' category 1 ' s ites i n t he d istr ict. Most o f t he c a irns a re t o b e f ound t o t he W i n t he r o lling d rum l i nland and l ow moor land a long e ither s ide o f Tar f Water and t o t he S , o n t he E s ide o f K irkcudbr ight B ay. On t he h igher g round a re t wo n oteworthy c a irns. The c a irn a t D arngarroch ( SK 9 ) i s i n a l owIy ing p os it ion j ust a bove t he p oor ly d ra ined g round a round G robda l e Lane wh ich i s , p erhaps, s urpr is ing i n t h is s ort o f u p land t erra in. More t yp ica l i s t he c a irn n ear t he s umm it o f B ankben H iI ( SK 1 0) wh ich, a lthough n ow i n f orest, c lear ly o nce c ommanded a n i mpress ive v iew d own G lengap B urn. Due E o f B ankben i s t he c omp lex o f s econd m illenn ium B C s ites a t t he N e nd o f L och Mannoch. C lose t o t he l och, o n a sma l I patch o f l owlying b ut r e lat ive ly d ry g round, i s a s ubstantia l c a irn ( SK 1) . A f ew me tres t o t he N E i s a no ther p oss ib le c a irn ( SK 1 2), v ery sma ll ( 4m i n d iame ter) a nd d isturbed. T o t he S E o f t he l arger c a irn, a t t he e dge o f t he l och and a l most c omp lete ly c overed b y p eat , i s a sma ll s tone c irc le. Due S o f t he l arge c a irn, f or about 5 00m , i s a s ing le u pr ight s tone wh ich i s p robab ly a lso b road ly c ontemporary. I n add it ion t o t hese monuments f ie ldwork s uggests t he p oss ib ility o f a nother s tand ing s tone 4 00m N o f t he l arge c a irn ( NK 6 6 14 6 186) and an add it iona l c a irn ( SK 1 3) 3 60m NNE o f t he l arge c a irn. The abundant r ig and f urrow i n t he v ic inity i nd icates t hat t he a rea was c u ltivated i n t he p reimprovement e ra and t he sma ller c a irn c ou ld b e long t o t h is p er iod. Even s o , t he p resence t oge ther o f a c a irn, s tone c irc le a nd s tand ing s tone mus t s uggest t hat t he a rea was o f par t icu lar i mportance i n t he e ar ly Bronze Age. The g eograph ica l s ett ing c ou ld h ave b een s ign if icant. A lthough t he s ites a ll l ie n ear t he b ottom o f t he v a lley t he c a irns a re a ll r a ised upon s light natura l em inences , p robab ly o utcropp ing r ock. T he v iew i s n ecessar ily r estr icted o n t hree s ides , but t o t he S i t i s p oss ib le t o s ee f ar d own t he v a ll ey. 2 S evera l o ther c a irns , s uch a s Ca irntosh ( SK 2) a nd K irkcone l I Moor ( SK 1 8) c a irns , a re a lso l ocated o n moor land b ut most s ites i n t h is western part o f t he a rea t end t o l ie i n t he more u ndu lat ing f arm l and. S ites l ike P luckh im's Ca irn 2 ( SK 2 1 ) , C onch i e ton ( SK 2 6), Ca lr ntop ( SK 2 a nd 2 3) a nd B argatton ( SK 1 4 a nd 1 5) a re a l I o n g ood agr icu ltura l l and a nd most h ave s uffered s omewhat a s a r esu lt. A ll t he s ites a re i n r a ised p os it ions , most ly o n e ither t he s umm its , o r f requent ly j ust o ff t he s umm it o n t he S o r SW s ide o f o ne o f t he n umerous d rum linlike mounds i n t he a rea. Many o ther c a irns i n s im ilar l ocat ions h ave c erta in ly b een r emoved o ver t he y ears. E v idence f or t his c omes f rom an e xam inat ion o f l oca l p lace n ames. There a re a t l east 5 h ills o r h illocks wh ich b ear t he n ame ' Ca irn H i ll' o r ' Ca irney H ill' ( NX 6 27 4 67 , 5 94 4 94 , 6 44 5 27 , 6 15 5 2 1 a nd 7 15 5 93). These names may o n ly r efer t o r e lat ive ly r ecent c learance c a irns b ut t he p oss ib ility t hat B ronze Age f unerary c a irns s tood upon s ome o f t hese h ills c anno t b e e as ily d iscounted. I f t hi s were s o t hen t he p lace names s erve t o emphas ise t he apparent p reference f or h illtop p os it ions i n c a irn l ocat ion i n Very f ur ther E . t he ( SK

s ame 4 4),

t h is a rea. s im ilar d istr ibut ion f eatures c an b e The s ites a round C rossm ichae l a re most ly s ort f or

o f r aised e xamp le ,

p os it ions. i s o n t he 1 25

r ecognised l ocated i n

The s ite o f Car lochan s umm it o f a t yp ica l

c a irn sma ll

r ounded h iI but t here a re a lso a f ew s ites where a l ow p os it ion has b een c hosen, f or e xamp le Ha l fern ( SK 4 3). One o f t he f ew g roups o f c a irns i n t he a rea a lso o ccurred o n r e lat ive ly l owlying g round, n ear Auchenca irn. N o th ing n ow r ema ins , but t hree c a irns h ave b een r ecorded ( SK 3 6 , 3 7 a nd 3 8) a nd t here may have b een a f ourth n earby ( RCAHM 1 9 14 , N o 4 22). T hey were apparent ly p os it ioned a round a s l ight r idge am idst u ndu lat ing f arm land. S K 3 7 was o n t he t op o f t he r idge , S K 3 6 was o n a k no ll t o t he SW a nd S K 3 8 was on t he NE s lope o f t he r idge. On ly s ite S K 3 7 was i n an e spec ia lly c ommand ing p os it ion b ut t he Ii e o f t he l and i nhib ited e xtens ive v iews. The e astern part o f S outh K irkcudbr ightsh ire i s d ominated b y t he g ranite mass o f C r iffe l. A lthough n o t e xcept iona lly h igh i t i s an i mpos ing h ill and a round i t s f r inges , e spec ia lly a long t he S o l way s hore a nd N ith e stuary, a re s evera l poss ib le bur ia l c a irns a nd a barrow ( the o n ly c erta in e xamp le i n t he R egion d escr ibed a s S K 5 7). N one o f t hese i s above 4 6m OD a nd t hey o ccupy t he f irst r a ised g round above t he r a ised b each a nd c oasta l p la in, b ut b efore t he s teeper s lopes o f Cr iffe l i tse lf. I t i s i nterest ing t hat p os it ions o ver look ing t he s ea were n o t g enera lly c hosen, i ndeed t he t wo s ites a t N orth Corbe lI y ( SK 5 2) and S outh C orbe l I y ( SK 5 3) s eem t o be i ntent iona lly o r ientated i n land. G eo log ica lly most s it es a re l ocated upon t he upper S ilur ian r ock s equences b ut s ince s uch r ocks l ie b eneath mos t o f t he a rea t h is n eed n o t b e s ign if icant. The r e lat ionsh ip b e tween p oss ib le f unerary c a irns a nd d r ift g eo logy s eem t o b e e qua lly n egat ive s ince c a irns o ccur u pon a ll s ubso ils , more o r l ess

i n p roport ion t o t he a rea wh ich t hey c over. I n c ompar ing c a irn d istr ibut ion w ith t hat o f o ther a pprox imate ly c ontemporary monuments t wo f eatures s tand o ut. F irst ly, c ompared w ith t he n umber o f c a irns , very f ew o ther monuments h ave b een r ecorded i n t he a rea, e ither o n t he h igh o r l ow g round. S econd ly, Ii ke t he c a irns o ther s ites a re d istr ibuted e ven ly, but more s parse ly t hroughout t he a rea a nd s o i n t h is r espect t hey c omp lement t he o vera ll c a irn d is tr ibution . The pauc ity o f r ecorded s ites may b e l arge ly due t o a gr icu ltura l a ct iv ity and i t i s n o t s urpr is ing t hat s evera l o f t he s ites h ave o n ly b een i dent if ied f rom a er ia l photographs. A s a er ia l s urvey i ncreases o ne m ight r easonab ly e xpect many more s ites t o b e i dent if ied, par t icu lar ly i n t he l owlying c u ltivated a reas. S evera l s tone c irc les a re r ecorded i n t he a rea ( Bur l 1 976) b ut l i tt le i mportance s hou ld b e a ttached t o t hem. A lI e xcept t he L och Mannoch c irc le a re o pen t o c ons iderab le doub t a nd t he t wo o n t he E s ide o f K irkcudbr ight Bay are e spec ia lly d ub ious. D iscover ies o f c ists i n t he a rea a re o f i nterest f or o n ly t wo u ncovered e xamp les h ave b een r ecorded, whereas a t l eas t 1 c a irns c onta ined c ist b ur ia ls. T h is i s s urpr is ing f or o ne wou ld n orma lly e xpect agr icu ltura l a ct iv ity t o r evea l more u ncovered c ists ( Stevenson 1 975) . T he r e lat ive !y l arge t ota l n umber o f c ists may r ef lect a n abundance o f s uitab le f lat f lag s tone n ear t o t he s urface b ut i t s hou ld b e r emembered t ha t n ot a l I c ists were bui I t o f f lat s labs. The c ist a t Mo l l ance ( SK 4 5), f or e xamp le , was c onstructed o f s evera l s ma ll and r ounded s tones and was c overed by a mass ive b lock. F ina lly i t i s worth c ons ider ing, b r ief ly, t he c up a nd r ing marked s tones wh ich may b e b road ly c ontemporary w ith 1 26

i nd iv idua l r ound c a irns. These o ccur i n p rofus ion, p ar t icu lar ly around t he c oast o n e ither s ide o f t he D ee e stuary ( Morr is 1 966 a nd 1 979 ) . Wh ilst a n umber o f c a irns h ave b een r ecorded i n t h is a rea t here d oes n ot s eem t o b e a ny c lose a ssoc iat ion, except p oss ib ly a t H igh Banks ( SK 3 2 a nd 3 3) . I n f act most c up and r ing marked s tones s eem t o b e c oasta I whereas v ir tua lly a ll r ound c a irns i n t h is a rea a re i n land.

1 27

CATALOGUE S K

1

Ca irn Ca irn

-S OUTH

E dward E dward

c on ifers wh ich b een d ramat ic.

K IRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE

( SK)

( NX 6 28 7 33) . S ituated o n t he s umm it o f H ill. The s ite i s n ow e nc losed by mature i nhib it

t he

v iew,

wh ich

must

have

o nce

The c a irn i s v is ib le a s a l ow s tony mound , n ow e xtreme ly o vergrown a nd c overed w ith underbush c leared f rom t he f orest. A t t he t ime o f t he v is it i t was n o t measurab le. T he RCAHM d oubted t he a uthentic ity o f t h is s ite a nd i ndeed i t c ou ld b e n o more t han a r u ined s hepherds' c a irn, a lt hough t here d oes s eem t o b e t oo much s tone f or t h is. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 , S K

2

3

4

5

2 .

6

1

2 . N o

2 .

4 .

0

5 .

G

6 .

-

3 .

4

4 .

NE

5 .

U

6 .

-

5 3 93

3 .

S

4 .

SW

5 .

b4

6 .

-

4

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

F a lb rae Ca irn ( NX 7 3 1 7 22). S ituated upon t he t op o f a sma ll r ocky k no ll i n r ough u p land pasture , o ver look ing t he d rum l i n t opography t o t he S E. The s ite i s n ow s carce ly v is ib le a nd was p robab ly e xtens ive ly r obbed o f s tone f or t he wa ll n earby. l t i s n ot m easurab le. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . R efs. O S Maps o n ly

S K

S

Auchenvey ( NX 7 37 7 76) . S ituated u pon a g rassy s pur o ver look ing b oggy g round t o t he SW. The l ocat ion g iven b y t he O S i s i ncorrect - the s ite i s o n t he W s ide o f C rogo B urn. T he monument i s q u it e we ll preserved measur ing 1 0m i n d iam a nd 1 .3m h igh. l t i s n ow t urfed o ver b ut s ome s tone i s s t ill v is ib le. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. O S R ecords

S K

3 .

G lensw inton ( NX 7 0 1 7 44). S ituated a l i tt le t o t he S o f t he t op o f a sma ll g lac ia l mound am idst r ough e nc losed pasture l and. T he s ite i s n ow l arge ly o bscured b y c learance a nd d isturbed b y r obb ing. 1t i s n ot part icu lar ly r egu lar a nd merges i nto t he n atura l s lope i n p laces , but g enera lly s eems t o b e c l 6m i n d iam. T he RCAHM n oted t hat i t appeared t o r est u pon a b ase e xtend ing 6' 12 ' b eyond, b ut t h is c ou ld n o t be s een. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 ,

S K

1 0 1 88

S o ld ier's Ca irn ( NX 6 40 7 47) . T he l ocat ion g iven i s d er ived f rom t he O S , t he s o le s ource f or t h is monument. The p os ition i s o n a s li ght t errace o n a n o therw ise v ery s teep h ills ide o ver looking L och K en. N o th ing c ou ld b e l ocated. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords

S K

2 . N o

5

3 .

S

4 . 0

Me ik l e Ca irn ( NX 7 96 7 12). S ituated o n d rum linlike h ill i n g ood f arm land i mmed iate v ic inity. The s ite h as b een 12 8

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

t he s umm it o f a o ver look i ng t he r obbed o f s tone

t o

bui I d

t he

wa ll

wh ich

n ow

s urrounds

i t .

The

c airn

can b e s een t o b e 1 7m i n d iam a nd u p t o 0 .6m h igh. S ome mature b eech t rees s tand o n t he e dges. l t was i n better c ond ition when s een by t he RCAHM. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 4 Refs. O S Maps o n ly RCAHM 1 914 , N o 3 10 SK

7

8

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

Ca irn H ill ( NX 8 24 7 35). S ituated o n a l eve l p ort ion o f an o therwise moderate ly s teep S -fac in g g rassy h ill s lope , n ow u sed f or g raz ing. The s ite o f t he c a irn i s n ow o ccup ied by an i rregu lar p i l e o f f ie ld-c learance s tones o f n o g reat antiquity, b ut t he monument may s urvive b e low. S ummary, 1 . 1 Refs. RCAHM 1 914 ,

SK

3 .

Go ld ilea l owlying

2 . N o

6 4 97

3 .

( NX 9 36 7 33) p os ition c lose t o

3

4 .

S

S it uated a s tream

i n o n

p la in i n t he h ouse. The p redominant ly

park l and i n s ite c ons ists l arge r ounded

f ront o f o f a b ou lders

( NS)

t o

S evera l

and

u p

0 .6m

h igh.

5 .

an t he

b 4

6 .

-

e xtreme ly l eve l f lood

a l arge c ountry l ow s pread o f 2 0m ( E-W) x 2 2m l arge

o aks

g row

o n

t he s ite. I t has b een s uggested t hat t h is i s a B ronze Age r ound c airn and t his may b e t rue. H owever , i t i s quite p robab le t hat i t has b een a 'l andscape f eature' a ssoc iated w ith t he h ouse and may b e o f 1 8th o r igin. R ecent c learance s tone has b een added. S ummary, R efs. D . SK

9

1 . a nd

Darngarroch

1 E .

2 . S cot

( NX

6 2 1

0 3 . 0 1 971, 2 6

4 .

6 32) . S ituated

c entury

-

5.

b 4

6 .

o n

a

v ery

A l

s li ght

r ise i n up land pasture o ver looking b og land. l t i s i n t he m idd le o f a medieva l f ie ld s ystem a nd i s a ttached by a l ow bank t o a r ectangu lar e nc losure 2 2m x 1 3m. The c airn i s v ery d isturbed and may i nc lude f ie ld c learance s tone f rom t he o nce c u lt ivated a reas n earby. N ow i t measures 2 3m i n d iam, 0 .6m h igh, and i s t urfed o ver. B ecause o f t he e vidence o f med ieva l a ct iv ity n earby

S K

1 0

t his

s ite

may

b e

r egarded

w ith

3 .

4 .

S ummary, R efs. O S

1 . 1 R ecords

2 .

Bankben

( NX

6 14) .

6 34

6

0

S ituated

s uspic ion. S

upon

5 .

b 4

t he

6 .

BC

s umm it

o f

Bankben H ill and n ow c omp lete ly c overed by c oniferous p lantat ion. The s it e c an n ot n ow b e l ocated b ut t he RCAHM r ecorded t hat i t was 3 3' i n d iam a nd 4 ' h igh i n 1 911. S ummary,

S K

1

1 .

R efs.

RCAHM

Loch

Mannoch

2 1 914 , ( NX

em inence i n t he o ver looking L och and

2 .2m

h igh.

2 .

8

N o

4 76

6 62

3 .

S

6 14) .

4 .

0

S it uated

p oor ly d ra ined va lley Mannoch. The c a irn i s l t

s eems 1 29

r e lat ive ly

5 .

b 4

upon

6 .

a

sma ll

b ottom, 2 3m i n

u nd isturbed

-

but d iam

and

i s

n ow t urfed o ver. The t op i s s li ght ly h o l l ow i nd icat ing s ome i nterference , b ut t h is was n ot e xtens ive. l t s eems t o h ave b een b u ilt o f sma ll r ounded s tones 1 0-25cms a cross. A s tone c irc le w ith a c entra l s tone l i es a l i tt le t o t he S E a nd S K 1 2 i s t o t he N E. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 , S K

1 2

2 . 4 N o 4 42

3 .

1 3

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

S G

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

S G

L och Mannoch ( NX 6 63 6 18). S ituated u pon a r ise i n t he g round 4 00m N E o f S K 1 u pon b e tter qua lity grass land a nd u p land g raz ing, am idst a n a rea wh ich had o nce b een c u lt ivated, t o j udge f rom t he r ig a nd f urrow a round. T he s ite c ons ists o f a l ow mound o f s tones 1 5.5m i n d iam and u p t o 1 .0m h igh. l t i s v ery d isturbed a nd s eems t o h ave b een e xtens ive !y r obbed a nd t hen l ater c overed p ar t ly b y f ie ld-c learance s tones. S ummary, R efs. -

S K 1 4 F ig 3 2

4 .

L och Mannoch ( NX 6 63 6 15). S ituated o n p oor ly d ra ined up land p asture , a Ii t t le t o t he N E o f S K 1. The s ite n ow c ons ists o f a sma ll t urfed o ver p ile o f s tones o n ly 4m i n d iam a nd 0 .3m h igh, h o llowed o ut i n t he c entre. A l arge s tone s lab l ies o n t he p er iphery. C o les r ecords par t o f a v ery sma ll s tone c irc le 1 2' i n d i am l y ing 7 8 y ds N E o f S K 1 a nd a lthough t h is s ite i s a ctua lly a l i tt le n earer i t p robab ly i s t he s ame. J ohnstone a lso r ecords 2 c irc les n ear t o a c a irn, b ut h is d escr ipt ion may b e r ather a f anc ifu l a ccount o f t he s ing le s tone c irc le t o t he S . I ndeed h e c ou ld b e r eferr ing t o d ifferent monuments a ltoge ther. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 4 3 . R efs. C o les 1 895 , 3 12 J ohnstone 1 825-7 , f 3 9 D ob ie 1 958 , 1 04

S K

1

1 .

1

2 .

4

3 .

2

4 .

S

5 .

b4

6 .

-

B argatton ( NX 5 87 6 26) . S ituated i n g ood , u ndu lat ing pasture u pon a s light r ise w ith f a ir ly e xtens ive v iews i n a ll d irect ions. l t was s uggested by F eachem t hat t h is s ite c ou ld b e a ' d isc c a irn' c ons ist ing o f a c entra l mound s urounded b y a n e xterna l b ank. F rom t he v is ib le r ema ins t his i s c er tain ly a p oss ib ility b ut t he p resent a ppearance c ou ld a lso h ave r esu lted f rom s tone r obbing f o l l owed b y d ump ing o f f ie ld-c learance s tone i n t he r esu lting h o llow. H owever , t he s ite i s v ery r egu lar a nd t h is c er ta in ly f avours i nterpre tat ion a s a d isc c a irn. T he c entra l mound i s 9m i n d iam and 0 .4m h igh, t urfed o ver , but i s a lso n ow s urmounted b y a r ecent p ile o f f ie ld-c learance s tone. T his i s s urrounded b y a l ow s tony bank 4 -6m w ide , 2 4m i n o vera I d iam , u p t o 0 .4m h igh above t he o uts ide g round s urface a nd u p t o 0 .2m above t he i nter ior b e tween bank and i nner mound. T he o uter bank h as b een s l ight ly d amaged b y c lose p lough ing, e spec ia lly o n t he N E and S s ides. T h is r evea ls much e arth amongst t he s tones , but n o e vi dence o f

a k erb. 1 30

F ig 3 2 S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 2 R efs. R CAF iM 1 9 14 , N o 4 7 F eachem 1 963 , 7 9 F eachem 1 965 , 9 5 S K

1 5

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

S G

Bargatton ( NX 6 89 6 25) . S ituated i n g ood u ndu lat ing pasture o n a r a ised p iece o f g round o ver looking Bargatton L och. The c a irn i s r e lat ive ly we ll p reserved measur ing 2 1m i n d iam a nd u p t o 2 .0m h igh. B ecause i t i s built o n a s l ight b reak i n t he s lope i t s eems much h igher when v iewed f rom t he S t han i t d oes f rom t he N . T his i s a lso due t o t he r emova l o f s tones o n t he N and W f or t he c onstruct ion o f a wa ll n earby. F ie l dc learance s tone has b een d epos ited o n t he N a nd W 1 3 1

s ides o f t he monument i n r ecent t imes and t h is f ur ther d istor ts i ts s hape. E v idence o f r ig a nd f urrow s urrounds t he s ite a nd i t i s p oss ib le f ie ld-c learance and d isturbance r e late t o t h is p er iod o f a c t iv ity i n t he a rea. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 , S K

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

2 .

2

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 5

6 .

B C

3 06 6 0

N ot 6 0

l ocated.

K irkconne l ( NX 6 70 5 90). S ituated o n r ough S -fac ing moor land am idst p eat a nd o utcrop, w ith q u ite g ood v iews , o ver look i ng S K 1 9 a nd 2 0. Th is i s o ne o f t he b est p reserved r ound c a irns i n t he c ounty s tand ing 2 .5m h igh and 1 8m i n d iam. H eather has e ncroached a round t he e dges b ut t he u pper l eve ls a re bare , s how ing r ounded s tones o f v ar iab le s ize. A round t he s ides t here a re s evera l e ar thfast b ou lders wh ich c ou ld b e a k erb, b ut t hey s eem r ather t oo h igh u p. O ther e arthfast b ou lders a round t he e dge c ou ld b e o utcrop. T he RCAHM r ecord d isturbance wh ich i s n ot n ow apparent. T o t he S a re 3 o r 4 sma ll c a irns 3 -5m i n d iam. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 ,

S K

1

Barncrosh ( NX 7 0 5 9). C o les r ecords a c airn a t Barncrosh n ot o n t he O S map. N o s ite c an b e l ocated i n t h is i mmed iate a rea, b ut t h is i s qu ite c lose t o S K 1 6 and p oss ib ly C o les i s r eferr ing t o t he s ame s i te. H owever , i n v iew o f C o les g enera l r e liab ility and t he f act t hat h e i s t he ma in s ource f or b oth t hese s ites i t i s most p robab le t hat t here was a n add it iona l s ite a t Barncrosh. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. C o les 1 894 ,

S K

3 .

Ba lannan ( NX 7 02 5 90). C o les r ecords t wo c a irns o n Ba lannan f arm. One i s marked o n O S maps a t t he N GR g iven. T h is i s o n t he s umm it o f a sma ll d rum linlike h ill am idst g ood qua l i ty u ndu lat ing f arm land. N o th ing c an n ow b e s een, b ut i n 1 968 t he O S n oted a c airn 1 8m i n d iam and 1 .0m h igh. T he monument was o bvious ly much damaged when C o les s aw i t l ast c entury. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. O S R ecords C o les 1 895 , C o les 1 894 ,

S K

2 . 2 N o 4 6

2 . 4 N o 4 43

3 .

0

4 .

S E

H igh Barcap l e ( NX 6 73 5 83) . S ituated e nc losed up land pasture w ith qu ite e spec ia lly t o t he S and E . T he monument v ery d ilap idated c a irn 1 4m i n d iam a nd i s n ow a l most t ota lly o bscured b y r ecent s tone wh ich makes i t v ery d iff icu lt o r igina l e dge.

1 32

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

o n E -fac ing g ood v iews , s urv ives a s a 0 .5m h igh. l t f ie ld-c learance t o d e tect t he

S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 4 Refs. C o les 1 897 , 1 2 RCAHM 1 914 , N o 4 54 S K

2 0

3 .

2 1

2 2

E

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

1

4 .

E

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

P Iu ckh i m' s Ca irn ( NX 6 79 5 63) . S ituated i n a g ood c u ltivated f ie ld o n a r ounded h illtop c ommand ing w ide v iews t o t he S a nd E . T h is i s a v ery i mpress ive c a irn 2 9m i n d iam a nd u p t o 3 .0m h igh. l t i s par t ly t urfed o ver a nd s ome r ecent f ie ld-c learance s tone has b een dumped a round t he e dge. T he RCAHM n o te a t rench c ut t hrough t he c entre o f t he s ite a nd t h is i s s t ill v is ib le , a lthough n ow a l most r e-f illed. T he u pcast f rom t he t rench may a ccount f or t he h e ight o f t he s ite. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 ,

S K

4 .

H igh Barcap l e ( NX 6 73 5 83) . S ituated o n E -fac ing e nc losed u p land pasture w ith q u ite g ood v iews , e spec ia lly t o t he S a nd E . T he s ite i s n ow v ery d ilap idated and bur ied b eneath much r ecent f ie ldc learance s tone s o t hat n o measurements may b e t aken. C o les r ecords t hat i t was o nce 6 0 ' i n d iam a nd c onta ined a c entra l c ist 4 ' 6 " ( NE-SW ) x 4 ' 0 ". Th is was c overed b y a c aps tone 6 ' 5 " x 5 ' 0 " d iagona lly wh ich i s s t ill l y ing, n o t i n s itu, o n t he e dge o f t he c a irn. C o les a lso n o tes t hat about 4 ' f rom t he c ist, o n t he E a nd W were l arge e ar thfast b locks wh ich h e s uggests were t he r ema ins o f a n i nner ' guard ing' c irc le a s f ound a t C onch i e ton ( SK 2 6). S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 4 3 . R efs. C o les 1 897 , 1 213 , 1 9 RCAHM 1 9 14 , N o 4 54

S K

1

2 . 0 N o 4 44

3 .

0

4 .

E

5 .

b 5

6 .

S G

Ca irntosh ( NX 6 30 5 82) . S ituated o n t he s umm it o f a s teep-s ided a nd p rom inent moor land h ill wh ich may n ow b e a fforested. T he s ite c ons ists o f a r egu lar c a irn, 1 8m i n d iam a nd 1 .5m h igh. T he e dges a re t urfed o ver , b ut t he h igher l eve ls a re b are r evea l i ng a c onstruction o f sma ll s tones 2 0-40cms a cross. T here i s e v idence t hat t he c entre h as b een d isturbed, b ut n o f eatures c an b e s een. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 ,

S K

2 3

2 4

1 0 1 75

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

Ca irntop ( NX 6 249 5 587). S ituated o n t he s umm it o f a sma ll h ill i n g ood up land pasture , w ith e xtens ive v iews a ll a round but e spec ia lly t o t he S o ver look ing t he s ea. Th is i s a v ery i nd ist inct s ite. T he c entre h as b een t ota lly r emoved l eav i ng a c ircu lar t urf c overed bank 9m i n d iam a nd n o more t han 0 .4m h igh. T he c entra l a rea i s n ow f i lled w ith r ecent c learance s tones. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 ,

S K

2 . N o

2 . N o

5 1 77

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 5

6 .

B C

Ca irntop ( NX 6 246 5 586). S ituated a l i tt le t o t he SW o f S K 2 3 i n t he s ame p rom inent p os it ion. Th is s ite has 1 33

a lso b een r obbed t o a mere r im o f s tone , n ow t urfed o ver , a nd measures 1 0.5m i n d iam a nd 0 .4m h igh. T he c entre c onta ins r ecent f ie ld-c learance s tone. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 , S K

2 5

2 . 5 N o 1 77

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 5

6 .

B C

Auchengasse l ( NX 6 44 5 56). S ituated n ear t he s umm it o f a l ow h i II , o n i ts S s ide am idst u ndu lat ing f arm land o f q uite h igh q ua lity. C o les r ecords t wo c a irns , o n ly 4 o r 5 y ards a par t b ut n oth ing may n ow b e s een o n t he g round. T h is l ocation i s d ery i ed f rom t he O S maps a nd a l most c erta in ly r e lates t o t he s ame s ite. Ear li er , McKer l i e n oted t ha t a ' bronze d agger' 8 " l ong a nd a whe tstone were p loughed u p o n t he ' margin o f a t umu lus o n Auchengasse l F arm'. It i s n ow i mposs ib le t o b e c erta in o f t he s trength o f a ny a ssoc iat ions , b ut i t i s p oss ib le t hat a p er ifera I B ronze Age b ur ia l was d isturbed. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 4 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 , N o 4 86 C o les 1 894 , 6 0 McKer l i e 1 877 , 2 83

S K 2 6 F ig 3 3

3 .

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 5

6 .

B C

C onch i e ton ( NX 6 38 5 3 1). S ituated u pon a s l ight r ise i n g ood q uality S -fac ing pasture , n ow e nc losed w ith in a r ather r u ined s tone wa ll. T rees g row upon t he monument. T he c a irn i s n ow v ery o vergrown, and i t s e dges a re d ef ined by t he s tone wa l I wh ich may n o t a ccurate ly r ef lect t he o r ig ina l o ut line. F or what i t i s worth t h is g ives a d iameter o f 1 0.5m a nd t he c a irn wou ld s eem t o b e r ai sed u p t o 1 .2m above t he l eve l o utside t he wa l I . I n t he l ate 1 9th c entury t he s ite was e xam ined b y C o les. H e r ecorded a t umu lus 2 3' i n d iam wh ich must s ure ly b e a n u nderest i mate , p erhaps b ecause t he c a irn h ad a lready b een e xtens ive ly r obbed. W it h in t he c a irn h e f ound a r ough ly c ircu lar r ing o f 8 wh instone s labs s et o n e dge a nd vary ing f rom 1 4" t o o ver 3 ' i n l ength. These mus t r epresent t he u pr ight s tones v is ib le t oday wh ich f orm a c entra l e nc losure. N ow o n ly 5 s tones c an b e s een. About 1 6" w ith in t hese s tones was a ' k ist-vaen' o r ientated N -S 3 ' x 1 8 " x 1 ' 1 0" d eep. T h is was c overed b y a b roken s lab wh ich C o les b e l i eved b ore c up marks. It s hou ld p erhaps b e r emembered t hat C o les was g enera lly v ery s cept ica l about c upmarks , but h e c ons idered t hese g enu ine ( Co les 1 893) . N o c upmarks c an n ow b e f ound, b ut may b e t urfed o ver. S outh o f t he ' grave' (i e t he c is t?) 5 ' away C o les r ecorded a n u pr ight s tone o f r ed s ands t ene 3 ' 5 " ( 1.04m) h igh wh ich i s s t ill v is ib le. I n 1 844 t he l andowner a pparent ly d iscovered ' brown d ecayec i b ones' ( in t he c ist?) wh ich may r epresent an i nhu mat ion. S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 3 3 . R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 , N o 1 5 C o les 1 890 , 1 52-3 Morr is 1 966 , 1 64 , N o 7 8 1 34

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 5

6 .

F ig 3 3 S K

2 7

W itches' T horn ( NX 6 49 4 89) . S ituated o n c raggy b ut p roduct ive p asture l and, o ver look ing s im ilar t erra in t o t he S . T he s ite s urvives a s a t urfed-over mound which b ears much f ie ld-c learance s tone o n t op. It measures 1 6m ( N-S) x 1 8m ( E-W) a nd i s r ough ly o va l. I n v iew o f t he amount o f o utcrop i n t he a rea i t i s p oss ib le t hat t h is i s n o more t han a n atura l f eature wh ich has p rov ided a f ocus f or f ie ld-c learance s tone. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. C o les 1 894 ,

S K 2 8

2 . 6 0

1

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 5

6 .

-

Ca irney H il ( NX 6 27 4 67). S ituated o n t he N s lope o f a l moderate h i ll n ow u nder p asture. A c a irn i s r ecorded i n t h is a rea b y b o th C o les a nd H arper a nd i t i s q uest ionab le whe ther t he s ite wh ich was l ocated was t he s ame . T he s ite a t t he N GR g iven a bove i s a r ather i rregu lar t urfed-over s tony mound 6 .0m i n d iam a nd 0 .3m h igh. I t i s b uilt u pon a n atura l o utcrop o f r ock a nd s ome o f t he s tones c ou ld b e r ecent f ie ld-c learance. I t i s e xtreme ly d ub ious , b ut t he r eferences s eem r e liab le. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 2 R efs. C o les 1 894 , 6 01 H arper 1 898 , 1 27

S K 2 9

3 .

3 .

2

4 .

N

5 .

b 5

6 .

-

B orness F arm ( NX 6 16 4 56 a pprox) . Harper n otes a c a irn o n B orness F arm. T he a rea a round i s f u ll o f o utcropp ing r ock wh ich c ou ld b e m is interpre ted a s c a irns a nd n o r e liab le s ite c ou ld b e f ound. S ummary, 1 . R efs. H arper

1 N o t l ocated. 1 898 , 1 27 1 35

S K

3 0

N orth M ilton ( NX 7 08 4 77 above N or th M ilton f arm c a irns n o t p ub lished b y l ocated. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. C o les 1 89 1, C o les 1 894 ,

S K

3 1

3 2

l ocated.

Ga lt way H ill ( NX 7 12 4 84). S ituated u pon t he s umm it o f t he h ill am idst g ood pasture a nd much o utcropp ing r ock, w ith e xtens ive v iews i n a l I d irections. The s ite i s we ll p reserved, and s eems t o b e c onstructed u pon a sma ll p iece o f o utcropp ing r ock, i t measures 1 8.5m i n d iam a nd 1 .4m h igh. T here i s e v idence o f r ig a nd f urrow a round t he s ite a nd i t i s p oss ib le t hat c learance s tones have b een a dded. These may h ave b een banked u p a round t he e dges g iv ing t he i mpress ion o f a ' p latform' a s n oted b y t he RCAHM. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 ,

S K

N o t 3 64 6 0

a pprox ). C o les n o tes a c a irn a nd i nc ludes i t i n a l i st o f t he O S. N o s it e c an n ow b e

2 . 4 N o 2 35

3 .

S

4 .

0

3 3

b 5

6 .

-

H igh Banks ( NX 7 039 4 934) . S ituated am ids t g ood s own pasture w ith much o utcropp ing r ock. The a rea o f t he c a irns ( SK 3 2 a nd 3 3) i s s omewhat l eve l, b ut i s r a ised above t he s urround ing g round a nd h as e xtens ive v iews. T h is c a irn, t he s outhern most o f t wo , i s n ow g rassed o ver a nd measures 1 9m i n d iam. I t h as o bv ious ly b een i e xtens ive ly d isturbed b ut n o f eatures a re n ow vs ib le. The s ite was e xam ined i n t he l ate n ineteenth c entury. Two t renches were c ut a t r ight ang les t o t he c entre. A fter c utt ing t hrough t he t umb le o f t he c a irn t he ' excavators' e ncountered a 'r ing o f I a rge p ieces o f r ock q uarr ied l oca lly' - p robab ly a k erb. T he c a irn was c omposed o f a ll s orts o f s tone i nc lud ing o ne l arge s lab w ith ' ev ident c up marks'. ( NB: One o f t he b est known c up a nd r ing mark c omp lexes e x ists o n a p iece o f b are r ock i n an adjacent f ie ld ( Co les 1 895) .) I n t he c entre b e low t he l eve l o f t he f ie ld was f ound a ' round c hamber' ( a c ist?) 3 ' i n d iam. It h ad b een d isturbed b ut i n t he c entre t here was s t ill a f ood v esse l w ith b ones a round i t . S ummary, 1 . 5 2 . 3 3 . 1 4 . SW R efs. Ch innock 1 890 , 2 63-7 RCAHM 1 914 , N o 2 36 S i mpson 1 965 , N o 2 6 ( Food-vesse l s ame c a irn a s N o 2 7 .)

S K

5 .

5 .

n o t

b 5

6 .

f ound

-

i n

H igh Banks ( NX 7 045 4 947). T h is i s t he more n orther ly o f t wo c a irns a nd i s s ituated i n t he s ame t opograph ica l s ett ing a s S K 3 2 , but t h is i s o n t he s umm it o f a sma ll, l oca l h illock c ons ist ing l arge ly o f o utcropp ing r ock. ( NB: An u ncovered c ist c onta in ing a b eaker was a lso f ound n earby ( R itchie 1 970 , N o 2 0) .) T h is s ite i s n ow t urfed o ver a nd has c lear ly b een d isturbed. It n ow measures 1 8.5m i n d i am. It t oo was e xam ined i n t he l ate n ine teenth c entury u s ing t he s ame t rench

method

a s

i n

S K

3 2.

1 36

S tones

were f ound e nc irc ling

t he c a irn b ut t hese were a pparent ly much l arger t han t hose f ound i n S K 3 2. N o t f ar i nto t he c a irn t hey f ound a ' very p la in u rn a nd a q uant ity o f b one'. N earby was a l arge f lat s lab 3 ' x 2 1'. When t h is was l i fted i t ' exh ib ited a quant ity o f b ones r est ing o n a s econd, but sma ller s lab'. Th is t oo was l i fted a nd more b ones , apparent ly c remated, were d iscovered upon a t h ird a nd s t ill sma ller s lab wh ich was a t t he b ottom o f a h o llow c ut i nto s o l i d r ock g o ing d own about 3 '. N o u rn n or c ist i s r ecorded. S ummary, 1 . 5 2 . 3 3 . S R efs. Ch innock 1 890 , 2 63-7 RCAHM 1 914 , N o 2 36 S i mpson 1 965 , N o 2 7 ( Food s ame c a irn a s N o 2 6.) S K

3 4

3 5

R efs. 3 6

n ot

6 .

f ound

-

i n

1

4 .

S E

5 .

b 5

6 .

-

1 .

1

2 .

1

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 5

6 .

BC

Auchenca irn ( NX 7 903 5 104 ). S ituated am idst u ndu lat ing i mproved p asture w ith in 2 5m o f t wo o ther c a irns ( SK 3 7 and 3 8). The s ite o ccup ies a sma ll l oca l em inence p robab ly o utcropp ing r ock. N o th ing i s n ow v is ib le e xcept f or a s catter o f s tones and e vidence o f parch ing o f t he g rass. The RCAHM r ecord t hat t h is c a irn o nce s tood 6 0 ' i n d iam a nd 5 -6 ' h igh. R efs.

3 7

b 5

-

S ummary,

S K

v esse l

5 .

Ca irn H ill ( NX 7 91 4 95). S ituated o n t he s umm it o f a sma ll h ill am idst u ndu lat ing pasture. There i s a sma ll amorphous s pread o f s tones which, i n v iew o f t he name o f t he h i I may b e t he r ema ins o f a bur ia l c a irn. S ummary,

S K

0

Wh inn ie l i ggate ( NX 7 20 5 26) . S ituated u pon a g ent ly s lop ing g ood q ua l i ty c u lt ivated f ie ld w ith n o s pectacu lar v iews. There was , apparent ly a 't umu lus ' wh ich c ou ld r efer t o e ither a c a irn o r a barrow a t t he l ocat ion g iven b y t he O S a lthough e v idence f or t h is i s quest ionab le. I n 1 893 d ur ing p lough ing a ' cav ity' c onta in ing r edd ish e ar th f i lled w ith s of t b ones was f ound. B e low t h is was a ' c inerary u rn' wh ich o ver lay a pygmy v esse l. The p it was 2 ' d eep a nd t he l arger u rn d is integrated. N o t race o f t he monument s urv ives. S ummary, 1 . 5 2 . 3 3 . R efs. C o les 1 894 , 2 04-5 RCAHM 1 914 , N o 2 67 C orr ie 1 928 , 2 96 Morr ison 1 968 , N o 8 3

S K

4 .

1 .

RCAHM

2 1 914 ,

2 .

1

3 .

0

4 .

-

5.

G

6 .

BC

N o 4 22

Auchenca irn ( NX 7 915 5 108). S ituated am idst u ndu lat ing i mproved p asture c lose t o S K 3 6 a nd 3 8. The s ite i s o n a p rom inent h illock and c ommands b e tter v iews t han t he o thers , b ut i n n o s pec if ic d irect ion. The monument i s j ust r ecogn isab le a s a n amorphous and v ery d isturbed l ow p il e o f s tones , p robab ly • • = nrr te . r e c e nt ,

1 37

c learance. l t i s n o t n ow measurab le , b ut n ote t hat i t was 8 0' i n d iam a nd 4 ' h igh. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 , S K

3 8

2 . N o

1 4 22

3 .

NB:

The

RCAHM

2 . N o

1 4 22

a lso

3 .

March

C leugh

( NX

1

r ecord

c a irn i n t he a rea, but t hey and n othing n ow s urv ives. 3 9

4 .

-

5.

R CAHM

G

6 .

BC

Auchenca irn ( NX 7 923 5 130). S ituated amidst undu lat ing i mproved pasture c lose t o S K 3 6 and 3 7. T h is s ite has b een t ota lly r emoved and i s o n ly v is ib le a s a p arch mark upon t he s ide o f a sma ll l oca l em inence. The RCAHM r ecord t hat i t was o nce 5 0' i n Wa rn and 5 ' h igh. S ummary, 1 . 2 Refs. RCAHM 1 914 ,

S K

0

t he

7 04

4 .

t he

5 .

G

p oss ibility

were

51). 5

NE

n ot

o f

e ntire ly

C o les

6 .

n otes

BC

another

c onvinced

a

poss ib le

c a irn W o f t he f ort. H is l ocat iona l d escr ipt ion i s v ery f u ll, but n othing n ow s urvives. l t was apparent ly c 50' i n d iam. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 2 3 . 1 4 . SW 5 . b 5 6 . R efs. Co les 1 891, 3 78-80 S K

4 0

Wh ite Ca irn ( NX 7 55 5 85) . S ituated i n a p rom inent p os ition i n g ood undulating pasture. N o th ing n ow r ema ins but t he ONB r ecords t hat when t he c airn was r emoved s ome h uman b ones were f ound i n a ' rude c onstructed s tone c off in'. l t i s p oss ib le t hat t wo v ery l arge s tones, e ach a ligned E -W which were s een o n t he s ite o f t he monument when t he OS v is ited i t i n 1 968 were t he r ema ins o f t h is ' coff in'. The measurements t hey g ive -the W s tone 3 .0m x 0 .6m x 1 .0m h igh, a nd t he E s tone about ' ha lf t he s ize' -seem t oo l arge f or a c ist but Cha l mers r ecords a c off in f ound i n a c a irn i n t he s ame par ish ( Ke lton) measur ing 7 ' x 3 ' wh ich m ight, t herefore , b e t he s ame s ite. Cha l mers a lso r ecords t hat t he c ist c ontained human b ones , l arger t han n orma l, and a ' copper h e l met w ith s ome o ther i mp lements o f war '. The s ite n eed B ronze Age , but i t i s i mposs ib le t o what

t he

nature o f

S ummary,

1 .

4

R efs.

4 5

1 847 ,

ONB

Cha l mers S K

4 1

Green I aw s lopes

( NX

v ery

Th is c ertainly

2 .

7 51

i t r emains

2

3 .

was. S

4 .

0

w ith o pen

6 40).

S ituated

d own

t o

h igh, 25m o ther

t o

5 .

b 5

6 .

-

2 30

t he

i n

a

good

r iver

i n

t he

was o r igina lly n oted f lat t op would f avour

i t i s o nly 1 .5m measurements c ompatib le

f inds

2 4

1 824 ,

g ent ly

s ite t he

t hese

n ot, t herefore b e b e c erta in e xact ly

a s t his

f ie ld

wh ich

W .

a mo tte a nd v iew. However

i t i s b u i I t w ith s tones and i ts (NE-SW) x 2 0m ( NW-SE) a re c airns

c ons iderab le

1 38

i n

t he

d oubt.

a rea.

N everthe less

S ummary, 1 . 1 Refs. RCAHM 1 914 , O S S K

4 2

2 . 1 N o 1 44

3 .

0

4 .

SW

5 .

b 5

6 .

S G

R ecords

K ilnotr ie

( NX

7 53

6 70).

S ituated

o n

a

l ow

h illock

am idst

r ich undu lat ing f arm land. This s ite was o nce a v ery s ubstantia l c airn a lthough i t i s n ow r educed t o n o more t han 1 .3m h igh w ith a d rystone wa ll c utting a cross t he E s ide. l t measures 3 2.5m i n d iam and has b een v ery d isturbed. S ome added which may

r ecent d istort

S ummary, 1 . 2 Refs. RCAHM 1 914 , O S S K

4 3

2 . N o

f ie ld-c learance i ts appearance.

4 1 49

4 .

-

5.

b 4

b een 6 .

BC

R ecords

i s

t hat

g iven

by

t he

S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 4 R efs. ONB 8 8 1 848 , 1 RCAHM 4 4

0

a lso

Ha lfern ( NX 7 59 6 69) . S it uated i n a s li ght ly e levated pasture f ie ld. L ike S K 4 2 and 4 t h is s eems t o have 4 b een a l arge c a irn, but i t was h eavily r obbed i n t he m id 1 9th c entury and n o t race n ow s urv ives. The l ocat ion

S K

3 .

has

Car lochan

1 914 ,

Ca irn

N o

( NX

O S.

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

BC

1 52 7 57

6 74).

S ituated

w ith in

a r uined

c ircular s tone wa lled e nc losure o n t he s umm it o f a d omed h ill am idst g ood qua lity f arm land. The s ite i s n ow o ccup ied by a water s torage t ank and t he monument h as b een a l most e nt ire ly d estroyed. The s ite has been r ecent ly e xcavated and t he r eport n ow pub lished o bviates t he n eed f or a f u ll d escr iption. What f o llows i s a v ery b r ief s ummary. I t was e xam ined i n 1 776 when a c entra l c ist o f f lat s tones was f ound. There were n o b ones but a b ronze dagger a nd a b ronze p in were r ecovered p robab ly, but n ot

c ertain ly f rom t he c ist. The more r ecent e xcavat ion s howed t hat t he c a irn was o r igina lly 2 5m i n d iam and had a lready b een l arge !y d emo lished by s tone r obb ing. A c ordoned u rn was f ound i nverted o ver a c remation d epos it and a pygmy v esse l. t he c ai rn o n

Th is i ts

g round

b e low

s urface

S ummary, R efs.

1

C o les

5

was l ocated j ust w ith in t he a rea o f S E e dge , and was s unk i nto t he t he

2 .

c a irn.

5

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

BC

1 899

RCAHM 1 914 , N o 1 48 C o les 1 965 , 7 0-1 H ensha II 1 968 , 1 90-2 Masters and Yates 1 976 S K

4 5

Mo l l ance

( NX

7 78

6 63).

S ituated

r ock am idst t he undu lat ing p lanted w ith mature t rees. d iam

and

i s

b ou lders. The s ite

c l .Om was

h igh

and

e xcavated 1 39

h illock

o f

pasture a round. The s ite l t n ow measures 1 6.5m

i s i n

i s i n

upon

built c 1950.

a sma ll

l arge ly Th is

o f

r ounded

r evea led

a

c entra l p o lygona l paved c ist b u ilt o f 8 s ide s tones a nd c overed b y a mass ive b lock o f p ink g ran ite o f o ver 0 .5 c u m l e a l most 1 t onne i n we ight. T he c aps tone d id n o t s it d irect ly o ver t he c ist wh ich was , t herefore , n ot s ea led. A sma ll s andstone s lab c overed t he S E c orner o f t he c ist. W ith in t he c ist was a f ragment o f burnt h aze l, a f ood v esse l, a nd t wo f ragments o f a b eaker. l t s eemed a s t hough a p r imary b ur ia l, p erhaps a ccompan ied b y a b eaker , h ad b een d isturbed t o make way f or a bur ia l w ith a f ood v esse l. The mass ive c ist c over was , p erhaps , moved b ut c ou ld n o t b e r ep laced a nd c onsequent ly sma ller s andstone s labs were u sed t o c over t he gaps. T h is i s n ot t he i ntepretat ion o f t he e xcavator who f e lt t he s andstone s lab was a r emnant o f a n e ar l i er c apstone. F ina lly, t he e xcavator r ecords t wo l arge e arthfast s tones 5 ' S o f t he c ist but t hese c annot n ow b e s een. S ummary, 1 . 5 2 . 2 R efs. Wa l l ace 1 952 S i mpson 1 965 , N o 2 1 R itch ie 1 970 , N o 2 2 S K

4 6

C o les 4 7

4 8

4 .

S E

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

1 899 ,

3 .

