Armies and Frontiers in Roman and Byzantine Anatolia: Proceedings of a colloquium held at University College, Swansea, in April 1981 9780860541981, 9781407330297

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Plates
1. Introduction
2. The Roman Army in Asia Minor: Recent Epigraphical Discoveries and Research
3. Two Veterans of Legio XIII Gemina at Iconium
4. The XII Fulminata: Countermarks, Emblems, and Movements Under Trajan or Hadrian
5. Recruitment in Asia Minor for the Legio IIII Scythica
6. Tigranocerta: A Problem Misconceived
7. New Research on the Euphrates Frontier: Supplementary Notes 1 and 2
8. Provincia Osrhoenae. New Archaeological Finds Illustrating the Military Organisation under the Severan Dynasty
9. The Balkans, Anatolia, and Roman Armies Across Asia Minor
10. The Persian Campaign of Gordian II and the Inscription v-of Sahpuhr I at the Ka c be-ye Zartost
11. Policing the Hinterland: Rough Cilicia and Isauria
12. The Site of Roman Bezabde
13. Arzanene in the Late Sixth Century
14. The Defense of Byzantine Anatolia During the Reign of Irene (780-802)
15. Byzantine Anzitene
16. Qal'at Seman: A Frontier Fort of the Tenth and Eleventh Centuries
17. Byzantine and Islamic Fortifications in the Middle East -The Photographic Exhibition
18. Maps on Ancient History in the Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients with Special Reference to Anatolia
General Index
Authors Discussed
Inscriptions Published or Discussed

Citation preview

Armies and Frontiers in Roman and Byzantine Anatolia Proceedings of a colloquium held at University College, Swansea, in April 198 I edited by Stephen Mitchell with contributions from

James A. Arvites, David French, Alan S. Hall, Keith Hopwood, J. D. Howard-Johnston, C. J. Howgego, Erich Kettenhofen, C. S. Lightfoot, Stephen Mitchell, W. Saunders, T. A. Sinclair, Michael P. Speidel, Sir Ronald Syme, Jorg Wagner, Michael Whitby

British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara Monograph No. 5 BAR International Series I 5 6

1983

B.A.R.

122 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 7BP, England

GENERAL EDITORS A • R • Hands, B. Sc • , M.A • , D • Phil • D.R. Walker, M.A.

B.A.R.-s156, 1983: 'Armie s and Frontie rs in Roman and Byzantine Anatolia'

© The Individual Authors, 1983 The authors’ moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860541981 paperback ISBN 9781407330297 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860541981 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

T able o f C ontents 1 .

I ntroduction S tephen M itchell

2 .

1

T he R oman A rmy i n A sia M inor.

R ecent E pigraphical

D iscoveries a nd R esearches M ichael P . 3 .

7

T wo V eterans o f L egio X III G emina a t I conium A lan S .

4 .

S peidel

Hall

3 5

T he X II F ulminata:

C ountermarks,

Emblems a nd M ovements

u nder T rajan o r Hadrian C . 5 .

J .

H owgego

R ecruitment

4 1

i n A sia M inor f or t he L egio 1 111 S cythica

D avid F rench 6 .

T igranocerta.

4 7 A P roblem M isconceived

S ir R onald S yme 7 .

6 1

N ew R esearch o n t he Euphrates F rontier: N otes

S upplementary

1 a nd 2

D avid F rench 8 .

7 1

P rovincia O srhoenae.

N ew Archaeological F inds

I llustrating

t he M ilitary O rganisation u nder t he S everan D ynasty J örg Wagner 9 .

1 03

T he B alkans, A natolia,

a nd R oman A rmies a cross A sia M inor

S tephen M itchell 1 0.

1 31

T he P ersian C ampaign o f G ordian I II a nd t he I nscription v o f S ahpuhr I a t t he K a cb e-ye Z arto f t E rich K ettenhofen

1 1.

P olicing t he H interland:

1 51 R ough C ilicia a nd I sauria

K eith H opwood 1 2.

T he S ite o f R oman B ezabde C .

1 3.

S .

L ightfoot

A rzanene L .

1 4.

1 73

M .

i n t he

1 89 l ate S ixth C entury

Whitby

2 05

T he D efense o f B yzantine A natolia d uring t he r eign o f I rene

( 780-802)

J ames A .

A rvites

2 19

1 5.

B yzantine Anzitene J .

1 6.

D .

H oward-Johnston

Q al'at S eman:

2 39

a f rontier f ort o f t he t enth a nd e leventh

c enturies W . 1 7.

S aunders

2 91

B yzantine a nd I slamic F ortifications

i n t he M iddle

E ast - t he P hotographic Exhibition T . 1 8.

S inclair

3 05

M aps o n Ancient H istory i n t he T übinger A tlas d es V orderen O rients w ith s pecial r eference t o Anatolia J örg W agner

3 37

I ndex

3 51 L ist o f F igures

2 .1

I nscription f rom Ancyra

1 9

5 .1

I nscription f rom Kayseri

( Kayseri Mus.71-151-1)

5 7

5 .2

I nscription f rom Kayseri

( Kayseri Mus.71-151-2)

5 8

7 .1

T he E uphrates L imes

8 .1

P rovincia O srhoenae

8 .2

R oman F ort

9 9 i n t he r eign o f S eptimius S everus

a t E ski H isar

1 08

8 .3a B uilding i nscription f rom E ski H isar 8 .3b B oundary s tone

1 07

1 29

f rom K izilbur

8 .3c M ilestone f rom K izilbur 1 0.1 T he c ampaign o f G ordian I II

1 71

1 2.1 C izre a nd t he S ite o f R oman B ezabde

2 01

1 2.2 E duard S achau 's S ketch Map o f t he T igris n ear J azirat

2 02

1 3.1 B yzantine A rzanene

2 18

1 4.1 A sia M inor

2 37

1 5.1 S ketch M ap o f B yzantine A nzitene

2 89

1 5.2 S ketch M ap o f Anzitene

2 90

1 6.1 Q al'at S eman - L ocation M ap

3 00

1 6.2 S ketch p lan o f Q al'at S eman

3 03

1 7.1a U rfa C itadel

3 28

( after G uyer)

1 7.1b Antioch C itadel 1 7.2 S ahyun

( after M üller -Wiener a nd D eschamps)

1 7.3 B a ras

3 29 3 30

11

L ist o f P lates I nscription f rom I conium

4 0

C ountermarked C oins o f N eapolis

4 3

I nscription f rom Ü rkütlü

5 9

( anc.Col.Comama)

R oadway,between O ymakli a nd S eyitmahmut: H ighway, 7 .2a

S amosata t o Z eugma:

v iew w estwards

1 00

v iew n ear Ö ren, e astwards t owards G öksu b ridge

E uphrates " Gates" b elow B elikan

( near K uyulu ):

v iew w estwards

1 02

7 .2b

E uphrates " Gates" b elow B elikan ( near K uyulu ): v iew e astwards

8 .1a

E ski H isar.

F armhouse a t t he s ite o f t he R oman F ort

8 .1b

E ski H isar.

R oman F ort i n 1 911 ( photo S .Guyer). E ast F ront.

8 .1c

I nterior

8 .2a

E ski H isar.

8 .2b

R oman Q uarry a t E ski H isar

8 .3a

R oman W atch-tower i n U zunbur

8 .3b

R oman R oad N W o f A nk K öy

8 .4a

A nk K öy

8 .4b

R oman R oad NW o f K izilbur

8 .5a

F ragment o f building i nscription f rom E ski H isar

8 .5b

B oundary S tone f rom K izilbur

8 .5c

M ilestone f rom K izilbur

1 2.1a

B ezabde.

V iew o f t he H ill

1 2.1b

B ezabde.

T he w estern e scarpment o f t he h ill

1 2.2a

T he s urviving a rch o f t he T igris b ridge

1 2.2b

rch D etail o f t he d ecoration o n t he w estern p ier o f t he a

1 7.1a

T he C itadel o f U rfa,

1 7.1b

U rfa.

1 7.1c

H arran.

1 7.2a

U rfa.

Sw all,

1 7.2b

U rfa.

C ity walls, E s ide

1 7.3a

T he C itadel o f A ntioch,

1 7.3b

A ntioch.

1 7.3c

A ntioch. N E wall

B rick s tamp o f l egio 1 111 S cythica

1 24

1 25

1 26

1 27

( A ),

1 28

2 03

f rom N E ( A )

( B)

f rom N

2 04

3 31

A rrow s lit a nd Embrasure i n S wall A rrow s lit a nd Embrasure NW o uter w all 3 32

E s ection

f rom S

P row-shaped t ower o n N E

111

3 33

1 7.4a

Harran.

A rch i n v aulted g allery

1 7.4b

H arran.

S haft c apitals

1 7.5a

H arran.

S haft a nd p ilaster c apitals

1 7.5b

H arran.

C apital i n G reat M osque

1 7.5c

H arran.

A rch i n c ourtyard o f G reat M osque

1 7.6a

B a ras.

H all,

1 7.6b

B a ras.

C hapel, N s ide

1 7.6c

B a ras.

S W t ower,

f rom c ourtyard

i nner w all

i v

3 34

3 35

3 36

I NTRODUCTION S tephen M itchell

I n r ecent h istorical w ork o n t he R oman Empire a s pecial p lace h as b een a ssigned t o t he s tudy o f i ts o f i ts p ractitioners, d iscoveries,

s tudies

T hanks t o t he e nergy

a nd t he c opious f low o f n ew p ublications a nd

t he s ubject h as e ven e arned a d istinctive n ame,

L imesforschung . k nowledge,

f rontiers.

B ut t he m ilestones w hich m ark t he a dvances

i n o ur

t he s eries o f p ublished c onferences o n R oman f rontier

( twelve i n t otal,

t o d ate),

s how a marked p reference f or

s ome g eographical a reas o ver o thers.

B ritain,

t he R hine a nd t he

D anube h ave i nvariably c laimed t he l ion's s hare o f a ttention;

A frica,

t hanks a bove a ll t o a g reat F rench h istorical a nd a rchaeological t radition, h as n ot b een i gnored;

b ut t he E ast,

f rom t he C aucasus

t o t he N egev, h as b een s eriously n eglected b y c omparison. n ot h ave s eemed p roper t o R oman o r B yzantine h istorians

T his w ould

t hemselves.

W hile w e m ay r eadily a dmit t hat t he f ocus o f m ilitary a ttention m oved,

d uring t he r eign o f A ugustus h imself,

N orth t o t he R hine - D anube f rontier,

f rom S pain a nd t he E ast,

t he O rient s till o ffered a

g reat a nd t raditional e nemy, w orthy t o b e m atched a gainst t he m ight o f R ome,

i n f irst t he P arthian a nd t hen t he S assanian Empire

b oth s aw t hemselves a s h eirs A chaemenids.

1

w hich

t o t he c laims a nd t he m ajesty o f t he

T he l ongest a nd m ost d etailed a ccount o f R oman w arfare

i n t he f irst c entury A .D.

i s t o b e f ound i n T acitus'

d escription o f

t he c ampaigns a nd d iplomacy o f D omitius C orbulo i n A rmenia a nd a gainst t he P arthian r uler V ologaeses,

a nd i t c an r easonably b e a rgued t hat

s tudents o f t he n orthern f rontiers h ave n eglected m any l essons b e l earnt a bout R oman m ilitary h istory f rom t his a ccount.

t o

T he p oint

m ay b e m ade w ith e qual c onviction f or t he f ourth c entury, w hen t he s ources,

a bove a ll A mmianus M arcellinus, h ave f ar m ore t o t ell a bout

a rmies a nd f rontiers b arbarian l ands.

i n t he E ast t han t hey d o a bout t he n orthern

T he n eglect o f e astern f rontier s tudies

i s n o t rue

r eflection o f t heir i mportance. T heColloquium h eld i n S wansea i n t he s pring o f 1 981,

1

a nd t his

v olume d erived f rom i t,

r epresent

a n a ttempt t o r estore t he b alance.

T hey d o n ot,of c ourse,stand o n t heir o wn.

I n t he 1 960s,in A natolia

i tself T imothy M itford u ndertook t he f irst m ajor s urvey o f t he l imes o n t he U pper E uphrates s ince t he e nd o f t he n ineteenth c entury, h as p ublished n ew i nscriptions,

a nd

t opographical a nd a rchaeological

d iscoveries a nd a s urvey o f t he d evelopment o f t his s ection o f t he f rontier t hrough t he p rincipate. w ork i n N orthern S yria, a t Z eugma b y J .

W agner,

T here h as b een i mportant f ield

2

n otably t he s tudy o f t he 3

l egionary f ortress

a nd w ork o n t he l imes Arabicus b oth b eyond

t he J ordan a nd i n t he N egev .

I mpetus a nd u rgency h as b een i mposed

b y t he s eries o f d ams c onstructed o r p lanned o n t he U pper a nd M iddle E uphrates b y t he T urkish a nd S yrian g overnments. f rontier s ites h ave b een e xcavated b y R . T urkey, N orth E ast o f M elitene,

T wo i mportant

P . H arper,

a nd a t D ibsi F ara j

a t P a nik i n i n S yria, 4 a nd

w ork i s c urrently i n p rogress a t t he l egionary f ortress o f S amosata, d irected b y P rofessor N imet 0 zg 4, a t T ille,

u nder D r.

D avid F rench.

h istorical c ontributions,

5

a nd a t a p resumed a uxiliary f ortress T here h ave a lso b een i mportant

n otably b y A .

B .

B osworth o n t he F lavian

f rontier a rrangements a nd o n A rrian's Ektaxis kata Alanon,

6

b y G .W .

B owersock o n S yria u nder V espasian a nd o ther p roblems o f t he A rabian f rontier,

7

b y D .

L . K ennedy o n t he S everan p rovince o f M esopotamia, 8

a nd o thers b esides.

F urthermore,

t he f rontier a reas t hemselves a re

n ot t he o nly o nes t o h ave y ielded v aluable n ew e vidence;

P rofessor

S peidel h as s hown t hat t he i nscriptions o f A sia M inor a re a m ine, a s y et h ardly t apped,

o f i nformation a bout t he d isposition a nd o rg-

a nisation o f t he R aman a rmies n ot o nly i n A sia M inor a nd t he E ast, b ut a lso e lsewhere.

9

T here h ave b een i mportant c ontributions

c oncerning t he B yzantine p eriod,

a nd t wo m ay b e s ingled o ut:

t he

e xhaustive s urvey o f t he h istorical g eography o f C appadocia s ponsored b y t he Austrian A cademy a s p art o f t he Tabula Imperii Byzantini p roject,

1 0 a nd a n e xtremely v aluable d iscussion o f w arfare a nd s ociety

i n t he A rab - B yzantine f rontier l ands o f t he T aurus a nd C entral A natolia i n t he e ighth a nd n inth c enturies b y J . K ennedy.

F . H aldon a nd H .

1 1

D uring t he C olloquium t hree t hemes e merged r epeatedly i n t he p apers a nd d iscussions,

t wo w ell r epresented i n t his v olume.

T he f irst

c oncerned t he c ollection a nd i nterpretation o f d ocumentary m aterial ,

2

a bove a ll

i nscriptions.

A s P rofessor S peidel u nderlines,

t he

i nscriptions o i l A sia M inor r ave b een s o w idely s cattered i n p ublications w hich d ate b ack f or a c entury a nd m ore t hat a ttempts h ave b een d iscouraged.

a t s ynthesis

M ilitary s pecialists h ave u nderstandably

p referred t o c oncentrate o n t he e pigraphic h arvest f rom t he N orthern p rovinces r ather t han s ift t hrough t he e normous q uantity o f t exts f rom t he G reek E ast m atters.

A s h is

f or t hose w hich t hrow l ight o n R oman m ilitary

o wn s tudy s hows,

t he e ffort i s w orth m aking a nd i s

s urely b ecoming e asier w ith t he a ppearance o ver t he l ast d ecade o f c omprehensive c orpora o f t he

c ities a nd r egions o f A sia M inor.

S uch

w ork w ill g ather p ace i n t he y ears a head. T he s econd t heme w as t opography.

T ravel h as n ever b een e asy i n

t he r emoter a reas o f T urkey,

S yria a nd I raq,

t he h istorical g eography a nd

t opography o f C appadocia, A rmenia,

C o iamagene a nd M esopotamia h ave b een m atters h ypothesis.

Y et_

b oth b y w ork i n t he f ar a s

l ess

f or s peculation a nd

u nless w e k now w here p laces a re, m ilitary a nd

f rontier h istory m ake l ittle s ense.

a s

a nd m any q uestions a im ,

T here a re a dvances

t o b e m ade

f ield a nd b y c areful s tudy o f t he t exts. P articularly

t he l ate R oman a nd B yzantine p eriod i s c oncerned,

n othing

t han a c omplete r eappraisal o f t he c onclusions r eached b y E .

H onigmann i n h is e xhaustive s tudy o f t he B yzantine E astern f rontier w ill b e n ecessary b efore t he f ull h istory o f t he r egion c an b e a ttempted.

1 2

A m ajor s tart h as b een made

a nd f or C appadocia b y H ild a nd R estle.

1 4

f or M esopotamia b y D illeman, S everal o f t he p apers

1 3

i n

t his v olume m ark i mportant n ew p rogress. T he t hird t heme w as r emains,

a bove a ll

t he c hronology a nd d ating o f t he a rchaeological

t he f ortifications t hemselves.

t o e stablish w hen f ortresses,

o r c ity w alls, w ere b uilt, m uch o f t heir

s ignificance r emains o bscure.

T his

t heme i s

l ess w ell c overed i n

t he p ublished v olume f or a v ariety o f r easons. b utions

S ome o f t he c ontri-

t o t he c olloquium w ere a vowedly t entative a nd p rovisional,

i n n eed o f w ork;

U ntil i t i s p ossible

f urther r efinement o r c onfirmation b y m ore e xtended f ield

o thers, n otably b y P rofessor C .

F oss a nd b y J .

r eserved f or p ublication a t g reater l ength e lsewhere.

C row , h ave b een H owever,

t he

C olloquium w as a ccompanied b y a p hotographic e xhibition o f f orti fications a nd b oth,

i n t he N ear E ast, m ounted b y W . i n t heir p apers h ere,

i ntroduce

3

S aunders a nd T . t he t opic,

t he

S inclair,

f ormer i n

r elation t o a s ingle s ite, t he m ore i mportant

t he l atter i n a d iscussion o f f our o f

f ortresses

A cknowledgements r emain,

i llustrated i n t he e xhibition . a nd t hanks:

t o t he B ritish I nstitute

o f A rchaeology a t A nkara f or s ponsoring t he C olloquium, U niversity C ollege o f S wansea f or a cting a s h ost; w ho b y t heir p apers g athering,

t o t he d elegates

a nd d iscussions m ade s uch a s uccess o f t he

a nd t o t he c ontributors t o t his v olume f or t heir

c o-operation a nd p atience; t he

a nd t o t he

t o M rs. M aureen M idgley f or p roducing

c amera-ready t ypescript;

a nd t o A nthony H ands a nd D avid W alker

o f B ritish A rchaeological R eports

f or u ndertaking t he p ublication,

a nd s eeing i t t hrough w ith t heir u sual c ourtesy a nd e fficiency.

A n

e ditor's w ork h as r arely b een s o s traightforward. Notes 1 .

T acitus, Ann. VI.31;

C assius D io LXXX.3.4;

Amnianus Marcellinus XV11.5.5; 2 .

Julian, Or.II,

JRS 64

1 60-75;

( 1974),

' Cappadocia a nd Armenia M inor:

A NRW 11.7.2.

S eleukeia-am-Euphrat/Zeugma

4 .

See t he r eport i n

A f ull 3 2

( 1980),

H istorical

1 169-1228.

( Wiesbaden 1 976). t enth L imes

t he proceedings of t he

S tudien z ur M ilitärgrenzen R oms I I r eport o n current work a t

( 1977),

c ongress,

4 53-60.

T ille is d ue

t o appear i n A S

( 1982).

' Vespasian's Reorganization of t he North-East Frontier',

A ntichthon 10 S tudies 7 .

6 3a-b.

' Some I nscriptions from t he Cappadocian L imes',

3 .

6 .

V 1.4.5;

See e specially

Setting of t he L imes',

5 .

Herodian

( 1976),

' Arrian a nd t he A lani', H arvard

6 3-78;

i n C lassical P hilology 8 1

' Syria u nder V espasian', J RS Report o n Arabia Provincia',

6 3

( 1977),

( 1973),

2 17-53.

133-40;

note a lso

' A

J RS 6 1(1971), 2 19-42, among o ther

studies. 8 .

' Ti.

C l.

Z PE 3 6

Subatianus Aquila

( 1979),

2 55-62;

' First Prefect of Mesopotamia'',

s ee a lso h is

' Legio VI Ferrata:

t he

Annexation and E arly G arrison of Arabia', H arvard S tudies

C lassical P hilology 8 4

( 1980),

2 83-309,

i n

a nd ‚ most r ecently,

A rchaeological Explorations o n t he R oman F rontier i n N orthE ast J ordan BAR . International Series 134 4

( 1982).

9 .

' Legionaries

from Asia Minor',

and below pp. 10.

F .

I I 1 1.

H i1d and M .

A NRW 11.7.2

( 1980),

7 30-46;

7 - 3 4. Restle, K appadokien.

T abula I mperii B yzantini

( Vienna 1 981).

' The Arab-Byzantine Frontiers in

t he e ighth a nd n inth centuries:

Military Organisation a nd Society of t he Borderlands',

d es 12.

t ravaux d e

l 'Institut d 'etudes b yzantines 1 9

R ecueil

( 1980),

D ie O stgrenze d es B yzantinisches R eiches v on 3 63 b is

7 9-116.

1 071

( Brussels 1 935). 13.

L a h aute M esopotamie o rientale e t p ays a djacents

14.

O p.cit.(n./0).

5

( Paris)

1 962.

T HE R OMAN A RMY I N A SIA M INOR, R ECENT E PIGRAPHICAL D ISCOVERIES A ND R ESEARCH

M ichael P .

S peidel

R oman a rmy s tudies d epend l argely o n e pigraphical s ources, M inor i s o ne o f t he r ichest f ields R oman E mpire.

a nd A sia

f or s uch s ources i n t he e ntire

Y et t he A natolian d ocuments a re l ittle u sed b ecause

t he p ublication o f e pigraphical corpora t he r ich f inds.

i s

s o s orely l agging b ehind

O nly v ery r ecently h as t he s ituation i mproved s ome-

w hat b y t he s eries Inschri ften griechischer Städte aus K leinasien a nd t wo n ew v olumes o f t he T ituli Asiae M inoris.

O ne t herefore l ooks

w ith m uch a nticipation t o t he c oming v olumes o f t hese s eries, a nnounced c orpus o f

P hrygia

a nd t o t he R ECAM p roject o f t he B ritish

A rchaeological I nstitute a t A nkara. g reatest u rgency, C appadocian,

t o t he

S uch p ublications b eing o f t he

o ne w ould w ish t hat t he corpora f or t he P ontic,

a nd t he C ilician r egions c ould n ow a lso b e o rganized i n

s uch a w ay t hat t hey w ill b e p ursued v igorously,

a ll t he m ore s ince

t hese a reas a re p articularly n eglected. M eanwhile, h istorical s tudies, b ased o n w hatever m aterial i s a vailable,

a re a lso n eeded.

T heir p rimary a im i s,

o f c ourse,

t o

p roduce a s g ood a n u nderstanding a s p ossible o f A sia M inor a nd t he R oman E mpire.

B ut t hey m ay a lso b e h elpful i n t he p ublication o f

i nscriptions.

F or b oth r easons,

M inor

a s tudy o f t he R oman a rmy i n A sia

( or a rticles o n t he v arious a spects o f i t)

w ould b e a v ery r ewarding t ask.

i s m uch n eeded a nd

T he f ollowing i s n o m ore t han a s hort

a nd n ecessarily i ncomplete s urvey o f s elected r ecent e pigraphical d iscoveries a nd r esearches,

t ogether w ith a n umber o f o bservations ,

f or a f uture h istory o f t he R oman a rmy i n A sia M inor. T he L egions C ompared t o R .

S yme's a ccount o f V espasian's A natolian f rontier i n

t he C ambridge A ncient H istory a lmost h alf a c entury a go,

7

f ew g ains

have been made, yet they are not negligible.

establishment of the legionary base at Satala.

Most important is the Suetonius (Vesp.8)

says of Vespasian Cap p adociae p rop ter assiduos barbarorum incursus legiones addidit, consularemque rectorem imposuit.

Of the legions that

were moved to Cappadocia, one was obviously legio XII Fulminata at Melitene but the other one remained unattested.

Since Vespasian's newly

created legio XVI Flavia Firma could not be accounted for in

any other province, and since Satala was Cappadocia's second legionary base in the following century,

Syme drew a connection between the two.

But only now do we have documentary proof of it, since a tombstone for a 1 signifer of the 16th came to light at Satala. What is more, a still unpublished inscription from northern Syria mentions this legion in Syria as late as A.D. 75, from which one must conclude that the construction and manning of the Cappadocian limes under

Vespasian was accomplished over a span of many years, i.e. probably more

in response to local conditions and experiences than according 2 to a preconceived plan.

The southern Euphrates frontier, below the great gorg� consisted

of the former kingdom of Commagene, attached by Vespasian to the province of Syria.

There also one finds two legions, only much closer together,

for they had to block the main invasion route of th1� Parthians which ran narrowly south of the mountains and north of the desert.

At Samosata, the former capital of Commagene and situated on the river itself, one may assume a legionary garrison to have been installed

immediately after the conquest in A.D.72, mainly because Samosata served

as a legionary base during the second century and because there was no

more logical time to garrison a rebellious capital than immediately after

the conquest.

Yet the evidence for legio III

Gallica during the Flavian period at Samosata is still tenuous :

an

inscription concerning the construction of a water screw in A.D. 72/73

and a rock-carving of the river god Euphrates signed by the legion would be more compelling evidence if they were not found so far down- stream 3 from Samosata, at Ayni, more than halfway towards Zeugma. In ord2r to be certain about Vespasian's dispositions in Syria and Commagene we need more documents from Samosata before it is flooded.

8

B ut p erhaps w e a re r unning o ut o f t ime: w ill b egin t o c over S amosata,

t en y ears

f rom n ow t he w aters

t he l ower t own f irst w here t he l egionary

c amp a nd i ts c emeteries n ow w ait i n v ain f or t heir e xcavator. A t t he s econd S yrian l egionary b ase, p erhaps

f rom A .D.

6 6 o n,

f inds,

t here w as

s tationed,

l egio 1 111 S cythica,and i t w as t o s tay t here

f or t he r est o f t he p rincipate. e pigraphical s ources,

Z eugma,

A gain, w e k now o f i t o nly t hrough

b ut i t i s n ow w ell d ocumented b y s everal r ecent

i ncluding a t ombstone a nd t ile-stamps m ade b y t he l egion.

U pstream f rom Z eugma,

i n t he q uarries o f A rulis

4

t hree s igniferi a nd

a t ubicen o f l egio IV S cythica l eft a d edication t o S ilvanus w hich w as p ublished b y F .

C umont a s

f ollows:

5

1 ( ov i )o (p t im )o m (ax imo ) , S i lvano I c onserva to r i , 1 0 MS ILVANo S o l i d ev ino , Il e g eon i [ s ]1 1 1 C oNSERVAT0R 1 S OL I D EV 1No S cy ( th i cae )s i gn i f ( e r i ) Ih z 1 ( ius ) A r e t inu s , I u l ( iu s ) S e L EGEON IIf l I S cY .S ICN ir I VUARET INVS IVLSEVERv e « ve r u ( s ) , R ab i l ( iu s )B e l iabus R AB IL .BEL IAaysTVB IC t u b i c ( en ) d e c ( en tu r i a ? ) D ECC IL IC IA 1 1 MLVSOLV C i l i c i an i m (e r i to ) 1 ( i ben t es ) v ( o tum ) s o lv (e run t ) . I nspection o f t he o riginal o n t he q uarry wall, h owever, p roved t hat t here w as n o l igature i n t he t ext a nd t hat t he l ast l ine , : eads C ILICIAN w ithout a n I t o f ollow .

6

C onsequently t he i nscription m ust

b e e xpanded t hus: I (ovi) Soli

0(ptimo)

Devino

Iul(ius)

/ legeoni[s]

Aretinus

Beliabus, 1 (ibentes)

Silvano 1111

Iul(ius)

tubic(en) v(otum)

O ur e xpansion h as t he t ext

M(aximo)

/ Conservatori

Scy(thicae)

Severu(s)

/ Dec(imius)

/

s ignif(eri)

/ Rabil(ius)

Cilician(us),

m(erito)

solv(erunt).

t he a dvantage t o r estore a c ertain p arallelism t o

( the r anks p recede t he n ames)

a nd t o r emove t he o ddity

t hat t hree s igniferi b elonged t o t he s ame c enturia.

7

A nother i nscription f rom n earby Q ardak, w as p ublished b y C umont t his :8

V

MI L.L EG •SS

S e cu lndu s . . .

HAS -P OSCON

s ( c r i p tae )

V IC ANO POS

t e ? l o co ]

Im i ( l e s )

l e g ( i on i s ) s ( up ra )

h a s ( ta tus )p o s ( te r i or ) c o n [c ed en Iv i cano p o s [ s e sor e ? ]

b ( ene )

[ m ( e r en t i ) f e (c i t ) ] . S ( i t ) t ( i b i )[ t ( e r ra ) 1 ( ev i s )? ] 9

/

C umont's e xcellent d rawing a llows t o r estore a b etter r eading:

[ ---]/ndus[

] / m il(es)

l eg(ionis)

7 (centuria)[I(primi)?]/ h as(tati) c on/vicano p os(uit) [ t(erra)

s (upra)

s (criptae)

p os(terioris)

/ b (ene)[m(erenti)].S(it)

t (ibi)

1 (evis)].

T he w ord c onvicano, c omplete o n t he r ight,

' to h is

f ellow v illager'

a nd f rom t his

s hows

t he t ext i s

t he o ther r eadings

f ollow.

T he

f act t hat t he d edicant i ndicates h is c enturia n ot b y t he n ame o f h is c enturion b ut b y h is r ank s hows v exillation d uty,

t hat

p erhaps f rom a s

f or o nly a t s uch o ccasions

t he t wo s oldiers w ere o n

t he D anube o r t he R hine, 9 t he c enturia t hus i ndicated.

i s

f ar a way a s

W e d o n ot k now w hat h appened t o t he f rontier u nits o n t he E uphrates b elow t he g reat g orge d uring t he t hird c entury.

S eptimius S everus'

a dvance o f t he f rontier i n M esopotamia m ade t his s tretch o f t he l imes p art o f t he h interland.

W as

i t o nly D iocletian w ho d rew t he c onse-

q uence a nd t ransferred t he l egions f rom S amosata a nd Z eugma t o S ura a nd O riza?

N ew i nscriptions

f rom t he

t wo c amps m ay h elp t o a nswer

t hat q uestion. B esides t hese f our l egions M elitene,

S amosata a nd Z eugma,

s uggesting

i n t heir p ermanent b ases a t S atala, o thers h ave s urfaced i n r ecent s tudies,

p erhaps a n e arlier a nd l arger l egionary s trength o f A sia

M inor t han p reviously t hought o f. e vidence s eems

I n p articular t he e pigraphic

t o s how t hat G alatia h ad i ts o wn l egionary g arrison

d uring t he r eign o f A ugustus, w hen t he s eventh l egion V II C laudia)

( later l egio

a nd p erhaps e ven t he f ifth M acedonica m ay h ave b een

s tationed t here b efore a nd a fter t he H omonadensian w ar 1 0 B .C. t o A .D. 6 ).

( i.e.

f rom 2 5

I t h as f urther b een s uggested t hat d uring t he r eign o f A ntoninus P ius C appadocia m ay h ave h ad t hree l egions,

o ne o f t hem b eing t he n inth

H ispana p resumably d estroyed b y t he P arthians a t E legeia i n A .D. T hat s uggestion d erives l egion p erhaps a s

1 61.

f rom i nscriptions m entioning o fficers o f t he

l ate a s t he r eign o f A ntoninus P ius.

h ypothesis d oes n ot c onvince, m ay b elong t o e arlier y ears,

h owever,

T he

n ot o nly b ecause t he o fficers

b ut b ecause D io C assius

1 0

1 1

( 71.1.2)

d oes

n ot s peak o f t he d estruction o f a l egion:

h e u ses

t he w ords

s tratopedon R homaikon w hich t he P arthians s urrounded a nd s hot d own a nd w hich h ere m ust m ean t he R oman c amp a nd t he a rmy i n i t r ather t han a l egion. p assage,

T his

s eems

t o b e t he b etter i nterpretation o f t he

f or a l egion w hose c ommander h as j ust b een n amed n eed n ot

b e q ualified a s

' Roman'.

I n o rder t o c onvince w ith t he s urprising

s uggestion t hat C appadocia s hould h ave h ad t hree l egions, n eed v ery s trong p roof i ndeed, H ence

' the

f ate o f t he n inth'

o ne w ould

a nd D io d oes n ot f urnish i t. s till

' engages

1 2

t he m inds b oth o f

n itwits a nd s ages'. A sia M inor a lso w as t he O riental

t he v ital l ink b etween t he E uropean a nd

f rontiers,

a f unction r ecently h ighlighted b y t he

g reat B urdur i nscription.

I nscriptions m entioning u nits o n

1 3

t ransfer a re b eing f ound i n i ncreasing n umbers.

V olume 1 977 o f

l 'Anngekpigraphique, a t ribute t o t he e pigraphy o f A sia M inor i n m any r espects,

b rings s uch t exts f rom e ither e nd o f t he c ountry a nd

f rom i ts c entre,

A nkara.

I nscriptions o f t hat k ind a llow o ne t o

1 4

t race t he m ain t ransit r outes a nd p ossibly a lso t he w interquarters o f t he u nits o n t ransit. v arious

B y s howing w hich u nits p articipated i n t he

i mperial c ampaigns

t hey r eveal s omething a bout t he g rand

s trategy o f t he R oman e mpire. a nd a nalysis.

T hese t exts w ould r epay c ollection

T he m any t ombstones a mong t hem w ould l et u s s ee w hat

a ge g roups w ere p referably s elected; p attern, k nown f rom e lsewhere, s tipendia,

p erhaps

t hey w ould c onfirm a

t hat m ostly p rivates w ith a bout

a nd p rincipales w ith a bout

5

1 5 s tipendia, w ere s elected.

1 5

T hey m ight e ven r eveal w hether c ertain u nits w ere s ingled o ut f or f requent m obile d uty: R oman f ield a rmy, P annonia.

i f s o,these w ere f orerunners o f t he L ater

s uch a s p erhaps t he A diutrices

l egions o f L ower

1 6

N ot a ll d etachments o f l egionary o r a uxiliary u nits, h owever, w ere o n t ransit.

T hus Aulutrene n ear P hrygian A pameia i n P hrygia h as p roduced

a s eries o f i nscriptions

c oncerning l egio 1 111 F lavia,

i nfer t hat a d etachment o f t his u nit c ame o n t he D anube

f rom S ingidunum ( Belgrade)

f or a d efinite t ask i n t he a rea,

o r t o s upervise t he n earby m ines.

1 7

f rom w hich o ne m ay

p erhaps

t o c hase r obbers

I ndeed, A ulutrene w as t he

s ite o f a c astellum o ccupied a t s ome t ime b y d etachments

1 1

f rom t he

L ower M oesian l egions a nd h as a lso y ielded i nscriptions c oncerning a ( Danubian )

a la I G (...)

a nd a u nit o f H emeseni.

T he r easons

1 8

f or t he s election o f t hese u nits a nd t heir t asks i n P hrygia a re u nresolved r iddles.

A sia b eing e quidistant f rom t he D anubian a nd

C appadocian f rontiers d rew o n t he a rmies o f b oth:

t hus l egio X II

F ulminata h ad a r oad e ngineering c rew i n P hrygia a s a r ecently f ound m ilestone 2 8 m iles n orthwest f rom A pameia s hows. X II F uludnata A ulutrene.

1 9

p receded

P ossibly, men o f l egio

t he D anubian d etachments

i n t he c astellum

a t

C ertainly t he p resence o f t hese d etachments m ust b e

e xplained i n c onjunction w ith t he s tationing o f a uxiliary u nits a t n earby E umeneia,

a nd w ith t he f act t hat a s trategic r oad c rossed h ere

t he b order o f t he p rovince o f A sia. T he A uxilia. E very p rovince o f A sia M inor a t a ll a s a g arrison. t his

2 0

A dmittedly,

t imes h ad a t l east o ne c ohort

o ur s ources a re t oo s canty t o p rove

f or e very p rovince a nd f or e very p eriod,

d etailed e nough t o m ake i t

l ikely.

I n p articular, n o w eight m ust

b e a ttached t o a p hrase i n J osephus' o f t he R oman m ilitary f orces

( B.I.

2 .364-387)

d escription

t hroughout t he e mpire a t t he e nd o f N ero's

r eign, w here i t i s s aid t hat A sia,

C appadocia,

C ilicia a nd B ithynia h ave n o g arrison. g arrisons o nly,

b ut t hey a re r ich a nd

P amphylia, L ykia,

J osephus r efers t o l egionary

d own t o d etachments o f 2 ,000 o r 1 ,200 m en,

a nd w e

m ay l earn f rom h im t hat a t t his

t ime n o s uch l egionary f orces w ere

s tationed i n A sia M inor.

h owever,

p resence o f a uxilia. a s T acitus

2 1

( Hist.I.11)

l egions w ere s tationed; o f A sia M inor, A SIA.

d espite

T hat, I n f act,

d oes n ot e xclude t he

J osephus i s u sing t he s ame c oncept

w ho s peaks o f i nermes provinciae l ike T acitus,

h e a pplies t he t erm t o a ll

t he p resence o f a uxilia.

T he m ost i mportant d iscovery c oncerning A sia i s

o nly m ilitary d iploma f or i ts a rmy.

2 2

1 48/9.

t he f irst a nd

I t i s m ade o ut t o a s oldier o f

c ohors I R aetorum q uae e st i n A sia s ub F lavio T ertullo, b eing P roconsul i n A .D.

w here n o

t he

l atter

I t b rings p roof t hat t he P roconsul

e xercized f ull c ommand o ver t he m ilitary u nits o f h is p rovince; d efinitely n eeded n o s pecial

l egate t o c ommand t hem a s h ad w rongly

b een i nferred f rom t he E phesus c ursus o f C . M oreover, w e s ee t hat A sia,

h e

a t t his

1 2

R utilius G allicus.

t ime , h ad a t

2 3

l east o ne c ohort

a s

i ts g arrison.

P erhaps

i t h ad m ore,

b ut s o f ar o ur e vidence s hows

o nly o ne c ohort a t a t ime i n A sia: c ohors A pula

u nder A ugustus

c ohors I L epidiana e a.c.R.

a pparently u nder T rajan

c ohors I C laudia S ugambrorum

i n A .D.

1 34/138

c ohors I R aetorum

i n A .D.

1 48 a nd l ater.

S ince t he d iploma i s m ade o ut t o a n I saurian, i s

2 4

c ohors I R aetorum

l ikely t o h ave b een i n A sia s ome 2 5 y ears e arlier,

y et i t i s a lso

k nown f rom a d iploma i n M oesia i n A .D.

7 5,

A ntioch.

t hat t he c ohort h ad g one

O ne m ay c onclude,

t herefore,

g iven t o a s oldier f rom

t emporarily f arther W est, p resumably w ith V espasian's t heir w ay t o f ight f or t he s upreme p ower.

f orces o n

D uring t he f inal y ears o f

H adrian's r eign i ts h orsemen a re w ith A rrian i n C appadocia: t he e ntire u nit h ad g one t here a nd w as

p erhaps

t emporarily r eplaced b y c ohors

I C laudia S ugambrorum i n t he g arrison f ort a t E umeneia i n P hrygia. T he r eason f or t he s tationing o f a c ohort a t E umeneia i s n ot r eliably k nown:

r ecruitment,

p rocurement o f c avalry h orses,

c ontainment o f b andits? 25

A t a ny r ate,

a lso h ad a c astellum w ith t roops

E umeneia b eing s o f ar E ast,

t he f act t hat n earby A ulutrene

( above, p .11)

l ong-term n eed f or m ilitary f orces

r oad s tation,

p oints t o a m ajor,

i n P hrygia.

o ne w ill e xpect t he P roconsul t o h ave

h ad a nother u nit c loser t o h is c apital, b ut n o t race o f a n a uxiliary u nit s tationed i n o r n ear E phesus h as b een f ound u ntil v ery r ecently. N ow w e h ave t wo g ravestones

f rom n orth-eastern L ydia m entioning a

l ocally r ecruited h orseman a nd a c enturion, b oth s tationed a t E phesus.

2 6

U nfortunately,

B ITHYNIA E T P ONTUS. a t

t he n ame o f t heir u nit r emains u nknown.

A ccording t o P liny's

l east t wo c ohorts,

o ne o f t hem n amed c ohors V I e questris w hich i s

a lso c onfirmed b y i nscriptions. c lassis P ontica,

l etters t he p rovince h ad

T he s ea l anes w ere s ecured b y t he

2 7

a n ew p refect o f w hich m ay b e f ound i n a n i nscription

f rom n ear N eoclaudiopolis p ublished a s

f ollows:

A N TWN IOCT TFO KA OCE T 1A PXOCCT • O YC n

/ 'AvTl iv loç F rp6KX0

. . T Tü tf " )X0Z .,I CI.Ä 11

1 3

I' YI T T 1( I VC 1 : 1 V-?I

A m ore c orrect r eading m ay b e: ' Avt( ovLog

F lpöxXoc

gnapxoG

aT[6Ä] ou

E (counpL avo0?)

n( O V TL X Q Ü)

T he p refecture o f t he P ontic F leet b eing a s exagenary o r c entenary p rocurature ,given t o m en w ho h ad r isen t hrough e questrian m ilitiae, a s uitable L .

A ntonius P roculus c an b e f ound w ho c ommanded

c ohors I B atavorum i n B ritain u nder C aracalla a nd w ho m ay h ave b een e pistratege o f t he T hebais b efore o r a fter h e b ecame a dmiral o f t he B lack S ea F leet

2 8

L YC1A E T P AMPHYLIA .

O n o ur p resent e vidence,

s ome f our c ohorts

a ppear t o h ave b een s tationed i n t his p rovince s uccessively: c ohors Apula

i n t he e arly

f irst c entury A .D.

c ohors IV R aetorum

u nder T rajan a nd H adrian

c ohors M usulamdorum

p erhaps u nder T rajan 29

c ohors I F lavia N umidarum

f rom s ometime a fter A .D. u ntil a t l east A .D.

1 42

2 38.

F or t he l atter c ohort o ur e vidence h as i ncreased c onsiderably o ver t he y ears.

3 0

C 1LICIA .

N o u nits o f t he p rincipate a re k nown y et i n C ilicia, b ut

t here w ill

h ave b een a n a la s tationed i n t he p rovince,

( Annals 1 1.68) A .D.

r eports a praefectus e quitum o n d uty i n t he y ear

1 9.

G ALATIA .

T he n ew d iploma d emonstrates t hat t he P roconsul n eeded n o

l egate f or h is

t roops.

T his d ecides

o f t he c ursus o f R utilius G allus C . f.

f or T acitus

Stel.

curuli

Gallico,

legato

provinciae Aemilius legato'.

divi

f ound a t E phesus:

trib. mil.leg XIII Claudi

Galaticae

M . f. Pal.

t he c orrect i nterpretation

leg

sodali

Pius

Geminae

XV Apollinaris

Augustali

praef.

'C .

coh.

consuli

I Bosp.

et

Rutilio q .

aedili

pr.

legato

designato coh.

M .

I Hisp.

S ince t here i s n o r oom f or a m ilitary l egate i n A sia

i t i s n ow c lear t hat R utilius G allicus w as l egate o f G alatia d uring t he t ime t he i nscription r efers t o;

c onsequently,

B osporanorum a nd c ohors I H ispanorum a re G alatia/Cappadocia,

i n A .D.

l ikely t o h ave s erved i n

n ot i n A sia a s h ad b een t hought. 1 4

5 6-64 c ohors I

3 1

C ohors I

H ispanorum i s

a lso k nown f rom a v ery e arly t ombstone

i n G alatian P isidia,

f ound a t O lbasa

t he r eading o f w hich c an b e i mproved a s

G .E.Bean, Anatolian Stud.

1 959

( =AE 1 961,

f ollows:

3 2

1 7): J

Qui M .

[ et C ]ratero d ec. I ustus

R usticus qui

T atas eques 5

cohortis

c ohor.

I I

et

H isp.

I tur

B aebi e t Ammia P apu ex t e[stamen t o,

e t manumiserunt

s ervo lp

I rotem uti p raestus

s it eo

]

s epu[1-]

chro. R evision a fter t he p hotograph:

qui

[ et C ]ratero d ec(urioni)cohor

M .Iustus

5

[ ----]

Rusticus qui et

T atas

e ques c ohor(tis)

Baebi

e t Ammia Papu ex t e[st(amento)]

po(suerunt)

H isp(anorum )

e t manumiserunt

I rotem uti praestus

s it eo

I tur

s ervom s epu[1-]

c hro. T he p i n l ine 6 i s s afe,

t o j udge f rom t he p hotograph.

r evision t hus r estores a r egular s yntax t o t he t ext. t he

3 3

O ur

T he c ohort i n

f irst l ine w as n either cohors I I n or X II a s w hich i t h ad b een

r ead,

n or cohors I H isp.

O nly a utopsy o f t he s tone m ay l ead f urther

t owards a r eliable i dentification o f t he c ohort.

3 4

N othing i s

k nown o f t he f urther f ate o f cohors I H ispanorum i n G alatia o r e lsew here i n A sia M inor:

p ossibly i t w as

Cohors I F lavia Augusta Cyrenaica

f rom I konion a nd o n t wo t ombstones t ombstones b ears

x cUTaL

O tou->päT c op , Ec touaepcüg,

M äÄng

3 5

i s m entioned o n a d edication

f rom A ncyra.

O ne o f t hese

3 6

t he f ollowing i nscription:

X cape napo6EUTa , >g vea , s5c

AüyoüoTng

t ransferred t o E gypt.

K upnvaLxf ig

oTpaTL6 )Tng

ZO LLT E ITLxoG

x ( )pIng n ar ung

aTouncy8Cwv

6 6 .6 0 k .wbg aüToG,

a [ ]Tf ig aTounev awy

K öuCvT[og]

L y'.

oTpaTL6 )Tng

AoüxLog C ruTc g

Mapx[a A CI ILX[a

'ApTcgcLa[a auvß[oLg,[g]vf igng 1 5

xhpLv.

) ( C oping

O tkagpLog T f ig

' Aenvai ,[s][x]ca

T he r ank o f c urator w as

t aken t o m ean i nterim c ommander o f t he c ohort

a nd f rom t his i t w as c oncluded t hat t he c ohort m ust h ave b een s tationed a t A ncyra. f or c urator

T hat,

3 7

h owever,

i s n ot a r eliable i nference,

a s t he r ank o f o rdinary s oldier m eans

o f s upplies a nd n ot a n i nterim c ommander.

3 8

s omeone i n c harge

T he c ohort t hus m ay

h ave b een s tationed j ust a s w ell a t I konion o r e lsewhere i n G alatia-Cappadocia.

I ts

l ater f ate i s n ot k nown:

i n T rajan's P arthian w ar.

3 9

p erhaps

i t p erished

F or a lae p ossibly s tationed i n G alatia

s ee b elow ( p.19 ) . C APPADOCIA .

N o d iploma h as y et c ome t o l ight f or t he i mportant

a rmy o f C appadocia,

h ence o ur b est i nformation a bout t he a uxilia 4 0 o f t hat p rovince r emains A rrian's E ktaxis k at'Alanon. R ecently, e pigraphy h as a dded t wo,

p erhaps

o f t he C appadocian a rmy:

t hree, n ew c ohorts

t o o ur k nowledge

c ohors I Apamenorum s agittariorum, c ohors

I I C laudia, a nd p erhaps c ohors m illiaria e quitata c ivium R omanorum . M oreover, A rrian's

4 1

' Ar a civoLcan n ow b e e quated r eliably w ith c ohors

A pula c ivium R omanorum .

4 2

A s a r esult w e k now n ow f ive, p erhaps s ix,

C appadocian u nits n ot m entioned b y A rrian i n h is E ktaxis. c ohors I A pamenorum s agittariorum c ohors I C laudia e quitata c ohors I I C laudia c ohors I I H ispanorum c ohors I L epidiana e quitata c .R. a nd p erhaps c ohors m illiaria e quitata c .R. S uch a n umber o f c ohorts n ot w ith A rrian o n h is m arch a gainst t he A lani i n t he A rmenian h ighlands, m akes e xcellent s ense i n t he l ight o f A rrian's r emark i n h is P eriplus w ere s tationed a t A psaros

( near B atumi)

( c.6)

t hat f ive c ohorts

o n t he B lack S ea.

I n v iew

o f t he d anger t hreatening e xactly f rom t hat d irection i t m ight w ell b e t hat t hese c ohorts w ere n ot w ithdrawn f rom t heir s trategic p ost a t A psaros

f or A rrian's e xpedition.

O bviously,

c ohorts n eed n ot b e e xactly t hose l isted a bove

t he f ive A psaros

( some o f w hich n eed

n ot e ven h ave b een s tationed i n C appadocia d uring A rrian's s hip),

4 3

n evertheless,

g overnor-

t he f act t hat w e n ow k now s o m any C appadocian

c ohorts o utside A rrian's e xpeditionary a rmy h elps u s u nderstand h ow t he a stounding n umber o f t roops p osted a t A psaros c an b e a ccounted

1 6

f or;

i t i s h ighly

u nlikely t hat t hey r epresent h alf o f l egio X II

F ulminata f rom M elitene, t hat

a s h as b een s uggested.

4 4

P ositive p roof

t he f ive c ohorts a t A psaros w ere i ndeed a uxiliary c ohorts,

c omes

f rom a r ecently p ublished,

f ragmentary L atin p apyrus o f t he

F ayyum , m entioning c ohors I I C laudiana a nd, i tself, w here t he c ohort L ikewise, c amp

( or p art o f i t)

s urprisingly, A psaros

m ust h ave b een s tationed.

a c omparable b locking f orce o f s everal c ohorts i n o ne

( with o utposts)

i s k nown t hrough t he e ntire f irst c entury A .D.

o n t he s outhern o riental A rrian's

f rontier at S yene i n U pper E gypt.

4 5

f our a lae a nd t en c ohorts m entioned i n t he E ktaxis

( three o f t hem m illiariae)

t ogether w ith t he f ive c ohorts a dditionally

k nown f rom i nscriptions a mount t o a n a uxiliary f orce o f s ome 1 1,500 m en, a s

e xcluding t he i rregulars.

i t m atches

o nds

t he

T his s eems t o b e a p lausible f igure

l egionary s trength o f C appadocia a nd t hus c orresp-

t o T acitus r emark t hat t he l egionaries a nd a uxiliaries w ere

a bout e qual

i n n umber.

i on o f f our c ohorts

4 6

S ignificantly,

( Apamenorum,

a ll o f t hem ,with t he e xcept-

I turaeorum ,

N umidarum , P etraeorum ),

w ere o riginally E uropean u nits a nd m any o f t hem w ere i n A sia M inor l ong b efore t he F lavian p eriod, S yria.

i .e. b efore t he l egions c ame u p

f rom

4 7

F or t he S yrian s ector o f t he A natolian l imes, n ew m aterial h as c ome

f rom t he e xcavations a t T ille.

e nding i n....ac A ug,

T ile s tamps a re r eported t here,

f or w hich o ne s hould p erhaps c onsider c ohors

I III Bracaraugustanorum s tationed i n S yria u ntil a bout A .D.130.

4 8

T he f act t hat T ille a lso p roduced t ile s tamps o f a la F lavia Agrippiana i s o f g reat i mportance,

f or t here a re v ery f ew S yrian u nits o f w hich

w e k now t he g arrison p lace. R ecruitment S ystematic u se o f t he m any i nscriptions o f r eturned v eterans h as a llowe d o ne

t o s ketch t he o utlines o f l egionary r ecruitment i n A sia M inor,

e stablishing t he p rinciple o f l ocal r ecruitment f or t he t he E uphrates.

4 9

T he o ne g ap r emaining,

l egions o n

l egio XVI F lavia a t S amosata

f or w hich n o r ecruits h ad b een r ecorded h as n ow b een f illed s omew hat:

t he J .

P aul G etty M useum i n M alibu,

C alifornia, h as a cquired

a G reek d edication b y a c ornicularius o f t his

1 7

l egion,

f ound

' in

T urkey'. t hat E .

T his i s a w elcome a ddition t o o ur d ocumentation,

c onsidering

R itterling i n h is c omprehensive w ork o n t he l egions i n 1 924

c ould r eport o nly o ne a rula p arva d edicated b y t hat l egion a t S amosata. T he t ext o f t he C alifornian i nscription r eportedly r eads' Aurelios Marinos,

kornikularios

s extadekimanos

euxamenos

anetheken'E

T he S emitic n ame M arinos s uggests a c ase o f l ocal r ecruitment w hile t he w ord s extadekimanos i s a r are e xample o f t he s ermo c astrensis i n r eferring t o m ilitary u nits b y t heir s hort t itles, k nown t o u s

f rom T acitus a nd f rom A rrian's E ktaxis, b ut r arely e ver

f rom i nscriptions o f t he p rincipate. R ecruits

a f orm o f s peech

5 1

f rom A sia M inor a lso s upplied t he l egions

p rovinces o f t he O rient a nd o n t he D anube:

A sia e t c eterae p rov-

i nciae n ec v irorum m opes e t p ecunia o pulentae.

( Tacitus, H ist.2,6).

T he o nly p rovince w here o ne m ight e xpect l egionaries b ut i n w hich n one w ere f ound, w as D acia; t wo n ew i nscriptions a re p ublished,

i n t he o ther

f rom A sia M inor

y et i n t his v ery v olume

a ttesting e xactly s uch m en,

G alatians w ho s aw s ervice i n l egio XIII G emina a t A pulum .

5 2

-

M oreover,

p ublication o f t he c orpus i nscriptionum o f S cythica M inor h as r evealed t wo m ore A sians t his,

s erving i n l egio V M acedonica a t T roesmis.

5 3

F rom

o ne m ay e stimate t he s izable c ontribution o f A sia M inor t o

t he l egions o f t he e mpire. M uch r emains

t o b e d one.

P articularly w elcome w ould b e s tudies

o f t he c enturions a nd t he a uxiliaries

f rom A sia M inor.

s ources a vailable p romise t o m ake t hese v ery r ewarding.

T he e pigraphic T o t he m any

p ertinent e pigraphic d ocuments o ne m ay a dd a n ew r eading o f a n e pitaph f rom A ncyra:

5 4

( see f igure 2 .1).

T he f irst e ditor s uggested t hat P ontius S eneca h ad b ecome a d ecurion i n t he c annabae o f t he l egion, b ut c learly a m ilitary r ank i s r equired.

S ince

t here w as n o d ecurion i n a l egion i t b ecomes

n ecessary t o r estore s ome y ears o f s ervice i n a n a la o r a c ohort, h ence l ine 3 m ay r ead m ilitavit i [n a la I A st(urum )] s imilar.

