An Archaeological Survey of the Parish of Wharram Percy East Yorkshire v. 1: 1. The Evolution of the Roman Landscape 9780860544630, 9781407317885
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Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Summary
Acknowledgements
List of Contents
List of Figures
List of Photographic Plates
A) INTRODUCTION
A) 1: GENERAL INTRODUCTION AND GLOSSARY
A) 2: REGIONAL BACKGROUND
A) 3: THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM IN THE WHARRAM AREA
A) 4: FIELD WALKING TECHNIQUES AND THEIR INTERPRETATION
A) 5: MAGNETOMETER SURVEYS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION
A) 6: AIR PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE WHARRAM AREA
A) 7: IRON AGE AND ROMAN POTTERY
A) 8: SAXON POTTERY
B) CATALOGUE OF SITES
B) 1: WHARRAM GRANGE VILLA
B) 2: BIRDSALL HIGH BARN FARMSTEAD
B) 3: BIRDSALL BROW LADDER
B) 4: WHARRAM GRANGE CROSSROADS COMPLEX
B) 5: BETWEEN TOWNS SITE
B) 6: WHARRAM LE STREET VILLA
B) 7: WHARRAM LE STREET VILLAGE SITE
B) 8: WHARRAM POST OFFICE ENCLOSURES
B) 9: GYPSEY RACE LADDER
B) 10: DUGGLEBY LADDER
B) 11: GRIMSTON ROAD SITE
B) 12: COW CLIFF HILL and WHARRAM LE STREET HIGH STREET SITE
B) 13: WHARRAM PERCY VILLAGE COMPLEX
B) 14: BELLA HOUSE FARMSTEAD
B) 15: RIDGE WAY CROSSROADS COMPLEX
B) 16: TUNNEL TOP FARMSTEAD
B) 17: BURDALE CROSSROADS SITE
B) 18: BURDALE/FIMBER BOUNDARY FARMSTEAD
B) 19: RAISTHORPE WOLD FARMSTEAD
B) 20: WILLIAM DALE FARMSTEAD
B) 21: RAISTHORPE MANOR SITE
B) 22: COW WOLD FARMSTEAD
B) 23: TOWTHORPE FIELD FARMSTEAD
B) 24: TOWTHORPE WOLD SITE
B) 25: TOWTHORPE HIGH STREET SITE
B) 26: MANOR HOUSE SITE
B) 27: THIXENDALE GRANGE SITE
B) 28: UNCLEBY TOP SITE
B) 29: GILL'S FARM SITE
B) 30: ALDRO FARMSTEAD
B) 31: COWARDY HILL SITE
C) DISCUSSION
C) 1: INTRODUCTION
C) 2: SETTLEMENT
C) 3: AGRICULTURE AND LAND USE
C) 4: ESTATES AND BOUNDARIES
C) 5: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK
D) BIBLIOGRAPHY
Monograph Series
Citation preview
An Archaeological Survey of the Parish of Wharram Percy, East Yorkshire 1. The Evolution of the Roman Landscape
Colin Hayfield
Wharram: A Study of Settlement on the Yorkshire Wolds: Volume V
BAR British Series 172 1987
B.A.R.
5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England.
GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.
BAR 172, 1987: 'An Archaeological Survey of the Parish of Wharram Percy, East Yorkshire. 1. The Evolution of the Roman Landscape' @ Colin Hayfield, 1987 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860544630 paperback ISBN 9781407317885 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860544630 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com
SU MMARY T he o f
s ix t ownships Wharram
t hat m ade u p t he m edieval e cclesiastical
P ercy
a nd Wharram L e S treet l ie
o n
t he
p arishes
n orth-western
e scarpment o f t he C halk W olds o f t he o ld E ast R iding o f Y orkshire, a rea
n ow
d ivided
H umberside. l andscape
b etween
T hose
t he
c ounties
o f
N orth
Y orkshire
t ownships h ave b een t he s ubject o f a n
s tudy s ince 1 974.
a n a nd
i ntensive
T his r eport i s d esigned t o d raw t ogether
t he a ccumulated r esults o f t he f irst t welve y ears f ieldwork i n a nd a round t he f ields o f W harram P ercy f or t he I ron A ge, R oman , a nd E arly S axon
p eriods,
p icture
a lthough
p ainted
e vidence
h ere
i s
t he bulk o f t he e vidence s till f ar
i s t oo o ften i nconclusive,
r esearch f ar f rom e xhausted . r esults
o f
f rom
i s
c omplete;
R oman . t he
a nd t he p otential
Much w ork s till r emains
which m ay e ventually m odify m any o f t he
T he
a vailable
f or
f urther
t o b e d one,
t he
i nterpretations
t hat a re p resented i n t his v olume. W hen
s tudying
t he
W harram a rea i n t he
R oman
p eriod ,
i t
b ecomes
a pparent t hat w e a re d ealing w ith a s ystem o f s ettlement a nd l and-use t hat was n ot c reated a s a d irect r esult o f a ' Romanisation ' o f t he W olds. I nstead , w e h ave a n a lready o ld l andscape w hose b asic f eatures
had
b een e stablished l ong b efore
a rmies d uring t he i st c entury A D, i ntact, 5 th t his w here
t he a rrival o f t he
a nd w hich l ater s urvived ,
R oman
v irtually
t he w ithdrawal o f t hose a rmies d uring t he e arly y ears o f t he
c entury.
I t s eems t he Wharram l andscape,
p art o f t he Y orkshire W olds, c ontinuity
a bsorbed
d ominated ,
a nd
l ike t hat o f much
i s g enerally a v ery where a ny n ew
a ncient
d evelopments
a nd m oulded i nto t he e xisting human a nd p hysical
o f t he l andscape.
o f o ne w ere
s tructure
ACKNO WLEDGEMENTS A
l andscape p roject s uch a s
t his w ould have b een i mpossible
t he c onstant h elp a nd k indness o f t he l andowners, o f W harram P ercy,
Wharram L e S treet,
B urdale,
R aisthorpe,
a nd T hixendale who have a llowed ,
a nd c ontinue t o a llow ,
a nd
t o
I
a ccess
t o
t heir
l ands
c arry
o ut
w ithout
f armers a nd t enants
t his
T owthorpe
m y c olleagues r esearch.
I n
p articular I w ould l ike t o r ecord t he h elp o f t he l ate P eter M edforth o f R aisthorpe M anor. My g reatest d ebt o f g ratitude
i s o wed t o L ord M iddleton o f
B irdsall,
o wner o f much o f t he Wharram P ercy a rea, who h as e ncouraged f acilitated m y f ieldwork o n h is e state a nd m y r esearch i n
a nd h is
muniment r ooms a t B irdsall E state O ffice. J ohn
Hurst,
t he
a rchaeological
d irector o f t he
Wharram
R esearch
P roject, was t he f irst, i n 1 974, t o s ee t he p otential o f t he P arish S urvey a nd h as b een a c onstant s ource o f h elp, a dvice a nd e ncouragement. o thers
I t
Maurice B eresford, a lso
i s a p leasure t o a lso a cknowledge t he h elp o f m any
i n t he Wharram R esearch P roject i ncluding P rofessor w ish
t o
Ann C lark,
t hank
C hris
a nd P rofessor E meritus D unn a nd K athy
C ommission o n H istoric M onuments p lots
( England)
a nd t o T ony P acitto,
o f H ovingham,
m ost o f t he a ir p hotographs
i ncluded h ere.
T he
bulk o f t he m aps a nd l ocation p lans
E meritus
P hilip R ahtz.
S toertz
o f
t he
f or u se o f t heir
c ropmark
N orth Y orkshire w ho
i ncluded h ere w ere
I
R oyal t ook
p repared
by J ean D owling o f t he G eography D epartment o f B irmingham University , while a ll t he p hotographic w ork was d one b y G eoff D owling, ARPS. m anuscript w as t yped b y Maria J ones. T hanks a re a lso d ue t o p atient t hereby
f ew w ho have r ead t hrough a nd c ommented o n t his t ext a nd g reatly i mproved i t: D r. P aul B uckland F GS, D r. P eter
L arkham , F SA .
T he t he
D r.
T erry S later,
N eedless
t o s ay,
D r.
P aul S tamper a nd D r.
S tuart W rathmell
r esponsibility f or a ll r emaining e rrors
f act a nd i nterpretation r ests w ith m e.
C olin H ayfield D epartment o f G eography, University o f B irmingham , J une 1 987.
I
o f
L IST OF CONTENTS
S UMMARY
A )
B )
I NTRODUCTION 1 :
G eneral I ntroduction a nd G lossary
.
1
2 :
R egional B ackground
3 :
T he R oman R oad S ystem i n t he W harram A rea
5
4 :
F ieldwalking T echniques a nd t heir I nterpretation
7
5 :
Magnetometer S urveys a nd t heir I nterpretation by A ndrew D avid
6 :
A ir P hotography i n t he W harram A rea
7 :
I ron A ge a nd R oman P ottery by S arah G reen
8 :
S axon P ottery
.
3
.
0
0
0
.
.
1 3
1 9 2 0
. 27
C ATALOGUE O F S ITES G eneral I ntroduction
.
.
.
.
2 9
Wharram L e S treet T ownship 1 :
Wharram G range V illa
2 :
.
0
0
B irdsall H igh B arn F armstead
•
.
3 :
B irdsall B row L adder
.
.
4 :
Wharram G range C rossroads C omplex
.
5 :
' Between T owns'
6 :
W harram L e S treet V illa
7 :
W harram L e S treet V illage S ite
8 :
Wharram P ost O ffice E nclosures
9 :
G ypsey R ace L adder
1 0:
D uggleby L adder
0
S ite
0
0
0
.
.
.
.
*
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
.
0
3 1
.
3 9
.
6 0
.
.
6 3
•
.
8 0
.
8 3
.
8 5
.
.
8 8
0
*
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
.
9 0 9 4
1 1:
G rimston R oad S ite
1 2:
C ow
.
C liff H ill a nd W harram L e S treet H igh
S treet .
S ites Wharram L e S treet T ownship, M aterial . 0
9 6
9 9
M iscellaneous F ieldwalking
0
0
*
0
0
0
0
1 03
W harram P ercy T ownship 1 3:
W harram P ercy V illage C omplex
1 4:
B ella H ouse F armstead
1 5:
R idgeway C rossroads C omplex
Wharram
P ercy
M aterial
T ownship, .
.
.
4
. 1 04
0
M iscellaneous
.
4
0
0
0
0
0
*
0
1 19 1 22
F ieldwalking
.
.
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
. 1 25
B urdale T ownship 1 6:
T unnel T op F armstead
1 7:
B urdale C rossroads S ite
1 8:
B urdale/Fimber B oundary F armstead
B urdale T ownship,
0
4
.
.
*
••
0
• .
M iscellaneous F ieldwalking Material
.
0
0
.
1 27 1 32
. 1 37 . 1 44
R aisthorpe T ownship 1 9:
R aisthorpe W old F armstead
2 0:
W illiam D ale F armstead
2 1:
R aisthorpe M anor S ite
2 2:
C ow W old F armstead
. 1 48
•• •
•
.
R aisthorpe T ownship, M aterial .
. 1 45
••
•
•
•
•
M iscellaneous
1 50 . 1 52 F ieldwalking . 1 55
T owthorpe T ownship 2 3:
T owthorpe F ield F armstead
2 4:
T owthorpe W old S ite
2 5:
T owthorpe H igh S treet S ite
.
T owthorpe T ownship, M aterial .
M iscellaneous
•
•
• F ieldwalking . 1 64
i v
T hixendale T ownship G eneral I ntroduction
•
2 6:
Manor H ouse S ite
.
2 7:
T hixendale G range S ite
2 8:
Uncleby T op S ite
.•
2 9:
G ill's F arm S ite
.
.
0
.
•
.
0
0
.
0
.
.
.
.
.
1 66
. 1 68
.
..
•
.
0
.
0
1 69 1 70
.
.
1 71
..
.
1 72
.
.
1 73
0
0
0
0
.
•
g
o
B irdsall T ownship 3 0:
A ldro F armstead
.
.
.
N orth G rimston T ownship 3 1:
C )
C owardy H ill S ite
.
D ISCUSSION 1 :
I ntroduction
2 :
S ettlement
3 :
9
.
•
a :
C hronology
.
b :
M orphology
.
c :
L ocation
d :
H ierarchy
0
•
0
.
.
O
f
4
•
0
0
.
C ropmarks
b :
M anuring
.
.
.
0
0
4
O
.
E states a nd B oundaries
5 :
C onclusions a nd F uture W ork
.
4
.
0
V
.
.
.
•
9
1 76 1 77 1 81 1 86
. 1 89
. .
0
.
.
4 :
B IBLIOGRAPHY
.
.
Agriculture a nd L and U se a :
0
1 76
0
0
•
0
0
1 90
.
1 90
.
1 92
. 1 96 .
•
4
O
e
O
e
2 01
2 02
L ist o f F igures S ection A )
I NTRODUCTION
F ig.
1
G eneral L ocation M ap.
F ig .
2
R egional
L ocation M ap,
s howing t he
s ix Wharram t ownships
a nd t heir e cclesiastical p arishes. F ig.
3
R oman R oads o f
t he
i n t he Wharram a rea,
Malton
s howing t he r elationship
t o W etwang r oad
( B1248)
t o
t he
t ownship
b oundaries. F ig.
4 a
F ieldwalking
M ethod
A
( random
walking),
s howing
t he
e xample o f W harram P ercy F ield 1 6. F ig.
4 b
F ieldwalking
M ethod B ( row w alking),
s howing t he e xample
o f Wharram P ercy F ield 1 5. F ig.
4 c
F ieldwalking M ethod C ( grid w alking),
s howing t he e xample
o f Wharram L e S treet F ield 9 6. F ig .
5
1 984 M agnetometer S urvey ,
l ocation p lan .
F ig.
6
1 984 M agnetometer S urvey,
s howing t he a ctual
F ig.
7
1 984 M agnetometer S urvey, t he t races.
F ig .
8
1 984 M agnetometer S urvey,
s howing t he
t races.
i nterpretation
o f
s howing t he m agnetometer t races
a nd c ropmarks. F ig.
9
R oman P ottery P rocessing S chema .
S ection B )
C ATALOGUE O F S ITES
F ig.
G eneral
1 0
P lan
c ropmarks, F ig.
1 1
F ig .
1 2
S ite 1 , S ite
1 3
S ite
W harram
1 ,
Wharram
R oman
L andscape,
l ocation p lan .
G range V illa ,
f ieldwalking
p lots
f or
f ieldwalking
p lots
f or
r oof t ile a nd t esserae.
1 ,
W harram
a mphora,
G range V illa ,
b ox-flue t ile a nd S axon p ottery.
F ig.
1 4
S ite 1 ,
Wharram G range V illa,
m agnetometer s urvey .
F ig.
1 5
S ite 1 ,
Wharram G range V illa,
i llustrated p ottery .
F ig.
1 6
S ite 2 ,
B irdsall H igh B arn F armstead,
F ig.
1 7
S ite
s howing
e arthworks a nd s ettlements.
Wharram G range V illa,
p ottery, F ig .
o f t he
r oads,
2 ,
B irdsall
H igh
f ieldwalking p ottery.
v i
B arn
l ocation p lan .
F armstead ,
i llustrated
F ig .
1 8
S ite
2 ,
B irdsall
e xcavation
H igh
t renches
i n
B arn
F armstead ,
r elation
t o
l ocation
t he
o f
m agnetometer
s urvey . F ig .
1 9
S ite 2 , B irdsall H igh B arn F armstead , B , C , F a nd G .
F ig .
2 0
S ite 2 , a nd E .
F ig .
2 1
S ite 2 , I ,
t rench s ections A ,
B irdsall H igh B arn F armstead ,
B irdsall H igh B arn F armstead ,
t rench s ections D
t rench s ections H ,
J a nd K .
F ig .
2 2
S ite 2 , B irdsall H igh B arn F armstead , f inds a ssemblage.
F ig .
2 3
S ite 2 , B irdsall H igh B arn F armstead , p ottery a ssemblage.
F ig .
2 4
S ite 2 , B irdsall e xcavated p ottery .
F ig .
2 5
S ite 3 ,
F ig .
2 6
S ite 4 , W harram G range C rossroads S ite, l ocation ( Fields 5 , 1 6 a nd 9 6), s howing m agnetometer t races.
F ig .
2 7
S ite 4 ,
F ield 1 6,
i llustrated p ottery .
F ig .
2 8
S ite 4 ,
F ield 9 6,
i llustrated p ottery .
F ig .
2 9
S ite 4 , F ield d istribution .
F ig .
3 0
S ite 4 , F ield 9 6, a ssemblage.
F ig .
3 1
S ite 4 ,
F ig .
3 2
S ite
4 ,
H igh
B arn
F ield 5 , F ield
M ethod
t abulated e xcavated
F armstead ,
B irdsall B row L adder S ystem ,
9 6,
t abulated e xcavation
C
i llustrated
l ocation p lan .
f ieldwalking
t abulated 1 975 M ethod C
p lan
p ottery
f ieldwalking
l ocation o f M ethod B f ieldwalking s urvey . 5 ,
t abulated 1 979 M ethod B
f ieldwalking
a ssemblage. F ig .
3 3
S ite
4 ,
p ottery , F ig .
3 4
S ite
4 ,
F ield 5 ,
M ethod B f ieldwalking p lots f or
S axon p ottery , F ield 5 ,
R oman
q uern s tones a nd m ortaria .
M ethod B f ieldwalking p lots
f or
d aub
f ragments a nd R oman r oof t ile. F ig .
3 5
S ite 4 ,
F ield 5 ,
i llustrated p ottery .
F ig .
3 6
S ite 5 , F ield 8 7, B etween T owns s ite, l ocation s howing a rea o f M ethod B f ieldwalking s urvey .
p lan
F ig.
3 7
S ite 5 , F ield 8 7, B etween T owns M ethod B f ieldwalking a ssemblage.
1 979
V I I
s ite,
t abulated
F ig .
3 8
F ig .
3 9
S ite 5 , S ite
F ield 8 7,
6 ,
B etween T owns s ite,
W harram L e S treet V illa ,
i llustrated p ottery.
l ocation p lan
s howing
p osition o f m agnetometer s urvey . F ig .
4 0
S ite 6 ,
Wharram L e S treet V illa ,
F ig .
4 1
S ite 7 ,
Wharram L e S treet V illage s ite,
F ig .
4 2
S ite 7 , p ottery .
F ig .
4 3
S ite 8 , W harram P ost O ffice l ocation p lan .
E nclosures,
c ropmarks
a nd
F ig .
4 4
S ite 9 , G ypsey l ocation p lan .
E nclosures,
c ropmarks
a nd
F ig .
4 5
S ite 1 0, D uggleby l ocation p lan .
c ropmarks
a nd
F ig .
4 6
S ite 1 1,
G rimston R oad s ite,
c ropmarks a nd l ocation p lan .
F ig .
4 7
S ite 1 1,
G rimston R oad s ite,
i llustrated p ottery .
F ig .
4 8
S ite 1 2,
C ow C liff H ill/High S treet s ites,
F ig .
4 9
S ite 1 2, p ottery .
F ig .
5 0
W harram L e S treet T ownship,
F ig .
5 1
W harram L e S treet m iscellaneous f inds.
F ig .
5 2
W harram L e S treet m iscellaneous f inds.
F ig .
5 3
S ite 1 3, W harram P ercy V illage, s uperimposed m agnetometer s urvey .
F ig .
5 4
S ite 1 3,
F ig .
5 5a
S ite 1 3, F ield 1 5, a ssemblage.
F ig .
5 5b
S ite
Wharram
L e
S treet
1 978 m agnetometer s urvey .
V illage
R ace L adder
L adder
T ownship,
T ownship,
l ocation p lan .
s ites,
i llustrated
d istribution
i llustrated
m ap
o f
p ottery
f rom
e arthworks
a nd
c ropmarks.
t abulated 1 974 M ethod B
1 5,
i llustrated
t able o f m iscellaneous f inds.
W harram P ercy V illage,
F ield
s ite,
E nclosures,
C ow C liff H ill/High S treet
1 3,
l ocation p lan .
t abulated
1 974
f ieldwalking
M ethod
B
R oman
a ssemblage. F ig .
5 5c
S ite
1 3,
F ield 1 5,
t abulated 1 978 M ethod B f ieldwalking
a ssemblage. F ig .
5 5d
S ite 1 3, F ield 1 5, 1 978 M ethod C f ieldwalking , d istribution o f R oman a nd S axon p ottery s herds.
v i i i
F ig .
5 6
S ite 1 3,
F ield 1 5,
i llustrated p ottery .
F ig .
5 7a
S ite 1 3, F ield 1 6, a ssemblage
F ig .
5 7b
S ite 1 3, a ssemblage
F ield
t abulated 1 976 M ethod B f ieldwalking
1 6,
t abulated
1 976
M ethod
B
R oman
•
F ig .
5 8
S ite 1 3, F ield 1 06, a ssemblage
F ig .
5 9
S ite 1 3,
F ield 1 06,
F ig .
6 0
S ite 1 4,
B ella H ouse F armstead ,
l ocation p lan .
F ig .
6 1
S ite 1 4,
B ella H ouse F armstead ,
i llustrated p ottery .
F ig .
6 2
S ite 1 5, R idgeway l ocation p lan .
F ig .
6 3
W harram P ercy T ownship, f inds.
F ig .
6 4
Wharram P ercy T ownship,
F ig .
6 5
S ite 1 6, B urdale l ocation p lan .
F ig .
6 6
S ite 1 6, p ottery .
B urdale
T unnel
T op
F armstead ,
i llustrated
F ig .
6 7
S ite
B urdale
T unnel
T op
F armstead ,
i llustrated
1 6,
t abulated 1 978 M ethod B f ieldwalking
i llustrated p ottery .
C rossroads
C omplex ,
c ropmarks
a nd
d istribution m ap o f m iscellaneous
t able o f m iscellaneous f inds.
T unnel T op
F armstead ,
c ropmarks
a nd
p ottery . F ig .
6 8
S ite 1 7,
F ig .
6 9
S ite 1 7, p ottery .
F ig .
7 0
S ite 1 8,
B urdale C rossroads V illage S ite, B urdale
C rossroads V illage
l ocation p lan .
S ite,
B urdale/Fimber B oundary F armstead ,
i llustrated
c ropmarks a nd
l ocation p lan . F ig .
7 1
S ite 1 8, p ottery .
B urdale/Fimber B oundary
F ig .
7 2a
F ield 7 4,
t abulated M ethod B f ieldwalking a ssemblage.
F ig .
7 2b
F ield 7 4 ,
t abulated M ethod B R oman a ssemblage.
F ig .
7 3
B urdale f inds.
F ig .
7 4
B urdale T ownship,
F ig .
7 5
B urdale f inds.
T ownship,
T ownship,
d istribution
F armstead ,
p lan
o f
i llustrated
m iscellaneous
t able o f m iscellaneous f inds. i llustrated p ottery f rom m iscellaneous
i x
F ig .
7 6
S ite 1 9,
R aisthorpe W old F armstead ,
l ocation p lan .
F ig .
7 7
S ite 1 9,
R aisthorpe W old F armstead ,
i llustrated p ottery .
F ig .
7 8
S ite 2 0, p lan .
F ig .
7 9
S ite 2 1,
R aisthorpe M anor V illage S ite,
l ocation p lan .
F ig .
8 0
S ite 2 1,
R aisthorpe M anor V illage S ite,
i llustrated p ottery .
F ig .
8 1
S ite 2 2,
C ow W old F armstead ,
c ropmarks a nd l ocation p lan .
F ig .
8 2
S ite 2 2,
C ow W old F armstead ,
i llustrated p ottery .
F ig .
8 3
R aisthorpe
W illiam D ale F armstead ,
T ownship,
c ropmarks a nd
d istribution
m ap o f
l ocation
m iscellaneous
f inds. F ig .
8 4
R aisthorpe T ownship,
F ig .
8 5
R aisthorpe T ownship, m iscellaneous f inds.
F ig .
8 6
S ite 2 3,
T owthorpe F ield F armstead ,
l ocation p lan .
F ig .
8 7
S ite 2 3,
T owthorpe F ield F armstead ,
i llustrated p ottery .
F ig .
8 8
S ite 2 4,
T owthorpe W old S ite,
l ocation p lan .
F ig .
8 9
S ite 2 4,
T owthorpe W old S ite,
i llustrated p ottery .
F ig .
9 0
S ite 2 5,
T owthorpe H igh S treet S ite,
F ig .
9 1
T owthorpe
T ownship,
t able o f m iscellaneous f inds. i llustrated
d istribution
p ottery
f rom
l ocation p lan . m ap
o f
m iscellaneous
f inds. F ig .
9 2
T owthorpe T ownship,
t able o f m iscellaneous f inds.
F ig .
9 3
T owthorpe T ownship, f inds.
i llustrated p ottery f rom m iscellaneous
F ig .
9 4
T hixendale T ownship,
l ocation o f f inds.
F ig .
9 5
T hixendale T ownship,
t able o f f ieldwalking f inds.
F ig .
9 6
S ite 2 6,
M anor H ouse S ite,
F ig .
9 7
S ite 2 7,
T hixendale G range S ite,
F ig .
9 8
S ite 2 8,
Uncleby T op S ite,
l ocation p lan .
F ig .
9 9
S ite 2 9,
G ill's F arm S ite,
l ocation p lan .
F ig .
1 00
S ite 3 0,
A ldro F armstead ,
X
l ocation p lan . l ocation p lan .
l ocation p lan .
F ig .
1 01
S ite 3 0,
A ldro F armstead ,
F ig .
1 02
S ite 3 1,
C owardy H ill S ite,
S ection C ) F ig .
1 03
i llustrated p ottery. l ocation p lan .
D ISCUSSION C hronological
C omparison
o f S ettlement
S ites
P roducing
C eramic A ssemblages. F ig .
1 04
M orphological C omparison o f S quare E nclosure P lans.
F ig .
1 05
M orphological C omparison o f R ectilinear E nclosure P lans.
F ig .
1 06
S ummary P lan o f R oman S ettlement L ocations.
F ig .
1 07
C omparison
T able
o f L ocational Qualities
o f
S ettlement
S ites. F ig .
1 08
C omparison T able o f A rchaeological H ierarchy o f S ettlement S ites.
F ig .
1 09
M odel o f t he O rganisation o f a W harram R oman T ownship.
x i
L ist o f P hotographic P lates P late 1
T he
H igh
W olds i n W inter.
L ooking s outh-west d own
t he
T hixendale/Burdale valley t owards t he W olds s carp. ( Cambridge University C ollection , c opyright r eserved ). P late 2
W harram G range V illa ,
P late 3
B irdsall H igh B arn , l ooking e ast, s howing t he l ayout o f t he e xcavation t renches a cross t he s ite. I n t he f oreground i s T rench J w ith i ts e xcavator M iss J oanna v an d er L ande.
P late 4
B irdsall H igh B arn ,
T rench D .
S howing d itch D 4.
P late 5
B irdsall H igh B arn ,
T rench E .
S howing p ost e mplacement E 3.
P late 6
B irdsall H igh B arn , F 6.
P late 7
B irdsall H igh B arn ,
P late 8
B irdsall B row L adder. l eft o f p hotograph
P late 9
W harram
G range
l ooking n orth
T rench F .
T rench J .
( A .L .
P acitto).
S howing o ccupation s urface
S howing e nclosure d itch J 3.
L ooking s outh w ith F ield 5 i n b ottom
( A .L .
P acitto,
C rossroads
R ef .
C omplex.
T P 1 36
4).
L ooking
n orth
a nd
s howing t he F ield 9 6 f armstead e nclosure i n c entre o f t he p icture ( A .L . P acitto, R ef . T P 1 36 3). P late 1 0
W harram G range C rossroads C omplex .
L ooking n orth-east a nd
s howing t he F ield 5 e nclosures w hich a re p art o f B row L adder ( A .L . P acitto, R ef . T P 1 83 8). P late 1 1
W harram L e S treet V illa . L ooking w est f rom t he v illage w ith F ield 5 6 i n c entre o f p icture a nd G ypsey R ace s pring a t t op l eft
P late 1 2
( A .L .
P acitto,
R ef .
T P 3 14
12).
W harram L e S treet V illage. L ooking n orth ; t he s herds f rom s ite N o. 7 c ame f rom t he f armyard o f t he f arm t o t he r ight o f t he s treet
P late 1 3
B irdsall
W harram w ith
( A .L .
P acitto,
R ef .
T P 3 39
13).
L e S treet P ost O ffice E nclosures.
W harram
L ooking
L e S treet v illage l ying a t t he t op
n orth o f
t he
p icture a nd Wharram L e S treet V illa f ield t o t he t op r ight ( A .L . P acitto, R ef . T P 3 44 8). P late 1 4
G ypsey R ace L adder.
L ooking e ast f rom t he v illage w ith t he
v illa f ield t o t he r ight o f t he 1 979, R ef . T P 0 3 8). P late 1 5
p icture
( A .L .
P acitto,
G ypsey R ace L adder. L ooking e ast d own t he G reat W old V alley w ith t he t ip o f t he v illa f ield b ottom r ight a nd D uggelby v illage a t t he t op o f t he p icture. D uggleby H owe w ith i ts e ncircling h enge c an b e s een i mmediately t o t he r ight o f D uggleby v illage ( A .L . P acitto, 1 979, R ef. T P 0 3 10).
x i i
P late 1 6
D uggleby L adder. L ooking w est f rom D uggleby t owards W harram L e S treet. M uch o f t he f ield i s o bscured b y c loud s hadow ( A .L . P acitto, 1 979, R ef . T P 0 3 1).
P late 1 7
G rimston R oad S ite. L ooking s outh t owards W harram L e S treet v illage w ith t he B 1248 e merging f rom t he b ottom r ight o f t he p icture ( A .L . P acitto, 1 979, R ef . T P 0 3 4).
P late 1 8
W harram P ercy V illage. L ooking w est w ith F ield 1 6 a t t he t op o f t he p icture, a nd F ield 1 5 t op r ight ( A .L . P acitto, 1 976,
P late 1 9
R ef .
T P 1 35
6).
W harram P ercy V illage c ropmarks. L ooking s outh-west w ith F ield 1 5 i n b ottom r ight o f p icture a nd t he d eserted v illage e arthworks b ottom l eft ( A .L . P acitto, 1 976, R ef . T P 1 37
11).
P late 2 0
F ield 1 6 T rackway . L ooking s outh-east f rom Wharram G range C rossroad w ith F ield 5 a t t he b ottom o f t he p icture ( A .L . P acitto, R ef . T P 3 12 11).
P late 2 1
R idgeway
C rossroads
C omplex .
L ooking
s outh
a long
t he
B 1248, w ith Wharram P ercy t ownship i n t he b ottom r ight o f t he p icture, W harram L e S treet b ottom l eft, T owthorpe t op l eft a nd B urdale t op r ight ( A .L . P acitto, 1 976, R ef . T P 1 51 8). P late 2 2
R idgeway
C rossroads
C omplex .
W harram L e S treet t ownship 1 0)
( A .L .
L ooking P acitto,
s outh-west R ef .
f rom
T P 3 49
-
P late 2 3
B urdale V illage S ite. L ooking n orth-east f rom a cross F ield 4 2; F ield X i s t he s mall l ighter c oloured t riangle a t t he b ottom o f t he valley ( A .L . P acitto, R ef . T P 1 38 2).
P late 2 4
B urdale/Fimber B oundary . L ooking s outh-west f rom F ield 6 7 a t t he b ottom o f t he p icture, w ith F ields 7 9 a nd 8 0 i n t he t op o f t he p hotograph ( A .L . P acitto, 1 976, R ef . T P 1 38 8
P late 2 5
W illiam D ale F armstead , R aisthorpe. L ooking n orth-west f rom R aisthorpe t owards B urdale, w ith t he l ighter c oloured s urface o f F ield 3 4 t o t he l eft o f t he p icture ( A .L . P acitto, 1 976, R ef . T P 1 38 1).
P late 2 6
C ow W old , R aisthorpe. L ooking n orth-west f rom R aisthorpe, w ith F ield 8 7 i n t he c entre o f t he p icture a nd T hixendale v illage j ust v isible t o t he l eft o f t he p hotograph ( A .L . P acitto, 1 976, R ef . T P 1 51 4).
P late 2 7
C owardy H ill, N orth G rimston . L ooking w est w ith C owardy H ill i n t he b ottom r ight o f t he p icture ( A .L . P acitto, R ef . T P 3 46 1).
P late 1
T he H igh W olds i n W inter . L ooking s outh-west d own t he T hixendale/Burdale v alley t owards t he W olds s carp. ( Cambridge University C ollection , c opyright r eserved).
x i v
A ) I NTRODUCT ION A )
1 : GENERAL I NTR ODUCT ION AND GL OSSARY
of Picke r in g
Mo tto ,"
EAST YORKSH IRE 0
0
F ig .
1
1 0
1 3
20
20
30
30
40
mile s
50 k m
G eneral L ocation M ap.
T he s hort a nnual s easons o f a rchaeological e xcavations a t t he d eserted v illage s ite o f W harram P ercy , o n t he C halk W olds o f t he o ld E ast R iding o f Y orkshire ( Fig . 1 ), h ave b een i n p rogress s ince 1 950. T he r esults o f t hose e xcavations h ave l ong s ince e stablished W harram P ercy a s o ne o f t he f oremost s ites i n E urope f or t he s tudy o f r ural s ettlement. I n 1 974 t he p resent w riter i nitiated a ' Parish S urvey', d esigned t o p lace t he r esults o f t he e xcavations w ithin t he v illage o f Wharram P ercy i nto a w ider g eographical c ontext. T he s urvey e ncompassed t he s ix m edieval t ownships t hat m ade u p t he t wo a ncient e cclesiastical p arishes o f W harram P ercy a nd Wharram L e S treet ( Fig . 2 ). I t a imed t o s tudy t he e volution o f s ettlement a nd l and u se w ithin t hose s ix t ownships f rom m an 's e arliest a rrival t o t he p resent d ay . T his r eport s ummarises t he e vidence t hat has b een f ound f or t he I ron Age, R oman , a nd E arly S axon p eriods w ithin t his d efined s tudy a rea a nd i nterprets i t w ithin i ts r egional c ontext.
1
SHE R BURN
M ALTON
NO RT O N
K I R BY
OR i N D ALY T H E
BU R Y T H O R P E
BI R D S AL L
/ ,K* / // , BU R D AL E
SL E D M E R E O WTHORPE
RA I ST H O R P
AC K L A M T HI X E N D A L E F RI D AY TH O R P E -
Par ish boundar ies •
W harro m Percy and W harra m -
W ET W A N G
l e •S tree t par ish boundar ies —
To wnsh ip boundar ies 1
2 mi les
H U G G AT E
F ig .
2
R egional L ocation M ap, . showing t he s ix W harram t ownships a nd t heir e cclesiastical p arishes.
T he P arish S urvey s oon d eveloped f rom a s imple f ieldwalking e xercise i nto a m ulti-disciplinary s tudy t hat c ombined t he a pproach o f t he h istorian , g eographer a nd e nvironmentalist w ith t hat o f t he a rchaeologist. H owever , f or t he p eriods u nder s tudy h ere, t he a vailable d ata w ere l argely r estricted t o t hose d erived f rom a rchaeological s ources, p rincipally f ieldwalking , a ir p hotography , e xcavation , a nd m agnetometer s urvey . T hrough i ts v ery n ature, e vidence d erived b y s uch m eans i s r arely c onclusive, a nd i ts i nterpretation i s c onsequently b eset w ith t he d angers o f c ircular a rgument a nd s ubjective j udgement. I n e very a spect o f t he s tudy , i t r emains s adly e vident t hat t he p resent p icture i s s till f ar f rom b eing a c omplete o ne, d espite t he l arge q uantities o f d ata n ow a vailable f or t he W harram a rea . I t s eemed a ppropriate, t herefore, t o t ry t o e stablish a m ethod o f p resenting t he a vailable e vidence i n aw ay w hich r eadily d istinguishes t he d ata f rom i ts i nterpretation . F or t his r eason , t he f ollowing f ormat h as b een a dopted .
