Black and plain pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th centuries B.C

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Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th Centuries B.C. Part 1: Text Brian A. Sparkes; Lucy Talcott; Gisela M. A. Richter The Athenian Agora, Vol. 12, Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th Centuries B.C. Part 1: Text. (1970), pp. ii-v+vii-ix+xi-xix+1-382. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=1558-8610%281970%2912%3Cii%3ABAPPOT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-B The Athenian Agora is currently published by American School of Classical Studies at Athens.

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T H E ATHENIAN AGORA

RESULTS O F EXCAVATIONS

C O N D U C T E D BY

T H E AMERICAN S C H O O L O F CLASSICAL S T U D I E S A T ATHENS

V O L U M E XI1

BLACK AND PLAIN POTTERY

O F T H E 6 T H , 5 T H AND 4 T H C E N T U R I E S B.C.

PART 1

TEXT

BY

BRIAN A. SPARKES A N D LUCY TALCOTT

T H E AMERICAN S C H O O L O F CLASSICAL S T U D I E S AT ATHENS

PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY

1970

Large, light-walled Cup-skyphos 581. Above, interior with impressed and incised decoration. Below, moulded underside. Ca. two-thirds actual size. 440-430

B.C.

P U B L I S H E D W I T H T H E A I D O F A G R A N T F R O M MR. J O H N D . R O C K E F E L L E R , JR.

ALL R I G H T S RESERVED

P R I N T E D I N G E R M A N Y at J. J . A U G U S T I N , G L u C K S T A D T

FOR

G I S E L A M. A. R I C H T E R

FOREWORD In dedicating this book to Gisela Richter the authors not only express their personal appreciation of her help and warm encouragement but venture also to record the impetus which her concern for the shapes, names, uses and techniques of Attic vases has provided for this whole field of study. Our indebtedness to Sir John Beazley and our dependence on his work will also be apparent throughout; without his interest in our project it could not have been undertaken. In the preparation of this study we have further become indebted to many people in many ways. First, we acknowledge with great pleasure the assistance of our Agora colleagues, past and present. To Homer Thompson we owe the privilege of working on the material; he has sustained and encouraged us from the start. For continuing help we offer special thanks also to Miss Virginia Grace, Miss Mabel Lang (Bryn Mawr College); to Peter E. Corbett (University of London), G. Roger Edwards (University of Pennsylvania) and Eugene Vanderpool. The plans we owe to John Travlos; many of the profile drawings are also his, and he has supervised the others. Miss Alison Frantz we thank for the photographs and the layout; her constant help in many less apparent matters extends beyond the range of formal acknowledgement. The hospitality provided by other museums and excavations has been indispensable to our task. For permissions and working facilities, for working photographs and for help in all manner of detailswe are particularly indebted to the following institutions and persons noted below; it would have been pleasant to give more detailed acknowledgment than has often been possible in the text. Athens, National Museum: the late Christos Karouzos, Mrs. Semni Karouzou, Miss Barbara Philippaki ; Athens, Acropolis Museum: N. Platon, Mrs. Chariklea Canellopoulou; Athens, Excavations of the Greek Archaeological Service and the Greek Archaeological Society: the late John Papadimitriou, the late John Threpsiades ; Athens, Kerameikos Museum and Excavations of the German Archaeological Institute: Emil Kunze, Dieter Ohly, Giinther Kopcke, Klaus Vierneisel, Mrs. Barbara Schlorb-Vierneisel, Miss Ursula Knigge; Baltimore, Walters Gallery: Miss Dorothy K. Hill;

Berlin, Staatliche Museen: A. Greifenhagen, Miss Elisabeth Rohde, Norbert Kunisch;

Boston, Museum of Fine Arts: Cornelius C. Vermeule, Miss Sarah Dublin;

Brussels, Musees Royaux: Jean Balty;

Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Museum: R. V. Nicholls;

Cambridge, Massachusetts, Fogg Museum of Art: George Hsnfmann, David Mitten;

Cardiff, National Museum of Wales : G. Boon ;

Corinth, Excavations at Corinth, Nemea and Isthmia: Oscar Broneer, Henry S. Robinson,

Charles K. Williams ; Delphi, Archaeological Museum : Miss Yvonne Nikopoulou ; Ferrara, Museo di Spina : Miss Giuliana Riccioni ; Lecce, Museo Provinciale : M. Bernardini ;

...

vl11

FOREWORD

Lipari Islands, Museo Archaeologico Eoliano: L. Bernabb-Brea;

London, British Museum: Denys Haynes, Miss Ann Birchall;

Munich, Staatliche Antiken Sammlungen: Hans Diepolder, Klaus Vierneisel;

Newcastle upon Tyne, Ne~vcastleUniversity, Greek Museum: Brian B. Shefton;

New York, Metropolitan Museum: Dietrich von Bothmer, Brian F. Cook, Andrew Oliver, Miss

Marjorie Milne ; Oxford, Ashmolean Museum: C. RI. Robertson, John Boardman, Hector Catling; Paris, Mus6e du Louvre: Pierre Devambez, Mrs. Lilly Kahil; Prague, University : J . Frel ; Princeton, Art Museum: Miss Frances F. Jones, Mrs. Hedi Backlin-Landman; Reading, University Museum: Mrs. A. D. Ure; Salonica, Archaeological Museum : Ch. llakaronas, P. Petsas ; Samothrace: the late Karl Lehmann, Mrs. Phyllis Lehmann, Mrs. Elspeth Dusenbery, Miss Elaine Loeffler, Miss Iris Love; Syracuse, Museo Nazionale: Miss Paola Pelagatti; Toronto, Royal Ontario Museum: J. Walter Graham, Mrs. Neda Leipen; University, Mississippi, University Museum: Miss Lucy Turnbull. To the authorities of the Metropolitan Museum in New York and of the Museo Civico in Verona we are particularly indebted for permission to include photographs of the two vases shown on Plate 25 below. We are grateful also for library facilities and owe special thanks to the following: the Library of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton: Miss Judith Sachs, Mrs. Lily B. Agar; the Marquand Library, Princeton University: Miss Frederica Oldach; the Library of the Hellenic and Roman Societies and of the Institute of Classical Studies, London: Miss Joyce Southan. A special acknowledgement is due for assistance on technical ceramic problems; here we give warm thanks to Miss Marie Farnsworth, Miss Anna Shepard; Samuel Ashley, Fung Chow, Frederick R. Matson, Joseph V. Noble, Richard Smith. For assistance on other special problems we thank also Miss Anna Benjamin, Mrs. Judith P. Binder, Mrs. Elizabeth Boggess, Miss Eva Brann, Mrs. Denise Callipolitis-Feytmans, Miss Erika Diehl, Mrs. Trude Dothan, Mrs. K. S. Gorbunova, Miss Evelyn Harrison, Miss Emilie Haspels, Mrs. Sara Immerwahr, Mrs. M. Z. Pease Philippides, Miss Phyllis Pollak, Mrs. Sarah R. Roberts, Miss Erika Simon, Mrs. Ill. V. Skoodnova, Mrs. Evelyn Smithson, Mrs. Dorothy B. Thompson, Mrs. G. Trias de Arribas, Mrs. Gladys Weinberg; D. A. Amyx, George Bakalakis, Lucas Benaki, J. L. Benson, Carl Blegen, Hansjorg Bloesch, Alan Boegehold, Cedric Boulter, Frank Brommer, A. Cambitoglou, John L. Caskey, Nicolas Coldstream, Em. Condurachi, J. M. Cook, R. M. Cook, Sterling Dow, Einar Gjerstad, J. R. Green, John Hayes, Herbert Hoffmann, Heinrich Immerwahr, Michael Jameson, R. J. H. Jenkins, Martin Jones, Benjamin D. Meritt, T. B. Mitford, George E. Mylonas, Kyle Phillips, A. E. Raubitschek, Hugh Sackett, Karl Schefold, Erik Sjoqvist, Richard Stillwell, Homer Thomas, A. D. Trendall, T. B. L. 'CVebster, Saul Weinberg, R. P. Winnington-Ingram, Rodney S. Young, M. I. Yeroulanos. In organizing the material, the difficulties inherent in transatlantic collaboration over a period of years have been greatly reduced by the expert and untiring help in Athens of Mrs. Poly Demoulini, secretary of the Agora Excavations, in Princeton of Mrs. Patricia Sherr, and in Southampton of Mrs. Diana Sparkes; no expression of our appreciation can equal the extent of our indebtedness to them. The deposit summaries and the period plan owe much to the meticulous care of Mrs. Aliki Bikaki and Mrs. Suzanne Young; we thank them warmly. We are grateful to Ralph Bennett for

FOREWORD

ix

assistance in the final layout and for the drafting of Figure I. For the skillful scale printing of the photographs, an uncommonly laborious task, we offer special thanks to Nicholas Restakis, technician in the Agora darkroom. Essential clerical help in Athens was provided by Miss Aziza Kokoni and John Bakerzis. Spiro Spyropoulos, as chief mender, has given many of our shattered vases a new lease on life. To Mrs. Carolyn Kappes who typed the manuscript in Princeton we owe a special debt; her patience never wavered. In addition to long-term assistance we have also welcomed occa,sional drafting and clerical help from a number of friends; we thank each for her share, and name in particular Mrs. Julie Boegehold and Mrs. Marian McCredie. On behalf of the American School of Classical Studies the authors express deep appreciation to the Bollingen Foundation and the Old Dominion Foundation for repeated grants which have assisted in covering the cost of preparing and studying the material that has gone into this book as well as of making the photographs and drawings. For grants-in-aid in 1962 and 1963 B. A. S. further expresses his personal appreciation to the Bollingen Foundation and to its president Mr. John Barrett. For the privilege of spending the second term of the year 1962-1963 in Princeton he is indebted to the Institute for Advanced Study. We wish finally to express our gratitude for the generosity of the Publications Committee of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, for the constant patience and unremitting care of the Editor, Mrs. Lucy Shoe Meritt, and for the skills of the Meriden Gravure Company and of J.J. Augustin. To these many friends and colleagues we renew our warm thanks. Southampton and Princeton July 1, 1969

Lucy Talcott died on April 6th, having completed her work on this book the previous week. She had approved the form tahebook has taken and had checked the final proofs of all but the indexes. Work on the coarse wares from the Athenian Agora had always been close to the heart of her researches, and though she was denied the opportunity of seeing this final volume published, she knew that the results of her study were in the form she wished and that the groundwork for further research was well laid. During the many years we worked together on this volume Lucy Talcott made an exceptional companion whose practical approach and unfailing liveliness illuminated the more complicated areas of our joint investigations, and I here formally record my thanks to her. I t is meant as no disrespect to those listed above if I say that this last debt of gratitude outweighs all others. Southampton May 14, 1970

TABLE OF CONTENTS A s ~ o s1166-1196 Pls . 39. 46. 47 Figs. 11. 22 .............................................. Deep11664172 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shallow 1173-1178 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Relieftopfragments1179-11 86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Strainertop1187-1189 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LiddedllgO-llgl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Guttus type1192-1196 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xv

157

158

158

159

159

160

160

FEEDER1197-1199 P1. 39 Fig . 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

PERFUME-POT 1200-1205 Pls . 39. 47 Fig . 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

LEKANIS 1 2 6 1 2 8 4 Pls . 4 M 2 Fig . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Lidless 1206-1212 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

Lidded.withribbonhandles1213-1223 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Variants1224-1225 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Lids for ribbon-handled lekanides or varia.nts 1226-1239 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

Reversiblelid1240-1241 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Lykinic1242-1246 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Variants. cup-handled 1247-1249 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

One-handled1250-1267 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

Bare-bottom class 1258-1260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Miscellaneous small lids 1261-1263 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Coveredbowl1264-1276 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Coveredbowl.pyretype127 6-1284 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

P~x1s1285-1320 P1.43 Fig.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tripod-pyxis1286 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TypeA1286-1290 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . TypeB1291-1293 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Powderpyxis1294-1297 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type C1298-1302 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Variants 1303-1305 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Type D 1306-1317 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous lids 1318-1320 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DISC1321-1326

173

174

174

174

175

176

176

177

178

P1.43 Fig . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

STAND 1327-1329 P1. 43 Fig. 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

KOTHON 1337-1342

PI . 44 Fig. 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

THURIBLE 1344-1363 Pi. 44 Fig . 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

Stemmed 1344-1358 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

LOW1359-1363 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181,

MINIATURE 1367-1440 Pls. 45-46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Oinochoe. skyphos. one-handler 1367-1386 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Various shapes 1387-1398 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kitchen shapes 1399-1403 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Petterned1404-1416 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Votive 1417-1434 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Midget 1435-1440 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

185

185

185

185

186

186

186

xviii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INDEX 11: ANCIENTAUTHORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 INDEX 111: GREEKWORDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424

INDEX IV: GRAFFITIAND OTHERINSCRIPTIONS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425

I N D E X V : COLLECTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

A ND LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND ILLUSTRA TIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 INDEX VI: BIBLIOGRAPHY

INDEX VII: GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .466

ABBREVIATIONS Selected titles are noted below by their short forms. For full bibliography, other abbreviations, and illustrations listed see pp. 443-465.

Agora A.J.A. A.K. Arch. Anx. Ath. Mitt. ABV ARV Beaxley Gifts 1912-1966 Bloesch, FAS B.S.A. B.C.H. CB Choes Cl. Rh. Corinth CVA De'los

The Athenian Agora, Besults of Excavations American Journal of Archaeology Antike Kunst ArchaoZogischer Anzeiger Athenische Mitteilungen J. D. Beazley, Attic Black-figure Vase-painters J. D. Beazley, Attic Red-figure Vase-painters,2nd ed. Ashmolean Museum. Select Exhibition

A~h-r. 'ET.

'Apxa~ohoyl~bv Ashdov 'Eqqp~pis 'Apxa~ohoyl~fi

Formen attischer Schalen Annual of the British School at Athens Bulletin de correspondance helle'nique Caskey and Beazley, Attic Vase Paintings in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston G. van Hoorn, Choes and Anthesteria Clara Rhodos Corinth, Results of the Excavations Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum De'los : Exploration archLologique de De'los

Hesperia, Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens Hesperia Jaarboek Nederlands Iiunsthistorisch Jaarboek Jahrbuch des deutschen archaologischen Instituts Jahrb. J.H.S. Journal of Hellenic Studies

Annual of the Leeds UniversityOriental Society

Leeds Annual Ch. Blinkenberg and K. F. Kinch, Lindos, Fouilles et Recherches 1902-1914

Lindos Mededeelingen Oudheidkundige Mededeelingen uit het Rijksmuseum van Oudheden te Leiden

Meligunis-Lipara L. Bernabd-Brea and 11. Cavalier, IVleligunis-Lipara,11.

Monz~mentiantichi . . .Reale Accademia dei Lincei

Mon. Linc. Notizie degli Scavi d i Antichitd

Not. Sc. 01yntlzus Excavations at Olynthus

Pots and Pons Excavations in the Athenian Agora Picture Books No. 1

Richter and Milne Shapes and ATames of Athenian Vases

S.C.E. The Swedish Cyprus Expedition

S. Aurigemma, Scavi d i Spina: La Necropoli d i Spina in Valle Trebba, I (parts 1 and 2)

Spina J. Boardman and J, Hayes, Excavations at Tocra 1963-1965. The Archaic Deposits I.

Tocra

INTRODUCTION GENERAL SCOPEOF STUDY The material included in this study provides a representative selection of the black and plain wares from the excavations of the Athenian Ag0ra.l The section devoted to the black contains only s few non-Attic pieces; the plain wares have a higher proportion of foreign fabrics. The range extends from the beginning of black-figure in Athens to the end of red-figure there, bridging the periods studied in Agora, VIII and in the forthcoming volume on Hellenistic pottery, and also acting as a background to the volumes on black-figure and on red-figure which have yet to appear. The period considered extends also from the creation of black glaze proper2 to the break-up of the classically established shapes near the end of the 4th century, when the traditional forms had already started to collapse and a new range of Hellenistic shapes had begun to appear. The historical limits of the material are defined by the lifetime of Solon and the death of Alexander; but it is for others to decide on the proper historical conclusions to be drawn and on the influence historical events may have had on the pottery produced in and imported into Athens and the Agora.

