Applications of Finite-state Language Processing: Selected Papers From the 2008 International NooJ Conference 1443825735, 9781443825733, 9781443826037
NooJ is both a corpus processing tool and a linguistic development environment: it allows linguists to formalize several
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Table of contents :
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE OF THE EDITORS
DISAMBIGUATION TOOLS FOR NOOJ
HFST
INTERACTING CROATIAN NERC SYSTEM AND INTEX/NOOJ ENVIRONMENT
NOOJ AND CORPOGRAFO
LINGUISTIC RESOURCES AND APPLICATIONS FOR PORTUGUESE PROCESSING AND MACHINE TRANSLATION
VERB VALENCY ENHANCED CROATIAN LEXICON
GENERATING LARGE AND OPTIMIZED FSA FOR MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
CREATING A SHALLOW-PARSED HUNGARIAN CORPUS WITH NOOJ
COMBINING NOOJ WITH CO-TRAINING FOR NER IN PORTUGUESE
NEW DATA IN THE GREEK NOOJ MODULE
AUTOMATIC RECOGNITION AND SEMANTIC ANALYSIS OF ARABIC NAMED ENTITIES
MORPHOLOGICAL GRAMMARS FOR STANDARD ARABIC TOKENISATION
CONSTITUTION OF ENCODED TEXTS
THE FORMALIZATION OF ITALIAN LEXICON-GRAMMAR TABLES IN A NOOJ PAIR DICTIONARY/GRAMMAR
THE REGULAR DERIVATION IN SERBIAN
ODONYM RECOGNITION IN SERBIAN
A VIEW ON THE REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN SERBIAN NEWSPAPER TEXTS
PROBLEMS OF CORPUS ANNOTATION ON THE LEVEL OF SEMANTIC CONSTRUCTIONS IN DISCOURSE
NARRATIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL CONTENT ANALYSIS WITH NOOJ
LANGUAGE PROCESSING OF 17TH CENTURY ENGLISH WITH NOOJ
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Citation preview
Applications of Finite-State Language Processing
Applications of Finite-State Language Processing: Selected Papers from the 2008 International NooJ Conference
Edited by
Tamás Váradi, Judit Kuti and Max Silberztein
Applications of Finite-State Language Processing: Selected Papers from the 2008 International NooJ Conference, Edited by Tamás Váradi, Judit Kuti and Max Silberztein Technical Editors: Iván Mittelholcz, Judit Kuti
This book first published 2010 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2010 by Tamás Váradi, Judit Kuti and Max Silberztein and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-4438-2573-5, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-2573-3
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface of the Editors...............................................................................vii Max Silberztein Disambiguation Tools for NooJ..................................................................1 Kimmo Koskenniemi HFST: Modular Compatibility for Open Source Finite-state Tools..........15 Boo Bekavac, eljko Agi, Marko Tadi Interacting Croatian NERC System and Intex/NooJ Environment............21 Sérgio Matos, Belinda Maia NooJ and Corpógrafo—a New Partnership..............................................30 Anabela Barreiro Linguistic Resources and Applications for Portuguese Processing and Machine Translation.....................................41 Kristina Vukovi, Nives Mikeli Preradovi, Zdravko Dovedan Verb Valency Enhanced Croatian Lexicon................................................52 Zoltán Alexin: Generating Large and Optimized FSA for Morphological Analysis.........60 Kata Gábor Creating a Shallow-parsed Hungarian Corpus with NooJ.......................67 Cristina Mota Combining NooJ with Co-Training for NER in Portuguese.....................76 Elina Chadjipapa, Eleni Papadopoulou, Zoe Gavriilidou New data in the Greek NooJ module: Compounds and Proper Nouns.....87 Héla Fehri, Kais Haddar, Abdelmajid Ben Hamadou Automatic Recognition and Semantic Analysis of Arabic Named Entities...........................................................................95 Slim Mesfar Morphological Grammars for Standard Arabic Tokenisation.................108
Huei-Chi Lin Constitution of Encoded Texts.................................................................122 Simonetta Vietri The Formalization of Italian Lexicon-Grammar Tables in a Nooj Pair Dictionary/Grammar.......................................................132 Milo Utvi The Regular Derivation in Serbian: Principles and Classification Using NooJ...............................................142 Staa Vujii, Duko Vitas Odonym Recognition in Serbian..............................................................152 Sandra Gucul-Milojevi, Vanja Radulovi, Cvetana Krstev A View on the Representation of Women in Serbian Newspaper Texts....160 István Csry Problems of Corpus Annotation on the Level of Semantic Constructions in Discourse..............................171 Bea Ehmann, Vera Garami Narrative Psychological Content Analysis with NooJ: Linguistic Markers of Time Experience in Self Reports...........................180 Hélène Pignot, Odile Piton Language Processing of 17th Century English with NooJ......................191 List of contributors...................................................................................204