2
T his i ntroductory s ection c ontinues w ith a b rief s ummary o f t he r egional a rchaeological b ackground f or t he p eriods i nto w hich t he p resent w ork o n W harram i s s et . T hat i s f ollowed b y a d iscussion o f t he f ieldwalking t echniques w hich p roduced s o m uch o f t he f ollowing a rchaeological e vidence. T here a re a lso i ntroductions t o t he o ther f orms o f s urvey a nd a rtifact d ata u sed h ere. S ection B f orms a c atalogue o f t he t hirty-one R omano-British ' sites' t hat h ave b een r ecognised w ithin t he W harram a rea , t hese ' sites' i nclude b oth s ettlements a nd f ieldsystems. E ach ' site' d escription c ommences w ith a n a ssessment o f t he e vidence, u sually d ivided i nto t opography , c ropmarks, a nd f ield-scatter, f ollowed b y a d iscussion a nd i nterpretation o f t hat e vidence. S ection C , t he f inal s ection o f t his v olume, d iscusses a n umber o f l andscape ' themes' b y d rawing u pon t he e vidence f rom a ll t hirty-one ' sites' i n o rder t o t ry t o r econstruct a s c omplete a p icture a s p ossible f or I ron A ge, R oman , a nd E arly S axon W harram . O n s everal o ccasions t his e vidence a llows m ore t han o ne p ossible i nterpretation , a nd r ather t han o pt f or a s pecific ' conclusion ', t his s ection o utlines t he v arious p ossibilities a nd d iscusses t heir r elative m erits. G lossary A lthough a ll a re i n c ommon a rchaeological p arlance, t he f ollowing t erms c an s till p rove a mbiguous. T herefore b rief d efinitions a re g iven b elow o f t he w ay t hese w ords a re u sed i n t he p resent v olume. F armstead
C haracteristic o f a d ispersed s ettlement p attern , c omprising a s ettlement e nclosure, o r e nclosures, f orming t he l iving s pace o f a f amily a nd/or d ependent w orkers.
L adder
A l inear a lignment o f e nclosures, o ften f ronting o nto a r oad o r t rackway . S uch e nclosures w ould a ppear , a t p resent , t o b e p rincipally a gricultural, a lthough o ccasionally i ncorporating s ettlement s ites.
S ite
T he l ocation o f a ny a ssociated c luster o f a rtifacts u pon t he f ield s urface. T his t erm s hould n ot i n i tself b e n ecessarily t aken t o i mply a p roven a rea o f o ccupation o r h abitation .
V illa
A n a ristocratic n ucleus o f t he R omano-British p eriod , p erceived a s a n e state c entre w hose p rincipal l iving q uarters r eveal a l evel o f a ffluence s ubstantially a bove t hat n ormally f ound a mongst c ontemporary f armsteads.
A ) 2 : REG IONAL BACKGR OUND W e s till k now c omparatively l ittle a bout t he r ural c ommunities t hat i nhabited t he Y orkshire W olds d uring t he I ron A ge a nd R oman p eriods. T he e vidence f or I ron A ge s ettlements i s s till o vershadowed b y t he m ore p lentiful i nformation o n c ontemporary b urial a nd f unerary p ractices ( Stead 1 979), w hile m ost o f t he a ccounts o f R oman E ast Y orkshire a re d ominated b y d etails o f m ilitary i nstallations a nd c ampaigns ( Norman 1 960, R amm 1 978).
3
A lthough e xcavations o f R omano-British s ettlement s ites i n t he a rea have b een m ore numerous, t here have b een f ew a ttempts a t w ider l andscape
s tudies.
G arton S lack
R ecent
( 1978;
1 983),
w ork by J ohn D ent a t W etwang S lack
a nd
a nd b y D ominic P owsland a t W est H eslerton
( 1986) have n ow b egun t o f ill t his g ap.
F or t he
f uture,
i t
i s h oped
t hat t he l ong-awaited p ublication o f t he R oyal C ommission o n H istoric M onuments' p rovide
c omprehensive c ropmark s urvey o f t he Y orkshire W olds
w ill
t he e vidence f or b roader s tudies.
B y t he s tudy a nd a nalysis o f t he d istribution o f t he v arious burial p ractices
i n E ast Y orkshire,
I ron Age
p articularly t hat o f t he s quare-
d itched a nd c hariot burials, S tead a rgued t hat t he r egion was s ettled b y a c ulturally d iagnostic s ocial g rouping w hich h e c alled t he ' Arras C ulture' ( Stead 1 979, 8 9). O ne o f t he e arliest i dentified b urial g roups t o f all w ithin t his c ategory w as f ive r ound b arrows a t C owlam W old ,
e xcavated by a l ocal a ntiquarian ,
t he 1 9th c entury c entury
B C,
( Mortimer 1 906).
a nd
f eatures
a nd
a rtifacts
o f
e xcavated s ettlement s ites C owlam
W old
a ssociated
( Stead 1 971, t he
A rras
f rom c emetery e vidence,
a t S taple H owe
M ortimer,
a t t he e nd o f t he 4 th
s uggested t hat i t m ight b e r epresentative
b eginnings o f t he A rras C ulture r ecognisable
J .R .
S tead d ated t hat g roup t o
a rtifacts
A s
C ulture
i t m akes
t o t hat c ulture.
( Brewster 1 963), b arrows,
2 4).
o f
t he
t he d iagnostic
a re
p rincipally
i t d ifficult t o r elate T he
t o p re-date
t he
while t he n ature o f i ts building r emains
a nd
o ffer
f or e xample,
I ron Age s ettlement
l ittle
s cope
s eems f or
a
d irect
c ultural
c omparison b etween t he t wo. D uring
t he 1 st c entury A D,
when t he R oman a rmies pushed n orthwards,
e stablishing t heir m ilitary bases a t B rough , H ayton , S tamford B ridge a nd M alton , t he W olds w ere p art o f t he t erritory o f a C eltic t ribe w hich t he R omans k new a s
t he P arisi
o f t heir t ribal t erritory i s t hat
T he p recise e xtent
but i t has b een a rgued
t he r iver D erwent m ay h ave f ormed t heir w estern
t he B rigantes t he
( Ramm 1 978).
s till uncertain ,
P arisi
( ibid .).
boundary
I f t hat b oundary i s a ccepted ,
a m ore r estricted t erritory t han t hat
w ith
i t w ould g ive
i ndicated f or
t he
A rras C ulture t hrough t he d istribution o f s quare-ditched burials. S tead
c onsidered t he p ossibility o f a c orrelation b etween t he
C ulture
o f
t he l ater I ron A ge a nd t he P arisi o f
' attractive but s peculative'
( Stead 1 979,
9 3).
S axon
i n
t his
s ingle
i s
t hat
i n
R oman a nd E arly
t erms
o f
a rchaeologically i dentifiable s ettlements a nd f ieldsystems, e vidence
o f c onsiderable s tability,
I n t his r espect, a
s urface
v eneer
Y orkshire
W olds,
p ractical
a spects
a s
f ar f rom e xhaustive,
f or c ombining I ron Age, v olume
A rras
B ritain
A lthough t he e vidence
f or t he I ron Age a nd R oman p eriods a t W harram i s o ne o f t he p rincipal r easons
R oman
t heir
t here was
p erhaps e ven d irect c ontinuity.
t he R oman a nd S axon i nvasions may m erely have a dded t o
t he e xisting
i ndigenous
p opulation
a nd m ay have had l ittle d irect o f
t heir e xisting
o f
i mpact o n t he
s ettlement
a nd
t he m ore
a gricultural
o rganisation . B y f ar t he g reatest bulk o f t he f ieldwalking d ata d iscovered f or t his p eriod b elongs t he
e arlier
t o t he a nd
3 rd a nd 4 th c enturies A D,
l ater
p eriods
i s
n ow
a lthough e vidence
b eginning
t o
D iscussion a nd i nterpretation b ecome m ore s peculative when e ither s ide o f t hese t wo a rtifactually a bundant c enturies.
4
f or
a ccumulate. p rojected
T he a pparent d ensity o f R omano-British o ccupation a round t he W harram a rea i s a lmost e ntirely d ue t o t he i ntensity o f r ecent f ieldwork a nd a ir p hotography , a nd s imilar r esults c ould p robably h ave b een o btained a cross m ost o f t he W olds. A t p resent t here i s n o r eason t o t hink t hat, i n g eneral t erms, t he R oman l andscape a t W harram w as a ny d ifferent f rom t hat o f a ny o ther p art o f t he Y orkshire W olds.
A ) 3 : THE ROMAN ROAD SYSTEM I N THE WHARRAM AREA SC A M ST O N
GA N T O N
RY TO N •••••••• ••••
H E SL E R T O N
R ILL I N GT O N • . • . • • •
M ALT O N
• •
,
SH E R B U R N
....... •
•
THO RPE
-
/
BAS S E T T / •
. / BUTTE R W ICK
WI N T RI N G H A M W E AV E RT H OR PE • . .
S E T T RI N G T O N
LUT TO N S
LA N G T O N
K I R BY
• . . ..• • . . . .'
• •
G RI N D ALY TH E
W H A R RA M LE
BURYT H ORPE
• •
ST R E ET
L
B I R D S AL L
CO WL A M
• \
•
W H A RRA M PE RCY
COT TA M SL E D M E R E
E IL J RDAL E RA I ST H O R PE
F I M BER
G A RT O N
FR I DAY T HOR PE W ET W A N G
. . . . . h.
K I R BY UN DE R DAL E
H U G GAT E
T I B T H O RPE
. . . . . . . . . .
...
• • • K I RK BU RN •
Ro man roads i dent if ied b y Rev . M ou le Co te
1 899
Ro man road nu mbers g iven by M argary 1957
3
1
2 mi les
P i a un i i i2 e
0
Par ish / To wnsh ip boundar ies
F ig .
0
1
2
3 km
R oman R oads i n t he W harram a rea , s howing t he r elationship o f t he M alton t o W etwang r oad ( B1248) t o t he t ownship b oundaries.
A s e arly a s t he 1 9th c entury a n umber o f R oman r oadways w ere i dentified i n t his p art o f t he Y orkshire W olds ( Maule C ole 1 899); m ost o f t hese e arly a ttributions w ere s ubsequently a ccepted b y M argary ( 1957) a nd b y l ater w riters ( Ramm 1 978). F ig . 3 d etails
5
t hose r oads i n t he Wharram a rea t hat a re c urrently a ccepted a s R oman ; t he numbers s hown a re t hose g iven by Margary ( 1957). T he
R ev .
r oads
M aule C ole w ould s eem t o have o riginally i dentified
a s R oman o n t he b asis o f t heir a lignment,
R oman s ites,
a nd
r oads
i n t he e arly R oman p eriod ,
d ates
c reated p art
' Street'
b y t he m ilitary,
n ames.
t hose
p roximity t o
k nown
H e w ent o n t o a ssign m ost o f t hose s uggesting t hat
t hey
w ere
o r a t l east o n b ehalf o f t he m ilitary ,
a s
o f a s ystem o f f orts a nd c ommunications e stablished d uring
1 st
c entury A D i n o rder t o s ubjugate a nd c ontrol t he P arisi
C ole
1 899;
T he
p ositive
p roves
( Maule
R amm 1 978). i dentification
c ritical
f eatures
t he
i n
t o t he
t he
p resent B 1248
o f s everal o f t hese r oads
i nterpretation o f a number o f
W harram a rea .
O f p articular
f rom Malton i n t he n orth-west,
' Roman'
a s
c ropmark
t he
i s
i mportance
t o W etwang,
t he
a nd b eyond
t o B ainton i n t he s outh-east. T he B 1248 b egins o f D erventio, t he W olds
i n M alton ,
t he l ocation o f t he R oman f ort a nd v icus
a nd r uns s outh-east t hrough N orth G rimston a nd u p o n t o
s carp w here
i t p asses
t hrough W harram L e S treet,
a long t he
s outh-west s ide o f T owthorpe t owards W etwang , a nd b eyond t o B ainton ( Maule C ole 1 899, 4 3, N o. 5 ; M argary 1 957, 1 54, N o. 8 13). Maule C ole w as i mprecise a bout h is r easons f or c onsidering t he a lignment o f t his r oad t o b e R oman , a lthough h e c learly t hought t hat t he n ame ' Wharram L e
S treet',
a nd
t he
r oad
n ame
' High S treet'
a t
T owthorpe
s ignificant. H e a lso o bserved t hat f urther t o t he s outh, p assed a longside a R oman c emetery a t a p oint where t his c rossed by t he ' Low S treet' t o t he w est o f W etwang . W etwang
h ad
t he e ast,
w ere
t he B 1248 r oad was
R oman R oad f rom Y ork t o B ridlington , just F urthermore, i ts o riginal a lignment a t
b een s uperseded b y a l ater e nclosure r oad s ome 3 50m
l eaving t he o riginal c ourse o f t he r oad
a cross t he f ields, M argary r eiterated
' still
t o b e
t o s een
a nd i n t he h edgerows' ( Maule C ole 1 899, 4 3). t his e vidence, but h ad l ittle t o a dd h imself
ites o f I n a m ore r ecent s tudy o f t he a rchaeological s s outhern L oughlin i llustrated c ropmarks o f t he
( 1957,
1 54-5).
N orth
Humberside,
ccepted p arts o f t his r oad f rom t he a rea t o t he s outh o f W etwang a nd a i ts R oman a ttribution ( Loughlin a nd M iller 1 979). S o f ar, B 1248,
t he e vidence c ited a bove m erely d emonstrates o r a t l east t he s outhern p art o f i t,
W etwang,
which t ook p lace
i n 1 806
p redates
( Tate 1 978),
t hat t he p resent t he e nclosure o f
a nd t hat
r elatively
s traight a lignment s outh-east f rom Malton .
y et
t hat t he r oad w as R oman i n o rigin .
p rove
b ecause
t he
T his
p resent c ourse o f t he B 1248 c uts a cross
i t r an i n a I t d oes
i s
n ot
i mportant,
s everal o f
t he
c ropmark t rackways a nd f ieldsystems o f t he W harram a rea f or w hich a R oman o r p re-Roman d ate c an b e s uggested . I t i s t herefore n ecessary t o r eview t he l ocal e vidence f or t he d ate o f t his r oad , m uch o f i t p roves T he
e ven
t hough
t o b e e ssentially c ircumstantial.
m odern a lignment o f t he B 1248 p asses
o f Wharram L e S treet,
t hrough t he m odern
v illage
a nd r ecent f ieldwork b y t he p resent a uthor has
d emonstrated t hat t he m edieval v illage o f W harram L e S treet w as o ut i n t wo r egular r ows o f p lots e ither s ide o f t hat r oad . v illage p lanning c annot y et b e s ecurely d ated ,
but r egional p arallels
w ould m ake a L ate S axon o r e arly m edieval d ate s eem l ikely.
6
l aid This
T he m edieval O pen F ield s ystems o f Wharram L e S treet, Wharram P ercy, B urdale, a nd T owthorpe, a s r econstructed by D avid H all, a ll r espect t he
a lignment
o f
t his
r oad .
H owever,
a lthough
much
o f
t heir
r espective t ownship b oundaries a lso c orrespond w ith t his r oad , t here a re major a reas o f d ivergence where t hey i nstead f ollow t he a lignment o f
a ncient
t rackways
t herefore p redate S uch
a rguments
i t
which a re
( Fig .
w ould
t hemselves c ut
by
t he
B 1248
a nd
3 ).
s uggest t hat t he B 1248
f ollowed
i ts
p resent
c ourse by t he e arly m edieval p eriod a t t he l atest. B ecause i t c rosses a number o f r oads a nd t rackways o f R oman o r p re-Roman d ate, w e
have
e ither
m edieval,
o r
t rackways
c ut
t o
t hat
a ccept t hat t he r oad i t i s
i s
p ost-Roman
i ndeed R oman i n o rigin a nd
by i t p redate
i t.
but
t hat
p re-
a ll
I t i s unlikely t hat s uch a
t he major
r oadway a s t he B 1248 i s S axon , a nd t herefore, o n t he b alance o f r ather i nadequate e vidence, i t must b e a ccepted a s b eing o f R oman o rigin .
I ts
a scertained
p recise
u sing
d ate
a ny
w ithin
t he
R oman
o f t he e vidence s o f ar
p eriod
c annot
a ccumulated
b e
b y
t he
P arish S urvey. N evertheless, t he v arious Wharram c ropmark s ites i dentified i n t he v icinity o f t he B 1248 w ill d emonstrate j ust h ow i mportant t he d ate o f t his r oad i s t o t he i nterpretation o f t he l ocal I ron Age/Roman l andscape.
A ) 4 : F IELD WALK ING TECHN I QUES AND THE IR
I NTERPRETAT I ON
D espite t he undoubtedly i mportant c ontribution o f a ir p hotography a nd m agnetometer s urvey t o t he W harram P ercy P arish S urvey, much o f t he p rimary e vidence f or t he s tudy o f t he I ron Age, W harram l andscapes d erives d uring f ieldwalking . i ntroduction
I t i s
t herefore a ppropriate t o i nclude i n t his
s ome d etails o f t he m ethods o f f ieldwalking c arried o ut
a t Wharram,
a nd m ore p articularly,
n atural biases T he
R oman a nd E arly S axon
f rom t he a ccumulation o f p ottery r ecovered
t hat c omplicate
i ts
o f t he m any c aveats,
p itfalls a nd
i nterpretation.
t hree m ethods o f f ieldwalking r egularly e mployed i n t he
P ercy P arish S urvey have a lready b een o utlined i n e lsewhere ( Hayfield 1 980), but t hey m ay b e s ummarised a s
W harram
s ome d etail f ollows:
M ethod A : r andom w alking o f a f ield , n oting t he l ocation a nd n ature o f a ny f inds o n a s ix i nch, o r 2 5 i nch O rdnance S urvey m ap ( Fig . 4 A). T his i s e ssentially a f airly r apid m ethod o f p reliminary s urvey a nd i s
t he m ethod m ost e xtensively e mployed .
M ethod B :
r ow walking,
c rops o f m angolds,
u tilising c rop r ows,
t urnips,
o r s ugar b eet,
p articularly s ummer r oot a nd a nalysing s eparately
a ll t he f inds f rom e ach r ow o r g roup o f r ows. T his m ethod e nables a n a xial d istribution t o b e p lotted a t r ight-angles t o t he a lignment o f t he c rop r ows M ethod
C :
( Fig .
4 B).
g rid w alking ,
which i nvolves
l aying o ut a 1 0 x 1 0m
g rid
a cross a f ield, o r p art o f a f ield , a nd bagging s eparately a ll f inds f rom e ach g rid s quare ( Fig. 4 C). T his m ethod o f s urvey i dentify a f ieldscatter a nd , h as
a s
F ig.
4 C s hows,
d emonstrate t hat
a d iscrete a nd r estricted c lustering t hereby s uggesting t hat
7
t he c an i t i t
d erives
f rom a n o ccupation s ite r ather t han b eing a part o f a l arger
m anuring s catter.
F ield wa lk ing W h arra m
r--
Method
Percy
-
-
A
Pari s h
Survey
-
A
0 F I EL D
No 16
72 ; 8 acres
0
0
( 4 Route
1 00
200 yards
1 00
F ig.
200 r n
4 a
F ieldwalking
M ethod
A
( random
W alke d
•
Pre h i st oric
•
Ro ma n
O
M ed ieval
•
Post- Me dieval
walking),
F i nd
F ind F in d
s howing
F ind
t he
e xample o f Wharram P ercy F ield 1 6.
T he by
g reat m ajority o f f ields a t W harram h ave s o f ar o nly b een w alked M ethod
m anuring t hese
A .
M ethod B h as p roved u seful
s catters,
whilst M ethod C ,
t hree m ethods
f or
a ssessing
m edieval
a lthough t he m ost a ccurate
f or p lotting s urface s catters,
i s
o f
p articularly
t ime A s
a lmost
a ll
t he
f ieldwalking c arried o ut a t
e ntirely by t he w riter, f ieldwalking
s urveys
N evertheless,
o nce
t he
w as
w as,
u nfortunately,
s trictly
p roblem-oriented ,
l imited .
i t i s h oped t hat a number
t o
t heir
o wn p articular p roblems o f a nalysis a nd i nterpretation .
t hose
p roblems
p ertinent t o t he I ron Age,
a re o f r elevance h ere. r ange
f rom
p roducing m any hundred . t he
q uantity
o f
t hose T here
p ottery
R oman
a nd
E arly
h ave O nly S axon
A ll s ix o f t he Wharram t ownships h ave
n ow p roduced p ottery s herds b elonging t o f ind-spots
o f
f ieldwalking p rojects w ill c ommence.
T he a rtifacts o f p articular a rchaeological p eriods a ll p rove
p eriods
d one
t his p reliminary s eries o f r eports on t he w ork o f
P arish S urvey has b een c ompleted ,
m ore d etailed ,
Wharram
t he t ime a vailable f or m ore d etailed M ethod C
t hose p eriods,
w ith o nly a i s,
f rom
s ingle
t herefore, a ny
i nterpretation .
8
o ne
a nd t he m any
s herd
t o
t hose
a n eed t o a ssess h ow
f ind-spot
a ffects
i ts
F ie ld wolking
Method
B
W harra m Percy Par ish Survey
0
100yards
I E Eimm2Eemi, 0 1 0 0m . F ig .
4 b
Q uantity,
h owever,
T he
l arge,
f resh, t hen
ro ws
Wa lk i ng l ane s
F ieldwalking M ethod B ( row w alking), o f W harram P ercy F ield 1 5.
s pot. H ow
Cr op
i s n ot t he o nly variable f or a ny p articular f ind-
c ondition
o f t he p ottery r ecovered
unabraded s herds,
s hould
s howing t he e xample
t he
t o s mall,
c ondition
o f
t he
w orn ,
a lso
varies,
f rom
p ebble-like s herds.
p ottery
s herds
a ffect
i nterpretation? R oman p ottery was u sually f ired t o h igh t emperatures, r obust f abrics.
B y c ontrast,
w as
n ot u sually s o h ard .
t o
w ithstand
t he
r eduction
R oman p ottery s herds a re t hus b etter a ble
p rocesses
d isturbance w hich l eads
p roducing h ard ,
m edieval a nd p articularly S axon p ottery f rom
a gricultural
t o i ncreased s urface a brasion ,
a p rogressive
i n s herd s ize,
o f
w eathering
a nd e ventual
d isintegration .
I t
c ould ,
t herefore, b e a rgued t hat t he s maller a nd m ore a braded t he s herd , g reater t he l ength o f t ime t hat i t h ad b een i n t he p loughsoil. T he
r ecent
d eeper p loughing o f t he w old-top v illa s ite
a t
t he
Wharram
G range b ears w itness t o t his p rocess, a s t he bulk o f t he s herds t o b e c ollected f rom t he s urface o f t he p loughsoil w ere l arge a nd unabraded a nd
had
R oman
b een
f reshly d isturbed by t he p lough f rom
d eposits b elow .
T his was p erhaps
p articular s herds had b een i ntroduced I nterspersed a mongst t hese l arger s herds a braded
s herds
t hat
h ad
p resumably
p loughsoil a t a much e arlier d ate.
t he
t he f irst y ear
f ound
i nto w ere
s tratified t hat
t hese
t he p loughsoil. s maller, r ounded ,
t heir
w ay
i nto
t he
B etween t hose t wo e xtremes w as a
9
Area W a lked
300 SW
- NE
D istr ibut ion
200
1 00
Sher ds
1
2
4
3
Method C
5
D istr ibut ion o f Ro man Po t Sherds i n F ield W horro m
Le
96
S treet
w Sherds
40
• •
5
• • • • • • • • • • • •
4
• •• •• • • • • • • •
30
- 40
20
- 30
•
3
10
- 20
•
2
•
•
10
1
• ••50 • • • •0000 • • •
O
s
0
.
0
•
0
• • •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
N A
A
F ig .
4 c
F ieldwalking M ethod C ( grid w alking), o f W harram L e S treet F ield 9 6.
1 0
s howing t he e xample
S W-h
w ide
variety
a brasion . f rom
o f
m edium-sized m aterial s howing varying
T his
s ort o f s herd c ollection w ould b e
d egrees
t ypical
o f
o f t hat
a p lough d amaged o ccupation s ite where t he p lough c ontinues
p enetrate
t o
t he underlying s tratification .
B y a nd l arge,
p ottery d oes n ot m ove a bout much i n t he p loughsoil,
a t
l east n ot o n a h orizontal p lane, a lthough t here i s, p erhaps, a d egree o f ' oscillation '. T hat i s t o s ay, o n a r elatively l evel p iece o f g round, w here
p ottery w ill n ot t ravel f ar i n t he p loughsoil i t was
t hat
t he
f irst i ntroduced .
T his
i s
f rom t he p lace
i mportant b ecause
i dentification a nd i nterpretation o f p ottery
i t
m eans
s herds
f rom
p articular p arts o f a s ite c an b e r eliably u sed t o m ake c hronological a nd , p erhaps, g round , s herds
f unctional i nterpretations o f t hat s ite. O n s loping w ill t end t o d rift d ownhill, f ollowing t he n ormal
p attern o f s oil m ovement. I n 1 985 a number o f s ample p its w ere c ut i nto t he f loor o f t he d ry v alley b elow t he R oman ' Tunnel T op' f armstead w ithin t he W harram t ownship o f B urdale. f aunal
w ere a lso d erived b een
T hese s ample p its w ere d esigned t o e xamine t he
r emains a mongst t he c olluvium d eposits.
O n
a s h illwash f rom t he
s ettlement s ite a bove.
t heir d escent d own t he valley s ide t hat,
s mall
s ize,
m ost
( Hotston 1 985). T hus
f ar,
s tratified d egree
u nusual.
d iscussion h as b een b ased o n t he
p remise
d eposits
t hat
y et
b een d amaged a nd
d isturbed
t he
p ottery c an a lso b e
waste a
w as
c ollected f rom
a ny
variety
o f o ther
d omestic
but
s ites,
r efuse
t o m anure
t ook p lace
t he T he
t herefore a round
i ntroduced i nto t he H uman
u sually
i ncluding
r egularly g athered t ogether i n m iddens
Ages a nd c arried o nto t he f ields
o f t he c ountry
by
p loughsoil.
n amely m anuring .
s ettlement
b e p roven t hat s imilar p rocesses
a lso b roken
t hroughout
t hem .
I t
t he
c annot
i n t he Wharram
a rea
t he e vidence f rom Wharram a nd s ome o ther
( Williamson 1 984)
I f s uch R oman m anuring s herds a re
t hat
t hat t hey h ad s pent b eing c hurned
H owever,
d uring t he R oman p eriod , p arts
i nto
by a n e ntirely d ifferent m eans,
c ontaining p ottery,
u nabraded
a brasion a nd g eneral c ondition o f t hose s herds
a nimal
M iddle
had
i ntroducing t he s herds
t he a mount o f t ime
p loughsoil
had
f ound o n t he f ield s urface a re d erived f rom underlying
i n t he p loughsoil. a nd
r apid
r elatively
h owever,
t hereby o f
r eflects
S o
t hey
p resumably
a lthough c rushed t o a
o f t hese s herds w ere s till
S uch c ircumstances a re,
t he
p ottery s herds p lough,
a nalysis,
f ound t o c ontain a s mall n umber o f R oman s herds,
s urvive
s uggests
t hat t his w as
l ikely.
i n t he p resent p loughsoil,
l ikely t o b e s mall a nd h ighly a braded ,
t hey
having b een p loughed a nd
r eploughed f or m any c enturies. P ottery s herds,
o nce
i ntroduced i nto t he p loughsoil,
a re n ot
t here
f or a ll t ime; t hey a re m erely b eginning a p rocess o f d estruction w hich m ay b e c omparatively r apid , o r m ay t ake s everal c enturies. T he c ontinual p rocesses o f w eathering a nd a brasion w ill e ventually b reak d own a ll p ottery s herds i nto f ragments t oo s mall t o b e r ecognised , a nd f rom a n a rchaeological p oint o f v iew , m ight h arder t he
t herefore b e e xpected , f ired
l ongest.
t he s herd i s d estroyed .
a ll o ther t hings b eing e qual,
p ottery f abrics w ould s urvive t his w eathering S oft,
f riable
f abrics,
t empered E arly S axon s herds, y ears o f e xposure a nd a brasion .
s uch a s
I t
t hat t he p rocess
t he l ocal o rganically
w ould b e u nlikely t o w ithstand many I ndeed, i n g eneral, t he l ocal E ast
1 1
Y orkshire R oman f abrics c an b e e xpected t o s urvive b etter t han f abrics. t he
T his
S axon
t herefore b ecomes a n i mportant f actor when c onsidering
l ikely d ate r ange o f p ottery f rom e ither a s ettlement s ite o r
a
m anuring s catter. A part f rom t he varying n ature o f t he p ottery f abrics
t hemselves,
t he
s ingle
p ottery
t he
g reatest
p loughsoil p loughsoil. n ot
a
f actor
i n
i s t he s ubsequent h istory o f c ultivation o f t hat I f i t c an b e a ssumed f or t he m oment t hat p lough d epth i s
s ignificant
Wharram a rea, d ecade,
a ffecting t he s urvival o f
i t
p roportion
f actor i n s herd s urvival
until t he
r ates,
which
i n
t he
i ntroduction o f d eeper p loughing i n t he l ast
was
n ot,
t o
p asture
t hen
t he
o ver
i ntensity t he
o f
s ucceeding
a rable
f arming
c enturies
i n
b ecomes
s ignificant. T he r idge a nd f urrow p loughing t echniques o f t he m edieval O pen F ields w ould have c aused s ome d amage t o u nderlying R oman s ettlement d eposits, build-up
p articularly u nder t he f urrows. C onversely, o ver t he r idges w ould have a fforded p rotection
t he s oil t o a f ar
g reater p roportion o f t he f ield s urface t han was b eing d amaged b y t he f urrows. s ome
L ocal
d amage
t o
O pen F ield f arming w ould t herefore have r esulted i n u nderlying R oman s ettlement
s ites,
but
w ould
b e
u nlikely t o have o bliterated t hem a ltogether. D uring t he p ost-medieval p eriod , t he d evelopment o f vast s heep walks o ver t his p art o f t he W olds a rrested t his p rocess o f w eathering a nd d estruction
f or
s everal
c enturies.
L imited
a creages,
r emained u nder a rable c ultivation t hroughout t his p eriod , t hese a reas t he p rocesses o f w eathering a nd a brasion c ontinued . t he
F rom t he l ate 1 8th c entury i ncreasingly l arger a reas l ocal A gricultural R evolution .
a gricultural m achinery b ecame p rogressively
a nd t he q uality a nd a vailability o f a rtificial s o
m ore
s ophisticated ,
f ertilisers
i ncreased ,
t oo d id t he d epth a nd i ntensity o f a rable c ultivation .
T his was
b oth
a
g eographically a nd
t ownships
r etained
c hronologically
uneven
m ore
What
i s r elevant h ere
i ntent o n m aximising t heir a rable
c ultivation ,
but
a creage
S ome
s ome
f armers
t han
o thers.
i s n ot t he d etailed r easons f or t his v ariation i ts e xistence a nd s cope.
T he
p lough d isturbance w ill h ave varied f rom t ownship t o f arm t o f arm ,
p rocess.
g rassland f ar l onger t han o thers;
w ere i n
o f
s ix Wharram t ownships w ere t aken back i nto a rable c ultivation a s
p art o f t he A s
h owever,
a nd w ithin w ould have
a nd f rom f ield t o f ield .
w ill have s urvived b etter t han o thers;
p otential t ownship,
f or f rom
S ome a rchaeological d eposits o thers w ill a lready h ave b een
e ffectively d estroyed . G iven
t he
e normous
s cope f or v ariation i n b oth t he
c ondition o f p ottery s herds f rom a s urface s catter, had
s ize
a nd
t he
a variation t hat
n o d irect s ignificance f or t he o rigins o r n ature o f t hat s urface
s catter,
h ow t hen d oes o ne b egin t o e stablish c riteria t o
i nterpret
t he p ottery f ound o n t he f ields o f t he W harram t ownships? D oes a s olitary s mall a braded R oman g reyware s herd r epresent a r elatively unimportant m anuring s herd t ransported o nto t he f ields f rom a s ettlement s ome d istance a way, v estiges
o r d oes
i t i nstead r epresent t he l ast
o f a s ettlement s ite t hat c enturies o f a griculture h ave n ow
a ll but d estroyed? I t c ertainly c annot b e a ssumed t hat a f ormer s ettlement s ite o ught t o p roduce a l arge s catter o f p ottery i n t he p loughsoil a bove
i t.
1 2
I n
many
c ases
c ropmarks
f rom a ir p hotographs,
magnetometer s urvey t races, t hat
c an
c onfirm
a
a ssemblage'.
H owever,
which
i s
t here
b asis
o f
s catter
a s
n o
J udgements
a re
a ll
t oo
o ther
b eing
s ource
o f
i n t hese c ases have
f requently
s patially
r estricted a p ottery s catter i s, a
t o r esult f rom manuring o perations.
p osition . r emains s herds
e vidence
t o
a id
o n
t he
s herds D are
f ound
o ne
a lthough
t hese
s ubjective.
Two
t ogether
i n
o r t he t he m ore
l ong-term i ntense a nd
t he m ore l ikely i t i s
s ettlement s ite r ather t han t he
m ore
r andom
t o
s catters
S uch g eneral g uidelines
l ittle t o r esolve t he d ilemma o f t rying t o w orn
' occupation
Where s herds a re w orn a nd a braded ,
r epresent
t hree
a n
t he c ondition o f t he s herds,
t hey c ould e ither r epresent manuring s herds d isturbance o f o ccupation d eposits. S econdly,
l ikely
c ases
t o b e m ade
e ssentially
a re o f o ver-riding s ignificance:
a nd t heir d istribution p atterns.
d o
f ew
p ottery s catters o ccur f or
t he nature o f t he p ottery s catter i tself,
j udgements f actors
p ottery
i n o ther i nstances,
c urrently
i nterpretation .
o r i n a
r eveal e vidence o f s ettlement e nclosures
a
i nterpret t he
t wo
c omparatively
e ver i nterpret s uch l imited
o r
i solated
e vidence
a s
t he
o f a s ettlement s ite, e specially g iven t he l ikelihood o f d eriving f rom manuring? T he e nsuing c atalogue o f ' sites'
c ontains
s everal
s uch
p roblematic
s mall
f ield
s catters
w here
i nterpretations have b een m ade w ith g reat c aution . T his d iscussion o f t he p roblems o f t he e vidence
i s
e ssential
p resented i n t he
i nterpretation o f f ieldwalking
t o a p roper understanding
o f
t he
material
E nglish
H eritage
f ollowing s ite c atalogue.
A ) 5 : MAGNETOMETER SURVEYS AND THE IR I NTERPRETAT I ON S ince
1 980,
( formerly o f
t he
t he
A ncient M onuments L aboratory o f
t he D epartment o f Ancient M onuments a nd H istoric B uildings D epartment o f t he E nvironment)
have c onducted
a
number
o f
s uccessful m agnetometer s urveys w ithin t he W harram a rea. T hese have l argely b een c oncentrated w ithin t he c onfines o f t he m edieval v illage s ite
o f Wharram P ercy a nd a f ull r eport o n t hose r esults w ill a ppear
e lsewhere.
I n 1 979 a nd 1 980,
t wo magnetometer s urveys w ere c onducted
o n t he s ites o f t wo R oman v illas.
T he d etailed d iscussion o f
v illa s urveys has a lready b een published 1 986),
a lthough
I n 1 984,
c overs
i ncluded
i ncluded i n
a s urvey was c arried o ut
a long
f our s ample a reas w ere s urveyed i ncluding s ections o f
t wo f armstead s ites a nd a l adder-pattern f ieldsystem . r eport
t hese
H ayfield a nd B ateman
i nterpretive p lans o f t heir s urveys a re
t he s ite c atalogue b elow . B irdsall B row ;
( Rahtz,
t he w hole o f t his
a gain
u nder
t he
1 984 s urvey.
r elevant
t hree
T he f ollowing
E xtracts ' sites'
f rom i t i n
t he
a re s ite
c atalogue. A Magnetometer S urvey o f B irdsall B row.
N orth Y orkshire,
1 984
by Andrew D avid o f t he Ancient M onuments L aboratory . a :
I ntroduction
An e xtensive p attern o f c ropmarks, o ther
a pparent e nclosures,
w as
i ncluding a ' ladder p attern '
s ampled by m agnetometer s urvey
1 3
a nd ( Fig .