The vases presented here have been divided into two main groups, distinguished so far as possible by their functions though with some obvious overlapping: Tableware and toilet articles, the fine wares, black or banded: 1-1440, Pls. 1-59; shape studies pp. 47-186 (Sparkes). Domestic pottery, the coarser wares, banded or plain, local or imported: 1441-2040, Pls. 60100; shape studies pp. 187-235 (Talcott). In the catalogue and discussions, the order is chronological within a given shape, so far as the material permits. The illustrations are all at one-fifth actual size unless otherwise indica'ted. The uniform scale makes possible logical comparisons between vases of different sizes; the scale selected was dictated by the wish to show at a glance as many versions as possible of a given shape. The study covers the material found in the Agora between 1931 and 1963. A few pieces from the excavations of 19641967, in deposits which the authors have not seen, were called to our attention by Professor Thompson and are briefly noted. In addition, the Catalogue includes some pieces from the sister excavations of the American School of Classical Studies on the North Slope of the Acropolis, on the Pnyx and at Corinth, and several in private possession, without excavation provenience (p. 419). The manuscript was submitted for publication in October, 1966; only limited references have been made to publications which reached us after that time. a See Agora, VIII, p. 27. The conventional term glaze is closely applicable; microscopic examination of the partially vitrified surfaces shows its glwsy (isotropic) character. The degree of vitrification varies and is most pronounced in the best 6th and 5th century Attic black; cf. A.J.'4., LXVIII, 1964, pl. 68, 13 (Farnsworth); Noble, Techniques,pp. 36-37.

2

INTRODUCTION

This selection of 2040 pieces represents about three times as many, of the same classes, in the Agora inventory, and also the many more thousands of uninventoried fragments stored a t the Agora as supplementary evidence. The intention has been to present the main Attic shape series in as compact a form as possible and also to show all oddities, variants and imports.

In preparing this material for publication the authors have been constantly reminded of the pitfalls inherent in such a study and, although some of these will be obvious even to the unwary, they offer the following cautionary notes, particularly for those who may wish to use the evidence presented here for excavation material outside of Athens. Some of these problems are discussed in greater detail elsewhere, especially in the section on Agora deposits, pp. 43-46, but it will be convenient to enumerate them here. 1.The material and consequent dating is the result of excavations in Athens. The geographical position of other excavations must be taken into consideration for determining the chronology of those sites. 2. The dating of a vase depends on many factors, not on one only. 3. Fragments are dangerous allies, and extra care must be taken in finding the whole shape to which they belong. For coarse wares this consideration is vital; it applies also, however, to fine and elaborate shapes. 4. In assigning a piece to a particular fabric, the whole shape, if it exists, is the best criterion; if only a fragment or fragments, the color, texture and condition of the glaze, the color and constituents of the clay can help, but there are many variations in these items which hinder identification. 5. Color and condition of the glaze are factors which must be considered with extra care, as excessive regard for the brilliant blue-black glaze of the Attic products should not blind the investigator to the fact that Attic glaze may be dull, peeled, worn and thin, and may fire red, green, brown and other colors or combinations of colors. At its best, Attic glaze is unsurpassed and immediately recognizable; at its worst, it is no better than the glazing of its less competent neighbors with which it may easily be confused. 6. Other centers in Greece produced black-glazed pottery in this period. Apart from Corinthian and Boeotian black-glaze, the latter a notorious archaeological dustbin, there mas e.g. a flourishing factory a t Vourvoura in Lakonia, and one at Olympia, the latter producing a fabric and a glaze closely comparable to the Attic. Only a few of these non-Attic fabrics have as yet been studied in detail either for their own sakes or for their relation to their Athenian contemporaries. Their importance should not, however, be neglected; the distinction between Attic and Attic-inspired vases is not always clear or easy to make. 7. The size of a vase, or fragment of a vase, should be noted, and the relation to the size of a similar vase in this book carefully considered. 8. Stamped patterns, t,hough extremely useful and in the majority of instances a good guide for dating, must be studied closely. The quality of the palmettes and their size, the type of pattern and its relation to the shape as a whole, the suitability of a pattern to a shape are all significant factors. 9. There exist Attic shapes which are not found in this book or are but poorly represented. Generally these are shapes made for funeral use, either at home or abroad, as for instance oinochoai Shape 2, pyxides and lekanides. The Agora material is domest'ic, not sepulchral. This work, therefore, is not a history of Attic black and plain wares and the authors would emphasize that it cannot be considered as such. Just as the Athenians exported their best

NAMES USED FOR SHAPES

3

figured pottery, so in black there are shapes that seem to have been made for the foreign markets (see especially p. 138, note 1). Therefore, because a shape does not appear here, this does not mean that it is not Attic. The question is open. 10. The results presented here are true to the best of the authors' ability. Much work has, however, still to be done. A healthy questioning in the light of future excavations will certainly expand and may also modify and correct the picture given here. 11. For those readers who study the contents of this book away from the actual pottery, it should be noted that it is often extremely difficult to distinguish by means of photographs Attic pieces from non-Attic (see also item 6, above). Some of the older publications show that even the handling of the pots did not bring conviction, and the material from the Agora excavations has indicated that individual pieces have often been wrongly placed from the point of view both of fabric and of date.

NAMES USED FOR SHAPES I t has proved impractical to follow a consistent policy in the choice of names for the vases published here. Where a name has been current for some time and is accepted in black-figure and red-figure studies, that name is for the most part retained, the usage, together with the numbering of shapes and types, following Beazley's as listed in A B V xi-xii and A R V xlix-li. I n some such cases an established vase name, taken from the Greek, is retained even when it has been proved to be wrong, if there is no better to hand. The shapes in figured and in black and plainer wares are not, however, always identical in form or in importance, and certain departures have indicated themselves. Where a new name mas needed, a short descriptive title has been chosen, usually modern. In other cases, and particularly for the plainer wares for which there has been no established usage, an ancient name has been employed, but this choice is limited to names reasonably secure for a particular shape yet with no precise or adequate English equivalent. Where the English equivalent exists (e.g., funnel, strainer) this has been preferred, even when the ancient name is known. Vase names were not used in antiquity with any precision: nor is modem usage any more accurate. Bowl, dish, pot, basin, etc. each in themselves can be applied to a variety of shapes with equal truth, and such words as saucer and lobster-pot indicate on the one hand the altered meaning of the term and on the other the difficult task of conjuring up a shape one has never seen. The choice of name for a shape or group of shapes was governed by a number of different factors -shape, usage (colloquial, conventional or poetic), material, ritual, contents, capacity, amusement4 - and there is often little means of judging which factor applies. I t would seem also that many of the words we know from Greek were used as generic terms. This conglomeration of factors is further complicated by the way in which the names have been transmitted. This transmission has taken place through three main channels, each with its excellencies and defects. 3 For studies of this subject see Jahn, Beschreibung, pp. lxxxvi-c; Richter and Milne, passim, with good bibliography pp. xvii-xxiii; Rurnpf, Archiiologie, 11, pp. 13-17; Hesperia, XXVII, 1958, pp. 163-310 (Amyx); Cook, GPP, pp. 218-219; J.H.S., LXXXII, 1962, pp. 121-137 (Sparkes); Philippaki, Stamnos, pp. xvii-xviii. Studies of individual names are mentioned in the shape histories. A special group consists of those vases which take their names from fishes and animals, e.g. U\l~as,k i v q , A m a M , AOIT&S, ~ p f m i s .A few names may also reflect objects of other sorts, as p h q , AE@q. The majority of the references occur in the comic dramatists who were perhaps satirizing a vogue, for few of the names seem to have had a long life. Some other cases of this sort are listed in Das Altertum, X, 1964, pp. 201-215 (S&ndulesou).

INTRODUCTION

In this instance, a division must be made between original work and the untidy and defective collections of references to earlier literature, chiefly in Athenaeus, together with the late lexicographers who in many cases were defining shapes they had not themselves seen. Original authors rarely define a vase name for the very opposite reason: they had seen it and confidently expected their audience and readers to have seen it too. Consequently both sets of evidence are defective when considered singly, and yet cannot be presumed to tell the truth when judged together and found to agree, as t'he late encyclopaedists, by their very vocation, are rarely independent witnesses.

Many vase names appear in the temple inventories, but rarely with enough substance to enable an accurate and precise identification to be made.

Here a distinction must be drawn between names inscribed on the vases before firing and therefore presumably having a direct connection with the shape they decorate, and the names scratched on after a vase has been fired, whether immediately or after a space of some time; in . ~ is particularly such instances the connection of shape and name is naturally less ~ e r t a i nThis the case in price-inscriptions6 where more than one name may appear on a single pot. Even where only one name is scratched on a vase, another vase, of the same shape, will occasionally carry a different name. Of the names inscribed before firing, some define a vase represented in the scene, e.g. a. Hydria: on the Troilos scene of the Franqois vase, Florence 4209: ABV 76, 1; Minto, I1 vaso Franpois; Arias, Hirmer and Shefton, pl. 44. b. Lebes: on a black-figured fragment from the Athenian Acropolis, Athens Acr. 590: Graef, pl. 27a. Some are written in the field and refer to the vase on which they are written. The follo~ving table gives the most important instances of names inscribed before and after firing.' The same considerations also apply to inscriptions painted on a vase after firing (dipinti), but these are generally of the Hellenistic period or later, and fall outside the limits of this study. Mention might however be made of the Hellenistic cookingpot in Corinth, C-48-65, identified as a x h p a by its dipinto inscription: Hesperia, XVIII, 1949, pl. 16, nos. 15 and 16, right, and p. 152; XXVII, 1958, p. 212 and note 90 (reading). For the remarkable series of dedicatory inscriptions of the 3rd century B.C., from Cyprus, inscribed in the unbaked clay on domestic utensils of local origin, cf. T. B. Mitford, Inscriptions of Kafizin (forthcoming). Many pot names not otherwise attested appear in this series; in other cases, the use accorded to more familiar names is no less foreign. We are much indebted to Mr. Mitford for showing us this material. For price-inscriptions see Hesperia, XXVII, 1958, pp. 287-307, 131s. 52-54 (Amyx, with bibliography) and Beazley's correction, Hesperia, XXXIII, 1964, p. 83 and pl. 15. The multiple entries constituting inventories or shopping lists, sometimes found scratched on pot-fragments, are similarly unhelpful; see, e.g., P 10810 Pots and Pans, fig. 23. Inscriptions indicating the capacity of a pot rather than its name are also not included here, e.g. fipaodrhtov on the mug London F 595, from Kythera: H.S.C.P., 11, 1891, p. 98, fig. 5; Jeffery, p. 194, note 4 (see also below, p. 70), and jplxovv on the olpe Louvre F 339; cf. p. 77, note 5. Reference is made where possible to ABT7. ARB, and Jeffery, Local Scripts (the catalogues); only those references not included there are given in the table. For earlier studies see H.S.C.P., 11,1891, pp. 89-101 (Rolfe) with cuts from preceding publications; Ath. Mitt., XXXVIII, 1913, pp. 193-202 (Wolters); Philologus, LXXII, 1913, pp. 546-548 (von Stern). We are grateful to those friends, and in particular to H. Bloesch, J. Boardman, F. Brommer and E. Vanderpool, who have drawn our attention to particular items now included in the list. See also Arch. Am., 1967, p. 546 (Brommer).

NAMES USED FOR SHAPES

5

BEFORE FIRING

Chiot chalice, from Chios

Jeffery, p. 343, 42e (addenda p. 377), pl. 65; Boardman, Greek Emporio,

13.244, no. 614 a,nd pl. 97. Late 7th c. B.C. guhl~a

Attic bf. cup frr., London B 601.10 and 601.7, from Naukratis

A B V 79, akin to the Gordion cups.

Mid 6th c. B.C. (See below, p. 7)

]I K ~

AFTER FIRING

Subgeometric skyphos, Copenha,gen,inv. 10151, bought in Rhodes

Jeffery, p. 356, 1, pl. 67.

8th c. B.C. (?)

QU~IXS

"Ionian cup," from Naukratis

B.S.A., V, 1898-1899, p. 54, no. 34.

6th c. B.G. (?)

K ] U ~ I ~



Attic bf. cup, Leningrad, from Nyinphaeum

Tolstoi, Grecheskie graffiti, p. 71, no. 106.

6th c. B.C.

KU~~KU

Attic bg. cup, Leningrad, from Nymphaeum

Tolstoi, Grecheskie graffiti, pp. 73-74, no. 108; Gaidukevich, Ne7cropoli

bosqorskich Gorodov, p. 43, fig. 20.

5t'h c. B.C.

K V ~ I ~



Attic bf. cup, London B 450, from Kameiros

Jeffery, p. 357, 27.

Cn. 490-470 B.C.

KU~IXS

Attic bg. cup, Odessa, from Olbia

Philologus, LXXII, 1913, p. 547 (von Stern) ; Richter and Milne, p. 24.

5th c. B.C.

K U ~ I ~



Attic bg. cup fr., Odessa, from Theodosia

von Stern, Theodosia und seine Keramik, p. 11.

5th c. B.C.

K U ~ I ~



6

INTRODUCTION cont.

Attic light-walled cup-skyphos, Leningrad OL 4328, from Olbia

Sovietskaya Arkeologia, XXVIII, 1958, pp. 83-86, figs. 1-2; Rev. kt. gr.,

LXXIII, 1960, p. 104. Late 5th c. B.C. K V ~ I ~

Attic light-walled cup-skyphos, Zurich 2531

Hesperia, XXXVI, 1967, p. 188, note 5.

Early 4th c. B.C.

KUhlc

Attic skyphos (3)) once Athens, Fauvel

Hesperia, XXXVI, 1967, pp. 187-189, pl. 55 above.

Late 5th c. B.C.

K U ~ I ~



Attic skyphos fr., K 2068 from Keos

B.C.H., LXXXVIII, 1964, p. 830, fig. 11; Hesperia, XXXIII, 1964, pl. 64

a-b and pp. 333-334. 5th c. B.C. KU~IKU

Attic bf. skyphos, Leningrad, from Nymphaeum

Tolstoi, Grecheskie graffiti, p. 83, no. 129; Hesperia, XXXVI, 1967, p. 189

(Vanderpool).

6th c. B.C.

K U ~ I ~



Attic Type B skyphos, found at Olympia

5th c. B.C.

K U ~ I ~



Attic skyphos fr., Oxford 1956.311, from A1 Mina

'Eq., 1953-54, pt. 1, pp. 205-206.

Ca. 400 B.C.

K O ~ I ~

rro~fip~ov



BEFORE FIRING

Attic bf. Little Master cup, Rhodes 10527, from Ialysos

ABV 162, 1. Eucheiros, potter.

Mid 6th c. B.C.

TOT[&] p10v

Attic Siana cup, Paris F 66, from Etruria Pottier, pl. 68 and p. 743; on the reading see J.H.S., LII, 1932, p. 178, note 21 and CVA Louvre 8(12), text to pl. 77(509) 8 and 12. 575-550 B.C. TroTcplov

NAMES USED FOR SHAPES no~fiplovcont.

Attic bf. cup frr., London B 601.10 and 601.7, from Naukratis

ABV 79, akin to Gordion cups.

Mid 6th c. B.C. (See above, p. 5)

TOTEPI[

AFTER FIRING

Geometric skyphos, Ischia Museum, from Ischia J.H.X., LXXVI, 1956, Arch. Reports for 1955, p. 61 and fig. 14, top right; Jeffery, p. 239, 1, pl. 47; Woodhead, Greeks in the West, pl. 6; Guarducci, Epigrafia Greca, I, pp. 226 ff. Ca. 700 B.C. noTeplo[v]

Unglazed skyphos, Athens, Agora P 4663

Jeffery, p. 76, 4, pl. 1.

Ca. 650 B.C.

TOTEplOV

BEFORE FIRING

Attic rf. aryballos, Athens 15375, from Athens

ARV 447, 274. Douris, potter and painter.

Ca. 480 B.C.

h~yveos

AFTER FIRING

Protocorinthian pointed aryballos, London A 1054, from Cumae Elferink, Lekythos, pl. 3c; Jeffery, p. 240, 3, pl. 47; Woodhead, Greeh in the West, p. 36, fig. 4 b-c. Ca. 675-650 B.C. (?) h~gveo~

Apulian squat lekythos, from Eboli

Annuli, 1831, pl. D, 1-2; and see Haspels, ABL, pp. 127-128.

4th c. B.C. (?)

haxvBo~

BEFORE FIRING

Corinthian bf. aryballos, Corinth C-54-1, from Corinth Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, pp. 158-163 and pls. 63-64; S.E.G., XIV, 1957, 303; Annuario, XXXVII-XXXVIII, n.s. 21-22, 1959-1960, pp. 281-283 and Epigrafia Greca, I, pp. 175-176, no. 4 (M. Guarducci); A.J.A., LXIX, 1965, pl. 56 and pp. 259-262 (Boegehold). Ca. 575 B.C.

ohna

Attic bf. amphora of Type A, Lucerne market [Cf. p. 382: p. 201, note I]

Ars Antiqua Auktion, IV, December 7, 1962, pl. 44, 131; and see CB, iii, p. 1.

Ca. 510 B.C.

~ ~ 6 0 s



INTRODUCTION AFTER FIRING

Banded round-mouth oinochoe fr., Athens, Agora Excavations P 28053 For the shape cf. 143, PI. 8; for its uses, p. 65. See also p. 231. 6th. c. B . C . aws ~&vaospov

One-handler fr., Carrlbridge N 99-N 104a

B.S.A., V, 1898-99, pl. 5, 111 and cf. M. J. Milne in Noble, Techniques,

13. 109 for full bibliography and discussion. See a'lso below p. 124. Ca. 400 B.C. ~avadov

Boeotian bg. kantharos, Louvre MNC 370 =L198, from Thespiai

Jeffery, p. 95, 18, pl. 9.