S

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

3 9

H i II h ead ( NX 8 28 6 24) . A ccord ing t o t he O S t h is s i te s hou ld b e o n t he S -fac ing s ide o f a h o llow i n a g ood pasture f ie ld. The ONB r ecords t hat a n u rn 1 5" a cross c onta in ing a shes was f ound when t he c a irn was r emoved , b ut n oth ing i s n ow v is ib le. S ummary, R efs. ONB

S K

1

B lackerne ( NX 7 8 1 6 44). S ituated o n t op o f a sma ll kno l I i n u ndu lat ing, g ood q ua l i ty f arm land. Cha l mers s tates t hat a c entra l c ist c onta ining b urnt h uman b ones a nd a s i lver a rm i Il a was f ound when a c a irn was b e ing r emoved t o e nc lose a p lantat ion i n 1 756. T h is a l most c er ta in ly r efers t o t he sma ll c ircu lar p lantat ion o f b eech t rees a t t he NGR g iven. T he c airn i t se lf h as n ow d isappeared c omp le te ly. The a rm i Il a i s a ccepted t o b e V ik ing, b ut n eed n o t b e par t o f a p r i mary b ur ia l d epos it. T here i s a s uggest ion t hat i t may have b een a ccompan ied by a n amber b ead wh ich wou ld b e a cceptab le i n b o th V ik ing and B ronze Age c ontexts. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 2 R efs. Cha l mers 1 824 , 2 30 W ilson 1 863 , 1 33 G r ieg 1 940

S K

3 .

1 . 4 2 . 1 1 14 1 85 1, 4

R ed Cast le ( NX 8 18 ' there i s a c a irn a t b e

6 55 R ed

3 .

N ot 6 0

l ocated.

1 40

4 .

E

approx ). C o les Cast le' but n o

l ocated.

S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. C o les 1 894 ,

1

5 .

G

r ecords s ite c an

6 .

-

t hat n ow

S K 4 9

G Ia isters ( NX 8 82 6 6 1) . The l ocat ion, b ased u pon C o les' p lan, i s o n a d ry r idge o f g ood q ua l i ty f arm land. N oth ing i s n ow v is ib le b ut t here was a pparent ly a l arge c a irn wh ich was r emoved c 1800 , when ' urns f i lled w ith a shes' were f ound. C o les p lan s hows 3 c a irns , but t he o thers were p robab ly par t o f a g roup o f sma ll c a irns wh ich l ies i mmed iate ly t o t he S . S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 3 R efs. N SA 1 844 , 2 20 ONB 9 2 1 850 , 2 1 C o les 1 895 , 3 02-4

S K

5 0

5 1

5 3

5 4

5 .

G

6 .

S G

2 2 . 6 1 850 , 2 5

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

1 2 . 1 1 85 1, 1

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

G

6 .

B C

1 . 2 2 . 1 19 1 85 1, 1 011 1

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 6

6 .

S G

C orbe l I y S outh ( NX 9 8 13 6 30 1) . S ituated a s S K 5 2 , b ut s light ly l ower. Th is s ite i s a lso i n a we ll p loughed f ie ld a nd n o t race r ema ins. T he c a irn was p art ly o pened a round 1 800 when h uman b ones were d iscovered. t was l ater t o ta lly r emoved a nd a ' me ta l a xe-head' was f ound. S ummary, R efs. ONB

S K

W

C orbe l I y N or th ( NX 9 8 11 6 3 17) . S ituated s l ight ly t o t he W s ide o f a r idge b etween t he r oad a nd t he s ea c lose t o S K 5 3. T he s ea i s n ot v is ib le f rom t he s ite. N oth ing n ow s urv ives i n t he we ll p loughed f ie ld b ut when t he c a irn was r emoved, about 1 830 a ' po l i shed g ran ite ba ll' 3 " i n d iam was f ound. S ummary, R efs. ONB

S K

4 .

P e ter's Ca irn ( NX 9 74 6 73). S ituated i n t op qua lity a rab le f arm land o n a g ent le S -fac ing s lope. T h is was a pparent ly a c ons iderab le c a irn wh ich, a ccord ing t o t rad it ion, was e rected t o a Catho lic mar tyr d ur ing t he r eformat ion. l t may have b een a B ronze Age c a irn b ut n o t race n ow s urv ives. S ummary, 1 . R efs. ONB 9 4

S K 5 2

1

Camp H i I ( NX 8 65 6 96). S ituated s li ght ly t o t he W o f t he s umm it o f a p rom inent a nd s teep s ided h ill u nder pasture. T he ONB r ecords t he s ite a nd s tates t hat a c ist 1 4' l ong was f ound w ith in, b ut n o a shes o r b ones were r ecovered. N oth ing i s n ow v is ib le o n t he h ill . t i s p oss ib le t hat t he l ong c ist was a ctua lly par t o f t he passasge o f a c hambered t omb. S ummary, 1 . R efs. ONB 9 1

S K

3 .

D oug las'

1 . 3 2 . 1 19 1 85 1, 1 1

Ca irn

( NX

9 57

3 .

2

4 .

S

6 19) . S ituated

5 .

u pon

b 6

t he

6 .

S G

s umm it

o f C r iffe l, o ne o f t he most s pectacu lar l andmarks i n S outh K irkcudbr ightsh ire. T he monument i s s t ill q u ite s ubstant ia l measur ing c l . 4m i n h e ight. The N a nd W s ides h ave b een d isturbed b y s he lt ers a nd much mater ia l h as b een s pread s o t hat n o c lear i nd icat ion o f 1 4 1

t he d iame ter c an b e o bta ined. S ome doubt h as b een e xpressed about t he a nt iqu ity o f t his s i te. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 , S K

5 5

S lewca irn

( NX

2 . 1 8 N o 3 87

9 278

3 .

6 14 1).

S

4 .

0

S ituated

5 .

o n

G

a lways 6 .

-

S E-s lop ing

h eather moor land o n S lewca irn H ill. The s i te i s n o t i n a p rom inent p os it ion u n less a pproached f rom t he n earby c a irn when i t s eems t o b e u pon t he c rest o f t he h i ll. A y oung c on iferous p lantat ion n ow c overs t he h ills ide b ut t he s ite h as n o t b een damaged. T he RCAHM descr ibes t he monument a s a ' sma ll l ong c a irn' b ut t h is i s m is lead ing. The c a irn i s r ound, 1 0m i n d iem and 1 .0m h igh. T he i mpress ion o f l ength may b e d ue t o i t s l ocat ion o n a sma ll l eve l s pur , a nd t he f act t hat i t i s o vergrown b y h eather. l t i s c lose t o S K 5 6 and a n u nchambered l ong c a irn. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 , S K

5 6

5 9

5 8

3

4 .

S

5 .

G

6 .

B C

2 . 7 N o 1 25

3 .

2

4 .

S

5 .

G

6 .

B C

Wy Ii es Wood ( NX 9 78 6 02 a pprox ). Th is s ite c an b e r ough ly l ocated f rom t he e xcavat ion r epor t a nd was i n an a rea o f s lop ing wood land c lose t o a ma in r oad. T he s ite has n ow b een l ost b ut i t s eems t o h ave c ons isted o f a n e arthen mound 2 5' i n d iem a nd 4 ' h igh. No s tone i s ment ioned t herefore i t c anno t b e c ons idered a s a c a irn and h as n ot b een i nc luded i n t he s tat ist ica l ana lyses e tc. H owever , t he mound was a pparent ly a r t if ic ia l. Dur ing r oad w idening a n i nver ted c o l l ared u rn w ith a c lay p lug i n i t s mouth was f ound o n t he E s ide o f t he mound 6 " b e low t he o r ig ina l g round s urface a nd 3 ' 3 " b e low t he t op o f t he mound. T he u rn was t hree quarters f i lled w ith t he c remated r ema ins o f an adu lt p oss ib ly f ema le a ccompan ied b y a b urnt f l int s craper a nd a b urnt b one p in. S ummary, 1 . 5 R efs. B ishop 1 918

S K

3 .

S lewca irn ( NX 9 270 6 13 1). S ituated a l i tt le l ower d own t he s lope o f S lewca irn H ill t han S K 5 6. l t t oo i s o n ly i n a p rom inent p os it ion when v iewed f rom t he b urn b e low. The c a irn i s we ll p reserved but c overed b y d ense h eather g rowth a nd h as a r ecent s ma ll s hepherds' c a irn bu ilt o n t op. l t measures 1 5m i n d iam and 1 .2m h igh ( exc lud ing s hepherds' ca irn). The s ite i s c lose t o S K 5 5 and a n u nchambered l ong c a irn. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 ,

S K

2 . 7 N o 1 25

2 .

0

3 .

2

4 . E 5 . d l 6 . S G ( No t i nc luded i n s tati st ica l c a lcu lations.)

Hangman H ill ( NX 9 62 5 73) . S ituated i n heav i ly c u lt ivated, g ent ly s loping f arm land. N o t race o f a c a irn r ema ins , but t he p os ition c an b e d eterm ined f rom O S map. A rno tt r ecorded a 'l arge c ircu lar , c on ica l c a irn' o n t op o f Hangman H ill. S ince t here i s n o o bv ious h ill i n t h is a rea s ome d oubt must r ema in a bout 1 42

t he a ccuracy o f t he l ocat ion. Th is c a irn was r emoved about 1 844 a nd a c ist c onta in ing a n ' earthen u rn a shes and f ragments o f b one was f ound underneath i t . The s ite o f t he c a irn was apparent ly marked b y a s tone but t h is i s n ot n ow k nown. S ummary, 1 . 4 Refs. Arno tt 1 894 , S K

5 9

1

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

d

6 .

S G

T orrcr ie ( NX 9 53 5 68) . S ituated i n g ood qua lity c u lt ivated f arm land o n a s l ight r ise n ext t o t he modern r oad. N oth ing n ow s urv ives a nd t he l ocat ion g iven i s d er ived f rom t he O S. Arnott r ecords t hat a c a irn was r emoved i n 1 843 and a c ist c onta in ing h uman b ones was f ound b e low t he s urface o f t he g round. The b ones were r einterred a nd a r ubb ing s tone was p laced t o mark t he s ite. T h is s tone n o l onger s urv ives. S ummary, 1 . 4 Refs. Arno tt 1 894 ,

S K 6 0

2 . 3 1

Haugh h o l l ow wh ich

2 . 3 1

1

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

d

6 .

B C

o f Laggan ( NX 9 00 5 57) . S ituated i n a s li ght but were i t n ot f or t he d ec iduous wood land n ow s urrounds i t t here wou ld b e a w ide v iew

o ver t he s ea t o t he S . The c a irn n ow measures di m i n d iam b ut s ome o f t he l arge s tones i nd icate t hat r ecent c learance mater ia l has b een added. Modern r ubb ish i s a lso s trewn a round t he s ite. The who le s ite has o bv ious ly b een e xtens ive ly d isturbed a nd i ts authent ic ity may b e q uest ioned. S ummary, 1 . 1 Refs. RCAHM 1 914 , S K

6 1

1 1 28

3 .

2

4 .

S

5 .

G

6 .

B C

Co lt ar ' s Ca irn ( NX 8 99 5 54). S ituated i n g ood qua l i ty l eve l pasture upon a sma ll p romontary o ver look i ng t he s ea. The s ite i s i n a p oor s tate a nd r ea lly c ons ists o f a s catter o f s tones 1 3.5m i n d iam a nd l ess t han 0 .3m h igh, c overed b y t urf. S ome r ecent c learance s tone l ies o n t op b ut t he s ite i s a lso c rossed b y a f ie ld wa ll n ear t he r oad wh ich s uggests t hat t he f eature must a t l east b e p re-enc losure. C o ltar , t rad it iona l l y, l ed l oca l i nhab itants aga inst Eng lish r a iders and was r eputed ly b ur ied h ere. S ummary, R efs. ONB

S K 6 2

2 . N o

1 . 1 2 . 1 1 38 1 850 , 5 0

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

U

6 .

B C

Twynho lm P ar ish ( NX 6 5) . C orr ie r ecords t hat a n axe-hammer o r macehead was f ound when a c a irn was r emoved i n t h is par ish. Cha l mers a lso n o tes a c a irn i n Twynho lm n ear t o a ' Br it ish F ort'. There a re s evera l f orts i n t he a rea s o p rec ise l ocat ion i s n o t p oss ib le. H e r ecords t hat i t c onta ined an ' imp lement r esemb ling a hammer' a nd t herefore , i s p robab ly r eferr ing t o t he s ame s ite. T he c a irn a lso c onta ined a ' stone c off in ', b ones and ' some c o ins', but t he nature o f t hese f inds i s u nceta i n. S ummary, 1 . 4 N o t l ocated. Refs. Cha l mers 1 824 , 2 3 1 C orr ie 1 928 , 2 35 1 43

S K

6 3

N ear Parton ( NX 6 9 6 9). Cha l mers r ecords t hat a c a irn about a m ile f rom S K 6 4 was o pened i n 1 740 a nd f ound t o c onta in h uman b ones i n a s tone c off in. N o s it e c an b e l ocated. S ummary, 1 . 4 N ot l ocated. R efs. Cha l mers 1 824 , 2 30

S K

6 4

Parton Par ish ( NX 6 9 7 5 a pprox ). Cha l mers r ecords a c ircu lar ' tumu lus' 1 20 yds i n c ircumference ( c34m i n arm di am ) about 3 m iles N o f Parton Church o n —a f c a lled ' Ca irn'. N o f arm o f t h is name i s n ow k nown a nd n o s ite c an b e l ocated. S ummary, 1 . 1 N ot l ocated. R efs. Cha l mers 1 824 , 2 29-30

N o

n o.

C rossm ichae l Par ish ( NX 7 6) . Cha l mers r ecords t hat t here were t en c a irns i n t he par ish, ' three whereof have b een o pened and were f ound t o c onta in s tone c off ins i nc lud ing h uman b ones'. S K 4 1-46 c ou ld a ccount f or s ix c a irns , a nd c erta in ly a t l east t hree h ave p roved t o c onta in b ur ia ls. R efs.

N o

n o.

Cha l mers

1 824 ,

29 2

T ong I and P ar ish ( NX 6 5) . Cha l mers r ecords ' tumu li where i n have b een f ound s tone c off ins w ith h uman b ones' i n t he par ish. S K 1, 1 6 , 1 8 , 1 9 , 2 0 , 2 1 m ight a ll b e r eferred t o. R efs.

Cha l mers

1 824 ,

2 3 1

1 44

NORTH North

K IRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE

K irkcudbr ightsh ire

i s

( f ig

3 4)

g enera lly

known

a s

' The

G lenkens' b y i ts i nhab itants. It i s p redom inant ly an up land d istr ict b isected b y t he w ide va l l ey o f t he R iver K en. T r ibutar ies c utting t hrough sma ller s ide va l l eys r ise i n t he h igh ground t o t he E and W swe lling t he r iver and p roviding s uff ic ient water t o o perate a n e xtens ive h ydro-e lectr ic s cheme. A lthough t he a rea has a natura lly h igh annua l r a infa l 1 i t has b een n ecessary t o d ivert water c ourses a nd c reate n ew l ochs by damm ing s o t hat t he p resent water s ystem s hou ld b e r egarded a s l arge ly a rtif ic ia l. The u pper K en va lley i s s urrounded o n a ll s ides by v ery h igh h ills. The h ighest o ccur t o t he W where t he Rh i nns o f K e l I s r each 8 14m OD a nd f urther o ver t he Mennoch r ises t o 8 43m OD. This mounta inous d istr ict s urounds a n a rea o f l ower but n o l ess i nhospitab le , g ranite moor land a nd b og t o t he N o f L och D ee. To t he N a re t he D eugh H igh lands c entred a round Ca irnsmore o f Carspha irn, another s izeab le mounta in o f 7 97m OD a lso o f g ranite. A l I t h is a rea p resents a t ypica l montane l andscape o f s teep s lopes, o ccas iona l c rags and l arge amounts o f t o

s cree, e spec ia lly t he s umm its a re

i n t he Rh i nns bare , c arrying

o f K e l I s. Large a reas n ear o n ly v ery t h in s o ils and a

s parse v egetat ion o f montane g rasses and l ichen. N o agr icu lture i s p ractised a t t hese a lt i tudes and t he l and i s abandoned t o t he r ed d eer and r amb lers. Lower d own, a t t he f oot o f t he mounta inous d istr ict, i s a more gent le , moor land t erra in o f r ounded, but s t ill r e lat ive ly h igh h ills r ough ly b etween 1 50 and 3 60m OD. Parts o f t h is l and a re c overed b y d epos it s o f b ou!der c lay and g lac ia l moraine. T hese have c ontr ibuted t o t he i rregu lar , undu lat ing c haracter o f t he moor land, a nd i n s ome p laces t hey have a lso i nhibited d ra inage. P eat b ogs have f ormed o n s ome h ills and p eaty o r g leyed s o i I s a re w idespread. I n t he past t his a rea was u sed p redominant ly f or s heep r ear ing but n ow vast a reas, e spec ia lly i n t he W , have b een t aken f or a fforestat ion. I t i s worth n oting t hat a l arge n umber o f d eserted ' ferm-toun' s ett lements c an b e f ound near t he b urns c utt ing t hrough t he moor land a nd t he ir p resence i t n ow

s uggests

s eems. Nearer

t o

t hat

t he

t he

K en

a rea

va lley,

was

n ot

a l ways

o n

t he

l ower

a s

barren

s lopes,

a s

modern

m ixed f arm ing c an b e r ecognised. G lac ia l d epos its s t ill p ose d ra inage p rob lems but t he l and i s g enera lly much l ess e xposed a nd Ii me and f erti Ii sers may b e u sed t o an e conom ic a dvantage.

Most

o f

t he

l and

i s

g ood

qua l i ty

and

i s

u sed

a s

e nc losed pasture a l t hough i t may have b een c u ltivated i n t he past and o ccas iona lly a c rop o f bar ley o r o ats i s s t ill g rown f or an i ma l f eed. The va l l ey f loor i s s omewhat d ifferent. U n like a ny o ther i n land part o f K irkcudbr ightshire i t i s f lat, e spec ia lly b etween N ew Ga l l oway a nd Da iry. There i s a t hick a ccumu lation ; a lluvia l t erraces

s ands a nd g rave ls adjacent t o a t t he e dges where t he g round

t he r iver , b eg ins t o

and r ise.

h as provided g ood f arm land s ince R oy's map was d rawn, s howing

a t l east 1 751 when e xtens ive r ig and

c u lt ivation a l I grown

bar ley, wheat and A lluvia l d epos its

r estr icted

a long t he i n t he t o

a

s tr ip

r iver. s ame o f

l and

T oday a rea.

b etween 1 45

N ew

Ga l l oway

f lood This

Genera l f urrow o ats

and

a re

Is o lated patches c an b e f ound o ver much o f t he a rea, e ven q uite h igh i n t he moors , a nd i t i s i nterest ing t hat t hese s ma ll d epos its s eem t o have a ttracted ' fermtoun' s ett lements and , i n more r ecent y ears , up land f armsteads. Except upon t he a lluv ia l g rave ls , t he s o ils t hroughout t he a rea t end t o b e s tony whether t hey h ave f ormed d irect ly u pon t he S il ur ian s ha les a nd g reywackes o r u pon t he g lac ia l mora ines a nd b ou lder c lays. C onsequent ly f ie ld-c learance h eaps a re c ommon ly f ound i n t he c u lt ivated a reas above t he r iver p la in. U n like t hose i n S outh K irkcudbr ightshire most h eaps h ave b een p iled u p, n o t i nto r ough ly c ircu lar c a irns but i nto i rregu lar dumps , u sua lly l inear , a long t he l ower e dges o f t he f ie lds. Th is i s p robab ly b ecause t here a re f ewer p atches o f o utcropping r ock upon wh ich t o c oncentrate unwanted s tone. F ina lly, i t s hou ld b e r emembered t hat a round t he g ran ite wh ich d om inates t he N and W o f t he R eg ion a re a reas o f metamorphosed r ock, s ome o f wh ich c onta in d epos its o f g o ld , l ead a nd c opper o re. The S it es N ine teen p oss ib le f unerary c a irns o f e ar ly B ronze A ge date have b een i dent if ied o r r ecorded i n N or th K irkcudbr ights h ire. T h is may s eem a r e lat ive ly sma ll n umber i n s uch a s izeab le t ract o f l and b ut t he f orego ing d escr ipt ion i lustrates l t hat a l arge p ort ion o f t he a rea i s mounta inous a nd e xtreme ly i nhosp itab le. On ly 7 o f t hese s ites , l ess t han a t h ird, b e long t o ' category 1 . I t i s n ot p oss ib le t o g enera lise about c a irn l ocat ion. T he major ity a re i n r a ised p os it ions u pon a reas o f o pen moor land o ver look i ng t he va l l ey o f e ither t he K en i tse lf o r o ne o f i t s t r ibutar ies. On ly t he c a irn o n C uI mark H ill ( NK 9 ) and t he more d oubtfu l e xamp le k nown a s Car l i n ' s Ca irn ( NK 1 2) w ere b uilt upon h ill s umm its. Most o f t he o thers a re u pon h ills ides Ii ke Lagw ine ( NK 4 ) and P o lquanity ( NK 1 4). The l arge a nd i mpos ing c a irn wh ich s urv ives a t C ra igeng i II an ( NK 1 0 ) i s a lso p on a h ill s ide , b ut s ince i t i s u pon a b reak i n t he s lope i t appears t o b e o n t he c rest o f t he h i ll. When v iewed f rom l ower d own t he s lope i t s tands o ut a ga inst t he s ky line and i t s b leached , wh ite s tones a re c lear ly v is ib le f rom a l arge a rea a round. A r obbed c a irn o n Barndennoch ( NK 1 3) o ccupies a n i nterest ing p os it ion upon t he s add le b e tween t wo h igh p o ints o n l ong h ill t op. Had t h is s ite b een i n b e tter c ond it ion , i t wou ld b e v is ib le f rom a w ide a rea t o t he W . A h ither to unrecorded s ite was r ecent ly f ound b y Mr M . Anse l I o n G reen Dass H ill ( NK 1 5). T h is we ll p reserved c a irn i s l ocated o n g ent ly s lop ing o pen moor land a nd c ommands a n e xtens ive v iew a cross a s ha llow b ut w ide b oggy d epress ion b etween t he t wo h ills o f G reen Dass a nd Knockc lune. A c o llect ion o f p oss ib le f unerary c a irns e xists a long t he u pper r eaches o f t he Water o f K en a s i t emerges f rom t he h igh h ills a round N e ther H o lm o f Da l qua irn . A s we ll a s t he up land s ites o f Cu I mark ( NK 9 ), C ra igeng i II an ( NK 1 0) a nd Mu i r dochwood ( NK 6 ) t here a re a lso t hree s ites b u iI t o n t he va lley f loor. T he mass ive e xcavated c a irn o f S troanfreggan ( NK 8 ) i s we l I k nown, n ot o n ly f or t he c la yIu ted c ist a nd p iano-convex f li nt kn ife but a lso f or t he t hree l arge s tones wh ich s urround i t . The c a irn was c onstructed o n f lat g round 1 46

F ig 3 4: C airn d istribut ion -N orth K irkcudbr ightshire . j us t above S troanfreggan b urn. T he b urn has e roded i nto t he b ank and a p or t ion o f t he c a irn a nd p oss ib ly another o f t he s urround ing s tones have b een l ost. N earby, and c lose t o t he Water o f K en, i s a r uined c a irn s ite a t Smeaton B r idge ( NK 7 ). O n ly a bank o f c a irn mater ia l r ema ins t o i nd icate t he p os it ion o f t he s ite but i t c lear ly l ay o n a f lat a rea j ust a t t he f oot o f S troanfreggan C ra igs. The t h ird s ite i s l ocated o n t he f lood p la in o f t he Water o f K en a t t he h ead o f t he va lley n ear N e ther H o lm o f D a l qua i rn ( NK 1). S ince a ll t hese c a irns a re l owlying n one c ommands an e spec ia lly w ide v iew. It i s n o t e asy t o e xp la in t he w ide var ie ty o f c a irn l ocat ions i n N or th K irkcudbr ightsh ire. I n t he c ontext o f D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway t he n umber o f r e lat ive ly l owly ing s ites i s u nusua l b ut t h is m ight b e par t ly d ue t o i mproved c ircumstances f or c a irn p reservat ion i n t h is a rea. I t s eems p oss ib le t hat t he u pper K en va lley, by v irtue o f i ts i so lat ion a nd h e ight above s ea l eve l, may h ave e scaped s ome o f t he more d es tructive e lements o f l and i mprovement. The r e lative c oncentrat ion o f s ites i n t he n orthern part o f t he a rea d eserves s ome c ons iderat ion. O f 1 4 n or thernmost s ites 5 w ere d iscovered by Mr Anse l I a nd a lthough t he p resent wr iter h as s ome d oubt about h is s ites a t F urm iston ( NK 5 ) a nd Mack iI s ton ( NK 1 6) , t he o thers a re r ead ily a ccepted. These 1 47

s ites h ave o bv ious ly c ontr ibuted t o t he a pparent ly n or ther ly c a irn d istr ibut ion but i t d oes n o t s eem r easonab le t o c onc lude t hat t h is i s s o le ly a r ef lect ion o f Mr Anse II's a ct iv ity. H e h as c onducted e xtens ive f ie ldwork f or o ver f ifteen y ears and h as c overed most o f t he a rea a s f ar S a s K enmu i r. l t t herefore s eems t hat t h is n orther ly c a irn g roup ing p robab ly r esu lts f rom a ctua l p reh istor ic a ct iv ity b ut i t i s d iff icu lt t o f ind a r ea lis t ic e xp lanat ion. The f ert i l e a lluv ia l d epos its may h ave b een a ttract ive b ut s ince t hese o ccur a ll d own t he va lley t h is a lone s eems i nadequate. The f act t hat t he a rea c ompr ises t he h ead o f t he K en va lley a nd o ffers a ccess t o a natura l r oute n orthwards t hrough t he h ills v ia Carspha irn P ass may have b een a m ore s ign if icant f actor. The p rox im ity o f t he c a irns a t B arndennoch, P o lquan ity a nd p erhaps Lagw ine t o t he p re18 10 p ack r oute t o t he N may s erve t o emphas ise a Ii nk b etween c a irns a nd r outes. The s ame pack r oute a lso passes c lose b y Ca ir nave l l ong c a irn a s we ll a s t wo 1 0th c entury AD c ross s labs ( RCAHM 1 9 14 , N o 1 00). T h is d oes n o t p rove t he ant iqu ity o f t he t rack and, Ii ke t he d rove r oad pas t t he s ites o n G aw in M oor a nd S t idr iggs , t here c ou ld b e s evera l r easons f or t he apparent a ssoc iat ion. O ther s ites o f p oss ib le e ar ly p reh istor ic date a re s carce b ut t he f ew wh ich have b een i dent if ied emphas ise a gain t he n orther ly d istr ibut ion. T he t wo s tone c irc les o n t he d istr ibut ion map ( f ig 3 4) a re b o th o pen t o d oubt ( a lthough Bur l 1 976 , h as a ccepted t he e xamp le a t S troangasse l ) but t he l ong c a irn may b e e as ily r ecogn ised. W ith t he e xcept ion o f t hat f ound a t S troanfreggan c a irn, n o c ists have b een r ecorded i n t he a rea. T h is must part ly r ef lect t he l ack o f c a irn e xcavat ions but o ne m ight e xpect s ome i nd iv idua l c ists t o have been d iscovered d ur ing p lough ing o perat ions , e ither o n t he va l l ey f loor o r a long t he more f ert il e par ts o f t he u p lands. An a bsence o f uit ab le s tone d oes n ot p rov ide a n e xp lanat ion s ince f lat s labs o ccur f requent ly i n many parts o f t he d istr ic t, t o j udge f rom t he c onstruct ion o f t he d ry-stone dykes. There s eems t o b e l i tt le r e lat ionsh ip b e tween a ny e ar ly p reh istor ic monuments a nd t he s o lid g eo logy o f t he a rea. On ly 3 s ites a re l ocated upon t he g ran ite , p oss ib ly b ecause t he n ra in was s o i nhosp itab le , e ven i n much e ar l i er t imes. T he r est a re u pon S ilur ian g reywackes a nd s ha les. Overa l, c a irns a re r epresented u pon a ll t ypes o f d r ift d epos it w ith n o apparent p reference f or a ny s pec if ic v ar iety.

1 48

CATALOGUE -N ORTH N K

1

Lamford g raz ing

B urn ( NX n ear t o t he

K IRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE

(NK )

9 5 28 9 1) . S ituated u pon u p land e dge o f a q uarry c ommand ing g ood

v iews d own t o L och D oon. The c a irn s urv ives t o a h e ight o f 2 .0m a nd measures 1 2.5m ( E-W) a nd 1 4m ( N-S). I t h as b een s l ight ly r obbed o f s tone o n b o th E a nd W s ides. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 , N K 2

3 .

2 . 9 N o 9 0

3 .

3

4 .

2

4 .

SW

1

4 .

SW

F urm iston ( NX 6 03 9 22 a pprox ). p oss ib le c a irn a t t h is l ocat ion, pasture b ut n o th ing n ow r ema ins. S ummary, R efs.

N K 6

W

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

5 .

b 3

6 .

BC

( M)

Lagw ine ( NX 5 6 1 9 40) . S ituated o n r ough moor land pasture , o n t he s lopes o f a p rom inent h ill. T he s ite s tands o ut o n t he s ky line when s een f rom t he d istant NW a nd S E. Th is c a irn i s n ow v ery d isturbed a nd has had n umerous s tructures b u ilt i nto i t . I t has a lso b een r obbed f or a n earby s heep s te ll. A s l ight bank o n t he N E a nd S s ides p robab ly r epresents i ts o r ig ina l d iam o f c 26m. A r idge o f c a irn mater ia l n ear t he c entre i s p robab ly o r ig ina l and measures 1 .5m h igh b ut e lsewhere c learance s tone , p resumab ly f rom t he r ig a nd f urrow c u ltivat ion t o t he SW h as d istorted t he a ppearance . S ummary, 1 . 3 2 . 6 3 . R efs. R CAHM 1 914 , N o 9 3

N K 5

4 .

D a lt a l l ochan ( NX 5 52 9 47). T he l ocat ion, f rom t he O S i s i n g ood p asture o ver looking Carspha irn Lane , n ext t o a s heep b ught. The s ite has n ow b een t o ta lly d estroyed a nd , i ndeed, l i tt le r ema ined when t he RCAHM v is ited i n 1 9 11. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 6 3 . R efs. RCAHM 1 914 , N o 1 06

N K 4

1

B rownh i II B urn ( NS 52 09) . S ituated i n d ense 5 0 c on iferous p lantat ion o n t he S -fac in g s lopes o f B rownh i II r ig. T h is s ite c ou ld n o t b e l ocated o n t he g round a lt hough i ts p os it ion i s g iven b y t he O S. I n 1 9 11 t he R CAHM r ecord t hat t he c a irn measured about 3 0 ' i n d iam a nd was about 2 ' 6 " h igh. I t h as p robab ly n ow b een d estroyed. I t was c 350m SW o f t he N eo lith ic c hambered t omb k nown a s t he K ing's Ca irn. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 ,

N K 3

2 . 9 N o 8 9

1 .

1

2 .

7

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

T he i n 5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

( M)

O S r ecord a p oor e nc losed b 3

6 .

BC

( M)

O S R ecords

Mu i rdrochwood ( NX 6 23 9 14). S ituated o n r ough moor land n ow d eep p loughed a nd a fforested. The s ite o f a l arge c a irn was marked u pon e ar ly 6 " maps , b ut n o th ing i s n ow v is ib le. Mr Anse l I s aw t he s ite p r ior t o i ts

1 49

d estruct ion a nd r ecorded t hat i t c ons isted bank o f c a irn mater ia l 6 0' i n d iam. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 6 3 . R efs. O S R ecords D . a nd E . S co t 1 97 1, N K

7

2

4 .

S E

5 .

o f b 3

a c ircu lar 6 .

BC

( M)

2 7

Smeaton B r idge ( NX 6 34 9 18) . S ituated a t t he f oo t o f S troanfreggan C ra igs o n t he f lood p la in i n a meander i n t he Water o f K en. l t i s n o t i n a p rom inent pos it ion a nd i s n ow b isected b y a t rack t o a n earby quarry. The s it e has b een c omp le te ly r obbed, but a r im o f c a irn mater ia l 1 7m i n d iam i s v is ib le , w ith poss ib le e v idence o f a k erb o n t he N . S tone i s a lso v is ib le i n t he i nter ior. Ear ly O S r ecords s tate t hat b ones and a 'b ronze sword' were d iscovered when t he c a irn was b e ing r emoved. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 6 3 . 0 R efs. O S R ecords D . a nd E . S co t 1 966 , 3 2-3 RCAHM 1 914 , N o 1 66

NK

8

9

SW

5 .

b 3

6 .

A l

S troanfreggan ( NX 6 40 9 14). S ituated u pon l eve l, poor ly d ra ined u p land pasture j ust a bove t he f lood p la in o f a b urn wh ich h as e roded away t he S e dge o f t he s ite. The c a irn i s s t ill i mpress ive measur ing 2 4.5m i n d iam a nd u p t o 2 .5m h igh. There i s a w ide ' excavat ion' t rench c ut i nto t he monument f rom i ts W s ide a nd u pcast f rom t h is h as o bv ious ly c ontr ibuted t o t he h e ight. A round t he e dge o f t he c a irn, b ut qu ite s eparate f rom i t a re 3 l arge b ou lders. Those n oted b y Cha l mers i n t he s tream may a lso b e p art o f t he s ame f eature. These d o n o t c onst itute a k erb , but may i mp ly tones vary f rom 0 .6 a s urround ing s tone c irc le. T he s 1 .1 m l ong a nd 0 .4 -0.6m h igh a nd a re f rom 1 .4 - 2 m f rom t he base o f t he c a irn. T o t he E o f t he c entre o f over ing s lab h as b een t he c a irn a c ist w ith a mass ive c e xposed. T h is was f irst r evea led i n 1 910 when t he c a irn was b e ing quarr ied away. B ecause t he c over h as b een r ep laced a ccurate i nterna l measurements a re n o t n ow p oss ib le b ut a ccord ing t o r epor ts i t was 3 ' 7 1" o n N 3 ' 3 " o n S ; 2 ' w ide a nd 2 ' 2 " d eep, s unk b e low t he p re-ca irn g round l eve l. W ith in t he c ist was a f ine , pI a no-convex k nife o f b lack f l int and a lso s ome i nde tem inate f ragments o f b ronze. T he j o ints i n t he c ist, wh ich a re s t ill v ery c lose ly f i tt ing were o r ig inally s topped w ith c lay wh ich h ad p reserved t he f ingerpr ints o f t he b u i l ders. O ver 6 0 f li nt c h ippings were a lso f ound i n t he a rea ( of t he c ist?). S ummary, 1 . 5 2 . 6 3 . R efs. Cha l mers 1 824 , 2 32 RCAHM 1 914 , N o 1 60 C orr ie 1 927 , 2 78-9 G our ley 1 928

NK

4 .

C u l mark H ill l eve l p lateau

0

4 .

W

5 .

h 3

( NX 6 34 8 95). S ituated o n a l i tt le b e low t he s umm it o f 1 50

6 .

BC

( M)

a r e lative ly Cu lmark H ill

am idst r ough up land g raz ing. The c a irn i s v ery r obbed, t urfed o ver , o n ly 0 .8m h igh a nd 1 2m i n d iam. t c ommands a w ide v iew a nd o ver looks NK 7 a nd 8 . About 5 0m t o t he SW t here i s a ' r ing bank' 1 8.5m i n d iam and r ough ly 2m w ide. This i s marked o n t he O S maps a s a f ort, but i t i s t oo sma ll a nd s eems more Ii ke ly t o b e s ome s ort o f ' r itua l' e nc losure , p erhaps l ike t hat a t B roadbank i n Lancash ire ( Powe l l 1 952), o r i ndeed, a n ' enc losed c remation c emetery.' S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 , NK

1 0

Cra igengi II an p eat moor land

2 . N o

8 1 63

3 .

S

4 .

W

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

( NX 6 27 9 44) . S ituated o n v ery r ough o n t he e dge o f a r e lat ive ly l eve l p ort ion

o f C ra igeng i II an h ill b efore i t f a lls qu ite S E. The l and r ises t o t he NW o f t he s ite ,

s teep ly t o t he t o t he s umm it

o f C ra igeng i I an a t a l most 4 00m OD. A s a r esu lt t he c a irn s tands o ut o n t he s ky line , e ven t hough i t i s n ot a ctua lly u pon an em inence. This i s o ne o f t he b est p reserved c a irns i n t he c ounty s tanding t o o ver 4m h igh a nd measur ing 2 9m ( N-S) and 3 3m ( E-W) . A s heep s he lter b uilt i nto t he t op i s t he o n ly e v idence o f d isturbance. The s ite i s l arge ly c overed b y h eather and t urf wh ich i s unusua l f or s uch a we ll p reserved monument a t t h is a ltitude. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 , N K 1 F ig 3 5

2 . 9 N o 9 5

3 .

1

4 .

S E

5 .

b 3

6 .

BC

N etherho lm o f Da l qua irn ( NX 6 57 9 89) . S ituated o n a f ertile b road f lat va lley f loor , w ithin a sma ll c ircu lar p lantation e nc losure wa l. The monument has c erta in ly b een e xtens ive ly d isturbed b oth b y t he t rees a nd by s tone r obb ing f or t he s urround ing wa ll. l t n ow c ons ists o f a c entra l mound up t o 1 5m a cross and 0 .5m h igh. This i s s urrounded by a w ide bank, b roken o n t he N , 2 6m i n o verall d i am ( 21 m f rom t op t o t op) a nd c 0.4m h igh. R ecent c learance s tone has b een added i n pF aces. t s eems p robab le t hat t his was o r ig ina lly a s ubstantia l c a irn and i ts p resent appearance i s e nt ire ly d ue t o r ecent a ctivity. S ummary, R efs.

N K

1 2

Car l i n ' s o f

a

1 .

RCAHM

2 1 914 ,

Ca irn

h igh

( NX

and

2 .

8

N o

1 07

4 96

s teep

3 .

0

4 .

8 86) . S ituated

s ided

mounta in

S

5 .

upon a t

b 3

t he

8 08m

OD

6 .

A l

s umm it wh ich

o bv ious ly c ommands v ery e xtens ive v iews a nd i s v is ib le f rom g reat d istances t hroughout t he a rea.

a lso T he

c a irn i s s t ill 1 6m i n d i am and up t o 2 .5m i n h e ight and s eems n ot t o have c hanged s ince t he RCAHM v is ited i t i n 1 9 11. They r ecord a t rad it iona l a ssoc iat ion w ith R obert

t he

S ummary, R efs. N K 1 3 F ig 3 6

B ruce. 1 .

RCAHM

2 1 914 ,

2 ,

2 6

N o

9 6

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

Barndennoch/Carnave l ( NX 5 68 9 13) . S ituated o n p oor up land p asture , o n t he r e lat ive ly l eve l s add le b etween 1 51

F ig 3 5 .

1 52

BARNDENNOCH /CARNAVAL

p oss ib le c ist —

1

F ig 3 6 t wo h ills. The s ite o ver looks t he va lley t o t he SW a nd i s c lose t o t he Ed inburgh p ack r oad. l t i s a lso c lose t o s evera l g roups o f sma ll c a irns a nd a t l east o ne p oss ib le c ircu lar h ouse f oundat ion. T he c a irn i s b isected b y a h igh march wa l I wh ich was p robab ly b u ilt o f s tone f rom t he c a irn wh ich i s n ow r educed a l most t o g round l eve l. l t c ons ists o f a s pread o f ma in ly a ngu lar s tones , u p t o 1 8m i n d iam a nd apart f rom t wo f lat s tones t o t he W o f t he c entre wh ich m ight b e a c is t, n o f eatures a re v is ib le. A c urved bank 40m l ong, 1 .6m w ide a nd u p t o 0 .4m h igh s eems t o b e attached t o the E s ide o f t he c a irn. t sweeps r ound t he S s ide a nd t hen i s l ost i n a n earby p eat b og. T h is may b e r e lated t o t he c a irn, b ut i s p robab ly t o b e a ssoc iated w ith t he o ther monuments o n t he h i ll, most n o tab ly t he g roups o f sma l I c a irns. S ummary, R efs. D . N K

1 4

1 . a nd

2 E .

2 . S cot

9 3 . 1 1 969 , 3 2

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

P o lquanity ( NX 5 84 8 98) . S ituated o n S E-s lop ing p oor q ua lity u p land pasture d ue f or a fforestat ion. T he s ite c ou ld n ot b e l ocated but i t i s d escr ibed b y Mr Anse l I igh w ith a a s a r ound c a irn 1l m i n d iam a nd 0.6m h i s g enuine , b ut s ite I am s ure the p oss ib le k erb. has b een g iven. r eference a n i ncorrect g r id s uspect S ummary, R efs. D .

1 . a nd

2 E .

2 . 6 3 . S co t 1 969 , 1 53

1 3 2

4 .

E

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

( M)

NK

1 5

G reen

Dass

H ill

( NX

5 74

8 7 1).

S ituated

o n

r ough

o pen

moor land, above a l arge p eat b og -L och G oos ie. I t i s n ot i n a p rom inent p os it ion e xcept when v iewed f rom t he SW a nd c ommands e xtens ive v iews t o t he E . T he c a irn has b een e nc losure but i s

part ly r obbed o f s tone f or a n earby s t ill 1 .5m h igh a nd 1.5m i n d iam. l t

i s part ia lly t urfed habitat f or adders! S ummary, R efs. NK

1 6

Mack il ston

1 .

3

o ver

2 .

( NX

5

6 19

3 .

8 59) .

pasture , f a lse crested o n s econd o f t wo n oted by g r id r ef. i s c overed c a irn d oubtful c learance

a nd 1

p rovides 4 .

S ituated

a n

S E

5 .

i n

r ough

wrong. The s ite c ons ists 1 2m i n d iam and 0 .6m

o f a h igh.

NK

1 7

Knockman

( NX

1 E .

2 . S cot

6 7

6 3 . 1 1 971, 2 7

8 2).

6 .

-

up land t he H is

l ow t urf I t i s a

s ite s eems t o b e r ecent i nc luded. The p resence o f a

f ie ld s ystem n earby may i nd icate t hat s hou ld b e i nterpreted a s c learance s tone. 1 . and

b3

a S E s lope. This c a irn i s Mr Anse l I a t NX 6 3 1 8 68.

s ite. The f irst and has n ot b een

S ummary, R efs. D .

exce l l ent

Cha l mers

4 .

S

r ecords

b o th 5 .

b 3

a c a irn

c a irns 6 .

i n

B C

t he

v ic inity o f NK 1 8. I t was a pparent ly assoc iated w ith t he t rad ition o f t he f irst Gordon o f L och inver k illing a b oar. Th is i s a l most c ertain ly t he s ame cairn, r ecorded by W ilson, wh ich was r emoved n ear K nock man. A pygmy v esse l was f ound s ite c annot n ow b e

i n t he g rave l l ocated.

b e low

t he

c a irn.

T he

S ummary, 1 . 5 N ot l ocated. R efs. Cha l mers 1 824 , 2 30 W ilson 1 888 , 6 8-9 Morr ison NK

1 8

1 968 ,

N o

8 2

White Ca irn ( NX 6 8 1 8 33) . S ituated o n r ough moor land o n t he S s ide o f a sma ll l oca l h ill. This i s s till a v ery we ll p reserved c airn 3 .5m h igh a nd 3 2m ( E- W) b y 2 8m ( N-S) a cross. A r uined s hepherd's c airn s tands o n t he s umm it and s tones have b een r emoved f rom t he S s ide , p resumab ly t o build t he n earby wa ll. M ost o f t he monument i s n ot t urfed o ver a nd i t h as b een c onstructed o f r ounded s tones. Cha l mers notes i t s he ight a s

2 0-30'

b ut

S ummary,

1 .

R efs.

1 9

3

Cha l mers RCAHM

NK

t his

must 2 .

1 824 ,

1 914 ,

N o

b e 6

a n

e xaggerat ion.

3 .

2

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

2 30 1 61

White Ca irn ( NX 5 28 7 45). S ituated a t t he E e nd o f a l ong h ill o n t he t op o f a r idge o ver look i ng t he o ld Ed inburgh r oad and t he modern C latter ingshaws Loch. The a rea i s l eve l g round, t he S E. l t i s The monument ( NE-SW) and

n ow but

a fforested. T he c airn i s a ctually o n t he s lope f a lls away quite s teeply t o

a lso f a lse crested i f v iewed f rom t he E . c ons ists o f a l ow mound o f s tones 1 1.5m 1 2.5m ( NW-SE) a cross w ith a h igher 1 54

c entra l c a irn, wh ich r ises t o about 1 .3m. T here i s a h o l l ow i n t he c entre , and t he s tones r emoved s eem t o have b een d umped o n t he E e dge. A l oca l s tory t hat s ome ' students f rom E ng land' c ame a nd ' excavated' t he c a irn may have s ome f oundat ion i n a r ecent p lunder ing. On t he SW s ide t here i s t he r ema ins o f a wa ll, p robab ly a s heep s he lter. R ecent p lough ing p r ior t o a ffores tat ion h as c ut t he S E s ide o f t he c a irn a nd i n t he e xposed s ect ion i t i s p oss ib le t o s ee t hat p eat has g rown o ver t he o uter e dge. N o k erb i s v is ib le. I n t he c entra l h o llow a l arge s tone 0 .6m x 0 .6m may r epresent part o f a c ist. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 ,

2 . 8 N o 3 44

1 55

3 .

1

4 .

E

5 .

U

6 .