B ecause h e w as p rimdpilaris a nd n o s pecial c ommand i s

i ndicated f or h im , s ervice,

P ontius S eneca w ill h ave b een r etired f rom a ctive

a nd s ince h e d ied i n A ncyra i n r etirement h e m ay h ave b een

r ecruited f rom t here o riginally. h e w as

o r s omething

U nfortunately w e c an n ot s ay w hether

f irst r ecruited i nto t he l egion a nd t hen p romoted t o d ecurion

1 8

«. • •••• •

L po\T I

«M O

s /F , ////

5 ENECA 'P l \ A \ P I-L P \R

M IL !T AV IT ) 1k )/////// )ET L EG )C AEN ' MA \ C , D ON 1CM D EC VK , I0 . 8A N . . 1 S 3/CE\T VR i Oi l A NN L S JXXX I I JV I I T )P \ N : 1 \ . •I S )//P , H EK EDE S ‘ EXTE S M EN T O )F E CM C v R , GEN IT z /z/zz z /zz f ig.2.1

i n t he a uxilia, r ate,

I nscription f rom A ncyra

o r w hether h e s tarted o ut i n t he a uxilia.

A t a ny

h e i s o ne o f t he v ery f ew d ecurions w ho n ot o nly b ecame l egion-

a ry c enturions b ut e ven r ose t hrough t o t he p rimipilate.

t he h ierarchy t o t he v ery t op,

5 5

W ith r egard t o a uxiliary r ecruitment o ne m ay p oint t o t he r aising i n A sia M inor o f a la V II P hrygum, o f t hree c ohorts U lpiae G alatarum, o f t hree c ohorts U lpiae P aflagonum, o f a c ohors I C ilicum , c ohors I F lavia C ilicum e quitata.

a nd a

T o t hese o ne s hould n ow a dd

5 6

a la I A ugusta C olonorum a nd p ossibly a la A ntiochiensium a s r aised u nder A ugustus a nd p erhaps o riginally s tationed i n G alatia. T he a rgument f or c onsidering a la C olonorum t o b e r aised i n G alatia i s

t his:

t he i mportance o f R oman

u0Ä .6 5vcc i n s outhern A sia M inor h as

r ecently b een e mphasized - t hey h ad t o c ontrol t he t ribesmen o f t he

1 9

T aurus. L ystra,

N ot o nly d id A ugustus P arlais,

C remna,

i mplant t he s even c olonies o f A ntioch,

C omama,

G erma,

a nd O lbasa, b ut g roups o f

v eterans w ere a lso e stablished i n t he c ities o f A ttaleia, N eapolis,

a nd A pollonia, w hile a t I conion a nd N inica v eteran c olonies

e xisted s ide b y s ide w ith t he G reek p oleis. o f t he

I saura,

5 7

T he m ilitary i mpact

u .o2a 7 )vcg w ill h ave b een g reatest i n t he y ears i mmediately

a fter t heir a rrival,

b ut t heir s trategic t ask w ill h ardly h ave b een

f ulfilled a s

t he

s oon a s

t o b ear w eapons.

S ome

l ast o f t he o riginal c olonists g rew t oo o ld

f orm o f o rganization m ust h ave b een i nstituted

t hat a llowed t he d escendants o f t he c olonists t o c ontinue c arrying t he b urden o f d efense. t he a rea j ust

S ome w ill h ave j oined t he e xisting a rmy u nits i n

b ut o thers m ay h ave b een g rouped i nto a n ew u nit r aised f rom

t hese

I toX6 * SvEg

a nd t his w ould e xplain t he n ame a nd t he t radition

o f a la I A ugusta C olonorum i n t he a rea. A uxiliaries n umbers

5 8

f rom A sia M inor w ere a lso r ecruited i n c onsiderable

f or s ervice i n o ther p rovinces.

A s tudy o f t his p henomenon,

b ased o n e pigraphic a nd p apyrological s ources f rom o utside A sia M inor, f v eterans i nside A sia M inor, a nd o n i nscriptions o

i s v ery m uch n eeded.

5 9

O fficers N ow t hat w e h ave t he s plendid n ew P rosopographia M ilitarium E questrium, 60 t he e questrian o fficers o f t he a rmies i n A sia M inor c an b e s tudied w ith e ase a nd w e h ave a w ay t o b ypass t he s carcity o f d ocuments

f rom C appadocia.

A s urvey s hows t hat w e k now n ot o ne s ingle e questrian o fficer b orn i n C appadocia,

c ompared w ith 6 4 f rom A sia,

f rom P isidia,

9 f rom P ontus,

1 6 f rom L ykia a nd P amphylia,

3 f rom G alatia a nd 3 f rom C ilicia.

6 1

1 5

T his

may r eflect n ot o nly a l ack o f e xcavations b ut j ust a s w ell a l ack o f q ualified m unicipal a ristocrats

i n e astern A sia M inor.

A s a c onsequence,

m ost o f t hose w ho b egan t heir c areer a s e questrian o fficers C appadocian a rmy c ame f rom A sia. p art t o t he M auretanias a t w as t o B ritain ):

S urprisingly,

( just a s E gypt

t he R oman h igh c ommand p referred t o p romote o fficers

s uccessful c areer.

e specially t hose w ho h oped

6 2

H igher i n r ank t han e questrian o fficers, s ocial o rigin, w ere a c enturion's

C appadocia w as a c ounter-

t he o ther e nd o f t he e mpire

f rom o ne c orner o f t he e mpire t o t he o ther, f or a l ong,

i n t he

t hough u sually l ower i n

t he primipilares, m en w ho h ad r eached t he p innacle o f

c areer.

6 3

I t i s a p leasure, 2 0

t herefore,

t o p resent h ere

t he f irst k nown primdpilaris f rom C appadocia.

T he m ain f ragment o f a

d ipinto f rom D ura-Europos h as b een p ublished a s

f ollows:

6 4

1 Z z r ap [o 19 A . E y e c i 3 v o s r e r4U rdn 9 2 , KV [O LKi 9 ]NTHN1 U [. ] 8 4 ia s c a I I r pö v[o t la v acat J . v .v . [ . .. 1 METABA [. . [. YTE UPAPO 5

]N go o i s r e 9 N i[ X o t s? ]0 f i porös ATE ]& S tay ]m ]Ka i rra8? [ K ia ? ] [..]I . HAPr . [ ]T ' AX E [ ä ]d pov f i a c r t Won

[

a [

1 0

1 91 .1

T he e ditor r ightly c onsidered t his a t hird-century, b ut d id n ot r ecognize t he r eference, C appadocia, d ipinto,

Ka .L0-6 ,pELo . r cpbc

a nd l ost,

T6 5

i n l ine 8 ,

"Ap py a [ ( 4 ).

f uneral

i nscription,

t o t he c apital o f T he t ext b eing a

6 5

i t m ay n ot b e w ise t o t ry t o r estore t he e xact

l ettering a nd a bbreviations, b ut t he m ention o f C aesarea a d A rgaeum i s n ot i n d oubt b ecause o f t he p receding r eference t o C appadocia. T he d ate o f t he d ipinto c an a lso b e e stablished, l ast l ine d oes n ot r efer t o A lexander t he G reat,

f or t he s econd b ut

a s t he e ditor t hought,

- i t o bviously r efers t o t he e mperor S everus A lexander. a s p raefectus l egionis I V S cythicae, w as

f ortress,

d etachment

p robably s till a t Z eugma,

( if n ot t he e ntire l egion )

A rdashir,

F rom t he

h e w ill h ave l ed a s trong

t o D ura-Europos o n t he o ccasion

o f S everus A lexander's P arthian w ar i n A .D.232. s outhern R oman a ttack c olumn,

T he d eceased,

t he r anking o fficer o f t he l egion

a fter t he l egatus l egionis a nd t he t ribunus l aticlavius. l egion's

6 6

I n t he c ampaign,

6 7

t he

s tarting f rom D ura-Europos, w as d efeated b y

s omewhere d ownstream f rom D ura-Europos.

6 8

I t

w here t he p refect o f l egio I V S cythica w ill h ave d ied,

i s i n t hat b attle - t o b e c ommemorated

l ike t he t ribune o f c ohors XX P almyrenorum, o vertaken b y a s imilar f ate s hortly a fterwards a nd a lso h onored b y a f uneral i nscription i nside t he t own.

6 9

T he

f ourth l ine o f t he t ext b rings a n a ddition t o o ur k nowledge

o f t he s taff o f a p raefectus l egionis: i ncluded a t esserarius.

a t

l east d uring c ampaigns i t

7 0

O utstanding a mong t he s enatorial o fficers

i s M .

S tatius P riscus

w ho i n A .D.163 w on t he P arthian W ar f or L ucius V erus o n t he C appado cian f ront.

H e

i s c ommonly a ssumed t o h ave g ained h is C appadocian

2 1

e xpertise b y c ommanding a la I p raetoria c .R. A .D.140.

T his a la m ay i ndeed b e i dentical w ith t he C appadocian a la

p rima p raetoria n uper c onstituta d iploma

( CIL X VI,

c learly s hows P ricus

i n C appadocia i n a bout

1 80)

( Not.Dign.

O r .

3 8,26)

b ut a m ilitary

p ublished i n 1 945 i n a n o ut-of-the-way p lace

t he a la s till i n L ower P annonia b y A .D.148.

S tatius

t herefore m ust h ave c ommanded t he a la o n t he D anube a nd i t w as

n ot b ecause o f h is 7 1 C appadocia.

l ocal e xpertise t hat h e w as m ade c ommander i n

F rumentarii. T he s ecret p olice, p estilens f rumentariorum g enus d e C aes.

3 9,44)

i s

f ound a t m any p laces

( Aurelius V ictor,

i n A sia M inor,

b ullying t he

p eople s o t hat t hey h ad t o d isplay i mperial d ecrees a gainst 7 2 m isdeeds.

t heir

A m ajor o ccupation o f t he f rumentarii w as t o j ail t he r egime's e nemies,which i s a lso b orne o ut b y a s tone s haft f rom S ardis w ith a n i nscription t hat h as n ot y et b een r ead c orrectly:

7 3

f ru] mentalrius] l eg(ionis)

X G[m(inae)

p (iae)

f (idelis)

a -]

9-e ns c u[ram] c ustod[ia] rum v [----] T he i nscription r efers s tationed a t V indobona [ a]gens c u[ram ]

( Wien )

c ustod(iae)

c an h ardly b e r ight,

t o a f rumentarius o f t he t enth l egion, o n t he D anube.

P revious e ditors r ead

[ armoirum , k eeper o f t he a rmory.

T hat

f or n o f rumentarius i s k nown t o h ave h eld s uch

a j ob, n or i s t he d uty o f a rmorum c ustos e ver d escribed i n s uch t erms. B y c ontrast, w e k now o f o ther f rumentarii

i n A sia w hose t ask w as

d escribed a s a gens c uram c arceris a nd a gens c uram c ust(odiarum ). O ur e xample c onforms

t o t he r ule

7 4

t hat f rumentarii a re n ot s econded

f rom t he l egion n earest t heir p lace o f d uty b ut a re h eadquartered a t R ome a nd s ent f rom t here t o t heir a ssignments i n t he v arious p rovinces. 7 5 T he L ater R oman A rmy. O ver t he p ast f ew y ears A sia M inor h as y ielded a n umber o f i mportant

2 2

d ocuments c oncerning t he L ater R oman a rmy.

F rom N icea c omes a l ong

i nscription a bout a f amily o f c enturions i n t he t ime o f G allienus, ap eriod f rom w hich w e h ave v ery f ew e pigraphic d ocuments; t he protectores

a nd o ther m embers o f t he i mperial f ield a rmy s tat-

i oned a t N icomedia a re n ow c ollected. Pontica w as

i n a ddition,

7 6

A d etachment o f legio I

f ound s tationed i n C ilicia u nder D iocletian,

a nd a t

Z eugma o n t he E uphrates a f ourth-century u nit o f equites scutarii Aureliaci

h as b een i dentified,

e lite h orsemen w ho c ame

f rom O rleans,

t he t own t hat g ave t hem t heir n ame,

a nd w ho a re l ater f ound i n B ritain 7 7 i n t he l ists o f t he Notitia D ignitatum . A n i nscription f rom P hrygia m entions a r egiment Cornuti Seniores i n A .D.

3 56,

i .e.

n ine y ears

b efore t he p resumed d ivision o f t he i mperial f ield a rmy i nto iuniores a nd seniores,

t hereby c alling t hat e vent i nto q uestion a gain.

A nother P hrygian i nscription r ecords a c hristian s oldier

7 8

t he c areer a nd t he t ravels o f

i n D iocletians's t ime w ho,

a mong o ther t hings,

w as optio triarius, a t erm t hought t o h ave b een u sed m istakenly b y V egetius i n h is de re m dlitari, b ut w hich i s n ow v indicated t o b e a g enuine t echnical t erm o f D iocletian's a rmy.

T hat i s a s hock m aking

o ne l ook w ith m uch g reater r espect a t V egetius' 7 9 o f i nformation a bout t he R oman a rmed f orces.

S uch a re s ome o f t he r esults o f t he r esearch i n A sia M inor i nsofar a s e lse h ad t o b e p assed o ver, i n t he v olume a t h and.

m any u nique p ieces

l ast f ew y ears o f e pigraphical

i t r elates

t o t he R oman a rmy.

a nd o ther r elevant d ocuments

A ll t his m akes i t

o ne m ay s till e xpect i n t he c oming y ears,

a re p ublished

o bvious h ow m uch m ore a nd h ow v ery v aluable t he

w ork i s o f o ur f ield e pigraphers a nd p atient c ompilers

2 3

M uch

o f corpora.

Notes 1 .

R .

Syme,

p .141. 2 .

F lavian W ars a nd Frontiers, A E

1 975,

Berchem,

1 936,

t he Museum in Antioch i s

G eneva.

a nd t he Euphrates

3 79-388;

For t he d evelopment of t he C appadocian

l imes s ee a lso E .

D abrova,

T .

B .

M itford,

L e L imes a natolien

7 ,2,

( 1980 )

For both legions arriving in C appadocia by A .D. now no longer t enable,

K ilo

6 2,

C appadocia a nd Armenia M inor:

H istorical Setting of t he L imes, ANRW II,

I ,

e sp

t o be published b y

e t l a fronti re c aucasienne a u t emps d es F laviens, 1 960,

131-187,

8 17.

T he inscription a t D .

C AH XI,

s ee S herk

( note 10),

1 169-1228.

7 0/71, w hich i s

9 96.

3 .

I GLS

6 5 a nd 6 6.

4 .

J . Wagner,

S eleukeia am Euphrat/Zeugma,

B/10;

W agner, L gio 1111 Scythica i n Z eugma am E uphrat, i n

J .

S tudien z u d en Militärgrenzen R oms Horn, 5 .

F .

K öln 1 977.

Cumont,

I GLS I , 6 .

I I,

S yriennes,

P aris,

1 917,

J .

H aupt a nd H .

3 25 no.

W agner/Tübingen k indly c hecked t he original

m e,

a nd confirmed w ith letter of Oct.21,

G .

2 4 (whence

1 981

t hat

a t E hnee

t he I after

T he name of Decimius or Decius i s s imilarly a bbreviated e .g.

8 .

I bid,

9 .

I hope e . g.

I could not f ind a parallel C ilicianus, but

S .

no.22,

1 937,

M itchell,

C l.Q.26,

Eck,

I ,

1058, R ,

C IL VI,

t he f ormation

3 0:

C ilicius.

8 2. For c onvicani s ee

101.

L egio VII a nd t he G arrison of Augustan G alatia,

1 976,

f rom 2 5 B .C. W .

whence I GLS

V I

t o show t his e lsewhere i n d etail.

AE

f or

' hat m it S icherheit n icht d ort g estanden'.

of t he name is perfectly r egular cf .

1 1.

D .

4 61-485.

Dr.

3 8278.

10.

ed.

( = TAVO

6 8).

C ILICIAN 7 .

E tudes

W iesbaden 1 976

1 98-308.

t o A . D.

1 14,

Cf.

R .

K .

ANRW II,

Sherk, 7 ,

Z um E nde d er l egio IX H ispana,

2 4

Roman G alatia,

2 ( 1980)

9 54-1052,

C hiron 2 ,

1 972,

T he Governors e sp.p.1047.

4 59-462.

1 2.

For t he officers not being a ttested t hat l ate s ee L. J. a s referred t o by M . London 1 978 Occasional

Roxan,

Roman Military D iplomas

( =University of London, Publication 2 )

2 )

1 203.

/3.

AE

1 976,

1 4.

U nfortunately,

6 53;

p .79.

Cf.

1 954-1977,

T .

B .

M itford

( see a bove,

M itchell i n

t his

1 5.

M .

Speidel,

1 976, 1 6.

2 7,

1 977,

Add e . g.

IK 20

( previous note).

I LS

1 102,

cf .

R .

S axer,

( Kalchedon)55.

However, s igns c an be f ound t hat

8 11,

f or l egio X G emina see Dessau,

Untersuchungen z u d en V exillationen d es

( =Epigraphische S tudien 1 ) T h.Drew-Bear - W .

Eck.,

c ome

A E

1 967

u nd Steinbruchin-

C hiron 6 ,1976,289-318,

e sp.p.307

( =AE 1 976,

A f urther d edication by soldiers of l egio 1 111 F lavia has t o l ight a t Aulutrene which I hope t o publish soon,

r eveals 1 8.

Bonn,

no.63.

K aiser-, M ilitär-

schriften a us P hrygien, 6 66).

t he

f or l egio

r ömischen Kaiserheeres von Augustus b is D iokletian,

1 7.

I nscrip-

B onner J ahrbücher 1 76,

two other P annonian l egions were j ust a s mobile; X III G emina see A E 1 977,

t exts

63-103.

Eagle-Bearer a nd T rumpeter,

1 23-163.

Speidel

A S

1 ,

note

v olume.

8 09-811 omits m any of t he important

published by S . M itchell, RECAM Notes a nd S tudies No. t ions of Ancyra,

Keppie

I nstitute of Archaeology,

s ee t oo t he paper by S . A E 1 977,

F .

t he c orrect

1 976,

6 66

f orm of t he name of t his place.

( with a n error about

Antioch belongs;

and w hich

t he province t o w hich P isidian

f or a la G ermaniciana see below, note 5 8).

c astellum of t he Lower

Moesian d etachments,

T he

a nd t he Hemeseni,

are f ound w ith t he unpublished i nscriptions m entioned in note 1 7. 1 9.

Cf . Drew-Bear a nd Eck note 20)

20.

( above,

4 06 w ith r eferences

O n auxilia in A sia M inor i n F orces i n

note 1 7)

2 94 ff.

a nd S herk, below,

t o other d etachments. g eneral see E .

t he Senatorial Provinces,

JRS

1 7,

R itterling, M ilitary 1 927,

Sherk,The I nermes Provinciae of A sia M inor, AJPh 4 00-413. Oxford, 2 1.

Contra:

G .

L .

C heesman,

The Auxilia o f

2 8-32, 7 6,

a nd R .

K .

1 955,

t he R oman Imperial Army,

1 914,159 s hows no auxilia between Macedonia a nd C appadocia. S herk

( preceding note).

O nly i n

2 5

o ne c ase m ay one d oubt

whether Josephus speaks of t roops o ther t han l egionary, n amely 1 200 soldiers in G aul w hich have been a nd 1 8 u rbana at L yon

t aken t o m ean c ohorts 1 7

( H.St.Thackeray,

J osephus

I I,

The

J ewish War I -III L oeb edition),

London ‚ 1927,469), but H .Freis,

D ie C ohortes Urbanae,

( =Epigraphische S tudien,2)

a nd 2 8-31, a t L yon.

e stimates

Köln,1967

t he

1 1

t here never w as more t han o ne c ohors u rbana

For l egionary v exillations i n G aul s ee E .Ritterling,

Z ur G eschichte d es r ömischen H eeres i n G allien pnter Augustus, B onner Jahrbücher Arrangements,

1 14,1906,159-188;

N ative Settlements,

E arly Roman G aul, Helinium 1 7, t herefore,

E . M. Wightman, M ilitary

a nd Related Developments in

1 977,

105-126.

I t is obvious,

t hat Josephus speaks of l egionaries exclusively;

R itterling,

L egio,

R E XII

( 1924)

Cf .E.

1 211-1829, e sp.co1.1272,48 ff .,

wrongly contradicted by R .Saxer, _ Untersuchungen z u d en V exilla tionen d es argues

r ömischen Kaiserheeres,

Köln,1967,91.

R itterling 1 .c.

t hat t he c onditions r eferred t o by Josephus are e arly

V espasianic -certainly so, but o ne m ight add t hat v ery e arly V espasianic, l egions while

B .Overbeck,

f or t hey s how C appadocia still w ithout

l egio X II Fulminata c ame t o Malatya in A .D.71

a t t he l atest, it s eems, 2 2.

t hey must be

cf .

Josephus,B.I. VII,

1 8.

D as erste M ilitardiplom a us d er Provinz Asia,

1 1,1981,265-76.

C hiron

I am indebted t o t he g enerosity of Dr.Overbeck

who m ade h is s tudy available t o me even before publication. 23.

E .g .Ritterling Overbeck

2 4.

( above,note 20)

( above,

note 2 2);

2 9 f ; S herk

but see below,

( above,note 20) note 3 1.

F or c ohors A pula see AE 1 973,501 a nd M .Speidel, i n

t he Roman Imperial Army.

C ampana,

a nd III C ampestris,

of c ohors L epidiana Dessau, which m ay point c ontrast,

401 f;

C itizen C ohorts

New D ata o n t he C ohorts Apula, TAPhA 106,1976,339-348. I LS

T he soldier

2 590, had h is w ife w ith h im,

t o a prolonged stay of t he c ohort in Asia;

by

a soldier of c ohors Lusitanorum who d ied a t S tratonicea/

C arla r eceived h is

g ravestone from h is

l ikely t hat he was o n

t ransit w ith h is

i t which m akes i t more u nit

( CIL 111,12257).

C ohors L epidiana h ad come from L ower Moesia where it i s known from d iplomas C appadocia

u ntil A .D.116

( AE 1 908.22),

( CIL XVI.45 a nd 5 8),

j ust l ike

2 6

l ater i t is i n

t he o ther Asian c ohorts A pula

and I Raetorum. 9 5 a nd Roxan

For c ohors

( above notes 1 2)

Moesia before A .D. ( above,

I C laudia Sugambrorum see A E 1 927,

note 2 2)

w ith R itterling

1 57.

+ 5 0:

F or c ohors

11,8

I Raetorum see now Overbeck

a nd Roxan,l.c.+ 2 . ( above, note 20)

s tationed in Asia M inor, see M . ANRW

t he c ohort r eturned t o

( 1977)

6 87-730,

T here is no r eason t o suppose

t hat c ohors V I Hispanorum was Speidel,

e sp.p.709.

T he Roman Army i n Arabia,

U nreliable are W .M.Ramsay

a nd A .M.Ramsay, Roman Soldiers a nd G arrisons in Asia M inor, 1 8,1928,181-190,

a s well a s

Soldiers in Asia M inor, v elles

i nscriptions

s tone set

W .M.Ramsay, Roman G arrisons a nd

JRS

1 9,1929,155-160.

d e Phrygie,

T h.Drew-Bear, Nou-

Zutphen 1 978,

u p by Antonius L ucianus,

r ightly concludes

JRS

1 8 publishes a g rave-

c ornicularius

c ohortis,

f rom t he l ack of t he name of t he cohort

a nd t hat

t here w as only o ne c ohort stationed a t Eumeneia. 2 5.

Overbeck

( above, note 2 2)

but i t is d ifficult f or t hat purpose,

f avours

t he manning of t he r oad s tation,

t o see why a n e ntire c ohort would be n eeded

- note t he presence of commanders of t he

For t he c astra a t Eumeneia see MAMA IV,1933,122,no.328 restoration

c astra

stone had 2 6.

[ praesidio]rum

TAM V ,I,474 a nd it s eems,

7 58.

t hat i n

from t hem,

see M .

cf.

T he Proconsul

t he

t he

Dessau 2 660 a nd A E 1 931,113.

a lso had e nough S tratores,

t he l ater 3 rd c entury a c ohort could be r aised Speidel,

S tablesiani,

T he Raising of New C avalry

U nits During t he Crisis of t he Roman Empire, 5 41-546,

( a.196):

i s hardly c orrect, perhaps

C numeroirum,

u nits.

C hiron 4 ,

1 974,

e sp.p.545.

2 7.

P liny, Epist.ad Traianum

2 8.

S tudia P ontica

9 2.

H .

2 1

a nd 106;

TAM IV,I,39;

D evijver/Leuven,

IGR 111,1396.

r eminds me t hat t he

Neoclaudiopolis inscription has been r epublished by J .A.Dengate, A S ite Survey a long t he South Shore of t he B lack Sea, C ongress.Class.Archaeol.Ankara/izmir, g raph a nd t he r eading r ight

t o emphasize t hat

1 973,

CTOAOYCI I[ EIPAC] t he r eading

T he t ext s eems t o be complete a t or f our l etters are m issing,

.

Devijver i s c ertainly

at

m akes no s ense here

t he most t hree

a s Dengate's f ig.18 shows.

Pontic F leet i s admirably d escribed b y D .

K ienast,

z u d en Kriegsflotten d er r ömischen Kaiserzeit 2 7

P roc.X.

1 978,245-258 w ith photo-

o n[E[pas1

t he r ight,

i n:

T he

Untersuchungen

( Bonn,1966),105 ff.;

for t he prefects of t he Pontic F leet see ibid.45 f . Les

c arrieres

, e questres

1 95 c onsiders

s ous

t he position

l e Haut-Empire

r omain,

t o be c entenary.

Proculus see R IB 1 544 and P ME A ,

1 42.

H .G.

Pflaum,

P aris, 1 960-61,

For L . Antonius

F or another recent i nscription

concerning t he prefect see AE 1 968,947 where perhaps o ne s hould r ead

m(agister) cf. 2 9.

o (fficii)

praef(ecti)

c las(sis)

P o(nticae)

:

AE 1 972,573.

For c ohors Apula s ee A E 1966,478 a nd Speidel A centurion at S ide,

( not

t ribune)

of c ohors

( above, note 2 4).

IV Raetorum buried h is s on

perhaps a s ign for a sojourn of some

t he cohort i s in Cappadocia,

t ime t here;

l ike c ohors A pula,

cf.

l ater

E .Ritterling,

Z ur Erklärung v on Arrians Ektaxis, W iener S tudien 2 4,1902, 3 72,

e sp.p.369.

and G alatia a ll

I t seems

3 59-

t hat t he c ohorts of Asia, Lycia, P amphylia,

appear sooner or l ater o n t he C appadocian f rontier.

C ohors Musulamiorum

( TAM 11,485)

may have come from B ithynia.

has a B ithynian soldier a nd t hus

I n A .D.88 it i s in Syria

I t i s d ifferent from t he homonymous African unit

( CIL XVI,35).

( e.g.

C IL XVI,56,

a .107). 30.

C ohors Numidarum w as in Syria in A . D.88 Moesia i n A . D.157 L ycia-Pamphylia: AE 1 966,459

( Ro .xan, Roxan,

( a.248);

above,

1 .c.

+ 6 7

( CIL XVI,35),

in L ower

note 1 2+ 5 0), a nd t hereafter i n ( a.167?);

C IL

XVI,128

cf I GR I 4 65 a nd I CR IV,964 = P ME F ,109).

be t he s ame u nit a s t hat mentioned by Arrian's Ektaxis, R itterling, 3 1.

For t he t ext see now IK 1 3

G .E.Bean, S tudies,

33.

Hence

9 88 ff.

( Ephesus)

For t he o ld interpretations see a bove, n .23).

1 960,43-82.

P art I , Anatolian

no.51 w ith a photograph

( plate XXVI,c).

t he O lbasa L atin w as not q uite a s b arbarous a nd d ifficult

t o interpret a s j udged by B .Levick,Roman C olonies Minor,

see

7 15,for t he d ate Sherk

Notes a nd Inscriptions from P isidia, 10,

Oxford 1 967,156.

T he qui e t s hows t hat

a Roman name a nd hence w as a c itizen;

i n S outhern A sia

t he d ecurion,

t oo, had

m aybe both men were v eterans.

T he name of t he s lave in correct spelling w as Eros. 3 4.

It may

1 .c.368).

( above, note 10) 3 2.

( a.178):

Besides Beans's

c ohors

I I,

w hile P .A.Holder,Studies

i n

B .

L evick

( apud Bean)

s uggested X II,

t he Auxilia o f t he Roman Army

2 8

f rom

Augustus

t o T rajan,

v entures

t he r eading ? Hisp

t he photograph,

i s

Oxford 1 980 I .

( BAR I nt1.70)

p .310,no.1571,

My own preference,

j udging from

c ohor I IX or I TAL, but nothing i s g ained

here f rom speculation. 3 5.

In Egypt a c ohors XVI,

2 9;

I Hisp.

C IL 1 11,50).

i s known from A .D.83 o nwards

T he inscription D essau,

Hispanor . in Cappadoc . may r efer t o c ohors

I LS

( CIL

2 732 c oh...

I I H ispanorum cf.

PME S ,36. 3 6.

W .M.

and A .M.

G eschichte

Ramsay

( above, note 2 4).

d er S tadt Ankara,

Ankara,

E .

Bosch,

Quellen z ur

1 967, nos.113 a nd 1 15.

Our

t ext i s B osch's no.115. 3 7.

Ramsay a nd Bosch

3 8.

Cf.

R .O.Fink,

( previous note);

Sherk

R oman Military R ecords

( above, note 20)

o n Papyrus,

4 09.

C leveland,

1 971,

no.76. 3 9.

W .M.

a nd A .M.

Ramsay

note

3 4)

identify t his cohort w ith

201,

Arrian's Ektaxis,

( above,

ignoring,

note 2 4)

1 81ff,

and Holder

t he Kyrenaioi of

it seems, R itterling

3 64,

who points c onvincingly

III

Aug. Cyrenaicae

( above,

t o a promotion from

( above, note 2 9) praef. coh.

t o t ribune of t he 1 2th l egion Fulminata i n

Cappadocia, now confirmed by a second such promotion

( Devijver,

below, n .60, A 3 1 and I nc.40). 4 0.

T he e ssential s tudy i s

t hat of R itterling

a lso W .Hüttl, Antoninus P ius, F lavius Arrianus: Duke U niversity, Harvard S tudies 4 1.

Prag 1 936,239ff.;

A Political 1 977.

A .

B .

( above, note 2 9). E .L.Wheeler,

and Military B iography,

8 1,

1 977,

2 17-255.

C ohors Apamenorum i s wrongly identified, AE 1 977,183, see a lso Bosworth A E

C ohors

I I

C laudia,

c ohors

I I

C laudiana of C hLa XI,477.

m entioned by D essau,

1 977,

I LS

( preceding note)

C ommagenorum

2 33.

C ohors M illiaria i s

9 117 a nd A E 1 933,270

s ee a lso note below, ( Ritterling,

w ith

8 02 i s now t o be identified w ith

( now r eedited by

Ch.Habicht, D ie I nschriften d es A sklepieions, 6 8ff, no.30),

P hD.Diss.

Bosworth, Arrian a nd t he A lani,

i n C lassical Philology,

Arrian's A planoi,

note 4 3.

a bove, note 2 9,

B erlin,

1 969, p .

B y c ontrast,

3 66)

must now be

d eleted from t he army l ist of C appadocia t o m ake r oom f or c ohors

I Apamenorum,cf.

A E

See

1 974,266. 2 9

c ohors

I I

4 2.

W heeler,

( above,

of Arrian's regular,

note

4 0,

'Ar aavot

1 8 f .)

Asculum - 'Ac TxXc cr ,Ol , ;

E igennamen, Arrian i s

( W .

t o doubt

w ith c ohors A pula.

c orrect equivalent

Tou ax .Xavoi .

i s m istaken

f or A pulani,

Populonia

P ape - G .

Braunschweig,

E .

-

t he identity

'A r cA .avoC i s

w itness

t he

t he p arallels

I lonA Z\n og

;

T usculum -

B enseler, Wörterbuch d er g riech.

1 863-1870).

p erfectly sound here,

T he m anuscript

t here exists no

t radition of

' crux',

a nd no

emendation i s r equired. 4 3.

T hus

c ohors milliaria

Armenia, 4 4.

Dessau,

L egionary

I LS

m ay have arrived f or t he g arrisoning of 9 117,

cf .

M itford

t roops were a ssumed e .g .

1 202 w ith r eference

t o D essau,

l egio X II w as not i n f ull

I LS

note 2 )

by M itford 2 660, but

( above, note 2 ) t he f act

l imes

such a s

i n C appadocia.

233 is l ess l ikely,

s ee L . Y.Rahmani,

ä CgSarge Maritime,

R evue

B iblique

Strabo 1 7,1,12 and 1 7,1,53;

( Participation i n

U n autel

8 5,

C IL III,

1 978,

( above,

2 68-276.

a s mentioned i n C hLA XI,

4 6.

T acitus,

1 982,

Annals IV,5,

M .

For c ohors

Auxiliary U nits named after t heir C ommanders: from E gypt, A egyptus

note 4 0)

f u r 4raire r omain

1 4147.2.

Nubia's Roman G arrison, ANRW C laudiana a nd Apsarus

t hat

t he need t o g uard t he

H adrian's Jewish W ar, a s suggested by B osworth

4 5.

1 206.

strength i n Arrian's expeditionary

army m ay have had o ther r easons, southern s tretch of t he

( above,

Speidel, I I

4 77 s ee M .

S peidel,

T hree new c ases

f orthco m ing.

C heesman

( above,

note 2 0)

1 68 e stimates

t he

number of auxiliaries about o ne a nd a half t imes a s h igh a s t hat of t he l egionaries f or t he e ntire empire during t he m idsecond c entury. auxilla 4 7.

Contra:

t o t urn M itford

O n

t hat c ount o ne m ight expect even more

u p w ith

f uture f inds of i nscriptions.

( above,

note 2 )

1 187,n.42.

See T acitus o n t he

m ilitary strength of t he Orient before t he F lavian r eforms ( Hist.

11,6):

castrorum 4 8.

.. hinc

Armeniis

Cappadocia

T urkey,

New Research o n

in Roman F rontier S tudies

L .J.F. Keppie,

Part

I II,

et

quidquid

praetenditur.

J .G.Crow a nd D .H.French, i n

Pontusque

Oxford 1 980

3 0

t he E uphrates Frontier

1 979,

ed. W.S.Hanson a nd

( =BAR I nt1.71,3)

9 03-912.

T he c ohort i s i n Syria by A .D.88

( CIL XVI,35)

Judea before i t w as r enamed S yria P alaestina,

but i n cf .

D essau,

I LS

5 549. 4 9.

M .

Speidel,

L egionaries f rom A sia M inor,

ANRW 1 1.7.2

( 1980) ,

7 30-746. 5 0.

T he i nscription i s

5 1.

Speidel

5 2.

A .S.Hall's

5 3.

E .Dorutiu-Boila, 1 980,

t o be published by S .M.Burstein,

( above, note 2 4)

1 86

c ontribution

3 48,n.32. t o t he present

I nscriptiones

( =CIL 1 11,7502)

a n oriental

L os Angeles.

e xpedition a s

v olume.

S cythicae M inoris V .

and 1 96

Bucuresti

( not necessarily r ecruited o n

t he a uthor suggests, but r ather part of

a continuing supply). 5 4.

M itchell

( above, note 1 4)

no.28.

5 5.

For l egionary soldiers promoted t o d ecurions,

a nd f or d ecurions

promoted t o l egionary c enturions, see e .g.

Speidel,

M .

C aptor of Decebalus, A . New I nscription f rom Philippi, 1 970,

1 42-153,

e sp.p.149.

F or d ecurions of t he a lae

t o t he primipilate s ee B .Dobson, D ie Primipilares, nos.

2 16 and 2 22,

cf .223.

F or c omparable c areers

T he JRS

6 0,

t hat r ose

K öln,

1 978,

t hat name t he

primipilate f irst a nd t he l ower r anks afterwards s ee i bid./22, 1 24,

1 26,

etc.

see Dessau,

I LS

T he phrase m ilitavit 2 658 a nd 2 624.

i n

F or t he s eparate c ounting of

y ears served a s a c enturion s ee Dessau,

5 6.

AE 1 937,

101.

Cheesman

( above,

note 20)

l egione i s not r are,

1 79 f .

2 649;

1 905,54,

f ully e ight a lae Phrygum were o nce r aised,

1 979, 5 7.

S .

The P aul

2 670;

( his c ohorts I I a nd III

C ilicum rest o n a m isreading of A E

Roman M ilitary D iploma,

2 654;

cf .

D essau 8 919).

cf. R .Mellor, A New

G etty Museum J ourna1,6-7,

1 978-

173-184.

M itchell,

Roman Residents a nd Roman Property i n Southern

Asia M inor i n:

P roceedings

o f C lassical A rchaeology, Iconium a nd Ninica, Historia 2 8,

o f

t he X t h I nternational C ongress

Ankara,

1 978,

3 11-318.

S .

M itchell,

T wo Double C ommunities i n Roman Asia M inor,

1 979,409-438.

3 1

Perhaps

5 8.

Sherk

( above, note 20)

( above, note 2 9), K ing Agrippa II

KoX i i 5veg

but o f

4 09; MAMA 8 ,94 a nd 3 27.

one r efers

( AE 1 895,

a nd

for t he o rigin of a la C olonorum,

are not K oA . c ovi :TaL,

1 909,

S outhern Syria,

1 921,

no.

a la in southern G alatia s ee e .g . 4 18.

( Mitchell,

a parallel t he

S yria,

PBSR

u nit,

1 .c.414).

see S herk,

1 973,

M itchell

( previous note,

Iconion,

V ery l ikely,

1 .c.408 f :

e nsium,

8 -17 i s supported:

p r]aef.

( alae C ]ommagen

i s

t itled

C aes.

See now S .

T i.

p refers a lae Anti[anae] ,

a la Antiochiensium i s

Antioch m akes

X II,

praefect.

C aesaris Aug.

[ col.]

e sp.97-8 w ho

t he new i nscription from S yrian

t he g enerally accepted reading preferable.

t he existence, 1 979,501)

( above, note 2 ),

a lae Anti[ochi-

4 3,1981,97-109,

but

e questris

V exilla V eteranorum,

[ prae]f.

[ Cl.]

Demougin Z PE

1 979)

t hat a la i s a lso m entioned

v eteran[orum l eg.] ( orum )

t o S yria i n

For t he t radition of t he

t he r eading of A E by L .J.F.Keppie,

4 1,

cf .

by t hen, PME,

of

I nc.65.

a la C ommagenorum,

( for

see now C HLA XI,

S ince a la Antiochiensium i s m entioned

a broad a s l ate a s A .D.

7 5 i t i s

w ith a la G ermaniciana

( contra:

u nlikely t hat i t s hould be identified S herk, a bove, note 20,

from c areers a t P isidian Antioch stationed t here,

P ublication

S ection A ,

u npublished inscription from A . D.75 a t Antioch

t hereby

5 9.

7 97.

At l east one of t he c olonies,

o n coins,

A E

see E .Littman,

I II , G reek and Latin I nscriptions, L eyden,

of

KO XCOVF , TC 1l ,

t he P rinceton University Archaeological Expeditions

1 904-5

o n

C ru cci :g

t o t he

7 8)

S ince R itterling

s ee now I K 13

( cf .

AE 1 966,472)

( Ephesus)

4 08 f .)

known

but not necessarily

8 37 a nd A E 1 973,539

( contra:

1 972,592).

' Considerable numbers': f or P annonia i s

see F ink

( above,note 3 8)

c ollected by J .Fitz,

7 4.

T he Material

K leinasiaten i n P annonien, A lba

R egia 1 6,1978,365-368. 60.

H .

Devijver,

1 976-1980, 6 1.

E .

6 2.

H .

3 v ols,

L euven

c ited here a s PME.

B irley, Septimius Severus and

S tudien 8 , I NC

Prosopographia Militarium E questrium,

1 969,

6 3-82.

t he Roman Army.

E pigraphische

For C ilicia add PME P 10(?),

T 4 2,

a nd

3 2(?) Devijver,

E ine neue I nschrift aus K losterneuburg u nd d as

afrikanische V ersetzungusschema

f ür R itteroffiziere,

1 11-124. 3 2

Z PE 4 3,

1 981,

63.

B .

Dobson,

6 4.

C .

B .

D ie P rimipilares,

W elles in R .

I nscriptions 6 5.

6 6.

Frye,

J .

o f C aesarea

5 4,1,

Mason,

YCS

H .

I ngholt,

C .

B .

W elles,

1 4,1955,127-212, no.61.

i n C appadocia,

2 5,

2 7;

A .

S ydenham,

r eprint NY 1 978.

11,18;92,1,6,17.

G reek T erms

6 8.

Herodian V1,5,5 - V1,6,3.

6 9.

C .

W elles,

7 9-102;

T oronto,

l egionis

1 974,

see H .J.

1 20f .

a nd h is f unction a s a

1 .c.68-74.

W .

E nsslin,

C AR X II 1 939,70f.

The E pitaph o f Julius T erentius, HTR 3 4,

praefectus

of ficium of t he

s ee A .V .Domaszewski, Dobson,

RE X III,

K öln,

Die Rangordnung d es 1 967,40,

1 285-1290,

a nd W .

co1.1289f ,

1 941,

must now be added.

P ME A 7 8;

Pflaum

H .G.

1 204, n .106.

( Dessau 9099)

r ömischen Heeres

E nsslin,

( above, note 2 8) Correct:

l egionis

2 nd ed.

P raefectus

C astrorum,

T o t he s taff m embers l isted here ‚ the

t esserarius

note 2 )

Ba .01 _ , X61 )g

idem Dura R ep . 9.1944,176-185.

For t he

by B .

u se of

e specially s ince t he Seven ,

praefectus

For t he r ank of t he

B .

For t he

f or Roman I nstitutions,

f ield c ommander s ee Dobson,

7 1.

G illiam,

t itle of C aesarea Mazaca see E .

a s a t itle for Roman Emperors,

7 0.

1 978.

For Alexander m entioned a t Dura w ithout h is name S everus s ee e .g . P . Dura

6 7.

F .

f rom Dura-Europos,

For t his official The C oinage

N .

Köln,

p322;

R itterling

M itford

( above,

( above, note 2 9)

3 62f n .4. 7 2.

T he l atest publication of such a t ext i s TAM V ,1,154; Robert, in

O pera M inora S electa I , Amsterdam 1 969,368.

For f rumentarii

g eneral see M .Clauss, U ntersuchungen z u d en p rincipales

r ömischen Heeres von Augustus b is D iokletian, s peculatores, 7 3.

cf .L.

f rumentarii.

P art

1 ,

c ornicularii,

D iss.Bochum,1973.

W . H.Buckler a nd D .M.Robinson, I nscriptions,

d es

( Leyden,

S ardis, 1 932)

v ol.7,

G reek a nd Latin

no.140 w ith p late, whence A E

1 933,256. 7 4.

C IL 111,443 = D essau,

7 5.

C lauss

7 6.

T he c enturion 's

( mote 7 2)

8 2

2368 = IK 1 6,2244;

A E 1 957,161 = I K 13,817.

ff.

t ext i s

t o be published by S . 3 3

. , " ahin,

C atalogue

( IK forthcoming).

of t he N icean I nscriptions

p rotectores etc. 7 7.

J .

F .

see T AM IV,I.

G illiam, A D iocletianic I nscription f rom Ayasoya a nd

Imperial M ilitary Supernomina,

S cutarii:

Z PE 1 5, 1 974,

1 83-191.

E quites

A E 1 977,818.

7 8.

A E 1977,806.

7 9.

T h.Drew-Bear, i n:

For t he

L es

v oyages d 'Aurelius G aius, soldat d e D iocletien,

L a g eographie a dministrative e t p olitique d 'Alexandre a

M ahomet

( Universitg d es Sciences Humaines d e Strasbourg,

T ravaux

d u Centre d e Recherche sur l e Proche-Orient e t l a Gr ce Antiques),

L eiden,

1 981,

9 3-141.

Additional Note

G alatia m ay h ave r etained a n a uxiliary c ohort a t o r n ear i ts c apital A ncyra t hrough t he s econd a nd t hird c enturies: M itchell i n h is h ighly w elcome j ust p ublished, C atalogues o f A sia M inor I I, o f N orth G alatia,

( Oxford,

S tephen

R egional E pigraphic

T he A nkara D istrict, T he I nscriptions

1 982)

n o.225 s uggests w ith g ood r eason

t hat C IL 1 11,6770 m ay h ave b een a d edication b y s oldiers o f a cohors

Maximiana

( A .D.235-238)

e rected a t A ncyra.

T he

c ohorts k nown f or G alatia t hus a re:

c ohors I H ispanorum

e arly a nd m id- f irst c entury

c ohors I Bosporanorum

m id-first c entury A .D.

c ohors I Augusta C yrenaica

2 nd/3rd c entury A .D.

cohors

A .D.235-238

Maximiana

( same u nit a s t he

p receding o ne?)

3 4

T WO V ETERANS O F L EGIO X III G EMINA A T I CONIUM .

1

A lan S . H all

A l arge,

o range-grey l imestone b lock,

r oughly r ectangular i n s hape,

w hich w as d ug u p i n K onya i n 1 970 - i ts e xact p rovenance i s n ot k nown - i s n ow i n t he K onya A rchaeological M useum, w ith I nventory N o.

1 970-30-161.

3

Aüp(f 1A .Log)

NgaTc op

' Iou(Xt) q ,

EaTopvEL

x ca

Aüp(f iXLog)

/ V4 )( 1 1X 4) xXEtvag 5

I t c arries t he

n caaLaTp(aTti or r ig) I

v tr , 1 yuyaLxi .

LiuTC : p x ca

Tag

tE

MhE c ilog " r . a . ,Xa ,LaTp(a .TL( oTng)

A rn i l lTP 4

I

yuyaLx i , TA -c

v

xXctvag

v acat

LiuTe i ) x ca ,

e v A -pL oT pq c

TocUg

xaTcaxeüaoc cy.

VET ( erani) T otal h eight: T otal w idth: T hickness: L etters

f ollowing t ext:

LEG(ionis) XIII

C . M. ( sic)

0 .36m ( Height o f p anel: 1 .24m ( Width o f p anel:

0 .26m ; m oulding 4 .5cm ).

0 .86m ;

0 .36m ( top), 0 .20m ( bottom ).

m ouldings 9 cm ). I rregular b ehind.

3 - 3 .5cm .

T he i nscription h as b een c ut w ithin a r ecessed p anel o n o ne s ide o f t he b lock, l ower e dge

a nd t he d ouble m oulding o f t he p anel i s o pen a long t he

( see P late3, 1 ) ‚ making c lear t hat t he s tone f ormed t he

l intel o f t he d oorway i nto a h eroon; o n t he

l ower b locks w hich m ade u p

s tone i s

i n p laces h eavily p itted,

t he m ouldings w ill h ave c ontinued

t he d oor-jambs.

T he s urface o f t he

a nd i nside t he p anel t he s tone-

c utter h as a voided a n umber o f h oles, w hile o thers a ppear t o h ave d eveloped l ater.

T he l etters a re t all, w ell-cut,

n eatly a picated.

T here a re n o l igatures, b ut s everal a bbreviations.

l ine t he

1 ,

a n i ota w as o mitted f rom

l ine.

I n l ine 5 ,

t he

m isunderstanding o f G EM .

n z aaLc up .

l etters C .M .

c losely s paced,

a nd I n

a nd t hen i nscribed a bove

a ppear t o b e t he s tone-cutter's

T he b ars o n s everal e psilons a re v ery f aint.

S ince b oth v eterans a re A urelii,

t his b ilingual i nscription c an

b e d ated a fter t he i ntroduction o f t he C onstitutio A ntoniniana, a ll p robability w ithin t he f irst h alf o f t he T hird C entury A .D.

a nd i n 2

I f

t hey r eceived t heir m issio n o l ater t han 2 75, b efore D acia w as g iven

3 5

u p b y A urelian, L egio X III G emina w ill s till h ave b een s tationed a t A pulum ,

a nd t heir s ervice w ill h ave b een i n t hat p rovince.

I f l ater,

t hey m ay h ave s erved i n R atiaria o r o ne o f t he o ther s tations o f M oesia I nferior s outh o f t he D anube;

o r,

l ater s till, w ith o ne o f t he

v exillations o f L egio X III u sed b y D iocletian a s p art o f h is m obile a rmy o n t he E astern f rontier.

B ut a n e arlier d ate s eems

3

N one o f t he v eterans o f t his i n A sia M inor,

l egion h as h itherto b een i dentified

a lthough M ichael S peidel h as c onvincingly a rgued 4 t hat,

u nder t he E mpire, f or t he

l ikely.

R oman A sia M inor w as a r ecruiting g round n ot o nly

l egions o f t he E astern f rontier b ut a lso f or t he B alkans a nd

N orth A frica.

I n h is r eview o f t he e pigraphical e vidence,

a ssumed t hat t he a bsence o f e vidence D acia a t t he t ime o f h is w riting d ocumentation".

f or v eterans o f t he

S peidel

l egions o f

( 1975) w as " no m ore t han a g ap i n o ur

T he n ew i nscription c onfirms t hat a ssumption,

A pulum c an b e a dded t o S peidel

is

a nd

l ist a nd t o t he m ap i llustrating h is

a rticle. T he n ames o f A urelius N estor, A urelius M aximus a nd A urelia D emetria a re c ommon a nd u nremarkable i n t he K onya a rea i n t he T hird C entury. n ame o f t he w ife o f N estor i s m ore r evealing .

T he

A s a m ember o f a f amily

o f R oman c itizens, h er n ame - I ulia S aturnina - c an s tand b eside t wo o ther e xamples a lreadyknown - L ucia S aturnina a nd S avidia S aturnina b oth p ublished i n 1 912 b y W . i nscriptions d own.

M .

C alder 5 a s p art o f t he h arvest o f

u ncovered w hen t he w alls o f t he S eljuk p alace w ere p ulled

S ome L atin n ames

i n t he i nscriptions o f I conium c an b e t raced t o

t he R oman c olonists o f t he

l ate R epublic;

6

o thers t estify t o t he

s urvival o f s ome e lements o f a c ontinuing R oman c ulture, b y t he c olonial r e-foundation i n H adrianic t imes, b y t he c ontinued u se o f L atin. T he

s trengthened

a nd e xemplified h ere

7

i nternal a rrangements o f t he t omb a re r evealed b y t he t ext.

A urelius N estor h as p rovided s ix f uneral c ouches

f or h imself, h is w ife,

a nd o ther r elatives, w hile A urelius M aximus h as p repared t he " three o n t he

l eft"

f or h is w ife, A urelia D emetria,

a nd a t

l east o ne o ther p erson.

A d istribution i n g roups o f t hree a round t hree s ides o f t he i ndicated,

t omb i s

a lthough t he p ossibility t hat a g reater n umber o f b odies

m ight b e a ccommodated o n e ach k line s hould n ot b e o verlooked. g rouping b y t hrees - i n l ife a s

8

i n d eath - i s w ell e stablished.

3 6

T he

t hus

P recise a llocations a re a lso f ound i n a n i nscription f rom T los L ycia

( TAM I I,

6 05,

i ndividuals:... ME VE X6 4

I t

( 5

l ines

4 - 5 ), w here

g[ GIC IA

A

.( v )

»

t he k linai

IhOC A VL

8EE[oLg

i n

a re a signed t o

XAEL VT )

EÜ WV ÜTIOL

a ' xiX.

i s s urprising t hat n o o ther t exts m entioning f uneral k linai

h ave p reviously b een r ecorded i n K onya o r i ts v icinity.

W hen J adwiga

K ubinska p ublished h er s tudy o f Les Monuments fur araires dans les inscriptions d e

t erme

( Warsaw 1 968)

s he n oted 9 t hat,

I tXtvn •,c isignant l e l ieu d e spulture e n f orme d e

b anquette, L ycie; C an e,

l 'Asie M ineure

e st t res l ien l ocalisj.

a illeurs u ne f ois

" le

l it o u d e

O n l e t rouve s urtout a T los d e

i l e st a ttest js eulement d eux f ois ä A phrodisias d e ä T hyairai d ans

f ois ä M etropolis d 'Ionie."

l a v allje d u C aystre e n L ydie,

T he n ew t ext

u ne

f rom I conium i n L ycaonia

m ay n ow b e a dded t o h er l ist o f e xamples. F inally,

a s erving s oldier o f L egio X III h as a ppeared,

i n N orthern P hrygia.

A fter t he S wansea C olloque,

S tephen M itchell

k indly d rew m y a ttention t o a f urther b ilingual t ext, c opied b y I .

W . M acpherson a t B al ikhisar,

w est o f A nkara.

X nYr --

I t m entions

c o voc T i ocUg

F .' I s c y 6A , Los

x cd

8 exh -u ng

t his t ime

1 0

o riginally

i n t he H aymana d istrict, »A kf iXag

c r up-

A L6ü ling a nd t hus

c ua oIng l ends

f urther s upport t o t he t hesis o f M ichael S peidel c oncerning r ecruitment f or t he

l egions o f D acia.

3 7

NOTES

1 .

T he t ext presented here, which w as d iscussed a t t he Swansea Colloque,

i s o ne of t he i nscriptions i n

t he Konya Archaeological

Museum s tudied d uring preparatory work f or t he v olume, Inscriptions of Iconium a nd i ts t o t he D irectorate-General a nd Museums,

t erritory".

" The

I am d eeply g rateful

of t he D epartment of Antiquities

M inistry of Culture, Ankara,

permissions w hich have a llowed me

f or s ecuring t he several

t o u ndertake t his project,

a nd t o t he D irector a nd staff of t he K onya Museum f or t heir a ssistance w hile

t he work w as being c arried out.

l ike t o t hank M ichael Speidel

f or d iscussing t he

before a nd d uring t he Colloque. i nviting me t o t ake part, naturally not 2 .

I should a lso t ext w ith m e

Stephen M itchell, besides

s aved me f rom a g ross error, but i s

t o be b lamed f or a ny o thers which m ay r emain.

T he s ignificance of t he

u se of t he name Aurelius,

a nd i ts

importance f or d ating t exts, has been p ointed o ut several by L ouis Robert: p .40:

e .g .

" Le nom Aurelius

precieux ...";

Nouvelles

I nscriptions

..

u n point d e r ep re c hronologique

donne

a nd H ellenica XIII

( 1965)

p .

d e S ardes

2 32-234.

S imone F ollet h as c losely s tudied t he c ases where appears among t he i nscriptions of Athens i n her work A thenes

t imes

au l ie e t au I IIe

( 1964)

More r ecently,

t he name

u nder t he Early Empire,

s iecle

( 1976),

C h.II,

" La Constitution d e C aracalla e t son a pplication 1 Ath nes", pp.63-105,

a nd has l argely c onfirmed t he v iew t hat Aurelius

a lone d oes not appear before 2 12,

except i n a small number of

c ases. 3 .

For t he e stablishment

of L egio XIII a t Apulum after T rajan's

i ncorporation of t he new province of D acia,

4 .

t here

u ntil

XII.2

( 1934)

t ransferred u nder Aurelian t o Ratiaria, Legio

I n h is article,

( Ritterling),

c ols.

5 .

7 31-746,

l ong s tay see R E B and

1 710-1727.

" Roman L egionaries from Asia M inor", published

i n Aufstieg u nd N iedergang d er Antiken W elt, pp

a nd i ts

e sp.744,

R evue d e Philologie

w ith

V ol.II.7.2

( 1980)

t able a nd m ap.

V ol.36

( 1912) 3 8

p .

5 9 no.

1 7 a nd p .

6 5 no.

3 1.

6 .

H .

v on Aulock d emonstrated from t he c oinage of Iconium t hat a n

Augustan c olony was e stablished t here: L ykaoniens",

g ives

f ull

i n

t erritory in h is article, ( 1979)

nos.

Levick's Roman C olonies

t he i nscriptions of K onya

" Iconium a nd N inica",

pp 409-435, e sp.

t he o ther Augustan c olonies by

a nd XII,

( 1976)

r eferences t o e arlier work o n Iconium

a nd a v aluable l ist of L atin names i n

B and XXVIII

u nd Städte

5 6f .

