An Early Town on the Deh Luran Plain: Excavations at Tepe Farukhabad 9780932206879, 9781951538149

Table of contents :
Table of Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
List of Appendix Tables
List of Plates
Introduction (by Henry T. Wright)
Research Design
The Excavations at Farukhabad
The Analysis
The Plan of the Present Work
Part One: The Bayat and Farukh Phases
I. Stratigraphy and Structural Features of the Bayat and Farukh Phases
Introduction
Bayat and Farukh Phase Stratigraphy
Bayat and Farukh Phase Features
II. Ceramics of the Bayat and Farukh Phases
Introduction
Khazineh Red Ware
Bayat Red Ware
Burnished Black Ware
Fine Black-on-Tan Ware
Susiana Buff Ware
III. Other Artifacts of the Bayat and Farukh Phases
Chipped Stone Tools
Heavy Stone Tools
Bone Tools (by Richard W. Redding)
Other Ceramic Artifacts
Unbaked Clay Artifacts
Bitumen Artifacts
Woven and Tied Artifacts
Fine Stone Artifacts
Summary
IV. The Distribution of Artifacts in the Bayat and Farukh Phases
Introduction
Stylistic Developments and Phase Subdivisions
Activity Variation During the Farukh Phase
V. A Summary of the Bayat and Farukh Phases
Part Two: The Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Phases
VI. Stratigraphy and Structural Features of the Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Phases
Introduction
Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Stratigraphy
Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Features
VII. Ceramics of the Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Phases
Introduction
Sargarab Ware
Uruk Ware
Straw Tempered Ware (by Anne Miller)
Gray Ware (by Barbara Bohr)
Concluding Note
VIII. Other Artifacts of the Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Phases
Introduction
Chipped Stone Tools
Heavy Stone Tools
Concrete Artifacts
Bone Tools (by Richard W. Redding)
Metal Artifacts
Other Ceramic Artifacts
Unbaked Clay Artifacts
Bitumen Artifacts
Woven Artifacts
Fine Stone Artifacts (by Susan Kus)
Shell Artifacts (by Nancy Talbot)
Summary
IX. Artifact Distribution in the Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Phases
Introduction
Technical and Stylistic Developments and Phase Divisions
Activity Variation During the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr Phases
X. A Summary of the Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Phases
The Early and Middle Uruk Phases
The Late Uruk Phase
The Jemdet Nasr Phases
The Beginning of the Early Dynastic Phase
Summary
Part Three: The Elamite and Later Phases
XI. The Elamite Phases
Elamite Stratigraphy
Elamite Features
Elamite Ceramics (by Elizabeth Carter)
Chipped Stone Artifacts of the Elamite Phases
Other Stone Artifacts of the Elamite Phases
Other Artifacts of the Elamite Phases
A Summary of the Simashki, Sukkalmahhu, and Transitional Phases at Tepe Farukhabad (by Elizabeth Carter)
Summary and Conclusions
XII. Evidence of the Parthian and Sasanian Periods
Introduction
Ceramics of the Parthian and Sasanian Periods (by Lawrence Cohen)
Other Artifacts of the Parthian and Sasanian Periods
Summary
Part Four: Plant and Animal Use
XIII. The Plant Remains (by Naomi Miller)
Introduction
Seeds
Charcoal
Distribution of Plant Remains Within the Site
Discussion
XIV. The Faunal Remains (by Richard W. Redding)
Introduction
The Non-Mammalian Remains
Class Mammalia: The Materials and Distribution
Class Mammalia: Summary and Conclusions
The Composition of the Mammalian Fauna
Comments on the Environment at Tepe Farukhabad
Human and Animal on the Deh Luran Plain: 4000 to 1500 BC
Part Five: Conclusions
XV. Fourth Millennium Deh Luran in the Nexus of Exchange
Perspectives on Exchange
The Nexus of Transport
Production and Export on the Deh Luran Plain
Imports to Farukhabad
Changing Systems of Interregional Exchange
Interregional Exchange and State and Urban Development
Thoughts on Future Work
Bibliography
Appendices
A. Provenience Units at Tepe Farukhabad
B. Artifact Counts in Farukhabad Provenience Units
C. Measured Ceramics
D. Other Measured Artifacts
E. Faunal Elements (by Richard W. Redding)
F. Floral Elements (by Naomi Miller)
G. Human Osteological Remains (by Margaret Schoeninger and Antoinette B. Brown)
H. Radiocarbon Age Determinations
I. Multi-Element Neutron Activation of Obsidian Samples from Tepe Farukhabad (by Arthur S. Keene)

Citation preview

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN EXCAVATIONS AT TEPE FARUKHABAD

Plate 1. Polychrome Decorated Jar (X063).

MEMOIRS OF THE MUSEUM OF ANTHROPOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN NUMBER 13

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN EXCAVATIONS AT TEPE FARUKHABAD

EDITED BY HENRY T. WRIGHT

With Contributions By: Ellen Berger Barbara Bohr Antoinette B. Brown Elizabeth Carter Lawrence Cohen Arthur S. Keene Susan Kus Anne Miller Naomi Miller Richard W. Redding Margaret Schoeninger Nancy Talbot Henry T. Wright

ANN ARBOR 1981

© 1981 Regents o f The University o f Michigan All rights reserved Printed in the United States o f America ISBN 978-0-932206-87-9 (paper) ISBN 978-1-951538-14-9 (ebook)

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Figures

ix

List of Tables

XI

List of Appendix Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xiii

List of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xv

Introduction (by Henry T. Wright) Research Design ............................................................. . The Excavations at Farukhabad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Plan of the Present Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 8 10

PART ONE:

THE BAYAT AND FARUKH PHASES I. Stratigraphy and Structural Features of the Bayat and Farukh Phases . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bayat and Farukh Phase Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bayat and Farukh Phase Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 12 12 17

II.

Ceramics of the Bayat and Farukh Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Khazineh Red Ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bayat Red Ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Burnished Black Ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fine Black-on-Tan Ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Susiana Buff Ware .......................... _,.....................

23 23 23 23 23 23 23

III.

Other Artifacts of the Bayat and Farukh Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chip'f>ed Stone Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Heavy Stone Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bone Tools (by Richard W. Redding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Ceramic Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unbaked Clay Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bitumen Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woven and Tied Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fine Stone Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43 43 47 49 50 53 53 53 53 54

IV.

The Distribution of Artifacts in the Bayat and Farukh Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stylistic Developments and Phase Subdivisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity Variation During the Farukh Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55 55 57 60

V.

A Summary of the Bayat and Farukh Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63

v

PART TWO:

THE URUK, JEMDET NASR, AND EARLY DYNASTIC PHASES VI. Stratigraphy and Structural Features of the Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII.

71 71 71 76

Ceramics of the Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Sargarab Ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Uruk Ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Straw Tempered Ware (by Anne Miller) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Gray Ware (by Barbara Bohr) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Concluding Note ................................................. . 135

VIII.

Other Artifacts of the Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Phases . . . . . . . Introduction ................................................. ..... Chipped Stone Tools .............................................. Heavy Stone Tools ................................................ Concrete Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bone Tools (by Richard W. Redding) ............................... Metal Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Other Ceramic Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Unbaked Clay Artifacts ............................................ Bitumen Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Woven Artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fine Stone Artifacts (by Susan Kus) ................................ Shell Artifacts (by Nancy Talbot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

136 136 136 141 149 150 152 152 156 157 157 158 162 163

IX.

Artifact Distribution in the Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Technical and Stylistic Developments and Phase Divisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . Activity Variation During the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr Phases ..........

164 164 I 65 174

A Summary of the Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic Phases ......... The Early and Middle U ruk Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Late U ruk Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Jemdet Nasr Phases ........................................... The Beginning of the Early Dynastic Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary ............................................. : . . . . . . . . . . .

I81 181 185 188 192 I 94

X.

PART THREE: THE ELAMITE AND LATER PHASES XI. The Elamite Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elamite Stratigraphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elamite Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Elamite Ceramics (by Elizabeth Carter) .............................. Chipped Stone Artifacts of the Elamite Phases ....................... Other Stone Artifacts of the Eiamite Phases ......................... Other Artifacts of the Elamite Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Summary of the Simashki, Sukkalmahhu, and Transitional Phases at Tepe Farukhabad (by Elizabeth Carter) .......................... Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vl

I 96 I 96 I97 200 216 216 2I6 218 222

XII.

Evidence of the Parthian and Sasanian Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceramics of the Parthian and Sasanian Periods (by Lawrence Cohen) .......................................... Other Artifacts of the Parthian and Sasanian Periods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PART FOUR: PLANT AND ANIMAL USE XIII. The Plant Remains (by Naomi Miller) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seeds ............................................................ Charcoal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of Plant Remains Within the Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIV.

PART FIVE:

The Faunal Remains (by Richard W. Redding) ........................... Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Non-Mammalian Remains ...................................... Class Mammalia: The Materials and Distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Class Mammalia: Summary and Conclusions ......................... The Composition of the Mammalian Fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comments on the Environment at Tepe Farukhabad .................. Human and Animal on the Deh Luran Plain: 4000 to 1500 BC . . . . . . . .

CONCLUSIONS XV. Fourth Millennium Deh Luran in the Nexus of Exchange .................. Perspectives on Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Nexus of Transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production and Export on the Deh Luran Plain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Imports to Farukhabad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Changing Systems of Interregional Exchange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interregional Exchange and State and Urban Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Thoughts on Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

224 224 224 226 226

227 227 227 231 231 232 233 233 234 239 253 254 257 259

262 262 264 265 272 275 277 278

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 Appendices A. B. C. D. E. F.

G. H. I.

Provenience Units at Tepe Farukhabad .............................. Artifact Counts in Farukhabad Provenience Units .................... Measured Ceramics ................................................ Other Measured Artifacts .......................................... Faunal Elements (by Richard W. Redding) ........................... Floral Elements (by Naomi Miller) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Human Osteological Remains (by Margaret Schoeninger and Antoinette B. Brown) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Radiocarbon Age Determinations ................................... Multi-Element Neutron Activation of Obsidian Samples from Tepe Farukhabad (by ArthurS. Keene) .........................

Vll

285 303 330 372 391 427 431 436 438

LIST OF FIGURES

I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59.

A map of Greater Mesopotamia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow chart of the initial working model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Contour map of Tepe Farukhabad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Northwest section of Excavation A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Southeast section of Excavation A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . East southeast section of the lowest step in Excavation A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Upper portion of the southeast section of Excavation B ........................................................ · Lower portion of the southeast section of Excavation B ...................................................... · · · Bayat and Farukh phase buildings ............................................................................ · Khazineh Red, Burnished Black, Bayat Red, and Fine Black-on-Tan Ware vessel rims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Earlier Susiana Ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Susiana ware: vessel bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Susiana ware: Narrow-based vessels with matching stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Susiana ware: Narrow-based vessels and matching stand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Susiana ware: Band motifs on bowl rims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Susiana ware: Horizontal and vertical curved line motifs on bowl rims ........................................... · Susiana ware: Dot motifs on bowl rims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Susiana ware: Sigma and slash motifs on bowl rims ............................................................ · Susiana ware: Step motifs on bowl rims ..................................................................... · · · Susiana ware: Diamond motifs on bowl rims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Susiana ware: Other motifs on bowl rims .................................................................... · · Susiana ware: Other motifs on bowl rims ................................................................ · · · · · · Susiana ware: Basin rims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Susiana ware: Jars ........................................................................................ · · · Chipped stone tools: Microliths, piercing-reaming tools, and sickles .............................................. · Chipped stone tools: Cutting-scraping tools ................................................................ · · · · · Chipped stone tools: Denticulates, notches, and other small tools ........................................... · · · · · · Chipped stone tools: Choppers .............................................................................. · · Miscellaneous artifacts of the Farukh Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scatter plot of the metric attributes of vertical curved line motifs from Sabz and Farukhabad ..................... · · Bayat phase settlement on the Deh Luran plain .............................................................. · · · Farukh phase settlement on the Deh Luran plain ......................................................... · · · · · · Post-Farukh phase settlement on the Deh Luran plain ..................................................... · · · · · · Northeast section of Excavation A ......................................................................... · · · · Southeast section of Excavation C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic small buildings ...................................................... · · · · Jemdet Nasr large buildings in Excavation A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uruk and Jemdet Nasr large buildings in Excavation B ........................................................ · · Other Uruk features in Excavation B ...................................................................... · · · · Sargarab ware: Reconstructed vessels ......................................................................... · · Sargarab ware and related vessels: Bowls with beaded rims and hatched strips ................................ · .. · · Sargarab ware: Heavy basins and jars .................................................................... · · · · · · Sargarab ware: Bowls and jars with rounded lips and bowls with flat lips ....................................... · . Sargarab ware: Jars with flattened lips and various jar parts ............................................... ·. ·. · · Uruk ware: Conical cups ..................................................................................... Uruk ware: Round lip and incurved bowls ..................................................................... Uruk ware: Flat lip bowls .................................................................................... Uruk ware: Round lip jars of the Uruk phases .................................................................. Uruk ware: Round lip jars of the Jemdet Nasr and later phases ............................................ · · · · · · Uruk ware: Expanded rim jars ................................................................................ U ruk ware: Flared expanded jar rims ........................................................................ · · Uruk ware: Low expanded and other jar rims .................................................................. Uruk ware: Ledge rim jars .................................................................................... Uruk ware: Bottles and band rim jars ......................................................................... · Uruk ware: Jar appendages and textured motifs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . U ruk ware: Bases and monochrome decoration ................................................................ · . Uruk ware: Black-on-red painted decoration ................................................................... · Uruk ware: Polychrome decoration .......................................................................... · · Uruk ware: Polychrome decoration ....................................................................... · · · · ·

ix

2 2 5 13 14 15 16 17 20 25 26 27 28 29 31 32 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 42 44 45 46 48 52 60 67 68 69 73 77 80 82 85 89 92 94 96 97 98 100 101 102 103 104 106 107 108 109 110 112 113 114 118 119

60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99.

Uruk ware: Polychrome decoration ............................................................................ Uruk ware: Polychrome decoration ............................................................................ Polychrome motif types and an example of a design statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous Uruk ware ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Histogram of beveled rim bowl volumes ........................................................................ Gray ware jars and other forms ............................................................................... Gray ware jars and handles ................................................................................... Cross-plot of gray ware jar attributes .......................................................................... Chipped stone tools: Microliths and piercing tools ............................................................... Chipped stone tools: Large drills and sickles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chipped stone tools: Endscrapers and truncate pieces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chipped stone tools: Retouched pieces and denticulate flakes and blades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chipped stone tools: Heavy tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grinding slab wear patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Attributes of perforated and partially perforated stones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bone, shell, metal, and unbaked clay artifacts ................................................................... Other ceramic artifacts ....................................................................................... Fine stone artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Early Uruk settlement pattern ................................................................................. Middle Uruk settlement pattern ............................................................................... Late Uruk settlement pattern .................................................................................. Late Jemdet Nasr settlement pattern ........................................................................... Early Dynastic settlement pattern .............................................................................. The northeast section of Excavation B ......................................................................... Simashki phase pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sukkalmahhu phase pottery ................................................................................... Sukkalmahhu phase pottery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sukkalmahhu phase pottery ................................................................................... Sukkalmahhu phase pottery from Farukhabad and Susa .......................................................... Transitional phase pottery .................................................................................... Second millennium pottery .................................................................................... Transitional phase pottery from Tepe Farukhabad compared to pottery from Larsa, Ur, and Nippur ................. Sukkalmahhu phase settlement patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parthian and Sasanian ceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dimensions of carbonized barley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Leguminous seeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Equid dentitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurements of the distal metapodials of sheep, goat, and gazelle ............................................... Sources of materials transported to Tepe Farukhabad ........................................................... Graphical presentation of changing indicators of material preparation and use through time .........................

X

120 121 124 127 129 131 132 133 137 139 140 141 144 145 148 !51 155 161 183 184 185 191 193 198 203 205 207 208 210 212 213 215 220 225 228 230 244 247 276 277

LIST OF TABLES

I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I I. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60.

Farukhabad excavation measurements (m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Later phases at Tepe Farukhabad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Bayat and Farukh phase wall attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Metric attributes of Susiana bowls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Bayat and Farukh phase chipped stone tools by layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Stratigraphic Distribution of Farukh and Bayat Spindle Whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Attributres of bitumen spheres ............................... ............................... ................... 54 Stylistic features of Susiana ceramics from Farukhabad ............................... ........................ · · · 56 Design proportions on Susiana ceramics from Farukhabad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 Ceramic features of Tepe Sabz, Zone A, and Tepe Farukhabad. Excavation A, Layers 33-36 .............. · ... · · · · · · 59 Correlations of excavated later Susiana deposits on the Deh Luran plain ............................... . · . · · · · · · · · 59 Farukh phase artifact correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Farukh phase mean densities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Landscape,types on the Deh Luran plain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic walls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Uruk and Jemdet Nasr ovens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 Uruk and Jemdet Nasr bins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Uruk and Jemdet Nasr cement vats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Uruk and Jemdet Nasr postholes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Uruk and Jemdet Nasr hearths and pits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Metrical attributes of conical cup rims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Metrical attributes of round rim bowl rims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Metrical attributes of round rim jar rims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Stratigraphic distribution of side/ shoulder polychrome motif combinations at Farukhabad ...................... · . · · · 123 Polychrome design complexity ............................... ............................... ................... 123 Metric attributes of flat bases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Variance of deviations from expected Beveled Rim bowl volumes through time ............................... .... · · 129 Attributes of grayware jar varieties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Stratigraphic distribution of grayware jar attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134 Sickle edge utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic chipped stone tools ............................... ....................... 142 Stratigraphic distribution of the rough stone tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Stratigraphic distribution of the possible spindle whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Stratigraphic distribution of the stone vessel fragments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Ceramic wares in Excavation A, Layers 22-1 ............................... ............................... ..... 166 Ceramic wares in Excavation B, Layers 36-19 ............................... ............................... .... 166 Layer correlation based on wares ............................... ............................... ................ 167 Jar types in Excavation A, Layers 22-1 .............................. .............................. ............ 168 Jar types in Excavation B, Layers 36-20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 Bowl types in Excavation A, Layers 22-1 ............................... ............................... ........ 170 Bowl types in Excavation B, Layers 36-19 ............................... ............................... ........ 172 Phase ascription of the layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Middle Uruk artifact correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 Middle Uruk mean densities per cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 Late Uruk artifact correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Late Uruk mean densities per cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 Early Jemdet Nasr phase artifact correlations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Early Jemdet Nasr phase mean densities per cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Late Jemdet Nasr phase artifact correlations ............................... ............................... ...... 180 Late Jemdet Nasr phase mean densities per cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Late Uruk ceramic variation from several areas in lowland Mesopotamia ............................... ......... · · 187 Distribution of Simashki phase pottery types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202 Farukhabad Layers 18-15 and Susa ............................... ............................... .............. 202 Distribution of Sukkalmahhu phase pottery types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Farukhabad Layers 14-llB lower and Susa AXV and AXIV ............................... ...................... 209 Distribution of transitional phase pottery types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Elamite chipped stone artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Twisted barley grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Wheat: Barley ratio by phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Dimensions of carbonized emmer wheat (N=6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

xi

61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81.

Samples with unusually high proportions of particular types of carbonized plant remains ........................... · Phases recognized at Tepe Farukhabad with associated excavation layers and volumes of the samples ........ - ..... - · A summary of the distribution of the elements of the class Osteichthyes (the fish) .......................... - ....... A summary of the distribution of the elements of the class Reptila (the reptiles) ................................ - · · A summary of the distribution of the elements of the class Aves (the birds) ................................... · · · · A summary of the distribution of the elements of the class Mammalia (the mammals) .............................. Density ratios of the identifiable and the three categories of unidentifiable material for each phase ................... Unidentifiable to identifiable density ratios by phase ............................................................. Density ratios for the major mammal groups by phase ......................................................... · Distal metapodials of Ovis, Capra, and Gazella recovered: measurements and identifications .................. - ...... Raw fusion data for the limb elements of the Sheep-Goat( -Gazelle) recovered .............................. - .... - - · Scores of fusion for each element by phase ............................................................. ... - - . . . Measurements made on the elements of the genus Bas recovered ......................................... -- ..... Gazelles, equids, cattle, sheep, and goats in the Farukh phase excavations ...................................... · · · The computation of density ratios for the Bayat Phase at Tepe Sabz .............................................. The relative proportions of each ungulate to the other ungulates by phase for Farukhabad and the Bayat Phase at Tepe Sabz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Correlation matrix resulting from comparisons of each vertebrate group, hectares occupied on the Den Luran plain, and scored site size ....................................................... Preparation and utilization of Medium Gray chert per cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Asphalt per cubic meter ............................................................. ......................... Variables related to sheep and goat products ........................................................... -- ... -- · Variables related to the import of technical materials ............................................................

XII

231 234 236 237 239 241 240 242 243 246 249 250 252 254 256 258 260 268 269 272 274

LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES

A I. Catalogue of Field Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A2. Characteristics of analytical units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bl. Chipped stone artifacts of the Farukh and Bayat Phases ....................................................... B2. Chipped stone artifacts of the Uruk Phases ............................................................. ...... B3. Chipped stone artifacts of the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic Phases .......................................... B4. Diagnostic ceramics of the Farukh and Bayat Phases .......................................................... BS. Diagnostic ceramics of the Uruk Phases ............................................................. ......... B6. Diagnostic ceramics of the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic Phases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B7. Farukh and Bayat Phase body sherds ............................................................. ........... B8. Uruk Body sherds ............................................................. ............................. B9. Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic body sherds ............................................................. .... BIO. Occurrence of polychrome motifs ............................................................. ................ Cl. Attributes of Farukh and Bayat Phase ceramics ............................................................. .. C2. Attributes of Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic ceramics .................................................. C3. Attributes of polychrome motifs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C4. Attributes of straw tempered ceramics ............................................................. ........... CS. Attributes of Grayware jars ............................................................. ..................... C6. Design statements for Uruk, Jemdet Nasr, and Early Dynastic painted jars ....................................... Dl. Attributes of blade and flake tools ............................................................. .............. D2. Attributes of blade cores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D3. Attributes of celts and related objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D4. Attributes of utilized pebbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DS. Attributes of grinding slabs and mortars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D6. Attributes of beads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D7. Attributes of spindle whorls ............................................................. .................... D8. Attributes of perforated and partially perforated stones ......................................................... D9. Attributes of perforated and partially perforated sherds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DIO. Attributes of molded gypsum concrete objects ............................................................. .... Dll. Attributes of ceramic troughs and cylinder drains ............................................................. . Dl2. Attributes of stone vessels ............................................................. ...................... Dl3. Attributes of bone tools ............................................................. ........................ Dl4. Bitumen waste attributes ............................................................. ....................... DIS. Attributes of finished bitumen artifacts ............................................................. .......... DI6. Attributes of woven mats, fabrics, and lashings ............................................................. ... E I. Elements of the Class Osteichthyes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £2. Elements of the Class Reptilia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E3. Elements of the Class Aves ............................................................. ..................... E4. Identifiable elements of the Class Mammalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ES. Weights of unidentifiable mammalian fragments ............................................................. .. E6. Distal medapodial measurements and identifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E7. Marine molluscs from Tepe Farukabad ............................................................. .......... Fl. Botanical samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F2. Carbonized remains from Tepe Farukhabad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F3. Identified charcoal from Tepe Farukhabad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G I. Tooth measurements from the Farukhabad burials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G2. Strontium assays for human and animal bone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I I. Obsidian artifacts ............................................................ ............................... 12. Trace elements used in the 1974 obsidian analyses ............................................................. 13. Quantitative change of the later Deh Luran obsidian industry ................................................... 14. Parts per million determination for obsidian trace elements from geological sources and standards .................. 15. Parts per million determination for obsidian trace elements from archaeological sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Xlll

285 299 304 308 310 314 318 322 326 327 328 329 335 348 367 369 370 371 373 380 382 382 383 383 384 385 385 386 386 387 387 388 390 390 391 392 393 393 421 425 426 427 428 430 433 433 440 441 441 441 442

LIST OF PLATES

I. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. II. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21.