5 ).
T his,
c ombined
w ith
f ieldwalking
e vidence,
c ontinues
e xamination o f s uch s ites f or t he W harram P arish S urvey. s o f ar s urveyed, o utside Wharram P ercy m edieval v illage,
R oman v illa c omplexes a t Wharram L e S treet a nd Wharram G range 1 980;
t he
O ther s ites i nclude t he ( David
1 983).
F 18
— 84
0‘ . t
B irdsa l l % No Id Wharram P ercy Townsh ip F 178 F1
e ‚ y
F 177
B IRDSALL , NORTH YORKSH IRE Magne t ic a noma l ies , 1 984 1 :2 500
— 643
F 178
8 43
845
844
8 48
847
848
851
8 49
852
850
8 53
/1
F ig .
5
T he B irdsall c overage i n
1 984 M agnetometer S urvey ,
c ropmark c omplex w as t oo l arge t o t he t ime a vailable, a nd t herefore
b locks o f g round , f ive
b ased o n a 3 0m g rid ,
f ields c oncerned.
b aseline
b e g iven c omplete s ubstantial s ample
w ere s urveyed i n e ach o f t he
T he l ocation o f t he s urvey a reas
i s s hown o n F ig .
5 .
a nd t he m ain
T he s urvey m ethod u sed was
f or t he e arlier w ork i n t he a rea. o ver
l ocation p lan .
t he s ame a s
A f luxgate g radiometer was c arried
t he g rid o f e ach s ample a rea i n s uccessive
3 0m t raverses s paced
a t 1 .0m i ntervals.
T he
i nstrument s ignal w as p lotted s imultaneously
a s
o f
g raphical
a
s uccession
s uperimposed o n t he s ite g rids, F ig.
6 .
F ig.
i nterpretation,
7
s hows
a nd F ig.
t races
w hich
a re
a t a much r educed s cale t he
8 s hows
s ame
t races
t his a t 1 :2500,
w ith
a
o n
s uggested
t ogether w ith i ts
r elationship t o t he r emainder o f t he c ropmark p attern .
1 4
r eproduced , ( 1:1000)
b :
R esults
A s i s n ow e xpected f rom s ites i n t his a rea , t he r esults w ere g ood a nd c lear. B uried f eatures r espond w ell t o t he s urvey a nd p rovide m odest t o s trong a nomalies w hich g enerally c ontrast w ell w ith s ubdued m agnetic b ackground o f t he n atural C halk .
t he m ore M agnetic
s usceptibility v alues f rom s amples o f t opsoil w ere h igh ( averaging a t 5 1 x 1 0 8 S I U nits/Kg .) a nd i n a s imilar r ange t o t hose f rom o ther s ites i n t he W harram a rea . F igs. 6 a nd 7 t herefore s peak f or t hemselves, a nd l ittle a dditional c omment i s n eeded h ere. c :
S quares 1 -6,
' Birdsall H igh B arn F armstead '
T his f ield c ontrasts w ith t he r emainder i n t hat i t h ad r ecently b een p loughed , i ts r ough s urface a dding a b ackground ' noise' t o t he m agnetic t races a nd m aking d ifficult t he i nterpretation o f s maller a nd m ore d etailed a nomalies. H owever, a c ompact p attern o f r ectilinear d itches w as d etected , w hile a dditional a nomalies s uggest f eatures a ssociated w ith o ccupation . T he l atter a ctivity i s a lso i ndicated b y t he c onsiderable m agnetic s usceptibility v alue h ere ( 73.2 x 1 0 8 S I U nits/Kg .), h igher t han i n t he o ther f ields ( see b elow), a nd a lso b y t he l ocalised s catter o f R oman p ottery . S ignificantly p erhaps, t he a lignment o f t he s ite h ere f rom t hat o f t he l adder-pattern t o t he n orth-east.
i s
d ifferent
T he r est o f t he s urvey d etected a s eries o f a pparently i nter-related e nclosures a rranged w ithin a b road l inear s weep, e xtending f or a t l east 9 00m i n a n orth-easterly d irection , p arish b oundary . d :
S quares
T he
a ir
7 -24
p arallel w ith t he
p resent
' Birdsall B row L adder'
p hotographic
e vidence h ere s hows a
s eries
o f
c ontinuous
e nclosures i n a s ingle l adder p attern , c onsisting o f t wo m ain p arallel l inear e lements, t he s pace b etween w hich i s d ivided b y t ransverse d itches. S everal o f t he r esultant r ectilinear e nclosures h ave b een l ocated w ithin t he s ample s urvey a reas a nd t heir c onstituent d itches, a lthough p roducing w eak s ignals i n p laces, a re g enerally c learly d etectable e specially a long t he s outhern l ine o f t he p attern w here t he m ain a lignment a ppears t o b e d ouble ( and o verlapping i n p laces) o ver m uch o f i ts l ength. S everal i nternal f eatures, p erhaps p its a nd h earths, a nd a g eneral i ncrease i n m agnetic e nhancement i n s quare 2 4, s uggest o ccupation a ctivity w ithin t he e nclosure d etected h ere, a nd m ight c oincide w ith a j unction o f r outeways a t t his p oint. E lsewhere o ver t he l adder p attern , f eatures w ithin e nclosures a re c learly d iscernible but a re s parsely d istributed s uggesting o ccasional p its a nd h earths r ather t han m ore i ntensive o ccupation . e :
S quares 2 5-39
F urther e nclosures h ere a re i n a ll p robability l inked w ith t he l adder c omplex
a lthough
t heir r elationships a re l ess
c lear.
A gain ,
t he
d itches a re d istinct; t he m agnetic e nhancement o f t heir f ills w as v ery v ariable b ut s eemed t o i ncrease i n p roximity t o o ccupation f eatures a nd r oad o r r outeways. A ir p hotographic e vidence s uggests a r oadway r unning n orth-south b etween s quares 3 4 a nd 3 8 ( possibly t he
1 5
, 1 , 1N dn '
B IRDSALL , N . YORKS .
Magneto meter s urvey ,
1 984
e t e _
1 :1 000
1 7 2 2
M C I
I s 2 1 1 5
2 5
1 4 I . 1 3 1 8
3 3
k ey
3 2 3 1
3
76
5
2 4 2 4
4
2 3
nT/c ml
A . M . LAB .
F ig.
6
1 984 M agnetometer S urvey,
s howing t he a ctual t races.
1 6
F ig .
7
1 984
M agnetometer S urvey,
t he t races.
1 7
s howing t he i nterpretation
o f
s ame h ere
r oad d etected a t W harram G range t o t he n orth), a nd t he d itches have s trong a nomalies. A lso, numbers o f p its a nd s ubsidiary
f eatures have b een d etected i n s quares
3 3 a nd 3 4,
e nclosure h ere c ontains s ettlement e vidence. i n
t he
o ther
e nclosures a nd i ndicate a t
s uggesting t hat t he
P its a re a lso l east
s ome
p resent
o ccupational
a ctivities.
KEY
B IRDSALL , NORTH YORKSH IRE
cr .') M e d ia
Magne t ic a noma l ies , 1 984
s urvey ghd a nd magnet ic
1 :2 500
843
F ig .
844
8
845
848
847
848
1 984 M agnetometer S urvey,
? •
a no mal ies
851
849
852
859
850
s howing t he m agnetometer t races
a nd c ropmarks.
f :
C onclusions
T his h as
a rray o f s ample s urvey a reas o ver a n e xtensive c ropmark c omplex a gain
d emonstrated t he c larity a nd
r esults
f rom
W olds.
A lthough
f eatures, s urvey,
p recision
t he
e xact
c haracter a nd d etail
when t hese m ay b e s light o r e roded , m ore
o f
R oman a nd n ative s ites o n t his p art o f
e xtensive
f ieldwalking d ata
( and ,
c overage
i deally,
o f
s uch
m agnetometer t he
o f
Y orkshire
o ccupational
may e lude t his s ites,
a llied
t ype o f w ith
d etailed m agnetic s usceptibility a nd
1 8
p hosphate
s urvey),
i nterpretation
o f
m ay b e e xpected t o a dd v ery s ignificantly t o t he t hese
r ural
s ettlements,
r oadways
a nd
f ield
s ystems. N ote:
T opsoil magnetic s usceptibility m easurements N G R ef.
F ield N o:
( approx.)
x 10-8
S I Units/Kg 7 3.2
3 045
S E 8 44643
4 860
S E 8 46645
5 5.6
6 579
S E 8 47646
4 6.1 5 0.5
6 579
S E 8 48647
0 006
S E 8 49648
3 9.3
3 223
S E 8 52651
4 4.2
A )
6 : A IR
PH OT O GRAPHY
I N THE WHARRAM AREA
A ir
p hotography a nd f ieldwalking e vidence have t ogether
m ore
t han a nything e lse
l andscape o ne
o f
i n t he W harram a rea. t he
c ountry, a erial
m ost
e xception o f R .A .F .
f requently p hotographed e arthwork
by
o f
t he r est o f t he
P rofessor
t o t his,
J .K .S.
s ites
i n
a s t he
p arish. S t.
A
J oseph
s mall
w ere
Wharram p arishes,
s everal
t ransformed
o f
i mportant
t aken i n 1 946.
s ummer
f lights
a nd d uring t he s ubsequent y ears h e
hundred p hotographs w hich o ur
number
a n
a nd t here w as a lso a n e xceptionally c lear s eries
v ertical p hotographs
t he
t aken
R oman
Wharram P ercy v illage must r ank
1 975 T ony P acitto o f H ovingham b egan a s eries o f
o ver
c ontributed
i n knowledge o f t he
a lthough u ntil r ecently t here had b een c omparatively l ittle c overage
p hotographs
I n
t o r ecent a dvances
u nderstanding
o f
t he
t ogether Wharram
have
has
c ompletely
l andscape.
H is
p hotographs t aken d uring t he d ry s ummer o f 1 976 w ere p articularly i mpressive. I n r ecent y ears, D r. D .N. R iley has t aken a number o f w inter s eason p hotographs, l argely o f s oilmarks, but t hese p rincipally r elate t o t he m edieval a nd l ater p eriods. T he
d rawn
i llustrations
p hotographs d rawn
u sing
s uch a s c ropmarks
t he m ethod o f i ntersecting l ines
a llowing
M onuments
p lots.
t o
f rom
by
P acitto's
' sketch m apped
( RCHM)
u sing
c omputer
p lots' f eatures
u s a ccess
t o t hese c omputer p lots
I n s everal
i nstances
C ommission
a ssisted
T he W harram P roject i s p articularly g rateful
o wn publication . u sed
r evealed
o f t he N ational M onuments R ecord o f t he R oyal
H istorical
t echniques. f or
t he c ropmarks
f ield b oundaries. F ar m ore a ccurate p lotting o f t hese i s c urrently b eing undertaken by K athy S toertz a nd h er
c olleagues o n
o f
i n t he f ollowing c hapter a re e ssentially
p lotting
t o t he R CHM
i n a dvance o f
t heir
t hese c omputer p lots h ave b een
c orrect a nd a mplify t he p resent
w riter's
o riginal
s ketch
T heir w ork o n t he Wharram a rea f orms p art o f a w ider s tudy o f
t he c ropmarks o n t he Y orkshire W olds w hich t he R CHM p reparing f or publication .
a re
c urrently
T he s hallow s oils o f t he C halk W olds u sually p roduce f avourable c onditions f or c ropmarks. E ven s o, e ach y ear s till b rings n ew s ites
1 9
o r a dditional d etail t o o ld o nes,
m aking i t d ifficult t o a ssess j ust
h ow r epresentative t he p resent W harram c ropmark c overage d ales,
a ccumulations
c olluvium ,
a
o f
p rocess
h illwash
e xacerbated
p roduce f ar b y
t he
i ntensive
o f
f rom t he valley f loors
t hose
1 976.
I n t he
d epths
o f
a gricultural
e xploitation o f t he w old t ops d uring r ecent c enturies. c ropmarks
i s.
g reater
C onsequently
i n t he W harram a rea a re r are,
m ost
t hat a re known o nly c ame t o l ight d uring t he d ry s ummer
T his
s uggests
t hat
m any m ore s ites may
s till
l ie
o f
h idden
b eneath t he h illwash c olluvium i n t he v alley f loors. Knowledge o f t he m orphology o f m ost o f t he R oman s ites a rea
i s
e ntirely
s everal a llows
c ases
r eliant o n t he
t he
c ropmark
r ecent m agnetometer s urveys
o f
a lthough
c ropmark
s ome c omparison b etween t he t wo t echniques.
s urvey
i n t he W harram
e vidence,
T he m agnetometer
o f t he B irdsall B row l adder e nclosures d emonstrates
basic
t hat
s tructure o f t he l adder w as e qually w ell r epresented
t echniques i nternal
( Fig.
8 ),
i n
s ites t he
b y
b oth
a lthough t he m inor d etails o f p its a nd s imilar
f eatures w ere m ore e asily d etectable by m agnetometer.
T he
B irdsall B row e xample s erves
t o warn t hat n ot o nly m ight s ites r emain
h idden f rom a ir p hotography,
but t hat t hose c ropmarks
m ay n ot r epresent e ither t he t rue e xtent, t hose
t hat w e d o k now
o r t he f ull c omplexity ,
o f
s ites.
A ) 7 : I R ON AGE AND ROMAN POTTERY by S arah G reen o f t he O xford A rchaeological Unit. 1 .
I ntroduction
T he
a ssemblage o f I ron Age a nd R oman p ottery d erived f rom e xcavation
a nd f ieldwalking w ithin t he W harram t ownships
i s n ow s ubstantial.
I n
m any i nstances, t his c eramic m aterial p rovides t he m ajor, o r o nly, i ndication o f t he d ate a nd n ature o f a n a rchaeological s ite. T his i s e specially t rue o f t he f ieldwalking s ites
t hat f orm t he basis o f t his
p resent v olume. 2 .
I ron Age a nd R oman P ottery a t Wharram :
a r eview o f i ts
s tudy a nd
publication . T he h istory o f t he s tudy o f c eramics, a nd i n p articular t hose o f p rem edieval d ate, i s i ntrinsically b ound u p w ith t he d evelopment o f t he Wharram R esearch P roject. s tudies b asis
h ave o f
T he s cope a nd i mportance o f t hese c eramic
e xpanded a s
t he P roject has e volved a nd broadened
i ts e nquiries.
A s hort h istory o f
t he
t he
e xcavations
h as
a lready b een published ( Hurst 1 984). T he s tudy o f t he a ntecedents o f W harram P ercy m edieval v illage b egan i n a m odest way i n 1 971 w ith a t rial
a ssessment
w estern
p art
o f
o f
c onsolidated w ith t he t hat
t ime
t he
a n e arly R oman f armstead s ite
t he
m edieval
v illage.
T his
i n
t he
n orth-
e nterprise
i nitiation o f t he P arish S urvey i n 1 974.
p rehistoric
a nd
R oman
l andscape
has
was S ince
f ormed
a n
i ncreasingly i mportant p art o f t he Wharram P roject r esearch d esigns. A s
f ar
a s
i ncreasingly
R oman
p ottery
s ystematic
i s
c oncerned ,
a nd f ormalised a s
i ts
p roduced by b oth e xcavation a nd f ieldwalking has t urn ,
has n ecessitated s ome
s tudy
has
t he q uantity o f i ncreased,
s ystem o f r ecording a nd a nalysis.
2 0
b ecome m aterial w hich i n L ittle
R oman o r I ron Age p ottery f rom W harram P ercy has y et b een p ublished ( Hayfield 1 979, 7 4), a lthough f ound o n a l arge number o f t he e xcavations r emedied
a nd f ieldwalking s ites.
b oth
p ublications s tratified
by
t his
o f
r eport
e xcavations
I t i s h oped t hat t his w ill
a nd w hose
by
a
c eramic
I ron Age a nd R oman m aterial.
number
o f
b e
f orthcoming
a ssemblages
c ontain
T he e ventual a nalysis
a nd
p ublication o f t he I ron Age a nd R oman p ottery f rom t he N orth Manor o f W harram
P ercy
v illage
( Sites 4 5 a nd 6 0)
w ill c omplement a nd
e xtend
t he r ange o f known t ypes. 3 .
M ethodology
T he
p resent writer t ook o ver r esponsibility f or t he I ron Age a nd t W harram f rom C olin H ayfield i n 1 981. H itherto t he R oman p ottery a ach e xcavation had b een r ecorded o n a c ard i ndex u sing p ottery f rom e b road s herds.
nd f orm t ypes t o c haracterise e ach s herd o r g roup o f f abric a i mmediate p roblem w as t he n eed t o m ake a m ore d etailed O ne
he f abric t ypes o f t he R oman c eramics f ound a t Wharram a ssessment o f t nvolved t he c reation o f a f abric s eries u sing m aterial P ercy. T his i ange o f s ites a s p ossible. T his f abric s eries was f rom a s w ide a r b ased o riginally o n t he t wo Wharram L e S treet v illa s ites ( Rahtz, H ayfield a nd B ateman 1 986), S ite 4 5, t he C hurch ( Green a nd H ayfield i n p ress), a nd S ite 6 0, b ut s ubsequently i ncorporating n ew m aterial f rom
f ieldwalking
e xcavations. b asic
a nd f reshly e xcavated
B riefly,
t his
f rom
' on-going'
f abric s eries c onsists o f a number
f abric g roups which c an b e f urther s ubdivided a nd e xtended
a bsorb
a ny n ew t ypes
t hat m ay o ccur i n t he f uture
o utlined i n G reen 1 986). r epresentation o f t he T he
m aterial
f abrics
P eacock
a re
( 1977),
b inocular
t ypical
F ig .
9 ,
i s a s chematic
d efined a ccording t o
t he
c riteria
s uggested
o r
a
X 10
h and l ens
f or
a
brief
o f
e ach f abric t ype.
T his p rovides
a n
s till
P ercy P roject.
i n p rogress o n a v essel f orm s eries T his s eries
t welve major f orm t ypes, d esigned t o
r elationships
i mmediate
s uperior t o w ritten f abric
d escriptions which a re a lways o pen t o m isinterpretation , d ifficult t o u se f or c omparative purposes.
s ystem i s
o n-site
C olour t ransparencies, u sing K odak Tungsten E ktachrome t aken a t a magnification o f 1 :1 o f f resh breaks t hrough
s herds
i s
by
h aving b een e xamined m acroscopically a nd u sing a X 20
v isual r ecord o f e ach f abric t ype w hich i s
W ork
t o a re
t heory b ehind t his p rocess.
m icroscope,
a ssessment. f ilm, w ere
T he f low d iagram ,
( these c lasses
o f
f or
a nd
t he
Wharram
i s based o n a t heoretical s ubdivision i nto e ach c apable o f f urther s ubdivision .
f acilitate t he r ecognition o f s imilarities
b etween
a re
f abric
t ypes
a nd
p roduct
c entres
T his a nd ( eg.
s imilarities b etween various E ast Y orkshire k iln p roducts). T he r ecording s ystem t hus d evised i s e ssentially a t wo-tier o ne which a llows
f ieldwalking a ssemblages a nd o ther u nstratified material
t o b e
r ecorded i n a u sable a nd c onsistent f orm w ithout d etailed f abric/form a nalysis
o r q uantification ,
but a llows
t he s ame s ystem t o b e u sed i n
a n e xtended v ersion f or d etailed a nalysis o f e xcavated material
when
d eemed n ecessary. T he
t able
P arish
u sed
h ere f or t he R oman a nd I ron Age
S urvey i s a b y-product,
a nd s hows
t he
p ottery
t he a ddition o f a s ection f or r ecording building materials.
2 1
f rom
s ystem i n a ction
t he w ith
I t p icks
o ut
t he
f abric
t ypes m ost e asily a nd
material r ecovered d uring f ieldwalking,
c ommonly
i dentifiable
f rom
i n o rder t o p rovide a n e asily
c onvertible s ignature f or e ach s ite d iscussed . A lthough 5 6 f abric t ypes have n ow b een d efined a t Wharram , s o d etailed a f abric a nalysis o f
t he material f rom e ach s ite c an b e unnecessary .
d rawn u p u sing r educed) a nd a r ecognisable ( handmade
T he
major f abric c lassifications ( eg. m inimal number o f t he v ery c ommon
f abrics,
e g .
C rambeck .
c alcite-gritted v essels)
m ade c alcite-gritted v essels). r ange a nd r elative
t able
was
o xidised a nd a nd i nstantly
T wo a bbreviations a re u sed , a nd C GW ( wheel-finished o r
A spects o f t he
s ite s uch a s
C GH
wheel
i ts d ate
i mportance a nd n ature a re h opefully e lucidated
by
t he c eramic d ata.
S ITE NA ME
,
s elected f rom t he f ieldwalking m aterial
d eemed t o b e a r epresentative s ample
D < 0
f or d rawing
f rom e ach s ite.
e xample o f e ach d rawable f orm p resent; m ain f abric
c o
LAVA QUERN
TEGULAE
CRAMBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CG W ]
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CGH)
C O
NOXVS
s herds
NV I NVS
T he
( . 5
I MBR ICES
BU ILD ING MATER IALS
POTTERY TYPES
TESSERAE
F IELD No .
a re
T hey p rovide a n
a b rief d escription g ives
t ype a nd a ny o ther r elevant i nformation
( eg.
t he
p rovenance
a nd d ate wherever p ossible). T he m ethod o f r ecording t he p ottery o utlined a bove, g iving
a
f ull q uantitative r ecord by c ontext,
l evel,
a s
i n t he c ase o f t he f ieldwalking s ites,
n ature
o f t he s ite,
o f
f abric
t his w ork , t ypes,
i s
( see f low d iagram ,
F ig .
f or i nstance r esearch i nto a lready
e xperiment w ith variable,
i n
hand .
A
t he
f or
p rovenance
a nd a s y et u ndigested r esults,
D r.
I an B ailiff .
o f
d ating
was c arried
s upervised by
I t w as h oped t hat t his w ould h elp w ith t he p roblem
o f d ating t he c alcite-gritted wares, p romising f urther w ork i s t his
b asis
t hermoluminescent
by t he TL d ating l aboratory a t D urham University,
d uring
basic
9 ).
o ut
s eem
m ore
t o s how t he g eneral
s hould h opefully p rovide a r eliable
f urther a nalysis o f t he d ata S ome
whether i n d etail
o r a t a
i nitial
a nd a lthough t he
r equired .
T he
i nitial r esults c onsidered
m aterial
t rial c ame f rom s ites 6 0 a nd 4 5 o n
t he
N orth
M anor o f Wharram P ercy v illage s ite. A part
f rom
t he a nalysis o f t he a ctual
f abric o f
c ontents o f t he v essels a re w orth c onsidering. E vans,
o f
N orth-East
L ondon P olytechnic,
e xample o f t he p ossibilities o f t his T he n ext p rogramme f abric
t he
p ottery ,
t he
T he a nalysis b y J ohn
o n f ood r esidues
i s
a n
t echnique.
major w ork o n t he p ottery w ill b e a t hin-sectioning w ith t hree m ain a ims. F irst, t his w ill c haracterise t he
t ypes
t o e nsure
t hat t he c urrent d istinctions
22
a re
c orrect.
The P o t tery B agg ed b y c o n tex t
F ab r ic s D iv ided
( Summary l i s t o fm a jo rf ab r i c t yp e s b y c on tex t)
( unknown )
( known )
L oca l ' Coarse ' Wares
' F ine ' Wares
G r ey , r ed f abr i c s e t c
e . g . C o lour C oa t s
1
F abr ic s
S pec ia l ist Wares S con tan , Ampho rae . ,
Mor tara e t c
F abr ic s P a ra l le led
d i s t ingu ished
macro scop ic a l ly S c ien t if ic E xam ina t ion
S pec ia l is tI den t if ica t ion F orm s P ara l le led
• d i s t ingu ished
F orms
w i th in f ab r ic t ype s F ab r ic & F orm S e r ie s
F abr ics & F or ms R ecorded b y Contex t
S tra t ig raphy D i s tr ibu t ion
Ac omp le te q uan t i ta t ive
E x terna l D a t ing
r e co rd o f t h e t ype s p re sen t i n e very l a yer , p ha se o r p e r iod o f t he s i te
T rade E cono my Funct ion
The R epor t
T e mpora l & S pa t ia l P a tterns R evea led C or r e la t ion l i s t s , g ram s e t c
D e sc r ip t ion o fF abr ic s
d i a-
F o rm C a ta logue D i scuss ion : C hrono logy P rovenance T echno logy
S i te R eg ion P rov ince Emp ire LS G
S o c io logy Quan t i ta t ive R eco rd o n m ic rof iche
?
1 983
F ig.
9
S econdly,
R oman P ottery P rocessing S chema.
i t
w ill
t est
t he
hypothesis
t hat
t here
i s
s ome
c hronological variation i n t he c alcite-gritted f abrics;
t his d epends
o n t he e xamination o f w ell-stratified a nd s ealed g roups
t o p rovide a t
l east a r elative d ating o f t ypes. t he
s ource
m aterial s ources.
o f
t he m aterial,
e xists, T he
o r
m ore
T hirdly,
e ither e xactly
g enerally,
i t i s h oped t o i dentify where
t o g ive s ome
s uitable
k iln
i dea
c lay
o f
material e xamined w ould i nclude S axon a s w ell a s I ron
A ge a nd R oman p ottery. W ork
i n t he f uture w ill
i nclude t he c omputerisation o f e xisting
f uture p ottery r ecords t o f acilitate a nalysis. 4 .
D iscussion
( i)
R egional B ackground
23
a nd
L ocal B efore c onsidering Wharram P ercy a nd t he s urrounding a rea i n
d etail,
i t i s n ecessary t o e xamine b riefly t he l ocal c eramic t raditions whose p roducts
a re
f oreign
l ikely t o b e r epresented a t
Wharram .
N on-local
a nd
i mported wares w ill b e m entioned i n c onnection w ith s pecific
s ites.
T hus
t his s urvey i ncludes b oth t he r elatively w ell d ocumented
p roduction c entres s uch a s C rambeck , a s w ell a s t he I ron Age a nd I ron Age d erived t ypes. W ithin c ertain l imitations, t his i s c hronologically based , w ith a n otable r eservation i n t his c ase o f t he u biquitous c alcite-gritted wares w ith t heir v ery w ide d ate r ange a nd w idespread l ocal m anufacture. C alcite-gritted w ares H andmade, g ritted I ron
e verted r im j ars, f abrics
A ge
a nd
a nd v ery o ccasionally b owls,
e arly
R oman p eriod i n t he
Y orkshire W olds a nd H olderness. 3 rd
a nd
4 th
d istinctive
i n c alcite-
a re a w idespread p henomenon o f t he m iddle T his
o f
t o
l ate
P ickering ,
t he
t radition i s c ontinued i nto t he
c enturies by p roducts o f t he handmade,
V ale
w heel-finished
Knapton
k ilns
a nd
j ars o f Huntcliff-type
t he ( Hull
1 932). T he I ron Age a nd e arly R oman j ars a re g enerally r educed b ut s how g reat v ariation i n q uality o f s urface f inish, s ize o f i nclusions, a nd r im
f orm .
A
c entury A D, T hese
t end
f inished ,
c hange
a pparently o ccurred a t s ome p oint i n
a nd n ew j ar f orms, t o
h ave o xidised
a nd
h ave
p latters.
T he
t ype
a n
w ith
a
t he
m ost n otably t he Knapton t ype,
w ider
s urfaces,
2 nd
a ppear.
a re
g enerally
l ess
r ange o f f orms
i ncluding
b owls
w ell a nd
3 rd a nd e arly 4 th c enturies s ee t he a dvent o f a ' S'-shaped p rofile
t hat
p robably
e volves
j ar
i nto
t he
Huntcliff-type w hich i s d ominant i n t he m id a nd l ater 4 th c entury. S andy g rey w ares N one
o f t he l ocal
t hrown 1 930) t han
p ottery a nd
i ndustries w hich p roduced q uartz-tempered ,
( Norton
C rambeck
( Corder 1 928))
g rey-ware
e lsewhere,
t ypes
f ound
i n
1 950),
a ppear t o have
t he e nd o f t he 2 nd c entury A D.
e arly
w heel-
T hrolam
( Corder
o perated
e arlier
T his s uggests e ither t hat t he
r egion
w ere
i mported
s hould
b e
n oted
t he f rom
o r t hat t hey w ere p roducts o f a n a s y et unrecognised
undiscovered i ndustry . i t
( Hayes a nd Whitley ,
a nd
T his l ast p oint c ould b e f urther e laborated ; t hat p resent k nowledge o f
t he
R oman
p ottery
i ndustries o f E ast Y orkshire r ests h eavily o n e xcavations c arried o ut i n t he 1 930s. T he published r eports ( eg . C order a nd K irk 1 932; C order 1 930) r eveal t hat s uch e xcavations o ften t ook p lace i n f ar f rom i deal c onditions. r eports.
S uch d eficiencies a re n ot g lossed o ver i n t he
W riting a bout t he C rambeck p otteries,
C order s ays
' there
s hould b e d iscoverable a s eries o f k ilns p ossibly e arlier i n d ate a s w e a pproach t he s ource o f t he p otter's r aw m aterial', ( Corder 1 928). S uch h ypotheses r emain t o b e t ested , t hat r eal,
o ur a nd
t hat
published
( and
o verdue.
I f
o ther
s ites
e vidence,
t he i nescapable c onclusion b eing
knowledge o f t his r egional g roup m ore e xcavation ,
i s a pparent
u npublished) m aterial
f rom t he k iln
s ites
t he k iln s ites a re n ot s ecurely d ated , b y
t heir
p roducts,
s hould b e c ircumspect.
24
r ather
a s w ell a s r e-evaluation
i n t he a bsence
o f
t han
o f i s
t he d ating o ther
t he l ong o f
d ating
T he 4 th-century p roducts o f t he C rambeck i ndustry a nd t he e volved H untcliff-type j ars a re p robably m ore r eliable c hronological i ndicators, t hough t his i s d iscuss t heir c ase h istories.
p erhaps n ot a n
a ppropriate
p lace
t o
N on-local w ares A part f rom t he p ottery t ypes m entioned a bove, f orming t he bulk o f t he c eramic a ssemblage a t W harram d uring t he I ron A ge a nd R oman p eriods, p ottery f rom m aterial c an w ares, a nd f ormer a nd O bviously a
o ther s ources i s f ound i n m uch s maller q uantities. T his b e s ubdivided u nder t wo m ain h eadings: i mported B ritish i mported f oreign w ares. T he d istinction b etween t he t he r egional c ategory i s s ometimes d ifficult t o d efine. s atisfactory d emarcation o f t he r egion must b e s ought.
T he t ypes which m ight w ell b e c onsidered i n t his g rey a rea a re p roducts o f s uch a reas a s D oncaster a nd S wanpool, w hich a re l ikely s ources f or s ome o f t he a s y et u nprovenanced s herds f ound a t W harram . T he i mported B ritish w ares i nclude s mall q uantities o f m aterial f rom t he N ene V alley , a nd o ccasional s herds o f O xford c olour-coated w are a nd B lack B urnished I o f D orset o rigin . T he s herds i n t his c ategory a re m ainly f ine w ares ( generally c olour-coated) a nd m ortaria . T he s econd c lass o f m aterial, t he i mported f oreign t ypes, i s b etter r epresented . T his i s p ossibly p artly d ue t o t heir b eing m ore e asily r ecognisable ( eg . s amian), a nd p artly b ecause s ome t ypes f ulfil s pecific f unctions ( eg . a mphorae) n ot m et b y e ither t he l ocal p ottery o r t hat f rom o ther B ritish s ources. A part f rom s amian ( Southern , C entral a nd E astern G aulish) a nd a mphorae ( from v arious M editerranean s ources), C entral G aulish , R henish a nd A rgonne s herds have a lready b een i dentified a t W harram . ( ii)
P roblems o f p ottery d ating a t W harram
P ottery p rovides s ome o f t he m ost i mportant e vidence f or t he d ate
o f
a s ite. C ertain p roblems a ssociated w ith t he r eliability o f p ottery a s a c hronological i ndicator h ave b een d iscussed i n t he m ain i ntroduction . T he p roblems i nclude n ot o nly t he d ate o f t he p ottery i tself , b ut t he b ias t hat o ccurs b ecause o f t he w ay t he p ottery h as b een r ecovered , o r t he s ite h as b een t reated . A s ite u nder p lough f or a r elatively s hort p eriod o f t ime, o r n ot d eep p loughed , m ay p roduce o nly 3 rd o r 4 th-century p ottery b ecause t he e arlier, l ower l evels r emain i ntact. I t i s, h owever, i mpossible t o s ay w ithout e xcavation t hat s ites p roducing m ainly l ate p ottery w ould n ecessarily h ave e arlier o ccupation . T he t ype a nd f abric o f t he s herds r ecovered m ay i ntroduce f urther i naccuracies. S ome f abrics a re i mmediately r ecognisable whatever t heir c ondition a nd d egree o f a brasion , w hile o thers a re m ore d ifficult t o i dentify , i mportance m ay e nsue
a nd a n u nbalanced p icture o f t heir e specially w hen c oupled w ith t he
r elative p ossible
d ifferential s urvival o f v arious t ypes, i e. h arder f ired varieties s tand a b etter c hance o f s urvival i n t he a rchaeological r ecord . T he p roblems e ncountered i n d ating t he p ottery i tself have t wo m ain a spects. F irst, t here i s t he e lement o f d oubt w hen r elying o n k iln m aterial f rom o ld a nd p ossibly i ncompletely u nderstood s ites a nd e xtrapolating f rom t his p oint u sing t hese d ates. S econdly , t here i s
2 5
t he d anger i nherent i n u sing w hat i s g enerally a cknowledged t o b e w ell d ated m aterial, e g . s amian , a nd a pplying t hese d ates a s i ncontrovertible e vidence f or t he d ate o f t he f eature i n w hich t he o bject h appens t o b e f ound . A ll t hat c an s afely b e s aid h ere i s t hat a t erminus p ost q uer n f or t he f eature h as b een e stablished . W hen c onsidering s amian , n ot o nly i s t here t he u sual p roblem o f r esiduality t o c onsider , b ut a lso t he a dditional ' heirloom f actor'. T he v alue p laced o n s amian a nd o ther i mported f ineware v essels c an o ften b e d educed f rom t he o ccurrence o f r ivet h oles a nd l ead r ivets u sed t o r epair t he p ots t o p rolong t heir u se, a nd t heir d egree o f w ear. I t i s q uite p ossible t hat a m id-2nd c entury A ntonine v essel w hich t urns u p i n w hat o ne w ould e xpect f rom t he s tratigrphic a nalysis a nd t he a ssociated f inds t o b e am id-3rd c entury o r e ven l ater l evel, h as i n f act b een i n c ontinuous u se s ince i ts f irst a rrival a t t he s ite. W hen s uch a w ell-dated p iece t urns u p w ith u ndiagnostic c oarseware s herds, t he d angers a re o bvious. O ne c ould q uote n umerous m odern p arallels f or t his p henomenon ; m ost m odern h ouseholds h ave a t l east o ne i tem w hich w ould h ave b een m anufactured d uring t he m id-19th c entury o r e arlier . P erhaps i n a n o utlying a rea l ike W harram , o ne s hould a lso c onsider t he t ime l ag w hich c ould o ccur f or t he a rrival o f s uch i mports o n t he s ite. I t c ould b e s uggested t hat a t a s ite l ike W harram , f ine t able w ares w ould b e r elatively m ore v alued t han i n a reas w here t heir r eplacement w as e asier . T he a bove f actors a dd u p t o t he c onclusion t hat t here i s s till much w ork t o b e d one i n e stablishing a n a ccurate a nd a dequate c hronology f or t he I ron A ge a nd R oman s ites a t W harram . T he l arger e xcavated s ites, w hich h ave f inds o ther t han c eramic, m ay p erhaps b e s lightly b etter o ff t han t he f ieldwalking s ites w hich h ave p roduced f ew f inds o ther t han p ottery . T he l ong-term a nd w idespread u se o f c alcite-gritted w ares h as b een m entioned a bove. T hey p redominate i n t he c eramic a ssemblage f rom t he l ate I ron A ge t o t he p ost-Roman p eriod . T he s ame c lay s ources w ere a pparently e xploited d uring t he E arly S axon p eriod ( this i s o ne o f t he p roblems t hat i t i s h oped t he t hin s ectioning p rogramme w ill e lucidate). T he c ontinued u se o f t he f abric a nd t he v ery g radual i ntroduction o f n ew v essel f orms s uggests t hat t he R oman c onquest h ad o nly am inimal e ffect o n t he p ottery o f t he Y orkshire W olds, a part f rom i n t he i mmediate v icinity o f m a jor R oman s ettlements s uch a s M alton ( Derventio) o n t he v ery e dge o f t he W olds. E ven a fter t he e stablishment o f t hriving l ocal i ndustries, t he c alcite-gritted h andmade o r h and-finished t ypes p redominate o n a ll t he s ites. I n s pite o f t his c onservatism a nd a n atural t endency t o e xploit t he c heapest a nd m ost e asily a vailable r aw m aterial, i t s hould b e n oted t hat W harram w as n ot e ntirely b eyond t he f ringe o r s phere o f i nfluence o f R oman l ife. T rade c ontacts w ith t he r est o f B ritain m ust h ave e xisted t o i ntroduce t he a dmittedly s mall a mounts o f p ottery f rom s uch p laces a s O xfordshire, t he N ene v alley a nd D orset . I t s hould n ot b e f orgotten t hat i n t he 3 rd a nd 4 th c enturies a t l east, D erventio f ormed t he c rossroads f or s everal r outes, m a jor a nd m inor, f rom a ll p oints o f t he c ompass. I t i s v ery l ikely t hat s ome o f t he s herds b elieved t o b e f rom t he S wanpool ( Lincolnshire) o r D oncaster ( South Y orkshire) a rea a re f rom t hese s ources, a s t here a re g ood r oad a nd w ater r outes. T he m ore l ocal s ystem o f p ossible R oman
26
r oads
i s
d iscussed e lsewhere
i n t his m onograph,
M argary
r oad
8 13
b eing t he m ost o bvious l ink w ith R oman Malton . T rade l inks w ith t he r est o f t he E mpire a re t o b e o bserved i n t he p resence o f s amian , a mphorae a nd i mported f ine w ares.