-

WEST

K IRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE

( f igs

3 7-8)

West K irkcudbr ightsh ire , Ii ke t he N o f t he c ounty, i s p redom inant ly a n up land a rea a nd i ndeed t hese t wo a reas a re b as ica lly s eparated b y t he s ame mounta in r ange. T o t he N , o n t he W s ide a re t he Merr ick and L amachan H ill ( 7 16m OD) wh ich s urround G lentroo l. The mounta ins a re c ut by s teep s ided v a l l eys c onta in ing s ubstant ia l, f as t f low ing burns Ii ke t he Water o f T roo l a nd t he Water o f M innoch. S outh o f La machan H ill i s t he Ca irnsmore o f F leet g ran ite mass wh ich r ises t o 7 10m OD a nd t he r ange c ont inues s outhward, d ecreas ing i n h e ight, t owards Ca irnharrow n ear t he c oast. T he t erra in o f t he mounta ins i s s im ilar t o t hat d escr ibed i n N orth K irkcudbr ights h ire w ith t he e xcept ion t hat t hey r ise more s tead ily and a l i tt le more s teep ly f rom t he W a nd t here i s c onsequent ly a sma ller a rea o f moor land b e tween t he va lley and t he mounta in s ide. I n t he N o f t he a rea t he R iver C ree w inds t hrough uneven moor land , pass ing t hrough d eep c loughs and meander ing around u ndu lat ing g lac ia l t opography. Much o f t he n orther ly area i s c overed b y g lac ia l d r ift d epos its , most ly mora inic, b ut i nc lud ing s ome b ou lder c lay. P eat h as f ormed i n many o f t he h o l l ows e spec ia lly upon t he moors , a nd s ome b ogs , e g around G lentroo l, a re q uite e xtens ive. F resh water a lluvia l s ands a nd g rave ls h ave a ccumu lated i n s ome o f t he s tream v a l l eys a nd , i ndeed , a long t he C ree. A lthough t h is g ives r ise t o f er tile s o i ls t he g enera lly p oor d ra inage a nd t he l iability t o f lood when t he r iver i s i n s pate have i nh ib ited a gr icu ltura l d eve lop ments. C onsequent ly o n ly a sma ll par t o f t he a rea n ear t o t he r iver i tse lf has e ver b een e nc losed f or a rab le f arm ing and n ow much o f t h is h as r ever ted t o pasture. G enera lly t he s o ils a re p oor a nd s tony a nd s heep f arm ing i s d om inant o ver b oth v a lley a nd moor land a reas. I n s ome par ts o f t he a rea t he natura l vege tation h as s urv ived. M ixed o ak/haze l/b irch wood land c overs many o f t he s lopes o n t he W s ide o f t he C ree va lley. N ear t he v a lley f loor t he wood land i s q u ite l ush a nd t rees r each a c ons iderab le s ize , b ut a s t he a lt itude i ncreases t he c over t h ins o ut a nd becomes s crub above 7 5-90m OD. A l arge p or t ion o f moor land a ll d own t he C ree va l l ey i s a lso t ree c overed b ut t his i s due t o c on iferous a fforestat ion p rogrammes o ver t he l ast 2 5 years. GI e ntroo l f orest, b egun i n 1 947 , i s n ow o ne o f t he l argest man-made f orests i n S cot land r unning f rom Carr ick i n t he N t o K irroughtree n ear N ewton S tewart i n t he S . D r ift d epos it s o f g lac ia l mora ine a nd t i ll c ont inue d own t he v a lley a lthough a g reater p ropor t ion o f h ill s lopes a nd most h illtops a re f ree. A lluv ia l d epos its o ccur i n s ome v a lleys b ut g lacia l s ands a nd g rave ls a re , f or t he most par t, a bsent. A round M inn igaff a nd N ewton S tewart t he c haracter o f t he v a l l ey c hanges. A t t h is p o int i t b ecomes w ide and t he r iver meanders t hrough a f lat a nd v ery l owlying a rea o f f resh water and mar ine a lluv ium. T h is p rov ides s ome o f t he b est a gr icu ltura l l and i n t he a rea a nd i s t he o n ly p lace where g ra in c rops a re r egu lar ly grown. F ina lly, a s eparate ment ion mus t b e made o f t he moor land t o t he S o f Ca i rnsmore o f F lee t g ran ite mass. This a rea r ises t o 4 50m OD c entred a round Ca irnharrow a nd h as l arge ly e scaped a fforestat ion. I ts c raggy b ut g enera lly u ndulat ing moor land i s s im ilar t o t hat f ound e lsewhere i n Wes t 1 56

K irkcudbr ightsh ire but i t has t he added i mportance o f b e ing t he s ource o f a var iety o f m inera f t. O res o f c opper and l ead a re n ot u ncommon i n t he a rea and, i ndeed, were m ined i n r ecent t imes a t P i bb l e m ine ( NX 5 25 6 07) ( W illiams 1 976 , 3 8) . Arsenic, another i mportant e lement i n p reh istor ic meta llurgy, i s a lso present, but t in, e ssent ia l t o t he manufacture o f b ronze , i s n ot f ound i n t he a rea. The S ites I n f unerary b e long

West K irkcudbr ightsh ire , 3 5 c a irns h ave b een i dent if ied t o

es pec ia lly

p oss ib le B ronze Age and o f t hese o n ly 1 0

' category 1' . I n abso lute t er r r is t his i s l arge n umber o f s ites, but c ons ider ing t hat

n ot most

r ; o f

t he l and i n t he a rea i s mounta inous, and t hat a l most a ll t he s ites o ccur a long a band o f moor land r ound t he base o f t hese mountains i t i s c lear t hat, i n f act, t hey r epresent a c ons iderab le c oncentration. On ly 4 s ites a re n o t w ith in t h is s tr ip o f moor land and a l I o f t hese a re quest ionab le. The t wo poss ib le by t he r emoved s umm its 7 10m and A t

s ites o n P enwhai l e R ig ( Wk 2 and 2 3) were r ecorded 2 O rdnance S urvey l ast c entury and have s ince b een wh i l e t he o ther t wo a re l ocated upon t he t wo h igh o f Ca irnsmore o f F leet ( WK 2 0 and 2 1) a t h e ights o f 6 58m OD r espective ly. t he N e nd o f t he C ree , n ear t he Ayrsh ire b order , a re

t hree cairns upon K inna Moor. The SW s loping g round i s uneven and s treams h ave c ut s evera l quite d eep gu llies. The s outhern most c airn, Wh ite Ca irn ( WK 3 ), i s a s ubstant ia l and we ll preserved s ite upon t he N e nd o f a mound o f g lac ia l t i ll. I ts r aised p os ition a llows a w ide v iew t o t he S E and t o t he W , but i t i s n ot p oss ib le t o Ca irn K inna ( WK 1 ), a lso

s ee any o f t he o ther s ites n earby. a l most i ntact, i s c onstructed h igher

up t he h ills ide u pon a s light s pur above a s trear , j ust b efore t he ground b ecomes n oticeab ly s teeper t owards Ba I unton H ill. The sma ll c a irn ( WK 2 ) adjacent t o Ca irn K inna may b e n o more t han b e o pen

a t o

h eap o f d oubt,

f ie ld-c learance e spec ia lly i n

s tone v iew

and o f

t herefore must t he n umerous

f ie ld-c learance c airns upon t he moor. Lower d own t he Cree va lley a re t he s ites a round D rannandow Farm. This i s an a rea o f s lop ing moor land c ontaining many wet h o l l ows. The g enera lly p oor v egetat ion c over o f moor land s pec ies o f g rasses , s edge , r ush a r id h eather i s p unctuated by mounds o f g lac ia l t i ll wh ich s upport a l ush g reen grass , part icu lar ly f avoured by t he s heep. F ive c a irn s ites have i n r aised

b een r ecognised i n t his a rea and a ll e xcept o ne a re p os itions c ommand ing e xtens ive vi ews , e ither d own

t he Cree o r a cross t he C ordorcon Burn ( WK 4 )

va lley i s t he

t o W igtownshire. The c a irn above b est e xamp le o f t his. I n c ontrast

D aI va i rd Ca irn ( WK 5 ) was c onstructed upon a s urpr is ing ly we l I d ra ined p iece b urns. I t i s s urounded by o ther , sma ller o n ly d ist inguished f rom t hem by i ts t herefore , p oss ib le t hat i t i s , i n f act, sma l I cairns ( WK

6 )

i s

r ather

a lso

t han

adjacent

a t o

s eparate a g roup

i n t he va l l ey b ottom o f l and b etween t wo c airns and i ndeed i s g reater s ize. It i s , o ne o f t his g roup o f

monument. o f

sma ll

D rumfern

c a irns

a s

Ca irn

a re

t he

C o ldstream Burn and R or ie G ill's c a irns ( WK 7 and 8 r espect ive ly ), but a l I t hese a re s ubstant ia lly l arger and more p rom inent t han any o f t he sma ll ca irns a round. I n t he c ase o f 1 57

I •i 1;

1

t a b .,

• I .

• 3 1 0

P c o8 6 •S7 9 • 20

2 2 3 •1 9 4 2 7 ; 1 •2

l n ot a l c i sts m arked

1i .

2 6 • I P ', / " ; 0 , ' " ) • il 3 2 9 -e •3 1 . , , 25 . 2

1 0 K m

• • , 32 4 • N - N, 3 3 3

F ig 3 7 : C airn d istr ibut ions - W est K irkcudbrightshire R or ie G i I' s t wo c ists a ccompan ied b y f ood v esse ls w ere f ound ( f ig 4 1 ). T h is s uppor ts i ts s tatus a s a f unerary m onument. R or ie G ill's Ca irn i s r e lat ive ly l owly ing, p os it ioned upon a b oggy p iece o f g round b ut o ver looking C o ldstream B urn and t he v a lley t o t he S . The c a irns o f D rumfern a nd C o ldstream B urn, h owever , were b u ilt u pon t he t ops o f d ry g lac ia l mounds l ooking o ut o ver t he who le C ree va lley. A lthough t he D rannadow a rea i s i mportant t o t he s tudy o f B ronze Age c a irns i n D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway i ts r ea l i nteres t l ies i n t he o ther monuments i n t he a rea. T he p resence o f t hree g roups o f sma ll c a irns h as a lready b een ment ioned b ut i n f act o ver 1 0 o ther s im il ar g roups a lso e x ist. N ext t o D rumfern Ca irn a re t he r ema ins o f a s tone c irc le a nd l ess t han 8 00m t o t he N E a re ' The Th ieves' s tand ing s tones. S evera l p o tentia lly N eo lith ic 1 58

' Th ieves . . s tand ing s tones ,

1 83

2

G roups o fs ma l l c a irns

N eo l ith ic r ound c a irn?

2 K m

F ig 3 8: T he D rannandow c airn g roup WK c a irns have a lso b een r ecognised. T he mu lt i-chambered c a irn a t N appers i s n ear t o C o ld str •eam B urn c a irn a nd R or ie G ill's C a irn and s ince i t i s a l most c er ta in ly e ar l i er i t may h ave p rov ided a f ocus f or t he l ater f unerary a ct iv ity. B ore la nd l ong c a irn s tands a lone o n t he h ills ide t o t he S b ut e ven s o i t i s l ess t han t wo k i l ome tres away. A l ess c er ta in N eo l i th ic c a irn may e x ist l ower d own t he h ills ide a t D rumwh irn. l t a ppears t o b e c ircular a nd t herefore m ight b e c onfused w ith a B ronze Age s i te but i t h as a lready b een e xtens ive ly d isturbed a nd t he R CAHM i n 1 912 , n oted t hat i t was , i n f act, a l ong c a irn. F rom t h is a ssemb lage o f f unerary a nd r itua l monuments i t a ppears t hat t he a rea was o f s ome s pec ia l s ign if icance i n e ar ly p reh istor ic t imes. U nfor tunate ly n o part icu lar ly g ood r eason f or t h is has p resented i tse lf. Ca irns o ccur u pon b o th g lac ia l t i ll a nd t he s o lid r ock a nd t he o n ly c ommon f actor s eems t o b e a t endency t o b e l ocated b etween 1 20m a nd 2 13m OD. L itt le s ignif icance c an b e a ttached t o t h is a lone s ince o n ly f ive s ites 1 59

9 1 \

• 1 8

\ ,

•1 7 1 5 1 6 __ , _ ,• • ; . ,

•1 1

, / / 3

, , __ .,

•

1 2

F LOOD

•1 4

, ,

\

,

P LA IN

( Gruve ts)

\\

0

1K m .

F ig 3 9: T he M innigaf f c airn g roup WK . a re i nvo lved. It i s p oss ib le t hat t he l and was f er t il e i n t he past a nd c er ta in ly t he r ema ins o f s evera l ' f erm-toun s e tt lements o n t he h ills ide i nd icate t he a gr icu ltura l p o tentia l o f t he a rea. A round M inn i gaff o n t he W b ank o f t he C ree e s turary a nd o ppos ite N ewton S tewart i s a nother g roup c ons ist ing o f s ome e ight r ound c a irns ( f ig 3 9) . F our o f t hese s ites a re upon a w ide a rea o f mar ine a nd e stuar ine s ed i ments ( Jard ine a nd 1 ) i Morr ison 1 976). T he c a irn a t M inn igaff 1 ( WK s t he b es t p reserved s ite a nd i t s eems t o c ons is t o f a s ubstant ia l c a irn s urrounded b y a p latform r a ised a bout l m a bove t he l eve l o f t he g round a round. T h is c ou ld h ave b een t he r esu lt o f s tone r obb ing b ut i t a ppears s omewhat t oo r egu lar. O ther s ites o n t he p la in h ave s uffered more f rom s tone r obb ing and h ave b een r educed t o l ess t han l m i n h e ight. It i s a lso p robab le t ha t f ie ld-c learance s tones h ave b een added a nd t h is was c onf irmed a t c airn WK 1 4. D ur ing t he c ourse o f f ie ldwork t h is s ite was d estroyed b y t he c onstruct ion o f a n ew b y-pass f or N ewton S tewar t. Wh il e c onduct ing a watch ing b r ief and w ith t he a ss istance o f t he d r iver o f t he mechan ica l e xcavator i t was p oss ib le t o c ut s evera l q uick t ransverse s ect ions ( f ig 4 2). N o b ur ia ls were i dent if ied b ut i t s oon b ecame a pparent t hat much o f t he o r ig ina l c a irn had b een r obbed o f s tone , a nd a ny b ur ia ls i n t he c entra l a rea wou ld p robab ly h ave b een d isturbed. I n t he s ec tion i t was p oss ib le t o s ee a c lear d ist inc t ion b e tween t he l arger r ounded b ou lders and s tones o f t he o r ig ina l c a irn and a n o ver lying l ayer o f sma ller r ounded s tones. T h is was i nterpreted a s f ie ld-c learance mater ia l gathered f rom t he s urround ing l and a nd d umped i nto t he ho llow o f t he r obbed c a irn, j ust a s a t Car lochan ( SK 4 4). W ith t h is i nformat ion i t was p oss ib le t o d ist ingu ish t he r ecent 1 60

f ie ld-c learance n earby.

s tone

f rom

o r ig ina l

c a irn

mater ia l

a t

o ther

s ites

A l i tt le t o t he N o f t hese s ites t he g round r ises q u ite s teep ly t owards K irroughtree H ouse a nd u pon t h is h ills ide a re f our more c a irns o ver look i ng t he l ower s ites a nd t he C ree e stuary. A l I a re i n c ommand ing p os it ions , e spec ia lly s ite WK 1 8 , and t hose n ot o bscurred b y r ecent p lantat ions may b e s een f rom a l arge a rea a round. L ooked a t t oge ther , t h is g roup o f c a irns i s s omewhat unusua l b e ing s o c lose ly g rouped a nd y et d iv ided b e tween t he l ow a nd h igh g round. A s h as b een s hown, f or e xamp le , a t S troanfreggan ( NK 8 ), s ites h ave b een b u ilt i n r iver va l l eys e lsewhere a nd a re s ome t i mes o ver looked b y o ther s ites , b ut n owhere e lse i s t here q uite t he s ame c oncentrat ion o f p robab le bur ia l c airns. The r easons f or t h is a re e lus ive a lthough t he l ow r a ised b each m ight have b een a n a ttract ion i n v iew o f i ts a gr icu ltura l p otent ia l. C erta in ly i n A rgy ll c a irns were f requent ly b u ilt u pon t h is s ort o f f lat c oasta l p la in, a s a t K i l me lfor t a nd K il mart in, but t h is i s e v ident ly r are i n D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway. U n like mos t c a irn g roups n o o ther b road ly c ontemporary o r e ar l i er N eo lithic s ites h ave b een r ecorded i n t he v ic in ity. Th is may, o f c ourse , b e part ia lly d ue t o agr icu ltura l a ct iv ity b ut i n t he ir absence t he a rea wou ld s eem t o b e o f f unerary r ather t han g enera l r itua l i mpor tance. S outh-east o f N ewton S tewart , i n t he a rea a round Ca irnharrow , a v ery d ifferent a ssemb lage o f s ites may b e f ound. The t erra in i n t h is part p rov ides a much more r ugged and e xposed s ett ing f or t he s ites a nd c ons ists l arge ly o f h igh moor land d ropp ing q uite s teep ly t o t he s ea. A round t he c oast 7 s it es have b een r ecogn ised. These a re a rranged a round t he h ills ide a nd most o ccupy n atura l p rom inences a nd vantage p o ints o ver look ing t he C ree. L ike t he c a irns a round S troanfreggan t hey a re a ll a round t he s ame a lt itude -in t h is 1 c ase b etween 14 a nd 2 00m OD - e ven t hough a much w ider r ange o f a lt i tudes c ou !d h ave b een u sed. O ne s ite , a t H igh Auchen I ai r ie ( WK 3 3), d eserves s pec ia l a ttent ion f or i t h as b een c lassed a s a ' Ca irn C irc le' b y t he O rdnance S urvey. T oday t he s ite c ons ists o f s even s tones , s ome n o t i n s itu, i n a r ough c irc le a round t he r ema ins o f a part ia lly t urf-covered , sma l I c a irn. Many f ie ld-c learance s tones l ie i n t he m idd le a nd i t i s p oss ib le t hat t he c entra l c a irn i s a ctua lly a r ecent f eature. I f i t i s n o t, t hen t he s ite p rov ides a p oss ib le para l l e l f or S troanfreggan c a irn ( NK 8 ) . Ano ther u nusua l s ite e x ists a t B lackmyre ( WK 2 5) f ur ther a round t he c oast. I ts c ond it ion h as d e ter iorated s ince i t was o bserved i n 1 897 b y C o les ( Co les 1 897 , R CAHM 1 914 , F ig 18) b ut a f ew l arge s tones a round t he 1 p er iphery c an s t ill b e r ecognised. T hese s tones p robab ly r epresent a k erb t o t he c a irn r ather t han a s eparate a nd e nc los ing s tone c irc le. T here i s a lso a p oss ib ility t hat t here was o nce a s tone s ett ing w ith in t he c a irn a nd t h is may h ave b een a ssoc iated w ith t he s tand ing s tone i n t he n earby f ie ld t o t he S . T h is c oasta l a rea has a lso a ttracted N eo lith ic f unerary a ct ivity i n t he f orm o f t wo c hambered c a irns a t Ca irnho ly ( P iggot a nd P owe ll 1 949) . The r ather amb iguous monument a t N ewton c ou ld a lso b e t he r ema ins o f a c hambered t omb , b ut i t may

a lso b e a s tone c irc le o f t he ' four-poster' t ype. A l i tt le f ur ther i n land i s t he G lenqu i cken/Cau ld s id e 1 6 1

g roup

F ig 4 0: T he G lenquickenICaulds ide c airn g roup WK . o f c a irns ( f ig 4 0) wh ich f a l I i nto t wo sma l I g roups o n e ither s ide o f Cambret H ill. I n t he NW o f t he a rea a re t he t wo c a irn s ites o f Larg Moor ( WK 2 6) a nd C ai rnwa in ie ( WK 2 7), n e ither o f wh ich has s urv ived a lthough a c is t r ema ins t o mark t he p os it ion o f t he f ormer. T hese s ites a re o n e ither s ide o f E ng l i shman's B urn a nd o ver look t he s tone c irc le o f c airn e xisted o n G lenquicken. It i s p robab le t hat a no ther G lenqu icken Moor b ut u nfortunate ly i t was c omp le te ly r emoved i n 1 809 a nd i ts e xact l ocat ion i s u nrecorded. A nother c a irn e x ists h igher u p o n t he NW s ide o f C ambre t H ill a nd o ver looks t he va l l ey a nd t he who le r ange o f monuments. O r igina lly, a no ther s tone c irc le s tood o n t he f lat g round o n t he o ther s ide o f t he s tream f rom t he e xtant c irc le a nd i t i s p oss ib le t hat t here was a lso a t hird n earby ( ONB 1 24 1 850 , 1 8). The s econd g roup o f s ites i s l ocated n ear t o Cau I d s ide B urn wh ich r uns t hrough a sma ll v a l l ey w ith Cambret H ill o n t he NW a nd Ca i rnharrow t o t he S . Two c a irns were b uilt a t t he m id p o int o f t he va lley where i t b eg ins t o s lope d own t o t he N E. T he t erra in c ons ists o f r ough moor land , p eaty v egetat ion w ith a c ons iderab le amount o f o utcropp ing r ock. Where t he s ites h ave b een b uilt, t he g round i s r e lat ive ly l eve l. T he h igher o f t he t wo c a irns ( WK 3 1) i s we ll p reserved a nd c onta ins a c ist a t t he t op, i n t he c entre o f t he c a irn. T h is i s , p erhaps , a s econdary b ur ia l o r p oss ib ly t he u pper p or t ion o f a ' doub le-decker' c ist. The o ther c a irn ( WK 3 0 ) has b een e xtens ive ly r obbed t o r evea l a s ubstant ia l e ccentr ic c ist w ith a 1 62

v ery l arge c over ing f lag-stone. A s b o th c a irns l ie b etween t wo h ills t he v iew f rom t hem i s n ecessar ily r estr icted e xcept t o t he NE a nd SW. S outh o f t he l arger c a irn i s a s tone c irc le , a l most i ntac t , a lt hough p eat h as n ear ly c overed s ome o f t he s tones. B e tween t he t wo c a irns a re t wo s hor t upr ight s tones p rotrud ing n o m ore t han 0 .3m f rom t he p eat b ut wh ich may h ave b een o utIi ers f rom t he c irc le. I f t h is were s o t hen t he c irc le s hou ld p re-date t he c a irn s ince t he v iew b e tween t he s tand ing s tones and c irc le i s o bs tructed b y t he i nterven ing c a irn. F ina lly, ano ther s tone c irc le h as b een i dent if ied a t C loughr ie id 1 .5kms t o t he SW , a lso i n a sma ll va lley b etween t wo h ills o f Ca irnharrow a nd Ca irnho ly. W ith a t l east f our s tone c irc les t h is a rea must a ssume a r ather s pec ia l i mpor tance r egard ing r itua l i n t he e ar ly s econd m illennium B C. U n like most o ther s tone c irc les i n D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway t hese s ites a re e ssent ia lly u p land a lt hough c haracter ist ica lly l owIy ing a nd l eve l p os it ions have c lear ly b een s e lected. Except f or t he s ite o n Cambret H ill ( WK 2 9), t he c a irns s eem t o f o l l ow t he s tone c irc le d istr ibut ion, s hunning t he h igher a nd more i mpress ive l ocat ions. The c a irns may a lso f o llow ,t he s tone c irc les c hrono log ica lly i f t he i nterpretat ion o f t he r e lationsh ip b e tween t he Cau ld s ide B urn c irc le a nd c a irn i s c orrect. Most o f t he c ai rn s it es h ave b een i nterfered w ith t o s ome e xtent a nd a s a r esu lt c ists h ad b een r evea led i n a ll b ut o ne. A l I t he c ists _ h ave b een b u ilt o f t he l oca l s tone wh ich s p lits e as ily i nto f lags. I n s evera l i nstances t he c ontents o f t hese c ists a re n o ted a nd i t i s p erhaps s urpr is ing t hat i n t wo s eparate c ases ( G lenqu icken Moor , WK 2 8; a nd Ca irnwa inie , WK 2 7) t he r ecorder s aw f i t t o n ote t hat t he s ke le tons were e xcept iona lly l arge. Taken t oge ther t he i nd ividua l r ound c a irns o f West K irkcudbr ightsh ire a re d ist inc t ive. The major ity a re o ver 1 5m i n d iameter a nd 1 2 c a irns , ma inly a round M inn i gaff , e xceed 1 9m i n d iameter. T h is c lear ly marks t hem apart f rom t he c a irns i n many a reas , p art icu lar ly i n t he E o f t he R eg ion. Most s ites o ccur i n g roups o r , a t l east, a re r e lative ly c lose t o o ne a no ther , u n like t he v ery d ispersed d istr ibut ion s een, f or e xamp le , i n t he c a irns o f S outh K irkcudbr ightsh ire. T here i s a lso a t endency, r ecognised a t D rannandow , f or r ound c a irns t o f ocus upon p re-ex ist ing monuments a nd t he o ccurrence o f c a irns c lose t o t he s tone c irc les a t G lenqu icken a nd Cau ld s ide may b e a n e xtens ion o f t h is. T o s ome e xtent t h is may h ave i nf luenced c a irn d istr ibut ion f or q u ite a l arge p roport ion o f c a irns i n t h is a rea a re n o t i n t he s ort o f p rom inent l ocat ions wh ich were e v ident ly u sed i n o ther u p land a reas. H owever , t he N eo l i th ic c a irns i n t he N o f t he a rea d o n o t appear t o have h ad a ny s pec ia l a ttract ion t o t he B ronze Age s uccessors. A ll t hese s ites b e long t o t he r eg iona l Bargrennan G roup o f c hambered t ombs a nd a lthough it hi s may b e s ign if icant i t i s n ot p oss ib le t o s ay p rec ise ly h ow. Geo log ica lly n o va l i d r e lationships c an b e i dent if ied b e tween r ound c a irns a nd e ither t he s o l i d o r d r if t d epos its. T he n umber o f s ites o n t he r a ised b each and a lluv ia l g rave ls n ear M inn iqaff may, h owever , i mp ly a s li ght p reference f or t h is s ort

o f

s ub-so il.

1 63

FOOTNOTE

1 . B argrennan t ype t ombs may h ave b een b u i lt b y p eople w ho r etained N eo l ithic t rad it ions o f c hamber b ur ial a f ter t he i ntroduct ion o f b ronze a nd w ere i nf luenced , t o a c er tain e x tent , b y t he r ound c airns o f t he n ewer s econd m i llennium BC b ur ial t rad it ions . A t t he s ame t ime t hese p eople may h ave l ived s eparately f rom t he main c entres o f p opulat ion a nd h ence t he ir m onuments a re f ound i n t he l ess h ospitable a reas t o t he N l ( 1 -enshall 1 97 4). I t i s e qualy p oss ible , i n v iew o f t he s imple c hambers i n s ome B argrennan t ype t ombs , t hat s ome m ay o ccupy a n e ar ly p osit ion i n t he d evelopment o f m egal ithic t ombs .

1 64

CATALOGUE -W EST K IRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE WK

1

Ca irn K inna ( NX 3 38 1 8 056). S ituated o n g ent ly s lop ing o pen moor land wh ich u ndu lates c ons iderab ly. The s ite i s i n a s li ght ly r a ised p os it ion a nd c ommands a n e xtens ive v iew, b ut i s o ver looked b y h igher g round t o t he N a nd N E. The c a irn i s qu ite we l I p reserved s tand ing 1 .5m h igh and measur ing 1 7.6m i n d iam. There a re s evera l r obb ing h o l l ows a nd a sma ll s heep p en has b een c onstructed o n t he E s ide. T here i s n o t race o f a ny f eatures but s ince t he monument i s n ot t urfed o ver i t i s p oss ib le t o s ee t hat i t h as b een b uilt o f q u it e l arge r ounded s tones ( 20-40cms a cross) . S ummary, 1 . 3 2 . 6 3 . R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 , N o 3 47

WK

2

3

SW

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

2

4 .

SW

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

2 . 4 N o 3 49

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

C ordorcan B urn ( NX 3 96 7 24) . S ituated u pon r ough moor land o n a r idge b etween P uI h owan a nd C ordorcan B urns. T o t he NE a nd NW t here a re h igher h ills b ut t he s ite c ommands a g ood v iew o ver t he w ide C ree f lood p la in. T he c a irn i s q uite we l I p reserved, 3 .5m h igh and 2 6m i n d iam. E xtens ive s tone r obb ing o n t he E r s ide a nd s r aIl er d isturbances o n t he NW a nd a t t he c entre h ave g iven t he monument a n i rregu lar p rof il e. N o f eatures a re v is ib le. S ummary, R efs.

WK 5

4 .

Wh ite Ca irn ( NX 3 42 7 91) . S ituated o n a s li ght l oca l em inence am idst u ndu lat ing p oor u p land pasture a nd moor land. T he a rea i nc ludes s evera l g lac ia l mounds , s ome o f wh ich p rov ide b e tter q ua lity g raz ing. T he c a irn i s i n q u ite g ood c ond it ion , 3m h igh a nd 2 1m i n d iam. I t i s n ot t urfed o ver a nd a ppears t o h ave b een bu ilt o f sma ll s tones 1 0-25cms a cross , b ut s ome o f t hese may b e r ecent c learance. T he S E s ide h as b een r obbed o f s tone a nd t here i s e v idence o f d isturbance i n t he c entre. T here i s a p oss ib le k erb o n t he N s ide. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 ,

WK 4

2

N ear Ca irn K inna ( NX 3 38 1 8 052). S ituated a l i tt le t o t he S o f WK 1 i n t he s ame g enera l t erra in. Th is s ite i s sma ll n eat c a irn 7m i n d i am a nd 0 .5m h igh, t urfed o ver w ith n o v is ib le f eatures. Th is c a irn c ou ld b e part o f t he g roup o f sma l I c a irns n earby r ather t han a n i nd iv idua l r ound c airn. I ts i nc lus ion h ere i s based l arge ly u pon i ts s light ly l arger s ize a nd t he f act t hat i t s eems t o s tand a lone. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 6 3 . R efs. RCAHM 1 914 , N o 3 48

WK

( WK)

1 .

RCAHM

3 1 914 ,

2 .

5

N o

3 53

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

Da lva ird ( NX 4 07 7 30). S ituated u pon a sma ll h illock o f g ood q ua li ty up land pasture s tand ing above t he s urround ing b og I a nd . Around t h is t he g round r ises s teep ly t o t he N a nd NE and t h is s ite d oes n ot c ommand 1 65

e xtens ive v iews. T he c airn i s um i n d iam and 0 .6m h igh w it h a sma ll s hepherds ' c a irn o n t he t op. T he monument i s s ituated am idst a g roup o f 1 2 s ma ll c a irns b ut s eems d ist inct f rom t hem f or t wo r easons. F irs t ly i t i s n ot iceab ly l arger t han a ny o ther o f t he c a irns. S econd ly i t i s o n t he h ighest p o int o f t he h illock a nd i s c onsequent ly more p rom inent. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 7 3 . R efs. RCAHM 1 914 , N o 3 54 WK

6

7

SW

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

C o ldstream B urn ( NX 4 06 7 08) . S ituated u pon a s li ght r ise i n u ndu lating moor land. It d oes n o t c ommand e xtens ive v iews but i s qu ite p rom inent. T he c a irn i s we ll p reserved s tand ing c l.4m h igh a nd measur ing 1 7m i n d iam. There has b een a s hepherds' c a irn o n t he t op. N o f eatures a re n ow v is ib le . A g roup o f s ma ll c a irns l ies t o t he N a nd S . S ummary, R efs. -

WK 8 F ig 4 1

4 .

D rumfern Ca irn ( NX 3 99 7 09). S ituated u pon t he t op o f a we l I d ra ined g rassy r idge wh ich p rov ides g ood up land pasture am idst t he s urround ing b og I and . T he c a irn i s t urfed o ver e xcept f or a s ma ll c entra l d isturbance , a nd measures 9m i n d iam a nd i s 1 .0m h igh. The monument i s s ituated o n t he N s ide o f a l arge g roup o f sma ll c a irns b ut i s d ist inct b ecause o f i ts p rom inent p os it ion and l arger s ize. A s tone c irc le Ii es a l i tt le t o t he N E a nd t here a re s evera l o ther i nd iv idua l r ound c a irns n earby. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 5 3 . R efs. RCAHM 1 914 , N o 3 55

WK

1

1 .

3

2 .

5

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

R or ie G ill's Ca irn ( NX 4 08 7 11) . S ituated o n g ent le S -fac ing r ough r i oc , r1 z i nc c lose t o WK 7 and a N eo lith ic c hambered c a irn. The s ite n ow s urv ives a s a p ile o f s tones d isturbed g reat ly b y a n e ar lier e xcavat ion. Two c ists a re s t ill v is ib le. T here i s a g roup o f s ma l I c a irns a nd WK 7 n earby ( f ig 3 8 ). T h is was c lear ly a c omp lex s ite and o ne i s b est r eferred t o t he f u ll e xcavat ion r eport o f E dwards a nd h is p lan, i n o rder t o u nders tand t he c onstruct ion. O n ly t he b r iefest s ummary i s g iven h ere. O r ig ina lly t he c a irn measured 4 6' i n d iam and was 3 ' h igh. On e xcavat ion a d oub le r ow o f b ou lders was f ound f orm ing a s traight Ii ne c 25' l ong d own t he W s ide o f t he c a irn. A t t he N a nd —S e nds t here were more i rregu lar c ury i ng d oub le r ows o f b ou lders wh ich e xtended E . T o t he E o f t he s tra ight d oub le b ou lder r ow was an add it iona l para lle l r ow o f upr ight s tones and t he s pace b etween was r ubb le f i lled. T he E s ide o f t he c a irn i nc luded s evera l l arge , p o inted , e arthfast b ou lders s et i nc l i ned t owards t he c entre. O ther s tones o f t he c a irn c onstruct ion were a lso s im ilar ly i nc l i ned. I n t he c entre was a c ist o f 4 u pr ight s l abs o f wh instone 1 ' 9 " x 2 ' 7 " x 1 ' 8 " d eep. The s ides were 1 66

l eve l l ed u p b y u s ing add it iona l s tones s uppor ted b y s tone wa lling o uts ide t he c ist. The c ist c onta ined a f ood v esse l a nd a f ragment o f u nworked f l int. T here was n o e v idence o f i nhumat ion o r c remat ion. T he e xcavators f e lt t h is c ist was p r imary. Equid is tant f rom t h is c ist t o t he N , SW , a nd S E t here were u pr ight s tones s e t i nto t he g round a nd measur ing f rom 1 ' 7 " t o 1 ' 1 1" i n h e ight.

F ig 4 1

( af te r -E dwards 1 923) .

A s econd c ist was f ound a t t he S e nd o f t he s tra ight d oub le b ou lder r ow. T h is was a lso bu ilt o f f lat s labs a nd measured 2 ' 4 " x 2 ' x 1' 6 " d eep. F ragments o f a f ood v esse l o nly were f ound. T h is c ist a ppeared , t o t he e xcavators , t o b e s econdary a nd , i ndeed , t h is s eems l ike ly. The who le a rrangement o f t he i nterna l s tructures i n t h is c a irn s eems t o b e o r ientated a round t he c entra l c ist - indeed t he d oub le r ows o f b ou lders s uggest a s pec if ic e nc losure. NB: R or ie G i , a l oca l band it, was s upposed ly b ur ied h ere w ith a n a ccomp lice a fter h e was e xecuted b y t he R egent Moray c 1330. S ummary, 1 5 2 . 6 3 . 1 R efs. Edwards 1 923 , 6 5-70 C orr ie 1 928 , 2 84 C o les 1 894 , 6 6 RCAHM 1 914 , N o 3 59 S i mpson 1 965 , N os 2 2 a nd 2 3

1 67

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

WK

9

Barc ly e ( NX 3 89 6 87). S ituated o n t he c res t o f a s ma ll r idge above a s tream , i n g ood pasture , l ook i ng o ut o ver t he va lley t o t he W a nd SW. T he s ite c ons ists o f a c ircu lar t urfed o ver mound o f s tones 2 2m i n d iam a nd 0 .5m h igh. I n t he c entre a re 2 o r 3 l arge s tones wh ich c ou ld b e t he r ema ins o f a c ist. I n 1 952 t he R CAHM v is ited t he s ite a nd s uggested t hat a ' trench' t hen S v is ib le o n t he SE s ide o f t he c airn m ight b e a passage o r c hamber , b ut t here i s n ow n o e v idence f or t h is. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 1 3 . R efs. RCAHM t ypescr ipt dated

WK

1 0

1

1 2

1 3

b 4

6 .

S G

2 . 1 N o 3 45

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

2 . 0 N o 3 65

3 .

0

4 .

-

5.

b 4

6 .

RB

n i M in gaff 2 ( NX 4 224 6 537) . S ituated i n l eve l, g ood q ua l i ty a rab le g round. T he c a irn has b een r educed t o n o more t han 0 .4m h igh a nd measures _ c 2 1m i n d iam. I t i s t urfed o ver a nd n o f eatures a re v is ib le . It i s p robab ly much d isturbed a nd i s c lose t o WK 1 3. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 ,

WK

5 .

M inn i gaff 1( NX 4 168 6 560). S ituated u pon a s l ight r ise i n t he g round i n a sma ll wooded e nc losure by t he r oads ide. Th is s ite i s c omp lete ly t urfed o ver , but i t s s tone c onstruct ion may b e f e lt t hrough t he g rass. I t i s t he most Ii ke ly c and idate f or a ' fancy' c a irn w ith a s urround ing p latform i n t he R eg ion. It c ons ists o f a c entra l c a irn 2 .6m h igh a nd 1 9m i n d iam. T he t op i s s light ly f lattened, p erhaps a s a r esu lt o f s ome d isturbance. A round t he base o f t he c a irn i s a p latform wh ich e xtends o utwards f rom 3 -4m. T h is i s d amaged o n t he NE s ide b y t he r oad a nd i t s a ssoc iated pavement. On t he S s ide t he p latform i s r a ised c l . 5m above t he s urround ing g round. S evera l mature t rees g row o n a nd a round t he monument a nd t h is d etracts f rom i t s o therw ise i mpress ive appearance. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 ,

WK

W

C lachaneasy ( NX 3 56 7 54). S ituated w ithin d ense mature c on iferous p lantat ion. A v ery d isturbed s tony a rea l arge ly o bscured b y u nderbush i s a l I t hat s urv ives. T he RCAHM r ecord t hat i t was o nce 1 2' i n d iam and 1 1' h igh. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 ,

WK

1 4 . 1 952

2 . 0 N o 3 64

3 .

0

4 .

-

5.

b 4

6 .

R B

M inn i gaff 3 ( NX 4 242 6 540). S ituated c lose t o WK 1 2 , i n l eve l g ood q ua lity a rab le g round. T he c a irn i s t ur fed o ver a nd s urv ives t o a h e ight o f 1 .2m. It i s 2 1m i n d iam but has c lear ly b een much d isturbed. N o f eatures a re v is ib le. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 ,

2 . 0 N o 3 64

1 68

3 .

0

4 .

-

5.

b 4

6 .

R B

F ig 4 2 WK 1 4 F ig 4 2

M inn igaff 4 ( NX 4 269 6 529). S ituated w ith in a sma ll r u ined c ircu lar wa ll e nc los ing a p lantat ion o f b eech t rees am idst l eve l g ood q ua lity a rab le f arm land. T h is s ite i s a l most c erta inly t he s ame o ne wh ich was r eferred t o by Cha l mers ' 2 00 y ards f rom K i I g ow ( now Ca lgow ) B r idge'. l t has n ow b een t ota lly o bscured b y t he c onstruct ion o f t he N ewton S tewart b y-pass , a lthough i t may s urv ive v irtua lly i ntact b e low t he embankment - a n ove l way o f p reserv ing a nc ient monuments! P r ior t o t he r oad c onstruct ion t he s ite was e xam ined b y t he wr iter. A t rench was c ut mechanica lly a cross t he s it e f rom E -W. T hi s r evea l ed t races o f a b ou lder k erb wh ich s uggested a n o r ig ina l d iameter o f 2 3.5m. G enera l I y , h owever , i t c ou I d b e s een t hat most o f t he c entra l a rea h ad b een f i lled w ith r ecent f ie ld4 c learance s tone a s a t S K 4. N everthe less s ome c harcoa l, n o t c onta in ing a ny c remated r ema ins was f ound o n t he o r igina l g round s urface 4m i n f rom t he W e dge. S ummary, 1 . 3 2 . 0 R efs. C ha l mers 1 824 , 2 32

WK

1 5

3 .

0

4 .

-

5.

b 4

6 .

RB

M inn i gaff 5 ( NX 4 257 6 567). S ituated i n g ood pasture o n t he S SW-fac ing s lope n ear t he t op o f q u ite a s teep b ut sma ll h ill o ver looking t he l eve l p la in b e low. Th is i s a we ll p reserved c a irn 2m h igh and 2 0m i n d iam, e nc losed b y a r ough ly c ircu lar , r ather d e la pi dated 1 69

s tone wa ll wh ich has c er ta in ly b een c onstructed o f mater ia l t aken f rom t he c a irn. This e xpla ins t he d isturbance , e spec ia lly o n t he SW s ide. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 , WK

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

2 . N o

1 3. 3 64

2 . N o

1 3 64

2 . 2 N o 3 64

2 0

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

BC

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

BC

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

Ca irn o f K nockg la ss ( NX 4 76 6 14). S ituated u pon t he t op o f a s li ght p romontory i n u p land pasture o ver look ing t he C ree e stuary. The c a irn i s n ow s carce ly d iscern ib le and t he s pot i s marked o n ly b y a f ew l arge f ie ld-c learance s tones. C o les r ecords t hat i n t he l a te 1 9th c entury i t measured 5 0' i n d iam and i n t he c entre were 3 s tones o f a c ist a l i gned N E-SW wh ich measured i nterna lly 7 ' x 4 '. There mus t t herefore b e s ome d oubt about t h is s ite a s a B ronze Age c a irn. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 4 R efs. C o les 1 897 , 6 RCAHM 1 914 , N o 2 85

WK

4 .

6 M inn i gaff 8 ( NX 4 19 1 643) . S ituated w ith in a mature p lantat ion o f b eech t rees wh ich n ow o bscure t he v iew. The c a irn has b een r obbed o f s tone o n t he N a nd S s ides l eav ing a r idge o f s tones 1 .2m h igh r unn i ng f rom l E t o W . T he e dge o f t he c a irn i s i l-def ined but t he monument s eems t o b e 1 6m ( E-W) a nd 1 7m ( N-S) a cross. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 ,

WK

1

M inn i gaff 7 ( NX 4 268 6 597). S ituated o n a n atura l r ocky kno l I o n r ough g raz ing wh ich, were i t n o t f or r ecent c on iferous p lantat ions , wou ld c ommand a n e xtens ive v iew o ver t he g round t o t he S . T he s ite i t se lf i s n ow s carce ly v is ib le and i s marked o n ly b y a s ma l I amorphous s catter o f l oose s tones. The R CAHM r ecord t hat i t o nce measured 2 4' i n d iam a nd was 2 ' 6 " h igh. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 ,

WK

3 .

M inn i gaff 6 ( NX 4 271 6 568). S ituated i n g ood pasture a l i tt le t o t he S o f t he s umm it o f a sma ll p rominent h ill wh ich o ver looks t he p lain b e low. T he c a irn s urv ives t o a h e ight o f 1 .8m and measures 2 0m i n d iam. l t h as b een s light ly d isturbed a t t he t op a nd s ome s tone h as b een r obbed f rom t he s ides t o b u i I d t he wa ll wh ich e nc losed t he s ite at o ne t ime. T rees have b een p lanted w ith in t he wa ll. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 ,

WK

2 . 1 N o 3 64

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

Ca irnsmore ( NX 5 0 1 6 70). S ituated o n t he n or thern p eak o f a p rom inent a nd s pectacu lar mounta in. T he s ite h as n ot b een v is ited a s part o f t he p resent s urvey but t he RCAHM r ecord t hat i n 1 911 i t h ad b een r educed ' a l most t o t he l eve l o f t he o utcrop o f r ock o n wh ich i t h as b een p laced'. Then i t measured 4 5' i n d iam. 1 70

S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 , WK

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

2 . N o

2 .

2 .

2 6

2 1 3 65

4

3

2 . 3 N o 2 90

5 .

G

6 .

-

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

G

6 .

-

3 .

C

4 .

S

5 .

U

6 .

B C

3 .

0

4 .

S

5 .

U

6 .

B C

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

B lackmyre ( NX 4 97 5 65). S ituated i n o pen moor land o n a s li ght r ise b ut n ot i n t he most p rom inent p os it ion a va ilab le. T h is i s a s trange s ite wh ich has p robab ly b een much d isturbed. l t c ons ists e ssent ia lly o f a t urf c overed c a irn 1 2m i n d iam a nd 0 .7m h igh b ut n umerous l arge s tones p rotrude t hrough t he s urface. N ear t he c entre a f lat s lab, p robab ly t he r ema ins o f a c ist, i s s t ill v is ib le a nd c lose t o t he N E e dge t here i s a f lat u pr ight s tone f ac ing i n wards. T he R CAHM r ecord t hat t here was o nce a s tone o ppos ite t h is o n t he S E s ide b ut t h is h as n ow g one. E lsewhere , b eyond t he N E s ide , a re 5 l arge b lockI i ke s tones u p t o 0 .7m h igh b ut n o e xp lanat ion f or t hese c an b e o ffered. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . R efs. C o les 1 897 , 7 RCAHM 1 9 14 , N o

WK

0

Wh ite Ca irn ( NX 4 90 5 95) . S ituated o n t he t op o f a sma ll h ill am idst g ood s own pasture. T he s ite c ons ists o f a t urf c overed mound but t he e dges h ave b een much d istorted b y p lough ing s o t hat t he d iem o f 6 0 ' n oted b y t he R CAHM i s p robab ly more r e liab le t han t he p resent d i mens ions. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 ,

WK

4 .

5 P enwha il e ( NX 595 6 369). S ituated o n r ough up land t 2 moor land a Ii t le b e low WK 2 a nd n o t i n quite s o p rom inent a p os it ion. N o t race o f t h is monument s urv ives. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords

WK

S

5 P enwha i l e ( NX 597 6 372). S ituated c lose t o WK 2 3 o n r ough u p land pasture u pon a s li ght p romontory o ver looking t he va lley o f t he B ig Water o f F leet. T here a re n ow n o v is ib le r ema ins. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords

WK

3 .

K nee o f Ca irsmore ( NX 5 09 6 54) . S ituated o n t he s outhern p eak o f Ca i r nsmore mountain. T he s ite h as n ot b een v is ited a s par t o f t he p resent s urvey. I n 1 9 11 t he R CAHM r ecord t hat i t s tood 3 ' h igh a nd was 4 4' i n d iem w ith a ' modern b eacon' o n t op. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 ,

WK

2 . 2 3 N o 3 65

5

3 .

2 86 ,

f ig

1

4 .

W

5 .

U

6 .

BC

1 18

Larg Moor ( NX 5 07 5 8 1). S ituated i n r ough moor land o n t he t op o f a sma ll h ill wh ich o ver looks t wo o r p oss ib ly t hree s tone c irc les o n t he f lood p la in o f t he s tream b e low. N o c a irn n ow s urv ives and t h is was a l most 1 7 1

c er ta in ly r emoved t o b uild t he h ead d yke n earby. A r egu lar c ist o f f our n eat u pr ight s labs s e t above g round l eve l marks t he s ite . T h is measures 1 .2m x C .5m i nterna lly and i s o r ientated NNE-SSW. I t i s c overed b y a l arge s lab o f wh instone wh ich measures 1 .7m x 0 .9m. The RCAHM n ote t hat a n u rn ( actua lly a f ood v esse l) i n t he B r it ish Museum f rom ' K irkmabreck ', may b e f rom t h is s ite , but t here was n o p os it ive i nformat ion. S co tt s uggested t he c ist may b e a ' pro to-mega lith' b ut t h is s eems u n like ly, e ven w ithout t he p oss ib le f ood v esse l a ssoc iat ion. F ina lly i t s hou ld b e r ecorded t hat t he r eference i n t he ONB makes i t c lear t hat t h is s ite i s n o t t he s ame a s Ca irnwa i ni e , WK 2 7. S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 5 R efs. RCAHM 1 914 , N o 291 C orr ie 1 928 , 2 84 S co tt 1 969 , 3 24 ONB 1 24 1 850 , 2 1 WK

2 7

2 8

S

4 . 0

5 .

U

6 .

B C

Ca irnwa inie ( NX 5 12 5 84) . Situated o n u p land p as ture w ith in e nc losed g round o n a s light r ise i n a g ent le s loping f ie ld. There a re n ow n o v is ib le r ema ins b ut Cha l mers r ecords t hat t here was a t umu lus wh ich c onta ined a ' stone c off in' a nd a s ke le ton. A n u rn c onta ining a shes a nd an ' ear then p itcher' w ere a lso f ound but n ot n ecessar ily i n t he s ame cist. C o les adds t hat t he c a irn was r emoved i n 1 778 when t he s tones were u sed f or t he wa lls n earby. H e a lso n o tes t he s ke leton was l arger t han a verage. S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 5 R efs. Cha l mers 1 824 , 2 32 N SA 1 845 , 3 33 C o les 1 897 , 1 RCAHM 1 9 14 , N o 302

WK

3 .

3 .

2

4 .

W

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

G lenquicken ( NX 5 1 5 8 approx ). T h is s ite c an n ot n ow b e l ocated. The o r ig ina l r eference c omes f rom a l e tter f rom a Capt. D enniston t o a Mr T ra in dated 2 2 .10 .18 19. T he l e tter i s q uoted b y Cha lmers a nd i n t he N SA. T he d e ta ils may b e s ummar ised. I n 1 809 , wh ile i mprov ing a f ie ld o n G lenquicken moor Mr M cLean o f Mark r emoved a c a irn. W ith in i t h e f ound a c ist c onta in ing a v ery l arge s ke leton w ith o ne a rm ' a l most s evered a t t he s hou lder b y a g reenstone a xe , a f ragment o f wh ich r ema ined i n t he b one'. A f l int a rrowhead o f u nspec if ied t ype a nd a ' perfect ly r ound p o l i shed b a ll o f f l int' were a lso f ound b ut a l I a re n ow l ost. It i s p oss ib le t hat t h is w as a N eo l i th ic r ather t han B ronze A ge s ite b ut t here c an b e n o c erta inty e ither way. I n 1 96 1 a c ist was r eported a t NX 5 25 5 85. T h is may b e t he s ame b ut a s earch i n 1 975 p roved n egative. S ummary, 1 . 4 N ot l ocated. R efs. Cha l mers 1 824 , 2 3 1 N SA 1 845 , 3 32-3 C orr ie 1 928 , 2 80 D . and E . S co t 1 961, 3 5 1 72

WK

2 9

Cambret Moor ( NX 5 18 5 75). S ituated i n r ough moor land ide o ver look i ng t he o n a qu ite s teep NW-fac ing hills c a irns WK 2 6 , 2 7 a nd G lenquicken s tone c irc les a nd ow s urv ive. p robab ly 2 8 . The s ite d oes n o t n S ummary, 1 . 1 R ef. O S R ecords RCAHM 1 9 14 ,

WK

3 0

2 .

8

3 1

3 2

4 .

NW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

ituated o n an a l most l eve l Cau lds ide ( NX 5 290 5 725). S wo p rom inent h ills , a nd a lso h o llow o r s add le b e tween t is s ite i s t o t he N a t t he watershed o f t wo streams. Th 1, a nd a lso c lose t o a t l east o f a s tone c irc le and WK 3 has b een t wo sma ll s tand ing s tones. The c a irn e xtens ive ly r obbed o f s tone a nd n ow mere ly a r im o f urv ives. S light ly o ff-centre i n t he s tone 1 2.5m i n diam s irn i s a c ist 1 .32m x 0 .7m t he c a S E quadrant of t l east t wo u pr ight s labs a nd ilt o f a a ligned N E-SW bu ist i s c overed b y a mass ive round. The c s unk i nto t he g ich o bscures much o f t he .6m x 0.9m w h wh instone s lab 1 t hat n o t l ong b efore 1 888 t here r eports d e ta il. C o les ou lders. had b een a c a irn o f g ran ite b 3 .

0

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

ituated about 1 00m S E o f Cau I d s ide ( NX 5 293 5 7 14) . S tone c irc le o n a l most l eve l WK 3 0 a nd v ery c lose t o a s rom inent h ills. T h is c a irn p eat moor land b etween t wo p i s v irtua lly i ntact a nd measures 2 1m i n d iam a nd o ver 3 .0m h igh. l t i s bu ilt o f g ranite b ou lders and i n t he c entre i s a c ist o f f lat wh instone s labs , measur ing 0 .72m x 1 .60m x 1 .00m d eep. Th is c ist i s s et i n t he t op t has b een s uggested t hat t here may o f t he c a irn a nd i e low b ut t here i s n o v is ib le e v idence f or b e a s econd b c ist, h owever , c ou ld b e a s econdary t h is. T h is i nsert ion. 2 . 7 S ummary, 1 . 4 888 R efs. C o les 1 891 C o les 1 9 14 , N o 1 6 R CAHM 1

WK

3

N o 3 04

S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 7 R efs. C o les 1 888 C o les 1 891 RCAHM 1 914 , N o 1 6 WK

3.

3 .

0

4 .

S E

5 .

b 4

6 .