Ca. 450-430 B.C.

K O ~ ~ ~ O V

Boeotian bg. sessile kantharos, from Boeotia, once in the possession of J. C. Rolfe H.S.C.P., 11, 1891, pp. 89-90 and J.H.S., LII, 1932, p. 178, note 21. 5th c. B.C. ~ 0 l v h ~

Cup foot, "cup of bird-bowl shape," Izmir, Arch. Mus., from Old Smyrna Jeffery, p. 345, 69, pl. 66; B.S.A., LIX, 1964, p. 41, fig. 1, 20 and p1. 6a, 20, also p. 42 (Jeffery). Late 7th c. B.C. (?) ~uhlxwl ~scoral red on the underside, within the foot. 8. London 97.10-28.2. 9. Naples inv. 81036 no. 847. 10. New York 74.51.1384 (C.P. 2028) as from Dali: Cesnola, Atlas, pl. 147, 1088; CVA 2(11) pl. 35, 56 a-c and pl. 42, 56. 11. New York 74.51.1385 (C.P. 2029) as from Dali: CVA 2(11) pl. 35, 57 a-c and pl. 42, 57; A.J.A., LXII, 1958, pl. 36 a. 12. New York X.21.30 (GR 1242): CVA 2(11) pl. 35, 58 a-b and pl. 42, 58.

RHENEIA CUP 466463 PI. 21 Fig. 5 The Rheneia cup12 is a descendant of the Class of Agora P 10359; the features which distinguish the Rheneia cup are shallow body, inset lip slightly concave, two horizontal handles, low ring foot; it is the ring foot above all which divides the classes, for the other details can be seen as continuations of the older shape; compare 455 with disc foot and 456 with ring foot; in profile little difference can be detected. A workshop connection is provided by no. 7 in the above list. A transitional example in the Agora is provided by P 5135 H 6:5 (omitted in the original publication of the deposit), context of the second quarter of the 5th century; the rim and body profile is close to that of the Class of Agora P 10359, but the foot is a low ring. This popular shape was created in the second quarter of the 5th century and is at an end before 400 B.C. The development of the shape continues along the lines of the previous class, tall and narrow to low and broad, the bowl becoming less rounded, The handles pass from the rounded form with widely spaced handle-roots to the more angular with the roots drawn close together and flaring a t the arch; a t first the handle panels are reserved, but soon after the middle of the century the handles are completely glazed; also the position of the handles changes from bowl to rim; compare 456 and460, Fig. 5. The lip turns more and more outwards ;this development, coupled with the shallow bowl, produces a long, low cup, an appearance further enhanced by the lengthening and thinning of the handles. The resting surface is flat and reserved in the earlier instances, but becomes thinner and more delicate later and often convex on both faces ; the foot of 462, Fig. 5, is an extreme instance of this, being small and chubby. The underside is usually decorated with glazed circles of varying number and thickness; in certain cases, the underside is totally glazed, e.g. 462, which in anot'her detail has been seen to vary from the canonical shape. The Rheneia cup occasionally carries impressed decoration; see 458,462, 463, P1.49.458 and those from the Agora listed under it display a closely similar pattern;13 463, P1. 49, which is not a canonical piece as it has a plain rim, has the same design a little more elaborated by the l2 The name for the class was suggested by Corbett in view of the quantity of such cups found in t,he purification pit; see J.H.S., LXXV, 1955, p. 182. For the version made at Olympia see Olympisehe I."orschungen,V, pp. 182-187 and pl. 66. la The pattern which decorates the inside of 468 seems to hare been a standard one, and many other Rheneia cups bear patterns that are very similar, e.g. 1. Corinth C46-131.

2. London 64.10-7.1597 (F 225). 3. London 64.10-7.1598 (F 125). 4. Mykonos: Ddlos, XXI, 1952, pl. 50, 150; of. 153, 155-156 (not shown). 5. bfykonos : ibid., 151. 6. Mykonos : ibid., 152. 7. Reading 47.vi.4. 8. Tegea 865: B.C.H., LI, 1927, p. 342, fig. 24, 30.

STEMLESS

101

introduction of the lotus;14 462, another piece that, as we have seen, has details that set it apart from the main class, is related by the shape and glazing of its foot to 463, but bears a totally different pattern. A silver Rheneia cup from the Baschova mound at Duvanlij, in southern Bulgaria,15has an incised design on the inside, Selene on a horse; it is a late example of the shape and furnishes no evidence in itself that there was a metal prototype for the clay version. Another silver Rheneia cup16istoo badly published to enable the central scene to be distinguished, but the profile does not look early. VARIANTS464-468 P1.21 Fig. 5 Only two examples of the small stemless cup with ring foot and horizontal handles at the rim are known from the Agora; they both belong to the third quarter of the 5th century. The majority of stemlesses of this size have a concave or inset lip and handles set below it and rising up to the rim; even the stemlesses with plain rim have rising handles. 464 is an unsuccessful variation, confined to one shop at one time; a much more successful venture in this direction was the bolsal (see pp. 107-108), a trimmer, lighter cup which contrasts markedly with the thick wall, handles and foot of 464. Four deep stemless cups, 465468, are of roughly the same date, the third to the last quarter of the 5th century, and are similar in shape but do not form a pure class. 467 and 468 are closest in shape to one another, 468 being slightly later than 467 ; ring foot and steep wall are the features which they share, but differently treated. If an ancestor for the 4th century bowlkantharos 686-690, P1. 28, were to be sought in the 5th century these two cups would provide an excellent point of departure. 465 has a bevelled foot, triangular in section, and recalls the stemless cups of the early 5th century, 446450, but the resemblance is superficial and a workshop connection would be hard to establish. 466 is lower and broader than the others with an extremely thin and low ring foot. All four cups carry impressed decoration inside, three using palmettes and ovules and one, 465, combining palmettes with an incised rosette at the center.

The large stemlesses, 469-517, are at the outset very substantially made, but the series develops into the much more delicate cups which are characteristic of the end of the 5th century. I n general proportions the whole series is very similar and connections are close, but in details marked changes occur: the foot becomes more elaborate and higher; the lip, which is more commonly concave in the second quarter of the 5th century, gives way to a plain rim offset only on the inside, the impressed decoration becomes finer and more ingenious, only to deteriorate at the end of the century into stereotyped motifs.

INSET LIP 469473 P1.22 Fig. 5 This class is characterized by a thick spreading ring foot, low bowl and concave lip, inset inside and out ; two horizontal handles, attached just below the lip, rise to the level of the rim. The foot is lipped on the outer face, and in the earliest cups the outer face is reserved; the resting surface is reserved on the majority of the cups, but not on the large 472 and its twin. The decoration of the reserved underside is standard: one or two circles and a dot at the center. This minimal decoration is nonetheless effective, for the broad reserved expanse is framed by 14 For an example with alternating palmette and ivy, see S h e s inv. 252: CVA (13) pl. 50 (579) 5 and 8. 15 Plovdiv inv. 1516: Jahrb., XLV, 1930, p. 289, fig. 9;

Filow, Duvanlij,pp. 64-65, figs. 81-82 and pl. 5; J.H.S., LIX, 1939, pl. XI c; Rumpf, M Z , pl. 40, 6. Is OtohCt, 1912 (1916), p. 43, fig. 59, a-b.

102

SHAPE STUDIES: BLACK AND FINE WARES

the glazed inner face of the foot, which is in turn surrounded by the reserved resting surface standing out sharply against the black of the pot. The handle-panel was also reserved in the early examples, but the reserving was soon abandoned. The shape was created in the second quarter of the 5th century and lasts, at least in figured ware, until the first quarter of the 4th century.17 It would seem to have developed from the deeper cup-skyphoi of the late archafieperiod;18 see P1. 25. The development is comparable to that of the Rheneia cups: t'he gradual sinking of the wall, making the proportions broad and shallow. The foot becomes less sharply defined and in the latest example it has lost the crisp contours on its outer face, 469 is not quite standard, as the rim is not inset on the inside. Although no incised or stamped fragment has been recognized as belonging to this shape in the Agora, examples from elsewhere give evidence of this decoration.l9 PLAINRIM 474482 P1.22 Fig. 5 474 represents the main form which this class takes: plain bowl, two horizontal handles set halfway down the wall and rising to the rim, and a plain ring foot, convex on both faces, and it illustrates the shape the cup takes at the beginning of its history, late in the second quarter of the 5th century. The handle-panel, as far as can be judged, is never reserved, and this would indicate that the shape was invented later than the cup with concave rim, 469473 ; that this is so is also indicated by the impressed decoration which is a common feature of the plain-rim cup, but which is rarely found on the cups with concave lip. 476 and 477, PI. 49, show the two designs which occur on a number of cups of this shape, the smaller version carrying the smaller pattern. A more developed version of this shape, as 481, changes the form of the foot and the proportions of the body. The foot comes to resemble that of the cups with concave lip: it projects slightly from the bowl, and the torus face is lipped; the curve of the body is lower and does not meet the foot cleanly but forms a second curve just above it; the handles project in a straight line with a more pronounced return at the ends. This version also carries impressed decoration; see 482, P1.49, which has the only pattern so far found with this stage in the shape. There are several cups which belong less closely to the main divisions of the class. 475 has slightly different proportions, being taller and na,rrower but with a foot similar to 481 ; ot'hers, 478480, are fragments which preserve only the foot and floor with stamped decoration, and have been placed here because of certain affinities of pattern or foot. 478 is almost certainly of this shape; wit'h 479 and 480 the connection is less close, and they can be compared for shape to the Rheneia cups 462 and 463. CLASS 483-517 Pls. 22-23 Fig. 5 DELICATE A more elaborate version than the previous class of stemlesses was also created in the second quarter of the 5th century; in essentials it is similar trothe plain-rim cups, but differs in having an offset below the rim inside.20The early cups are heavy and rest on a massive foot which projects from the bowl and has the lipped profile noted above; see 483, Fig. 5. I t is this version which were created in the third of the stemless cup which develops into the delicate ~t~emlesses quarter of the century and continue to the second quarter of the 4th. The cups, from earliest

E.g. Geneva 14988: CVA l(1) pl. ll(11) 2 and pl. 12(12) century. Lip concave on outside, offset on inside. The exact center is missing but there remains a circle of ovules surrounded l8 St. Rtr., Suppl. 1959, p. 146 (Bruckner). by 5 (or 6) palmettes, and outside that n circle of meander I* See three in A. D. Ure's list of rf. stemlesses, J.H.S., LVI, surrounded by 9 palmettes. 1936, p. 206,2 and 4 and p. 208,13. Cf. also a cup in Florence, 20 Hesperia, IV, 1935, p. 481 (Talcott); J.H.S., LVI, 1936, 80671, from Saturnia: Mon. Tinc.,XXX, 1925, cols. 647-648, pp. 205-215 (Ure); Hesperia, XVIII, 1949, pp. 322-323 under fig. 32, below, from a grave of the second quarter of the 5th no. 36 (Corbett). l7

7-9.

STEMLESS

103

to latest, are almost invariably decorated with incised or stamped patterns inside; and the large flat floor of the cup provides an unrivalled area for the display of pattern.21 First, the shape. I t consists of a shallow bowl which curves up to a plain rim on the outside but with an offset on the inside. The handles are attached low down on the wall and rise to the level of, or just above, the rim. Towards the foot, there is a jog in the wall before it merges with the foot; in the later, more delicate cups the jog is replaced by a reserved groove. The foot consists of two parts, an upper member or neck which acts as a joint between the bowl and the lower member, and below it the lower member which is wider than the neck and divided into two by a groove on the outer face; the resting surface is usually flat and the inner face of neck and foot rises in a single convex curve. The underside is variously treated, with reserved areas, with mouldings on an all black surface, with scraped grooves. The mouldings and raised rings which are distinctive features of the cup in the third quarter of the 5th century continue in the last quarter of the century, but less attention is paid to them; e.g. 500. Simpler devices of reserving and scraping take their place, e.g. 614. In none of the 4th century cups, however, is the underside black and flat with central nipple, i.e. it is never treated in the manner of late cup-skyphoi, for instance, 608, P1. 26,623, PI. 27, nor of the 4th century kantharoi, Pls. 28-29. As it has been shown by C ~ r b e t that t ~ ~ the stemless cup 517 was still being produced at the same time and by the same potters who used the later type of foot, the reason for retaining the reserved areas seems to be that the broader foot was suited to decorative treatment; but the stemless cup is at an end here and gives way to the 4th century kantharos shapes. The different attitudes towards the treatment of the underside can be seen on Pls. 22-23, the most common design being that exhibited by 487 and the majority on P1. 23: a lightly moulded surface which 484 has a most elaborately treated underside, is completely glazed except for a central and the mouldings, especially the suspended cone at the center, are so distinctive that the cup can be attributed to a particular ~vorkshop.Among the grave furniture found in a tumulus at Klein-Aspergle in Wurtemberg mere two Attic stemless cups, one red-figured, by the Amphitrite painter,24the other black.25 The black cup has a flat underside with reserved areas and resembles 483, though it carries no incised ornament; the figured cup has an elaborate underside almost identical to 484, and there can be no doubt that the workshop was the same.26 The other undersides are harder to place accurately as they are not so distinctive, though it would be difficult to deny a ~vorkshopconnection to 493 and the light-walled cup-skyphos, 581, P1.26. The development of the shape can be followed in detail. The heaviness of the cup soon disappears, the bowl has thinner walls which progress from low and broad to high and narrow, 21 The shape is found in bronze, Salonica from Derveni: AEAT., XVIII, 1963, Xpovma, pl. 224y; also Wiirzburg inv. H 767: Jahrb., LXV-LXVI, 1950-51, pp. 175-177, figs. 1-3; Olympische Forschungen, V, p. 186, fig. 59 and see p. 185, note 49. Incised decoration of rosette, tongues and linlied palmettes. 22 Hesperin, XXIV, 1955, pp. 184-185, no. 23. On the rf. stemless from Olynthos: A R V 1527, 4 ; Olynthus, V, pl. 118, 261,the underside retains the traditional reserving and banding. 23 For a slightly different version of foot and underside see the stemless signed by Xenotimos, Boston 99.539: ARV 1142; CB, iii, pl. 99, 163 and the description of the shape, p. 69. Ca. 430-425 B.C. Stuttgart KAS 113: ARV 831, 25; Lindenschmit, 111, part 12, pl. 6, 1 ; Ebert, S.V. Klein-Aspergle, pl. 1 ; Jacobsthal and Langsdorff, pl. 33; Schaal, Vom Tauschhandel, pl. 11, 1; Die Antike, X, 1934, p. 19, fig. 1 ; Jacobsthal, ECA, pl. 26 and pp. 168-169 with bibl.; Powell, The Celts, figs. 16-17; CVA l(26) pl. 28(1240) 1-3. I, woman at altar.

25 Stuttgart KAS 114: noted under ARV 831, 25; Jacobsthal and Langsdorff, pl. 34 c; Gossler, p. 21, fig. 3 ; Jacobsthal, ECA, pl. 27 and pp. 168-9 with bibl.; CVA l(26) pl. 36 (1248) 1, 3-4. ZB Others are to be found in the stemlesses in Salonica from Stryme near Komotini (Thrace), B.C.H., LXXXIII, 1959, pp. 717-719, figs. 16 and 16 bis (Daux, "Chroniques"); 'EITET. @A. Exoh. GEUU.,V III, 1960, pp. 115-120 and pls. 1-2 (Bakalakis). On many of these the undersides are elaborately moulded with the central cone seen on 484; the incised patterns are early and often characteristic, e.g. as 485; moreover the inner face of the lip is decorated with an ivy pattern, the leaves reserved, sterns and berries white, exactly as on the Amphitrite painter's stemless in Stuttgart, above note 24. We are indebted to George Bakalakis for the opportunity of examining his photographs and drawings. Bakalakis' detailed study of this material in 'Avamacpfi Z~p\jpqs, Salonica, 1967, appeared too late for reference here.