A ) 8 : SAX ON POTTERY U nlike many a reas o f E ngland , r elatively
E arly a nd M iddle S axon p ottery
p roves
p lentiful o n r ural s ettlement s ites a long t he e ast
c oast
( Eagles 1 979; H ayfield 1 985), a nd t he Wharram a rea i s n o e xception . S everal t housand h and-made S axon s herds have n ow b een r ecovered f rom e xcavations a t Wharram P ercy v illage i tself, s herds have b een c ollected f rom f ieldwalking .
whilst s everal hundred A lthough t his p ottery
d emonstrates a ctivity i n t he p ost-Roman p eriod, r emain
r egarding
c onsiderable p roblems
i ts p recise c hronology a nd what i t m ight
m ean
i n
t erms o f t he e thnic m ake-up o f t he p opulation . M uch o f t he e arlier w ork c arried o ut o n S axon p ottery was r estricted t o t he s tudy o f f unerary u rns f rom c remation c emeteries ( Myers 1 969; 1 977).
T he
g eneral n ature o f t hese burials
d istinguish
b etween
' Saxon '
i s u sually
a nd i ndigenous
w hilst t he d ecorative d etail o f t he u rns a llows i nto a c hronological f ramework, o ther
a ttendant
t hought
' Celtic'
a ided by t he
t o
p opulations,
t hem t o b e
o rganised
t ypological variation i n
g rave g oods s uch a s b rooches
( Eagles
1 979).
T he
r esulting c hronology i s n evertheless r arely a s c losely d efined a s t hat c laimed f or R oman p ottery f abrics. I t h as a lso p roved d ifficult t o d etermine p roduction s ources f or t he u rns B y c omparison , i nterpret.
d omestic S axon p ottery i s
T he
s tandard
h and-made
t hemselves.
i nfinitely m ore d ifficult t o p ot
u sually
had
a
s imple,
u ndecorated g lobular s hape; t his d rastically r educes i ts p otential f or t ypological s orting . P ottery p roduction d uring t his p eriod w ould a lso
a ppear
t o h ave b een f airly l ocalised i n
d istribution , P resent w as
e vidence
p roduced
e arly
a lthough
5 th
b oth
p roduction
t he n umber o f b asic f abric t ypes w as
s uggests
t hat t his
t ype o f S axon d omestic
a nd
t he
8 th
o r
9 th
c entury,
a
a pproximately 4 00 y ears. C loser d efinition w ithin t his u sually e xtremely d ifficult. A t
Wharram P ercy i tself,
n ow b een i dentified ,
a n umber o f b asic S axon f abric
a :
g rit-tempered
b :
s and-tempered
c :
g rass-tempered
d :
c alcite-tempered
e ach b asic f abric t ype t here i s e normous m ost s herds c an b e c ategorised w ithin t hese
n umber
f all
S ome
4 th
o r
p eriod
o f
p eriod
i s
t ypes
have
v iz:
W ithin w hereas
d ifficult
p ottery
i n t he E ast Y orkshire r egion b etween t he l ate
c entury
a nd
s mall.
b etween c ategories.
I t
i s,
f or
variation , a nd f our t ypes, a
i nstance,
s ometimes
g ritty
t ypes.
g rass-tempered s herds a lso c ontain a l ittle s and while,
o n t he
o ther hand , m aterial.
t o d istinguish b etween s herds o f s andy a nd
s ome s and-tempered s herds a lso c ontain a l ittle T hus
d espite
o rganic
t hese b eing f airly b road f abric c ategories,
t hey a re s till e ssentially a rtificial d istinctions.
2 7
T he
1 982-6
S axon
e xcavation s easons a t Wharram h ave
d eposits
whose
c hronological d istinction b etween f abric t ypes t he s hallow d epth o ccupation t errace r esidual I n 1 977,
p roduced
a nalysis w ill h opefully a llow
s tratified
a
m easure
o f
t o b e e stablished ,
but
o f s tratified d eposits o n t he g reat w estern a t Wharram P ercy p roduces a v ery h igh l evel o f
p ottery which i mpedes t he e lucidation o f s uch d istinctions. a G rubenhaus w as e xcavated w ithin t he n orthern m anorial
e nclosure
o f
t he v illage;
t his p roduced s ome 3 00 s herds
o f
S axon
p ottery which s erve t o h ighlight s ome o f t he p roblems. T he d ate o f t his a ssemblage h as n ow b een a ttributed t o c . 7 00 A D o n t he b asis o f b oth i mported R henish c eramics ( Hurst a nd H odges 1 976) o f 8 th-century c oins. A ll f our S axon f abric t ypes a mongst
t his g roup a nd i ncluded a n umber o f d ecorated
p resent w ere o ver a hundred s herds o f R oman p ottery . r easonable t o a ssume
t he R oman s herds w ere r esidual,
t he S axon s herds w ere a lso r esidual? i nclude t he f ew s mall d ecorated s herds, b eing
a nd a number w ere p resent
p roduced a s
l ate a s
a lso s eem
but h ow m any o f
D id t he r esidual e lement o r w ere d ecorated u rns s till
t he 8 th c entury i n t his p art o f Y orkshire?
W ere a ll
f our o f t he S axon f abrics s till
c entury,
o r w ere s ome b y n ow e ntirely r esidual?
O n p resent e vidence,
s herds; I t w ould
t herefore,
i n p roduction d uring t he 8 th
t here r emains c onsiderable d ifficulty
i n d ating t he d omestic S axon p ottery f rom t he Wharram a rea, making
t he
p eriods.
f undamental d istinction b etween E arly a nd T his
has
e ven
M iddle
i n
S axon
i mportant i mplications f or t he understanding
o f
t he p ost-Roman l andscape i n t he W harram a rea. M ost R oman s ites i ncluded l ate 4 th-century p ottery, w hilst t he l arger a ssemblages a lso p roduced a handful o f S axon s herds;
i s t his
5 th-century material
o r
d oes i t e xtend i nto t he 6 th, 7 th o r e ven 8 th c entury? I t i s, i n t his r espect a t l east, u nfortunate t hat a t W harram i t was d uring t his E arly/Middle p rogress e nclosures R oman
i nability c eramics
t he
p eriod
t hat
m ajor l andscape
d ispersed R oman s ettlements
c hanges w ith
w ere
t heir
i n
l adder
t o t he nucleated m edieval s ettlements a nd t heir O pen F ield
a griculture. t he
S axon
f rom
S o whereas l andscape
i t c an b e s uggested t hat major e lements
s urvived i nto t he S axon
t o o ffer m ore t han v ery g eneral d ates
p eriod,
f or t he l ocal
p recludes a m ore p recise d ate f or t he e ventual
o f t he R oman s ettlements.
28
o ur
o f
c urrent S axon
a bandonment
B ) CATALOGUE OF S ITES Genera l I n troduct ion
F/
. • W horro m Percy \\ \ \
\\\\ "\\
‘ ‘‘\ :\ . . • •
* : • • ••
•
J u l i
F
. .
A
Far mstead V illage s ite Crop mork s
i \\ \ \ \ \ • • • • •
t ' ; ' , ,,,
. . .
\ \ j;
To wns h ip boundar ies
; .
Track ways Th ixendo le \ ‘ "
F ig .
1 0
G eneral
P lan
c ropmarks,
o f t he
r oads,
.< ' • • - ••••• . _ •: • - •• ' , . ‘\‘1 Ii , •• • \ \' ' '
W harram
R oman
I ••...... . .
L andscape,
Ma in
ro o ds
s howing
e arthworks a nd s ettlements.
F igure 1 0 i llustrates t he k nown c ropmarks a nd e arthworks i n t he W harram a rea w hich c an p robably b e a ssociated w ith t he I ron A ge, R oman a nd E arly S axon p eriods. T he m a jor s ites a nd f eatures a re e ach g iven a n umber o n t his f igure a nd a re t hen e ach d iscussed i n m ore d etail i n t he s chedule b elow . T hey a re n umbered i n s equence a ccording t o t he m edieval t ownship i n w hich t hey a re s ituated . T he d escriptions f or t he m a jority o rganised i n t he f ollowing m anner : a ) b ) c ) d )
o f
t hese
' sites'
ab rief i ntroduction a nd/or s ummary a t opographical a ccount t he c ropmark e vidence a d escription o f t he a rtifact e vidence.
2 9
h ave
b een
T hese
m ore
f actual
s ections a re t hen
c oncluded
s ection w hich a ttempts a n a rchaeological T he m aps
a
d iscussion
f or e ach s ite a re b ased o n t he O rdnance S urvey 2 5
p lans o f 1 910 a nd a re r educed , Wherever a vailable,
a s
f ar a s p ossible,
f ollowing
i nch f ield
t o t he s ame s cale.
t he c ropmark e vidence h as b een s ketched o n ,
l ocations o f f ieldwalking a ssemblages T he
by
i nterpretation o f e ach s ite.
' key'
i dentifies
i ndicated by a reas o f
a nd
s hading .
t he various d rawing c onventions
u sed
o n t hese s ite p lans.
Key t o S ite P la ns
Pottery •
f indspot
,
,f11 0,11,.11 . 111
,
,
H
1 111%. 0
▪ Footpat h o r t rack way
M an ur i ng sherd Pott ery scatter Cr op mark
Eart h work
Roads 0 0 0 . . 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
To wnsh i p boundary
F ie ld nu mber s ( eg . F 4 3) are t aken f ro m t he 25 i nch Ordnance Survey f ie ld p lans o f 1 910
A ll
t he
p ottery
i llustrations r ange
t ables a re based o n s herd
numbers.
a re a ll a t 1 /4 s cale a nd l imited t o
a
T he
p ottery
r epresentative
o f f eatured p ieces w hich a re n ot n ecessarily r epresentative o f
t he f ull c hronological r ange o f t he p ottery f rom a ny i ndividual s ite. S traight l ines o n t he p ottery d rawings f inished s urfaces, s urfaces. C GH
i ndicate w heelthrown o r w heel-
w hilst w avy o r b roken l ines
i ndicate hand-finished
When r eferring t o c alcite-gritted w ares,
( handmade v essels)
a nd C GW
t he a bbreviations
( wheel-finished o r wheelmade
a re u sed .
30
v essels)
WHARRAM L E S TREET TO WNSH IP B ) 1 : WHARRAM GRANGE V ILLA W harram L e S treet t ownship,
S E 8 46657
( Fields 1 a nd 2 ).
I ntroduction a nd T opography T his v illa s ite ( Fig . 1 1), a long w ith i ts n eighbour a t W harram L e S treet , h as a lready b een d iscussed i n s ome d etail ( Rahtz, H ayfield a nd B ateman 1 986). T he f ollowing p aragraphs w ill t herefore s eek o nly t o s ummarise t hat r eport a nd t o p resent a n a dditional a ssemblage o f f ieldwalking p ottery g athered f rom t he s ite a fter r ecent p loughings.
Springs
Ludd ith Far m Spri ng '
N ORTH G R I INSTON' ' ; ' P AR ISH
L und Wood
Spr ing
WHARRA M -L ESTREET P AR ISH
-- f
F iel d 2
•
Sp n n g .
500
200
S pr ing
B IRDSALL P AR ISH
1 000 f ee t
400 m .
F ig .
1 1
S ite 1 ,
Wharram G range V illa ,
l ocation p lan .
T he v illa i s l ocated o n ab road w old t op a t a bout 1 50m O D , w hich p rojects a s a s pur i nto t he V ale o f B ridsall a nd f orms p art o f t he n orth-western s carp o f t he C halk W olds. T o t he n orth-east a nd s outhw est t he l and f alls a way s harply , b oth d ale s ides p roviding s pring l ines a t 1 25-130m O D . T he t ownship b oundaries o f W harram L e S treet , B irdsall a nd N orth G rimston m eet i mmediately a d jacent t o t he v illa . T he p resent r oad s ystem i s m odern , r epresenting a r ealignment o f a n a ncient t rackway f ollowing t he b uilding o f W harram G range F arm i n t he 1 8th c entury . W harram G range v illa w as o riginally d iscovered b y f ieldwalking i n 1 975, w hen a M ethod C g rid s urvey ( Hayfield 1 980) d emonstrated a d istinct c lustering o f a rtifact m aterial t o t he n orth o f F ield 2 . L ater, i n 1 979, F ield 1 w as a lso g rid w alked . T he r esulting d ensity d istributions o f t he p rincipal a rtifacts a re r eproduced o n F igs. 1 2 a nd 1 3. A ir p hotographs b y T ony P acitto i n 1 976 ( Plate 2 ) r evealed
3 1
P late 2
t he
W harram G range V illa,
l ooking n orth
( A .L .
P acitto).
o riginal a lignment o f t he t rackway t hrough F ield 2 a nd s howed
s eries o f e nclosures t o t he n orth-east i n a p osition w ith t hat o f t he a rtifact s catter .
a
c orresponding
B etween 1 979 a nd 1 982, t wo m agnetometer s urveys w ere c arried o ut by t he Ancient M onuments L aboratory o f E nglish H eritage u nder t he s upervision o f A ndrew D avid . T he r esulting p lot o f t he s ite's m agnetic a nomolies w as o f e xceptional q uality ( Fig . 1 4) a nd s howed t he v illa buildings t o h ave b een c ontained w ithin a l arge, s quare, d ouble-ditched e nclosure w hose e xtent a nd c omplexities h ad b een o nly p artly r evealed b y a ir p hotography . I n 1 979 a s eries o f t rial e xcavations w ere c arried o ut t o a ssess t he v arying d egrees o f p reservation a nd p lough d amage a cross t he s ite. T hese e xcavations s ampled a n umber o f t he m agnetic a nomalies a nd a lso
32
' 9
842
848
847
844
1 1-
i -6 59
.
i
. . 5 5 8 i \ I
v 4 . " .
657
--,._ , . . . . . .,
. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.- — „ .• . . .. : _ : -. . . . . . . . ._ . „ „. . .. . . . . „ , •. :' • 71 7:: 2 •, . . ; , -. .r. rC .
,
-,
, .
1
555 : . .. .. .. . L •. ... . . . .. . .. ' . . ... .... . --
. , .
.. ..
/. -
' -"• •...
. . . . . . .. ... ..„ ,
S . itv•Y n o . 38/77 . P lan
n o . 4 e t
,
WHARRAM
3 4/82
4
NG r o t . 5E 644557 OS s hee t 5 E 8465
GRANGE
MAGNETOMETER SURVEY I n te rp re ta t ion c t I I IL_ M_ M
F ig.
1 4
S ite 1 ,
W harram G range V illa ,
r evealed a m osaic f loor, a nd
o ther
i ndications
DoE A .M . L at io re to ry Geophys ics Sect ion
200 t n
m agnetometer s urvey.
a r ammed C halk pavement,
s tone-lined d rains
t hat c onfirmed t hat t his was
i ndeed
a
v illa
c omplex. W hen t he o riginal r eport o n t his s ite was w ritten i n 1 982,
d ating was
b ased o n t he p ottery r ecovered b oth f rom f ieldwalking a nd e xcavation . T here was c lear e vidence o f 3 rd a nd 4 th-century o ccupation , n umber o f S axon s herds v icinity number
i nto a t l east t he 5 th o r 6 th c enturies. o f
f ragment
a 1 st-century A D g lass bangle,
t ogether
a ttested s ome
o ccupation o n t he s ite f rom a t l east t he i st c entury A D n ot
b e c learly d emonstrated f rom t he a vailable p ottery
t here
w as
N eolithic
p re-Roman o ccupation o n t he a nd
f ieldwalking
B ronze s urvey .
Age
s ite,
t herefore,
a s
w ith f orm
a o f
What c ould was
a lthough a
f lints w ere c ollected
P rovisionally,
t he
T here w ere a lso a
e arlier s herds o f R oman p ottery which, o f
whilst a
i mplied a c ontinuity o f human a ctivity i n
whether
number
p art
o f
o f t he
t he d ate r ange o f
W harram G range v illa was p laced b etween t he i st a nd 6 th c enturies A D. A s
will
b e
e xtended i nto
s een b elow ,
t his d ate r ange
c an
n ow
b e
c onfidently
t he s ite h as b een m ore d eeply p loughed ,
r esulting i n
t he p re-Roman p eriod .
F ield S catter I n r ecent y ears,
c onsiderable d amage t o t he s urviving R oman l ayers. s election
H owever,
a w ide
o f c omparatively l arge a nd unabraded a rtifact material was
33
.
-
: i r11
L _ _
POTTERY
L
• . • . .
0 > 60 0
4 5 -6 0
0
3 1 -4 5
o 2 1 -3 0
- -1
• •• 13 •°
. 1 1 -2 0
L l i • •4 30 1 3 1 oc t
LT ROOF
T ILES
>31
_ J
o 21 0 •
S
.
•9 . 4( i7j
/ 1• 4 7 . 1 1 :0 °A •
a
L
-3 0
1 1 -20 1- 1 0
T
T ESSERAE
e c r -lt r. . • !
0
>21
O
1 1 -2 0
o
6- 10
•
1- 5
MAGNET IC ANOMAL IES: d i tches a nd p i ts
?b u i ld ings
0
F ig.
1 2
S ite
1 ,
p ottery,
Wharram
G range V illa,
r oof t ile a nd t esserae.
34
f ieldwalking
p lots
f or
5 0
1 ?0
F ig .
1 3
S ite 1 , W harram G range V illa , f ieldwalking a mphora , b ox-flue t ile a nd S axon p ottery .
35
p lots
f or
b rought
t o t he f ield s urface b y t his d eeper p loughing,
' harvested'
by
f ieldwalking .
r ecovered f rom t hese i llustrated v essels a ssemblage B ateman
t able b elow
1 5),
t he
b e
p ottery
a long w ith t he
t hey f orm a s upplement t o t he c eramic
published
T his
t here t o
l ists
l atest f ieldwalking s orties a nd , ( Fig .
a lready
1 986).
T he
f or t his s ite
s econd
( Rahtz,
H ayfield
a ssemblage was valuable
i n
a nd
t hat
i t
s trengthened t he e vidence f or t he o ccupation o f t he s ite a t b oth e nds o f t he o riginally p ostulated d ate r ange.
Wharra m G range V i l la
A f urther g roup o f s herds o f
TEGULAE
W
TESSERAE
1 2 9 5 6 2 1
( . 5
SAX ON
4 50
CRA MBECK
OX ID ISED
3 2 6
BLACK WARES
3 1 2 1 2
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SAM IAN
MORTAR IA
1 9
B U IM LA DT I N EG R IALS
REDUCED
602
AMPHORA
' CALC ITE -GR ITTED
POTTERY TYPES
2 78
2 4 1 8
LAVA QUERN
S ITE NAME
I MBR ICES
2
F IELD No .
,
m 3 < 0
1 8
i n S axon f abrics w as r ecovered a nd a number
t he r im f orms p resent a re
i llustrated
b elow
( Fig .
1 5,
2 9-34).
T hese
hand-made S axon f abrics c annot a s y et b e m ore p recisely
o ther
t han
t o
s ay t hat t hey a re l ikely t o b e o f
e ither
d ated
E arly
o r
M iddle S axon d ate. A t
t he
o ther
e nd
o f
t he
c hronological
a ssemblage c ontained a n umber o f hand-made, t o
which
a ttributed
a
d ate
( eg .
s pectrum ,
i n t he p re-Roman I ron A ge c an n ow F ig.
1 5,
N o.
1 ).
t his
c alcite-gritted b e
l atest v essels
c onfidently
T his a ffords m ore
c onvincing
e vidence f or t he p re-Roman o rigins o f t he s ite. I llustrated P ottery
( Fig .
1 5,
N os.
1 -35).
1 )
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot; b lack s urface, d ark g rey-brown . L ate p re-conquest I ron A ge.
2 )
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), s urfaces a nd g rey c ore.
3 )
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), g rey c ore.
4 )
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
5 )
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), K napton , c ooking-pot, o uter s urface, o range i nner s urface a nd c ore.
6 )
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
K napton ,
K napton ,
K napton ,
c ooking-pot;
c ooking-pot,
c ooking-pot,
c ooking-pot,
o therwise
o range-brown
b rown s urfaces,
b rown f abric. d ark g rey/brown
d ark b rown o uter s urface
a nd b lack i nner s urface. 7 )
8 )
C alcite-gritted
( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
I ndications o f a l id R udston ( Stead 1 980).
s eating ,
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
g rey c ore.
3 6
i st
d ark o r
g rey
f abric .
2 nd-century,
c .f .
b rown s urfaces a nd d ark
6
1
8
3
9 e
l -1 5
2
5
1 1
117 1 6 49
1 9
40"
2 0
1 8
\\
4 14
4
2 1
2 2
3
2 5 2 8
2 3 2 6
5 0 mm
I
2 4
2 7
•
13 2
1 11 1 1
3 0
g
3 5
3 1
F ig .
1 5
S ite 1 , W harram G range V illa , c ooking-pot ,
133
3 4
i llustrated p ottery .
9 )
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), g rey c ore.
1 0)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), K napton , s urfaces a nd l ighter g rey c ore.
1 1)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), K napton t ype?, c ooking-pot , d ark g rey/ b rown s urfaces a nd l ighter c ore. U nusual s cored l ozenge d ecoration t o t he t op o f t he r im .
1 2)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), b owl, d ark g rey/brown w ith p atches o n b oth s urfaces a nd d ark o range-brown c ore.
1 3)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), h andle,
37
o range s urfaces a nd d ark
c ooking-pot,
d ark
g rey
b lack
o range s urfaces a nd g rey c ore.
1 4)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ore.
b owl,
o range s urfaces a nd d ark
1 5)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), g rey c ore.
b owl,
o range-brown s urfaces a nd d ark
1 6)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW), c ooking-pot, d ark g rey s urfaces, g rey c ore w ith o range m argins, 3 rd-century?
1 7)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
H untcliff-type j ar,
4 th-century.
1 8)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
H untcliff-type j ar,
4 th-century.
1 9)
C olour-coated ,
2 0)
C olour-coated , f lagon , c oat, a nd g rey c ore.
2 1)
W hite ware,
2 2)
G reyware,
j ar.
2 3)
G reyware,
T hrolam ,
2 4)
G reyware,
j ar.
2 5)
G reyware,
T hrolam?,
j ar,
2 6)
G reyware,
T hrolam?,
' Dales-type'
2 7)
G reyware,
T hrolam?, j ar,
2 8)
G reyware, b owl.
2 9)
S axon ,
c ooking-pot, b lack f abric.
3 0)
S axon ,
c ooking-pot.
3 1)
S axon ,
c ooking-pot, b lack f abric.
3 2-34)
S axon ,
c ooking-pots.
3 5)
S axon ,
u rn?
N ene V alley?, b eaker,
g rey
a nd
2 nd/3rd-century .
o xidised s urfaces w ith a white c olour-
f langed b owl,
j ar,
q uartz a nd f lint-tempered f abric.
3 rd-century .
3 rd-century . r im ,
3 rd-century.
3 rd-century .
D iscussion T his v illa c ompares w ith o thers s uch a s L angton ( Corder a nd K irk 1 932) o r R udston ( Stead 1 980) i n t hat i t w ould a ppear t o h ave b een a p re-Roman n ative s ite w hich b ecame ' Romanised ', a lthough a s y et i t i s i mpossible t o s how a ny s equence o f d evelopment t hrough p rogressive s tages o f R omanisation . T his m akes i t d ifficult t o a ssess, f or e xample, a t w hat p oint i t b ecame a ' villa '. D id t his s ite p erhaps s tart l ife a s ah umble f armstead , s uch a s t hose s een e lsewhere a t W harram , o r w as i t a lways a h igh-status s ite? A re w e d ealing h ere t hen w ith t he ' Romanisation ' o f a n e xisting a ristocratic n ucleus, o r d id a p rogressive ' Romanisation ' g o h and -in-hand w ith a n e levation u p t he s ocio-economic s cale? E xcavation b eneath t he 4 th-century m osaic o f w hat m ay h ave b een a b ath h ouse r evealed a s ubstantial s tone-lined d rain c apped w ith l arge a nd v ery h eavy , r e-used , l ozenge-shaped s tone r oofing t iles. T hese t iles s uggest t hat p receding p hases o f b uildings o n t his s ite w ere a lso s ubstantial f or , a part f rom t he c ost o f i mporting t hem t o t he s ite, t hey w ould h ave r equired a s ubstantially c onstructed r oof i n
3 8
o rder t o s upport t hem . which
T he 1 st-century g lass bangle
m embers o f s ociety.
S uch e vidence
t he p ossibility t hat t his o f s ome T he
i s a n
a rtifact
was p erhaps m ore l ikely t o b e a ssociated w ith t he m ore w ealthy i s c ircumstantial,
but
i t r aises
s ite a t W harram G range m ay a lways have b een
i mportance.
s mall number o f S axon s herds r ecovered a t t he t ime o f w riting t he
o riginal t heir
r eport
p rompted t he w riter t o s uggest t he
d eriving f rom a ctivities
s ettlement. s ite
A s
i ncreases
c onventional
t he i t
s uch a s s tone
p ossibility
r obbing,
r ather
number o f r ecognisable S axon s herds w ould n ow s eem m ore
r easonable
i nterpretation o f s uch S axon p ottery:
t o
f rom a ccept
o f t han t his t he
t hat i t r epresents
c ontinued o ccupation i n t he p ost-Roman p eriod . T his
r emains a m ost
p lough
d amage,
o ne
i nteresting s ite a nd,
d espite t he
c onsiderable
t hat w ould r epay a m ore d etailed a nd
i ntensive
e xcavation p rogramme.
B ) 2 : B IRDSALL H I GH BARN FAR MSTEAD
B irdsall
t ownship,
S E 8 44644
( Field 1 77).
I ntroduction a nd T opography T his
f armstead
( Fig .
1 6)
w as
f irst r ecognised by
i ts e xistence w as c onfirmed i n 1 984 by c onducted by A lister B artlet a nd Andrew
f ieldwalking,
M onuments L aboratory .
F ig .
1 6
S ite 2 ,
B irdsall H igh B arn F armstead ,
39
a nd
a m agnetometer s urvey D avid o f t he Ancient
l ocation p lan .
T he s ite l ies a t c .
1 90m O D o n t he
t op o f a l arge e ast-west
o f
w old t hat f orms a n a rea o f f lattish g round;
t o
t he n orth a nd n orth-west a s
a bove B irdsall B row .
i t a pproaches
t he
e xpanse
l and d ips g ently
t he s carp o f t he
W olds
A s pring l ine l ies d own t he s lope o f t he
b row
a t a h eight o f c . 1 40m O D. T his f armstead i s s ituated i mmediately a djacent t o t he t ownship b oundary b etween B irdsall t o t he n orth, a nd Wharram P ercy t o t he s outh.
F or much o f i ts
l ength,
b oundary i s n ow r epresented by a m odern h edgeline, m ap
o f
1 836
O ffice,
m arks
M 21).
t he a lignment a s a
T races
i s
where t he h edgerow c eases
r epresented
by
a
t ownship
t rackway
( Birdsall
E state
o f a bank a nd d itch e arthwork s till
a long p arts o f t he c ourse o f t his b oundary . w est,
t his
a lthough a n e state
s ingle
I ndeed ,
f urther t o t he
t o m ark t he b oundary, bank
a nd
d itch
s urvive
i ts a lignment
e ntrenchment
which
c ontinues w estwards a long B irdsall B row t o l ink u p w ith t he A ldro e ncampment. I t s eems l ikely, t herefore, t hat t he h edgerow t hat passes
a longside B irdsall H igh B arn f armstead f ollows a p articularly
a ncient a lignment. A lthough a ir
much o f t he B irdsall B row L adder h as n ow b een
p hotography,
t here
r ecorded
a re a s y et n o r ecorded c ropmarks
f or
b y t his
f armstead . H owever, a f luxgate g radiometer was u sed i n 1 984 t o p roduce a m agnetometer s urvey o f p art o f t his s ite a s o ne e lement o f a
s ampling
p rogramme o f t he B irdsall B row
m agnetometer r ectilinear q uite
5 ).
T he
s urvey s uggests t hat t his f armstead l ay w ithin a
l arge
e nclosure t hat w as d etached
i ndependent o f ,
s ystem
f rom ,
( Fig.
a nd
m orphologically
t he B irdsall B row l adder s ystem
( Fig.
1 6).
T he
n orth a nd w est s ides o f t his e nclosure w ere t raced by t he s urvey, i t i s p ossible t hat i t a lso c aught t he s outh s ide, but a s
a nd t he
putative s outh-west c orner o f t he e nclosure l ay o utside t he m agnetometer g rid , t his c annot b e c ertain . T he e ntire e astern s ide o f
t he
c ut,
e nclosure l ay c ompletely o utside t he g rid a nd
i n
p art a t l east,
e nclosure s eries
c ontained
o f
a
by t he m odern
was
S everal o f
t hese
p its
a nd h earths w ere
i dentified ,
t races o f s tructures w ere o bserved .
a lthough
I n g eneral,
f armstead e nclosure r esembles a s maller,
i t
d efinite
t he l ayout o f t his
l ess c omplex,
v ersion o f t he
F ield S catter
B irdsa l l H igh Barn
S ITE NAME
2
2
40
4 1
5
1
c o 3 < 0
LAVA QUERN
I MBR ICES
TEGULAE
SAX ON
.
7 5
CRAMBECK
BLACK WARES
.
REDUCED
.
OX ID ISED
,
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR [ -COATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CG W)
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CGH)
I7 0 62
,
d ( f ) -
TESSERAE
BU ILD ING MATER IALS
POTTERY TYPES
a
w ere
A n umber o f n o
Wharram G range v illa e nclosure.
F IELD No . 17 7
t he
i nto
s trips
s ubdivided b y s hortened n orth-south d itches.
p ossible
p robably
I nternally,
s eries o f d itches which d ivided
n arrow e ast-west s trips.
t hemselves
h edgerow .
3 9
3 6
4 1
3 7
3
3 8 4 3
14 4
7
-
1 46 -
- 3) 5 0
14 7
14 8
7
5 1
5 0 mm
1 5 2
F ig .
1 7
S ite 2 , B irdsall f ieldwalking p ottery .
H igh
B arn
F armstead ,
i llustrated
3 6)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, o range-brown s urface, d ark g rey c ore a nd b rown i nner s urface.
3 7)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot , a nd c ore, g rey-brown i nner s urface.
3 8)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ore.
3 9)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
4 0)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ore.
4 1)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), b owl, c ore, g rey-brown i nner s urface.
4 2)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), b owl, b rown o uter s urface, c ore a nd o range-brown i nner s urface.
4 3)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW ), j ar , g rey c ore.
4 4)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW ),
4 5-46)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW ), H untcliff-type, j ars, 4 th-century .
4 7)
G reyware, N orton?, j ar ,
3 rd-century .
4 8)
G reyware ,
3 rd/4th-century .
4 9)
G reyware , h andle.
5 0)
C rambeck , j ar ,
5 1)
C rambeck ,
5 2)
S axon ,
f langed-bowl,
c ooking-pot ,
o uter
d ark g rey o uter s urface
g rey s urfaces a nd d arker
c ooking-pot , b lack f abric. c ooking-pot,
d ark
b rown s urfaces a nd g rey
g rey o uter s urface
d ark g rey
d ark g rey-brown s urfaces a nd d ark
j ar, b lack f abric,
4 th-century .
f langed-bowl, 4 th-century .
c ooking-pot , b lack g ritty f abric.
4 1
a nd
3 rd/4th-century .
P late
3
B irdsall H igh B arn , t he
e xcavation
f oreground d er L ande.
l ooking e ast,
t renches
a cross
s howing t he t he
s ite.
l ayou t I n
o f t he
i s T rench J w ith i ts e xcavator M iss J oanna v an
42
S everal M ethod A f ieldwalkings o ver t he s ite p roduced a r elatively s ubstantial p ottery s catter i ncluding a n umber o f d rawable f ragments. L ike s o m any o f t hese W harram f armstead s ites, t he b ulk o f t his s urface a ssemblage c omprises f abrics a nd f orms c haracteristic o f t he 3 rd a nd 4 th c enturies. A s mall n umber o f s herds w ere i dentified i n S axon f abrics, i ncluding t he i llustrated c ooking-pot r im ( Fig . 1 7, N o. 5 2). T hese S axon v essels a re d ifficult t o d ate a ny m ore p recisely t han t o t he E arly o r M iddle S axon p eriod . S herds o f s amian w are r epresented s ome o f t he e arliest i dentifiable R oman v essels, a nd w ere p robably o f 2 nd-century d ate. A n umber o f h and-made c alciteg ritted s herds, s uch a s t he i llustrated c ooking-pot w ith t he s mall c lubbed r im ( Fig . 1 7, N o. 3 6), m ay b e o f am uch e arlier d ate, a lthough t hese t oo a re d ifficult t o d ate p recisely . T he i llustrated r im , N o. 3 6, c an p robably b e d ated t o t he 2 nd o r 1 st c entury B C, a lthough s uch f orms m ight h ave p ersisted i nto t he e arly R oman p eriod . E xcavation I ntroduction I n O ctober 1 985, t he o pportunity a rose t o c onduct a s eries o f e xploratory e xcavations o n t he s ite o f B irdsall B row f armstead . L ord M iddleton h ad k indly a greed t o ap roposal f or t rial e xcavations o n t he s ite p rior t o i ts p loughing i n t he s pring o f 1 986. T he a ims o f t hese e xcavations w ere t hreefold : t o s ample t he v arious p arts o f t he s ite r evealed b y t he 1 984 m agnetometer s urvey ; t o a ssess t he a rchaeological p otential o f t he s ite i n t erms o f i ts s urviving s tratification , s tructural f eatures, a nd a rtifact r emains, a nd t o s ee h ow w ell t he s urface s catter o f p ottery f rom f ieldwalking r epresented t he f ull s ettlement s equence o n t his s ite.
F ig.
1 8
S ite 2 , B irdsall H igh B arn F armstead , e xcavation t renches i n r elation t o t he s urvey .
43
l ocation o f m agnetometer
i i:
M ethod o f E xcavation
N o
f unds w ere a vailable f or e xcavation ,
p lanned t he
f rom t he 1 7th
A rchaeology
r esources w ere a s
s o a s ix d ay e xcavation was
- 2 2nd o f O ctober s taffed b y
D epartment
l imited ,
o f t he University
v olunteers
o f
f rom
B irmingham .