PREFACE OF THE EDITORS The present volume contains papers from the 2008 International NooJ conference held between 08.06.2008. and 10.06.2008. in Budapest. While the focus of the Budapest conference was on making NooJ compatible with other applications, the papers vary with respect to whether they regard NLP as a research goal or as a tool. However, they all present a slightly different problem either in the field of NLP, or in one that can be solved using NLP, or present a new development in the tool itself. As for recent technical developments, NooJ's developer, Max Silberztein introduces new achievements in the software, focusing this year on extending the system’s disambiguation capabilites. The conference’s invited speaker, Kimmo Koskenniemi, envisages more compatibility between different finite-state NLP tools developed for similar purposes – he outlines the possibility of a FST platform that could act as an interface between different morphological analysers written in different styles. It is in this spirit that Bekavac and his colleagues present the early version of a Croatian finite state transducer engine (NercFst), which currently implements a small subset of NooJ finite state transducer functionality developed for the purpose of deriving a standalone module for named entity recognition and classification (NERC) system applicable to Croatian texts. Matos and Maia describe the integration of NooJ into Corpógrafo, a freely accessible web-based system for corpora, terminology, lexicology and phraseology research in Portuguese. Also for Portuguese, Anabela Barreiro describes a tool that uses Port4NooJ – a set of linguistic resources developed with NooJ for the automated processing of Portuguese – and other enhanced linguistic resources for the automatic paraphrasing of mainly support verb constructions, as a preparation of texts for MT. Focusing on verbs, as well, Vukovi and her colleagues present how verb valency data, added to the dictionary, enhances the recognition of VP-, NP- and PP-chunks. Zoltán Alexin's paper reports on constructing a finite state automaton using NooJ for morphological analysis in Hungarian, in which the number of states of the automaton is decreased by the theoretically largest possible percentage. Kata Gábor explains how a rule-based shallow-parsed corpus of 10 million words has been created using Hungarian NooJ. Cristina Mota's paper shows how combining Collins' and Singer's semi-supervised co-training algorithm with NooJ enables the recognition
viii
of certain Named Entities. Chadjipapa and her colleagues focus on compound and proper noun treatment in the Greek NooJ module, while Fehri and her colleagues introduce the reader to the challenges of automatic recognition and semantic analysis of Arabic Named Entities with NooJ. Staying with Arabic, Slim Mesfar's contribution is a response to the challenge of building an automatic morpho-syntactic analyser for the Arabic language – the written form of which poses an extra amount of problems to the researcher, which someone dealing with a European language would never encounter. Huei Chi-Lin's paper leads us through the necessary steps of creating a Chinese language encoded corpus for further use in NooJ – giving insight into several further problems of language processing. Simonetta Vietri reports of the formalisation of a Lexicon-Grammar table in a NooJ Dictionary/Grammar pair. Milos Utvi describes the expansion of the Serbian NooJ-dictionary by the processing of regularly derived word forms. Staa Vujii and Duko Vitas deal with the problem of recognising a special class of Named Entities, namely odonyms (names of streets) using NooJ. Gucul-Milojevi and her colleagues look into the representation of women in Serbian newspaper texts, using NE recognition and local grammars in NooJ. István Csry looks at the problem of identifying constituents of semantic constructions in order to annotate a corpus with information on discourse markers and outlines then some lexical and contextual features pointing towards a solution. Bea Ehmann and Vera Garami give insight into a joint research in the field of scientific narrative psychology, wherein NooJ provides the language technological background to make inferences about processes time experience based on text corpora. And last but not least, Helène Pignot and Odile Piton report of the language processing challenges of 17th century English travellers' literature. As this short overview hopefully shows, the range of problems dealt with in the volume is quite varied, which will hopefully enable the readers to find contributions that are relevant to their field of interest.
10.02.2010.
