An investigation of scores designed to measure variability of temperament traits in individuals

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AN INVESTIGATION OF SCORES DESIGNED TO MEASURE VARIABILITY OF TEMPERAMENT TRAITS IN INDIVIDUALS

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Department of Psychology The University of Southern California

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts

by Alfred Felix Hertzka June 1950

UMI Number: EP63987

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

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T h is thesis, w ritte n by ....... under the guidance o f and a p p ro v e d

A

by a l l

I jB . . . .

F a c u lt y C o m m itte e ,

its members, has been

presented to a n d accepted by the C o u n c il on G ra d u a te S tu d y a n d Research in p a r t ia l f u l f i l l ­ m ent o f the requirem ents f o r the degree of

............

.........................

D ate

Faculty Committee

..

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER

PAGE

I. . THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED The problem

. . ,

.................................

Statement of the problem . . . ;. . . ., * . . Definitions of terms used

. : . . . . . . . .

The variability of temperament traits

The trait score

. • .

3

4

...

A

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . .

6

Literature on test-retest consistency

. . . .

6

Literature on consistency of response

. . . .

9

THE MATERIALS, USED AND CROUPS S T U D I E D ...........

The groups used

V..

3

............................

The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey

IV.

1

3

Organization of remainder of the thesis

III.

1

......................

The consistency score

II.

.1

. .

11 11

* .....................

DERIVATION AND TESTING OF THE CONSISTENCY SCORE

12 16

The consistency s c o r e ........................

16

Testing of the consistency scores

19

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Summary Conclusions

. . . . . .

..................

40

.....................

40

.........................

42

B I B L I O G R A P H Y ............................... APPENDIX

...............................................

46

LIST OF TABLES PAG-E Frequency Distribution of Chronological Age of the Total S a m p l e ............... * . .

14

Frequency Distribution of Educational Level of the Total Sample

15

Scatter Diagram, Trait G ..........

20

Scatter Diagram,

Trait

21

Scatter Diagram, Trait

22

Scatter Diagram,

Trait S .........

23

Scatter Diagram,

Trait E .........

2^

Scatter Diagram,

Trait 0 ..........

25

Scatter Diagram,

Trait F .........

26

Scatter Diagram,

Trait T .........

27

Scatter Diagram,

Trait P .........

28

Scatter Diagram,

Trait M .........

29

Reliability of the Half Consistency Scores . •

31

Reliability of the Consistency Scores

32

. . . .

Intercorrelations of the Consistency Scores

3A

Scatter Diagram, All Traits

.................

36

Mean Consistency Scores Obtained .............

37

Chance Expectancy of Consistency Scores

39

. . .

CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED It is known that temperament traits exhibit various amounts of rigidity within the frame of an individual's personality organization.

This is to say that an individual

possesses some traits at all times, and to nearly the same degree, while the strength of other traits appears to fluctu­ ate with his mood, and with the situation in which he finds himself*

However, no index of this variability, derived

from inventory scores, has been reported in the literature. I.

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the problem*

It was the purpose of this

study (1 ) to develop an index of variability of temperament traits, which was called a consistency score.

The assump­

tion was made that the degree of stability of a trait could be estimated from the pattern of responses to a series of statements pertaining to that trait.

A high degree of stability

of a trait within an individual's personality organization was expected to cause low variability within the response pattern, and conversely, a low degree of stability was ex­ pected to cause high variability.

This was the basic hypothe­

sis of this investigation. Furthermore, it was intended (2) to test the reliability

2 of the proposed consistency scores in order to demonstrate that they were related to trait variability, and not merely limited by the method of their computation and distributed by chance.

As an additional check on the meaning of the con­

sistency scores,

it was proposed (3 ) to compute the inter-

correlations of the consistency scores for one particular personality inventory, for which the. intercorrelations of the trait scores were known.

This was based on the subsidiary

hypothesis that related traits would show related variabilities. For example, emotional stability and objectivity, two traits pertaining to emotional behavior, are positively correlated. It was expected,

then, that their variabilities might be

similarly intercorrelated in the population tested. Finally,

it was planned (4) to derive coefficients of

correlation of consistency scores with trait scores, traits covered by the personality inventory used.

for the

Due to

the fact that both perfect and zero trait seores imply com­ plete absence of variability within the pattern of responses, i. e., maximum consistency, a curvilinear relationship was expected to obtain between consistency scores and trait scores. Depending on positive results obtained in the preceding four steps of the investigation,

it was planned (5 ) to devise a

method to estimate the minimum amount of consistency to be required if the respective trait scores were to have a reasonable predictive value.