BC

NX 5 48 5 37). S ituated o n s teep a nd r ough Laggan B urn ( l ight p romontory. T here i s n ow n o t race n a s moor land o t t he p os it ion g iven o n t he O S map. The ite a o f t h is s or t h is monument s eems t o h ave b een o r ig ina l source f C o les. ummary, 1. 1 2. S R efs. C o les 1 894 , 60

WK

3 3

6

3 .

3

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

H igh Auchen I a ir ie ( NX 5 39 5 34) . S ituated i n up land 5 : own pasture o f g ood qua l i ty, i n a s li ght h o l l ow b ut w ith g ood v iews a cross t o WK 3 4. T here i s much o utcropping r ock i n t he a rea. Th is i s a n u nusua l s ite. There a re t he r ema ins o f a v ery d isturbed c a irn 1 2m i n d iam n ow i arge ly o bscured b y r ecent f ie ld-c learance 1 73

s tone

s o

t he

o r ig ina l

s ize

i s

n ot

c lear.

T here

a re

7

s tones a round t he c a irn b ut t hey d o n ot s eem t o f orm a c irc le and i ndeed s evera l a re l oose and n eed n o t b e i n s itu. C o les s uggested t hese f ormed a d oub le c oncentr ic s tone c irc le a round t he c a irn b ut t h is i s h igh ly quest ionab le. The c oncept o f a ' doub le c oncentr ic' s tone c irc le was o ften u sed t o e xp la in g roups o f s tones wh ich wou ld n o t f a il o n a c irc le ( eg The Wren's Egg, Master 1 977) . N everthe less 4 o f t he s tones s eem s ound and i ndeed t here may h ave b een s ome s ort o f a c irc le h ere e ven t hough i t s p rec ise nature may n ot b e known. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 4 R efs. C o les 1 895 , 3 06-7 RCAHM 1 914 , N o 1 8 WK

3 4

3 5

S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 4 R efs. ONB 1 44 1 849 , 2 3 RCAHM 1 914 , N o 2 89 3 6

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

3 .

2

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

Ca irnho ly ( NX 5 19 5 4 1) . S ituated i n g ood qua li ty e nc losed u p land pasture c lose t o t he t wo w e ll known c hambered t ombs. l t i s n o t i n a p rom inent p os it ion b ut c ommands g ood v iews. The c a irn i s 1 .2m h igh a nd v ery i rregu lar measur ing 1 4m ( E-W) x 1 5m ( N-S). l t h as c lear ly b een d isturbed a nd par t ly o bscured b y c learance mater ia l. S ome t o c onta in h uman b ones.

WK

1

H igh Auchen I a ir ie ( NX 5 33 5 38) . S ituated u pon a n em inence i n a v ery p rom inent p os it ion o n r ough moor land w ith much o utcrop. Th is i s a l arge , qu ite we ll p reserved c a irn 3 .5m h igh a nd 2 8m ( N-S ) x 2 9m ( E-W). l t has b een e xtens ive ly r obbed o n t he E and S s ides and a p oss ib le k erb h as b een e xposed o n t he E . N everthe less t he s ite i s s t ill qu ite i mpress ive . A sma ll c a irn has b een b uilt o n t he t op i n r ecent y ears. T he O S s urveyors s aw t he s ite i n 1 972 and c ons idered t hat t here was a ' berm' o n t he N E a nd E s ides but t h is s eems t o b e e nt ire ly a p roduct o f c a irn s li p a nd d ifferent ia l r obb ing. S ummary, 1 . 3 2 . 6 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 14 , N o 1 7

WK

3 .

Gar l i es ( NX t o t he m ill

4 2 a t

t ime 3 .

b efore 1

4 .

1 849

i t was

SW

5 .

b 4

f ound 6 .

-

6 9) . Cha l mers r ecords a ' tumu lus' n ear Gar i i es but n o s ite c an n ow b e t raced.

S ummary, 1 . 1 N ot l ocated. R efs. Cha l mers 1 824 , 2 32

1 74

WI GTOWNSH I RE W igtownsh ire i s t he sma llest o f a l I t he d is tr icts i n Dumfr ies a nd Ga lloway R eg ion b ut i t c onta ins a l most 5 0% o f t he i nd iv idua l r ound c a irns. F or t h is r eason t he a pproach adopted i n c ons ider ing t he l andscape a nd t he monuments r equ ired s ome mod if ication. I n d iscuss ing s ite d istr ibut ion t he d istr ict has been d ivided i nto f our sma l l er a reas o f East W igtownsh ire ( EW), Water o f L uce ( WL), East Luce ( EL), a nd West s ince W igtownsh ire i s W igtownshire ( WW). H owever ) t opograph ica lly d ist inct f rom t he r est o f Ga l l oway i t i s b e tter t o d escr ibe t he a rea a s a who le. Descr iption U nlike t he c ount ies o f Dumfr iessh ire a nd K irkcudbr ights h ire a l I o f W igtownsh ire i s e ssent ia l l y l owlying. On ly a s ing le h ill r ises t o o ver 3 00m OD, a nd most o f t he g round i s c ons iderab ly l ower t han t h is. The l andscape i s var iab le a nd c an b e d iv ided i nto f ive g eograph ica l a reas ( Hare 1 942). . I n t he NE o f t he c ounty i s t he a rea d escr ibed b y Hare a s ' The P eat F lows o f C entra l W igtownsh ire'. T he l and i s most ly be tween 6 0m and 2 30m OD b ut o ccas iona lly r ises t o a l most 3 00m i n t he N . The g round i s undu lat ing and t h is h as p rov ided t he s or t o f h o l l ows wh ich i nh ib it d ra inage a nd e ncourage p eat f ormat ion s o t hat t he a rea i s n ow c haracter ised b y mass ive a ccumu lations o f p eat known a s ' f lows'. I n t he N ombrogenous p eat has a lso d eve loped u pon s ome o f t he h ills. On t he l ower g round, sma l l er h i llocks p rotrude t hrough t he p eat , p rov id ing a reas o f we ll d ra ined and f ert ile g round. Most o f t hese patches a re e as ily r ecogn isab le by t he ir g reen g rass c over am idst t he y e ll ows a nd b rowns o f t he p eat t o lerant v ege tat ion a round. Th is a rea d oes n o t have e spec ia lly e xtens ive d epos its o f g lac ia l d r if t mater ia l, a lthough more c ou ld e x ist b eneath t he p eat. S outh o f t he p eat f lows i s t he Wh it horn p en inus la , an a rea w ith much more w idespread d epos its o f g lac ia l t i ll, a nd many d rum l i ns a nd d rum l i nI i ke mounds most ly o r ientated f rom N E t o SW. T h is a rea, k nown a s t he Macha irs , i s v ery l owlying a nd o nly r are ly d o t he sma ll h ills r ise above 7 5m OD. T he ma in f eature o f t h is p eninsu la i s t he R iver B ladnoch wh ich meanders t hrough a v ery w ide a nd s ha l l ow va l l ey w ith e xce llent a rab le a nd pasture l and o n e ither s ide. I ndeed most o f t he a rea i s g ood f arm land s upport ing a t hr iv ing da iry i ndustry a nd g ood c rop p roduct ion. S ince t he a rea i s g enera lly s o l owIy ing, d ra inage i s a p rob lem and i n t he h o l l ows t here a re numerous sma ll b ogs , s ome o f wh ich were o r ig ina lly l ochs. A s we ll a s p eat t here a re sma ll p ocke ts o f a lluv ia l s ands a nd g rave ls a long t he water c ourses. The a rea i s a lso n o ted f or i ts r a ised b each d epos its. N or th-west W igtownsh ire c ompr ises a n a rea o f l ow moors g enera lly f rom 7 5m t o 1 80m OD, n ot u n like t he a rea o f p eat f lows wh ich i t j o ins t o t he E . T opograph ica lly, h owever , t he a rea i s q u ite d is t inct. On t he W and S s ides t he moors r ise s teep ly t o a round 9 0m and t hen l eve l o ut t o a n u ndu lat ing l andscape wh ich r ises p er iod ica lly t o r ounded h illtops o f c 230m O D. The a rea i s d iv ided by t he Water o f Luce wh ich b eg ins i n t he h ills o f Ayrsh ire a nd i s swe lled by water r unn ing o ff t he moors. It r uns d own a s teep-s ided va lley t o t he s ea a t 1 75

G len I u ce. O n e ither s ide o f t he r iver a re g lac ia l d epos its o f s ands a nd g rave ls a s we ll a s m ore r ecent a lluv ia l d epos its. T hese p rov ide t he o n ly r easonab le f arm land i n t he a rea a nd a re t he o n ly p laces where c rops c an b e g rown. H igher u p t he va lley s ides b ou lder c lay h as b een d epos ited and a lthough s ome o f t h is a rea i s e nc losed i t h as l ong b een u sed f or g raz ing a lone. T he most i mpress ive f eature o f t he a rea i s t he p eat wh ich q u ite l i tera lly ' b lanke ts' t he moors above about 1 50m OD. l t i s d ist inct f rom t hat t o t he E s ince i t i s e ssent ia lly ombrogenous a s o pposed t o t he b as ica lly t opogenous p eat f lows. B etween L och R yan a nd G len l uce B ay i s a g eo log ica l d epress ion where t he u b iqu it ous S i lur ian r ocks g ive way t o P erm ian mar ls a nd s andstones. T he a rea i s a l most e nt ire ly c overed b y r a ised b each d epos it s wh ich h ave p rov ided g ood l and f or a rab le f arm ing a nd a l i tt le marke t garden ing. N ear t o t he c oast t he s o iI i s n ot s o f er t il e a nd i s u sed ma in ly f or pasture. F ina lly, t he Rh inns o f Ga ll oway f orm a sma l I peninsu la i n t he SW c orner o f S co t land. F or s uch a sma ll a rea i t i s s urpr is ing ly var ied. F or t he most p ar t i t i s v ery much l ike t he Macha irs w ith a r o lling t opography t yp ica l o f d rum lin l ow lands a nd t he p resent l and u se o f d a iry a nd a rab le f arm ing r ef lects t h is. T here i s a l i tt le moor land , ma in ly n ear t he W c oast, a nd t h is i s r em iniscent o f t he moors o f n orthern W igtownsh ire.

1 76

EAST

WI GTOWNSH IRE

( f igs 4 3-4)

East W igtownsh ire i nc ludes most o f t he Macha irs i n t he S and a ll t he a rea o f t he p eat f lows i n t he N a nd i n s ome ways t h is d ivis ion i s r ef lected i n t he s ites. E ight s ites have b een r ecogn ised amongst t he p eat f lows. Most o f t hese a re we llpreserved a nd o n ly t wo b e long t o ' category 1 '. A lt hough t he ir r espect ive a lt i tudes vary f rom 6 1 t o 2 44m OD n one o f t he s ites i s s ituated o n p eat i tse lf. A ll t he c a irns have b een c onstructed upon em inences o r r a ised g round wh ich s tand above t he f lows. These vary f rom a sma ll c rag o f o utcropp ing r ock a s i n t he c ase o f G lenhappe l Ca irn ( EW 6 ), t o Wood Cairn ( EW 3 ) o n t he s umm it o f EI d r ig F e ll. A s a r esu lt most s ites c ommand q u ite e xtens ive v iews. T he s ites a round t he p er iphery o f t he p eat were a lso built o n s im il a r em inences but q u ite o ften t hese a reas have b een e nc losed o r c u lt ivated b ecause t hey a re a lso b e tter dra ined. O ccas iona l I y , t herefore , t he s ites have s uffered.

_

•' ' "s f r 1

1 0

0

. .• • •

K m .

2 6

A

•3

c • 5

1 9 c 1 —

1 3 g ie

f r , •/ /

c ;' , 2 3

%

2 5

F ig 4 3: C airn d istr ibut ion -E ast W ig townshire . 1 77

C ons ider ing t he s ize o f t he a rea and t he o vera ll l ack o f a gr icu ltura l a ct iv ity i t i s , p erhaps , s urpr is ing t hat more s ites have n o t b een r ecorded. N o p o llen a na lys is has b een c arr ied o ut i n t he a rea s o p os itive p roof i s absent b ut i t s eems p robab le t hat p eat was f orm ing i n t he A t lantic p er iod ( as i t was f or e xamp le a t B loak Moss , A yrsh ire , a l i tt le t o t he N , T urner 1 975) . I f t h is were s o t hen o ne m ight e xpect f a ir ly e xtens ive p eat d epos its b y t he s econd m illenn ium B C which may have d e terred n o t o n ly s e tt lement b ut a lso f unerary a ct iv ity. Another p oss ib le r eason f or t he apparent pauc it y o f c airns , a nd i ndeed o ther monuments , may l ie i n t he l ack o f a rchaeo log ica l e xp lorat ion i n t he a rea. The r ecent d iscovery o f t wo c a irns , o ne a l most i ntact and t he o ther r obbed a nd c onta in ing a c is t, o n t he n or thern s lopes o f C ra iga ir ie H ill ( EW 1 and 2 ), l i lustrates h ow s ites may s urv ive u nrecognised. I n t he Macha irs o r ' drum l i n l ow lands' o f t he Wh it horn p en insu la a t o ta l o f 1 5 p oss ib le f unerary c a irns have b een

F ig

4 4:

E ast

W igtownshire

- d istr ibut ion f ig 2 2) .

( see k ey ,

1 78

o f

o ther

m onuments

r ecorded. T h is i s n ot a I a rge n umber o f s it es b ut s ince t hey a re a l most a ll l ocated a round t he b as in o f t he R iver B ladnoch t hey d o , i n f act, r epresent a sma ll c oncentrat ion. T o t he N i s a g roup o f t hree c a irns n ear S hennanton. T hese a re a ll i n modern f arm land and h ave s erved a s r epos itor ies f or fi e ld-gathered s tones , wh ich i n o ne c ase h ave c omp lete ly c overed t he s ite. T hey a re l ocated u pon t he W bank o f t he r iver but a lthough t here a re s evera l h illocks i n t he v ic in ity t wo o f t he s ites ( EW 1 0 a nd 1 ) were b u ilt u pon f a ir ly l eve l g round j ust above t he r iver. T he t h ird s ite ( EW 9 ) i s p os it ioned o n t he N s ide o f t he t op o f o ne o f t he h illocks a nd a t t he t ime o f t he f ie ld v is it s erved a s a f oundat ion f or a c att le f eed ing t rough. A l i tt le f ur ther d own t he r iver a re t he t wo s ites o f Wh ite Ca irn ( EW 1 3) a nd S p ita l C roft ( EW 1 4), b o th o n t he W bank. T he S p ita l s ite i s c onstructed u pon a sma ll n atura l mound o f b ou lder c lay p ro trud ing t hrough t he s ands a nd g rave ls wh ich h ave a ccumu lated i n a meander i n t he r iver. Wh ite Ca irn s tands o n t he h igh g round, a lso o n b ou lder c lay, b ut i s o n a s add le b e tween t wo l ow , g lac ia l h il l ocks s o t hat i ts v iew i s r es tr icted. Two u pr ight s tones a re l ocated l ess t han 1 00m d ue S o f Wh ite Ca irn b ut t he t wo s ites a re n o t i nter-v is ib le ow ing t o a r idge o f h igh l and b e tween. It i s p oss ib le , a lthough d oubtfu l, t hat t he t wo s tones a re t he r ema ins o f a s tone c irc le a s was s uggested b y t he RCAHM ( 1912 , N o 1 10 ; b ut s ee a lso Murray 1 98 1). On t he E b ank o f t he r iver , b ut we l I a bove t he marshy g round, i s t he g roup o f c a irns a round T orhouskie. T hese s ites h ave a l most a l I b een d isturbed i n s ome way a nd i t s eems p robab le t hat o n ly a p or t ion o f what was o r ig ina lly a n e xtens ive s ite c omp lex has s urv ived. I n 1 848 t he ONB r ecorded ' severa l c a irns' i n t he v ic in ity ( ONB 5 0 1 848 , 1 7). F our c a irns h ave b een r ecorded i n more d eta i I b ut o n ly t he n or thernmost ( EW 1 6), p rev ious ly i nterpre ted a s a ' fort', h as s urv ived. T h is i s a n i nterest ing s ite wh ich may have b een o ne o f t he v ery f ew e laborate c a irns i n t he R eg ion. It i s bad ly d isturbed b ut a ppears t o c ons ist o f a p latform s urmounted b y a c entra l mound n o t u n like t he c a irn a t M inn i gaff ( WK 1) b ut i n much worse c ond ition. It i s o n t he S e nd o f a l ow r idge a nd l ooks o ut d own t he va l l ey. The o ther c a irns a re i n s im ilar ly r a ised p os it ions u pon sma l I natura l k no l I s b ut g enera lly t hey a ppear t o h ave a vo ided t he h igher a nd more i mpress ive h illocks wh ich w ere a lso ava ilab le. O f t hese c a irns o n ly EW 1 7 c ou ld b e a ccurate ly i dent if ied. It has b een r obbed a nd i s par t ia lly o bscured b y a r ecent d epos it o f mass ive r ocks , p resumab ly r emoved f rom t he s urround ing f ie lds. The b est k nown monument i n t h is a rea i s t he s tone c irc le a t T orhousk i e , l ocated a l i tt le l ower t han t he c a irns. U nfortunate ly t he s tand ing s tones n earby h ave n ot a ttracted much a ttent ion. Two g roups o f s tones c an b e i dent if ied b ut t he R CAHM ( 19 12 , N o 5 32-4) r ecorded t hree , t wo o f wh ich t hey i nterpreted a s t he r ema ins o f add it iona l s tone c irc les. T o t he S E o f t he c irc le a re t wo s tones n ow i ncorporated i nto a c att le-trough a nd about 1 10m a l most d ue E i s a g roup o f t hree s tones f orm ing a v ery s light a rc. T he t h ird g roup n o ted b y t he R CAHM wou ld s eem t o b e c loser t o t he c a irn ( EW 1 7) b ut n o th ing c an b e i dent if ied o n t he g round. A l I t hese s ites a re c oncentrated 1 79

i n

a

v ery

sma ll

a rea

( f ig 4 4) b ut n earby s ome o ther s ites s hou ld a lso b e noted. A t R edbrae a n u nusua l, sma ll r ectangu lar c ist was f ound. It c onta ined n oth ing b ut c remated b one a nd was c overed b y a h exagona l-shaped, f lat, d ecorated s lab w ith a c entra l h o le ( Stevenson 1 948) . B e tween t he s ite o f t he R edbrae c ist a nd t he s tone c irc le a re f urther s tand ing s tones a nd a no ther s tone has b een i dent if ied o n t he o ppos ite bank n ear Wh ite Ca irn ( EW 1 5). T h is l atter s ite i s o f i nterest n o t o n ly b ecause i t i s o n ly 3 5m S o f t h is v ery s ubstant ia l c a irn b ut ma in ly b ecause o f t he ' hourg lass' h o le wh ich h ad b een b ored t hrough t he t op f rom t he N t o t he S s ides. T he s tone a nd t he c a irn s tand u pon s l i ght ly r a ised g round, o n ly a l i tt le above t he f loor o f t he r iver v a lley. T he v iew b e tween t hese s ites a nd t he T orhousk ie c omp lex i s i nterrupted b y B rune H ill. O ther s ites i n t he Wh it horn p en i nsua I i nc lude t wo w e l I p reserved c a irns n ear Ca irn H ouse ( EW 2 0 and 2 1 ) , b o th l owly ing a nd u pon t he s ides o f g ent le h illocks o f g lac ia l t i ll. T he c a irns o f B arnk i rk ( EW 7 ) a nd Ca irnf ie ld ( EW 2 3) h ave b oth n ow b een d estroyed b ut r ecords o f t he d iscover ies i n t he l atter s ite h ave s urv ived. A c ist c onta ining ha lf-burnt h uman b ones a nd a n u rn w ith more par t ly b urnt b ones w ere r epor ted i n t he N SA ( 184 1, 1 516). A c ist may a lso h ave b een i dent if ied a t t he Barnkirk s ite b ut t he r eference t o i ts d iscovery b y W ilson d oes n o t ment ion a c a irn ( W ilson 1 889 , 9 7) s o i t c ou ld r ecord a d ifferent s ite. O f t he 2 5 c a irns i n East W igtownsh ire i t i s p oss ib le t o measure t he d iame ters o f about 2 0. O f t hese 8 o r p erhaps 9 a re o ver 2 0m i n d iam a nd i n t he c ontext o f D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway t h is i s u nusua lly l arge ( f ig 9 ) . F urthermore , a lI o f t hese l arger c a irns a re l ocated a round t he R iver B ladnoch. This may b e s ign if icant f or i t i s i n t h is a rea t hat most a gr icu ltura l a ct iv ity h as t aken p lace a nd i t i s q u ite p robab le t hat r ecent f ie ld-c learance has e n larged t he d i mens ions o f s ome o f t he s ites. A ttempts h ave b een made t o c ounteract t h is b y carefu l e xam inat ion o f t he s ites , a nd b y measur ing o n ly what s eemed t o b e o r ig ina l, b ut e xcavat ion a lone c an p rove t he s i te d i mens ions. F or t h is r eason a r ather c aut ious a tt itude must b e adopted t oward t h is g roup o f s ites. I f i ndeed t hey a re a ll v ery s izeab le monuments , t hen t h is m ight i mp ly a s pec ia l f unerary o r r itua l i mpor tance f or t he a rea p erhaps r e inforced by t he p resence o f t he T orhouskie s tone c irc le . The o vera l I c a irn d istr ibut ion a lso d eserves c omment. A lt hough t he a rea , e spec ia lly t he d rum l i n l ow lands , i s c lose ly para l l e led b y t he l ow lands o f S outh K irkcudbr ightshire , i nd iv idua l s ite l ocat ions a re d ist inct. L ike S outh K irkcudbr ights h ire , East W igtownsh ire abounds w ith sma ll r ounded h i lls o f ten o f g lac ia l o r ig in. Ra ised g round was a pparent ly g enera l l y p referred f or c a irn c onstruct ion , but un like S outh K irkcudbr ightsh ire t hese h i! l ocks a ppear t o h ave b een l arge ly i gnored. Th is c haracter ist ic may b e r ef lected i n t he p lace n ames f or wh ile t here a re s evera l ' Ca irn' a nd ' Ca i rney ' H ills i n S outh K irkcudbr ightsh ire , n one h ave b een n o ted i n Eas t W igtownsh ire. It i s c lear f rom t he d istr ibut ion map t hat most cairns o ccur i n t he a rea a round t he R iver B ladnoch and T orhousk ie s tone c irc le. On ly t he c a irn a t Ca i r ndoon ( EW 2 5) h as b een r ecorded t o t he S . N o e asy e xp lanat ion c an b e o ffered b ut 1 80

poss ib ly

t he

g round

was

t oo

s econd m illennium B C. There upon t he e xtens ive d epos its

h eavy

a nd

p oor ly

d ra ined

may a lso have b een d ense o f b ou lder c lay and t his

i n

t he

f orest c ou ld

have been an add itiona l d eterrent. The s ame o vera ll d istr ibution pattern i s i dent if ied when t he s tand ing s tones i n 4 t he a rea a re p lotted o n t he map ( f ig 4) . L ike t he c airns , t here i s a quite d ense c oncentrat ion n ear t o t he s tone c irc le o f Torhousk i e wh i l e o n ly a sma ll number h ave b eer f ound i n t he S . I n c ontrast t he d istr ibution o f c up-and-r ing marked s tones 3 ) d emonstrate a c omp lete ly r everse ( Morr is 1 966 , F igs 2 & pattern. A l I t he c up-and-r ing marked s tones i n W igtownsh ir e , e xcept f or a sma ll g roup o n t he Rh i nns , o ccur i n t he s outhern por t ion o f t he Wh it horn p eninsu la. N o e xp lanation c an b e o ffered f or t his phenomenon o ther t han t he s omewhat o bv i ous observation t hat t he f actors g overn i no t he d istr ibution o f t he o ne t ype o f s ite d id n ot e ffect o r , i ndeed, were u nsu itab le f or t he o ther. To c onc lude , s evera l f eatures o f t he s ites i n East W g tov k ,n sh i r e s eem t o i nd icate a s pec ia l r e lat ionship w ith t he s tone c irc le a t T orhouskie. N o t o n ly a re most o f t he c airns and s tand ing s tones t o b e f ound n earby but t he c a irns m ight have been genera lly l arger t han t hose e lsewhere. W ithout e xcavat ion c ne c an o nly s pecu late a s t o t he o rder i n which t hese s it es were c onstructed b ut t he i mmediate a rea wou ld c erta in ly s eem t o h ave b een f avoured f or r itua l and f unerary a ctiv ity. This appears t o b e f ocused upon t he c irc le , p erhaps s uggest ing t hat t h is

was

e ar lier.

1 81

CATALOGUE EW

1

C ra iga ir ie

( NX

-E AST W I GTOWNSH I RE 2 325

7 437) . S ituated

( EW) o n

t he

e dge

o f

a

y oung c on iferous f orest o n t he N E s ide o f t he s add le b e tween C ra iga ir ie a nd B enbrake H ills, c ommand ing a w ide v iew o ver t he moor land t o t he N and E . The c a irn i s v ery damaged and i s n ow l ocated w ith in an o vo id s heep s he lt er. A t t he E e nd t here i s a h o l l ow w ith a l arge u pr ight s tone a t t he E a nd another , t i lted , a t t he W s ides. O n t he N E s ide i s a s till l arger s tone 1 .4m l ong. T he g enera l p os it ion o f t hese s tones s uggest a c ist. G enera lly t h is s ite may b e d oubted but t he amount o f s tone i s t oo g reat t o h ave b een u sed s o le ly f or t he s heep s he lt er a nd t he l arge upr ight s l abs a re n o t f ound e lsewhere. T he c ai rn would s eem t o h ave b een c 8m i n d iam b ut ow ing t o t he d isturbance t h is i s q uest ionab le. The p oss ib le c ist a ppears t o b e t o t he E o f t he c entre. S ummary, R efs. EW

2

3

2

1 .

3

4

5

3 .

2

4 .

N

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

2 .

8

3 .

3

4 .

N

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

2 . N o

7 1 07

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

Wh ite Ca irn ( NX 2 64 6 75). S ituated upon a n atural r ise w ith in g ood e nc losed g rass land w ith e v idence o f r ig a nd f urrow c u ltivat ion a round. T he c a irn i s w e ll p reserved, a l most 3 .0m h igh a nd 1 9m i n d iam but i t has p robab ly b een i ncreased b y t he a dd ition o f c learance s tone f rom t he c u lt ivat ion a reas. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

EW

8

Wood Ca irn ( NX 2 52 6 87). S ituated o n t he S s ide o f t he s umm it o f EI d r ig F e l I am idst u p land moor land pasture , w ith e xtens ive v iews e spec ia lly t o t he S . T he c airn i s q uite we ll p reserved measur ing 1 8m i n d iam and 2 .5m h igh. I t i s n o t t urfed o ver a nd has b een b u ilt ma in ly o f s tones f rom 2 0-30cms a cross b ut t here a re I a rger s tones n ear t he base a nd sma ller o nes t owards t he t op. T o t he SW s ide o f t he t op i s a r uined s hepherds' c a irn. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

EW

2 .

C ra iga ir ie ( NX 2 330 7 430). S ituated w ith in a y oung c oniferous p lantat ion about 7 0m S E o f EW 1 . This i s a sma l I c a irn 9m i n d iam b ut we l I p reserved and s t il l s tand ing 1 .6m h igh. T here i s e v idence o f a s l ight d isturbance t o t he E o f t he c entre and a p oss ib le ' excavat ion' f rom t he NW e dge t o t he c entre. Three o r f our u pr ight s tones a round t he e dge may r epresent a k erb, b ut I am d oubtfu l. S ummary, R efs. -

EW

1 .

2 . N o

5 1 05

3 .

0

4 .

-

5.

b 3

6 .

B C

C ro tteagh H ill ( NX 2 73 6 36). N ow s ituated w it hin a y oung c on iferous p lantat ion. T he s ite may s urv ive , b ut c ou ld n ot b e l ocated. T he map i nd icates t hat i t was 1 82

w ith in a s ma ll e nc losed a rea u pon a h ill p ro trud ing t hrough t he p eat moor land. T he R CAHM n oted t hat t he c airn was 3 5' i n d iam a nd i n t he c entre , f ac ing e ach o ther , 3 ' 9 " a par t were t wo l arge p o inted s tone b locks 3 ' 8 " w ide x 2 ' 1 0" h igh. O ther s tones n earby s uggested t he r ema ins o f a c ist o r c hamber. P ersona lly I h ave r eservat ions. 1t c ou ld w ith t he e nc losure s ystem. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 , EW 6

A sma ll

s hepherds'

S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , 7

3 1 04

2 . 2 N o 3 94

o n

t he

c a irn 3 .

3 .

2 . 3 N o 3 91

s ite

S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , 1 0

E

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

s tands o n 1

4 .

E

t op. 5 .

b 3

6 .

-

1

4 .

NW

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

S hennanton ( NX 3 353 6 309). S ituated s l ight ly t o t he N o f t he t op o f a s li ght r ise i n g rassy u ndu lat ing u p land pasture. T he monument i s v ery b ad ly d isturbed a nd n o f eatures a re v is ib le. l t n ow measures c 2 1m i n d i am a nd i s l ess t han 1 .0m h igh. Catt le f eed ing a t a t rough p laced

EW

4 .

Barskeoch ( NX 3 62 6 39) . S ituated i n a sma ll e nc losed p asture f ie ld n ear t he t op o f a sma ll, b ut p rom inent h ill. The s ite n ow c ons ists o f a v ery i rregu lar mound o f s tones 1 .4m h igh a nd u p t o 2 2m i n d iam. A f ew l arge s tones s cattered a round t he e dge s eem t o b e t he r ema ins o f a k erb. T he R CAHM n o te t hat t he c entre was r emoved b y a n e xcavat ion a round 1 890 a nd t he p er iphery was marked b y l arge s tones l a id a t i rregu lar i nterva ls. T he O S i n 1 966 i dent if ied a c up-marked s tone o n t he N E e dge , b ut t h is c ou ld n o t b e l ocated. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 , O S R ecords

EW 9

2

a ssoc iated

6 Barnk irk ( NX 4 00 62) . S ituated o n g ood i mproved u p land p as ture c ommand ing e xtens ive v iews t o t he NW. N o t race o f t he s it e r ema ins , b ut t he O S n o te t hat a d iam o f c 20m was j ust d iscernab le i n 1 966. W i l son r ecords t hat a c ist was f ound a t o ne o f t he Barnk i rk f arms , a nd t h is may p erhaps r e late t o t h is s ite. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords W ilson 1 889 , 9 7

EW 8

3 .

c learance

G lenhapp le ( NX 3 62 7 10) . S ituated o n a sma l I l oca l em inence - i n u ndu lat ing p eat moor land w ith much o utcropping r ock. The c a irn i s 0 .6m h igh a nd i s 1m i n d iam.

EW

2 . N o

b e

2 . N o

a re 1 1 0 1

c aus ing 3 .

1

c ons iderab le 4 .

N

5 .

b 4

d amage. 6 .

S G

B arho ise ( NX 3 18 1 6 280). S ituated i n a f lat l ow p ort ion o f a c u lt ivated f ie ld b ut has g ood v iews o ver moor land t o t he NW. l t n ow measures 3 4m i n d iam b ut t h is s eems t o b e e nt ire ! y due t o s pread a nd t he add ition o f 1 83

modern c learance mater ia l. T he RCAHM n o te t hat a c ist c onta in ing a n u rn was a pparent ly f ound i n t he c a irn b ut n o e v idence o r d e tai I s o f t he d iscovery s urv ive. S ummary, 1 . 4 R efs. R CAHM 1 9 12 , EW

1

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

SW

5 .

b4

6 .

A l

2 . N o

1 1 02

3 .

0

4 .

-

5.

b4

6 .

B C

2 . 1 N o 3 92

3 .

1

4 .

W

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

2 . N o

1 1 08

3 .

1

4 .

E

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

S p itta l C roft ( NX 3 56 5 80) . S it uated o n a hummock above f lat, p oor ly d ra ined g round. The s i te i s n ow c omp lete ly c overed by g orse wh ich n .akes i t d iff icu lt t o measure b ut i t s eems t o b e 2 3m i n d iam. T he c entre i s l eve l a nd t he t rench n o ted b y t he RCAHM i s j ust v is ib le o n t he S s ide. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. R CAHM 1 912 ,

EW

4 .

Wh ite Ca irn ( NX 3 52 5 8 1) . S ituated i n g ood e nc losed pasture o n t he s ide o f a d rum l i n. The s ite has b een v ery bad ly d isturbed a nd n ow measures 2 6m ( E-W) x 2 8m ( N-S) . There a re g orse b ushes and much modern c learance o n t he s ite a nd n o f eatures are v isib le. T he e dge h as b een emphas ised b y r ecent p lough ing and i n p laces t h is g ives t he i mpress ion t hat t he s i te has b een b uilt o n a p latform. A s tone c irc le may h ave e x is ted t o t he S o f t he s ite , b ut t h is n o l onger e x ists ( RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 1 10). S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. R CAHM 1 912 ,

EW

0

Ba ltersan ( NX 4 13 6 16). S ituated o n a sma ll r ise i n t he c orner o f a c u lt ivated f ie ld w ith o utcropp i ng r ock a round. T h is i s a sma ll, n eat c a irn 0 .5m h igh and 1 m i n d iam c ut o n t he S s ide b y a s tone wa ll. I t i s t urfed o ver b ut s evera l l arge s tones v is ib le o n t he N s ide may b e part o f a k erb. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. R CAHM 1 9 12 ,

EW

3 .

Barho ise ( NX 377 6 245) . S it uated i n a n o bscure 3 p os it ion i n a c u lt ivated f ie ld. l t n ow measures 2 4m i n d i am b ut i nc ludes much r ecent c learance s tone. T he e dges s eem r e liab le e ven t hough t hey h ave probab ly b een emphas ised b y c u lt ivat ion. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. R CAHM 1 9 12 ,

EW

2 . 1 N o 1 00

2 . 0 N o 1 09

3 .

0

4 .

-

5.

b 4

6 .

B C

Wh ite Ca irn ( NX 3 65 5 57). S ituated o n t he W s ide o f a d rum l i n i n g ood e nc losed p asture , n ot i n a r a ised p os it ion b ut i t o ver looks t he R iver B ladnoch t o t he N . The s ite i s v ery d ilap idated a nd d isturbed , but s t ill s tands t o 1 .6m h igh i n p laces. There i s much modern c learance a nd s ome g orse b ushes o n t he s ite s o i t s p resent d i ment i ons o f 2 8m ( N-S) x 2 7m ( E-W) n eed n o t r ef lect i t s o r ig ina l s ize. A p erforated s tand ing s tone s tands a l i tt le t o t he S but i s n ot v is ib le f rom t he s ite . S ummary , R efs.

1 .

RCAHM

2 1 912 ,

2 .

0

N o

1 23 1 84

3 .

0

4 .

5 .

b 4

6 .

S G

EW

1 6

T orhousk ie ( NX 3 790 5 677) . S ituated i n e nc losed, c u lt ivated g round w ith n o s pectacu lar v iews , a lthough i t d oes o ver look t he BI a dnoch va l l ey. T h is s ite was marked a s a ' for t' o n most O S maps , b ut i n 1 970 O S s urveyors s uggested i t m ight b e a c a irn - I c oncur. The monument i s v ery d isturbed, b ut wou ld s eem t o b e much t oo s ma ll f or a f ort. T here i s a c ircu lar ' p latform' 2 4m i n d iam a nd up t o 1 .2m h igh a bove t he s urround ing g round l eve l. I n t he c entre i s a c ircu lar mound 1 8m i n d iam a nd 0 .7m h igh r obbed o ut s o a s t o l eave a r im wh ich r esemb les a n e nc losure. B e tween t he e dge o f t he p latform a nd t he b ase o f t he mound i s a b erm wh ich var ies f rom 2 .4m-4.0m i n w idth. T he p resent a ppearance c ou ld b e d ue t o r obbing a nd t he add it ion o f f ie ld-c learance , b ut t he s ite may h ave b een a ' fancy c a irn'. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 0 3 . 1 4 . S R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , N o 5 27 RCAHM t ypescr ipt r ecord dated 1 959 O S R ecords

EW

1 7

1 8

EW

-

2 . 1 9 7 N o 5 28

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

1 7).

S ummary, 1 . 4 ? R efs. O S R ecords R CAHM 1 912 , 1 9

6 .

T orhousk ie ( NX 3 828 5 668) . S ituated u pon a n atura l k no ll, p robab ly o utcrop, am idst g ood c u lt ivated g round , w ith g ood v iews o ver t he r iver va lley. I t i s c lose t o EW 1 7 a nd 1 9 a nd T orhousk ie s tone c irc le. N o t race o f t h is monument s urv ives , b ut i t c ou ld b e o ne o f t hose r eferred t o a s i nc lud ing a c ist o r u rn b y W ilson ( see

EW

b 4

T orhousk i e ( NX 3 8 18 5 665). S ituated i n a v ery s light ly r a ised p os ition i n c u lt ivated g round o ver look ing t he va l l ey t o t he W , but o ver looked b y h igher g round t o t he E . I t i s c lose t o EW 1 6 , 1 8 a nd 1 9 , a s we ll a s t he T orhousk i e s tone c irc le a nd a t l east t wo g roups o f s tand ing s tones. The c a irn i s v ery r obbed a nd a l most c omp lete ly o b literated b y modern c learance , s ome o f wh ich i s v ery l arge. I t s eems t o measure 2 8m i n d iam a nd i s c l.0m h igh. A t t he c entre i s a l arge f lat s lab 2 .0m x 1 .65m wh ich may b e a c is t c over. l t i s d ist inct f rom t he more a ngu lar modern c learance. NB: W i!son n o ted t hat wh i l e r emov ing o ne o f t he r c a irns f ro r , a f ie ld c a lled Ca irn P ark ( ie t his f ie ld) a n u rn 1 ' h igh was f ound i n o ne o f t hem. E ar lier a nother c a irn was o pened a nd a c ist was f ound. T h is c ou ld r efer t o EW 1 7 , 1 8 o r 1 9. S ummary, 1 . 4 ? R efs. W ilson 1 889 , R CAHM 1 912 ,

EW

5 .

2 .

1

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

N o 5 42

T orhousk i e ( NX 4 12 1 5 798) . S ituated i n g ood c u lt ivated g round o ver look ing t he r iver va lley, c lose t o EW 1 7 , 1 8 a nd t he s tone c irc le. N o t race s urv ives b ut i t c ou ld b e o ne o f t he s ites which i nc luded a c ist o r u rn n oted b y W ilson ( see EW 1 7). 1 85

S ummary, 1 . 2 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 5 42

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b4

6 .

-

NB: S evera l wr iters n o te a n umber o f c a irns i n t he i mmed iate v ic in ity o f t he T orhousk ie s tone c irc le. T hese r eferences c an n o t b e a scr ibed t o p art icu lar monuments. S ympson 1 684 , 3 6 ONB 5 0 , 1 848 , 1 7 W ilson 1 889 , 9 7 - see EW

2 0

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

d iscover ies.

2 . 1 N o 5 30

3 .

1

4 .

S E

5 .

b 4

6 .

BC

2 . N o

1 5 29

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b4

6 .

-

2 .

2

N o

2 43

3 .

0

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

N ot l ocated. 1 5-16 5 42) . S ituated o n mound c a l l ed D am

t he s umm it o f a H ill. N o t race o f

s ite s urv ives.

S ummary, R efs. 2 5

1 . 4 1 84 1,

Ba l l a ird ( NX 3 66 c u lt ivated g lac ia l t he

EW

o f

Ca irnf ie ld ( NX 3 90 4 86 a pprox ). The N SA n o tes t hat a c ist c onta ining h a lf b urnt h uman b ones was f ound i n a l arge c airn a t Ca i rnf ie ld . A n u rn a nd s on ic par t y b urnt b ones were a pparent ly f ound a t t he s ame p lace i n 1 789. S ummary, R efs. N SA

EW

d e tails

Wh ite D yke ( NX 37 5 25) . S ituated i n g ood enc losed 3 u p la -n -d - P asture o n a p rom inent o utcrop. T here i s n ow n o t race a nd i t i s p oss ib le t hat a ny ' monument' was a ctua lly a natura l k no ll. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords RCAHM 1 9 12 ,

EW

f or

Ca irn H ouse ( NX 4 17 5 8 1). S ituated i n t he c orner o f a paddock c lose t o t he f armhouse. T he s ite i s s light ly r a ised a nd t he C ree e stuary c an b e s een i n t he d istance t o t he E . The c a irn i s n ow a l most t o ta lly r emoved b ut a sma ll par t o n t he W e dge s urvives t o a h e ight o f c l .8m. T he RCAHM r ecord t hat t he s ite was a bout 6 0 ' i n d iam i n 1 9 11. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. R CAHM 1 9 12 ,

EW

1 7

Ca irn H ouse ( NX 4 12 5 79). S ituated i n c u lt iva ted o round am idst t he u ndu lating d rum l i n t opography, o n a s l ight r ise o ver looking p oor ly d ra ined pasture b e low. T he c a irn i s d isturbed b ut i s s t ill 1 4m i n d iam and 0 .5m h igh. I t i s n ow t urfed o ver. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

EW

EW

0 5

1 .

1

2 .

1

3 .

5

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

R ecords

Ca i r ndoon ( NX 3 79 3 89 approx ). McKer Ii e r ecords o n ly c a irn i n G Ia sserton par ish i s a t Ca i rndoon monument c an n ow b e l ocated. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. McKer lie

N ot 1 877 ,

l ocated. V o l 2 , 4 40 1 86

't he . N o

THE

WATER OF

LUCE

( f ig

4 5)

W ith 5 8 c a irn s ites a round t he Water o f Luce a nd a n add it iona l 7 t o t he W a long t he c oast, t he g enera l a rea o f t he W igtownsh i r e moors c onta ins t he d ensest c oncentration o f p oss ib le f unerary c a irns i n D umfr ies a nd Ga lloway. Large ly f or t he s ake o f c onvenience r ather t han f or a ny s trong a rchaeo log ica l r easons t he s ites h ave b een d iv ided i nto t hose o n t he moor land a nd t hose wh ich a ppear t o f o l l ow t he ma in r iver s ystem. The n or thernmost r iver ine s ite i s t he d estroyed c a irn o n t he b anks o f P i I wh r n B urn ( WL 5 6), v ery c lose t o t he C ross Water o f L uce. I t l ies o n f iat g round b e tween t he t wo b urns. S outh o f P i I wh i r n c a irn o n t he W b ank o f t he C ross Water i s o ne o f t he f ew c lose g roups o f c a irns i n t he a rea n ear C ra igb irnoch. F our c a irns h ave b een r ecogn ised , t wo am idst t he p eat o n t he l ow g round n ear t he s tream ( WL 4 8 a nd 4 9) a nd t wo u pon l ow n atura l mounds o f g lac ia l t i ll o n t he n earby h ills ide o ver look ing t he va l l ey ( WL 5 0 a nd 5 1 ). I n o ther s im ilar g roups o f c a irns t he s ites a re a ll i nter-vis ib le b ut h ere WL 4 9 i s o bscured f rom t he t wo h igher c a irns b y a n atura l mound. A ll t hese s ites h ave b een d isturbed a nd i n 1 9 14 WL 5 1 was f ound t o c onta in a paved c ist wh ich l ater r evea led f ragments o f c remated b one a nd p arts o f a f ood v esse l. N oth ing i s r ecorded f rom a ny o f t he o ther s ites. The o ther c a irns a r •ound t he C ross Water o f L uce a l I o ccupy e ssent ia lly u p land p os it ions o ver look ing t he r iver a nd , i ndeed, s evera l a re v irtua lly u pon t he moor land. Two ' category 1' s ites o n e ither s ide o f t he t rack f rom Q uarter , n o l onger e x ist ( WL 4 6 a nd 4 7). N e ither d oes C airn K ennagh ( WL 4 2) b ut a l I s eem t o h ave o ccup ied q u ite p rom inent p os it ions. Ano ther g roup o f c a irns , i n a l i tt le b etter c ond it ion, c an b e i dent if ied o n t he H ill Macbreed ia ( WL 4 0 a nd 4 1), e ach u pon a sma ll p romontory p ro ject ing f rom t he h ills ide o n e ither s ide o f a sma ll burn. On t he o ppos ite s ide o f t he C ross Water i s a we ll p reserved s ite n ear Hardcroft ( WL 3 E) , a lso u pon a sma ll r a ised a rea above t he s urround ing wet moor land. N ear t o t h is c a irn another s ite i s r ecorded b ut t h is i s , i n f act, a c orn-drying k iln. A long t he u pper r eaches o f t he ma in Water o f Luce a s im ilar c airn d istr ibut ion c an b e r ecogn ised. F ive c a irns a re a rranged a long t he u p lands o n e ither s ide o f t he r iver a lthough t hose a t K i Il fedder ( WL 5 3) a nd A lt igouk ie B urn ( WL 5 2) a re s ome d istance away al ong a sma ll s ide v a lley. S outh o f N ew L uce v illage t he Water o f L uce i s much w ider. Ca irns c ont inue d own e ither s ide , a l most i nvar iab ly o ccupying t he h igher g round o ver look ing t he r iver. Two c a irns s urv iv ing a t Ma ins o f L arg ( WL 1 4 a nd 1 5) a nd a no ther a t M ilton o f L arc . i ( WL 1 6) ( p late 4 7) a re a l I u pon sma ll l oca l em inences. A s im ilar l ocat ion may have b een s e lected f or t he c a irn a t H igh A rr ieo la nd ( WL 1 7). D ownstream t he va lley s ides b ecome s teeper a nd a s a r esu lt c a irns t end t o b e i n more l p rom inent p os itions. T h is i s i lustrated b y L itt le P ark Ca irn ( WL 3 6), t he c a irn a t G len P lantat ion ( WL 1 8) a nd a lso b y c a irns a t A iryhemm ing ( WL 1 9 a nd 2 0) and Ba l mesh ( WL 2 1 ). The c a irns a t M id G len i r on a re l ocated o n g ent ly s lop ing, e nc losed pasture a bove t he r iver b ut o n ly t he v ery l arge c a irn 3 ( WL 3) i s u pon r aised g round. l t was a rgued b y C orcoran t hat t he t wo sma l l er r ound c a irns n ear t o t he N eo l i th ic 1 87

s „ . 7 0 5 5

/

•56

,

• 1 ,4 9 S O te lci

'

)

•

. 5 1

4 7

, e 5 3 •52

4 6

t

'

/ 1

-

.44

5 9

• 1

6 3

6 1

.6 2 • O 6 4

4 3

11

5 8

4 2

5 7

C ross Wa ter o f L uce

• 6 5 C• 6 6

6

.6 7

:7

4 5 ,

•

•

3 8 3 9.

3 7

•

• 8

• ` , •36

1 7

' 1 0

; L ; 1 4 3 3 c 35

3 02

3 0; •

2 6

02 9

1 8 • 2 5 2 3 • • 2 1 • 2 2

0

_

5 Km

F ig 4 5: C airn d istr ibution -W ater o f L uce . 1 88

c hambered c a irns may a lso have b een c er ta inly p oss ib le , p os itive p roof i s

N eo lithic. Wh i l e t his i s l ack i ng a nd f rom t he

p ottery and h is bas ic d escr ipt ions t here i s n o g ood r eason f or e xc lud ing t hem f rom t he p resent s urvey ( see C orcoran 1 969b) . The g roup o f s ites a t M id G len ir c _ )n i s o f f urther i nterest a s i t i s t he o n ly g roup t o c onta in b oth l ong and r ound c airns i n W igtovnsh v ire e ven t hough b oth t ypes o f monument a re qui t e we ll r epresented. Overa ll, t he r iver ine s ites have a d ispersed d istr ibut ion and most c airns a re s eparated a l I t he s ites a re p os it ioned s eems t hat t here h ad b een a em inences o ver looking t he va l t o t h is. Ca irn MacNe l Ii e ( WL

by o ne t o t wo k ilometres. A l most upon t he h igher g round a nd i t c onsc ious c ho ice o f sma ll natura l l ey. There i s a s ing le e xcept ion 3 7) was bu i I t o n t he va lley f loor

u pon an a rea o f g lac ia l s ands and g rave ls wh ich f orm a l eve l t errace above t he a lluvia l d epos its n earer t o t he r iver i tse lf. T he poss ib ility t hat o r igina lly more s ites o ccup ied s im ilar p os it ions c an n ot b e e xc luded but i t i s n oticeab le t hat t he v a lley bo ttom i s n ot o n ly p oor i n r ecords o f c a irns but a lso i n d iscover ies o f o ther B ronze Age i tems s uch a s b ronzes, u rns o r c ists. Th is i s s urpr is ing f or much o f t he a rea has p loughed r egular ly and t his m ight b e e xpected t o b r ing

b een s uch

f inds

t o l ight. I t i s c lear t hat t he d istr ibut ion o f t he moor land c airns i s a lso predom inant ly d ispersed w ith g roups f ound i n o n ly t wo f avoured l oca lit ies. A long t he western f r inges o f t he moor land a re 6 s ites , w ide !y s paced o ut a long t he e dge o f t he h igh g round b efore i t f a lls s teep ly t o t he s ea. I n t his r espect t hey a re r em iniscent o f t he r iver ine s ites e ven t o t he e xtent t hat 2 s ites on B laker Moor ( WL 6 and 7 ) o ccur a s a pair l ike t hose a t Mains o f Larg o r Macbreed ia. I t s hou ld b e s tressed, h owever , t hat e xcept f or t he c a irn o n S heuchan H ill ( WL 8 ) a ll t he r est a re ' category 1 ' s ites and t herefore a re i nd ividua lly o pen t o s ome d oubt. When v iewed t ogether , h owever , t hey a ppear more c onvincing. A l i tt le i n land a re t he monuments a round G lenterrow. On t he N s ide o f t he r oad and o n v ery g ent ly s loping moor land a bove a p eat b og was t he Ca irn 0 ' G lenterrow ( WL 1 0) o f wh ich n o

t race

n ow

r ema ins.