Polychrome decorated jar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frontispiece General views of Tepe Farukhabad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Farukh Phase structures ...................................................................................... 444 Uruk structures .............................................................................................. 445 Details of Uruk structures .................................................................................... 446 Jemdet Nasr structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Details of Jemdet Nasr structures .............................................................................. 448 Farukh Phase vessels ......................................................................................... 449 Other Farukh Phase artifacts .................................................................................. 450 Early and Middle Uruk ceramic vessels ........................................................................ 451 Late Uruk and Jemdet Nasr ceramic vessels .................................................................... 452 Grinding tools and drain of the Uruk and Jemdet Nasr Phases ................................................... 453 Celts and grinder of Uruk and later phases ..................................................................... 454 Perforated stones ............................................................................................ 455 Concrete artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Unbaked clay artifacts ........................................................................................ 457 Bitumen artifacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458 Fine stone and bone items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Marine shell artifacts ......................................................................................... 460 Fine stone and ceramic items ................................................................................. 461 Select mammalian elements ................................................................................... 462

XV

INTRODUCTION This monograph deals with research on a small center of the fourth millennium B.C. in southwest Iran. In this initial chapter, the reasoning behind the research design, the standards used in fieldwork and analysis, and the organization of the rest of the monograph are presented. In 1967, I completed a study of the agricultural economy of the town of U r during the first part of the Early Dynastic Period. I felt that the understanding of the development of states and urban societies could best be improved by considering factors other than agriculture, such as interregional trade, intercity warfare and diplomacy, and central political organization (Wright 1969a: 122). The problem, therefore, was to choose which of these factors could best be approached with a small project using the methods at that time available. I considered and rejected the idea of a project using site survey methods to study a textually documented war of the Early Dynastic Period. The most reasonable plan seemed to be a study of the relations between interregional trade, competition, and the rise of town-centered settlement patterns. Data could be obtained from excavations in a town on a transport route between highlands and lowlands. Kent Flannery and Frank Hole encouraged me to consider the Deh Luran Plain in southwestern Iran. This plain presented three immediate advantages. First, it was located between the highlands and the lowlands in a reasonable place for a trade route (Fig. 1). Second, it was a small, welldefined environmental unit within which one could hope to control the multiple factors affecting trade and competition. This would have been difficult to do on a larger, more open unit such as the central Khuzistan Plains around Susa. Third, the work of Hole, Flannery, Neely, and Helbaek on the earlier settlements of the Deh Luran Plain (1969) provided useful data on chronology, environment, population, and subsistence not available for other areas. One site, called Tepe Farukhabad or Fakhrabad, had first been noted by Gautier and Lampre of the French Mission in 1903 (1905:83). Here, Hole and Flannery found painted sherds of the Susiana tradition of the fifth millen-

nium B.C. as well as beveled rim bowls of the succeeding fourth millennium. The latter appeared to be assocciated with massive building foundations of mud brick. Farukhabad seemed an ideal site for the study of trade, competition, and town development.

RESEARCH DESIGN Consideration of the logically possible relations between trade, competition, and town growth in the light of what was known about Mesopotamia in general, and of the research opportunities present in Deh Luran, resulted in the working model presented in Figure 2. There was evidence of increasing population and decreasing land quality from the previous work on the plain (Hole et al., op. cit. :369-371). In my research proposal, I argued that the testing of specific hypotheses drawn from this model would elucidate the relations between land productivity, agricultural techniques, the collection, transformation, and distribution of materials and products, the administration of such activities, and competition between centers of such activities. I hoped to find archaeological indicators of the activities of interest in the form of subsistence remains and canal patterns, the remains of workshops and storehouses, and weapons and the remains of fortifications. The specific hypotheses to be tested were the following: 1) That competition over agricultural land, perhaps dictated by increasing population and decreasing land quality, required fortified towns and specialists in military organization; and 2) That increased participation in interregional exchange, whose growth was perhaps dictated by the increasing total population of greater Mesopotamia, required specialists in economic administration, both to organize local export production and to redistribute imports. Even if one or both of these hypotheses were rejected, I still hoped to clarify the relations among the various activities. Examination of both air and ground photographs of Tepe Farukhabad indicated that the site

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

2

~ ~

-N-

A GREATER

Portion

of

MESOPOTAMIA

GUlF

km

0~5(1

Fig. l. A Map of Greater Mesopotamia.

._____

ORGANIZATION FOR EXPORT PRODUCTION INCREASING INCREASING AND IMPORT ~ POPULATION ~ GOODS '------' REDISTRIBUTION DEMAND '---------'

~

I

ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS

DECREASING LAND QUALITY

~

INCREASING COMPETITION FOR LAND

~

POPULATION AGGLOMERATION INTO TOWNS

J

Fig. 2. Flow Chart of the Initial Working Model.

I~ I SPECIALIZED

I ADMINISTRATION

I

INTRODUCTION had a small high central area with a surrounding lower flank. The mound had been cut deeply by the Mehmeh River. Previous descriptions seemed to indicate that the high central area was an earlier village mound, upon which had been placed the public buildings of the developing town, while the lower area was the housing of the later town. Assuming this to be the case, I composed the following field plan. At least two main excavations would be opened. One would be in the center of the river-cut face in order to provide a sequence of public buildings and associated debris. The other would be near the edge of the lower flank in order to transect any fortification walls and reveal a series of domestic buildings and associated debris. Changes in the relative quantities of traded materials would provide a measure of interregional trade, and their associations with the different kinds of architecture in the two excavations would provide an indication of the organization of this trade. From the excavations we would also derive a sequence of floral and faunal remains enabling us to assess changes in subsistence techniques, land quality, and availability of transport animals. If time permitted, two more stratigraphic excavations would be undertaken in order to expand the sample of excavated units. Finally, examination of nearby canal traces would produce associated ceramics and allow dating of the canals. This plan was submitted to the National Science Foundation in September 1967 and was supported as N.S.F. Grant GS-138. I am deeply indebted to Dr. Richard Lieban and Mrs. Mary Green of the Foundation's Anthropology program for their help. Before detailing the history of the excavations and the subsequent analysis, a brief preview of the revised research design, the one actually embodied in this monograph, would be helpful. There were several reasons for the revisions. First, little of the recovered data was useful in the consideration of conflict. As far as is known, massive town walls were rarely built before the third millennium B.C., and such modest walls and block houses as are known earlier would probably have been destroyed by erosion of the perimeter of such a steep mound as Farukhabad. Unequivocal weapons were virtually absent. Evidence of the violent destruction of buildings was not found. This leaves the evidence of settlement pattern in which the effects of conflict can be monitored only if other factors such as

3

subsistence and exchange are correctly isolated and controlled. Second, far more could be learned about exchange than I ever would have thought possible. Relative increases in the quantities of imported materials did occur as predicted. However, since the Deh Luran Plain was not merely a way station, but produced a variety of useful resources of its own, the data on exports and imports proved more flexible than expected. For instance, there are in some cases-most outstandingly cherts-local low-quality resources which can be used as substitutes for imported finer materials. Estimates of the values of imported materials relative. to local substitutes can be made with minimal assumptions, independent of variations due to the changing uses of tools made from the material. In another case, waste products from the local preparation of bitumen for export could be measured independently of finished objects so that export could be indirectly measured. With data such as these it was possible to redefine the independent variable, relative goods flow through a point in an exchange network, into separate import and export components. Third, a redefinition of the dependent variable was needed. My ultimate interest was in the development of societies with specialized administrative and political institutions, the classical problem of the origin of the state. Initially, the growth of towns was viewed as a component in this process and therefore as a kind of indicator variable. However, excavations at Farukhabad and elsewhere (Wright and Johnson 1975) produced direct evidence of the activities of administrators. Therefore it was possible to take the more satisfactory course of examining administrative development and town growth as two separate variables. I thus had three working propositions. One dealt with the mechanics of exchange, two dealt with the relation between exchange and other developments: 1) Increased participation in exchange networks begins with a local reorganization of production and an increase in export, rather than an initial increase in imports. 2) Increased production and export leads to increased administrative specialization and state formation. 3)Increased participation in systems of export and import leads to the growth of central towns. Most of the analytical effort, however, was not directed toward the testing of such propositions. As usual, most of the effort was spent in con-

4

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

trolling other variables, so that testing could be attempted. It was first necessary to build a local chronology so that contemporary excavation units and settlements could be correlated. After this, a tremendous amount of time was spent trying to describe and explain variation in material debris resulting from the performance of different activities within the community. Only when a beginning was made toward understanding such variation was it possible to consider the mechanics of exchange.

THE EXCAVATIONS AT FARUKHABAD The excavation team began to arrive in Tehran early in February, 1968. We spent several weeks completing arrangements for an excavation permit. I am indebted to Prof. Ezatollah N egahban of Tehran University and Mr. David Stronach, Director of the British Institute of Persian Studies, for their advice on this matter. Through the kind offices of His Excellency Mr. M. Pahlbod, then Minister of Culture, and Mr. A. Pourmand, then Director of the Iran Archaeological Service, an excavation permit was granted. The detailed negotiations were handled by Mr. M. Khorramabadi, then Director of Excavations. Through the kindness of Prof. Robert McC. Adams we were able to borrow and repair a Landrover belonging to the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute. With the help of Dr. Robert Liimatainen, then Science Attache at the United States Embassy, we borrowed a surveyor's transit for mapping the site and excavations. By late February the arrangements were complete and the team left for southwestern Iran. Dr. Robert Bettarel was Assistant Director and an excavation supervisor, Mr. Robert Gibbs was an excavation supervisor, and Mrs. Fran Wright was laboratory supervisor. Mr. Manouchehr Imani was the representative of the Archaeological Service. Mr. Nicholas Vester visited during the project and helped with the mapping and excavation. On March 2, 1968 a field camp was set up in the community of Deh Luran. Thirty local workmen were hired. A tent was rented as an equipment depot and shelter for the workers. Tepe Farukhabad is a high mound of whitish color visible from throughout the central and northwestern Deh Luran Plain (32°35'N, 47'14'E,

Pl. 2). The entire site is 190 m from northwest to southeast, and 140m from northeast to southwest. The high central portion, excluding the iower terrace, is now 150m from northwest to southeast, and 70 m from northeast to southwest. This central portion rises 30 m above the level of the present deeply incised Mehmeh floodplain, 25 m above the ancient flood plain, and only 20 m above sterile soil as determined by examihation of the river-cut face (Fig. 3; Pl. 2). The only nearby habitations are a few semi-permanent tents to the north. At sunset, quiet except for the call of the jackal and the laughter of hyaenas, the site is impressive in its desolation. The entrenched flood plain of the Mehmeh River covers areas west and south of the mound. In the past, river meanders have cut into the mound, eliminating perhaps 60 percent of its bulk. The original central mound was probably 200 m in diameter. Surface indications show that it grew more or less as I had suspected, but not at the period which I had expected. An initial sounding on the flanking terrace at the foot of what became Excavation C revealed several meters of ParthoSasanian debris. While it is possible that earlier architecture underlies this terrace, there is no evidence of such in the eroded areas around its edge. I decided to concentrate on the remnant of the high central mound, the one remaining ha of the three ha early settlement. A permanent datum was provided by a concrete marker under a cairn emplaced years before by the oil company. The elevation of the marker was taken to be 162.8 m above sea level on the basis of a map prepared by the company. Since this map gave the elevation only to the nearest foot, this is an approximate metric equivalency. The excavation units were laid out after an examination of the surface configuration of the site. The examination indicated three separate cuttings of the site by the river. The oldest episode cut the northwest end, leaving a steep slope now stabilized by grasses. The next episode cut away the entire southwest half of the mound. This left a steep slope which still-active gullies have cut into four major spurs. The most recent episode cut into the west corner between the two previous cuts, leaving a near vertical cliff in constant danger of collapse. The second stage of erosion had left a long transect through the heart of the settlement which could be excavated with relative ease and safety. Excavation debris could be dropped over

5

INTRODUCTION

Farukhabad

t N

1968

--25 Meters

Fig. 3. Contour Map of Tepe Farukhabad. Contour interval equals 2 m.

the bank onto the present Mehmeh flood plain. I decided to place two major excavations on this slope, and two of the four spurs were randomly selected as locations for these excavations (Fig. 3). In retrospect, this method probably biased our sample in favor of large building because the spurs themselves are the areas more resistant to erosion,

and thus probably areas with particularly massive stone and mud brick foundations. Because of this possible bias, I have not attempted to estimate statistical attributes of the total community such as percentage of ground devoted to large residences, or kilograms of chert discarded in a given period, much as I might like to do so.

6

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

The two main excavation units were 5 m wide and were oriented northeast-southwest in order to cut the slope at right angles and provide useful sections. The unit to the southeast was labeled Excavation A, and the unit to the northwest was labeled Excavation B. While these units are exactly 45 m apart in order to facilitate any future master excavation grid at Farukhabad, for our purposes a simple Jetter I number grid of one meter squares was used within each excavation. In each there were five letters going from 'A' on the northwest to 'E' on the southeast. Perpendicular there were numbers, in Excavation A running from '5' to '18' and in Excavation B running from '1' to '14'. Each excavation was intended to maintain a roughly 25 sq m area of exposure. As they proceeded downward, they were stepped outward so that the area exposed approximated that figure. The excavation procedure was as follows. Once architectural features were removed from a surface, the entire area was cut down a few centimeters and cleaned. Then a shallow step was cut into the slope to reveal a section of the underlying deposits. Possible walls and other features were defined on the newly cleaned upper surface and section, and natural strata of 'layers' were tentatively defined on the section. When walls were present the provenience units or loci were defined in architectural terms. When they were not, the space was divided in some convenient arbitrary manner. Only the very thinnest of natural layers were excavated as a whole. Most layers thicker than 15 em were removed in arbitrary upper, middle, or lower layers. Often, as we worked inward from the section, ephemeral floors or color changes were noted which justified such subdivision. Four varieties of 'floors' were defined. Most contained flecks of gypsum, probably of natural origin. Very well-prepared floors had a base of puddled mud or mud bricks covered by a layer of mud plaster. Ordinary floors had only a covering of mud plaster. Even simpler floors had only a very compact surface, without special base or layering. Finally, ephemeral floors had only a discontinuous compacted surface with or without special covering. In retrospect, an even more complex taxonomy of surfaces might have been useful in architectural and stratigraphic interpretation. In only one case was there a serious loss of stratigraphic control. This good fortune is attributable more to the relatively unweathered, multi-colored stratigraphy than to any special skill on our part. (The

exceptional case occurred in the second millennium layers of Excavation B where the horizontal depositional stratigraphy was cross-cut by a sloping post-depositional green staining which may have resulted from the percolation of ancient sewage.) When mud brick wall stubs and other features were isolated, they were drawn on plans, photographed, numbered, otherwise recorded, and removed. All debris were screened through half em mesh except material from the cleaning of sections, from demonstrated mud brick walls, and from known animal burrows. Screening allowed the consistent recovery of the small bitumen, bone, and chipped stone fragments needed for various kinds of statistical analysis. In some horizontal excavations, where certain types of debris can be recognized as terrace fill or mud brick collapse, such can be discarded, but in small stratigraphic excavations of the sort we were undertaking, one cannot be certain until after the deposit is removed. When in doubt, we screened the deposit. The artifacts from each volume of earth or provenience unit removed from the excavation were recorded in a serial excavation catalogue. For instance, the provenience unit labeled X485 might be from a volume of brown silt and ash from Excavation A, horizontally defined as a 2.5 by 2.0 m area identified as squares A, B, and half of C-12, 13 and vertically defined as from layer 25. The procedure of excavation, recovery, and recording might be repeated within each excavation several times each day. Appendix Table A-1 presents the provenience catalogue. A further word about the excavation of features may be useful. Any association between soil phenomena and objects that was not routinely recorded in field notes, plans, or sections was designated as a 'feature' and serially numbered within each excavation. Features included pits, hearths, postholes, piles of stones or bones, burials, and mud brick wall stubs. The last, the most common type, were approached in the following way. Brick alignments were noted in scraping the excavation. These areas were isolated by removal of refuse or brick collapse from either side of their alignment down to the next possible floor. We then worked in from the side in hopes of finding brick faces or plaster. In many cases this was not possible and we cut into clean brick and mortar in hopes of finding the joints. If the feature still seemed to be a wall rather than a pattern of neatly fallen brick collapse, it was numbered, measured,

INTRODUCTION and mapped. In order to provide final confirmation that a feature was a wall, we removed portions in order to examine the cross-section of the feature and to obtain whole bricks for measurements. There are two points in the excavation at which I think this procedure may have broken down. Both represent extremely weathered layers which were exposed to the elements for several centuries during abandonments of the mound. One is Excavation A, Layers I to 4; the other is Excavation B, Layer 37. Otherwise, though the field plans and sections occasionally leave something to be desired, I believe we have recorded the mud brick wall stubs adequately. Our procedures revealed a number of features which pass all the tests for walls, but which only survive to a height of one or two brick courses. One would expect the debris of the upper walls to fill a room to a much higher level than this. Such wrecking to near floor level would only result when the debris of the destroyed building was hauled away and dumped elsewhere. The frequency of the practice at Farukhabad may result from the steepsidedness of the mound, already at least ten m above the level of the plain by 4000 B.C. Constant filling around the edges would have been needed to level off the top of the mound, and building debris would have suited the purpose admirably. During the course of the excavation various specialized samples were taken. Bags of earth were collected for water flotation to recover carbonized plant remains as well as tiny retouch flakes, rodent bones, and other items. Rectangular blocks of earth were cut out of the section for pollen analysis. Charcoal was collected in plastic bags for radiocarbon age determinations. A third minor excavation was undertaken for a specific purpose and with modified procedures. This was a one m wide trench (termed Excavation C) transecting the northeast slope. It was undertaken during the last days of excavation in order to provide a section through the original outer perimeter of the central mound. First, the trench was stepped down the slope and the section was cleaned and recorded. Most of the recorded walls were those of small buildings. Perhaps because of erosion or quarrying of the mound perimeter for building materials by the Partho-Sasanian occupants, the only circumvallation discovered dates to the later second millennium B.C. Artifact samples for dating purposes were removed from some of the layers as exposed in the steps and the effort was

7

closed. During the subsequent course of analysis, I often regretted being unable to expand our clearance of the small buildings in this area, but our resources were largely expended by then, and continuation was not possible. A total of 1512 man-days, not counting the efforts of the supervisory staff, were spent at Farukhabad. While much of the excavation was done by the supervisors, several of the men of Deh Luran proved to be skilled excavators and most of them worked hard under difficult conditions of alternating rain and dust storms. It soon became apparent that we were underfinanced and short of supervisory staff; difficulties were compounded by vehicle breakdown, sudden changes of weather, and so on. Furthermore, the scarcity of food in Deh Luran, then separated from Andimeshk and Dezful by more than four hours of dusty track and two unpredictable river fords, made life even more difficult. The fact that Mrs. Wright, Dr. Bettarel, Mr. Gibbs, and Mr. Imani stayed with the project under these conditions until the very end is highly commendable. The fact that there were no major illnesses in the field is attributable to Mrs. Wright's careful attention to the preparation of meals in addition to her heavy burden of laboratory work. The following table indicates the work done by the group.

Table 1: Farukhabad Excavation Measurements (m)

Top Elevation Above Sea Level Bottom Elevation Above Sea Level Total Depth Width Length Average Exposed Floor area (m2) Excavated Volume (m3) Screened Volume (rn3)

A

B

c

155.9

160.9

160.5

147.7 8.2 5.0 14.0

149.0 11.9 5.0 14.0

148.5 12.0 1.0 17.0

25.1 206.0 102.8

23.6 290.0 143.8

24.0

Total

48.7 520.0 246.6

With temperatures over 40°C, we left Farukhabad and Deh Luran on April 30th, 1968. I have returned three times in succeeding years. In 1969 I assisted James A. Neely in his intensive site survey of the Deh Luran Plain as a part of the second Rice University project under Frank Hole. In 1970, I returned to assist Richard Redding in the trapping of small mammals in the area. In 1973, I returned

8

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

to repair the ditches and banks which protect the excavations from excessive rain damage. Doubtless many readers will wish that larger exposures were made. Except for the above mentioned Excavation C, I disagree. From a practical point of view, a site like Farukhabad, cut in half by natural forces, is ideal for stratigraphic work such as ours, but not for extensive horizontal clearance. I would rather have several small stratigraphic excavations rather than one large one.