3 Importance of the study.

The application and scoring

of temperament surveys are time-consuming tasks, the former especially for the subject, and the latter for the investiga­ tor.

It appears,

therefore, to be desirable to extract as

much information as possible from the scores obtained by a single application of a personality inventory, and to avoid the need for re-testing.

In this instance,

it was attempted

to extract indices of variability of temperament traits from the responses, in addition to the amount or trait scores ordinarily computed. purposes,

For diagnostic as well as predictive

the degree as well as the stability of personality

traits have to be estimated. II.

DEFINITIONS OF TERMS USED

The variability of temperament traits.

The variability

here referred to is the “wit h i n “ variability of one trait, and not the “between" variability among several traits.

The

latter statistic can be derived from the range of all the trait scores, and is not under consideration in this study. The

"within" variability under discussion here was estimated

from the pattern of positive and negative responses to the items pertaining to one trait at a time. The consistency score.

This score is an index of the

"within" variability defined above.

It was derived from the

4 differences between partial trait scores in a manner equiva­ lent to the computation of an average deviation by a procedure to be described in full later.

The consistency score,

then,

measures the consistency of "right11 responses to statements pertaining to a certain trait, and by inference,

the stability

of the trait itself within the subject's personality. The trait score.

This score is the number of "right"

responses to the statements pertaining to a certain trait. It estimates the degree or amount of a trait possessed by an individual, but it does not indicate directly the stability of that trait within the frame of the individual's personality organization.

However, trait scores of zero, indicating the

minimum of a trait, and trait scores equivalent to all possible "right" responses to statements pertaining to the trait, indicating the maximum degree or amount of the trait, imply by definition perfect consistency also. III.

ORGANIZATION OF REMAINDER OF THE THESIS

A brief summary of the meager literature related to the concept of the consistency score will be presented in Chapter II.

Chapter III will contain a description of the

temperament inventory used in this study, as well as a de­ tailed analysis of the groups which comprised the sample. The derivation of the proposed consistency score will be

5 fully explained and illustrated in Chapter IV, which will include also the results of extensive statistical testing of 2,000 consistency scores computed for the purpose of this investigation.

A summary, and pertinent conclusions, will be

presented in Chapter V, and all partial trait scores as well as half consistency scores will be listed in the Appendix. The terms “partial trait score11 and “half consistency score “ are defined and explained in Chapter IV, page 17*

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The literature on variability of temperament traits in individuals is extensive.

Few studies, however, bear

directly on the problem under investigation in this study. Spearman *s^ oscillation factor, for example, does not apply to an individual*s consistency or inconsistency of response to a series of statements in a personality inventory.

Rather,

it refers to the fluctuating level of efficiency during con­ tinuous “mental" work such as routine computation.

There we

find different amounts of work accomplished per unit of time, or different amounts of time required per unit of work, as the individualfs level of efficiency rises or falls.

The

oscillation factor could account for changes in speed of marking the answer sheet, but it could hardly have any bear­ ing on the degree of consistency of “right“ responses to Inventory statements, as the amount of “mental w o r k 11 involved is insignificant. I.

LITERATURE ON -TEST-RETEST CONSISTENCY

There are several studies in the literature on indivi­ duals * response changes from one application of a temperament

^C. E. Spearman, Abilities of Man Millan Company, 1927)

(New York:

The Mac

7 survey to the next.

This field of investigation is one

step removed from the problem of this study, which is con­ cerned with the degree of consistency of response within the limits of one application of an inventory only.

The authors

have sought to demonstrate the rather obvious hypothesis of a relationship between test-retest consistency and emotional 2 stability. The results of Lentz' study would indicate this, although he found no correlation between the number of response changes and intelligence scores which he had also expected. Similarly, Neprash

and Pintner and Forlano

have shown that

a positive correlation of moderate size indeed exists between emotional stability and test-retest consistency on temperament inventories.

Just recently, however, Glaser

tioned the validity of these results.

has ques­

According to his

analysis of the methodology Involved, no correlation can be expected between consistency and total score, of an inventory is adequate,

if the range

i. e., when the testee's

2

T. F. Lentz, "The Reliability of Opinionaire Technique Studied Intensively by the. Retest Method, " Journal of Social Psychology, 5:338-356, 193^. ^J. D. Neprash, "Reliability of Questions in the Thurstone Personality Schedule, 11 Journal of Social Psychology, 7:239-2^*, 1936. A R. Pintner and G. Forlano, "Four Retests of a Personality Inventory," Journal of Educational Psychology, 29:93-100, 1938* "\R. G-laser, "A Methodological Analysis of the Inconsist­ ency of Responses to Test Items," Educational and Psychological Measurement. 9:727-739» 19^9*

8 threshold lies at the mean of the hypothetical distribution of item difficulty.