Stephen M itchell

a nd i ts

" Münzen

I stanbuler M itteilungen B eiheft 10

2 97-299 a nd p . 7 .

see

4 11-425.

t he

F or t he s ituation

T hird C entury,

i n S outhern A sia Minor

H istoria

see B arbara

( 1967)

C hs.

XI

" The Absorption of t he C olonists a nd t he d ecline of

L atin". 8 .

As Kubinska r emarks

( op.cit.p.//0),

" Certaines 3X Nc tL

d evaient

avoir d es d imensions c onsidgrables pour pouvoir c ontenir s ix ou sept personnes". 9 .

C h.

XI,

10.

Recently

" Les l its f ungraires", p . published i n

Northern G alatia",

f ull

109.

a s no.

2 89 i n

" The I nscriptions of

edited by S tephen M itchell,

w hich comprises

V olume I I of t he series R egional E pigraphic C atalogues Minor

( BAR I nternational Series 135,

3 9

1 982).

o f A sia

4 0 I nscription

f rom I conium

T HE X II F ULMINATA:

C OUNTERMARKS, E MBLEMS A ND M OVEMENTS U NDER T RAJAN O R H ADRIAN. C .

J . H owgego

C ountermarking - t he a pplication o f a s tamp t o a c oin b y m eans o f a n e ngraved p unch - i s a p ractice a ttested i n m ilitary c ontexts m any p arts o f t he R oman e mpire.

i n

D r. K raay 1 h as s hown t hat c ounter-

m arks b earing v arious i mperial n ames a nd t itles w ere a pplied t o b ronze c oins

a t a n umber o f l egionary c amps o n t he R hine i n t he

J ulio-Claudian p eriod.

F inds

f rom s ites

c lose t o m ilitary c amps

s how a f ar l ower p roportion o f c ountermarked c oins t he c amps t hemselves.

2

F urthermore,

t han t hose

f rom

a n umber o f l egions b oth i n

t he w est a nd e ast c ountermarked c oins w ith t he n ames o r s ymbols t he

l egion i tself:

. 4 t he X G emina,

i n S pain t he V I V ictrix,

a nd,

i n t he e ast,

t he V I F errata,

6

A pollinaris.

M oreover,

1 64 c oins,

8

3

i n S pain a nd P annonia

t he I II G allica

t he X F retensis,

o f

( or C yrenaica),

5

t he X II F ulminata a nd t he X V

7

a h oard f ound r ecently i n S yria 9 c ontaining

o f w hich 9 1 a re c ountermarked

( 42 s pecifically w ith t he

n ame o r s ymbol o f a l egion), p rovides u s w ith t he e astern e quivalent o f t he f inds W hen t he

f rom t he R hine c amps. l egionary c ountermarks o ccur o n s eries o f c oins w hich

c irculated v ery w idely - s uch a s t he i mperial b ronze f rom R ome, L ugdunum o r N emausus

i n t he w est o r,

A ntioch o r t he T iberian d upondii

i n t he e ast,

t he S C s eries

f rom

t raditionally a ttributed t o

C ommagene - t hen t hese c ountermarks a re o f v ery l ittle u se i n t rying t o l ocate t he l egion a t t he t ime o f c ountermarking. d istinct g roup o f c ountermarks i cular c ity,

H owever,

i s a pplied t o t he c oins o f a p art-

o r an umber o f c ities i n a p articular a rea,

r easonably c ertain t hat t he

i f a

l egion w as

i n t he a rea a t

i t i s

t he t ime.

I t

c annot b e p roved t hat t he c ountermarks w ere a lways a pplied b y a l egion a s aw hole r ather t han b y a d etachment i mportance h ere) c ases

b ut t he f ormer i s,

t he l egions

( presumably a t) J udaea ).

I t i s

( a m atter o f s ome

p erhaps, m ore l ikely.

I n m ost

c an b e s hown t o h ave c ountermarked i n t he a rea o f

t heir p ermanent c amps t he e xceptions

( e.g.

t he X F retensis

i n

t o t his w hich p rovide a w elcome

s upplement t o o ur s cant k nowledge o f l egionary m ovements.

4 1

O ne e xample o f t his i s p rovided b y t he X II F ulminata, w hich a pplied c ountermarks 1 0

A .D.86/7.

t o c oins o f N eapolis i n S amaria s truck u p t o

T he r elevant c oins, w hich a re a ll o f D omitian a nd h ave a n

i nscription i n aw reath o n t he r everse, C oin

C ountermarks:

1 .

a re a s

o n o bverse

f ollows:

o n r everse

T hunderbolt u nder E agle, E ar o f c orn.

2 .

i t

3 .

( twice),

4 .

,

5 .

1 1

,

( P1.4.1.1) M ale h ead 1 .

I t

( P1.4.1.2)

f t

,

LXV 1 2

( P1.4.1.3)

F VLM .

( P1.4.1.4)

C ountermarks w ith t his t ype o f e agle a re f ound o n t he c oins o f N eapolis o nly a nd a re t herefore m ost l ikely t o h ave b een a pplied i n t he a rea o f t hat c ity.

1 3

O n c oins

1 a nd 2 t he t hunderbolt c ounter-

m ark i s p artially u nderneath o r d amaged b y t he e agle a nd h ence was a pplied f irst,

a lso a t N eapolis.

T hat a ll f our e xamples o f t he

e agle a re p aired w ith t hunderbolts

s uggests t hat b oth c ountermarks

w ere a pplied a t m uch t he s ame t ime a nd b y t he s ame a uthority.

I t

i s i ntended t o a rgue h ere t hat b oth a re e mblems o f t he X II F ulminata. r ecorded,

T he e mblems o f t his

1 4

l egion d o n ot s eem t o b e o therwise

b ut t he c hoice o f a t hunderbolt

( fulmen )

t o r epresent

a l egion w ith t he c ognomen F ulminata i s o bviously e nough.

A n

e agle w ould b e a ppropriate s ince t he f ulmen a nd t he e agle a re t he c haracteristic a ttributes o f Z eus a re u biquitous

( the a rchetypal F ulminator).

B oth

s ymbols b ut t heir a ssociation w ith t he X II F ulminata

i n t his c ase i s s upported b y a n umber o f a rguments.

T he s trongest

o f t hese c omes

f rom a c ountermarked c oin o f t he S C s eries o n w hich a

t hunderbolt i s

f ound t ogether w ith t he s pecific c ountermark

I n a ddition,

' F

M '

c oin 4 i s r ecorded a s h aving b een a cquired t wo m iles

f rom M elitene,

t he p ermanent c amp o f t he X II F ulminata a t t his d ate,

w hither i t h ad p resumably b een c arried b y a s oldier r eturning f rom S amaria.

C oin 1 m ay l ikewise h ave m oved n orth s ince i t w as

a t A lexandretta o f N eapolis, b olt,

( Iskenderun ).

F urther,

f ound

c oin 5 f rom t he s ame i ssue

a lthough n ot c ountermarked w ith a n e agle o r t hunder-

i s s tamped w ith a n u nequivocal

t o t he c onnection b etween t he l ess

1 5

s ure w here t his

' FVLM ',

g iving f urther s upport

l egion a nd t he c ity.

l ast c ountermark w as a pplied.

4 2

I t i s, h owever, 1 6

I t i s

t he

e agle a nd t hunderbolt g roup w hich i ndicates t he p resence o f t he X II F ulminata a t N eapolis. T he l atest c oin i n t he g roup p roves t he l egion t o h ave b een t here i n o r a fter A ,D.8 6 /7 . T he r ange o f p ossible d ates c an b e l imited .

A fter A .D.87 N eapolis s truck n o c oins u ntil t owards t he

e nd o f t he r eign o f A ntoninus P ius

( ?A .D.15 6 /7) .

1 7

c oins w ere i n c irculation w hen t he l egion a rrived, a bly h ave b een c ountermarked t oo, d ate b etween A .D.86/7 a nd A .D.

S ince,

i f l ater

t hey w ould p rob-

i t i s r easonable t o l ook f or a

1 56/7.

T here a re t wo p lausible o ccasions

f or t he p resence o f t he X II F ulminata a t N eapolis d uring t his p eriod: t he d isturbances i n P alestine d uring A .D.115-117 a nd H adrian 's J ewish W ar o f A .D.132-135. u nattested '

T he XI F ulminata i s

' as y et c ompletely

a s h aving t aken p art i n T ra jan 's E astern C ampaign b ut

i t i s g enerally b elieved t o h ave d one s o. s tationed i n P alestine,

1 8

T he X F retensis, n ormally

i s k nown t o h ave g one w ith T rajan 1 9

a nd i t i s

p ossible t hat i t w as t emporarily r eplaced i n t he a rea b y t he X II F ulminata. T he d isturbances i n P alestine a re l ikely t o h ave r equired am ilitary p resence a nd m ight b e a dduced a s ar eason. 20

C ertain

n umismatic c onsiderations f avour t his e arlier o ccasion a lthough t hey a re n ot c ompelling. 21

T he e pigraphic e vidence f or t he p articipation

o f t he X II F ulminata i n H adrian 's J ewish W ar w ould m ake t he l ater o ccasion t he m ore p robable, b gt i t i s i tself n ot w ithout p roblems.

2 2

W ithout f urther e vidence i t s eems u nwise t o d ecide b etween t he t wo,

4 .1

C ountermarked C oins a t N eapolis 4 3

Notes 1 .

' The Behaviour of Early

Imperial

Roman Coinage presented Sutherland) 2 .

Cf.

H .-M.

Bern,

Countermarks',

t o Harold Mattingly

E ssays in

( ed.

C arson and

1 13-136.

von K aenel,

D ie Fundmünzen von der Engehalbinsel

Jahrbuch der Bernischen H istorischen Museums

5 5-58

bei

( 1975-8)

p .108. 3 .

A . M.

de Guadan,

Numisma 1958 May

4 .

D .W .MacDowall,

5 .

T he interpretation of t he countermark LIIIC

NC 1960,

further d iscussion, 6 .

D .Barag,

note 6 pp 1 17-125

8 .

N icopolis in Pontus:

( 1980)

Numismatic Convention,

SNG F itzwilliam 4046

Caesarea in Cappadocia: F inal

Report

Bellinger,

VI,

Jerusalem 1963,

B . Marthaler,

Coinage of Asia M inor p .78,99:

T he Coinage of Eastern Palestine p .80,8,9

( to A .D.165).

examples are in want of c onfirmation.

forthcoming,

t he synchronism w ith

M .

Grant,

( Zagreb)(Augustus); 3 82/1911

Dura 1 604c

( Claudius); Antioch

Aradus:

( 4.D.115-6), :

( P1.I.3)

B abelon,

Uncertain

' Comma g ene':

( acquired at Beirut):

( Trajanic).

ANSMN 25

( 1980)

cf .

( henceforth:

dated A . D.86/7.

M .Rosenberger,

See a lso Neapolis:

w ith n .12.

' A Hoard from Syria Countermarked by 63-76

Berlin

Les Perses Achgmen-

G .Brunk,

Coin 5 is

If t his is

t he e astern expedition of

T iberian dupondius of

de Numismatique I p .329

coin 4 below

All

From Imperium t o Auctoritas p .102 n .4

( unidentified);

ides p .162,1157 Melanges

SC series:

( Uni-

Rosenberger,

t he C aesarea

V erus is suggestive.

10.

p .72 n .5.

T he Excavations at Dura-

versity of Minnesota Ph.D.thesis 1 968)

in Syria:

warrants

( A.D.105-6);

T he Coins no.2070a;

Two Studies in t he Greek Imperial

9 .

( or G )

( Pl. XI).

7 .

Europos,

13f.

103f .

pace Brunk, ANSMN 2 5

International

p .121 n .20

- June,

t he Roman Legions',

Brunk).

1-4 m ight be A .D.82/3 or A .D.86/7.

C ity Coins of Palestine

4 4

V ol . 111 p .5,1,2.

1 1.

1 :

Paris 1968/227

B lumer 1900,

( ex H .Seyrig coll.);

1 2-43g).

T his coin is

w ith certainty but is probably 3 : 12.

ANS;

4 :

Oxford;

5 :

2 :

Berlin

t oo worn

t o be identified

from t his same issue of Neapolis;

Hunter III p .277,1.

T his countermark of t he XV Apollinaris appears on

t o be

t he latest

t he coin and is evidence for t he interchange of bronze

coins between by

( Imhoof-

two coins

and FVL[M]

t he legions.

T his practice is otherwise a ttested

from t he SC series,

( Claudius,

Oxford)

one countermarked both LIIIC

and t he other XE and FVLM

( Brunk

106). 13.

T he

t hunderbolt a s

series

a countermark is found on coins of t he SC

( Brunk 13,99,138),

( SNG F itzwilliam 5 965) In

t he last c ase

Fulmdnata

Pieria also s ince

14.

( Head,

and on a number of coins from P tolemais.

t he countermark does not represent

( cf.n.14).

Keraunios

on a coin from Seleuceia P ieria

T his may be

t he

t he XII

true of t he coin of Seleuceia

t hunderbolt was a cultus-object of Z eus

H istoria Nummorum,

2 nd Ed.p.783) ..

Kanitz published a coin countermarked w ith a t hunderbolt found at Caesarea in Samaria inferred

( SAN Vol. IV 1 972-3,

t he f irst Jewish war

The latter is irrelevant s ince

t he former is

u nlikely

issue of Ptolemais IV,

P late VI 9 8)

Hadrian

( Kadman,

t o be

true.

( cf . Kadman,

and

t he coin is

t o be an

T he Coins of Akko P tolemais,CNP

t he countermark at least a s l ate a s

op.cit.

P l. VII 105).

T he

of purely local s ignificance.

c aduceus

( both

u sed a s reverse

cult f igure

( 1.D.

T rajanic and

T he coin seems

a symbol

local

He

t hat it was a countermark of t he XII Fulminata and

noted t he legion's participation in 66).

No.2,25,34).

( e. g.

t ypes)

Kadman,

T he were

op.cit.

t hunderbolt is here t hunderbolt and t he symbols of a

P late VIII and XVII

242-3). 15.

Brunk 138.

16.

' FVLM'

was a lso applied

being of Vespasian: ' Commagene' w ith

t his

( Brunk

t o coins of t he SC series

Brunk 15) 146,153).

and

t o

( the l atest

T iberian dupondii

of

S ince only one coin of Neapolis

countermark is known and

4 5

t he same countermark is

recorded on other series of coins, ' a d istinct

group of countermarks applied t o coins of a part-

icular c ity'. marking is 17.

M .

o ne c annot speak here of

T he location of t he l egion

t herefore

Rosenberger,

Copenhagen,

a t

t he

t ime of counter -

u ncertain.

op.cit.

Vol.

Palestine 16

III p .6,7

( A. D.158/9);

( ? A . D.156/7).

SNG

Some of t he

u ndated

c oins m ight be earlier. 18.

F .

A .

L epper,

T rajan's Parthian

W ar,

Oxford,

1 948,

p .175; ANRW

7 .2, pp.1196-7. 1 9.

CIL VI,

i838=ILS 2727;

20.

SHA Hadrian 5 ,2:

An. Ep.

1 935,

1 67.

' Aegyptus seditionibus

u rgebatur,

cc Palaestina rebelles animos efferebant' E .

M .

Smallwood,

500-10.

P alestine,

T his may a lso explain

at Jerusalem in A . D. 2 1.

c .A.D.

1 16,

cf.

1 15-118,

Lepper,

13587=ILS 4393.

c learly later t han

t he XII Fulminata c ountermarks.

t hemselves

found on coins

respectively

( Dura 1621c;

countermark of coin

( 1962)

of III Cyrenaica

T he ear of corn countermark on coin 1 and t he LXV on

are not

op.cit.p.91-2;

H istoria XI

t he d etachment

CIL III,

L ibya denique

coin

4 are

However,

t hey

l ater t han Domitian and T rajan

1624d and n .8 above).

5 is not found o n coins

Moreover,

t he FVLM

l ater t han A .D.86/7

( n.16 above). 2 2.

B .

L ifshitz,

II

( ed.

iptions

J .

Legions romains en Palestine,

B ibauw ),

Hommages

Bruxelles 1969, pp.468-9.

c ited t he a ltar from C aesarea i s

( 1964), p .245).

Of t he two inscr-

u ndated and t he d ate of

t he inscription from Jerusalem has been doubted 14

ä Marcel Renard

( A. Negev,

IEJ

Even if t he two fragments of the Jerusalem

inscription belong t ogether t he nature of t he mention of a l ib(ertus) in conjunction w ith at least See

t hree legions

t he d iscussions referred t o in Z .Pal

and in particular R .Savignac,

4 6

R .Bi n .s.I

remains problematic.

V XLIV ( 1904)

( 1921)

p .2 no.3,

pp.94-8.

R ECRUITMENT I N A SIA M INOR F OR T HE L EGIO 1 111 S CYTHICA b y D . H .

F rench

I n a r ecent w ork o n L egio 1 111 S cythica, Z uden l eisteten u ngewöhnlich v iele

i t w as s tated t hat

j unge M änner a us g uten

e influssreichen H ause a ls t ribuni l aticlavii i hren D ienst i n d er l eg .IIII S cythica, w as a ls w eiterer H inweis a uf e ine g eringe D istantz z wischen d em L egionslager u nd d er R esidenz d es r ömischen S tatthalters z u w erten i st. ..in d ieser E inheit, R itterstand,

( Wagner 1 976:

1 45 a nd n .

1 29)

g egenuber d er Z ahl d er T ribunen a us d em

u ngewöhnlich v iele j unge M änner a us g utem, e influss-

r eichen H ause a ls t ribuni l aticlavii d ienten.

( Wagner 1 977:518)

E xplicit a nd u nambiguous e pigraphic e vidence f or t ribuni f rom A sia M inor i s d ifficult t o f ind. q ualification i s n ot g iven. m ent,

h owever p robable,

I n a ll k nown c ases,

F or A sia M inor,

a n e thnic

t herefore, W agner's s tate-

c annot b e d irectly s ubstantiated.

( of t he L egio 1 111 S cythica)

l aticlavii

S ome t ribuni

n ot r ecorded a s l aticlavii n or g iven a n

e thnic q ualification a re k nown;

f rom a c ollation o f t he e vidence,

i s p ossible t o s uggest a s enatorial r ank a nd,

i t

i n t wo c ases a t l east,

a n o rigin f or t hese l aticlavii o f t he L egio 1 111 S cythica: * ( 1)

M .

C laudius P .

V edius A ntoninus P haedrus S abinianus

( Halfmann 1 979:168 n o. ( 2)

T ib.

C laudius I ulianus

( ?

( from E phesus)

8 4)

f rom E phesus)

( Halfmann 1 979:148 n o.57) ( 3)

C .

I ulius C .f.Fab.

S everus

( from A ncyra )

( Halfmann 1 979:169 n o.81) ( 4)

C .

I ulius T hraso A lexander ( Halfmann 1 979:

O n t he o ther h and,

( ?origin)

1 70 n o.87)

t ribuni

( angusticlavii)

w ith a n e questrian

c areer a head o f t hem a re r ecorded i n t he i nscriptions o f A sia M inor c ities :

4 7

( 1)

T ib.

C laudius N icomidis

f .

P ius

( from P ergamum )

( Habicht 1 969:68 n o.30) ( Devijver 1 976-80.0 1 68) ( 2)

I ulius A ntoninus

( ?

f rom O enoanda)

( Heberdey a nd K alinka 1 897:41 n o.60.II.11.50,51) ( Devijver 1 976-80.1 2 0) I n t hese a nd i n o ther i nstances,

a r ank a nd a n o rigin m ay b e

d educed f rom i nternal e vidence o r i nferred o n t he g rounds o f c ircums tantial e vidence i .e. p robability.

A n e xample i s n ow t o b e

f ound

i n

P isidia a t C olonia C omama, w here a r evised r eading o f a k nown t ext m ay b e c ited a s p ossible e vidence i n s upport o f W agner's s tatement q uoted a bove. t I rkütlü

A d amaged i nscription,

( Kizilkaya b ucagi,

o bserved i n t he v illage o f

B ucak i l esi, B urdur)

c ompletes a t ext

p ublished b y B erard i n 1 892.

UR K E JT L I J B oth s tones a re t o b e s een i n t he h ouse

( no.08)

o f M ustafa

A ydin, w here t hey s erve a s b ases t o s upport w ooden c olumns o n t he g round f loor. ( a)(upper f ragment)

s et u pside d own a nd u sed a s a b ase f or a w ooden

c olumn o n t he r ight-hand s ide o f t he e ntrance-passage: s tone;

b roken

t he s ides f ace)

( ?above a nd)

i s i ntact.

0 .555,

b elow a nd o n a ll e dges b ut t he s urface o f

D imensions:

d epth 0 .55 m .

w hite l ime-

h eight 0 .36 m , w idth

( inscribed

S een 1 2 N ovember 1 976.

[ .]PACCIUMeM• FI[.] [ .1Z 1B• MONTANyl.] [ [

B ibliography:

•

»

]

F

•

I

[

B erard 1 892:420 n o.44 C IL I II.

( b)(lower f ragment)

S upp1.2.12151

u sed a s a b ase f or a w ooden c olumn o n t he l eft-

h and s ide o f t he e ntrance-passage;

w hite l imestone;

b elow a nd o n a ll e dges b ut t he s urface o f t he D imensions: 0 .53m .

h eight

( visible)

0 .55, w idth

S een 1 2 N ovember 1 976.

4 8

b roken a bove,

l eft s ide i s

( existing ) 0 .45,

i ntact. d epth

p i [..] I mAp [.] CVRIONEMSV[..] PROMERITISEIV[.] QVEINEAMCON[..1 LITPOSITIONEM STATVAE

OMNI[..]

INPENDIAPRAES[.] [ ..] ACCIOAP[...]

T he t wo

f ragments m ay b e c ombined t hus,

[ L.]

) :

P accium e m .fi [1.]

[ F] b. [ tr]ib. 15

( see P 1.5.1

Montany [m]

e Leg.IIII [ ... ]

[ honoravit C ol . ] [ Iul. Aug.Prima F i] da

[ Co]mama d [e] . •

curionem s u[um] pro meritis e i[us] 1 0

que

i n e ar n c on[tu]

l it positionem s tatuae omni[aque] i npendia _ prae [tante] [ ..P]accio Ap [ 1 5 / .3 :

- ]

?[ Scyt] *

1 .14:

Ap[. fil.]

1 1.12,13:

1 .10 que f or quae o r 1 1.

1 4,15

Ap[

-

If ilio

eius]?

i t i s n ot c lear h ow t he l etters r equired a t t he e nd o f

t he l ines w ere a ccommodated o n t he f ace o f t he s tone. Date:

? mid-second c entury A D.

B erard's

t ext

( and c onsequently C /L I II.Supp1.2.12151) m ust b e

c orrect edin o ne, 1 .5:

i mportant i nstance: f or I II,read 1 111.

4 9

I llustration a nd d iscussion o f t he t wo i nscriptions o f C olonia C omama,

CIL.

1 11.6685 a nd 1 2151

m an, L .

P accius M ontanus,

( here r evised),

n amed o n 6 885 a nd r estored o n 1 2151,

b e f ound i n a n a rticle b y B arbara L evick C olonial

f amilies,

a nd c omment o n t he

( 1958:77-98)

P accia S aturnina i s h onoured;

CIL.

1 11.12150,

f rom C olonia C omama,

1 2149 a nd 1 2150, M ommsen s uggested t hat t here w ere, ( namely 1 2149 a nd 1 2150)

P accia V aleria S aturnina;

I II.

i n a ll, n ot

t he w hole n ame,

a bove t he L atin t ext,

b earing o ne c omponent o f t he f ull n ame, T IAKKIAE

CIL.

b ut f our i nscriptions d edicated t o t he

M ommsen, w as w ritten o ut i n G reek,

AOYKIAE

o n w hich

s ee a lso D evijver 1 976-80 . P3.

I n h is a ccount o f t wo t exts

s ame w oman, L .

o n P isidian

t ogether w ith a c ommentary a nd d escription o f

a nother i nscription o f C olonia C omama,

t wo

c an

OYAAEPIAE

t hought e ach s tone

t hus: EATOPNEINHE

1 2149

1 2150

T he s tone C /L.III.12149 w as d edicated b y A urelia V aleria S criboniana F rontina,

C /L.I11.12150 b y L ucia P accia V aleria S aturnina;

b oth w ere d aughters o f P accia S aturnina. w ere a t l east t wo, p erhaps f our,

O n t his h ypothesis,

t here

l iving m embers o f t he f amily,

e ach

p aying f or t he e xpenses o f o ne b ase a nd i ts a ccompanying s tatue. e xplanation i s a ccepted b y L evick T he r econstructed i nscription,

T his

( 1958:77). C /L.111.12151 plus n ew f ragment,

d oes n ot b ring f orward n ew i nformation t o t est M ommsen's v iew ; a ccordingly,

t he h ypothesis m ay b e a llowed t o s tand.

b y t he n ew f ragment o f C /L .111.12151, o n t he m ale P ACCIVS.

s ide.

t he f amily t ree i s e xtended

T he m an w ho p aid t he e xpenses b ears t he nomen

T he l etters A P m ay f orm t he b eginning o f h is cognomen o r,

a s w ould b e m ore u sual,

o f h is a ffiliation,

i .e.Ap.fil.

l atter c ase t he m an c ould n ot b e t he s on o f L . B arbara L evick s uggested

m an,

i nclined t o t hink t hat P accia w as

h owever,

P accia w as

P accius AD [-] ,

t hat t he w oman

P accia V aleria S aturnina,

w as e vidently t he d aughter o r g randdaughter o f L .

I F,

I n t he

P accius M ontanus.

( 1958:78 a nd 1 968:868)

h onoured i n C/L.I11.12149 a nd 1 2150, L .

L evick w as

N evertheless,

P accius M ontanus:

t he g randdaughter.

t he d aughter, m ay w e t hen c onsider t hat t he

n amed o r t he n ew f ragrent. w as

t he s on o f L .

P accius M .fil.Montanus a nd t he b rother o f L .Paccia V aleria S aturnina 5 0

a nd A urelia V aleria S criboniana F rontina?

A t entatively r econstructed

s temma c ould t hus b e: M .

P accius

[ - ]

L .

P accius M .f.Montanus

1 -1 P accius A p1-1

.

L .

P accia V aleria S aturnina

L .Paccia V aleria

A urelia V aleria

S aturnina

T o r eturn t o t he s ubject o f r ecruitment i n g eneral

1 7

( Speidel

- 1 8

f or t he e astern l egions:

t erms, A sia M inor i s b elieved t o h ave b een a n i mportant

r ecruiting-ground f or t he R oman A rmy, D anube

?

S criboniana F rontina

1 980:

e .g .

f or t he l egions o n t he

7 41 a nd i n t hese p roceedings,

s ee a bove,

p p.

) .

W ith r egard t o t he m ilites a nd c enturiones o f t he 1 111 S cythica, t he e vidence

f or t his v iew s lowly a ccumulates.

e xample o f a c enturion A sia M inor,

O ne u nambiguous

( of t he M I S cythica), w hose h ome w as i n

i s k nown t o m e;

a n u npublished g ravestone f rom D orylaeum

r ecords a c enturion f rom S myrna i n w estern A sia M inor. c enturion o f t he L egio 1 111 S cythica m ay h ave c ome ( 1)

Q .

A nother

f rom N icomedia:

C assius Q .f.Romil.Saturninus Z myrn. ( Eski§ehir M useum A .95.76)

( 2)

[M .

A urelius P allatina I ustus N i1comedia n ( Alföldy 1 975:

9 8 n o.177)

( AE 1 977.467) F inally t here i s a n e xample w here t he h ome-origin o f a c enturion m ay b e e stablished b y c ircumstantial e vidence: ( 3)

C .

C oesius C .f.Fab.Florus

T he t ext o f t his

l ast e xample i s

g iven h ere.

K A YSER '

( Kayseri M useum 7 1-151-1)

A g ravestone b rought f rom A li C afer M ahallesi; a s tele; s tone.

a bove,

i n t he f orm o f

a n a croterion;

b elow,

a s imple s lab;

W ell p reserved l etters.

H eight

( max )

b ase o f a croterion )

0 .48 m .

2 .24 m ., w idth

R ecorded 2 0.xi.1980

5 1

w hite l ime-

( fig.

5 .1).

( at

C Coesio Fab Floro Leg

p [p]

IV Scyt

praef Leg 5

C l

Piae

XI

Fidelis

Grania Nigel la uxor et s ius

Florus

nianus

l o

C CoeLicin-

( vac)

f ilius

r KoLaCy Fa t oo

L ae L eaßtoit OX6 )-

py e cLI LLT ELA .a. p ty Axy x f ig 1 5

A ExueL. -

t r thpxy A , Ey

S tac

EÜGE( 3 .0 * (%

IA KXau

v ta N Ly aXa

e c ) x c

r pa

U LOTT I

hya

r KotoLog O UpoG 6 I gög

A LxLvvLq tvög

-

g ng gv xa T o t his i nscription m ay b e a dded t wo o ther u npublished t exts i n t he K ayseri M useum .

B oth w ere e vidently b rought f rom t he s ame s pot.

T hey m ay b e c onsidered,

t herefore,

a s p art o f t he f amily g rave.

K A Y SER I

( Kayseri M useum 7 1-151-2)

A g ravestone, b rought f rom A li C afer M ahallesi; a s tele;

a bove,

a n a croterion;

i nscription,

aw reath;

H eight

2 .25m .;

( max )

b elow , a s imple s lab;

w hite l imestone.

5 .2).

rpav 4 N Lyg Uq c rp(avtou) auyaib

Bhcaou ho u itou

› ca

KoLatou

( Nf üpou ' enäpxou 5

yuvaL>d rpavtA ,Xa

KoLata i f l d i cauv -

xptty 1 , f lr p g

v

e

x

c

v

5 2

u nder t he

W ell p reserved l etters.

w idth ( at b ase o f a croterion )

R ecorded 2 0.xi.1980(fig.

i n t he f orm o f

0 .54m .

K A YSER I

( Kayseri M useum 7 1-151-3)

A g ravestone, b rought f rom A ll C afer M ahallesi; a s tele;

a bove,

i nscription, w idth

a n a croterion;

aw reath;

w hite

( at b ase o f a croterion )

b elow,

a s imple s lab;

l imestone. 0 .35m .

i n t he f orm o f

H eight

( max )

u nder t he 1 .64m ;

W ell p reserved l etters.

R ecorded 2 0.xi.1980. T ( DX ( c coutc o)

KXcw6Lc t —

B& o co

5

TE )

' aou vu .pi , -

Tg )

» C x8c

A xp ( L

KoLoC a

rp m ) tX -

Xa i f iT h c gyc N .E V It

i s c lear, I b elieve,

t hat t hese t hree i nscriptions a re

r elated b y f ind-spot a nd b y c ontent;

h ence w e m ay a rrange a f amily

s temma, b ased o n t hese t hree t exts a s

f ollows:

C .C oesius C .

—1 7—

•

? -r—

C oesius C .f.Fab.Florus

1 C .Coesius F lorus L icinnianus

G ranius B assus

C rania N igella

C oesia G ranilla

T .Flavius C laudianus B assus

T he d ate o f t he i nscriptions m ay b e l ate f irst o r e arly s econdc entury A .D.,

o n t he b asis o f t he n omen a nd praenomen o f T .

C laudianus B assus,

i .e.

F lavius

a d ate n ot e arlier t han t he e mergence o f t he

F lavian d ynasty. A m ilitary f amily, w ithout d oubt. i n-law o f C .

C oesius C .f.Florus, w as

G ranius B assus, ah astatus.

t he f ather-

A lthough a n umber

o f q uestions c an b e r aised o n t he u ltimate o rigin a nd e nfrachisement o f t his f amily g rouping a t K ayseri, f amilies p rovided o fficers a s

t he I III S cythica,

t he v iew t hat C appadocian

( and o ther r anks)

f or s uch e astern l egions

i nitially i n t he f irst c entury A .D.

s ubsequently i n t he s econd a nd t hird c enturies A .D., h ypothesis.

5 3

a nd

r emains a s ound

A lföldy,

G .

1 975.

Die römischen I nschriften

B erlin: B erard,

V .

1 892.

D evijver, H .

1 976 -8 0.

von

T arraco.

d e G ruyter.

I nscriptions d 'Asie M ineure. 4 17-446.

BCH 1 6:

Prosopographia M ilitiarum Equestrium quae f uerunt ab Augusto ad Gallienum I - III.

L ouvain: H abicht,

C hr.

1 969.

U niversity.

Alterthümer von Pergamon

VIII.

I nschriften des Asklepeions.

H eberdey,

R .

a nd K alinka,

E .

ü ber zwei Reisen in sudwest-

l ichen K leinasien.

d .K.Akad.in W ien 4 5. H .

1 979.

V ienna. ( Denkschr. A bh.1).

D ie Senatoren aus dem ö stlichen des Imperium Romanum b is 2 . Jh.n.Chr.

G öttingen.

( Hypomnemata 5 8).

B .

1 953.

T wo P isidian C olonial F amilies. 7 4-78.

L evick,

B .

1 968.

K omama.

P .

1 980.

I n PW S uppl.

L egionaries

W agner,

J .

1 976.

B d.XI.

f rom A sia M inor.

7 .2.pp.730-746. ( edd. H aase, W .). B erlin:

T eil

z um Ende des

L evick,

S peidel, M .

D ie

1 897.

Bericht

H alfmann,

3 .

B erlin.

JRS 4 8:

p p.859-871. I n ANRW I I.

T emporini, H . d e G ruyter.

Seleukeia am Euphrat/Zeugma.

a nd

W iesbaden.

( TAVO B eih.B.10). W agner,

J .

1 977.

L egio 1 111 S cythica i n Z eugma a m E uphrat. I n Studien zu den Militärgrenzen Roms II. L imeskongress 1974. p p.517 -5 39 ( edd. H aupt, D . a nd H orn, H . G .) K öln/ B onn. 10 I nt.

5 4

Additional Notes * (p. 47

) T his p aragraph e mphasizes t he s elf-evident d istinction b etween r anks.

I n a ddition

of a v eteranus,

t o h is affiliation a nd t ribe,

t he o rigin

a m iles o r a c enturio i s r egularly g iven,

a ccording t o t he t ype of d ocument, whereas i t i s not u sual f or t he origin of a t ribunus

t o b e i ndicated,

i n a c ursus h onorum

( for example). *( p.

4 9

) [ Flay]

* (p .

5 2

) I t i s i nteresting t o note t hat a t l east o ne c itizen of C olonia

i s, of c ourse,

a possibility.

C omama,

v iz .L .

P accius Montanus,

w as e nrolled i n t he t ribe

F abia.

Evidence for e nrolment a t o ther c olonies i s i ncomplete.

S ergia occurs a t C olonia A ntiochia I ulia F elix S inopensium

( in P isidia).

( in P ontus-Bithynia)

At C olonia

t hree t ribes

h ave b een recorded f or men whose o rigin w as - d emonstrably S inope;

a fourth,Terentina,

occurs o n a v eteran's t ombstone

but t he man i s not c ertainly a n ative of S inope. T he Coesius F lorus i nscription i ndicates t he o ccurrence of Fabia a t C aesareia

( in C appadocia).

F or o ther c ities of

G alatia a nd C appadocia, s ee I LS 2 483: Anc(yra)

or A ncyr(a)

( Galatia);

S ergia a t G ang(ra)

a t S ebastop(olis) a t T yana

( Galatia);

F abia, P ollia a t

P ollia,

Q .

Asia), o n t he o ther h and,

T avium

( Galatia/Paphlagonia);

( Cappadocia/Pontus).

( Cappadocia).

S ergia a t

Pollia

W e a lso know of Quirina

C assius S aturninus of Smyrna

( in

w as a member of t he t ribe R omil(ia).

O utside Italy t he occurrence of R omilia w ould s eem t o be r are.

* (p . 5 2

he a bbreviation p raef.leg. ) T p raef(ectus)

( castrorum )

t his s ubject,

r equires c omment.

l eg(ionis)

J ames S ummerly

P erhaps

i s t o be u nderstood.

( Durham)

writes

" the u se of t he a bbreviation P raef.Leg.

O n

( priv.comm .):

f or P raefectus C astrorum

L egionis s eems t o b e u nknown b efore t he r eign of T rajan. Q G eminius Q .

f il Am nS abinus A E 1 923,

( also D obson D ie P rimipilares no. c ase of t he

t itle Praef.

L eg .

1 79)

2 8=ILT 7 78

i s t he f irst a ttested

f or P raefectus C astrorum - t he

d ate i s T rajanic a nd after T rajan's G erman W ar. writing r ather l ater i n t he r eign, ( Hist./.82).

( Vicus A nnaeus)

T acitus,

u ses p raefectus

l egionis

I t i s u nlikely t o be t he r esult of official

5 5

action a s e arly

t he

t itles exist s ide b y s ide

t hird c entury.

begin before T rajan's O n t he other h and, acceptable:

So perhaps

t hroughout

t he use of P raef.

t he 2 nd a nd L eg.

c ould

t ime."

t he r ank of praef(ectus)

l eg(ionis )is i tself

f or Speidel's comments o n j ust s uch a n officer,

s ee above p .21.

OCOE S IG .' . FA B FLORG i L EG IVSCY T P RA .E MEGX I C LP IAET IDE L s CLA N IA :N ia l L AVXORETCO

. c IV SFLORV SL ICIN NI A NV S

E IL IV S

FK O IC IC M

1 0Y -YRI )d pAE e i .- ( 1 ) 0 Aw P agp e im ir n i \ ,A r iWA E 1-4 1 \ 2 CKYe l I CHC E T IANU IM ET Tk —K A A A l A C CY CHOYG I I IC IRG ITA " k i \ I IT CA l elkNA P IK A , R , ‘K AI T (0 1 30 C . ( 1 )AW P O C A ' K IMN I\ i \ i ' L ' i r .0 ' . 10 Cr . 1 k i \ U 1 1 , . , 1 1 C .

E N ; : : :A 1 5 CM

F ig.

5 .1

I nscription f rom K ayseri

( Kayseri M us.71-151-1)

I T AN IAN I F eM

I NA CCOYA CT A T a e y r ia mm icp y Aw roy enAn y F iNA IK I -KO IC IA

F PÄ IV I N UTHACY N K P ITU M IHT P I IV I IV IN I I C Giv e K e N B I

F ig.

5 .2

M

I nscription f rom K ayseri

1 5 CM

( Kayseri M us.71-151-2)

P 1.5.1

I nscription f rom Ü rkütlü

5 9

( anc.Col.Comama)

T IGRANOCERTA.

A P ROBLEM M ISCONCEIVED.

S ir R onald S yme

I .

E rudite c ontroversies c an g o o n f or a l ong t ime.

f atigue

i s n o b ar.

O f s ome,

n ever w as a s olution. h appier p osture.

n otably i n s acred h istory,

P roblems

R epetition o r t here

i n g eography o r t opography a re

i n a

Exploration o r a n i nscription m ight e nforce a

d ecision. Much t urns o n T igranocerta. c apital a t

T he m onarch p roceeded t o b uild a

t hat p lace i n A rmenia w here h e

T he a mple c ity h ad h igh w alls; f or e mbellishment p alaces, p opulation w as S o f ar A ppian.

c aptive,

a nd o utside

g ardens,

t he w alls T igranes

g ame p arks a nd l akes.

d rawn f rom t he

a dded

T he

l ands h e c onquered a nd a nnexed.

1

T o m aintain t hat b road d ominion, H e built

f irst a ssumed t he d iadem .

T igranes n eeded a s econd c apital.

t he c ity a bout t he y ear 8 0 B .C.,

d istant A rtaxata o n t he A raxes,

t owards

a s

t he c ounterpart

t o

t he f rontier w ith I beria.

T igranocerta s tands o n h igh s how i n t he a nnals o f R oman w arfare, a ttached t o t he p erformance o f i llustrious c aptured i t T aurus.

i n 6 9,

I n A .D.

L ucullus

c oming d own t hrough S ophene a nd c rossing t he A rmenian

5 9

t he c ity f ell w ithout a b low t o D omitius C orbulo,

a t t he t erm o f t he m arch t hat t ook h im a ll y ears

i nvaders.

t he w ay f rom A rtaxata.

l ater T igranocerta, w hen h eld b y t he R oman v assal

T wo

i n A rmenia,

w as b esieged t o n o e ffect b y a P arthian g eneral.

I n t he t orrid J uly o f t he y ear 1 838 M oltke, w hen t ravelling w estwards a fter t he c ampaign i n K urdistan, i n t he n ight.

p assed o ver t he B atman S u

H e d uly a dmired t he h andsome b ridge.

t he c ompany r eached M eiafarkin: s ubjoined w ithout

' das a lte T igranokerta',

f urther c omment.

n ow b earing t he n ame o f S ilvan, s ome 4 0 m iles n ortheastwards

T owards m orning

T he s ite

i s

t he

s o M oltke

l ater M artyropolis:

t o t he n orth o f t he u pper T igris,

f rom D iyarbakir

t ime). 6 1

( Amida i n t he a ncient

I n 1 883 t he e xcellent B unbury i ble'.

d eclared t he i dentity

' most p laus-

T hree y ears b efore t hat p ronouncement s omething s harply d is-

2

c ordant h ad b een b rought u p, T ell E rmen,

a s ite i n a nother r egion.

S achau a dvocated

a m odest e levation o n t he M esopotamian p lain,

( they s ay)

t o a bout

1 50 f eet.

s outh-west

f rom M ardin,

t hat

r ising

T he m ound i s s ituated a d ozen m iles

3

l ofty c itadel,

a nd a bout 4 0 m iles

t o

t he w est o f N isibis. H ence t he p rolonged c ontroversy, w hich i s n ot y et m ute. a rguments,

t he e cho a nd t he a nnoyance o f

I t s erves n o p rofit t o r etail o pinions a nd

t o c atalogue v erdicts o r e ven r ecantations.

s elect a f ew n ames,

E nough t o

v ariously s ignificant - a nd e specially s uch a s

l aid c laim t o m ilitary e xpertise. I n T ell E rmen B .

W . H enderson a dvertised e xplicit f aith:

c an f eel n o d oubt a t a ll'.

4

W hen s even y ears e lapsed t he j ourneys

o f L ehmann-Haupt c ontributed t he p owerful a rguments M artyropolls.

R ice H olmes r efused t o b e i mpressed.

5

' I

t hat s peak f or I n l ucid e xpo-

s ition a nd w ith s pirited p olemic i n m any d irections, h e c oncluded t hat i n a ny e vent T ell E rmen w as

t he T igranocerta c aptured b y L ucullus

a nd b y C orbulo .Duly p erplexed b y d iscrepancies d ictions)

( or r ather c ontra-

i n t he a ncient e vidence, h e t oyed w ith t he n otion o f t wo

c ities c arrying t he s ame n ame.

6

O n t he o ther s ide, w hen A nderson c ame t o w rite a bout t he c ampaigns o f C orbulo,

t hat s agacious a nd e conomical s cholar e schewed a ny m ention

o f T ell E rmen;

7

a nd t he v eteran L ehmann-Haupt,

p roduced a l ong a nd e laborate s tatement.

r everting t o h is

t heme,

8

T here t he m atter m ight r est b ut f or t wo r ecent d efenders o f t he m ound i n M esopotamia.

I n a c omprehensive a nd v aluable b ook d evoted t o t he

h istorical g eography o f t he r egion t he a uthor c omes o ut i n c onfidence a ll t hrough, S trabo.

f or T ell E rmen. 9

I t a lso a ppeals

t o a n e ditor o f

1 0

I t

i s w ell

m any i nstances

t o b ear i n m ind t he t rue n ature o f a p roblem .

i t i s

l iterary,

a nd s trategy m ay h ave t o s ay.

f or a ught

o f o perations

t hat e xponents o f w arfare

T he S panish c ampaign o f 2 6 B .C.

p ertinent e xample a nd a dmonition.

S chulten d evised

f or C aesar A ugustus:

i s a

a n a mbitious p lan

t hree a rmies m arching o ut 6 2

I n

f or t he

c onquest o f t he N orth-West b ases

w idely s eparate, 1 1

o f B urgos.

o nly),

( Callaecia, A sturia,

f rom B raga,

f rom A storga,

T hat d efied t he s ources

a s w as

C antabria )

f rom

f rom a p oint w est

( the c ampaign e mbraced C antabria

s een a nd s tated b y a n e rudite c leric i n 1 768.

T he

1 2

a uthority o f S chulten p revailed:with d ire a nd l asting c onsequences f or m any s cholars, n ot o nly i n t he P eninsula. T here i s a nother i mpediment.

1 3

M anifold h arm a ccrues w hen p assages

a re c ulled f rom a l arge w ork w ithout e stimating t he s ources, a nd h abits o f t he a uthor - o ften a c ompiler. t owards S trabo, w hose t estimony i s t he T igranocerta i mbroglio. I t i s e xpedient t o s et t hat o f S trabo ' s t ext. T he g eographer d efines

T hat o bservation p oints

r egarded a s t he c rux o r k ernel o f

1 4

f orth t he m atters

i n a c ertain o rder, n ot

B egin t herefore w ith N isibis a nd M ons M asius.

1 5

t he m ountain a s a bove t he M ygdonians o f M esopot-

a mia, w hose c ity i s N isibis t he T ur A bdin,

s tructure

a s harp

( XI, p .527).

N ow M asius

i s

t he r ange o f

l ine w hen c ontemplated f rom t he p lain

M ardin o n a c onspicuous p romontory),

( with

a s f or e xample b y A lexander's

a rmy w hen i t m arched p ast t he

' Armenian m ountains'

- b ut

l ess

i m-

p ressive f rom t he o ther s ide:

a s loping p lateau a rea a pproached f rom

D iyarbakir. N ext,

t wo p assages a bout

a nother n ame i nserted. usvov

Tf ig

S econd,

Niar4 3Log

t he c ity a nd t he m ountain, b ut w ith

F irst, M asius: öpog

xa t ,

NRIGL O V,

TÖ

T Lypav axlpTwy

TC OV

T Lypayöxspia x cu S uspicion a rises. a dditions o bsolete

l ying t hus:

Käppac,

B oth r eferences

t o a b asic t ext. i nformation a ll

I n e rror,

N isibis

T 6 5 MO LO(AD XELT IEV ITV

( XWI, p .747). l ook l ike t he a uthor's

W riters o n g eography t end t o s erve u p

t oo o ften.

s ometimes b etray t heir h and. a nterior t o t he

" RT Ä

OT IÖ

üncpxci ,-

( X, p .522).

i n a l ater b ook, w here M esopotamia i s d escribed:

( styled A ntioch o f M ygdonia)

I V

T6

T heir a ttempts

S trabo's

s ources

f oundation o f T igranocerta.

t o s upplement

( it a ppears)

S trabo

w ere

i nserted t he n ame.

a s w ill e merge w ithout d iscomfort.

T he T ur A bdin e xtends b etween t he u pper v alley o f t he T igris

a nd t he p lain o f M esopotamia.

I n t erms o f g eography,

6 3

h owever,

t he

l ine o f d ivision l ies n orth o f t he T igris. S trabo s tates

( XVI,

p .744).

t he v icinity o f L ake V an,

I t i s t he T aurus,

a s

I t r uns e astward f rom t he E uphrates

t o

a rising i n i ts c entral p ortion t o a bout

9 500 f eet a bove s ea l evel. S trabo i s c ountry l ies

a lso o f p ertinent v alue w hen d efining S ophene. i n a h ollow b etween T aurus a nd A ntitaurus

a nd t he T aurus M esopotamia

( p.522).

T hat

t erm .

i s c lear,

' Mesopotamia'

i s r ecognised

-w hich p olitically b elonged t o A rmenia. a t

f irst s ight.

A ccording t o a nother

S ophene l ies b etween M asius a nd A ntitaurus

I n t his

i nstance M asius

S trabo

o nce

I n g eography i t i ncludes t he u pper v alley o f

T rouble n ow i ntervenes, p assage,

( XI, p .521);

s eparates S ophene a nd t he r est o f A rmenia f rom

a s a n a mbiguous t he T igris

T hat

( like o thers

p .527).

i s p atently e quated w ith T aurus.

s ince)

t he A rmenian w ord f or

( XI,

w as n ot a ware t hat

' Masius'

H ow s o?

r epresents

' mountain'.

T aurus c alled'Masiusf,that i s n o s urprise.

I t i s c onfirmed,

v ivid a nd v isibly.

N atives o n t he h igh m ountains u se s leds a nd s now-

s hoes.

T hat o ccurs

i n M edian A tropatene a nd o n M ount M asius

A rmenia

( XI,

p .506).

T hose w ould b e p eculiar p ractices, n ay s eldom

p ossible o n t he T ur A bdin,

w hich s carcely r ises a bove 3 000 f eet.

T he i nadvertent c ompiler t hus b etrays a d ouble u se o f a p atent d oublet

i n h is

t he w ilful

a rising f rom d elay,

i mperator.

B rutius,

1 6

P raesens,

o r t he o rders o f

N ative g uides

i n s ore s traits,

s aved h im ,

a nd s now

B ruttius

t he

i n t he w inter

l egate o f V I F errata, c onducting

t roops

t he A rmenian T aurus t o t he v alley o f t he u pper

1 7

T o c onclude

t his r ubric.

S trabo, w ho h ad b een a h istorian b efore

h e e mbarked o n t he v ast e nterprise, T hat

i ncompetence,

I dentity a nd t he o ccasion a re b eyond d oubt:

o f 1 1 4 /5 a cross T igris.

- a nd

t o a dduce a n e pisode

a R oman g eneral. w as

c onfronted b y s now 1 6 f eet d eep. s hoes.

' Masius'

l ocation o f S ophene.

I t w ill b e e ntertaining a lbeit s uperfluous i n T rajan's w ar,

i n

i s d eplorably e vident i n h is

b egan a s a c lassical p hilologist.

t reatment o f H ellas, w hen h e d ishes

u p o ld l ecture n otes o n H omeric g eography. T he

s cholar f rom P ontic Amaseia c ontributes p recious d etails 6 4

a bout A natolia f rom h is o wn t ime a nd m emory, w ith n o s ign t hat h is p eregrinations h ad t aken h im f urther e ast t han C appadocia a nd C ilicia,

l et a lone t o t he E uphrates.

A s c oncerns A rmenia,

i n B ook X I a ttest a n a wkward a malgamation o f t wo s ources. a bout M asius N isibis.

I gnorance

i nduced h im t o p ut T igranocerta i n t he v icinity o f

A nd a f urther c onsequence,

S trabo c ompresses a nd o ccludes

e normous b ut n ot a lways d etected.

t he w hole v alley o f t he u pper T igris,

b etween t he T ur A bdin a nd t he A rmenian T aurus. t o w ait u ntil A mmianus

V .

d oublets

A ncient Amida h as

f or i ts e arliest m ention.

S trabo's m ethods,

o r r ather h abits, b eing e lucidated,

h is

t estimony l apses - o r c an b e t urned a gainst h im t o f ortify t he c ontrary t hesis.

C ompleteness a nd c larity d emand t hat t wo o ther p assages b e

p ut u nder b rief i nspection. I n t he f irst, T igranes h arries C appadocia. i nhabitants p .539).

t o M esopotamia,

H e t ook a way a ll i ts

u sing t hem t o p eople T igranocerta

A c areful r eader w ill r ecall

( XII,

t hat a ccording t o A ppian,

a c ompiler b ut r eproducing a h istorical n arration,

a lso

t he m onarch e stab-

l ished t he c ity w ith a n A rmenian n ame o n A rmenian s oil. I n t he s econd p assage c orruption o f t he t ext h as s o f ar b affled e mendation. t o

A fter s ummarising t he c onquests o f T igranes

t heir c orollary,

L-a T OGOGTOV ö

t he

f oundation o f t he n ew c apital:

E c cpeE t s ,g x ca n öXLv

' IßnpCas, I ETc (V ) T auTf ig Z cü uaTog, W hat h as

TE

xc a

g one w rong, n o m ystery.

f ormer c apital,

a ntithesis.

at

in

F urther h e s tates

' longitudo' marls'. ad

h as

f allen o ut.

P liny a ffords g uidance.

Tigranocerta, 2 6).

TO G

f i v W vö l luac T LypavöxcpTa

n ot b e a ltered o r e xpunged b ut k ept. t he

T hen

Hiberiam'

i t p roceeds

campis

N

TL GE

} t at& T öv E üwpaTov ( XI, p .532)

T he w ord 1 8

nk notov T f ig

'Ißnptac

s hould

A r eference t o A rtaxata,

T he t wo c ities H e n otes

i uxta Araxen

' in

s tood i n s harp excelso

Artaxata?

t he d imensions o f A rmenia.

autem

( NH V I.

F irst t he

,e xtending 'a Dascusa ad confinium Caspii T latitudinem d imidium eius a Tigranocerta ( VI.27).

H iberia a s a l imit t hus c orresponds r oughly t o A rtaxata i n t he

6 5

s entence t hat p recedes. b e

s omething l ike

rmög

Tf ic

n 6XLy j x -nocv ONT[ i TaXoy I f i

' Ißcp[ ac

T igranocerta,

T he s upplement t o b e d esiderated s hould

i t

f ollows,

N ot v ery p recise,

9 .1).

T hat

i s

s ituated i n A rmenia,

c eded t o t he P ersians

E utropius

e xpedition o f J ulian

V I.

Even i f T igranocerta b e n ot

w ithout p roper c aution,

b y i ncursions o f T igranes

i t

t estimony w as

p rovoked t o a nger

( whom R ome h ad i nstalled a s v assal r uler a lthough n ot

H e a dvanced t o N isibis,

h aving m eanwhile t aken m easures

et

2 0

i nvolved.

M onaeses p roceeded t o i nvest T igranocerta,

d espatched a n e nvoy

C asperius.

b rief

i nvoked o n

n amely C ornelius T acitus.

t hreatened t o r enew t he w ar,

s hould g o v ery f ar.

E uphrates,

t estifies

t he h ead a nd f ront o f t he a rgument,

6 1 t he P arthian m onarch V ologaeses,

i n A rmenia)

' regiones

( X.16.1).

P roblems o f a d ifferent o rder a re I n A .D.

( VI.

s hould h ave k nown, w ho p articipated i n t he

S trabo d isposed o f,

s ame s ide,

t he

i n 3 63 a s Ammianus

e pilogue c an g o t o t he o ther w riter w hose t he

i n A rzanene

t he w esternmost o f t he F ive S atrapies,

T ranstigritanae' ( XXV.7.9).

t o b e s ure.

a pproximately

( 'Seleuceia o n t he B ridge').

t he r egion i s d eclared b y E utropius:

i s,

Trl a>

.1 9

h alfway b etween A rtaxata a nd Z eugma

M artyropolis,

6 P) ( a[9 (

a nd h is

g eneral

h eld b y T igranes.

t o r einforce t he t o p rotest,

i ntending t hat

f rontier

C orbulo,

o f t he

t he a rrogant c enturion

H e h ad a n i nterview w ith V ologaeses

a t N isibis,

' septem

t riginta milibus p assuum a Tigranocerta distantem

( Ann.XV.5). T he d istance o f T ell E rmen.

f rom T igranocerta b rought c omfort T hat

s ite

C onfidence w as p remature. b y T acitus m akes w as

t o

t he w est o f N isibis.

I nspection o f t he t ransactions

t he w hole s ituation p eculiar i ndeed,

s ituated s o c lose

f rom Z eugma,

l ies a bout 4 0 m iles

t o t he f riends

C orbulo's

t o N isibis

r eported

i f T igranocerta

a nd i n t he s ame r egion.