About

4 50m

S E

o f

t h is

c a irn

s ome

' s tepping s tones' a re r ecorded. These have s ince b een c overed b y peat a nd c anno t n ow b e s een but i t i s p oss ib le t hat t hey b e longed t o a s tone a lignment. A l most due N o f t hese s tones a re t he

s tand ing

c ertainly s tanding

s tones

has t he s tones

o f

G lenterrow.

b est c lai m t o i n t he a rea

Th is

b e ing but

g roup

o f

f our

s tones

a ' four p oster' o f any s ince t he o n ly o ther

c omparab le s it e i s a t T ong I and ( Bur l 1 976 , t hat t hey a re n ot a c ommon phenomenon.

K irk The

1 5) i t i s c lear G lenterrow s ite

a lso has an o ut lying s tone 1 2.5m t o t he E . A f ew metres t o t he N o f t he ' four p oster' a re t he r ema ins o f a o nce s ubstantia l c airn ( WL oth s ites o ccupy a s light ly r a ised 1) . B p os ition o n undu lat ing moor land a t t he f oo t o f Auchmant l e F e ll. N ear t he s umm it o f t he f e ll and c ommanding a w ide v iew t o t he SW are t wo c lose ly s paced s ites. Muck l e Ca irn ( WL 1 3) i s a l most c omp lete ly r emoved and t he s ite v ery sma ll s hepherds' c a irn. Wee Ca irn a

s pread

a re

o f

sma ll

s tones

w ithin

t he r ema ins o f a c ist built On t he moor land t o t he

o f N 1 89

a

l ow

i s marked ( WL 1 2) i s bank

and

i n

o n ly by a marked b y t he

r ounded b ou lders. i s t he l argest g roup

o f

c entre s ites

r ang ing o ver 2 k ilome tres f rom C a irnerzean H ill i n t he N t o Ca i rnscarrow i n t he S . A m ini mum o f 1 2 c a irns have b een r ecogn ised a lt hough o ne wh ich i s amongst a g roup o f s ma ll c a irns i s h igh ly d ub ious ( WL 6 0). T he most e m inent r ound c a irn i s WL 5 9 o n t he s umm it o f Ca irnerzean F e ll. A lt hough bad ly r obbed a nd d isturbed f or t he c onstruct ion o f a s heep s he lter , wa l I a nd s hepherds' c a irn, t he s i te i s s t ill r ecogn isab le a nd c ommands a n i mpress ive v iew i n a l I d irect ions. I n c omp le te c ontras t, t he o ther c a irns o n Ca irnerzean F e ll a re a ll l ocated u pon r e lat ive ly l eve l a reas o n t he western s ide o f t he moor. Ca irn WL 6 1 i s w e l I preserved b ut o ver h a lf o f c a irn WL 6 2 h as b een r obbed o f s tone , p resumab ly f or t he n earby march d yke. Lower d own t he moor land a nd j ust above t he h ead d yke a re t he t wo L ingdowey c a irns ( WL 5 7 a nd 5 8). WL 5 7 i s p ar t ia lly r obbed b ut WL 5 8 i s a l most i ntact. I t i s i nterest ing t hat , u n like t he o ther c airns i n t he a rea wh ich s eem t o b e b u ilt o f r ounded b ou lders a bout 2 00-300mm a cross , WL 5 8 c ons ists o f much sma ller s tones o f c 100150mm. Two add it iona l s ites ( WL 6 3 a nd 6 4 ) have a lso 7 1 ;een i dent if ied dur ing f ie ldwork b ut b o th a re i n v ery p oor c ond it ion. T o t he S , o n t he c rest o f a r idge c a lled t he Lak in, a re t he r ema ins o f Ca irn K enny ( WL 6 5). T he Ordnance S urvey r ecords n o te a no ther p oss ib le s ite n earby r ecognised f rom a er ia l photographs b ut n o t race o f t h is c ou ld b e f ound o n t he g round s o i t has n ot b een i nc luded h ere. A t t he S e nd o f t he a rea o f moor land t wo c a irns h ave b een r ecorded o n Ca irnscarrow. T he r ound c a irn o n t he s umm it ( WL 6 7) has b een t ota lly r emoved, p robab ly f or t he march d yke n earby, a nd o n ly t he c oncre te p illar o f a t r iangu lat ion s tat ion r ema ins. The p resence o f t h is r ecent f eature may b e t aken a s a n i nd ication o f t he p rom inence o f t he p os it ion and i ndeed b o th I re land a nd t he I s le o f Man a re c lear ly v is ib le o n a c lear day. A l i tt le t o t he NW o f t he s umm it a nd a lso n ear t o t he wa ll a re t he r ema ins o f t he ' Au ld W ife's G rave' ( WL 6 6). T he c a irn has b een r emoved but t he s pread o f s tones a round g ives a n i nd icat ion o f t he o r ig ina l d i mens ions. T he ' grave' c ons is ts o f a l arge b lock o f s tone s et para lle l t o a p iece o f natura l o utcrop w ith o ne e nd c losed b y a f lat s lab. I t has b een a rgued t hat t h is r epresents a N eo l i th ic c hamber ( Hensha II 1 972 , 5 37) b ut t he e v idence f or t h is i s n ot c onc lus ive. A l most a l I o f t he Ca irnscarrow/Ca irnerzean c a irns a re l ocated am idst p eat wh ich i n p laces , e spe cia lly b etween t he t wo h ills , c ou ld b e o ver 2 .0m d eep. A c lose e xam inat ion o f t he r obbed c a irns ( WL 6 2 , 6 4 a nd 6 5) s hows c lear !y t hat s ome o f t h is p eat g rowth p ost-dated t he s ites. I n t hese i ns tances i t a ppears t hat a t l east 3 00-500mm o f p eat h ave a ccumu lated s ince t he c a irns were b u ilt. On t he E s ide o f t he Water o f L uce , moor land s i tes a re most ly t o b e f ound i n t he S a round C amr ie F e ll and C arscreugh F e ll. S ome o f t hese a re upon t he f r inges o f t he moor land. T he c a irn s ites a t H oney P ig ( WL 2 3), G lenjorr ie ( WL 2 2), C arscreugh ( WL 2 4 a nd 2 5) a nd B a II a ch-a-Heathry ( WL 2 9) a re w ith in e nc losed f ie lds and i n t he f irst t hree i nstances n oth ing n ow r ema ins. T here i s a g enera l t endency f or t he s ites t o o ccupy quite l ow p os it ions a nd a t C arscreugh and G len j orr ie t hey a re v irtua lly i n marsh land. Th is i s u nusua l a nd may s uggest t hat i n f act t hese s ites a re o n ly p iles o f c learance s tones dumped u pon u nproduct ive g round. O ther s ites i n t he 1 90

area, i nc lud ing Ba llach-a-Heathry, were built i n more r a ised pos it ions o ver looking t he marshy o r b oggy g round i n t he ho llows. The t hree c airns o n Carscreugh F e ll ( WL 2 6-28) a re i n s im il ar ly r a ised p os it ions o n t he f lattish g round a round an area o f bog o n t he S s ide o f a h illtop. A lthough t hey a re c lose t oge ther WL 2 6 c an n ot b e s een f rom t he o ther c airns owing t o t he Ii e o f t he l and t o t he W but i t i s, n everthe less , i n a h igh and p rom inent p os it ion. The o ther t wo s ites a re o n t he o ppos ite s ide o f t he b oggy g round. S ite WL 2 8 i s o f s pec ia l i nterest f or i t i s t he o n ly s ite i n Dumfr ies and Ga lloway wh ich may b e long t o t he c l ass o f ' kerb-ca irns' r ecognised b y R itch ie and M cLaren ( 1972). This i s s uggested by i ts r e lative ly sma ll s ize o f 4 .75m d iam and t he k erb o f 6 p roport ionally l arge u pr ight s tones ( f ig 4 6) . H owever , i t i s s urrounded by a g roup o f about 1 5 sma l I cairns and i t may b e long w ith t hese r ather t han t he l arger ca irns. A f urther unusua l f eature i s t he p resence o f t wo e spec ially l arge k erb s tones o n t he N and S s ides o f t he c airn. r,r Two sma ll s tand ing s tones , b oth 4 0mm x 1 50mm x 2 5Or , s im ilar t o t hose n ear t he Cau I d s ide B urn s ites , p rotrude t hrough t he t urf 2 2m appear t o b e a ligned

and 3 0m a l most w ith t he l arge

due E o f t he s ite. These s outhern k erb s tones and

a lso w ith t he l arger c airn t o t he E . F ina lly, t o t he N o f Carscreugh F e ll a re t wo ' category 1 ' s ites near D rumpa i I Burn ( WL 3 9) and Ba l murr ie ( WL 4 5). The f ormer i s o n o pen i s i n an e nc losed

b oggy moor land wh ile t he s ite n ear Ba l murr ie f ie ld but i s h igh e nough up C raigencrosh H ill

t o c ommand quite a n e xtens ive v iew t o t he S . Overa ll t he c a irn d istr ibution a round t he Water o f Luce i s e ssentia lly up land w ith a l most a ll t he s ites above 7 5m OD. This n eed a lso

not b e s ignif icant s ince most o f t he l and i n t he above 7 5m b ut t here d oes s eem t o b e a d ist i nct

a rea I a ck

i s o f

c a irns i n t he l ower a reas n ear t he c oast and a long t he r iver. R ecent agr icultura l a ctivity may b e part ly r espons ib le , par t icular ly n ear t he c oast, but i t i s n ot iceab le t hat quite a l arge proportion o f c a irns o ccur w ithin e nc losed f ie lds. I n t hese i nstances agr icu ltura l p ractice has o bv i ous ly n o t p revented t he r ecord ing and, i n s ome c ases , t he s urviva l o f t he s ites. A lt hough a l most a ll t he s ites e xist upon t he u p lands, much o f t he r ough moor land s eems t o h ave b een i gnored. l t appears t hat mos t s ites a re t o b e f ound a round t he e dge o r a long t he more s outher ly s lopes. There a re e xcept ions, most n ot iceab ly t he Ca i rnerzeE in/Ca irnscarnow c roup, b ut e ven s o t wo l arge b lank a reas o ccur i n t he NW a round L och D oon H ill and i n t he NE a round Cuarter F e ll a nd M i It onise. These a reas a re n ot e spec ia lly h igh, r is ing t o a maxi mum o f l ess t han 3 00m OD, b ut t he c harac te r o f t he l and and t he omnipresence o f t he p eat f ormations has g iven r ise t o an i nhospitab le e nvironment. S uch a l andscape n eed n o t have e x isted i n t he e ar ly s econd m i lennium BC b ut i t s eems t hat t hese a reas were n ot a ttractive t o

B ronze

Age

man

e xp lanation. The s o l i d

g eo logy

p reference t o b e u nfortunate ly much o bscured

by

and

e nvironmenta l o f

t he

a rea

r easons i s

t oo

m ight

p rovide

uniform

f or

apparent i n t he c airn d istr ibut ion o f t he g lacia l d r ift d epos its h ave

s ubsequent

p eat

g rowth.

Even

t aking

t h is

an any

and b e c n i nto

a ccount, t here s eems t o b e n o s trong r e lationsh ip b etween t he s ites and t he d r ift mater ia l. F ew s ites were b uilt upon g lac ia l 1 91

t i ll a nd t he u ncovered S ilur ian r ock, p erhaps w ith a s li ght p reference f or t he l atter. T he r e lat ionsh ip b e tween r ound c a irns a nd o ther s ites c anno t b e d ism issed s o e as i l y. I t i s c lear t hat i n s tark c ontrast t o t he l arge n umber o f r ound c a irns i n t he N Wi g townsh i r e moors t here a re o n ly a v ery f ew c ontemporaneous monuments. I n f act t here a re n o r ecords o f s tone c irc les o r i nd iv idua l c ists a nd o n ly a sma ll n umber o f s tand ing s tones have b een i dent if ied. The u nusua l b ur ia l a ssemb lage a t B a lne i I o f a c ordoned u rn, f a ience b ead, c rutch-headed p in and b ronze t anged c h ise l ( Cur ie 1 9 16) was f ound w ith in a s ma ll n atura l mound a nd i s t he o n ly i so lated b ur ia l d epos it i n t he a rea. T here i s n o r easonab le e xp lanat ion f or t h is pauc ity o f o ther s ites b ut t he l ess i ntens ive c u lt ivat ion o f t he a rea c ou ld h ave b een part ly r espons ib le f or t he g enera l l ack o f s ubterranean d iscover ies , e spec ia lly i so lated f inds a nd c ist b ur ia ls ( Co les 1 965 a nd Morr ison 1 968). T he s ame a rgument, h owever , c an n o t b e a pp l i ed t o u pstand ing monuments , wh ich s ome t imes s urv ive i n g ood c ond it ion e ven am idst e nc losed a nd c u lt ivated g round. One must, t herefore , c onc lude t hat t he c ontrast b e tween t he n umber o f r ound c a irns a nd o ther s ites r ef lec ts a r ea l d ist inct ion o r ig inat ing i n t he B ronze A ge.

1 92

CATALOGUE WL

1

2

3

2 .

5

3 .

4

5

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

3 .

1

4 .

E

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

Ca irn R yan ( NX 0 7 1 6 89). S ituated o n t he W e nd o f a r idge c a lled ' Ca irn P ark' h igh above L och R yan, i n an e xtreme ly i mpos ing p os it ion b efore t he l and f a lls v ery s teep ly f or s ome 1 80m t o t he s hore. N o t race o f t he monument n ow s urv ives. It was ' a l most o b literated' when t he R CAHM v is ited, a nd i n 1 968 t he O S s urveyors r ecorded t hat t hey c ou ld i dent ify a ' very s li ght s tony r im' c 20m i n d iam. 2 .

6

3 .

1

4 .

W

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

N o 5 5

Wh ite Ca irn ( NX 0 94 6 67). S ituated o n t he W s lopes o f B eoch H ill am idst p eat c overed moor land. A lthough t h is s ite i s n o ted u pon most O S maps n oth ing n ow s ury i ves , a nd i ndeed t here was l i tt le t o s ee when t he RCAHM v is ited. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 6 R efs. R CAHM 1 9 12 , N o 5 4

WL 6

S

B rook I o ck Ca irn ( NX 1 09 7 07) . S ituated o n a sma ll natura l em inence o n u ndu lat ing moor land o ver looking P enwh irn B urn. The s ite i s l arge ly o bscured by t he b og and i s d iff icu lt t o i dent ify but s eems t o b e c 12.5m i n di am. T he e dges a re p eat c overed a nd t here-f ore t he s ite c ou ld b e l arger.

S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. O S R ecords R CAHM 1 912 , WL

4 .

N o t l ocated. 27 2

S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 6 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , N o 4 5 WL

1

B rook l ock F e l I ( NX 0 9 7 0) . Sm ith r ecords a c a irn ' a ha lf m ile w est' o f a ' stone c irc le', n o l onger e xtant, wh ich was i t se lf about h a lf a m ile W o f t he F r iar's K irk c a irn, i n Ayrsh ire. N o s ite c an n ow b e l ocated but Sm ith s tates i t was 2 7 paces i n d iam a nd 4 ' 6 " h igh. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. Sm ith 1 895 ,

WL

( WL)

Me ik l e La ight ( NX 0 74 7 06) . S ituated u pon r ough, undu lat ing moor land l ooking o ut o ver L och R yan. T he s ite n o l onger s ury i ves b ut was o r ig ina lly marked o n t he e ar lier O S 6 " maps , b ut n o d e ta ils e x ist. S ummary, 1 . 1 Refs. O S R ecords

WL

-W ATER OF LUCE

3 .

2

4 .

NW

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

B a lker Moor ( NX 1 07 1 6 455) . S ituated c lose t o WL 7 amongst t he p eat moor land o n a W-fac ing s lope o ver looking L och Ryan. There i s n ow n o t race o f t h is s ite , wh ich was a lready v ery d ilap idated when s een b y t he RCAHM. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 6 R efs. R CAHM 1 912 , N o 5 6 1 93

3 .

2

4 .

W

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

WL

WL

7

8

Ba lker Moor ( NX 1 076 6 445). S ituated c lose t race o f t h is s ite i s n ow v is ib le , a nd i t d ilap idated when v is ited b y t he RCAHM.

t o WL 6 . N o was a lready

S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 6 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 5 6

b 3

S heuchan S heuchan

H i I H ill

3 .

2

4 .

W

5 .

6 .

P eat

( NX 1 22 6 2 1). S ituated o n t he s umm it o f wh ich o nce c ommanded e xtens ive v iews

e spec ia lly t o t he S b ut n ow a p lantat ion i s i n t he way. L itt le r ema ins o f t he c a irn o ther t han a f a int a nd i nterm ittent t urfed o ver s tony bank 2 5m ( NE-SW) a nd 2 2m ( NW-SE) a cross. The s ite was p robab ly r obbed o f

WL

9

s tone f or t he c onstruct ion t he western e dge.

o f

t he

S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

3 .

S

2 . 4 N o 6 6

f ie ld 4 .

0

wa ll 5 .

wh ich b 3

c uts 6 .

-

Ch lenry ( NX 1 2 6 1). Wh ile r emov ing a ' round mound o f s tones' f or b u ild ing i n 1 8 18 a ' ch ist' o f l arge , f lat s tones was u ncovered. W ith in was f ound a h uman s ku ll and a shes a s we ll a s a f ood v esse l o f t he t r ipar t ite b ow l t ype. The s ite c annot b e l ocated. S ummary, 1 . 5 N ot l ocated. R efs. W ilson 1 889 B lack 1 894 S i mpson 1 965 , N o 7 1

WL

1 0

G lenterrow ( NX 1 42 6 19). S ituated c lose t o a r oad, b ut am idst r ough p eat moor land. T he s ite o ccupied a p rom inent p os it ion b ut n o t race n ow s urv ives. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords RCAHM 1 9 12 ,

WL

1

1 2

4

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

N o 6 9

G lenterrow ( NX 1 45 6 25). S ituated i n a r a ised p os it ion i n u ndu lat ing moor land o n a s li ght NE-fac ing s lope . The c a irn i s a l most t o ta lly wrecked b ut a r im o f s tones 1 8m i n d iam a nd c O . 3m h igh r ema ins. A f ew metres t o t he S i s a ' Four P oster' s tone c irc le , c a lled t he ' Stand ing S tones o f G lenterrow S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. O S R ecords

WL

2 .

2 .

4

3 .

1

4 .

N E

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

Wee Ca irn ( NX 1 452 6 353) . S ituated i n a l eve l b ut p rom inent p os it ion S o f t he s umm it o f Auchmant l e F e l I am idst u p land moor land c lose t o Muck l e Cairn. The s ite i s v ery r obbed, p robab ly f or t he wa ll n earby, a nd n ow o n ly a r im o f c a irn mater ia l, 1 7m i n di am r ema ins. Exact ly i n t he c entre a re t he r ema ins o f a c ist a ligned N -S and c onstructed o f s evera l r ounded s tones s et i nto t he g round w ith t he ir f lat f aces i nwards. S even o f t hese a re s t ill v is ib le , b ut t here mus t o nce h ave b een more t o c omp lete t he p o l ygona l s hape which measures 1 .25m x 0 .63m. S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 5 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 5 8 1 94

3 .

1

4 .

S E

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

WL

1 3

Muck l e

Ca irn

( NX

1 454

6 365).

S ituated

o n

t he

s umm it

o f

Auchmant le F e ll w ith a w ide v iew o f t he s urround ing c ountrys ide. The p os it ion i s marked b y a r uined s hepherds' c a irn, a nd a par t f rom a s catter o f l oose s tones a round t he base n o th ing s urv ives. l t a pparent ly o nce c onta ined a c ist. S ummary, 1 . 4 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , WL

1 4

1 5

1 6

1 7

2 . 3 N o 3 8

2 . 3 N o 3 9

2 . 2 N o 3 7

H igh A rr ieo la nd ( NX pasture o n a r ocky o utcrop.

3 .

3 .

N o c a irn

n ow

3 .

1 8

1 9

E

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

4 .

E

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

1

4 .

E

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

1

4 .

S E

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

S ituated i n e nc losed a n a rea w ith much

s urv ives. 1

4 .

N

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C?

G len P lantat ion ( NX 1 72 6 03) . S ituated i n e nc losed p asture o n t he e dge o f a l eve l a nd p rom inent em inence b efore t he g round f a lls s teep ly t o t he S E. The c a irn i s v ery d isturbed a nd h as b een e xtens ive ly r obbed o f s tone b ut i t i s s t ill 0 .6m h igh a nd 1 5m i n d iam. There i s n o t race o f t he c ist s uggested b y t he RCAHM. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

WL

1

1 58 6 22) . k no ll i n

S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 2 3 . R efs. R CAHM 1 912 , N o 3 75 WL

4 .

Larg ( NX 1 66 6 38) . S ituated o n a sma ll l ow h illock, p oss ib ly o utcrop i n a g ood pasture f ie ld, w ith g ood v iews i n a ll d irect ions but e spec ia lly t o t he S E a nd S . T he s ite c ons ists o f a l arge , d isturbed c a irn, par t ly o vergrown w ith wh ins and q uarr ied away o n t he NE. I t measures 2 1m i n d iam a nd 1 .5m h igh. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. R CAHM 1 912 ,

WL

2

Ma ins o f L arg ( NX 1 640 6 496) . S ituated a l i tt le l ower t han WL 1 4 i n t he s ame g enera l a rea. T h is c a irn has b een d is turbed c ons iderab ly b ut s eems t o h ave b een c l 7m i n d iam. It s t ill s tands 1 .5m h igh o n t he N s ide , b ut t here i s much r ecent c learance mater ia l o n t he s ite , a s we ll a s s evera l r obb ing h o l l ows. N o f eatures a re v is ib le. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

WL

3 .

Ma ins o f Larg ( NX 1 635 6 493). S ituated c lose t o WL 1 5 o n a d ry r idge i n h igh s own pasture w ith o utcrops o f r ock a round. The c a irn i s par t ly t urfed o ver a nd measures 2 0m i n d iam a nd i s 1 .5m h igh. N o f eatures a re v is ib le , a nd s ome c learance mater ia l h as p robab ly b een added. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

WL

2 . 5 N o 5 7

A iryhemm ing ( NX em inence t o t he wh ich u ndu lates

2 . 3 N o 3 53

3 .

2

4 .

E

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

1 704 5 939). S ituated o n a sma ll l oca l W o f WL 2 0 i n g ood u p land pasture and i nc ludes o utcrop. Th is i s a v ery 1 95

d ilap idated s ite n ow a l mos t t ota lly o bscured by r ecent f ie ld-c learance s tone. T he s ite n ow m easures 1 6.5m ( E-W) x 1 4m ( N-S) b ut s ince t h is i s c ons iderab ly l arger t han t he RCAHM d i mens ions o f 2 3' i n d iam t h is must b e d ue t o r ecent add ition a nd t he e ar lier measurements a re t o b e p referred. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , WL

2 0

WL

2 1

2 2

2 3

2 4

2 5

S E

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

2 . 3 N o 3 55

3 .

2

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 ,

6 .

2 . N o

1 3 83

3 .

2

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

S G

G len j orr ie ( NX 2 07 5 83) . S ituated i n an u ndu lat ing, c u lt ivated f ie ld w ith much o utcrop. T he s ite c ons ists o f a l ow, t urfed o ver s pread o f s tones di m i n d i am. T h is may b e e nt ire ly r ecent f ie ld-c learance , b ut a g enu ine a nt iquity may b e b eneath.

H oneyp ig c u lt ivated

2 . 1 N o 3 48

3 .

1

4 .

W

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

( NX 2 02 5 97) . S ituated i n an a l most l eve l f ie ld. N o t race o f t h is monument s urv ives. 2 .

3

3 .

1

4 .

W

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

Carscreugh ( NX 2 23 5 96) . S ituated o n a r idge o f o utcrop wh ich p ro trudes t hrough t he s urround ing b og. The s ite s eems l arge ly n atura l b ut a sma ll amorphous p i l e o f s tones may i nd icate t he p os it ion o f a c a irn. Th is s ite i s o n ly r ecorded o n e ar ly maps a nd i s d oubtfu l. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords

WL

4 .

s teep

S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords WL

2

Ba I mesh ( NX 1 87 5 91) . S ituated i n g ood , q uite u p land i mproved pasture. N o s ite i s n ow v is ib le.

S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , WL

3 .

A iryhemm ing ( NX 1 726 5 943) . S ituated u pon a s li ght p romontory i n t he s ame u p land pas ture a s WL 1 9. T h is c a irn h as a lso b een l arge ly o bscured b y f ie ld-c learance , b ut t he d imens ions o f 1m i n d i am a nd 0 .6m h igh a gree q u ite we l I w ith e ar l i er d escr ipt ions. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 ,

WL

2 . 3 N o 3 54

2 .

2

3 .

0

4 .

-

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

Carscreugh ( NX 2 20 5 96) . S ituated am idst f lat , b oggy g round. T here i s n ow n o t race o f t h is s ite b ut i n 1 87 1 t wo s hor t c ists were f ound o n t he ' summ it o f a g lac ia l kno ll' i n a p eat moss. There were t races o f a sma ll c a irn c over ing t hem. T he 'l owest c ist ', 5 ' b eneath t he s urface c onta ined t he u nburnt r ema ins o f a w oman a nd a c h ild w ith an u rn ' shaped Ii ke a f lower-po t, h or izonta lly r ibbed' about 6 " h igh wh ich f e ll t o p ieces. Th is was p robab ly a f ood v esse l. There was a n ' upper c ist' wh ich apparent ly l ay a t r ight a ng les a bove t he o ther a nd c onta ined ' f ire mou ld'.

1 96

S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 2 3 . Refs. W i l son 1 872 , 5 17-8 RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 3 73 WL

2 6

2 7

2 9

3 0

b 4

6 .

B C?

2 .

5

3 .

0

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

2 . 5 N o 3 50

3 .

1

4 .

W

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

2 .

4

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

B a l I a ch-a-Heatry ( NX 2 16 6 06). S ituated i n a moderate ly p rom inent p os it ion s l ight ly o n t he W s ide o f a s lope i n a pasture f ie ld. T he c a irn i s about 1 .2m h igh a nd 2 4m i n d iam. I t has b een e xtens ive ly r obbed i n p laces a nd c r t he NW s ide t hree l arge s tones , wh ich may r epresent a k erb h ave b een e xposed b y p lough ing c lose t o t he c airn e dge. O n t he N a nd S s ides t here a re a ccumu lat ions o f mass ive r ecent c learance s tone. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. R CAHM 1 9 12 ,

WL

5.

Carscreugh F e l I ( NX 2 259 6 154). S ituated o n u p land moor land p asture , n o t f ar f rom WL 2 6 a nd 2 7. l t i s n ot i n a p rom inent p os it ion b ut t he l and f a lls s teep ly t o t he N a nd W . T he s ite c ons ists o f a sma ll c a irn o f t urfed o ver s tones s urrounded b y a k erb o f d isproport ionate ly l arge s tones u p t o 1 .3m l ong a nd 0 .4m h igh. T he c a irn i s 4 .8m i n o vera ll d iam. A l most d ue E o f t he l argest k erb s tone o n t he S s ide o f t he c a irn a nd 2 2m a nd 3 0m away r espect ive ly a re t wo sma ll s tand ing s tones b o th 0 .4m x 0 .15m x 0 .35m h igh -all i n Ii ne. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. O S R ecords

WL

-

Carscreugh F e l I ( NX 2 283 6 156). S ituated o n u p land moor land p asture o n d ry g round a t t he e dge o f b og la nd, o n a g ent le s lope. l t i s n o t i n a d ramat ic p os it ion b ut c ommands q uite e xtens ive v iews. T he c a irn i s r easonab ly we l l -preserved measur ing 1 .4m h igh a nd 1 8.5m i n d iam. l t h as b een r obbed o f s tone i n t he c entre a nd i s n ow l arge ly t urfed o ver. t Ii es i n a s tra ight Ii ne w ith t he t wo s tand ing s tones a nd t he l argest k erbstone o f WL 2 8. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

WL 2 8 F ig 4 6

4 .

Carscreugh F e l I ( NX 2 304 6 150) . S ituated o n u p land roor land p asture i n q u it e a p rom inent p os it ion o n a l eve l a rea o f g round SW o f t he h illtop. I t i s c lose t o WL 2 7 and 2 8 , b ut i s n ot i nterv is ib le w ith t hem. T h is s ite has b een r educed t o a mere r im o f c a irn mater ia l 1 7m i n d iam. T he E s ide i s v ery p oor ly d ef ined. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. O S R ecords

WL

0

2 . 4 N o 3 49

3 .

1

4 .

W

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

B en I a ight Ca irn ( NX 2 12 6 07). S ituated o n a l eve l, b ut r a ised p or t ion o f a par t ly c u lt ivated f ie ld wh ich l ooks d own t o C amr ie L och a nd t owards WL 2 9. T he c a irn n ow measures 2 1m ( NE-SW) a nd 2 3m ( NW-SE) b ut h as b een d istorted b y t he add it ion o f r ecent c learance mater ia ls s o i ts o r ig ina l d imens ions a re u ncer ta in. 1 97

F ig 4 6 . S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , WL

3 1

2 . 4 N o 2 80

3 .

3 2

3 3

3 4

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

1

4 .

W

5 .

b 1/2

6 .

-

2 .

4

3 .

3

4 .

N

5 .

b 1/2

6 .

-

M id G len i ron ( NX 1 885 6 10 1). S ituated o n g ent ly l cp ing e nc losed u p land pasture c lose t o t wo c hambered t ombs a nd WL 3 4 a nd 3 5. Th is l arge , v irtua lly u ntouched r ound c a irn i s s t ill c 4.0m h igh a nd c onsequent ly di am measurement i s d iff icu lt. l t s eems t o b e 1 9m ( NW-SE) and 2m 2 ( NE-SW) a cross. T he RCAHM n oted a ' regu lar ly I ayed base' a round t he c a irn b ut t h is i s a l most c erta in ly s li pped mater ia l f rom h igher up t he monument. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

WL

S

Camr ie F e l I ( NX 1 97 6 09) . S ituated o n a l eve l a rea o n a n o therwise q uite s teep h i lls ide o f e nc losed up land pasture. T he O S n o ted a ' probab le b ur ia l c a irn' f rom a er ia l photographs a nd r ecorded i t a s 2 3m ( E-W) a nd r 1 8r ( N-S) a cross a nd 1 .0m h igh, i n 1 968. A v is it i n 1 975 c ou ld n ot l ocate t he s ite. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords

WL

4 .

Camr ie F e l I ( NX 1 97 6 06) S ituated o n up land e nc losed pasture n ear t o t he t op o f Camr ie F e ll i n a p rom inent p os it ion w ith e xtens ive v iews o ver t he M id G len i ron a rea. The RCAHM n o ted t hat t h is s ite was a bout 4 0 ' i n o vera ll d iam a nd r educed a l most t o g round l eve l. N ow i t i s s carce ly v is ib le a s a l ow, t urfed o ver swe ll i n t he g round. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 5 3 . R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , N o 3 5 1

WL

1

2 . 3 N o 2 60

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

M id G len i ron ( NX 1 885 6 10 1) . S ituated o n gent ly s lop ing e nc losed u p land pasture o n ly 4m t o t he S o f t he c hambered t omb o f M id G leniron I ( Corcoran 1 969a ) a nd 1 98

c lose t o M id G len iron I a nd WL 3 3 a nd 3 5. T he s ite i s n ow s carce ly v is ib le b ut t he e xcavat ions b y C orcoran prov ide f u ll d e ta ils. I t was a sma ll c a irn 1 0m i n d iam w ith a n i rregu lar k erb a round par t o f t he e dge. W ith in t h is o ther s tones were s e t a lso i n a n e rat ic b ut vague ly c oncentr ic pattern. T he c entra l a rea was d isturbed b ut f ragments o f c remated b one a nd s herds o f what s eem t o have b een a c inerary u rn were r ecorded. S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . R efs. C orcoran 1 969b WL

3 5

3 6

3 .

2

3 .

R efs. 3 8

SW

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

2

4 .

NW

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

Ca irn MacNe l Ii e ( NX 1 72 6 26). S ituated i n a g ood a gr icu lt ura l f ie ld wh ich f a l I s s teep ly t o t he Water o f L uce t o t he W o f t he s ite. The c a irn i s l arge ly o bscured b y r ecent f ie ld-c learance , b ut t he RCAHM g ive a d iam o f 5 6' wh ich i s p robab ly a bout r ight. N o d oubt t h is s ite h as b een e xtens ive ly r obbed a nd l i tt le o f t he o r ig ina l may s urvive. S ummary,

WL

4 .

L itt le P ark Ca irn ( NX 1 78 6 25) . S ituated i n i mproved u p land pasture o n a l oca I em inence o ver look ing t he Water o f Luce va lley. The s ite has b een u sed a s a d ump f or f ie ld-c learance s tone b ut s eems t o have o r ig ina lly measured c l 5m i n d i am . T he RCAHM r ecord t hat t he c entre was p robab ly c leared o ut. S ummary, 1 , 2 2 . 3 3 . R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , N o 2 64

WL 3 7

1

M id G len iron ( NX 1 872 6 092). S ituated o n g ent ly s lop ing e nc losed u p land pasture a l i tt le t o t he S o f t he I c hambered t omb o f M id G len iron ( Corcoran 1 969a) and c lose t o M id G len iron I a nd WL 3 3 a nd 3 4. L itt le s urvives o f t h is monument, b ut C orcoran ' s e xcavat ions p rov ide f u ll d eta ils. T here was a sma ll r ound c airn u p t o 7m i n d i am . I n t he c entre was a p aved c ist s et above g round l eve l a nd bu i I t u s ing o ne v ery l arge upr ight s lab o n t he S E s ide. T he N E s ide was b uilt o f 2 u pr ight s tones but t he o ther t wo s ides were m iss ing o r c ons isted o f wa lling. C orcoran p referred t o c a ll t h is a c hamber b ut i t i s e ssent ia lly a c ist. H is a rguments t hat c ists o f t he B ronze Age i nc lude l ess mass ive s tones , a re b u ilt o f f our s tone s labs , a nd a re u sua lly s e t b e low g round l eve l a re l arge ly u nfounded ( see , f or e xamp le , N K 8 a nd WL 1 2) . N o datab le f inds were r ecovered. S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . R efs. C orcoran 1 969b

WL

2

1 .

RCAHM

2 1 912 ,

2 ,

1

3 .

0

4 .

-

5.

b 3

6 .

S G

N o 2 65

Hardcroft ( NX 1 89 6 43) . S ituated u pon u ndu lating u p l and moor land pasture o n a s li ght em inence n o t f ar f rom a p ost-med ieva l f ie ld s ystem. T he c a irn i s 1 8m i n i c iam a nd c l.0m h igh. I t has b een r obbed i n t he c entre a nd

i s

l arie ly t urfed

S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

o ver.

2 . 3 N o 2 70 1 99

3 .

1

4 .

W

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

WL

3 9

D rumpa i I Burn ( NX 2 2 1 6 4 1) . S ituated u pon a v ery s light d omed swe ll am idst d eep p eat moor land. T he s ite c ons ists o f a l oose p ile o f s tones i n n o par t icu lar f orm. t i s l arge ly o bscured b y p eat a nd n o measurements were t aken. T h is i s a n e xtreme ly d oubtfu l s ite a nd c ou ld b e e xc luded. S ummary, 1 . 1 ? R efs. O S R ecords

WL

4 0

2 .

4 1

4 2

4 3

1 . 2 2

4 4

2 . 2 N o 2 67

2 . N o

2 2 66

1 2 . 4 1 846 , 8

-

5.

b 3

6 .

-

3 .

2

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

3 .

2

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

S G

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

-

Bar lure ( NX 1 70 6 69). S ituated o n a g ent le s lope i n a g rassy f ie ld w ith o ccas iona l o utcrop. The g round t hen f a lls away more s teep ly t o t he S . T he c a irn i s g rass c overed, measures c l.0m h igh a nd 1 5m i n d iam. T here i s e v idence o f s li ghT d isturbance i n t he c entre . S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

WL

4 .

Ca irn K ennagh ( NX 1 91 60) . S ituated i n a v ery 6 p rom inent p os ition o n t he t op o f a n atura l r ocky k no ll. There a re n ow n o v is ib le r ema ins b ut t he O NB r ecords ' wh ite r ocks w ith a sma ll p ile o f s tones t here o n '. l t must r ema in a dub ious s ite. S ummary, R efs. ONB

WL

0

K nockmore ( NX 1 842 6 536). S ituated i n up land pas ture , o n a sma ll p romontory, s eparated f rom WL 4 0 b y a d eep ly c ut s tream , a nd o ver look i ng t he v a l l ey o f t he C ross Water o f L uce. Th is monument s tands 3 m h igh a nd i s 2 5m i n d iam. H owever , most o f t he NE s ide has b een r emoved l eav ing o n ly a r im o f c airn mater ia l. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 ,

WL

3 .

H ill Mabreed ia ( NX 1 899 6 535). S ituated n ear WL 4 1 o n a sma ll p romontory i n r ough u p land pasture o ver look ing t he C ross Water o f Luce. The c a irn i s 1 9m i n d iam a nd 1 .1 m h igh. l t i s l arge ly t urfed o ver but s ome s tones a re s cattered a round t he t op. l t s eems r e lat ive !y u nd isturbed. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

WL

4

Bar lure

( NX

1 68

2 . 4 N o 2 77

6 7 1).

3 .

1

S ituated

4 .

i n

S E

a n

5 .

b 3

i mproved

6 .

B C

pasture

f ie ld. N o v is ib le r ema ins o f t h is s ite s urv ive and i t s p rec ise l ocat ion c anno t b e d e term ined f rom t he r eference by t he RCAHM. They r ecord, h owever , t hat t he s ite was 2 4' i n d iam. R ecent c learance a long t he f ie ld wa l I s may o bscure a monument. S ummary, R efs. WL

4 5

1 .

RCAHM

Ba l murr ie

( NX

1 1 912 , 2 08

2 .

4

N o

2 88

6 59).

3 .

2

S ituated

4 .

S

i n

g ood

5 .

b 3

6 .

e nc losed

B C

u p-

l and pasture o ver look ing b og I a nd t o t he S E a nd t he C ross Water o f L uce t o t he SW. There i s n ow n o t race o f t h is 2 00

s ite o ther t han a p ile o f r ecent c learance i n t he c orner o f t he f ie ld where i t i s r ecorded o n e ar ly O S maps. I n 1 899 W ilson r ecorded t hat S E o f t he h omestead o f Ba I murr ie t here was a l arge s tone b es ides a c a irn. This must r efer t o t he s ame monument b ut t he s tone n o l onger s urv ives e ither. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords W i!son 1 899 , WL

4 6

4 7

4 8

3.

4 9

2 .

4

3 .

2 .

4

3 .

5 0

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

BC

1

4 .

i n moderate ly g ood f arm t rack c lose t o s ided va lley o f t he r ema ins o f t h is s ite SW

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

C ra igb irnoch ( NX 1 802 6 940) . S ituated c lose t o WL 4 9 , 5 0 a nd 5 1 am idst p oor ly d ra ined l eve l u p land pas ture , i n t he f lood p la in o f C ross Water o f L uce. T he c a irn was c l 8m i n d iam b ut i s n o more t han 0 .3m h igh. S tones a re s t ill v is ib le but i t i s ma in ly g rassed o ver. N o f eatures c an b e s een. 0

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

C ra igb irnoch ( NX 1 793 6 944) . S ituated n ear WL 4 8 , 5 0 a nd 5 1, o n a l ow n atura l r ise i n t he b ottom o f t he s tream v a lley. T he s ite i s a n eat t urfed o ver c a irn 1 1m i n d iam a nd c l.5m h igh w ith t races o f r obb ing o n t he NW s ide. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 4 3 . R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , N o 2 76

WL

4 .

1 84

S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 4 3 . R efs. R CAHM 1 912 , N o 2 75 WL

2

Quarter ( NX 1 90 1 6 823) . S ituated o n t he o ther s ide o f t he f arm t rack f rom WL 4 6. N oth ing n ow r ema ins o f t h is monument a nd n o r ecords s urv ive. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords

WL

5

Quarter ( NX 1 902 6 8 19) . S ituated e nc losed u p land pasture S o f a WL 4 7 a nd o ver looking t he s teep Cross Water o f Luce. N oth ing n ow and n o r ecords s urvive. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords

WL

2 .

0

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

C ra igb irnoch ( NX 1 765 6 925) . S ituated upon a s li ght t errace a long wh ich t he n earby t rack r uns. I t i s n o t i n a v ery p rom inent p os it ion a nd i s n o t i ntervis ib le w ith c a irns WL 4 8 , 4 9 and 5 1 n earby. The s ite n ow c ons ists o f a s pread o f s tones w ith in a f a int r im o f c a irn mater ia l 0 .4m h igh a nd 1 3m i n d iam. T he R CAHM d escr ibed t h is c a irn a s 3 7' i n d iam i n 1 911 a nd s ince t he C ra igb irnoch c a irn e xcavated b y Anderson i n 1 916 was a lso 3 7' i n d i am i t i s p robab le , but n o t c er ta in, t hat i t was t h is s ite wh ich was e xam ined r ather t han WL 5 1. I f t h is i s s o t hen t here was a c ist 2 2" x 1 4i" x 1 5" d eep a nd n eat ly paved, l ocated i n t he c entre o f t he c a irn. W ith in t he c ist was a f ine f ood v esse l a nd 2 0 1

c remated b one c a irn c ons isted r ings , p erhaps WL 3 4 .

d epos it. T he f oundat ion l ayer o f t he o f l arge s tones a rranged i n c oncentr ic n o t u n like t hose f ound a t M id G len i ron

S ummary, 1 . 5 2 . 4 R efs. R CAHM 1 912 , N o 2 74 Anderson 1 916 WL

5 1

5 2

5 3

2 . 4 N o 2 74

3 .

2 .

4

5 4

5 5

E

5 .

b 3

6 .

BC

4 .

E

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

N o 2 90

K i Il fedder ( NX 1 56 6 85). S ituated o n a l eve l p ortion o f a s loping up land pasture e nc losure o ver look i ng t he Water o f Luce. The s ite i s much d istor ted by t he d ump ing o f r ecent f ie ld-c learance s tone but s eems t o b e about 1 9m i n d i am o n average. McKer l i e r ecords a ' ca irn c a l l ed K i Il fedder' wh ich h e s upposed i nd icated an e ar ly c hurch s ite. T h is p robab ly r efers t o t he s ame monument. 2

4 .

S E

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

S Ii ckconner ie ( NX 1 67 7 00) . S ituated o n r ough p eat moor land c ommand ing a n e xtens ive v iew o ver t he C ross Water o f L uce va lley t o t he N E. The c a irn i s 1 6m i n d iam a nd 1 .3m h igh w it h e v idence o f i nterference i n t he c entre. The e dges a re t urfed o ver a nd par t ly o bscured b y p eat. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 5 3 . R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , N o 2 73

WL

2

3 .

S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 4 3 . R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , N o 2 79 McKer l i e 1 916 , 5 1 WL

4 .

A l ti g ouk i e ( NX 1 62 6 8 1). S ituated o n a sma ll l oca l em inence o n t he r ough moor land pasture o ver looking t he Water o f Luce. The s ite s eems t o c ons ist o f a t urfed o ver s tony mound 1 8m i n d iam a nd n o more t han 0 .8m h igh w ith a s li ght h o l l ow i n t he t op a t t he c entre. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. O S R ecords RCAHM 1 912 ,

WL

2

C ra igb irnoch ( NX 1 770 6 920 ). S ituated n ear t o WL 4 8 , 4 9 and 5 0 upon a l oca l em inence am ids t undu lat ing moor land pasture. The c a irn has b een e xtens ive ly r obbed a nd n ow s urv ives o n ly a s a r ather amorphous p i l e o f s tones u p t o 0 .7m h igh a nd a bout 1 3.5m i n d iam. It has c lear ly b een d isturbed s ince i t was v is ited b y t he RCAHM i n 1 9 11, when i t was 3 4 ' i n d iam. I t i s j ust p oss ib le t hat t he c ist a nd f ood v esse l n o ted above w ith r ef t o WL 5 0 were f ound i n t h is c a irn. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 ,

WL

3 .

2

4 .

NE

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

Wh ite Ca irn ( NX 1 78 7 47). S ituated h igh i n i nhosp itab le p eat c overed moor land i n a s li ght h o l l ow b e tween t wo c raggy h i ll s. The RCAHM t hought i t d oubtfu l, wh i l e i n 1 952 t he O S s urveyors f ound i t r ecognisab le. I n 1 977 i t c ou ld n ot b e l ocated. 2 02

S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . R efs. O S R ecords RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 2 87 WL

5 6

7

3 .

1

5 7

5 8

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

0

4 .

-

5.

b 3

6 .

P eat

L ingdowey ( NX 1 462 6 635). S ituated c lose t o WL 5 8 o n g ent ly s loping v ery b oggy moor land n ear t he h ead o f L ingdowey B urn, and o ver looking t he Water o f L uce va lley. T he c a irn h as b een bad ly r obbed o ver most o f t he N ha lf but t he d iam o f 1 9m i s s t ill measurab le. A s hepherds' c a irn s tands a l i tt le t o t he S o f t he c entre o n part o f t he c a irn wh ich i s s t ill c 0.5m h igh. S ummary, 1 . 3 2 . 5 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , N o 4 1

WL

N

P iI wh irn B urn ( NX 1 92 7 40). S ituated o n a b oggy, l eve l p iece o f l and o n a s pur b e tween P i I wh irn B urn a nd C ross Water o f Luce. T here a re n ow n o v is ib le r ema ins but W ilson, quot ing a l e tter f rom a Mr L upton i n 1 898 , r ecords a c a irn ' about 1 4' i n d iam , f our s tand ing s tones 3 x 2 f eet, a nd o ld c ist'. L ater t he R CAHM n ote t hat t he s tand ing s tones were g one b y 1 911 a nd r emark t hat we d o n ot know whether t hey s tood o n, i n, o r adjacent t o t he c a irn. The RCAHM r ecord a d iame ter o f 2 9' f or t he c a irn a nd s tate t hat t he c ist was a l i gned ENE-WSW a nd measured i nterna lly 1 1 0" x 1 ' 6 " x 1 ' 6 " d eep. S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 5 3 . R efs. W ilson 1 899 , 1 84 RCAHM 1 912 , N o 2 72

WL

4 .

3 .

1

4 .

-

5- b 3

6 .

P eat

6 L ingdowey ( NX 1 44 1 650) . S ituated i n a s im ilar p os it ion t o WL 5 7 b ut o n t he o ther s ide o f L ingdowey B urn. T h is i s e ssent ia lly a we ll p reserved c a irn 3 .5m h igh a nd c 25.5m i n d iam. T here a re s evera l nd r obb ing h o llows a round t he e dge b ut d isturbances -a n one have e ntered d eep ly i nto t he f abr ic o f t he c a irn. t i s n o t t urfed o ver a nd i t i s a pparent t hat i t i s b u ilt o f qu ite sma ll s tones ( cl 0 - 15cms a cross). T here i s a t rad it ion t hat t h is " was a C ovenanters meet ing p lace a nd e ach b rought o ne s tone t o t he mee t ing. S ummary, 1 . 3 2 . 5 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , N o 4 0

WL

5 9

3 .

1

4 .

N E

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

Ca irnerzean ( NX 1 359 6 668) . S ituated am idst t he r ough moor land , o utcrop and b og i n a n i mpress ive p os it ion o n t he s umm it o f Ca i r nerzean F e ll. T he s ite h as b een e xtens ive ly d isturbed t o bu ild a s hepherds' c a irn o n t he t op, a sma ll r ectangu lar s heep p en o n t he W s ide a nd a c urv ing s tone wa ll a round t he S and E s ides. Even s o i t s t ill measures 1 8m i n d iam a nd i s u p t o 2 .0m

h igh.

On

t he

N s ide

t here

i s

s light

e v idence

k erb. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. R CAHM 1 912 ,

o f

a

6 .

-

• 2 . 7 N o 4 2 2 03

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 3

WL

6 0

Ca irnerzean ( NX 1 390 6 662). S ituated i n t he s ame p eat moor land, t o t he E o f WL 5 9 b ut l ower a nd s teeper , o ver looking t he Water o f L uce . T here i s n ow n o t race o f t h is s ite wh ich i s o n ly r ecorded o n e ar ly O S maps. I t may have b een c onfused w ith 2 o r 3 sma ll c a irns wh ich were f ound a l i tt le t o t he WNW o f t he l ocat ion g iven. S ummary, 1 . 1 ? 2 . R efs. O S R ecords

WL

6 1

6

3 .

6 2

6 3

6 4

R efs. 6 5

b 3

6 .

P eat

3 .

1

4 .

E

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

3 .

1

4 .

E

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

1 .

1

2 .

6

3 .

0

4 .

-

5.

b 3

6 .