104

SHAPE STUDIES: BLACK AND FINE WARES

a reverse of the normal development noted for stemlesses but consonant with the 4th century development of other shapes, notably the closely allied cup-skyphoi, Pls. 26-27. I n the latest pieces the offset inside the bowl is sometimes abandoned. The foot, which is broad and low and finely profiled on the outer face in the early cups, disintegrates at the end of the century and loses its crisp outline, the upper member becoming disproportionately tall, the lower coarsely grooved. The handles rise higher as the shape develops, and on the latest pieces, e.g. 514 and 515, Fig. 5, they are both set higher on the wall and reach further above the rim; their shape changes as well as their position and they splay at the end with an angular return across the arch. There are a few closely related cups which have a concave lip, e.g. 493-495, and 503, Fig. 5; the majority of these are ribbed;' and exhibit close workshop connections with the late ribbed Acrocups (see p. 94). There are no ribbed cups without concave lip, and the reason for this is evident: the lower edge of the lip provides a definite edge for the ribbing, which the plain rim could not. The two horizontally scraped grooves on the wall of 494, Fig. 5, perhaps indicate that the intention was to give this cup a ribbed wall, for the other cups with plain wall and concave lip do not have it.28 Now, the incised and stamped decoration; Pls. 50-52. The patterns found on this shape are some of the most various and also provide a series that stretches for almost a century, from the second quarter of the 5th to the second quarter of the 4th. Much use is made of the tongue pattern which formed a rosette in the center, both early, as 483 and later, 487, 490, 493, 496.29 This scheme is elaborated in various ways, by the addition of linked palmettes round the edge, 484, with palmettes linked or free set between the central rosette and the outer band of tongues, as 486, 488, 489, 499. Occasionally use is made of the ovule stamp, linked or free, to create a, similar scheme, e.g. 496 and 498 ; in one instance, 497, an incised leaf or drop motif takes its place. The central rosette is sometimes replaced by a star, and a comparison of 491, 500 and 501 shows the disintegration of the type. 491 and 494 carry an elaborate hatched design as a frame for the central pattern; for other examples of incised hatching, see under 491. Attention might be drawn to the appearance of hatching on the reserved zone of Corinthian-type skyphoi not many years before thise30The central star is often surrounded by bands of rays, e.g. 494, and sometimes is linked with arcs below as well as above, e.g. 485 and 492. Experiments are tried with other patterns: olive, 505, ivy, 506, and variations on the more common designs, e.g. 509-511. In the 4th century the patterns become more stereotyped within this shape, and the similarities to patterns on other shapes are closer. 513-517 show the lack of originality and the poor execution which is characteristic of the 4th century; alternately linked palmettes with rouletting become the sine qua non of the pattern maker. 512 is instructive, as it indicates one step in the progression from neatly made tongues to the mere mechanical rouletted circle of the 4th century. 513 has what appears to be a disc of added clay in the center of the pattern, and also is decorated with a wreath in added clay on the inside of the rim.31 27 See Beazley's list, CB, iii, p. 90, below; the example mentioned there as Oxford, Beazley is now Oxford 1966. 417: Beazley Gifts 1912-1966, pl. 58, 415. Add to CB, iii list : 1. Athens, Kerameikos HS 165. 2. Berlin F 2804. 3. Bologna: Zannoni pl. 139, 1-2; Pellegrini, Fels., p. 227, 666. Non-Attic. 4. Cambridge (Mass.), Harvard ace. no. 2282: C V A (8) Fogg pl. 23 (361) 1 a-b. 5. Dunedin, Otctgo E 48.345, ex A.B. Coolr. 6. London W.T. 115. 7. London 66.615.41,

28 On the late rf. stemlesses with concave lip, see CV.4 San Francisco l(10) text to pl. 27(487) 1 (Smith). 29 Fragments of a cup of the third quarter of the 5th century, P 10915 B 13:5, with incised decoration like that of 490, and with moulded underside, may be noted here as possibly of technical interest; the surfaces are well-polished but entirely unglazed, presumably in error. Cf. P 12031 N-P 20 :l (b), a bolsal fragment, similarly unglazed. See p. 83 and note 10. a1 For added clay decorationseepp.20-21, andp.103, note26. Boston 80.626 has ivy leaves and berries inside the rim; the decoration on the floor consists of eleven linked palmettes surrounding incised lines.

PHIALE

105

The chronology of the stemlesses is plain in its broad outlines, the earliest belong to the second quarter of the 5th century (see the connection with the Amphitrite painter, p. 103, above) ; the majority belong to the last quarter of the century, and the shape continues to the second quarter of the 4th. It is harder to elucidate in detail, as the delicacy of the make renders them liable to breakage, and this prevents a comparison of the most significant elements; also, the volume of material for its history in the 4th century is scanty. The connection between the stemlesses and the light-walled cup-skyphoi is strong, in shape, in treatment of the underside, and in the incised and stamped decoration; there can be no doubt that they were produced in the same shops, and in many cases the present division of name between t>hernis more of a hindrance than a help in understanding them.

PHIALE 518-526

Pls. 23, 52 Fig. 6

The phiale,l a bowl with shallow body and hollow central boss, besides its common use as a libation bowl on ceremonial occasions, was also used as a drinking cup and is so represented a number of times.2 The material, whether as seen in existing examples or as indicated in representations, is usually metal: bronze, silver and, much more rarely, gold; it is not common in clay, and Attic examples are usually either polychrome3 or miniatures: but there are some , ~ four red-fig~red.~ Black phialai are not very numerous in Attic; black-figured ~ h i a l a i and the three signed by Nikosthenes (ABV 234, 1-3) are all of one type;' those catalogued here are varied and extend in date from the late 6th century into the 4th. Of the late archaic phialai, "Achaemenid phialai" in Strong's phrase, 520 and 521 have inset lip and horizontal ribbing on the bowl, the latter an uncommon feature in Attic black! and very rarely found before 480 B.G. in any Attic work.9 On some ribbed phialai, as 520, the bowl 1 On the phiale see Luschey, Die Phiale, esp. pp. 147-155; CB, i, p. 55 ; Richter and Milne, pp. 29-30 ; A.J.A., XLV, 1941, pp. 363-375 (Richter); A.J.A., LIV, 1950, pp. 357-370 (Richter); A.K., IV, 1961, p. 25 (Hoffmann); Bull. Metr. Mus., XXI, 1962-63, pp. 154-166 (von Bothmer) with bibliography. For metal phialai see Strong, GRGSP, pp. 55-58, 75-77, 80-83. 2 Bee CB, i, p. 55; A.K., IV, 1961, p. 23 and p. 25, notes 43-44 (Hoffmann), with pls. 10, 3 and 12, 1 ; and cf. ABV 186, middle, Kleisophos; and ARV 432, 53, Douris; ARV 477, 295, Makron. For its use as a bowl for drinking in a ceremonial context, see the rf. cup frr., Athens Acr. 396: ARB1 628,l. Inside,Athena standing by, boy drinking from a phiale. In an unexplained scene on an amphora by the Syleus painter in Kansas City, 30.13, Athena holdsaphiale; see ARV 249,l. For the uses of the phiale in special cults, particularly for divination, see B.S.A., XLVI, 1951, pp. 61-71 (Dunbabin). Literary evidence for the use of the phiale as a drinking cup may also be adduced; see Pindar, Nem., IX, 51f. ;Herodotos, IX, 80; Plato, Symp., 223 B. See Luschey, p. 148, pp. 151-152 andLanglotz, pls. 84-89. 4 See ABV 655, 23-31, Swan Group. See Luschey, loc. cit. 6 These are : 1. Berlin F 2310: ARV 819, 5O.Telephos painter, ca. 460 B.C. 2. Boston 97.371: ARV 1023, 46. Phiale painter, ca. 430 B.C.

3-4. Rome, Torlonia: ARB 917, 192-193, replicas. Painter of Bologna 417 (Penthesilea workshop). Examples carrying only red-figured patterns are also known, e.g. Agora P 816 I 17:3 Pots and Pans, fig. 56, right. Non-Attic patterned examples, see four in Ferrara, from Spina VT T 1078: CVA l(37) pi. 41(1685) 1 4 . For nonAttic black examples see EVP, pp. 239-240; others in Ferrara from Spina. [See p. 380.1 Brussels R 364: CVA 3(3) p1.27(121) 9, and Berlin F 2108, though unsigned, were most probably made by Nikosthenes also. See the phialai mentioned under 621. The mugs with horizontal ribs, 198-200, PI. 11, are the only other class where this ribbing appears frequently. On the influence of Persian metal work, in which horizontal ribs are common, see A.K., IV, 1961, p. 24(Hoffmann); A.J.A., LXVIII, 1964, pl. 84, fig. 12; Strong, GRGSP, p. 77 (where the date of 450 B.C. for start of production may be too low). An early date for this class of phiale is provided by the context in which no. 3, under 521, was found. It is from Spina T 41 D VP, from which came also an early neokpelike by the Berlin painter (ARV 205, 114 bis) and an eyecup by the Antiphon painter (ARV 51, 210 and 337, 30 bis). Granted that the big vases in Spina tombs are earlier than the smaller and slighter ones (see Robertson in Gnomon, XXXIX, 1967, p. 821), the date of the black need not go below the archaic period.

106

SHAPE STUDIES: BLACK AND FINE WARES

is glazed coral red ; see p. 20 and the examples noted under 620. The other phialai need little comment. 622 carries stamped decoration round the boss, a feature borrowed from contemporary metal work, cf. Strong, GRGSP, pp. 80-82. With 523, not certainly Attic, 522 is nearest in shape to the figured instances noted above (p. 105, note 6). 624 has holes round the edge of the boss, perhaps for straining; 626, Fig. 6, is deep and resembles the 4th century calyx cups (see 691,692, PI. 28) and may be a variant of that shape. 626 is not certainly a fragment of a phiale; the deeply fluted bowl is unusual, still more so the position of the palmette stamped a t the apex of the join. The shape suggests metal, and there are one or two examples of "Achaemenid phialai" which show the deep pear-shaped fluting, but none is precisely the same?O 10 The closest parallel seems to be a bronze phiale in p. 157, fig. 104. For Achaemenid phialai see Strong, Ferrara, from Spina T 136A VP: R.I.A.S.A., n.s IV, 1955, GRGSP, pp. 76-77.

STRAINER

It was rare for an Attic potter of the classical period to make a pot specifically intended for straining liquids; the perforation of a common shape, such as the one-handler 768, P1. 31, was the usual expedient to which he resorted. On many occasions, a hole (or holes) punched through a well-used pot was sufficient for everyday needs; see further the household strainers, p. 231 and P1. 96. I n metal the situation is far different, and many instances of mine-strainers in bronze and silver are kn0wn.l 627 seems to copy the shape found in metal; of the others, 628 and 630 are examples of careful and deliberate perforation but are too fragmentary for a shape to be assigned to them with confidence. 529 and 631 are more haphazard and are instances of re-use, mentioned above.2 See J.W.A.G., V, 1942, pp. 40-55 (Hill); Hesperia, XXVII, 1958, pp. 259-264 (Amyx). Both these discussions include much on the use to which strainers might be put. For the ancient name fit?p&, see Amyx, op. cit. and J.H.S., LXXXII, 1962, p. 132 (Sparlres). For the metal examples, see now Strong, GRGSP, pp. 92-93.

A distinction must be drawn between a strainer and a sprinkler. Closed pots with holes pierced in the bottom may sometimes be identified as sprinklers; see on this shape CVA Robinson 3(7) pl. 3(297) 1. No sprinkler has been identified in the Agora. For strainer tops, see p. 206.

BOLSAL

BOLSAL 632661 Pls. 24, 53 Figs. 6, 22 The name bolsal is a hybrid, a conflation of Bol(ogna) and Sal(onica), two places which have Attic red-figured examples of the shape; it is a mariage de conuenance, but a necessary one, for the distinctive shape of the bolsal demands a distinctive name.l The elements which make up the shape are a shallow bowl with a wall which rises vertically to the rim, an elaborate foot, and two horizontal handles attached just below the plain rim. I t is frequently decorated with stamped patterns inside, usually in very simple arrangement^.^ The bolsal takes its rise in the third quarter of the 5th century, and the earliest instances of it, 532-537, differ from the more usual later version in a number of particulars. 534, Fig. 6, gives the earlier type: rilled foot, black underneath: a raised ring on the lower part of the wall, elaborate stamped pattern inside; it is a delicate, thin cup, smaller but with the same feeling as the stenilesses and light-walled cup-skyphoi of this date, Pls. 22, below and 26, above. Experiments were being carried out at this time with the foot and, though more rarely, with the handles, e.g. 532. The foot sometimes has a convex outer face, not rilled, and a reserved and moulded underside, e.g. 533. Eventually, though not long after this? a new foot mas invented which became the standard foot and the most distinctive feature of the bolsal. The foot resembles that of the Corinthian type skyphos in having a continuous curve for the inner face and the resting surface; the outer face is cut sharply back, and the lower part of the wall meets it in a concave curve. The raised ridge on the wall is now usually a groove which acts as the join between the concave lower part of the wall and the vertical upper part. The concave shape of the lower part of the wall is a difficult factor to assess in the early period, e.g. 539-542 and indeed there were many varieties of it in the late 5th century which seem to signify neither workshop nor chronological difference^;^ in the 4th century, e.g. 656-560, the concavity is very pronounced, but still cannot of itself give an indication of date. The upper part of the wall in the 5th century has a single curve, with the maximum diameter a t the rim or just below; in the 4th century the rim starts to turn outwards, creating a double curve.6The schemes of decoration on the underside vary considerably, consisting, most frequently, of a black band and circles, e.g. 539, 540, 641, 851, 556 ; in certain cases the band and circles are produced by scraping; see 542, 548, 849. By the middle of the 4th century the canonical black underside with rising central cone and grooved resting surface is used for the bolsal too, e.g. 558. The handles, which are fairly standard in the 5th century, have the triangular look common in the 4th, the roots close together, the arch flat and forming a sharp angle with the sides of the handle; they also tilt upwards, as in 668. The stamped patterns inside the cup progress from elaborate designs of two zones of linked palmettes, through an intermediate stage in which various less complicated designs are tried, to a standard brief arrangement of a palmette cross. The earliest designs hang together very Beazley invented the name in B.S.A., XL-XLI, 1939-45, p. 18, note 2. On the shape, see CVA Oxford l(3) text to pl. 48(140) 6 (Beazley); Hesperia, IV, 1935, pp. 503-504 (Talcott); J.H.S., LXIV, 1944, p. 76 (Ure); Hesperia, XVIII, 1949, pp. 801 and 331-332 under no. 77 (Corbett). The miniature rf. bolsal in Bologna, 3699 (PU 349): Heydemann, Illittl~eilungen,pl. I, 1 has a concave lower wall and the later type of foot ; the underside is glazed black and carries scraped circles as 642. Inside, the decoration consists of 6 palmettes on two lines; the handle-panel is reserved. Some bolsals are decorated with owl and olive-branches, see CVA Oxford l(3) text to pl. 48(140)6; B.S.A., XL-XLI, 193945, p. 18, note 2; -4RV 983.

3 The black underside is found on bolsals with the standard foot, e.g. 547,663 and 565, but rarely; it returns in changed

form on the later bolsals of the mid 4th century.

Here the finds from Rheneia are of great importance, for,

as the majority belong to the years before 426 B.c., they

provide a useful terminus ante quem for the type of foot and the stage of the development in the impressed patterns. For holsals from the Rheneia pit see Dblos, XXI, pls. 49 and 52. On this problem see Corbett in Hesperia, XVIII, 1949, p. 332. See the development in profile, Hesperia, XVIII, 1949, p. 319, fig. 1, 156-157, 162.

108

SHAPE STUDIES: BLACK AND FINE WARES

closely, e.g. 532-536, and though not all from the same stamp are without doubt from the same workshop. The intermediate stage, 537-548, indicates a dissatisfaction with t'he earlier grand designs, and substitutes arrangements of smaller compass. 543 and 545 show the palmette cross of later times being tried as the center of a slightly more complicated design. 649-550, and 551 and 556 represent the patterns found on the majority of bolsals of the late 5th century; they are the standard arrangements, brief but adequate for t'he type of cup they decorate. In the 4th century, the palmette cross prevails but is circled with rouletting, e.g. 558, and the linked and alternately linked palmettes surrounded by rouletting, a pattern common to other shapes in the mid 4th century, were easily created from the linked palmettes of the earlier period; compare 549 and 550 with 559 and 560. There are a few examples where the pattern is unusual; the meander of 544 is not common, nor the ivy leaves of 553 and the lotus of 554. 652 and 555 are possibly but not certainly bolsals. There remains 538, which is unusual in many details: the shape of the foot is nearer to the stemless cups and light-walled cup-skyphoi? the clay is redder than is usual in Attic, the glaze brown, and the pattern inside, of impressed leaves, is not common in Attic8 It is thus difficult to place it in an Attic workshop, but even more difficult to place it securely elsewhere. The bolsal was created as a black cup; none of the few which carry red-figure are as early as the earliest black. I t provided a simpler and somewhat less fragile equivalent for the contemporary skyphoi and stemlesses, and borrowed some details from both, the only entirely new feature being the concave lower ~vall.That it is a new invention, without any separate tradition, is emphasized by the experiments made in the early stages before it reached its canonical form; it is, in fact, that rare creation, a successful hybrid.g I t is most popular in the late 5th century but loses its popularity in the 4th century in face of competition from the newly created and sturdier kantharos types. Bolsals were, however, still being made towards the end of the 4th century, with added clay and incised decoration; see under 561. Cf. 554 which typifies the opposite situation: the foot of a bolsal but the slope of a cup-skyphos wall. See Reading 35.iv.4: CVA l(12) pl. 35(562) 1, small oinochoe. Incised leaves are more common than impressed, e.g. 497, 505,616.