A s
i t was d ecided t o s ample a s much o f t he s ite
p ossible by u sing a s eries o f
' test-holes'
s imilar t o
t hose
u sed
t o e xplore t he t wo Wharram L e S treet v illa s ites ( Rahtz, H ayfield a nd B ateman , 1 986). C onsequently, a s eries o f e leven 3 x l m t renches, s et
3 m a part,
( Plate
3 );
was c ut a long a n e ast-west t ransect a cross
p roviding a t otal s ample o f 3 5sq.
D istance M easurer) t heodolite, a nd F ig . s uperimposed o n t he m agnetometer s urvey.
T he
s ite l m ,
m .
T he p osition o f t hese t renches was r ecorded u sing a n E DM
i ii:
t he
t wo o f t hese t renches w ere s ubsequently e xtended by
1 8 s hows
( Electronic
t heir
p osition
T he E xcavations e leven
m odern ,
t renches
d ark
b rown
( Fig .
1 8,
A -K)
e ach c ontained
p loughsoil c omprising a
matrix w ith a 1 0-15% c oarse C halk r ubble p ost-Roman
f ine
( < 3 0mm)
0 .2-0.25m
g rey-brown
c omponent.
o f l oam
A ll t he
a rtifacts r ecovered f rom t hese e xcavations w ere
c onfined
t o t his u ppermost l ayer. I mmediately b elow t he p loughsoil l ayer w as 9 0-100mm o f l ight o rangeb rown s ubsoil c omprising a C halk m atrix w ith 4 0-50% c oarse c omponents o f
f lint a nd C halk c hips t o a maximum s ize o f 5 0mm .
A ll
t he
f inds
f rom t his l ayer w ere o f R oman o r e arlier d ate. W here undisturbed b y a rchaeological f eatures, t his s ubsoil d irectly o verlay t he n atural. E ven
a cross
t his s hort s tretch o f C halk W old ,
t he
natural
varied
c onsiderably . I n s ome t renches ( K f or e xample) t here was a C halk n atural w ith a f airly a ngular s urface where i t had b een broken-up b y r ecent a gricultural a ctivity. E lsewhere ( trench A f or e xample), t his C halk s urface had a much m ore r ounded , w orn s urface a nd w as o verlain by a t hick, n atural, o range, p eriglacial c lay c ontaining 1 5-20% f lint c oarse c omponents r anging i n s ize u p t o 0 .15-0.20m . A s t he s ection o f t rench A d emonstrates, t his was a f ar f rom e ven t hreshold b etween t he natural c lay a nd C halk , t he C halk having b een c ut a nd w orn i nto a s eries o f i nterlaced h ollows a nd g ullies w hich w ere i nfilled w ith t he o range
c lay.
T his
f orm o f
' striped '
a ctivity d uring t he l ast I ce Age B y
way o f a n a cknowledgement,
i ncludes
( Ellis
s urface r esulted f rom
g lacial
1 981).
t he h eading f or e ach o f t he
t renches
t he n ame o f i ts e xcavator.
T rench A ( Colin H ayfield), B eyer) ( Fig. 1 9).
T rench B ( Dominic S helley),
T rench C ( Lisa
T hese t renches p roduced n o i dentifiable a rchaeological f eatures. p loughsoil
( A2,
B 2,
C 2),
t urn o verlay a g lacially-disturbed n atural s urface
( A3,
B 3,
was
( Al,
unfortunate,
B l, t o
C l)
o verlay t he s ubsoil
s ay t he l east,
manage s o n eatly t o m iss
t hat t renches B a nd
t he o uter e nclosure d itch
44
( Fig.
T he
which i n C 3). C
1 8).
I t
s hould
F ig .
1 9
S ite 2 , B ,
C ,
B irdsall H igh B arn F armstead ,
F a nd G .
45
t rench s ections A ,
T rench D ( Alisdair W alker) F ollowing
t he
( Fig .
2 0).
r emoval o f t he p loughsoil
( D1),
a d ark
b rown
s oil-
f illed f eature ( D4) w as r evealed c utting t hrough t he o range-brown s ubsoil i n t he w estern e nd o f t he t rench. T he t rench w as t herefore s ubsequently e xtended b y a f urther l m t o t he w est r evealing t he f eature t o b e a d itch o n a n orth-south a lignment ( Fig . 1 8). T his d itch p roved t o b e a pproximately 1 .2m w ide a t s ubsoil l evel, i ts ' U ' s haped p rofile d escending t o a d epth o f 0 .65m f rom t he b ottom o f t he s ubsoil ( Plate 4 ). I ts f ill c omprised a l oose d ark b rown s oil c ontaining l arge l umps o f f lint w ith a s imilar c oarse c omponent a ngular C halk b locks; i t c ontained o ver 7 0 f ragments o f b one a nd
o f 4 9
s herds o f p ottery o f t he 2 nd a nd 3 rd c enturies.
P late 4
B irdsall H igh B arn ,
T rench D .
S howing d itch D 4.
I n t he e ast e nd o f t he t rench a t hin 0 .15m w ide d ark b rown s oil s tain ( D3) w as d iscovered b elow t he s ubsoil, o verlying t he n atural. T he
n atural
s urface c omprised t he g lacial c lay ,
t he c leaned
d itch
s ection r evealing t his t o e xtend t o a d epth o f 0 .5 m o ver t he n atural C halk . F ig . 1 8 s hows t hat t his d itch w as o ne o f t he n orth-south s ubdivisions w ithin t he m ain e nclosure, i ts f ill p roducing s ome o f t he l atest d ated c eramics f ound f rom s tratified c ontexts w ithin t his s ite.
46
B I RDSALL
H I GH
NORT H
BARN EXC AVAT I ONS
FAC ING
SECT I ON
D1
0 4
Trench
n a tura l c loy
D
na tura l
cha lk
PL A N
NO RTH
FAC ING
SECT I ON
E 1 E2 unexcava ted)
Trench
E
PL AN lm
3m
2m
4m
Sect ion E L 0 E3
E7
G
1 3
0c
l e r 2 :5
b .
r oe
E4
F ig .
2 0
S ite
2 ,
B irdsall H igh B arn F armstead ,
a nd E .
47
t rench s ections D
T rench E ( Paul J effrey)
( Fig .
2 0).
T his w as t he o nly t rench t o r eveal s tructural f eatures. S ome 0 .2m o f p loughsoil ( El) o verlay a n o range-brown , f linty s ubsoil. S et i nto t his s ubsoil w as a s eries o f s mall s tone s ettings. T wo w ere r evealed i n t he o riginal 3 x l m t rench , t he f irst ( E3) c omprising s ix l arge p ieces o f C halk a nd t hree s maller o nes, s everal o f w hich w ere s et u pright. W ithin t his f ramework w ere t hree s lightly s maller, b urnt, C halk b locks, o ne r ounded , t he o ther f lat a nd r ectilinear, s et u pright a midst a d ark b rown l oose e arth f ill t hat c ontained f ragments o f c harcoal ( Plate 5 ). W hen t he s tones w ere r emoved , t hey w ere f ound t o h ave b een s et i nto a n e xcavated f eature s ome 0 .17m d eep f rom t he t op o f t he s ubsoil, t he C halk b locks b eing s et t o a m aximum d epth o f 0 .14m w ithin i t. T he s econd o f t hese f eatures ( E4) w as c ontained w ithin a r oughly c ircular, s teep-sided h ole s ome 0 .3m i n d iameter a nd 0 .18-0.20m d eep w ith a f lat b ottom . F eature E 4 c ontained a f ill o f d ark humic s oil a nd f lint f ragments; s et w ithin i t w ere t wo b locks ( 80 x 4 0 x 2 0mm) o f b urnt C halk a nd s everal f ragments o f c harcoal. A lso w ithin t he f ill o f E 4 w ere t wo s herds o f c alcite-gritted p ottery ( Fig .
2 2).
P late
A s
5
f urther
B irdsall H igh B arn,
T rench E .
S howing p ost e mplacement E 3.
s tone b locks w ere v isible i n t he w estern s ection o f
t he
t rench , i t w as e xtended b y a f urther l m i n o rder t o i nvestigate t hem . A t hird s uch f eature w as r evealed ( E5); t his h ad l ess o f a c oherent
48
s tructure t o i t t han t he p revious t wo a nd a ppeared t o h ave b een s et i nto a s imilar e xcavated h ole. L ike t he o ther s tone f eatures i n t his e xtension , i t w as r evealed , c leaned a nd p lanned but t ime d id n ot p ermit i ts f ull e xcavation . E 5 s eemed t o c ontain t he s ame t ype o f b urnt a nd u nburnt C halk b locks; h owever, s et w ithin t he c entre o f t hese w as a p acking o f s ticky , g reenish , c lay t o a d epth o f 0 .2m w hose c olour a nd c omposition c ontrasted w ith t he o range-brown , g lacially d erived c lay o f t he n atural s urface o f t his s ite. T wo o ther g roupings o f s tones w ere n oted i n t his e xtension , o ne p rotruding f rom t he s outhern b aulk ( E6) a nd t he o ther i n t he s outhw estern c orner ( E7). B oth E 6 a nd E 7 c omprised b urnt a nd u nburnt C halk b locks b ut t hey a ppeared t o l ack t he i dentifiable c ircular s tructure o f t he p revious f eatures. H owever, a ll t hese f eatures w ere l ocated i mmediately b elow t he l evel o f t he m odern p loughsoil a nd i t i s l ikely t hat a n umber o f t hese s tones l ay i n d isturbed p ositions a s a r esult o f m any y ears o f p loughing . E xcavation o f t his t rench w as n ot t aken b elow t he s urface o f t he s ubsoil. T hese f eatures p robably r epresent t imber p ost e mplacements, C halk b locks f orming p art o f t he p acking ; b urnt a nd u nburnt s tones s eemed d eliberate.
w ith t he
h owever, t he m ixture o f I n E 3 i n p articular, t he
u nburnt C halk s tones e ncircled t he b urnt o nes. a n i mported g reenish c lay a midst t he f ill o f
S imilarly , t he u se o f E 5 w as i nteresting .
T here w as n o i mmediately a pparent p attern t o t hese f eatures,
b ut t he
s mall s ize o f t he t rench a nd i ts o blique a ngle t o t he a lignment o f t he d itch s ystems m akes t his l ess s urprising . T he d eeply-cut f loor s urface o f t rench F l ay o nly s ome 2 m t o t he w est. T rench F ( Chris B rook)
( Fig .
1 9).
T he p loughsoil ( F1) e xtended t o a d epth o f a pproximately 0 .2m a nd o verlay a l ayer o f d ark b rown l oamy s oil w ith f ragments o f C halk b locks ( F3). I n t he e ast e nd o f t his t rench , a l oose, d ark b rown l oamy f ill ( F2) w as r evealed , w hich p roved t o b e t he s lumped u pper f ill o f a p ost-hole ( F4). T he t op o f l ayer F 3 s howed n o c ompaction o r a ny o ther s igns o f e ver h aving b een a s urface, b ut a gain m odern p loughing m ay h ave d isturbed t he t op o f t his l ayer. N evertheless, i ts f irmer c omposition a nd C halk c omponents e asily c ontrasted w ith t he f ill o f t he c ircular p ost-hole ( F4) w hich h ad a v ery l oose a nd c omparatively s tone-free d ark b rown e arth f ill. W hereas t he u pper e dges o f F 4 w ere c learly d efined a s t hey c ut t hrough F 3, i ts s ides b ecame l ess e asily d istinguishable, a nd i t b ecame a pparent t hat t he p ost-hole h ad b een c ut i nto a m uch l arger b ody o f f ill o f w hich l ayer F 3 was b ut t he u pper s urface. P ost-hole F 4 w as a bout 0 .27m i n d iameter a nd e xtended t o a d epth o f a bout 0 .33m , a lthough i t d ifficult t o b e a ccurate a bout i ts d epth a s i t w as c ut t hrough , b ackfilled w ith , a c omparatively l oose f ill. U nfortunately ,
w as a nd i t
c ontained n o d atable a rtifacts. C ontext l ayer F 3 w as e xcavated t o r eveal t hat i t w as m erely a s lightly m ore c ompacted a nd m ore s toney ' crust' t o a m uch m ore s ubstantial d epth o f l oose b rown-black e arth f ill ( F5) c ontaining o ccasional C halk b locks, s ome o f w hich w ere o f a s ubstantial s ize ( 0.2m > ). T his l ayer F 5 c ontinued t o a d epth o f a bout 0 .6m b elow s ubsoil l evel t o r eveal a w orn a nd c ompacted C halk s urface s et i nto
49
a n o range-yellow c lay ( Plate 6 ). T his s urface ( F6) w as f lat a nd e ven a nd c ompletely f illed t he e xtent o f t his 3 x l m e xcavation t rench . T he C halk b locks o f t his s urface r anged i n s ize f rom 0 .05-0.1m .
W hen
c leaned , t his s urface r evealed t races o f b urning , w ith a t hin p atch o f d ark g rey c lay a nd c harcoal p rotruding f rom t he s outhern s ection ( Fig . 1 9). T he l ower l evels o f f ill F 5, i mmediately o verlying t his s urface, p roduced a s mall g roup o f p ottery ( Fig . 2 3) a nd b one ( Fig . 2 2). S urface F 6 w as n ot d isturbed a nd r epresented t he l owest l evel o f e xcavation i n t his t rench .
50
T his
C halk
s howed
a nd c lay s urface was c learly o f a s ubstantial
s igns o f l ocalised burning
human a ctivity o n i t. s ome
0 .8m
b elow
w as t he
a nd o ther
I t i s a ll t he m ore r emarkable
t he t op o f t he p loughsoil,
n eighbouring t rench n atural
( hearths?)
( E),
j ust t wo m eters
s ize
a nd
e vidence
o f
f or i ts d epth a t
c onsidering
t o t he e ast,
t hat
i ts
r evealed
t he
C halk s urface j ust 0 .3m b elow t he p loughsoil.
T his s urface
t herefore d eliberately c ut a nd c onstructed s ome 0 .5-0.6m b elow s urrounding n atural; p resumably a s t he f loor o f a f airly
s ubstantial b elong t o f inal
s tructure. T he p ottery f rom i ts l owest f ill s eemed t o t he i st a nd 2 nd c enturies A D. H owever t he d ate o f i ts
f ill
i s
p robably
s omewhat l ater,
a s l ayer
F 3
g reyware s herd o f p resumably 2 nd o r 3 rd-century d ate. a fter t his
i nfilling o f F 5,
T rench G ( Roy K ing)
( Fig.
T he
l ayer
t opsoil
d irectly
( G1)
p ost-hole F 4 h ad b een c ut i nto
a
t ime
i t.
1 9). i n t his
t rench r anged
o verlay a n o range-brown g lacial c lay
t his natural
p roduced A t s ome
f rom
0 .2-0.3m
n atural
s urface had b een c ut a ' U'-shaped d itch
a nd
( G2).
( G4),
I nto
s urviving
t o a w idth o f 0 .5m a t t he t op o f n atural a nd a d epth o f 0 .3m f rom t he s ame.
T he d itch f ill
C halk
f ragments.
s ubstantial p ottery. a mongst o f u se
b one
( G3)
L ike
c omprised a b rown c lay a nd l oam w ith s mall t he
d itch
i n t rench
a ssemblage a nd a s mall
D ,
g roup
i t
o f
c ontained
T he l ack o f g reywares o r o ther i dentifiable
' Roman'
t his a ssemblage s uggested t hat t he d itch m ay have s omewhat e arlier t han t hat i n t rench D .
a ssemblages
w ere c omparatively s mall.
a
c alcite-gritted
H owever,
f abrics
f allen o ut
b oth p ottery
T hese f ew s herds o f
p ottery
f rom f ill G 3 c ould b elong t o t he i st o r 2 nd c entury A D. T his
d itch
f ormed o ne o f s everal s mall l inear f eatures r evealed
t he magnetometer s urvey
( Fig.
1 8).
I t was
by
l ess s ubstantial t han t he
e nclosure d itches s ampled b y t renches D a nd J ,
a nd s hould p robably b e
s een a s r elating m ore c losely t o t he s tructural a nd d omestic f eatures e ncountered i n t renches E a nd F . T renches H a nd I ( Jo S harples a nd Angela S haw)
( Fig.
2 1)
N either
t rench c ontained a ny a rchaeologically i dentifiable
w ith
0 .2m d epth o f p loughsoil
a
b rown c lay n atural t he
natural
f eatures
a t
( H2 a nd 1 2).
( J1)
( Fig.
o f
1 .25m
a l arge d itch
b elow
b ottom .
T he
t he
o verlay a n o range-brown
w ith
( Plate 7 )
a rchaeological
w ithout
w idth o f t he d itch e xposed was i t s uggests
T he f ill o f t his d itch o ccasional
b locks
w estern d epth
e ncountering
1 .60m a nd a s
o f i ts
t he b ottom i n
e xcess
c omprised a l oose d ark b rown l oam
o f C halk a nd
i n f requency t owards
T hese
C halk
t he l ower p arts o f t he
f lint.
d itch
b locks
i ncreased
f ill.
T he s ides o f t he d itch r evealed t he n atural h ere t o
5 1
n atural.
t he
t hat i ts f ull w idth was
( J3)
( < 0 .3m)
c lay
t rench was
which was e xcavated t o a
s urface o f t he n atural
h ad n ot b een r eached , o f 3 m .
o range-
d isturbing
2 1)
i nto t he n atural a t t he e ast e nd o f t his
e dge
a ny
f eatures
a nd
A s m odern p loughing w as
t his p oint i t i s p ossible t hat
0 .2m l ayer o f t opsoil
C ut
o verlying
i n t his a rea had a lready b een d estroyed .
T rench J ( Joanna v an d er L ande) A
( H1 a nd I I)
c omprise
Z 4 J
a .
Trench K
Trench I
E ——
B I R DSALL
NORT H
H I GH
FAC I N G SECT I ONS
BARN EXCAVAT I ONS
l i l
F ig .
2 1
.
S ite 2 , B irdsall H igh B arn F armstead , I , J a nd K .
52
t rench s ections H ,
P late 7
s ome
B irdsall H igh B arn ,
T rench J .
S howing e nclosure d itch J 3.
0 .12m o f o range c lay a bove t he c halk .
A s ubstantial g roup
p ottery w as r ecovered f rom t his d itch f ill w hose f abrics b elonged t o t he 1 st o r 2 nd c enturies A D.
l atest
o f
d atable
T he m agnetometer s urvey s hows t his t o h ave b een o ne o f t he p rincipal s ubdivisions o f t he m ain e nclosure. T rench K ( Andy B riggs) T his
( Fig.
2 1)
was a nother a rchaeologically b lank t rench w hose 0 .18m d epth
o f
p loughsoil ( K1) d irectly o verlay a C halk n atural ( K2). M odern p loughing w as c learly d isturbing t he s urface o f t he n atural C halk .
53
i v:
F inds A ssemblage
F ig .
2 2
s ummarises
t he
f inds
a ssemblage
r ecovered
f rom
t hese
e xcavations. O f t he various c ategories o f f inds, t he p ottery a nd t he a nimal b one w ere t he m ost i mportant. A p ottery r eport i s i ncluded b elow , but a t t he t ime o f w riting , l ack o f f inance has p recluded t he p reparation o f a r eport o n t he a nimal b ones.
. F , r t 1
2 1
I l
6
8
. ° 4 4 . 1
2 ‘ . : 8 .
c t
Ü
g i " : " .
El '
2
2
, 8
1 . .
,. .-
Al
1
1
A2
2
3
BI
3
B2
1
CI
3
2
1 2
DI
.
. ` , " . ,
t n
. 1 ,
. 2 1 !
Y . , 2 .
. i . , ö
1
1
1
1 l c
1
1
3
2
7
l c
1
D2
1 i
1
2
1
1
C2
, , , ,I ,
e W I '
2
1 3
4
03 04
4 9
1
E1
1
12
1
7 0
2 2
E3
1
1
1
E4
2
E5
' 4
FZ ) F1
5
F2
9
F3
l oomweight 1
2
8
1
2
•
1
F4
1
F5
1 4
1
2 1 7
1
GI 02
4
03
a
Il
1
JO
9
JI
5
32
2
33 £1
l c
1
8 5
1
5 7
3
1
W orked1bone
Is
1 1 2 1 ?
4
5 8
1 9
2
2
12
1
1 1
1
F ig .
2 2
S ite 2 , B irdsall H igh B arn F armstead , f inds a ssemblage.
t abulated e xcavation
M etals C opper-alloy Only
o ne
f ragment o f c opper-alloy was r ecorded ,
o bject f rom d itch D 4.
54
a n
unidentifiable
I ron M ost o f t he s tratified f ragments o f i ron w ere n ails, f rom s ubsoil
( A2 x I ,
B 2 x 1 ,
D 2 x 4 i ncluding o ne
m ostly d eriving l arge n ail h ead).
D itch D 4 p roduced o ne n ail a nd a f ragment o f a k nife b lade. P ottery R eport
AI
1
A2
2
a1
1
1
Crambeck
Wares Black
x o
Reduced
v c u t n — I , 0
Whi te
Samian
Wheel-made
Wares
t he p ottery a ssemblage by f abric t ype a nd c ontext.
Calci te- Gri tted
l ists
Hand- made
2 3
Calcite- Gritted
Context
F ig .
0 e c n
1
B2
1
CI
1
C2
3
3
1
D1
4
1
1
D2
5
D4
2
1
3
2 1
El
1
2
2 7
1
E2
1 2
E4 FED
1
3
F1
2
1
2 1
F2
5
2
F3
1
1
1 4
F5 G2
4
G3
8
I1 _
1 6
JO J1
2
1
1
J2
4
2
J3
8 1
1
1
2
3
0
F ig.
2 3
S ite
2 ,
B irdsall H igh B arn F armstead,
p ottery a ssemblage.
55
t abulated e xcavated
1
5 3
5 4
5 5
5 6
5 7
6 0 6 4 6 1
6 2
6 3
6 5
6 7
6 6 5 0 mm
6 9
6 8 I—
7 0
I 7 3
7 1 7 4
M IS
7 2
7 5
F ig .
2 4
S ite 2 , B irdsall e xcavated p ottery .
H igh
5 6
B arn
F armstead ,
i llustrated
I llustrated P ottery ( Fig .
2 4,
N os.
5 3-76).
T rench D 5 3)
D 2
G reyware j ar r im .
5 4)
D 4
C alcite-gritted ,
c ooking-pot
5 5)
D 4
C alcite-gritted ,
c ooking-pot
5 6)
D 4
C alcite-gritted ,
c ooking-pot
5 7)
D 4
O xidised w are,
5 8)
D 4
G reyware, j ar r im .
5 9)
D 4
G reyware, h andled j ar.
b owl b ase.
T rench F 6 0)
F +
C rambeck , b owl,
6 1)
F l
G reyware, j ar.
6 2)
F l
C rambeck ,
6 3)
F 2
C alcite-gritted ,
c ooking-pot.
6 4)
F 5
C alcite-gritted ,
c ooking-pot.
6 5)
F 5
C alcite-gritted ,
c ooking-pot.
4 th-century .
f langed b owl,
4 th-century .
T rench G 6 6)
G 2
C alcite-gritted ,
c ooking-pot.
6 7)
G 3
C alcite-gritted ,
c ooking-pot.
T rench J
v :
6 8)
J +
G reyware,
d ish .
6 9)
J l
C alcite-gritted ,
c ooking-pot.
7 0)
J 3
C alcite-gritted ,
c ooking-pot.
7 1)
J 3
C alcite-gritted ,
c ooking-pot.
7 2)
J 3
C alcite-gritted ,
c ooking-pot.
7 3)
J 3
C alcite-gritted ,
c ooking-pot.
7 4)
J 3
C alcite-gritted ,
c ooking-pot.
7 5)
J 3
C alcite-gritted ,
l arge c ooking-pot.
7 6)
J 3
O xidised o range f abric,
f lagon h andle.
D iscussion o f t he E xcavations
C learly s uch a l imited s eries o f e xcavations p recludes a f ull i nterpretation o f t his s ite, b ut i t h as p rovided s ome i nteresting i nformation a nd s uggests t hat m ore e xtensive e xcavation o n t his s ite w ould b e r ewarding .
57
T he t hree s ections o f d itch s ampled w ould s eem t o b elong t o t he e nclosure c omplex ( Fig. 1 8). T he p ottery a ssociated w ith t he f ills f rom t he d itches A D
i n t renches J a nd G b elonged t o t he
1 -2nd
c enturies
a nd t hat f rom t he d itch i n t rench D t o t he 2 nd-3rd c enturies
S uch
A D .
r esults w arn t hat t he p icture o f t he e nclosure c omplex p rovided
by t he magnetometer c ould r epresent a n a malgam o f s everal p hases o f d itch c utting. I t a lso s uggests t hat t he p rincipal e lements o f t his e nclosure c omplex h ad b een c ut e ither v ery e arly i n t he R oman ( 1st
c entury
A D),
o r,
m ore
l ikely,
i n t he p re-Roman
C ertainly s ome o f t he p ottery f orms f rom t he f ieldwalking b elonged
t o t he p re-Roman p eriod .
' sunken f loor' H owever, B oth
Age.
a ssemblage
T he p ottery a ssociated w ith
t he
i n t rench F a lso b elonged t o t he l st-2nd c enturies A D.
t he p ost s ettings o f t rench E w ere m ore d ifficult t o d ate.
t he
e vidence
p loughsoil a nd f ieldwalking p ottery o f
4 th-century a ctivity,
a rchaeological C learly, l ater)
p eriod
I ron
f eatures
h owever,
c ontained
a lthough n one o f
o r
P loughing
c ontinues
t hey
c ould b e a ssociated w ith s o l ate a
h ave
a lready b een l ost t o
t o e rode t he s urviving
p eriod .
e ncounter
m odern
o f
e xcavated
t he s ite was o ccupied d uring t he 4 th c entury
a nd e ither t he e xcavated t renches f ailed t o
d eposits,
p lenty
t he
( and t hese
a griculture.
a rchaeological
d eposits
a nd m ost o f t he r emaining a rchaeological f eatures a re t hose c ut i nto t he n atural; a lthough t he s urviving p ost s ettings o f t rench E a re a n i ndication t hat p ockets o f s tratigraphy m ay r emain . I t was e ncouraging
t hat t he e xcavated d itches c ontained c omparatively l arge
q uantities o f a rtifacts, a nd t his s uggests t hat e xcavations w ould b e l ikely t o e ncounter b one a nd
m ore e xtensive p ottery g roups
w hich m ight a dd s ubstantially t o o ur knowledge o f t he l ocal o f t hese s mall f armstead s ites. S hould t his s ite s ee f urther, t est-holes a lready d ug a re e xcavations. t hese
s mall
m ore e xtensive, e xcavation , t he s mall unlikely t o hamper o r h inder s uch
I f n o f urther i nvestigations
t ake p lace,
t renches have a dded c onsiderably t o o ur
understanding o f t his
e conomy
t hen a t l east knowledge
a nd
f armstead .
D iscussion o f t he S ite a s a W hole T his
w ould
a ppear t o have b een a f armstead s ite o ccupied
l ater I ron Age t o t he E arly/Middle S axon p eriod , Many
o ther
f armsteads
i n t he Wharram a rea,
f rom
t he
s ome 6 00-700 y ears.
u sually t hose w ith
t he
l argest a ssemblages o f f ieldwalking p ottery, s how i ndications o f s imilarly l ong o ccupation . N evertheless, i t c annot b e c ertain t hat t he p resent a ssemblage f ully r epresents t he d uration o f s ettlement o n t his s ite; e xcavation h as s uggested t hat e arlier l evels m ay r emain undisturbed p hases
o f
b y
t he p lough a nd ,
c onversely,
t hat t he
o ccupation m aterial may a lready have
b een
v ery
l atest
d estroyed
b y
s ubsequent c enturies o f a griculture. T he s quare p lan o f t his e nclosure a s r evealed by m agnetometer s urvey, a nd
i ts p ossible p arallels w ith t he g eneral f ormat o f t he t wo
e nclosures, t hem .
i mplies
s ome
v illa
f orm o f m orphological r elationship b etween
S uch a r elationship m ay a lso h ave b een c hronological,
58
s ocial,
o r e conomic, s ystem
a t
o r a c ombination o f t hese. Wharram
G range
e xcavation t renches, 2 nd
a nd
T his
by
s everal
o f
t he
a nd w ere g enerally f ound t o c ontain p ottery
3 rd-century d ate,
m aterial,
T he d itches o f t he e nclosure
v illa w ere s ampled
a lthough s everal a lso
i ncluded
o f
e arlier
s uggesting t hat s uch f eatures m ay b elong t o s everal p hases.
i nterpretation
i s
s upported by t he e xcavation o f
s everal
t hese d itches b oth a t Wharram G range v illa a nd h ere a t B irdsall
o f H igh
B arn . I t
was
n oted i n t he
m odern
h edgerow
s tage
by
a
i ntroductory d escription o f t his
f ollowed a n a ncient a lignment
bank
a nd
d itch l inear
e ntrenchment
p rehistoric
e arthworks
W olds.
w ill b e s een i n t he e nsuing a ccount,
A s
L adder w ith
s ystem
t hat w ere o nce s o c ommon
t ypical o n
t he
o ne
o f
t he
Y orkshire
t he B irdsall
i s m ore c learly a ligned a long t his
m odern
T he e nclosures o f t his
s lightly
d ifferent
f armstead ,
a ngle t o t he
h owever,
B row
b oundary ,
b oundary.
w ould
I ndeed ,
s eem a lmost t o have b een p ositioned a cross
t he p resent b oundary . t he
c ombines e ither p eriod ; p eriod,
a lignment t o
T his p resents
s everal
o f B irdsall B row L adder,
which
s eems
t he i t
t he d irect p ath
o f
p roblems, a nd
p rincipally
o ther t his
i n , o r was a lready e stablished by, i s a f armstead s ite, f ully s panning
d ifferent a lignment.
g iven
f armstead ,
i nsist t hat t he a lignment r epresented by
o riginated y et h ere
t he
w ere a ligned o n
d ifficulty o f e stablishing t he e astern b oundary o f t he
t hat
t he
a t
t he e nclosure d itches o f t he l adder s et a t r ight-angles t o
b oundary. a
s ite t hat
r epresented
e vidence, h edgerow t he t he
R oman R oman
t o have b een d eliberately l aid o ut o n a
q uite
A t p resent,
t he p roblem t o b e p osed,
t he a vailable e vidence o nly a llows
n ot r esolved .
T wo c haracteristics o f t his f armstead's s iting a re c ommon t o m any o f t he R oman s ites i n t he Wharram a rea: i t l ies c lose t o a ' medieval' t ownship b oundary ,
a nd c lose t o a m ajor t rackway.
59
B ) 3 : B IRDSALL BR O W LADDER B irdsall t ownship,
c entre S E 8 47647
( Field 1 48).
I ntroduction a nd T opography A
l inear
l adder
o f
e nclosures a ligned a long
B irdsall t ownship b oundary was o f T ony P acitto D avid's a nd
( Plate 8 ),
a nd w as l ater,
m agnetometer s urvey
w ould
e nclosures s ection
( Fig .
O ffice,
s ampled b y A ndrew
T his l adder l inks u p w ith,
s eem t o b e a n i ntegral p art o f,
2 5
S ite 3 ,
B irdsall B row L adder S ystem ,
w old t op o f B irdsall B row .
t here
i n 1 984,
2 5).
P ercy/
p hotographs
t he
w estern
i n F ield 5 which a re c onsidered i n m ore d etail
L ike B irdsall H igh B arn f armstead ,
marked
Wharram
s eries
o f
i n t he n ext
( Wharram G range C rossroads C omplex).
F ig .
t he
t he
f irst r evealed by t he a ir
i s
t his
l ocation p lan .
l adder a lignment l ies
a g entle d ip t o t he n orth-east.
a s
t he
M 21),
a lignment o f a t rackway a nd F ig .
a long
A lthough g enerally o n l evel g round,
1 0 s hows
T he h edgerow i n
1 836
w as
s till
( Birdsall
E state
t hat t he t rack f ormed p art o f what
o nce must have b een a major r outeway f rom D uggleby a nd t he G reat W old Valley
i n
s outh-west,
t he
n orth-east,
passing
h eading i n a m ore o r l ess
t hrough
Wharram L e S treet,
d irect
a long t he
t op
l ine o f
B irdsall B row t o A ldro, a d istance o f o ver 1 0km. A s a r outeway , t his a rguably r epresents o ne o f t he m ore a ncient l andscape f eatures i n t his p art o f t he W olds. a long
T he c lustering o f s everal B ronze Age b arrows
i ts w estern e xtent,
a nd t he s urviving s egments
d itch e arthworks a long i ts a lignment, t han t he R oman p eriod .
60
a ll
o f
b ank-and-
i mply a n o rigin f ar e arlier
P late
8
B irdsall B row L adder. l eft o f p hotograph
L ooking s outh w ith F ield 5 i n b ottom
( A .L .
P acitto,
R ef .
T P 1 36
4).
F ig . 2 5 s hows t he p rincipal f eatures o f t his l adder s ystem , t he l ines w ithin t he g rid i ndicate t hose f eatures r evealed b y t he m agnetometer s urvey, w hilst t he l ines b etween r epresent t he c ropmarks f rom T ony P acitto's s eries o f o blique a ir p hotographs. T his f igure d emonstrates t he c lose l inear r elationship b etween t hese e nclosures a nd t he t ownship b oundary , w ith m ost o f t he r ungs o f t he l adder a pparently s et a t r ight-angles E xcept t race
t o i t .
p erhaps a t t he w esternmost e nd o f t he l adder, t here i s n o o f a p arallel d ouble-ditched t rackway t hat i s u sually
a ssociated w ith s uch f eatures i n t he W harram a rea , a lthough o ne c an b e s een i n F ield 5 i n t he e astern p art o f t his l adder ( Fig . 2 6C). I t w ould b e s urprising i f t here w as n ot a c ontemporary t rackway a ssociated w ith t hese e nclosures a nd t he f armstead s ites a t e ither e nd . I t m ay b e t hat t his w as a lready s uch a n o ld a nd t rackway t hat t here w as n ot t he n eed t o g ive i t f ormal
6 1
e stablished d elineation
w ith
d itches.
l adder
a nd
I ndeed ,
t he r outeway. a lthough
t he
unenclosed s trip o f l and
t he m odern h edgerow m ay r epresent t he
O ther s upposed p rehistoric r outeways
s eemingly
i n u se d uring t he R oman
b etween
' public s pace'
t he o f
i n t he v icinity ,
p eriod,
a lso
s how
n o
c an
b e
c ropmark f eatures. T hose
a reas
o f t he l adder c overed by t he m agnetometer g rid
s een t o e ncompass a s eries o f e nclosures a nd , a lthough t here a re s ome g aps i n t he d itches o f s everal o f t he s ubdivisions, t here a re c uriously n o g aps i nto t he m ain e nclosures t hemselves ( Fig . 2 5). S everal p it-like f eatures w ere r evealed , but n o t race o f s tructures.
F ield S catter B oth
o f
t he m odern f ields
t hat n ow i ncorporate t his
have b een f ieldwalked o n s everal o ccasions, y ield
a ny
but h ave
R omano-British a rtifact material.
T his
l adder
s ystem
s o f ar f ailed t o i s a ll t he
m ore
s ignificant b ecause o f t he p roliferation o f s urface f inds a long t his w old t op, b oth t o t he s outh-west a t t he B irdsall H igh B arn f armstead , a nd t o t he n orth-west a t t he Wharram G range C rossroads c omplex . r easons
f or t he d iscrepancy a re
T he
t herefore l ikely t o b e a rchaeological
r ather t han a gricultural. D iscussion H ad
t here
L adder
e ver b een a ny o ccupation s ites w ithin t his B irdsall
s ystem ,
I nstead,
t he
a
f ield s catter w ould s urely
a bsence o f a rtifacts t here
t hey s mall unmanured a rable T he
l ack
F ield s ystems d ate. b een
s ystems
f or t heir f unction .
W ere
f ields o r s tock e nclosures? f rom t hese
t hat t hey a re e ssentially undated .
s ystems
B row
e xpected .