C oming

e nvoy w ould i n f act e ncounter t he b esieged

c ity o n h is p ath. T acitus w as a c areful a nd a ccurate h istorian. d one a bout

t he

f igure o f 3 7 m iles.

6 6

S ome a ssume

W hat

t hen i s

i t e rroneous

t o b e

( as o ften

h appens i s

t o n umerals i n t exts a ncient a nd m odern).

i n q uestion.

o f T acitus.

T he f igure o f 3 7 m iles m ight g o b ack t o t he s ource N umerical e mendation,

2 1

T he t ransmission

e ven i f a n e asy r ecourse,

n ot t he b est w ay o f d ealing w ith t his

t ext.

I n a ny e vent,

i s

t he p assage

i s n ot v alid t o e stablish T igranocerta o n t he p lain o f M esopotamia i nstead o f i n A rmenian t erritory n orth o f t he T igris, o f L ucullus a nd o f C orbulo e njoin a nd i mpose.

a s t he c ampaigns

2 2

E ven w ere t he f igure o f 3 7 m iles n ot h eld e rroneous, a n a nomaly t hat c ommentators m ark d istances o n p recision a bout

f ail t o p erceive a nd e xploit.

R oman r oads.

V II.

M ilestones

W hat a uthor c ould a scertain s uch

f oreign l ands o r b other t o r egister i t w hen w riting

a bout M esopotamia a nd A rmenia? n ot d eceive,

i t c arries

A r ound n umber w as n ormal.

I t w ould

i t w ould n ot i mpair t he v alidity o f a h istorical n arration.

I n s undry m atters o f w arfare a nd t opography t he c onsular

h istorian h as b een e xposed t o a nimadversion f rom e ager o r c aptious c ritics.

O f T igranocerta h e h appens t o f urnish a c lear a nd v ivid

d escription: validam.

urbem

ad

hoc

partem murorum diffidebatur

copia

defensorum et magnitudine moenium

Nicephorius ambit,

et

amnis haud

ducta

ingens

spernenda fossa,

qua

latitudine f luvio

' ( xv.4.I)

T he r iver N icephorius

i s a c lue,

i f a ny r equire i t:

o ne o f t he

a ffluents r unning f rom t he n orth i nto t he T igris,

a s P liny s tates

( VI.129);

excelso '

a nd f or P liny,

T igranocerta s tood

'in

( VI.26).

S o m uch f or M esopotamia a nd t he m iserable m ound. T acitus w as c omposing B ook X V a fter t he i mpact o f t he I mperator's c ampaigns - o r e ven

( it c an b e a rgued)

H adrian's r enunciation.

T hat i nfluence m ight b e v ariously s urmised

i n l arge m atters a nd i n s mall, p erformance o f g enerals Romanis',

a fter t heir f ailure a nd

f rom t he p olicy o f e mperors a nd t he

t o t he M oschi,

( XIII.37.3).

2 3

gens

ante

B ut B ruttius P raesens,

p aradoxical a nd e picurean f riend o f t he y ounger P liny, g oal

socia

T igranocerta d oes n ot o ccur i n t he

f ragmentary r ecord o f t he w arfare.

a s h is

alias

t he

h ad T igranocerta

( one m ay a ssume) w he h e c rossed t he s now-bound T aurus,

a s h ad D omitius C orbulo

i n t he s ummer o f 5 9.

6 7

T acitus w as a lert t o p ast h istory a lso, i shed a nd c lassical m odel.

a nd r esponsive t o a c her-

W hen C orbulo i n 6 3 e ntered A rmenia,

t o

r epair b y a d emonstration o f f orce a nd v igour t he d isaster i ncurred b y C aesennius P aetus d iplomatic a rts), penetratum

g eneral

( and t o f acilitate a n a ccommodation t hrough

h e d uly f ollowed

L .

iter

Lucullo

quondam

P lutarch i n h is b iography o f L ucullus

2 4

t hrough S ophene a nd a cross

t he A rmenian T aurus

b eside a r iver a l ittle b elow T igranocerta.

t ook t he

t o v ictory

2 5

NOTES

1 .

Appian, M ithr.

2 .

E .

H .

3 .

E .

S achau,

A k. 4 .

B .

4 73.

o f P hilölogy C .

F .

f .

Ü ber d ie L age v on T igranokerta.

z u B erlin

H enderson,

( 1903),

5 .

3 79

B unbury, A H istory o f A ncient G eography II

d er W iss W .

2 85,

T he L ife a nd P rincipate o f t he E mperor N ero

XXVIII

( 1903),

T .

R ice Holmes,

1 92

J ournal

9 9 ff .

A rmenien E inst u nd J etzt I ( 1910).

t he c ampaign of Lucullus h e was

6 .

d er k önigl.

H e c ould d raw u pon h is d etailed s tudy,

7 2 ff;

1 04.

( 1880).

L ehmann-Haupt,

X ( 1910),

A bh.

( 1883),

f ollowed by K .

F or

Eckhardt, K lio

ff .

: I RS

V II

( 1917),

1 20 ff .:

l argely r eproduced a nd

not much modified i n a n a ppendix t o T he R oman R epublic I ( 1923), 409 ff . 7 .

J . ' i ts

G .

C .

Anderson,

exact s ite i s s till

f or l earning' B y

C AR X ( 1934),

8 .

R E VI

( 1937),

M .

( 1903)

r egistered T ell E rmen.

C alder a nd G .

E .

Bean

( 1957),

w ith a query a ttached.

9 81-1007

( divided into 1 60 short s ections).

6 8

' care

a necdote.

o f A sia M inor

T he second edition, by W . printed both s ites,

of T igranocerta h e s ays

u ncertain ', Anderson's c aution a nd

survive i n l ocal

t he way h is M ap

7 64;

9 .

L .

D illeman, L a Haute Mesopotamie o rientale e t

a djacents

1 0.

p .

2 69.

F .

L assorre,

w ith 1 1.

( 1962),

F .

2 52 ff.,

cf .

2 70 f .;

2 78.

l es pays

Observe

t he m ap f acing

after m entioning Martyropolis a nd Amida,concludes

' plus j ustement

Schulten, Los

T ell

Ermen'

( Bude, T ome V III

( 1975),

137).

Cäntabros y A stures y s u g uerra c on R oma

( 1943),

1 36 ff . 1 2.

1 3.

H is

C antabria i s reprinted w ith notes by R .

G il

( Santander,

T eja a nd J .

M .

Iglesias -

1 981).

H alf a d ozen names are r egistered by J . C antabria a t raves

s u h istoria

M .

Echegaray i n h is

( Santander,

1 977),

8 0:

h imself a r ecent c onvert. 1 4.

T he r elevant passages are c ited or quoted by R ice Holmes, V II

1 5.

( 1917),134.

T he article i n R E XIV, S trabonian r eferences

1 7.

A s argued i n H istoria XVIII

t wo of t he f our

8 5 Roos. ( 1969),

3 52 = R oman Papers

F or t he habits a nd t astes of Praesens, f or h is long a nd paradoxical career,

AE 1 950, 1 8.

omits

t o Masius.

Arrian,

7 74.

P arthica fr.

2069 f .

1 6.

3 ;

JRS

6 6

P liny, E pp.

IRT 5 45

V II.

( Leptis);

( Mactar).

D illeman emends t hat i s,

( 1979),

t o

ranat ov

T f ic

' Ap iacvl ag

( o.c.256):

t o support a Mesopotamian s ite f or a c apital of

Armenia. 1 9.

I h it

u pon t his notion nearly

w ith errors or g aps in Something better m ay 20.

Observe J . moi

i l

Ann.

XV,

ou mom s

C arcopino,

t he

t urn

f orty y ears ago w hen occupied

t ext of S trabo: u p i n

u npublished.

t he sequel.

Histoire R omaine

II

( 1936),

5 41:

m 'est impossible d e sacrifier l es i ndications 4 e t S trabo XI, f antastiques

o ther hand,

H .

A .

1 2,

4 e t XVI,

i ,

C AH IX

( 1932),

3 66:

And,

' if t he

t estimony of S trabo and T acitus m ay be d isregarded'. 6 9

d e

T ac.,

2 3 aux recits p lus

d es c ampagnes d e Lucullus.'

Ormerod,

' pour

o n

t he

2 1.

H . t he

Dessau,Gesch. ' Urbericht'

2 2.

R .

Syme,

2 3,

JRS LXVII

2 4.

Ann.XV.27.1.

P lutarch,

Kaiserzeit II

( 1926),

1 95, suggesting

of Corbulo.

T acitus

( 1958),

( 1977),

y ear before 2 5,

d er r .

4 7

3 96,

cf .

7 47.

( on C aesennius P aetus).

T he same route had been t aken by P aetus ( cf .

XV.8.1)

Lucullus

- a s

2 4 ff .

t he

t he a uthor d id not s tate.

T o i nsist o n

a nd t o Corbu10 t hese many y ears by

T ell

t he h arm d one t o L ucullus Ermen a nd m isconception

a bout Strabo would be t edious a nd odious. T he present e ssay was

d esigned a s a f resh approach, w ithout

c onsultation of c ertain Strabonian s tudies c omposed nearly f orty y ears ago:

among t hem

' Sophene a nd Gordyene'.

' Tigranocerta',

' Taurus a nd M asius',

I n September of 1 944 I had c ursory

autopsy of M artyropolis.

7 0

N EW R ESEARCH O N T HE E UPHRATES F RONTIER: S UPPLEMENTARY N OTES

1A ND 2

b y D avid F rench

1 .

T he F rontier R oads b etween M elitene a nd S amosata.

T he E uphrates l imes

i s n otoriously i ll-explored.

i s d escribed e lsewhere

( Mitford 1 980

d one.

i n p rogress

T he e xcavations

w ill p rovide,

i t i s

t o b e h oped,

b etween t he A ntitaurus m ountains M ore s urface e xploration,

T his p aper d eals w ith o ne s tretch b etween E skimalatya

t hese t wo s ites, t he

t he

a t T ille,

Much r emains c .

t o b e

3 2 km E o f Kahta,

a s tudy-in-depth o f o ne,

s mall a rea

t o t he N a nd S amosata t o t he S .

a lso i n t his

o ut o ur s keletal k nowledge o f

a ncient S amosata);

M:913).

E arly p ioneer w ork

s ame a rea,

t he E uphrates

w ill h elp

f ill

l imes.

s ection o f t he W b ank,

( the a ncient M elitene)

i n p articular,

t o

n amely t he

a nd S amsat

( the

i t d eals w ith t he r oads b etween

f ormer t he b ase o f t he L egio X II F ulminata,

l atter t he b ase o f t he L egio X VI F lavia F irma. Two r oads

a re r ecorded i n a ncient i tineraries.

v ery f ew t races

( of e ither)

h ad b een f ound o n t he

c onsequence t here h as b een much u ncertainty o n t he s ites,

k nown f rom t he a ncient i tineraries,

e xcellent e xample o f S tarr's P rinciple

U ntil r ecently g round.

A s a

l ocation o f t he

a long t he t wo r oads:

a n

( quoted F rench 1 974:143).

A c ombination o f m y o wn r esearches o n t he R oman R oads a nd M ilest ones o f A sia M inor

( for C /L X VII F asc.5)

h as p roved f ruitful

i n t his

i nstance.

w ith t he w ork a t T ille

T here

i s n ow ( I b elieve)

s ufficient e vidence t o t est a m odest h ypothesis o n t he c ourse o f t he t wo r oads

i n q uestion.

A ncient I tineraries ( 1)

T abula P eutingeriana S ee b elow,

( 2)

M odern o bservations

f ig.

M iller

1 962)

1

I tinerarium A ntonini S ee b elow,

( 1)

f ig.

( ed.

2 15.7-11

( ed.

C untz

1

( of a ncient r oad r emains)

E skimalatya - K illik - S amsat

7 1

1 929)

B etween A tabey a nd I mam &Uu B ibliography: B etween G ölyurt

Ö zdo an

1 977:55

( formerly T illo)

B ibliography: M itford

a nd Z engeto

1 980(1):922

" an e xcellent t rack,

i n p laces p aved" B etween K onacik

( formerly B ibol)

B ibliography: M itford

a nd K illik

1 980(1):922

" the c aravan r oute...

w ith a s mall p aved s ection" B etween T araksu a nd tV zaya,Kilise M evkii V isit:

f rom T ille 2 5.x.1981

B etween G erger a nd P amlik V isit.

f rom T ille 0 1.xi.1981

N ear K iti R eports

( now B ostanli) f rom v illagers

N ear B elendur M evkii V isit:

i n T ille a nd K örseluk

( Bakacak v illage n ear U lupinar)

f rom T ille 0 9.v.1981

B etween B elendur M evkii a nd Y O ,inak V isit:

( formerly H oris)

f rom T ille 2 0.v.1981

B etween K o an a nd A laköprü B ibliography: V isit: ( 2)

C row a nd F rench 1 980:909

f rom T ille 2 3.v.1979

E skimalatya - C endere K öprü - S amsat B etween H alikan a nd A likan B ibliography: C endere K öprü, B ibliography:

C row a nd F rench 1 980: N s ide H ogarth

1 896:117

H ogarth 1 925:76 M ilestones K oza ag

( formerly B ibol)

B ibliography:

W agner 1 977(1):683

S ites ( 1)

E skimalatya - K illik K öskerbaba

S amsat

( Site P 5 1/17)

7 2

m ap

f ig.60.I

U nder e xcavation b y D r. I stanbul.

Ö nder B ilgi, U niversity o f

A R oman t ower h as b een d iscovered t here

( 1980).

I t i s a lso a p rehistoric s ite. B ibliography:

Ö zdo an

1 977:50 a nd m ap

S erdaro lu 1 977:120 a nd m ap p 1.58 M eydancik K ale M evkii a nd M ezarlik K ale M evkii

3 1

( P 5 1/17)

( Gök er T epe) ( Sites P 5 1/13 a nd 2 0)

i s u nder e xcavation b y P rof.

U niversity o f I stanbul.

A dnan P ekman,

T he s ite w as o ccupied i n t he

H ellenistic a nd R oman p eriods.

I t i s a lso a p rehistoric

s ite. B ibliography: Ö zdo;an 1 977:51 a nd m ap 3 1 S erdaro Vu 1 977: M iyabus

( P 5 1/17)

m ap p 1.58 K ale T epe

( Site P 5 2/1)

C lassical a nd p ost-Classical p eriods B ibliography: Ö zdo an

1 977:61 a nd m ap 3 3

K ale R oman o r L ate R oman s ite B ibliography: M itford 1 972.1:323 a nd p 1.36 K illik R oman s ite B ibliography: M itford 1 977:

5 08

M itford 1 980(1):922 a nd p 1 . 61 4 a nd 5 M itford 1 980(2):1189 a nd p l . VIII.14 t 10 (aya .,Kilise M evkii L ate H ellenistic,

R oman, L ate R oman a nd M edieval s ite

B ibliography: M itford 1 980

( 1):924 a nd p 1.61.6 " Taraksu"

M itford 1 980(2):1191 V isit:

f rom T ille 2 5.x .1981

G erger K ale/Arsameia a d E uphratem B ibliography: H ellenkemper 1 977:79 B oase O ymakli ( 1)

( ed . ) 1 978:165 ( formerly N efsi G erger) a n e xtended, c .

V isit: ( 2)

m edieval s ite,

1 km S W o f v illage;

a long t he h ill-slopes,

a bove a s trong s pring

f rom T ille 0 1.x.1981 ? a w ay-station a t t he t op o f t he p ass, 7 3

o n t rack f rom

O ymakli

t o K öklüce(formerly Ö lbüs)

v illage;

2 km S W o f

t wo s quare s tructures o n e ither s ide o f

t he t rack; B ibliography:

c .

M edieval s herds i nter a lia.

A insworth 1 842.1.276

H umann a nd P uchstein 1 890:130 " darauf"

( sc.

G erger)

" zu

e inen S attel i n d em F elsgrat, v orbei a n d en F undamentum e ines q uadratischen T urmes" C row a nd F rench 1 980: V isit:

9 10 A pp.

I " Gerger"

f rom T ille 0 1.xi.1981

B eybostan ( 1)

A m onastery c omplex;on t he W b ank o f t he F irat, b elow t he v illage,

c .

1 .50 km t o S E;

l ocally c alled

. Nurfe t' o r"I larfe l

B ibliography: A non.Chron.50 B ar H ebraeus

H ellenkemper 1 978:398 " Murfa" a nd l iterature. ( 260) ( trans.

" couvent d e M ar A bhai" B udge 1 932)

2 65

( 302)

H umann a nd P uchstein 1 890:130 M urfa " Vormittags z u d en e twa I S t.

e ntfernten a rmenischen K irche M .

a n d er

s enkrechten ü berwand d es E uphrats" K iepert.

S heet M alatja " Morfa" n ear M erdjumet

( i.e.

b elow G erger K alesi) H untington 1 901:199 " Morfa" H untington 1 902:92 p hotograph: D örner a nd G oell H onigmann 1 954 ;

1 963:

2 5 n .

g orge a t M arfo 5 ,

1 23 " Murfa"

5 9.81.n.7 a nd n o.15 " Couvent d e S eblata

o u d e M ar A bhai" V isit: ( 2)

f rom T ille 0 1.vii.1982 A M onastery c omplex;

o n t he W b ank o f t he F irat, c .

1 .25 k m S o f M urfe a nd c .

2 k m b elow t he v illage:

l ocally

c alled " Piske" B ibliography: A non.Chron.

5 0

( 260)

D örner a nd G oell 1 963:163 " Pesgin" H onigmann 1 954:59,60 a nd 6 1 n .1 " couvent d e S amitaye" " couvent d e P esgin",

" Segara d e P esgin" a nd 8 1 n o.13,

" couvent d e M ar D imat

( Dometios)

a C laudia d oit e tre

d istingue d u c ouvent s ur l 'Euphrat" H ellenkemper 1 978:398 " Pesgün" a nd l iterature V isit:

f rom T ille 0 1.vii.1982 7 4

P amlik A r ocky,

i solated h ill,

c .

1 km S o f v illage

N ot v isited. A k aören

( Site S 5 2/10)

A L ate-Hellenistic a nd R oman s ite. B ibliography: Ö zdo'an 1 977 87 " Kol H arabesi" V isit:

f rom T ille 2 2.v.1979

M erdi A s mall, L ate-Hellenistic a nd R oman s ite,

o n a l ow ,

p romontory,

j ust b elow a nd S o f t he h amlet;

t he F irat.

T here a re r ock-cut t ombs

r ocky

o verlooking

i n t he s oft-limestone

c liffs b elow a nd W o f t he h amlet. B ibliography:

S erdaro -f lu 1 977:134 a nd m ap p 1.63

B akacak, B elendur M evkii A L ate-Hellenistic a nd R oman s ite, F irat, c . B elendur

3 km S o f t he v illage, . a . y1 .;

o n t he W b ank o f t he o n l eft

( N)

b ank o f

a d eserted m odern v illage o n t op.

s herds a nd t iles.

O n h ill-slopes

N umerous

t o W o f s ite t here a re

r ock-cut t ombs a nd a n e xtensive q uarry

( ?Roman).

V isit: F rom T ille 2 0.vi.1981 C erik A ;ni

( Site T 5 2/17)

A p rehistoric, L ate-Hellenistic/Roman a nd M edieval o n t he E b ank o f t he K ahta g ayi, F irat,

s ite,

o n t he N b ank o f t he

a nd o n t he W b ank o f t he K ahta

B ibliography:

Ö zdol ,an 1 977:111

S erdaro5 ,1u 1 977:113 V isit: ( 2)

f rom T ille

2 5.xi.1979

E skimalatya - C endere - K öprü - S amsat

F uruncu A l arge m ound, r oad,

c .

o n t he S s ide o f t he m odern M alatya - E lazi ( : ;

1 .5 k m W o f ç iftlik

a nd c .

1 km N o f F uruncu.

I t h as b een p artially b ull-dozed d uring r oad-widening w orks.

T he s ite i s m ainly p rehistoric b ut

e xcellent m edieval s herds t o b e f ound,

( e.g .

e specially o n t he

7 5

t here a re

g reen-glazed s graffiato) l ow s kirts

o n t he S s ide.

B ibliography:

B urney 1 958:204 m ap I II

( site 1 62)

M itford 1 972.1.328 R ussell

1 980:122

s ite

1 62

s ee a lso H ild a nd R estle

1 981:177

' Faraniya'

H an A r uined O ttoman h an, p ass, K übbe

G«idi,

4 k m W NW f rom t he t op o f t he

c .

o n t he r oad t o P ütürge.

T he h an

l ies i n a s hallow v alley b elow t he m odern a nd R oman r oads ( on 2 00,000 m ap,

c .

3k m S W o f T au oinar a nd c .

2 k m N E

o f H alikan ). B ibliography:

M itford 1 980(1):

9 16 " Hani K ürük"

D en k K ale A R oman-period s anctuary, B ibliography:

a bove K f lun v illage

H oepfner 1 966

M itford 1 972.1.93 a nd 4 ;

p 1.38-40

M itford 1 974:173-175 a nd p 1 . V III H ellenkemper 1 977:465 n .

1 9

M itford 1 977:508 a nd p 1.60.2 M itford 1 980(1):916 a nd p 1.61.1 M itford 1 980(2):1191 a nd p l.IX .16 C endere K öprü T here i s a s ite o f a l ate b ut i ndeterminate d ate,

o n t he

h ill-top i mmediately a bove a nd N o f t he b ridge. Ö renli

( formerly P irun)

E xtensive r uins a nd n ecropolis v illage.

i n a nd a round t he m odern

A m osaic p avement h as r ecently

m oved t o A diyaman M useum .

( 1981)

b een r e-

T here i s a n a cropolis a bove

a nd N o f t he v illage. B ibliography:

H umann a nd P uchstein 1 890:

1 93 a nd p l.L.2

( photograph o f r ock t ombs) D örner a nd N aumann 1 939:66-69 H onigmann PW X IX.904 P erre

( gives e arlier l iterature)

N aumann 1 942:44-46 C andemir a nd W agner 1 978:229 H ellenkemper

1 978:402

' Pirim-Perrhe'

D örner 1 981:61-64 7 6

Tabula Peutingeriana

( Tab.Peut.)

Melentinis VIII Corne XIIII Metita XII C laudia XLVI Barsalium VIII' Heba XXX Charmodara XII Samosata

I tinerarium Antonini 2 15.7

( Itin.Ant.)

a Melitena Samosata XCI

8

Mesena

XII

9

Lacotena

XXVIII

10

Perre

XXVI

1 1

Samosata

XXIIII

2 15.10

XXVII Corr. MS

Table

1 .

3 L:

Ancient

7 7

B XXVII

I tineraries

TABULA P EUTINGERIANA

M elitene - S amosata ( Suggested)

( Tab.Peut.)

M ELETENIS

E skimalatya V II

X III

C ORNE

M eydancik X IIII

X IIII

M ETITA

n ear k lyabus X II

X II

C LAUDIA

n ear K oldere Mama ) X LVI

X LVI

B ARSALIUM

K illik V III'

V IIII

H EBA

4 kaya,

K ilise

M evkii X XX

X XV

C HARMODARA

T ille X II

X XXII

S AMOSATA

S amsat

T able

2 . Tab.Peut.: M elitene - S amosata l ocations

7 8

f ormerly

I TINERARIUM A NTONINI

M elitene - S amosata

( Itin.Ant.)

( Suggested)

MELITENA

E skimalatya

M IASENA/MESENA

X II

X II

Y aygin

LACOTENA

XXVIII

X XVIII

? below D en k Kale

P ERRE

XXVI

XXVI

Ö renli

SAMOSATA

X XIV

X XIV

S amsat

T able

3 .

I tin.Ant.:

( form.Halikan)

( form .Pirun )

M elitene - S amosata l ocations.

7 9

I dentifications ( 1)

M elitene - B arsalium - S amosata T he r oute a long t he W b ank o f t he F irat h as b een u niversally

a cknowledged a s d ifficult i f n ot i mpossible R espectfully I d isagree. e xisted;

( Mitford 1 980(2):1192).

H owever d ifficult a c ourse,

t he o bserved t races

T here a re s ections w hich,

a re

i t n evertheless

l isted a bove.

i t i s

t rue,

s eem i mpassable, p artic-

u larly i n t he g orge i mmediately S o f K ömürhan a nd a gain S o f t he e iro ç ayi.

I t w ould n ot,

t herefore,

b e s urprising t hat t he Tab.Peut.

d oes n ot r ecord a ny s ite a long t hese s tretches

o f t he r iver .

I ndeed

Iw ould c ontend t hat a n a uxiliary f ort s hould b e s ought n ot i n t he g orge b elow K ömürhan b ut i n t he o pen v alley a round P irot o r n ear t he m outh o f t he r 2i ro C ayi. t atum Orientis X XXVIII.27

o reum )

A g 'iyabus

T hus

f or M etita

( in t he Notitia D igni-

t he s tation o f t he C ohors I V U lpia P etra-

i s a p ossible l ocation:

K ale i s a nother.

I n

e ither c ase t he p osition g iven f or M etita o n t he Tab. Peut.

i s

a ccurate. I h ave,

t herefore,

E uphrates b ank)

r econstructed a r oute

1 : , 7 c ombining o bservation w ith c onjecture.

M y s uggestion f or s ites Tab.Peut.

( which f ollows t he

l ocated a long t he r oute g iven o n t he

b etween M elitene a nd S amosata a re i ndicated i n f ig.2.

I t n ow a ppears

t hat t he d istance o n t he Tab.Peut.

b etween

M elitene a nd S amosata a nd t he m odern, m easured d istance b etween E skimalatya a nd S amsat c an b e c losely m atched i n m ost c ases.

N o

m ajor o r r adical c hanges n eed b e m ade t o t he f igures g iven o n t he Tab.Peut.

W hether o r n ot t he h ypothesis c an b e d emonstrated f or

t he w hole l ength o f t he r oad f rom T rapezus s ufficient,

a t t he m oment,

t o S amosata,

i t i s

t o d emonstrate t hat t he S s ection c an b e

c orrelated w ith m odern s ites a nd d istances. I n o ne i nstance, t o t he Tab.Peut „

n amely,

c hange i s d eliberate. E skimalatya:

h owever,

b etween

' Melentenis'

a nd C om e.

N o s ite i s k nown t o m e a t M P V III

M eydancik,

( from E skimalatya).

I h ave i ntroduced a m inor e mendation

o n t he o ther h and,

f rom

i s e xactly M P X III

A ccordingly I h ave e mended t he

8 0

T he

f igure V III t o

X III. B etween K illik M evkii, o f

( Barsalium )

a nd t he s ite o f t %kaya, K ilise

t he m odern d istance i s

1 3.32 km ( MP V IIII).

s lightly t oo l ong:

1 5 km i nstead

N evertheless I h ave r etained t he p roposed

i dentification f or K ilise M evkii: I h ere a ccount

c .

H eba.

A s i n t he c ase o f M etita,

f or t he d iscrepancy b etween t he m odern a nd t he a ncient

d istances b y p ostulating t he p resence o f a " way-station" o utside t he " parent-site"

f rom w hich t he d ependent " way-station" w as n amed.

A t M P X XX ( approximately) M erdi.

I t i s n ot i mposing.

f igure, n amely T he n ame

T ille i s ( 2)

( V.15.11):

t he

t ogether w ith b oth

E arlier p roposals

' on t he r iver'.

h ave n ot b een b ased o n o bservations o f T his

( 1971.1.328,331) l acking,

( Eskimalatya)

r an,

l acuna c an n ow b e f illed.

i s u ndoubtedly c orrect,

s outh-eastwards,

( 1972.4:p1.9)

t owards F uruncu ( photographs o f

( 1972.4:p1.35)

a nd o f t he p ossible

t owards F uruncu ).

B eyond F uruncu,

h owever,

u nambiguous t races o f t he R oman r oad

a ppear b eside t he m odern r oad t o P ütürge,

S E o f Y aygin;

( Kübbe G eO _di).

a t c .

d escends s outhwards,

5 km ( along t he

t hey c ontinue t o t he t op o f t he p ass

T he R oman r oad t hen l eaves b y am inor t ributary,

t he m odern r oad a nd i nto t he A likan v alley,

w hich e astwards f orms t he v alley o f t he . iro ç ayi. s tigated t he r oute

a lthough c lear

i n s uggesting t hat t he r oad f rom M elitene

a s ite o n D üllük T epe i n M itford

m odern r oad)

C ertainly N o f S amosata,

f or t he c ourse o f t he r oad, M elitene - L acotena

a n e xisting r oad s urface.

r oute

a ppears

S amosata

( Fl.Chabina- ) S amosata,

e vidence i s

EaphaaTa . Acy[c ov

l argest s ite o n t he W b ank o f t he E uphrates.

M elitene - L acotena

M itford

A m inor a djustment t o t he Tab.Peut.

X XV f or X XX , w ould b ring C harmodara e xactly t o T ille.

X0 M -1 0 186 L Pa

i n P tolemy

f rom K ilise M evkii t here i s a s ite:

f urther.

I h ave n ot i nve-

A t a s troke, w e m ay n ow a bandon a ll

p revious c onjecture o n t he c ourse o f t he s trategic m ilitary h ighway f rom M elitene t o S amosata. F rom t he S iro ç ayi,

t he R oman r oad

( out o f t he A likan v alley)

( I a ssume)

c limbed u pwards

b y t he T ekederesi t owards K omik

8 1

( now

A rikonak)

a nd t hence, b y a r oute n ot y et d etermined,

d ropped d own

t o t he h eadwaters o f t he C endere S uyu b etween S incik a nd A lancik ( formerly L agin ).

T hereafter t he r oute i s

C endere K öprü t o Ö renli

( formerly P irun )

S s lopes o f t he H alof D al . Ö renli

t o S amsat t he

l ine

t olerably c ertain:

t he r oad p assed a long t he

( so c alled o n t he 2 00,000 m ap) i s c lear,

f rom

a nd f rom

a lthough n o r emains o f a r oad

h ave b een r ecorded. M y p roposed i dentifications a re s et o ut o n F ig .

2 .

3 .

C ontributions t owards a m ap o f t he E astern F rontier.

T he m ap,

f ig.7.1,

i ncorporates

t he l atest r esults o f m y r esearches

i nto t he R oman R oads a nd M ilestones o f A sia M inor. v ersion

( to 1 979)

A n e arlier

i s p rinted i n C row a nd F rench 1 980:904 f ig .

T hat v ersion i s h ere s uperseded.

F urther,

t he m ap,

m y s ynthesis o f t he p ublished r esults o f r esearches

f ig.4,

6 0-1.

i ncludes

i nto t he h istor-

i cal g eography o f t he r egion S o f t he T aurus m ountains,

i .e.

n orthern a reas o f t he R oman p rovince o f S yria.

i nstances I

I n s ome

h ave v erified t he p ublished o bservations o f r oads a nd s ites; m ost c ases,

t he

i n

I h ave b een a ble t o r eview, b ut n ot t o i nvestigate,

e vidence o f e arlier t ravellers

t he

a nd r ecent s cholars.

M aps o f t his s ame a rea h ave b een p ublished i n t he l ast d ecade b y: ( 1)

D örner 1 981:

( 2)

H ellenkemper 1 977:462

( 3)

H arper 1 981:

( 4)

J ones

( 5)

M itford 1 972.4:

( 6)

M itford 1 974:161 m ap

( 7)

M itford 1 977:502 f ig .1

( 8)

M itford 1 980(1):914 m ap

( 9)

M itford 1 980(2):1212 m ap

1 978:

m ap f ig.4

( pp . 2 0-21) f ig .l

m ap 2 7 m ap

( diagram 2 ) m aps

i n f older f ig.3

( 10)

W agner 1 975:80 a nd f ig.

( 11)

W agner 1 977(1):519 f ig.1

( 12)

W agner 1 977(2):678 f ig .3

O n t he m ap,

f ig.4,

W ay-stations:

o n p .127

f ig .61.1 f ig.1 a nd 1 220 m ap f ig.9 9 4

I h ave c ollated m aterial f rom t hese s ources.

a c larification. 8 2

I n a n e arlier w ork

( 1975:85),

I

a pplied t he w ords R oman r oad)

' way s tation'

n amed f rom a p arent

e ncy o r s atellite t own).

t o a s tructure o r s tructures s ite.

( on a

T he w ay-station i s a d epend-

( in h ierarchical t erms)

o f a m ajor s ite

( city o r

T he p resence o f a n ame o n a r oad d epicted o n t he Tab.Peut.

o r g iven o n t he Itin.Ant. f or t he p recise

i s n ot n ecessarily e vidence

l ocation o f t hat n amed s ite

( if i t

( in m y v iew )

i s

a c ity o r

t own). I p ostulate t hat

t he c ity o r t own m ay p erhaps

l ie s ome d istance

o ff t he r oad a nd n eed n ot a lways b e l ocated o n t he r oad,

o r - i n

o ther w ords - t hat t he s ite

o r Itin.

( presented)

o n t he Tab.Peut.

c ould b e a d ependency o f s uch a t own.

Ant.

I n T urkish: t ransport

I n a w ord:

a b us-stop.

a durak - t he p lace a t w hich o ne g ets o ff o ne's

( animal,

v ehicle,

" bus")

i n o rder t o r each t he d esired

d estination o ff t he r oad a long w hich o ne i s

t ravelling.

I n c orrel-

a ting a ncient n ames o n t he I tineraries w ith k nown m odern s ites, h ave e xplicitly u sed t his p ostulate s tation",

" parent s ite")

( recently:

r esent Mnizus

d oes

i tself?

t he

e .g.

A rchelais),

P etra

B arata

" mansio",

( Itin. Burd.

" civitas".

5 75)

r ep-

i t i ndicates n ot o nly a

t he b us-stop o r durak,

f or t he t own i tself.

T ab.Peut.

" mutatio",

" mutatio M nizus"

I s uggest t hat

p lace t o c hange h orses b ut M nizus,

3 0 " way-

t he e vidence o f t he Itin. Burd. w here

s ites a long t he r oad a re c ategorized: f or e xample,

2 9,

b ut w ithout c larification.

T his e xplanation e xtends

T hus,

1 980(2):

I

d ependant o n

N umerous e xamples c an b e c ited o n t he

( i.e.Perta )

( between I conium a nd C olonia

( MP 5 0 f rom I conium o n t he r oad t o T yana ).

C ertainly

t he s tructures n ow v isible b eside t he R oman r oad c annot r epresent t he m ajor s ites

f rom w hich t hey a re n amed:

t hus,

t he s mall m ound a t

M P 5 0 f rom I conium c annot b e t he c ity o f B arata. I n c ertain i nstances I h ave a ccounted f or d iscrepancies b etween m odern d istances

( from s ite

t o s ite)

a nd t he f igures

g iven i n t he

a ncient s ources b y a ssuming t he p resence o f a " way-station" o utside t he s ettlement

( city,

t own,

v illage)

f rom which t he

I T

w ay-station"

w as n amed. F inally,

I p ostulate t hat t he Tab.Peut.

u ncategorized i nformation. o ne o f t he s everal,

i s p resenting u s w ith

T he r oads d epicted t here c an b e a ny

k nown c ategories o f r oad

8 3

(e . g.

compendium).

I h ave i ndicated t hese c ategories

i n t he f orm o f a t able

( 1980(1):

7 03 a nd 1 980(2):128).

( 1)

T he c ourse o f t he R oman r oad b etween T rabzon ( Trapezus)

a nd t he

K elkit v alley I h ave n ot y et h ad t he o pportunity t o i nspect. s ite o f D omana,

h owever,

W o f G ümü

f ormerly A lansa).

öze,

I p ut a t o r n ear K omanir T epe P reviously

( c.

( Kiepert:

E rzeroum 1 913 2 ; M iller 1 916:682)

t he

o n t he b asis o f C umont's c omments

( 1906:354)(cf .

T he 2 .5 km

S heet

t own h ad b een l ocated a t K öse, t he m ap, M itford

1 980(2):1223 f ig .12). ( 2)

B etween K elkit a nd S adak

( Satala)

t he R oman r oad i s

i ntermitt-

e ntly v isible. ( 3)

B etween S adak

r oad i s, a nd S ,

( Satala)

a nd B aglica

i n p art, w ell p reserved.

o f t he S ipikör p ass,

b etween A glik a nd G özyurdu M ecidiye t o Ip .kpinar t he v illage o f S ürek

( formerly S ipikör)

v isible c .

2k m W o f S ürek.

b etween K uru c ay a nd B a 'qica W o f t he K arabudak ( , ; ayi .

o n t he N ,

o n t he S .

1 7 km S W o f E rzincan)

i s k nown l ocally a s

a nd p 1.11.3;

I t i s v isible o n b oth s ides, N

( formerly V azkirt) ( c.

t he R oman

e specially c lear a t a p oint m id-way

p reserved,

3 .5 km N E o f D ostal

( ancient Z imara)

a nd f rom

A bove a nd b elow

t he R oman r oad,

t he K ervan Y olu.

c learly

O ne s tretch i s

O ccasional s tretches o f r oad s urvive ( ancient Z imara),

e specially E a nd

( ancient S abrina F lumen)

a nd t he b ridge,

( see M itford 1 972.2:397 a nd p 1.10:

f or t he b ridge i nscription:

CIL

c .

1 980(2):1185

I II S upp1.2.13644 a nd

1 4184 14 ) . M itford r uns

t he c ourse o f t he m ain h ighway b etween Z imara a nd

S atala a long t he K uru c ay t owards M elik erif R efahiye:

( now Y urtba u _)

n ear

I c onsider t his v iew t o b e i ncorrect a lthough I b elieve

t hat a b ranch r oad d id i ndeed r un f rom O lotoedariza ( at o r n ear 4 hnigar n ear E zbider)

t o A naliba

( near B oyalik)

S arlyusuf n ear G ölova,

f ormerly A ( yanis)

v ia H an s

( at o r n ear

a nd E legarsina ( at o r n ear

K urtköyü N o f R efahiye). T he m aps c lear,

( Hild 1 977:142 m ap 1 5;

t hough s chematic,

H ild a nd R estle 1 981)

g ive a

r econstruction o f t he c ourse t aken b y t he

8 4

R oman r oad f rom K arabudak ç ayi

t owards K emah.

Suissa

I p lace t his t he h igh,

T here i s

r ocky h ill i mmediately b ehind

" Rumsaray" C umont

s tation a t M ecidiye.

a n a ncient s ite o n

( i.e.

NW o f)

i s t he n ame s till a pplied l ocally t o t his

1 906:341).

v alley b elow;

A n a uxiliary c amp c ould l ie

t he v illage. s ite

( cp.

a nywhere i n t he

i t i s aw ell-watered g rassy e nvironment.

Arauraca

s omewhere

( under t he a lluvium )

G ümü tarlasi c .

( formerly M itini)

n ear t he p resent v illages o f a nd K avakyolu

( formerly H a§ha p .),

6 km W NW o f E rzincan.

Analiba

a t o r n ear B oyalik,

c .

1 4 k m N NE o f

Z imara

a t 5 ekerhan, d istance

c .

2 .5 k m S E o f Bk, 1 l ica

f rom B oyalik

t o M P X VI.

M itford

i s e xactly e quivalent ( a c entral

T he s ite w as n oted b y M itford

( 1972.1:207ff;

1 189 a nd p l , VII.12)

( now A datepe).

T he m odern

w here a ppropriate s herds a nd m asonry c an b e

T here i s a lso a s pring.

( 1972.1:207). ( 2):

( ? a ncient A naliba)

T here i s ap rehistoric a nd a ncient s ite

m ound a nd o utliers) s een.

( formerly Z inekar).

1 974:172;

1 977:508;

1 980

p uts t he l ocation o f Z imara a t P ingan

T he f orm ,

Z imara,

i s p reserved,

a s M itford s ays,

b oth i n t he n ame o f t he m odern s tream r unning s outhwards

f rom

t he v illage a nd i n t he f ormer n ame o f t he v illage i tself

( now

A ltinta ). Z inekar), " Kale".

T here a re m edieval c astles b oth a t B a Ulca " Zengibar K alesi",

a nd a t A ltinta§

O n t he e vidence o f a n i nscription

t he a uxiliary u nit, A la I I U lpia A uriana,

( formerly

( formerly Z imara),

( C/L 1 11.6743 f rom P ingan) i s k nown t o h ave b een

s tationed a t o r n ear t he a ncient Z imara. Sabus

and Dascusa

I a ccept M itford's v iews

( 1977:

( Hild a nd R estle 1 981:267) t he F irat;

M itford's s ite,

5 07-508).

O n t he m ap

i n TIB 2

S abus i s p laced o n t he W b ank o f i s i n f act,

( formerly 4 utka).

8 5

3 km S W o f D utluca

Chiaca

O ught t o b e

l ocated a t o r n ear M orhamam ( as H ild 1 977:145 a nd

B ild a nd R estle 4 .

1 981:165).

T he r oad f rom N icopolis t o S atala d oes n ot

a long t he g ukur D ere, § erif

p assing S ipdi ;-; in

( pace M itford)

( now O lgunlar)

a nd M elik-

( now Y urtba , 51) where m ilestones h ave b een d iscovered

C umont 1 905:221 n o.3;

C /L 1 11.305) ( for t his

M itford 1 974:165-166 a nd m ap 1 223 m ap f ig. I n 1 981,

1 2;

1 977:

f ig.4;

p 1.60.3,

1 977:506 a nd m ap

r un

( Sipdi -i n:

t heory,

f ig.4;

s ee

1 980(2):

a p hotograph o f M elik erif,

" ?Carsaga")

I l ooked f or t he O lgunlar a nd Y urtba§i m ilestones w ithout

s uccess.

A r oad,

h owever,

I d id f ind,

c .

1 2 k m N o f Y urtba§1.

W ell-

p reserved t races e xist o n t he h illsides o n t he N s ide o f t he v alley b etween B alahor map).

A s mall

( now g imenli) f ortified s ite

r iver b ank b elow T arbas ( below Y eniköy,

a nd C emall

( locally c alled K ale)

( now Ö gütlü),

t he

o pposite

f ormerly P etrek )(?Patrik)

t he m ap M itford 1 974:164 m ap f ig.4; f ig.12).

( Cemallikomu o n 2 00 )0 00

T here i s

t he r emains o f a h an

o n t he N b ank

1 977:506 m ap

s aid t o b e a " kale" c .

e xists o n t he

( shown o n

f ig .4;

1 980(2):

4k m W o f C emalli,

f ollows

S s lope o f t he g imen D a 1 r idge a nd e ventually d rops d own i nto

t he v alley o f t he Z evker g ayi a t O fus

( now A lapinar).

a re c learly v isible a long t he w hole r oute. k vanis)

m ilestone

Z iziola

t races

T he G ölova ( formerly

( Cumont 1 906:319 n o.475)

s ection o f t his r oad,

T he

m ay b elong t o t he w estern

t owards N icopolis.

( Tab.Peut.)

a t t he s ite b elow Ö gütlü i dentified w ith S isila

( formerly T arbas).

Z iziola h as b een

( Procopius De A ed .III.6.22),

t he s tation

o f t he C ohors m il.Germanorum ( Not . Dign.Or .XXXVIII.30)(for S isila, 5 .

s ee H onigmann, PW

I II.A .1.366).

T he c ourse o f t he b ranch r oad f rom O lotoedariza

Not. Dign.Or.

X XXVIII.17)

a nd H an s t o A naliba

b een a ble t o t race o nly i n s hort s ections.

( Aladaleariza:

( as I s uppose)

S outh o f R efahiye I

h ave c ollated v erbal i nformation g iven t o m e b y v illagers. K ürelik,

N o f R efahiye,

t he r oad i s q uite c lear.

N ear

A "han" i s p reserved

b eside t he r oad.

T his

i t m ay b e R oman.

W o f K ürelik t he r oad r uns q uite c learly t o

K anlita ,

I h ave

s tructure I d id n ot h ave t ime t o i nvestigate;

g obanli a nd S arlyusuf.

8 6

O lotoedariza/Aladaleariza

Ip lace a t o r n ear S ahnigar

( 200,000 m ap:

S ebinkarahisar

1 06- 0, n ow r enamed S enbaglar. Han s

( Ptolemy

V .7.3

? Charax)

a t o r n ear S arlyusuf

( 200,000 m ap:

e binkarahisar 1 07 - r ).

E legarsina

a t o r n ear K ürtköyü

( 200,000 m ap:

S ebinkarahisar 1 09 - s )

w here t here a re s aid t o b e i nscriptions a nd w orked s tones:

I

h ave n ot y et v isited t he v illage. 6 .

F or t he t wo r outes

k arahisar) l imes

( 1)

t o t he Z igana p ass a nd

( 2)

f rom S ebasteia

w rong .

( Sivas)

g rounds o f p robability o nly:

t o t he

I h ave r e-

I m ay w ell b e

M y h ypothesis i s d erived f rom t he e xample o f t wo r oads

( on t he Tab.Peut.) m ilitary s ites)

l eading f rom N icopolis t o k nown p oints

o n t he limes r oad:

N icopolis - Z imara. e lsewhere

( 1)

N icopolis - A naliba,

( 2)

( French 1 980:709 a nd d iagram 5 ). , a r oad

i s d rawn f rom N icopolis t o Z imara(?)

( Ptolemy V .7.3 S eleoberrhoea )

7 .3 C altiorissa ).

a nd C aleorsissa

e xistence o f a r oad S o f N icopolis o f a m ilestone

( Ptolemy V .

N evertheless

t he

i s a dumbrated b y t he p resence

( C/L 1 11.975,12154,14184 1 2 ,M P V II

N icopolis); A k4. ar i s a v illage s ituated c . Y e ilyayla),

v ia

Ih ave i ndicated a p ossible l ine f or t his r oad.

T he t errain i s e xceptionally d ifficult N o f Z imara.

( at A k ar)

( i.e.

A n e arly v ersion o f t he m odel i s i llustrated

O n t he Tab. Peut.

O leoberda

8 .

( Sebin-

r oad I h ave n either a ncient n or m odern t estimony.

c onstructed t hem o n t he

7 .

f rom N icopolis v ia C oloneia

7 km S o f P ürk

f rom

( now

t he s ite o f N icopolis.

T he r oute t aken b y t he r oad f rom S ebasteia t o M elitene

1 79.1-5,206.9-207.1,214.5-10)

( Itin.Ant.

I h ave b een a ble t o r econstruct f rom

a h int g iven t o m e b y V ictor v an H agen

( personal c ommunication ).

Ad Praetorium

a t t he a ncient s ite,

c .

2 .5 k m E o f K ara ayir.

P isonos

a t F ethiye

( see l iterature q uoted b y H ild a nd R estle

" Hesnpatriq u ; a dd t o i t f ig.102)

t he p hotograph,

( cf .Wagner 1 977(2):678 m ap

8 7

1 981:190

v on d er O sten 1 930:98

f ig.3

' Sinis C olonia', w hence

C row a nd F rench 1 980:904 m ap f ig.60.1 9 .

A rabissus

( Af§in )

t o M elitene

' Sinis C olonia ').

( Eskimalatya ):

Ih ave b een a ble

t o f ollow t he w hole c ourse o f t he r oad a s f ar a s t he S ultansuyu r iver. 1 0 .

T he e xistence ( and r oute )of t he r oad b etween P erre

f ormerly P irun )

( Örenli,

a nd t he m odern H anköyü o n t he C aesareia - C omana -

A rabissus - M elitene h ighway i s b ased o n m y o wn c onjectures. r oad i s s hown o n t he T ab.Peut.: C omana i n C appadocia.

T he

i t r uns f rom S amosata v ia P erre t o

O n t he m ap I h ave i ndicated a p ossible r oad

f rom Ö renli t o D ogan§ehir v ia K o ali; r oute f urther w estwards,

In ow b elieve t here i s ab etter

a long t he u pper r eaches o f t he : ? ' eker D ere.

A n O ttoman H an, M uradirabi H an l ies n ear t o t his b ranch r oad, 2K m E o f T opalli. R oman m ilestones,

c .

( Is t his t he S elcuk h an c lose t o a c luster o f a s M itford 1 980(1):917?

T he d istance w ould b e c .

3 .5 k m ). 1 1.

T he R oman n ame o f t he s ite o f D ogan ehir

( formerly V iran§ehir )

i s n ot c ertainly e stablished.

I t i s t hought t o b e Z izoatra

(Z i . ,

l ater S ozopetra:

ö c t -c pa,

P tolemy V .7.10 ),

s ite, H arap§ehir

( c.

b y H ild a nd R estle

6k m S W o f D ogan§ehir),

s ee l iterature c ited

( 1981:286 S ozopetra ).

T here i s ab ridge o ver t he S ultansuyu, c . T his b ridge,

f or t his a nd a s econd

2 .5 k m N o f D ogan§ehir.

i f i dentified w ith " Su C hateh K öprüsü"

1 22-123), m ay b e R oman .

Ih ave n ot s een i t.

( Sykes 1 904:

I t m ay i ndicate t he c ourse

o f t he D ogan§ehir - H anköyü r oad . 1 2.

A r oad f rom t he S amosata - Z eugma h ighway t o E lbistan o n t he

C aesareia - A rabissus - M elitene h ighway p asses t hrough B esni i dentified w ith O ctacuscum :

( usually

I s ee n o r eason t o a ccept t his i dentification )

R eported i ndividual s ections c an b e a rranged i nto a s ingle r oad, w hich, o n t he T ab.Peut. b egins a t H eracome,

a s d oes t he r oad

G ermaniceia v ia C esum . F istiklidag ( formerly Z ekderi§) B ibliography:

B esni

S ykes 1 904:129 a nd m ap

( old l ocation )

B ibliography:

-F al

-E skiköy

W agner 1 975:78 a nd f ig.101

W agner 1 977(2):672 a nd f ig.2. 8 8

( see b elow )

t o

F or t he c ourse o f t he r oad f rom B agpinar E lbistan I h ave n o e vidence. g iven b y H ild T ilhüyük

( 1977:138-139)

( formerly A ksaray )

t o

A r oute o ver t he E ngizek D a g 'i s a nd H ild a nd R estle

( 200,000 m ap:Elbistan 9 9-1k)

o f a r oad a re v isible i n t he f ields:

( 1981:map).

F rom

s outhwards, p ossible t races f urther i nvestigation o f t his

r oute i s r equired. H eracome

( Tab.Peut.; A non.Ray .

a t o r n ear K izilkaya. T ag,

c .

F or

O n t he T ab.Peut., o f C ommagene

s ee H umann a nd P uchstein 1 890:

D örner 1 981:47-49 a nd l iterature.

( 'in C om(m )acenis',

n ear A nazarbus.

( Dikili

t he r oad t o H eracome p asses o ver t he b oundary

( so M iller 1 916:776).

' a C om(m )acenis')

i nto C ilicia

I t t here j oins t he A dana - A ntiocheia r oad

T here a re t hree p ossibilities:

t he l ine may b e a f alse r endering o f a r oad t o A rabissus a nd C omana

( 2)

t he m onument a t " Sesönk"

3 .5 k m E SE o f K izilkaya ),

p l.XVI a nd X VIII.ii;

( 1)

I aracopama)

( and t hence t o A nazarbus,

a s I tin.Ant.211.5),

i t r epresents t he S amosata - G ermaniceia r oad

( as I tin.

A nt.186.1), ( 3)

i t d epicts b oth.

O n t he map,

f ig.4,

I h ave p ut f orward t he f irst p ossibility.

A ntiocheia a d T aurum/Adat(th)a T he l ocation o f A data s eems

f irmly a ttached t o A ksaray

o fficiallyBagpinar), c .27 km N NE o f P azarcik H ild a nd R estle 1 981). 1 950;

H ild 1 977:139.

P tolemy

( V .6.25).

( see m ap:

F or d iscussion o n A data:

s ee H artmann

T he a ncient n ame o f A dattha i s f ound i n

I t s hould b e n oted t hat t his s ame l ocation

i s c laimed f or A ntiocheia a d T aurum ( Ptolemy V .15.10) ( Hellenkemper 1 977:470 n .51; T he c astle, H eyik K ale B irecik 1 01 - I p)

c .

v isited b y H artmann n ot s een i t.

( now

a lso.

D örner 1 981:20-21, m ap f ig.4).

( not m arked o n t he T urkish 2 00,000 m ap:

4 k m W o f B elören i s p erhaps t he f ortification ( 1950:49 a nd p 1.10b a nd l la %ellek").

T he c astle a t Köro ,; lu K alesi

T urkish 2 00,000 map: M ara §1 00 - I r)

c .

I h ave

( marked o n t he

1 1 m N W o f P azarcik,

I

h ave n ot v isited. 1 3.

F rom t he S amosata - Z eugma h ighway a r oad r uns

( K.Marag). p art o nly

t o G ermaniceia

T he r oute i s r ecorded i n t he I tin.Ant.(186.1) ( I s uggest)

a nd i n

o n t he T ab.Peut. w here G ermaniceia i s n ot 8 9

n amed.

T he

f ormer i tinerary d oes n ot c oincide w ith t he l atter,

n or i s a ny o ne n amed s ite c ommon t o b oth. I h ave n oted r eports o f a p aved r oad n ear K izilkaya; 8 2 a nd m ap V ) K eysun )

s aw a r oad r unning w estwards t o ç akirhüyi ik

a nd b eyond a s

r oad-surface. o mak.

F urther w estwards K iepert

( 1939:110)

3 km E o f P azarcik, Y ukari B .

q uotes K iepert.

( formerly

r ecorded a r oad n ear

( quoting M armier)

r unning a pproximately E - W ,

Armutlu a nd E lmalar

( 1962:

f ar a s K öseceli w here I m yself h ave o bserved a

D örner a nd N aumann

( "Röm .Strasse")

S tarr

( 1)

m arked a r oad

n ear B4din (4agi B .

6 k m E o f P azarcik a nd

( Kiepert:

s heet M alatja ).

( 2) b etween

H onigmann ( 1932:1672)

I h ave s een n either s tretch o f r oad.

V an d er O sten

( 1930:92 a nd f ig.92 a nd 8 2 m ap V I)

i n t he P azarcik r egion.

i ndicates r oads

I h ave t ried t o i ncorporate h is o bservations

i n m y o verall s cheme o f r oads

i n t hat a rea.

Hera come

s ee a bove Cesum

( Tab.Peut.)

I a ccept a s

t he m odern ç akirhüyük

H ellenkemper B oase

( ed.)

( 1977:67-71)

( formerly K eysun ).

S ee

a nd l iterature q uoted t here;

a dd

1 978:161 " Crasson".

M itradatis Regnum

( Tab.Peut.)

A r eference t o t he b oundary o f t he C ommagenian K ingdom a t t he t ime o f M ithradates 1 4.

I ( Callinicus).

F rom t he R oman b ridge o n t he K arasu a t D oliche

t hence t o A ntakya o n c onjecture, ( 1)

( Antiocheia)

a nd

I h ave r econstructed a r oute l argely

t he e vidence b eing t wo b ridges:

K arasu W agner 1 975:78,

( 2)

( Dülük)

7 9 a nd f igs 6 9 a nd 1 00

W agner 1 977

( 1):

6 79 a nd f ig.5

W agner 1 977

( 2):

5 20 a nd p 1.62

( 1):

6 84

N ear Y arimca W agner 1 977

F or t he s ite o f Y avuzeli

( formerly C ingife),

9 0

s ee A rchi et a l.

1 971: 1 5

1 04

s ite 2 04 a nd f ig.238;

H ellenkemper 1 976:61-63.

.F or t he c ourse o f t he m ain h ighway b etween S amsat

a nd B elkis

( Zeugma )

( Samosata)

I h ave m ade u se b oth o f m y o wn a nd o f e arlier

i nvestigations: S amsat

t o K umluca

B ibliography:

( formerly B erfirat)

S tarr

1 962,82

H ayaz t o B elikan B ibliography: R öhrbach 1 901:465 T uru

w estwards

B ibliography:

S tarr,

1 962,

8 2

( including a m ention o f t he n earby q uarries)

G öksü b ridge t o K arasu b ridge B ibliography:

S tarr 1 962,

B etween H ayaz a nd K uyulu

( p1.7.1b)

8 1-82 a nd m ap V .