In this case the probability of “right”

and “w r o n g 11 responses is equal.

The correlations found in

the previous studies are then accounted for by inadequate test-score range,

i. e., are spurious.

Gutting off the upper

end of the distribution will place the majority of the test items below the individual*s threshold, and probability will then favor the

“wrong” responses.

A negative correlation

between consistency and total score will be the expected, al­ though spurious, result.

The opposite of all this will ob­

tain when an inadequate test range cute off the lower end of the distribution of item difficulty.

The majority of the

test items will then be above the individual's threshold, probability favoring the “right” responses.

The spurious

correlation between consistency and total score will become positive.

G-laserfs analysis applies, of course, primarily

to intelligence and achievement tests.

As the range of per­

sonality inventory scores is usually broad enough, no signifi­ cance would then attach to response pattern changes by an individual from one application of a reliable inventory to the next as long as his total trait scores remain the same. This is the latest and most significant finding in the litera** ture on test-retest consistency.

9 II.

LITERATURE ON CONSISTENCY OF RESPONSE

There is actually only one article in the literature which refers directly to the work of this study.

Coombs

6

has cited six kinds of scores which could be derived from one application of a test to a group of subjects. (1 ) a status score,

(2 ) a status score of the group, or

average of the individual status scores, score,

He listed

(3 ) & dispersion

(4) a dispersion score of the group, or dispersion

of status scores,

(5 ) & trait status score, or average of

individual dispersion scores, and (6 ) a trait dispersion score, or dispersion of the individual dispersions.

The

status score is equivalent to the index that has been defined as trait score in this study, and is an estimate of the degree or amount of a trait possessed by an individual.

The disper­

sion score corresponds to the consistency score whose develop­ ment will be attempted in this investigation.

The other four

scores cited by Coombs can be derived from a distribution of trait scores and of corresponding consistency scores.

The

rtralt or status score of the group will indicate the mean or average amount of the trait possessed by the individuals of the sample.

Similarly, the dispersion score of the group

6 C. H. Coombs, "Some Hypotheses for the Analysis of Qualitative Variables," Psychological Review, 55il6?“ 174, 1948.

10 will stand for the variability of degree or amount of the trait within the sample;

the trait status score will estimate

the mean or average consistency of the sampled individuals in the respective traits; and the trait dispersion score will indicate the over-all consistency of the group for all traits taken together.

The three scores based on the status

or trait score have long been used and recognized, but the three scores based on the dispersion or consistency score will depend for their validity and reliability on a meaningful derivation of such a score from the responses of an individual to a series of statements of a personality inventory.

This

is the problem that has been investigated in this study, to be reported on the following pages.

CHAPTER III THE

MATERIALS USED AND GROUPS STUDIED

The investigation was carried out with a comprehensive temperament survey of known reliability and validity. groups

Three

of male individuals were combined to obtain a representa­

tive sample of

200 subjects, covering an extensive range of

chronological age, and satisfying minimum requirements as to educational level. I.

THE GUILFORD-ZIMMERMAN TEMPERAMENT SURVEY1

This survey consists of 3°° items, 3° each for the traits of General activity (G), Restraint (R), Ascendance (A), Sociability

(S), Emotional stability (E), Objectivity (0),

Friendliness (F), Thoughtfulness (T), Personal relations (P), and Masculinity (M).

The three alternative responses to

each item are uY e s , u **?, “ and "No."

The statements are so

arranged in the test booklet that all responses pertaining to a trait appear in one column of the standard IBM answer sheet, which greatly reduces the labor of scoring.

In addi­

tion, all "Yes11 and "No" responses are weighted either zero

1J. P. Guilford and W. S. Zimmerman, The GuilfordZlmmerman Temperament Survey (Beverly Hills: Sheridan Supply Company, 19^9).

12 or plus one, and question marks are weighted zero.

The

trait score is then simply the number of “right“ responses with possible ranges from 0 to JO for every one of the ten traits surveyed.

The reliabilities of the scores range from

♦ 75 to .87 and the intercorrelations are low except for a correlation of .69 between Emotional stability and Objectivity, two scores pertaining to emotional behavior, and a correlation of .61 between Ascendance and Sociability, two scores per­ taining to social behavior.

The internal validity of the

scores has been tested and demonstrated by successive item analyses.