THE ANALYSIS Since we were not certain that sherd samples shipped across the oceans would arrive safely in Michigan, we decided to undertake an extensive preliminary analysis in Iran. The goal was to record enough so that a useful report could be written even if by some chance the samples were lost. Mr. Imani made special arrangements with Mr. Nasser Bayani of the Kermanshah Office of the Ministry of Culture and Arts to set up a laboratory in that city. After returning Chicago's Landrover to Iraq, we began work in the laboratory. Several weeks were spent doing counts and drawings of the artifacts from all stratified provenience units, after which everything was taken to Tehran. Through the kindness of Mr. Pourmand, most of the stratified ceramics, stone tools, and animal bones were sent to the United States. They are now housed primarily at the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology in Ann Arbor, The University Museum in Philadelphia, and Yale University in New Haven. After this preliminary analysis, I felt obliged to make some decisions regarding terminology for artifacts and cultural units. For the artifact types, I have used simple verbal labels to facilitate memory and enliven the discussion. I have tried to follow the terminological precedents of my own previous publication ( 1969a), which I set after consultation with a number of scholars working in lowland Mesopotamia, and of the work of Hole, Flannery, and Neely (1969). The only new formal artifact names used in this volume are those for ceramic wares, such as Sargarab Ware and Uruk Ware. I have presented only verbal descriptions of these, as I believe more formal description should be proposed only after technological analysis. The fourth millennium B.C. in Greater Mesopotamia,

with its rapidly changing ceramic technology, is certainly a fertile field for a person with such analytical interests. In the case of terminology for cultural units, I have followed a double standard. New local phases in the Greater Ubaid tradition have been given names based on sites or nearby modern communities, following the pattern set by Hole, Flannery, and Neely. These names are easy to remember and are distinguished by outstanding ceramic features easily learned and quickly noted during reconnaissance. Such phases probably define the remains of single societies. In the subsequent Protohistoric periods, however, stylistically well-defined local units are not easily perceived. Instead there are a series of broadly correlated local developments. I have opted for named phases with interregional applicability transcending the local differences which certainly exist. Such phases probably define time periods rather than social units, though this point is untested and will remain so until more accurate methods of dating are devised and applied throughout the area. I would like to emphasize that I have no objection to broadly descriptive phase names such as 'Early Protoliterate'. However, such names are problem-specific. Given a concern with states as administrative systems, the term 'Protoliterate' is an excellent one. Given a concern with city growth, the term 'Protourban' might be more useful. Such problem-defining terminologies are not designed to isolate content-free temporal or social units for purposes of comparison by different scholars. Only such content-free terminologies require general agreement and uniform use. Table 2: Later Phases at Tepe Farukhabad

Exc. A Partho-Sasanian Middle Elamite Transitional Elamite Sukkalmahhu Elamite B4 Simaski Elamite c Early Dynastic Dl Late Jemdet Nasr D2 Early Jemdet Nasr El Late Uruk E2 Middle Uruk E3 Early Uruk F1 Late Farukh F2 Middle Farukh F3 Early Farukh Bayat G

A Bl B2 B3

1-5 6-12 13-17 18-20 21-22 23 24-29 30-31 33-36

Layers Exc. B

1-l!U llL-14 15-18 19-20 21-23 24-27 28-31 32-34 35-36 37-39 40-45 46-47

Exc. C

9-23 24-26 27-31 32-33

INTRODUCTION The series of phase names for Farukhabad, proposed in part during the preliminary analysis but continuously modified since, is presented in the following table. Letter designation follows the pattern of Hole, Flannery, and Neely After returning to Ann Arbor, the samples were cleaned again and catalogued under the direction of Gibbs. I began a time-consuming analysis of the distribution of artifacts within the excavations as recorded in the counts made in Kermanshah, assisted by Gregory Alan Johnson and Ingrid Christensen. Though we learned a great deal about the use of computers, this work contributed little to this monograph since it soon became apparent that the typology devised in Kermanshah was too general. More than a year was spent constructing and statistically testing a new typology, preparing tables of measurements and counts, preparing illustrations, and checking field notes. Dozens of students in our laboratory course in museum techniques worked on these tasks, and many of them went on to do optional problem-oriented research on particular classes of artifacts. All completed papers dealing with these projects have been edited and are included here under the contributor's name. The illustrations were prepared primarily by myself. Ellen Wilt and Margaret Van Bolt prepared several of the more difficult illustrations. The chipped stone was drawn according to the common conventions of Paleolithic archaeologists, the direction of flaking being indicated by convex lines concentric around the former position of the point of impact for each flake removal scar. The depth of shadow is indicated by the heaviness of these lines, with the light being conventionally above and to the left of the tool. I have retained this convention for the ceramic illustrations. The function of the shadow on the ceramics is to show the surface texture, particularly those marks which might indicate methods of manufacture. If we maintained the convention of putting the exterior view of the pot to the right and the section and interior view to the left, the shadow would be very heavy on both the interior and exterior of the vessel, obscuring features of interest. Therefore we have not followed the common practice, but have put the section and interior view to the right. In addition, we have tried to show asymmetries and errors in design when they occurred in hopes of

9

conveying information on the methods of decorating pottery. We hope that these efforts will prove useful to the reader. Large blocks of data were made available to interested specialists. Their contributions on the plants, animals, and later occupations have been included with minimal editing, and many of their conclusions have been cited in the various summary sections of the main body of the report. The descriptive sections of this main body were largely finished in the summer of 1970. Teaching and other responsibilities subsequently kept me from returning to the manuscript for several years. During the course of analysis several preliminary papers have been published or otherwise circulated. The first was a brief note in Iran, Vol. VII ( 1968), composed immediately after our return from Kermanshah. Several errors in this report require correction. First, the reported height and length of the mound were too great. Second, the ascription of layers to phases differs slightly from that finally decided upon. Third, the correlation of the Deh Luran Phases with the Le Breton Susiana and Susa phases were incorrect, as discussed in the appropriate subsequent part of this monograph. Finally, the late building whose remains form the summit of the mound of Farukhabad is probably Parthian or Sasanian, not Early Islamic. Most of these errors were repeated in the "First Interim Report," a mimeographed document circulated to only a few individuals. The third preliminary paper used the evidence of exports and imports from Farukhabad to consider a variety of propositions about exchange, state development, and town growth. This was presented at the American Anthropological Association meetings in New Orleans in the autumn of 1970. It was published in 1972, after much revision, as "A Consideration of Inter-regional Exchange in Greater Mesopotamia: 4000 to 3000 B.C." in "Social Exchange and Interaction," Anthropological Papers No. 46 of the University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology, edited by E. N. Wilmsen. The errors included in the first version of this paper, resulting primarily from the uncritical use of the data from the Kermanshah analysis, were repeated in the "Second Interim Report," another mimeographed document released to only a few people. These errors will not be detailed here. The published version of the 1970

10

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

paper was expanded in 1980 to form Chapter XV. The preceding chapters are essentially as they were written in 1974.

THE PLAN OF THE PRESENT WORK This monograph has several purposes. First, it should make a contribution to the understanding of early exchange in Southwest Asia, and of the development of early states in general. Second, it should extend the culture historical sequence on the Deh Luran Plain from the end of the fifth millennium B.C., to which point the successive Rice University Projects under the direction of Frank Hole had taken it, up into the second millennium. The data used to achieve these purposes are presented in the appendixes so that the reader may reach his own conclusions regarding either aspect of the project. Hopefully these data, both the counts and measurements and the various illustrations, will be useful to other investigations commonly pursued but not emphasized in this work. Among these would be intra- and inter-regional stylistic comparison and sequence correlation. The deposits cut by the excavations contained two obvious stratigraphic unconformities, marked by weathered horizons. The three divisions created by these unconformities contained very different cultural remains, and this has to some extent dictated the organization of this work. Thus, Part One is concerned with the Bayat and Farukh Phases, late manifestations of the Susiana Tradition. During the occupational hiatus after these two phases, as indicated by the weathering of Excavation A, layer 23 and Excavation B, layer 37, there is evidence at other sites on the Deh Luran Plain of at least two distinct cultural phases. These are discussed in the last pages of Part One. Part Two describes the deposits of the various U ruk and Jemdet Nasr Phases as well as a tentatively defined phase of the first part of the Early Dynastic Period. In the hiatus indicated by the weathering and erosion of Excavations B, Layer 19, and the weathering of Excavation A, Layers 1 to 4, the rest of the Early Dynastic Period and the Period of the Empire of Agade occurred. Part Three deals with the succeeding Elamite Phases and later times. Part Four presents information on plants and animals. Part Five offers some conclusions about inter-regional trade during the periods spanned by the first two parts.

Within the first two parts, a similar format is followed. First, the stratigraphy and features are presented. The feature data have been re-ordered and amplified from field records. For instance, once types of bins and hearths were isolated it was possible to find data on others not recognized and numbered in the field. These have been numbered and entered in the tables. In the second chapter, the ceramics are described with minimal use of statistics, because measurements of every example of each type from a 50 percent random sample of the provenience units are included in the appendixes. The third chapter covers chipped stone tools and other artifacts, and the fourth chapter is devoted to the distribution of artifact types in order to define cultural phases and to evaluate the different activities performed during these phases. This effort is included within the ceramic chapter in Part Three because the very limited horizontal exposure of the Elamite Layers precluded any kind of activity study. Fifth and finally, a summary chapter draws together the first four chapters of the section, the contributions of the ethnozoologist and the ethno-botanist, and some of the survey data kindly made available by James Neely in order to provide a brief overview of what is known of the series of phases covered in that part. In all parts, but particularly in Part One, an effort has been made to provide data comparable to that presented by Hole, Flannery, and Neely in the first Deh Luran report. This is not so, however, in the counting of sherds. My counts are always of vessels represented by a rimsherd or base or some such part. Two pieces from the rim of one vessel, with a few exceptions subsequently noted, are counted as one. This is done because some of the statistical manipulations used require that interdependency between observations be eliminated as much as possible. Beyond this, however, I found it most difficult to .assign body sherds to specific bowl types in any duplicable manner. To mitigate this inconsistency I have presented some counts of the Tepe Sabz Bayat Phase material using the same standards used in this study of the Farukhabad material (Table 10). In retrospect, there are many features of the analysis that I would like to revise. For instance, as a result of the work of Alain Le Brun (1971), Gregory Johnson (1973), and Helene Kantor on the Susiana Plain, it seems certain that the U ruk ceramic typology could be improved for purposes of both chronological study and studies of activ-

INTRODUCTION ities. Had I measured the entire ceramic sample, readers could re-classify all the ceramics in any way they chose. To take another example, studies of activity variation could have been improved if information on body sherds, chipped stone waste and scrap bone had been statistically analyzed. However, the number of artifacts and the number of provenience units from any single phase at Farukhabad is small. It seems better to wait until larger and more appropriate samples are available for analysis before undertaking such improvements in analysis and not to delay further the appearance of this report.

11

Elements of the final text not attributed to a particular author were prepared by Henry T. Wright, who has also taken the responsibility for the integration of all the elements. Parts of the text were critically examined by John Alden, Benjamin Fischler, Robert Henrikson, Gregory A. Johnson, Sander van der Leeuw, and Susan Pollock. The editing was done by David Victor with the assistance of Mary Coombs, Mary Hodge, Katherine Moore, and Carla Sinopoli. To these and to the many others who made useful suggestions and comments, the authors extend their sincere thanks.

PART ONE: THE BAYAT AND FARUKH PHASES

Chapter I

STRATIGRAPHY AND STRUCTURAL FEATURES OF THE BAYAT AND FARUKH PHASES

Layer 35: Brick debris (.20 m): Southwest or outside of Feature 32, there is a lens of ash, a pebble pavement, and a lens of green clay. Inside Feature 32 is a layer of silt and broken brick. The newly reconstructed Feature 32 has an interior partition (Figs. 6, 9a). The inside and outside deposits in this and the preceding two layers are dissimilar and unconnected; their correlation is based on relative altitude. Layer 34: Silt, ash, and gypsum grit floors (.25 m): These floors occur at the same level both inside and outside of Feature 32. The uppermost floor has a few broken bricks embedded in it. Layer 33: Silt and ash (.10m): This is fill on top of the Layer 34 floors. It is capped by the brick packing of Layer 32. Layer 32: Brick packing (.85 m): This is the foundation platform of Feature 30, a large building. Some of these bricks may be the dismantled upper walls of Feature 32. Because the bricks vary so greatly in size, however, there is no way to show this. The packing is capped by a layer of clean silt, perhaps mud mortar laid down to level off the platform top and to provide a base for floors. Layer 31: Silt floors (.10m): These are prepared floors constructed within the Feature 30 building. Layer 30: Silt, gypsum grit, ash and brick (.20 m). Debris resulting from the deterioration of the building both within its rooms and in the alley outside of the rooms. In the east end of the alley there is an ash lens capping this layer. Otherwise the top is ill-defined. Layer 29: Silt and broken brick (.90 m): This thick collapse deposit preserves the wall stubs of the large building of features 30 and 31 ('c' and 'e' on Figs. 4 and 5) to a height of more than a meter. Some gypsum grit occurs. Many flat oval lime-

INTRODUCTION Deposits of the Bayat Phase were removed from Excavation A, and deposits of the Farukh Phase were removed from both Excavations A and B. The stratigraphy of the deposits is well-defined, relatively horizontal, and broken by few intrusive cultural disturbances. The most common features are the unbaked mud brick walls of various kinds of buildings. The stratigraphy of each excavation unit is discussed layer by layer from bottom to top, although layers were numbered from top to bottom. This reversal facilitates the presentation of interrelated depositional events. Then each type of feature is presented, and each building is discussed individually, the attributes of the building's walls being presented in Table 3.

BAYAT AND FARUKH PHASE STRATIGRAPHY EXCAVATION A

Layer 37: Silt floors (.25m in average thickness): The compact silt floors, with some ash, slant down and thicken from southwest to northeast inside the rooms of Feature 32, the wall stub of a small building (labeled 'a' on Fig. 6). The top of the layer is a roughly level, compact silt floor. Layer 36: Silt and ash floors (20m): Southwest, or outside of Feature 32, this layer is green silt with a compact floor on top. Northeast, inside Feature 32, there are alternating layers of ashy silt and compact silt overlaid by a compact silt floor with some gypsum grit. 12

STRATIGRAPHY OF THE BAYAT AND FARUKH PHASES stone pebbles were found in the upper part of this debris, perhaps a result of the dismantling of the building. The top of Layer 29 is ill-defined. Layer 28: Silt, gypsum grit, charcoal, and ash. (.25 m): Some lenses of ash occur in small pits cutting into Layer 29 and even into the top of Feature 31. The lenses show no continuity and there are no floors, suggesting that the area was used as a refuse dump. Layer 27: Silt floors (.22 m): To the southeast this layer is a well-defined sequence of prepared floors becoming progressively thinner near the top. A single floor was arbitrarily chosen as the upper surface of this layer. To the northwest this floor is somewhat different: there are a few ash lenses and the upper surface of the layer is capped by an ash lens. Near the center of the excavation there is a concentration of flat oval pebbles. Layer 26: Silt floors (.15 m): To the northeast these floors were ill defined and there is some ash in the fill between them. A building of unknown function (Feature 29, Fig. 4f) was built here during this period of deposition. To the southeast, in the uppermost five em of Layer 27 and lowermost 10

13

em of Layer 26, 16 successive compact prepared floors could be distinguished. To the southeast the top of this layer is greenish silt floor. Layer 25: Silt with coarse gypsum grit (.22 m): This debris is from the deterioration of Feature 29 to the west and the construction and use of a probable storehouse to the east (Feature 28, Fig. 5g). Some clay of the type used for sealings occurs in this layer. The top of the layer is a compact gypsum grit floor to the southeast and an ash lens to the west. Layer 24: Silt, gypsum grit, and floors (.15 m): There is no evidence of a structure in use at this time, but there are masses of fine clay fragments apparently scraped off containers during the process of sealing them (see Chapter IV, Pl. 16b). A storehouse must have been nearby. This layer is higher to the southwest, where it covers the wall stub of Feature 29, and slants down to the northeast. Layer 23: Brown and green silt floors (.10 m): Lower Layer 23 has no outstanding features. It is capped by the brick packing of a platform (Feature 25, Fig. 4 h). To the east of the platform is a thin

Fig. 4. Northwest Section of Excavation A.

14

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

Fig. 5. Southeast Section of Excavation A.

flooring of brick visible in the section, over which is a deposit of green clay. These were removed as upper and middle Layer 23. Layer 22: The lower portion of Layer 22 is a soft cross-bedded deposit probably composed of material eroded from the top of the platform mixed with Uruk debris. The upper portion is composed of silt and ash lenses of the later phase. EXCAVATION B

Layer 47: Ash and silt with some floors (.28 m): There is a well-defined floor separating the lower and upper portions of this layer and an ephemeral floor at its top.

Layer 46: Silt, ash, and gypsum grit with some floors (.38 m): In the middle of the layer is a floor with evidence of burning and a scatter of lightly baked brick fragments. A wall footing runs from east to west across the north end of the very small 3.0 by 2.5 meter exposure of this level. The top is a compact floor. Layer 45: Silt floors (.19m): This layer has some gypsum grit in the lower two floors and some charcoal in the upper two floors. Several possible walls footings are founded in lower Layer 45. A compact floor caps the layer. Layer 44: Silt and gypsum grit (.25 m): A complex of small rooms and walls (Feature 41, labeled 'a' on the section in Fig. 8) was founded on

STRATIGRAPHY OF THE BAYAT AND FARUKH PHASES

15

150-

149-

148-

~

~. ~

~

Recent Dis! urbance

~t

and Pebbles

g

Green Si It

[2]

Rocks

Gypsum Grit

and Cement

D

Mud Sri ck and Plaster

Non-di5tinct

Sherdsond

Distinct

Interface

Interface

Burnt Si It

C ha reo a I

Ash

~~-

Discontinuous Floor

Continuous

f I oar

Fig. 6. East Southeast Section of the Lowest Step in Excavation A.

the middle of Layer 45, but was probably built in slight wall trenches cut from the top of Layer 45. Layer 44 is the fill of this complex. Variation in room fills is discussed in the subsequent description of Feature 41. The top of Layer 44 is a gypsum grit floor. Layer 43: Silt, green silt, and gypsum grit floors (.30 m): These floors overlie the low mound of debris left by the room complex, parts of whose walls may still have been standing. There are broken brick fragments in the upper portion of the layer, probably resulting from the final leveling of Feature 41. The top is an ephemeral, compact floor. Layer 42: Silt, ash, and gypsum grit (.25m): To the southeast there are ephemeral floors with gypsum grit. To the northwest there is more ash in the deposit. Broken bricks and limestone cobbles are scattered throughout. A fragmentary wall stub

was founded on middle layer 42. The top of this layer is a compact floor continuous to the southeast and ephemeral to the northwest. Layer 41: Silt, gypsum grit, and broken brick (.25 m): Another building complex (Feature 40) was constructed on the top of Layer 42. This initial construction was disturbed at the point where it entered the section but a later reconstruction (Fig. 8b) is visible. The fill of these rooms contained cobbles and large blocks of orange and gray silt of a sort now seen eroding from the banks of the Mehmeh River. The purpose of these is unknown. The top of this layer is a compact floor. Layer 40: Silt floors (.15 m): The Feature 40 complex is rebuilt. The floors and footings, sunk in a slight wall trench, are clearly visible in section. The top is a compact silt floor. Layer 39: Silt, broken brick, and brick flooring, (.15 m): The brick flooring is visible in the north-

16

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

Fig. 7. Upper Portion of the Southeast Section of Excavation B.

17

STRATIGRAPHY OF THE BAYAT AND FARUKH PHASES 7

8

10

11

12

152--9_

o_- .:=_ ~0- 9 ---

151-

-~-­

"" -...,.

• ">


Oil

""0 Cl>

...J

~

a

0

JJ:l

0,

..,

;::l

u

"'o:l

ta u

JJ:l

·a0 u

~

[:L;

not sig.

""0

Q)

..,

:> JJ:l

:.:l

0

0,

""0

1::

:.:l

;::l

0 ~

~

i:!

;;>, o:l ....

(..':)

Table 48: Continued

Ring Base Grayware Jar Segment Sickle Retouched Piece Denticulate-Notch N= NB: See Table 13

38.5

a C2 ..,

~ JJ:l

Ex A Small

Ex B Large

.32 .95 1.75 .62 1.24 .43

.31 .27 1.17 .42 .17 .84

8

10

u

p

20.0

not sig.

3.0 23.0

p=.99 not sig.

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

180

Table 49: Late Jemdet Nasr Phase Artifact Correlations Ledge Rim Jar

1.00

Flared Rim Jar

.26

1.00

Round Lip Jar

.22

.15

1.00

Band Rim Jar

-.14

.15

.31

1.00

Wide Base

-.II

-.21

.28

.44

1.00

Conical Cup

.15

-.08

.30

.14

.30

1.00

Round Lip Bowl

.21

.01

.39

.06

.24

.33

1.00

Segments

.02

.29

.29

.33

-.12

.13

.29

1.00

Flat Base

-.43

.03

.36

.28

.06

-.05

-.05

.34

1.00

Sickles

-.44

.03

.25

.33

-.02

.05

.00

.24

.35

...

...

2201 62601 626J2

I20.C 120.0 117.5 I25.C 125.0 117.5 112.5 125.0 125.0 I 17.5

8 I s I 7 I 81 7 I

4 4 4

841 B4l 841 !142 842 A42 842 842 842 84?

63lil1 ll5.C 63102 125.0 M001 125.0 64901 I 11.5 64902 117.5 64903 117.5 65001 117.5 e5201 I25.C 65202 117.5 65601 120.0

842 B43 843 B44 1344 A44 B44 B44 844 A44

111.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 6~802 i 25.0 67101 112.5 o7102 l?s.o 67103 120.0 67104 125.0 67301 125.0

845 845 845 845 845 A46 !146 046 B46 846

67501 122.5 68101 110.0 68301 117.5 68501 125.0 68701 1?5.0 69 1 o 1 I 1 1. 5 69102 125.0 6ql03 117.5 69301 125.0 1)9302 117.5

A36 A36 836 B3f> B3f ll36 836 a~q

B3q A39 03~

65801 66001 66231 6fP.01

10.41 IC.74 10.64 I C.40 IC.46 10.54 5~ IC.80 85 I 0.32 80 10.50 83 10.43

110.0 110.0 110.0 125.0 125.0 125.0 110.0 110.0 125.0 125.0

3 I 4 3 I 3 3 I 4 3 I o 3 I o 3 I o I 4 I 6 3 I o I 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

!8 16 14 21 11 15 16 14 11 12

85 82 70 13 81 AO 84 84 84 78

125.0 125.0 112.5 110.0 llC.o I 10.0 110.0 122.5 122.5 122.5

3 3 3 4 3 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

12 14 20 1 27 30 30 1'. 11 15

66 10.40 771C.40 82 10.52 60 IC.68 60 10.12 70 10.67 51 IC.74 88 10.58 88 I C.62 75 I o • 4 5

2 2 2 2 2 2

14 15 16 13 13 17 14 12 13 12

48 !C.73 117.5 73 10.59 112.5 83 IC.52 112.5 67 IO.o7 112.5 76 10.31 112.5 96IC.55IlO.O 88 IC.47 1!2.5 86 10.41 112.5 84 IC.32 122.5 87 I c. 50 122.5

8 8 8 8

12 5. o I s I 25.0 I 8 12 5.0 I A 122.518 6 I 22.5 I t 1 I 4 12 5. o I 8 e I 2 I 25.0 I 8 A I 3 125.0 I 8 8 I 3 12 5. o I 8 6 I 6 125.0 I a

2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 2

2

8 8

2 2

8 I 4 125.0 B I 4 125.0 716125.0 714122.5 7 I 4 122.5 616125.0 812122.5 e I 2 l25.o 7 I 2 125.0 7 I 3 117.5 I I I I I I I I I I

75 85 78 78 84 74

2 1 2 2

1 6 " 6 ~

6 s 8 8 8 8

5 7 8 8 1 8 7 8 8

8 B 7 8 8 8

e

2 6 4 6 1 4 2 4 1 1

125.0 I c. 1 125.0 125.0 125.0 117.5 125.0 I 2 5. o 125.0 125.0

2 6 4 2 1 4 3 4 3 4

I 2 5. o 112.5 117.5 125.0 112.5 117.5 12 5.0 I 2 5. o 125.0 117.5

F~RUKH-BAYAT

1

8

2

B

2

8

1

8

2

II

2

&

2

8

2

8

2 0 1 1 1

c e

8

8 7 8

4 1 2

e

8

2 1

8

e 1 2 6 I 4 1 I 4 8 8

I 3 I 2

I I e 1 8 I 8 I 8 8

4 1 2 1 2

2 2 2 2 2 2

2

2

2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2

2 2 2 2

SMALL BOWL RIMS :

24801 23901 23902 24101 25801 2580 3 25901 25201 25401 25402

l25.c

I 25. o

1?2.5 I 22. 5 ll 7. 5 I 11. 5 120.0 125.0 120.0 I25.C

7 8 8 8 7 6 8 8 8 a

I I I I

I I I I I I

3 3 4 4 4 4 3 1 1 2

t 20.0 12s.o 125. o 122. 5 I 1.0 12 o. o l25.o 122.5 120 .o 125. o

8

e

3 7 8

1 8 8

3 3 3 4 2

4 3 2 3 2

2

2 2 2 2

2 2 2

2 2

27 40 1 !2 28 1 13 15 16 22

85 83 104 87 84 84 91 87 80 82

IC.Ol 1c.so 10.80 10.40 I o .o 1 IC.56 I 0.41 I C.Ol 10.01 10.33

IC.52 I o.58 10.47 10.47 I C. 55 I 0.35 10.56 IC.50 10.45 10.69

~4 10.43 105 10.30 10 10.74 94 IC.43 'l3 IC.42 88 10.70 CJ2 I c.so 64 10.68 96 10.3! 95 10.79

16 10 36 13 14 24 ll 11 12 15

14.10 IC.l9 10.28 10.73 IC.55 10.11 10.32 I2.3C IC.43 10.96

I 1.46 10.01 10.01 10.53 10.47 10.63 I 0.60 11.00 10.30 10.45

3 3 3

0 IC.79 10.90 0 10.48 10.01 4 IC.37 10.28 4 11.17 10.11 6 IC.80 10.66 2 10.50 10.67 2 10.76 10.70 0 IC.67 I 0.01 0 10.56 10.55 o IC.54 10.74

110.0 I 4 122.5,13 110.0 I 3 122.5 I 3 122.5 I ~ 122.5 I 3 122.5 I 3 122.5 I 3 122.5 I 3 I 1 2. 5 I 3

6 10.76 I 0.53 0 IC.62 10.46 2 10.46 10.01 OIC.lSI0.59 0 IC.23 10.66 0 10.34 10.36 0 tC.35 10.43 0 10.64 10.55 0 10.48 10.63 2 IC.30 10.67

115.0 110.0 I to.o IL2.5 125.0 110.0 110.0 115.0 1!7.5 110.0

2

4 3 3 3 3 3 ~

3 3 3

2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4

3 3

2 0 4 0 0 4 0 0 0 0

10.37 10.64 10.30 10.41 10.01 IC.52 IC.42 10.41 IC.54 10.46

10.52 10.52 10.31 10.36 I 0.28 10.45 10.20 10.32 10.50 10.46

1 6 4 4 0 4 3 3 2 3

10.72 10.74 10.29 10.01 10.30 10.79 11.07 10.31 10.32 IO.AO

10.46 IO.H l1.2'l 10.6!3 10.81 10.63 10.79 IO.Bl 10.80 11.08

MULTIPLE BANO

ILAYFRIARTIFACTI BODY I SliRFACE I Rl~ I RIM I Rl~ I ~liCY I I I ~UI'FlER I HUE IVALICHPI H'JE IVALICHRI FORI'IDIAM IANGLEITHICKI

A23 A24 A24 A24 A25 A25 A25 A26 A26 1126

PAINT I INT I EXT I IVALICHRI BAND! BAND!