P eat

Ca lr nerzean ( NX 1 362 6 595). S ituated i n t he s ame g enera l t erra in a s WL 6 2 a nd 6 3. The s ite c ons ists o f a c ircu lar r im o f c airn mater ia l 1 3m i n d iam s urround ing a sma ll, l ow c entra l mound wh ich s eems t o b e main ly o utcropp ing r ock. T he v vh o le s ite i s i n a h o llow i n t he p eat. The n earby s tone wa l I was p robab ly built o f s tone f rom t h is a nd o ther c a irns o n t he moor. S ummary,

WL

5 .

6 Ca irnerzean ( NX 1 37 1 608). S ituated i n t he s ame moor land a s WL 6 1 a nd 6 2. T h is s ite s urv ives o n ly a s a c ircu lar h o l l ow i n t he p eat s im it ar t o t hose l e f t t a fter s tone r obb ing a t WL 6 2 and 6 4. B ecause Ii t le s tone s urv ives n o measurements a re p oss ib le , and t he s ite may b e t reated w ith s ome s ceptic ism. S ummary, R efs. -

WL

E

Ca irnerzean ( NX 1 388 6 18 ) . S ituated i n t he s ame 6 r e lat ive ly l owly ing p eat moor land o ver look i ng t he Water o f Luce a s WL 6 1. On ly a c rescent o f c a irn mater ia l s urvives o n t he NW s ide o f t he monument. E lsewhere t he s ite i s d ef ined o n ly b y a c ircu lar h o llow i n t he p eat w ith a f a int r im o f c a irn mater ia l a round t he e dge , d isappear ing b eneath t he p eat. I n s pite o f t he d enudat ion t he s urv iv ing p or t ion s t ill s tands 1 .7m h igh, a nd t he c a irn d i am c an b e measured a t 1 8m. S ummary, 1 . 3 2 . 6 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 4 4

WL

4 .

Ca irnerzean ( NX 1 384 6 640). S ituated a s f or WL 5 9 a nd 6 0 , but o n q u ite l owlying g round. The c a irn i s a l i tt le o ver 2 .5m a t t he h ighes t a nd i s 1 8m i n d iam. T h is s ite has a n u nusua I p rof ile ( see RCAHM 1 9 12 , F ig 2 5) a nd s eems t o h ave b een s urrounded by a wa ll o f q u ite l arge b ou lders. I mmed iate (y w ith in t he wa ll t he c a irn i s s omewhat f lat b efore i t r ises s teep ly t owards t he c entre , where a s hepherds' c a irn o nce s tood. S ummary, 1 . 3 2 . 6 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 4 3

WL

3

1 .

2

2 .

6

3 .

1

4 .

NE

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

-

Ca irn K enny ( NX 1 360 6 535 ) . S ituated i n t he s ame g enera l t erra in a s WL 6 2 a nd 6 3 o n t he g ent le s lope u p t o Ca irnscarrow. T he s ite c ons ists o f l i tt le m ore t han a h o l l ow i n t he p eat, wh ich i s o ver l m t h ick a t t h is 2 04

p o int. There a re t races o f s tone a round s uggest t he c a irn was 1 7m i n d iam. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 7 R efs. RCHAM 1 9 12 , N o 6 5 WL

6 6

4 .

N

5 .

b 3

wh ich

6 .

P eat

3 .

1

4 .

1 949 ,

1 44

W

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

Ca irnscarrow ( NX 1 365 6 483). S ituated o n t he s umm it o f Ca i r nscarrow H ill am idst t he s urround ing p eat moor land. T here i s n ow n o t race o f a c a irn, b ut t he s ite i s o n a s p lend id vantage p o int. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 7 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , N o 6 9

N o n o

0

e dge

Au ld W ife 's G rave ( NX 1 355 6 499). S ituated a Ii t t le t o t he N o f t he s umm it Ca i r nscarrow i n v ery r ough p eat up land. T he s ite has b een f u lly d escr ibed b y H ensha l I and n o th ing c an b e added. l t c ons ists o f a ' chamber' bu ilt o n t he S s ide o f a mass ive b lock o f s tone wh ich may b e o utcrop u s ing a no ther l arge b lock o f s tone f or t he S s ide and a t h in s lab f or t he E e nd. Overa ll t he c hamber measures 3 .9m x 0 .6m a nd i s u p t o 1 .1 m d eep. The v est iga l r ema ins o f a c over ing c a irn 1 0m i n d iam c an b e i dent if ied. Th is s ite c ou ld b e a mega lith ic s tructure , b ut a s t here i s a p oss ib ility t hat i t i s a B ronze Age c ist i t has b een i nc luded h ere. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 7 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , N o 4 6 P iggott a nd P owe ll H ensha l I1 972 , 5 37

WL 6 7

3 .

t he

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 3

6 .

P eat

The Lak in ( NX 1 357 6 560). S ituated o n r ough o pen p eat c overed moor land. The O S n oted a p oss ib le c a irn a t t h is l ocat ion, f rom a er ia l photographs. N o th ing i s v is ib le o n t he g round a nd t he s ite must r ema in d oubtfu l. H owever i t i s j ust p oss ib le t hat a monument e x ists b eneath t he p eat. R efs.

O S R ecords AP

N o O S 6 7 ,

2 05

1 33:

4 43-4.

1 .6.67

EAST

LUCE

( f ig 4 7)

Th is sma ll a rea o f h igh g round a bout 1 6 kms a long t he E s ide o f Luce Bay i s s andw iched b e tween t he Water o f Luce a nd E ast W igtownsh i re. It c onta ins 3 9 p oss ib le s ites o f wh ich 1 b e longed t o ' category 1 '. C ons ider ing t he s ize o f t he a rea t h is r epresents a c oncentrat ion c omparab le t o t hat f ound i n t he a rea a round t he Water o f L uce. I n s ome ways t h is a rea s hou ld b e i nc luded w ith t he Water o f L uce b ut a s i t c orresponds v ery c lose ly t o t he d istr ict d ef ined a nd d escr ibed by Hare ( 1942) a s ' The G len L uce D rum l i n B e lt' i t i s c ons idered s eparate ly. A f a ir p ropor t ion o f t he l owly ing g round t o t he NW and a long t he c oast h as b een c u lt ivated s o t hat s carce !y a ny c a irns i n t h is a rea have s urv ived i n a n e as ily r ecognisab le f orm. T h is i s e spec ia lly t rue o f t he c a irns a round S inn i n ess , b ut l uck ily i t i s s t ill p oss ib le t o i dent ify q u ite a ccurate ly t he s ites o f t hese monuments. Most a re o n r a ised g round a nd s evera l o ver look t he s ea but t h is i s b y n o means t rue o f a ll t he s ites. S ta irhaven c a irn ( EL 1) o r ig ina l l y s tood upon a p ort ion o f r a ised b each d epos its a bove M ilton B urn a nd i s o n ly about 8m OD wh ile t he s ea i s o bscured f rom t he c a irns n ear S in ni ness Cast le ( EL 2 ) a nd t he n orthern c a irn o n t he Mu ll o f S in ni ness ( EL 4 ) . F urther i n land, e spec ia l l y a round Wh itef ie ld L och, i dent if icat ion o f i nd iv idua l c a irns i s c onfused by t he presence o f s evera l g roups o f sma ll c a irns. T he s ite n ear C raigenveoch Wood ( EL 1 0) i s n o l onger r ecogn isab le a nd may h ave b een o ne o f s uch a c a irn g roup. S im ilar ly t he L ochrob in Burn s ite ( EL 9 ) c ou ld qu ite e as ily b e f ie ld-c learance f rom t he e nc losed f ie lds i n wh ich i t s tands. The c a irn a t t he E e nd o f Whitef ie ld L och n ear Machermore ( EL 8 ) i s l ess d ub ious f or a lthough i t has b een r emoved a nd s eems t o have measured o r ig ina lly o n ly about 4m i n d iam i t d id, a ccord ing t o W ilson ( 1889 , 7 2) c onta in a c ist, w ith a l arge s tone c over , a nd c onta ined a l arge u rn. About 1 km S E o f t hese s ites i s a g roup o f l arger c a irns ma in ly w ith in t he e nc losed f ie lds o f Sw inefe l 1 and Machermore f arms. Most o f t hese s ites have b een par t ia lly i ncreased i n s ize b y t he add it ion o f f ie ld-c learance s tones b ut g enera lly t he o r ig ina l d i mens ions c an b e measured. Ca irns EL 1, 1 2 and 1 3 a re q u ite we ll p reserved s ites. Each i s u pon a s light ly r a ised a nd r ocky em inence o ver look ing r ather marshy g round t o t he S . Ca irn EL 1 4 n o l onger e x ists b ut i ts l ocat ion s eems t o h ave b een v ery s im ilar , above a d eep g u lly c ut b y a s ma ll b urn. Wh ite Ca irn ( EL 1 5), o n t he more o pen moor land above , i s a lso u pon a r ocky h illock a nd i n f act c ommands q uite a n extens ive v iew a ll a round. The O rdnance S urvey r ecord t wo c a irns t o t he S o f Sw inefe l I b ut n e ither s eems v ery r e liab le. The more e aster ly s ite c ons ists o f a g rassy mound o n a qu ite s teep p ar t o f t he h ill s lope a nd o n ba lance t he s tatement b y t he RCAHM ( 1912 , N o 3 62) - that i t 'was p robab ly a n o ld k iln' s eems c orrect, s o t he s ite h as b een e xc luded. The o ther s ite EL 1 6 has o bv ious ly b een d isturbed b ut o ther t han t hat t here i s n o r eason why i t a lso s hou ld b e om itted. T o t he S E t he t erra in b ecomes r ougher w ith r ugged a nd c raggy moor land, a g ood d ea l o f o utcropp ing r ock a nd sma ll patches o f b og. I n t h is a rea t hree q uest ionab le B ronze A ge r ound c a irns h ave b een n oted ( EL 1 9 , 2 1 a nd 2 2). N earer t o t he c oast, h owever , t hree more c erta in f unerary c a irns c an b e s een. A sma ll, we l I p reserved c a irn am idst a r ecent f ores try 2 06

•

/

\

- -

•

-

•

•

. = , , .

/ \

0

-I C 1 J

•

I \

0 L .)

I

\i

\ , _

c N

" . •

H: 'I ( N

L r a

-4 .

;

•

(

.0 • .4 M

0

.-

7 '

/ ` -. . 7 . -

e ll Cs• I

*

-I

•

' -- • Z--

)•

, . •

•

g r,

•

F ig 4 7 : C airn d istr ibut ion -E ast L uce . 2 07

p lantation c an b e r ecognised o n t he quite s teep s outher ly o f C ra ignarget H ill ( EL 2 0). The s ite i tse lf i s u pon a s l more l eve l part o f t he h ills ide above a qu ite d eep gu lly i t o ver looks t o t he 5 , t owards t wo o ther c a irns o f Green B r idge

( EL

2 3)

c onstructed d rops v ery

and

Ca irn

upon t he s teep ly t o

Buy

( EL

2 4) . These

t wo

t he t he

sma ller c ircu lar

cairns

s ince f ie ldwork l arge e ccentr ic t wo cairns a re

c airns but t hese a re quite d ist inct. e nc losure and s evera l r uined s tony

v ic inity but t hese l arger c a irns.

The moor land b ecomes much l ess

a re

e dge o f t he moor land b efore t he l and t he r a ised b each and t he s ea. The s ite

o f G reen H ouse B r idge i s o f s pec ia l i nterest r evea led t he p resence o f a h itherto unknown c ist o n t he S E s ide o f t he c a irn. B etween t he s evera l a lso a

s lope i ght ly wh ich H ouse

appear

t o

h ave

n o

d irect

There banks

i s i n

r e lationsh ip

t o

p eters o ut t o t he S and E a nd t he g round r ugged, g iving way t o c ultivated f arm land

i n most parts. S evera l o f t he s ites i n t his area have b een part ia lly e xcavatged by D . Phil li ps , an o therw ise unknown amateur a rchaeo logist who worked i n t he area a round 1 960. ( H is p resent whereabouts a re n ot k nown and he c ould n o t b e t raced. ) P lans o f h is e xcavations have been l odged w ith var ious b od ies i nc lud ing Dumfr ies Museum but unfortunate ly h e om itted t o g ive g r id r eferences. 1n most i nstances h is d escr iptions o r p lace names a re s uff ic ient t o l ink h is p lans t o r ecognisab le s ites but o ccas iona lly, e spec ia lly when t wo o r t hree s ites o ccur t ogether , t his i s n o t p oss ib le ( eg EL 3 9-42). I n o ther c ases ( eg EL 2 6 , 2 8 and 2 9) h is excavat ion p lans p rovide i mportant e vidence o f i nterna l c a irn s tructure wh ich wou ld n ot o therw ise have s tandard o f e xcavation was

b een r ecognised, e ven t hough t he s eem ing ly v ery p oor , a nd t he p lans

a re o ften c onfus ing. They have b een r eproduced h ere i n t he c ata logue. A ll t he c a irn s ites i n t he S E part o f t he area are above 7 6m OD and most a re upon f arm land wh ich has c er tain ly b een c u ltivated i n e ar l i er t imes. Th is has had a detr imenta l e ffect upon t he major ity o f s ites but o n ly t he c airns n ear Drumb I a ir ( EL 3 0), C orwa l I ( EL 3 1) and t wo o f t he poss ib le t hree s ites o n Low Moor ( EL 3 2-4) have b een t o ta lly r emoved. F ortunate ly t he ir o r igina l p os itions c an b e gauged f rom ear ly OS maps. D rumb la ir c a irns o n

c airn was w ithin an u neven f ie ld wh ile L ow Moor were o n g ent le SW-fac ing s lopes o f

a l I t he t he h ill

j ust b efore t he l and d rops s teep ly t o t he s ea, r ather l ike t he p os it ions o f Ca irn Buy and Green H ouse B r idge ca irn. The s ite n ear C orwa II ( EL 3 1) i s a lso upon r a ised g round, h a lf way u p t he moor , upon a McKer l i e ( 1877 , 2 62)

sma ll n oted

l eve l p ro ject ion f rom t he h ills ide. t he s it e a nd r ecorded t hat i t h ad

b een

r emoved e ven by t his e ar ly date. A l i tt le t o t he N o f Corwa II t here i s a g roup quite we ll p reserved c airns c entered a round t he modern May.

Three

s tead ing r e lative ly NE

t o

upon s ites s ome

SW

and

t o

c airns

t he

r ecent

c reating

C ourt

a sma ll a re s et

c urves

t he

( EL

2 5 ,

2 6

a nd

2 7)

are

c lose

t o

t he

i n e nc losed and c u ltivated l and. The f ie l ds a re l eve l but a g eo log ica l f au lt l ine c uts across f rom t he

t he

t errace

o f

o f f our f arm o f

a t errace.

c a irn

( EL

2 5)

l ump o f o utcrop o n back a l i tt le but S .

B oth

a re

f ie ld-c learance

i n

The

c a irns

s eems

2 08

a re

have

has

g ood

b een

a ll

been

t he v ery e dge. s till f o l l ow t he

moderate ly

s tone

t o

above

The o ther t wo t errace a s i t

c ondition

added

t he

c onstructed

t o

E L

a lthough 2 7.

T he

m idd le c a irn ( EL 2 6) has a n u nusua l appearance , more l ike a p latform t han a c a irn, r is ing s teep ly o n a ll s ides f or 0 .75m and h aving a f lat t op 1 4m i n d iam. The t op i s c overed b y a I u sh g rass s ugges t ing a s o iI f i ll. F or t h is r eason i t was o r ig ina lly t hought t hat i t s hou ld n o t b e i nc luded i n t h is s urvey h owever , i ts d i mens ions , l ocat ion, a nd s o i I c ontent s eem t o i nd icate t hat t h is i s t he s ite e xcavated b y D . P h illips and r eferred t o b y h im a s ' Lang R igs' c a irn ( f ig 4 8). S outh o f t he May s ites t he g round b eg ins t o r ise t owards Mochrum F e ll. N ear t he f oo t o f t he F e ll n ext t o t he r u ined s tead ings o f B rae and Cu I s haben i s a s ubstant ia l c a irn ( EL 2 8). I t i s n o t i n a p rom inent p os it ion a nd i s s urrounded b y r ig a nd f urrow c u lt ivat ion. Ph illips appears t o h ave e xcavated a t l east f our c a irns i nc lud ing t h is o ne o n, o r a round , B rae Moor b ut c a irn EL 2 8 i s t he o n ly s ite t o b e r ecogn ised d ur ing f ie ldwork ( f ig 5 0). Over look ing a ll t he s ites t o t he N a nd most o ther s ites i n t he a rea i s t he l arge c a irn w ith a c entra l c ist o n t he s umm it o f M ochrum F e ll ( EL 2 9) ( f ig 5 1). Th is was a lso e xam ined b y P h illips. T he e xtens ive v iew o f t he s urround ing c ountrys ide f rom t h is c ai rn h as b een r ecogn i sed i n more r ecent t imes f or t here i s n ow a t r iangu lat ion s tat ion i mmed iate ly adjacent t o i t . I t i s d iff icu lt t o a ssess t he va l i d ity o f s ome o f P h illips' c a irn i dent if icat ion upon B rae Moor s ince n o t a l I c an b e r ecogn ised o n t he g round. Even w ithout t he u nl ocated s ites o f E L 4 0 , 4 1 and 4 2 t he a rea wou ld appear t o h ave e xerted a r ather s pec ia l a ttract ion f or f unerary a ct iv ity. I f t hese a re i nc luded t hen t he a rea f rom May i n t he N , t o L ow Moor 3 kms away t o t he S wou ld c onta in a p oss ib le 1 3 c a irns wh ich i s a c oncentrat ion c omparab le w ith t hat a t Ca irnerzean/Ca irnscarrow. T he r easons f or t his c oncentrat ion a re e lus ive f or t he a rea s eems t o h ave n o o bv ious a ttract ions. There a re f our more c a irns o n t h is s ame b lock o f h igh g round. Two a re i n p rom inent p os it ions o n t he N s ide o f M ilton F e l I ( EL 3 5 a nd 3 6) a nd c ommand e xtens ive v iews , e spec ia lly t owards t he N . A l i tt le t o t he N o f t he c entre o f t he s ite EL 3 5 ( f ig 5 2) i s a n u pr ight s tone 1 .2m h igh. I f t h is i s g enu ine t hen i t i s u n ique i n s outhern S co t land. T he n earest p ara lle l i s t he u pr ight s lab f ound a t t he SW e nd o f t he c ist i n C onche it on c a irn ( SK 2 6). The o ther t wo s ites a re b o th l owly ing w ith in c u lt ivated f ie lds n ear EI d r ig ( EL 3 8) and L och H ead ( EL 3 7) f arms a nd a m o un t s o f r e c e n t f i e l d b o th a re n ow c overed b y l arge r o und t h e s e s i t e s i n c lud e s c learance s tone. T he g enera l t erra in a nd b o th t h e s e s i t e s a r e many patches o f o utcropp ing r ock inences. F or t h is r eason b u ilt upon s im ilar natura l l y r a ised em o t he ir a uthent ic ity s ince t here i s an e lement o f d oubt a s t entred a round o utcrop c an o ther p i l es o f f ie ld-gathered s tones c a lso

b e s een i n t he a rea. Overa ll t he d istr ibut ion o f r ound c a irns i n East L uce d oes n o t f o l l ow a ny d ef in ite patern. O ther t han t he o bv ious c oncentrat ion o f s ites i n t he a rea most o bservat ions must b e i mprec ise. There i s a t endency f or t he s ites t o o ccupy t he h igher g round b ut n ot t o t he e xc lus ion o f l ower p os it ions. Most s ites o ccur i n a reas f ree f rom g lac ia l o ver-burden, b ut b y n o means a ll. Most s ites a re d ispersed but c oncentrat ions a round May and Machermore have b een i dent if ied. S ome s ites a re i n s pectacu lar p os it ions wh ile o thers a re qu ite u nobtrus ive. 2 09

many

A s a r esu lt i t i s d iff icu lt t o e xp la in r ound c a irns i n t he East Luce a rea.

why t here are s o The most r ea l i s t ic

i nterpretat ion may l ie , n ot s o much i n t he p os itive a dvantages o f t he a rea, a s i n t he unsuitab le n ature o f t he o ther t erra in n earby. T o t he N and E a re t he p eat f lows wh ile t he Wh it horn p en insu la t o W igtownshire) p rox im ity o f s ignif icance.

t he S i s c omp le te ly d evo id o f c airns ( see E ast f or r easons which e lude u s f or t he p resent. T he s ome t he a rea t o Luce S ands may b e o f

F ina lly, t he a l most c omp lete l ack o f c ontemporaneous s ites o r N eo l i th ic monuments adds t o t he d iff icu lty i n u nderstand ing t h is e nigmatic a rea. The o n ly p oss ib le s ites r ecorded are t he l ong c a irn a t H igh G illespie a nd a s ing le s tanc l i no s tone wh ich may c once ivab ly b e t he r emains o f a s tone c irc le ( W i!son 1 889 , 1 83) .

2 10

CATALOGUE -E AST LUCE EL

1

S ta irhaven ( NX 2 08 5 39). S ituated o n a r a ised p iece o f g round i n a meander i n a s tream j ust b efore i t e nters t he s ea. T he s ite h as n ow b een q uarr ied away f or g rave l. In 1 911 t he RCAHM r ecorded t he s ite a s a h ut-c irc le 3 0 ' ( NW-SE) x 2 4' ( NE-SW), b ut i n 1 917 a f a ll i n t he bank r evea led a c ist 2 0" x 1 4" c overed b y a c apstone 5 ' x x l t c onta ined a f ew f ragments o f a f ood v esse l, b urnt h uman b ones a nd t hree q uartz p ebb les. A y e llow f l int s craper was f ound o n t he c over. Th is bur ia l was n ear t he E s ide o f t he monument a nd a lt hough a ' s light e xam inat ion' was made a t t he c entre n o o ther b ur ia ls were f ound. I t i s p erhaps p oss ib le t hat t h is s ite was a n e nc losed c remat ion c eme tery, b ut t he e xcavators t hought i t was a c a irn a nd t he l ack o f e v idence f or a ny o ther b ur ia ls wou ld f avour t h is v iew. S ummary, 1 . 5 2 . 0 3 . R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , N o 3 29 Anderson 1 92 1

EL

2

S in n n ess Cast le e nc losed u p land i nl and. T here i s

3

2 .

2

3 .

4

5

SW

5 .

b 4

5 .

RB

2

4 .

N E

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

2

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

Mu ll o f S inn i ness ( NX 2 26 5 20). S ituated i n a p loughed a nd s own pasture f ie ld o n t he N s ide o f t he Mu ll. T he s ite i s marked b y a p ile o f r ecent c learance s tone b ut f a int t races o f t he e dges o f a c a irn m ight b e s een w ith t he e ye o f f a ith. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords W ilson 1 874 ,

E L

4 .

Ca irn T oo ter ( NX 20 5 25) . S ituated i n a c u lt ivated 2 f ie ld c onta ining many patches o f o utcrop a nd a s teep d rop t o t he W . T h is i s a l arge c a irn 2 4m i n d iam , b ut a lt hough ' reduced t o g round l eve !' when s een b y t he RCAHM i n 1 911 i t i s n ow q u ite h igh. T h is i s p robab ly due t o t he add it ion o f modern c learance s tone a nd t herefore t he d i mens ions a re d ub ious. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 , 1 3 . R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , N o 3 74

E L

1

( NX 2 14 5 34 ). S ituated i n g ood q ua lity pasture n ear t he c oast, b ut f ac ing n ow n o v is ib le t race o f t h is monument.

S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords EL

( EL)

Mu ll o f e nc losed

S in ni n ess p asture a

2 .

2

3 .

1

4 .

N

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

5 8-9 ( NX 27 2 l i tt le t o

5 17) . S ituated i n u p land t he S E o f t he t rue s umm it

o f t he Mu l, b ut i n t he most p rom inent p os it ion. The s ite bare ly s urv ives b ut i ts p os it ion i s marked b y a n O S t r iangu lat ion s tat ion. A l I t hat r ema ins i s a n i rregu lar s catter o f s tones 7m ( SE-NW) x 1 4m ( NE-SW). W ilson r ecords t hat a c ist a nd a l arge u rn were f ound i n a l arge c a irn above t he f armstead o f Mu ll o f S in ni n ess. S ummary,

H e 1 .

c ou ld 4

b e 2 .

r eferr ing 2 2 11

3 .

S

t o

e ither 4 .

0

t h is o r E L 5 .

b 4

6 .

4 . B C

R efs.

E L

6

W ilson W ilson RCAHM

1 874 , 1 889 , 1 912 ,

Cha llochmunn ( NX 2 28 5 33). S ituated o n t he W s ide o f a h o llow i n a g ood pasture f ie ld. T he s ite c ons ists o f a mound 1 3m i n d iam wh ich m ight b e a c a irn b ut o utcrop a t t he base s uggests i t may j ust b e natura l w ith r ecent f ie ld-c learance a dded. There a re many g rassed o ver o utcrops o f r ock i n t he a rea. T h is i s a d oubtfu l s ite. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 ,

E L

7

8

9

1 0

1

4 .

S E

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

2 . 1 N o 3 44

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

2 . 2 9 7 N o 3 42

3 .

3

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

L och R ob in B urn ( NX 2 43 54) . S ituated w ithin a 5 s tone-wa l l ed e nc losure i n q uite g ood pasture wh ich, a t o ne t ime h as b een c u lt ivated. A ll a round , h owever , t here i s a r ough p eat moor land. T he s ite n ow c ons is ts o f a natura l k no l I w ith a f ew l oose s tones s cattered a round. The d i mens ions g iven b y t he RCAHM r efer t o t he k no ll. T he c a irn i tse lf i s n ow t oo r uined t o p rov ide r e liab le measurements. S ummary, 1 . 1 ? R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 ,

E L

3 .

Machermore ( NX 2 40 5 50) . S ituated i n r ough moor land , n ow a fforested, o n s lop ing g round t o t he E o f Wh itef ie ld L och. There i s n ow n o t race but t he RCAHM r ecorded a c a irn 1 2' i n d iam a t t h is p o int. A lso W ilson n otes t hat a c ist w ith a l arge s tone c over a nd a l arge u rn were f ound i n a c ircu lar c a irn a t t he E e nd o f Machermore L och ( probab ly t he s ame a s Wh itef ie ld L och) i n a wood. Th is must b e t he s ame s ite. S ummary, 1 . 4 R efs. W ilson 1 889 , RCAHM 1 912 ,

E L

2 . 1 N o 3 43

Cu lquhasen ( NX 2 36 5 35). S ituated o n a r ocky em inence i n a n e nc losed pasture f ie ld , w ith a g ood v iew d own a s ha l l ow va l l ey t o t he s ea. T he f ie ld-c learance s tone a round t he e dges makes i t a l most i mposs ib le t o measure t h is c a irn but i t s eems t o b e about 1 6 o r 1 7m i n d iam. There i s a s li ght h o l l ow i n t he c entre , b ut i t h as c er ta in ly b een much r educed i n h e ight s ince t he RCAHM s aw i t when i t was 6 ' h igh. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

E L

5 8-9 9 7 N o 3 85

2 . 2 N o 3 56

3 .

1

4 .

N

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

C ra igenveoch ( NX 2 36 58 a pprox ). T he g enera l a rea 5 c ons ists o f s crub b irch am idst r ough moor land. N o s i te c an n ow b e l ocated, b ut W ilson r ecords an o ld c a irn o f n o g reat s ize b eh ind Mr Faed's c o ttage. T h is i s t he bu ild ing a t t he NGR g iven. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. W ilson 1 872 ,

2 . 2 3 76

2 12

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

E L

1

Machermore ( NX 2 470 5 445) . S ituated o n a sma ll l oca l em inence , p robab ly o utcropp ing r ock, i n a n u ndu lat ing pasture f ie ld. T he c a irn i s e xtens ive ly r obbed b ut i s s t ill 1 .3m h igh a nd 1 9m i n d iam. l t i s p art ly t urfed o ver and n o f eatures a re vs i ib S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

E L

1 2

1 3

1 4

1 5

R efs. 1 6

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

2 . 2 N o 3 58

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

2 . 2 N o 3 59

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

2 .

2

3 .

1

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

Wh ite Ca irn ( NX 2 525 5 434). S ituated u pon a l oca l em inence , l arge ly o utcrop, w ith a n e xtens ive v iew o ver t he s urround ing moor land t o t he E a nd t owards t he o ther c a irns E L 1 114 i n t he W . T he c a irn c ons ists o f a c ircu lar , l arge ly t urfed o ver mound 1 6m i n d iam a nd u p t o 1 .6m h igh. T he c entre a nd W s ide h ave b een a l most c omp le te ly r emoved b ut n o f eatures a re e xposed, e xcept f or a s ing le , l arge , f lat s lab s e t t o t he S E o f t he c entre , wh ich m ight b e a d isp laced c apstone o f a c ist. The d estruct ion o f t h is c a irn was w itnessed b y t he RCAHM b ut n o c ist was t hen r evea led. S ummary,

E L

4 .

Machermore ( NX 2 504 5 438) . S ituated i n a s ma ll e nc losed p iece o f s crubland pasture a t t he r oads ide. N o more t han a s catter o f l oose s tones s urvives t o mark t he p os it ion o f t h is s ite. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords

E L

1

Machermore ( NX 2 490 5 438) . S ituated i n a n u ndu lat ing pasture f ie ld c lose t o E L 1, 1 2 , 1 4 a nd 1 5. T h is c a irn i s we ll p reserved, s tand ing 3m h igh a nd i s 2 1m i n d iam. A l i tt le r ecent c learance s tone h as b een a dded a round t he base. N o f eatures a re v is ib le. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

E L

3 .

Machermore ( NX 2 490 5 427) . S ituated o n a sma ll l oca l em inence i n a n u ndu lating pasture f ie ld. Measurement i s d iff icu lt b ecause t he s ite i s much o vergrown, b ut i t s eems t o b e about 1 8m i n d iam a nd 1 .5m h igh. l t i nc ludes s ome l arge r ounded s tones i n i ts c ompos it ion and t here i s i nev itab ly much r ecent c learance mater ia l. The O S 6 " map marks a c ai rn s ome 1 20m t o t he W o f t h is s ite , b ut n o th ing e x ists a t t hat p o int a nd i t i s p robab ly a n e rror. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

E L

2 . 2 N o 3 57

1 .

R CAHM

3 1 912 ,

2 .

2

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

N o 3 6 1

C u lroy ( NX 2 5 1 5 38) . S ituated o n a l eve l a rea i n a n o therw ise u ndu lat ing pasture f ie ld w ith o utcropping r ock i n t he a rea. T he c a irn i s n ow o n ly 0 .6m h igh a nd i s l arge ly o bscurred b y r ecent f ie ld-c learance s tone. T he p resent d iam o f 1 8.5m i s t herefore r ather u nre l i ab le . 2 13

S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 , E L

1 7

1 8

3 .

2 . 2 9 7 N o 3 45

3 .

1 9

2 0

2 1

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

1

4 .

W

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

2

4 .

S E

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

2 .

2

3 .

3

4 .

W

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

C ra ignarge t B urn ( NX 2 63 5 16) . S ituated o n a l eve l a rea o n a n o therw ise q uite s teep r ough moor land h ills ide. T he a rea h as n o t b een g razed and i s c overed b y d ense h eather g rowth. T here i s much o utcrop i n t he a rea. T he c a irn i s sma l I , 1 0m i n d iam b ut we ll p reserved, measur ing c l .5m h igh. l t i s n ot t urfed o ver and was built o f l arge r ounded s tones 0 .2-0 .4m a cross. N o f eatures a re v is ib le. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

E L

N

C ra ignarge t H ill ( NX 2 6 1 5 27) . S ituated i n r ugged moor land c lose t o a d eser ted s e tt lement a nd f ie ld s ystem. T here a re n umerous sma ll c a irns c ertain ly a ssoc iated w ith t he s e tt lement , a nd t h is s ite c ou ld n o t b e l ocated. The a rea was d ense ly o vergrown w ith h eather. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords

E L

4 .

Wh ite Ca irn ( NX 2 49 5 17). S ituated i n a l arge pasture f ie ld wh ich s lopes d own t o t he s ea a t t he S . T here i s n ow n o t race o f t h is s ite. l t was r emoved p r ior t o 1 849 , and a c ist was f ound , c overed b y a l arge f lagstone , a nd c onta in ing a n u pr ight u rn a bout 1 2" h igh w ith a p iece o f s late o ver t he mouth. T he u rn c onta ined ' f ine c lay'. S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 0 3 . R efs. ONB 6 0 , 1 849 , 2 4 W ilson 1 887 , 9 7 W ilson 1 889 , 9 7 RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 3 86

E L

1

Cu I quasen ( NX 2 44 5 3 1) . S ituated i n t he c orner o f a n e nc losed pasture f ie ld w ith much o utcropping r ock a round. N o t race o f t he o r ig ina l c a irn s ury i ves, b ut t he s ite i s marked b y r ecent c learance s tone . W i!son r ecords t hat a c a irn was r emoved a t t he c orner o f a f ie ld n ear Auchenma lg b y t he f armer f rom B roompark. Th is must r efer t o t h is s ite . An u rn, but n o ci st f ound. S ummary, 1 . 4 R efs. W ilson 1 889 , RCAHM 1 9 12 ,

E L

2 . 2 N o 3 62

2 . 1 N o 3 47

3 .

3

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

D rumwh irn ( NX 2 86 5 46). S ituated w ith in a sma ll u p land e nc losure wh ich c ompr ises g ood we ll d ra ined p asture o n a r idge above r ough p eat moor land. T he monument n o l onger e x ists. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords

2 .

3

2 14

3 .

0

4 .

S E

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

E L

2 2

Throne o f Gargr ie ( NX 2 84 5 28). S ituated o n t he s umm it o f a r ocky h ill wh ich r ises above t he s urround ing r ough moor land. Th is s ite s carce ly s urv ives a nd i s n ow marked b y a n amorphous s catter o f s tones. I t i s v ery d oubtfu l a nd c ou ld b e n o more t han a r u ined s hepherds' c a irn. S ummary, 1 . 1 ? R efs. O S R ecords

EL

2 3

2 4

3

3 .

S

2 . 2 N o 2 14

3 .

S

2 5

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

4 .

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

May Farm , C our t Ca irn ( NX 3 025 5 144). S ituated i n g ood l eve l pasture , w ith a marked t errace r unning E -W. Th is c a irn i s o n t he u pper e dge o f t he t errace , t o t he E o f E L 2 6 a nd 2 7. T he s ite s eems t o b e ma in ly o utcrop b ut a s catter o f s tones c l 8m i n d iam may b e t he r ema ins o f a irn. Earlier r eports a re c ontrad ictory. a B ronze Age c In 1 911 t he RCAHM s aw t he r ema ins o f a l arge c a irn whereas i n 1 848 i t was d escr ibed a s ' a sma ll anc ient c a irn w ith a s hepherds' p i l e o n i t . T rad it iona lly c r im ina ls w ere b rought h ere f or t r ia l '. T here may, t herefore , b e s ome d oubt about t h is s ite. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 3 R efs. ONB 6 2 1 848 , 1 RCAHM 1 912 , N o 2 16

E L 2 6 F ig 4 8

0

Ca irn B uy ( NX 2 68 5 09) . S ituated o n a sma ll r ocky em inence o n t he e dge o f r ough moor land, b efore t he g round f a lI s s teep ly t o t he s ea which i s n o t v is ib le f rom t he s ite. The c a irn i s i n qu ite g ood c ond it ion and measures 1 5m i n d iam and i s 2 .0m h igh. I t i s b u ilt o f qu ite l arge r ounded s tones , 0 .2-0.4m a cross. N o f eatures a re v is ib le. McKer l i e r ecords a ' Norseman ' s g rave' f rom t his c a irn, b ut t he d e ta ils d o n ot s urv ive. S ummary, 1 . 3 2 . 2 3 . 2 R efs. McKer lie 1 877 , V o l 2 , 2 62 RCAHM 1 912 , N o 2 15

E L

4 .

Green H ouse B r idge ( NX 2 84 5 10). S ituated o n t he e dge o f v ery r ough p eat moor land o n a s li ght r ocky em inence , b efore t he l and f a lls s teep ly t o t he s ea. T he s ea i s n o t h owever v is ib le f rom t he s ite. The c a irn s tands c 2.0m h igh b ut h as b een bad ly d is turbed t o c onstruct l amb ing p ens a round t he e dge. T he p resent d iam , 1 6m , i s t herefore n ot r e liab le a nd t he measurement _ c , r ecorded b y t he RCAHM o f 4 5' ( N-S) x 4 9' ( E-W) a re perhaps p referab le. I n t he S E quadrant i s a c ist c onta ining t he r ema ins o f a d ead s heep. It measures 0 .6m ( N-S) x 1 .5m ( E-W) i nterna lly a nd i s 0 .6m d eep. The c apstone i s 1 .4m x 1 .6m x 0 .35m t h ick. S ummary, 1 . 4 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

E L

2 .

3 .

0

4 .

S E

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

May Farm ( NX 3 009 5 14 1) . S ituated c lose t o E L 2 5 i n t he s ame a rea above t he t errace. I t i s a s trange s ite a nd c ou ld b e a r obbed-out c a irn, l ater f i lled i n. I t i s 1 6m i n d i am , 0 .75m h igh and h as a l eve l g rass-covered t op, wh ich s uggests a s o iI f i ll, a s 2 15

F ig 4 8 .

F ig 4 9

2 16

a s o pposed t o t he more parched t urf r ound t he e dges. t c ou ld, p erhaps b e t he f oundat ion o f s ome e ar ly f arm s tructure -e g a h orse m ill. A p oss ib le k erb i s e xposed a t o ne p o int o n t he e dge where t he s o i I h as b een e roded. l t i s p oss ib le t hat t h is i s t he c a irn ' near May Farm' e xcavated a nd p lanned b y P h illips. Th is s hows a doub le k erbed c a irn, b ut t he s ect ion i s c onfus ing a rc : t he r e lat ionsh ip b etween t he k erbstones a nd t he c a irn mater ia l i s n o t c lear. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 3 3 . 0 4 . S E 5 . b 4 6 . Refs. ONB 6 2 1 848 , 1 ( no tes 2 c a irns n ear C our t c a irn) RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 2 16 P h illips' p lan i n D umfr ies Museum. EL 2 7 F ig 4 9

May Farm ( NX 2 999 5 119) . S ituated i n g ood pasture f ie ld a l i tt le l ower t han E L 2 5 a nd 2 6 , b ut s t ill a bove t he t errace. l t i s n ow v ery d isturbed a nd h as b een l arge ly o bscured b y modern c learance b ut s eems t o measure 1 8m i n d iam a nd c 1 .7m h igh. A s heep h as r ecent ly b een b ur ied i n t he m idd le. T h is i s p robab ly t he s ite e xcavated a nd p lanned b y P h illips. H e f ound a k erb d ef ining a c a irn 1 6m i n d iam b ut t he d ifference c ou ld b e d ue t o c a irn s pread a nd c learance wh ich i s n o t s hown o n t he p lan. P h illips n o tes a p oss ib le c ist i n t he N E q uadrant b ut I am e xtreme ly s cept ica l. l t a pparent ly c ons isted o f t wo u pr ight s tones a nd o ne s lab. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 3 3 . 1 4 . SW R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 2 17 P h illips' p lan i n D umfr ies Museum

E L F ig

2 8 5 0

b 4

6 .

-

Cu lshabben ( NX 3 00 5 07) . S ituated o n e nc losed u p land pasture o ver looked b y Mochrum F e l I t o t he S E. The c a irn i s t urfed o ver a nd measures 1 8m i n d iam a nd i s 1 .5m h igh. l t has p robab ly b een e xtens ive ly d isturbed a nd may c ons ist o f much r ecent f ie ld-c learance s tone s ince i t i s c lose t o a d rystone wa ll a nd r ig a nd f urrow c u lt ivat ion a reas. T h is may b e t he s ite n oted b y P h illips a s ' near B rae H ouse' b ut t he d iame ters d o n ot c o inc ide a nd t here i s n ow n o t race o f t he i mpress ive k erb wh ich h e r ecorded. P h illips a lso r ecorded a s econd c a irn, E L 4 2 , wh ich c ou ld p erhaps a lso r efer t o t h is s ite , but a ga in t he d iame ters d o n o t c o inc ide. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 4 3 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 2 22 P h illips' p lans i n D umfr ies

E L 2 9 F ig 5 0

5 .

4 .

N E

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

Museum

Mochrum F e l I ( NX 3 04 5 00) . S ituated i n a n i mpos ing p os it ion o n t he s umm it o f Mochrum F e l I i n u p land pasture. C airn mater ia l i s s pread o ver a n a rea 2 2m i n d iam a nd i s u p t o 1 .0m h igh. T he s labs n oted b y t he R CAHM a re n o l onger v is ib le b ut a c entra l c ist a ligned NW-SE a nd measur ing 1 .15m x 0 .73m c an b e s een, s unk i nto t he o r igina l g round s urface. T o j udge f rom t he d escr ipt ion o f t he RCAHM t here m ight h ave b een a n add it iona l c ist t o t he t h is s ite i s a ccurate.

S o f 2 17

t he

c entre.

P h illips

p lan

o f

CULSHABBEN EL 2 8?

b ur ia t ?

mOCHRUM

F ELL

cter P h it tiPs

F ig 5 0 2 18

S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 6 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 2 2 1 Ph il l ips' p lan i n D umfr ies EL 3 0 F ig 5 2

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

3 1

3 2

3 4

6 .

-

2 ,

2

4 .

NW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

2 62

a nd

2 . 4 3. N o 2 12

t hat 1

t he 4 .

c entre

S

5 .

h ad b 4

b een 6 .

-

L ow Moor ( NX 2 876 4 903). S ituated a l i tt le t o t he S o f WL 3 2 i n t he s ame t erra in. T h is s ite c ou ld n o t b e i dent if ied b ut a ccord ing t o t he R CAHM i t was 1 2' i n d iam a nd 1 ' 6 " h igh. l t may h ave b een e nt ire ly n atura l, o r r ecent c learanc( .. 2 . 4 N o 2 13

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

L ow Moor ( NX 2 87 4 90 a pprox ). S ituated t o t he N E o f E L 3 i n t he s ame t erra in. N o t race o f t h is s ite 3 r ema ins b ut t he RCAHM r ecord t hat i t was s im ilar t o E L 3 3. I t , t oo , may h ave b een n atura l. S ummary, 1 . 1 ? R efs. R CAHM 1 9 12 ,

E L 3 5 F ig. 5 1

3 .

3 0 ' a cross 1 911.

S ummary, 1 , 1 ? R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 , E L

b 4

L ow Moor ( NX 2 877 4 905) . S ituated i n a p rom inent p os it ion i n r ough, u p land pasture o ver looking t he s ea t o t he S . A l I t hat s urv ives o f t h is s ite i s a f a int, t urfed o ver , s catter o f s tones. T he RCAHM n o te t hat i t

S urra 1 . 2 rr ry, R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , 3 3

5 .

C orwa l I ( NX 2 920 4 953) . S ituated i n e nc losed p asture w ith much o utcropp ing r ock. T he s ite c ommands an e xtens ive v iew t o t he NW. N o t race o f t he monument i s n ow v is ib le , u n less i t i s b eneath o ne o f t he p i l es o f r ecent c learance s tone i n t he a rea, b ut n one s eem t o b e i n t he c orrect p os it ion. McKer lie n o ted t hat a c a irn o n t h is f arm was r emoved a nd a c ist c onta ining p ieces o f b one was f ound. P erhaps t h is i s t he s ite n oted by Ph illips' a s a 'l arge c airn o n B rae Moor' -EL 4 1. B rae Moor i s a ctua lly c l km t o t he N E

o nce measured c leared o ut b y

E L

-

D rumb la ir ( NX 2 89 5 03). S ituated i n u ndu lating e nc losed up land pas ture , n o t i n a n i mpus ing p os it ion. N o t race o f t h is s ite c ou ld b e l ocated. l t i s p oss ib le t hat t h is i s t he s ite e xam ined b y P h illips a nd d escr ibed a s a ' large c a irn o n B rae Moor', E L 4 1,

S ummary, 1 . 4 2 . 4 R efs. O S R ecords McKer lie 1 877 , V o l E L

6 .

Museum

S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 3 3 . 1 4 . W R efs. O S R ecords P h illips' p lan i n D umfr ies Museum EL

b 4

2 . 4 N o 2 13

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

M ilton F e ll ( NX 3 14 1 4 840). S ituated o n a s li ght r ise i n u p land p asture , o n a g ent le N -fac ing s lope w ith g ood v iews t o t he NW and a lso t o t he S . T he c a irn i s quite s evere ly

r obbed

i n

p laces , 2 19

e spec ia lly

t o

t he

S b ut

i t i s

F ig 5 1 . s t ill 1 6m i n d iam. Modern c learance s tone h as a lso b een added b ut i ts o vera ll d i mens ions s eem g enuine. A l i tt le t o t he N o f t he c entre i s a s tand ing s tone 1 .2m h igh above t he s urv iv ing c a irn mater ia l. T h is i s n ow u sed a s a r ubb ing p ost b y c att le , b ut c ould b e part o f t he o r ig ina l c onstruct ion. S ummary, 1 . 3 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 , E L

3 6

3 7

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

M ilton F e l I ( NX 3 137 4 837) . S ituated i n a s im ilar l ocat ion t o WL 3 5 , b ut i n a s l ight h o llow. N ever the less i t i s s t ill qu ite p rom inent a nd c ommands an e xtens ive v iew. N ow t he s ite i s a l mos t c omp lete ly wrecked a nd sma ll e nc losures , p oss ib ly a n u p land s ett lement , have b een b u ilt a round t he e dges. E ven t hese s tructures a re n ow r educed t o mere f oundat ions. T he s ite i s n o t measurab le a nd t he d i mens ions g iven b y t he R CAHM o f f rom 5 0' t o 6 0' c an o n ly b e a pprox imate. They r ecord t hat i t s tood 6' -8 ' h igh b ut n ow i t i s o nly c l 2m a t t he h ighest. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

E L

2 . 3 N o 2 18

2 . N o

3 2 18

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

L och H ead ( NX 3 27 4 92). S ituated u pon t he t op o f a l ow g lac ia l, k no l I i n t he m idst o f a c u lt ivated f ie ld, and c ommand ing qu ite a w ide v iew o ver t he b og t o t he N . T he s ite i s n ow l arge ly o bscurred b y r ecent f ie ld-c learance s tone b ut i t s eems t o h ave been c l 4m i n d iam a nd c O. 8m h igh. 2 20

S ummary, 1 . 2 Refs. RCAHM 1 9 12 , EL

3 8

3 9

3 .

S

2 . 2 N o 2 19

3 .

1

2 p lan

N ot i n

N

5 .

b 4

6 .

BC

SW

5 .

b 4

6 .

-

- m ay

b e

E L

2 6

o r

D umfr ies Museum

N ear Cu lshabben (N X 3 0 5 0) . A c a irn d escr ibed a s ' Near Cu lshabben' was par t ly e xcavated b y P h illips. H is p lan s hows a sma ll c a irn 6m i n d iam d ef ined b y v ery l arge k erbstones a nd w ith a ' poss ib le b ur ia l t o t he E o f t he c entre. T he s ite appears t o b e o n a l arger o va l mound 1 6m x 1 2m. T h is s ite c ou ld n ot b e l ocated, but i t may b e t hat n oted b y t he RCAHM a s a ' grass c overed mound N o f B rae , wh ich c ou ld a lso n o t b e l ocated. E ven s o t he s ite must r ema in d oubtfu l a nd t he ' excavat ion' p lan i s f ar f rom c onv inc ing.

Museum

B rae Moor - L arge Ca irn ( NX 2 9 9 0) . P h illips ' excavated' and p lanned a c a irn d escr ibed a s ' Large c a irn -B rae Moor'. T h is c an n ot n ow b e t raced u n less i t i s t he s ame a s E L 3 1 wh ich i s a ctua lly t o t he S o f B rae Moor , o n H igh Moor. T he s ite e xam ined b y P h illips c ons isted o f a c ircu lar c a irn 1 2.5m i n d iam a nd d ef ined b y a k erb o f l arge s tones. I n t he c entre was a c ist a l i gned N E-SW wh ich measured 0 .74m x 1 .25m c ons tructed o f f our u pr ight s tones. S ummary , 1 . 4 N ot l ocated. R efs. P h i llips' p lan i n D umfr ies

E L 4 2 F ig 5 2

4 .

l ocated

S ummary, 1 . 1 N o t l ocated. R efs. R CAHM 1 9 12 , N o 2 23 P h illips' p lan i n D umfr ies E L 4 1 F ig 5 2

4 .