The Boeotian low cup, P 3896 K 14:l Hesperia, XXXI, 1962, pl. 112, 8, called a bolsal by A. D. Ure, ad. loc., is of the early 5th century and is not sufficiently close to be considered a prototype.

110

SHAPE STUDIES: BLACK AND FINE WARES

two decorated by Epiktetos (ARV 76-77, 84-85) in the late 6th century, where the reserved and lipped foot is sufficiently close to suggest a workshop connection with the black. There are also a certain number of careful representations in the archaic period! which may be quite closely matched. Of these two categories, the light-walled variety begins earlier, ca. 440-430 B.G., and is the more common; the heavy-walled does not start until the last quarter of the 5th century but is historically more important, as it is the shape from which the very popular cup-kantharos is derived in the 4th century and, from this, the other great 4th century classes of kantharoi sho~vnon Pls. 28-29.

LIGHTWALL 580-611 PI. 26 Fig. 6 The deep bowl9 with a single curve on the outside from rim to foot, and with an offset on the inside, has no immediate predecessors; the nearest contemporary connection with the earliest examples, 680-581, is the delicate stemless, e.g. 487 (cf. Fig. 5, 487 and Fig. 6, 581) and it is from this that the light-walled cup-skyphos most likely took its form, as a deeper variety of stemless cup, functionally replacing the archaic variety of cup-skyphos. The connection between the light-walled cup-skyphos and the contemporary stemlesses is strengthened by the similarities of the incised and stamped patterns of the early period. The development of the shape from the broad, capacious bowl with generous curve, furnished with gently rising handled0 and set on a delicately profiled foot with mouldings beneath, e.g. 580-581, to the heavy squat outline of the latest versions, e.g. 608, with double-curve, high-swung handles and thick foot, can be traced in some detail. By the end of the century, e.g. 586 and 593, the curve of the wall has ceased to be single and the rim has begun to turn out slightly.ll The handles are still fairly straight and attached a little above the middle of the bowl; by the end of the first quarter of the 4th century (cf. 603 and 608) the handles are attached low down on the bowl and rise steeply upwards, reaching well above the level of the rim, the ends bent sharply inwards.12 The attention to detail which is characteristic of the earliest pieces is rapidly abandoned, and nowhere so markedly as in the foot. The foot is originally broad and low, and consists of two members: an upper member or neck which acts as a joint between the bowl and the lower member, and the lower member which is wider than the neck and has a groove running around the middle of the outer face; the inner face of neck and foot are in one plane.13 The height of the foot and the separate heights of neck and grooved member are not constant, nor is the position of the groove, though in most cases it is set exactly a t the center or just below; contrast the position of the groove on the heavy-walled cup-skyphoi (p. 112). In the early years of the shape, the resting surface is not flat, but merely the narrow junction created by the two faces of the foot. The underside of the foot is decorated with mouldings which add to the handsome appearance of the cup when hung.14 The quality of the E.g. on the hydriai Munich 2421 and Munich 2422: ARV 23, 7 and 24, 8; and on the cups Berlin F 2289 and F 2290: ARV 435, 95 and 462,48. Hesperia, IV, 1935, p. 503, under nos. 11and 12 (Talcott); XVIII, 1949, pp. 323-324, under no. 39 (Corbett). The shape was carefully copied on Lipari; for the series see MeligunisLipdra, p. 224. lo As with the bolsal 533, there is an instance of a potter fitting vertical handles to the cup-skyphos, New Haven,Yale 434: Baur, p. 222, fig. 100. l1 Cf, the silver cup-skyphos from the palace a t Vouni in

Cyprus, destroyed in the early years of the 4th century: J.H.S., XLIX, 1929, p. 238, fig. 6 below; S.C.E., 111, pis. 90,5 and 92 d; IV, 2, p. 160, fig. 3 3 , l l ; cf. also S.C.E., 111, pp. 278, 288. Cf. the silver cup-skyphos found in Taman, in a late 4th century context: Arch. Anz., 1913, 001. 185, fig. 13. Cf. Strong, GRGSP, p. 91. l3 There are two instances, 581 and 595, of a concave moulding on the inner face. l* For a conspectus of undersides, see especially Hesperia, XVIII, 1949, pl. 90.

CUP-SKYPHOS

111

foot did not last very long. The foot shrank in diameter and became taller, the edge of the lower member received less careful attention, the resting surface became flat and reserved, and the underside was painted,16 not moulded, and at the end the ubiquitous black underside with small nipple at t h e center completes the development. The stamped patterns, Pls. 54-55, above, add further testimony to the impatience with and rapid decline of interest in the cup. The elaborate early designs, 580-583, compare well with the contemporary designs on stemless cups; see Pls. 49-50. Even at the end of the century, 585-599, there is still some interest in creating designs on a large scale, but less as time progresses and ingenuity fails. Incised lines, which are a feature of the early patterns, when used later, e.g. 592, P1. 54, are carelessly applied in an unattractive design. Linked palmettes persist, but in ever-decreasing complexity, and the paucity of good ideas in the 4th century and the lack of care taken is instantly appreciated by comparing P1. 54 with P1. 55, 596-611. Here also, the increasingly deep and narrow cup provided the potter with a less convenient field, and one on which his efforts could less readily be admired. The various practices which heralded rouletting some time after the beginning of the 4th century are to be seen in such pieces as 593, P1. 54, 597-599, 602-603, P1. 55, in which carelessly applied ovules set ever more closely together lead to the appearance of hasty oblique strokes and, although the method by which rouletting was made indicates that it was a new invention (see p. 30), it is in pieces such as these that the need for a more mechanical method made itself felt; indeed the neat frame of such pieces as 609 might well be regarded as an improvement artistically over the untidy blobs of 597-599. Apart from the stock combinations of incised line, palmette and ovule, attention might be drawn to 585 and 601 which show two different uses of the lotus starnp,l6 and 607 in which the central palmette cross is circumscribed by a palmette chain.17 The light-walled cup-skyphos with stamped designs is first found in the third quarter of the 5th century, and it has already been noted that from the nature of its details and decoration it cannot be traced earlier. It was still being produced in the second quarter of the 4th century but examples are very few after 375 B.c.,'~ by which time the much more popular kantharos series were coming into production. Corbettlg has shown that in the second quarter of the 4th century the cup-kantharos with moulded rim was being made in the same shops as the light-walled cup-skyphos. In red-figure, it is decorated by the Jena, Diomed and Q painters% in the early 4th century, but is not so popular with these painters as the heavy-walled cup-skyphos. The light-walled shape was quickly copied and decorated in B ~ e o t i a . ~ ~ HEAVYWALL 612-623 PI. 27 Fig. 6 This shape of c u p - ~ k y p h o sis~ ~ less common than the light-walled variety, but its origins can be traced to a closely similar source. As the light-walled cup-skyphos has been seen to derive from the stemless cup, the heavy-walled most likely has its origin in the ribbed stemless with concave lip, e.g. 493 P1. 22. Although proof is wanting for such an assertion, comparison l5 See the details (scale 2:5) at the bottom of P1. 26 for some designs not shown in the upper part of the plate. l6 Cf. p. 26. 17 For palmette and other chains see p. 26. lB The shape is significantly absent from the material from Olynthos where much Attic pottery of the second quarter of the 4th century was found. l9 Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, p. 177. 20 A R V 1514,48-49; 1516,l-2; 1519,15 and 17. E.g., the Argos painter's name piece, Athens 1407: Brommer, Satyrspiele, p. 22, fig. 13 and bibliography, p. 81, note 167; .4.J.A., LXII, 1958, p. 392, no. 4 (Ure). I t is usually

dated ca. 430 B . c . , but should perhaps be placed a decade later. For a silver equivalent of the pottery shape see the cup-skyphos of about 400 B.C. from Nymphaeum (Tumulus IV), Oxford, Ashmolean Museum: Strong, G R G S P , pl. 17 A. Cup-skyphoi are not uncommon among the silver drinking cups of the later 4th and the 3rd centuries; cf. Strong, pp. 93-96. 22 See Beazley, V P o l , p. 71, notes 1 and 2 ; J.H.S., LXIV, 1944, pp. 67-77 (Ure); Hesperia, XVIII, 1949, pp. 321-322, under no. 34 (Corbett); C V A Reading l(12) text to pl. 27 (554) 1 and 2 (Ure).

112

SHAPE STUDIES: BLACK AND FINE WARES

of 61223and 493, Figs. 6 and 5, is close, and the appearance of the concave lip thus explained. Although this lip had little effect among the plain-walled stemless cups, e.g. 494, it was of great importance for the cup-skyphos, for the plain wall with concave lip became the standard shape. The form which the cup-skyphos mith heavy wall usually took was a deep bowl with strongly concave lip above, slightly thickened at the rim. The handles are attached below the lip and curl up to or just above the level of the rim. The foot consists of two parts, the upper member or neck, and the wider lower member which is divided into two by a horizontal groove which is placed a little above the middle, forming a large rounded lower section and a narrow, sharp upper one. This is the reverse of the scheme noted for the light-walled cup-skyphoi, (p. 110). The basic scheme is altered rapidly, and, though the shape has some popularity with certain painters of the early 4th century,24it was constantly a prey to experiment, finally changing itself radically into the cup-kantharos. The heavy-walled cup-skyphos does, however, have a separate existence in the 4th century, and the history of its development can be traced. The bowl loses the generous curves it had in the last quarter of the 5th century, and the wall becomes thicker: the handles, though few exist entire, suggest a development parallel to that of the lightwalled variety, curling up over the rim and turned strongly inwards a t the ends. The diameter of the foot shrinks, and the foot itself becomes heavier. The decoration of the underside consists in the majority of cases of a broad band enclosing two or more fine circles, e.g. 617, 621, 622. This scheme eventually disappeared and a totally glazed underside mith down-pointing nipple marks the final pha,se, e.g. 623. The treat'ment of the underside is never at any time as elaborate as the complicated schemes of the light-walled cup-skyphos, and there are no mouldings and no raised rings beneath, indicating a later date for the invention of the heavy-walled variety and showing the restrictions placed on it by the smaller foot. In some cases the schemes are quite close, and some shops certainly produced both versions.25 The impressed decoration is never very elaborate. In the main it consists of a small center of palmettes, e.g. 617-619, 621-623, usually within a circle of ovules or, later, dots; in smaller designs, the palmettes are not linked, but set cruciform or round a central circle. The decorative schemes of 615 and 616 are wort,h comment. 616 has a wreath of incised leaves, and reference may be made to 505 and 538. 615 is of more interest, as the fragment carries the name of Philinos, son of Kleippides, and was used in the ostrakophoria of 417 or 415 B . c . ~The ~ foot profile is fully characteristic for the shape, but the pattern, which appears to have carried no palmettes (cf. the slightly later light-walled cup-skyphos, 692, Pls. 26 and 5 4 , is not at all common. The cup may well be one of the earliest examples of the shape, made, and broken, as we know from its use as a ballot, at the latest by 415 B.C. The heavy-walled cup-skyphos came into being about 420 B.C. and seems to have ceased production rather earlier than the stemless cup and light-walled cup-skyphos, about 380 B.c., an early victim to the popularity of the cup-kantharos and related shapes to which it had helped in such a large way to give rise. 23 Under 612 are collected other examples of the ribbed version. I t is just possible that some of the later Early CupSkyphoi with red-figure (see p. 109, note 7) may have contributed to the genesis of the heavy-walled cup-skyphos. 24 E.g., Jena painter, ARV 1514-1515; Q painter, ARV 1519-1521; and see J.H.S., LXIV, 1944, pp. 67-77 (Ure).

25 We know this also from the work of the Q painter; cf. A R V 1519-1521. 28 On this see Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, pp. 68-71 (Raubitschek).

KANTHAROS

KANTHAROS 624-723

Pls. 27-29, 47, 56 Figs. 6, 7, 22

Under this heading are collected two widely differing classes which may be divided, in the main, into two chronologically distinct parts. The first class consists of those kantharoi which belong to the 6th and 5th centuries, have figured parallels which assist in plotting their histories and the histories of which have been in part written.l For convenience's sake, the conventional names given to them are listed below, for those varieties represented at the Agora: 6th and 5th century shapes

6th century shapes 624-626

Type A 1 627

Sessile, with high handles 628-631

Type B 632

Sessile, with low handles 633-639

Type D (Sotadean) 640-644

Miscellaneous 5th century shapes 645-647

All these agree in having two vertical handles which join the cup above and below. As will be noted under the separate shapes, a burst of activity in the making of kantharoi and the development of new varieties occurred in the second quarter of the 5th century. The classes A 2, B, D and both varieties of sessile kantharos then appear for the first time, many of them to carry decoration of the St. Valentin type or closely related; see above, p. 85, note 22. Their existence was, however, short, and few examples of any of these shapes can be traced into the last quarter of the 5th century. The second class, and by far the larger, is that which belongs to the 4th century and derives from the heavy-walled cup-skyphos of the late 5th century (pp. 111-112). This hybrid creation is best termed cup-kantharos, as it has cup-handles, not joining above; it is not the true kantharos, but from it are created the kantharoi of the 4th century. I t is fruitful stock and its many products are listed here: Cup-kantharos and kantharos, 4th century shapes

Cup-kantharos 648 -690

Moulded rim 648-670

Standard 648-665

Filleted stem 666

Globular 667-669

Pointed body 670

Plain rim 671 -690

Standard 671-678

Pointed body 679-680

Squat rim 681-685

Bowl-shaped 686-690

Calyx-cup 691-695 Caskey's treatment in CB, i, pp. 14-18, is still the best for the whole range; see also CB, iii, pp. 10-11 especially for Types A and C. Separate studies are listed below, but see B.C.H., LXXVII, 1953, pp. 332-345 (Courbin) on the origins of the archaic Attic kantheros, and Cook, GPP,pp. 238-239. The history of the Attic kantharos. which Caskey (op. cit.) set forth, has still to be treated in its full interrelation. For this history, the figured, black and metal examples must all be considered, and the representations no less. Dionysos'

kantharos, one of the most familiar shapes seen in Attic vasepainting, is rare in Attic pottery at the time when Dionysos and Herakles are often seen holding it. Presumably the kantharoi they hold are of metal; see A.J.A., LI, 1947, p. 254 (Hill). In Athens, it is only in the 4th century that the shape now known as the kantharos flourishes in ola,y,and its genesis is not from the kantharos of Dionysos, nor from the Boeotian potters, but simply from an Attic black shape, the oupkantharos.

SHAPE STUDIES: BLACK AND FINE WARES

Kantharos 696-723 Moulded and plain rim 696-704, 706-714 One-handled 705 Special handles 715-721 Goblet 722-723 It has seemed best to set the cup-kantharoi and kantharoi opposite one another (Pls. 28-29), so that their close relation may be seen, although this arrangement lessens the connection with the cup-skyphos. This connection can best be appreciated in the profile drawings (Figs. 6-7) .' ~ T A HND ~ T C H ENTURY SHAPES 624-647 ~ T C HENTURY SHAPES 624-626 P1.27 Only 625 is undoubtedly a kantharos but the fragmentary keel of 626 places it here and 624 may belong to the specia'l class of kantharoi: the tumbler k a n t h a r ~ i The . ~ tumbler kantharos has two ha>ndleswhich rise from the lowest part of the wall and join the lip wit'hout curling high above it;4 the body is concave and slender. 624, of the first half of the 6th century, has been linked with the name "karchesion," for which evidence has recently been collected in Samothrace and other parts of the northeastern Aegean area.5 626, of the middle of the 6th century, is connected with the ea,rly examples of kantharoi, those decorated by the KX painter a.nd related artists (ABV 26, 29; 28, 3 and middle), but more especially those by Nearchos (ABV 82-83).6 625, of the same date, has a shape t8haItis not easily paralleled. Comparison might be made with the later kantharos, of the Haimon group, in Thebes? and late Geometric and Protoattic parallels are also pertinent.* I t mould seem to lead on to the 5th century shape which Beazley called "cantharoid kotyle" (see p. 76, note 36), such as an example in O ~ f o r d . ~ TYPEA 1 627 Pi. 27 Fig. 7 Apart from the possible 626,627 (a small version of the early 5th century) is the only testimony to Type A 1 in black in the Agora. I t reproduces the characteristic details of the larger shape,1° except for the foot which is low. The high handles are without struts and thumb rests, a detail which divides the A 1 kantharoi from those of Caskey's A 2 class. Contemporary redfigured examples are to be found in Boston,ll but they are few, and there is a kantharos in Baltimore,12 of roughly the same date, made of silver, although, as Miss Hill suggests, this was most likely not the original material of the shape. SESSILEWITH HIGH HANDLES 628-631 PI. 27 Fig. 7 Sister form to the A 2 kantharos with high stem and spurred and canted handles,13 this Ira,ntharoshas similar body and handles but is set on a low foot.14 I t is one of the commonest 2 In the discussion of the 4th century cup-kantharoi and kantharoi, references are made to similar cups illustrated in Olynthus, V and XIII. These references have been confined mainly to individual items, as the text, Olynthus, XIII, pp. 274-294, is confused; see reviews by Corbett (Gnomon, XXIII, 1951, pp. 61-64) and Talcott (A.J.A., LV, 1951, pp. 430-431). See now further the study of these shapes, Ath. Mitt., LXXIX, 1964, pp. 47-55 and 77-81 (Kopcke). A B V 30. 4 In this they foreshadow the Type B kantharos and the sessile kantharos with low handles. Essays Lehmann, pp. 204-222 and figs. 1-23 (I. C. Love). J.H.S., XLIX, 1929, p. 258; CB, i, p. 14. See also two complete bf. examples, Berlin F 1737: Schaal, Sf, fig. 32; Greifenhagen, AK, pl. 21; and London 94.7-18.1: J.H.S., XVIII, 1898, pls. XVI and XVII, 1. Rhitsona Gr. 46.81 : ABV 560,513; J.H.S., XXIX, 1909, pl. XXIII b.