The practical validity seems assured on the basis

of evidence collected in that connection for the corresponding scores in the previous inventories by the senior author.

2

The Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey appeared then to be very well suited for the development of a consistency score. II.

THE GROUPS USED

For the purposes of this study three groups of male subjects were combined to obtain a comprehensive sample of 3 200 individuals. Group I consisted of 53 high-school seniors

2

1946. _______ , and W. S. Zimmerman, The Guilford-Zimmerman Tempera­ ment Survey. Beverly Hills, California; Sheridan Supply Company, 1949. Lentz, T. F . , "The Reliability of Opinionaire Technique Studied Intensively by the Retest Method," Journal of Social Psychology, 5:338-356, 1934. Neprash, J. D . , "Reliability of Questions in the Thurstone Personality Schedule," Journal of Social Psychology, 7:239-244, 1936. Pintner, R. and G. Foriano, "Four Retests of a Personality Inventory," Journal of Educational Psychology, 29:93~1QQ, 1938. Spearman, C. E . , Abilities of' Man. Company, 1927^ 415 pp.

New York; The.Macmillan

APPENDIX

4? This Appendix lists 12,000 partial trait scores and 4,000 half consistency scores the following manner:

(see Chapter IV, page 16) in

On the extreme left of the page the

serial number of the answer sheet is given.

There were 200

answer sheets numbered consecutively with increasing chrono­ logical age of the individuals in the sample.

Across the

top of the page the traits G-, R, A, S, E, 0, F, T, P and M are listed.

From every answer sheet,

per trait are shown.

six partial trait scores

They are typed single spaced in the

column below the trait designation, with partial trait scores I, III and V one space to the left, and partial trait scores II, IV and VI one space to the right.

This has been done to

simplify the verification of the half consistency scores which are the sums of the differences between partial trait scores I, III and V, and II, IV and VI, respectively Chapter IV, page 17).

(see

The part consistency scores are listed

one double space below the column of corresponding partial trait scores, half consistency score I one space to the left, and half consistency score II one space to the right.

In

this way the arrangement used on the answer sheets will be approximated in the Appendix. The total trait scores and the total consistency scores can be obtained by summing the partial trait scores and half consistency scores respectively, for any trait on any answer sheet.

For this reason, and for the sake of avoiding confusion,

these total scores will not be listed in the tables of the Appendix*

No.