( formerly T uru§),

t he r oad i s e xcept-

i onally w ell p reserved.

T he " Euphrates G ates"

B elikan,

s eem p reviously t o h ave b een r ecorded.

h owever,

d o n ot

( my t erm )

b elow t he A

g roup f rom t he T ille e xcavations w alked t his s tretch o f t he r iver b ank w ith m e i n O ctober 1 981 ( p1.7.2a a nd b ). O n t he o ther h and I h ave n ot s een t he a rea b etween Z ekderi ( now F istiklida )

a nd R umkale.

m ain h ighway w ould h ave

I t i s d ifficult t o b elieve t hat t he

f ollowed d irectly t he r iver b ank - a

d ifficult r oute S o f R umkale - w hen i t c ould m ore e asily h ave c rossed t he

f latter t errain t o t he W o f R umkale,

i nto t he E uphrates v alley, p ossibly a t E senköy

b efore d escending

( formerly K ahtin).

R oman b ridge a t H ayaz l ocal r eport

( 1981)

f rom v illagers:

H ellenkemper

( 1977:466).

n ot m entioned b y

R oman b ridge o ver G öksu B ibliography: D örner a nd N aumann 1 939:61 a nd p 1.7 S tarr 1 962:83-85, w ith p lan a nd e levation, o f t he " pre-Roman b ridge

i ncluding a p lan

( p.84)(?perhaps F lavian)

S tarr 1 963(1):861 a nd f ig. S tarr 1 963(2):169 a nd f igs. S tarr 1 961-63:299 a nd f ig.3 t . i lpan 1 975:238 n o.2 W agner 1 977(1):679 a nd f ig.5.

9 1

W agner 1 977(2):521 H ellenkemper 1 977:446 a nd f ig.53 D örner 1 981:159-160 a nd f ig.49 R oman b ridge a t R umkale B ibliography:Wagner T arsa:

T arsa

a t T urug

( Tab. Peut.)

1 977(1) T harse

( now K uyulu ).

f rom S amosata:

6 81 a nd f ig.8;

t ext f ig.4

1 86.5)

( Itin.Ant.

O n t he Tab.Peut.,Tarsa i s M P X VIIII d istant

t he f igure i s e xact

( the Itin.Ant.

M P X III f or t he d istance,Tharse t o S amosata ), r ecent c alculations. 1 09-110 a nd f ig.20

F or t he s ite,

( an a ltar);

1 86.5 g ives

o n t he b asis o f m y

s ee D örner a nd N aumann 1 939:

S tarr 1 962:83.

T here i s p lentiful

p rehistoric, c lassical a nd m edieval p ottery t o b e s een o n t he s ite. N isum

( Itin.Ant.

1 86.4);

Anon.Ray. Nisson.

I p ut a t F istiklidag ( formerly Z ekderi O. s ee A rchi e t al. In Catabana

t he s ite

1 971:107 n o.214 a nd f ig.249.

( Itin.Ant.

( not n amed )

a fter N isum ; a kirhüyük

F or t he s ite a t F .,

1 86.3) ' in C atabana'

( sc.

r egione)

c omes M P X V

a t 2 3.5 km ( i.e.MP X VI) W f rom F istiklidag l ies

( formerly K eysun), o therwise i dentified w ith C esum T he t erritpry

( Tab.Peut.).

' Catabana '

m ust t hen b e t he p lain

r ound K eysun. T he s pacing o f a uxiliary c amps a long t he E uphrates s uggests

( to m e)

t he p ossibility,

i f n ot

t he p robability,

a uxiliary s ite o r s ites b etween t he S inga F l.(Göksu) t he M arsyas F l.(Merzumen ).

f rontiers o f a n

a nd

T he m id-point b etween Z eugma a nd S am-

o sata w ould f all a t o r n ear t he m odern K arasu r iver. 1 6.

F or t he r oad r unning f rom G ermaniceia

t o Z eugma I h ave n o f actual e vidence. Itin.Ant.

1 7.

( ?Islahiye)

1 8.

T he r oute

t o D oliche a nd

i s k nown f rom t he

( 184.1 a nd 1 88.7).

S imilarly,

Itin.Ant.

( K.Mara§)

I h ave n o o bserved e vidence f or t he r oute N icopolis

- D oliche - Z eugma.

I t i s,

h owever,

r ecorded i n t he

( 190.6)

T he r oute,

D oliche - ( ?Antiocheia a d T aurum-)

S ozopetra - A rca,

i s n ot r ecorded a nywhere i n t he a ncient i tineraries.

9 2

M y a cceptance

o f i ts o bjective e xistence i s b ased o n t he r ecorded o bservations o f V on d er O sten a nd

( 1930:92)

( 1930:92 a nd m ap V I)

a t U facikli n ear P azarcik

i n t he K apideresi o n t he r oute n orthwards

t o

D o: "an ehir. T he p osition o f t he s ites A dat(th)a)

a nd a t D ojan ehir

a t B a5pinar

( ?Antiocheia a d T aurum/

( ?Zizoatra/Sozopetra)

w ould a cquire a

c ertain s trategic s ignificance d uring t he p eriod o f t he f rontier w ars i n t he n inth a nd t enth c enturies A D,

i f t hey w ere i ndeed l ocated

a t

( albeit o f t he m inor r outes

i .e

t he c ross-roads o r r oad j unctions " roadways")

f rom w hich a r oad l ead t o a p ass o ver t he E ngizek

a nd N urhak m ountains i nto t he h eartland o f C appadocia. 1 9.

O n M etita:

s ee H onigmann 1 967:86 n o.26

2 0.

O n t he r oad, M elitene

C laudias, H isn Q aludiya.

C laudia(s)

f ig.1,

- S amosata:

C laudiopolis,

F or t he c astle a t K erar a nd i ts i dentif-

i cation w ith H isn Q aludiya, 4 62 m ap

' Mitat'.

a nd 4 64;

s ee S tarr 1 966:171;

H ellenkemper 1 977:

f or f urther l iterature,

s ee H ild a nd R estle

1 981:197. C laudiopolis C laudias

( Claudias,

( Amm .Marc.18.7.10)

n ear K erar K alesi

M ama )

i n m y o pinion, b etter s ought n ot

I s uggest,

f rom M etita t o C laudia(s),

o n t he b asis o f t he T ab.Peut.

a s ite n ear K oldere

( formerly

a t U nolar M evkii n ear P ütürge.

C laudiopolis: 5 .20.85)

' apud

agit

M itford

( 1980(1):916 a nd 9 24)

Claudiopolim

(sc .

Euphrates)

Cappadociae ' .

M .

C laudiopolis a t 4 kaya, K ilise M evkii t he w est n oticed b y P liny o ccurs n ot T he d istance c .

b ut a t a s ite

b ut I h ave n either v isited t he a rea n or s een t he s ite

( quoted a bove)

soils

a re,

a nd t he c astra p raesidaria

( which I a ccept a s H isn Q aludiya )

o n o r n ear t he E uphrates. d istance

P tolemy V .7.9)

2 6 km :

occasum

( = " Taraksu"):

" the t urn t o

f ar a bove T araksu"

( 1980(1):924)

f rom t he s ite t o t he m ost e asterly p oint o n t he r iver i s

M evkii M itford

( 1980(1):924)

p rovides

3 2 k m .

F or K ilise

a n a lternative i dentification :

I h ave s uggested H eba.

2 1. A b ranch r oad, p erhaps, S amosata)

cursum ad

( NH

s uggests a l ocation f or

f rom K oldere t o t he s ame p oint i s c .

I uliopolis.

q uotes P liny

t o C laudia(s)

f rom t he m ain h ighway

( Melitene -

m ay h ave b een n oted n ear T epehan

9 3

( Mitford

1 980(1):917 " sections o f a n o ld r oad a nd t he r uins o f l arge b ridge a butments"). 2 2.

T here i s a m inor r oad

E uphratem ( Gerger K alesi)

( "roadway" )

r unning b etween A rsameia a d

a nd A rsameia a d N ymphaeum

b ranch r oad w as n oted i n C row a nd F rench K ale").

I t v isibly c ontinues

a s

( 1980:907)

f ar a s A lidam;

t o s earch f or t races o f i t f urther w estwards. A lidam a ssert t hat i t d oes c ontinue 2 3.

T o t he

A ppendix 1 )

T his

" close t o G erger

I h ave n ot a ttempted T he v illagers o f

t owards E skikale ( p1.7.1a ).

l ist o f t owers o n t he l imes a dd D eyro

( Eskikale).

( Crow a nd F rench 1 980:910

( Turkish 2 00,000 map:

S iverek 1 15 - I j):

S tark 1 966:171. 2 4.

W atch-tower a t t he m outh o f t he G erger C ayi

1 94-195;

1 977:508):

" near T araksu, a s mall H ellenistic r uin o ver-

l ooking t he b eginning o f a s teep g orge", o f F reya S tark.

I s

( Mitford 1 972.1:

t his

t he s ite a t 4 kaya, K ilise M evkii?

s tructure a t K ilise M evkii c onstrued a s a t ower,

q uoted f rom a c ompanion

( Mitford 1 980(2):1191)

T he

s hould n ot b e

a s s uggested b y C row a nd F rench

( 1980:910 A pp.

1 " Taraksu"). 2 5.

" (?)

C harmodara a queduct" a t t he m outh o f t he K ahta ç ayi.

W hen

t he T ille e xcavation t eam v isited t he S amosata a queduct a bove K osan ( 08.xi.1981), 3 43-344, n ot

i t was s een t hat t he f ragment

a nd 4 :

p 1.31;

f rom a b ranch

1 977:508 a nd p 1.60.1;

( as M itford)

L eading s outhwards,

( Mitford 1 967:13; 1 980(2):1191)

1 972.1: s urvived

b ut f rom t he m ain a queduct i tself.

a way f rom M itford's

f ragment,

a l ine o f s tones

a nd m ortar was c learly v isible i n t he p loughed f ields.

T he f armers

w ere a damant t hat i t j oined t he r emains s urviving f urther t o t he S : i ndeed w e w ere a ble t o f ollow i t a long t he h ill-slopes a s K osan. a f ort

T his o bservation r emoves ( ?Charmodara)

t he b asis

f or M itford 's

a t t he m outh o f t he K ahta

9 4

f ar a s l ocation o f

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Some inscriptions from the Cappadocian Limes. JRS 64:160-175.

Mitford, T. B. 1977

The Euphrates in Cappadocia. ·In Stuaien zu den Militargrenzen Roms II. 10 Int. Limeskongress 1974. pp.501-510. (edd. Haupt and Horn). Koln/Bonn.

Mitford

The Limes in the Kurdish Taurus. In Roman Frontier Studies 1979. 12 Int.Congr. of Roman Frontier Studies. iii.pp.913-926. (edd. Hanson and Keppie). Oxford (BAR Int.Ser.S.71).

T. B. 1980(1)

Stuttgart. Anat.St.

Mitfqrd, T. B. 1980(2)

Cappadocia ·and Armenia Minor: Historical Setting of the Limes. In ANRW II.7.2.pp. 1169-1228 (edd. Temporini and Hasse).Berlin.

Naumann, R. 1942

Mosaik - und Marmorplattenboden in Kal'at Sim'an and Pirun. AA:44-46.

van der Osten, H. H. 1930. Explorations in Hittite Asia Minor 1929. Chicago (OIC 8). Ozdogan, M. 1977

Lower Euphrates Basin 1977 Survey. 1stanbul.

Rohrbach, R. 1901

In Mesopotamien II. Preussische Jahrbucher. 104: 460-510.

Russell, H. F. 1980

Pre-Classical Pottery of Eastern Anatolia: based on a survey by Charles Burney.Oxford. (BAR Int.Ser.S 85).

Serdaroglu, U. 1977

Surveys in the Lower Euphrates Basin. Ankara. 97

Stark. F. 1966

Rome on the Euphrates. London.

Starr, S. F. 1962

The Ancient Roads of Asia Mino=. 1961 Expedition. Nat. Geog. Soc., Washington and Yale Univ.: Xerox.

Starr, S. F. 1963(1)

In the tracks of conquerors, rules, pilgrims and merchants. ILN 23.xi.1963.

Starr, S. F. 1963(2)

Mapping Ancient Roads in Anatolia. Archaeology 16:162-169.

Starr, S. F. 1970

The Historical Geography of Anatolia: Roads and Towns. Nat. Geog. Sac. R€{s. Reports 1961-1962:223-230.

Sykes, M. 1904

Dar ul-Islqm.

Wagner, G. 1975

Die Romer am Euphrat. In Kommagene.pp.6882. (ed. Dorner, F. K.)( Antike Welt Sond­ ernuminer).

Wagner, G. 1976

Seleukeia am Euphrat/Zeugma. Wiesbaden (TAVO Beih. B.10).

Wagner, G. 1977(1)

Vorarbeiten zur Karte "Ostengrenze des rom­ ischen Reiches" in TAVO. In Limes. 11 Int. Limeskongress 1976.pp.669-703. (ed.Fitz). Budapest.

Wagner, G. 1977(2)

Legio IIII Scythica in Zeugma am Euphrat. In Studien zu den Militargrenzen Roms II. 10 Int. Limeskongress 1974. pp.517-539. (edd. Haupt and Horn). Koln/Bonn.

London.

Addendum: to be added to the site descriptions on P.75, immediately after Cerik Asn1. 1smail Harabesi (Site T52/7)

A Late Hellenistic/Roman, ? also Medieval site, at the

mouth of the Kahta �ay1, on the N bank of the Firat, and

on the W bank of the Kahta �ayi.

Bibliography: Visit:

Ozdogan 1977:111

Serdaro�lu 1977:113

From Tille 25.xi.1979

98

B lack 0r du

S ea G ire sun ' e ra

7 .1

E uphrates L imes 9 9

P 1.7.1a

R oadway, b etween O ymakli a md S eyitmahmut:

P 1.7.1b

H ighway, S amosata t o Z eugma :

1 00

v iew w estwards

v iew n ear Ö ren, e astwards t owards G öksu B ridge,

P 1.7.2a

P 1.7.2b

E uphrates " Gates" b elow B elikan ( near K uyulu ):

E uphrates " Gates" b elow B elikan ( near K uyulu ):

1 01

v iew w estwards

v iew e astwards

PROVINCIA O SRHOENAE. N EW ARCHAEOLOGICAL F INDS I LLUSTRATING T HE M ILITARY ORGANISATION U NDER T HE S EVERAN D YNASTY J örg W agner

T he g eneral o utline o f t he h istory o f t he R oman - P arthian c onflict o ver t he K ingdom o f O sroene i s w ell k nown.

1

S ituated i n a s trat-

e gically i mportant p osition o n t he r iver-crossings a t S amosata a nd S eleucia-on-the r -Euphrates/Zeugma o n t he e ast b ank o f t he E uphrates, t his s mall k ingdom , E dessa i n 1 32 B .C., p owers A rmenia,

s ince t he f irst m ention o f d ynastic r ule i n h ad s tood i n v arying d ependency o n t he g reat

2

P arthia a nd R ome.

d ependency b y t he P arthians,

I nitially t olerated a s a l oose

i t s oon b ecame t he f ate o f t he O sroene

t o f all u nder A rmenian i nfluence,

a s T igranes

t he G reat e xpanded h is

r ule o ver l arge p arts o f M esopotamia a nd e ven t o t he M editerranean. E ventually,

t owards

t he e nd o f t he T hird M ithradatic W ar,

g reat v ictories o f L ucullus a nd P ompey o ver T igranes

3

a fter t he

t he G reat,

t he

K ingdom o f O sroene w as e stablished a s o ne o f t he c lient k ingdoms o f 4 R ome. T hanks t o h is c lever e stimation o f t he p olitical s ituation, K ing A bgarus I I

( 68-53 B .C.)

m anaged t o p reserve t he c lient s tatus b y

h elping t he l egate o f P ompey, L ucius A franius, w ho h ad r educed h ims elf a nd h is a rmy t o a h opeless p osition d uring t he w inter e xpedition i n 6 5/64 B .C.

5

T hus A bgarus I I p ut P ompey u nder a n o bligation.

A fter t he r eorganization o f t he O rient b y P ompey,

R ome f or t he f irst

t ime e xpanded i ts i nfluence i n t he t erritory b eyond t he E uphrates, 6 t hus s owing t he s eeds i re.

f or t he f uture c onflicts w ith t he P arthian E mp-

F or t he R oman h egemony o ver A rmenia a nd O sroene c onflicted w ith

e arlier t reaties w ith t he P arthians, w ell a s L ucullus

( 69 B .C.)

i n w hich S ulla

a nd P ompey h imself

c onferences a greed u pon t he E uphrates a s w een b oth g reat p owers.

( 96 B .C.

( 66 B .C.)

7)

i n p ersonal

t he b order o f i nterest b et-

8

•F inally M .Licinius C rassus,

f ollowing h is o wn i nterest a nd a ttempt-

i ng t o m atch t he G aulish a nd S panish s uccess o f h is c olleagues t he f irst t riumvirate,

a s

C aesar a nd P ompey,

a s g overnor o f t he p rovince

o f S yria p ursued a n e xpansive p olicy t owards

1 03

i n

t he P arthians

t o w hich

t hey g ave a m ilitary a nswer. 5 3 B .C., i ous

I n t he d isastrous b attle o f C arrhae i n

i n t he p relude t o w hich A bgarus I I p layed a s omehow m yster-

r ole,

C rassus a nd t housands o f R oman l egionaries

9

l ives a nd R ome i ts p osition a s a nd O sroene.

l ost t heir

t he p redominant p ower o ver A rmenia

T he P arthians r estored t heir h egemony o ver a ll a reas

1 0

e ast o f t he E uphrates a nd h enceforth t he O sroenian c apital E dessa i n S yriac s ources w as c alled

' Daughter o f t he P arthians'.

1 1

A fter t he b attle o f C arrhae w hich w as a t rauma f or R oman o riental p olicies

f or s everal d ecades,

i t t ook n early a h undred y ears u ntil

t he K ingdom o f O sroene g ot i n t ouch a gain w ith t he R omans.

I n 2 0 B .C.

A ugustus a nd t he P arthians d id e nter i nto a n a greement u pon t he E uphr ates

f rontier 12

b ut t he i nner i nstability o f t he P arthian Empire

v ery s oon m ade i t p ossible f or t he R omans t o i nterfere i n P arthian a ffairs.

A g ood o pportunity w as p resented b y t he d ifficulties a fter

t he d eath o f t he P arthian K ing V ardanes i n A .D. p retenders t o t he t hrone,

4 6 / 4 8 w hen t wo

t he a nti - R oman G otarzes a nd t he p ro-Roman

M eherdates, w ho a t t hat t ime w as s taying i n R ome, s uccession.

T he E mperor C laudius

a pplied f or t he

i nstructed C .Cassius L onginus,

g overnor o f t he p rovince o f S yria,

t he

t o l ead M eherdates w ith f ull m il-

i tary f orce t o t he E uphrates a t Z eugma w here a g roup o f P arthian n obl es a s w ell a s I azates,

t he K ings o f O sroene a nd A diabene, A bgarus V a nd

a waited h im .

1 3

O bviously b oth m onarchs h ad a lready t aken

s ides a gainst t he R omans a s t hey d eserted b efore t he b attle a gainst G otarzes.

T hus A bgarus V m anaged t o m aintain t he i ndependence o f t he

K ingdom o f O sroene, t he P arthians. T his

b eing f aced n ot o nly w ith t he R omans b ut a lso w ith

1 4

f ar-reaching i ndependence o f t he O sroene l asted u ntil A .D.

1 14 w hen t he Emperor T rajan, p ursuing t raditional R oman o riental p oli cies w ith f ull m ilitary f orce, A rmenia a nd t he O sroene.

t ried t o r estore R oman h egemony o ver

K ing A bgarus V II

s ucceeded i n g aining t he Emperor's u nit,

1 5

( A .D.

1 09 - 1 16)

a t f irst

f avour b y f urnishing a c avalry

b ut i n A .D.111 E dessa b ecame o ne o f t he c entres o f t he g reat

a nti-Roman m ovement i n t he r ear o f t he R oman a rmy o perating i n M esop otamia. i ng. c ity.

T he g eneral L usius Q uietus w as a uthorized t o c rush t he r is-

E dessa w as d estroyed a nd R oman t roops w ere s tationed i n t he 1 6

D irect R oman c ontrol o ver E dessa a nd t he O sroene l asted

1 04

u ntil A .D.118, t wo y ears

a s w e c an c onclude f rom t he i nterregnum w hich l asted

i n t he L ist o f t he K ings.

H adrian t hen r enounced t he c onquered t erritory e ast o f t he E uphr ates.

H e e levated P arthamasphates,

o riginally m ade K ing o f P a f thia

b y T rajan i n a m eeting o f p ro-Roman P arthians i n C tesiphon, t hrone o f t he O sroene.

W ith Ma'nu V II b ar I zates

m ember o f t he l ocal d ynasty c ame t o p ower a gain.

( A .D.

t o t he

1 23-139)

a

1 7

T he O sroenian d ynasty n ow a gain m aintained a f riendly d isposition t owards R ome, but i t i s e vident t hat t he p rimary a im o f O sroenian p olicy was i ndependence f rom P arthia a nd R ome.

A g eneration l ater

t his w as c onfirmed b y t he p olitical e vents e arly i n t he r eign o f M arcus Aurelius a nd L ucius V erus when t he P arthians o nce a gain m arche d i nto A rmenia a nd t he O sroene.

T hey c onquered E dessa a nd r eplaced

t he R oman v assal M a 'nu V III b ar Ma'nu ( A .D.139-163) S ahru, who o nly r uled f rom A .D.

b y W a te l b ar

1 63-165 i n E dessa a s a p uppet o f t he

P arthians a nd s truck c oins w ith t he e ffigy o f t he P arthian k ing V ologaeses

1 8

A lready i n A .D.165 A vidius C assius E dessa a fter t he c itizens t hemselves g arrison.

s ucceeded i n r econquering

t urned a gainst t he P arthian

T he R omans r estored Ma'nu V III b ar M a'nu ( A .D.

w ho h ad t aken r efuge w ith t hem .

1 65-177)

N othing i llustrates t he d ependence

o f t his k ing o n R ome m ore t han t he c oins w ith t he e ffigies o f t he I mperial

f amily a nd t he l egend

ßa c T i . .Xcüg

M6 ,vvog

c p t .Xopt ou . at ,og .19

O bviously t he R omans w ere n ot p repared t o r esume T rajan's p olicy o f c onquest b ut t hey c ontented t hemselves w ith t he p rotection -o f t he f rontier a t A ugustus'

t he E uphrates a ccording t o t he p rinciples o f P ompey's,

a nd Hadrian 's p olicy.

T he p eace t reaty b etween t he P arth-

i ans a nd t he R omans c onfirmed t he s tatus q uo a nte

a nd t he R oman

c lient k ingdom O sroene g uaranteed a n a dditional p rotection o f t he f rontier a t t he E uphrates. T his

i s t he b road o utline o f t he h istory o f t he O sroene u ntil

t he a ccession o f S eptimius S everus - a nd i t i s b ased a s i t i s

o n g ood h istorical e vidence.

a nd e pigraphic f inds, v ery s canty.

I t i s,

g enerally a ccepted,

H owever,

e xcept t hose f rom E dessa i tself, t herefore,

a rchaeological a re a s y et

n ot s urprising t hat m any q uestions

1 05

r emain o pen,

b oth a bout t he s tages o f t he v arious a dvances a nd w ith-

d rawals a s w ell a s

t he n ature o f t he g arrisons

i nvolved.

T his i s

p articularly t rue o f t he S everan P eriod i n w hich A bgarus V III t he G reat r uled i n E dessa

( A.D.

e rable r espect i n R ome.

1 77-212),

a nd a t f irst e njoyed c onsid-

I t w as, h owever,

t o p rove f ateful f or h im

t hat h e b elieved h e c ould p lay a r ole i n t he c onflict b etween L . P escennius N iger a nd L .

S eptimius S everus w ith a v iew t o f urthering

t he p olicy o f O sroenian i ndependence.

U nfortunately e vents r elating

t o t he K ingdom o f O sroene a re o vershadowed i n t he a ncient s ources b y t he i mportance o f t his c ivil w ar.

A nd s o w e o nly h ave i ncomplete

a nd i n p art c ontradictory r eferences c oncerning t he c onquest o f t he K ingdom o f O sroene,

t he e stablishment o f t he p rovince o f O sroene,

a nd t he c ontinued e xistence o f d ynastic r ule i n E dessa.

T his i s

e specially t rue o f t he a ccounts i n C assius D io a nd H erodian.

W e

2 0

c annot e ven b e s ure w hether H erodian i s r eferring t o t he c ampaign o f A .D.

1 95 o r t o t hat o f A .D.197,

a nd n ot e ven f rom t he f amous c ursus

h onorum o f C .Iulius P acatianus o f V ienna i n G allia N arbonensis c an w e g et a n e xact d ate f or h is o ffice o f p rocurator p rovinciae O sr hoenae.

2 1

T his b eing t he s tate o f o ur s ources, h ave e merged i n m odern r esearch.

t wo d ifferent p ositions

T he f ollowing h istorical d evelop-

m ents a re p ostulated c oncerning t he i ntervention o f S eptimius S ever us

i n O sroene a nd t he r elations o f R ome w ith t he O sroenian d ynasty. D . M agie,

G reat k ept h is A .D.

1 95.

a nd r ecently H .J.W .Drijvers, t hrone d espite h is

a rgue t hat A bgarus

t he

s upport f or P escennius N iger i n

T his w ould m ean t hat t he p rovince o f O sroene w as e stab-

l ished u nder t he p rocurator C .Iulius P acatianus o nly i n A .D.197, a nd a t t he s ame t ime t he r ule o f A bgarus t he G reat w as r estricted t o a s mall a rea o f O sroene w hich i ncluded E dessa.

2 2

O n t he o ther h and t he e ditors o f P rosopographia I mperii R omani, a nd f ollowing t hem J .B.Segal a nd A .Birley, p refer a d ifferent i nterp retation.

T hey h old t hat A bgarus

t he G reat w as d eposed a lready i n

A .D.195 b ecause o f h is s upport f or P escennius N iger;

a t t he s ame

t ime C .Iulius P acatianus r eceived t he t ask o f e stablishing t he p rovi nce o f O sroene. h is

I n A .D.197 A bgarus

r ule o ver t he w hole o f O sroene.

1 06

2 3

t he G reat was r estored a gain t o

9 H R AT E. s A yn i S '

R umka le

/ ARUL IS 0I

z

/,

,

,\ , . -. , , \ e / \ . e / „ o. E s k i H i s a r , ' " \ . .A U zunburc e ,

' A

0—

B eybu rcu„ . _

/ .,Ank K öy

/ Y ukon , ‘ , I C a rdak£ ' I I/ I ,. _ot •AI %

0

__—— . . _ K öy —

EI A

0

S ELEUK Oa 1 Z EUGMA ' \ Ca ' !

e

I

1 i i \

E UROPUS

0 0 A

. -. 7-& — — — — — — \EDESSA • 1 K iz i lburc \U r fa i -\ \ \, z . ‘- . . 4 , . z\ I \ /6/ BATNA I

\

\ .

a nd v i l lages

a nc ien t n ame l eg iona ry c amp/ for t / wa tchtowe r

A b r idge/ m i les tone

) (

- - - -- a pp rox ima te b ounda ry

P rovincia O srhoenae i n t he r eign o f S eptimius S everus

i s n ot t he p lace

t o r eiterate t he p roblems o f t he l iterary

s ources which l eave o pen m any q uestions.

I w ould p refer t o d iscuss

t he r esults o f a b rief s urvey i n t he O sroene i n t he y ears 1 980.

4 f

------ R oman r oad ( ce r ta in/p robab le )

\\

T his

N v

,

••• c i t ies E DESSA

1 I I 1

\ \ . . -, \ eG i ;

/

4

\

F ig.8.1.

4 :/. -

H ayda rahme t

v—

9 %

T he n ew a rchaeological a nd e pigraphic

1 979 a nd

f inds e nable u s

t o

e stablish m ore e xact d ata a bout t he e stablishment a nd t he m ilitary o rganization o f t he p rovince o f O sroene S everus

( Fig.

i n t he r eign o f S eptimius

8 .1).

W e have s et t wo o bjectives a bove a ll

f or o ur s urvey - t o

f ind

t he R oman f ort n ear E ski H isar w hich h ad b een m easured b y S .Guyer i n 1 911 a nd p ublished i n 1 939 24

a nd t o s tudy t he a ncient r oad n etwork

b etween t he E uphrates a nd E dessa,

e specially t he s tretch b etween

Z eugma a nd E dessa. A s S .Guyer w as H isar s ome

i mprecise

i n g iving t he p osition o f t he f ort E ski

7 0 k ilometres W est-North-West o f E dessa a nd 2 5 k ilometres

E ast-North-East o f R umkale,

i t w as

1 07

o nly w ith c onsiderable d ifficulty

t hat w e w ere a ble t o l ocate i t o n t he h ighest h illtop o f t he a rea b etween t he E uphrates a nd t he S aru -Plain ( P1.1a ).

2 5

B ut t here i s

v irtually n othing l eft o f t he w hole c onstruction which w as s till e xcellently p reserved i n 1 911 b uilding m aterials f oundations.

( P1.1b).

l ocal f armers h ave w orked t heir w ay d own i nto t he

O nly i n a f ew p laces

s ome s quared s tones c ould b e

m easured i n w hich s imple l etters s uch a s h igh)

I n t he s earch f or c heap

w ere s tamped a s

' quarry m arks'.

2 6

A l ],

A

o r 0 ( 5-8 c m .

N onetheless,

i t w as p ossible

t o e xpand s ome p arts o f t he p lan p resented b y S .Guyer s o t hat i t n ow i ncludes n ot o nly t he o uter w alls b ut a lso t he p raetorium i n a lmost c omplete f orm ( Fig.8.2).

5

F ig .

8 .2.

R oman F ort a t E ski H isar.

1 08

Among t he n umerous

t iles w hich t he

f armers h ad " excavated" w e w ere

a ble t o p hotograph o ne s pecimen w ith t he s tamp o f t he l egio l iii S cythica

( P1.8.2a).

2 6

B ut i ndeed t he m ost i mportant

i n t he s tables o f a p resent-day f armstead.

f ind t urned u p

Among t he m any s poils

f rom a ntiquity w hich h ave b een b uilt i nto t hese s tables h and h alf o f a b uilding i nscription

( P1.8.5a).

t hat t he f ort w as c onstructed i n A .D.

2 8

i s

t he r ight-

F rom i t w e l earn

1 97 b y a v exillatio o f t he

l egio 1 111 S cythica s tationed i n S eleucia-on-the-Euphrates/Zeugma. S ince a lmost a ll

t he a ncient b uilding m aterial w as

G uyer's d ating o f t he D .,

f ort

t owards

b ased o n s tylistic m arks,

l ost,

2 9

S .

t he e nd o f t he s econd c entury A .

i s i mpressively c onfirmed.

T he a ncient

f oundation t races h e d iscovered s outh o f t he f ort o bviously l ie t oday u nderneath t he m odern f armhouse.

T he b uilding m aterial

3 0

f or t he c amp

i tself a nd t he s urrounding b uildings m ay w ell o riginate i n t he q uarry a t t he f oot o f t he h ill T his

( P1.8.2b).

f ort w hich i n l ater t imes m ay h ave b een r elated t o f urther

w atch-towers

i n t he v icinity w hich w e d iscovered i n t he e astern

f orefield o f t he f ort i n B eyburcu U zunburg

(= h igh t ower)

3 1

( = t ower o f t he l ord)

w as c ertainly u seful

a nd i n

f or t he p acification

o f t he O sroenian t erritory b etween E dessa a nd t he E uphrates L ike s imilar f orts i t w as

( P1.8.3a)

s ituated o n t he h ighest p oint i n t he a rea

f rom w hich t he n ew r oad f rom Z eugma t o S amosata c ould b e g uarded a t t he s ame t ime.

T his r oad,

t hough n ot m entioned i n t he T abula

P eutingeriana o r i n t he I tinerarium A ntonini, t he

c onnected t he c amp o f

l egio 1 111 S cythica i n Z eugma w ith t hat o f t he l egio X VI F lavia

f irma

i n S amosata b y a m uch s horter r oute t han o ffered b y t he

E uphrates r oad. W e d iscovered t he f irst t races o f t his r oute n orth-east o f E ski H isar f ollowing t he M acunlu D ere i n t he d irection o f U zunburg a nd s outh-west o f E ski H isar a pproximately t wo k ilometres o utside o f t he v illage o f A nk K öy 32 p aved r oad,

3 3

w here t his a ncient r oadway,

i .e.

i s e asily r ecognizable o n t he r ocky s ubsoil

a n arrow ( P1. 8 .3b).

T he k ale i n t he m iddle o f A nk K öy m ay h ave b een a R oman m ilitary p ost o r a r oad s tation

( Pl. 8 .4a). F rom h ere t he a ncient r oad f ollows

t he c ourse o f t he A nk D ere - a s I a ssume - a nd r eaches o ppdsite t he R oman w atch-tower s outh o f Y ukari ç ardak.

1 09

t he E uphrates 3 4

A rchaeological

e vidence c an n ow a lso b e p roduced f or t he i mportant

m ilitary r oad f rom Z eugma t o E dessa,

a r oad w hich s tarts

i n A pameia-

o n-the-Euphrates o pposite t he i mpressive a cropolis o f Z eugma. a ppears

t o r un a g ood e ight

t o

I t

t en k ilometres n orth o f t he m odern

r oad b etween B irecik a nd U rfa. P arts o f

o f t his R oman r oad a re f irst n oted o n t he r ocky s ubsoil

t he h igh p lateau f ollowing t he c ourse o f t he H aydarahmet D ere

b etween t he v illages o f Yuvacik a nd H aydarahmet K öy. d iscovered m ore a rchaeological e vidence b road p aved r oad,

i n t he m ountainous

3 5

W e t hen

f or t his h ighway,

i .e.

a

t errain o f t he K e0 _§lik D ag

t wo k ilometres n orth-west o f t he v illage o f K izilbur

( = r ed t ower)

a nd a bout

( P1.8,4b).

t wenty-five k ilometres n orth-west o f E dessa

F urthermore,

3 6

i n t his v illage w e w ere a ble t o f ind t he b adly-preser-

v ed r emains o f a nother watch-tower a nd t wo i nscriptions which w ere d iscovered i n t he i mmediate v icinity r oad.

T he

o f K izilburç o n t he R oman

f irst i s a b oundary-stone s et u p b y C .Iulius P acatianus

i n A .D.195 b etween t he n ew p rovince o f O sroene a nd t he K ingdom o f A bgarus

t he G reat w hich o bviously was

E dessa a nd i ts t erritory

( P1.8.5b).

p reserved m ilestone d ated t o A .D. o f

r estricted t o t he c ity o f

T he o ther i s a n e xcellently , 2 05 ( P1.8.5c). 38 I t g ives a d istance 3 7

f orty-eight m ilia p assuum f or t he n ew r oad f rom t he E uphrates

t he b order o f t he E dessan K ingdom. c ommand o f t he p rocurator L .

t o

T he r oad was built u nder t he

A elius I anuarius whom w e k now a lready

f rom a n i nscription i n T arraco.

3 9

T hrough numerous m ilestones a nd building i nscriptions o n b ridges w e k now t hat S eptimius S everus,

m ainly i n t he y ear A .D.198,

o ut a s ystematic p rogramme o f m ajor r epairs

c arried

i n s everal p arts o f

A sia m inor a nd S yria p lacing t he m ain emphasis o n t he

i mprovement

o f t he E uphrates

I t i s s lightly

r oad b etween M elitene a nd Z eugma.

s urprising t hat e ast o f t he E uphrates

4 0

t he r oad s ystem w as

c ompleted

o nly s everal y ears a fter t he e stablishment o f t he n ew p rovince o f O sroene;

t he m ilestone i n K izilburç

A ltogether t he r oads w ere a dapted t o

i s

a f irst r ecord f or t hat.

f rom Z eugma t o S amosata a nd Z eugma t o E dessa

t he a dministrative a nd m ilitary n eeds

o f t he n ew

f rontier p rovince. W ith t hese n ew f inds

a t E ski H isar a nd K izilburç w e n ow

1 10

a cquire a s ecure c hronology f or t he c onquest o f t he O sroene a nd f or t he e stablishment o f m ilitary s ecurity i n t his

a rea u nder S eptimius

S everus: A .D.195

T he n ew p rovince o f O sroene

i s e stablished u nder t he

p rocurator C .Iulius P acatianus. p rovince i s

t he c ity a rea o f E dessa, which a ccording t o

t he e vidence o f

t he b order s tone f rom K izilburç c ontinued

u nder t he r ule o f A bgarus A .D.197

E xcluded f rom t his n ew

t he G reat.

D uring t he s econd P arthian c ampaign o f S eptimius S everus t he f ort a t E ski H isar i s b uilt b y a v exillatio o f t he l egio 1 111 S cythica

t o p acify t he O sroenians

g uard t he d irect r oad c onnection b etween t he c amps A .D.205

l egionary

a t Z eugma a nd S amosata.

T he r oad f rom Z eugma which c ontinues a s o f A bgarus t ions,

a nd t o

t he G reat i s built.

A bgarus

t he G reat a t n o

f ar a s

t he K ingdom

C ontrary t o e arlier a ssumpt ime - i ncluding h is

s pectacular m eeting w ith S eptimius S everus

i n R ome i n

A .D.203 - r eceived h is w hole K ingdom a nd t he p rovince o f O sroene s till e xisted a t I f

t hat d ate.

t he f inds w hich h ave b een p resented h ere h ave b rought a n ew

u nderstanding o f t he h istory o f t he O sroene i n t he S everan P eriod t hen t hey a lso make i t c lear t hat a c ontinuation o f t he s urvey i n O sroene i s u rgently r equired.

A bove a ll many o f t he m odern p lace-

n ames o n t he map T ürkiye o n t he s cale i mplic i-t ions a nd l ead o ne

1 :200 0 00 c ontain

h istorical

t o e xpect f urther m ilitary c onstructions.

1-1 1 5- j ust i n t he i mmediate v icinity o f K izilburç t here a re f ive p lace-names which o bviously r efer t o

t he p re-Ottoman a rchaeological

r emains:

S ayburcu HI .,

K eciburç ö reni, Yogunbur ,

B urcu r e it.

T atburcu a nd

4 1

O nly a s ystematic s urvey i n t he O sroene c an a chieve a l ink u p w ith t he h istorical a nd t opographic r esearch o f L .Dillemann 42 D .Oates, 43

t he e mphasis o f w hich h as b een o n Tr

c onnecting l ow p lain a s G ebel S injar.

f ar a s

D espite v arious

t he G ebel

o rtant s ections o f t he

' Abdin a nd t he

' abd e l- vA ziz a nd t he

f undamental enquiries

i tary s tructure o f t he O sroene a nd

i nto

t he m il-

t he w hole o f M esopotamia,

l and a re s till

1 11

a nd

l argely u ninvestigated.

i mpW ith

t he c ontinual

l oss

o f a ncient m onuments

e xploitation o f t he p rivate a reas

l and,

t heft o f s tones,

t hrough t he a gricultural

t hrough t he r oad c onstruction a nd t hrough i t m ay o therwise b e f eared t hat e ssential

o f O sroene w ill r emain t erra i ncognita.

I NSCRIPTIONS F ROM E SKi H iSAR A ND K IZILBU g T he f ollowing i nscriptions w ere d iscovered d uring t wo b rief s urveys i n t he a rea b etween t he E uphrates a nd t he O sroenian c apital E dessa i n t he y ears w ith M r.

H .

G aziantep,

1 979 a nd 1 980. C andemir,

a rd D r.

Museum K öln.

T he s urveys w ere c onducted t ogether

D irector o f t he A rchaeological Museum a t

H . H ellenkemper, D irector,

W e f urther o we

t hanks

G eneral-Directorate o f A ntiquities

t o

R ömisch-Germanisches

t he M inistry o f C ulture,

a nd Museums

f or p ermission t o

p ublish t his material. 1 :

B rick s tamp

f rom E ski H isar

F ragment o f a t egula o f s tamp m ark.

t he

A s mall p iece

l egio 1 111 S cythica w ith r ectangular i s b roken o ff t he l eft s ide.

T he

d epth o f t he r egular s tamp-impression i s 0 .3 c m . T egula 2 f ragment: l etters

T he

3 - 3 .2

YT

i nserta.

2 0 x 1 6 x 5 c m.; c m.Photo:

s tamp:

3 .6 x 9 .5

P 1.8.2a.

leg(ionis) 1111 Scyt(hicae) • o f SCYT i s i nscribed i n l igature, T he

c m.;

t he C a s

l ittera

t ype o f l etters u sed i s v ery s imilar t o o ne o f

t he s tamps o f t he l egio 1 111 S cythica f ound i n S eleucia-ont he-Euphrates/Zeugma.

C ompared w ith t he s tamps o f t he

F retensis o f A elia C apitolina, S everan P eriod

( D.

X F retensis, B Jb. J .

B arag, 1 67

s tamp

c an b e d ated t o

t he

B rick S tamp-Impressions o f t he l egio

[1967],

5 N r.13,

1 4,

1 8;

Wagner, L egio 1 111 S cythica i n Z eugma a m E uphrat,

i n:

S tudien

z u d en M ilitärgrenzen R oms L imeskongresses K öln 1 977, 2 .

t his

l egio X

2 64

I I.

f ., A bb.

V orträge d es X .

i n d er G ermania i nferior

5 28 f .,

F ig.

I nternationalen

[ =Beih.z.BJb.38],

2 .3 a nd T af.65.3).

B uilding i nscription f rom E ski H isar W hite

l imestone b lock which w as

t he R oman f ort a nd

f itted i nto

t aken f rom t he n earby s ite o f t he

1 12

f oundations

o f t he p resent-

d ay f armstead.

T he i nscription w as c learly c ompleted b y a

s econd b lock s et t o t he l eft o f t he p ortion w hich h as a ll w ords a re s eparated b y s mall

s urvived;

t riangular p unctuation m arks.

T he s tone w as r eused i n a c orner o f t he f oundation,

s o t hat

w e w ere u nable t o g et a g ood p hotograph, b ut w e m ade a c lear s queeze.

H eight 0 .42 m .;

l etters 6 .5

c m .

P hoto

w idth 0 .76 m .;

( of s queeze):

[ Imp. L. Septimio A . D.197

L .1.

Sei vero

8 .5a;

Pio

( est.) f ig.

0 .50 m .

8 .3a.

Pertinaci

[ Aug. Arab. Adiab. plont. max.,trib. pot. V,

T he

L 1.2/3. o f IMP

P l .

d epth

[ imp. X,cos.II, vexlill.leg.IIII

Scyth.

[ sub

f ec.

NT

J no o f

PONT

i s

castellum

i nscribed i n l igature.

T hese t itles c an o nly r efer t o A .D.197, X a r estoration o f IMP

VIIII

y et i nstead

m ight b e p ossible,

b ut

i t i s n ot v ery p lausible f or h istorical r easons. L .4. i s

T his e arly u se o f t he t erm c astellum i s r emarkable.

c ertainly a ttested s everal

S everan

i n M auretania S itifensis

t imes, b ut o nly i n t he 4 ./5.

e rally u sed i n t he R oman E ast i n R E I II

[ 1899]

1 574-1576

c entury A .D.

i s

i t

i n

g en-

( see t he l ong l ist o f r eferences

s .v.castellum [ W .Kubitschek];

T hesaurus L inguae L atinae I II

3 .

t imes

I t

[ 1912],

5 25-527 s .v.castellum ).

F or t he d efinition,

g arrison a nd f unction o f t he R oman c astella

( in l ate

s ee V egetius, m il.

a ntiquity)

I II 8 a nd I V 1 0.

B oundary-stone f rom K izilbur T he b oundary-stone w as d iscovered t wo k ilometres n orth-west o f K izilburç o n t he a ncient h ighway r unning b etween Z eugma a nd E dessa a nd w as

r ecently b rought i nto t he v illage t ogether

w ith t he m ilestone

f rom t he s ame p lace

( see i nscription n o.4).

T he c olumn i s c ut

f rom t he l ocal b lue-grey l imestone.

c omplete,

i n h eight a nd 0 .70 m .

1 .80 m .

f lat o n t op a nd b ottom .

i n d iameter,

s queeze):

l etters

P 1.8.5b;

f ig.

f inished

T he i nscribed s urface b egins 0 .50 m .

f rom t he t op o f t he c olumn a nd i s 0 .44 x 0 .60 b eautifully c ut

I t i s

a re 3 .8 - 4 .2 c m . 8 .3b.

1 13

m .:

h igh.

t he P hoto

( of

ex

auctoritate

L . Septimi tinacis A . D.195

Aug.

imp. VII,

Caes.

Seven i Pii

pontif. max.,

( 5)

Imp.

Arab.

Per-

Adiab.

trib. pot.III,

cos.II, p. p.,

Pacatianus

proc. Aug.

inter

provinciam Osrhoenar regnum Abgari

L .4.

S eptimus

fines

S everus b ecame

1 st, A .D.195 a nd h is

C .Iul.

et posuit.

TRIB

POT

III

t ribunician p ower w as

o n J anuary

s ubsequently

r enewed e ach y ear o n t hat d ate. L 1.5-9.

T hese

l ines c learly p rove t hat a lready i n t he y ear

A .D.195

t owards

t he e nd o f t he F irst P arthian C ampaign o f

S eptimius S everus A t t he s ame

t ime

t he p rovincia O srohenae was t he p ower o f

V III o bviously was t erritory,

t he O sroenian K ing A bgarus

r estricted t o t he c ity o f E dessa a nd i ts

a s o ne c an t ell

f rom t his b oundary-stone

t wenty-five k ilometres n orth-west o f E dessa. i s

t he p roblem o f t he e xpansion o f t his

a nd t he e ast,

e stablished.

b ut C arrhae,

S till u nsolved

t erritory t o

5 56

s .v.

E dessa

( RAC I V

i s,

o f

t o b e c onnected w ith t he c reation o f t he p rovince o f

M esopotamia. i n A .D.195 b ut w ithout

T his p rovince c ould a lso h ave b een e stablished

( a p ossible i nterpretation o f C ass.Dio.LXXV 3 .2), f urther a rchaeological o r e pigraphic e vidence i t

s eems m ore p lausible

t o

f ollow t he c onvincing a rgumentation

o f D .L.Kennedy, who s uggests A .D.198 a s a d ate o f t he p rovince o f M esopotamia A quila,

s outh-

[ E.Kirsten]).

T he c reation o f t he p rovince o f O sroene i n A .D.195 c ourse,

t he s outh

o nly t hirty-five k ilometres

e ast o f E dessa w as a lready u nder d irect R oman R ule [ 1959]

f ound

( Ti.Claudius

' First P refect o f M esopotamia',

Z PE

f or t he c reation

S ubatianus 3 6

[ 1979],

2 55-

2 62).

4 .

M ilestone f rom K izilbur T he m ilestone a s

i t s urvives

- t he b ottom a ppears

1 14

t o h ave

b een d amaged r ecently - i s 0 .70 m .

a c oarse

i n d iameter a nd 1 .80 m .

l imestone c ylinder o f

i n h eight.

T he

l etters which

a re e xcellently p reserved o n t he w ell-smoothed s urface a re 4 - 5 c m . b rought

h igh.

A s imilar c olumn which i s

s aid t o h ave b een

f rom t he s ame p lace a t t he R oman r oad i s

t he v illage,

c omplete,

d iameter,

b ut n o

s queeze):

P l.

2 .05 m .

8 .5c;

f ig.8.3c.

Imp.

Caes. L. Septimius

Aug.

A. D.205(5)

Pius

Arab.

imp. XII,cos.III, p. p.

fil., et

Caes.,

usque

per

L 1.11-13.

trib.

pot

proc.

pot.

Septimius

cos.

Getal

et

frater

nn.,

viam

ab

Euphrate

fines

regni

a novo

Aelium

Sept.

munierunt,

Ianuarium

Aug.

prov.

Osrhoenae

m . p.

XXXXVIII

T he i nscription i s

S everus'

VIII,

fil.

ad

L .

trib.

Augusti

cos.,

Abari

C aracalla's

max.,

Aug.,

[ { P.

Aug.

S eptimius

d ated A .D.

2 05 b y m entioning

1 3th t enure o f t ribunician p ower a nd

8 th t enure o f t ribunician p ower. T he i nscription r ecords

R oman r oad b etween t he E uphrates

t he c onstruction o f t he

a nd E dessa t en y ears a fter

t he e stablishment o f t he p rovince o f O sroene. d ecide whether t he e xpression t hat

( of

Imp. Caes. M. Aurel.

II,

L 1.4/5 a nd 8 .

P hoto

Parth.

XIII,

Antoninus

( 15)

Adiab.

pont.

n .

i n

Pertinax

max.,

et

( 10)

i n h eight a nd 0 .70 m .

i nscription i s v isible o n i t.

Severus

l ying i n

t his was

t he

f irst

t ime

a novo t hat

I a m u nable

munierunt

t o

i ndicates

t his r oad w as b uilt,

o r

whether i t c ompletely r eplaced a n e arlier c onstruction w hich c ould d ate f rom t he

t ime o f

t he Emperor T rajan,

O sroene b ecame a R oman p rovince 1 16-118).

1 15

f or t he

f irst

when t he

t ime

( A.D.

L 1.14/15.

L .

o f O sroene, (C IL I I L apis: L .16

i s

4 135

A elius

I anuarius,

t he p rocurator o f t he p rovince

a lready k nown f rom a n i nscription i n T arraco 1 = I LS I 1 365];

s e a lso P IR 2 A 1 93).

- .15.

OSRHOENAM M . P. XXXXVIII

d istance

a grees w ell w ith t he n early d irect

f rom t he E uphrates

a t Z eugma.

1 16

NOTES 1 .

For t he

general h istory of t he K ingdom of Osroene and t he

O sroenian-Roman relations Imperial

Magie,

Chicago-London 1969),

Roman Rule in Asia Minor t o

Century after C hrist, York 1975), notes

3 78,

2 5/26,

Edessa

V ol.

1 554 notes

( Oxford 1970),

4 4-46;

A .H. M.Jones,

T hird

( 1959)

New

1 542-1545

5 52-597 s .v.

T he B lessed C ity

T he C ities of t he E astern

2 15-226;

H .J. W . Drijvers,

Hatra,

kulturgeschichtlicher u nd religionsge-

schichtlicher B eleuchtung,

2 .

2 27-263;

D ie Städte der syrisch-mesopotamischen

Wüste in politischer,

1977),

2 17,

1 228 note 2 2,

Edessa.

( Oxford 1 971 2 ) ,

u nd Edessa.

8 4,

t he E nd of t he

RAC IV

t he

H istory of P arthia

( Princeton 1 950/Repr.

J .B.Segal,

9 -15;

Roman Provinces

I/II

6 61-697 passim,

( E. Kirsten);

Palmyra

t he Late Republic and in

T imes se r e N.C. Debevoise, A Political

( Chicago 1938/Repr. D .

in

8 63-906 w ith

in:

ANRW II 8 ( Berlin/New Y ork

t he c omprehensive b ibliography.

For t he chronology of t he h istory of Edessa and t he problems concerning t he see A .

tradition of t he L ist of t he K ings of Edessa

v on G utschmid,

Königreichs O sroene, Sciences

in:

Memoirs

de Saint-Petersbourg,

A .Baumstark, 274.

Untersuchungen

ü ber d ie Geschichte des

de 1 1AcadeMie imperiale des

VII e

Ser.

3 5

( 1887),

Geschichte der syrischen L iteratur

1-49;

( Bonn 1 922),

T he L ist of t he K ings of Edessa which was published

for t he f irst B abelon

t ime by A . von Gutschmdd,

corrected by E .

( Numdsmatique d 'Edesse en Md sopotamie,

numdsmatiques, Bellinger Bradford

was

2eme Ser.

[ Paris

1893],

( The Chronology of Edessa, W elles,

in Osrhoene,

in:

Melanges

209-296 ) and by A .R.

in:

A .R.Bellinger/C.

A T hird-Century Contract of Sale from Edessa

Y ale C lass.Stud.5

[ 1935],

142-154).

T he complete

L ist of t he K ings of Edessa is most recently found in Segal, Edessa, 3 .

For

15 note

3 .

t he cartographical presentation of t he expansion of t he

Armenian

Empire in

B V 6 of t he

t he reign of T igranes

T übinger Atlas.

E .

O lshausen/

J . Wagner, Asia Minor and B lack Sea Area.

1 17

t he Great see map

T he Epoch of M ith-

radates

t he Great

( 121-63 B .C

,

scale 1 :4 000 000

( Wiesbaden

1 981) . 4 .

P lutarch, Dobigs,

Lucullus

2 5;

Les premiers

l 'occupation

Rufus Festus,

rapports

Brev.

des Romains

4 ;

Magie,

Drijvers,

Hatra,

Roman Rule,

Palmyra

3 44

3 ( 1931)

230 f .

and 1215 w ith note

u nd Edessa,

8 70;

N achfolge in der Seleukidenherrschaft

H .

Koehler,

D ie

[ = Bochumer H istorische

Bochum 1 978,

3 1-35.

5 .

C assius D io XXXVII 5 .5.

6 .

For t he reorganization of t he Orient by Pompey see Nagle, Roman Rule,

371-378 and 1220-1241

Frankfort,

La

w ith notes;

l a

242-256 and 2 65-311;

der Seleukidenherrschaft, in

t he

Koehler,

3 6-89.

Mediterranean and Mesopotamia. Orient from Pompey

7 .

303

Now in print,

( 67 B .C.

treaty in

J .

Wolski,

t he y ear 9 6 B .C.

Iran und Rom.

( Berlin/New York 1976), Sulla w ith

W agner,

E astern

scale

( Wiesbaden 1982).

1 96 note 4 .

t he Parthian envoy

were dated

t o

H istory of Parthia,

2 79-

( Oxford 1964),

in:

Orobazus and

Magie,

( 1959),

ANRW II 9 .1

- Previously

t he y ear 92 B .C.:

4 6;

see E .

V ersuch e iner historischen

Wertung der gegenseitigen Beziehungen,

17;

J .

map B V 7

- 14 A .D.),

[ = Studies in Greek and Roman H istory

g eneral

D ie N achfolge in

Sulla's C ilician Command, Athenaeum 3 7

157-178];

Bruxelles

T he reorganization of t he

t o Augustus

For t he dating of t his B adian,

( 189/8-63),

T übinger Atlas of t he Middle E ast:

1 :4 000 . 000

L iebmann -

t raite d 'Apamee iusqu'ä l a

f in des conque 'tes asiatique de Pompge esp.

T h.

frontiere orientale d ans l a politique extjrieure

de la Rgpublique romaine depuis

1969,

4 5;

u nd d ie parthische

Haltung im römisch-pontischen Konflikt Alte Geschichte Nr.3],

see J .

avec les Parthes et

de la Syrie, Archl y Orientälni

w ith note

Studien,

14;

t he

t he meeting of

treaty in

Debevoise,

Roman Rule,

A Political

206 and 1099 note

K . H. Z iegler, D ie Beziehungen zwischen Rom u nd dem

Partherreich.

E in Beitrag zur Geschichte des

( Wiesbaden 1964),

20-24;

and f inally Koehler,

in der Seleukidenherrschaft,

5-9.

1 18

V ölkerrechts D ie Nachfolge

8 .

9 .