11 17 19 18 15 10 14 7 12 22

3 2 4 1 1 1 1 4 3 2

I2C.O 120.0 115.0 125.0 125.0 I 25. o I 2 5. o 120.0 120.0 12 5. 0

HUE

HUE

P.A!NT I IVALICHRI

120.0 122.5 115.0 120.0 120.0 112.5 I 15. o 122.5 117.5 12 2. 5

3 4 3 4 8

3 3 4 4

3

INT I EXT I 1ST I 2ND I 2ND I 3RD I AANDI SANOISPACEI 8ANDISPACEI BA)IOI

I

l

l

o.oo o.oo 4.85 0.59 0.59 2 10.45 o.oo o.oo o.oo 0.73 12.68 2 11.50 2 1c. a 1 10.52 12.50 10.90 1o.oo 1o.oo 2 10.41 10.50 11.19 10.26 I o. oo 10.00 3 I 1. 38 I 1.05 10.40 10.00 10.00 to.oo 4 10.46 10.41 12.37 10.50 10.00 10.00 2 I c. 6 3 10.31 10.42 1o.2e 10. oo 10.00 0 10.80 I 0.59 10.59 IO .l'l 10.00 10.00 0 11. 13 10.42 10.40 10.30 10.00 10.00 0 10.70 10.49 10.06 10.28 10.00 IO.CO

1

APPENDIX C 'AKUKH-Ili\YAT

ILAYfRIAkTifACTI I I NUI'BER I

BODY I HUE IVAL!ChRI

SURfACF I I-IJE IVAL!CHRI

SMAIL ACWL Rli'S:

Rl~ I RIM FDPP A2f A26 A2o

25401 25402 25601 251>02 25603 261Jl 2(, l 02 26103 26104

120.0 I 15. c 117.5 I 22. s I 20. c I 1 1. s I20.C 120.0 120.0

7 7 6 8 8 7 9

7 8

1 11?.5 3 122.5 4 120.0 2 I 2 z. 5 2 I2C.O ? 1?2.5 ~ 12 5. 0 3 12 2. 5 2 122.5

6 8

7 8 8 8 1

8 8

4 2 2 2

2 2

'22

2 8

1 1 1 1 2 2 2

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

346

FARUKI-l-8AYAT BAS II\ R P~S ll AVER I ART IFACT I BCDY SURFACE I I I I ~!Uf'RER I HUE IVALICHRI I-CE IVALICHF901 117.5 56902 IZO.C 56903 I 20 .o

LARGI:

BOwLS wiTH THICKENED RIMS

SL:RFACE I f-UF IV~LilHf RillS

:

LIP I NEC~ FORMIOHM

I P. r~ 1 or A,

I qrM !NECK I RIM I NECK JANr.LEtriTICKfrHICKf HT

PAINT I H!JE IVALI:::HBI

I

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A21 21201 I 20.0 7 J '15. 0 7 I 4 2 14 18 60 I 1.10 I 0. 96 I 1. 41 0 0.0 0 832 B12 B32

B33 633

48101 4 9701 50101 51401 ';1902 52601 5 3101 53505 5 3901

117. 6 120.0

A A 6 8 H 8 8

4 2

I 5 I -, I 7 I A I 7 I

~

2 3

3

LI" I NE:({ FORMfDIAM 2 1 2 2 2

2 2

I RIM fDIAM

9 I ~ I 7 I 10 I 9 I q I 6 1 7 I

11 10 10 11 13 12 ~

10

I RIM I NEC~ I RIM 1 NECK fANGLEITHicKfTHICKl HT 35 I 0. 0~ 51 I Q. 6 J 43 f0.51 55 I 0. 51 f0.65 50 I 0. 51 65 I 1. '>5 50 IO.S5

so

f0.56 10.52 I 0. 39 I 0. 31 1 o. 75 10.63 1 0. 48 f0.73

I 3. 78 I 2. 61 12.47 I 1. 75 12.68 1 2. 70 1 t. 24 '2. 95

I PAINT I I HUE fVALICHRI I o. 0 I 0.0 I 0. 0 11 o. 0 I 0.0 I I 0.0 I 0.0

o.o

I 0 I 0 I 0 140 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0

I

0

1 0 I 0 I 40 I 0 I 0 I 0 I 0

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

350

S.UlGARAB IIARE : ILAYERIARTTFACTI I NIT~BER I I A20 A21 A21 1\21 A21

120 122

A22 A22 A22

A22 B32 B33 B33 B34

BB B34 834 8311

B36 I 836 I I B36 I I BJ6 I

FINE JAR RillS

BODY I SURFACE I LIP !NECK I Rill I Rilii!IECK I RIIIINECK I PAI!IT I HUE IVALJ:HRI HUE IVALICHRI FORliiDIAll IDIAll IANGLEifHICKifHIC~I HT I HUE IVlLI:HRI

77701 20701 20702 20901 21201 83301 121301 121302 121303 121304

122.5 112.5 120.0 115.0 120.0 112.5 125.0 120.0 125.0 125.0

8 6 6 7

121305 49704 51401 521101 53301 53501 54601 56106 55901 58701

117.5 120.0 115.0 115.0 117.5 115.0 125.0 112.5 125.0 117.5

6 A 7 6 7 6

7 7

7 ')

7

8 8

8 8 8

A

2 125.0 3 122. 5 6122.'; 6115.0 4125.0 4 120.0 4 125.0 6122.5 3125.0 3 124. 0

8 8 8 6 8 7 8 8 8 7

1 2 4 6 2 3 3 4 2 2

a 6

8 6

8 7

2 2 2

9

10

9

10 11

2 2 2 2 2 2

9 10 10

12

12

13

8 10

11

2

9 10

11 11

9

10 11

2

2 2 2

2

9

11 11

11

10

2 2 2

41 66 50 57 53 60 70 50 66 50

11 10

9

2 2 2

58702 112.5 I 6 I 8 120.0 I 8 I 3 I 58703 115.0 I 6 I 4 125.0 I 8 I 2 I 59 20 1 I 1 2. 5 I 6 I 4 I 2 2. 5 I 8 I 2 I

S ARGAR AB II ARE :

12 13 15 16

2

2

2 2 2 3 3 2 2 1

7

8 8

8 11 13 111 9 9 9

4

2

2 115.0 122.5 3 120.0 4 120.0 1 120.0 6 120.0 3 125.0 3 122.5 2 125.0 1 125.0 lj

8 I

9 I

11 I

12 I

I

9 I

B

10.51 10.112 I 0.110 10.35 10.110 10.45 1 o.so 10.50 10.115 10.511

10.55 10.311 I 0.111 10.311 f0.34 10.43 10.31 10.41 10.30 I 0.44

I 0.69 I 0.82 10.68 10.59 I 0.85

40 10.50 10.40 48 10.41 10.30 40 10.41 10.50 60 10.41 10.40 4510.69 10.7(} 60 10.61 10.40 4710.4810.113 60 10.511 10.33 6 5 1 o. 4 9 1 o. 38 7510.6010.32

10.86 10.67 10.50 I 0.69 13.72 JO.&O J0.52 10.47 I 0. 57 )0.96

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

I J.O

I 0

10.~0

70 10.36 10.35 10.38 7510.4010.31 10.00 55 10.48 10.32 10.46

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0 I 0

I 0.0 I 0 I !12.5 I 7.5 I o.o I 0.0 I 0.0 1 o.o I o. 0 I 0.0

140 145 I o I 0 I 0 I o I 0 I 0

o

160 150 I o I 0 I 0 I o I 0 I 0

I 0.0 I 0 1 0 1 I 0.0 I 0 I 0 I I o.o I o I o I

or HER ROUR D LIP JAR RillS

ILAYERIARTIFACTI BODY I SURFACE I LIP INECK I RI~ I RI~ IREC~ I Rill IRECK I I NJ~BER I HUE JVALI:HRI HUE IVALJCHRI FORliiDIA~ IDIA~ IANGLEJrHICKJrHIC~I HT

A20 77701 120.0 6 1 4 117.5 7 4 1 I &22 I 121307 112.5 I 6 I 3 112.51 6 1 4 1

2

10

11

2

I BJ 1 I I 833 I I B37 I

1 2 2

13 I 4 I

171 5 I

3 I 8 I

4 I

48101 117.5 I 7 I 4 120.0 1 B I 2 I 5 2201 I 17.5 I 7 I 4 117. 5 I 7 I 4 I 59701 115.0 1 7 I 6 J15.0 1 7 I 4 1

SARGARAB WARE : I LAYER I ARTIFACfl I I !I:JI'IBER

o.o o. 0 o.o o. 0 o.o o.o o.o o.o o. 0 o.o

11.46 10.65 I 0.61 10.1J5

10 I

95 55 49 65 30

10.10 10.97 J0.50 f).2ij 10.35

FLARED EXPANDED LIP JAR

J0.60 J1.03 I 0.37 J0.22 10.31

I

PAINT I HUE IVALj:HRI

12.10 1 0.0 1 0 1 0 12.60 !12.5 130 1~0 11.46 I 0.0 I 0 I 0 JO.IIO 112.5150150 J0.89 110.0 !50 140

I I I 1

RI~S

PAl liT SURFACE llODY I I I LIP I NECK I RHI I Rill I RII TPINECK I Rill I HECK I Rill I HUE IVHJ:HRI HUE IVALICHRI FORIIIDIAII I DIA~ llNGLEIARGLEfTHICKITHICKI EIT I HT I HUE I VALl CHBI

' ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------11 A20 83301 112.5 6 50 o.o 0 0 6 120.0 B 2 H 170 I O. 00 I 1. 20 11.72 11.20 A20 A21 B26 826 830 832 833 833

!!33

83302 20901 41401 41402 46202 58701 52401 5 3502 53503

110. 0 112.5 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 120.0 115.0

833 B34 833 B33. B34 B35 835 836 B36

54101 55701 78601 78602 56102 57301 57801 58301 58302

112.5 120.0 122.5 125.0 120.0 115.0 120.0 117.5 112.5

fj

6 B 8 7 7 7 A

7

120.0 122.5 122.5 122.5 125.0 125.0 125.0

8 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 8

3 3 3 2 2 4 2 2 3

11 10 16 11 17 10 5 16 12

14 13 19 14 20 13 19 20 16

40 45 55 60 65 70 49 65 37

175 165 165 150 160 115 160 159 152

j0.75 I o. 84 I 0. 73 I o. oo I 1.12 j0.62 I o. 91 1 0. 79 I o. 87

I 1. 20 I 1. 2 2 I O. 97 I O. 9 2 11.40 10.83 11.08 1 1. 77 0.96

J2. 15 j2.00 12.48 J2. 20 11.75 J2.66 13.20 12.65 J3. 04

I 1. 20 j).OO 10.95 10.88 11.110 10.64 I 1. o 8 11.77 j0.96

o. 0 0.0

3 4 3 5 4 3 5

4 3 3 2

122.5 125. 0 125.0 125.0 122.5 122.5 122.'; 122.5 122.5

8 8 8 8 7 8 8 8 8

2 3 2 2

10 10 6 10 7 10 9 12 11

13 14 9 14 10 111 12 15 14

25 21 45 30 112 24 20 32 38

192 138 16 5 175 185 182 189 187 140

j0.76 1 o. 89 I o. 41 1 o. eo 10.65 I 1. 12 I o. 52 I O. 65 I 0. 6 8

1. 12 0.97 0.48 1.24 o.es o. 811 0.85 0.80 1.03

J3. 05 j3.09 J1. 95 13.00 12-22 12. '15 11-20 13.25 j3.60

1 1. 12 j0.93 j0.45 J1. 24 j0.85 I o. 811 10.40 JO.BO 11.03

0.0 o.o 0.0 o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o o.o

6 I 22. 5 6 122.5

o.o

o.o 0.0 o.o o.o 0.0 0.0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5 3901 125.0 7 o.o 3 B33 11 15 18R I O.H 1.00 13.50 11.00 0 0 8 22 2 125.0 6

7 A A

6 6 8 7 5

3 ll

3 4 B

2

3 2 2

3

SARGARAB II ARE : FLARED EXPANDED LIP JAR

RI~S,RED

0

SLIP

PAINT SURFACE BODY I I LAYER I ARriFACf I I I LIP I NE:K I RI!I 1 RIM JR!I rPI NEC!t I RI~ I HECK I Rill I I HUE I VALl CHRI I HT I I IIO!IBER I HOE IVALICHRI RlJE IV AL JCHRI FOR II I DI A!'l I DIAl! IANGLEIANGLEITKICKJTHICKI HT

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4 5 4 0 115.0 165 I 1. 10 I 1. 15 J2. 32 j1. 11 I 1 o. o !20 20401 I 15.0 5 5 17 22 35 832 B32 832 B33

49501 49701 50801 53301

120.0 117.5 117.5 I 18. o

6 5 6 7

2 1 4 3

I 12.0 I 1 2. 5 I 15.0 I 10.0

6

1333 834

53502 120.0 55702 120.0

II

7

1 117. 5 2 I 15.0

6

12 13 12 H

15 10 15 18

30 25 85 45

170 180 95 175

6 6

4 ll

7 13

9 15

60 75

195 10.63 J0.53 105 j 0. 62 I o. 70

6

I 0. 79 I 0. 72 j0.74 I o. 71

1 0. 81 j3.61 I o. 9 2 12.05 11. 25 11.75 I 1. 10 12.40

6 5 6 5

5

j0.82 1 o. 92 j0.64 11. 10

I 7.5

I 7.5 110.0 I 7.5

Jl. 10 J0.45 1 1 o. o

j1.87 1 o. 37 I 7.5

5 5 5 4

4 4 3 5

4 5

4 4

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

APPENDIX C SARGIU.58 13.40 11.65 611.1013-3011.90 0 10.()0 10.1910.05 4 10.35 11.90 11.00 6 10.65 11.45 11.50 6 10.35 J1.40 10.8> 6 JO.SO I 1.30 I 1. 10 6 10.77 11-55 11.35 4 J0.71 J1.30 11.25

2 110.0

II II 4

6 6 5 3 4 5 6 4 II 4

I o. 28 I 1. 70 10.1511.40 I o. 60 12.75 10.55 11.85 10.35 J1.45 10.32 11.20 10.36 J1.20 10.15 11.15 10.22 10.65 I 0. 20 1 0. 70

I o. 80 10.50 11· .12 Jl.OS 10.70 10.90 J1.10 10.50 10.60 I 0. 37

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2

4 5 3 4 6 4

I 0. 2 8 I 0. 2 0 10.15 10.17 13.14 10.12

I 0. 45 I 0. 45 10.55 J0.45 10.40 10.35

2 2 3 2

2 2 2 2

2 2

2

0 1 0 2

o

2 I 7. 5 o I 7.5 0 I 7.5 2 1 7.5 2 I 7.5 0 1 7. 5 1 110.0 1 110.0 2 1 10.0 2 0 2 1 2 3

110.0 112.5 110.0 1 10.3 1 7.5 1 10.0

4

5 5 4

5 II 4

5 5 5 5 4 4

I 0. 95 11· 7 5 10.90 10.90 J1.55 11.14

2 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2

368

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN URUK WARE :

ILAlERI EXC IOM~A ISP I

POLfCHRO"E JAR DECORATION -MOTIF E-F- ISOCELES fRIAHGLE RED PAI!Ir

ISHERDISHOOLINECK I BLACK PAINT I

BODY

(BASE I HT

IWIDrH(FL LNIFL SPI:OLORILOCUSI

:~~~-~~~-:~~~~:~~~=~=~~~=~=~~~~~~~:~=~=~:~=~=~~:~=~~~~~===~ ~--~:-~--~~-:--~~-:~~-~-~~~-~~~::=~~~=~~=~~~=~~-~~=~~-~-~~:-~~~~~ 2 1 5 11.so 12.00 10.30 10.06 10.12 4 2 1· 1.5 4 o 115.0 o 510.55 1 1 01!15.o 88 A7 2 3 614.05 1).95 !0.25 10.20 10.25 6 2112.5 3 o 110.0 27 4 10.93 6 I 03(17.5 119 ll9 2 1 10.22 10.22 !0.25 (7.70 !5.80 6 4 7.5 1 4 3 (12.5 o 5~ 4 10.73 7 I 01120.0 !g ~~: 2 1 6 (4.30 (5.00 (0.27 (0.23 (0.28 4 2 I 7.5 4 0 115.0 30 4 11.07 8 I 01120.0

2 1 6 14.90 15.oo ro. 22 10.22 ro.2o 5 1 1 7.5 3 o 112.5 28 3 11.oo 8 1781 0112o.o 216 A16 2 3 4 15.50 (5.20 10.60 10.10 (0.25 4 2 110.0 4 0 115.0 25 2 (0.71 7 8081 01(17.5 306 A20 2 2 4!1.55(1.55!0.17(0.00(0.00 5 3110.3 4 0!12.5 13 610.46 7 833(01115.0 33B l20 2 3 6 !5.60 (4.30 (0.49 10.11 (0.20 6 1 112.5 4 0 115.0 19 4 !0.72 7 4121 01(17.5 313 B24 21 3 1 0 117.5 I 4 I 2 I 0.0 1 0 I 0 (5.75 (3.90 (0.45 10.12 (0.19 1 18 510.68 7 4221 01J11.5 319 B29 -------------------------------------------------------~-------------------------------------------------------------------~POLYCHROME JAR DECORATION -MOTIF H- ARC AND RAY

URUK WARE :

IWillrHiiiDTHI RAY I BAY ICOLOR(LOCUSI (BASE I HT RED PAINr ISHERDISHOULINllCK I BLACK PAINT I BODY ILAYERI BXC IU"MA ISP I NO IMO I HUE !VAL(CHR!TAICKIDTAM IDIAM I HUE IVALICHRI HOE IYALI:HRI ARC I ARC !LIRE ISPACBIVIDTHISPACEIPATRIIftOTIFI !0 I JO I I AS

11.13 B20 B26 823 B21 824 B24 923 B25

104 160 133 311 117 144

1241 1481 3361 4181 I

244 246 236 268

3871 I I I

I

03(20.0 03117.5 01122.5 01117.5 01120.0 02117.5 02117.5 01120.0 01122.5 01122.5

a

3 1o. 86 4 1 o. 80 3 I 1. 07 3 I o. 43 4 1o. 60 4 1 0. so 4 j0.60 4 I o. 85 3 I O. 51 3 1o. 65

6

8 6 5 7 7

6 8 8

URUK WARE :

0

14

o

33 0 25 0 30 28 2D 25 25

13 0 0

o 0 0 0 0

o

I o.o 110. o 1 7.5 I 15. o I 15.0 I 12.5 112.5 112.5 112.5 112. 5

3 4 3

3 4 3 4

4

6 6 6 4 6 8 4 0 5 5

5

0 112.5 2 I 10. D 2 I 7. 5 1 1 7.5 2 I 7.5 6 I 7.5 4 I 10. o 3 I o. o 4 I 7.5 4 1 7.5

3

4 4

4

3 5 5 0 4 4

!5.30 16.95 (8.00 rs.Jo 12.50 (6.30 (4.80 (3.10 14.50 14.80

(2.14 12.H !1.50 (3.82 11.25 (2.17 (1.35 12.65 (2.15 (2.25

(0.00 ro.oo (0.55 10.20 (0.50 (0. 69 (0. 45 (0.60 (0. 26 10.30

(0.00 J1.40 ID.90 11.10 11.00 (0.68 J0.60 10.75 (1.50 J1.60

fO.OO ro.oo (0.20 ro.1s (0.09 10.12 (0.20 !0.18 (0.25 (0.32

2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3

2 3 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3

10.00 1o.oo 10.25 10.21 10.10 (0.20 10.18 (0.20 10.18 (0.27

POLYCHRO"E JAR DECORATION -MOTTF J- VERTICAL STRAI.HT AND CURVED LIRES

(CURYE!CDRVE(CURYEISTRT ISTRr (COLORILOCOSI RED PAIHT ISHERDISHOULJNECK I BLACK PAINT I BODY ILAIERI EXC pn~A !SP I 80 (NO 1 HUE IVALICRRITHICKIDIAM !DIAM I HUE (YAL!CHRI RUE IYALI:HRiiiOTHIPRIODIA!PTOIWIDTHIS~ACEIPATRNiftOTIFI NO I N3 I I Al AS AS AS 11.6 AS AB !8 A9 11.9