Hesperia, 11, 1933, pp. 588-592 (Burr) and B.C.H., LXXVII, 1953, pp. 322-345 (Courbin). O Oxford 1928.32: CVA 2(9) pl. 65(429) 4, and those cited there. See p. 62. Cf. also Beazley, VPol, p. 70, note 8 and A.K., XI, 1968, pp. 6-8, (Sparkes). lo CB, i. pp. 14-15. 1.e. 1. Boston95.61: ARV 132,middle and 123,9. Nikosthenes, potter. 2. Boston 95.36: ARV 381, 182. Brygos painter. l2 Baltimore,Walters 57.934: A.J.A., LI, 1947, pl.59Aand pp. 252-253 (Hill); Strong,GRGSP,pl. 9B,and p.59for alater dote. IS See CB, i, p. 15, fig. 13 and CB, iii, pp. 52-53. l4 CB, i, p. 16, fig. 15; CVA Oxford 2(9), text to pl. 52(416) 12 (Beazley); Hesperia, VI, 1937, p. 49 d (Thompson); Hesperia, XXII, 1953, pp. 77-78, no. 38 (Boulter).

116

SHAPE STUDIES: BLACK AND FINE WARES

in the Agora pieces, and the similarities are so close that a single workshop production of a few years' duration is forcibly suggested. In accord with this is the nature of the stamped patterns which the cups usually bear, one of the earliest shapes to carry such decoration. The details on P1. 47, 633-639, indicate the standardization the shape imposed and the craftsmen's varying success in avoiding it. Boxed triangles are common and individual to this shape, usually in combination with palmettes. 636 and 637 are unusual, the palmettes being circled by a border in one with the volutes. The decoration of the cul and above, as in 638 and 639, is sometimes an elaborate meander, in a short-lived attempt to ape red-figured pattern.22 The majority of this shape belong to the third quarter of the 5th century, but the shapewas invented slightly earlier, and it seems likely that some examples carrying impressed ornament less standardized than that seen on the Agora kantharoi may date from a few years earlier than ware are current in the second quart'er, e.g. Naples 3175 :ARV 450 ~.c.~~~Relatedshapesinfigured 804,72, by one of the followers of D o u r i ~ also ; ~ ~decorated ~ kantharoi of the St. Valentin clam23 On the evidence of 636 and 637, it may have continued into the last quarter of the century.24 TYPED (SOTADEAN)640-644 P1.27 Fig. 7 , ~ ~ named "Sotadean" from the example once in Goluchow signed The Type D k a n t h a r o ~ also by the potter Sotades (ARV 764, 7), is related in the set of the handles and curve of the bowl to the Type C; Type D however is stemless, Type C stemmed.26The Sotadean shape of kantharos has a low, wide bowl set on a small foot; the handles, usually a flat strap, curve up from the wall, rise above the rim and join it vertically from above. I n the early years of this shape, the second quarter of the 5th century, the handles start lotv down on the wall, springing outwards and forming a wide loop; later, the lower handle attachment is found nearer the rim, creating a smaller loop, the area of which is almost mholl~above the level of the rim. The two stages are well represented by 640 and 641. In the later example the bowl does not curve so roundly from the foot nor curl in so markedly at the rim; it is a more open shape, with taller proportions. The foot of 640 is ring-shaped, with fat, torus outer face; 641 borrows its foot from the bolsal (see pp. 107-108 and P1. 24), and the smaller diameter with the neatly profiled lower member and the narrow neck above increases the more slender, delicate appearance, giving it the distinctive characteristics which belong to the later 5th century. A note~vorthyfeature of 641 is the ivy pattern in added paint, clay-color and white (?), just below the rim outside.27 We night compare the ivy wreath on 632, to indicate its use An example with unusually elaborate decoration comes from Corfu, Mon Repos, MR 321: Aeh-riov, XTX, 1964, XPOVIK&,p1. 368 a and p. 326. The wall is marked off into horizontal zones indicated by light grooves, each zone decorated with inipressed ornament; from top to bottom: small upright palmettes; pairs of large palmettes set horizontally; boxed triangles; meander. For examples of this shape with stamped figures, see p. 27. 22* Two examples, once noted in Berlin but no longer on view, might have supported this argument; on both the ornament i~ early: on Berlin F 2777, very fine palmettes, ivy and berries, the foot in three degrees; on Berlin F 2778, palmettes, not quite so fine, volutes and meander, the foot plain. A wall-fragment from Athens, from recent excavations in the Olympieion, known to us through the kindness of J. Travlos, seems also unusuelly early. The fabric is delicate and the zone of ornament is set off by two rows of light ridges; between, linked palmettes very close to those seen on 484, of ca. 450 B. c. 22bA.K., XI, 1968, pl.7, 2. Howard and Johnson discuss the origin of the shape in the Saint-Valentin class; see above p. 115, note 20, and ARV

984-985. A black kantharos in Ferrara, from Spina T 375 VT : Spina, I , 2, pl. 62, lower left, is early and has not the elaboration of the standard version; it was found with a cup by the Angular painter (ART' 954, 69). A sessile kantharos with low handles, also from Spina, of about 430 B.c., has a band of reserved ivy leaves at the rim, T 386 VT: Spina, I, 2, pl. 65, top row second from left, and pl. 67 b, bottom row, center. 24 An elaborate one-handled version in silver, with ribbed body and engraved ritual scenes on the wall, in Leningrad, came from the tumulus of Solokha (near Melitopol): Rev. arch., ser. 4, XXIII, 1914, pl. IX and cf. pp. 164-190; Strong, GMGSP, pl. 16 B and cf. pp. 78-79; it is dated by Strong to ca. 420 B.C. 25 Beazley, VPol, p. 28 and note 3, and addenda p. 80; CB, i, p. 18 and fig. 18; Hesperia, IV, 1935, pp. 500-501 (Talcott); Haspels, ABL, p. 139 and p. 248; Hesperia, Suppl. V, 1941, p. 132 (Dinsmoor); Beazley, EVP, pp. 72-73; CVA Vienna l(1) text to pl. 45(45) 3-6; A.K., IV, 1961, pp. 52-53 (Reazley). 28 011Type C, see Beazley, 'C7A,p. 23; CB, i, p. 17, fig. 17. 27 This is best seen on the restored drawing. Hesperia, IV, 1935, p. 501, fig. 19.

KANTHAROS

117

elsewhere on kantharoi. Of more unusual design are 642 and 643 where the body is reserved and an ivy wreath in glaze added at the rim.28 The closest parallels to these are the choes, as 111, P1. 6. 644, smaller than the other handles of this shape, has too little of the wall preserved to be attached securely to this class. The span of the Sotadean kantharos in black is little longer than it is in red-figured ware: 480-420 B.c., perhaps slightly later if 644 is included. The shape has antecedents in the Geometric period in A t t i ~ aand ~ ~in Boe~tia.~O The shape is represented many times, both earlier and later than the 40 years we have allotted to the kantharos in clay, and it is likely that the representations are of metal vases,3l of which there are an early examples from T r e b e n i ~ c h t e ~ ~ and a bronze one from Oita in the Thebes M ~ s e u m . ~ 3

MISCELLANEOUS ~ T

645-647 PI. 27 Fig. 7 These three kantharoi do not cohere with one another nor with any of the other classes in black or figured ware. 645 has the lip pinched in at both sides, making a figure-of-eight outline; although late Geometric potters quite commonly pressed together the mouth of the pot in this may34 the practice was not usual in the 5th century.35 646 is closest to the more canonical shapes, but the proportions vary considerably from the normal: deep lower wall, handles low and small. 647, a foot fragment, is most likely from a kantharos and is closest to the feet of the later sessile kantharoi with high handles, e.g. 629; but it is finer and approaches the turned foot of the following century, e.g. 663, Fig. 7. C HENTURY SHAPES

CUP-KANTHAROSAND KANTHAROS, ~ T C H ENTURY SHAPES648-723 Material from reliably dated deposits in the Agora belonging to the early 4th century is scanty and, on the basis of this limited evidence, it might seem reasonable to suppose that the cup-kantharoi and kantharoi appeared, like Athena from the head of Zeus, fully grown, in the second quarter of the 4th century, complete with distinct form and details. However, the origin of this long series of 4th century cups can be seen by comparing Attic cups of the early 4th century, 648-649, found at Corinth, and a single example of the same date, found in the Agora, 651, with the heavy-walled cixp-skyphoi of the late 5th century; see Figs. 6 and 7. For 650, a special shape, see Catalogue. The heavy-walled cup-skyphos provides the necessary components for the genesis of the cup-kantharos with moulded rim; a fresh distribution of the parts and a change of emphasis and proportions create new classes of shapes which in turn are productive of others. The steps by which this transformation took place can be plotted with some accuracy, though the line of argument is not straight nor unbroken. In the cup-skyphos, the bowl is the largest member with tlhe concave lip a much smaller addition above. However, in a piece as 621, of the early 4th century, the lip is itself divided into two parts, a narrow neck and a thickened rim; the bowl also is losing height. The foot of the heavy-walled cupskyphos has, as noted, a heavy lower member and a narrower upper member or neck on which the stem rests and it is this ratio of parts that becomes the characteristic of the cup-kantharos and kantharos feet in the 4th century. Although it has already been seen (p. 103) that 28 A somewhat similar scheme may be found on Boeotian kantharoi, e.g, an example in Cardiff, National Museum of Wales, ace. no. 48.126/119. 2g See B.C.H., LXXVII, 1953, pp. 322-345 (Courbin). So E.g. Hamburg 1936.2. Arch. Anz., 1940, cols. 5-6, figs. 1-2, and see cols. 2-3 for others. 31 On representations, see especially Beazley, EVP, p. 72 and A . K . , IV, 1961, pp. 52-53. 32 Filow and Schkopil, Trebenischte, p. 30, figs. 26, 27, 1

and 27, 2; Jahresh., XXVII, 1932, pp. 11-19; Strong,

GRGSP, p. 60, fig. 14 a. Second half of 6th c., silver. 33 Beazley, EVP, p. 72. "E.g., such baskets as Athens, Kerameikos inv. 1307 (Kindergrab 50): Kerameikos, V, 1, pl. 118; Munich inv. 6186: CVA 3(9) pl. 119(401) 2; and cf. CVA Reading l(12) text to pl. 8(535) 4. 35 An example in Frankfort, noted under 645, shows a solnewhat similar treatment, but the relationship is not close.

118

SHAPE STUDIES: BLACK AND FINE WARES

the reserving of the underside continues until the second quarter of the 4th century, e.g. on stemless cups where there is a wide area for display, it is the very tail-end of a tradition, and other shapes had adopted the black underside ~vithcentral nipple before the end of the first quarter of the 4th century. Cup-skyphoi mith reserved underside are likely to date before 375 B.c., and they take with them the cup-kantharoi 648-652. The step from 621 to 648 is not great: the foot is the same, the rim very similar, only the proportion of bowl to neck has changed, the latter becoming a deep concave member. ~ e t a i l s of stamping and decorative treatment of undersides confirm the development outlined above; compare 651, P1. 28, a fragmentary cup-kantharos, with the cup-skyphoi on P1. 27, and the line from 614 through 648 a8nd651, to 660, on Pls. 55 and 56 is similarly close. After the establishment of the various shapes of cup-kantharos in the 4th century, their development follows closely parallel lines, the details of which are given below, but which may be summarized in general: heightening of the upper wall, growth of a stem above an increasingly taller foot, gradual disappearance of stamped patterns through the inaccessability of the field. The development may, in many details, be compared with-that of the much larger, figured and black, calyx-kraters of the same period. MOULDED RIM 648-670 P1.28 Fig. 7 CUP-KANTHAROS: STANDARD 648-665 It is this class of 4th century cupsF6 as we have seen, that is the progenitor of all the series that follow, not sole ancestor but the most important. It is the commonest of these related shapes a t Olynthos and seems to have been in full production by 350 B.C. In form, it is a deep cup with low bow1P7 high concave neck and a moulded rim that develops from the thickened rim of the earliest examples; sometimes the rim is solid, more often hollow, as can be seen on 656, a layer of clay covering the straight rim and forming a hollow channel. The foot is modelled closely on that of the cup-skyphos, reserved and banded beneat'h in the early examples, e.g. 651-652, later concave and black mith a down-pointing nipple at the center, i.e. 653-662.38 The handles are cup-handles, starting near the top of the bowl and rising to the level of, or above, the rim. There is usually a scraped groove in the resting surface, one separating the lower and upper members of the foot, and one just above the junction of foot and wall. The general development of the shape is towards a taller, narrower cup, the foot smaller and higher, with a more pronounced stem. The concave neck becomes taller in proportion to the bowl, a.nd the handles reach an unprecedented level of ungainliness. That this development deviates is seen in 654, which has been shown by C ~ r b e t t,o t ~be ~ as late as 655, yet is much broader and lower than normal. The stamped patterns are simple, in accordance with the limited space available at the bottom of the deep cup: linked palmettes or a pa,lmette cross within rouletting. Even this simple decoration is reduced on occasion to rouletting or palmettes only, and is abandoned before the last quarter of the century. Two by-products of this shape might be mentioned. 663 and 664 are in all respects firmly anchored to t'he center of this class, except that the foot is not the canonical foot of 651-662 but a turned foot, more elaborate and more finely made.40 665 has a very similar

Hesperia, XXIV, 1955, pp. 172-186 (Corbett). a9 Hesperia, XXIV, 1955,p. 176. Another broad and shallow The bowl is most commonly plain; two specimens from version, but with plain concave lip, is not represented in the Olynthos show that it was at times ribbed:Olynthus, V, pl. 150, Agora but is known from an example in Copenhagen, 373: 527 and XIII, pls. 189 and 191, 518. CVA 4(4) pl. 179(182) 6. 38 One example in the Agora P 10682 P 10:1, and one in 40 It is found on other kantharos shapes, e.g. 720, 721 and Salonioa from Olynthos: Olynthus, XIII, pl. 183,502, have 733 and cf. 678 and 682. feet similar to those of the kantharoi with squat rim (see below 681-686), the outer face in several degrees. 36

37

KANTHAROS

119

foot but deviates from the normal further in the proportions of the body and the form of the rim. I t is difficult to set a precise date for the appearance of the cup-kantharos with moulded rim. The earliest pieces that we can recognize as cup-kantharoi, 648-649, belong to the time about which we have least knowledge, the early 4th century, and we have seen that by the middle of the century the shape was well advanced. A date between 390 and 380 B.C. would seem to fit the evidence best. The shape lasts int,o the Hellenistic period, down to cu. 275 B . c . ~ ~ FILLETED STEM

666

666 has a fillet at the jnnction of the narrow stem and bowl. Although the foot is missing, other examples mentioned under 666 in the catalogue show that there was a groove in the middle of the stem a.nd the thin foot-plate was grooved on t'he outer face.42 The pra,ctice of painting a name, here Aphrodite, in added clay is known from other shapes; coinpare 669 and see p. 21. The date of 666 seems to be mid-4th century B.C. 667-669 This uncommon class of cup-kantharos has foot and handles of orthodox shape, but its body is spherical, curving in above as well as below. This deep globe is topped by a narrow neck and thickened rim which are close t,o those of the heavy-walled cup-skyphos and once more establish the basic connection. 668 is vertically ribbed, and this seems to have been the more . ~ a neck fragmentl, shows the practice of decorating the neck usual variety of the ~ h a p e669, with a name in added clay, here Amphiaru, to have been used on this shape, and before the middle of the century; compare 666 and see p. 20. All Agora examples of the globular cup-kantharos seem to belong to the second quarter of the century; that it was being produced in the third quarter is proved by an example in London, 88.6-1.719, in which the proportions are characteristic of the period after the middle of tlhe century. GLOBULAR

670 Going closely with 667-669 is 670, a version with more pointed body, smaller foot and deeper neck. Examples from O l y n t l ~ o sall , ~ ribbed, indicate that it is a variant of the globular shape. Olynthos also provides one specimen of this shape with spurred for which evidence is lacking in the Agora. The version with plain rim is catalogued belov, 679480. POINTED BODY

CUP-KANTHAROS: PLAIN RIM 671-690 P1.28 Fig. 7 STANDARD 671-678 The facts that no cup-kantharos of this class has a reserved underside, as do 651-652, all having the later concave underside, and that only two are known from O l y n t h ~ indicate s~~ that t,he plain-rim cup-kantharos was a later invention than that with moulded rim, deriving in fact from the earlier shape but abandoning the moulded rim. The elements of this shape are the same as for the cup-kantharos with moulded rim, except that the concave wall rises to a straight rim, unencumbered by a moulding. Development also runs parallel: a heightening of the concave wa,ll, shrinking of the foot which grows a stem, For a published Agore example of the Hellenistic period, see P 5719 E 14:l Hesperia, V, 1936, p. 38, fig. 38, left; XXX, 1961, pl. 93 d, early 3rd century. 42 For later examples of this shape, see Bull. Vereen., XXXIII, 1958, p. 51, figs. 12-14. '3 See Salonica: Olynthus, XIII, pl. 189, 517; pl. 186, 519; pls. 82 and 191, 521. [See p. 380.1

4Walonica: Olynthus, XIII, pls. 190 nnd 191, 520; V, pl. 150, 526-528. 45 Salonica: Olynthus, XIII, pls. 189 and 192, 522. 46 Salonica: Olyr~thus,V, pl. 150, 532 (said to have "concentric circles reserved on base," but inspection of the actual piece showed this t o be untrue) and XIII, pls. 184 and 185, 497.