a

R

A

2

3

3 1

4

3

2

4 3 3 2 3

4 2 3 4 5

6

4

3 5 3 5

4

4

5

3

8 4

6

4

3 .3 1 2 2 2

3

2 1

3 2 2

2 4

2 1 4

2 4

4

2

5 1 3

4

1

3

4

5

4

4 3

5

5

4

6

8

4 2

3 3

5

4

4 3 2

8

4

1 3

0

5

4

0

4

3 3

2 4

4

0

4

0

3 4 3 4 o

4

2

3 3

3

6

3

2 4

4

4 3

4 2 5

5

4

6

3 4 2

2 3 3 1

2 2 4

1 4

2

1

3

6

6 4

4

6 4

1

1

3

4' 6

4 3

3

4

0 2

1

1

2

4

1 4

4 2 5 4 4

5

2 1

2 6

8 4

5 5

4 6

2

5

2

6

2

4

5 4 4 4

3 2

2 2 4 3 4

2

6

4

3 3

1

6

4

5

4 0 4 3 0

0

4

2

4

2 4

4

3 2

2 4

3 5

6

5

1

3

2 4

2

2

2 4 2 1 5 4

M

4

1 2

2

P

3

3 3

1

T

3 2

2

3

2 2

3

2

3 2

3

3

2

3

1 5

3

3

0 1 4 3 2

F

4

5

4

3

6

2

4

2

4

6

3

2

4 1 1 0 2

5

5 0

3

0

3

2

4

2

4

3 6

4

5

4 4

3

E

5

2

2

6

4

2

4

8

3

2

1 5

4

5

3 1

S

3 4 4

1*9

Gr

R

A

S

E

4

1

4

3

3

3 2 2 2 3

2 1 1 1 1

4

G 2

0 1 1 2 5

0

3

2

3 2 4 2

3

5

4

2 0

4 3

6 6

4

2

3 2

2

3 0

4

3 3

2

4 2 3 3 4 4

6

4

1 4 1 1 2 1

2

0

2 4

4 0

2 4 4 6

4

4

4 3 4

3

4

3 3 4

4

2 4

2

4

3 2

4 4

5 5

4 2 2 3 4

8

4

4

4 4

3

3

1 4 3 2 3 4 4

2 4 6

3 3 1 2 3

3

4

2

2

4 :3

6 3

4

5

0 1

3 4

5

2

4 4

4 5 4 4 1 6

4

3

2 2

4

5 3

4

2

4

2

5 5 4 5 4

2

1 4

3

5

:3

6 6

3 3

6

4

2

3 2

1 5

1

2

4

4 5 4

2

8 6

4 4

2 1

4 3

2 4

8

8

1 2

3

6

8

2

2

4

5 l 1 3 3

1 4

4

5

4

4

3

0

4

2

5

6

4

2 1

4

2

4

5

0 1

2

2

1

4

0

2

4

2

2

1

4

2 4

0 2

1 0

2

4 4

2

4

3

2 4 3 5

2

3

1

1 1

1

4

0

2

3

4

1 0

2 6

4

3

1

4

3

2

4

1

2

6

5

4

3

5

1 1

2 1

3 3

2

1

M

P

T

F

2

3

2

2 4

2

4

0

5 1

0

2 4

3

4

1

2 4

1

3

4

0

2

2

50 a

R

A

8

E

i

1

2

3

4

1

i

1

i

1

3

1

1 1 4

0

0

0

6 4

4

2

4

0 2

6 1

5

4 2 2 4 3

4 3 3 4 3

6 4

6

3

3

4 2 0 0 3 6 8

4

4

4

4

1

1 2

4 10

6 4

2

3

A

5

3 3

5 3

2

4 2

3

3

3

5 4

6

2 4

1 4 2

4

1

2 4 2 4

6

3 4 2 A 5 4

3

2

2

2 4 3

0

2 4

2

5 2 3

3 5

4

3 3 4

6 2

4

4

3

6

4

4

2

1

5

4 4

1

4 0

3

2 3

0

2

8

1

4

4

6

4

2 3

2

4

4

4

5

2 3

4

3

4

2 5

8

4

2 2

4

2

5

2

5 2 1 2 4

4

1

0

2

0

3

4 0

4

4

1 3

2 6

4

3

4 3 4

4

3 3

4

3

3

3 4 3 5 3 5

5 1

4

3

1

4

5

4

1

1 0

4

3

2

4

2 5

0 1

3

3

2

3 2

2

4 0

1 2

3

4 4

1

2 4 4 5

4

5

2 2

5

1

4

4

0 2

1

4

4

3

2

4

3 4

2

2 4 3 4

5

4

T

4

2

2

0

3 6

2

2

6

5

0

1 0

2

5 2

1

P

2

2

i i

4

2

M

0

4

4

No* 13

Gr

R

3

3

2

A 1

2

2 2 2

6

4

3

4

2

3

1

3

4

4 0 15

5

5

2

5

4

2

4 4 5 4

•

3

1 0* 0

2

4

0 4

4

4 2 2 4 4 4

2 4

6 . 0

0

5

4 3

3 3

4

10

5

2 4

2

0 3

4

2

1

2

3 2 0

3 6

2

4

3

2 1

3 3

3 6 2

0 4

l 2 3

1 3

1

3 2 5

3

6

4 4

4

3 3 3 2 4

6 0

2 4 4 2 4

2 3

2

3 1

3 4

4

3 3

3

5

2 5 4 3 2

2 4

6

6 6

3

5 3 5 4 4

2

0

2

1

2

2

4 2 4 4 4

4 3

2

2 4

6

4

2 4

2

4

2

4

4

1

1

2

2

1 2

M

3 4

3

2 1

2

4

0 0

2

2

2

5

3

3

0

6

2

3

P

4

6

2

4

3

3

2 4

2

2

2

4

4

5

3

2

4

6

2

2

0

2

5 3 2 2 2

4 2

1

3

4

3

4

1

5

3

5 6

2

5

0

2 4

3 5

3

1

0

1

T

6

4

3

3 5

0

2 4

5

F

2

6

5

3

2

4

2

16

2

6

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4

5

5

5

5

4

3

3

5

1

2

3 4 4 2 4 2

4

3

4

3

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5

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2

5

2

2

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3

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3

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4

5

2 1

2

2

4

1

1

1 2

1 0

0

3

4

1

2

0

2

1

3 1

1 0

E

s

6 4

2

52 No. 17

Gr

R

5

2 5

3

1

4

3

2

4

3 3 4

3 3 3

3 2

4

6

4

4

4

2

3 6

2

6 4

2

4

3

2

5

4

3

5

4 4 0

2

3

1

5

6 4

2

6

3

2

3 2 4

2

3 4 44

4 52

2 £.2

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