40 60 60 61 69 79 104 93 120 119

711 841 841 I I I 1241 I 1311 I

01122.5 03120.D 02120.0 01(17.5 03(17.5 01(11.5 06(17.5 01(17.5

AID A 13 11.16 818 B20 B20 B21 B2 2 BZ 3 B23

121 162 216 115 131 131 169 172 229 232

I I I I I I 3521 I 3201 1721

01!22.5 01117.5 02(17. 5 01)22.5 02120.0 04117.5 01117.5 01112.5 02117.5 01122.5

I B22 I 171

I

04117.~

03)11.5

I 01120.0

2

3 I D. 6D

8

3 I o. 80

7 8 7 7 7 7 8 6

3 I 0. 82 4 10.10 5 I o. 57 4 I o. 91 4 11. 19 4 1o. 70 4 1 1. 13 4 I O. 91

8

2 I o. 86 4 I o. 71 4 I o. 58 3 I 0. 69 3 (0.90 4 I o. 64 4 1 o. 65 6 I o. 74 4 1 0. 56 3 (0.64

7 7 8

8 1

7 6 7 8 I 8

URUK WARE :

I 4 !0.90 I

38 52 38 48 38 55 0 0 0 27 48 0 0 0 27 0 0

34 0 40

o I

I 5. o 0 I 1. 5

2 2 2 2

0 I 7.

~

2

I 7.5 I 0.0 I 7.5 (10.0 110.0

2 0 5 3 3

0

0 112.5 0 112.~ 12 1 1 2. 5 o po.o 0 110.0 o I 7.5 0 (15.0 0 115.0 0 112.5 0 I 7. 5

3 2 3 2 3

2 0 3 1

0 110.0

o I 5. 0

o

0 0 0 18 0

2

0 I 10.0

.o

4 4

5.0

5

7. 5

4

7.5 1 1.5 1 7.5 112.5 I 1 o. 0 112.5

5 5 5 5

0 I

o 1 D I o I o 4 2 2

1

o

4

3

4 3 2

2 2 0

I 7.5 112. 5 1 7. 5 I 5.0 I 7.5 I 7.5 I 10.0 110.0 I 10.0 I 7.5

AS H B19 B19 BH B20 B20 B21 s22

OIJ 1

0 115.0 1 7. 5 0 110.0 0 110.0 0 (10.0 0 127.5 0(10.0

4 2 3 3

8

0 I 0. 0 o I 7.5 0 115.0

0 2 4

1 I 10. o 0 1 7.5 0 I 1 O. 0 0 I 10. o 0 1 10. 3 o 1 7.5 0 I 10. o 0 I 10.0 0 1 7. 5 2 I 7.5

7 7 6 7 7 7 8 8 6

3 3 4 3 4 4 4 4 6

!0.85 j0.5'i (0.75 (0.60 (0.70 11.11 (0.94 (0.80 10.80

40 34 36 31 20 24 33 35 34

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o

1 7.5 115.0 117.5

2 2 4 4 4 3 3 4 4

0 2 4 2 4 0 0 2 2

086 OR6 069 069 07B 084 104

8 7 8 8 8 6

104 120 129 129 129 140 131 167 112

1241 1311 8191 8191 R191 3401 1 350) 1

09!17.5 03117.5 01120.0 02117.5 03(15.0 05)17.5 05117.5 02)17.5 01112.5

a

8

4

6 4 4 4 4

5 5 4 4

10.90 (1.35 10.65 (0.90 10.60 11.25 10.24 10.33 10.40 (0.18

10.70 (0.55 (0.86 p.JO !0.72 1o.so f0.69 (0.90 !0.55 )0.52

10.30 (0.39 10.74 10.57 10.40 10.33 10.40 10.31 10.55 (0.60

(0.19 (0.21 (0.32 !0.43 10.15 10.10 10.45 (0.28 10.19 (0.30

(0.60 10.52 10.51 t0.40 10.82 10.35 (0.43 (0.69 10.68 10.80

6 4 6 4 6 6 4 6 4 6

)0.16 10.18 10.19 (0.25 (0.18 !0.18 10.17 10.14 !0.19 (0.25

(0.65 11.03 (1.63 10.98 10.76 (0.60 (1.04 10.65 (1.20 (1.05

o

117.~

(12.5 1 7.5 1 7.5 )17.5 11s.o

3

2 3

3 3

3 3 3 3 2 2 2

2 2 2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 I

2 I

STRAIGHT UD CURVED LUES

ICUBYEICDRVE(CDR'lEISTRT ISTRT ICOLORrtocuS( RED PAINT HUE IVALj:HRIWlDTHIPRIODIAftPTDIWIDTHJSPACEIPATRN!ftOTIFI

34 43 3A 30 17 0 34 0 0 27

02120.0 01(22.5 02(20.0 04 117. 5 05120.0 02120.0 02122.5 03120.0 021?2.5 02(22.5

6

POLYCHROME ,lAB DECORATION -MOTil' K- HORIZONTAL

4 11.04 2 I 0. 72 4 I 0. 60 4 I o. 59 4 1 o. 50 4 1 o. 70 4 1 o. 75 4 I O. 70 2 10.85 3 1 o. 64

8

lOBI 1081 1081 1 081 1081 I I 941 I 1241

086 0116

s

10.25 (2.05 j0.55 10.32 (2.77 10.90 4 (D.)5 11.80 10.65 6 j0.30 )0.90 10.60 5 (0.40 11.75 10.75 2 111001 14002 16901 17601 22401 23501

15 AS 16 A7

u

A7 18 H

o.o

7 8 6 0 7 0 0 7 0

2.3 1. 8 2. 1 2. 1 11.4 4. 1 1. 8 2.7 4.0

2.8 5.3 5.3 4. 9 3. 2 9.0 5.0 4. 0 11.6

4.0 2.5 2.5 3. 7 5.2 5.0 3.0 3.6 3.7

0.7 0.7

0

3. 5 4.0 3.5 2.9 6. 1 3.5 2. 3 2.3 5.8

1. 5 2.5 2. 5

0.0 0.9

7 8 8 8 7

2.8 2.4 3.9 2.9 3.2 2.9 2. 1 1.5 2.9

1 1 1 1 4 2 2 1 1

8 7 0 8 7 6 6 0 0

3. 1 4.3 2.2 3.0 4.1 5.4 3.3 2. 3 1. 5

1 2 1 2 8 1 1 1 2

0 0 8 7 7

0.5 0.3 0.8 0.7 0.5

0.3

35

72 66 80 75 78 85 70 72 70

195 11l3 25 28 32

74 63 86 0 84 75 81 68 75

!18 41 56 11 68 19 14 13 78

78 78 70 67 0 75 80 80 82

33 73 75

17

27 ~8

-------------------- --------------------------------------------12002 119 3.6 2 7 6.0 4.0 32 o.o 75 8

7 8

o.o

o.o

o.o

2.6 3.4 2.3 2.5 3.6

0.2 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.6

4.6 3. 1 6.7 3.4 6.6 6.8 3.7 4.8 5. 1

2.8 2.2 2.4 1. 2 0.0 4. 1 2.4 2.6 2.3

0.8 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.9 0.6

o.o o.o

2.0 2.7 2.8 2.4 6. 1 4. 3 3.3 2.0 2. J

2.0 5.5 3.11 8.5 5.2 3.7 4.8 3.3 9.0

2.7 2.3 2.2 4.0

0.4 0.11 0.5

4.0 2. 1 1. 3 3.5

o.o

3.1 3.7 2.5 5.3 3.9 2.3 3.5 4.3 2.7

6.9 4.0 3.8 6.0 3.6 4. 7 4.7 8.2 6.0

2.7 2.9 1. 3 3.8 2.4 3.7 5.0 4.8 4.5

0.1 0.3 0.4 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.9

-------------------- ----------------------------------------------A19 29602 1 0.1 2.2 2.2 8 25 3.0 75 A20

0.2

37

82 H 113

38 18

------------------------------------------------------------------45501 A26 1 2.3 0 5.0 65 101 0.3 5.2

0

0 9

8

o.o

o.o

o.o

0.8 0.9

0.0

72 82 61 64 0 85 75 68 73

23 37 25 70 91 114

63 70 71 61 70

34 31 12 163 92 59 H1 117 80

n

10 16

------------------------------------------------------------------6 3901 A31 1 7 2.8 3.0 0.7 2.2 27 75 1136

A36 820 820 821 B22 823 824

1

1

1 1 1 1 1 2 1

8 7 8 7 0

7 0 0 0

11

65 90 65

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

381

APPENDIX D CORES I UtERI NOIIBER ICHERTIBLADEIST!GEIPACE !FACE JPLTFIIJPLTFIIIPLTFIIIiEIGHTI lrYPE fCJRE?IJP Ul HT IPERIIIILH~TSfWIDTHI!IGLEI (Gil) I I I

---------------------------------------------------------------------51 o.o 80 2. 0 4.0 3.3 82!J 824 825 B25 825 825 826 825 827 827

I

I I I I I I I I I

241J01 31301 26501 26601 26602 27701 27801 283a 1 261101 28110 2

0 0 0 7 8 0 7 1 7 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3.0 3. 6 3.7 2.8 2.2 3.8 2.7 2.7 11.5

5.7 5.1J 3.5 2.5 4.5 2.0 IJ.6 6.5 6. 1

7.5 2.0 3.8 3.5 J.IJ 3.0 4.2 3.8 4.0

0.9

5.3 6.0 3.Q 3. 6 3.0 6.5 I 6.6 110.2 I 5.3 I 3.7

1. 9 2.4 11.0 1. 9 2.5 3.3 3. 0 2.9 1. 8 2.0

0.5

o.o

0.3 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5

68 76 70 68 66 78 70 71 70

250

78 89 12 88 65 67 65 70 115 86

38 53 86 !J3 37 250 45 32 32 52

61 75 80 71 80 69 75 0 78

141 72 118 78 19 1 66 75 135 49

29 210

~0

90 36 59 ,, 5 !J7 115 259

,, -------------------------------------------------------------------, o.o , 1

1

1

3.9 2.8 4.9 2.7 2.4 11.2 2.9 3.0 3.6 3.6

37303 373011 37305 39401 39603 39604 39605 39606 40601

2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1

0 7 7 7 7 0 0 7 6

3. 1 4.4 2.2 3.8 4.3 6.4 1.8 4. 1 2.6

122. 1 I 3.9 I 5.7 I 5.0 I 3.1! I 4.7 I 7.0 I 4.2 I 4.11

2.5 2.5 11.3 3.6 4. 0 2.0 5. 0 0.0 1. 5

831 831 B31 832 832 832 832 832 832

111201 111202 42001 39601 39602 39603 113101 43102 115801

1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1

8

3.8 5.9 2. 3 5.0 3.2 2.7 3.3 2.7 2.6

1.5 8.9 3.4 8.0 5.0 6. 0 4.8 4. 0 3.5

1. 4 5.6 2.3 3.6 4.11 3.6 2.7 '1. 5 3.4

0. 1 0.0 0.7

77 70 73 70 80 76 82 68 60

B32 833 833 B311 831J 835 836 837 B38

46202 51101 512() 1 53101 53201 58801 69601 60001 61601

2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 2

7 0 8 8 8 0 6

5.2 2.7 1. 5 1.6 3. 1 2.9 3.8 5.11 6.11

4. 5 11.11 3.3 4.5 5.5 6.4 o.o 5.8 4.3

2.7 3.7 1. 6 1.11 3.0 4.0 11.0 2.3 1. 7

0.9 0.2 0.2 0.4 o. 1 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.2

88 78 77 80 76 74 0 65 76

334 53 15 22 18 79 170 56 68

BH 839 8]q 83'1 839 840

9 2 2 2 2 2 2

2.8 4.1 8.9 11.8 11.3 6.3 II. 5 6.2 4.5 5.8 5.7 3. 7 3.5 10.3 4.0 2.9 3.0 I 3.9 3.7 I 5.2

1. 8 4.5 1. 9 1. 4 1.6 1.4 3. 5 1• 1 1. 9 3. 2

0.8 0.3 0.1 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.5

8"2 842 842

6 190 1 62001 6 2601 62602 6 2603 63201 63501 69001 69501 6'170 1

85 82 82 75 60 71 70 110 74 78

27 137 69 68 75 107 523 18 30 112

I Rll3 I I BIJJ I I BilL! I I BlS I

70802 70A03 71801 75101

829 82'1

28403 284011 281105 2AIJ()6 28407 28408 36801 36901 36902 3730 1

829 829 829 830 830 830 830 830 B31

827 827 827 827 827 827 82'1 82~

0 7 0 7 8

1 1

1 1 1 1 5

1

1 1

0 7 7

0.6 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.3 0.9

---------------------------------------------------------------------82'1 37302 0 3.3 I 4.5 H 2 2.7 0.4 84 0.0 0.5 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.6

o.o 0.11

--------------------------------------------------------------------831 110602 1 7 0.7 2. 1 5.0 75 15 2.5 7 8 7 0 1 0 6 8

0.5 o.8 0.2 0.9 0.2 0.1

31

131 106 66 45 14

20

------------------------------------------------------------------"832 46201 1 8 1.9 3.4 75 2.5 0.4 42

BIIO

1

7

9

6 7 0 6 0 8 7 7

2 2

1 1

5

7 0 6 6

o.o

0.7

6.6

------------------------------------------------------------------Bl3 10, 708J1 1 7 3.8 0.2 85 4.6 3.2 q

3 2

I 3.7 I 7.6 I 5.4 I 0.8 I I 6. 5 I 5.5 I 6.0 I 0.9 I

I 3.1 I II. 6 I 6.0 I 0.6 I I 5.0 I 7.0 I 1. 6 I 0.3 I

69 74 85 90

I I I

I

82 I 225 I 166 I ~6

I

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

382

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

Table 03: Attributes of Celts and Related Objects Units Celts X579 X511 X695 Wedge X229 Hoe X396

Layer

Material

Length

Width

Thickness

Weight

c B34 B33 B42

calcite calcite calcite calcite

14.27 12.97 S.57 13.97

5.S7 5.72 4.75 5.67

1.72 2.02 1.4S 1.71

IS! !54 S4

B23

calcite

9.05

S.70

3.32

411

B30

sandstone

9.55

6.S7

I.S3

130

Comment trace asphalt trace asphalt much asphalt

Table 04: Attributes of Utilized Pebbles (Calcite unless noted) Unit Ovoid Handstones X048 X085 X088 XI04 X208 Xl87 X309 X696 Oblong Stones X069 XI03 XI03 XI04 XI04 XI 51 XI 56 XI 57 X704 XIOO Xl40 X228 X309 X366 X632 X750

Layer

Length

Width

Thickness

Weight

A3 A7 A7 AS Al2-13 Al3 B26 B42 B42

10.0 11.0 12.5 S.O 9.0 13.0 11.0 10.5 11.0

10.0 9.5 12.5 6.0 9.0 13.0 11.0 10.5 10.5

6.5 6.5 7.0 6.0 3.0 2.5 4.0 5.5 6.5

1200 900 1300 600 350 850 1300 1250 1170

edge battered, scratched edge battered, Andesite pecked depression on edge edge battered surface scratched edge battered edge battered, scratched slight surface polish one surface polished, other pecked

A6 AS AS AS AS Al2 Al3 Al3 A36 BI6 B20 B23 B26 B30 B30 B40 C23

22.0 12.0+ 19.0 11.5+ 13.6 8.5+ 15.0 26.5 IS.5+ 9.9+ 17.5 12.7 24.5 17.5 16.0 16.1 20.5

8.0 4.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 5.3 5.5 6.0 7.S 2.S 11.5 5.S 11.0 9.5 5.5 5.1 8.S

4.0 4.5 3.0 4.0 5.2 4.6 4.0 4.0 6.S 2.8 7.5 3.5 4.5 8.5 5.0 3.5 7.5

1130

no use end battered no use end battered, edge polished end battered, edge polished edge scratched, polished end battered, edge scratched no use no use no use edge battered polished edge battered no use no use edge battered, bitumen stained bitumen haft remnant

300 770 700 S80 1350 150 2600 430 2400 1950 730 510 2250

Comment

APPENDIX D

383

Table DS: Attributes of Grinding Slabs and Mortars

Unit

Layer

Material

Type

Max. Ht.

Thickness

Width

Length

Weight (kg)

X206 X101 Xl27

822 A7 A9 Al-10 A7 826 825 Al3 826 A20 A2l 833 836 834 A20 833 833 828

quartzite basalt basalt basalt basalt calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite

flat flat flat saddle saddle flat w/ mortar 1 saddle saddle basin flat flat flat w1 mortar2 saddle saddle saddle basin basin mortar

4 4 7 4 5 8

4 4 7 3 3 8 6 8 8 6 17 6 5 9 5 6 13 4

16 17 17 20 19 16 20 25 18 18 16 16 17 19 15 13 24

23

2.4

27

3.7

19 40 30

2.8 6.0 9.0

45

17.0

37

3.5

46 25 21

11.0 6.5 9.5

X088 X309 X282 Xl61 X309 X299 X519 X596 X524 X306 X524 X524

12 ll 6 17 6 9 14 14 16 15

1 Mortar 6.5 em in diameter, 2.5 em deep 2Mortar 8 em in diameter, 2 em deep

Table D6: Attributes of Beads

Number

Layer

Material

X089 X102 X515 X528 X529 X564 X564 X044 Xl18 Xl21 X129 Xl41 X207 XI 51 X262 X357 Xl53 X125 X540 Xl41 X087 X511 X659 X467

A A7 833 834 834 834 834 A2 A9,10 A10 819 820 822 Al2 A17 829 A12 All A28 820 A7 833 841 832

ceramic ceramic ceramic ceramic ceramtc ceramic ceramic lapis lazuli lapis lazuli lapis lazuli lapis lazuli lapis lazuli !azurite? carnelian carnelian carnelian agate glazed glazed glazed calcite marble travertine chlorite?

Weight .30 6.66 3.23 12.94 1.61 2.26 .89 .07 .14 .20 .26 .33 .54 .II 4.78 .18 .93 .39 5.56 .47 2.25

Diameter

Length

Hole

.36 .59 1.89 1.41 2.04 1.32 1.51 .49 X .59 .34 .40 .42 .34 X .41 .44 .63 X .54 .50 .53 1.60 X .85 .75 X .52 1.39 X 1.25 .58 2.00 X 1.78 .40 .72 2.20

.40 1.06 2.07 1.47 2.50 1.08 1.00 1.75 .33 .55 .60 .86 1.03 1.04 .54 .18 2.20 .55 .55 1.41 1.38 .95 1.33 .73

.10 .20 .61 .41 .68 X .72 .41 .45 .20 .10 .11 .II .16 .15 .II

Comment field measurements, bitumen coat bitumen coat polished, broken polished

parallelogram section transverse scratches longitudinal scratches field measurements

.11 .24 .12 .46 .13 .55 .33 .50

slightly worked spiral grooves hole incomplete finished hole incomplete field measurements

384

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

Table D7: Attributes of Spindle Whorls Units

Disc Whorls X462 X468 X466 X568 X569 X569 X596

Layer

B32 B32 B32 B35 B35 B35 B36

Plain Ovoid Whorls X485 A25 X701 A35 X481 B33 X628 B39 X630 B40 X634 B40 X648 B40 X698 B42 Notched Ovoid Spindle X213 Al5 X342 AF23 X342 AF23 X390 A21 X277 B25 X476 B33 X529 B34 X587 B36 X659 B41 X693 B42

Max. Diam.

Thick.

Min. Hole Diam.

calcite calcite

5.73 4.22 5.07 4.58 5.03 6.30 4.86

1.62 1.12 1.04 1.14 .96 1.70 .85

.81 .64 .97 .52 .65 1.18 .64

IOYR 6/3 5YR 7/6 5YR 7/3 5YR 8/4 IOYR 8/3 2.5YR 6/6 5YR 8/6 5Y 8/2

2.78 2.36 2.29 3.35 2.14 3.07 2.61 2.47

1.95 1.85 1.78 2.16 1.42 1.91 2.49 1.64

.35 .49 .34 .57 .51 .57 .52 .50

10.12 8.67 6.53 13.71 4.72 15.10 11.55 6.72

Whorls 5Y 8/1 2.5Y 8/1 5Y 8/2 5YR 8/4 5YR 8/4 5Y 8/2 5Y 8/ I JOYR 7/2 2.5Y 8/2 JOYR 8/3

2.91 2.71 2.98 3.57 3.34 2.58 2.84 2.25 2.92 2.78

1.57 1.17 1.33 1.57 1.84 2.02 1.71 1.50 2.00 1.43

.48 .58 .56 .75 .74 .48 .53 .46 .50 .52

8.67 5.65 9.75 10.00 15.14 8.56 8.85 6.42 11.19 10.14

Material/ Color

calcite calcite gypsum

Weight

Notch Length

Notch Width

Notch Period

Notch Angle

.69 .53 .49 .85 .94 .78 .63 .56 .82 .96

.15 .37 .12 .17 .32 .14 .59 .04 .18 .26

.76 1.03 .58 .90 1.07 .63 .57 .40 .82 .99

90 86 81 92 90 94 92 51 95 93

20.9 14.1 38.9

30.1

APPENDIX D

385

Table DS: Attributes of Perforated and Partially Perforated Stones

Unit

Layer

Fully Perforated Stones Xl25 All A34 X669 XIOO Bl6 Xl76 B22 X311 B26 X311 B26 X396 B30 X509 B33 X511 B33 X518 B33 X518 B33 X596 B36 X690 B42 X688 B42

Material

Max. Diam.

Thick.

Outer Hole Diam.

gypsum calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite calcite

12.0 14.1 8.5 19.0 14.0 7.0 7.0 10.5 10.7 17.5 15.0 8.9 7.8 8.2

5.6 6.0 2.8 5.0 5.4 2.7 3.0 3.3 3.5 4.0 6.3 3.1 4.0 6.0

2.2 4.2 3.2 5.0 4.8 3.2 3.0 3.6 3.0 4.0 6.1 3.5 4.9 3.3

Min. Hole Diam.