For

t hese

treaties see

u nd dem Partherreich,

20-32;

Seleukidenherrschaft,

5 -9,

Crassus, 17).

- t hough

2 1-22;

D ie N achfolge in der

3 1-35 and 4 1-44.

Cassius D io XL 20.23; t o

serious

doubts about

compare

t he survey

Edessa,

3 71

f .

t his a ll

t he

( Plutarch,

Rufus Festus,

guilt of t he O sroenian K ing

w ith note

A Political

301;

Brev.

Hatra,

-

P almyra

u nd

additionally B .A. Marshall,

B iography

( Amsterdam 1 976),

157.

For t he aftermath of t he battle of C arrhae see D . Ti mpe,

102-129;

Z iegler,

t herreich, W .

Cureton,

Countries

bei

Christianity in Edessa and

( London 1864),

peace-treaty see dem P artherreich,

and

4 1,

presents

Z iegler,

14.

Debevoise,

4 5-51.

K .

Krämer

( Zum Freundschaftsvertrag

u nter Augustus,

t he contrary opinion

K lio 5 5

[ 1973],

t hat both powers

t he year 20 B .C. u ntil

but

t hat

d id

t he

treaty

9 B .C.

Annales XII 12. H istory of Parthia,

172

f .;

Z iegler,

hungen zwischen Rom u nd dem Partherreich, Palmyra

u nd Edessa,

15.

Cassius D io LXVIII 18/21.

1 6.

Cassius

D io LXVIII 30.2;

Edessa,

874.

For

t he Neighbouring

67 and 106.

of peace and friendship was not made T acitus,

t he E arliest

D ie Beziehungen zwischen Rom u nd

enter into an agreement in

13.

t o

t he contents of t he Roman-Parthian

zwischen Rom u nd Parthien

Hatra,

( 1962),

D ie Beziehungen zwischen Rom u nd dem Par-

Ancient Syriac Documents Relative

For t he tradition

2 47-248)

Carrhae, Museum Helv.19

D ie

3 2-36.

Establishment of

17.

II for t he defeat

t he modern h istorians have

g iven by Drijvers,

Bedeutung der Schlacht

12.

Koehler,

zwischen Rom

t hey do not agree in detail

In opposition

Crassus.

1 1.

D ie Beziehungen

T he ancient h istorians blame K ing Abgarus of Crassus

10.

Z iegler,

6 4

f .;

D ie BezieDrijvers,

8 72.

see Drijvers,

t his period see Drijvers,

Hatra,

H atra,

Palmyra

Palmyra

u nd Edessa,

w ith a comprehensive d iscussion of t he ancient sources.

1 19

u nd

8 74 f .

18.

RAC IV

( 1959)556 s . v. Edessa

Drijvers, 1 9.

RAC IV

Hatra,

( 1959)

Palmyra

Palmyra

5 56

S . v .

u nd Edessa,

Cassius D io LXXV 1 .1

2 1.

CIL XII 1856;

and 3 46 22.

Magie,

2 4.

S .

f .

Hatra,

and

Guyer,

2 5.

See PIR 2 J 4 44 and A .

Edessa,

14;

182f .

2 5/26;

8 77 f .

B irley,

in:

Septimdus Severus,

Me‚ l anges Syriens offerts ä R .

im Gebiet

Dussaud

[ = BAH

183-190. t he map T ürkiye

( ed.

1 :200 000 sheet G -XI B irecik

T he s ite is s ituated on

Perkins,

t he h ill

' quarry marks'

Social

Change

Röder,

Quadermarken am Aquaedukt

( Ankara 1 948),

7 40. see J .B.Ward-

T echnology,

[ =Proc.Brit.Acad.LVII],

by Harta

between I shak and

t he a ltitude s ign

Quarrying in Antiquity:

T radition and

London 1972,

v on Karthago,MDAI

12;

J .

( Rom )

8 1

9 1-97.

See inscription No.

1 ,

p .112;

for t he published t iles of

t he legio XIII Scythica

from Z eugma and

t he Karasu r iver see J .

W agner,

[ =Beih.z. TAVO,

Reihe B 10],

Legio 1111 Scythica in Militärgrenzen Roms

II.

5 17-539;

W iesbaden 1 976,

Z eugma am Euphrat, Vorträge des X .

AE 1977 No.823/824.

See inscription No.

2 ,

t he Roman bridge at

Seleukeia am Euphrat/Zeugma

kongresses in der Germania inferior

28.

B irley,

( London 1 971)

E in römisches Lagerkastell

t he s ignificance of t he

1 977,

H atra,

Herodian III 9 .2.

u nd Edessa,

Nuhrut which is marked by

( 1974),

Drijvers,

672-675 and 1 542-1545 w ith notes

E ski H isar.

Paris 1939,

4 -105.

2 7.

3 .2;

For t he exact position see

For

f .

( E.Kirsten);

T he African Emperor

Palmyra

Segal,

Genel Müdürli 4ü)

2 6.

13;

3 46.

von Edessa, 30],

and

ILS I 1353.

Roman Rule,

PIR 2 J 4 44; 182

Edessa

8 75

Edessa,

f .

Drijvers, 23.

u nd Edessa,

Segal,

8 76.

20.

Septimdus Severus.

( E. Kirsten);

p .113

1 20

132-146;

in:

idem,

Studien z u den

Internationalen L imes-

[ =Beih.z.BJb.38],

Köln

2 9.

D .L. Kennedy

( Legio VI Ferrata:

Garrison of Arabia, note

3 )

T he Annexation and E arly

Harv.Stud.Class.Ph11.84

[ 1980],

2 83 and

recently doubted t he localization of t he c amp of t he

legio 1111 Scythica in Seleucia - on-the-Euphrates/Zeugma by writing:

" J. Wagner...has

argued from t he presence of a l arge

number of stamps of t his t hat

t his was

seem t o me

legion

at Seleucia-on-the-Euphrates

t he base of t he legion.

t o be conclusive;

H is

evidence d oes not

t he stamps may indicate no more

t han a detachment at a strategic crossing of t he r iver on road

t he

t o Antioch".

Regarding t his statement it

can be said t hat

t he localization

of t he c amp of t he legio 1111 Scythica in Seleucia-on-theEuphrates/Zeugma is not only based on f irst known s tamped t iles of t his t ional

l iterary,

t he d iscovery of t he

u nit,

but on a lot of addi-

epigraphic and numismatic evidence,

can be summarized following t he publications

which

c ited above in

note 27; a )

T he localization of t he camp of t he legio 1111 Scythica in Seleucia-on-the-Euphrates/Zeugma designating exactly t he Roman-Parthian frontier, c amps of S atala,

is

analogous

t o

t he l egionary

Melitene and Samosata a s well

a s

t he

auxiliary c amp of Dura Europos. b )

T he numerous d iscoveries pointing t o activities of t he legio 1111 Scythica exactly at

t he Euphrates in Seleucia-

on-the-Euphrates/Zeugma and in t he c loser surroundings definitely testify u nit in

t o a localization of t he camp of t his

t his c ity:

stamped t iles

and a t ombstone in

Seleucia-on-the-Euphrates/Zeugma itself, in Arulis, in Aini over

a t ombstone in Rumkale,

and additional

t he K arasu.

archaeological

On

stamped t iles a t

or l iterary evidence of t he legio 1111

c amp at C yrrhus,

c )

( Tacitus, Annales

C lass.

t he w inter

in

t he w inter

II 57).

( The legions of t he Euphrates

Quart.3

( The Emperor C laudius proceeded on

t o a s

of t he legio X Fretensis

Already R . K.McElderry Frontier,

t he earlier a ssume4 legionary

which is only referred

( hiberna)

17/18 A .D.

t he Roman bridge

t he other hand we do not have any

Scythica being stationed in quarters

a large quarry

a building inscription

[ 1909],

4 8)

and V .M.Scramuzza

[ Cambridge/London 1 940],

t he assumption

t hat

( . not l ater

193 f .)

t han)

in

reign of t he Emperor Caligula, but probably a lready t he Emperor

T iberius

on

t he u nder

t he occasion of t he annexation of

t he kingdom of Comma g ene,

t he legio X Fretensis

stationed in Seleucia-on-the-Euphrates/Zeugma.

was T his

conclusion is suggested by a number of ancient sources

1 21

concerning t he m ilitary events in t he years and 6 6 A. D. 17/18;

( Flavius

Philo,

t he camp of t he legio X Fretensis was ( see now a lso AE 1977 No.822).

So f ar my interpretation of t he c apricorn on coins of Z eugma

of t he Roman legions Roman East:

t he imperial

a s a s ignum of t he l egio 1111 Scythica

has not been contradicted.

Fretensis,

40/41 A . D.

V 44 and VII

t he crossing of t he E uphrates-in Seleucia-on-

t he-Euphrates/Zeugma d )

bell.Jud.

ad leg.Gaium XXXI 207 and XXXIV 2 59),

according t o which s ituated at

Josephus,

We f ind t he m ilitary s igna

again w ith f urther c ity coins in

Aelia C apitolina Samosata

- pegasus of t he legio XVI

F lavia

f irma,

Bostra

- ram of t he legio III Cyrenaica,Singara and

Rhesaena

t he

- boar of t he legio X

Rhaphanea

- bull

of t he legio III Gallica,

- centaur of t he legiones I Parthica and III

Parthica. 3 0.

Guyer,

3 1.

For

op.cit.

( note 24),

t he exact position of Beyburcu and U zunburg see map

T ürkiye,

sheet G-XI B irecik

be drawn between

t he once

( 8.30 x 4 .65 m .)

and t he

s i milar t owers in Subed w ith A .

188-190.

( 1948),

4 -107.

A parallel could

two-storied w atch

t ower of Uzunburg

tower in Bor

t he area of t he üebel

Z a rour as well e l

t he c ities of Anasarta and Z ebed

Poidebard,

Le l imes de Chalcis.

I l as.e and

t he üebel

( see R .

Mouterde/

O rganisation de l a steppe

e n Haute Syrie romaine

[ =BAH 3 8],

II pl.

For t he colonization of t his

XXXIX and XL).

a s

Paris 1945,

I 188,

234-237, area in

l ate antiquity and for its m ilitary protection see now H . D ie syrischen Wüstenschlösser. politische Gesichtspunkte 182-209,

e sp.

See map

T ürkiye,

3 3.

For t he

t er m inology

see D . H.French, ( 1974),

e sp.

sheet G-XI B irecik u sed for

( 1948),

ZDPV 9 5

( 1979)

It-105.

t he definitions of ancient roads

A Study of Roman Road in Anatolia,

143-149 and recently idem,

of Asia M inor, 7 29,

zu ihrer Entstehung,

u nd

187-192.

3 2.

XXIV

E inige w irtschaftliche

G aube,

in:

ANRW II 7 .2

Anat.St.

T he Roman Road-system

( Berlin/New York 1980),

6 98-

7 03 f .

3 4.

See map T ürkiye,

sheet G-XI B irecik

( 1948),

Iu-104.

3 5.

See m ap T ürkiye,

sheet G-XI B irecik

( 1948),

Iu-107.

3 6.

See map T ürkiye,

sheet

( 1948),

It-111.

B irecik

1 22

In 1980

on our second v isit we d iscovered t hat w ith a modern road t he ancient surface was f allen boulders.

S ince

only a f ew metres of t he ca.

t he road construction in 1 972

200 m .

See inscription No.

3 ,

p .113-4.

3 8.

See inscription No.

4 ,

p .114-6.

3 9.

CIL II 4 135

[ =ILS I 1365];

40.

D . H. French,

T he Roman Road-system,

t he Euphrates road see H . syrischen Euphrat. aufnahme, des X .

in:

see a lso PIR 2 A 193.

Hellenkemper,

Bericht

Studien

and

7 21

No.20;

Der L imes

am nord-

zu den Militärgrenzen Roms II.

Vorträge

[ -Beih.z.BJb.38],

Köln 1977,

4 61-471;

J .

W agner,

Vorarbeiten zur K arte 'Ostgrenze des

römischen Reiches'

T übinger Atlas

in:

Budapest 1 977,

des

Vorderen Orients,

sheet G-XII Urfa D illemann,

s .

7 2], D . 122

( Sz kesfehgrvär

sheet G-XI B irecik ( 1947),

Akten d es XI. 3 0.8.-6.9.1976)

( 1948),

It/Iu-111

and

It-110.

Haute Md sopotamie orientale et pays

Contribution a l a Ve

L imes.

im

6 69-703.

See m ap T ürkiye,

L .

f or

z u e iner archäologischen L andes-

Internationalen L imeskongresses

43.

7 12f.

Internationalen L imeskongresses in der Germania

inferior

4 2.

long preserved a ncient road

to be seen.

3 7.

4 1.

c ompletely covered by

T he Roman road south of Octacuscum in Commagene

suffered a s imilar f ate.

remain

t he construction of

adjacents.

gjographie h istorique de l a region,

avant l 'ere chret ienne au VI e s .

de cette ere

du ( =BAH

Paris 1 962.

O ates,

T he Roman Frontier in Northern Iraq,

( 1956),

188-199;

D .

and J .

Frontier Post in Northern Iraq, 207-242; Iraq,

D .

O ates,

Studies in

London 1 968.

1 23

Oates, A in S inu: Iraq,

2 1/22

Geogr.

J .

A Roman

( 1959/1960),

t he Ancient H istory of Northern

8 .1a

E ski H isar.

F armhouse a t t he s ite o f t he R oman F ort

8 .1b

E ski H isar,

R oman F ort i n 1 911

( photo S .Guyer).

E ast F ront.

8 .1c

I nterior

1 24

8 .2a

8 .2b

E ski H isar.

B rick s tamp o f l egio 1 111 Scythica

R oman Q uarry a t E ski H isar

1 25

8 .3a

R oman W atch-tower a t U zunburQ .

8 .3b

R oman R oad N W o f A nk K öy 1 26

8 .4a

8 .4 1 3

Ank K öy

R oman R oad NW o f K izilbur

1 27

1 28 M ilestone f rom K izilbur

c •

-L T )

u _J } -

L u C4

-

z

> z .

C 2C . _

Ll

> OL

L r ) 1

1 < -L LU

c (

- —

a —-

0I ><

0

"

L L 1 1

Z —

1 29

T HE B ALKANS, ANATOLIA ,

AND

R OMAN ARMIES A CROSS A SIA M INOR

S tephen M itchell

I n A .D.

5 3

t he p eople o f B yzantium p etitioned t he s enate a t R ome

f or r elief f rom t heir b urdens,

quae

t ransmeantibus

s imul v ehendo 6 2).

quando e a

l oca

t erra marique ducibus

c ommeatu opportuna

f orent

i nsiderent exercitibusque,

( Tacitus, A nn.XII.

T he p leas w ere s upported b y t he emperor C laudius,

a ttention t o

t heir s ufferings

t he C rimean B osporus, o f t ribute. t he c ity,

d uring r ecent wars

t he n ew c apital

i n T hrace 1 a nd i n

a nd t hey r eceived a f ive y ear r emission

2

T he p assage u nderlines

w hich was

who d rew

t he s trategic s ignificance o f

t o b ecome d ecisive when i t was

o f t he Empire b y C onstantine;

c hosen t o b e

i t a lso

s pells o ut

c learly t he b urdensome n ature o f m ilitary i mpositions o n a c ivilian c ommunity, a rmies,

e specially i n wartime:

c ommanders a nd t heir r etinues,

B yzantium, M inor,

t he p assage b y s ea a nd l and o f

s ited o n t he l and r oute

a nd o n t he

a nd t he

f rom t he B alkans

s eaway b etween t he M editerranean a nd

was u niquely p ositioned t o

s uffer s uch i mpositions,

t imes a nd i n m ore p eaceful c ircumstances m ight b e,

t ransport o f s upplies.

a nd i ndeed was,

i ts

t o A sia t he B lack S ea,

b ut a t o ther

g eographical p osition

a s ource o f p rosperity.

S o,

t his

s pecific

c ase p oses w ith s tark c larity a q uestion t hat has b een f requently a sked c oncerning t he e conomic e ffect t hat t he R oman a rmies h ad o n t he a reas which t hey o ccupied a nd t he r egions p assed:

which t hey

d id t he p resence o f l arge n umbers o f R oman t roops

p rovinces, d epress

t hrough

t he

o ver a p eriod o f s everal c enturies, l ocal e conomy?

a long m ilitary r outes

t o

D id B yzantium

t he

t o s timulate o r

a nd o ther c ities

f rontiers o f t he Empire,

h interland o f h eavily g arrisoned a reas. p resence a nd p assage

a ct

i n t he

s ited

o r i n t he

s uffer o r b enefit

f rom t he

o f a rmies a nd t heir o fficers?

During t he p rincipate

t he B alkan-Anatolian l ink, w ith B yzantium

1 31

a s

t he k ey p oint,

o f t he Empire.

a ssumed a s pecial

T he

s ignificance i n t he s ecurity

g reatest c oncentration o f t roops

w orld was a ligned a long i ts n orthern f rontier, t he R hine,

t o

t he m outh o f t he D anube.

o n t he R oman p rovinces e mphasis w as

A s

s hifted d uring t he

f rom B ritain a nd

t he m ilitary p ressures f irst c entury A .D.,

t he D obrudjea,

w ith t hree

l egions

a nd o ne

i n L ower P annonia,

a nd o ne

i n T rajan's n ew p rovince o f D acia,

s tationed i n U pper

t wo i n U pper a nd t hree i n L ower M oesia, m aking t en i n a ll,

t o o nly f our i n t he t wo G ermanies a long t he R hine.

6 0,000,

T he

l egions

t o t he D anube

t he

f igure f or a uxiliaries a t

t wo i n C appadocia,

t hree i n S yria,

o ne i n A rabia a nd o ne i n E gypt,

t hat i s

l egionaries, w ith a n e stimated 4 6,060 a uxiliaries. a nd p ermanence a re

t roops

i n t he

t wo i n 4 5-54,000

C ontinuity

3

t he m ost s triking c haracteristics o f t hese l egionary

s econd a nd t hird c enturies,

b ut

t he n eed t o m ove

a t s peed f rom o ne a rea t o a nother w as n aturally e ssential,

a nd r epeatedly d emonstrated d uring C orbulo's u nder N ero, o f T rajan,

t he c ivil w ars o f A .D. L ucius V erus,

a ny n umber o f c enturies.

6 9,

S eptimius S everus

f oreign a nd c ivil w ars

a ctivities

i n A rmenia

t he P arthian e xpeditions a nd C aracalla,

t hroughout t he

a nd b y

t hird a nd f ourth

4

T he e lementary s trategic a ppreciation o f e stablished

t he n eed f or w ell

l ines o f c ommunication i s m ost c learly s hown b y t he r oad

s ystem o n e ither s ide o f t he B osporus. t hat

T he n umber o f

i n t he E ast r anked s econd i n t otal s trength

f orces:

t urbulent J udaea,

g arrisons

c ompared

g arrisoning t he D anube w ould h ave b een b etween 5 0 a nd

a nd a r ecent e stimate s ets

6 2,720.

t he

i ncreasingly p laced o n t he e astern e nd o f t his l imes,

f rom V ienna t o

l egionaries

i n t he R oman

T he s ources

l eave n o d oubt

t hese r oads w ere b uilt a nd m aintained p rimarily t o s erve R ome's

m ilitary p urposes. t he A driatic nostra

T he v ia Egnatia,

t o B yzantium ,

quae

militaris

per

i mportance a s

c ons.4),

est

usque

t he main r oute

T his

via

lila

Hellespontum

a nd i t r emained i mportant a nd f ully

i n t he B alkans w as

l east.

5

H owever,

i ts

s uperseded i n t he

g reat r oad f rom A quileia, which r an t hrough

S irmium a nd S ingidunum t o N aissus,

B yzantium .

ad

t he e arly f ifth c entury a t

e arly p rincipate b y t he S iscia,

d escribed b y C icero a s

Macedoniam

( De p rov.

i n c ommission u ntil

w as

t he r epublican h ighway f rom

P hilippopolis a nd

t oo w as a v ia m d/itaris,expressly s o c alled o n a n

1 32

i nscription f rom i ts T hracian s ection w hich r ecords t abernae a nd p raetoria i n A .D.61.

t he b uilding o f

O n t he A natolian s ide i t h as

6

l ong b een c lear t hat t he R oman r oad s ystem ,

i n i ts d eveloped f orm ,

w as d ue t o V espasian's d ecision t o p lace a p ermanent l egionary g arrison a long t he u pper E uphrates, t he A natolian r oad n etwork, F lavian o rigins.

7

J ust a s

a nd n ot o nly t he e ssentials o f

b ut a lso m ost o f i ts d etails, t he g reat B alkan c ities,

h ave

l isted a bove,

g rew u p a t k ey p oints a long t he m ilitary r oad f rom I taly,

s o t he

c ities o f n orth w est a nd c entral A natolia a cquired a n i mportance t hat t hey h ad n ever e njoyed b efore,

N icomedia, N icaea,

C laudiopolis 8and

J uliopolis 9 i n B ithynia, A ncyra i n G alatia a nd C aesareia i n C appadocia. T he p rimary s ignificance o f t he c oncentration o f t roops a long t he n orthern a nd e astern f rontiers, w hich

s erved a nd u nited t hem,

i s

s trategic, b ut

w ith t hem s ubstantial i mplications t he B alkans a nd A natolia.

T hese

a nd t he r oad a nd s ea n etworks t hey c arry

f or t he e conomic d evelopment o f

f orm t he s ubject o f E rik G ren's

b ook K leinasien u nd d er O stbalkan i n d er w irtschaftlichen E ntwickl ung d er r ömischen K aiserzeit

( Uppsala 1 941), w hich r emains o ne o f

t he m ost i mportant h istorical s tudies o f t he a rea, i pates m any t hemes

t hat h ave b een b rought o ut i n r ecent w ork o n t he

e conomy o f t he R oman E mpire. t hesis,

a nd w hich a ntic-

1 0

G ren w as c oncerned t o a rgue a s pecific

b ased o n a s eries o f b old a nd i nterlockirghypotheses,

c on-

c erning t he e conomic e ffect o f t he R oman a rmies o n t he E ast B alkan a nd A natolian p rovinces. t he

A fter r eviewing t he e conomic p roducts o f

t wo r egions,the c ommunications n etwork j oining t hem ,

e vidence f or t heir r espective e xports a nd i mports, h e p ut

a nd t he f orward

t hree m ain c ontentions: 1 )

T hat t here w as a s erious t wo,

i mbalance o f t rade b etween t he

i n f avour o f A sia M inor,

a nd t hat t his

i mbalance w as

r ectified b y t he s pending p ower o f t he l arge n umber o f R oman t roops s tationed o n t he D anube f rontier. 2

A s a r esult o f t he t rading l inks w hich g rew u p b etween t he h eavily m ilitarised B alkans a nd A natolia,

t he e conomic

c entre o f g ravity o f A sia M inor s hifted a way f rom t he c oast a nd

t he r iver v alleys o f t he W est

1 33

t o

t he N orth W est,

i ncreasing t he p rosperity o f B ithynia a t

t he e xpense o f t he

p rovince o f A sia. T hat

3

t he main a gent

s timulating t his

t rade w as

t he R oman

a rmy,

b oth b y p roviding a r egular m arket i n t he

a reas

o f t he D anube a nd t he E uphrates,

a nd b y

g arrison

t he r egular

p assage o f t roops b etween t hem, w hose n eeds c ould b e s upplied, w ith c onsequent p rofit t o

t hemselves,

b y t he c ommunities

a long t hese r outes. T hese h ypotheses,

i nevitably s implified h ere,

a nd w ide-ranging t o b e m atters A s

t he w ealth o f d etail

f or s imple a cceptance o r r ejection.

i n h is a rguments

h istorical p roblems o f g reat c omplexity, f irst

t o a dmit

t hat

y ears o f h istory, a t a ny o ne

t ime

v ery c larity, T he

i t

i s

a re f ar t oo b road

s hows,

G ren i s d ealing w ith

a nd h e w ould h ave b een t he

i mpossible t o r educe t he e vidence o f 4 00

2 000 m iles o f f rontier a nd o ver 2 00,000 t roops

t o s imple a nd p redictive e conomic

h owever,

i nvites

f irst h ypothesis,

f ormulae.

T heir

f urther d iscussion.

c oncerning t he i mbalance o f t rade,

s eems

s o s ecurely s upported b oth b y t he s urviving e mpirical e vidence t he e conomic p roduction o f t he B alkans a nd A sia M inor,

f or

a nd b y a ny

r easonable p resumption c oncerning t he p roductive c apacity o f t he t wo a reas,that n o d iscoveries a re H is

l ikely t o a lter G ren's a ssessment.

c onclusions h ave r ecently b een e ndorsed b y A .R.Birley, who h as

d rawn a ttention t o a f act u nknown t o G ren, d ues

e xacted o n i mports

z one o f I llyricum )

t o

n amely t hat t he c ustoms

t he D anubian p rovinces

w ere r eckoned a t

14%,

i n c ontrast t o

m ost o ther m ajor p rovinces a nd 5 % i n S icily. B irley a cknowledges,

R oman f iscal p olicy,

r arely i ntricate o r h ighly s ophisticated,

t ax m ay w ell amount i ncrease

t o n o m ore

g overnment r evenue.

a t a c onscious

l evel,

a nd t his h igh r ate o f

A m ore d etailed r ecent s tudy o f R oman t o i dentify a n u nderlying

r elationship b etween t rade a nd t axation d uring t he i mp-

e rial p eriod, H opkins

a s

t han a s traightforward a ttempt t o

t axation b y K eith H opkins, w hich s eeks s tructural

H owever,

1 1

4% i n

t he e conomic s ignificance o f t his p oint i s

c ompletely c onjectural. was

( the p ortorium

a lso h as

i s n ot

t hree s ections,

t he

i mportant i mplications

f irst c omnentator t o d ivide

c onsisting o f a )

f or G ren's t he Empire

I taly a nd R ome,

1 34

t hesis.

1 2

i nto

w ith t he I mperial

c ourt a nd o ther c entralised a gents r ing o f p eaceful,

o f

t he

g overnment,

b )

p rosperous a nd m ostly u ngarrisoned t erritories,

w hich y ielded a s urplus o f i ncome o ver e xpenditure; o uter r ing o f p rovinces w hose a rmies p ay a nd o ther c ontributions r aised b y t axation w as o ries

t o

t he

v alue o f

t heir s urplus

B ut

t ax,

a nd s o

s timulant

o f

t he D anube a nd

t he p rosperous

dS

p aradigm c ases o f H opkins'

f ormer,

a nd t o

H opkins

s eeks

t he f act

t hat

t o g o a s tage

r aised i n l evies

t o

t rade.

T hus,

t he

l east h ave b een

T he

a nd t ax-

f rontier a reas

r egions o f A sia M inor c an s erve a nd c ).

f low o f g oods

G ren h ad

f rom t he

l atter t o t he

t he i mports w ere b ought w ith a rmy p ay. f urther i n s howing t hat a rmy p ay i tself

f rom t he p rosperous

a reas,

i s

a nd t hat t hese v ery

r oom f or d oubt whether a rmy a nd o fficial p ay w as

d erived s o e xclusively f rom t axation r evenue, n eed t o p ay t axes

a cted a s

l evel o f

i n t he

i ncentive b ullion,

t o

s ufficient,

o n i ts o wn,

f rontier p rovinces,

t o a ct a s

P recious m etals,

i s q uestionable

t he m ost

i mportant

T he a rmy w as p aid i n

m inted i nto c oin.

T he m etal i tself c ame

t he o ne a rea o f e conomic a ctivity,

s upply o f R ome,

t he

t hat t he o ver-

a nd i t

1 3

t o

t o s ustain v ery l arge p ermanent

o r

1 4

l ow,

g reater c ommercial a ctivity.

g old a nd s ilver,

f rom m ining,

H opkins h imself a rgues

t axation i n t he Empire was

w hether i t w as

a nd t hus w hether t he

t he m ost i mportant s timulant

u ndeniable e xpansion o f t rade.

f orces

t errit-

c ompelled t hem t o e xport g oods.

T here

a ll

M oney

t he p rosperous a reas

c ategories b )

t he

i n

t his m oney h ad t o b e e arned

i n r eturn f or c ash p ayment.

a tion a cted a s a n e ssential

d emands

s econd g roup o f

t he v alue o f g oods w hich i t m anaged t o e xport,

r ightly d rawn a ttention t o

a n

r eceived m ore

t axation c ontributed b y a p rovince m ust a t

m atched b y

w as

a nd o fficials

t ransferred f rom t he

f irst a nd t hird.

t o e xport

a nd c )

t han t hey c ould r aise i n t axation.

b efore i t c ould b e p aid o ver a s h ad

a n i nner

a part

f rom t he c orn

w hich w as n ormally k ept u nder s trict s tate c ontrol. T acitus'

e xtracted o n a h uge m oment o f c onquest.

s cale 1 6

r ewards

f or v ictory, w ere r egularly

f rom t he p rovinces,

T he e conomic

1 7

v irtually

s ignificance o f t his

b ecome i ncreasingly c lear w ith r ecent S panish g old a nd s ilver m ines,

1 5

r esearches,

f rom t he f act h as

e specially i nto

a nd i t i s e vident

t hat

t he

t he c ontri-

b ution o f e ven a s ingle r ich s ource o f p recious m etal c ould h ave a n i mmediate a nd s ignificant e ffect o n t he a mount o f c oinage c irculating

1 35

i n t he Empire,

a nd t he a mount o f m oney a vailable t o p ay t he a rmies,

n one o f w hich w as o btained f rom t axation. w hich s eems e mperor's

P rovincial

t axation,

t o h ave b een m uch l ess a s ource o f g rievance

s ubjects

t o t he

t han o ther t ypes o f e xaction, m ay w ell h ave m ade

o nly a p artial c ontribution t o t he m aintenance o f R oman a rmies a nd R oman o fficials.

S o, w hile a ccepting G ren 's a rgument t hat t he s pending

p ower o f a rmy p ay a cted a s a p owerful i ncentive t o t raders, w ell

t o r esist H opkins'

f urther t wist t o t he

t hesis,

i t m ay b e

t hat t raders

w ere v irtually o bliged t o e xpand t heir a ctivities b y t he n eed t o p ay s oldiers

i n t he

f irst p lace.

H owever, H opkins'

s tudy d oes s how t he w ay t o o ther m odifications

o f G ren's h ypotheses.

T he o verall i mpression c onveyed b y K leinasien

a nd d er O stbalkan

i s

t hat t he i mport a nd e xport o f g oods

t ended

t o b e o ver l ong d istances a long r ather r igid l ines o f c ommunication . T here i s

l ittle a ttempt t o e stablish h ow a ncient t rade w orked a t

a n e veryday l evel.

H opkins'

a ssessment o f t he p attern o f t rading

a ctivity i n a m onetarised e conomy, b ased n ot s o m uch o n d irect e vidence a s o n i nherent p robabilities, s cale i s s mall,

o r a t

i s m ore s uggestive.

l east p ersonalised:

p rimary p roduce i n l ocal m arkets;

T he

p easant t ax-payers s elling

t his i n t urn c onsumed b y a rtisans

a nd o ther c ity d wellers w ho p roduce h igher v alue m anufactured g oods s ale;

t hese,

a ccording t o t heir n ature a nd i ntrinsic v alue,

a l ocal m arket o r a re e xported a broad, a field.

f ind

t o n earby t owns o r f urther

T he i mpact t hat t his p attern o f t rade h ad o n t he e conomy

o f t he Empire w as c umulative,

b y t he a ggregation o f n umberless

i nstances o f s mall o r m edium s cale i nterchange.

I t i s a p icture

c onfirmed b y t he c oncrete e vidence w hich H opkins w as n ot c oncerned t o c ollect.

T he a bundant b ut r andomly d istributed a nd r andomly

p reserved i nformation f rom t he w hole R oman w orld c oncerning t radesm an a nd a rtisans p oints

t o a m ass o f s mall a nd m edium s cale p rivate

e nterprise i nvolving s hip-owners, j ewellers,

s tone m asons,

p otters a nd b lacksmiths,

a ccording t o

c arpenters, w eavers,

t o n ame a s election,

a ll,

t he p revailing i deology o f t he G raeco-Roman w orld,

w orking f or t hemselves,

n ot i n t he e mploy o f o ther m asters o r l arge

c orporations. E lsewhere,

H opkins p roduces

i mpressive e vidence,

1 36

d erived f rom

f or

f inds o f s ilver c oinage i n d ifferent p arts o f t he E mpire, t hat t he m onetary s ystem o f t he R oman w orld w as s ingle s ystem . a nd t here i s i nces

f its

t o s how

i ntegrated i nto a

U nfortunately d ata f rom A sia M inor i s s till w anting,

1 8

s ome d oubt w hether t he e vidence

t he g eneral p attern a t a ll p oints,

i ons a re c onfirmed,

f rom t he D anube p rov1 9

b ut i f h is s uggest-

t hey t oo a re e xtremely i mportant

s tanding o f R oman t rade.

T he a nalysis o f c oin f inds

f or t he u nders hows t hat

a lthough t he a mount o f c oin i n c irculation v aried f rom r eign t o r eign, t o

t hese f luctuations w ere e xtraordinarily s imilar f rom o ne a rea

t he n ext,

i mplying t hat t he r ise o r f all o f t he m oney s upply w as

r eflected Empire w ide.

I n o ther w ords,minted c oin, p ut i nto c ircul-

a tion i n t he f orm o f a rmy p ay, w as d istributed e venly t hrough t he p rovinces b y u niversal m echanisms, t rade. a xis,

o n h is a rgument,

t axation a nd

T rade a nd e xchange d id n ot m ove u p a nd d own a long a s ingle a s

f or i nstance b etween t he B alkans a nd A sia M inor,

s ince

t his w ould h ave l ed t o p ermanent r egional i mbalances i n t he d istrib ution o f c oinage a nd t he m oney s upply, b ut a ffected a ll p arts o f t he Empire a nd i ts e conomic s tructure.

T he c omplexity a nd d iversity

o f a ncient t rade p atterns e nsured t hat t he e ffect o f s upplying a p articular r egion w ould n ot b e c onfined t o o ne o ther r egion a lone, b ut w ould b e w idespread. T his a rgument r eflects d irectly o n G ren's s econd h ypothesis, c oncerning t he i ncreased p rosperity o f N orth W est A sia M inor a t t he e xpense o f t he W est c oast.

I n a r eview o f G ren's b ook, E .W.

G ray h ad a lready p ointed o ut t hat a n o bjective a ppraisal o f t he e vidence d oes n ot r eally s upport t his v iew .

T here i s

2 0

l ittle i n

t he a rchaeological o r e pigraphic r ecord t o s how t hat t he c ities o f A sia s uffered a s erious e conomic d ecline i n t he t hird o r f ourth c enturies

i n r elation t o t hose o f B ithynia.

o f f alling o ff,

W hen t here a re s igns

t hey a re v isible i n b oth a reas.

c ities,most n otably N icomedia,

W hen B ithynian

d o s how s igns o f i ncreased p rosperity,

i t c an b e e xplained b y t he p articular c ircumstances o f t he c ity,

i n

t his c ase t he p olitical f act t hat i t b ecame t he u nchallenged c apital o f t he p rovince a nd o ne o f t he D iocletianic I mperial c entres i n t he t hird a nd f ourth c enturies, e xpense o f o ther,

A sian,

2 1

a nd s uccess w as n ot a chieved a t t he

c ities.

W hen t he h ealth o f t he I mperial

e conomy a s a w hole b egan t o f ail, w ith t he d evaluation o f c oinage,

1 37

r eversion

t o t ax p ayments i n k ind,

c om i nunications,

s o d id a ll

d eclining s ecurity,

a nd i mpaired

t he f eatures o f u rban l ife w hich d epended

o n i ncome f rom t rade a nd c ommerce, w herever t hey w ere. T here a re r easons, ' specific r egion,

t hen,

t o d oubt w hether t he p rosperity o f a

N orth W est A natolia, w as d ue t o t he e conomic s timulus

o f t he R oman a rmy i n t he B alkans.

T he p articular c ase o f N icomedia,

p robably t he m ost i mportant c ity o f N orthern A natolia d uring t he R oman p eriod,

s erves a s a r eminder t hat t he s ources o f w ealth i n a

c ity o f a ny s ize w ere d iversified, t o e conomic r esilience.

N icomedia,

a f act w hich n o d oubt c ontributed t he c hief c ity o f B ithynia, w as

e ngaged t hroughout i ts h istory i n p rotracted r ivalry w ith i ts n eighbour N icaea,but e merged d efinitively a s

t he v ictor u nder S eptimius

S everus, w hose s ide s he h ad p rudently c hosen i n t he c ivil w ar w ith P escennius N iger.

T hereafter s he w as

' twice t emplewarden, m etropolis,

a nd f irst c ity o f P ontus a nd B ithynia',

a nd c elebrated i n s tyle w ith

a c oin i ssue w hose l egend r eads ß c to-L Xcl 5ovTog EüTuxU.

MakapLot ,

NLxoun8cUG

EE ( DuApou

ö 3 4 .62 1 . toc

ö tg v c c ox6poL. 22

T he c ity r emained v ery m uch i n t he p ublic e ye t hrough t he t hird c entury a nd d uly b ecame t he s eat o f t he c ourt d uring t he D iocletianic t etrarchy. p rosperous:

T his s uccess r ested o n t he f act t hat s he w as a lways t he a gricultural w ealth o f h er e xtensive a nd f ertile

t erritory i s u nderlined b y t he

l arge n umber o f f lourishing v illage

a ssociations m entioned o n i nscriptions, p roducer o f t imber a nd m arble,

a nd s he w as a n i mportant

i tems w hich w ere m ore p rofitable s ince

t hey c ould e asily b e t ransported t o t he c oast a nd s hipped f rom p orts b oth o n t he s ea o f M armara a nd o n t he E uxine. o f h er s eamen a re

2 3

B ut t he a ctivities

t he c learest e vidence f or c ommercial s uccess.

I nscriptions o f t he c ity m ention t he d edication o f a p recinct a nd h ouse b elonging t o t he s hip-owners,as w ell a s s even i ndividual naukleroi, o ften w ith s hips c arefully d epicted o n t heir t ombstones. r evealing s till

i s

p arts:

T hasos,

A thens,

t he l ist o f s hip-owners w ho o ccur i n f oreign P hthiotic T hebes, A idepsos i n E uboea,

G ytheion i n t he P eloponnese, L ycia,

C orycos

M ore

t he b ay o f N aples,

S myrna, A perlae i n

i n C ilicia a nd T omis o n t he B lack S ea.

c onfined t o t hose w ho d eclare

t hemselves

N icomedians

f ound a broad m ight b e a dded,

p resence i s

l ess c ertain.

t o b e s eamen;

T his

l ist i s

o ther

b ut t he r eason f or t heir

T he v ariety o f d estinations w here t hey

1 38

e nded t heir d ays

i s u nderlined b y t he e pigram o f a s ailor f ound o n

T hasos, w ho d ied i n a s hipwreck a fter s ailing r ound t he w hole w orld, Töv

x6o lloy

I T A .c[ ü suag].

2 4

Q uite c learly t he r outes u sed b y t he

s ailors o f N icomedia w ere b y n o m eans r estricted t o o r d ominated b y l inks w ith t he B lack S ea a nd t he B alkans.

T hey t ravelled w herever

t here w as p rofit t o b e m ade a nd a d emand f or t heir g oods.

T here w as

n either c ompulsion n or s pecific e ncouragement t o p rovide s upplies o r m erchandise d irectly f or t he R oman a rmies,

a nd t he p rivate n eeds

o f i ndividual s oldiers d id n ot p rove a n i rresistible m agnet t o t heir p attern o f t rade. o f D iocletian,

T his c onclusion i s

c onfirmed b y t he P rice E dict

f ormulated p recisely t o k eep m ilitary c osts w ithin

b ounds, w hich s pecifies h ow m uch f i ou ld b e p aid f or t ransport o n a l ong l ist o f r outes

f rom N icomedia,

T hessalonica, A chaea, a nd T omis.

S alona,

t o A lexandria,

P amphylia,

R ome,

P hoenicia,

N one o f t hose p orts o r r egions w as

E phesus,

T rapezus,

S inope

i ncluded p rimarily

b ecause i t w as a m ilitary s upply s tation. S upplies

f or t he a rmies,

e specially f ood s upplies, w ere n ot

s omething t hat c ould b e e ntrusted t o t he v agaries o f p rivate e nterp rise i n p ursuit o f p rofit. t roops o n t he n eeds,

I n p eacetime,

t he l egionary a nd a uxiliary

f rontiers s urely h ad w ays o f s eeing t o t heir o wn

d rawing a bove a ll o n t he p roduce o f t he a reas a round t he

g arrison f orts. a ny o ther s ystem,

T he c ost a nd d ifficulty o f t ransport p recluded e xcept i n v ery e xceptional c ircumstances.

2 5

T roops o n t he m ove h ad t o b e m aintained a nd p rovided f or b y t he c ommu nities

t hrough w hich t hey p assed.

t he i mpact o f

t he p assage o f a rmies

p rovided b y p apyrus e vidence

t exts

T he m ost v ivid i nsights

i nto

t hrough c ivilian c ommunities a re

f rom E gypt,

f rom A sia M inor f or t he c ivil

b ut t here i s n o l ack o f l iturgy o f

T EC I PC ITI 6 W IT 1

o r p rosecutio; m ost b ut n ot a ll o f i t d ating t o t he t hird c entury A .D. T he b ulk o f t he r elevant i nscriptions c oncern N orth W est A natolia,

a nd t he p rovinces o f B ithynia a nd G alatia.

t he g ravestone o f a c ertain G lycon, A .Eyt waL

a ' hai ,

( TAM I V.1.189). I I P arthica,

( 3 '

8 L68oLg

r eveals

ba ,

Toüg

t hat h e w a

A t N icomedia, a nnonarch

Hepaag

D essau t hought t hat t he t wo l egions w ere I a nd

R itterling s uggested I a nd I I A diutrix, b ut h esitated

b etween t hd c ampaigns o f S everus A lexander a nd G ordian I II.

1 39

T he

a bsence o f t he p seudo-praenomen A urelius p erhaps e arlier d ate,

d uring S eptimius S everus'

i ndicates a n

P arthian e xpeditions.

2 6

A N icomedian s arcophagus o f t he f irst h alf o f t he t hird c entury d escribes

i ts o wner a s h aving

' escorted'

a rmies o n s everal o ccasions, ( TAM I V.1.329), o f A ur.

Xp l ip ,ATOYV,

' sent o n'

[n o tpan . .]U ic cv -r i .

t he

noÄ .Ä .c ix t ,c

a nd t he p hrase r ecurs o n t he c ontemporary t ombstone

C atulinus

oc u rwvAoug,

o r

i n a l ist o f c ivic o ffices:

äpyupotau l :ag

r c =x n1 4 (1g

ycyc Sgevoc

no V A xIxt ,c

i t q uite c lear t hat t he d uty w as

TaV

guotr ipLc cp v ioug,

1 30UXEUTLk8V

( TAM I V.1.262).

T he c ontext m akes

t reated a s a l iturgy,

a longside

s everal o thers w hich a l ocal w orthy w as e xpected t o f ulfil. T he h istorian,

C assius D io, w hose n ative c ity w as N icaea,

g ives m ore t han a h int o f t he r esentment t hat w as c aused b y t he p assage o f t roops a nd a bove a ll t he I mperial c ourt, w hen h e d escribes t he d emands m ade o n h im b y C aracalla d uring t he w inter o f 2 14-5 : ö ô

Acyc

npoo f ttc reaL, dt i

i i j

Ö LC aTT 3

&RtycLoy, xat ,

kL

oü

i j v T C i L

l i n f tvög

gEw

TO 1 5TW XaL

xpf iG9aL

8uvä licyog,

eaAATTLoy,

o x

T 6 5 1 )

ocilv 1 5yETo

0Ü s5 V

dgpLov,

6

ñ

2 7

A r ecently

a nd E lagabalus,

i s

s aid t o h ave

x c

Tf i

b . )

T i j

, 1 . 1 apxcl , '9 t

AöToxph -c opos. Äv uoyci :you xat

TEA )

C 8t :cit

i n t he c ourse o f

a nd t o h ave h eld t he c hief a rchonship,

naPaXELlia0 1 :a

I t i s

OÜk

' escorted'

w orthy o f t he g reatness a nd d ignity o f h is c ity x ca

o

E3T6XEGT-

t o p recisely t he s ame

F lavius S everianus A sclepiodotes, c areer,

ÖTL

5

p ublished i nscription f rom N icaea r efers

a n i nteresting l ocal

e . og

. 6v

an i _ too C a t C LÜT6 6 T E C LOCZXO T IEV ( 78.18.3).

c ircumstances:

d tvayxaCc ov

&v

b oth C aracalla i n a m anner

nagxrn6pnr j

TOO 8ELOT6 ,TOU

L cp co v a f tof i

otpaTEu l lauwv 28 .

i nstructive t o c ompare t he c haracteristic n ote o f c ivic

p ride i n t his

i nscription w ith t he t one o f D io's

f ormality o f p ublic i nscriptions c omplex a nd a mbiguous r eality.

T he

i nevitably c onceals a m uch m ore H owever,

w hat o ne w ould r ePsonably e xpect, e mperor a nd h is

d escription .

b oth r eferences c onfirm

t hat t he b urden o f s upporting t he

a rmy o verwintering a t N icomedia w as d istributed

a mong t he s urrounding c ities. T his w as a lso t he c ase a t t he c ity o f P rusias a d H ypium w hich

1 40

h as p roduced t he b est k nown s eries P rusias

o f i nscriptions o f t his

l ay n ot o n t he m ain r oad t owards S yria,

n orthern r oute a cross A natolia, a ry f ortress

o f S atala.

o f C aracalla,

T he

t ype.

2 9

b ut c lose t o t he

w hich l ed e ventually t o t he l egion-

3 0

t exts c ertainly r efer t o t he p assage

a nd p robably o f E lagabalus a s w ell,

a nd s how e ither

t hat P rusias w as r equired t o f orward i ts c ontribution t o s upport t he o verwintering a nd p assing a rmies a t N icomedia o r e lsewhere a long t he m ain r oute,

o r t hat t he t roops

s eparate c ontingents,so a s

t hemselves w ere s plit u p i nto

t o s pread t he l oad m ore e venly a mong

t he c ivilian p opulation. A s a n a rmy a dvanced s outh-eastwards t hrough A sia M inor, c ity w as J uliopolis,

t he n ext

o n t he b orders o f B ithynia a nd G alatia.

P liny's

l etter c oncerning t he p light o f J uliopolis a t t he h ands o f p assing s oldiers a nd o ther t ravellers H owever,

i s

t oo w ell k nown t o r equire q uotation.

i t i s w orth p ointing o ut t hat t he c ity p ossessed a p articul-

a rly l arge t erritory w hich w as a in a nd f orest.

S he w ould,

t hinly p opulated a nd c overed w ith m ount-

o f c ourse,

b e r esponsible f or e scorting

o fficial t raffic o ver t he w hole l ength o f t he m ain r oad r unning t hrough t his

t erritory,

t he c ircumstances.

a d uty w hich w ould b e e specially a rduous u nder

3 1

T he n ext m ajor s topping p oint w as A ncyra, w hich s tood a t t he c entre o f a g reat n etwork o f m ilitary r oads a nd w hose e pigraphy b etrays a t e very p oint t he u nmistakeable p resence o f R oman a rmies o fficials.

3 2

T he d ocuments r elevant

i n d ate t han t he B ithynian e xamples, r egular a nd f ormalised, I ulius S everus,

t o

napar cöv inn

a re e arlier

a nd t heir p hraseology i s

b ut t heir c haracter i s q uite c lear.

t he g reatest G alatian m agnate o f h is d ay,

d istinguished s enator, o f t he h ordes, '

a nd R oman

l ess C .

a nd l ater a

d ispensed o il u nstintingly d uring t he p assage

T T-) T C 3V

C S IX XOYV

T E C (P660 ) )

9 a nd p layed h ost t o

T rajan's a rmies w hen t hey w intered i n t he c ity e n r oute f or t he P arthian w ars, oTpaTE llaTa

p robably i n A .D.

Tä napaxcL uhaavTa

T e X napo f tüovTa W hen t he

t roops

1 13/4

T t L

Töv

npäg

6 ,no8cr-d quEv av Tf i I T6XEL

n. ( : ) , 5ouc

TE

x cd .

T täÄcgov .

npor tl i A l iavTa

3 3

r eturned,his c ompatriot, L atinius A lexander,

p rovided o il m ore

l avishly t han e ver b efore t hroughout t he w hole y ear

w hen H adrian a nd h is s acred a rmies p assed t hrough t he c ity.

1 41

3 4

H owever,

i t w ould b e a m istake

t o s uppose t hat t hese b urdens

f ell o nly o n t he c ities o f B ithynia a nd G alatia. S ophist,

T .

F lavius D amianus

p rovided 2 01,200 medimni

s aid t o h ave m easured o ut a nd

o f g rain d uring t hirteen m onths, w hen h e

e ntertained L ucius V erus' P arthia,

i s

t roops r eturning f rom t heir v ictory i n

a nd t hat e xpedition h as

o f E phesus.

3 5

D uring t he

P isidian c ity o f P ogla, f our t imes

' sent o n'

l eft o ther t races i n t he e pigraphy

t hird c entury a r ich c itizen o f t he s mall

i n t he f ertile u pland p lain o f t he B ozova,

t he s acred annona

I II n o.

( IGR

a nother i nscription f rom t he s ame c ity s hows t o A lexandria i n E gypt, t here.

T he E phesian

4 07),

3 6

a nd

t hat s he s ent annona

d oubtless o n o fficial o rders d uring a s hortage

T here i s n umismatic e vidence t hat T arsus i n C ilicia s ent

3 7

g ifts o f w heat t o E gypt d uring t he r eigns o f C aracalla a nd S everus A lexander,

a nd t hese c ontributions a re a ssumed t o h ave c oincided

w ith t he P arthian e xpeditions o f t hose e mperors.

3 8

T he c oastal

c ities o f s outhern A sia M inor w ere a lso w ell p laced t o s upply t he a rmies o nce t hey r eached S yria,

s ince t here w as a n e asy s ea p assage

f rom t he p orts o f P amphylia a nd R ugged C ilicia t o S eleuceia a nd L aodicea i n N orth S yria.

I nscriptions

f rom t he h interland o f S ide

r efer t o S idetans w ho s ent o n t he s acred annona o r eueteria t wo a nd t hree t imes,

3 9

e vidently d uring t he e xpeditions o f C aracalla,

E lagabalus a nd S everus A lexander, h onoured a c itizen, M .Aur.

napan u4avta n pog

. 3 cöv

O brimianus C onon,

C g TÖ EupeaV

' AA .& Eav6poy

a nd t he l ittle c ity o f C asae

g -avoc

I t aC

avvdwav

npcoßsüoavra npoUma

T he e mbassy w as a ddressed t o

4 0

S everus A lexander d uring h is s tay a t S yrian A ntioch i n t he w inter o f 2 32/3. T hese t exts d emonstrate t hat t he c ities o f A sia M inor w ere r equired t o s upport e xpeditionary a rmies n ot o nly a s A natolia o n t he w ay t o t he f ront, b ases

t hey c rossed

b ut a lso w hen t hey r eached t heir

i n S yria a nd u ndertook t he c ampaigns

t hemselves.

T he o rgan-

i sation o f t he c ommissariat m ight i nvolve c ommunities w hich w ere r arely,

i f e ver,

a ctually v isited b y a rmies.

I ndeed a n i nscription

w hich m ay r efer e ither t o T rajan's o r t o L ucius V erus'

P arthian

w ar m entions a c itizen o f T hyateira i n A sia w ho h ad t he t ask o f s ecuring w inter s upplies P .P.,

IV Scythica

f or f our l egions,

a nd I Italica,

V . Macedonica,

VII C laudia

f rom t he w hole o f a p rovince,

1 42

p robably B ithynia o r G alatia. p rincipal c ommodity r equired,

M oreover, w hile g rain w as

4 1

t he l egal

t exts

l iturgy o f p rovisioning o fficials a nä a rmies, c ould i nvolve c lothing a nd o ther c ommodities E vidence

i ndicate t hat t he a p ersonale m unus, t oo.

f rom t he w hole o f t he R oman E mpire,

t he E astern p rovinces

s hows

t he

4 2

b ut e specially f rom

t hat t he d uty t o p rovide t ransport,

p rovisions a nd h ospitality t o t roops,

o fficials a nd p erhaps m ost o f

a ll e mperors o n t he m ove, w as p erceived a s a f ar g reater i mposition t han t he p ayment o f m oney t axes,

a nd t he c ontrast b etween t he

4 3

i nscription o f F lavius S everianus A sclepiodotes a nd t he c omplaint o f C assius D io a t N icaea i n A .D.21 4 /5 s erves a s a t imely r eminder t hat

t he m unus o f n c cpar c6p .nn

w as n ot a w elcome o ne,

o ffered a n o pportunity f or s elf-congratulation. b e a rgued t hat t he p assage o f a rmies M inor,

I t c annot,

4 4

t hen,

t hrough t he c ities o f A sia

o r a ny o ther p art o f t he E mpire,

t han v ery m arginal o pportunities

e ven w hen i t

o ffered t he i nhabitants m ore

f or c ommercial p rofit,

a nd t hese

w ere f ar o utweighed b y t he d isadvantages o f c ompulsory r equisitioning. S ome i dea o f t he s cope o f t hese d emands w hich w ere f orced o n a c ou ununity c an b e g athered f rom p apyrus e vidence, p oint,

a s F ergus M illar h as p ointed o ut,

4 5

a nd t he s tarting

m ust b e t he t wo p apyri

f rom P anopolis, w hich p rovide a w ealth o f d etailed i nformation a bout t he v isit o f D iocletian a nd a m odest b ody o f t roops 3 00.

4 6

T he s ystem d iffers

c entury A sia M inor,

t here i n A .D.

f rom t he o ne o bserved i n s econd a nd t hird

i n t hat r esponsibility f or o rganising t he

s upplies b elongs t o R oman o fficials n ot t o l ocal l iturgists,but t he b urden o f p roviding f or t he t roops s till c ommunity, s imilar.

a nd t he t roops'

f ell o n t he l ocal

a ctual r equirements w ill h ave b een b roadly

S ome p assages p icked v irtually a t r andom f rom t he f irst o f

t hese p apyri w ill g ive a g ood f lavour o f t he r eality i nvolved. p rocurator o f t he U pperT iebaid h ad i ssued i nstructions o rdinates,

T he

t o h is s ub-

i n p articular h is s trategos, w hich a re e ventually c arried

o ut i n a d ilatory w ay.

T he s trategos w rites

t o t he t own c ouncil o f

P anopolis: " Letters h ave a rrived f rom A ur. U pper T hebaid,

i n w hich h e h as

I sidorus, p rocurator o f t he

g iven o rders c oncerning b oth t he

p ortion o f t he s acred a nnona o f t he m ost n oble s oldiers w ho a re e xpected t o a rrive h ere w ith o ur r uler D iocletian, 1 43

a nd o f o ther

c omestibles. p rovisions,

I a m o bliged t o o rder y ou t o t ake m easures a nd t o s elect r eceivers a nd o verseers

a nd e ach k ind o f p rovision, t hen c omplains

f or e ach m ansio

a nd t hen r eport t o m e".

T he s trategos

t hat t he c hief m agistrate o f t he c ity,

c omplying w ith t he r equest a s e xpected, i n o rder t o c onfound a nd e mbarrass

i nstead q f

" employed a d ifferent m eans

t he m ilitary c ommissariat.

w hen h e s hould h ave a ppointed c ollectors

s eparately f or e ach k ind o f p rovision

F or,

f or a ll k inds o f p rovisions

f or e ach a nd e very t oparchy t ogether a nd c ollectively,

a nd n ot

h e n evertheless s elected

t hem f or e ach a nd e very t ype o f p rovision s eparately, t he w hole o peration i s

f or t hese

a nd t hus

l ikely t o b e b rought t o a s tandstill".