120

SHAPE STUDIES: BLACK AND FINE WARES

deepening of the bowl which becomes more pointed towards the foot, and lengthening of the handles. In fact from being a low broad cup, it becomes tall and narrow, the emphasis vertical, not horizontal. 671 may be the earliest in the series, for, even though the vertical upper wall, without an outward curve, is not usual, it is doubtful if it demands a separate class. Ribbing, found rarely on cup-kantharoi with moulded rim but noticed on the globular variety, e.g. 668 and on that with pointed body, 670, is an elaboration frequently used in this class, e.g. 673 and 674. 678 has the turned foot already seen on 663-665. Stamped patterns follow those indicated for the cup-kantharoi with moulded rim, simple and stereotyped: palmettes, linked or free, mithin rouletting, or rouletting alone. However, 671 and 673 have eight linked palmettes, 674 five, an indication that more attention was paid to the decoration of these interiors, especially when still low and wide, than to those of the kantharoi with spurred handles. Again stamping and ro~lett~ing have ceased before the last quarter. The earliest examples of this shape date from contexts of the second quarter of the century and the latest belong well down in the Hellenistic period.47 POINTED BODY

679-680

This class is allied to the cup-kantharos typified by 670. The proportion betveen bowl and upper d l has the emphasis on the bowl, which is sharply pointed. The upper wall is more sharply concave than has been seen before, and the maximum diameter is found at the rim. The handles are the usual high cup handles; no foot has been preserved in the Agora examples, but it can be supplied from a more complete specimen found at O l y n t h ~ s it; ~resembles ~ that of 670. As with the globular shape, vertical ribs are common. Although neither 679 nor 680 have impressed decoration inside, the Olynthos example mentioned above has rouletting. The time span is short, and the shape had only a limited appeal. An early version with low broad bowl but the same flaring rim is found at O l y n t h o ~The . ~ ~ fact that it has a reserved underside with circles of black glaze, and that the stamped design has ovules and not rouletting should make it the earliest of the class and perhaps put its date in the first quarter of the 4th century; compare a similar forerunner for the cup-ka'ntharos with squat rim, below. The shape goes down into the third quarter. SQUAT RIM

681-685

An uncommon class of c u p - k a n t h a r ~ sthe , ~ ~version with squat rim differs from the more normal plain-rimmed cup-kantharos in two respects: the upper wall is less deep, rising vertically and then turning out sharply at the rim, and the lower section of the foot has two grooves in the outer face, forming a three-stepped foot; see Fig. 7, 684. In other respects, the shape and development follow the course common to all the different classes: heightening of bowl, shrinking of foot, rising of handles. In this shape, the distinction of separate elements becomes less clear as the shape develops and the well-articulated cup typified by 683 gives way to the lifeless outline of 685. Stamped patterns are normal, the majority of the designs consisting of four palmettes within rouletting, that of 682 being more finely done than most. The shape ranges from the second to the third quarter of the century. It is possible that the shape may begin slightly earlier, as one from Olynthos51has a reserved underside decorated with circles of black glaze; also the stamped design has four linked palmettes within ovules, not within the more common rouletting; compare the early cup-kantharos with pointed body and flaring rim from Olynthos, noted above. The shape is never ribbed. 47 For published Agora examplesfrom the Hellenistic period see P 740 H 16:3 Hesperia, 111, 1934, p. 338, fig. 18, B 17; cf. also, P 738, B 18; and P 5811 E 1 4 : l Hesperiu, V, 1936, p. 38, fig. 38, right, of the early 3rd century. 48 Salonica: Olynthus, V, pl. 150, 529.

Salonica : Olynthus, XIII, pls. 183 and 185, 499. CVA Reading l(12) text to pl. 34(561)7: "kantharoid cup-kotyle." 51 Salonica: Olynthus, XIII, pls. 184 and 187, 498. 49

50

KANTHAROS

I21

The heavy-walled cup-skyphos was the ancestor, near or remote, of most of the cup-kantharos and kantharos series of the 4th century. If the light-walled cup-skyphos has any claim to be considered the progenitor of a 4th century shape, it is in the bowl-shaped cup-kantharos that we should see some vestiges of that earlier shape. This class52is characterized by an open bowl with no concave ~vallabove it. The shape of the bowl differs somewhat throughout the series in a way which suggests not development but rethinking. That of 686 is lorn and wide at the top, with the maximum diameter at the rim; it is early, for the underside is reserved and circled. The bowl of 687 and 688 is deeper with more incurve at the rim, setting the maximum diameter a little below it, whereas 689 and 690, by context later than 687 and 688, have bowls which are more open at the rim, though deeper than the previous two. The rising handles, where preserved, also indicate a variation not connected with development. This lack of cohesion in the series is further indicated by the shape of the foot; seeFig. 7, 686,688,690.690, with 687 and 689, have the normal kantharos foot inits developed form, whereas 686 and 688 have the three-stepped foot which is found also on cup-kantharoi with squat rim (see p. 120). The stamped patterns inside follow the designs common on other shapes, but are more rare, sometimes simply rouletting. None of the later series are stamped or rouletted. The series, if it can be considered as one, begins perhaps in the first quarter of the century, well before the light-walled cup-skyphos had ceased, and continues into the last quarter, going down, though with changed form, into the Hellenistic period.53 There seem to be no instances of the shape at Olynthos.

CALYX-CUP 691-695 PI. 28 Fig. 7 The basic connection between $1 the shapes of cup-kantharos and kantharos, except the bowl-shaped, 686-690, and the goblet, 722-723, is the combination of concave upper wall and rounded bowl below. These elements are characteristic of a cup without handles or foot, but like the phia,le, supplied with a central boss inside; here called Ealyx-cup.~There is no certain connecttion between the shallow phiale (pp. 105-106) and this deeper shape, but it is likely that the two are related, in view of the elaborate vertical ribbing of 691 and the horizontal ribbing of 693, bot,h characteristics of the shallower shape. The presence of the central boss is another linking feature, and t.he plastic heads which decorate the insides of 693-695 can be pa,ralleled by the 5th century terracotta phiale made by Sotades with a cicada on the boss.55 5th century bo~vlsof the same shape as the 4th century Attic calyx-cups are to be found in Achaernenid pottery and s i l ~ e r w o r k and , ~ ~ this is a possible source of influence. In view of its similarity to the cup-kantharos and kantharos series, the calyx-cup is best considered here. The concave upper wall of the calyx-cup is low and broad in the second quarter of the 4th century when the shape first appears in clay in the Agora, and even a t this date is sometimes elaborated with added clay d e ~ o r a t i o n Later . ~ ~ the upper wall becomes taller and narrower, a,nd the added clay decoration increases in fancifulness. The rounded lower wall is commonly 62 Ure, BGP, p. 31; Beazley, E V P , p. 239; Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, p. 74, under no. 9 (D. B. Thompson); Ath. Mitt., LXXIX, 1964, pp. 55-56 and 81-82 (Kopcke). 53 The shape lasts well into the Hellenistic period; see Beazley, EVP, p. 239, but usually alters the shape of the rini, as Brussels inv. A 1668: C V A 3(3) pl. 3(138) 12; Tiibingen G 3: Watzinger pl. 50; and Wiirzburg 728: Langlotz, W, pi. 223; Ath. Mitt., LXXIX, 1964, Beil. 46, 8. The name I owe to G. Roger Edwards who has made a general study of the kantharoi. On the shape, see Bull. Vereet~., XXVIII, 1953, pp. 1-21 and XXXII, 1957, pp. 62-65 (By-

vanck- Quarles van Ufford); von Bothmer, A.N.Y., p. 70, text to 276; -4th. Mitt., LXXIX, 1964, pp. 53-55 and 81 (Kopcke); Strong, GRGSP: pp. 99-101 (Achaemenid deep bowl). 55 ARB 772, 6. 56 Silver: Dalton, Treasure of the O s u s , p. 45, fig. 72, 182; A.J.A., LXVI, 1962, pl. 41, fig. 1a. Pottery: op. cit., pl. 41, fig. 1b. Such bowls, doubtless metal, itre also carried in the sculptured procession at Persepolis ; of. Persepolis, 11,frontiepiece and detail, 111. 70 c. 67 See under 691.

122

SHAPE STUDIES: BLACK AND FINE WARES

grooved, that of 691 with broad petals, t'hat of 692 \\-it11 more closely packed and less carefully made lines; occasionally the ribbing is horizontal, e.g. 693. The proportions of the bowl alter from broad and low to high and narrow. I n some instances, 693-695, the central boss is made in the shape of a head: negro, negress, actor, satyr. This shape is common in silver,% being especially popular in Macedonia. Although van Ufford, followed by von Bothmer, dates these in the early 3rd century, there is every reason to think, in view of the Agora that some go back to the middle years of the 4th century. In clay the shape lasts until the first quarter of the 3rd century. P1.29 Fig. 7 MOULDED RIM AND PLAIN RInx 696-704, 706-714 There is no evidence for the kantharos in either of its two main varieties,60whether moulded or plain rim, being produced as early as the cup-kantharos. The underside is always concave mith central nipple and the stamped patterns are complete with rouletting on the earliest pieces. In origin the shape would seem to derive from the cup-kantharos with alteration of the handles only: they join above and below and make this version of the kantharos much sturdier than the cup-kantharos; the handles are substantial, roughly square in section and have horizontal spurs level with the rim.61 Spurred vertical handles are known in 5th century Attic, but only rarely,62 and then of much more delicate make; they are unlikely to have been the source of inspiration for the 4th century shape. The development of the handles during the 4th century can be seen on Plate 29,706-714, the spurs small and pointed in the beginning, becoming longer, with straighter sides and squared ends, with the start of a flare on 714. The raising of the upper wall leads to the lengthening of the vertical member of the handle.63 The development of the details these series share mith the cup-kantharoi goes pari passu with them, and may be seen by comparing Pls. 28 and 29, and are not rehearsed here. Ribbing is found in the second quarter of the century, but not in Agora examples,64 an accidental ratLherthan an indicative situation. The plain-rimmed kantharos, 706-714, would seem to be one of the latest to be created as it is not at all common in the second quarter; only one example, and that doubtful, is published from O l y n t h ~ s and , ~ ~ Agora deposits which have produced them contain material mainly of the years after 350 B.G. Also only the earliest have stamped patterns inside: four palmettes within rouletting. Added clay decoration is found in the early period, e.g. 702, but it is much more common at the end of the century and in the early 3rd century.66 KANTHAROS 696-723

13 and cf. Hesperia, XXIII, 1954, p. 73 under nos. 1 and 2 58 These are discussed by Strong, GRGSP, pp. 99-101 and fig. 23, under the name "Achaemenid deep bowl." Add to (D. B. Thompson). The shape is borrowed by Corinth. One Agora piece, the earlier examples which he notes : P 24143, of ca. 325 B.c., is Corinthian, with pale clay and 1. Baltimore, Walters 57.1843. 2. New York, Baker Coll.: von Bothmer, A.N.Y., glaze almost totally peeled. pl. 100, 276. 62 See for instance 630, bolsal; and New Haven, Yale 434: 3. Nikosia, Cyprus, from Vouni, 292 C: J.H.S., Baur, p. 222, fig. 100, light-walled cup-skyphos. 63 The progressive changes in the handle-spurs were first XLIX, 1929, p. 238, fig. 6, above; Die Antilie, IX, 1933, p. 277, fig. 7 ;S.C.E., 111, pl. 90, 6-7, pl. 92 outlined by Corbett in an unpublished analysis of the o and IV, 2, p. 160, fig. 33, 10; Hesperia, XXX, Agora series. Moulds for spurred handles have been found in the Agora, but are of the late 4th century and the 3rd 1961, pl. 94 e and p. 387. In silver both shallow and deep phialai are found together century. 64 See Olynthus, V, pl. 150,525 and XIII, pls. 190 and 192, (see Strong, GRGSP, p. 217), but the development of the shape in terracotta seems to have been as indicated in the 522 A and B. text here. 65 Olynthus, XIII, pl. 82, 510 A = pl. 185, 513 A. Not cer50 Cf. Webster in Hesperia, XXIX, 1960, p. 271, note 87. tainly belonging to the second quarter. Strong, GRGSP, p. 100, gives 300 B.C. in connection with Late 4th and early 3rd century kantharoi with plain rim Attic black calyx-cups, but 350 B.C. would be nearer the published from the Agora are e.g. P 18570-1 B 19 :6 Hesperia, mark. XX, 1951, pl. 53 a, Pyre 7 4 and -5. For P 18571 see also a0 On the shape, see C V A Reading l(12) text to p1. 33(560) Ath. AIitt., LXXIX, 1964, p. 52, no. 289.

KANTHAROS

123

705 This is an uncommon form of kantharos. The elements of foot, lower and upper malls and rim are the same as those for the moulded-rim kantharos, but the single handle spans from the upper part of the lower wall to the bottom edge of the moulding, not to the rim; there is also no spur to it.6' The cup is narrower than the other more normal kantharoi, is sometimes ribbed, and never found with stamping.68 ONE-HANDLED

715-721 Three small classes of kantharoi may be considered under one heading for, although they differ in more than one detail, they share the characteristics found for the plain-rimmed kantha,roi and also, what is their chief connection, have handles which are elaborately treated near the rim. The decoration takes three different forms: 1. Double handles which are knotted near the rim and have shouldering: 716-718. Double knotted handles are found in the 5th century and are common later.69 The knots were known as "Heraklean" (Athenaeus, XI, 580 A). 2. Double handles with shouldering, which have a spool-shaped rotelle near the rim: 719. The rotelle is found in the 5th century70 but is never as common then or later a's the knot'ted handles. 3. Single strap-handles joining just below the rim, with an ivy leaf for thumb-rest:'l 720721. The ivy leaf is not known before the 4th century as a plastic embellishment. The foot of the knotted-handle kantharos is usually the normal foot found on most 4th century cup-kantharoi and kantharoi ; that of the rotelle-handled kantharos has the threestep foot noted for the cup-kantharos with squat rim and the bowl-shaped; the foot of the ivy thumb-rest kantharos is the turned foot which was used intermittently for the cup-kantharos, e.g. 663-665, 678. The elegance of this last foot accords with the more decorative treatment given to the upper wall, invariably an ivy wreath in added clay. 718, a kantharos which shares the detail of the knotted handles with 716 and 717, differs from them in having a deep body with single curve, not divided into upper wall and rounded bowl. No other kantharos of exactly this shape has been found, and the missing foot has been restored as a turned foot, the rarer alternative for the more normal shape.72 The three divisions of this class belong to the second half of the 4th century. No certain inst'ance is known before 350 B.c., either from context or from typological development. SPECIAL HANDLES

This type of handle is found on a two-handled kantharos in Salonica, from Olynthos: Olynthus, V, pl. 151, 533; it is doubtfully Attic. 68 Other examples are : 1. Cambridge 29.19: CVA 2(11) pl. 30(509) 2 ; not certainly Attic. 2 . From El Cigarralejo (Mula, Murcia,): Archivo levant., X, 1963, p. 120, fig. 21, 83. 3. Geneva M F 216: St. Etr., Suppl. 1959, pl. 24, fig. 10, right; CVA l(1) pl. 35(35) 25. 4. London 94.11-1.514. 5. Nikosia, Cyprus, 1961/4-1/10, from Marion: B.C.H., LXXXVI, 1962, p. 360, fig. 42, 10 and p. 361, fig. 47. 6. Oxford, 1966.340: Beazley Oifts 1912-1966, pl. 55, 391. 7-8. Paris, Louvre 784 and CA 2284, both ribbed; the former not certainly Attic. 9. Poznad: CVA (3) pl. 5(121) 3. Not Attic. 10. Private: St. Etr., Suppl. 1959, p1. 24, fig. 10, left.