Partially Perforated Stones Xl48 X660 Xl70 X207 X364 X530 X600 X696

All A32 B21 B24 B29 B34 B37 B42 B41

calcite calcite calcite calcite sandstone calcite

18.5 5.5 20.0 14.5 11.0 13.5 6.4 8.6 12.5

7.0 2.5 5.5 8.4 6.0 4.5 4.0 6.5 7.0

Hole Depth 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.5 2.0 .I 1.1 .6 1.5

5.5 3.0 5.5 3.5 4.2 .2 1.8 3.2 3.5

Est. Intact Weight

Hole Type

1250 1890 370 2200 1100 2!0 220 730 510 1420 1130 360 405 420

Cyl.Dr. Bic.Pk.Pol. Bic.Pk.Pol. Bic.Pk. Bic.Pk. Bic.Pk. Bic.Pk.Pol. Bic.Dr. Bic.Pk.Pol. Bic.Pk. Bic.Pk.Pol. Bic.Pk.Pol. Bic.Pk.Pol. Bic.Dr.

2900 110 3000 2570 800 1050 170 760 2460

Pk. Pk.

Edge Use

Bat.

Bat. Pol.

Pk. Pk. Pk. Pk.

Table D9: Attributes of Perforated and Partially Perforated Sherds

Unit

Layer

Ceramic Discs X086 A6 Xl84 Al3 X248 Al7 X445 A23 X484 A26 X229 B23 X458 B32 Cement Vat Discs X254 Al7 X299 A20 X203 B22 X277 B25

Material/ Color

Max. Diam.

Thick.

Outer Hole Diam.

Min. Hole Diam.

IOYR 8/3 2.5YR6/8 7.5YR7j4 5Y 7/3 2.5Y 8(4 5Y 8/3

4.90 3.79 4.63 2.21 2.00 3.67 3.11

.82 .58 1.22 .39 .42 .63 .41

1.21 1.08 .86 .84 .58 .82 1.23

gypsum gypsum gypsum gypsum

7.20 6.60 11.20 8.5

1.80 1.80 2.80 2.00

1.17 2.00 2.13 1.08

Weight

Comment

.73 1.08

21.8 16.0 30.2 1.7

bichrome sherd bichrome sherd partial hole partial hole

.55 .55

6.6 4.6

.92

75.5 97.6

1.72 .95

160.2

partial hole

386

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

Table DlO: Attributes of Molded Gypsum Concrete Objects Outer Hole Diam.

Min. Hole Diam.

Unit

Layer

Max. Diam.

Thick.

Discs XI04 X207

A8 BFIO B

9.1 16.8

2.0 4.8

Discs with Holes Xll9 AIO Xl21 AlO Xl31 B20 XOIO surface

14.4 20.5 18.6 14.8

1.6 4.1 2.4 2.2

1.81 3.45 2.95 2.50

1.31 2.72 1.90 1.62

Hemispheres X088 Xl52

15.6 19.5

8.1 12.2

2.47 1.27

1.20

A7 Al2

Weight

Comment

150.4

1680.0 871.0 487.1

Table Dll: Attributes of Ceramic Troughs and Cylinder Drains Exc.

Layer

Inclusions

Color

Side Thick.

Side Ht.

Base Thick.

Base Width

Trough Drains X437 X451 X484 X316 X406 X424 X512 X515 X299 X374 X374

A23 A26 A26 B27 B31 B31 B33 B3 A20 A20 A20

sand straw straw straw straw straw straw straw straw straw straw

2.5Y 8/4 IOYR 7/5 IOYR 7/6 IOYR 8/3 7.5YR 6/4 7.5YR 6/4 5Y 8/3 lOYR 8/4 5YR 7/4 7.5YR 7/4 IOYR 7/4

1.80 1.57 2.00 1.68 1.78 2.19 2.31 1.93 1.83 1.98 1.67

14.0+ 5.18 7.8+ 13.5+

1.61 1.69

16.20

9.31 10.34 9.02 8.3+ 9.70 6.7+

1.76 1.84 1.33

Cylindrical Drains X223 X424 X512

A20 B31 B33

sand sand,calcite straw

5YR 7/4 IOYR 8/4 5YR 7/5

1.29 2.19 1.83

Diam. 17 20 22

1.80 1.66

24.20

387

APPENDIX D Table D12: Attributes of Stone Vessels Unit

Layer

Material

Form

Rim Diam.

Body Thick.

Rim Angle

X043 X060 X063 X068 XI08 X292 X295 X302 X306 X327 XI OS Xl47 X471 X477 X517 X531 X545 X545 X545 X762

Al-3 A5 A5 A5 Bl7 Al8 Al9 A21 AFI9 A21 Bl7 B20 B32 B33 B33 B34

calcite gypsum gypsum gypsum calcite gypsum gypsum concrete gypsum calcite calcite gypsum calcite calcite calcite calcite concrete concrete gypsum calcite

Cn Cn Cn Hm Cn Cn Cn

9.5 12.5 13.5 16.0 17.0 18.0 29.0 38.0 17.0 25.0 17.0 12.0 16.0 28.0 26.0 15.0 15.0 8.6 9.1 21.0

.95 .90 .89 .82 .89 1.08 1.27 1.54 .95 .75 1.03 .98 .34 1.82 1.15 1.22 .99 .75 .65 1.52

75 50 60 75 65 45 65 40 80 65 55 55 50

C32

Hm Exc Cn Cn Cn Exc Exc Exc Exc Exc Cn Exc

Table D13: Attributes of Bone Tools Unit

Layer

Length

Edge Width

Edge Thick.

Edge Angle

X085 X087 XI04 X635 X694 X709 X709 X750

A7 A7 AS B40 B42 B43 B43 C23

14.42 11.70 10.11

2.34 1.60 1.41

10.15+ 12.00+ 10.10 7.22

5.50+

.58 .92 .34 .31 .48 .82 .67 .20

25 20 15 40 30

5.30± .90±

30

50 65 65 70 70 55

Band Ht.

1.50

1.86 1.76 1.09 1.24 .82 2.10

Surface Rough Rough Rough Rough Smooth Smooth Smooth Smooth Rough Polished Smooth Rough Polished Smooth Smooth Polished Smooth Smooth Rough Smooth

388

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

Table 014: Bitumen Waste Attributes

Layer

Rock Weight

Asphalt Count

Angular Weight

Melted Count

Excavation A above 155.8 155.6-155.8 3± all 5W 5E 6N 6S 7N 7S 8S 9-ION 9-IOSE JISW 13U S 13U N 13 all 14 all 16 all 17N 18N 20 21U s 21U N 21M Rooms B,C 21M Rooms D,E 21L 22 all 23 all 24U NE 24U SW 24L SW 24L NE 25S 26S 27N 27S 28NW 29U 29 29L 29NW 30-31 33 all 34 all 36 SE F 32 36 in F 32 36 outside F 32

Excavation B 20U+L N 20U+L SW 20U+L SE 21U+L N 21U+L S 22U N 22L N 23U+M N 23L N 24U N 24L N 25U N

228.5 392.7 14.4

7 4 I

8.3

118.4

35.7 15.3 71.6 107.3 42.1

3 2 4 3 I

968.9 271.4 64.0 2.8 47.3 85.7 18.9

23 5 4 I 7 3 3

25.1 37.5

4 10

3.9 30.3

1 5

Flat Weight

Melted Count

42.0

3

Unclassified Weight

Shaped Pieces

2 mat impressed ( 1.8), I sickle mount (3.8) I sherd impressed (20.5) 13.1 4.8 42.9 16.4

60.1 204.0

5 14

2.6 18.2 14.8 43.6

I 2 1 10

33.1

33.0

2

6.9

96.4 25.2

I Jump (25.5) 2 sickle mounts (8.3), I lump (74.9) I sherd impressed (4.1)

1 sherd impressed (12.3)

7.1 4.0 12.3 11.3

3 1

3 sherd impressed (185.0)

4.9 21.9 1 sherd impressed ( 12.8)

215.6 13.8 16.2 11.3 85.9

3 8

35.6

II

6.6 22.1

5.3 8.5

13.7 13.8 71.5

9

21.8

44.4 6.7 13.9 4.0 16.1

2 1 2 3 2

18.5 2.4 14.3

I sickle mount (1.5) 1 wood impressed (1.1) 1 reed impressed ( I. 6) 1 sherd impressed (28.0) 1 mat impressed (4.6)

1.7 1.2

2 1.8

1 sickle mount ( 1.1)

8.3 6.3 4.9 26.6 3.7 10.6

19.3 77.1

5

5

I 5

4.8

11.8 16.2 15.1 9.9

4.1

1.4

3 2 I 3

7.9

1 mat impressed (0.6)

5.2 0.9 5.3

1 mat impressed (0.4)

0.7

23.0 10.5 29.4 484.2 670.8 402.3 79.4 11.9

5 1 17 13 62 13 I

27.7 2.5 17.4 513.9 11.5 16.0

4 I 3 56 2 I

68.6 6.0 43.0 36.1 8.2 8.8

4 I 2 2 I 1

2.1

2

9.0 3.6 4.8 8.8 36.8 135.3

3.8

1 mat impressed (15.6) 1 sherd impressed ( 10.0)

30.2 1.3 6.3

1 sh'erd impressed (28.2)

APPENDIX D

389

Table D14: (Cont.)

Layer 25L N 25-27S 28N 28S 29U N 20U S 29L E 30NE 30W 31U N 31U s 31L N 31L S 32U N 32U S 32L N 32L S 33U+M SE 33U+M SW 33L N 34U S 34L Center 35U all 35L all 36L all 37 all 37U E 39U W 39M E 39M W 39L E 40U E 40U W 40L E 40L W 41U NW 41M NW 41M SE 41L NW 41.1 SE 42U NW 42U SE 42L N 42L S 43N 43S 44U 44L 45L 46U

S SE N SW

Rock Weight

Asphalt Count

Angular Weight 204.7

52.5 84.8

Melted Count 2

I 2

29.9 30.2 83.7 28.8

75.5

I 2 I

Melted Count

Unclassified Weight

30.9

17

17.2 1.8 6.7

119.7 66.5 30.6 100.6

2 3 I 4

7.7

3 2 27

62.6

3 20

Flat Weight

163.4 83.7 209.5 11.2

11

16.0 18.0 103.4

2 7 2

2.9 123.6

47.1

2

2 2 35.6 18.4 9.7

20.3

53.2 10.3

sherd impressed (5.0)

1.7 5.6 1.5 7.1

33.3 11.9 4.1

4 I 3

63.2

26

2.2 16.4 11.5

8.4

2

1.3

18.0 19.8

7 12

5.5 13.6 4.3

9.1

3

8.3

3

4.8 4.7 1.9

I ovoid ( 10 .3)

2

14.8

14.4

I mat impressed (3.5) I mat impressed (3.8), I sherd impressed (5.0)

I ovoid (4.7), I mat impressed ( 18.4) 88.2

136.4

8.3 55.3 4.5 6.0

Shaped Pieces

5

3

10.8 170.9 11.5 8.5 23.9 26.3 20.1 38.4 11.0 42.9

I 12 I 5 I I 3 7 I 2

79.0

5

17.5 54.0 12.1 30.5 13.9 70.3 68.2

3 10

27.3

3

26.1

6

12.6

4

3.9

I I

17.9

sherd impressed (4.2) I lump (12.5)

I ball (66. 7) I ball (12.4) 2 lumps (13.6), I sherd impressed (10.0) I lump (24. 7), 2 mat impressed (1.5) I mat impressed (0.5) I mat impressed (0.2)

2 I

5

2.2 72.8

5

53.4 4.5 12.5

4 2 6

0.9 19.6 11.7 8.9 4.2 10.0

5.1

2

7.1

6.4 4.7

2 I

1.8 3.5 21.6

I

I sherd impressed (0.9) 3 mat impressed (6.6) 2 mat impressed (9.2), I sherd impressed (1.6) sherd impressed (1.8) I ball (16.4) I ovoid (21.6)

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

390

Table D15: Attributes of Finished Bitumen Artifacts

Spheres Units

Layers

Diameter

Weight

X628 X635 X745

B39 B40 B45

4.46 2.55 2.94

66.7 12.7 16.4

Units

Layers

Length

Maximum Thickness

X469 X479 X533 X744

B32 B33 B34 B46

1.82+ 6.58 2.86 5.19+

Perforated Ovoids

2.14 3.23 2.22 2.27-

Minimum Thickness

Weight

Comment

1.44 1.39 1.70 3.80-

4.70+ 34.95 10.25 60.05

broken reed imprint in hole reed imprint in hole

Table D16: Attributes of Woven Mats, Fabrics, and Lashings

Mats Unit

Layer

Impressed Material

Weight

X060 X081 X082 X087 X088

AS A6 A6 A7 A7

bitumen bitumen bitumen bitumen bitumen

9.15 17.90 3.65 240.75 57.04

X213 X444 X674 X699 Xl29 XI70 Xl73 X206 X247 X316 X370 X468 X646 X657 X738 X758

Al5 A24 A35 A36 Bl9 B21 B22-23 B22 B24 B27 B29 B32 B41 B41 B45 B45

bitumen bitumen bitumen bitumen bitumen bitumen bitumen bitumen bitumen bitumen bitumen bitumen bitumen bitumen silt-bitumen bitumen

3.96 19.46 2.86 10.56 5.28 .72 2.90 15.65 10.10 2.33 2.93 18.28 1.30 68.36

Width Rush

2o-2u 2o-2u 2o-2u 2o-2u 2o-2u 2o-2u) 2o-2u

.60 .80 1.20+ 1.54 1.41 .72 1.12 1.40+ 1.64 1.78 .60? 1.15? 1.00 1.31 1.48 1.80 1.80 .96 1.60 1.56 .70 1.76+

93.95

Comment

Weave

two layers of matting

2o-2u 2o-2u

corner of basket?

2o-2u 2o-2u

very coarse material 2o-2u 2o-2u 2o-2u 2o-2u 2o-2u

close to edge binding

Fabrics Unit

Layer

X366

B29

X338

A20

Impressed Material

Weft

Warp Thread

Space

Thread

Space

.08

.09

.06

.06±

2.6

.01

plaster vat interior bitumen sealing

.33

Weight

Weave lo-lu

14.01

lo-lu

Lashings Unit

Layer

X338

A20

X451 X581 X695

A24 A29 B42

*twisted reed lashing on reed **cords across carved wood paneling?

Impressed Material bitumen sealing bitumen bitumen bitumen

Thread

Strand

Twist Period

Weight

.45

.22

.71

14.01

.51 .72 .45

.60 .60 .30

1.70

43.12* 4.74* 6.31**

APPENDIX E FAUNAL ELEMENTS FROM TEPE FARUKHABAD

The only table with confusing abbreviations, Table E4, contains an explanatory key.

This appendix contains the data on which the contributions by Richard W. Redding in Chapter XIV and Nancy Talbot in Chapter VIII are based.

Table El: Elements of the Class Osteichthyes (The Fish) Recovered at Tepe Farukhabad

Phase

Element

Excavation Unit

Elamite

unident. spine If. opercular

B6 BS west BS west

Early Dynastic 2 l l l I l I l 2 l l l

spine hyomandibular vertebrae anal spine spine unident. spine unident. anal spine opercular unident. spine angular spine

B20 FlO B20 FlO B20 se. B20 se. B20 se. B20 se. A3 A5 Fl A5 F2 A5 F2 A5 F3 A5 F3 A5 F3 A5 east

4 1 l l I I 1 l

vertebra unident. premaxillia vertebra spines pharngyeal arch vertebrae spine angular unident. opercular vertebra

A6 A6 A6 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 A7 AS AS

3 2 I 1 I 6

anal spine pharngyeal arch anal spine angular unident. dentary spine anal spine frontal anal spine pharngyeal archs unident. anal spine spine frontal vertebrae

AS north AS north A9 A9 A9 B2l south B2l north B21 north B21 north B22 lower north B22 lower north B22 lower north B22 & 23 FlO B23 FlO Al2 north AF13

Jemdet Nasr

391

south south north north north north FlO FlO FlO FlO south north

I dent.

Cyprinidae

Pomadasyidae Pomadasyidae

Perciform, cf. Pomadasyidae Cyprinidae

Pomadasyidae

Pomadasyidae

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

392 Table El: Continued Phase

Late Uruk

Element

Excavation Unit

I dent.

2 I I I

AFI3 Al7 lower and 18 upper 825 lower north 826

Pomadasyidae

spines spine spine premaxillia

9 vertebrae 3 spines I spine I spine

A20 A20 A20 829

Fl9 Fl9 Fl9 F23 upper south F26 upper and middle s.w. lower

Middle Uruk

spine spine spine tooth

832 833 833 833

Early Uruk

vertebra vertebra

835 lower 836 lower and 37 upper

Farukh

vertebra

840 lower east

Varicorhinus sp.

Table E2: Elements of the Class Reptilia (The Reptiles) Recovered at Tepe Farukhabad Phase

Element

Excavation Unit

ldent.

Elamite

3 carapace frags. I mandible 3 carapace frags. I hypoplastron 22 carapace frags. 13 carapace frags. I humerus *I marginal

84 811 811 811 811 812 812 814

Agamidae Trionyx euphraticus Clemmys caspica T. euphraticus T. euphraticus T. euphraticus *C. caspica

*I illium

820 north

*Agamidae

AF3 AS south A9

Agamidae

Early Dynastic Jemdet-Nasr

mandible articular mandible

lower lower lower and 12

Middle Uruk

plastron frag. *5 vertebrae *I vertebra

832 upper refuse cone. 833 upper and middle center 833 lower north

Early Uruk

*I humerus I vertebra

835 lower 836 lower and 37 upper

Farukh

vertebra vertebra

*Considered not to be intrusive

A29 840 lower east

Agamidae

393

APPENDIX E Table E3: Elements of the Class Aves (The Birds) Recovered at Tepe Farukhabad Phase

Excavation Unit

!dent.

rt. distal ulna rt. ulna rt. ulna rt. first phalanx of digit II distal tarsometatarsus

B7 F3 Bll lower Bl2 Bl3 !g. pit Bl8

Columba sp. Falco sp.

rt. tarsometatarsus unident. If. distal humerus If. coracoid If. radius If. ulna rt. prox. humerus

A6 south A7 east A7 east A7 north AS B21 north B25 lower

Threskiornithidae

cervical vertebra rt. prox. humerus rt. prox. carpometacarpus rt. distal tibia

B26 Al9 Al9 B31

Ga//inula chloropus Columba sp.

Element

Elamite

Jemdet Nasr

Late Uruk

Middle Uruk

Farukh-Bayat

east all all lower north

Threskiornithidae

Egretta garzetta

Anatidae Anatidae

If. carpometacarpus unident. 1 If. tarsometatarsus

B33 lower and middle se. B33 B34

Larus sp.

1 If. prox. tibia

B44

Phalacrocorax carbo

Passerine

Table E4: Identifiable Elements of the Class Mammalia (The Mammals) Recovered at Tepe Farukhabad Key Table E4 is a series of grids in which each identifiable mammal element is placed. At the top of each grid is the taxonomic designation of the elements in that grid. The columns in the grids are the excavation units and the rows osteologic designations. Each element is represented by a series of symbols at the appropriate intersection in the grid. The first symbol is a number representing the number of elements of a single type recovered. It is always present. This may be followed by either an Lor an R. This refers to the symmetry of the element(s). The absence of either of these two symbols indicates that element(s) is medial or that it is symmetry indeterminate. The symbols P and D are utilized only with limb elements. They refer to proximal and distal respectively. The symbols U ,F, and I refer to the state of fusion of the elements. They may be interpreted as unfused, fused, and fusing respectively. The symbol Foe. may replace the symbol U and should be read as foetal. The symbol Dec. is utilized with teeth that have been identified as being deciduous. Following the number of elements in the rows Mx and M' (lower and upper molars) there may be a second number in parenthesis. This indicates the number of these elements that are third molars. Examples: IRPF One, right, proximal, fused IL One, left Two, distal, fused 2DF

HyaeiUl hyaeiUl

Felis sp. 812

Radius Ulna Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs.

IRF IRF 2 1

A6 Scapula

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs.

lL

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

394

Vulpes sp. A5 e. Metatarsal Tibia Femur Radius Ulna Humerus Mandible Mt M2

Bl8 lg.pit

Al8

B21 s.

B27 s.

B34 F-35

B34 F-32

B33 Up.-M. sw.

B45 Low. rm.D

IR IRDF 2LDF ILPF

ILPF IRPF IRF

IRPU

ILDF IR IL

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs.

3 2

2 I

IL IL IL 3 I

2 I

Canis spp. A24 Up.ne Metapodial Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femus Carpal Ulna Scapula Skull frag. Mandible Premaxilla Maxilla PM 4 Mt M2 MJ

A28 nw.

Bll-12

B7 w.

BI2

Bl3

B34 Low.s.

B35

IL IR IL IRDF ILPF IL

lL

B35 F-35

lR IL IR

IR

IR

IL IL IL

IR IR IR

2 3 I

2 I

0 0

Canis familiaris B7

Bll-12

w. Mandible Maxilla Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs.

B46

Low.sw.

ID

IL

c

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs.

B40

Low.w.

IR

IR IL 2 I

8 I

I

I

+

+

6

\0 \Jl

w

Total Num. Elems. Minimum lndvs.

M3 Px or M, I

p2

P" or M'

M3

p2

Femur Patella Pelvis Fragment Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus Scapula Skull Fragment Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal Mandible Frag.

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Meta podia! Sesamoid Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia

3

2

IR

lD

AS F-3

IR

I I

IL

AS w.

IR

IR

AS e.

1

IDF

A6 n.

--+1.-

I

IR

A6 s.

Equus spp

I I

IR

All sw.

I I

IRDF

AI2-13 Up.n.

1 I

1

A13 s.

___,.,

I

Al6 all

I 1

I

ILDec.

A17-19 Low.n.

~

IR

A16 s.

I I

Al9 all

2 I

IRDF

IF

A20 F-19

10 2

IR

IRDF

ILDF ILDU

3L IR

IF

A F-23

V.l

\0 0'1

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs.

Px or Mx I

P" or Mx Pz Mz

MJ

p2

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodia! Sesamoid Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femur Patella Pelvis Fragment Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus Scapula Skull Fragment Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal Mandible Frag.

I

+

IL

A21 Up.s.

I

+

I

lD

A21 m.

3 I

IR

2PF

A21 F-25

2 I

IR

A29± nw.

I I

IL

B4

2 I

lD

IL

B6

I I

B7 w.

Equus spp.

4 I

IR

IR

lRP

IRD

B8 w.

2 I

IL

IR

BIO

5 I

IL

IL IRDF IRPF IL

BI I Low.

0 0

Bll-12

9 I

IL I IDee

IR

2R IR

lD

BI2

8 I

IL IR

IL JR

ILDF IR

IRPF

BI3

2 I

IR IR

BI4

-....)

'0

w

Total Num. Elems. Minimum lndvs.

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Meta podia! Sesamoid Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femur Patella Pelvis Fragment Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus Scapula Skull Fragment Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal Mandible Frag. p2 MJ px or Mx p2 M2 Px or Mx I

3 I

IR IR

Bl7 w.

6 I

IL IR IL

IR

IRP

Bl8

I 1

IL

B20 sw.

I I

IL

B22 Low.n.

I I

IR

B23 Up.n.

I I

B25 Low.n.

3 I

IL

IRDF

B25-27

Equus spp

0 0

B26

I I

IR

B27 ne.

I

B28 s.

-+I+-

I

IRDF

B28 n.

IDF

B29 Up.F-21

I I -+1+--

B29 Up.s.