T here

t hen f ollow l etters a nd o ther r eferences t o a n o verseer o f t he s hips,

r eceivers a nd s uppliers o f 1 000 a rtabas o f l entils a nd o f

1 0,000 s extarii o f c heap w ine, l east t hree d ifferent p laces, o f s kiffs

s uperintendents o f b edding i n a t a n o verseer o f v egetables, p reparers

f or d ispatch c arriers,

o verseers o f t he m eat s upply,

d istributors a nd r eceivers o f c haff, o f w ine,

c ollectors a nd d istributors

b read a nd b arley f or u p t o a d ozen d ifferent p laces.

l arge b akery w as b rought i nto c ommission n ear t he t heatre, m ilitary s upplies m ight b e c ontinuously m aintained,

A

s o t hat

a nd t he c hief

o f t he n ight p olice w as i nstructed t o h unt o ut w orkmen t o m anufacture h elmets, T he n ot

b reastplates l ocal

a nd g reaves.

i nhabitants,

f all o ver t hemselves

r egularly i gnored,

t o j udge

t o c omplete t hese t asks;

d id

l etters w ere

a nd t he w hole p erformance r apidly b ecame a n a dmin-

i strative n ightmare, r elished,

f rom t he c hief m agistrate d ownwards,

a lthough o ne w hich t he s trategos

a pparently

f rom t he c hoice p hrases w ith w hich h e r eproached

a nd c ajoled t he r ecalcitrant c ity o fficials.

E ven t he c avalryman

w ho c arried t he m essages c ame i n f or h is s hare o f a buse;

" The

l etter w hich y ou d elivered w ritten b y t he p refect o f t he T hebaid, J ulius A lexander,

a nd a ddressed t o m e,

s trengthening o f g ates a nd p osterns,

c oncerning h ides

a nd t he

l etter w ritten t o

B essus w ith t he c ontract c oncerning t he s ame h ides, t oday n ibbled b y m ice a nd i n a m utilated s tate. I a m r eturning h ere,

f or t he

T he

I r eceived f irst l etter

a nd t he s econd I h ave g iven t o t he a forementioned

B essus". W e a re u nlikely e ver t o k now w hether t he s ame d egree o f i neptness 1 44

a nd c onfusion s urrounded o fficials

i n A sia M inor.

m oving s upplies o f

t he p rovision o f s upplies H owever,

t he r ight

t he r ight p lace w ere

f irmly o n t he s houlders o f t he r eason t o s uppose t hat

T he

t ask w as

a m ajor o ne,

l ocal i nhabitants,

r eluctant

a nd

i n t he r ight q uantity t o w hich f ell

a nd t here i s

t he c itizens o f N icomedia,

A ncyra w ere e very b it a s

t roops

t he p ractical p roblems o f

s ort a nd

i dentical—

t o

g ood

J uliopolis o r

t o c arry i t o ut a s w ere t he

p eople o f P anopolis.

T he p roblem w as m ost a cute w hen l arge a rmies,

o ften l ed b y emperors

i n p erson, w ere i nvolved.

w orthwhile

t ask t o s ubmit

I t w ould b e a

t he c ampaigns o f T rajan,

a nd t he t hird a nd f ourth c entury E mperors

L ucius V erus,

t o d etailed e xamination,

a nd e valuate t heir i mpact o n t he c ities o f A sia M inor. t hat w ould e merge i n e ach c ase w ould b e a c omplex o ne, t he n otion o f I t

s imple,

i s d oubtful,

t he p assage o f o pportunity,

d irect m arches

h owever,

T he p icture b elying

f rom B yzantium t o S yrian A ntioch.

w hether t hey w ould m odify t he v iew t hat

t roops r epresented a n i mposition,

a nd s upport t he

n ot a c ommercial

s uggestion t hat a rmies o n t he m ove w ere

a s ource o f p rofit t o t he c ivilian c ommunities.

1 45

N otes

T his paper, Swansea,

a s lightly m odified v ersion of t he lecture d elivered a t

supplies no more t han a n introduction

r amifications,

t o a s ubject w ith w ide

a nd not o ne whose importance i s c onfined t o t he

Asiatic provinces.

1 .

Annexed in A .D.46, Pflaum, Fastes

Les d e

Eusebius,

( ed.

Schöene)

c arrieres procuratoriennes

l a province

d e Narbonaise

1 1,153;

I ( 1960),

( 1978),

3 1

1 98-9,

H .-G a nd Les c ites t he

evidence f or hostilities, principally t he inscription C IL II 3 272. 2 .

T acitus, Ann.

XII.15-21.

3 .

T he f igures are t aken f rom A .R.Birley, of Roman Frontier Policy', R oman West

4 .

in A .King a nd M .Henig

i n t he Third C entury

For d etails,

s ee E .Gren,

' The Economic Effects

( 1981),

( ed.),

The

3 9-43.

K leinasien u nd d er O stbalkan i n d er

W irtschaftlichen Entwicklung d er r ömischen Kaiserzeit

( 1941),

c . IV. 5 .

See Gren,

o p.cit.,

Egnatia',

B CH 100

6 .

I LS

7 .

D . Magie,

R oman Rule

L .Robert,

P .Collart,

( 1976),177-200; .

231 = C IL III 6 123;

ANRW 11.7.2 8 .

3 0-32;

( 1980),

A t ravers

cf .

' Les m iliaires

E .W .Gray,

JRS

S .Mitchell, A S 2 8

3 7

d e l a

( 1947),213.

( 1978),

i n A sia Minor I ( 1950),c.XXIV;

v ia

9 5.

David French,

7 07-11. l 'Asie M ineure

( 1980),

105,

r eflecting on

t he d ifferent d evelopment of C laudiopolis a nd Prusias ad Hypium . 9 .

See now D avid French, Road

10.

( 1981),

Roman Roads

i n A sia M inor I .

T he P ilgrim 's

3 3-48.

T he question of t he relationship between

t he d emands a nd r equire-

m ents of t he armies a nd t he economy of t he c ivilian population has become a subject of i nvestigation i n a lmost every province. 1 1.

O p.cit.

( 1.3),

4 7-9.

1 46

1 2.

K .Hopkins, A . D.

1 3.

' Taxes a nd T rade in

200)',

JRS

I bid.,//6-20. 7 1

( 1981),

( 1980),

1 70;

101-25.

a nd a lso i n A .H.M.Jones T he R oman E conomy

( 1980),

( n.3),39-43

4 51-60

( ed.Brunt),

( 1974),

( about

3 50,000),

( 415,000 - 4 45,000).

icantly h igher t han

Hopkins'

JRS

' Taxation

1 83-5.

g arrison of Rome

See i n g eneral

0 .Davies,Roman M ines

T acitus,

o p.cit.

T he second f igure i s s ignif-

f leets a nd t he

I nvasion of B ritain',

a nd A .R.Birley,

e stimate of 2 90,000 excluding

m y r emarks in a n article o n

1 6.

-

F or r ecent e stimates of t he s ize of t he Roman Army see R .MacMullen, K ilo 6 2

1 5.

( 200 B .C.

H is conclusion i s d oubted by P . A .Brunt,

in a ntiquity', 1 4.

7 0

t he Roman Empire

( op.cit.,1/6-7, i n Europe

' Cornish

T in,

1 24-5).

( 1935),

7 -14,

a nd

J ulius C aesar a nd t he

t o appear in Latomus.

Agricola 1 2.6 w ith

t he note of Ogilvie a nd R ichmond.

T he point i s best i llustrated by

t he c ase of Britain, but c ould

equally be made of t he Spanish provinces, or D acia. 1 7.

See e specially t he c onclusions a t R io

T into',

JRS

7 0

( 1980),

t o G .D.B.Jones, 1 46-63.

' The Roman M ines

W ork by Jones a nd o thers

should l ead t o a reappraisal of t he economic s ignificance of m ining i n

t he Roman world.

G .D.B.Jones a nd P .R.Lewis, ( Dolaucothi,

Britain);

Jones a nd D .G.Bird, ANRW 11.6 i bid.,

( 1977),

9 5-109

t his l ist,

F or a s ample of t his recent work s ee Ant.Journal

i d.,

JRS 6 2

5 2-94

( Dacia).

JRS

60

( 1972),

4 9

( 1969),

( 1970), 5 9-74

2 44-72

1 69-85,

a nd R .F.J.

( NW Spain);

S .Dusani6,

( the W est B alkan provinces);

S .Mrozek,

Asia M inor i s c onspicuously absent

a s it a lso i s

f rom D avies'

book

( n.15).

f rom

Roman m ines

in A natolia would offer a r ewarding r esearch project. 1 8.

O p.cit.

( n.12),

1 12-6.

1 9.

B irley,

o p.cit.(n.3),

5 0;

M .

C hristol,

' Effort d e g uerre e t

a teliers m onetaires d e l a pgriphgrie e n IIIe s . ap.J.C!, in Arm

s

e t

f iscalite d ans

l e m onde

a ntique

( /977),

2 35-75,

e sp.

2 52f . 20.

JRS

3 7

( 1947),

2 1.

L .Robert,

H SCP

2 12-4. 8 1

( 1977),

1 -39 provides

1 47

t he e ssential b ackground.

2 2.

E .Babelon a nd T .Reinach, d ' Asie M ineure 1 .3 o p.cit.,

2 3.

3 1

L .Robert,

B CH 102

l acus.

( 1978),

e p.

X .41:

E st

P liny's proposal

i n N icomedensium f inibus f ructus,

l igna,

i mpendio v ehiculis a d mare d evehuntur.

Robert,

PBSR 3 5

( 1980),

f or

ampliss-

materiae e t i nde magno

l abore,

For t he m arble 2 3-69.

o p.cit.,4/9-28 provides d ocumentation f or t he w hole of

t he f ollowing paragraph. c ommentaries,

Despite t he i nadequacies of i ts

t he inscriptions of N icomedia m ay now m ost c on-

v eniently be c onsulted in S tritzky, Note,

c iting a whole r ange of evidence

l abore u sque a d v iam navibus,

trade s ee now J . Ward-Perkins,

2 5.

1 91 w ith t he c ommentary of Robert,

4 15 ff .

P er hunc marmora,

s umptu m odico e t

2 4.

d es monnaies g recques

t he c lassic l iterary t ext,

a c anal scheme,

m aiore

( 1910), no.

gg i ld ral

f .

t o i llustrate

i mus

R ecueil

i n

t he new c orpus,

T ituli A siae M inoris t his c ontext,

C Th.

IV .i

F .Dörner a nd M .-B.

( 1978).

XI.1.21

( A.D.385):

" Except i n t he

c ase of t axes in k ind f or t he border m ilitia, no l andholder shall be a ssigned t o f urnish post-stations or t o d eliver payments in k ind a t a c onsiderable d istance, s ideration shall be involved";

t aken of t he entire journey a nd t he necessity

a nd XI.1.22

( A.D.386):

f ormerly burdened w ith t he

t han

" Inland municipalities were

t ax payments of m aritime municipalities

a nd m aritime municipalities w ith municipalities,

but r easonable c on-

t he t ax payments of i nland

so t hat t he transportation c aused more expense

t he payment of t axes.

By t his l aw we prohibit such practices,

not only f or t he present but a lso f or t he f uture". 2 6.

D essau o n I LS

8 879;

R itterling,

R E XII,

I I Adiutrix i n A . D.214 in t his area,

1 399,

1 450.

see t he g ravestones f rom

Perinthus a nd B yzantium published by M .P.Speidel, Jahrbücher 1 76 2 7.

Cf.78.9.6-7. ( 1964),

2 8.

S .

2 9.

I GR

( 1976) See

F or I a nd

B onner

1 23-34.

t he c omments of F .Millar, A s tudy o f C assius D io

20-21.

a hin,

I GSK I znik Museum

III nos.

i n B ithynien

I no.

60,62,66,68:

F .

( 1952), nos.

4 ,10.

60.

Dörner,

1 48

B ericht ü ber e ine R eise

S ee t he c omments of M .I.

Rostovtzeff, ( ed. 3 0.

and Economic History o f

2 by P . M.Fraser,

For its

1957),

and for t he route,

A t ravers

D . C. Winfield,

P liny e p..X.77-78.

For

providing t ransport

( and supplies) JRS

( 1982), 20

d es

t . u .des

; L .

Museum II. 1 ( 1981)

4 2 2 4

( 1980),

A S

1 51-66.

27

( 1977),

( 1976),

1 17

ff,

and f or t he

coterminous w ith N icaea on see S .

' Inscriptions

( 1940), f .

for

t hroughout its whole

t he North,

Robert,

anciennes

M itchell,

t he

RECAM

d e B ithynie',

Revue

302-22 a nd S . ahin IGSK i znik

T he boundary between N icaea and

Juliopolis presumably lay at or 67.85 kms

6 6

t erritory,

West and C laudiopolis on II

l 'Asie Mineure

t he responsibility of a c ity

t erritory s ee S . Mitchell, s ize of Juliopolis'

t he Roman Empire

7 23.

t erritory see L .Robert,

1 1-128; 3 1.

S ocial

t he mutatio c alled F inis

from Juliopolis itself

( French,

4 6

m .p.

P ilgrim 's Road,

106-7) . 3 2.

T hese are c onveniently

collected in E .Bosch,

G eschichte d er S tadt Ankara im Altertum lement by S .Mitchell, 63-103

Bosch no.

105 = OGIS no.

3 4.

Bosch no.

1 17 = IGR III no.

3 5.

JOAI

3 6.

Cf .

3 7.

IGR

3 8.

S .

JOAI

( 1953),

M itchell,

JRS

64

( 1974),

409;

G . E.Bean,

Rostovtzeff,

JOAI

4 ( 1901)

( 1977),

9 4 n .24

27

( 1977),

208,

18 ff .;

III no.

M .I.Rostovtzeff,

AS

5 44,

Beiblatt 1 64 f .; 40

w ith t he supp-

8 41-90 for t he Greek t exts).

3 3.

J . Keil,

( 1967),

' Inscriptions of Ancyra',

( SEG XXVII nos.

1 5(1912)

Quellen z ur

Num.Chron.

AS

F orsch, Anz.

Ak.

Eph.

III no.

W ien 9 2

80;

( 1955),

see 159-70.

3 4. 10

( 1960),

Beiblatt, 1 900,

5 9 no.

104;

M .I.

3 8-46.

9 6-1J7;

, noting a lso s imilar coin

L .Robert,

BCH 101

t ypes at Syrian

Laodicea a nd at Aegeai. 3 9.

G . E.Bean a nd

T .B. Mitford,

( 1970)

nos.

40.

I bid.,

no .21.

4 1_

J .

Guey,

J ourneys

i n Rough C ilicia

1 964-8

1 9 a nd 20.

1 \41.

d e

l 'g 'cole

f ran aise de Rome 5 5

t he space for t he name of t he province 1 49

( 1939),56.

t here is room for

In

e ither

[FaXaTti iR t

[ BLeuv t ,

or

.

Guey prefers

t he

f ormer. 4 2.

Cf .

D ig.L.4.1.2-4;

2 11-14 43.

See S .

M itchell,

On

i n

JRS

6 6

( 1976),

t he Roman World

106-31;

Neesen,

( 1977),

F .

2 8 f .

o p.cit.infr.

comment of M illar,

JRS

7 1

( 1981),

t he whole subject of c ivic munera,

M illar,

The

for t he burden placed

t he Emperor and h is entourage while on

g eneral 4 4.

and in more d etail,

( n.44).

Emperor by

18;

t he move;

a nd t he

6 7-8.

see now L .

Neesen,

I f

' Die Entwickling d er Leistungen im römischen Kaiserreich Historia 4 5.

( 1981),

The Emperor ( 1981),

4 6.

3 0

i n

t he

d es

u nd Amter

zweiten b is

( munera e t honores) v ierten Jahrhundert',

203-35. Roman World

( 1977),

3 4-5;

674.

T . C.Skeat,

Two Papyri

f rom Panopolis

1 50

( 1964).

Latomus

40

T HE P ERSIAN C AMPAIGN O F G ORDIAN I II A ND T HE I NSCRIPTION

O F ' :6i H PUHR I A T T HE KA c BE -YE ZARTO T

E rich K ettenhofen

E very a uthority o n R oman h istory o f

t he

3 rd c entury A D i s

o f t he s ensation which t he d iscovery o f t he o f t he 2 nd S asanian r uler § . 1ä hpuhr I a t e voked. i s

T his

i nscription,

l ocated o pposite

t rilingual

a ware

i nscription

t he Ka c be -ye Zarto t

d iscovered i n 1 936 r espectively 1 939,

t he A chaemen id t ombs

o f N aq -e R ustam .

T he

1

i mportance o f t he i nscription, w hich R ostovtzeff 2 n amed t he R ES G ESTAE D IVI S APORIS, w as

i mmediately r ecognised b ecause t here e xists

n o c ontinuous d escription o f t he W ith t he

, . 1 1[ Gd.

2 6,5

] ).

2 0

L oriot p ublished a v ery i nformative r esearch

l ed t o t he e ast

r emain t he s tarting f or s ome

i n 2 42 A D

( SHA,

t ime

2 1

G d.26,3).

2 2

t he e mperor p assed t hrough o n h is w ay t hrough

( the r oute

t o

o nly a f ew c an b e n amed. 2 3

t he

w hen t hey r eport

r esults h ave b een u sed f or t his m ap a s w ell.

T he R oman a rmy w as

e rature,

s tationed a t

i nto n orthern

p oint o f a ny s cientific d iscussion a bout G ordian I II

A sia M inor

d uring h is

c aptured A ntioch m ust b e r egarded

t he y ears 2 35-244 A D, w hich w ill

t he c ities

( SHA,

a nd N isibis f rom t he S asanians,

a m v enit, q uae a P ersis l am t enebatur

O f a ll

4 780

i nformation - e xclusively d ocumented i n

t he u tmost s cepticism

H is

O ates

c ould b e c onsidered a s

t he T hree G ordians-that t he P ersians

t o c ome.

n o.

T he l oss o f H atra,

t ime o f M aximinus T hrax 18

1 1 6pcx-o v

l ine 8 ).

i nv.

o f P seudo-Capitolinus,

a ssume a t hrust

t hat G ordian I II r ecaptured K arrhai

p aper a bout

d uring

1 7

M esopotamia d uring t he

w ith

a r aid

w ith t he

1 4

( P.Colon.

t hat a R oman c ohort 1 5

p robably d uring t he s pring 2 41 A D,

p .681,

2 41 A D)

l ater t han t he 5 th o f J une 2 35 A D.

c asus h eh l

a s

s on S ähpuhr 13

A n i nscription d iscovered i n 1 954 b y D .

n o

äpacC aag

sw ell

' Persian' w ar s tarted i n t he y ear 2 41 A D

e xcavation w ork i nforms u s H atra 16

2 39 A D

T he d ate o ffered b y t he C odex c or-

w ith a n ote i n t he G ordiani

2 3,5).

t he

T he r aid o n H atra c an n ow b e d ated f ar m ore

( April

w hich s tates

1 2 a

p robably m ade w ith h is

h elp o f t he C olog re Greek C odex a bout M ani

r elates

B V 1 1 o f

s hows a n a ttack o n D oura i n A pril

b y A rdasir o n H atra,

= C MC

t he

b ecause d uring t he y ears a fter 2 35 A D t hey u ndertook

t hrusts

(P taT On

i s

t he

s traits w ill n ot b e c onsidered h ere),

L oriot, who e valuated t he r elevant l it-

m entions N ikaia,

N akoleia,

1 52

A ntiocheia P isidiae,

I konion,

P ylai K ilikiai, T arsos,

A ntiocheia.

I n t he c ase o f A ntioch i n

P isidia w hich i s n ot l ocated o n t he d irect r oute f rom N akoleia/Prymn essos

t o I konion, K rzyZanowska h as r ightfully p ointed o ut t he

e xistence o f a bundant m inting f or G ordian I II. A DVENTVS-representation 24 H ommel 25 C yrus

T he c oins w ith a n

a re a v ery c onvincing a rgument.

a ssumes G ordian I II's u se o f t he f ormer m ilitary r oad o f

t he Y ounger b ecause " der W eg d es K aisers d ie r ömische M ilit-

ä rkolonie A ntiochia i n P isidien i m L auf d es J s. m uss”.

O nly

2 42 b erührt h aben

K rzy anowska's r eference t o t he n inting o f t he A DVENTVS.2 7 . 2 8 t ypes i n t he P hrygian c ities o f N akolela a nd D okimion a ppears 2 6

t o m e f ar m ore c onvincing. T he r easons

f or a r ich m inting f or G ordian I II i n s ome c ities

r emain t oo o bscure f or t he m inting i tself t o p rovide s ure e vidence t hat t he e mperor p assed t hrough t hem o n h is w ay t hrough A sia M inor. e ver,

s ome m ay h ave b een l ocated n ear t he r oute,

c ase o f B rouzos. e xclusively)

3 0

2 9

H ow-

a s I b elieve i n t he

O ther c ities w hich m inted e xclusively

( or a lmost

f or G ordian I II d uring t he P rincipate a re s cattered

a ll o ver t he m ajor p arts o f A sia M inor a nd t here i s n o r eason t o c onnect t hem w ith t he e mperor's c ampaign r outes u sed b y s everal m ilitary g roups). k nows a bout t he d ifficulties A ntioch i n P isidia t o S yria. a nowska 32 c ity.

( unless o ne a ssumes s everal 3 1

K rzy anowska h erself

i n d etermining t he e xact r oute f rom T he m inting o f I konion w hich K rzy -

b riefly p resents c ould i ndicate a m arch r oute t hrough t his

A ccording t o K=y anowska L yrbe,

3 3

S eleukeia

,

S oloi/Pompeioupolis a nd T arsos a lso m inted m ore f or G ordian I II t han f or a ny o ther e mperor.

3 4

H owever,

a r oute t hrough t he n amed c ities

s he d iscounts t he p robability o f

i n f avour o f t he b etter k nown

r oute o ver K ybistra a nd t he P ylai K ilikiai t o T arsos, b ecause t he r oute t hrough R ough C ilicia w as

l ittle u sed.

3 5

L oriot a lso a ssumes

t hat G ordian I II t ook t he r oute o ver t he C ilician G ates. m inting o f T arsos 37

a gain l eads

w ent f rom t here t o A ntioch 38

3 6

T he r ich

t o t he a ssumption t hat G ordian I II

( not

o ccupied b y t he S asanians).

3 9

I n t he s pring 2 43 A D t he a rmy s ets o ut f rom t here t o c ross t he . . E uphrates 40 a nd s oon r ecaptures K arrhal. 41 E ven L orlot 42 c annot a nswer t he q uestion o f w hether E dessa h ad f allen i nto S asanian h ands a nd t herefore h ad t o b e r ecaptured a s w ell.

1 53

P robably a t t his

t ime 43

t he d ynasty o f t he A bgars w ith A bgar X S everos 44 d ate

( the n ative r uling f amily)

a s k ing.

I t w ould h ave b een a p ropitious

( maybe t he f amily o f t he A bgars h ad s upported t he R omans

[ at K arrhai?]

a gainst t he S asanians

t he s upport o f E dessa?).

o r G ordian h ad t ried t o s ecure

O ne c an a ssume t herefore t hat t he

4 5

n umerous b ronze c oins w hich s how G ordian I II w ith a " Aßyc coog

4 6

A n e arlier d ate f or a r esti-

4 7

t ution o f a k ingdom i n E dessa a ppears t o m e t he P .Dura 2 8 48

i s d ated t he 9 th

t he(Syrian w ritten ) )n twnyr?

[ 3a0LX .Euc

h ad b een m inted d uring t he s hort p eriod b efore

G ordian's d eath i n F ebruary 2 44 A D.

4 )

w as r estored

( ?)

i mpossible b ecause

o f M ay 2 43 A D.

A t t he t ime

4 9

c ontract w as d rawn u p t he c ity w as c alled

( sic!)›dd) n syht

q l ny

m trpwls

( line

w rly )3 1 ksndry'(= A nton-

i niana E dessa s plendida c olonia m etropolis A urelia A lexandria).

T he

p apyrus

t ext d oes n ot m ention a k ing, b ut o nly t he s trategoi o f 5 0 t he c olony ( line 5 ): b )s trtgwt' I n t he b attle a t R hesiana,

T imesitheus, p retorian p refect a nd t he

e mperor's

f ather-in-law ( since 2 41 A D) w as a ble t o p rove h is s trategic

a bilities

f or a l ast t ime.

1 7).

T he S asanians w ere d efeated

( Amm .23,5,

5 1

I t i s o nly p ossible t o g ive a ' term inus a d q uem ' o f Rhesaina b y t he S asanians.5 2 o peration i n t he y ears 2 41/242.

f or t he s eizure

L oriot 53 d ates a S asanian o ffensive A lthough h e c annot g ive a ny d etails

c oncerning t he d imension o f t his a ttack

( "quelle q u'ait P u e tre

l 'ampleur d e l ' nvasion d e 2 41, e ile n 'a s ans d oute t ouche q ue l a S yrie d e N ord")'' h e n evertheless c laims t hat i n i ts c ourse a g reat p art o f M esopotamia i ncluding R hesaina a nd S ingara 55 w as c aptured b y t he S asanians. T he s uspension o f m inting i n R hesaina, S ingara, K arrhai a nd N isibis u nder M aximinus T hrax c ould b e a n i ndication o f a c onquest u nder t his e mperor e ven i f R hesaina a nd S ingara a re n ot n amed t ogether w ith t he o ther t wo c ities b y S yncellus a nd Z onaras. S yncellus a nd Z onaras a lso o mit t heir r ecapture w hich i s, h owever, e stablished b y t he m inting f or G ordian I II i n t he s econd h alf o f t he y ear 2 43 A D.

5 6

B ut w hat r easons h as L oriot t o a ssume a n o ffensive

o peration i n t he y ears 2 41/242 A D? W as t he t hrust a gainst H atra w hich c an b e d ated i n s pring 2 41 A D ( before A pril 1 st) - c ontinued i nto R oman M esopotamia?

( At t his

t ime t he S asanians h ad a lready

o ccupied N isibis a nd K arrhai). 57 T here a lso e xist §n o s pecific i nformation a bout t he f ortress Z agurae w hich O ates 5° h as l ocated n ear t oday's v illage A in S inu . O ates 59 d ates i ts c apture b y t he S asanians i n t he y ear 2 37AD, t he s ame y ear A rda ir s upposedly c aptured K arrhai a nd N isibis. d ates

L oriot 60

t he s eizure i n t he s ame y ear a s t he g reat S asanian o ffensive

o peration. W e a lso h ave n o c oncrete d ates a vailable f or t he s eizure

1 54

. o f Singara.Lorlot 61 d ates t he c apture o f t he g arrison-town i n t he y ear 2 41 A D; O ates w ith s ome r eservations, i n t he y ear 2 37 A D. I f w e d raw a c onclusion f rom a ll t he s ources w e c an d ate, w e

6 2

c onclude t hat t here w as a n a dvance i nto M esopotamia i n 2 36 A D ( 235 ? A D) d uring w hich a t l east K arrhai a nd N isibis ( providing m y d ating i s c orrect) w ere s eized. P robably t his t hrust w ent f rom N isibis a nd R hesaina t o K arrhai ( or f rom S ingara, s outh o f t he Lbal S inAär. I ts s eizure, o f c ourse, c annot b e p roven c onclusively). A dditionally, w e k now f rom t he C MC a bout a t hrust t o H atra. B ut t he e xisting s ources d o n ot s ay w hether A rdagir w ent f urther n orth f rom H atra. O ne c an c onclude t hat

t here

i s a s ubstantial p ossibility t hat

R besaina. S ingara a nd t he f ortresses e ast o f S ingara w ere c aptured u nder M aximinus T hrax . I n m y o pinion, m ore a ttention s hould b e g iven t o t he s uspension o f m inting f or t his e mperor i n a ll o f M esopotamia. T here i s, o f c ourse, s till t he p ossibility t hat R hesaina a nd S ingara h ad b een t he a im o f a n i solated r aid a bout w hich t he e xisting s ources g ive n o i nformation. T he P ersians h ad t o e vacuate N isibis a nd S ingara a s w ell a s f ortresses n ear t hose

t wo c ities.

s tarted t o m int f or G ordian I II. f rom M esopotamia 64 D oura 65

i nto t he

I mmediately,the M esopotamian c ities

6 3

T he R oman t roups t hen m arched

a long t he R iver H äb i r a nd t he E uphrates t hrough

S asanian p rovince o f Ä sürestän,

l ost t he b attle a nd h is a n O riental c ustom, ( =Pgröz-gähpuhr ),

t he

7 0

l ife 67

6 6

w here G ordian I II

n ear t he c ity o f M isiche.

F ollowing

6 8

t he p lace w as r enamed V ictorious [ is]

6 9

L atinized b y Ammianus

a nd G raecized b y Z osimus

t o

B r i pac c ( 3c 7 )pa

( 24,2,9;5,3) ( III

1 7,3).

g ähpuhr

t o P irisabora T hus

t he

S KZ c onfirms o nly t he v ersion o f H amza a l-Isfahäni, 7 1 w ho n ames • _ 72 S ähpuhr I a s t he f ounder o f t he c ity, w hile T abari a nd Y äqü t73 c laim t hat P er6 z-Sähpuhr w as m ade p eace w ith S ähpuhr I . I t i s p ride, W as

f ounded b y S ähpuhr I I.

7 4

P hilip f inally

7 5

u nderstandable t hat t he R omans,

d eeply h urt i n t heir n ational

t ried t o m ake P hilip r esponsible f or t he c rushing d efeat.

t his n ot

t he

f oreign b attle

f irst

f ield?

7 6

t ime t hat a R oman e mperor w as k illed o n a W hile t he R omans

s earched f or a s capegoat t he

I t S asanians p erpetuated t heir t riumph i n v arious r ock-reliefs. 7 7 v _ i s n ot s urprising t hat S ahpuhr o rdered o nly t he d epiction o f t he b attle a t M isiche.

F or h im i t w as t he o nly e vent w orthy o f m ention

i n t he c ourse o f

t his

R omans

t o e rect a c enotaph 78

t o d o b ut

Z aitha 7 9

f irst a g6gg .

T here w as n othing l eft f or t he f or t heir d ead e mperor i n

n ear K irkesion o n t heir m arch b ack.

T he c enotaph s till

e xisted i n 3 63 A D w hen J ulian t he A postate's a rmy m arched a gainst t he P ersians, [ Romanis]

g ens

t he n atio m olestissima ( Co11.15,3,4). 1 55

( Amm .23,5,19),

t he a dversaria

NOTES T his article Die Kriege

i s p lanned as part of a commentary o n a special m ap

' ähpuhrs

I mit Rom nach

t he programme of t he ( B V 1 1: Crisis

' KZ which w ill be published w ithin

T übinger Atlas

M iddle East.

d es

V orderen Orients

( TAVO)

Romans a nd Sasanids during t he Imperial

[ 224 - 284 AD]).

Due

t o t he length of t he commentary,

t he part concerning t he war between Rome and Persia

u nder Gordian

III

w ill

( together w ith

separately.

T he commentary(Die

J h.n.Chr.nach [ KZ]),

t he appropriate part of t he m ap)

d er

Inschrift

Vorderen Orients. 1 .

Cf .

E .

P .

T he

Publications Environs); 2 .

M .

I .

M .

t he Beihefte

Persepolis

F ig .

A .

Tübinger Atlas

d es

The Royal T ombs Oriental

F ig.1

and O ther

Institute

( Persepolis a nd

B erytus

Third

C entury I ran.

S apor

and Kartir,

C hicago

I have checked Sprengling's Parthian reading which is

Maricq,

Res Gestae D ivi

1 965,

pp.

op. cit., plate 14.

Saporis,

note 1 1;

and Parthian,

M .

Boyce,

Al 9 a,

Greek l ine 6 ,7 ge M i 3V

IFAB,

( ( 3 tYco r i);

Parthian l ine 5 .9.12

( according to:

S yria

3 5

( 1958), pp 2 95-

Publications hors serie 1 1,

3 7-101.

Greek l ine 1 2.19,27

TC OV

d es

p .17.

Spreng1ing,

Paris

6 .

d er Ka c be-ye Z artogt

RES GESTAE DIVI SAPORIS and Dura,

3 60 = C lassica e t Orientalia,

5 .

3 .

2 ( Oblique Air V iew of Naqsh-e Rustam ).

quoted here against Schmidt, 4 .

I II.

Chicago 1970, p .7,

Rostovtzeff,

1953.

a n

U niversity of Chicago.

7 0,

8 (1943-1944), 3 .

I .

d es

Reihe B 5 5.

Schmidt,

Monuments,

r ömisch-persischen Kriege

Sähpuhrs

w ill be published in

be published

o uv acE]Ev[xa

y) wr[yäwar]=time,

A Word -L ist

••

, r 0 p 8L UV Ö C

p .22

occasion

p .102.

f t t› ,T f iv B aGLA .Lav •

K UU 0 ap. . . [ Ö G V aTIL V

' A[oc]up av “T t

4.dg t r u f iXecv.

1 56

op.cit.,

o f Manichaean Middle P ersian

b [T]c n p&c og

c C]g[TidN 2

' ApLav i bv g evog x c c

RosL 7cvtzeff,

Leiden/Teheran/Liege 1977,

K [a]

g OTr i gE V

cf .

T o]

' L EW

7 .

c f.p.166 w ith note 6 8.

8 .

cf .p.165 w ith note 6 7.

9 .

O ne of Spreng1ing's f avourite expressions, e . a. about

t he b attle of R _ hesaina

5 ,17); 10.

Cf .

t ext:

see below note

W hich

op.cit., p .8I

t he P ersians l ost

( Amm .23,

8 0.

Spreng1ing w ho d isagrees, op.cit., p .82

S asanians s eem never t o occupy g arrison,

( "...though t he e arly

f ortify a ny Mesopotamian

t own f or t hemselves"). 1 1.

Cf .p.156,

1 2.

Cf .

3 37f .

J . F.G1111am,

( 1950),

p .220;

note 2 1).

Some L atin M ilitary P apyri a s w ell

a s L oriot, p .760 w ith note

7 69

( see below

A d ifferent reading i n J .Harmatta, M inor B actrian

I nscriptions, AAntHung 13.

f rom Dura YC1S 1 1

13

An i nteresting t heory i n:

( 1965), p .193 note 5 5 M .-L.Chaumont,

(

Wü l . i ( 7 )))

L 'Armgnie e ntre Rome

e t l 'Iran.I.De 1 1av 1 2ement d 'Auguste ä l 'ave 'nement d e D ioc1gtien, ANRW II 9 ,1 1 4.

( 1976),p.166.

Cf .A.Henrichs/L. Koenen, i nv.nr.4780),

Z PE

E MATOE

pp.20f .

g riechischer Mani-Codex

5 (1970),pp.116-132 a s well

Kölner Mani -Kodex TOY

E in

( P.Colon.inv .nr.4780)

AY DDY.

i n spring,

o ne c an d ate

( before April

1 st).

W .

E nsslin,

PENNHE

Z PE 1 9(1975),

t he seizure of H atra i n spring 2 41 AD

E arlier proposals f or a d ating of t he t he d iscovery of t he CMC

1 947,5, München 1 949,

p .6;

s ee a lso G .

T he E stablishment of t he S asanian D ynasty i n

of New Evidence,

A tti

P ersia n el M edioevo N aziona1e d el 1 971, pp.

THE

Z u d en Kriegen d es S assaniden Schapur I .,

S BAW.Phil.Hist.K1. W idengren,

IEPI

D er

u sually s tarted t heir c ampaigns

s eizure of Hatra are outdated s ince e .g.

a s idem,

Edition d er S eiten 1 -72,

B ecause t he Sasanians

( P.Colon.

L incei

7 54-759.

d el

( Roma,

C onvegno I nternazionale

s ul

t he L ight

t ema:

La

3 1 m arzo - 5 apri1e 1 970), Accademia

a nno C CCLXVIII,

1 971,

Quaderno n .

1 60, Roma

He a lso quotes passages i n Arabian H istorians.

O nly after I had completed m y m anuscript I r eceived a c opy of a n e ssay by M .-L.Chaumont, A propos d e 1 a c hute d e H atra e t d u couro nement d e Shapur I er,

AAntHung 2 7

1 57

( 1979), pp.207-237.

I n

t his

e ssay she revised her f ormer opinions about t he d ate of t he outbreak of t he P ersian w ar w ith Rome. op.cit., p .222,

I n C haumont's opinion,

H atra w as c onquered i n spring 2 40 AD.

i s

It

u nfortunately not possible t o d iscuss here C haumont's paper i n d etail. 1 5.

A note of t he contemporary C assius D io III, i s

p .475,

v ery i nformative in t his c ontext:

T oüg

" c c näpeoug T pLG

C I ÜTC IN

g n t :

T EUGEV

" I T L f 3a C YCW ) an'aUTZV L ra ,

T OÜ

n oLoCn icvog.

T he d eadly

T a

1 6.

T eixidor,

D .

O ates, A Note o n

1 1

( 1955),pp.39-43;

commentary: romaine,

17.

G .

T hree L atin I nscriptions f rom H atra,

Sumer

w ith a n improved r eading a nd a n excellent

3 4(1957), pp.288-296 1 1,

a nnees d e Hatra:

L 'alliance

= C lassica e t O rientalia,

P aris 1 965, pp.17-25;

D ie Aussenpolitik i n d er H istoria Augusta,

Drucke 10,

cf .

Loriot,

H abelts

B onn 1 970,p.154 a lso presumes t his c asus b elli,

but w ithout knowledge of t he CMC.

T he d iscovery of t he CMC

has m ade Maricq's question pointless

( op.cit., p .296) ( "Si

d e c ette v ille a mie f ut ou s i

e h e f ut

t oo, briefly, Perses 1 8.

( 1964),p.283.

( see below note 2 1).

Kerler,

D iss.

T t ecr upc t-

t he c ommon e nemy.

Notes hatrgennes,Syria 4 1

IFAB,Publications hors sgrie pp.760f

" Aipa

t hreat w hich H atra experienced f rom

A . Maricq,Les d ernieres

S yria

T öv Bao LAga

*P co l laC oug

t he S asanians f avoured a c oalition against S ee a lso J .

l ike S eptimius

yäp T Lg r 14 )an

uäxaLg v Lxf iong x ca

anoxicr aC

'Aptd : ( 3avoy

" Roman H istory"

f or h is advances

u nsuccessful,

' ApTaEgP nS

t hree d ecades e arlier:

[ = B oissevain

Arda ir besieged t he d esert

t o u se it a s a n operation b ase

i nto Roman Mesopotamia, but he w as Severus

3 ,2

i n t he l ast book of h is

l ine 1- 4 ])

f ortress H atra

( LXXX

l a c hute

u ne c ause d e l 'expedition d e G ordien III,

t i ne c onsgquence d e l a paix d e P hilippe?"). p .760

( "Le c asus belli

Loriot,

a d u A e At re l a prise par l es

d e l a f orteresse d e H atra").

According t o L oriot, Dexippus.

S .

p .717 a nd note 4 71

M azzarino,

e l 'Impero Romano: AAntHung 1 9(1971),

L a

( see below note 2 1)

from

t radizione st ille g uerre t ra S habuhr I

' prospettiva'

e ' deformazione s torica',

p .70 emphasizes t he credibility of t he

1 58

' fonte

originaria'.

B ut s ee A .

I stituto d i 1 964, [ sic!) 1 9.

0

UTIO

i l Trace,

S toria Antica d ell'Universita d i

G enova 5 ,

Cf .also A .Balil,

" Thrax",BolRAcHist

S im ilarly N L

Massimino

p .52 note 0 .

B ellezza,

kw ,

r ICRX36 3V

Kapag

( 1965), p .104 note 100.

PwuaL oL g

MO LE L1 .T , vou

b -C L

2 6,6 o nly m entions

t hat t he

auaL g

op.cit., p .14 Römerreich,

mat

‘ I laye a c 7 oaaTo. aag)

T he SHA,

Gd.

t wo c ities w ere s ub P ersarum

w hen G ordian r ecaptured t hem.

K erler d isagrees,

l ine 2 1f:

i A napr cao

t he d ating of t he s eizure of t he 20.

C .Iulius V erus M aximus

Z on.ann.XII 1 8(P I 6 23,p.581

03 L V

i mperio

1 57

G enova

op.cit., p .

I w ill

comment l ater o n

t wo c ities.

1 52

nd 1 55.

But see E nsslin,

( "doch s eit 2 41 kam e s wieder z u E infallen i ns

d ie b is S yrien

i n Gefahr brachten").

K .

f ührten P ink,

u nd v ielleicht a uch Antiochia

Antioch or V iminacium ?

A

Contribution t o t he H istory of Gordian III a nd Philip I ,

NC V

1 5(1935), pp.97f even a ssumes a s eizure of Antioch o n

t he base

of t he SHA, Gd.27,5.Cf .A.R.Bellinger, The Excavations

a t Dura-

Europos. 1 949,

F inal R eport V I.

p .134.

The

According t o X .

C oins

( title a bbr.),

Loriot,

H aven

New

I tinera Gordiani Augusti,I:

U n

v oyage d e G ordien III ä Antioche e n 2 39 a pres J .-C .? B SFN

2 6

( 1971),

PP.19f A ntioch d id not m int between

AD a nd 2 42 AD.

T he s uspension,

t herefore,

t he e nd of 2 39

c annot be due t o a

Persian i nvasion i n 2 41 AD a s E nsslin suggested. A History o f Antioch

i n S yria

f rom S eleucus

Princeton 1 961, p .253 note 9 4.

note 2 1).

t he Arab

C onquest,

According t o h im t he m int

worked w ithout i nterruption during t he now in d etail:

t o

Cf .G. Downey,

t ime i n question.

L oriot, pp.763ff w ith note

7 91

S ee

( see below

F or t he r eading of P ( post Artaxansen)

i n

t he SHA,

Gd.26,6 note t he improved t ext edition of S amberger/Seyfarth ( 1971).

Artaxanse a s a p lace n ame a lso i n:

Administration of Gordian III, YCIS 2 1

X .

Loriot,

( 244),

4 (1934),

L es premieres a nnges d e l a

De l 'avenement d e M axi m in le

T hrace

ANRW II 2 (1975), pp.657-787;

present article:

P . W. Townsend,

T he

p .128 note 20.

g rande c rise du IIIe

( 235)

ä l a

m ort d e Gordien III

e specially important

f or t he

L a Guerre Persique d e 2 41/2 - 2 44 e t l a m ort d e

Gordien III, pp.757-775;

b ibliography, pp.786f .

1 59

2 2.

If H enrichs a nd Koenen

( see a bove note 14)

are r ight i n

c onjecture t hat Arda .Sir I d ied i n spring 2 42 AD c orrespond t o t he i nformation , . - t his

i s

t his w ould

t hat Sähpuhr I g ives i n t he SKZ ~

( Igar t , ö [T]c u pura og v EL

1E V

( p.129)

t heir

P i a c TLA .Lav

T WV

EG V WV

EGT1 1-

t o i ndicate t he beginning of ./ä hpuhr I 's autocracy

[ cf .Loriot,op. cit . , p.768;cf .

M .-L.Chaumont,

C ore

e t av2 .ne-

m ent d e S hahpuhr Ier , Memorial J ean d e Menasce j dit j p ar P h. G ignoux e t A .

T affazzoli,

Louvain 1 974,

p .1451-

a

C

M EV

[ 1 4 . 1C d

g evog x ca

rop6L avög

EC] G

i ludg

Foundation C ulturelle Iranienne 1 85,

[-P UN ) •

. A[

.

K c aa cip 001 U pt . aV

hm;m' ' w hm yn w t lt y bwl 2r dsyr

m lk'

z bn'

d m lk

OUV

er fits , TÖl TE W

ftf i -X EN )). E lias of N isibis'

S eleucid Y ear 5 53[=Sep.22nd,241AD - S ep.

br

[ 66val it ,v

2 1st,

-

s ApL

note f or t he 2 42 AD](snt

d pr[sy r .

bh

d prsy'[CSCO 6 2,p.92 l ine 2Off .])

. 11 Dwr

t oo c onfirms

t his d ate of t he beginning of g ahpuhr's autocracy.

S ee m y c omm-

e ntary f or more d etails

t oo n .14.

23.

L oriot,

2 4.

A .

( forthcoming i n 1 982).

See

op.cit., p .767.

Krzyianowska, Monnaies

c oloniales

d ' Antioche d e P isidie,

T ravaux d u C entre d 'Archgologie Mgditerran enne d e l 'Acadgmie Polonaise d es Sciences

7 ,

V arsovie 1 970, p .58

( prior i n: Monety

Antiochii P izydyjskiej,Rocznik Muzeum N arodowego [ 1959J,pp.

2 39-280).

L oriot,

W arszawie 4

op.cit., p .767 note

8 14 f ollows

her. 2 5.

H .

Hommel, Adventus s ive Profectio G ordiani

I nternazionale Atti, 2 6.

d i Numismatica R oma 1 1-16

I stituto I taliano d i Numismatica,

I II,

C ongresso

s ettembre

1 961, Vo/.

2 .

Roma 1 965, p .330.

T here i s no c lear i ndication f or K otiaion 3 31).

( Hommel,

op.cit., p .

T he d ifficulties i n d etermining t he route c an be s een

i n H ommel's

d escription o n pp.330f .:

" Von Abydos oder wo sonst

d er Ü bergang über d ie Meerenge s tattgefunden hatte,(...) er z unächst o stwärts nach N ikaia m arschiert s ein, auf d er v on N ikomedeia kommenden S trasse

könnte

d ann s üdwarts

ü ber K otiaeion

( ...)

u nd S ynnada..." 27 .

aVe rn )

Krzy anowska, p .767 note

op. cit., p .63 w ith n ote 2 1;

8 13.

1 60

cf .

Loriot,

o p.cit.,

28.

KrzyAahowska,

op.cit., p .64 w ith note 23.

necessarily l ie on Gordian's

route,

d istance from t he march route inscription de Phrygie, [ 1960],

pp.

80-94

but

Dokimdon d id not

could have been a l ittle

( See map a nd T .

Z awadzki,

relati ve au Cursus Publicus,

[ here:

m ap p .

8 8]).

Hopefully,

Sur

u ne

R EA 6 2

D .

French w ill

soon present h is map of t he road-system of Asia M inor during t he Principate. in: pp.

For t he

see h is

3 0.

Krzy anowska,

a s well

Okokleia

a s Krzy anowska,

op.cit.,

pp.

( Akkilaion is

m inted exclusively Additionally,

( 1980),

( Akalissos,

G agai,

Kandyba,

i n Lykien,

[ BMC Phrygia, p .

consider the bronze coins

Antiphellos,

Korydalla,

Anerlai,

Kyaneai,

Podalia,

L imyra,

w issen w ir n icht.

"Wie

p .

2 1f .

E s scheint aber u nwahrscheinlich d ass Even

t he march r oute.

l ess

into consideration

See e .g., C.

r ömischen Kaiserzeit.

1 .

Bosch,

Hälfte,

Bosch's

Stuttgart

op. cit.,

m ethod.

P ink's route

t hrough N ikaia,

roulioupolis,

solely

von Aulock,

op.

t he reasons

for

t ype

u nder Gordian

f or a d etermination of

Die k leinasiatischen Münzen d er

N ikaia, Ioulioupolis, Kaisareia, A i geai, Krzy anowska,

d as

u nder Gordian III.

C ities which had f avoured coins of t he m ilitary

P isidiae).

T übingen 1974 and

i s not able to explain sufficiently

t aken even

Cf.

d er Marsch durch K leinasien erfolgte,

granting of coinage r ights

c an be

Patara,

und d er Tranquillina

Beiheft 1 1,

abgelegene Bergland Lykien berührt wurde". c it.,

O lympos,

Choma,

a nd T rebenna).

Gordian I II

I stanbuler M itteilungen,

Arykanda,

Myra,

T los

xxi]).

of twenty L ycian

Arneai,

Rhodiapolis,

D ie Münzpragung d es

idem,op.cit., p .20:

L ysias and

c ity outside of Lycia which had

for Gordian III

P hellos,

von Aulock,

op.cit., p .64 note 24.

63f names Akkilaion,

t he only

one must

c ities

P haselis,

3 1.

comments

698-729.

Cf . map;

t he

m ethodical

T he Roman Road-system of Asia M inor, ANRW II 7 ,2

29.

H .

t ime being,

p .

Dokimdon,

5 5:

K ios,

Antiocheia

6 4 note 27 criticizes

( op.cit., Ankyra,

1 935, p .

p .99)

from N ikomedeia

T yana and T arsos

is based

on speculations.

3 2.

Krzy anowska,

3 3.

T he

op. cit.,

location of t he

p .64.

town i s not known.

Synekdemos of H ierokles

( 682,4)

1 61

it was

According to t he located in Eastern Pamphylia.

W .

Ruge,

f eld,

Lyrbe,

east of t he Melas

I locate it in

3 4.

2498 locates it,

P .

a s had H irsch-

and north of Erymna a nd Kotenna

B aharclk

[ cf .

Codex Kultur -Atlas

( therefore,

3 7/31,

B 5 ]

Krzy anowska,

op.cit.,

p .64 seems

t o place L yrbe in C ilicia.

Krzy anowska,

op. cit.,

p .64;

Loriot,

8 15.

I was

which is Minor, 3 5.

RE XIII 2(1927),

to f ind a reference in

found i n:

Gf

But see

u nable

cf .

W .

C alder/G.

B ean,

) .

op.cit., p .767 note t he RE f or Posala,

A C lassical Map

o f Asia

( =Passala).

t he renewed objections of Krzy anowska,

( "mais 1 1

y avait

des

c as

op. cit., p .65

oü l 'arn e devait a tteindre l es bords

d e l a mer pour s 'approvisionner par vole maritime.") 3 6.

Loriot,

3 7.

Krzy anowska,

3 8.

For t he

3 9.

Cf .p.159 note 20.

40.

Cf .

4 1.

Synk.,

p .767.

op.cit.,

p .64;

d ate of t he arrival

Loriot,

5 81, 4 2.

op. cit.,

op. cit.,

p 3 61,

p .

l ine 2 1f .;

p .

Loriot,

see Loriot,

l ine

SHA,

Gd.26,6.

op. cit.,

p .

Palmyra

u nd Edessa.

7ff .;

7 69 note

7 67

Z on.ann. XII 18,

8 20.

H .

J .

W .

Drijvers,

H atra,

kulturgeschichtlicher u nd religionsgeschicht-

ANRW II 8 ( 1977), p .881 presumes

v erlorengingen,

t hat

auch Edessa w ieder e ine

Selbstandigkeit erworben hat". A .

R .

Bellinger,

Osrhoene, w ith C .

B .

c it., p . 4 3.

Cf .

YCLS

Drijvers,

5 ( 1935),

W elles).

Loriot,

Drijvers

3 37)

op. cit.,

p .145

However,

p .

g ewisse

follows a hypothesis of from Edessa in t ogether

c ited by Drijvers

( op.

7 68.

T his is

u ndoubtedly correct.

882 speaks of a possible i nstallation i n

früher

( op. cit., p .

a ls N isibis

( the article was written t he t exts

" in d en

do not support his hypothesis.

op.cit., p .

" 243? oder schön

Here he

A T hird-Century C ontract of Sale

8 81 note

8 16.

P .I 6 23, P .

W irren im Orient wahrend der Regierung des Maximinus, u nd C arrhae

note

D ie Städte der syrisch-mesopotamischen

Wüste in politischer, l icher B edeutung,

op. cit., p .

7 68 note 8 18.

681,

Loriot,

op. cit. , p .767 note 8 15.

" .

881

But only if one assumes w ith note

3 37)

t he remote possibility

Edessa had been a colony s ince 2 14 AD, " König ohne effektive Macht",

but had possessed a

c an o ne argue

1 6 '2

for an e arlier

t hat

restitution.

W e possess neither epigraphic nor numismatic

t estimony about Ma c nj IX who, Mahre, 4 4.

reigned in Edessa

Mentioned i n Michael patriarche premi re Paris c it.,

4 5.

H . 1 9

jacobite

f ois e t

1 899, p .

p .

G esche, ( 1969),

for 2 6

Syrus:

1 20.

Cf .

gditj ie pour l a

francais par J .-B.

Chabot,

d etailed d iscussion

T ome I , ( op.

dem Pfeil

in Edessa,

JNG

7 0 reasons a long t he same l ines.

4 7.

Cf .

4 8.

Detailed c ommentary in

op. cit.,

Syriac B ill

l e Syrien,

3 39).

Conveniently a ssembled in: Gesche,

d e Michel

( 1166-1199),

Drijvers'

4 6.

Additional

Chronique

Kaiser Gordian m it p .

y ears.

d ' Antioche

traduite en

8 82 note

according t o D ionysius of T ell

p .

Loriot,

op. cit.,

t he edition of:

l iterature in: ed.

7 68 note

8 22.

7 2. J .

of Sale from Dura-Europos,

Inscriptions,

p .

H .

J .

W .

A .

JNES

Drijvers,

with an Introduction,

Goldstein, 2 5

T he

( 1966), pp.

Old-Syriac

Indices

and

1 -16.

( Edessean)

a G lossary,

Semitic Study Series

3 ,

Leiden 1972, pp.

4 9.

Cf .

p .

7 68 note

50.

A d etailed d iscussion of t he restitution of a k ingdom in Edessa i n:

5 1.

Loriot,

Loriot,

op. cit.,

op.cit.,

Nevertheless,

p .

7 68 note

5 4-57.

8 20.

8 22.

it is interesting t hat

t he

tradition of Dexippus

-

a s seen i n Zon.ann.XII 18(c. f.Loriot op.crt.,p. 717 note 471: only reports Ammianus' 2 43

about

and N isibis.

23rd book we have our only reference

( Gordian's report has been

l ost).

In

to t his battle i n

T hat Sähpuhr I omits it

in h is inscription is

u nderstandable,

emphasize Sähpuhr I 's

" onbetrouwbaarheid"as much a s Stolte d id

( B.

H .

Stolte,

baarheid v an 3 77-384,

5 2.

t he recapture of Karrhai

De dood v an keizer Gordianus

d e Res

e sp.p.382;

Gestae D ivi

C ongress

1 967,

1971,

Cf .

Loriot,

[ Ras-el-Ain]

Saporis,

pp.

op. cit., p .

o f

III e n

Lampas

a n English summary in:

International Oxford

a lthough I would not

d e onbetrouw-

2 [1970],

Acta

o f

Greek and Latin Epigraphy,

t he

pp. F ifth

Cambridge

3 85f .). 7 63 note

g tait aux mains

7 88

( "La

v ille de Rhesaena

des Perses en 243

1 63

" ).

53.

L oriot,

5 4.

Cf .

op.cit., p .

Loriot,

7 63.

op.cit.,

p .

7 65

( "Il nous e st ä peu pr s i mpossible A d 'indiquer avec precision l es l imdtes extremes d e l 'avance d es t roupes s assanides").

5 5.

Cf .

Loriot,

5 6.

Cf .

note 6 3.

5 7.

S imilarly Chaumont, succes,

op.cit., p .

7 69 note 8 25.

op.cit., p .

1 66

( "A l a suite d e c et eclatant

l es Perses i ntensifieront l eurs a ttaques

c ontre l a

Mesopotamde e t pousseront m eme jusqu'en Syrie"). 58.

D .

O ates,

S tudies

London 1 968, p . 5 9.

O ates,

i n t he Ancient History o f N orthern I raq,

7 9

( figure p .

op.cit., p .

8 9.

7 6).