L ike t he o ther l adder
i s n o e vidence
o f a ny a ssociated a rtifact s catters
a lso m eans
b een
i mplies t hat t hese e nclosures m ay
have s erved a n a gricultural purpose. i n t he Wharram a rea,
have
p ass a cross n ot o nly t his,
i n t he Wharram a rea,
e nclosures
A s t he m edieval
but a ll t he o ther
t hey must c learly b e
o f
O pen l adder
p re-medieval
T he r outeway o n which t he B irdsall B row L adder a ppears t o have a ligned was a lmost c ertainly i n e xistence
p eriod ,
p ossibly
a s e arly a s
t he B ronze A ge
l ong b efore t he R oman
( Mortimer
1 906).
T he
l adder s ystem l ies b etween t wo f armstead s ites, a lthough t he a lignment o f b oth f armsteads d iffers s lightly f rom t hat o f t he l adder i tself ( Figs. 1 6, 2 5 a nd 2 6). S ettlement o n b oth o f t he f armstead s ites
c an
b e
d emonstrated N evertheless, s urrounding
t raced
b ack
t o t he
I ron
Age,
whether t hey p re-date o r p ost-date B irdsall R oman
B row
L adder
f its
but t he
i t
c annot
l adder
c onvincingly
i nto
l andscape a nd i t w ould s eem r easonable t o
t hat i t was i n e xistence b y t he e nd o f t he R oman p eriod . h owever, r emains u nknown .
62
b e
i tself . t he
a ssume
I ts o rigin ,
B ) 4 : WHARRAM GRANGE CROSSROADS COMPLEX W harram L e S treet t ownship,
S E 8 52651
( Fields 5 ,
1 6A a nd 9 6).
I ntroduction V irtually t he w hole a rea o f t he w old t op f rom Wharram G range v illa i n t he n orth t o W harram P ercy m edieval v illage s ite i n t he s outh p roduces s catters o f R oman a nd S axon p ottery f rom t he p loughsoil. F or much o f t his a rea s uch s catters a re s parse a nd p robably a gricultural i n o rigin . H owever, i n p articular a reas t he s catters a re much h eavier, m ore c lustered , a nd o ften w ith a s pecific c eramic c haracter. T hese p ottery s catters w ere c ollected b y , a nd a re a ssessed b y , t he m odern f ield u nits. F IELD 1 6A ,
I RON A GE S ITE
I ntroduction a nd T opography T his p ottery s catter h ad a m ore r estricted s patial d istribution a ny
o ther
y et d iscovered i n t he W harram a rea .
I t d erived f rom
t han a n
a rea a pproximately 5 m x 4 0m i mmediately a gainst t he r oadside v erge a t t he n orthernmost e nd o f F ield 1 6 ( Fig . 2 6, F l6A). I mmediately a cross t he r oad t o t he n orth l ies t he c ropmark f armstead o f F ield 9 6 ( Fig . 2 6B). N o c ropmark e xists f or t his s catter o f p ottery i n F ield 1 6, a nd o nly t he d istinctive c haracter o f t he p ottery i tself p rovides a ny c lue a s t o i ts a ge a nd o rigin .
F ig .
2 6
S ite 4 , W harram G range C rossroads S ite, l ocation ( Fields 5 , 1 6 a nd 9 6), s howing m agnetometer t races.
63
p lan
F ield S catter F ield 1 6A
W .Grange C rossroads
D espite
1
T here a re a f ew s mall,
unequally,
s uch s herds a re
f ound i n s imilar c ondition a nd i n s imilar q uantities
whole o f F ield 1 6 bulk
o f
i t has
s o
i nto t wo t ypes.
h eavily w orn s herds o f g eneral R oman c haracter
d eriving i n t he m ain f rom H untcliff-type v essels; b e
3
t he r elatively s mall s ize o f t his p ottery s catter,
f ar p roduced o ver 1 40 s herds w hich d ivide,
c )
D < 0
LAVA QUERN
u )
SAX ON
CRA MBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SA M 1AN
MORTAR IA
CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CG W ) 11
AMPHORA
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CGH) 1 31
1
6
I MBR ICES
B U IM LD AT I N EG R IALS
POTTERY TYPES
TEGULAE
S ITE NAME
TESSERAE
1 6a
F IELD No .
( Fig.
5 7B),
t his a ssemblage,
c alcite-gritted f abrics.
t o
a cross
t he
a nd p robably d erive f rom m anuring .
T he
h owever,
c omprises h and-made v essels
M any s herds a re l arge,
i n
unabraded a nd f resh
i n a ppearance; a number n ot o nly c learly b elong t o t he s ame v essels, but f orm f itting f ragments. T heir p roximity t o t he r oadside v erge i s i nteresting, i tself s eem
a s t hat
d eposited, v essels.
s uggesting t hat t he p ottery w as d isturbed f rom t he verge t he p lough g radually e ncroached i nto i t. many
o f t hese s herds w ere q uite
p ossibly I n
t his
e ven
d eriving f rom t he
r espect,
i t i s
l arge
I t w ould when
d isturbance
i nteresting t hat t he
c ontained a r elatively h igh p roportion o f r im s herds
a lso
o riginally t o
whole
a ssemblage
i n c omparison t o
t he number o f base a nd l ower b ody s herds.
8 2
8 0
8 3 8 5
F ig.
2 7
8 4
S ite 4 ,
F ield 1 6,
i llustrated p ottery.
6 4
2
I llustrated v essels 7 7)
( Fig.
C alcite-gritted
2 7,
N os.
( CGH),
7 7-86).
c ooking-pot,
b lack o uter s urface,
g rey
c ore a nd o range-brown i nner s urface. 7 8)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, b lack c ore a nd i nner s urface.
b rown
o uter
s urface,
7 9)
C alcite-gritted
o range o uter
s urface,
( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
g rey-brown c ore a nd b rown i nner s urface. 8 0)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
b rown s urfaces a nd d ark
g rey c ore. 8 1)
C alcite-gritted
( CGH),
s urface a nd c ore,
c ooking-pot,
8 2)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, g rey-brown c ore a nd i nner s urface.
8 3)
C alcite-gritted o uter s urface,
d ark g rey-brown
o uter
b rown i nner s urface.
( CGH),
d ark b rown o uter s urface,
c ooking-pot,
p atchy d ark
g rey/brown
d ark g rey c ore a nd i nner s urface.
8 4)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, d ark b rown o uter s urface, d ark g rey/brown c ore a nd i nner s urface.
8 5)
C alcite-gritted s urface,
8 6)
( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
l ight g rey-brown o uter
b lack c ore a nd i nner s urface.
C alcite-gritted
( CGH),
h andle,
l ight b rown s urfaces a nd g rey
c ore. A lthough t he h andle i tself w as r ectilinear i n s ection , i ts u pper p lug a ttachment w as c ircular.
I f
t he
s maller,
a braded s herds c an b e d ismissed a s
a ssemblage o f l arger, t o c ontain n o ' Roman ' o f I ron Age d ate,
m anuring,
t his
m ore f reshly d isturbed m aterial m ay b e o bserved m aterial. T he f orms t hemselves s uggest v essels
a nd i ndeed,
t he l ack o f r ecognisable R oman f abrics
w ould s uggest t hat t hey b elong t o t he p re-Roman I ron Age,
p erhaps
t o
t he 2 nd-lst C enturies B C. T he c ontrast b etween t his g roup o f v essels a nd t hose f rom F ield 9 6, o nly s ome 1 0m t o t he n orth, i s r emarkable. D iscussion I t
s eems
a ctivity, B ritish
r easonable f armstead
c oincidence. a s
t o
a ssociate t his
a nd i n t his r espect, s ite
i ts
m aterial
w ith
s ettlement
i mmediate p roximity t o t he R omano-
i n F ield 9 6
t o t he
n orth
i s
p robably
S everal o ther f armstead s ite p ottery a ssemblages,
B irdsall H igh B arn ,
o r T unnel T op,
i nclude I ron Age p ottery
a ddition
t o
p ossible
t hat t his I ron Age p ottery r epresents a f ore-runner t o
F ield
f armstead ,
9 6
t he m ore c ommon 3 rd a nd 4 th-century p erhaps
t he c entre o f s ettlement, F IELD 9 6,
material.
i ndicating a s light n orthwards
I t
n o s uch i n i s t he
s hift i n
a R oman r eplanning p ossibly?
R OMANO-BRITISH F ARMSTEAD
I ntroduction a nd T opography T his
f armstead s ite w as d iscovered b y f ieldwalking,
p hotography ,
a nd l ater by magnetometer.
I t l ies
c onfirmed by a ir i n t he
n orth-east
q uadrant o f a m odern c rossroads ( Fig. 2 6, F 96B) a t a h eight o f 1 50m O D w ith t he l and d ipping g ently t o t he n orth-east. T wo s prings, a t
65
a bout 1 25m O D, l ie s ome 2 50m a way t o t he n orth-west a nd e ast r espectively . N atural w ater s upplies w ere t herefore n ot p articularly c lose t o h and , b ut w ere p robably n ot a p rohibitive d istance a way . I t w ould s eem t hat t his f armstead l ay a t a r oad j unction i n R oman t imes a s i t d oes t oday , t he s outhern r oad l eading d irectly t o W harram P ercy v illage, a lthough s urviving n ow o nly a s a c ropmark ( Plate 2 0). C ropmarks a nd M agnetometer
P late 9
W harram
G range
s howing
t he F ield 9 6 f armstead e nclosure
p icture
( A .L .
C rossroads
P acitto,
R ef .
C omplex . T P 1 36
L ooking
n orth
a nd
i n c entre o f t he
3).
T he c ropmarks c an b e s een o n P late 9 , t he m agnetometer s urvey o n F ig . 7 , w ith t he t wo c ombined o n F ig . 2 6. T hey s how t he f armstead a s b eing r epresented b y a r ectilinear e nclosure, s ubdivided i nto s everal u nits e ach c ontaining t races o f p its a nd m inor d itch f eatures. T he c ropmark p lot s uggests t hat t he e nclosures o f t his f armstead n either a lign w ith , n or f orm a ny i ntegral p art, o f t he e nclosures t o t he w est o f t he p resent r oadway i n F ield 5 ( Fig . 2 6, F 5E). T his n eed n ot i mply t hat t hey c ould n ot h ave b een c ontemporary w ith o r t hat t hey w ere n ot p art o f t he s ame f armstead c omplex , o nly t hat t hey w ere n ot
66
d irectly t ogether. have
l inked a nd t hat t hey d o n ot a ppear t o have b een p lanned T he p resent c ourse o f t his n orth-south r oad must t herefore
e ffectively
e nclosure
d elimited
t he w estern e xtent
o f
t his
f armstead
i n t he R oman p eriod .
F ield S catter
W .Grange C rossroads BU ILD ING MATER IALS
c o
m < 0
. LAVA QUERN
CRAMBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CG W)
1 CALC ITE-
,
5 3
1 628 3 37
d ( / )
NOXVS
' GR ITTED ( CGH)
POTTERY TYPES
I MBR ICES
S ITE NAME
TEGULAE
96
TESSERAE
F IELD No .
I
6 26123 5 58 7
1
T he t able a bove s ummarises t he c eramic e vidence f rom t his f armstead , w hilst F ig . 2 8, N os. 8 7-117 r epresent b oth i ts r ange o f f abrics a nd i ts c hronological r ange. t he
t hen
F ield 9 6 w as u sed i n July 1 975
n ewly d evised M ethod G g ridwalking t echnique
t o t est o ut a t
Wharram .
S ome 6 0 s quares, e ach o f 1 00 s q.m ., w ere w alked p roducing 1 ,217 R omano-British p ottery s herds, a veraging 0 .2 s herds p er s quare m etre. T he
r esulting
d ensity
d istributions a re
s hown
i n
F ig .
2 9.
I t
d emonstrates a m arked c lustering o f p ottery b oth within , a nd i mmediately s urrounding t he e nclosure. W ithin t he f ieldwalking g rid , a
d ense n orth-south r ectilinear s catter o f burnt d aub was d iscovered
( Fig. 2 9D), a lthough o nly t he l arger p ieces w ere c ollected , t hese c omprised s ome 1 ,033 f ragments f rom a s catter s ome 1 0-12m l ong a nd 8 m w ide. I llustrated V essels 8 7)
( Fig .
2 8,
N os.
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
8 7-117) c ooking-pot,
g rey f abric,
Knapton-
t ype? 8 8)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
b rown f abric.
8 9)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ore.
h andled j ar,
b rown s urfaces a nd g rey
9 0)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
b owl/lid?,
g rey/brown s urfaces a nd
g rey c ore. 9 1)
C alcite-gritted
( CGH),
b owl,
9 2)
C alcite-gritted
9 3)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
b owl,
g rey f abric.
9 4)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
b owl,
g rey f abric.
9 5)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ore.
b owl,
d ark g rey s urfaces a nd l ighter
( CGH), b owl, c ore, b rown i nner s urface.
6 7
b rown s urfaces a nd g rey c ore. g rey/brown o uter s urface a nd
87
7
-
9 1
88 9 2
1
93 89 94
9 5
5 0 Mm
9 6
98 99 1 02
dll
1 00
t
-
1 03
- 1
1 01
1 04 %1L4 1 06
1 05
1 07 1 1 08 1 1 09
1 , 1 . „ ,
7
2
1 14
1
7
1 15
1 17 1 12 F ig .
2 8
S ite 4 ,
F ield 9 6,
i llustrated p ottery .
9 6)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), b owl,
9 7)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), d ark g rey c ore.
l id h andle,
9 8-103)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
H untcliff-type j ars,
1 04)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
c ooking-pot , b lack f abric.
1 05)
C olour C oated ,
N ene V alley?,
1 06)
C rucible?,
b eaker,
s oapy t exture,
g rey-brown f abric. l ight b rown s urfaces a nd
4 th-century
3 rd-century.
d ark b rown o uter s urface, b lack
c ore a nd o range i nner s urface. 1 07)
B lackware,
j ar base.
1 08-110)
G reyware,
j ars.
1 11)
G reyware,
s mall j ar o r b eaker,
68
N orton?,
2 nd/3rd-century .
1 12) 1 13)
G reyware,
d ish .
C rambeck ,
j ar
w all,
h andle
f ormed f rom p inching o ut
t he
b ody
4 th-century.
1 14)
C rambeck ,
j ar,
4 th-century .
1 15-116)
C rambeck ,
f langed b owls,
1 17)
C rambeck ,
b owl,
4 th-century .
4 th-century.
0
0
0
c o L O • o A . 0 I I I I I N .0 C O O • N M
• • • 0 •
Wharram G range C rossroads , F ie ld 96 , Me thod C F ie ldwa lk ing S urvey
Wharram L e S tree t
•
•• •
• • • • •
3
••
• • • • •
• • •
• • • • •
•• ••
•
•• • •• • • • •• • •• • • ••
• • • • • • • •
•
• • • • •
0 • •
• • • • • • • • •
• •
• • • • •
•• •
e t
6 ,
C Y
N
• • • • •
•
• • • •
• • • • • • • • • •
•
••
• • • • 0
••••• •
• •• •
• •
• • • • •
•
••
• • • •
C O
• 0 0
0
1 2 I 0
°
2 9
• • • • • • •
1
F ig .
3
• • • • •
• • •
• • • •
•
0
•
0
0
A
. O 1 3 0
m r . -
•
•
• •
I . -
—
C Y
•
•
S ite 4 , F ield d istribution .
C
4 ) ' 0 3 C l )
•
•
9 6,
0 4 0 C
M ethod
69
C
f ieldwalking
p ottery
6 2
-
-
-
1
1 6
-
1 2
A 3
8
-
G I
n
1
2
0 2
2 9
41
. 1
0 3
1 4
2 2
_
_
0 4
1 9
9
1
_
0 5
2 0-
1 1
3 0
1
-
B 2
4 4
1
-
3
6 4 A S
8 3
5
-
B 4
6
-
-
5 5
5
-
1
M edieval P ot
S quare
M odern P ot
P ot
P ost-Medieval
Medieval P ot
R oman P ot 2 5
A l
, g
-
1 > A . 2 2 ,
.
U
2
1 1
2 3
1 2
3 3
-
B3
-
-
-
1 4
1
-
1 4
3 4
4
-
1 5
1 4
4
1
J 1
1 7
21
3 2
2 0
2
1
1
-
1
C l
3 5
1
-
C 2
4 4
1
-
C 3
1 3
1
-1
3 3
1 0
C 4
2 9
-
-
3 4
1 9
C 5
1 1
-
1
1
3 5
1 4
_
0 1
2 6
2
1
2
K 1
1 5
2
5 4
1
2
1
6 2
1 3
-
-
-
6 3
1 0
-
-
0 2 0 3
4 1
0 4
1 8
1
6 4
1 4
-
1
6 5
1 0
-
L i
1 1
0 5
2 3
E l
3 4
1
-
1 2
5 4
2
1
1 3
4 1
1
1
E 4
3 2
1
-
E S
2 6
-
-
e l
2 8
3
-
3 1
F 2
L 3
4
--
1
1 4
4
-
-
L 5
6
1
-
3
_ -
-
1
-
-
-
5 3
5
-
M 4
8
1
i
2
M 5
4
-
-
3 7
-
F 4
3 7
1
-
2 2
-
3 0
1
-
F3
F ig .
_-
9
_
--
1
9
M l
-
_
L 2
1
-
-_
8 2
_
F S
-
.
1
1
1
-
i l l 3
1
2
S ite
4 ,
F ield 9 6,
t abulated 1 975 M ethod C
f ieldwalking
a ssemblage.
T he
1 ,217
s herds o f p ottery w ere,
e xclusively c entury,
w ith o ne p ossible S axon e xception ,
R oman
i n
d ate,
a lthough
i t
i s a lso p ossible t hat s ome o f
c alcite-gritted f orms,
r anging f rom t he 2 nd t o t he
s uch a s F ig .
2 8,
N o.
t he
l ate
4 th
hand-made
8 8 m ay b e o f a n e arlier
d ate. B ut, g iven t he p resence o f a m ore c onvincing I ron Age a ssemblage i mmediately t o t he s outh i n F ield 1 6, a nd t he o ccurrence o f b oth R oman a nd S axon p ottery i n F ield 5 t o a ssemblage
t he w est,
t his F ield 9 6
r epresents a r emarkably d iscrete c lustering b oth
d istribution a nd i n i ts
i n
i ts
t ime r ange.
F or m ost R oman a ssemblages a t Wharram , c alcite-gritted v essels a re l argely r estricted t o c ooking-pots, a nd t he g reyware f abrics t o j ars a nd
b owls.
I n
c ontrast,
f rom t his
s ite,
r epresent a n i nteresting s eries o f hand-made, o r
s hallow b owls.
I t
F ig .
i s d ifficult t o d ecide what
70
2 8,
N os.
9 1-96
c alcite-gritted d ishes s ignificance
o r
i nference s hould b e d rawn f rom t hese v essel f orms w ith r egard t o a ny s pecific f unction o r s pecialisation o f t his f armstead , s ave t o o bserve t wo t hings. F irst , i t i s t he o nly R oman s ite a t W harram t o s how s uch a c oncentration o f t his p articular c eramic f orm , a nd s econdly , t hat F ield 5 t o t he w est p roduced a n u nusually h igh p ercentage o f m ortaria a nd f ragments o f i mported l ava q uern ( Fig . 3 3). T his w as o ne o f t he f irst d etailed f ieldwalking s urveys t o b e c arried o ut b y t he w riter a nd c onsequently , t he l ack o f f lints a lmost c ertainly r eflects i nexperience a t r ecognising t hem r ather t han t heir a bsence f rom t he f ield . S imilarly , a lthough b rick a nd t ile f ragments w ere r ecovered f rom t his f ield i n s ubstantial q uantities, i nexperience p revented d istinction b etween a ny o f R oman d ate a nd t he c opious m odern 1 8th a nd 1 9th-century m aterial w hich p roves u biquitous o n t he f ields i n t his a rea . I t p roved i mpossible f or t he W harram f inds s ystem a t t he t ime t o h andle s uch a l arge q uantity o f b rick a nd t ile m aterial, a nd c onsequently , a fter a s imple c ount i n t he f ield , a lmost a ll w as d iscarded . A f ew f ragments o f R oman t ile w ere s ubsequently r ecognised a mongst t he s mall s ample t hat r emained . A s i t c annot b e e stablished j ust h ow m any o f t he o riginal f ragments w ere o f R oman d ate, t heir r ole a nd i mportance w ithin t his f armstead c annot b e e stablished . A l imited n umber o f ' small f inds' f ieldwalking m aterial, a nd i ncluded
w ere
r ecovered
S quare M l, w orn b ronze c oin , i dentification b y D r . H ouse o f C onstantine, 3 35-41 0 / l aur , o r d iad , b ust r ight
S .
f rom
t his
E smonde C leary .
R / ( GLORIA E XERCITVS) 1 s tandard b etween t wo s oldiers S quare M 5, w orked b one s pindle.
R eport b y A rthur M acGregor.
' Bobbin ' o f b one ( fragmentary) w ith a n e xpanded l ip a t t he i ntact e nd a nd w ith t urned d ecoration i n t he f orm o f c ontinous r ing-moulding o n t he o uter f ace; c oncave ( hollow ) i nner f ace. A s mall n umber o f s imilar i tems a re n ow k nown ( MacGregor 1 985, 1 83-4), r anging i n d ate f rom t he 1 2th-14th c entury . S ome, l ike t his e xample, a re h ollow , o thers a re s olid ; i n e ither c ase t heir p recise f unction i s u nknown . C loser p arallels c ome f rom Y ork ( ibid .) a nd G oltho ( Beresford 1 975). S quare G 2,
s mall f ragment o f o pus s ignium
O ther f inds i ncluded i ronwork , c opper-alloy , l ead , g lass a nd s lag ; a ll w ere c ollected a nd c ounted . N one c ould b e d istinguished a s ' Roman ' a nd m ost w ere p robably d erived i nstead f rom 1 8th a nd 1 9thc entury m anuring o f t hese f ields.
7 1
D iscussion T he
c lustering o f t he p ottery,
t he
magnetometer s urvey,
s mall
t he d aub s catter,
t he c ropmarks a nd
a ll s erve t o d emonstrate
t hat t his
was
a
o ccupation s ite d uring t he R oman p eriod which f alls w ithin t he
' farmstead ' c ategory g iven i n t he g lossary a bove. I t w ould s eem t o have b een o ccupied f rom a t l east t he 2 nd t o t he 4 th c enturies, a nd was
p ossibly a s uccessor t o a n e arlier I ron Age s ite
s outh i n F ield 1 6.
P erhaps
p ossible S axon s herd , i mmediately
t o
d ishes
f rom t his
r aise
t he
s urprisingly ,
s ite,
T he s eries o f c eramic b owls
o r
s hallow
t hat t his whole a rea may have
h ad
s pecific
I ndeed t he p roximity o f t his
c omplex
G range R oman V illa 6 00m t o t he n orth s uggests t hat
f armstead
s ite
t he
a nd t he l ava q uerns a nd m ortaria f rom F ield 5 ,
p ossibility
Wharram
f urther t o
s ite p roduced o nly o ne
a lthough S axon a ctivity was p resent i n F ield 5
t he w est.
a gricultural s pecialisations. t o
t his
m ight
e ven
have
f ormed
p art
o f
a n
t his
a ncillary
a gricultural c omplex t o t he v illa. C learly t his i s a n a rchaeologically c omplicated a rea, but a f uture e xtension o f b oth t he m agnetometer s urvey a nd M ethod C g ridwalking s urveys
may p rovide
f urther i nformation t o h elp r evise t his
p resent
i nterpretation .
B IRDSALL F IELD 5 I ntroduction a nd T opography T his p roved c onsiderable f rom i t,
a m ost i nteresting f ield ( Fig. 2 6), a nd a lthough a b ody o f a rchaeological i nformation h as n ow b een a massed
i t i s n ot e asily i nterpreted .
T he e arliest r ecognisable c eramic m aterial f rom t his t he
1 st
o r
2 nd
c enturies A D a nd p ersists
p ossibly e ven l ater.
i nto
f ield b elongs t o
t he
5 th
o r
6 th,
T he f ield has a lso p roduced a t hin s catter
o f
f lints but c hronologically t hey l ie o utside t he s cope o f t his p resent v olume.
I t has b een f ieldwalked by b oth m ethods A a nd B ,
a magnetometer s urvey , F ield
5 l ies
s ampled b y
a nd i s w ell r epresented b y c ropmarks.
i n B irdsall t ownship a nd f orms
o f b oth t he m odern a nd a R oman c rossroads,
t he n orth-west
q uadrant
i ts e astern a nd
s outhern
s ides f orming t he t ownship b oundaries b etween B irdsall, Wharram L e S treet a nd Wharram P ercy. A lthough s ituated o n r elatively l evel g round
a t
r evealing
a bout a
1 55m ,
w estern e dge o f t he f ield F ield
t he
l and d ips
g ently
s pring s ource a t a bout 1 25m O D, ( Fig .
2 6).
t o
t he
n orth-west
i mmediately b elow
L ike t he a djacent f armstead i n
9 6,
t his
t ract
s ettlement
a rea
l ying o n r elatively l ow w old l and c lose
o f l and r epresents
a
n aturally
f avourable t o
water a nd a t a n i ntersection o f t wo l ines o f c ommunication . unclear
i s whether t he R oman p ottery f ound o n t his
f rom t he f armstead i n t he n eighbouring f ield i t r epresents a n a dditional s ettlement a rea.
72
t he
f ield i s
( Field 9 6),
o r
s pring What i s d erived whether
C ropmarks a nd M agnetometer T he c ropmarks ( Plate 1 0) a nd m agnetometer s urvey ( Fig . 8 ) c ombine t o r eveal t races o f a c omplex o f f eatures w ithin t he s outhern p art o f F ield 5 ( Fig . 2 6). T o t he s outh-west, t he B irdsall L adder s ystem ( Figs. 1 0 a nd 2 5) p enetrates i nto t he f ield , i ts a lignment p roceeding t o c urve n orthwards, s howing t races o f a d oubie-ditched t rackway o n t he s outh-eastern e dge o f t hese l adder e nclosures. T his t rackway t hen t akes a n ear r ight-angled t urn e ast a s i f h eading t owards t he c rossroads. L eading o ff t his t rackway a re a p air o f c omparatively i solated e nclosures ( Fig . 2 6, F 5C), f ollowed b y a s light g ap a nd t hen t he n orth-western t op o f a nother e nclosure ( Fig . 2 6, F 5D) t ucking i nto t he c rossroad i tself .
P late 1 0
W harram G range C rossroads C omplex . L ooking n orth-east a nd s howing t he F ield 5 e nclosures w hich a re p art o f B irdsall B row L adder
( A .L .
P acitto,
R ef .
73
T P 1 83
8).
I mmediately o pposite t he F ield 9 6 f armstead , F ield 5 c ontains a f urther, r oughly s quare, e nclosure ( Fig . 2 6, F 5E) f ronting o nto t he s ame n orth-south r oad a s t he F ield 9 6 f armstead e nclosure. t hree e nclosures s ampled b y t he m agnetometer s urvey ( Fig . F 5C
a nd
F 5E),
O f t he 2 6, F 5B,
a ll s eem t o c ontain t races o f p its a nd m inor
l inear
f eatures.
F ield S catter F 5 T he M ethod B f ieldwalking c overed t he s outhern p art o f t he f ield ( Fig . 3 1). T he c rops w ere s own a nd w alked e ast-west, e ach f ieldwalking u nit c omprising t he t hree g aps b etween f our c rop r ows, w ith c rop r ows s own a pproximately 0 .6m a part. T en s paces, o r 6 m , w ere t hen l eft b etween e ach f ieldwalking ' unit'. F ig . 3 1 s hows t he a pproximate a rea o f t he m ethod B s urvey , w hilst F ig . 3 2 s ummarises t he c ontents o f e ach u nit w alked . t hese r esults d iagrammatically , a rtifact t ypes.
F i.
3 1
S ite 4 ,
F ield 5 ,
F igs. e ach
3 3 a nd 3 4 a ttempt t o p ortray f igure c omparing r elatable
l ocation o f M ethod B f ieldwalking s urvey.
7 4
qod uoxes
,
. -4
,
u ianö
a tT y
UP L I I OU
Od
I . F0 1 1 . 1 01 . 1
40 / 1
1.TT3
,
, 4
NI Ce
10d
e
N C I
U0 X e s
40 / 1
U l
r ` 4
1 )
,
r l
,
N
. 1
. -I
M C 4
, 0 2
, g C I
, G O
M C O
, C O
N
N
ulaeö
4 / 1
,
,
a tT y ue teoH
' 3Od
,
uewog
. 1‚
r ,
C O
m l.
q U 3 I. 1
. 4
,
. -I
N
4 -4
r i C O
e c n
ri d
MO
a u
c o
F ig .
3 2
u l a l
‚ ,1
40 / 1
c o
3 3 c ompares
5 .
The
N
40 / 1
e
,
r n
r n
r
0 4
M ( A
, 0 2
,
N
M 0 3
, 1 3
,
,
,
c s 4
.
m r
N
,
,
4 . -a l
C O C I
C T C O
u l
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, 0 3
e 0 3
4
e
c ,
e
r e
I n
. 4
. I
,
,
5 ,
,
. 4
N
,
a l
.
0 1
C V
( . 1
,
,
t r ,
,
r e
a l
e 0 3
, 0 3
N
N
. . 4
. . 4
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e
N
N
C I
, 4
,
,
a l
a l
e P3
I l l
0 3
e
N
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,
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e 0 3
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. 1 3 2
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,
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r •I
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4 ' 1
4 " ,
4 / 1 . 1 3
e
C V
C r ,
C O
,
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( N
e
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,
n ) , C O
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e N C O
t o N C O
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r N o )
c o N a l
. 4
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0 4
r ",
,
,
N
0 4
c a
e 0 2
40 / 1
C O
0 C V C O
t abulated 1 979 M ethod B
,
,
. " . 1 ,
u l
I n
,
4 N C O
r y N C n
,
,
r n . C O
f ieldwalking
t he o ccurrence o f R oman a nd S axon p ottery f rom F ield
i f a nything,
l ittle m ore p lentiful
B 2-B28
e
R oman s herds w ere p lentiful a nd s eemed f airly e ven i n t heir
d istribution, p ottery,
N
S ite 4 , F ield a ssemblage.
F ig.
a
N
I n
a lthough s maller t han
e lsewhere,
g eneralisation , c orresponded g lance a t F ig.
t hey w ere l ess c ommon i n units B l-B19,
i n units B 20-B55. i n q uantity, a nd
t herefore,
w ith
t he
B y
a rea
t he
a nd
S axon
s eemed t o b e s tronger i n units
was a bsent i n t hat
c ontrast, units
s trongest i n
a rea w eakest i n R oman
B 41-B55. S axon
p ottery,
A s
a
p ottery
a lthough
a
3 3 d emonstrates t hat t his w as by n o m eans a c lear-cut
d istinction .
75
B IRDSALL TO WNSH IP F IELD NO . 5 ROMAN POTTERY 1 5, 1 4131 2111 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 ,
SAXON POT QUERN MORT 1 RO W
1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
1
2
1 2 3
I .
- -1 ' -
4
,
5 6 7 8 9 1 0
,
1 1 a 1 2 1 3
i
1 4 1 5 1 6 .
,
1 7 .
1 8 1 9
,
20 I 2 1 22 23 24 25
,
26 27 28
»
29
,
30 3 1 32
,
33 34 35
i
36
L
,
37 11 1
,
38 39 40
,
i
4 1 .
.
42 43 44
-
1 1 .1
45 46 47 48 49 50 5 1 52 53 54 55
F ig .
3 3
S ite 4 , p ottery ,
F ield 5 , M ethod B f ieldwalking p lots f or S axon p ottery , q uern s tones a nd m ortaria .
76
R oman
B IRDSALL TO WNSH IP F IELD NO .5 DAUB F RAGMENTS 151 41 31 2111 0 9 8
7 6
5 4
3
2
T ILE 1 RO W
1 2
3 4
5
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 20 2 1 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3 1 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 5 1 52 53 54 55
F ig .
3 4
S ite 4 , F ield 5 , M ethod B f ieldwalking p lots f ragments a nd R oman r oof t ile.
77
f or
d aub
T he o ther d istribution p lots, o f
a rtifacts,
a lthough i nvolving s maller
l ava q uern f ragments w ere r estricted t o u nits B 2-B23, i dentifiable ( Fig .
T his c ould b e
units
B 24-B44
i nterpreted a s t he r esult o f a d ivision o f
f unction o f t he a rea d uring t he R oman p eriod , uneven
N iedemendig
whilst t he f our
m ortaria f ragments a ll o ccurred b etween
3 3).
q uantities
a re m ore d istinctive i n t heir p atterns.
but b earing i n m ind t he
d istribution o f t he R oman a nd S axon p ottery,
t he d istinction
c ould a lso p rove t o have b een a c hronological o ne.
W .Grange C rossroads
2 5
1 4 9 0
m Z < 0
LAVA QUERN
CRAMBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SAM IAN
AMPHORA
' CALC ITE -GR ITTED
MORTAR IA
2
NOXVS
1 4
1 11
( 3 c o
I MBR ICES
BU IL D IN G M ATE R I ALS
POTTERY TYPES
TEGULAE
S ITE NAME
TESSERAE
5
F IELD No .
3 3 2 9 3 4 7 1 4
I
1 20
1 18
1 21 1 19
I1 22
-
5 0 mm
1 24
1 23
47 J 5 Or-
—f
)do r-d i g 7 28 1 27
1 26
1
1 29
(
1 32
130
—
I1 33
a lt
7
1 34
1 31
1 35 11 36
1 37
F ig.
3 5
S ite 4 ,
F ield 5 ,
i llustrated p ottery .
1 18)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, g rey c ore, o verfired?, K napton-type?
1 19)
C alcite-gritted K napton?
1 20-123)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
1 24)
C olour-coated ,
( CGH),
b ase,
c ooking-pot,
o range s urfaces
g rey-brown
H untcliff-type j ars,
l ocal.
7 8
a nd
f abric,
4 th-century .
1 25)
M ortarium .
1 26)
M ortarium , b urnt w hite c olour-coat a nd o xidised f abric.
1 27-128)
M ortaria,
C rambeck .
1 29)
C reyware,
j ar.
1 30)
C reyware,
b owl.
1 31)
G reyware,
b owl,
1 32)
G reyware,
N orton?,
1 33)
C reyware,
b owl,
1 34)
C rambeck ,
j ar,
1 35)
C rambeck,
f langed b owl,
1 36)
C rambeck ,
j ar,
1 37)
S axon ,
f ine m icaceous f abric, j ar,
l st/2nd-century?
3 rd-century .
3 rd-century? 4 th-century . 4 th-century.
4 th-century .
c ooking-pot.
Units B l-B5 s howed a v ery d ense s catter o f d aub whose r apid
f all-off
i n q uantity i ndicates t hat i t d erived f rom a s tructure i n i ts i mmediate v icinity a nd n ot f rom a ny f orm o f m anuring s catter ( Fig. 3 4).
T he d istribution o f R oman r oof-tile i s a lso
c orresponds ( Fig.
t o
3 4).
e ither
i nteresting a s
t he a rea w ith t he s mallest a mounts o f R oman
Again t wo i nterpretations a re p ossible.
r epresents
R oman
s tructures a nd
i t
p ottery
T he R oman t ile
c onsequently
t he
p ottery
d istribution d emonstrates t hat R oman p ottery a nd o ther r efuse was d isposed o f i mmediately o utside t he s ettlement a rea. A lternatively, i ts
c orrelation w ith t he d enser a reas o f S axon p ottery
s uggest
t hat t his R oman t ile r elates
w ithin
t his
a bandoned(?) o verstating f ragments
f ield ,
t he t ile having p erhaps b een
v illa t he
( Figs.
c omplex
c ase
r obbed
s ome 5 00m t o t he n orth.
c onsidering t he numbers o f
3 3-34).
s catter
may
i nstead t o t he S axon o ccupation
H owever,
i t
i s
f rom
T his
s herds
p ossible
s ubtleties o f d istribution d o r eflect e arlier d ifferences
t he
m ay
b e
a nd
t ile
t hat
s uch
i n l and-use
a nd a ctivity w ithin t hese a reas. D iscussion T here was c learly s ome o ccupation w ithin t his f ield d uring t he p eriod ,
a nd
p ossibly d uring t he R oman p eriod a s w ell,
S axon
a lthough t he
i mmediate p roximity o f t he R oman f armstead i n F ield 9 6 must m ake
t his
l ess c ertain . I t i s s urely i ronic t hat when t he f ieldwalking d istribution p roduces s uch m arked a nd i nteresting p atterns, t hat f ar f rom
c larifying
e xacerbates T he
a iding
t he
i nterpretation
o f
t he
s ite,
presence o f t he R oman v illa s o c lose t o t he n orth o f t his
must R oman , t his
a nd
s urely have i nfluenced t he R oman , u se o f t his a rea,
y et i t i s
w ith t he d ata c urrently
e vidence
i t
t he d ifficulties.
s urely
a nd m ore d etailed ,
a nd m ost p robably t he
f ield p ost-
i mpossible t o e laborate f urther o n
a vailable.
d emonstrates t hat t his s tudy.