--+

I

IL

B31 Low.n.

w

1.0

00

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs.

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Meta podia! Sesamoid Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femur Patella Pelvis Fragment Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus Scapula Skull Fragment Atlas Axis Petrous Tempora Mandible Frag. p2 M3 px or Mx p2 M2 Px or Mx I

I I

1D

B31 Low.s.

+-

I

B31 Up.s.

+-

9

I

+

IL IR

....

I

I

2L

B34 Low.s.

+

I

4

I

7

IL

IL

IRPF IRP

IR

B34 Up.c.

ILDU

IL 2L I

B34 Low.c.

IL

IL

B33 Up.s.

IL

B33 Low.s.

5 I

IL

B32 Up.s.

I

B32 Low.s.

Equus spp.

6 2

IL

IL 2L I

IRDF

B34 Up.s.

I

IL

B34 Up.n.

I

ILDF

B34 below F-28

3

IRP IRDF

B34 F-32

7

+

2L 4R ILDF

B35 Low.

!..H

1.0 1.0

Total Num. Etems. Minimum Indvs.

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodial Sesamoid Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femur Patella Pelvis Fragment Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus Scapula Skull Fragment Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal Mandible Frag. p2 M3 px or Mx p2 M2 Px or M, I

I

+

1

IRP

1

!L

B36 B35 pot group Low. all

I

IL

B36 Low.se.

3

!R

IL IR

B36 Up.se.

1

1

IRDF

B36 Up.sw.

lL

I

B36 Up.nw.

Equus spp.

2

IR

IL

B36 all

2 I

IR

IRDF

B37 all

I

1

I

I

I

I

IF

B44 B45 Low.s. Up.sw. R-A

1

1D

B40 Low.e.

1

I

B46 Up.sw.

1

1

1R

B47 sw.

5 I

lL

!RDF

3F

B48±

~

0 0

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs.

1

Mx Px

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodial Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femur Patella Pelvis Fragment Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus Scapula Skull Fragment Petrous Temporal Mandible Frag. Horn Core Axis Atlas Mx px

I I

lL

A7 n.

2 I

lR

ILPF

A9-IO sw.

1

1

lL(I)

All se.

2 1

2R

Al3 s.

1 I

IR

Al6 all

I I

IF

A F-23

I

1

IL

A23 all

Bos taurus

0 0

A24 Low.n.

I I

IR

A25 s.

I I

IR(I)

A26 n.

I 1

I

A35 all

2 I

2

A36 se.F-32

IPF

B7 w.

IRPU

Bll Low.

.j:>.

0

Total Num. Elems. 20 Minimum Indvs. I

Third Phalanx I Second Phalanx IF First Phalanx 4F Meta podia! IP 2D Metatarsal Tarsal IL Tibia Femur Patella Pelvis Fragment Metacarpal Carpal 2R Radius IRPF Ulna IRP Humerus Scapula IR Skull Fragment Petrous Temporal IR Mandible Frag. I Horn Core Axis Atlas M' IL P' M, 2R(l) Px I

Bll-12

32 I

2L(I) IR

IR

ILP IRP IL IRDF IRDF

2R

3 4 6F 2P 2D

Bl2

I I

IRP

Bl4

I I

ILDU

B21 s.

I I

IR

B24 Low.n.

I I

IL

B24 F-18

2 I

2L(J)

s.

B25-27

I I

IR

B27 ne.

Bos taurus

I

B30 w.

2 I

ILDU

IL

B30 se.

2

IR IL

B30 ne.

2 I

2DF

B33 Up.-M.c.

I ---+1

B34 Low.s.

+-

I

IL

B34 Low c.

.j:l..

0 N

1 1

2 1

Total Num. Elems. Minimum lndvs. 1 1

1R

B39 M.w.

IL

IL

B38 e.

Mx Px I

p•

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodia! Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femur Patella Pelvis Fragment Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus Scapula Skull Fragment Petrous Temporal Mandible Frag. Horn Core Axis Atlas Mx

B35 Low.

2 1

IF

B47 sw.

Bos taurus

~

w

0

Total Num. Elems. Minimum lndvs.

M1 MJ PJ I

p2 p4

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Meta podia! Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femur Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus Scapula Skull Fragment Mandible Frag.

8 I

IR

I IU 1U IF I IR IRU

A above 155.8 em

8 I

I

2L

ILPU

IR

3F

A3

5 I

ILPU IL

IRDU IRU

IRF

A5 e.

3 I

IL ILDec. I

A7 n.

2 I

IL IR

Bl-3

I I

IR

B5

I I

I

B8 w.

Sus scrofa

0 0

Bl8

I I

IL

B20 n.

1

3

2L Dec.

IR

B21 n.

2 I

2

B22 Low n.

IR

B24

~

~

0

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs. Capra Min. Indvs. Ovis Min. lndvs. Gazella Min. Indvs.

Px

20 2 I 1

35 3 I

1

3

2L

Mx

2R

IL IL I

P'

Skull Fragment Horn Core Mandible Frag. Sesamoid M'

55

IL 6R(2) IL 3L(2) 3R 4R lRDec. I

2R

lL Capra IR IR Ovis IR Capra

IR I

lL Ovis

Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal

ILD lRD IRDIRDF IR

lRDU

IR IRDF !RDU lRP lRDF lRDU

Ulna Humerus

IL Ovis

IRP 2R 2LPF

IR

Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius

IRPU IRDUIRD

ILDU IRDU

Femur

lRD

IRPF

ILDU

IRPF

Tibia

2L IR

2F 2F lU

1 Capra 1 Ovis 2F 11 2F Gaz 1 2F 2U IU Gaz IF 3D ILP lRP lL

A5 e.

1 Ovis

2L 2R

IDU Ovis I

2 Capra I Ovis IF I IF

all

A3

Metatarsal Tarsal

Metapodial

Second Phalanx First Phalanx

Third Phalanx

A above 155.8 em

24 3 I( II I 1 4

3L ILDec. 2

ILDec. 2L

2L

lL lR

!LPF IRPUIRPF

IRP

IRP 2R

I Capra I Ovis 1 1

w.

A5

8

ILDec.

IL

IRDF

!R

3F

I Capra

A5 F-3

--+ I

13 --+ 5 --+ I

IL

lL

ILP

ILPF

IL

ILPF Gaz IRPF

ILP 2R

ID

I I

A6 n.

+--

+-+--

34

lL IR(l) 3L 3R 2L(2)

lL IR

lL

ILPF

1LPF2RDF 1LPU2RDU lRD

ILP !RDF

3L 3R

IDU

I 2

1 Capra

s.

A6

Ovis-Capra-Gazella

I2

lL

1 Gaz

lLDF IRDF

IRD

IRPF Gaz

IL

1

s.

A7

)I

I

.. 122I

2R

2R(l)

IR

IRP

lLPF

IR

~

ILDU

ILDF IRD

3DU Capra

1

A7 n.

2

IR

IPU

A7 around F-1

4L

IR(I)

IL Capra

IRDF

ILDF

lL

lD Capra 1

2 3

18 2 .__.. --+I+8

--+

s.

A8

2 Capra

lLDU IRDUIRPF !RP

ILDU lRPU

lL Capra

I

A8 n.

6 2

!R

ILPF 2R IRP

lL Ovis

A8±

~

VI

0

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs. Capra Min. lndvs. Ovis Min. Indvs. Gazella Min. Indvs.

p• Mx P, I

Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal Skull Fragment Horn Core Mandible Frag. Sesamoid M'

Ulna Humerus

Femur Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius

Tibia

Metatarsal Tarsal

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodia!

4

IL

I

IF I

A9-IO n.

)Jo

• •

c

10 2 4 1 1

lL(l)

IL

ILDFILDU IRD IL

ILP

ILPU

ID

A9-IO se.

9

IR IL(1)

I Capra 2 IV IDF Ovis IDU

A9-10 sw.

4 1

IL

IL

IRP IL

AI0-11

3

IL

I

All n.

2

IR

IL

All se.

2 I 1

11

2R(I) IL(I)

lR

ILDU

IRDU

2L 2R Capra

ID Capra

All sw.

4

IL

2F ID Ovis

All c.

Ovis-Capra-Gazella

__. 1 ......I

II ....... 2

3R(2)

ILPF

IL ILP

2F IDF Gaz IDFOvis

I Gaz

Al2 n.

+-

+--

9

+-

lRD

ILP 2L

IF IV 2U

Al2 s.

4 I

lL

IL

IRP

I

Al2-13

4 1

IRD

IDU

1 Ovis

Al3-15 Low.

10

lR

IRP

lP

IRP I

3F IV

Al3 all

7

1L 1L

lRDU IRDF

IR

IF IV IDF

Al3 Up.n.

~

0 0\

Total Num. Elems. Minimum lndvs. Capra Min. lndvs. Ovis Min. lndvs. Gazella Min. Indvs.

Mx P, 1

P'

Skull Fragment Horn Core Mandible Frag. Sesamoid M'

Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal

Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femur Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodia!

2

13

2

IR

ILPU ILD

JRP

lL

2F IU 2

Al3 Up.s.

1

IRPF

Al3 F-11

1 1

2

8

IR Dec.

IR

IL Ovis IR Capra

IR Ovis

IF IF lD

Al5 all

10 1 1

2L

IL

I Capra

ILD

IL

IRPF

lD

Al6 all

6

IL

IL

IR

IRDF

lU ID Gaz

Al7 s.

-+I+-

-+I~

4

IR

IL Gaz

IRPU

IR

I DF

Al7 n.

Ovis-Capra-Gazella

1 1

I

ALow.l7 Up.l8

6 1 I

IL IL

ILDU

IR

IR

!Capra

AI7-19 Low.

2

11

IR IR

2

IRD

IF 2U IF 1

Al8 n.

1

IF

Al9 oven

__., +-

4

IR

IL IRDU

Al9 all

2 1

IR

Al9-20

....:!

~

Total Num. Elems. Minimum lndvs. Capra Min. lndvs. Ovis Min. lndvs. Gazella Min. lndvs.

Px I

Mx

P'

M'

Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal Skull Fragment Horn Core Mandible Frag. Sesamoid

Femur

Tibia

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodia! Metatarsal Tarsal

A20 se.

0 --~, I

4

IRD

IL

2F

A20

6

·4--

IR

IL

ILP

IL

IR

ID

A20 F-19

IR

M.

A21

IR

ID

B&C

A21 M. rooms

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___..!

---------+1 ---------+1

IL Gaz

IF

A21 Up.s.

2 2 ---------· 3

A21 Up.n.

3

IL(l) IR

I Capra

A21 Low.

Ovis-Capra-Gazella

2

IL

A21 Low. rooms C, D & E

IR

A21 F-25

13

ILD IRDI

IRPF Gaz

ILP 3L IR IR Ovis IRDF IRPU IRDU IRPU

A21 F-26 A

I

22 3

IL

4R(2)

4L(3) 4R(2)

IL

IL

IL ILPF ILPU IRDF IL

ILDF

I Capra

F-23

13

lD

IL Capra

IRDF

ILP 2R

IL

IPU

IR

I Capra IF ID ID Capra

A22 F-24

--+I+-

---+2 ........

9

IL

IL

ILD ILDU

IR

IR

IL

IL

IDU

A22 all

~

0

00

0

6

I

28

I

4

IL

IR

2R(I)

!R

IL

A24 Low.ne.

6

10 I

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs. Capra Min. Indvs. Ovis Min. Indvs. Gazella Min. lndvs.

A24 Low.n.

33 2

IR

Px I 0

6L(2) IR(I) 2L IR 3

2L

Mx

IL IL Dec. IR IR Dec. 5L(3) 3R(3) 3L IR

6L(3)

5R(I) IL

IRDU

1

2F

A24 Up.ne.

I

2

IF 1

A23 brickfill of F-25

I Gaz

!LDF

!L

IL

!LDF

1 !R

1

1 Gaz

A23 all

2L 3R

12 I I

A23 Low.n.

2R

2R

IL

IRDI

lR

A22 &F-25

px

IR

IL

IR

Femur

Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal Skull Fragment Horn Core Mandible Frag. Sesamoid Mx

IPU lRD

!RP

I Capra I 2F ID 1

Tibia

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodial Metatarsal Tarsal

A F-25

Ovis-Capra·Gazella

14

10

IR

6R(3)

3R(2)

IL

IR

A24 Low.

3R

2

IL

IF

A24 Low.sw.

IR

IR Gaz

IL Gaz I

ILPU

IR

lU

A24 Up.sw.

I

IR(I)

A25 s.

---+2 ....

6

3R

lLPF ILP

A25 n.

3

1 Gaz.

lR

A26 s.

-+I+-

----+2 ....

7

IL(l) 2R IR

IRPF

lR

I

A26 n.

.;:..

\0

0

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs. Capra Min. Indvs. Ovis Min. Indvs. Gazella Min. lndvs.

Mx Px I

p•

Mandible Frag. Sesamoid M'

Ulna Humerus Scapula Atlas Axis Petro us Temporal Skull Fragment Horn Core

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Meta podia! Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femur Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius

1

_,.I+-

1

lL

A28 Up.

----+I+--

1

IL(l)

A28

I

1

IF

A28 se.

8 2 ---+I+-

6

IR Gaz lL Gaz

lL

lRDF

IL

lLP IL

IF

A28 nw.

+-

7 ----+2

lR Gaz

lR

lU

1 Gaz 2F

2L

I Gaz 2F

A27 s.

I Gaz

A27 n.

.J

3

lR Gaz IL Gaz

IF

A28 Low.

1

IRDF

A28 between F-30-31

Ovis-Capra-Gazella

1

5

lR

ILPF

IL

!LOU

A29±

2 I

lRD

lL

A30 between F-30-31

2 1

lRDU

IF

A33

4 1

IL

2 Ovis

lD

A34

6 I

3R(I)

2(1)

lD

A35 all

..... """

0

10

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs. Capra Min. Indvs. Ovis Min. lndvs. Gazella Min. Indvs.

---+1

3L(l)

IR

IR

IF IU 2 I

Mx Px

P'

Ulna Humerus Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal Skull Fragment Horn Core Mandible Frag. Sesamoid M'

Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodial Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femur

A36 se. F-32

2

+-

IL

lD

A36 inside F-32

1

I I

IL Ovis

A F-33

15 1 1

IR 2R

IL Capra

IL IR I

ILPF

IR

IL IR

IF IF I lDU

Bl-3

7 2 1 I

1R 1R

ILPF IRDF IRD

lD Capra

I Ovis

B6

16

2R 2L

ILPF

ILPF

IL IR IL IR IL IR

ILDF

IF I IL

B7

7

IR

4

I IF Gaz

B7 e.

3 I 1 1•

6

3R(2) 2L Dec.

I Ovis

B7 w.

Ovis-Capra-Gazella

9

IL

IR IR

IPU IR

IP

IR IRD

IDF Capra

B7 F-3 BIO

IL

IRP

2L IR IRDF

I

BII

25 2 I

IL 3R IR 2R 1L 2R 1R Dec. I 1 1 1

9

IL Capra IL IR I Capra I R Capra I L Capra IR

IL

ILDF 2U IRDF IRP

2F

B8 w.

1.

I

5

I Ovis

IRDF

IRDF

IR Ovis

I

BII Low.

10

IR

2 IR

ILPF ILP

ILPF ILD

IF ID Ovis

BII Up.

13 2 1

4R

IL Capra IL IR

lD IL IR I

IL

IF

Bll-12

+:>.

ILDI !RD

IL IR IL 2R IL

IR

IF Gaz

IU

ILD Capra IRP

ILP

2U

Bl3 lg. pit

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs. Capra Min. Indvs. Ovis Min. Indvs. Gazella Min. Indvs.

1

I

49 3

11 2 I

3L IL Gaz Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal IL Ovis IR Ovis I Skull Fragment IR Capra Horn Core Mandible Frag. Sesamoid M' 6L(l) 3R(I) P' 3R 4L(2) M, IL 9R(2) 2R P, 3L 4R IR

Ulna Humerus

Carpal Radius

Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal

Femur

Tibia

Metatarsal Tarsal

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Meta podia!

Bl2

- - · - -

I I

IL

Bl4

3 I

IRD

IRD

IDU

815-16

--+

4

IRPF

ILPF

IL

Bl6

2

+-

6

4L(2)

IL

Bl6 F-7

9

IL IR Dec.

IR 2R

IL

2RDF

IR

Bl7 w.

Ovis-Capra-Gazella

6 2

3R

IR

ILD

ILD

Bl8

5 18 I

I

3L(2)

I

Bl9

I

IL I

3L IL

2L IR

IL

ILP IRP ILD

IL

IR

IRDU

I

Bl8 !g. pit

5

IR

IR

IR

ILPU ILPI

B20

9

2

ILDF

IL

IRP

IF 2U

B20 sw.

t• ,,.

,,.

2

IL

IR

24

I Gaz

IR ILDU IRPF 3RP ILDF IRDF IRPU

IL IR

ILPI ILDF ILDU ILP IRDU

IL

I Gaz 2 2D Capra ID Ovis

B20 n.

- - - -

B20 Low.n.

3 ..

- -

-

N

.j::.

Total Num. Elems. Minimum lndvs. Capra Min. lndvs. Ovis Min. Indvs. Gazella Min. Indvs.

M, Px I

p•

Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal . Skull Fragment Horn Core Mandible Frag. Sesamoid M'

Ulna Humerus

Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius

8 2

I

2R

IR

3 I

IRD

IR

ILDF

13

IR 3R

IR

IR

1

IRP ILDU lRDF

20 3 I I

1

IL

IR

ILDU IRPF IRP 2LDF lRDU

ILP

IPU lRDU

ILPU

ILP

I Ovis 2F IF

B21 n.

Femur

ILPU ILDU IRPU

2D Capra

B21 s.

lRDU IRDF

IL

B20-21

Tibia

Metatarsal Tarsal

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodial

B20± n.

2

ILP

I

B21 Low. F-21 IF IF

B22 s.

I

8 I

IR

IL

IRDU

5

IL IL IR Ovis IR Ovis

2F

B22-23 Up.

30 4 I I •

IR

2L

IRP ILDF ILDI IRPF IRD

IRD IR IRDF

ILPU IRPU

IRDUIDU

ILPU ILDF

IL Capra 2L 2R

2F 2F 2U I Capra

B22 Low.n.

Ovis-Capra-Gazella

II

3R

2LDF 2RDF

IPU

lL

IDU

IU

B22 Up.n.

2

IRDI

IRPF

s.

B23

13

2R

IL

IL Capra

2

ILDU

IL

ILPU

IR

IDU

2

B23 Low.s.

9

2L Dec. I

lLPU IRPU IRDF

lD

IR

IF

B23 Up.s.

2 I

••

3

IL

ILP

ILDU

B23 n.

10

IR(l) IR

ILPF

IRDF

2LIRCapra

3F

B23 Low.n.

4

lRP lRDF

IRPF

IF

B23 F-15

w

~

-

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs. Capra Min. lndvs. Ovis Min. lndvs. Gazella Min. Indvs.

Mx P,

P'

Skull Fragment Horn Core Mandible Frag. Sesamoid M'

Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal

Ulna Humerus

Tarsal Tibia Femur Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodial Metatarsal

5

IRD

IR

1 IF lD Gaz

B24 s.

I

I

B24 Low.s.

10 3 I I 4 I 4

IL IR

2R

ILP IL

IL

ILP

IF

B24 Low.n.

57

7

lL Capra IR Capra lL Ovis IR Ovis IR IL Capra IL Capra 2L 2R 2D 2P 4L 4R 2R 2L 3R 3L SR(2) 2L 2R

3

IL

23

4L 2R lR 3R 2R

IRPF

IR IL IL

IR IRP IR IP

IRPU

I

B25 Low.n.

ILDU

ILP

IF

B25 Low.

IL 3R

ILPF

lD Capra

B24 F-18

lL Ovis IR Ovis IL 3R

2 Ovis 3F 4F

B24 Up.n.

2

3

IL

2F

B25 Up.n

Ovis-Capra-Gazella

2

lLPI ILPF

B25 F-15

IS I

3R 2R ILDec.

IR

ILDF

ILPF ILDF IRPF

ILDF

2 1 Gaz

B25-27 s.

I

B26

4 2 I

2

IL

IL

B26 s.

24

4L SR 3L 2R 2L IR IL ILDec. IR

IL

IR Capra

IPU

1 Capra

B26 ne.

19

lL 2R IL 3L 4R(2) 2L

ILP IRDF

IL IR IL IL

B27 ne.

~I..,__

~2+--

9

3R 3R

IR

lD Capra

B27 w.

+>+>-

-

B28 n.

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs. Capra Min. Indvs. Ovis Min. Indvs. Gazella Min. Indvs.

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs. Capra Min. Indvs. Ovis Min. Indvs.

10 I

2

26 3

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx 2F First Phalanx IF lUI Metapodial IDU Metatarsal Tarsal IL Ovis Tibia ILDF Femur Patella Illium IR Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna ILP Humerus IRD ILD Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal IL Capra IL Capra Skull Fragment IL Horn Core Mandible Frag. IL IR Sesamoid Mx IL IR 3L 2R P' 2R IL IR Mx 2L IL 3R Px 2L

B28 s.

2

I IL

B28 ash pit

19

IL 3R 2L

2L

ILP IL

IL IR

IR Ovis

1 Ovis IU I lU ILPU

B29 Up.n.

5

lD

IL

IRDU ILDF

1 Ovis

B29 Up.s.

3

14 3 I 4

IR

ILP

IF

B29 Low.w.

IL IRDec.

IR

IL

2L IRPF 2LP ILDF ILD

IL lR

ILDF

B29 Low.e.

Ovis-Capra-Gazella

I

IL

IR

B29 F-21

12

IL IR

IR

IL IR

IF I 2F I

B30 ne.

8 2 I

IR

IL

IL Capra

ILDF

IL

ILDF ILP IR

B30 se.

3

IR IL

ID Capra

B30 w.

13

I

1 IL IR

IU Gaz IDU I ILP IL lRDF ILDU IPU

l Capra

B31 Up.n.

10

I

I •

2• • I 4

IL IR

IRDF

ILDF

lLDF

lU I

l Capra l

B31 Low.n.

3

IR

IRDF

IL

B3l Up.s.

7

I

IR IR IR

IF lD IDF

B3l Low.s.

-

Vl

~

2 I I

9

IR

2R

!L IR Gaz

!RD IRDF Gaz

!L

Jl

16

6

IR

2R

IL(l)

2R

IF 2F lD Ovis

B33 Low.s.

ILDUIRDU IDU

ILPF Gaz

JR Gaz

3F

B33 Low.n.

Total Num. Elems. Minimum lndvs. Capra Min. lndvs. Ovis Min. lndvs. Gazella Min. Indvs. 3

2L

IR

!RPF

!RPF

IL

JU IPF

B33 Up.n

I

6 I

IR

IL

ILP

JL Ovis

IF

B31 Low.s.

1 !L IR

2

JL Capra

IDF

B31 Up.s.

4L

8

IL Ovis

!RDF IL

IRDF !P lD

lD

1 Ovis

B31 Low.n.

IR

IL

IF

B31 Up.n.