The Editors
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" K ! '- " -" '!# &1"! (8 J- " / 455L+ *:90*P5) 2 "- " N5/555 "'' $ - " ; " !& $ " K ! "/ " &1"! !" 1" " $" "- $!' $ " " .!- !- " $" 2" ("3$ *PPL)/ K."%"! -" ."- "! ( & " / 455>) " $ ","! &1"! " #! " '#!%" %"! " - #""- ' & 2" " $ " ! " '2"! $ #!- %" -"!% # 2" #!" " K ! '!# & . ."!" -"- " $" - !&/ K" " " '!# & $ " !# % 2 !& . '#!"- $!' " $ " K ! ;!# . . #!- "- 2& ","! '!# &1"! K '! (=!f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
&1 " # ! "! 2"" "% "- - - !- $ ?9 ! -' "" " ",! "- $!' " "! !" 2 !# / " "" " ."!" ' & "- '#& . " -- "- . A "' / " $ !" 2". '' !1" " !" $ " "% / =! " - - !=! " " " '2"! $ !!" #! " =!" " = ! ' " ( / " -) =!" "
?LL N?N L4N NL6 >:6 ?*N >:6 PL556
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= ! ' " ."!" 3" -"! $ " " - $ " #! " . !!" & -"$"- 2& " # ! "!/ $ ." '# !" " " !" $ " = 3"! 2& 8Y! - ." " " 0 !" # 2 "- (8Y! - 4559) $ ?>/>:6 . # >5/96 . " " - - " " " 2! " " -" !# .!3 . . -" " '" '" . " $! '" $ -"%"# " K ! '- "/ " "! - 8Y! - "% "- & "' !# $ 2 " ". . #!2 2& ",2 '!" '#", ' 1 - '!" '"- "" . ' J! #!2"' # ! ! " ", /
2 !" / *PP9/ !' ! '' ! ", + #"!% "- " ! $ ", & ,/ + : 2 $ 8/ *P/ / 4/ 4L904N4/ 2 ! 1& / 455?/ K # ! + ! "02 "- "" " # ! "! $! K ! / + 1 H 0 :
$ ; "-" / ; !3 / &'f& / @ ! / 455?/ " 1" "- !""2 3/ + 2 ! : 0 'H=$ *490*9*/ /@ @/ 4554/ % 0 A - $ ; '2!- "+ ; '2!- " %"! & =!" / "3$ / *PPL/ 4 P0Y P$ a !& $ K ! $" b - #" + &"% -'Y& T1"/ Y2! @/ 455>/ & = ! - '"- & " $! K ! . ",/ + @"% / !" / 2"!1" / ("- /) @
, > 9 A W !
C 0$ " n+ =!" " %"! !" -" ! "0;'T/ 9?909NN/ ! / *P>?/ j 0 A$ = ! + K"!' / K Y & =/ @! / T'" / / 1 3 -Y / !f 8/ 455L/ ;!" #" " !" ! " $! K ! / + 1 E 2 4 3 *243:+ Kf 1 / 455N/ " ! !"" = "! $! & = ! / & : $ 8/ *>/ / 9/ NL>0N?P/ / 455L/ ' =! " $ ! '' ! = "! / + 1 < & :
F Di0 B : 2 $ !' '+ %"! & $ !' '/ *NN0*>/ & 8/ 8 J- =/ ! %" 1 ; / 455>/ 6
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& - 2 $ % 2" + #+04NL/ " ' -" / !". ;/ 4554/ - "!' "' 8"!2 ; " $!' = !"& & 2 " ! $!' / + 1 E; & & : 2 $ = -"# + =/ 2"!1" / *PP9/ 9 j F F A >2 k A$ = ! + 2"!1" / 455L/ + ;#"! %" 2J" 0 !""- ! " !" $! =/ + !%3J 2 F F $ ; "! - K "- , " n+ =!" " %"! !" -" ! "0;'T/ 8Y! - / 4559/ . = ! $ K ! " ". / + =! ""- $ " ;!# 4559 ;$"!" "/ "!/ :L?0:?*/ 8Y! - / 4554/ " K ! ;!# / + 1 % : 2 4 3 $ = ' # / 9?:09:P/ " " / 455N/ B " " %" C+ " - $! '"! 2 !2 -!" ' " # . ! "- " / + @! " @/ / ! " / / ("- /) % $ PP0**P/ ; + %"! & $ ; =!" /
;
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
& 8* 01
++
& ( ' " $! '#" -"$" -- " '"- "" - "! !! - ", / ; - "! "- ; (*PPN) # ! "! # ! " " ! l % - " "& -"$"- "7 " " $ #!#"! '" ' "! ", # "! / ! '#"'" ." "- / / #0 " $! "# $ " & $ $!' ("/ / = $" !2 " - & 0 "' $!' ) " .!- $ - " ",/ 3 "%"- 2& 3 # =! " " - !& . */9 ' $" "- $!' * '2"- . #!!& - !" / " " #!!& - !" -" . -$$"!" #!2"' - %- $ !" '2 " . - #!- " !!" 3 - " " '#!" " '"- "& ",! / #!!& - !" ! " - '2 #! " 2 ""! #!- " - !" / !"!'!" "# "$ $!' #" $ .!- / " " - !" -"+ !- ' & 2" " 2" $ "7 " " $ #!#"! '" ."!" " '#"" "7 " " #"! ! 1 ! ("/ /