Ca lf F o ld, May ( N IX 3 05 1) . Th is i s a n u nl ocated s ite part ly e xcavated by D . P h illips. It may r efer t o EL 2 7 a nd t he p lan i s r eproduced u nder t h is t i t le , b ut i t c ou ld a lso p erhaps b e long t o E L 2 6. I t s eems t o have b een d ef ined b y a k erb a nd was a pparent ly b uilt o f ' sma ll s tones'. T here i s a n u nusua l ' k ink' o n t he S e dge and i n t he N E quadrant P h illips c la i ms a c ist wh ich c ons isted o f o ne u pr ight a nd o ne f lat c over ing s lab. L itt le r e liance s hou ld b e p laced o n t h is a nd n o bur ia l d epos it was r ecorded. S ummary, 1 . EL 2 7. R efs. P h illips'

E L 4 0 F ig 5 2

2 20 2

EI d r ig ( NX 3 24 4 80) . S ituated o n a l ow c raggy k no ll i n a c u lt ivated f ie ld i n wh ich t here a re s evera l o utcrops o f r ock. T he s ite i s l arge ly o bscurred b y f ie ld-c learance s tone a nd g orse b ushes. The RCAHM r ecorded i ts d iam a s 6 0' a nd i ts h e ight a s 5 ', b ut i t i s n ow i mposs ib le t o c heck t hese measurements. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 ,

EL

2 . N o

Museum

N ear B rae H ouse ( NX 3 0 5 0) P h illips ' excavated' a nd p lanned a c a irn d escr ibed a s ' near B rae H ouse'. T he s ite h e i lustrates i s e gg-shaped and measures 1 3.4m l ( N-S) x 1.5m ( E-W). I t i s d ef ined b y a k erb o f l arge 2 1 2

p oss i be b ur ia l a t

A

BRAE

NEAR

MOOR

B RAE

EL 4 1

HOUSE

EL 4 2

1 1 1 114 1.

a fter

P h il lips 1 0

F ig 5 2 2 22

2 0m

s tones and more l arge s tones f ound i n t he f abr ic o f t he cairn may s uggest a t l east o ne i nterna l s etting o f s tones. This c ou ld r efer t o t he s ame s ite a s t he RCAHM 1 912 , N o 2 23 , but i t i s p erhaps more l ike ly t o b e t he f eature n oted dur ing f ie ldwork a f ew metres E SE o f EL 2 8. Th is was a t urfed o ver mound 1 3m i n c l iam wh ich may b e a c a irn, b ut i t had o bvious ly b een extens ive ly r obbed o f s tone f or t he n earby wa ll. I ts NCR i s NX 3 002 5 078. Summary, 1 . 1 N ot c ertain ly l ocated. Refs. RCAHM 1 912 , N o 2 23 Phillips' p lan i n Dumfr ies Museum

2 23

WEST W I GTOWNSH I RE

( f ig

5 3)

T h is a rea i nc ludes t he t wo t opograph ica l d is tr ic ts o f t he Rh inns p en insu la a nd t he R yan/Luce d epress ion. Twenty-s ix c a irns have b een r ecorded i n t he a rea - 5 i n t he R yan/Luce d epress ion a nd 2 1 o n t he R h inns. A ll b ut f our s it ( .s b elong t o ' category 1 ' a nd t h is i nev itab ly c asts s ome d oubt u pon t he r e liab ility o f a ny d istr ibut ion c haracter ist ics. T he l ack o f r e liab ly r ecorded , o r we l I p reserved c a irns i s c h ief ly due t o t he p rotracted a nd i ntens ive a gr icu ltura l u se o f t he l and. U nfortunate ly i t a ppears t hat mos t s ites h ad b een r emoved b efore t he e nd o f t he 1 9th c entury a nd a s a r esu lt t hey h ave n ot b een r ecorded o r d escr ibed b y t he more r e liab le f ie ld workers. O ften t he o n ly r eference t o a s it e i s a n o te i n t he O r ig ina l N ame B ook o f t he O S a nd wh ile t h is c annot b e i gnored i t i s n ecessary t o ma inta in a d egree o f s cept i c ism a bout t he a rchaeo log ica l e xpert ise o f t he l and s urveyors who c omp iled t he e ntr ies i n t he 1 840s. A t t he N e nd o f t he R h inns t he 7 r ecorded c a irns o ccupy a v ar ie ty o f p os it ions , b ut r a ised l ocat ions a re p redom inant. A t N or th Ca irn ( WW 1) , C lachan H ill ( WW 5 ), Ca irn H ill ( WW 7 ) a nd Ca irn C onne ll ( WW 6 ) t he s umm its o f g lac ia l m ounds h ave b een s e lected. The d ub ious s ites o n J am ieson ' s P o ints ( WW 4 ) a nd a t D inbonne t ( WW 2 ) a re b o th i n s im ilar ly em inent p os it ions u pon c oasta l p romontor ies. T he o nl y s pec if ica lly l owly ing s ite i s C ai rnc lona I d ( WW 3 ) wh ich, a lthough n o l onger e xtant , apparent ly o ccup ied a r e lat ive ly l eve l f ie ld w ith sma ll h ills t o t he N E a nd W , a nd a p oor ly d ra ined h o llow t o t he S . N o c a irns a re r ecorded i n t he a rea i mmed iate ly t o t he S o f t hese s ites. Much o f t h is b lank a rea has l ong b een c u lt ivated a nd s ome c ai rns c ou ld h ave b een r emoved dur ing l and i mprovements. It i s n ever the less , s urpr is ing t hat t he u ncu lt ivated moor land t o t he N E o f P or tpatr ick i s a lso l ack ing i n c a irns , e spec ia lly s ince o n ly a f ew k ilome tres away i n E ast L uce t h is t ype o f t opography was apparent ly p opu lar. I n c ontrast t o t h is a rea o n ly a l i tt le f ur ther S t here i s a c luster o f t en s ites b etween A rdwa II B ay a nd S andhead. I t i s n ot p oss ib le t o i dent ify t he p rec ise l ocat ions o f a ll t hese but i t d oes appear t hat most, i f n ot a ll, were u pon o r n ear t he s umm its o f t he sma ll natura l h i Il ocks. S uch l ocat ions a re e spec ia lly c ommon i n t his d istr ict a nd u sua lly c ons ist o f g lac ia l mater ia l. K no lls o f o utcropp ing r ock c an a lso b e f ound a nd t hese , t oo , were u sed, f or e xamp l e a t L ong P ark Ca irn ( WW 1 9) . S im ilar l oca tions were s e lected f or t he f our o ther s ites n ear t he S o f t he Rh inns. A s i n S outh K irkcudbr ightsh ire , t he p os it ioning o f c a irns o n o r n ear h ill t ops may b e r ef lected i n p lace n ames, f or i n t he a rea o f t he Rh inns a t l east 1 6 h ills o r h illocks bear t he name ' Ca irn', ' Ca irny' o r ' Ca irn ie' The f act t hat o n t hree o f t hese h ill t ops c airns h ave b een r ecorded a dds a l i tt le we ight t o t h is s uggest ion. I t i s i nterest ing t hat when t he ' Ca irn' a nd ' Ca irny' h ills a re p lo tted u pon a d istr ibut ion map t hey emphas ise t he k nown c a irn d istr ibut ion o n t he R h inns ( f ig 5 3) T he o n ly n otab le d ifference o ccurs b etween A rdwa II B ay and S andhead where t he p lace name d istr ibut ion t ends t o f i ll t he v o id i n t he d istr ibut ion o f k nown s ites i n t h is a rea. Th is i mp l i es t hat t he c ontrast b etween t h is s ite c oncentra t ion and t he a bsence o f s ites t o t he N may b e o f r ecent o r igin. 2 24

2 25

d istr ibut ion

W igtownshire .

N one o f t he 5 s it es i n t he Ryan/Luce d epress ion s urv ive i n g ood c ondit ion. Ca lla H ill i s an e spec ia lly doubtfu l s ite a nd has t herefore b een e xc luded. Except f or o ne s ite o n L uce S ands t he F or

o ther t his

t hree a re a round t he f oot o f t he moor land t o t he r eason t hey c ould, p erhaps , b e i nc luded w i t h

N E. t he

Water o f Luce s ites but a l I a re d is tinct ly l owI y ing and a re it hin t he a rea o f t he Ryan/Luce d epress ion. E ven t hough CI a chanp I u ck c a irn ( WW 9 ) i s o n t he t op o f a sma ll h illock t his i s i n n o way a p rom inent p os it ion c omparab le w ith t he moor land s ites. The sma ll f unerary c a irn, l ess t han 1m i n di am , f ound a t T orrs Warren ( WW excavated b y 1 ) and Cormack ( 1968) i s unique i n Dumfr ies a nd Ga lloway. T he bur ia l d epos it o f c remated b one b eneath an i nverted b ucket u rn i s n ot unusua l but n owhere e lse i n t he R egion has a c a irn o f t h is s ize p roved t o b e a f unerary monument. S im ilar ly s ized c a irns f requent ly have s eem

o ccur

b een f ound t o mark i t

among

t he

g roups

t o c onta in apart f rom

o f

sma ll

c airns

b ut

n one

bur ia ls. I ts l ocat ion, t oo , wou ld t he r est. T orrs Warren h as l ong

b een n oted f or i ts p ro lif ic f inds o f a ll p er iods and t he B ronze Age i s e spec ia lly we ll r epresented. N umerous c inerary u rns have b een r evea led a s t he s and h ills and f oss i I d unes h ave e roded ( Morr ison 1 968) but w ith t h is s ing le e xception n o c a irns have b een i dent if ied. The s tyle o f s evera l o f t hese u rns can b e c lose ly para lle led by t he u rn f rom t his sma ll c a irn a nd g enera lly i t s eems t hat t his d iscovery c ou ld b e l inked j ust a s we l I (i f n ot b etter) w ith t he uncovered bur ia ls f ound i n Luce Bay a s i t c an w ith bur ia ls under l arger c airns. I f t h is i s s o t hen i t wou ld r epresent a s ort o f h ybr id isat ion, c ombining e lements o f t he c airn t radition and t he p ractice o f b ur ia l i n t he s and f avoured a t Luce Bay. It i s p oss ib le t hat a l I t he o ther buria ls were a lso marked i n s ome way, p erhaps by l ow mounds o f s and which have s ince e roded, o r t imber s uperstructures which have d ecayed. I n t his c ase t he c onstruction o f a sma ll c airn s hould b e s een a s mere ly another method o f marking a g rave i n a r e lat ive ly u nostentat ious way, quite d istinct f rom t he l arger and much more i mpress ive monuments f ound e lsewhere. The a rea o f West Wi g townsh ir e a lso c ontains s evera l c ontemporaneous s ites which l arge ly c omp lement t he d is tr ibut ion o f c a irns. A s urpr is ing f eature t o emerge i s t he l ack o f s ites i n t he Ryan/Luce d epress ion. Th is m ight r easonab ly b e a ttr ibuted t o i ntens ive f arm ing i n r ecent y ears , h owever , c ists , c inerary u rns and o ther d iscover ies which are c ommon ly b rought t o Ii ght by emphas ises a c onf lict t he s cene o f much agr icu ltura lly ( as undertaken by been avo ided.

modern p loughing a re a lso absent. This i n t he e v idence f or while Luce S ands was a ct iv ity, b oth f unerary and p erhaps s hown by t he e xcavat ions r ecent ly

T . Cow ie), t he This may i mp ly

b etween r a ised b each i mportant. E lsewhere t he s ignif icant

e xcept

t hat

and d r ift

t he

mounds which p rovided c onstruction. The s o l i d

i n land a rea appears t o have t hat t he g eo log ical d ist inct ion t he b lown s and g eo logy d oes n ot

g lac ia l

f or t hat

t ends

a ttractive l ocat ions g eo logy c ou ld have

d istr ibution o f c ists which s eem t o more wester ly a reas n ear t he c oast s uitab le h owever ,

mater ia ls

c ist c onstruct ion t he c ist a t E rv ie

t o

o ccur

i n

f or ca irn a ffected t he

h ave an a ff ini t y w ith t he where t hin ly bedded r ocks

o ccur. It o n t he N o f

26 2

i n land was appear t o b e

s hou ld b e t he Rh i nns

n oted, ( Wilson

1 885 , 7 1-72) was c ut i nto s o lid r ock and t hat a t nearby was built o f sma l I r ounded s tones ( Mann i nd icat ing t hat a l ack o f s uitab le mater ia l d id c ist c onstruct ion.

2 27

L ow G lengyre 1 923 , 9 8107) n ot p rec lude

CATALOGUE WW

1

- WEST W I GTOWNSH I RE

( WW)

N orth Ca irn ( NW 9 73 7 0 1) . S ituated i n g ood qua lity e nc losed pasture o n t he N e nd o f a p rom inent r idge. T he s ite i s n ow v ery damaged. O n ly a s ma ll p or t ion o f a mound, p robab ly t he r ema ins o f a c a irn , c an b e i dent if ied W o f a d rystone wa ll wh ich c rosses t he monument. E ar l i er d escr ipt ions b y t he RCAHM a re n o t p rec ise a nd i t a ppeared t hen t o b e e ither a d efens ive e nc losure , o r a c a irn. i t r ema ins a d oubtfu l s ite , b ut t he n ame o f t he f arm , ' North Ca irn ', n earby, may s uggest t hat t here was o nce a n a nc ient c a irn i n t he a rea. S ummary, 1 . 1 ? R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

WW

2

3

WW 4

2 . 6 8

0

5

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

3 .

2

4 .

W

5 .

b 3

6 .

B C

Ca irndona ld ( NX 9 87 6 77). S ituated i n an a rea o f l eve l pasture , wh ich has n ow b een c overed b y b uild ings a nd a t rackway. N o t race o f t he s urv ives.

g ood f arm s ite

S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

6 .

2 . 2 N o 9 0

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 3

-

J am ieson's P o int (NX 0 33 7 10). S ituated o n a p iece o f r ocky g round, j ust a bove t he s hore l ine o f L och Ryan. The s ite c ons ists o f a s tony mound 1 8 .5m i n d iam a nd c 0.5m h igh o ver most o f t he a rea. It h as b een s uggested t hat t h is was a d un, b ut i n v iew o f i t s u rdefens ive p os it ion and t he g enera l appearance t h is s eems u n like ly a nd i nterpre tat ion a s a c a irn i s p erhaps p referab le. T he o ther f eatures n earby n oted b y W ilson wou ld a ll appear t o b e n atura l. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 0 R efs. W ilson 1 885 , pI 1 3 RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 7 2 F eachem 1 963 , 1 86

WW

3 .

D i nbonnet ( NW 9 67 6 86) . S ituated o n a p rom inent p iece o f g round c lose t o t he s ea s hore. T he s ite c ons ists o f a g rassed o ver mound o f e arth a nd s tone c 4. 0m h igh b ut w ith n o c lear ly d ef ined e dge a s i t has b een bad ly d isturbed e spec ia lly o n t he E s ide. It appears t o b e a r t if ic ia l a nd W i l son r ecords t hat a h o ll ow, s t ill v is ib le o n t he s umm it, was s a id , by t rad ition , t o b e a g rave. H e a lso o bserved sma ll f ragments o f u n ident if ied b one b e low about 1 ' o f s o il o n t he S E s lope b ut t h is n eed n o t b e s ignif icant. T he s ite r emains a d oubtfu l i nc lus ion. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. W ilson 1 885 ,

WW

2 . 2 N o 7 7

CI a chan

H ill

( NX

0 3 1

3 .

1

4 .

7 00) . S ituated

E

i n

5 .

g ood

pasture o n t he s umm it o f a p rom inent o ver looking L och R yan and t he u ndu lat ing NW. N o t race o f t he s ite s urv ives. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

2 . 3 N o 8 9 28 2

3 .

S

4 .

0

b 3

6 .

R B

e nc losed

s ma l I h ill l and t o t he 5 .

e

6 .

B C

WW

6

Ca irn C onne ll ( NX 0 2 1 6 75) . S ituated i n g ood e nc losed pasture o n t he s umm it o f a p rom inent h ill wh ich o ver looks L och R yan and much o f t he N Rh in n s. N o t race o f t he s it e n ow s urv ives. T he ONB n o tes t hat t here was a t rad it ion t hat t he c a irn was e rected t o t he memory o f a man named C onne ll who was e xecuted t here dur ing 't he p ersecut ion ', b ut t h is n eed n o t b e t he o r ig ina l r eason f or t he c a irn a nd t he s ite c ou ld we l I have b een B ronze Age. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 3 R efs. ONB 1 5 1 846 , 4 3 912 , N o 9 1 RCAHM- 1

WW 7

3 .

C Ia chanp luck sma ll h illock s urv ives.

1 0

1

5 .

e

6 .

B C

4 .

N E

5 .

b 3

6 .

BC

2 . N o

1 3 6

3 .

1

4 .

S

2 .

1

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 3

6 .

RB

o n t he t op o f a t race o f t he s ite 5 .

b 3

6 .

RB?

Ga l l a H ill ( NX 0 92 5 94). S ituated a l i tt le t o t he SW o f t he t op o f a g lac ia l h illock. T he s ite c ons ists o f a g rass c overed e arth a nd s tone mound 1 5m i n d i am a nd c l.7m h igh. l t i s marked b y t he O S a s a mo tte a nd i ndeed i t d oes h ave a f latt ish t op, b ut i n g enera l i ts d i mens ions s uggest a c airn. S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. RCAHM 1 9 12 , O S R ecords

WW

2

( NX 0 96 6 15) . S ituated i n m ixed wood land. N o

S ummary, 1 . 1 R efs. O S R ecords WW

0

Ca irn MacNe i l ie ( NX 0 98 6 19). S ituated i n g ood q ua lity undu lating f arm land, b ut n ot i n a p rom inent p os it ion. The s ite c ons ists o f a g rassed o ver mound o f e arth a nd s tones , p ar t ly o bscurred b y wood land wh ich c overs t he E s ide. T he W t h ird o f t he s ite h as b een t ota l l y d estroyed b y c u lt i vation. l t s eems t o measure 1 3m i n d iam a nd i s u p t o 1 .8m h igh n ear t he c entre , b ut t he t op has b een h o l l owed o ut, p erhaps b y s ome e ar l i er e xcavat ion. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. RCAHM 1 912 ,

WW 9

4 .

Ba I g rac ie ( NW 9 87 6 13) . S ituated a l i tt le t o t he N o f t he s umm it o f a sma l I g lac ia l h ill, c a lled ' Ca irn H ill'. The l and i s n ow r egu lar ly c u lt ivated. N o t race o f t he s it e s urv ives. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 3 3 , R efs. ONB 3 3 1 847 , 3 2 RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 1 84

WW 8

S

2 . 1 N o 5 0

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 3

6 .

RB?

L uce S ands , T orrs Warren ( NX 1 29 5 46) . S ituated am idst t he u ndu lat ing b lown s and d epos its o f Luce B ay, n ow t urfed o ver. T he s ite c ou ld n o t b e p rec ise ly l ocated. I t was n ot iced a s a r esu lt o f e ros ion o n t he s ands when a sma ll c a irn c l.0m i n d iam was e xposed. I t c ons isted o f f p ebb les n o more t han 0 .2m h igh wh ich a sma ll p ile- o 29 2

h ad b een b uilt t o c over t wo c remat i on d epos it s, o ne b eneath a n i nverted b ucket u rn. A f l int kn ife was a lso f ound i n t he f abr ic o f t he c a irn. T he pub lished s ec t ion s hows t hat t he s ite was g rassed o ver b efore e ventua lly b e ing c omp lete ly c overed b y b lown s and. S ummary, 1 . 5 2 . 0 3 . R efs. C ormack 1 968 Morr ison 1 968 , N o 6 3 WW

1 2

0

4 .

-

5.

Ca irngarroch ( NX 0 5 4 9) . McKer l i e s tates p robab ly s tood a t Ca irngarroch. H e may n o s ite c an n ow b e l ocated.

b 3

6 .

B C

t hat a c a irn b e r ight b ut

S ummary, 1 . 1 ? N o t l ocated. R efs. McKer lie 1 877 , V o l 2 , 1 65 WW

1 3

Barnshangan H ill ( NX 0 83 4 90). S ituated o n t he s umm it o f a d rum l i n i n g ood pasture , a nd w ith a n e xtens ive v iew o ver t he s urround ing c ountrys ide. The O NB r ecords t he s light appearance o f a c a irn o n t he t op o f t h is h i ll a nd n o tes t hat t he f armer h ad p loughed u p ' earthen u rns w ith ha lf b urnt h uman b ones '. N o t race o f t he s ite s urv ives. S ummary, R efs. ONB

WW

1 4

1 . 7 0

1 5

2 2 . 2 1 848 , 2 1

1 6

1 7

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

Ca irn H ill ( NX 0 82 4 70). T he ONB r ecords t hat a c a irn was r emoved s ome y ears p rev ious ly f rom t he t op o f Ca irn H ill n ear Awh irk Farm. T h is i s a sma ll g lac ia l h ill, n ow u sed f or g ood pasture a nd w it h e xtens ive v iews f rom t he t op. N o t race o f a c a irn r ema ins. S ummary, R efs. ONB

WW

S

Barscarrow ( NX 0 87 4 77) . T he ONB r ecords t hat , t rad it iona lly, a c a irn o r f ort was s ituated o n t he s umm it o f t h is g lac ia l h illock, n ow u sed f or g ood q ua l i ty pasture , a nd c ommand ing a w ide v iew a l I a round , e spec ia lly t o t he S E. N o t race s urvives. S ummary, 1 . 1 ? 2 . 2 R efs. ONB 7 0 , 1 848 , 3 5

WW

3 .

Ca irn H ill ( NX 0 86 4 88) . S ituated o n t he s umm it o f a s im ilar g lac ia l h illock a l i tt le t o t he S E o f WW 1 3. T he ONB n o tes t he r ema ins o f a c a irn wh ich had b een ha lf r emoved e xcept f or a f ew l arge s tones f orm ing a c irc le i n 1 848. Apparent ly s ome ' copper r ings' were f ound a s t he c a irn was b e ing d emo lished, b ut t he prec ise nature o f t hese f inds c annot n ow b e e stab lished. N o t race o f t he s ite s urv ives. S ummary, 1 . R efs. ONB 7 0

WW

2 2 . 3 1 848 , 1 5

1 . 7 0

1 2 . 2 1 848 , 3 2

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

C Ia chanmore ( NX 0 89 4 64). S it uated i n a s light ly r a ised p os it ion i n t he c orner o f a g ood pasture f ie ld. Th is s ite was n o ted i n t he ONB b ut n o t race i s n ow v is ib le. 2 30

Recent c learance monument. S ummary, 1 . R efs. ONB 7 0 WW

1 8

1 2 . 1 1 848 , 3 3

1 9

2 .

1

1 2 . 1 1 848 , 1 4

1 2 . 2 1 848 , 3 2

2 . 1 N o 4 36

2 3

S

5 .

b 4

t he 6 .

-

3 .

1

4 .

S

5 .

b 4

6 .

?

3 .

1

4 .

E

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

3 .

3

4 .

W

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

3 .

S

4 .

0

5 .

b 4

6 .

B C

Ca i r nmore ( NX 1 03 3 6 1) . S ituated i n r ough c raggy moor land o n t he s umm it o f a p rom inent r ocky h ill wh ich c ommands a n e xtens ive v iew a cross t he R hi nns. T he s ite c ons ists o f a s catter o f l oose s tones i n a n a rea c 14 .5m d iam a nd up t o 0 .5m h igh, b ut v ery i rregu lar. A modern c a irn i s s ituated o n t he t op. A lthough t he s ite s eems f a ir ly i ntact ( a lt hough much r educed) i t i s p robab ly more e xtens ive ly damaged b eneath t he s urface. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 , 5 R efs. ONB 8 6 1 848 , 1 4 R CAHM 1 9 12 , N o 1 67

WW

4 .

o f

C ra igencroy Ca irn ( NX 0 70 4 7 1). S ituated o n t he s umm it o f a l ow g lac ia l h illock, i n g ood u ndu lat ing pasture. T he c a irn h as b een c ut NW-SE b y a f ie ld wa ll a nd t he N p ort ion h as b een r emoved. T he part wh ich s urv ives s uggests a d iam o f 1 5m a nd a h e ight o f c 1.7m. S ummary, 1 . 2 R efs. R CAHM 1 9 12 ,

WW 2 2

1

a rea

Barnamon H ill ( NX 0 77 4 66). S ituated a l i tt le t o t he SW o f t he s umm it o f a d rum i i n i n g ood pasture. T he ONB r ecords t he r ema in s o f a ' ca irn o r f ort' i n t hi s p os ition b ut n o t race o f a ny a nt iqu ity i s n ow v is ib le. S ummary, 1 . R efs. ONB 7 0

WW 2 1

3 .

t he

L ong Park H ill ( NX 0 90 4 50). S ituated i n g ood p asture o n t he t op o f a sma ll g lac ia l h illock w ith e xtens ive v iews t o t he E . The ONB r ecords a c a irn i n t h is p os ition ' now g enera lly d emo lished' i n 1 848. T he s ite i s n ow o ccup ied b y a sma ll water t ank, a nd n o t race o f a monument s urv ives. S ummary, 1 . R efs. ONB 7 1

WW 2 0

o ccupy

T orr H ill ( NX 0 9 1 4 58) . S ituated o n a s li ght em inence i n g ood a gr icu ltura l l and n ext t o a sma ll p lantat ion. The s ite i s c rossed o n t he W s ide b y a wa ll wh ich e nc loses t he p lantat ion. T o t he E o f t he wa ll t he s ite has b een c omp lete ly r emoved b ut a c ross s ect ion o f t he mound i s v is ib le b e low t he wa l I a nd t he W s ide s urv ives i n t he wood land. T he s ect ion s uggests t hat t he mound i s l arge ly natura l b ut s ome l arge s tones may i mp ly t hat t here was o nce a c a irn h ere. T he mound s eems t o measure c 20m i n d iam and i s c 2.0m h igh. S ummary, 1 . 1 ? R efs. O S R ecords

WW

s tones

E ag le

Ca irn

( NX

10 1

3 24). 2 3 1

3 .

S

4 .

S ituated

0

o n

5 .

t he

u

6 .

-

c rest

o f

a

r idge o f d ry, g ood q ua lity, u p land p asture o ver look ing t he s ea t o t he W . The s ite was f irst n o ted i n 1 848 , a nd n ow c ons ists o f a l ow, t urfed o ver , s tony m ound 9m i n d iam a nd c 0.3m h igh. I t i s c rossed b y a m odern f ie ld robab ly i ncorporates many s tones f rom t he wa l I wh ich- p monument. S ummary, 1 . 1 2 . 4 R efs. ONB 8 7 1 848 , 1 4 RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 1 68 WW

2 4

2 5

1

4 .

3 .

S

4 .

2 6

R efs.

2 7

b 5

6 .

B C

0

5 .

b 5

6 .

R B

0

5 .

b 5

6 .

B C

Ca irngaan ( NX 1 33 3 16). S ituated o n t he S s ide o f a s li ght em inence i n g ood u p land pasture. N o t race o f a ny monument i s n ow v is ib le . I n t he l ate 1 9 th c entury t he f armer was l eve lling a s andy kno ll when h e f ound 1 x 6 " t hick. T his was a l arge f lagstone 4 1' x 2 -f' r emoved r evea l i ng a sma ll ' ob long c irc le' 3 ' x b u i I t o f 5 l arge b ou lders. I ns ide t h is c ist ( i f s uch i t was) were ' severa l u rns' o f wh ich o n ly o ne s urvived. Th is was a v ery f ine v ase f ood v esse l. W ith i t were f ound t he r ema ins o f a n i nhumat ion. There i s n o ment ion i n a ny o f t he a ccounts o f a c a irn but t he name o f t he f arm may s uggest t hat o ne o nce e xisted and i t may have r e lated t o t h is d iscovery. T he c onnect ion i s n ot p roven a nd t he s ite must r ema in a d oubtfu l i nc lus ion h ere. S ummary,

WW

5 .

Lyth Mead ( NX 1 56 3 04). S ituated o n t he h ighest p o int o n t he e nd o f t he Mu ll o f Ga lloway i n up land pasture . The s ite has b een d istorted b y t he e rection o f a f lag s taff b ut s eems t o b e c l 5m i n d iam and c 1.5m h igh. The S s ide i s r ather more d isturbed and h as b een r educed t o c 0.5m i n h e ight. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 2 3 . S 4 . R efs. O S R ecords R CAHM t ypescr ipt dated 2 5.9.53

WW

S

Ca irn A ine ( NX 1 4 1 3 42). S ituated o n t he s umm it o f a sma ll h illock i n g ood f arm land o ver look ing t he s ea. N o t race o f t he s ite s urv ives b ut t he ONB r ecords t hat a mound, ' ev ident ly t he r ema ins o f a c a irn' c ontained a c ist a t t h is l ocat ion. S ummary, 1 . 2 2 . 1 R efs. ONB 8 6 1 848 , 5 9 RCAHM 1 912 , N o 1 69

WW

3 .

1 .

1

2 .

1

3 .

2

4 .

S

5 .

b 5

6 .

B C?

Maxwe ll 1 885 , 4 5 W i!son 1 886 , 1 901 Maxwe l I1 889 , 2 27-8 S i mpson 1 965 , N o 6 7

C ra igoch ( NX 0 1 5 4) . T he N SA n o tes t hat an u rn ' we ll f ormed o f baked c lay' was d ug o ut o f a c a irn o n C ra igoch Farm i n c 18 13. N o t race o f t he s ite o r u rn r ema ins a nd t he l ocat ion c anno t b e i dent if ied. S ummary, R efs. N SA

1 . 4 1 849 ,

N o t 1 42

l ocated.

2 32

APPENDICES

1 .

S ummary o f i n c a irns.

bur ia l

2 .

S ites

1 .

G roups

4 .

P oss ib le c a irns

5 .

A lphabe t ica l

i dent if ied o f r ound

b y

d epos its ,

a rtefacts

a nd

a ssoc iat ions

T homas J ohnstone.

c a irns. n o t

Ii s t

i nc luded o f

i n

c a irns

2 33

s urvey. w ith

c ata logue

n umbers.

APPEND IX 1 s S ummary o f b ur ia l d epo s it s ,a r te fac t s a nd a soc ia t ions i nc a i rn s Abb rev iat ions :

C I F v P y +

l = C i s t , L= L arge , M = M ed ium , S = Sma l = I nhumat ion , C r = C remat ion , B = u nspec if ied b ur ia l = F ood v es l , B k = B eake r , C o l = C o lared u rn , C ord se l C o rdoned u rn , B u = B ucke t u rn = P ygmy v es l , U = u nspec if ied u rn se = more t han o ne b ut n umber n o t k nown

I n m any c ases i n fo rmat ion i s not c l ear c ut a nd s ome i n c lus ions h ere a r e d oubtfu l w h i le o the r s c ou ld h ave b een a dded . T he r e ade r i s r e fer o t he s i te d e s cr ipt ions i n red t a ppend ix 1 . S ITE N O .

M IN . N O . O F B UR IALS

ED 7

3

ED ED ED ED ED

1 2 1 1 1

8 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 9

ED 2 2 ED 2 6 ( ED 2 7 ED 2 8 o r 2 9 ED 3 0 WD 9 WD 1 4 WD 1 5 WD 1 6 WD 2 0

1 9 — 1 1 7

WD 2 1 WD 3 6

— 3

WD 4 1 WD 4 4 WD 4 6 VD 4 8 V WD 5 4 WD 5 8 SK 2 0 SK 2 5

1 1 1 1

1 — 3 ( 2d epo s it s ) 1 1 1 1 —

S K 2 6 SK 3 2

1 1

SK S K S K S K

3 3 3 4 4 0 4 4

2 1 1 2

S K 4 5

1

SK 4 6

1

SK SK SK SK

1 1 1 —

4 7 4 9 5 0 5 2

C ENTRAL D EPOS ITS

E CCENTR IC D EPOS ITS

C , L , I .

C , L . C , L .

C , L . C .

U , C r .

U NKNOWN P OS IT ION

U NASSOC IATED

F INDS

C .

C + , I + . C , U , C r , ' I ron r i ng s ' . C . L . C , b ead s . U o r C ? ) C . U , C r . 9 C . C . U . 7 C , C r+ .

Q ua r tz P o l ishe r ' S tone h ammer ' F l int k n i fe , b arbed a nd t a nged a rowhead r Axe h amme r

C , M , B k . 2 C . C , L , I . Axe h amme r C , 2 C r . C r . C . C , L . C , L . C , L .

C , L . C , L , I , F v . p i t

B ronze d agge r a nd whe t s tone C up m a rked s tone

B , F v . C r , U , P y . C .

C , L . B ronze D agge r B ronze P i n C , L , B k , F v . C , C r , V ik ing A rm i l la

C r , C o rd , P y

F l int s c rape r s

C r , U . C r+ , U + . C , L . P o l ished g r an ite b a l l

2 34

S ITE N O .

M IN . N O . O F B UR IALS

SK 5 3 SK 5 7

1 r ow ( Bar )

SK 5 8 SK 5 9 SK 6 2

1 1 1

SK 6 3 NK 7 NK 8

1 1 1

NK WK WK WK WK WK

1 7 8 1 9 2 6 2 7 2 8

1 2 1 1 1 1

WK WK EW EW EW EW EW EW EW EW

3 0 3 1 1 5 7 8 1 0 1 7 ) 1 8 ) 2 3

1 1 1 1 1 _ 1 1 1 2

C ENTRAL D EPOS ITS

C , L ,f l int k n ife .

B

M e ta l a xehead

C , C r , U . C , I . C , B . ' c o in s ' . C , B . B .

A xe h amme r o r m ace h ead . ' B ronze s wo rd ' F l in t c h ipp ing s .

C , L . C , L , U . C , L , 2 U . C , 1 , p o l ished s t one l b a l

C , L . C , L . C . C up m a rked s t one C , U . ( U . ( C . C . C r , U . C , L , 1 , F v .

C , L .

WL 3 4 V VL 3 5 VL 5 0 V

1 1 1

C r , U . . C , L C , S , C r , F v .

WL 5 6 WL 6 6 EL 1

1 1 1

1 4 2 4 2 6 2 7

F INDS

C , L .

1 3

WW WW WW WV V

C , M , F v .

C , L .

WL 1 2 WL 2 5

WW 1 3

U NASSOC IATED

P y . C , M , F v .

1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ( 1 d epo s it ) 1

U NKNOWN P OS IT ION

C r , C o l , b one p i n

WL 9

EL 5 EL 8 EL 1 7 EL 1 8 EL 2 3 EL 2 4 EL2 9 E L 3 1 EL 4 1 WW 2 WW 1

E CCENTR IC D EPOS ITS

C , 2 1 , F v . C .

C , S . C , L . C , S , C r , F v . C , U . C , U . U . C , U . C , L . B . C , L .

C , B .

C , L . B . C r , B u . C r .

C r+ , U + .

— 1 1 1

C . C , L , 1 , F v . U .

2 35

' Coppe r r i ng s ' .

APPENDI X S ITES

2

I DENTIFIED BY THOMAS J OHNSTONE NOT I NCLUDED I N T HE SURVEY

The i nformation i s 1 825-27 , a nd n ow i n t he

k ept i n a handwr itten n o tebook d ated p ossess ion o f t he RCAHM i n Edinburgh.

J ohnstone's work i s n ot a r e liab le s ource and h is i nterpre tation o f s ites a s 't emp les ' e tc i s g enera lly f ancifu l. The t erms 't emple ', ' c irc le', and ' cairn' a re u sed i nd iscr im inate ly and a ll may r efer t o c a irns. S ince n one o f t he s ites l isted c erta i n.

h ere

E xt racts

c an

f rom

n ow

b e

t raced

J ohnstone's

i t

i s

n o tebook

i mposs ib le

were

s it es

a re

Auchenca irn Farmhouse ( NX 9 8 f 2 ' Druid ica l c irc le'

i nc luded

i n

t he

8 4) n ear

f armhouse

b e

p ub lished

b y

f ie ldwork was more r e liab le

. 3u p p ur ti n g D ob ie i n 1 958 and a c ertain amount o f : c arr ied o ut, but w ithout c onc lus ive r esu lts. The

o f J ohnstone's i nventory.

t o

g enera I

c a irn

most ly

d ispersed-stones built i nto h ouses and wa lls. A ' ca irn o r c irc le' o n h igher g round t o W. Two ' c irc les' i n s ame f ie ld a s l atter.

f 2 -3 f 2

NB: Th is a rea i s n ow c overed w ith r ecent p i l es o f f ie ld-c learance s tone which c ou ld o bscure s ome more anc ient c airns. D obie 1 958 , 9 9 and 1 09 Burnscarth f 2 7

Farm?

( NX

9 8

8 0)

i n d iam S o f t he r oad 3 0 — paces c ai rn ( WD 4 6) t o Lo charbr iggs o n

f rom t he t he f arm

o f ' The Green '. N ow built o ver. D ob ie 1 958 , 1 02

NB:

Cast le f 9

Green

A ' c irc le' Knowehead

H i I Farm? ( NX 9 7 8 4) A ' c irc le' c omposed t he g round, h o llowed D ob ie

1 958 ,

o f a t

f ie ld s tones t he t op.

r ai sed

6 -8'

above

1 00

E l l ers lee ( NX 9 7 8 5) f 1 9 A o va l mound

1 05'

x

1 26'.

A lso

t wo

sma ll

c irc les

and

a

sma ll c airn. D ob ie 1 958 , 1 01 F oreg i II Farm (NX 9 5 8 3) f 1 A ' temple' o f which o n ly 2 s tones r emained. One a c ross and has s ince b een r i l oca t ed ( D. a nd E . 1 964 , 2 6) . P robab ly D ob ie 1 958 , 1 01 K irkho lm f 2 6

( NX

9 8

' Wr itten

n o t

b ore S co t

a c a irn.

8 1) s tones'

s uggest

a

d oubtfu l. N ew l ands ( NX 9 6 8 5) f 2 0 The r emains o f a D obie 1 958 , 1 02

' c irc le'. 2 36

' Dru id

T emp le'.

T h is

i s

v ery

Da lsw inton/Au ldg irth ( NX 9 2 8 5 -93 85) f 1 2 Apparent ly t he r ema ins of and 1 9 Da lsw inton-Au ldg ir th r oad. D ob ie 1 958 , 1 02 3 ) Broomdykes ( NX 9 8 8 f 9 A ' c irc le'. D ob ie 1 858 , 100

2 37

a

' c irc le '

N

o f

t he

APPENDIX

3

ROUND CA IRN GROUPS NAME

S ITE

NO. OF CA IRNS

NOS

OTHER

MONUMENTS N EARBY

F our o r more c a irns Mossknowe Gaw i n Moor M innigaff Ca i r nerzean e tc C ra igb irnoch Machermore C orwa II /Low Moor T orhousk i e

ED WD WK WL WL EL E L EW

1 9-23 3 4-9 118 1 5 7-67 4 8-5 1 1 116 3 1-34 1 619

WD

5 1-54

5 6 8 1 0 4 6 4 4

C ist b ur ia l Chambered t omb?

S tone c irc le

Three c a irns R ockha ll

Moor

S t iddr iggs L ochmannoch Auchenca irn D rannandow G lenqu icken Carscreugh F e l I M id G len i ron May

WD 5 9-6 1 S K 1 113 S K 3 6-38 WK 6 -8 WK 2 6-28 WL 2 6-28 WL 3 3-35 E L 2 5-27

L ong c a irn S tone c irc le S tone c irc le S tone c irc les Chambered

t ombs.

Two c a irns Wh ite C oombe W indy Edge N e ther D od Bargatton H igh B arcap l e Ca irn T op H igh B anks C orbe l I y S I ewca i r n Ca irn K inna P en wha il e Cau lds ide C ra igar ie B a lker Moor Auchenmant le Ma ins o f Larg A iryhemm ing Q uarter M ilton F e ll

S ing le c a irns Ca irnho ly GI e nt errow

ED ED WD S K S K S K S K S K S K WK WK WK EW WL WL WL WL WL E L

1 -2 1 112 2 9-30 1 415 1 9-20 2 3-24 3 2-33 5 2-53 5-56 5 1 -2 2-23 2 3 0-3 1 1 -2 6 -7 1 2-13 1 415 1 9-20 4 6-7 3 5-6

L ong

B eaker c is t L ong

c a irn

S tone

c irc les

w ith o ther e ar lier o r c ontemporary WK WL

c a irn

monuments

Chambered t ombs ' Four P oster' s tone c irc le.

3 5 1

2 38

APPENDIX

4

POSS IBLE CA IRNS WHICH HAVE NOT I NCLUDED I N THE S URVEY NAME

NGR

REFERENCE

West D enb ie Cars W ood

NY 0 85 7 3 1 NY 0 64 8 80

OS R ecords O S R ecords

P innac le H ill O ld I rv ine

NY 0 38 8 46 NY 3 63 8 17

O S R ecords RCAHM 1 920 , N o 4 37

Ewes D oors Heathery P lantat ion Auchenbainz ie H ill P ease H ill

NY 3 72 9 86 NY 7 60 8 74

O S R ecords RCAHM 1 920 , N o 2 45 RCAHM 1 920 , N o 5 34 O S R ecords

Rosse tta

NT 0 56 0 44

BEEN

REASON

DRUMFR IESSH I RE

Ca irn

Mor ton Ma ins H ill S anquar

NX

8 15 9 73

NX 8 66 9 99

N S 8 92 0 06 N S 7 74

NX 9 1

1 02

9 7

RCAHM 1 920 , N o 4 2 1 O S R ecords RCAHM 1 920 , N o 5 69 856-98 , ONB 1 N o 3 9 , 1 82 RCAHM 1 920 , N o 7 9

Outcrop A l ways d oubtfu l -n ow d estroyed. N o r ema ins , b ut p oss ib le i . Natura l h illock i . C learance a ssoc iated w ith r ig and f urrow. Natura l h illock P robab ly n atura l P robab ly

o utcrop

P robab ly natura l -v. o vergrown P robab ly r ecent c learance s tone P robab ly h ut c irc le N o e vidence. N eo l i th ic

P oss ib ly

N umerous r ecent c learance h eaps a rea

i n

K IR KCUDBR I GHTSH IRE S nab

H ill

NX

5 62 8 32

S nab

H ill

NX

5 63 8 33

NX

6 52 4 87

Ir e landton

NX

6 43

5 6 1

Mack iI s ton

NX

6 21

8 68

D iI d awn

NX 7 33

5 95

Cu ldra in

NX 8 59 6 46

In g lestone

NX 9 82 6 48

L ower

Nunton

D . & E . S cot 1 96 1, 3 4 . S co t D . & E 1 96 1, 3 4 C o les 1 894 , 6 1 RCAHM 1 9 14 , N o 4 79 D . & E . S cot 1 97 1, 2 7 RCAHM 1 9 14 , N o 1 93 . S cot D . & E 1 968 , 2 5 D . & E . S cot 1 96 1, 3 4

( Cou ld b e ( now l ost

a nyth ing,

P robab ly o utcrop. r efer t o S K 2 7 Outcrop o r r ecent c learance R ecent c learance

May

P oss ib ly a b arrow d estroyed Natura l

b ut

Natura l

WI G TOWNSH I RE K i II a ser B urn M id Gl en i ron

NX 0 85 4 58 N X 1 87 6 09

O S 6 " 1 957 RCAHM 1 912 , N o 2 62 2 39

F ie ld-c learance Outcrop?