I

Px

Mx

P'

Horn Core Mandible Frag. Sesamoid M'

Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal Skull Fragment

Tibia Femur Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodial Metatarsal Tarsal

B31± inside F-23 wall

15 34 1• I 4 1

IL 3R(2) 2L 3R IR Dec.

3L(2) !R

IDU

B33 Up.-M. c.

11

!L IR

IL

ILDF

!RDU IPU

!R JR Capra

2F IF

B33 Up.-M. se.

Ovis-Capra-Gazella

I

IRDU

B33 Up.-M. sw.

2

IRPF

IF

B33 F-26

!RP

B33 F-30

0\

+:-

-

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs. Capra Min. lndvs. Ovis Min. lndvs. Gazella Min. Indvs.

Skull Fragment Horn Core Mandible Frag. Sesamoid M' P' M, Px I

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodia! Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femur Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal

12

4 I

IR 2L

2L

IL

ILPF ILP ILDF

IRDF

IF 1

Up.s.

B34

IR

IL

IRP

IL

Low.n.

Up.n.

IF

B34

B34

2 4 I

6 3

IL

IL

IRPF ILDF IL

IR

Low.s.

B34

3

IL

IRDF

Up.c.

B34

6

IL Ovis IR Ovis

IR

IF IF

Low.c.

B34

I

9

IL IR

IR Gaz IL IR

IL Ovis

IL Ovis ILDF IRDF

F-32

IRP

B34

B34 below F-28

Ovis-Capra-Gaze/la

4

IL

10

2L IR

IRD

IL ILDF

IL Gaz IRDF lD

IDF

Up.

all

IF 2F

B35

B35

B34 bricks of F-31

B35

2

~

8

IL

IRDU ILD

IRPF

IR lLPF IRPF

lD

Low.

2

ILDF IRPF

pot group

B35

-...)

~

-

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs. Capra Min. Indvs. Ovis Min. Indvs. Gazella Min. Indvs.

M, Px I

p•

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodial Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femur Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal Skull Fragment Horn Core Mandible Frag. Sesamoid M'

I

IRP

all

4

IR IL

IPF IF

836 Low.

836 836

4

2

IR

IL

Up.ne.

836

I

4 2 I

IR

IL

IF IGaz

~

Up.nw.

836

4

IRPU

IR

IDF Capra

IF

Low.se.

I

Low.sw.

836

2

IL

IR

Low.sw.

836

Ovis-Capra-Gaze//a

I I

7 2

IL IR Dec.

IRDF

IRPF IR

ID Capra

IF

837

2 I

IL

IF

838

839

2

IL

IL

Up.e.

839

3

IR

IR

IRDF

M.e.

839

3 I •

IL IL

IL

Low.e.

839

4

IL IR

ILPF

IRPF

M.w.

839

2

IL

IL

Low.w.

-

00

.f:>..

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs. Capra Min. Indvs. Ovis Min. lndvs. Gazella Min. Indvs.

Mx P,

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Meta podia! Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femur Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal Skull Fragment Horn Core Mandible Frag. Sesamoid M' P'

2

I Ovis

IF

B40 Up.e.

5

2

IR

IL

IR

B40 Low.e.

I

,.

2

11

IL 4R(2) 2L(l) 2R

ILPF

IF

B40 Up.w.

4

IL IR Dec.

IR Capra

1LDF

B40 Low.w.

2

IL IL

B41 Up.nw.

I •

'•

5 2

2

IR

IR Ovis

1 Gaz

B41 M.nw.

2

lR IRPF

B41 Up.se.

Ovis-Capra-Gazella

8

IL

3L IL IR

IRP

lD

B42 Up.nw.

6

IL 2R(l) 2L(2) IR

B42 Low.n.

3

11

4R(2) 3R

2R

IRPF

IRDF

B42 Low.s.

2

IL

lRP

B42 Up.se.

~I

8

IR

3L(l) I

IR

1RDF

B43 n.

._4

IL 1RP

B43 s.

~ ......

\0

I

2

Total Num. Elems. Minimum Indvs. Capra Min. lndvs. Ovis Min. lndvs. Gazella Min. Indvs.

ILDF

I

Px

Mx

px

Third Phalanx Second Phalanx First Phalanx Metapodial Metatarsal Tarsal Tibia Femur Patella Illium Ischium Pubis Metacarpal Carpal Radius Ulna Humerus Scapula Atlas Axis Petrous Temporal Skull Fragment Horn Core Mandible Frag. Sesamoid Mx

B44 Up.n.

4

IL(l)

IL

IRD

ILPU

B44 Low.s.

2 I

4

ILD

IR

IL

IR

B44 Low.se.

6

IL

IL(l}

IR Capra

IRDU lR

B44 Low.nw.

I 3 ----.I+--

lR Ovis

IL IL IL

B45 B45 Up.n. Up.se. rooms F & G

8 2 ----+2 ....,_ ---+ ! . - -

IL IR(l)

I

3I 4

I

2R IR Dec.

2L(l) 2R 3R 5L(I) 6R(3)

IR

IL

IDF Capra ILP 2L ILDF

B47 all

lR Capra 2R

IL(l)

IRDF

B46 Low.sw.

IL Capra IL

IRD

ILPF

ILPF

B46 Up.sw.

Ovis-Capra-Gaze//a

5 I

IL

IL IL

IF

B48±

~

0

Mandible Maxilla

Mandible Maxilla

lR

F-11

A 2L 3R lR

A F-13

lL

lL lR lL lR

Mus sp.

A22

A9-l0

lL

A31 F-30

IL lR

A F-14

lL

B28 s. lR

B30 w.

Tatera sp.

IR lR

B42 Low.s.

B44 lR

Up.n. lL lR lL IR

B45 lLF

B47

APPENDIX E

421

Table ES: Weights of Unidentifiable Mammal Fragments Recovered From Farukhabad Listed by Unit

Excavation Unit AS above ISS.S m A3 AS east AS west A5 fea. 3 A6 north A6 south A6 fea. A7 north A7 south A7 fea. 1 A7 fea. S AS north AS south AS-below fea. S A9&10 north A9&10 southeast A9&10 southwest Al0&11 All north All southeast All southwest All center Al2 north Al2 south Al2&13 upper north Al3 lower & 15 upper A13 all A13 upper north A 13 upper south Al3 south Al3 fea. II Al4 all Al5 Al6 all Al7 north Al7 south Al7 lower & 18 upper Al7, IS, & 19 A1S north AIS brick debris Al9 all Al9 upper fea. oven Al9&20 A20 A20 fea. 19 A fea. 23 A21 upper north A21 upper south A21 middle room D&E A21 middle room B&C A21 middle A21 middle room A A21 lower A21 lower room C,D,&E A21 fea. 2S, granary A21 fea. 26 A22 all A22 fea. 24 A22 fea. 2S A22 & fea. 2S A23 all A23 brick fill fea. 25

Vertebrae Fragments gm

Teeth Fragments gm

Limb and Other Fragments gm

29.9 27.7 31.5 30.S 47.4 1.5 14.9 0.0 3.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 1.9

12.6 7.7 19.2 3.1 3.0 5.6 II.S 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.6 0.0 3.S 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4* 0.0 0.0 2.2* 0.0 2.S 0.0 1.1* 0.0 0.0 11.4 S.3 1.3 2.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 S.9* 10.1* 0.0 5.1 4.9 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.9 19.3* 24.S 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.2 3.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 0.0 4.0 14.7 26.8* 0.0

314.S 160.5 373.5 133.4 32.9 132.S 36.1 9.7 107.3 77.1 25.9 12.0 71.5 155.S 9.2 5S.I 36.6 52.0 10.9 14.2 34.9 91.9 49.5 49.0 25.1 2.7 5.4 7S.6 36.4 41.9 19.S 5.6 25.6 93.3 61.3 71.0 32.7 91.3 4S.4 139.5 10.6 34.8 S.6 S.2 105.S 323.1 699.7 23.6 5S.O 2.4 24.6 20.3 43.2 11.6 9.5 2.6 129.9 64.0 13S.9 91.3 91.8 402.3 57.2

s.s

10.9 34.6 0.0 S.3 0.0 0.0 1.5 2.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 2.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.6 0.0 10.7 0.0 0.0

422

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

Table E 5: Continued

Excavation Unit

A24 upper northeast A24 upper southwest A24 lower A24 lower northeast A25 north A25 south A26 north A26 south A27 north A27 south A28 northwest A28 southeast A29 A29 upper A29 lower A29 L-shaped room A29 alley between fea. 30&31 A33 all A34 all A35 all A36 southeast of fea. 32 A36 inside fea. 32 A37 inside fea. 30 Bl-3 B4 B6 B7 B7 east B7 west B7 fea. 3 B8 west B9 BIO Bll Bll lower Bll upper Bll&l2 B12 B 13 large pit Bl4 B15 B15&16 Bl6± Bl6± fea. 7 B17 west B17 fea. II B 18 large pit B18 B19 B20 B20 north B20 lower north B20 southeast B20 southwest B20 upper B20± B20&21 B21 north B21 south B21 lower fea. 12 B22 upper north B22 lower north B22 south

Vertebrae Fragments gm

Teeth Fragments gm

Limb and Other Fragments gm

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 6.4 0.0 1.8 4.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 19.4 38.8 1.0 0.0 21.1 0.0 0.0 29.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 31.9 37.3 53.2 15.0 20.4 0.0 0.0 7.9 1.0 2.4 0.0 1.9 1.5 0.0 4.3 9.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 29.8 14.2 0.0 30.7 57.7 2.7

39.3 14.2 6.4 5.8 8.9 2.2 9.2 8.5 6.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.0 3.1 5.3 0.0 1.0 0.0 8.2 0.0 0.0 9.1 14.0* 4.9 8.5 46.8 2.2 10.7 74.9 4.8 1.0 15.4 70.7 10.4 22.5* 72.5* 25.4 0.0 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.4* 0.0 1.7 6.3* 0.0 2.4 2.0 3.8 0.0 1.9 0.0 13.2 1.8 8.0 9.0 1.8 8.3 4.5 0.0

202.4 86.4 22.4 58.0 120.4 10.8 199.3 87.5 83.0 71.1 120.2 47.2 15.3 28.4 64.9 2.8 41.2 21.9 24.7 17.3 119.9 51.2 0.0 184.6 164.3 154.6 125.1 100.2 33.4 141.0 294.0 54.2 62.0 392.1 270.5 116.5 509.7 1665.9 740.7 66.8 0.0 13.1 169.5 40.6 72.6 6.7 75.5 329.1 63.3 48.0 150.6 7.8 18.6 44.4 9.6 150.2 24.8 172.9 61.2 18.6 124.4 250.4 25.5

APPENDIX E

423

Table E 5: Continued

Excavation Unit

B22&23 upper B23 north B23 lower north B23 south B23 upper south B23 lower south B23 fea. 15 B23 southeast B24 upper north B24 lower north B24 upper south B24 lower south B24 southeast B24 fea. 18 B25 upper north B25 lower north B25 lower B25 lower southeast B25 fea. 15 B25-27 south B26 B26 northeast B26 upper northeast B26 south B27 northeast B27 west B28 north B28 south B28 ash pit B29 upper north B29 upper south B29 lower east B29 lower west B29 top fea. 20 B29 upper fea. 21 B30 northeast B30 southeast B30 lower jub contents B31 upper north B31 lower north B31 upper south B31 middle south B31 lower south B31± north B32 upper B32 upper north B32 lower north B32 upper south B32 lower south B33 upper north B33 lower north B33 lower south B33 upper & middle southeast B33 upper & middle southwest B33 upper & middle center B33 upper center B33 upper & middle southwest fea. 26 B33 upper· & middle fea. 30 B33 lower fea. 28 B34 upper north B34 lower north B34 upper south B34 lower south

Vertebrae Fragments gm 15.8 8.5 6.0 15.6 1.5 4.4 0.0 0.0 3.3 6.5 0.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 12.0 0.0 0.0 4.5 5.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 21.3 0.0 0.0 8.1 32.2 12.8 1.2 47.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.1 2.8 0.0 0.0 17.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.6 6.5 45.1 4.1 47.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 3.9 0.0 0.0 3.4 30.5 230.9

Teeth Fragments gm 0.0 1.9 1.0 2.3 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 1.4 7.8* 8.1 0.0 0.0 1.6 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.7* 0.0 4.2 0.0 0.0 19.1 0.0 10.9 1.5 0.0 22.4 4.5 5.6 0.0 1.2 0.0 22.6 36.4* 0.0 12.7 27.4 26.0 2.4 36.1 * 9.9 7.1 21.9 8.1 14.8 8.0 9.8 14.3 21.9* 6.6 3.8 16.0 0.0 1.3 0.0 0.0 1.8 2.7 17.6 26.5

Limb and Other Fragments gm 70.3 53.2 71.7 28.9 32.9 44.9 4.0 1.4 123.1 62.7 58.1 29.4 1.1 52.4 61.3 127.1 1.9 42.9 32.5 138.7 2.0 172.0 33.1 27.7 113.5 42.3 194.3 45.4 22.5 192.8 88.1 103.7 25.1 7.4 53.9 199.9 197.3 8.8 391.4 285.8 20Q.4 0.0 246.5 41.7 48.7 167.8 58.1 219.9 104.8 257.8 132.9 255.4 91.9 222.3 241.5 67.0 27.0 18.3 16.8 64.0 27.4 382.1 477.4

424

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

Table E S: Continued

Excavation Unit

B34 B34 B34 B34 B34 B35 B35 B35 B35 B35 B36 B36 B36 B36 B36 B36 B36 B37 B38 B39 B39 B39 B39 B39 B40 B40 B40 B40 B41 B41 B41 B41 B41 B41 B41 B42 B42 B42 B42 B43 B43 B44 B44 B44 B44 B44 B44 B44 B45 B45 B45 B45 B45 B45 B45 B45 B46 B46

upper center lower center below fea. 28 fea. 32 upper brick fea. 31 upper lower all pot group lower fea. 35 all lower upper northeast upper southeast lower southeast upper southwest lower southwest east middle east lower east upper west middle west lower west upper east lower east upper west lower west upper northwest middle northwest lower northwest upper southeast middle southeast lower southeast pit into B42 upper northwest upper southeast lower north lower south north south upper north lower northwest lower south lower southeast lower southwest lower southwest room A&C Room G upper north room F&G upper southeast upper southwest upper southwest room A lower north lower southeast lower southwest room D upper southwest lower southwest

Vertebrae Fragments gm 1.8 0.0 0.0 39.6 0.0 0.0 10.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 0.0 2.4 4.4 2.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.6 0.0

• Indicates mixing of equid and/ or cattle with sheep-goat-gazelle teeth fragments.

Teeth Fragments gm

Limb and Other Fragments gm

1.0 13.1* 6.1 3.4 0.0 0.0 16.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.1 1.1 2.5 7.4* 5.6* 0.0 5.7 0.0 0.0 8.6 0.0 6.3 0.0 2.0 8.1 8.0 1.5 0.0 3.0 0.0 2.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 0.0 14.3 7.1 2.2 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 1.3 0.0 0.0 6.5 3.0

63.7 83.5 53.1 386.9 16.3 344.9 193.7 20.8 18.9 35.1 52.0 122.1 81.8 67.6 78.4 93.7 38.4 104.0 9.9 3.6 25.6 10.1 43.0 17.4 69.7 90.8 124.9 35.9 21.7 20.7 7.3 21.0 19.5 54.1 36.4 204.2 16.8 65.3 58.8 50.2 26.6 35.7 50.2 30.3 14.2 14.8 1.7

28.1 2.9 14.8 6.0 3.8 4.6 10.1 8.7 6.3 89.7 57.9

APPENDIX E

425

Table E6: Distal Metapodial Measurements and Identifications Excavation Unit

Inner Spool (em)

Outer Spool (ern)

%

Genus

A3 all A5 east

1.665 1.625 1.600 1.7S2 1.59S 1.594 1.376 1.419 1.504 1.5S2 1.541 1.545 1.455 1.400 1.555 1.4S2 1.375 1.369 1.619 1.6SO 1.792 1.537 1.493 1.544 1.619 1.5SS 1.635 1.550 1.535 1.627 1.570 1.520 1.504 1.611 1.4SS 1.443 1.475 1.47S 1.452 1.516 1.450 1.462 1.564 1.577 1.505 1.420 1.515 1.527 1.509 1.465 1.925 1.599 1.362

1.105 1.17S 1.150 1.005 .912 .960 .77S .Sl7 1.014 1.073 1.034 1.074 .974 .SSO 1.000 .925 .926 .94S 1.1S6 .92S 1.035 1.064 1.010 1.077 1.131 .SS6 .SSO .954 1.007 .900 .SS4 .S35 .767 1.010 .S20 .952 .S56 .S70 .S76 .S70 .S46 .S07 1.060 1.044 l.05S 1.033 .940 .SS2 .911 .940 1.136 1.076 .S02

66.37 72.49 7J.S7 59.76 57.07 60.23 57.27] * 57.5S 67.42 ] * 67.S3 67.10 69.51]* 66.94 62.S6 64.31 ] * 62.41 70.1S ] * 69.24 73.25 55.24 57.76 67.64 ] $ 67.65 69.75 ] $ 6g.s6 55.79 ] * 53.S2 61.55 65.60 55.32 56.30 54.93 ] * 50.99 62.69 ] * 55.11 65.97 5S.03 5S.S6 ] * 60.33 57.39 5S.34 ] 55.19 * 67.77 66.20 70.30 72.75 62.05 57.76 60.37 64.16 59.01 67.29 5S.S8

Ovis Gazella Gazella Capra Capra Capra Capra Capra Ovis Ovis Ovis Ovis Ovis Capra Ovis Ovis Gazella Gazella Gazella Capra Capra Ovis Ovis Ovis Ovis Capra Capra Capra Ovis Capra Capra Capra Capra Capra Capra Ovis Capra Capra Capra Capra Capra Capra Ovis Ovis Gazella Gazella Capra Capra Unident. Unident. Capra Ovis Capra

A7 north AS south AS± below FS A9,10 southwest All center All southwest Al2 north

A17 A21 A22 A34

south south F24 all

86 87 F3 811 upper 812 81S 820 north 821 south 822 lower north 824 FlS 824 upper north 824 827 830 832

south west west lower north

837 all 840 upper east 847 southwest

• Indicates that measurements are from one unbroken element.

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

426

Table E7: Marine Molluscs from Tepe Farukhabad Name

Known range of genus

Habitat of genus

Layer

Nerita albicilla

Gulf and North Indian Ocean

A21-X33l

Cypraea sp.

Gulf and North Indian Ocean

Engina medicaria

North Indian Ocean

intertidal rocks and mudcovered rocks (1:272; 5:29) intertidal and shallow rocks (3:321; 5:39) rocky bottoms (5:47)

Oliva ispidula

Gulf and North Indian Ocean

Strigatella litterata

North Indian Ocean

Conus tessalatus

Gulf (4: 110)

Dentalium sp.

Gulf

beaches (1:275)

Cardium sp.? Liochoncha sulcotina Mytilus sp.?

Gulf (4: 116) Gulf Gulf

shallow sand bottoms (2:47) deep water

Thais (purpura) mancinella

Gulf and North Indian Ocean

intertidal sandy bottoms (2:47; 5:51) intertidal sand and mud flats (5:52)

intertidal sand or mud (1:273; 2:47; 5:43)

A6-X078 All-Xl24 B23-Xl77 B27-X284 A20-X306 Al7-X259 A3-X025 BIO-X046 B20-Xl30 B23-X225 B29-X363 B35-X579 All-Xl24 Al5-X213 Al8-X255 BJ5-17-XIIO B22-23-X 173 A6-069 B32-X469 B32-X469 CJ-X038 BI28-Xl06 B2l-Xl44

TABLE REFERENCES I Biggs, H.E.J. 1958 2 Haas, F. 1954 3 Hornell, J. 1949 4 Melvill, J.C. 1928 5 · Subrahmanyam, 1952

Littoral Collecting in the Persian Gulf. J. Conch. London 24: 270-75. London Some Marine Shells from the Persian Gulf. Nautilus 68(2):46-49. Philadelphia. The Study of Indian Molluscs, Part I. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 48(2):303-37. The Marine Mollusca of the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, and North Arabian Sea, as Evidenced Mainly through the Collection of Captain F.W. Townsend, 1893-1914. Proc. Ma/acol. Soc. London 18:95-117. T.V., K.R. Karandikar, and N.N. Murti Marine Gasteropoda of Bombay-Part II. J. Univ. Bombay N.S., 21B(3):26-73.

APPENDIX F FLORAL ELEMENTS FROM TEPE FARUKHABAD

available, and thus densities are not computable. On the second table, presence is indicated by a plus and multiple occurrences are represented by two pluses.

These two tables contain the data on which Chapter XIII by Naomi Miller is based. The first table presents the data on the 50 percent selection of the flotation samples available in Ann Arbor. In some cases the actual volume in liters floated is not

Table Fl: Botanical Samples from Tepe Farukhabad.

Sample# X067 X092 Xl22 X219 X220 X222 X2571 . X257Il] X286 X332 X332 X336 X344 X496 X499 X665 X7021 ) X70211 X036 X051 X0511 X2331 X269 X274 X4361 X43611 X474 X520 X732 X742 X757

seeds I liter 0.40 0.42 1.60 1.67 101.00 0.25 0.96 12.00 0 2.0 0 0.89 9.11

0.49 16.00 0 0 0 0.58 2.50 1.83 1.50

seeds

legumes I 0

grains

wheat spikelet forks

4 3 0

0 0 0 0 0 4812

0 0 0 112 2 1212

612 3712 0 0 1 0 4 41 40

0 0 30 0 0 1 0 4 33 39

512 612 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

0 412 112 0 0 0 0 0 18 4

1412 0 0 2 64 0 0 0 0 3 10 11 6

1312 0 0 0 56 0 0 0 0 1 0 9 6

1 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0

2012 0 0 512 9 3 0 0 14 1 312 212 112

2 0 I 5 10 5012

I.

427

spikelet forks/ liter 0 0 0.48 0.33 25.00 0 0.67 0.48 0 0 0 0 4.00

1.36 2.25 0.50 0 3.50 0.19 0.87 0.42 0.37

428

AN EARLY TOWN ON THE DEH LURAN PLAIN

Table F2: Carbonized remains from Tepe Farukhabad

E:

~ ~

c"' "=!

. . E: ..s E:

..,

., ::!

...

~ ..s "' .5 Sl< bllo

g:§

~'"'-l

~

-~

~

""'

X067 X092 X122 X219 X220 X222* X2571 X25711 X286 X332 X336 X344 X496 X499 X665 X7021 X70211 X036 X051 X0511 X233 X269 X274 X4361 X43611 X474 X520 X732 X742 X757 TOTAL

u

::!

., ~ .0 ., e ::s

bh

.., ~ ·~

~

E: ::!

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""0

"0 0

.,...r:: .5 "=!

s:;

;>.

~

""' u

E: ::!

{i

E ::;

...

{i

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~

...

" 0

~

E: ~ c '"'-l

""' u

.::J

...

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u

c

E: E: ::;

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-E:

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0

E:

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