- )M !- - 2" -"'"- -"#"-" '" ." !! " 2" $ "7 " " $ #!#"! '" M !!" #- '" $ J2 " ("/ / ) - # ("/ / - C )M = !&' -J" %" ("/ / - )/ ! "- 2& ; !% (455>) " " 3- $ -J" %" !" ''& -"!"- 2 - 2" $ -"!"- & -J" %" M ! '' .!- !" '2 . -J" %" ! %"!2 / " " .!- ."!" "- & " ! '' = / ! " " J '2 . " !"$"! " ""! . --"- - !& & J /
*
- !& " %"! $ " - !& !" "- 2& 4 (' " / 4555)/ " ." !"- -"%"# " & "' " =! " " '- " $! =!L J ( !!"! 455:) - 2"" -"%"#"- &"/
+
" '!# "%" 2& '!# ! '' ! " ! 2"."" #!"# - -""!'"! !" ",# -"- "! " - " ' '"! !" -"$"-/ *'6 $"! '#" " - !& 3 # - " '!# & " $ & ! '' ! ##"- - 3 / " " ! '' ! -"$& - + (*)"7 " " $ .!- ##"! " ""! # & " "- . $". ."- # .!- ."! "M " J ."-/ " # 1"- .!- ' 2" -J" %" ! 3. .!- / "7 " " ' " # "! -" !2"- " ! '' ! !" "- . ".#/ " " " " "7 " " . 2" -"!"- -- " M "7 " " - ! . ", -"!"- " ", "# $ " & !" - !-"-M (4);'# - !- '# - !- j - '# - -""!'"!
/ " " '# - !" "- " /"% /"%$ - /"% !" #" %"&M (9) #! " . " $. "! ! !"+ /"%0 " " &/1&00 " !" " /"% " " &/1&0M /"%0 &0 - 0 ' !"" "-"!
- '2"!M 5 -"$"- " " - $ " #! "/ " #! " "- " 2340M (L)"7 " " $ , !& %"!2 - ' %"!2 - #!"# ("/ / L ) ' " $. # "!+ 1 1 " !" 5 10M & 1 ' & 2" $" "- $!""&M " "! $!' (1 - 10) ' 2" "! - # # ! #" ! $%"/ " ." "7 " " "- " 1 410/ & " ' $ "# -"$& "7 " " "- ".# 2& " #!"% "# ! #" $ ", / " " "7 " " . 2" -"!"- -- " - . 2" " ""! . "! !! - ", " $ !'/ " " '"- "" - ", !" -"$"- . " $ - ! '' ! !" ##"- ''"- "& $"! " #!"% " $ ! '' ! 2"" ##"-/ " " ! '' ! !"# " " ".#
& 8* 01
+,
2& " ". !$ -- !2 " . !" #!"0 #" $"- " ! '' ! ! !" ""! "- $!' " ", $!' ." " ! '' ! ##"- " ", " % ! 2" '" '/ ", '#" $! " $ !' . 2" '#! "- $ " -"$"- #!#"! '" "- . / " 2 ! '' ! -"$& #!#"! '" " $. ", + =!#"! '" " ", $ #! "+ " " #!#"! '" ( "- ".# ) #!" "-"- 2& #! " (. '" " ." "7 " " #! ") . 2" "- " $. + !$ *46)763438 / " % " $ !2 " " - . 2" " % " $ !2 " " - $ " #! "/ " "!" #!"# 2"."" " #! " - " #!#"! '" " "- " #!#"! '" -" " !2 " - " % " $ * )77+ !$ *46)7763438 48
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
*4 8 3438 / " % " $ " - " " " - $ " #! " 2 " - " % " $ &#" " 7 " $! " - )7 " " - "/ =!#"! '" . " ",+ '" '" " #" & #"#"A '" !" $."- 2& ! !"$"!! " " $ " "& . "& !"$"!/ " # !"- " " ", " + !$ *467 634 6 6 " #!#"! '" ' " $. ",+ ".# 9" $"! ##& " #!"% !" ! " " "7 " " "- . !$ - !!" #- !" " " $" !" ",! '#"M "7 " " "- & . ".# !" !"- " #!# '#" ##"-/
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7 )+ '#"" #!#"! '"M () + " '" 3" " #!#"! '" . ""! " $" !" M ()
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* / 2 5/:N4* 5/L>>: 5/N*L: 5/::?9 5/?45> 5/N??L 5/P5NN 5/?NN? 5/NP99 5/:5NL 5/N>5? 5/>99> 5/:L*: 5/N:?? 5/>??N 5/:>?* 5/>5N> 5/>>PL 5/:599 5/>NP5 5/>:?: 5/:9PP 5/>:?* 5/:**N 5/:>5: 5/:**N 5/:9L>
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