79
N evertheless, f ield i s w orthy o f
t he
a bove
f urther,
B ) 5 :
BET WEEN TO WNS
W harram L e S treet t ownship,
c entre S E 8 60657
S ITE
( Field 8 7).
I ntroduction a nd T opography E xamination o f t he m aterial r ecovered f rom a M ethod B f ieldwalking o f t his f ield ( Fig . 3 6) i n J uly 1 979, r evealed a s urprisingly l arge
• • • E 0
• . 0 • g . 8
9
01
0
0 U .
S . S .
\
S .
\
. e 0 s ) 0 0 -
F ig .
3 6
0 -
S . S . S . \ .
0 0 u .
S ite 5 , F ield 8 7, B etween T owns s ite, l ocation s howing a rea o f M ethod B f ieldwalking s urvey .
80
p lan
n umber o f R omano-British s herds. T he f ieldwalking m ethod h ad b een c hosen i n o rder t o o bserve t he n ature o f t he m edieval m anuring s catters o n t he f ield , a nd n either t he q uantities o f R oman ( Fig . 3 7) o r p rehistoric m aterial h ad b een a nticipated . T he a xial d istribution o f t he M ethod B f ieldwalking i s n ot w ell s uited t o t he i solation o f d iscrete c lustered s catters o f s ettlement m aterial, a nd t he R oman s herds f rom t his f ield f ail t o d emonstrate w hether o r n ot t here w as a ny c lustering , a lthough c learly s herds w ere d istributed t o v arying e xtents a cross t he e ntire w est-east a xis o f t he f ield . N o S axon s herds w ere i dentified .
ä
2 1' 1 T 7 g
. 1 1 .
. . ,
.
,
G rey wares
ä l 3:
. 11 Z
il
f l C '
01
;' 1 1 1
g
, '
I ' 4
8 1 8 2
2
8 3
2
8 4
5
8 5
3
8 6
2
1
3 2
8 11
1
2
1
6
2
2
1
1
2 1
8 14
4
8 15
3
8 16
1 1
2
1
3 3
2 1
3
B 13
2
1 1
5
8 12
3
0 30
; A i
' C l i 4
6
8 33
7
2
8 34
4
1
8 35
4
1
2
8 36
7
1
2
8 37
1
5
B 38
4
2
8 39
1
6
1
B 40
1
2
3
8 41
1
2
B 42
1
B 43
1
2 3 3
1
6
8 44
1
3
6
3
2
B 45
1
B 17
2
1
1
2
8 46
1
B 18
1
7
1
5
B 47
1
1
B 19
2
1
B 20
2
1
1
8 21 1 3 22
3
B 23
1
2 1
8 24
5
B 25
5
2
8 26
4
1
8 27 8 28 B 29
1 1
1
1 1
7 7
F ig .
1
2
1 1
3 7
S ite
5 ,
g 3
8 32
3
1
2
8 9
g
2
, , ' c l . 2 1 . . , _ , , , . ; . .
1 3 31
1
B 10
3
2
B 7 8 8
RO M A N
• E , M odern P ot
RO M A N ' 0 2 i
P ost-Medieval P ot
I
F ield S catter
b.
M .
2
1
8
6
6
8 48
4
4
1
8 49
5
-
3
1 3 50
2
1
7
3
5
2
3
3
2
3
1
5
5
4
2
2
1
6
7
1
4
3
1
3
1
6
5
1
4
2
2
1
1
4
2
3
5
2
4
1
3
2
4
4 1
1
1
1
3
1
3
4
2
4
2
3
1
2
1
1
4
8 51
4
e
-
8 52
2
6
6
2
8 53
1
1
3
1
1
1 3 54
3
1
6
1
3
8 55 8 56
2 1
3
B 57
8
2
3
B 58
F ield 8 7,
B etween T owns
M ethod B f ieldwalking a ssemblage.
8 1
1
3
5
1
-
t abulated
2 -
3
1
1
3
2
s ite,
1
1
1
_
1 2
4
3
4
3
6
5
l i .
4
1
1
2 .
,
4 1
1
›
1
1
1
i
: ° . , .
1 979
2
2
Bet ween To wns
1% -
I 1 38
CRA MBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
.
3
1
127
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -C OATED
SAM IAN
AMPHORA
CALC ITE -GR ITTED
-
( i c o
NOXVS
< E a 1 — c 0 2
2
1 9
1 76
L .
5 Omm mm _
c o z < 0
LAVA QUERN
B U ILD ING , MATER IALS
POTTERY TYPES
I MBR ICES
S ITE NA ME
TEGULAE
87
TESSERAE
F IELD No .
.
7
-
\
1 39
F ig .
3 8
S ite 5 ,
F ield 8 7,
B etween T owns s ite,
1 38)
G reyware,
N orton?,
j ar,
1 39)
G reyware,
f langed b owl.
i llustrated p ottery.
3 rd-century .
D iscussion O ther f ields i n c lose p roximity t o s ettlement s ites, b ut n ot t hemselves r epresenting s ettlement l ocations, s uch a s F ields 1 5 o r 1 6 f rom W harram P ercy , h ave a lso r evealed s ubstantial q uantities o f R oman s herds w hich p robably d erived f rom m anuring. I t w ould t herefore b e r ash t o a ssume t hat t his p ottery f rom F ield 8 7 r epresents a s ettlement s ite, e specially g iven i ts c lose p roximity t o t he W harram L e S treet v illa c omplex . T he w orn c ondition o f t he p ottery d oes n othing t o c larify t he p osition , a s i t m ight e qually w ell h ave d erived f rom m anuring d eposits a s t he l engthy e xposure o f o ccupation m aterial t o t he e ffects o f m odern t illage. O n b alance, i t w ould s eem m ore j udicious a t p resent t o r egard t his a s m anuring m aterial r ather t han o ccupation d ebris. N evertheless, i t w ould s eem w orthwhile r eturning t o t his f ield a t a l ater d ate t o c onduct a M ethod C g rid f ieldwalking s urvey i n o rder t o p rovide a b etter d efinition o f t he d istribution o f R oman p ottery .
82
B ) 6 : WHARRAM LE STREET V ILLA
W harram L e S treet t ownship,
S E 8 67662
( Field 5 6).
L ike W harram G range v illa , t his v illa c omplex ( Fig . 3 9) h as b een m ore f ully d iscussed e lsewhere ( Rahtz, H ayfield a nd B ateman 1 986) a nd w ill o nly b e s ummarised h ere. I t i s s ituated a t 1 25m O D i n a g ently s loping l ocation a t t he u ppermost r eaches o f t he G reat W old V alley w hose s tream , t he G ypsey R ace, r ises i n t he f ield i n w hich t he v illa l ies. T o t he w est t he l and r ises g ently t owards t he m odern v illage o f W harram L e S treet , t o t he e ast t he G ypsey R ace h eads d own t he G reat W old V alley t owards t he v illage o f D uggleby . T he e arliest o ccupation a ssociated w ith t his v illa s ite i s a s catter o f N eolithic f lints f ound i mmediately a round t he s pring s ource o f t he G ypsey R ace. A b arbed-and-tanged a rrowhead w as o ne o f an umber o f B ronze A ge f lints r ecovered f rom f ieldwalking , w hilst e xcavation l ocated t races o f a B ronze A ge d itch s ystem .
p ond
s ource o f G ypsey R ace
E IM 1 2 40 1 m 3 0 metre S quares
c 5 .1 R ED HOUSE F ARM
OM 1 27 .5 m
C;;55:3 MANOR F ARM
WHARRA M LE STREET ROMAN V ILLA 1 979 L OCAT ION AM L AB
DOE
G eophys ics
srMAR It
P LAN
SURVEY
n o 3 6
S ec t ion
CHURCH
F ig .
3 9
S ite 6 , W harram L e S treet V illa , p osition o f m agnetometer s urvey.
l ocation p lan
s howing
W hat i s i nteresting f rom F ig . 4 0 i s t hat t he v illa c omplex i s o rientated a longside t he e arlier t rackway f rom B ella H ouse a nd n ot a long t he n ew R oman r oad f rom M alton ( B1248). T his m ay i mply t hat , l ike W harram G range v illa , W harram L e S treet v illa h ad e arlier , a nd p robably m ore h umble,
a ntecedents.
83
A s t he a rtifacts f rom t his s ite
7 8
P late 1 1
W harram
L e S treet V illa.
L ooking w est f rom
t he
v illage
w ith F ield 5 6 i n c entre o f p icture a nd G ypsey R ace s pring a t t op l eft ( A .L . P acitto, R ef . T P 3 14 12).
i ndicate t hat c enturies, i t
t his v illa w as i n i ts h eyday d uring t he 3 rd a nd 4 th i s c urious t hat t here w as n ever a ny m orphological r e-
o rganisation t hat t ook a ccount o f t he n ew r oad which m ust s urely have h ad a d ramatic i mpact o n t he l ocal l andscape. A ttention
w as
f irst
d rawn t o t his s ite b y a
p hotographed b y T ony P acitto
( Plate 1 1);
84
s eries
o f
c ropmarks
f ieldwalking c onfirmed
t he
F ig .
4 0
S ite 6 , W harram L e S treet V illa ,
1 978 m agnetometer s urvey .
p resence o f ah igh s tatus R omano-British s ettlement i n t he f ield . A lthough t he c ropmarks r evealed t races o f t rackways a nd e nclosures, i t w as n ot u ntil a m agnetometer s urvey h ad b een c onducted b y t he A ncient M onuments L aboratory ( Fig . 4 0) t hat i t w as p ossible t o b egin t o a ppreciate t he s ize a nd s tructure o f t his v illa c omplex .
B ) 7 : WHARRAM L E STREET V ILLA GE S ITE
W harram L e S treet t ownship,
S E 8 65661 ( Fields 5 7 a nd 5 8).
I ntroduction a nd T opogrgphv D uring J uly 1 985 p reparations w ere m ade f or t he c onstruction o f an ew c overed s hed i n t he f armyard o f M anor F arm , W harram L e S treet ( Fig . 4 1 a nd P late 1 2). T his i nvolved t he d igging o f p its f or r ows o f c oncrete p iles t o s upport t he m etal p illars. I t w as f rom o ne o f t hese p its t hat a s mall q uantity o f a nimal b one a nd p ottery w as r ecovered . T he s ite w as v isited b y t he w riter a nd P rofessor P .A . R ahtz, b ut b y t hen t he c oncrete p iles h ad a lready b een i nserted a nd t he e ntire f loor a rea c overed w ith a f oundation o f l oose s tone c hippings w hich p recluded a ny f urther i nvestigation . T his n ew b arn c omplex w as s ituated w ithin t he c rofts o f t he m edieval p lanned v illage o f W harram L e S treet . P ottery T he R oman s herds f rom t his d eposit w ere c omparatively l arge a nd . u nabraded , i ndicating t hat t hey d erived f rom s ettlement m aterial r ather t han m anuring .
8 5
W harram L e S treet V illage s ite,
58
S ITE NAME
W.Le S treet V i l lage -BU ILD IN G MATER IALS
1
. .
5
2
( c n -
c o
D < 0
LAVA QUERN
L 1 J C
CRA MBECK
0
BLACK WARES
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -C OATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPH ORA
CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CG W)
0 L i
0 D
NOXVS
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CGH)
POTTERY TYPES
,
l ocation p lan .
I MBR ICES
F IELD No .
S ite 7 ,
TEGULAE
4 1
TESSERAE
F ig .
3
,5 0 mm
F ig .
4 2
S ite
7 ,
W harram
L e
S treet
V illage
s ite,
i llustrated
p ottery. 1 40)
G reyware, b owl.
D iscussion O rdinarily a d eposit o f t his n ature,
8 6
d espite
i ts s ize,
l ocated w ithin
P late 1 2
W Iun 7rm n L e S treet V illage. s ite N o.
L ooking n orth;
t he s herds f rom
7 c ame f rom t he f armyard o f t he f arm t o t he r ight
o f t he s treet
( A .L .
P acitt .o,
R ef .
T P 3 39
13).
t he c onfines o f am edieval v illage, m ight r easonably b e i nterpreted a s d emonstrating t he n ow f amiliar p attern o f a R oman s ettlement o n t he s ame s ite a s i ts m edieval s uccessor ( Taylor 1 984). H owever, t he p resence o f t he W harram L e S treet v illa i n t he a d jacent f ield c louds t he i ssue, f or t he f ull e xtent o f t he v illa c omplex i s u nknown . I t i s p ossible, t herefore, t hat t his s mall d eposit r elates t o t he p eripheral p arts o f t he v illa r ather t han t o a n i ndependent, o r q uasi-independent, s ettlement l ocated u nder t he m edieval v illage. I t
i s
p ossible
t hat
t he
n ew
R oman
r oad
f rom
M alton
( B1248)
d eliberately t ook i n a n e xisting s ettlement h ere a t W harram L e S treet, b ut i t i s m uch m ore l ikely , i f t hese s herds d o r epresent a n i ndependent s ite a nd n ot p art o f t he v illa c omplex , t hat a s ettlement l ater g rew u p a longside t he n ew r oad d uring t he R oman p eriod . A lthough b ecause o f i ts a ssociation w ith a m edieval v illage, t his s ite i s l isted a mongst t he ' village' s ites i n t he d iscussion o f s ection C , t here w as n o e vidence f or i ts s ize o r n ature. F urther a rchaeological w ork i s r equired w ithin t he c rofts o f W harram L e S treet v illage t o l ocate a nd d efine a ny e arlier s ettlement.
87
B ) 8 : WHARRAM POST OFF ICE E NCLOSURES W harram L e S treet t ownship,
c entre S E 8 67657
( Field 8 4).
I ntroduction a nd T opography
P late 1 3
W harram w ith
L e S treet P ost O ffice E nclosures.
W harram
L ooking
L e S treet v illage l ying a t t he t op
n orth o f
t he
p icture a nd W harram L e S treet V illa f ield t o t he t op r ight ( A .L .
P acitto,
R ef .
T P 3 44
8).
A t rackway a nd a s eries o f e nclosures w ere r evealed a s c ropmarks ( Plate 1 3) a t t he s outhern e nd o f t he v illage o f W harram L e S treet, i mmediately t o t he e ast o f t he B 1248 M alton r oad ( Fig . 4 3). T his c ropmark t rackway h eaded n orthwards f rom t he v icinity o f B ella H ouse, p assing b eneath t he B 1248, t o l ink u p w ith t he e nclosures o f W harram L e S treet v illa ( Fig . 1 0). T he e nclosures s hown i n F ig . 4 3 o ccurred i n t he t riangle o f l and b etween t he c ropmark t rackway , t he B 1248 a nd
88
F ig .
4 3
S ite
8 ,
W harram P ost O ffice
E nclosures,
c ropmarks
a nd
l ocation p lan .
t he p resent D uggleby r oad . A s eries o f s outh-east/north-west d itches r an a t r ight-angles f rom t he t rackway t o p ass o bliquely u nder t he B 1248; t hese d itches w ere s ubdivided b y a s eries o f s hortened s outhw est/north-east d itches. T his a rea o f F ield 8 4 h as b een r epeatedly f ieldwalked b ut h as s o f ar o nly p roduced 1 9th-century a rtifacts. D iscussion T hese e nclosures w ould s eem t o b e a gricultural, e vidence f or a ny f orm o f o ccupation w ithin t hem . a ligned a gainst t he c ropmark t rackway a nd a re
89
f or t here i s n o T hey a re c learly t herefore e ither
c ontemporary
w ith
d emonstrably
R oman o r e arlier i n d ate a s i t l inks known R oman s ites.
T he
B 1248
i t,
Malton
o r p ost-date
r oad
c uts
i t.
s traight
T his
t rackway
a cross
b oth
i s
i tself
t rackway
a nd
e nclosures a nd t herefore p ost-dates b oth . I f i t i s a ccepted t hat t he B 1248 i s a R oman r oad , t hen t he c ropmark f eatures i n t his f ield a re o f
R oman o r p re-Roman d ate.
t he
o ther
R oman
G ypsey R ace L adder
Y et t hese e nclosures a re q uite
l adder s ystems ( Fig.
4 4)
i n t he W harram a rea
o r t he B irdsall B row L adder
S mall t hough t his a rea o f e nclosure g reater w ith a nd
a s
( Fig .
t he
4 5).
i t w ould a ppear t o h ave a f ar
m orphological a ffinity t han h ave t he o ther l adder e nclosures
t he
' brick-work'
f ield p atterns r ecognised i n
t he E ast M idlands by D r.
f ieldsystems w ere
i s,
unlike
s uch
D .N.
R iley
( 1980).
S outh
Y orkshire
These
b rickwork
w ere a rgued t o b e R oman o r I ron Age i n d ate,
but
t hey
a lso r emarkably s imilar t o t he e xtensive c omplex o f B ronze
f ieldsystems s outhern
A ge
t hat h ave b een r ecognised o n D artmoor a nd o ther p arts o f
E ngland
( Fleming
1 984).
I n
t his
c ase,
t he
i mmediate
p roximity o f t hese c ropmarks t o t he W harram L e S treet v illa s uggests i nstead t hat t hey m ay have b een d irectly l inked t o t he v illa c omplex . I ndeed , t hat
a c omparison b etween t he a lignment o f t hese e nclosures
o f
t he
v illa
i tself
( Figs.
1 0 a nd
4 0)
s uggests
a
w ith s trong
c orrelation . I t was a rgued by R ahtz a
d e n ovo
r iches
t hat t he Wharram L e S treet v illa may have b een
s ite o f t he 1 st o r 2 nd c entury A D,
t he h ome o f
f rom Malton o r p erhaps f rom f urther a field .
n ouveaux
I f t his w ere
t he
c ase, i t i s i nteresting t hat o ne o f i ts a ssociated f ieldsystems s hould d iffer i n f orm f rom t hose l adder f orms which a re m ore c haracteristic o f t he Wharram a rea.
B ) 9 :GYPSEY RACE L ADDER
Wharram L e S treet t ownship,
c entre S E 8 71665
( Fields 4 0,
4 1 a nd 4 7).
I ntroduction a nd T opography B oth t his a nd t he D uggleby L adder s ystem i mmediately t o t he s outh a re known o nly f rom a ir p hotography, a gricultural e nclosure s ystems.
a nd w ould s eem t o r epresent H ere t he w old l and s lopes
l inear
s outh-east
t owards t he G ypsey R ace s tream , a nd t his l adder s ystem l ies a long t he f all o f t he s lope s ome 2 0m a bove t he s tream f ollowing t he a lignment o f
t he
watercourse a s
i t d rains n orthwards t owards
Duggleby
( Fig .
4 4). C ropmarks P hotography by T ony P acitto has r evealed t hat t hese l adder e nclosures w ere
a ligned
l eading 1 5).
a long t he n orthern s ide o f a
n orth-east
A long i ts c ourse,
d itched
d ouble-ditched
f rom Wharram L e S treet t o D uggleby a ' T'
t rackway
( Plates
1 4
&
j unction o ccurs where a s econd d ouble-
t rackway h eads n orthwards a t a r ight-angle t owards t he
90
H igh
4 4 & 4 8). T his n orth-eastern S treet a nd D uggleby W old ( Figs. f t he p arish b oundary b etween t rackway h eads t owards t he c ourse o T he m ain b ody o f t he e ast-west W harram L e S treet a nd D uggleby . s r evealed a s b eing o f a t l east t rackway a longside t he G ypsey R ace i E ach a lignment t wo p hases, e ach o f s lightly d ifferent a lignments. o f e nclosures w ould s eem t o h ave h ad a c orresponding s eries dding t o t heir a ssociated w ith i t, w ith f urther p ossible s ub-phases a c omplexity .
W harra m
F ig .
4 4
l e
S ite 9 , G ypsey l ocation p lan .
S treet
Race L adder
E nclosures,
c ropmarks
a nd
F ield S catter A s yet, t here i s n o p ottery s catter a ssociated w ith a ny p art o f t hese e nclosures.
9 1
P late 1 4
G ypsey R ace L adder. L ooking e ast f rom t he v illage w ith t he v illa f ield t o t he r ight o f t he p icture ( A .L . P acitto, 1 979, R ef . T P 0 3 8).
D iscussion T he c ropmarks r evealed a m ulti-phase e nclosure a nd t rackway s ystem w hose c omplete l ack o f a ssociated f ieldwalking a rtifacts s uggests a n a gricultural r ather t han a s ettlement f unction .
T his
l ack o f
f inds
a lso l eaves t hese f eatures u ndated , b ut, w hatever t heir o rigin , t hey w ould s eem t o h ave f ormed a p art o f t he R omano-British l andscape. T he w estern e nd o f t he t rackway o n w hich t hese e nclosures l ie d isappears i nto a p asture f ield a t t he n orth-eastern c orner o f W harram L e S treet v illage, w here i ts a lignment i s s till r epresented b y a s ubstantial b ank a nd d itch e arthwork ( Plate 1 2). A lthough a f ull s urvey o f t he e arthworks o f t he v illage o f W harram L e S treet h as n ow b een c ompleted , t he e arthworks o f t his f ield w ere c omplex a nd h ave
p roved
d ifficult
t o i nterpret.
92
T he p ossible
p arallel
w ith
P late
1 5
G ypsey
R ace
L adder.
L ooking
e ast d own t he
G reat
W old
V alley w ith t he t ip o f t he v illa f ield b ottom r ight a nd D uggelby v illage a t t he t op o f t he p icture. D uggleby H owe w ith i ts e ncircling h enge c an b e s een i mmediately t o t he r ight o f D uggleby v illage ( A .L . P acitto, 1 979, R ef . T P 0 3 10).
W harram P ercy ( Hurst 1 984), w ith s ome e lements o f t he R omano-British l andscape s urviving t o f orm p art o f t he s tructure o f t he m edieval v illage, i s i nteresting . T o t he e ast, t he t rackway h eads i nto D uggleby a nd p erhaps b eyond d own t he G reat W old Valley . I t t herefore f ollows a n atural r outeway , f or t he G ypsey R ace i tself h as a cted a s a s ettlement c orridor f rom a t l east t he M esolithic p eriod ( Rahtz, H ayfield a nd B ateman 1 986). T his f ieldsystem a lso l ies i mmediately t o t he n orth o f t he W harram L e S treet v illa , t he d etailed m agnetometer p lot o f w hich ( Fig . 4 0) r evealed a t rackway p assing n orthwards t hrough t he v illa c omplex t o l ink u p w ith t he t rackway o f t his l adder s ystem .
93
I f
t he
d ate o f t he t rackway a nd e nclosures r emains
u nclear,
t heir
f unction i s e ven l ess e asy t o d etermine. T he l ack o f a ssociated f inds w ould s eem t o p reclude t he p ossibility o f t heir b eing l inear s ettlements, y et t he v alley s ediments d eepen a s t hey a pproach t he G ypsey R ace a nd o ccupation d eposits m ay s till l ie b eneath t he r each o f m odern p loughs. W ithin s ome o f t hese e nclosures i t i s p ossible t o i dentify g aps i n d itches w hich m ay r epresent g ateways, but w ith t he c omplexities o f t he s uperimposed f eatures a nd t he f ickle n ature o f t he c ropmark e vidence i tself , i t i s d ifficult t o b e c ertain o f i ndividual e xamples o r t o d etect a ny p attern . E ven a ssuming t hat t hese e nclosures s erved a n a gricultural p urpose, w hich o n b alance s eems t he m ost l ikely i nterpretation , w ere t hey a reas o f p asture s erving a s s tock e nclosures, o r w ere t hey s mall a rable u nits? T his l adder s ystem l ay i n c lose p roximity t o W harram L e S treet v illa , w as i t e ver a n i ntegral p art o f t he v illa e state?
B ) 1 0 : DUGGLEBY D uggleby t ownship,
c entre S E 8 76666
but
LADDER
( Field 5 8).
I ntroduction a nd T opography
Ho we H ill ( Tu mu lus)
1 1
F ig .
4 5
S ite
1 0,
D uggleby
L adder
Dugg leby
E nclosures,
To w nsh ip F 63
c ropmarks
a nd
l ocation p lan .
A s econd s eries o f l adder e nclosures w as r evealed o n a n a ir p hotograph t aken b y T ony P acitto. O nly a s ingle p hotograph w as t aken o f t his c omplex a nd i t w as l argely o bscured b y c loud s hadow ( Plate
94
P late 1 6
D uggleby L adder. W harram L e S treet . s hadow ( A .L .
L ooking w est f rom D uggleby t owards M uch o f t he f ield i s o bscured b y c loud
P acitto,
1 979,
R ef .
T P 0 3
1).
1 6). A lthough a n a ttempt h as b een m ade o n F ig . 4 5 t o r epresent t hese f eatures, t he n ature o f t he p hotograph w as s uch t hat t his p lot c annot b e t aken a s a ccurate. D iscussion L ike t he G ypsey R ace l adder c omplex , t he a ir p hotograph r eveals a n e ast-west t rackway w ith t races o f e nclosures o n o ne s ide, i n t his c ase t o t he s outh . T here a re a t l east t wo, p ossibly t hree p hases t o t his t rackway . T he e arliest a ppears i n t he s outh-western c orner o f t he f ield , l eading n orthwards a nd t hen c urving e ast. T his a ppears t o b e o verlain b y a s traighter e ast-west t rackway a lmost p arallel t o t hat o f t he G ypsey R ace l adder. A t l east t hree d itches c an b e a ttributed
t o t his s econd p hase i ndicating p erhaps a s light s hift i n
i ts a lignment. L ittle c an b e m ade o f t he p attern o f t he e nclosures.
T hose f ragments
t hat c an b e d istinguished s eem m ore a ngular a nd r egular t han t hose o f t he G ypsey R ace l adder, but f urther e laboration i s d ifficult.
95
B ) 1 1: GR I MST ON ROAD S ITE W harram L e S treet t ownship,
S E 8 61666
( Field 4 3).
I ntroduction a nd T opography A ir p hotographs have r evealed a s eries o f r ectilinear e nclosures ( Plate 1 7) f rom which a f ew s herds o f p ottery have b een r ecovered b y f ieldwalking. 1 40m O D t o
T hese e nclosures l ie o n s lightly r ising w old g round a t
t he n orth o f t he p resent B 1248 Malton r oad
t he s outh o f t he B 1248, ( Fig .
4 6,
F 45)
t o
t he l and f alls
( Fig.
a way s harply d own
t he v alley f loor where
t he
4 6).
T o
' Cow C liff'
h eadwaters
o f
t he
S ettrington B eck f low f rom t heir s pring s ources h igher u p t he d ale a t W harram P ercy.
P late 1 7
G rimston S treet
R oad v illage
S ite.
L ooking
s outh t owards
w ith t he B 1248 e merging f rom
r ight o f t he p icture
( A .L .
96
P acitto,
1 979,
R ef .
W harram t he T P 0 3
L e
b ottom 4).
C ropmarks A s eries o f c ropmarks w as r evealed o n a ir p hotographs t aken b y T ony P acitto ( Plate 1 7) w hich s how p art o f a c omplex o f r ectilinear e nclosures l ying a d jacent t o a t rackway . T his t rackway f ollows a m ost c urious a lignment i n a ' dog-leg ' e merging f rom t he m odern f ield b oundary w hich i s a pparently b roken b y t he p resent c ourse o f t he B 1248 M alton r oad ( Fig . 4 6). T he a d jacent e nclosures a long t he n orthern a nd e astern s ides o f t his d og-leg h ave t he a ppearance o f a n a ggregated p rocess o f d evelopment . A s y et , n one o f t hese e nclosures h as r evealed r emains.
F ig .
4 6
a ny
i nternal
S ite 1 1,
f eatures s uch
G rimston R oad s ite,
9 7
a s
p its
o r
s tructural
c ropmarks a nd l ocation p lan .
F ield S catter
S ITE NAME
Gr i mston Road
0
i « -
m
D < 0
LAVA QUERN
TESSERAE
CRA MBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
' COLOUR -COATED
SAM IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CG W )
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CGE)
NOXVS
,
d
I MBR ICES
-B U ILD ING MATER IALS
POTTERY TYPES
TEGULAE
F IELD No . 43
L O mm
1 41 F ig .
4 7
S ite 1 1,
1 41)
O nly
C alcite-gritted
f ive
f ragments
r ecovered C rambeck made,
f rom
t his
( CGH),
i llustrated p ottery.
c ooking-pot.
o f R omano-British p ottery s ite,
have
s o
f ar
c omprising a w orn 4 th-century
ware a nd f our l arge,
unabraded ,
c alcite-gritted c ooking-pot base
C rambeck t he
G rimston R oad s ite,
been
s herd
( Fig.
4 7,
N o.
1 41).
T he
s herd c ould p ossibly b e d ismissed a s a manuring s herd ,
n ear
c omplete
c ooking-pot
o f
f itting s herds o f a hand-
base w ould
s eem
t o
but
i ndicate
t he
p resence o f s ome f orm o f s tratified d eposit a t p lough d epth . D iscussion O n
t he
l imited
c ropmarks r emains T he
a
p ossible
i t
i s
s ettlement
s uggested s ite,
a number o f m ajor d ifficulties w ith s uch a n
l ack
whilst
s eems
v ery
e lsewhere
t he s imilar
t o
t he W olds,
g ritted base
e xamples o f l inear
f ield
w old
( Fig.
t hese l adder f ieldsystems 4 7,
N o.
1 41)
S uch
( 1983).
B 1248 Malton r oad d oes i t s uggests
T he
t op
c ropmarks
a lignments
D ent h as r ecently s uggested t hat,
s een
e lsewhere were
c alcite-
c ould h ave a s e asily d erived f rom a
' sites'
a s t his e mphasise t he
n ature o f s ome o f t he p otential s ettlement e vidence r oad ,
t he
s ome o f t he I ron Age a nd R omano-British burials
a long
burial a s a s ettlement.
d ate
t hese t here
i nterpretation .
p attern o f e nclosures r evealed by
i n t he parish.
p ositioned
t he
t hat
a lthough
o f a l arger p ottery s catter i s s urprising f or a
s ite,
o n
e vidence a vailable,
r epresent
t enuous
f rom Wharram.
I f
i ndeed r epresent t he a lignment o f a R oman
t hat t he o rigins o f t his c ropmark s ite c ould
i t.
98
pre-
B ) 1 2 : CO W CL IFF H ILL a nd WHARRAM L E S TREET H IGH S TREET S ITE
Wharram L e S treet t ownship,
S E 8 54676 & S E 8 64674
( Fields 1 1 a nd 8 ).
I ntroduction a nd T opography T hese
t wo s mall p ottery s catters
b ecause
( Fig.
4 8)
a re c onsidered
t ogether
t he a rguments f or t heir o rigin a nd t heir c ommon r elationships
t o t he m inor r oadway t hat t hey b oth a lign w ith a re v ery s imilar. F ield S catter
H igh S treet
SAX ON
CRA MBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SA M 1AN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITE -GR ITTED
W
m 3 < 0
1
3
1 3 _
7
(
LAVA QUERN
BU ILD ING MATER IALS
POTTERY TYPES
I MBR ICES
S ITE NAME
TEGULAE
8
TESSERAE
F IELD No .
F ield 8 .
S ite 1 2, p ottery .
1 42)
C ow C liff H ill/High S treet
C olour-coated , s lip, l ocal.
F IELD No .
b owl,
Co w C l iff H i l l BU IM LD AT I N EG R IALS , —
F ig . t ables
4 8
i -
SAX ON
( . 3 w
w < _ 1 m 0 W 1 —
m D < 0
2
4 s hows
CRAMBECK
REDUCED
BLACK WARES
_
1 OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SAM IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITE -GR ITTED
POTTERY TYPES
6
i llustrated
o xidised f abric w ith t races o f w hite
S ITE NAME
11
s ites,
LAVA QUERN
4 9
1 42
I MBR ICES
F ig .
5 0 mm
TESSERAE
t
t he p osition o f t hese p ottery s catters,
whilst
t he
a bove d etail t heir m eagre c eramic c ontents a s b eing t ypical o f
3 rd a nd 4 th-century material i n t he Wharram a rea.
9 9
1 00
D iscussion E lsewhere
i n Wharram L e S treet a nd Wharram P ercy,
m ost f armsteads o r
o ther o ccupation s ites a re r epresented by q uite a ssemblages. T his n eed n ot b e a n i nvariable r ule, t ownship t o c eramics
t he e ast,
a nd i n T hixendale t o t he s outh,
a ppear t o b e f ar m ore s carce.
s everal
s izeable c eramic f or i n T owthorpe R omano-British
Y et w ith f ield s catters
hundred s herds o ccurring o n R omano-British o ccupation
o f
s ites
e lsewhere i n Wharram L e S treet t ownship, i t w ould s eem d ifficult t o justify d escribing e ither o f t hese s mall s catters a s ' occupation s ites'. Y et a n umber o f a rguments c an b e m arshalled i n s upport o f t he p ossibility t hat b oth m ay r epresent t he v estiges o f s mall f armstead s ites. l ies
T hey l ie a bout l km a part, a bout
a nd i n t urn ,
C ow C liff H ill s ite
l km a long t he r oad f rom t he v illage o f
N orth
whilst F ield 8 l ies a bout l km f rom t he v illage o f D uggleby T his
a pproximate
l km
s pacing
was
a lso
G rimston , ( Fig.
d etected
1 0).
i n
t he
T hixendale/Fimber valley a nd e lsewhere i n t he Wharram a rea . B oth ' sites' l ie a d jacent t o a m odern r oadway b etween N orth G rimston t o t he west a nd D uggleby t o t he e ast. ' High S treet',
T his r oadway s till b ears
t he name
a t erm which b oth Maule Cole a nd Margary r egarded
b eing a p ossible i ndicator o f a R oman r oad ( Margary 1 957;
a s
Maule Cole
1 899). T he r oadway l eads w estwards f rom t he G reat W old Valley a t Duggleby, t hrough t he n orthern p art o f Wharram L e S treet t ownship, a nd
i nto
p roceeds f rom
Malton
a long t his i s
N orth
G rimston where
w estwards
t o M alton .
i t l inks w ith
t owards Rudston a nd t he many
t he G reat W old Valley .
t he
B 1248
o ther
R oman
a nd r oute
s ettlements
T here s eems a s trong p ossibility t hat
r outeway a lso e xisted d uring t he R oman p eriod . c ertainly
r oad
I t t herefore f orms p art o f a
a p re-enclosure o ne a s
i t i s f ully
T he p resent r oad r espected
by
t he
m edieval O pen F ields o f W harram L e S treet. I f t his r oad w as i ndeed a p art o f t he R oman l andscape,
t here may have
b een a number o f s mall f armstead s ites s ituated a long i ts l ength. T hese s mall f ieldwalking d eposits c ould r epresent t he r emains o f s uch o ccupation s ites. s ites f uture
a nd a ir
I t b ears r epeating t hat t he e vidence f or t hese t wo
t he r oadway i tself i s t enuous a nd i t i s p hotography
a nd/or
f ieldwalking
p roblems.
1 01
w ill
t o b e h oped r esolve
t hat t hese
W HARRA M LE STREET 1 980
0
500
0
1 000yords
500
F ig .
5 1
1 000 m .
W harram
L e
S treet
T ownship ,
m iscellaneous f inds.