NAME

NGR

REFERENCE

Hardcroft G len j orr ie N M i l t on Cu I r oy

NX NX NX NX

1 83 2 06 20 2 2 54

H igh

NX

2 9

O ld P lace o f Mochrum May

NX

3 13

N X

3 0

Bargrennan

NX

3 48

B e l IK nowe

NX

4 07 6 12

Moor

6 44 5 8 1 5 49 5 38

5 0

5 42 5 1 7 65

REASON

O S 6 " 1 909 C orn-drying k iln O S R ecords Outcrop a nd c learance O S 2, 1 " map Outcrop a nd c learance RCAHM 1 9 12 , I ncorrect ly l ocated. l t N o 3 62 i s a ctua lly E L 1 2 O S R ecords P h illips' S heep s tee l? p lan i n D umfr ies Museum O S R ecords C learance RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 1 16 RCAHM 1 9 12 , N o 3 96 O S R ecords

2 40

Outcrop Natura l N atura l

APPENDIX A lphabet ica l

5

l ist o f c a irns w ith c ata logue n umbers

A ir yhemm ing, WL 1 9 A ir yhemm ing, WL 2 0 A l l ang i II F oo t, ED 6 A lt igouk l e , WL 5 2 Arr ieo land ( H igh), WL 1 7 Auchenba inz ie , WD 1 Auchencairn, WD 3 3 Auchencairn, S K 3 6 Auchenca irn, S K 3 7 Auchenca irn, S K 3 8 Auchenca irn H e ight , WD 3 8 Auchengasse l, S K 2 5 Auchen I a ir ie ( H igh), WK 3 3 Auchen I a ir ie ( H igh), WK 3 4 Auchenvey, S K 4 Au ldg irth B r idge , WD 2 1 Au ld W ife's G rave , WL 6 6 B a il H ill, WD 1 B a lannan, S K 1 6 B a lgrac ie , WW 7 B a lker Moor , WL 6 B a lker Moor , WL 7 B a llach-a-Heatry, WL 2 9 B a l l a ird, EW 2 4 B a lmesh, WL 2 1 B a lmurr ie , WL 4 5 B a ltersan, EW 1 2 B ankben, S K 1 0 B anks ( H igh), S K 3 2 B anks ( H igh, S K 3 3 B arcap l e ( H igh), S K 2 0 B arc ly e , WK 9 B argatton, S K 1 4 B argatton, S K 1 5 B arhous ie , EW 1 0 B arhous ie , EW 1 B ar lure , WL 4 3 B ar lure , WL 4 4 B arnamon, WW 2 0 B arncosh, S K 1 7 B arndennoch, WK 2 0 B arndennoch/Carnave l, NK B arnk i rk, EW 7 B arnscarrow , WW 1 5 B arnshangan H ill, WW 1 3

B og's B urn, WD 3 B orness Farm , S K 2 9 B rae Moor L arge Ca irn, E L B raehead, WD 4 1 B raehouse ( Near), E L 4 2 B rock L ock F e ll, WL 2 B room R ig, WD 4 9 B rown H ill B urn, WK 2 B urn, WD 2 3 B urnswark, E D 1 4

4 1

Ca irn A ir ie , WW 2 4 Ca irn B enthead, WD 2 6 Ca irn B uy, E L 2 4 Ca irn C onne ll, WW 6 Ca irn o f C reca, ED 1 7 Ca irn Edward, S K 1 Ca irn Ha ll, WD 2 2 Ca irn H ill, WD 5 Ca irn H ill, S K 7 Ca irn H ill, S K 3 5 Ca irn H ill, WW 1 4 Ca irn H ill, WW 1 6 Ca irn H ouse , EW 2 0 Ca irn H ouse , EW 2 1 Ca irn K ennagh, WL 4 2 Ca irn K enny, WL 6 5 Ca irn K inna , WK 1 Ca irn K inna ( near), WK 2 Ca irn o f K nockg lass , WK 1 9 Ca irn MacNe il i e , WW 8 Ca irn MacNe il Ii e , WL 3 7 Ca irn R yan, WL 4 Ca irn T oo ter , E L 3 Ca irnave l/Bardennoch, NK 1 3 Ca irndona ld , WW 3 Ca i r ndoon, EW 2 5 9 Ca lr nerzean, WL 5 0 Ca i r nerzean, WL 6 1 Ca i r nerzean, WL 6 Ca i r nerzean , WL 6 2 Ca i r nerzean, WL 6 3 Ca i r nerzean, WL 6 4 Ca irnf ie ld, EW 2 3 Ca irngaan, WW 2 6 Ca irngarroch, WW 1 2 Ca irnho ly, WK 3 5 Ca irnm i II F arm , WD 1 4 Ca irnmore , WW 2 2 Ca irnscarrow , WL 6 7 Ca irnsmore , WK 2 0 Ca irnsmore ( Knee o f), WK 2 1 Ca irntop, S K 2 3 Ca irntop, S K 2 4

1 3

B arnskeoch, EW 8 B eatock H ill, WD 6 5 B en la ight Ca irn, WL 3 0 B e ttonmont ( West), ED 1 9 B e ttonmound, ED 2 6 B ent Mote , WD 5 6 B lackmyre , WK 2 5 B lue Ca irn, WD 5 8 2 4 1

Ca irntosh, S K 2 2 Ca irnwa inn ie , WK 2 7 Ca irney H i I , S K 2 8 Ca lf F o ld, May, E L 3 9 Cambre t Moor , WK 2 9 Camp H ill, S K 5 0 Camr ie H i I , WL 3 1 Camr ie H ill, WL 3 2

D aI va ird , WK 5 D arngarroch, S K 9 D inbonne t , WW 2 D oug las' Ca irn, S K 5 4 D rumb la ir , EL 3 0 D rumfern Ca irn, WK 6 D rumpa i IB urn, WL 3 9 D rumwh irn, EL 2 1 D ryfho lm , ED 2 4

Cape l G len, WD 2 7 Carscreugh, WL 2 4 Carscreugh, WL 2 5 Carscreugh, WL 2 6 Carscreugh, WL 2 7 Carscreugh, WL 2 8 Car l i n's Ca irn, N K 1 2 Car lochan, S K 4 4 Cau lds ide , WK 3 0 Cau lds ide , WK 3 1 C ha l l ochmunn, E L 6 C h lenny, WL 9 C Ia chan H ill, WW 5 C lachaneasy, WK 1 0 C lachanmore , WW 1 7 C Ia chanp l uck , WW 9 C ock l aw, ED 2 8 C o ldstream B urn, WK 7 C o lt ars Ca irn, S K 6 1 C onch ieton, S K 2 6 C onwa l I, E L 3 1 C orbe l I y N orth, S K 5 2 C orbe l I y S outh, S K 5 3 C ordorcan B urn, WK 4 C raes H ill, WD 1 7 C ra ig A ir ie , EW 1 C ra ig A ir ie , EW 2 C ra ig Haugh, ED 3 0 C ra igb irnoch, WL 4 8 C ra igb irnoch, WL 4 9 C ra igb irnoch, WL 5 0 C ra igb irnoch, WL 5 1 C ra igencoon, WD 8 C ra igencroy Ca irn, WW 2 1 C ra igeng i Il an, NK 1 0 C ra igenveoch, E L 1 0 C ra ignarget H ill, E L 1 9 C ra ignarget H ill, E L 2 0 C ra ig ie lands H ill, WD 6 6 C rawfordton ( O ld), WD 1 8 C rossr n ichae l, s ee p . 1 44

E ag le c a irn, WW 2 3 EI d r ig, E L 3 8 E lf K nowe , WD 6 7 E ttrr ick P en, ED 3 F a iry K nowe , WD 1 3 F a lbrae Ca irn, S K 5 F e l IE nd , WD 2 4 F urm iston, NK 5 Ga l I aberry, WD 4 2 Ga l l aberry, WD 4 3 Ga lla H ill, WW 1 0 Ga ltway H ill, S K 3 1 Gar lies , WK 3 6 Gate lawbr idge , WD 2 5 Gaw in Moor , WD 3 4 Gaw in Moor , WD 3 5 Gaw in Moor , WD 3 6 G la isters , S K 4 9 G ledbrae , WD 1 0 G len P lantat ion, WL 1 8 G lengenny, WD 6 G lenhapp l e , EW 6 G len i ron ( M id), WL 3 3 G len iron ( M id), WL 3 4 G len i ron ( M id), WL 3 5 G len j orr ie , WL 2 2 G lensw inton, SK 3 G lenterow, WL 1 0 G lenterow, WL 1 G lenqu icken, WK 2 8 G o ld ilea , S K 8 G range , ED 1 5 G reen Dass H i I , N K 1 5 G reen H ouse B r idge , EL G reen l aw, S K 4 1 Gubh i II R ig, WD 3 2

C ro tteagh H ill, EW 5 C u l mark H ill, NK 9 C u lshabben, EL 2 8 C u lshabben ( Near), E L 4 0 C u lroy, EL 1 6 C u lquasen, E L 1 7 C u lquhasen, EL 7 D al sw inton C ommon, WD 4 5 D aI t a l l ochan, NK 3

He lfern, S K 4 3 Hangman H ill, S K 5 8 Hardcroft, WL 3 8 Haugh o f Laggan, S K 6 0 Haunches ( The), ED 1 0 Haze lshaw H ill, WD 5 1 H igh A rr ieo land, WL 1 7 H igh Banks , S K 3 2 H igh B anks , S K 3 3 2 42

2 3

H igh B arcap le , S K 1 9 H igh B arcap le , S K 2 0 H igh Mabreed ia, WL 4 0 H i Il head, S K 4 7 Honeyp ig, WL 2 3 Ho lma ins Moor , WD 5 4 Hungrey H ill, WD 5 0 J am ieson's

P o int,

March C leugh, S K 3 9 May ( Ca lf o f), E L 3 9 May F arm , E L 2 5 May F arm , E L 2 6 May F arm , E L 2 7 Me ik l e Ca irn, S K 6 Me ik l e L ai ght, WL 1 M id Ca irn, WD 3 9 M idd leho lm H ill, ED 9 M ilton F e ll, E L 3 5 M inn igaff , WK 1 M inn igaff , WK 1 2 M inn igaff , WK 1 3 M inn i gaff , WK 1 4 M inn i gaff , WK 1 5 M inn igaff , WK 1 6 M inn i gaff , WK 1 7 M inn igaff , WK 1 8 Mochrum F e ll, EL 2 9 Mo l l ance , S K 4 5 Mossknowe , ED 2 0 Mossknowe , ED 2 1 Mossknowe , ED 2 2 Mossknowe , ED 2 3 Muck l e Ca irn, WL 1 3 Mu ll o f S inn i ness E L 4 Mu ll o f S inn i ness , E L 5 Murdochwood, NK 6 Murtho lm , ED 2 7

WW 4

K i II f eddar , WL 5 3 K ilno tr ie , S K 4 2 K ing S chaws G rave , E D 7 K inne lhead, WD 6 4 K irkconne l, S K 1 8 Knee o f Ca irnsmore , WK 2 1 Knockg la ss ( Ca irn o f), WK Knockhead, WD 4 6 Knockr nan NK 1 7 Knockenha ir , WD 2 Knockenha ir , WD 3 1

1 9

Laggan Burn, WK 3 2 Lagw ine , NK 4 Lak in ( The), WL s ee p . 2 05 Lamgarroch H ill, WD 7 Lamford Burn, NK 1 Lann H ill, Land F arm, WD 1 5 Land Farm , Lann H ill, WD 1 5 Larg , WK 1 6 Larg ( Ma ins o f), WL 1 4 Larg ( Mains o f) , WL 1 5 Larg Moor , WK 2 6 L ingdowey, WL 5 8 L ingdowey, WL 5 9 L itt le Park Ca irn, WL 3 6 L ocharbr iggs , WD 4 8 L och H ead, EL 3 7 L och Mannoch, S K 1 L och Mannoch, S K 1 2 L och Mannoch, S K 1 3 L och R ob in B urn, E L 9 L ochan B urn WD 6 3 L ochanhead , WD 6 2 L ochs ide , WD 4 L ong Park H ill, WW 1 9 L ow Moor , E L 3 2 L ow Moor , E L 3 3 L ow Moor , E L 3 4 L uce S ands , T ors Warren, WW L yth Mead, WW 2 5 Macbreed ia ( H igh), Mach i I s ton, WK 1 6 Machermore , EL 1 Machermore , E L 1 2 Machermore , EL 1 3 Machermore , EL 1 4

WL

N ether D od , WD 2 9 N ether D od , WD 3 0 N e therho lm o f Da lqua irn, N orth Ca irn, WW 1 N orth M ilton, S K 3 0 O ld

C rawfordton,

WD

1 8

Par ton, S K 6 3 Par ton par ish, S K 6 4 P eter's Ca irn, S K 5 1 P enwha il e , WK 2 3 P enwha il e , WK 2 2 P iI wh irn B urn, WL 5 6 P inzar ie , WD 9 P Iu ckh ims Ca irn, S K 2 1 P o lquan ity, N K 1 4

1

Quar ter , Q uar ter ,

WL WL

4 6 4 7

Raeburnfoot, ED 4 R ed Cast le , S K 4 8 R obg i II , ED 1 8 R ockha l I Moor , WD 5 3 R or ie G ill's Ca irn, WK R oyach Ca irn, WD 3 7

4 0

2 43

8

NK

1

S inn iness Cast le , E L 2 S inn iness ( Mu ll o f), EL S inn iness ( Mu ll o f), E L S hennanton, EW 9 S lickconner ie , WL 5 4 S lewca irn, S K 5 5 S lewca irn, S K 5 6 Smeaton B r idge , NK S o ld iers Ca irn, S K 2 S orb ie B r idge , ED 8 S orrys ike Moor , ED 1 3 S p itta l C rof t, EW 1 4 S ta irhaven, E L 1 S t iddr iggs , WD 5 9 S t iddr iggs , WD 6 0 S t iddr iggs , WD 6 1 S troanfreggan

T rya l Ca irn, WD 5 5 Twynho l m Par ish , SK

4 5

6 2

Wau lkm ill, WD 1 6 Wee Ca irn, WL 1 2 West B e ltonmont, WD 1 9 Wh inn ie liggate , S K 3 4 Wh ite Ca irn, WD 1 2 Wh ite Ca irn, WD 1 9 Wh ite Ca irn, S K 4 0 Wh ite Ca irn, N K 1 8 Wh ite Ca irn, N K 1 9 Wh ite Ca irn, WK 3 Wh ite Ca irn, WK 2 4 Wh ite Ca irn, EW 4 Wh ite Ca irn, EW 1 3 Wh ite Ca irn, EW 1 5 Wh ite Ca irn, WL 5 Wh ite Ca irn, WL 5 5 Wh ite Ca irn, E L 1 5 Wh ite Ca irn, E L 1 8 Wh ite C oomb, E D 1 Wh ite C oomb, E D 2 Wh ite D yke , EW 2 2 Wh ite H ill, WD 4 0 Wh iteha ll, WD 4 4 W illiamson, WD 5 7 W indy Edge , E D 1 W indy Edge , ED 1 2 W itches T horn, S K 2 7 Wy lies Wood, S K 5 7

T hr iep Moor , WD 2 8 T hrone o f Gargr ie , E L 2 2 T inwa ld, WD 4 7 T om's K nowe Ca irn, ED 5 T ong land par ish, s ee p . 1 44 T orhouskie , EW 1 6 T orhouskie , EW 1 7 T orhouskie , EW 1 8 T orhouskie , EW 1 9 T orthorwa ld P ar ish, WD 6 8 T orr H ill, WW 1 8 T orr's Warren, Luce S ands , WW 11

2 44

ABBREVI ATI ONS ACAW

The A rchaeo logica l W ig townsh i re.

Ant

The Ant iquar ies

J

Arch

A e l

C o l l ect ions

o f

Ayrsh ire

and

J ourna l.

Archaeo log i a Ae l i ana.

BAR

B r it ish

CBA

The

C ounc il

CWAAS

The and

Cumber land and Westmor land Ant iquar ian A rchaeo logica l S oc iety -T ransact ions.

D and

E S cot

A rchaeo log ica l

D iscovery

f or

and

R eports.

B r itish

Archaeo logy.

Excavat ion

i n

S cot land.

DAJ

The

J E co l

J ourna l

NSA

( New) S tatistica l A ccount o f S cot land, c ontr ibuiors, pub lished 1 8381844.

var ious

ONB

The O r ig ina l Name Ordnance S urvey.

by

OSA

A S tat ist ica l A ccount S inc lair , 1 791-1799.

Ph il Roy

T rans

R oy

S oc

The

The

PR I A

The S oc

The

o f

( of

J ourna l.

E co logy.

B ook

Ph ilosoph ica l

S oc ie ty

PPS

Proc R oy

D erbyshire Archaeo log ica l

-a

o f

Ms

k ept

S cot land

T ransact ions

( ed.)

o f

t he

t he J ohn

R oya l

L ondon).

P roceed ings

o f

P roceed ings

t he o f

P roceedings

P reh istor ic

t he

o f

R oya l

t he

S oc iety. I r ish

R oya l

A cademy.

S oc iety

( of

Ant iquar ies

o f

L ondon ). PSAS

The

P roceed ings

o f

t he

S oc iety

o f

S cot land. RCAHM

The

R oya l

Monuments

Comm iss ion

o n

Anc ient

and

H istor ica l

( Scot land) .

TDGNHAS

The T ransactions o f t he D umfr ies and Ga l l oway Natura l H istory and Antiquar ian S oc iety.

TLCAS

T he T ransactions o f t he Cheshire Archaeo logica l S oc iety.

YAJ

T he Yorkshire

Archaeo logica l

2 45

Lancash ire

J ourna l.

and

B IBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, .

J .,

1 886

S co t land i n P agan T imes T he B ronze a nd S tone Ages.

I:

Vo l

Anderson J . a nd B lack, G .F., 1 888

R epor ts o n l oca l museums i n S co t land o bta ined t hrough D r R .H. Gunn ing's J ub i l ee g if t t o t he S oc iety. P SAS 2 2 , 3 3 1-422 .

Anderson, 1 916

R ev.

R .S.G.,

A ccount o f t he e xp lorat ion c a irn a t C ra igb irnoch, N ew W igtownsh ire. P SAS 5 1, 2 6-29.

Anderson, 1 92 1

R ev.

R .S.G.,

N o tes o n t he d iscovery o f S ta irhaven, W igtownsh ire. 5 3-4 .

Anderson, 1 942

R ev.

R .S.G.,

A C inerary U rn Farm , S tranraer , P SAS 7 6 , 7 9-83.

f rom S andh i II W igtownsh ire.

The Ant iqu it ies TDGNHAS 1 0 , 2 9-35.

o f

A rno tt,

S .,

1 894

o f a L uce ,

a c ist a t P SAS 5 5 ,

K irkbean.

A shmore ,

P .J.,

1 974

Excavat ions a t S ummers i de , Orkney, b y F .G. Wa inwr ight i n J u ly 1 960. P SAS 1 05 , 4 1-2.

A shmore ,

P .J.,

1 980

L ow c a irns , s tones. P SAS

l ong c ists a nd 1 10 , 3 46-335 .

s ymbo l

A tk inson,

R .J.C.,

1 952

F our N ew ' Henge' S co t land a nd P SAS 8 4 , 5 7-66.

Monuments i n N orthumber land.

A tk inson,

R .J.C.,

1 957

Worms a nd 3 1, 2 19-233.

A tk inson,

R .J.C.,

1 972

B ur ia l a nd P opu lat ion i n t he B r it ish B ronze Age , i n L ynch, F . and B urgess , C . ( ed j. -) P reh istor ic Man i n Wa les a nd t he Wes t , 1 07116.

A tk inson,

R .J.C.,

1 974

N eo l i th ic s c ience a nd t echno logy. P h i I T rans R oy S oc A 2 76 , 1 2313 1.

Weather ing.

A tk inson, R .J.C., P iggott, C M . a nd S andars , 1 95 1

The E xcavat ions T hames , Oxon.

Barbour ,

J .,

1 897

The a nc ient b ur ia l r ecent ly d isc overed a t L ocharbr iggs. TDGNHAS 1 3 , 7 4-5.

B arbour ,

J .,

1 899

A ccount o f B irrenswark , p lans a nd 2 19-243.

Barbour ,

J .,

1 905

B ur ia l u rns f ound i n Maxwe l It own P ark. TDGNHAS 1 7 , 3 77-8.

Bate ,

D .M .A. , 1 909

a t

Antiqu ity

D orchester-on-

t he e xcavat ions a nd d escr ipt ion o f s ect ions. P SAS

a t t he 3 3 ,

N ot ice o f t he E xcavat ion o f a Ca irn a t Mossknowe o n t he Ki r tl e Water , D umfr iessh ire. P SAS 4 3 , 1 65169. 2 46

B irks ,

H. H. , 1 972

S tud ies i n t he v egetat iona l h istory I. o f S cot land Two p o l l en d iagrams f rom t he Ga l l oway h ills , K irkcudbr ightsh ire. J E co l 6 0 , 1 83-2 17.

B irks ,

H .H.,

S tud ies i n t he v egetat iona l h istory o f S cot land I V. P ine s tumps i n S co tt ish b lanke t p eats. P h i I T rans R oy S oc L ond 2 70B , 1 8 1-226.

B ishop,

1 975

A .H.,

1 9 19

N o te o n b ur ia l after TDGNHAS 6 , 4 4-48.

C remat ion.

B lack ,

G .F.,

1 893

N o t ice o f a nt iqu it ies T hornh i I .

B lack ,

G .F.,

1 894

D escr ipt ive c ata logue of a nt iqu it ies f ound i n Ayrsh ire a nd W igtowns h ire. ACAW 7 , 1 -47.

1 978

C o lon izat ion a nd l and u se i n t he l ate N eo l i th ic a nd Ear ly B ronze Age , i n L i mbrey, S . a nd E vans , s. ) T he e ffect o f man o n J .G. ( e—d t he l andscape: t he L ow land Z one , 9 5102.

B rad ley,

R .,

B rewster ,

T .C. M.,

B r ind ley,

A .,

B rown,

J .,

1 980

1 888 1 96 1

1 973

the p r inc ipa l S cott ish i n t he G r ierson M useum , TDGNHAS 9 , 108124.

Two B ronze A ge Barrows N or th R id ing o f Y orksh ire. 5 5-95.

i n t he YAJ 45 ,

T he c inerary u rn t rad it ion i n I re land An a lt ernat ive e xp lanat ion. P RI A 8 0(C), 1 97-206. T he D ru id ica l circ le TDGNHAS 6 , 3 3. The B ronze Age in T LCAS 7 1, 1 -42.

i n t he

T roqueer. N or th-West.

B u 'l ock,

J .,

B urgess ,

C .,

1 969

Chrono logy a nd term ino logy B r it ish B ronze Age. Ant 2 2-29.

B urgess ,

C .,

1 974

The B ronze Age , i n R enfrew, C. ( ed.) B r it ish P reh istory - A N ew Out line , 1 65-232.

B urgess ,

C .,

1 980

The Age o f S tonehenge.

i n the J 4 9 ,

B urgess , C . a nd C owen, J .D., 1972

The E bna I h oard a nd E ar ly B ronze Age meta l-work ing t rad it ions , i n Lynch, F . a nd B urgess, C . ( eds T ,P reh istor ic Man i n Wa les a nd t he West , 1 67-18 1.

B urgess , C . a nd S hennan, S., 1 976

The B eaker P henomenon: s uggest ions , i n B urgess , C .

s ome a nd

M iket, R . CJs) S ett lement a nd E conomy i n t he Th ird a nd S econd M illennia B .C., BAR 3 , 3 09-330 . 3

2 47

B ur l,

H .A. W.,

B urne tt,

T .R.,

Ca l I a nder ,

Case ,

1 976

H .,

Cha l mers ,

1 946

J .G.,

1 924

T he S tone I s les

C irc les

t he

N o te o n a B ur ia l C ist TDGNHAS 2 4 , 1 9-20. D umfr iessh ire a nd I ron 9 7119.

i n t he Ages.

a t

B r it ish

Mouswa ld.

S tone , B ronze 1, T DGNHAS

T he B eaker c u lt ure i n B r ita in a nd I re land, i n Mercer , R .J. ( ed.) B eakers i n B r ita in a nd Europe , BAR s up I. 2 6 , 7 1-10 1.

1 977

G .,

1 824

Ca ledon ia.

Ch i I de ,

V .G.,

1 935

T he

Ch i I de ,

V .G.,

1 945

An u nusua l D roughdoo l, W igtownsh ire.

Ch i I d e ,

V .G. , 1 946

Ch innock,

o f

E .J.,

1 890

P reh istory

S co t land

o f S cot land. C inerary U rn f rom n ear Dunrag it, P SAS 8 6 , 1 68-70.

b efore

t he S cots.

R ecent a ntr iquar ian d iscover ies a t K irkcudbr ight. T DGNHAS 6 , 2 63-7.

C larke ,

D .L.,

1 970

B eaker P o ttery I re land.

C larke ,

D .L.,

1 976

T he B eaker n e twork e conom ic mode ls. s ympos ium 4 59-475.

o f

Great

B r ita in

a nd

- Soc ia l a nd G lockenbecher

C obh iII, S .,

1 982

The B ronze Age e xhumed. S co t ish A rchaeo log ica l R ev iew 1 , 7 8-90.

C o les ,

F .R.,

1 888

T he t umu lus a nd s tone c irc les C au ld s ide. T DGNHAS 6 , 8 3 .

C o les ,

F .R.,

1 890

T he g rave TDGNHAS 6 ,

C o les ,

F .R.,

1 891a

A p reh istor ic c o lony TDGNHAS 7 , 1 7-24.

C o les ,

F .R.,

1 891b

The motes , f orts a nd d oons o f t he S tewartry o f K irkcudbr ightsh ire , P SAS 2 5 , 3 52-396.

C o les ,

F .R.,

1 893

C er ta in p o ints c up a nd r ing 9 , 8 12.

C o les ,

F .R.,

1 894

The c a irns TDGNHAS 1 0 ,

C o les ,

F .R.,

1 895a

A r ecord o f c ups a nd r ingmark i ngs i n t he S tewartry o f K irkcudbr ightsh ire. P SAS , 2 9 , 6 7-91.

C o les ,

F .R.,

1 895b

T he S tone C irc les o f t he S tewartry o f K irkcudbr ight. P SAS 2 9 , 3 0 1-3 16 .

2 48

a t C onch i eton , 1 52-3. a t

a t

B orgue. Anwor th.

i n c onnect ion w ith mark i ngs. TDGNHAS

o f K irkcudbr ightsh ire. 5 9-66.

Co les ,

F .R.,

1 897

N ote. T he R e liquary a nd A rchaeo logy 3 , 1 -13.

Co les ,

F .R.,

1 899

Anno tated Ii s t o f a nt iqu it ies f rom t he S tewar try o f K irkcudbr ight n ow p reserved i n t he N at iona l Museum. TDGNHAS 1 5 , 3 2-45.

C o les ,

F .R.,

1 900

N o t ice o f t he d iscovery o f a c ist a nd u rn n ear P ortpatr ick, W ig towns hi re. P SAS 3 4 , 4 93.

C o les ,

J.M . , 1 965

B ronze Age Me ta l work in D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway. TDGNHAS 4 2 , 6 1-98.

I lustrated l

C ondry, J . a nd Anse l!, M ., 1978

T he e xcavat ion o f a h ut-c irc le a t Moss Rap l och, C Ia tter ingshaws. T DGNHAS 5 3 , 1 05-113.

C onway,

S trat igraphy a nd p o llen a na lys is o f s outhern P enn ine b lanke t p eats. J E co l 4 2 , 1 17147.

V . M. , 1 954

C orcoran,

J .X. W.P.,

1 969a

of t wo c hambered E xcavat ion Mid G len i ron Farm , c a irns a t Wi g townsh i re. TDGNHAS G len I u ce , 4 6 , 3 1-90.

C orcoran,

J .X. W.P.,

1 969b

Excavat ion o f two b ur ia l c a irns a t M id G len i ron F arm , G len I u ce , W ig townsh i r e. T DGNHAS 4 6 , 9 1-99.

C ormack,

W .F.,

1 962

P rehistor ic site at K irkburn, L ockerb ie. TDGNHAS 4 0 , 53-59.

C ormack,

W .F.,

1 963

B ur ia l s ite a t K irkburn, P SAS 9 6 , 1 07135.

C ormack,

W .F.,

1 968

A bur ia l c a irn i n L uce S ands , W ig townsh i r e. TDGNHAS 4 5 , 240-24 1. T he Anna ls o f G lenca irn.

C orr ie ,

J . M.,

C orr ie ,

J .M . , 1 928

K irkcudbr ightsh ire i n B ronze a nd Ear ly TDGNHAS 1 4 , 2 72-299.

C orr ie ,

J . M.,

1 929

Two i nterest ing B ronze a ge r e l i cs f rom s outhern Sco t land. TDGNHAS 1 5 , 5 0-54.

C orr ie ,

P .F.,

1 867

N o t ice o f t he d iscovery o f an a nc ient g rave o n t he f arm of 5 , B roomh i II , L ochmaben. TDGNHAS 4 3-4.

C ow ie ,

T .C.,

1 910

L ockerb ie.

1 978

B ronze Age f ood v esse l ( Br it ish Ser ies) 5 5.

the I ron

S tone , A ges.

u rns.

BAR

B urnfoot Hill, 31-37.

C ow ie , T .G., Mas ters , L .J. a nd H arman, M . 1 98 1

b ur ia l f rom An u rn D owg len P lantat ion, TDGNHAS 5 6 , Westerk irk .

C ur ie ,

N otes o n t he d iscovery o f a g rave a t B aI n e i I, N ew L uce , Wi g towns h ire. P SAS 5 0 , 3 02-5.

A .O.

1 916

2 49

D av idson,

J . M.,

D i mb leby,

G . W.,

D ob ie ,

M .R.,

Edwards ,

Evans ,

1 952

1 962

1 958

A .J.H.,

J .G.,

R eport o n s ome d iscover ies a t G lenI u ce S ands , W igtownshire. P SAS 8 6 , 4 3-69. B r it ish

H eath la nds

and

t he ir

T he a nt iquar ian j aunts o f J ohnstone. TDGNHAS 3 6 , 1 923

1 975

S o iI s . Thomas 9 8114 .

R eport o n t he e xcavat ions o f ( 1) a l ong s egmented c hambered c a irn ( 2) a B ronze Age c a irn and ( 3) a h ut c irc le i n t he par ish o f M inn i gaff , S tewartry o f K irkcudbr ightsh ire. P SAS 5 7 , 5 5-74. T he E nv ironment t he B r it ish I s les. t o

o f

F eachem,

R . W.,

1 963

Gu ide

F eachem,

R . W.,

1 965

T he N or th B r itons: o f a B order P eop le.

Ear ly

Man

i n

P reh istor ic S cot land. The

P rehistory

F lem ing,

A .,

1 97 1

T err itor ia l patterns i n Wessex. PPS 3 7 , 1 38166.

F lem ing,

A .,

1 973

Mode ls f or t he d eve lopment o f t he Wessex c u lture , i n Renfrew, A .C. ( ed.) T he Exp lanat ion o f Cu lture Change.

F ow ler ,

M .,

Gar l i eston,

D .F , 1 936

A .,

G ibson,

W .G.,

G our ley, G re ig,

S .,

G re ig,

D .C.,

Ha ldane , Hare ,

1 863

1 928

F .K.,

i n 5 6.

t he

N or th

N o te o f t he ant iquities o f t he S tone , B ronze and I ron p er iods f ound i n D umfr iessh ire a nd Ga lloway. T DGNHAS 1 , 4 7-5 1. T he Ca irns Ca irn Ave l.

o f S troanfreggan a nd TDGNHAS 1 4 , 1 84-94.

B r it ish R eg iona l o f S co t land ( 3rd

1 971

1 942a

Age P otery Eng land, BAR

S co t land, b e ing Part o f I S he te lig, H . ( ed.) V iking A nt iqu it ies o f G reat B r ita in and I re land ( 1940-54) .

1 940

A .R.B.,

N o te o n a n a nc ient t omb f ound o n M il l is le F arm , S orbie par ish, W ig townsh i r e. TDGNHAS 2 0 , 2 0 1. B ronze East o f

1 978

W .R.,

A ge

The t rans it ion f rom l ate N eo l i th ic t o e ar ly B ronze Age i n t he P eak D istr ict o f D erbysh ire a nd S taffordsh ire. DAJ 7 5 , 6 6122 .

1 956

G ibson,

B ronze

1 952

The

G eo logy: e d. ) .

T he

S outh

D rove R oads o f S cot land.

Part 7 , K irkcudbr ightsh ire , i n S tamp, L .D. ( ed.), The L and o f B r ita in - T he r epor t o f t he Land U t ilizat ion S urvey o f B r ita in, ( 1945), 2 50

3 55-400.

Hare ,

F .K.,

Harper ,

M .,

1 942b

P art 8 , W igtownsh ire , i n S tamp, L .D., ( ed.), T he Land o f B r ita in T he r eport o f t he Land U t ilizat ion S urvey o f B r ita in ( 1945), 4 07-422)

1 898

Ramb les

i n

Ga lloway.

Harr ison,

R .J.,

1 980

Hensha l I ,

A. S ,

T he B eaker F o lk.

1 964

The Chambered

Hensha l I ,

A .S.,

1 968

S cott ish Dagger G raves , i n C o les , J . M. and S i mpson, D .D.A. ( eds) S tud ies i n Anc ient Europe , 1 73196.

Hensha 1 ,

A .S.,

1 972

T he C hambered 1I

H er ity, E ogan ,

M . a nd G ., 1 977

I re land

i n

T ombs o f S co t land

T ombs

o f

I .

S cot land

P reh istory.

H ibber t, F .A., Sw itsur , V .R . a nd Wes t , R .G. 1 971

Rad iocarbon dat ing o f F landr ian p o ll en z ones a t R ed Moss ) Lancash ire . P roc R oy S oc L ond B 1 77 , 1 6 1-176.

H odgson, C ormack,

E xcavat ions Annanda le.

K .S. a nd W .F., 1 975

Langho lm

Hys lop, J . a nd Hys lop R ., 1 912

a s

i t was.

J ard ine ,

W .B.,

1 864

Address 2 , 1 -28.

J ard ine ,

W .G.,

1 980

H o locene r a ised c oasta l a nd f ormer s hore l i nes o f s h ire a nd e astern TDGNHAS 5 5 , 1 -59.

J ard ine , W .G. Morr ison, A .,

a nd 1 976

o f

a t D inwood iegreen, TDGNHAS 5 1, 1 8-28.

t he

P res ident.

TDGNHAS s ed i ments D umfr iesGa l l oway.

The a rchaeo log ica l s ignif icance o f H o locene c oasta I d epos it s i n s outhwestern S co t land, i n Dav idson, .L ( eds) D .A. a nd S hack I e y, — M G eoarchaeo logy: Ear th S c ience a nd t he Past, 1 75195.

J obey,

G .,

1 966

E xcavat ions o f pa l i saded S ett lements a nd Ca irnf ie lds a t A l nham , N orthumber land. A rch A e l 4 4 , 5 -48.

J obey,

G .,

1 968

E xcavat ions o f c a irns a t Chatton S andyford, N orthumber land. A rch A e l 4 6 , 5 -50.

J obey,

G .,

1 97 1

Ear ly s ett lements i n D umfr iessh ire. TDGNHAS 4 8 ,

J obey,

G .,

1 980

G reen K nowe u nenc losed s ett lement a nd Harehope P eeb I e ssh i r e. P SAS 10 , 1

J ohnstone , K innes,

1 . ,

T .,

1 825-7

1 979

Manuscr ipt RCAHM. ( See

n otebook a ppend ix 2 ,

R ound Barrows a nd R ing t he B r it ish N eo lith ic. 2 51

e astern 7 8-105. p latform Ca irn, 7 2113.

k ept b y p . 2 36.) D itches

i n

K avanagh,

Lamb,

R . M.,

H .H.,

1 976

1 966

L ebour ,

N .,

L ivens ,

R .G.,

1 972

1 957

I .H.,

Lynch,

1 975

Excavat ion a t s h ire) . T DGNHAS ,

1 96 1

F .,

e t

t he

T era II y ( W igtown3 5 , 8 5102.

The o r ig ins a nd d eve lopment o f t he p r i mary s er ies i n t he c o llared u rn t rad it ion i n E ng land a nd Wa les. PPS 2 7 , 2 63-306. The i mpact o f l andscape o n p reh istor ic man, i n Evans , J .G., leere , H . ( eds) L i mbrey, S . a nd — C The e ffects o f man o n t he l ands cape: t he H igh land Z one . C .B .A. R esearch R epor t N o. 1 24126 . 1,

Lynch, F ., Wadde l I , J ., A llen, D . a nd Grea ley, S ., 1 974 L ynch,

B r it ish B eakers a s s een f rom C ont inent. H e lin ium 1 2 , 2 0-46.

Amber a nd j e t i n anc ient bur ia ls t he ir s ign if icance. T DGNHAS 3 , 1 06120.

1 914

L ongworth,

a nd c ordoned c inerary Ir e land. P RI A 7 6 (C),

A tmospher ic c ircu lation and t he ma in c li mat ic v ar iab les b etween 8 000 a nd 0 B .C.: m e teoro log ica l e v idence , i n S awyer , J .S. ( ed.) Wor ld C I i mate f rom 8 000 t o 0 B .C., 1 74-2 17.

Lant ing, J .N. a nd Van d er Waa ls , J .D.,

F .,

C o l l ared u rns i n 2 93-403.

a l,

1 975

B ren ig V a l l ey e xcavat ion, D enb ighsh ire H istor ica l a ct ions , 2 3 , 1 -56.

1 973. Trans-

B renig Va l l ey e xcavat ions , D enb ighsh ire H istor ica l a ct ions , 2 4 , 1 -25

1 974 . T rans-

Mann,

L .

MacL.,

1 902

N ote o n t he f ind ing o f a n u rn, j e t n eck l ace , s tone a xe , a nd o ther a ssoc iated o bjects i n W igtownsh ire. P SAS 3 6 , 5 84-9.

Mann,

L .

MacL.,

1 923

D iscover ies W igtownsh ire.

D r J . W.,

1 903

C inerary u rn f ound a t N ewtonr ig , H o lywe l I, i n Ca irn Va l l ey r a il way c utt ing: May 1 90 1. TDGNHAS 1 7 , 2 38.

Mar t in,

i n P SAS 5 7 ,

Masters ,

L .J.,

1 973

The L ochh i I 4 7 , 9 6100 .

Masters ,

L .J.,

1 977

Excavat ions TDGNHAS 5 2 ,

Masters ,

L .J.,

1 98 1

Chambered t ombs mega lith ic b arrows Evans , J .D. e t a l

2 52

l ong

n or th-western 9 8107 .

c a irn.

a t T he 2 8-43.

A nt iqu ity

Wren's

Egg.

and n oni n B r ita in, i n ( eds) A nt iqu ity

a nd G lyn

Man: E ssays i n Dan ie l, 1 6 1-176.

h onour

o f

Masters , L . a nd Yates , M .J., 1 977

Excavat ion o f t he Car lochan R ound Ca irn, C rossm ichae l, S tewartry D is tr ict. TDGNHAS 5 2 , 4 4-55.

Maxwe ll,

H .E.,

1 885

Anc ient w eapons , instruments , u tens ils a nd o rnaments of W igtowns h ire. ACAW 5 , 2 1-55.

Maxwe ll,

H .E.,

1 889

P r im it ive i mp lements , weapons , o rnaments a nd u tens ils f rom Wi g townsh i r e. P SAS 2 3 , 2 00-232.

Mc Iv er ,

J . A.,

1 945

P art 1 9 , D umfr iessh ire , i n S tamp, L .D. ( ed.), T he Land o f B r ita in The r epor t o f t he Land U t ilizat ion 2 S urvey o f B r ita in ( 1945), 2 1-258.

McKer li e ,

P .N.,

1 877

Lands

a nd

Owners

i n

McKer l i e ,

1 P. 1 ., 1 879

Lands

a nd

Owners

i n

McKer li e ,

1 ., 1 E. M.1 9 16

P ilgr im

Moar ,

Morr is ,

Morr is ,

N .T.,

i n

R . W. B . , 1 966

1 979

Cup and s cu lptures S co t land: 1 50172.

r ing a

Ga l l oway

I, V .

Ga lloway.

Late We ichse l i an p o l l en d iagrams S co t land. N ew 4 33-467.

1 969

R . W.B.,

S pots

Ga l l oway

a nd F landr ian f rom s outh-west P hyto log ist 6 8 ,

marks a nd s im ilar o f s outh-western s urvey. P SAS 9 8 ,

The P reh istor ic R ock Ga l l oway a nd t he I s le

A rt o f o f Man.

Morr ison,

A .,

1 968

C inerary u rns i n s outh-west 4 5 , 8 0140.

Morr ison,

A .,

1 97 1

C ist b ur ia ls a nd f ood v esse ls s ome r ecent d iscover ies a nd r ed iscover ies i n western S cot land. G lasgow A rchaeo log ica l J ourna l 2 , 8 -26.

Morr ison,

A .,

1 972

T he c ist c emetery a t O rmsary E state , K napda l e . The K ist ( Magaz ine o f t he N atura l H istory a nd Ant iquar ian S oc iety o f M id A rgy ll), 3 , 2 -4.

Morr ison,

A .,

1 978

T he B ronze Age Ayrshire C o l l ect ions

Mor t imer ,

J .R.,

Munro ,

D .D.,

1 905

1 974

a nd p ygmy v esse ls S co t land. TDGNHAS

i n 1 2 ,

Ayrsh ire. 1 25153.

F orty Y ears' R esearchers i n t he B r it ish a nd S axon B ur ia l Mounds o f East Y orksh ire. D rannandow -A n t ive u p land u se G rower 5 4 , 2 0-27.

2 53

e xerc ise i n o bjecp lanning. T i mber

Murdoch, J . and Barnes , J . A., 1 970

S tatistica l

Murray,

J .,

S tone c irc les o f TDGNHAS 5 6 , 1 8-30.

N icho ls,

H .,

Tab les

f or

1 98 1 1 967

V egetationa l p lacement t he l ate

M .J.,

1 952

c hange ,

s hore l i ne

O ldf ie ld, F . and S tratham, D .C., 1 963

P ennington,

W .,

1 975

Cork.

F .,

1 972

P eterson,

F .,

e t

o f

a

PR I A

i n o f

T ransact ions o f Edinburgh

c airn

C 5 4 ,

P o len ana lytica l Tarn and Lancash ire. 5 3-66.

a t

Moneen,

1 2 1159.

data

f rom

U rsw ick

E l l ers i de M oss , N or th N ew Phyto log ist 6 2 ,

The e ffect o f N eo lithic man o n t he e nvironment i n n orth-west Eng land: The u se o f abso lute p o l l en d iagrams , i n Evans , L i mbrey, S . and C leere , H ., T he e ffect o f man o n t he Landscape: The H igh land Zone. C .B.A.

P eterson,

d is-

and t he human f actor Quarternary h istory

Excavat ion C o.

a nd w ith

W igtownsh ire.

s outh-wes t S cot land. o f t he R oya l S oc iety 6 7 , 1 45-187. O 'Ke lly,

S c ience ,

Engineer ing, Management Bus iness S tud ies. ( 2nd e d. c orrections) .

R esearch

Repor t

No.

1.

T raditions o f mu ltiple b ur ia l i n l ater N eo lithic and Ear ly B ronze 2 Age Eng land. Arch J 1 29 , 2-55.

a l

1 974

A s hort Farm, 4 3-62.

c ist a t H orsburgh P eeb I e ssh i re . P SAS C u ltures.

P iggott,

S .,

1 954

N eo lith ic

P iggott,

S .,

1 948

The Excavat ions a t H ill, West Loth ian. 6 8-123. The

e xcavat ion

o f

Cas t le 1 05 ,

C a irnpapp le P SAS 8 2 ,

t hree

N eo l i th ic

P iggott, S . and P owe ll, T .G.E.,

1 949

c hambered t ombs P SAS 8 3 , 1 03161.

P owe ll,

1 952

Excavation o f a c ircular e nc losure f a t B roadbank, B r ierc Ii fe ,

T .G.E ,

i n

Galloway,

1 949.

Lancash ire. T ransactions o f t he t he H istor ica l S oc iety o f L ancash ire and Rad ley,

J .,

Chesh ire ,

1 04 ,

1 45-152.

A B ronze Age r ing work o n T ot l ey Moor and o ther B ronze Age r ing works i n t he P ennines. A rch J 1 23 ,

1 966

1 -26. Rainsford-Hannay,

F .,

D ry

S tone

Wa lling

( 2nd

and

t he

e d.) .

1 972 Rammage,

C .T.,

1 876

D ru m lanr ig 2 54

D oug Ia sses.

Re id ,

J .J.,

Re id ,

R .C.,

1 889

The Barony o f Mousewa ld Barons. P SAS 2 3 , 2 4-79.

1 944

N ote

o n

a

Garrochar.

c inerary TDGNHAS

and

u rn 2 3 ,

i ts f rom

1 36143.

Re ig, R . W. and Frazer , J . R., 1 924

S hort s tone c ist f ound i n t he par ish o f K ineff and Catter l i ne , K incardinesh ire. P SAS 5 8 , 2 7-40.

Re id,

Facts and f igures P SAS 1 04 , 2 68-282.

f rom

T opography N ithsda le.

Ant iquit ies

R . W.K.,

1 972

R idde ll,

R•

R itch ie ,

J . N.G.,

1 794 1 970

B eaker S cot land.

and

p ottery TDGNHAS

f ie ldwork. o f

i n s outh-west 4 7 , 1 23-146.

R itch ie , J .N.G. and MacLaren, A ., 1 972

R ing-ca irns and r e lated monuments i n S cot land. S cott ish Archaeo logica l F orum 4 , 1 -26.

R itch ie , R itch ie ,

J .N.G., a nd A ., 1 974

Excavat ion Queenafjo ld, 1 05 , 3 3-40.

R itch ie , R itch ie ,

J . N.G. and A ., 1 98 1

S cot land h istory.

o f a Twatt,

barrow Orkney.

- A rchaeo logy

and

a t P SAS e ar ly

R itch ie , J .N.G. and S hepherd, I° A.G., 1 973

B eaker p o ttery and a ssoc iated a rtef acts i n s outh-west S cot land. TDGNHAS 5 0 , 1 8-36.

R ober tson,

C ist and u rn f ound TDGNHAS 1 4 , 7 8-9.

Roe ,

C .S.,

F .E.S.,

RCAHM,

1 912

RCAHM,

1 914

RCAHM ,

1 920

1 967

1 907

The batt le axes , axe hammers S cot land. TDGNHAS F ourth R eport Monuments and Ga l l oway, V o l. W igtown. F ifth

R eport

mace h eads and f rom s outh-west 4 4 , 5 7-80.

and I nventory C onstruct ions 1 County and

I nventory

o f i n o f o f

C onstructions I - Stewartry

i n o f

S eventh

w ith

o f

R eport

Monuments

1 967

C reetown.

Monuments and Ga l l oway, V o l. K irkcudbr ight.

County RCAHM,

a t

o f

and

Constructions

i n

t he

o f

t he

Dumfr ies.

P eeb l essh i r e Anc ient

I nventory

-An

I nventory

Monuments.

RCAHM,

1 978

Lanarkshire - A n I nventory o f t he P rehistor ic and R oman Monuments.

RCAHM,

1 980

The

Archaeo log ica l

Monuments RCAHM,

1 981

o f

Upper

S ites

The Archaeo logica l S ites and ments o f Ewesda le and E skda le. 2 55

and

E skda le. MonuLower

R yan,

M .,

S avory,

S co tt,

1 981

H .N.,

J .G.,

P ou I awack , C o. C lare: a ff in it ies o f t he c entra l s tructure , i n 0 'Curra in, D . I r ish Ant iquity 1 34-146 . 1 972

J .,

S co tt-E lliot , J . Rae , I . , 1 965 S erv ice ,

R .,

S h ir ley,

G . W.,

a nd

R ev.

A .G.,

Sm ith,

J .,

Bur ia l mound 1 7 , 3 09.

1 93 1

S i mpson,

R .,

A g roup o f Pa l merston, 7 9-93.

1 965 1 853

D umfr ies-

a t

B ogr ie.

TDGNHAS

b ur ia l u rns f ound a t D umfr ies. T DGNHAS 1 7 ,

F ood v esse ls i n s outh-west S co t land. T DGNHAS 4 2 , 2 5-50 . The

H istory

o f S anquar.

N eo l i th ic a nd B ronze Age l andscape c hanges i n N orthern I re land, i n Evans , J .G., L imbrey, S . a nd C leere , H . ( eds) T he e ffect o f man o n t he l andscape: The H igh land Z one: C .B.A. R esearch R epor t N o. 1, 1 04-8.

1 975

P reh istor ic

1 895

R .,

The sma lI c a irn f ie lds o f s h ire. TDGNHAS 4 4 , 9 9-116.

Wh itestanes Moor - An e nc losed c remat ion c emetery. T DGNHAS 4 2 , 5 1-60.

1 903

D .D.A.,

Sm ith,

The C lyde Ca irns o f S co t land , i n P owe ll T .G.E., C orcoran, J .X. W.P., Lynch, F . a nd S cott, J .G. ( eds), Mega l i th ic E nqu ir ies i n t he West o f B r ita in. 1 75-222. 1 967

S i mpson,

S qu ires ,

C opper A ge c ists and c ist c a irns i n Wa les: w ith s pec ia l r eference t o N ewton, Swansea a nd o ther ' mu lt ip le-c ist' c a irns , i n Lynch, F . and B urgess , C . ( ed-s -Y P reh istor ic Man i n Wa les and t he West. 1 17139.

1 969

S co tt-E l Ii o t,

t he b ur ia l ( ed.)

Man

i n

A rysh ire .

T he p o llen a na lys is o f f rom B runswark H ill. 9 9103.

1 978

a s hort c ore T DGNHAS 5 3 ,

S tevenson,

J .B . , 1 975

S urv iva l a nd d iscovery, i n Evans , J .G., L imbrey, S . a nd C leere , H . ( eds) T he e ffect o f man o n t he l andscape: The H igh land Z one. C .B.A. R esearch R epor t N o. 1, 1 04108.

S tevenson,

R .B.K.,

1 948

A c ist w ith h o led c over s tone R edbrae. T DGNHAS 2 6 , 1 29-32 .

S tevenson,

R .B.K.,

1 949

F urther TDGNHAS

2 56

n o te o n t he 2 7 , 2 08-9.

R edbrae

a t

c ist.

T a ll , T hom ,

J .,

1 964

A .,

S tud ies o n par ts I and Mega lith ic

1 967

T homas ,

N .,

1 967

T ins ley,

H . M.,

T ro tter ,

R .,

T urner ,

J .,

Wadde ll,

s ites

i n

p eats , 3 23-353.

B r ita in.

A d oub le b eaker b ur ia l o n B rendon H ill, Worcestersh ire. T ransact ions o f t he B irm ingham A rchaeo log ica l S oc iety, 8 3 , 5 8-76.

1 98 1

1 825

T rucke l I, A .E.

t he P ennine co l 5 2 , I. J E

T he B ronze Age , i n S i mmons , I . and T oo ley, M . ( ed 7 T he E nv ironment i n B r it ish P reh istory, 2 10-259. D erwent

1 957

Water.

A B ronze Age c ist a t TDGNHAS 3 5 , 1 12116.

Ma insr idd le ,

The e v idence f or l and u se by p reh istor ic f arm ing c ommun it ies: t he u se o f t hree-d imens iona l p o l l en d iagrams , i n E vans , J ., L i mbrey, S . a nd C leere , H . ( eds) T he e ffect o f man o n t he Landscape: T he H igh land Z one. C .B.A. R esearch R epor t N o. 1, 8 6-95.

1 975

J .,

1 970

I r ish B ronze Age J RSA I 1 00 , 9 1139.

c ists:

a

s urvey.

Wadde l I , J .,

1 98 1

The a nt ique o rder o f t he d ead: c emeter ies a nd c ont inu ity i n B ronze Age Ir e land , i n 0 vCorra in, D . ( ed.) I r ish Ant iquity 1 63172.

Wa llace ,

J .C.,

1 952

B ronze Age c a irn a nd c ist w ith f ood v esse l a t Mo l l ance , n ear Cast le-Doug las , K irkcudbr ightsh ire. TDGNHAS 3 0 , 1 59165.

Wa llace ,

J .C.,

1 954

B ur ia l mound n ear TDGNHAS 3 2 , 1 3814 1.

Watkins ,

T .,

We lfare ,

H .G.,

We lsh,

1 982

T .C.,

Wh imster ,

1 972

R .,

Wh itt ington,

1 975

1 98 1

G .,

1 980

The e xcavat ion Age c eme tery Da lg ety , F ife. A B ronze F ern i ega ir , 1 14.

Gate lawbr idge.

o f a n Ear ly B ronze a t Barns F arm , P SAS 12 , 4 8-14 1. 1

Age c eme tery Lanarksh ire. P SAS

a t 1 06 ,

Two e nc losure s ites i n t he par ish o f K irkpatr ick-Juxta. TDGNHAS 4 9 , 15-6. 1 B ur ia l B r ita in,

P ract ices i n BAR B r it ish

I ron S er ies

Age 9 0.

P rehistor ic a ct iv ity a nd i ts e ffect o n t he S cott ish l andscape , i n Parry, M .L., a nd S later , T .R. ( eds.) The Mak ing o f t he S cott ish C ountrys ide ,

2 57

2 3-44.

W illiams , B .B., f orthcom ing

Excavat ions a t A lt anagh, C o. T yrone. U lster J ourna l o f A rchaeo logy.

W illiams ,

The m inera ls S co t land. J ourna l Meta llurgy S coe ity

J .,

1 976

o f s outh-west o f t he H istor ica l 1 0 , 3 6-40 .

W ilson,

D .,

1 863

P reh istor ic Anna ls o f 2 nd e d. -two v o lumes.

W il son,

G .,

1 872a

N o tes o n dwe llings 3 68-378.

W i l son,

G .,

1 872b

N o t ice o f t wo s tone c ists a t Carscreugh i n t he par ish o f O ld Luce , W igtownsh ire. P SAS 9 , 5 17-8.

W ilson,

G .,

1 874

N ot ice o f Lagganga irn.

W ilson,

G .,

1 885

D escr ipt ion o f a nc ient f or ts e tc., W igtownsh ire. A rchaeo log ica l a nd H istor ica l Co l l ect ions of Ayrsh ire and Ga lloway 5 , 6 2-73.

W ilson,

G .,

1 887

N ot ice s h ire.

W ilson,

G .,

1 888

Add it iona l n o tes o n f unera l f rom G Ie nI u ce , W igtownsh ire. 2 2 , 6 6-70.

W ilson,

G .,

1 889

N o tes o n c lay u rns f ound i n W igtownsh ire. Archaeo log ica l a nd H istor ica l C o l l ect ions o f Ayrsh ire and W igtownsh ire 6 , 8 5105.

W ilson,

G .,

1 899

L ist o f t he a nt iquit ies o f G len l uce , W igtownsh ire w ith d escr ipt ive n o tes. P SAS 3 3 , 1 70185.

W ilson,

J .,

1 887

T he sma ll G reystone , 3 8-4 1.

Yates ,

M .J.,

Yates ,

M .J.

Yates ,

M .J.,

1 978 1 983

1 984

S co t land

t he c rannogs a nd l ake o f W igtownsh ire. P SAS 9 ,

s tand ing P SAS 1 0 ,

s tones 5 8-9.

o f u rns f ound in P SAS 2 1, 1 82194 .

W igtown-

u rn r ecent ly f ound D umfr ies. TDGNHAS

The e xcavat ions a t Ga lloway. TDGNHAS

a t

u rns P SAS

a t 5 ,

P o l maddy, N ew 5 3 , 1 33146.

Ca irns i n D umfr ies a nd Ga l l oway: A F ie ld S urvey. U npub l i shed P h.D. t hes is s ubm itted t o G lasgow U n ivers ity ( Dept o f Archaeo logy ). G roups o f sma ll c a irns i n N orthern B r ita in: a v iew f rom SW S co t land. P SAS 1 14 , f orthcom ing.

2 58