11-12. Salonica from Olynthos: Olynthus, V, pl. 148, 508 and pl. 166, 728, the latter most likely the same as the profile drawing XIII, pl. 185, there numbered 510. Later than 348 B.C. 13-14. Salonica from Olynthos: Olynthus, XIII, pl. 188, 510 and 511. 69E.g. for 5th century mugs, see p. 73. See also B.S.A., XXIX, 1927-28, p. 213; Wolters, Agonen, pp. 5-9; Beazley VPol, p. 60; Richter and Milne, p. 27. 70 E.g. for the feet of the Cleveland bronze lebes, Cleveland 1871.28: Bull. Cleveland, XV, 1928, pp. 193 and 197; Bull. Metr. Mus., XIX, 1960-61, p. 139, fig. 9. 71 A mould, P 17087 H-K 12-14, is for a thumb-rest of ivy shape. Both this thumh-rest and the placing of the handle with the upper attachment below the rim continues into the Hellenistic period on kitntharoi of the West Slope shape, e.g. P 2860 and P 2859 G 13 :4 Hesperia, 111, 1934, p. 320, fig. 5, A 30 and A 31 ; P 1107 H 16 :3 ibid., p. 335, fig. 15, B 4 and P 907 H 16:3 ibid., p. 338, fig. 18, B 21. 7 2 As Athens 2355: Ath. Mitt., XXVI, 1901, p. 74, 17. See under 718 for details of restoration.

SHAPE STUDIES: BLACK AND FINE WARES

124 GOBLET

722-723

The goblet kantharos is rare in Attic, and the two catalogued here are the only examples found in the Agora excavations. Few are known from elsewhere, and the shape does not seem to have been popular. 722 and 723 are basically similar in their form, but there are many small differences which should not be overlooked: thickness of the wall, profile of the foot, shape of the handles, and these are differences not only of date but of outlook and most probably of workshop also. It is doubtful whether a connection can be established between these two and t'he more common bowl-shaped kantharos which is the counterpart of the bowl-shaped cupkantharos and is popular in the early Hellenistic period.s3 73 See Beazley, EVP, pp. 235-236 and, as Attic examples, Providence 25.080: CVA l(2) pl. 27(81) 4.

P 4098 G 13:4 Hesperia, 111,1934, p. 320: fig. 5, A 32; later,

ONE-HANDLER 724-776

Pls. 30, 31, 56 Figs. 8, 22

The name one-handler, like three-wheeler and two-seater, has made a virtue of necessity: an unavoidable but specific term. Miss Rlilne has now restated the case for the Attic name as kanastron;l R. M. Cook was the first to suggest that ~&vao-rpovand ~&vccoOovmay have had claims as the ancient name.2 The shape may also have gone by the name of spirph~ov,aa common name for porringer. The shape is a low bowl furnished with one horizontal handle attached just below the rim. The bowl rests on a low foot; this is usually a ring foot, but other shapes were tried. The rim, which is one of the distinguishing features of the shape, is broad on top, often rounded and slightly overhanging on the inside.4 The overhang has a particular purpose: it checks a,nd guides the flow of the liquid. Practical experiments have proved the one-handler an excellent bowl to drink from, though it may also have held solids, porridge or gruel. The shape also makes an ideal bowl for travellers and soldiers, as it is flat, can be attached to the qelt or knapsack, and is thick enough to stand hard wear. I n popularity the one-handler is equal to the skyphos and retains its position as the commonest shallow bowl through the 4th century; it does not seem to go down into the Hellenistic period, a t which tinie the handleless bowl is established. As with the commoner types of skyphos (p. 81) the handle develops through the stages of bell, horseshoe and triangle, e.g. 724, 752, 770. Although the examples selected and shown on Pls. 30-31 give an impression of considerable range in size, the common size, so usual that it might be called standard, is that shown, e.g., for the banded examples by 737-740 and for black by 749-751. There are five basic varieties of one-handler, of which the first two are by far the most common: Banded 724-743

Black 744-763

Deep 764-770

Small 771-775

Conical 776

See "The Poem entitled Kiln" in Noble, Techniques,pp. 102-113 and p. 210, figs. 260-261, here 748. 2 C1. Rev., LXV, 1951, p. 9, on afragment of a one-handler from Naukratis in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, N 9 9 4 1 0 4 a: B.S.A., V, 1898-99, p. 5 and pl. 5, 111. See further M. J. Milne as noted above, note 1. See also p. 8. Aristophanes, Ach., 278; Eq., 650; V., 937; Av., 77-79; Ec., 252; fr. 148 c, et al.

4 In this study the rim has been used to connect together those bowls which are fragmentary but which are presumed originally to have had one handle. One or two bowls with such a rim but with two handles, e.g. Oxford 1932.109, show that caution is necessary.

ONE-HANDLER

BANDED724-743

125

PI. 30 Fig. 8

The banded one-handler belongs basically to the late archaic period; though examples are known in the early classical and classical periods, they are not many, and the black onehandlers are much more common then. The banded wa'll, inside and out, is a typically archaic treatment which the potters and painters of later times jettisoned. Rarely in the non-figured shapes after the archaic period is the same attention paid to the glaze decoration, and the banding of the archaic period which the round-mouthed jugs, PI. 8, the olpai, PI. 12, 255-261, the cups, PI. 18, and the plates, P1. 36, 1002-1007, exemplify, is abandoned in favor of the all black. The basic elements of the shape have been mentioned above, but the differences in foot, mall, rim and handle and the permutations of banding are various, though certain chronological distinctions can be derived from them. For the handle, the development is from bell-shaped, the roots widely separated, to horseshoe-shaped, the roots narrowing; the change can be best observed by contrasting the earliest, 724, with the latest in the series, 743. Intermediate stages can be marked, though the individual shapes of handles do not conform to such an extent as, say, the handles of the Corinthian-type skyphoi. There are also idiosyncrasies in the shape of the handle, as the broad arch of 735. The shapes of wall and rim, best considered together, show both development and rethinking; the earlier pieces have a single curve from rim to foot, the later, e.g. 741-743, have an angled wall, steep above, then coming in sharply towards the foot, whereas the intermediate shapes show much variety. 730, taller and less broad than normal (cf. 731Fig. 8) has a flat, outturned rim, as do 728 and 741 ; the rim of 735 is tightly curled inwards and rounded on top, and there are many with rims similarly shaped. The rim is however usually horizontal, e.g. 724 and 725, but in some cases, 735-737, there is a pronounced curve in the surface. No chronological significance can be claimed for this, but it may betray a difference of workshop. I t is, however, the foot which shows most divergence, and this inability to settle on a fixed shape, even when allo~vanceis made for the customary experiment in the early stages, is in marked contrast to the black one-handlers which had benefited from these prior endeavors. Although inset underside, as 724 and 743, disc foot, 725, bevelled foot, 727, ring foot, torus and flaring, 733 and 742, are found, it is true to say that in general the ring foot is later than the other varieties, a statement to which 743 is the most obvious exception. The handle is, in the majority of cases, black on the outside with the handle-panel reserved; the exceptions are those where the handle has been dipped and the glaze covers inside and out, e.g. 739 and 742. The treatment of the underside varies considerably, but even when considered with the divergence in other details this fact cannot be considered as an indication that t'he banded one-handlers were the product of numerous shops. The basic similarities of all the one-handlers might rather point to the production of one or two shops only. The basic scheme adopted for the underside was one or two circles, closely surrounding a central dot, e.g. 730, 735, 742; the larger shapes added one or two more circles between foot-ring and center, e.g. 727, 741. I n some cases the scheme for the decoration of the underside was adopted for the center of the floor inside. Any emphasis put on the number of ba,nds and the nature of the banding for chronology is likely to be fallaci~us.~ One central black band, occasionally supplemented below with a black line, e.g. 727 and 740, is the sole decoration of the wall outside; very occasionally the band is a t the top or bottom of the wall, e.g. 736. It is more common for the outer face of the foot to be black than to be reserved ; the inner face, with the obvious exception of the disc foot, is always black. The rim is either black or resewed. 011 the inside, there is usually a reserved central disc, decorated with glazed circle and dot; in certain cases, usually 5 Banding is found on other shapes which continue after the production of banded one-handlers ceased, e.g. Large

Bowl, PI. 4, Household-ware Jug, Pls. 73-74, Lelrane, P1. 85.

126

SHAPE STUDIES: BLACK AND FINE WARES

late, the inside is totally glazed, indicating perhaps an impatience with the niceties of the tradition, e.g. 736, 739, 741, 743. None of the details mentioned above are in themselves an indication of the date of the cup. A considerat'ion of them in concert can lead to a fairly definite chronological arrangement, within the 70 years or so that they were produced, from about 520 to 450 B.c., showing that the slighter fabric of the early one-handlers leads on to the later, more clumsy products which were replaced by the black one-handlers of the following section.

BLACK 744-763 Pls. 30-31 Fig. 8 The one-handler6 is one of the commonest shapes in the black glaze repertoire. It is less common before 480 B.C. than the banded one-handler, but soon becomes the more popular version of the shape and lasts until near the end of the 4th century. The component elements of the shape are the same that we have noted for the majority of the banded variety: broad, shallow bowl, horizontal handle set just below the rim, flat rim and ring foot. Although onehandlers with disc foot, e.g. 745 and bevelled foot 747, were made, they are too few and scattered to be considered as conscious attempts at distinct classes ; the experiments with feet occur early in the history of the shape and serve to illustrate once again the initial restless phase before the establishment of the type. The ring foot itself appears in many varieties: torus, flaring with narrow resting surface, with broad resting surface, with concave moulding on inner face, as 757, with profiled outer face, 759. The treatment of the underside is quite as various. Total glazing, though commonest in the 4th century, is found intermittently in the 5th century, e.g. 746,747,751 ; decoration of the reserved underside shows a bewildering assortment of designs, and here also no chronological precision can be derived from the treatment, which is found as late as 375 B.c., e.g. 758. Although the foot and treatment of the underside are too variable to provide typological assistance, the shape and development of the handle and the bowl give evidence for the progress of the cup. The handle follows the normal course, starting as a fairly small arch with widespread roots and advancing on the inevitable route through the horseshoe-shaped handle of such pieces as 749-753, to the rising triangular handle of the 4th century, 760-762. In some of the early pieces, e.g. 747-748, the space between the handle-roots is reserved, but this is rare. The wall, for most of the 5th century, is a single curve from rim to foot ; towards the end of the century the rim begins to flare, 752, and the curve becomes double, until in the 4th century the bowl has a sharp angle in the middle of the wall and a sharply pronounced flare a t the rim, e.g. 762-763. The rim itself is more square in section than is found in the banded variety, and the distinction between the rim and the inner and outer faces of the wall is sharp. Impressed decoration appears intermittently from the last quarter of the 5th century onward: 752, 753, 756, 769 on P1. 56, and the pieces mentioned under them in the Catalogue. The wide area on the floor of the bowl affords space for an elaborate pattern, of which that of 752 is the most detailed. The outer linked palmettes were abandoned in favor of a simpler and duller pattern, e.g. 753 and 756; and in the 4th century linked palmettes within rouletting became routine, 759. The size of the black one-handlers varies from such pieces as 748 and 752 to small versions as 746 and the 4th century series, but the majority are standard. As there are no figured one-handlers: the dating of the development is tentative. The ostrakon 744 firmly fixes the beginning of the shape before 480 B.c., and the stamped pieces help 6 On the shape, see Hesperia, IV, 1935, pp. 507-508 (Talcott) and XVIII, 1949, pp. 330-331 (Corbett). P 17126 A 20-21 :1, noted above, p. 57, note 8, which was published as a one-handler, has a rf. kantharos on the floor and on the underside, and a black ivy wreath in a reserved

band outside; i t is most likely a bowl; cf. the bowls from Spina, Aurigemma, p. 229, pl. 109 (Tomb 422 VT). For small bowls with bf. decoration above and below, cf. CVA Oxford 2(9) text to pl. 64(428) 9-10, and below, p. 128, note 2.

ONE-HANDLER

127

to indicate the stage the shape has reached by the end of the century. In the 4th century dating is imprecise, but the typological development can be plotted with the help of the deposits. In the 5th century the black one-handler does duty for the handleless bowl, which only comes into vogue towards the end of the c e n t ~ r y . ~

DEEP 764-770 P1.30 Fig. 8 The flat rim which is a characteristic of the banded and black one-handlers is abandoned by certain potters after the middle of the 5th century, and a new shape of black one-handler is developed. The first experiments can be seen in such pieces as 764 and 765, Fig. 8, in which the wall curves sharply inwards at the rim, just at tshetime when the tendency was for the rim to be flaring and outturned, 740-741 and 751-752. By the 4th century the proportions have changed: taller bowl, narrower foot which draws in the lower part of the wall. The sharply incurving rim is more advanced than that of 764 and 765, and the now rising handle is triangular. The underside of the foot which in the 5th century is reserved or totally glazed, is totally glazed in the 4th century, usually with a groove in the resting surface. By the end of the 4th century the profile has slackened, the narrow foot is lower, has become wider, removing all tension from the incurving wall; the handle-roots are closer together and the cup has been dipped. 768, close in every other detail to 769, has holes punched in the floor before firing and was made to be used as a strainer. 767, P1. 56, is the only example of this shape which is decorated with impressed designs inside. 766, similar to the standard black one-handlers in the shape of the rim, is unusual in having a high wall, a very small foot and a coarse surface, and in being partly dipped, with the foot and lower part of the wall untouched. I t may not be Attic. SMALL 771-775 P1.31 Fig. 8 The division in size between the more common black one-handlers and these smaller editions is distinct, and there is never any doubt to which category a specific cup belongs; compare the miniatures, Pls. 45-46. This fact indicates that there was a roughly standard size which covered a particular range, and a smaller size which was equally marked. The small one-handlers do not differ from the larger ones in any particular except their size, and reserved and black undersides are found with a lack of respect for chronology and typology shared by the larger range. 771 exhibits the disc foot which was found to indicate an early 5th century date for the standard black one-handlers, and is interesting for another reason. It is the only one which belongs before the late 5th century; the rest date from ca. 430 B.C. to the early years of the 4th century. 775 is later and does not belong closely with the rest of the series, being taller than the others, with a high foot and a flaring rim; it is possible that it had two handles. CONICAL776 P1.31 Fig. 8 This deep cup has a small ring foot, steep flaring wall and offset collar to which the slender horizontal handle is attached. The brown color of the glaze and the close connection in size and shape of the few examples known (see under 776) make it likely that all belong to one workshop at one time. From the contexts in which the Agora pieces were found, this would seem to be the second quarter of the 4th century. P 5147 H 6:5 Hesperics, V, 1936, p. 341, fig.9, is best considered a one-handler, not a bowl; and see what is said on p. 124, note 4; it may belong to the Deep class.

SHAPE STUDIES: BLACK AND FINE WARES

BOWL 777-842

Pls. 32, 33, 57, 58 Figs. 8, 22

Large handleless bowls are not common in Attic pottery before the late 5th century. An Athenian of the 6th and 5th centuries loved shapes with handles solidly attached, well articulated, substantial additions to be grasped firmly. The one-handler is more popular in the three centuries discussed here than the handleless bowl, and it is not until the Hellenistic period that the bowl has a cardinal position for the potter and buyer. I t is posssible that wooden bowls were used, but it is unprofitable to enquire here into the place they held in the Greek household. The bowls discussed below have been divided into four sharply defined categories: Outturned rim 777-808 Deep wall and convex-concave profile 809-815 Shallow wall and convex-concave profile 816-824 Incurving rim 825-842 These four classes are the only four which are produced in any numbers in this peri0d.l Figured bowls are very rare, and the few examples known appear unrelated to the black ~ e r i e s . ~

OUTTURNEDRIM 777-808 P1.32 Fig. 8 Bowls with outturned rim3 are not common before the last quarter of the 5th century. 777, of the early 5th century, is the only forerunner ; the distinctive shape of the rim links up with the later series, a comparison with 778 being sufficient to show the relationship. The connection is not however direct,. The shape of the rim of 777 is close to that of the contemporary stemmed dishes, and the bowl is best considered as an experiment by the makers of the dishes to produce a more stable version of the usual shape. This connection suggests that certainly at the start t,he bowl was not for drinking, but rather for food.* The basic form which the bowl with outturned rim takes is a wide, shallow bowl resting on a low ring foot, the rim slightly thickened and projecting outwards, sometimes for suspension. Until the shape settles down to its standard form and the development advances logically, there are trial at