He speaks of 2 35 AD a s t he t erminus a

quo a nd of 2 42 AD a s t he t erminus a d q uer n . 60.

Loriot,

6 1.

Cf .

op.cit., p .

L oriot,

7 63 note

op.cit., p .

c elle d e S ingara").

7 63 note

O ates,

7 88

( "sa c hute

[ Rhesaina]

implique

Could t his not a lso be t he c ase f or N isibis

a t t he t ime of Maximinus 6 2.

7 88.

op.cit., p .99

T hrax?

( "We d o not know w hether i t survived

Ardashir's c ounter-attack i n 2 37"). 63.

Cf .

Loriot,

AD a s G . JRS

o p.cit., p .

F .

H ill,

6 ( 1916), p .

u nder Decius: M esopotamia, 6 4.

K . NNM

s ur

d e Belgique, Politiques w ith E .

1 67 c laims f or S ingara. O .

4 7,

108,

cf .

( op.cit., p .

l es R ES

8 1)

a nd o thers

G ESTAE D IVI S APORIS,

4 ,

Bruxelles 1 953

i n

A .Maricq,

Acadjmie Royale

(

F gäbi lr)

T igris

Loriot,

( the book w as written t ogether

1 11-122, has proved c onvincingly t hat c an not b e l ocated i n

( which a lso s upports

op.cit.,

Loriot's c laim i s i ncorrect t he

The C oinage o f R hesaina

m inted

New Y ork 1 946, p .111.

Honigmann), pp.

r eaches of t he SKZ);

C astelin,

Rhesaina s till

C lasse d es L ettres e t d es Sciences Morales e t

Parbz-Sähpuhr

6 5.

T he M ints of Roman Arabia a nd Mesopotamia,

Opposing Sprengling R echerches

7 74 note 8 58, but not a s e arly a s 2 42

p .

7 73 note

t he m iddle

t he c redibility of t he

8 48.

( op.cit., p .

7 70)

t hat Doura would be

" derni2 .re position romaine avant l a frontiere de l a P arthie". 1 64

6 6.

P arthian l ine 3 :

6 7.

Greek l ine 8 : Ti N

uc ts j ,

[p] aTE

P arthian 3 f .]) D ie

swrstn.

C CV

v ersion

s ays

[rop8La V og TEA )

Ka

P W W1 C

Gap d CV

& vi pf l

A LC YC X ,11E V

3 , t[

t hat G ordian was k illed i n

t he battle.

Cf .

d es M ittelpersischen d er T nschr 4 f tc .n

abbr.), Al 1 8,

L eiden/Teheran/Li ge 1 978, t he possibility

t he wounds he r eceived i n ( see a bove,

note 1 8)

p .

M .

B ack,

( title

5 01 note

P .

1 67.

t hat Gordian d ied l ater of

t he battle of M isich&-. Cf .

7 5

[ line

S tudien z ur Orthographie

u nd P honologie

t here i s

T he

..

( gwrtnyws kysr QTLt prwmyn z) wry HWBDWt

s assanidischen S taatsinschriften.

However,

f rpc Cg

Mazzarino

( "In v eritä, nonostante S hKZ, nol

a ncora non s iamo i n c ondizioni

d i

r icostruire i n a ssoluta

c hiarezza l e precise c ircostanze d ella morte d i

G ordiano III,

avvenuta p er l a battaglia d i M isiche").

I .

D eath of t he Emperor G ordian, R .

Göbl, D er T riumph d es

G ordianus,

P hilippus

C Ph

pp.

of Gordian.

( 1958), pp.

u nd Valerianus. DAWW .

D ie

T he

f act

t hat

m ason w ho u sed C o Apn

a nn.

H ist.

K l.

u se of t he u nclear

( a possible m istake of t he s tone-

instead of

äv r ip

n

;

cf .

If t he v ersion i s c orrect

t he P arthian

f orms

( also f ound i n

XII 1 7 a nd based u ltimately o n a n author of t he

c entury AD,

1 16,

t he Persians never c laimed t o have

f avor of o ne of t he numerous 1 st p lural

l ine 8 ,24f .).

a nd

1 6-20 d isagree a nd hold Philip f or t he murderer

passive c onstruction C OA F IOn

) i n

106f .

T he

i konographische

P hil.

k illed G ordian would be supported by t he

QTLt

Oost,

S äsäniden S ähpuhr ü ber d ie Kaiser

I nterpretation d er F elsreliefs, W ien 1 974,

5 3

But S .

a s Mazzarino h as

t ried t o prove

{ cf .

( Greek Z on.

3 rd

a lso L oriot,

op.cit., p .720 note 8 39 }) that t he emperor d ied l ater of t he wounds h e r eceived i n 6 23, p .

t he battle

5 80 l ines 1 2ff .)

t hen

XII 1 7, P I / t he impersonal avr ipn c ould

contribute f ar m ore t o S ahpuhr's who c aused Gordian's Göblis s ense

d eath.

( op.cit.,

( cf .

g lory,

p .19)

T extmanöver,

v on Sähpuhr besiegten

u nd

a nd p lot against G ordian

i deformazione s toricar 1 65

- but not i n

f ür s ich buchen z u können".

t radition of P hilip's betrayal t o b e a ttributed t o t he

because i t l eaves open

- a s a " wohl berechnetes

sogar g etöteten r ömischen K aiser

is

a nn.

O ne c ould judge t his

um ...den Gordianus d ennoch a ls e inen

T he

Z on.

( Mazzarino)

which is a lready e ncountered i n ippus.

See

7 70-775.

t he d etailed d iscussion i n

Kerler,

op.cit., p .

r epresentation of h is i ncorrect

t he c ontemporary h istorian D ex-

( op.cit.,

p .

c laimed t o have k illed G ordian in

P aschale 2 -5).

v ersion

( CSHB,

T here,

( ann.

ed.

however,

Mn a t - V 1 l ine

3 ).

m syk

8 ),

Surprisingly,

( Greek l ine 1 0),

t he l etters,

u pper l ine,

a s

1 st

t he t radition

T .4 : 1 s

W LN 7 4k MN ZK krty prgwz ;hypwhr SMH HQ )YMWt

t he p lates i n

op. cit., p .23 note 17. ( Parthian l ine

Schmidt,

op.cit., p late 1 4,

l ine

Arabian:

Firi rz-Säbi lr(Yaqut,

Mu c am a l-buldan, p .929

pyrwz sbwr

s itze im V . VI.

Cf .F.

C .

( I.

G uidi,

J .

Andreas,

a l-Anbär;

A .

Maricq,

d es c alifes abassides, hors sgrie 1 1, Hamzae

P aris

I spahanensis

2 v ols.,

P irisabora,

Ambara,

e specially p .

Z DMG 43

4 13).

A

R E XX 2 ( 1950 ), p . 1 790-1795

T oday t he p lace i s c alled

C lassica e t O rientalia, 1 965, pp.

here p .

( Arabian

G eschichte

d er P erser u nd Araber

IFAB, Publications

1 47-156.

a nnalium l ibri X

L eipzig 1 844-1848,

3 5

edidit I .

M .

E .

G ottwaldt,

( Latin v ersion), p . 38,

v ersion). z ur Z eit d er S asaniden.

d er a rabischen C hronik d es Tabari ü bersetzt Erläuterungen v ersehn v .Th.Nöldeke, Stiehl,

u nd B ischof s-

DgCouverte agrienne d 'Anbar premi2 .re capitale

l ine l lff .

R .

[ Wüstenfeldp;

[ 1889], p .

R E I 2 ( 1894), pp.

1791.

4 ;

2 nd t able]);

O stsyrische B ischöfe

Schmitt,

( fundamental), cf .

4 [upper l ine,

u nd V II , J ahrhundert,

f alse location i n: 1724.

( Parthian

4 ).

7 0.

Syrian:

l ine

t able c learly show;

Rostovtzeff,

7 2.

5 03,

v ery t rustworthy.

6 9.

7 1.

t he C hronicon

B onnae 1 832, p .

g enerally not

M i , 01 .X 1 1

op. cit., p late 1 4,

( Parthian l ine

is a lso found i n

t o c onfirm t his v ersion of Z onaras even

W e c an o nly g uess a t

Schmidt,

t hat g ä l lpuhr

t he b attle w ith h is own hands.

D indorf,

context i s

( Greek l ine

1 58 note 4 1)

t he G epidae).

of t he C hronicle seems

6 8.

However, h e i s

i t i s r eported a bout P hilip t he Y ounger

( in h is f ight against

if t he h istorical

XII 17)

by L .

op.cit., pp.

1 61 note 5 t hinks A' ' a puhr's '

v ictory exaggerated.

i n believing

- Z onaras'

Loriot,

E in a siatischer S taat.

1 66

L eyden

u nd m it 1 879,

F eudalismus

p .

Aus

a usführlichen 5 7.

F .

A ltheim'

u nter d en S asaniden

u nd i hren Nachbarn,

W iesbaden 1 954, p .

1 6

f ollow h im w ithout

c onsideration of t he gKZ. 7 3.

J acut's S t.

P etersburg,

Paris,

L eipzig

1 868,

v ol. 7 4.

G eographisches Wörterbuch a us

3 ,

London u nd Oxford, p .

D enkmalsgeographische Studien

7 5.

D er I slam 1 1

ed.

by F .

W üstenfeld,

9 29.

A brief, but i ncomplete summary i n:

i n I ran,

d en Handschriften z u B erlin,

E .

H erzfeld,

Khorasan.

z ur Kulturgeschichte d es I slam

( 1921), p .

1 51.

I w ill not concern m yself here w ith P hilip's payments of r ansom or t ribute. D ionem e l a

Mazzarino ' topica'

2 83/(4 ) d .C., A tti

( see a bove, note 1 8)

a nd L 'Anonymus post

d elle g uerre r omano-persiane 2 42/4 d .C.d el C onvegno

[ see note 1 4],

pp.

6 55-678)

has i nvestigated t he question of whether t he peace of 2 44 AD i ncluded a l oss of t erritories P I 6 24,

p .

Eanwpny

3-7 :

5 83 l ines

agl iEvog

TÖV

[( DU

T ( 7 5V

, TauLag

Td iV

xwpEN

f l '&

TO LC

GUV af i X aC

111 006

l engthy articles.

Toü -rwy xc L

r 3O LOI XE G O VT U,

napax( )pn aL y, TC ) 3V

x c opEw

He concluded t hat

t hat

a s over Hatra

( as

i l pög

TON )

upbc

' Pwualous ä x. 2.01 youg U [ y OV

b teXaßETo) in two

t he peace of 2 44 AD i ncluded

P hilip's r enunciation of t he protectorate over a s well

ö t

napaxwpf loug abToCc M coono-

y vobc 8

8 1 .A T hy

o r toy6dg

L ur cog]...

I le poi3v

k o LT Xuac n c 5 : A .Euoy,

l pac

( on account of Z on.ann.XII 1 9,

( Pers)armenia

f ar a s H atra i s c oncerned o ne s hould note

t he article was written w ithout knowledge of t he CMC.

T he d iscussion about Armenia i s additionally c omplicated by u ncertain

t erminology.

point of Z onaras' w ith

Mazzarino t ries

t radition.

t he s tarting

t hat i t i s identical

t he t radition of Eustathios of Epiphaneia which he identifies

w ith t hat of t he Anonymus T his

H e c laims

t o d etermine

t radition again

post D ionem

g oes back t o a n a uthor of t he

N ikostratos of T rapezous or E usebios probabilmente,

ad e ntrambi").

Evagrios w ho - according t o M . l 'histoire d ' Arm Aie d e v ersion d u r oyaume,

p .

O n Eustathios i n L.

C haumont,

p .

4 6

3 rd c entury, 7 9:

" o,

m eno

t urn d epends

R echerches

l 'avenement d es S assanides

P aris 1 969, p .

sur l a n ature exacte d es

( op.cit.,

6 60 note 2 1).

s ur

ä l a c on-

- " semble nous orienter

c oncessions f aites p ar P hilippe a

1 67

T f ic n t xXaL

Shahpuhr":

l i t% ) u Eyak ng

' ApuEylag,

8 k n EpoapuEy ' Lag k noyouaaaElang - 1 1 ' ) n pai l ly x ar l imoog b y, 8 6vTog n pög

e LX " Lnnou 8 k

i i èv

X neEZaa T I Lkpa

i 8 g y E X oird

( Evagr.h.e.V 7 [Bidez/Parmentier 2 03]). op.cit.,

p .

4 6 a nd M azzarino,

of t he protectorate over P ersarmenia,

however,

d id not exist before J .

T heodose Ier , R EA 4 7[1945]

part

( about

f ell

D o se, , pp.

7 'Arm nie

w hen t he g reater t he Empire.

p art of C appadocia

7 2 a nd built its own p rovince w ith

t he c apital

T he affiliation of t his

t o Rome was never d isputed between

and t he Persians.

T his

V 7 - m ust be c learly

t hat was

Sebasteia after D iocletian's r eform .

believe

L e partage ( . 7 6 3

2 74-277)

- m entioned i n Evagr.h.e.

l ittle Armenia

L he

t he d ivision of Armenia

t o Persia a nd t he smaller t o

d istinguished f rom L ittle Armenia s ince A .D.

7 0 i nl&i

t ext C haumont,

" Grande Arm4nie"/"Persarmcnia".

sous

T his Armenia

p .

' ApuEyta

n daa n pög n Epaüy

F rom t his

op.cit.,

u nder T heodosius I ( 384 ( ' cf .

4 /5)

' P c oualoLg

T oG I ETC L r op8Layby x aTanpo-

a üti ly T ( 7 0 E an pn,

' Pw l ia n yv g xpaTAen,

ü aTEpoy

t he Romans

I n m y opinion both authors err here w hen t hey

t hat P hilip r enounced t he protectorate over P ersarmenia.

( Evagrios'

note which presupposes

u nder T heodosius I -

n pog

t he d ivision of Armenia

* P c o l ia t , c ov E xpaTr Ien

c annot r efer

t o a p art of C appadocia - c annot b e f ollowed back t o a n author of t he

3 rd c entury).

C haumont,

o p.cit., p .

4 6 i s i ndeed c orrect

when s he advocates a " renonciation pure e t s imple a u protectorat romain sur l a Grande Armenie", but not of a ' Greater Armenia' i n

t he d imension which Evagrios a ttributes

of Mazzarino,

op. cit., p .

i s m isleading a s well

t he R omans I n

t he

I nkpb .

t he l ight of t he S ähpuhr i nscription r eference

r enounced a ny control a t

i Romani,

c ome r imasero i n

d id not r emain i n

i nterpret Z onaras'

t hat

t ime)

would h ave

I ts

v iolation

t he l and. 1 68

2 44,

of Evagrios.

( Greek l ine 1 0) t hat

o ne c an

t he Romans

( which w as r uled b y

g iven Sähpuhr a g ood r eason

Armenia a nd t o occupy

c on l a p ace d el

A p i lEy ' La

t o t he effect

over Armenia

V 7

' Armenia M inore'"):

a nd a ny support of t he Arsacids

non-intervention pact.

T he c onclusion

7 1 which he draws f rom Evagr.h.e.

( "in r ealta,

r imasero i n Mesopotamia,

t o i t.

t he Arsacids

- a sort of a ncient

- a s i s c ommonly a ssumed t o d eclare w ar against

( See m y c ommentary f or more

d etails).

W hether t he r eason w as justified c annot be d ecided,

because we c annot d etermine t he c ontent of a n hypothetical i ntervention pact' C haumont,

( reception of t he r efugee

op.cit.,

p .59.

S he a lso c onsiders

T rdat

' non-

[ Among o thers

t he possibility of

t he f ailure t o m ake payments f or t he d efense of t he C aucasian G ates ] ). without t he support of a ny c lassical C hronology of t he K ings of I beria, c laims

-

A t erritorial

rejected. weighs

I n

t his

t oo m uch,

( 1919),

p .

1 151;

p .829: Era,

F .

A .

C Ph

T .

3 7(1942), p .

H .

p .85).

2 56 a nd K .

A lbanii

I ulius Priscus,

Rhesaina

I V.v.de n .e.

arguments:

Mesopotamia appears

;

u nlikely.

u sual

- i n Loriot,

Cf .

7 7.

Göbl

offers

7 8.

z yt

= t he o live t ree a nd f ruit

Cf .

Loriot,

op.cit.,

op.cit.,

gEoxj . Yr aToC

r enunciation of

O ates

( see a bove,

Mesopotamiens, A g ood

op.cit., p .774.

7 70-774 a nd i n

( cf .

t his paper note 6 7. ( see a bove note 6 7).

A C ompendious

Oxford 1 903, p .115;

p .775 note 8 63.

Passages i n

t he H istoria Augusta:

T rig.30,12,

B HAC

1 968/69,

S ahpuhr have t o

advocate t his idea.

t he l atest s tate of r esearch

P ayne Smith,

a s

Even a partial

summary - a s

op. cit., pp.

Moskva/

Sprengling,

W idengren G eschichte

7 6.

7 9.

V II v .n.e.

-

i

a lso t he m inting f or D ecius i n

t o m e t o be

7 5 a nd G .

( 1935),

O Cerki p o i storii

( Cf .

L eiden/Köln 1 966, p .23,

by J .

R E XV 1 ( 1931),

B ut w hy should

Hd0 I 2 ,4,2,

ed.

R E X 2

T he IGRR III 1 201.1202 m ention

( see a bove, note 6 3).

L oriot,

KäppaA ,,

t he brother of t he Emperor,

ME GonotagL ag

5 8, p .

T rever,

d uring t he 2 nd agoge ?

Additional

g r Ec cpxog

W eissbach,

T he M id-Third C entury of t he C hristian

L eningrad 1 959, p .132 d isagree, seize Anatha

1 8

t h e gKZ

P ersia, Enciclopedia I taliana 2 6

O lmstead,

p .

t he non-intervention

Schachermeyr, Mesopotamia,

A P agliaro,

T oumanoff,

( 1969),

t he s ilence of Sähp uhr in

a lthough F .

2 015;

C .

r enunciation of M esopotamia must be

c ontext

kul'ture kavkazskoj

note

T raditio 2 5

t hat I beria a nd A lbania were i ncluded i n

pact'.

p .

t ext,

Cf .

cf .

S yriac D ictionary,

Amm .23,5,7.

a lso J .

F .

G illiam,

Gord.21,5 a nd 3 4,2-6;

Antiquitas

I V

7 ,

Bonn 1 970,

T hree

T yr.

here pp.

103-107. 8 0.

Agreeing w ith t he

' deformazione storica'

1 69

( Mazzarino):

r edissetque

p ari

s plendore j unior G ordianus,

h onorate,

a pud R esainan s uperato

c uius m onumentum n unc f ugatoque

f actione P hilippi,

p raefecti p raetorio,

p aucis,

s epultus

L .

d e

B lois,

T alanta J .

M .

i n h oc u bi

l oco,

r ege P ersarum,

s celeste

u ulnere

T he R eign of t he Emperor Philip

10/11

Y ork,

e st

( 1978/1979)2 p .13 fo lows

t his

T he Image of Philip t he Arab,

p . 3 26.

1 70

u idimus n i

i uuantibus

i mpio

c ecidisset.

t he Arabian, v ersion.

H istoria 2 1

Cf .

a lso

( 1972),

r I •

0

T he c ampaign o f G ordian

P OLICING T HE H INTERLAND:

K .

R OUGH C ILICIA A ND I SAURIA .

1

H opwood

T hough t he e astern f rontiers o f A sia M inor w ere c ontrolled b y t he m ilitary d uring t he R oman a nd e arly B yzantine p eriods, b ehind t he f rontiers s oldiers w ere f ew a nd f ar b etween:

i t w as

t he p olicy o f

t he c entral g overnment n ot t o e mploy s oldiers a s p olicemen e xcept i n u nusual c ircumstances. i son t o J uliopolis,

T rajan r efused t o s end a c enturion a nd g arr-

2

d espite P liny's u rgent p leas:

s unt e nim i n

c apite B ithyniae, p lurimisque p er e ar n c ommeantibus t ransitum praebent.

3

U nder t hese c ircumstances i t i s n ot s urprising t hat t he t ask o f p olicing d evolved u pon t he l ocal a uthorities,

t he c ity-states.

T his p aper a ttempts a s elective e xamination o f t he a gents o f l aw-enforcement a nd t heir f unctions i n R ough C ilicia-Isauria.

I t w ill

c oncentrate o n t he a ctivities o f t he p olice i n t he r ural h interland a nd t heir r elations w ith l ocal p opulations.

I t w ill e ndeavour t o e xplore

a n ew d ynamic w ithin t he r elationships o f t own a nd c ountry. R ough C ilicia l ies w ell w ithin t he f rontiers o f t he R oman E mpire, b ut i t d id n ot e scape u nscathed f rom t he G othic i ncursions o f t he t hird c entury A .D.

H owever,

t he m ajor p olice p roblem w as o ne o f l ocal o rigin:

t he p acification a nd c ontrol o f t he h ill-people o f i nterior I sauria, w hose d epredations w ere a c onstant t hreat f rom t he f irst t o t he f ifth c enturies A .D.

4

T he a rea o f s tudy i s

l imited i n t he S outh b y t he M editerranean,

t he W est b y t he M elas R iver,

i n t he N orth b y t he A natolian P lateau-

l ands a nd i n t he E ast b y t he C ilician P lain. i s " naturally i deal

i n

S trabo s ays t hat t he a rea

f or b rigandage b y l and a nd b y s ea:

b y l and,

b ecause

o f t he h eight o f t he m ountains a nd t he l arge t ribes t hat l ive b eyond t hem ,

t ribes w hich h ave p lains a nd f armlands

o verrun;

a nd b y s ea,

l arge a nd e asily

b ecause o f t he g ood s upply, n ot o nly o f s hip-

b uilding t imber, b ut a lso o f h arbours, T he m ain r outes

t hat a re

f ortresses a nd s ecret r ecesses".

5

i nto t he i nterior a re d etermined b y t he r iver v alleys,

1 73

p articularly t hose o f t he C alycadnus a nd M elas i s

r ivers.

T he l atter

s till u sed t oday b y t ranshumant t ribes i n t heir j ourney f rom t heir

w inter q uarters i n t he P amphylian P lain t o t heir y aylas M ountains. m ent, a lso.

I t w ill b e a ppreciated t hat t he o rganization o f t his m ove-

i mportant s till 6

i n t he I saurian

I ndeed,

t oday, m ust h ave b een i mportant i n a ntiquity

t he m ajority o f k nown o fficials

b ased a t C asae,

C olybrassus

f ringes o f t his

s ystem .

T he m ountains

( Ayasofya)

t hemselves a re

f rom t his r egion w ere

a nd C ibyra M inor o n t he e astern

f ormed o f i ntermediate p lateaux r ising

t o 9 00 m etres b efore t he d issected e dge o f t he A natolian P lateau p roper t akes o ver.

O n t he

l imestones,

t he n atural v egetation i s m aquis,

o n

t he h igher s lopes c oniferous w oodland. A d ifficult a rea t o p olice:

p erhaps b est l eft t o l ocal m en.

m unicipal h eads o f p olice g enerally k nown a s e irenarkhs, e morated o n h onorific i nscriptions o r d edications t he t erritories o f t heir o wn c ities.

7

T he

a re c ol un-

s et u p g enerally i n

T he r ecent w ork o f B ean a nd M it-

f ord 8 i n t his a rea h as r evealed m any n ew s tones,

a nd s o h as m ade a t

l ast a s tudy o f p olicing i n t his a rea p ossible. L et u s t ake a s a n e xample T iberius C laudius A urelianus Z enon 9 o f C olybrassus-Ayasofya. i tself.

1 0

T he s tone w as

f ound i n t he c entre o f t he c ity

I n l etters o f l ate s econd o r e arly t hird c entury i t s tates: T he c ouncil a nd p eople ( set t his u p) X enon,

t o T i.C1.Aurelianus i nscription

h igh-priest, p roboulos,

e irenarkh,

1

p erpetual g umnasiarkh.

A t f irst g lance w e c an s ee t hat t he p ost o f e irenarkh w as o nly o ne o f s everal h eld d uring a m an's m unicipal c ursus. h owever,

i s w hether i nscriptions

o f t he c ursus.

N evertheless,

t his i nformation.

l ike t his g ive c lues a bout t he o rder

c ertain f acts c an b e g leaned e ven w ithout

Z enon w as a b ouleut

i nner c ouncil o f t he p robouloi). i mperial c ult,

a nd f ounder

W hat w e d o n ot k now,

( and o ne a dmitted t o t he s elect

A s h igh p riest,

( or r ebuilder)

m ust h ave b een e xtremely r ich b y l ocal

o f t he

s tandards.

p resumably o f t he l ocal g ymnasium ,

O ther e irenarkhs

w ho w ere a lso o f t he c urial c lasses a re a ttested a t A yasofya.

1 1

R amsay b egan h is b ook "The Social Basis of Roman Rule in Asia

1 74

h e

w ith t he w ords:

Minor",

c ertain g reat

" In t he h istory o f A sia M inor t he i mportance

f amilies

i s e verywhere a nd a lways a s triking f act".

T he B ean a nd M itford d ossiers o f i nscriptions o ffer s ome c onfirmation o f w hat s eems a t i zation. s hows

T he

f amily o ver t hree g enerations d ominated t he m unicipal

I n t he t hird g eneration t here w as a s triking d ouble e ire-

n arkhate f or o ne b rother, o ther,

f irst s ight a r ash g eneral-

f amily o f S tanamoas o f C otenna i n t he w est o f o ur r egion

t hat o ne

o ffices.

f rom t he C ilician c ities

N eoptolemus.

S tanamoas,

( Inscr.

a nd a s ingle e irenarkhate f or t he

2 ).

T he t wo b rothers a re c ommemorated i n t wo d istinct i nscriptions i ncised i n t he s ame l imestone b ase; b y N eoptolemus,

N eoptolemus'

S tanamoas'

s tatue w as e rected

s tatue b y h is w ife.

p riests o f t he i mperial c ult,

B oth h ad b een h igh

a rchon a nd e irenarkh,

h ad b een h eld t wice b y S tanamoas.

a ll o f w hich p osts

T heir i nfluence o ver a ffairs

i n

C otenna d uring t heir p eriods i n o ffice m ust h ave b een c onsiderable, n ot m erely t hat a cquired t hrough t he o ffices h eld i ndividually b ut o ne r einforced b y t he w ide r ange o f o ffices h eld b y i ndividuals o f o ne f amily,

g iving i ts m embers a c ombined

d ecisions, w ishes a nd p olicies

' auctoritas'

e nabling t heir

t o h ave t he w idest a nd m ost e ffective

i mpact. T hey w ere g randsons o f a nother

T heir n ames a re i nteresting. S tanamoas a nd t he n ative n ames,

bviously B oth S tanamoas a nd S etos a re o

s ons o f S etos.

s a nd y et N eoptolemus i

i s o ne o f R amsay's g reat

t antalizingly h ellenized.

n C otenna, m ostly p roudly c ommemf amilies i

o rating t heir n ative n ames,

a ll o f t hem e xercizing t heir a uthority

t hrough t he c ommand s tructures o f t he h ellenic c ity-state. i nued e minence o f t his

H ere

T he c ont-

f amily c an b e t raced o ver t wo f urther g enerations

f rom a n i nscription o f t his s ame N eoptolemus'grand-daughter, K baroues.

1 2

U nfortunately n o d etails o f h er f ather's c areer a re p reserved. S tanamoas

x upoyöv c ov

r EpoßouXi ,x( k yv g as,

b orn t o h old h igh o ffice i n t he c ity. e irenarkhate, w ere a ll i nscription.

l iturgies,

a s w e

l ike h is b rother,

T he p osts h eld,

c learly

i ncluding t he

l earn f rom N eoptolemus'

I n t he c ase o f t he e irenarkhate,

t his p resumably m eant

t hat t he h older h ad n ot o nly t o s upervise b ut a lso t o f inance t he r unning o f t he p olice f orce d uring h is p eriod i n o ffice.

1 75

I t s eems

l ikely t hat

f urther d emands w ere l aid u pon t he e irenarkh's e uergetism a t t he t ime h e a ssumed o ffice.

P .

S tatius H ermes o f S ebastopolis

p aved t he g ymnasium 's c olonnade a s h is

i n C aria

g ift o n o btaining o ffice.

1 3

N ot s urprisingly o nly t he r ichest m en c ould s upport s uch a b urden. S o f ar w e h ave d ealt w ith t he e xamples o f e irenarkhs w ho w ere o fficers i n t heir o wn c ities,

i n C olybrassus a nd C otenna.

i ption f ound b y B ean a nd M itford o f C asae M .

( Ta§ahlr)

w hose c areer

( inscr.3) ( c. A .D.

A n i nscr-

c ommemorates a l ocal o fficial

2 42)

w as c ontinued a t S ide.

A urelius O brimianus C onon i s c learly a h ellenized n ative l eader,

w hose

f amily h eld o ffice f or m any y ears

a rkhon t wice a nd e irenarkh. g rain l evy f or t he a rmy a s

i n C asae.

A t C asae h e w as

H e w as r esponsible f or a n e xtraordinary i t p assed t hrough o n i ts w ay t o S yria.

A t h is o wn c ost h e h ad g one o n e mbassy t o t he e mperor G ordian. S ide h e b ecame d emiourgos

( chief m agistrate),

a nd p resenter o f t he n ew G ordian G ames.

a gonthete,

C learly h e w as

1 4

A t

g umnasiarkh i n h is o wn

w ay j ust a s i mportant a s t he f amous " Inconnu d 'Ephese" 15

i n t he p art

h e p layed i n t he r elationship b etween t he c ity-state a nd t he c entral g overnment. T hat s uch a m an a s i ts

t his s hould h old t he p ost o f e irenarkh a ttests

i mportance b oth t o t he i nterests o f t he c urial c lasses a nd t o t he

i ndividual p olitician.

O brimianus' m ovement t o S ide s uggests t he

a ttraction e xerted b y S ide o n c apable a nd w ealthy m agistrates i n t he l ocal c ities.

T he d ominance o f S ide i n e astern P amphylia a nd w estern

C ilicia i s s uggested b y t he p resence o f t he o nly s o f ar d iscovered S idetan e irenarkh c owmemorated a t A ydolin K alesi i n t erritory a scribed b y B ean a nd M itford t o C ibyra M inor

( Inscr.

4 ).

A urelius M andrianus L onginus w as a n ear c cntemporary o f O brimianus. L ike h im ,

h e h ad b een a gonothete,

e irenarkh,

a nd h igh p riest.

h ad p rovided t he a nnona f or t he S yrian t roops, a goranomos,

H e,too,

b ut h e h ad a lso b een

a rkhiseitones, p raktor a nd h e h ad h eld g ladiatorial s hows

i n h onour o f T .

L icinius M ucianus.

H is c onnection w ith t he s ettlement

a t A ydolin K alesi c ould b e i n a ny o f t hese c apacities, p rivate i ndividual.

S uch g reat m en,

o r e ven a s a

o f f ame t hroughout t he p rovince,

c ould a fford t o p ay f or t he u pkeep o f e quipment a nd b uildings l ike p risons

1 6

a nd t he p ayment o f m inor o fficials.

O ne s enior o fficial w hom h e w ould n ot h ave t o p ay w as

1 76

t he p araphulax ,

f or w e l earn f rom a n i nscription o f I otape, h e a lso w as o f t he c urial c lasses a nd a l iturgist I sauria

( Inscr.

6 )

( Inscr.

5 ).

A p araphulax f rom Amblada i n

a lso h eld t he o ffice o f e irenarkh.

p osts w ere d istinct.

N evertheless,

1 7

( by n o m eans a n u ncommon p henomenon )

C learly t hese

t he h olding o f b oth o ffices r aised t he q uestion o f w hether

1 8

t he t wo p osts w ere f unctionally o r h ierarchically d ifferentiated. T ha A mblada i nscription i s

t oo f ragmentary t o b e o f a ssistance,

s o e vidence f rom o ther p arts o f A sia M inor m ust b e c onsidered. N ysa,

1 9

a nd

A t

i t i s p ossible t hat t he p araphulax w as c losely a ssociated w ith

t he p ost o f a goranomos, o rder w ithin t he

a nd t hus m ore i nvolved i n p reserving l aw a nd

6 .0 -C U.

i cularly H ierapolls,

H owever,

s hows

2 0

e vidence f rom o ther c ities, p art-

t he p araphulax a cting o utside t he

. cn u

a t t he b orders o f t he c ultivated a nd u ncultivated l ands. I t m ay b e m ore p romising t o i nvestigate w hether t hey a re h iera rchically d ifferentiated. t hat a t S ebastopolis

T he c areer o f P .

( and p erhaps e lsewhere)

S tatus H ermes 21

s hows

t he s umma h onoraria p aid

w hen a m an a ssumed o ffice w as w orth m entioning o nly f or t he p ost o f e irenarkh

a nd p osts o f s imilarly h igh s tatus,

a nd t hese d id n ot i nclude

t hat o f p araphulax. A part f rom h is a ssistant p araphulax,

i f o ne w as a vailable,

a vailable t o t he e irenarkh v aried f rom c ity t o c ity. t he " Martyrdom o f S t. c ommandeered t he a rrest t he S aint.

C onon",

A ccording t o

a l ocal b ouleut a nd a t emple w arden

c i ,pnvapx i , 3 43 ) 2 2

t he f orces

c iELG

o f M agydus

i n P amphylia t o

P resumably t hese w ere t he f orces

f or w hich t he

e irenarkh w as r esponsible. F rom C orycus i n C ilicia c omes a

8 Lc oy ar r ig,

D omitius,

i n 3

l ate R oman c ontext. 23

L iterary e vidence,

P olycarp",

t he d iogmitai a s a n e arlier p henomenon a nd

e stablishes

a lso e xplicitly c onnects e irenarkh's H owever,

s uch a s

t hem w ith t he e irenarkh.

f orce w as c alled t he d iogmitai

t heir f unction s eems

t he " Martyrdom o f S t.

2 4

( pursuers)

P erhaps

t he

i n s ome p laces.

t o h ave b een l ess p recisely d efined.

A t

t imes c ertain i rregular r eservists o f t he R oman a rmy c ould b e d esi gnated a s d iogmitai. A urelius,

2 5

S ome t ook p art i n t he c ampaigns o f M arcus

w hile i n t he f ourth c entury A .D. M usonius, v icar o f A sia,

l ed a b and o f d iogmitai r ecruited f rom S ardis o n h is e xpedition a gainst t he I saurians

i n 3 68.

2 6

1 77

W ho,

a part

f rom t hese

f orces, m ight h ave a ssisted t he e irenarkh?

A t entative a nswer t o t his q uestion m ight b e c onstructed a long t he f ollowing l ines. ( Inscr.

7 )

A s uggestive i nscription f rom A yasofya-Colybrassus

l inks a n

i n t he g ymnasium .

e irenarkh w ith a n eos, B oth Z onuaris,

s et u p a s tatue t o H erakles.

a y outh u ndergoing t raining

t he e irenarkh,

a nd O brimos,

t he y outh,

T he r elationship b etween t he o lder

a nd t he y ounger m an i s n ot s pecified.

I t i s w ell k nown t hat t he

g ymnasium h ad h ad s ince i ts b eginnings a s trong c onnection w ith m ilitary t raining:

A thenian y ouths a cted a s

r t cpu r c ao t , o n t he b orders, a nd

S IG 3 5 78 c oncerns T ean y ouths o f t he f irst c entury B .C. i n m ilitary s kills.

b eing t rained

P erhaps t he a ssociation h inted a t i n t he i nscr-

i ption f rom C olybrassus i s o f t his n ature. T he s uggestion i s s upported b y a n i nscription f rom t he P lain o f T abae,

p ublished b y R einach

R obert i n p hulax,

( B.C.H .XXII 1 908 p 499ff)

' Etudes Anatoliennes'

( p.

1 06).

H ere,

d iscussed b y

S tephanion,

t he p ara-

i s j oined i n h is d edication o f a s hrine t o t he M ountain M other

o f t he G ods b y P apias,

t he n eaniskarkhes,

a nd s ome n eaniai.

I t i s

p ossible t hat t he d edication t o t he M ountain M other w as o ccasioned. b y t heir n eed f or s upernatural p rotection i n s uch a r ough c ountryside. H eracles w as a g od a ssociated w ith t he e limination o f b andits a nd m onsters,

a nd w as p articularly p opular w ith t he h erdsmen

m ountains.

2 7

o f t he

O brimos a nd E onuaris m ay w ell a lso b e s eeking t he p rot-

e ction o f t he G od w ho r eigned o ver t he r egion i n w hich t hey o perated. T he u se o f y ouths o f t he c urial c lasses a s p olice a uxiliaries n ot o nly s tiffened t he r anks o f t he p olice f orce w ith r eliable e lem ents i n t he o fficer c adres; f orced t he y ouths'

i t i s v ery p robable t hat i t a lso r ein-

s ense o f i dentity w ith t he o rder t o w hich t hey

b elonged a nd w ith i ts v alues.

H owever,

a s w e s aw a bove,

t hey s eemed

t o f eel i nsecure o utside t he e nvirons o f t he c ity, w hen t hey a re i n t he d omain o f t he h erdsmen - o utsiders - w ho, c ould p robably s peak o nly t he n ative

u nlike t he c ity d wellers,

l anguage.

T heir i dentity w as

d efined b y t heir s ervice i n o pposition t o t hese n ative p opulations. S o f ar w e h ave b een c onsidering p osts w hich w ere p art o f t he n ormal c areer s tructure o f t he p olis. c ircumstances,

H owever,

i n e xceptional

p osts c ould b e c reated d efined e ither b y a rea o f o per-

a tion o r b y l imitation o f t ime.

A n e xtremely f ragmentary i nscription

1 78

f rom C ibyra M inor

( Inscr.

t ime i n e ither l ate

8 )

r ecords a n A rtemidorus w ho h ad a t s ome

f irst o r e arly s econd c entury h eld a p ost w ith

s ome p eace-keeping f unction i n t he a reas n ear t he s hrine o f H eracles. T he l ocation,

n ot n ow i dentifiable, w as o bviously a c learly d efined

a rea o f o perations.

A rtemidorus w as a l ocal m agistrate:

b een g umnasiarkh a nd p ossibly a rkhon a s w ell. t o a n e xtraordinary c ommand i s

h e h ad

A n i nteresting p arallel

f ound a t T ermessus M inor i n L ycia 2 8

i n w hich a l ocal p otentate w ith a m ilitary c ommand - n ot a b ouleut V alerius S tatilius C astus, w as g iven a c ommand o ver l aw a nd o rder i n t he c ity f or t wenty-one d ays.

T he p oleis s eem t herefore t o h ave b een

a ble t o s ummon o utside a id t o c ope w ith l ocal d isturbances. A c ommonly h eld v iew o f p olice f orces

t oday i s t hat e fficient

p olicing d epends o n c ontact w ith a nd s upport f rom t he l ocal p opulation.

2 9

T he u nderstanding n ecessary f or s uch c ontact w ould s eem t o h ave b een l acking p articularly i n t he r emoter a reas.

T hese f orces, m oreover,

w ere n ot f inanced e ntirely b y t he l iturgists.

A n i nscription f rom

H ierapolis 3° r ecords t he r ight o f p araphulakes

t o e xtract " E i )Xa x c

ax upo t " f rom t he l ocal p opulace.

O ne m ust a ssume t hat t he r ights

w ere d efined b ecause t hey h ad o ften b een e xceeded b y t he p araphulakes. I n t he m inds o f t he v illagers a nd s hepherds

t he e xactions o f t he

a gents o f j ustice m ust h ave s eemed u njust e xploitation, w hen t he l iberal

l imits

p articularly

l aid d own b y t he g overnment w ere e xceeded

f or p rivate p rofit. T he m unicipal h eads o f p olice w ere c harged w ith t he c onduct o f p reliminary h earings.

3 1

H ellene l ike P olycarp,

W hen d ealing w ith a c ultivated f ellowt he e irenarkh w ould c hide g ently.

t he a ccused w ere c ulturally a nd l inguistically d istinct, t orture w ould b e m ore t empting, c lassical

l anguage,

W hen

3 2

t he u se o f

p articularly i f t he a ccused s poke n o

o nly s ome d espised l ocal o ne.

b ade m agistrates e xamine I saurians o n h oly d ays,

3 3

A n e dict o f 4 08

e ven o ver E aster;

n e d ifferatur s celeratorum p roditio q uae p er l atronum t ormenta q uaerenda e st".

3 4

T he u se o f t orture p erpetuates t he a lienation b etween p olice a nd p oliced.

S tereotyping o f r ural p opulations w as w idespread a nd t he

p rejudices o f metropolitan s ociety m ust h ave r ubbed-off o n t he a spiring l ocal a ristocracies:

C appadocians w ere s trong b ut s tupid;

c an o nly i mprove a P hrygian

b y w hipping". 1 79

3 6

3 5

" You

C ontact w ith s uch p eople

t hrough i nterrogation w ould o nly r einforce s uch a ttitudes;

f or b y

i ts v ery n ature t orture p rojects o nto t he a ccused t he v iew o f h im h eld b y h is i nterrogators.

T hese v iews a re r einforced a nd a t t he s ame

t ime a ssimilated b y t he s uspects, a mplification'

b egins. 37

a nd t he p rocess k nown a s

' deviancy

I t i s i nteresting t o n ote t hat t he

' Malleus

M aleficarum ' w as d rafted o nly a fter t he f irst w itchcraft i nvestigations i nvolving t orture,

t hose a t B romio i n 1 485.

T he e irenarkhs 's v iews o f h is

s uspects a re c onfirmed,

a re h is v iews o f t he s ociety w hose v alues h e u pholds. s uggests c rimes

b ut s o,

t oo,

R ecent r esearch

3 8

t hat t he a ccused i n t heir c onfessions o ften a ttribute t heir

t o u nconscious

i mpulse,

" I d on't k now w hat m ade m e d o i t."

A fter s uch c onfessions t he e irenarkh c ould r est s ecure i n t he k nowl edge t hat h e, h is

s ociety a nd i ts v alues w ere s ound.

T hese o utrages

w ere t he w ork o f m en o nly o ne s tage r emoved f rom b easts: y our p oison o n a C arian".

3 9

M en l ike b easts w ere a ppropriately p unished: r eal b easts.

" Try o ut

t hey w ere t hrown t o

T he i nscription f rom T ermessus M inor q uoted a bove p raises

C astus f or s erving t he a mphitheatre w ell.

A urelius M andrianus L onginus

o f S ide h ad a lso b een i n c harge o f w ild b easts a nd g ladiatorial s hows. C .I.G.

2 759b r ecords

t he g raves o f c riminals w ho h ad b een c ondemned

t o f ight i n t he s tadium o f C arian A phrodisias. r ecords h ow i t w as

A mmianus M arcellinus 40

t he e xecution o f c aptured I saurians

i n t he a mphitheatre o f I conium i n 3 53 A .D.

i n s uch f ashion

t hat l ed t o a m ajor u prising.

T he d ivorce b etween p olice a nd p oliced w as

t otal:

t he l atter w ere

t he p artially-hellenized o r u nhellenized n ative p opulations t he f ringes o f t he c ity-state;

l iving o n

t he f ormer w ere t he c ultured a nd

h ellenized g overning c lasses w ho i mposed a n a lien l anguage a nd l aws o n t heir i nferiors.

D ynasties,

s uch a s

w ho e xercised t heir p ower " car ci o

t hat o f S tanamoas, p roduced m en

n pu r rn

f i A ,Lx .Lac " .

a nd f ourth c entury d ecline o f t he c urial c lasses,

W ith t he t hird

t he l iturgies

d evolved u pon f ewer a nd f ewer f amilies:

" Do y ou o bserve u s s tanding

b efore y ou,

1 200 a nd a re n ow 1 2?

i s

e asily c ounted, w e w ho w ere

t he c ouncil

B y u s a re p erformed t he d uties

d uties i n t he c ountryside, l ighter a nd t he h eavier.

i n t he c ity,

t he g reater d uties a nd t he l esser,

T hat t he t he

O n t his a ccount y ou h ear t he n ames o f t he

s ame p ersons a gain a nd a gain".

4 1

T hat w as t he s ituation a t A ntioch:

1 80

t he s ame p ersons

f or t he s ame o ffices.

T he r ecurrent t enure o f p olice

p ower m ust h ave v astly i ncreased a m agnate's p ower t o o ppress a nd t o e nforce h is o wn l aw. I n 4 09

t he o ffice o f e irenarkh w as a bolished 42

p erniciosum r ei p ublicae",

a nd t he d uties o f p rotection e xplicitly

d evolved u pon l andowners a nd g arrisons. r epellere l iceat

a s a " genus

,w as r ecognized a s

T he o ld m axim ,

v im v i

t he b asis o f R ome's s tability,

a nd t he c lasses w hose i nterests d epended u pon o rder e xploited t hat m axim .

T he a ge h ad a rrived w hen p atronage,

f orce i n s ociety.

P ower,

f inancial o r m ilitary,

q uid f aciunt l eges, ( Petronius:

S atyricon 1 8).

n ot l aw,was t he b inding c laimed i ts d eserts:

u bi s ola p ecunia r egnat? T his w as t he d ilemma o f p olicing a lso

i n t he l ater R oman E mpire.

1 81

F ootnotes 1 .

I am g reatly i ndebted t o J oyce Reynolds f or her k ind advice a nd D avid Braund f or h is d iscussion of problems r aised by t his paper.

I extend my t hanks

C onference f or t he helpful of t hese,

None

of course,

t o a ll m embers of t he Swansea a nd l ively d iscussion of t his paper. c an bear a ny r esponsibility f or t he

v iews here expressed. ABBREVIATIONS

A ll

abbreviations are s tandard except f or t he f ollowing:

B -M

( 1962)

G .E.

B ean a nd T .B.

M itford:

S ites O ld a nd N ew i n

Rough C ilicia i n A .S.12 B-M

( 1964)

G . E.

( 1962) a nd T .B.

Bean

M itford:

Journeys i n Rough C ilicia

i n 1 962 + 1 963 i n Ö sterreichischen Akademie d er W issenschaften i m W ien B -M

( 1970)

G .E.

( Phil-Hist-Klasse) B ean a nd T .B.

1 964.

M itford:

Journeys in Rough C ilicia

1 964-1968 i n Ö sterreichische Akademie W ien 2 .

( Phil-Hist-Klasse)

d er W issenschaften im

102 B and 1 970.

Such c ircumstances i ncluded t he d efence of imperial a s a t K ireli-Kassaba near B ey ehir

( I.G.R.R.

c omments in Et. An.

1 943 p .

/75;

Bull.Ep.

C .I.L. cf .

1 958 p .

R ev.phil. 4 69),

a t c rossroads

and B ishoprics

o f

( cf.

1 2

African evidence

I ( 1895)

or f or t he protection of small c ommunities

why t he A la I . G [ ...]

( cf .

p .

IV 8 86 3 28 n .

T .A.M .

II

I t i s worth c onsidering

w as s tationed a t Apameia

( cf .

M .

Speidel

) _

3 .

P liny E p.

4 .

Cf .

J .

and

t he H istoria Augusta C h.9.

5 .

1 13; Hellenica x .

P hrygia

n L ycia-Pamphylia). 9 47-1168 from O lympus i

p .

III 2 42 a nd Roberts

V III 2 494 + 2 495, perhaps f or A sia M inor I .G.R.R.

Ramsay C ities

5 3),

2 85:

e states such

X .77-8.

Rouge R .E.A.

S trabo XIV .5.

6 .

LXV1II

( 1966)

( 671)

1 82

p .

2 82 f , R .

Syme: Ammianus

6 .

For transhumance i n P lanhol De

t his area in

t he 1 940's,

cf .

Xavier d e

l a P laine P amphylienne aux Lacs P isidiens.

F or t he

problems i n a ssessing c ourses of t ranshumance i n a ntiquity cf . Stella Georgoudi in R .E.G.

8 7

" Problemes

( 1974)

pp.

d e l a

1 55-85.

T ranshumance e n Grece Ancienne" F or t ranshumance in

t his area

I r efer y ou t o B ean-Mitford's d iscussion of Emerge K alesi ( B-M(1970)p.28) 7 .

a nd my f orthcoming t hesis.

F or e irenarkhs cf .

I .

L evy i n R .E.G.

Jones The G reek C ity p . ( 1950)

p .

2 12f;

D .

1 2

( 1899)

Magie R oman Rule

T he works of B ean a nd M itford are l isted in

9 .

B -M

10.

F or t his identification of B ean a nd M itford

( 1964)

2 3.

1 1.

B -M

( 1964)

9 a nd 1 4

1 2.

B -M

( 1970 )

1 3.

1 3.

B .C.H.

1 4.

F or t he l iturgy of parapompe cf .

IX

( 1885)

( 1970) p .

Cf .

( 14

6 9ff a nd

11.7.2.

Inscr.5).

p .346.

t o t his v olume p .

1 6.

i n A sia M inor

t he Abbreviations.

M itford's article on Rough C ilicia in A .N.R.W.

A .E.

2 87 f : A .H.M.

6 47 a nd 1 514ff .

8 .

1 5.

P .

S tephen M itchell's c ontribution

1 39f .

1 971.455. T .A.M .

I .

3 .

1 4 f or subscribers t o a prison i n

T ermessus i n

P isidia. 17.

A lthough cf . local

t he c ase of L ycia where paraphulakes s erve a s c hief

l aw a nd order officials because

t he C ommon L eague Officials

known a s hupophulakes a nd arkhiphulakes held t he overall 1 8.

e . g.

B .C.H.

V II

( 1883)

p .

IX

( 1885)

p .

2 40;B.C.H.

IX

( 1885)

p .

7 6 Aphrodisias;

IV.

8 70 C olossae.

IX

2 72 Nysa; ( 1885)

I .G.R.R

B .C.H.

V II

20.

M .A. M.A.

( 1883)

1 971

4 55 Ephesus;

3 46 S ebastopolis; IV .

7 39 Eumeneia;

B .C.H.

B .C.H. I .G.R.R.

F or a d etailed examination of t his problem,

I refer t o my f orthcoming t hesis. 1 9.

p .

A .E.

c ommands.

p .

2 72,

Nysa.

111.305.

1 83

2 1.

B .C.H.

IX

( 1885)

22.

Martyrdom of S t.

p .

3 46.

C onon 2 ( Musurillo no.

13 p .

and e irenarkhs in hagiographic l iterature, C avalier:

S tudi

4 9

( 1928)

23.

M .A. M.A.

24.

Acta Polycarpi

2 5.

S . H.A.

2 6.

Ammdanus Marcellinus 27.

27.

Cf .

Burkert

Ch.

TV + Robert Hellenica III p .

2 8.

III.

e T esti

7 ( Musurillo no. 2 1

cf .

X ( 1886)

p .

see P io Franchi

de'

203-38.

9 ,

1 p .6.)

III 3 831a = Le B as-Waddington III 9 92. 6 .

cf .

and History

2 27;cf .

Eunapius

fr.

4 5

( = F .H.G.IV.33).

i n G reek Mythology a nd R itual 3 8-7 3.

V on Domaszewski

in Rh.

Mus

Christol's d iscussion of a Duke at

1 903 p . T ermessos

Chiron 1978.

2 9.

Cf .

30.

J .H.S.

XVII

3 1.

Digest

48.

3 2.

Acta Polycarpi

3 3.

L ibanius Or XLII. cf .

C .I.G.

S tructure

3 89 and now see M . in

For d iogmitai

305.

M .Aur.

B .C.H.

186)

T .

Bowden:

B eyond

( 1897) 3 .

6 .

p .

( 1908)

p .

3 4.

C .Th.

IX.35.

7 .

3 5.

Petronius:

3 6.

C icero:

3 7.

Cf.

t he Law,

Penguin 1978.

4 11.

8 .

2 ( = Musurillo p . 3 1.

8 ).

F or t he survival ' Provincial

( 1966)

p .

1 and K .

Volkssprachen in K leinasien in XLIII

o f

1 . .

Ramsay MacMullen

A .J.P.LXXXVII.

t he L imits

of native l anguages

Languages in Holl

' Das

t he Roman Empire'

Fortleben der

n achchristlicher Z eit'

in Hermes

240.

Satyricon 69.

Pro F lacco 27.

Jock Young's

c hapter in S .

Cohen

( ed.)

" Images

of Deviance'

( 1971). 3 8.

Cf .

T aylor & W alton's study of Industrial S abotage in op.

3 7. 3 9.

C icero

( note

3 6)

ibid.

40.

Ammdanus Marcellinus 14.

2 .

1 ,

1 84

c it.

n .

4 1.

L ibanius O r X LIX .8. W .H .G.

4 2.

F or a f ull d iscussion of t his t opic s ee

L iebeschuetz A ntioch C h.V.pt.l.

C .Th. X II.14.1 A ppendix:

I nscriptions

1

2

x od . 6 . 37 p .og & t-c t [ i yy sz v

; )

E ATOV E Ta v c cp .00u , 1 VöV E c i . v () v o c

&,A p c x . v ' x rx 4 .ov o c x cdr cpg r rov

7 u p (g iou t ov

) gT C 4X E C Jg , & ) ( n poy6v6 )v v ac .

y up . vy . -

5 7 r poßo tA tx&N , c i pz u zp o c c rä t i zvov

G i c iiz zov

x cd .8 " cp c > , c c v r c t T ö

ß '

•x0 C 1E l .pr o cp A6 G ( VT . 7 .

ß ' , X Y _T r i T o6g ä p t . J .6 ovT o cg x cap ' 616 g n i c s t v Z i . iXp7 )6TGV 3

ß OU ? C ; c od 6a ip .og Tg KIG G C -

1 . z vov • T ö V I ( )

T W V 7 1 : 6 ) ,E04 & T E L I . 1 .AC C EV 3 1 [4 ] -

G EV i . E p E34 && ß t ou A tög E or r i 5pog N EO I TT6X Ep .0g E . s /TOU E Ta v c cp .00u

x ov A üp 4 tov ' Oßp t .p . t .a .v ? iv K [6 ] -

( ? (E ? , r ,i 9 4

V O JV C C VOV , 1 v3p c x . T i ; :w r o c [p '1 ) ] 5

e n c i . t c pc6g

V V . ,[0 1 ) , Igav ] . -

c o g x od& ttr

s ü c c

o v n poßoüXoy , C c px t ep o c c rdy . e v o g T o i . g / cß c caTo i : g r c a v c cpro ig

[ vwva ]v r o cp c cn . 4 . V ( !i) ( X ly ]T OC t c T Ö E i ) -

xt3 tpZ o cg T i :i. ,7 T O CTp t3Og & V , 36 -

[ p c öv i D ]vo g , x cd . n pEcßc t 'x r c c v ra .

X o c i E IE IV C XV)d )0 " Gg

c cv3pov ,

1 0

[ T öv è i v8p ], 2 oT o c C c V >V T EV

c r o "x ppovö z . T E X C X 1 X 66 1 1 , LOV ß i ov

T y ip , T 0 1 3 y XUX I )Td CTOU 7 r O tTpög

& 7 c o c v Ap Ipl vog c l nö r pc GTAg

i h Ip . A .oupyA c i on r r o c 2 0

1 3 ? , tx txglüzp t . T O5• E 3po , x o c i

x cd

7 3 7 )4 1py rxE l o cv

èTV n p6g

T öV 4 } Eö V E I : ) ( 3 .4 ( 74 x od . p cXo [T s t im ag ]

X o c [ i .npoT IC cr n x cd & v36 )

7 T c i VT0T E D pi i x

, zaoy4 ry T UJ

[ E tAir y

i r y ti 3g ) ( ad c p c-

& C TT LV T O 1 '4 T O LO 1 . ' )TO l ig C i v i 3pag [ T i 5g ]

Pur rsi imag l x o ci

e x y c avoücm cdv ] -

7 t p06 7 )X0Ü