1 02
d istribution
m ap
o f
Wharram L e S treet t ownship, W ith F ield
t he
M ISCELLANEOUS F IELDWALKING MATERIAL
e xception o f o ne s herd f rom F ield 1 2,
9 4,
a nd t hose f rom F ield 1 02
( Fig .
e ight
5 0),
s herds
f rom
a ll t he R oman f inds
f rom Wharram L e S treet t ownship have n ow b een d ealt w ith i n t he p receding ' site' c atalogue. O f t hese ' sites', t here a re t wo v illa c omplexes 9 6),
( Fields
s catters 8 7).
1 /2 a nd 5 6),
o ne p ossible f armstead ( Fields
T he
8 a nd 1 1)
o ne d efinite f armstead s ite
( Field 4 3),
t wo s maller,
a nd a p robable manuring
p roximity o f F ield 1 02 t o 8 7
s uggests
( Field
i solated p ottery s catter
( Field
t hese
s herds
t hat
c ould a lso b e c onsidered a s b eing a p art o f t he s ame b lock o f manured l and ( Fig. 5 1), whilst t he e ight s herds f rom t he n orthern half o f F ield 9 4 a re o nly 1 0-20m t o t he e ast o f t he Wharram G range v illa c omplex a nd c an p robably b e r egarded a s a p eripheral s catter f rom t hat s ite. P ottery S catter,
F ield 1 02
L
(
5 0 mm
1 43
T
72
1 44
F ig .
5 2
W harram L e S treet m iscellaneous f inds.
1 43)
G reyware,
1 44)
T ownship,
i llustrated
p ottery
f rom
j ar.
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
b lack o uter
s urface,
b rown c ore a nd i nner s urface.
M ISCELLANEOUS F IELD WALK ING MATER IAL
F ig .
1 2
1
87
9
94
4
1 02
6
5 0
Wharram L e S treet
40 1
4
SAX ON
M 1SCEL .
CRAMBECK
BLACK
REDUCED
w I ± -
OX ID ISED
COLOUR -C OATED
SAM IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
POTTERY TYPES CALC ITE -GR ITTED
F IELD NU MBER
0/S
TO WNSH IP
.
3 8
W harram L e S treet T ownship,
1 03
2
t able o f m iscellaneous
f inds.
WHARRAM P ERCY TO WNSH IP B ) 1 3 : WHARRAM PERCY V ILLAGE COMPLEX W harram P ercy t ownship, 1 06)
c hurch S E 8 58642 ( Fields 1 5,
1 6,
3 2,
3 4 a nd
I ntroduction
Magneto meter survey Poss ib le preh ist or ic f eature Preh ist oric Occ upation Rom an
F ig .
5 3
S ite
1 3,
W harram
P ercy
V illage,
f eat ures
e arthworks
a nd
s uperimposed m agnetometer s urvey .
T he e xistence o f R oman o ccupation o n t he s ite o f t he d eserted m edieval v illage s ite o f W harram P ercy h as l ong b een r ecognised ( Hurst, 1 984). I nitially , i t w as t hought t hat t his R oman s ettlement w as c onfined t o a s ingle f armstead e nclosure s ituated i n t he n orthw est c orner o f t he v illage ( Fig . 5 3a). S ubsequently , h owever , a lmost e very e xcavation a t W harram P ercy h as p roduced s ome e vidence f or R oman a ctivity , a nd i t h as b ecome a ppatent t hat ' Roman W harram ' w as f ar m ore e xtensive a nd f ar m ore c omplicated t han j ust t his s imple n orth-western f armstead e nclosure. T he f ollowing p aragraphs w ill n ot
1 04
P late 1 8
W harram P ercy V illage. t op o f t he p icture, 1 976,
R ef .
T P 1 35
L ooking w est w ith F ield 1 6 a t
a nd F ield 1 5 t op r ight ( A .L .
t he
P acitto,
6).
a ttempt a f ull e valuation o f t he R oman e vidence f rom W harram P ercy v illage a s t his h as a lready b een o utlined b y H urst a nd w ill b e p ursued i n g reater d etail i n a f orthcoming m onograph . I t d oes, h owever, s eem a ppropriate t o a ttempt t o s ummarise t he e vidence a s i t i s a t p resent, a nd t o d iscuss b oth i ts i ntrinsic s ignificance a nd i ts w ider i mplications f or t he P arish S urvey a s a w hole. A s w ith t he o ther t ownship c entres, t he m edieval v illage r emains a t W harram P ercy e ffectively c loak a ny p receding p hases o f s ettlement. S o w hereas i t c an b e d emonstrated t hat t here w as I ron A ge, R oman a nd S axon s ettlement a t W harram P ercy , i ts t rue s ize a nd n ature c annot b e e asily e stablished . T opography T he D eepdale v alley ,
w hich b egins w ell t o t he s outh o f W harram P ercy ,
1 05
i s t he s ource o f an umber o f s prings w hich f orm a s mall, b ut f ast f lowing , s tream p assing t hrough t he s ite o f t he v illage, a nd t hence o ff t he w old s carp a t N orth G rimston , d raining t hrough S ettrington , w here i t a ssumes t he n ame S ettrington B eck , e ventually m erging w ith t he w aters o f t he R iver D erwent . I n a r egion o f d ry v alleys, t his s pring l ine m ade W harram P ercy a n o bvious c hoice f or s ettlement . A lthough t he v alley f loor w as t oo n arrow f or e xtensive s ettlement , e xpansion t ook p lace o n t he w old t op t o t he w est a t 1 60m O D ( Fig . 5 3 a nd P late 1 8). E xcavation h as r evealed t hat t he a rea o f t he m edieval v illage o f W harram P ercy w as s ettled a t l east a s e arly a s t he B ronze A ge, a lthough t he s lowly a ccumulating d iscoveries o f N eolithic f inds h int a t a n e ven e arlier o rigin . W harram P ercy w ould s eem t o b e a g ood e xample o f ap rimary s ettlement l ocation .
1 00
F ig .
5 4
S ite 1 3, W harram P ercy V illage,
1 06
c ropmarks.
200 yards
P late 1 9
W harram
P ercy V illage c ropmarks.
L ooking s outh-west w ith
F ield 1 5 i n b ottom r ight o f p icture a nd t he d eserted v illage e arthworks b ottom l eft ( A .L . P acitto, 1 976, R ef . T P 1 37 11).
C ropmarks T he s ite o f t he m edieval v illage o f W harram P ercy i s p rotected u nder p ermanent p asture, b ut t he l and b eyond t he i mmediate v illage c onfines i s p loughed a nd r eadily r eveals a s eries o f c ropmarks ( Fig . 5 4) w hich w ill b e c onsidered h ere i n f our u nits ( A-D). A i s a d ouble d itched t rackway w hich p asses a s a s unken r oad t hrough t he n orthern v illage e arthworks l eading o ut t o t he n orth-west. I t c ontinues b elow t he f armstead e nclosure ( B) a nd i nto F ield 1 6 ( Plate 2 0) w here i t h eads n orthwards p ast W harram G range C rossroads c omplex t o W harram G range v illa , a nd t hen l eads d own o ff t he W olds, t hrough L angton , t owards M alton . B i s a f armstead e nclosure ( Fig . 5 4B) s ituated a t t he c orner o f t he W harram P ercy v illage a rea ( Plate 1 9).
1 07
n orth-western I n 1 971 a
P late 2 0
F ield 1 6 T rackway . L ooking s outh-east f rom W harram G range C rossroad w ith F ield 5 a t t he b ottom o f t he p icture ( A .L . P acitto, R ef . T P 3 12 11).
s ection w as c ut t hrough t he m ain e nclosure d itch . A r ecent s tudy o f t he p ottery f rom t he f ill o f t his d itch i ndicates t he p resence o f 3 rd a nd 4 th-century v essels i n a ddition t o s herds o f i st a nd 2 nd-century d ate. E xcavation r evealed l ittle s tructural e vidence w ithin t he e nclosure, w hilst t he i nternal c ropmark f eatures a re s eemingly l imited t o t wo p ossible p it-like f eatures t owards i ts c entre. C l ies i mmediately t o t he s outh o f t his f armstead e nclosure. I t i s a s eries o f s maller e nclosures ( Fig . 5 4C) p rojecting w estwards f rom a n o rigin w ithin t he m edieval v illage ( Plate 1 9). F ieldwalking o ver t his a rea h as r evealed o nly a v ery t hin s catter o f R omano-British s herds a nd i t i s p ossible, t herefore, t hat t hese e nclosures h ad a n a gricultural p urpose. F urther s outh s outh d itches
( Fig . w hich
5 4D) i s a s eries o f s eemingly p arallel n orthp redate t he m edieval f ieldsystem . A lthough
1 08
e ssentially u ndated , t hey a re p robably R oman a nd a gain a gricultural. T heir c losest m orphological p arallel a mongst t he o ther c ropmarks r ecognised w ithin t his s urvey a rea l ies w ith t he s eries o f c ropmarks t o t he s outh o f t he P ost O ffice a t W harram L e S treet ( Fig . 4 3). W ithin t he a rea o f t he m edieval v illage e arthworks, R omano-British f eatures h ave b een r evealed b y b oth e xcavation a nd b y m agnetometer s urvey ( Fig . 5 3) w hich l ink u p w ith , a nd a re c learly a p art o f , t he c ropmark f eatures o f F ig . 5 4C. T hey r eveal a l adder o f e nclosures a cross t he n orthern p art o f t he s ite. T he a rchaeological e vidence w ould s uggest t hat i f s imilar m agnetometer s urveys w ere c arried o ut a cross t he r emainder o f t he v illage s ite, t hey w ould c onsiderably a dd t o t he e xtent a nd c omplexity o f t his p icture. P ottery S catters
B
M edieval
A
R oman
i l
2 . . , A l
E
-
-
5 9
1 _
1 3 40
2
-
2 6
1
-
5 78
-
2 41
4
1 8
-
1
B 79
2
-
-
2 80
-
1
-
5 81
1
2
-
1
-
B 3
4
-
B 4
3
-
-
2 42
-
-
2 5
1
-
1 0
2
2 43
3
-
8 6
1
-
1 3
-
8 7
3
-
1 .
1
2 8
4
-
1 5
-
-
5
-
3 3 3
2 77
1
g
n " i c n
' c i
1 6
1 0 -
-
-
2 4
1 -
3
8
-
3
1
-
3 1
-
-
2 82
-
2 6
-
1
2 83
1
_
3
-
B 46
e
-
4 0
-
1
2 84
-
-
2
-
B 47
-
3
-
1 5
1
2
-
1 0
-
6 11
3
-
1 0
1
2 12
1
-
1 7
1
2 13
1
-
1 2
3 14
1
-
2 2
2 15
1
-
3 16
2.
-
B 17
3
1
1 7
6
8 18
3
-
2 5
8 19
1
-
3 6
8 20
2
-
2 9
B 21
3
-
3 2
2 22
7
-
1 8
2
2 23
6
-
2 8
2
2 24
8
-
5 5
1
2 62
2 25
3
-
4 8
1
2 63
8 48
6 1 4
1
6 1
-
-
B e
-
-
6 4
-
-
B 86
-
1
-
2 87
2
-
5 8
8 88
2
-
3 0
8 89
2
-
B 90
-
-
8
3
4 1
-
1 3 50
1
-
3 0
-
1
2 51
8
-
6 2
-
2
2 52
3
-
68
-1
6
3
8 53
4
-
4 9
-
5 91
2
-
2
-
2 54
3
-
4 6
-
1
2 92
2
-
-
2 55
4
-
2 8
-
1
5 93
4
-
2 0
5
-
8 56
8
7 4
-
5
B 94
2
1
3 3
8
-
B 57
5
-
-
-
8 95
2
-
B 58
3
-
4 2
-
-
2 96
2
-
2 59
e
2 7
-
1
B 97
5
-
1 3
B 60
6
-
1 8
-
1
B 98
4
-
1 4
2 61
7
-
2 2
1
-
B 99
3
-
1 0
-
4 5
1
-
2 100
3
-
2 1
-
8 5
-
1 3 101
-
-
3 4
-
2 3
-
2 1 0 -
-
-
2 68
7
-
1
2 69 0 70
1 4
-
1 8
-
-
2 1
1
2
-
1 2
-
-
6
1
-1
0 106
3
-
3
1 5
1
1 3 107
1
-
3
2 7,
-
2 108
5
-
6
2 7
-
-
8 109
1
-
6
-
-
8
1 -
8
-
-
-
-
-
5 105
3
-
-
B 104
-
B 30
7
1
4 9
2
1
2
-
-
-
1
-
1 7
1
3 0
3
.
2 5
-
5 1
-
8
8
-
-
3
-
1
5
3
4
8 29
1
-
2
0 28
7 2 6
-
-
8 67
-
•3
2
B 66
-
6 6
-
2
-
6 3
-
2
B 103
3
-
3
1 3 102
1
2 65
7 8
-
-
2 64
2 26 8 27
-
4
-
-
4-
2 49 -
5
4
-
1 0
q . 8
1
5 1
4
B 44
2 10
-
1 1 ,
A
2 45
-
2 9
0 31
. > "
B 39
A
2 2
1 2
i „ . A ,
M
2
2 1
e
( Hurst 1 984).
1 a
e
2
1 2
g
5 3)
P ost-Medieval
( Fig .
P ost-Medieval
R oman d itch o n t he s ame a lignment
1
V irtually e very t rench e xcavated a t W harram P ercy , n o m atter w here w ithin t he v illage, h as p roduced a t l east o ne o r t wo s mall s herds o f R omano-British p ottery . I n a n umber o f c ases i t h as b een d emonstrated t hat a m edieval b oundary e arthwork d irectly o verlies a
1 2 -
-
8 32
-
-
2 5
1
2 33
3
-
3 3
1
1
B 71
5
-
2 34
-
-
-
-
B 72
1
-
8
-
-
1 3 110
1
-
2
-
-
2 35
4
-
1 8
-
-
8 73
1
-
3
-
-
2 111
-
-
1
-
-
8 36
3
-
4 9
-
1
2 74
3
-
1 2
-
-
B 112
-
-
2
8 37
4
-
1 4
-
1
8 75
-
-
2 3
-1
8 113
1
-
9
-
2
8 38
3
-
4 01
-
B 76
-
-
8 114
-
-
2
8
F ig .
5 5a
S ite 1 3, F ield 1 5, a ssemblage.
'
5
-
-
t abulated 1 974 M ethod B
1 09
f ieldwalking
F ields
1 5 a nd 1 6
( Fig .
5 4),
a n a rea known a s t he G reat H og Walk,
h ave
p robably n ow b een m ore i ntensively f ieldwalked t han a ny o thers W harram P ercy P arish, a nd t he t ables b elow d etail t he numbers
i n o f
R oman s herds r ecovered f rom e ach. B oth c ontained a t hin but f airly e ven s pread o f R oman s herds a cross much o f t heir a rea. F ield 1 5, F ield
G reat H og W alk ,
1 5
F ig.
5 4.
w as walked e ast-west b y a M ethod B
n orth-south by a s econd B s urvey i n 1 978. t he
p attern
o f
R omano-British
s urvey
F ig.
a nd S axon
5 5
i n
( A-D)
s herds
1 974,
a nd
d emonstrates
f rom
t hese
t wo
s urveys. T he 1 974 s urvey ( Fig . 5 5 A -B) w as t he o nly M ethod B s urvey t o b e c arried o ut u sing a l arge n umber o f v olunteers, a nd t he a pparant d isparity i n f inds variations a ctual
f rom r ow t o r ow i s m ore l ikely t o r eflect
i n t he a bility o f t hose p eople d oing t he s urvey t han
v ariation i n p ottery d istribution .
e very c rop r ow i n t he f ield ,
whereas
T his s urvey a lso
t he l ater,
1 978
' B'
a ny
w alked
( Fig .
5 5C)
8 1
2
8 39
1 3 2
1
8 40
3
1 5 41
8 3
1
1
1 3 43
2
1
1 3 44
5
1
1
2
1
1
2
3
1
1
2
8 49
5
3
1 3 50
1
B 51
2
1 1
1 5 78
3
5
8 79
1
1
4
1 3 52
8 81 1
B 82
2
8 84
2 8
1
8 85
3
8 87
1
1
1 3 88
1
1
8 89
1
8 86
6 1
1
1
8 90
1
B 91
1
8 53
2
1
1
1
1 3 54
2
1
2
1
8 55
3
1
8 93
8 56
2
5
1
B 94
8 57
2
2
1
8 95
1 3 18
3
8 59
5 2
2
1
B 19
1
8 20
1
1 3 21
1
2
1
8 22
1
2
3
1
8 60
8 23
1
2
2
1
1 3 61
2
3
8 24
1
4
3
1 3 62
2
4
B 25
1
2
1 3 63
1
8 26
1
3
B 27
4
1
2 1
1
1 3 64
2
8 65
1
1
1 4
2
1 3 66
2
1 3 67
3
8 69
8 32
8 70
8 33
8 36
1
B 37 1 3 38
8 104 1
3
7
1
0 73
1
2
8 74
2
2
3 75
8 113
9 76
8 114
2
1
F ig .
5 5b
1
1 3 77
1
S ite 1 3, a ssemblage.
1
1
4
8 109 8 110
1 1
F ield
1
1
3
1
1
2
1
1
2
1 5,
t abulated
1 10
I
1
8 107 8 108
2 3
1
1 . 1
2 1
1
B lo6
1
8 71
1
1 3 105
2
1 3 34 B 35
4
2
8 103
1
1 3 68
8 99
8 102
1
3 1
1 3 101
2 1
1
B 98
2
3
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
8 97
8 100
2
8 31
1
1
1
1
8 29 8 30
I
0 96
2
B 28
1
8 92
2 3
1
1 3
B 16
8 18
• 0
B 83
8 15
1 3 17
Colour-Coated
Oxidised
2
1
1 3 48
1 3 14
Colour-Coated
1
8 47
1
3
B 45
3
1 3 13
1
1 1
B 46
2
B 12
§
B 8o
8 9
1
1
B 42
B 10 1 3 11
I
1
1 3 5
2
( I
4
1 3 6
1 3 8
0, . ,0 . I
8 77
2
8 7
A
1
1 5 4
1
S amian
• Wheel-Made
2 g
Hand-Made
g
g :
Calcite-Gritted
Ö
1 J
Pot
7
Calcite-Gritted
§
1 3
1
1 C
M e V I 6 0
I S axon
6 1
Crambeck
U
Colour-Coated
16 3 T J
1
Hand-Made
Calcite-Gritted
I
s urvey o nly e xamined e very 1 0th r ow .
1
B 111 8 112
1 974
1
M ethod
B
R oman
1
-,
› r t 1
. ' , 2 8 .
,
3 1
3
3
6 2
-
9
. 4 M
V
4
g . M2 .
2 e , 2 P .
R o w
" "
2
2
x 42 r • 1 8
1 5
1 33
2
1
5
1 1
B34
1
7
1
2 1
1
1 2
1 6
1
63
5
7
3
1 3
2
B35
4
1
6 4
6
9
6
20
2
1 3 36
3
2
2 3
1 3 5
2
8
8
1 5
2
B37
1
1
1 5
1
8 6
-
3
2
2 3
1
1 4
2
B 7
1
4
4
20
1
89
-
6
2
1 5
1 3 9
-
7
1
1 7
1 3 10
-
4
3
1 0
1 3 11
-
3
2
1 4
-
2
2 0
2
B12
1
6 13
1
6 14
5
6 15
1 0
3 8 1 1
9
2 9
-
r
2 8
-
3 4
1
7
7
B 16
-
7
1
2 4
B 17
4
5
1
2 0
6 18
3
5
7
2 4
1 3 19
6
3
1
1 6
620
7
2
4
2 1
B21
6
5
1
1 4
822 8 23
2 2
B 24
-
1 3 25
-
3
4
1
6 b
1 8 1 9
1
-
-
1
-
I
6 41
-
1
6
1
642
3
7
-
8 43
3
6
2
-
1 3 44
8
7
B 45
6
6
5
8
B 46
1 4
5
8 48
1 8
9
-
B 47
-
-
1 3 49
1 3
1
B 50
1 0
1
6 51
_
1
1
1
-
-
5
8
4
7
9
-
1 0
6 54
-
2
9
6 55
_
3
5
6
1 4
B 57
-
4
1 2
2
1 1 1 6
-
8 58
2 0
-
B 59
-
2
1 6
-
1
2 2
2 1
-
-
1
1 5
-
1 9
-
B 62
4
2 4
-
2 3
-
B 63
-
1
1 6
-
-
1 2
-
8 64
-
6
1 6
2
4 3
6 28
-
1
3 29
2
1
1
B 30
-
1 3 4
5 5c
B 60 8 61
-
S ite 1 3, F ield 1 5, a ssemblage.
t abulated 1 978 M ethod B f ieldwalking
T he M ethod C s urvey w as a lso c arried o ut i n 1 978 a nd was m otivated
1
6
2
8 56 -
-
-
6 53
-
2
9 5
2 1
4
1
F ig .
-
8 40
B 52 1
-
-
-
5
1
3
B3 9
2 1
1
B 27
B 32
5
1
8 26
6 31
2
1 3 38
1
p rincipally
by t he r ecognition o f a number o f S axon s herds d uring
t he
p receding M ethod B s urvey ( Fig . 5 5C), a nd t he d esire t o d efine t he d istribution o f t hose s herds m ore p recisely. A f ull g rid walking o f t he e ntire f ield w ould have t aken f ar t oo l ong, s o t o s uit t he a vailable, t wo p arallel n orth-south t raverses o f t he f ield
t ime w ere
undertaken
E ach
u sing t he u sual 1 0 x 1 0m g rid s quares
( Fig.
5 4).
g rid t raverse b egan s ome 0 .75m i n f rom t he s outhern f ield s eparating o ff t he W harram P ercy v illage e arthworks.
b oundary T he t wo
t raverses w ere 3 0m a part,
s hown o n
F ig.
e ach c omprising 4 3 g rid s quares,
5 5D a s C lC43 a nd C 44-C86.
5 .4m i nside
T he f irst t raverse,
C lC43,
b egan
t he e astern b oundary o f F ield 1 5.
A s F ig . 5 5D s hows, t he d istribution o f b oth R oman a nd S axon s herds a cross t he f ield was b y n o m eans e ven . T he d ensest a reas o f S axon s herds
a lso c orrelated w ith t he d enser a reas o f R oman
s eemed
t o
m ore
l ie t owards t he c entre o f t he f ield .
p rolific
a nd
o ccurred a cross t he l ength o f
1 11
s herds
R oman s herds t he
f ield
which w ere i n
a
Wharram P ercy , G reat Hog Wa lk , F ie ld 1 5 , Method C F ie ldwa lk ing S urvey Saxon Pottery
Ro man P o ttery
•
C86 C85
•
C86
C43
C42
C85
C42
C84
•
C41
C84
C83
•
C40
C83
C82
•
C39
C82
•
C81
•
•
C43
C80 C79
• C78 C77 C76 C75 C74 C73 C72
• •
• •
• • •
•
C81 C80
C36
C79
C35
C78
C34
C77
C33
C76
• •
C32
C75
C31
C74
• •
C30
•
C73
C29
•
C72
• •
C71 C70
•
C69 C68
•
C67
• • ' •
C38 C37
•
C66 C65
•
C64 C63
•
C62 C61
•
C60 C59
•
•
•
C57
•
•
C56
• C55 • C54 •
•
•
• •
C37 C36 C35
•
• • •
0
1
C33
•
2
C32
•
3
C31 C30
•
C29
• •
C71
C27
C70
C26
C69
C25
• C68
C24
C67
C24
C23
C66
C23
C22
C65
C22
C21
C64
C21
C20
C63
C20
C1 9
C62
C1 9
C1 8
C61
C1 8
C26
•
C60
•
C1 5
C58
• C1 5
C14
C57
C13
C56
C11
•
C54
• • • •
C1 3 C1 2 C11 C1 0
C52
C9
C8
C51
C8
C7
C50
C7
C6
C49
C6
C5 .
C48
C5
C4
C47
C4
C46
C3
C46
C45
C2
C45
C44
Cl
C44
•
C47
•
5 0m I I VI Z IMM E M
C1 4
C9
C48
M
C1 6
C52
•
0
C17
C53
C51
5 6>
C25
C59
•
4
C27
C1 6
C12
• • •
C28
C17
C55
Sherds
C34
C1 0
C49
•
C38
•
C53
C50
• •
C40 C39
C28
•
C58
C41
•
C3
•
C2 Cl
Guard iansh ip F ence o f Wharra m P ercy V i l lage Earth works
F ig .
5 5d
S ite
1 3,
F ield
1 5,
1 978
M ethod
C
f ieldwalking ,
d istribution o f R oman a nd S axon p ottery s herds.
112
p attern t hat w ould b e q uite c ompatible w ith m anuring d eposits.
L ike
t he S axon s herds f rom F ield 1 6 ( Fig . 5 7) a nd F ield 1 06 ( Fig . 5 8), t hese f rom F ield 1 5 h ave a m ore r estricted d istribution t hat i s n ot e asily i nterpreted a s e ither s ettlement o r m anuring . A s mall S axon g rubenhause w as e xcavated i mmediately t o t he s outh o f t hese g rid t raverses i n t he n orthern m anorial e nclosure o f W harram P ercy v illage ( Hurst 1 984). A ir p hotographs o f F ield 1 5 h eld b y t he N ational
M onuments R ecord h ave s hown a n umber o f s mall d ark
s quares
i n t he s outh-east c orner o f t his f ield . I t i s p ossible t hat t oo a re g rubenhausen , a nd t hat S axon s ettlement a t W harram
t hese P ercy
o riginally e xtended n orthwards b eyond t he c onfines o f t he l ater m edieval v illage. P erhaps a f uture m agnetometer s urvey o f t his p art o f F ield 1 5 w ould h elp r esolve t hese p roblems.
N AME G reat
Hog Wa lk
2 10
,
( Fig .
N os.
1 45-186).
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, s urfaces, l ighter c ore, 2 nd-century?
1 46)
C alcite-gritted
1 47)
( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
d ark
g rey/brown
o range / b rown
o uter
o range c ore a nd i nner s urface.
C alcite-gritted s urface,
D < 0
3
4
1 45)
s urface,
0 3
LAVA QUERN
.
I MBR ICES
U )
TEGULAE
SAX ON
d
3 1
11
5 6,
BU IM LA DT I N EG R IALS
CRA MBECK
> 7 0 ,
BLACK WARES
B
6
1 3
I llustrated V essels
O w c s )
REDUCED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SAM 1AN
MORTAR IA
i
AMPHORA
I CALC ITE -GR ITTED
POTTERY TYPES
TESSERAE
S ITE
F IELD No . 15
( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
b rown c ore a nd o range
1 48)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), d ark b rown c ore.
1 49-152)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
1 53)
C olour-coated ,
j ar,
1 54)
C olour-coated ,
b owl,
1 55)
C olour-coated ,
c ooking-pot,
g rey
o uter
K napton?
d ark g rey s urfaces a nd
Huntcliff-type j ars,
l ocal,
4 th-century .
3 rd/4th-century .
w hite f abric,
b owl,
d ark
i nner s urface,
l ocal.
w hite c olour-coat o n o xidised f abric,
C rambeck ,
4 th-century.
1 56)
O xidised ,
c arinated j ar?,
1 57-158)
O xidised ,
j ars.
1 59)
O xidised , b owl,
1 60)
G reyware,
N orton?,
1 61-165)
G reyware,
j ars,
1 66)
G reyware,
c arinated j ar?,
l st/2nd-century?
2 nd/3rd-century. 3 rd-century.
2 nd/3rd-century. 2 nd-century.
1 13
11 49
1 45
1
4 1)
1 1 50
2 4 "
1 46
11 47
1 1 5
" lb
1
1 52
1 48
5 0 mm
1 56
1 53
I le
4
1 54
1 1 57
1 55
1 1 58
7‚ ) (
1 59
1 1 60
3 4 1 70
1
1 62
1 71
1 72
1 63
1 73 1 65
1
11 74 1175
11 4 h- -
, n
1 66
1 1 6 7
1 76 d i
%
1 1 77
1 1 7 8
1 68
1 69
1 79
2 - I
1-
1 82
1 80 4 °
18 3
U 1 -874
1 8-1
F ig .
5 6
S ite 1 3,
F ield 1 5,
a
i llustrated p ottery .
1 67)
G reyware, b owl,
2 nd/3rd-century .
1 68)
G reyware, N orton?, b owl,
1 69-170)
G reyware,
1 71-172)
G reyware, b owls,
1 73)
G reyware,
1 74-175)
C rambeck , j ars, 4 th-century .
d ishes,
2 nd/3rd-century .
4 th-century . 2 nd/3rd-century .
f langed b owl.
1 14
1 1 85
1 86
2 1 \
1 76)
C rambeck , b owl,
1 77-178)
C rambeck ,
1 79)
C rambeck , b owl, 4 th-century .
1 80-186)
S axon ,
F ield 1 6.
4 th-century .
f langed b owls,
4 th-century .
c ooking-pots.
G reat H og W alk ,
F ig .
5 4
,
lod u sopow
qod TeAaTPaW'4sod
lod leA 0 I PaW
.
.
1
N
,c ) M
qod u oxes
. .
I
lod u P t uot e
,
s ltrr ld
.
0
I
r -
V I
t
.
.
1
. . .
,
p
c st
r ' t N
0
0
I , 0
I
I
I
e I
e
.
, e .
m
7 . 41
h
m
,
N
M
.
.
.
g
i
t
.
.
,
c v
( . 4
c . ,
.
O
N .
I n C I '
. 7 .
V 1 . " -
40 / 1
' V
, " 7
I
I
I
I
I
N
N
0
m
e
I
I
4
.
N
r • 4
m
" 4 '
. I n CO
V D r n M
,
I
.
I
I A
t O N
N C s 1
I , C r
.
N
,
I
. 4
V I
e
.
e
e n
.
.
.
.
N
N
IA
C s 1 .
C O .
. V I
C O .
e
e
I
I
I
I
I " . ,n O
C O e n CO
I
I
0
,
.
e
. 4
C r I r n M
0 V O
.
.
.
N
N
N
N
I
e s /
.
N
e
C V
e
.
1
I
i n
e
N
,
e
. 4
N
. 4
i n
.
.
M
I
I
1
e
,
.
1
i m
I
.
.
_ MOH
I n N M
1 0
N CO
r • N M
C Y M
C O
0, C Y CO
r n M
t n M
,
I
,
1
qod u aapow
I
1
,
l od u naTpaw-lsod
N
t v
I
.
lod T vAaTPaW
m c s t
, r . "
. 0 e s t
.
q od u oxes
,
1
1
qod u vu tog
,
, . ,
, . ,
. I
I
I
s luTTA
C O
F ig .
5 7a
N
i n
C O
C O
‘ t .
I
r„ ,
0
.
N
.
N
t o
n a n
N
V J
I
I
0
0,
.
N
.
c r C O
i n C O
‘ . 0 C O
N
,
. . 1 O
1
I
. 0 M I
I
, . „
I
, . ,
C i C O
S ite 1 3, F ield 1 6, a ssemblage .
, n
M
t
M
0 4
n
. 0
.
I
I
C C O
e l CO
N
e
t
4
a
. .
1
t
.
c r
N
M
. 4.
s r
s r
O I
M
M
1
t
. 4
m
I
• , N
( . 4
m
, a
. M
i n W
N m
C N I m
V N
N
.
,
r e
N
. 4
i l l
I
e
N
C O . 1 C O
c y . m 4 3
0 N C O
e
V I
s r
M
M
s r
. , .
,
. -
i t,
,
. ; , . .
,
.
,T
C A
N
I
I
.
N
N
I A
.
O N C O
0 -.I C O
, I M C O
, m C O
m . 4 C O
. i : r . I C i l
u i . I C O
« I / • . C O
r." . , C O
I
I s • V M
. i
• • . .
I
,
.
. N C O
t abulated 1 976 M ethod B f ieldwalking
1 15
% . 0 V O I
, N
I
C O V O
. 1
V .
e
e
C O .
1
.
1
I
N N C O
N N C O
.
n . r u C O
u aanö anv il
N
BUILDING
C irVe a
MATERIALS
o 1
• 1
.
N
.
S a 3 TiC N I
e vir t6aj ,
. I
.
a szassai , u oxeS O ST x oaqu ivaD
TY P E D
5 9112 M
.
N
r 4
r .
c 4
X 312 j€ 1
s r
PeonPa t t
i n
s r
.
N
N
.
.
M
M
M
.
.
M
N
in
.
.4
.
PesTPTx0
P O T T E R Y
s axem e zTt i t . i paleop-ar toToD 1 211 1 1 ,2 S
1 : 1 3122.2 O W
.
.
e xoud tuy ,
Pe41Ta0-a4T3TeD
.
c o s ,
.
.
, ; -2 N D2 9 ,7 . ;( , z i , e 2A. g r e
r z
u zanö ' env,'
in
c a
.
.
c o
m
m
o
ra
e r l gn
M
7 4
ce
N
7 1 , ' c o
.
N
> P I m
, r : ` , m
. l
.
M
r9 , o
7 . ; m
. 9
o
.
;. I o
.
Z i t c o
. 0
V .
m
.
n i
3 4 4 ' 4 ' 4
m
o
4
m
ga
gn
4
BUILDING
MATERIALS
g nu° s aziiq un ,
a vinßaj , a t ./ OS S ei,
• U OX P S
,
C s I
N
. I
,
r n
.
•3 5 1 W
.
P O T T E R Y
T Y P E S
X D 8 QU IVX D
S aa et4
N
.
N
) ( O PT E l
PaonPa l l
.
.
N
,
c o
s r
e v
.
.
s r
.
40 / 1
e l •
N
.
,
e l .
5 5 ' X0 s oiem a zTl e .
paleop-anotop US 5 155
.
.
1 2 T 2 2 1.2 014
e ao l idu zy pez1TID-elToTeD
i x
F ig .
5 7b
. • , '
f e
ca
.
,
. ,
, n .
m
c o
m
m
S ite 1 3, a ssemblage.
. ,
,
,
v l
.
0 5
r i
c v
c ,
e
.
. , c o a , 2 7 1 ` : J . ' 2 Z 2 ` . e . ` ; ` , 2 2 i " i ) , . : , ' 2 2
F ield
a z
a a
rn
1 6,
a l
c o
re
t abulated
c e
re
1 976
m
o
c i a
M ethod
cn
ce
B
g i
c e
o
c r a
R oman
A M ethod B s urvey w as c arried o ut o n t he s outhern t wo t hirds o f t his l arge f ield i n 1 976 ( Fig . 5 4). L ike, F ield 1 5, t he bulk o f t he f inds w ere m edieval ( Fig . 5 7A), b ut t he f abrics o f t he R oman s herds a re e xamined i n m ore d etail i n F ig . 5 7B .
1 16
Z c o
1 1
2 96 F ig.
D < 0
3 1 29
1 1 0
5 4 a . )
,
( 2
Pot
, . ) r 2
3 1
,
r l
>
a )
S axon
. 2
c o
Modern
I ngs M eadow ,
-
SAX ON
CRA MBECK
BLACK WARES '
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -C OATED
SAM IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITE -GR ITTED
F ield 1 06,
6 0
. . ,
H H
1 3 1
2
5
-
10
02
-
-
-
1 0
0 3
_
1
-
5
-
1
1
6
-
b . '
0 4
1 3 5
-
1 3 6
-
1 3 7
3
1 3 1 3
1 3 9
v
2
1
1 3
-
2
2 1
-
2
3
1 6
_
6
6
1 0
-
3
1 3 10
6
1
3
3
1 3
1
3
4
1 0
1
1 3 12
4
2
1 51
1 3 1 3
2
2
7
1
1
5
1 3 15
1
1
1 1
-
1 3 16
2
6
1 1
-
1 3 17
1
6
1
1 3 1 E 3
1
6
-
10
-
1 5
1
-
3 11
1 3 14
-
1 3 1 .9
-
1 3 20
-
F ig .
5 8
S ite 1 3,
I
BU ILD ING MATER IALS
POTTERY TYPES
8 6 2 3 1 '
Walk
LAVA QUERN
G reat Hog
I MBR ICES
S ITE NAME
TEGULAE
16
TESSERAE
F IELD N o .
1
5
F ield 1 06,
1
-
t abulated 1 978 M ethod B f ieldwalking
a ssemblage.
1 17
I n J uly 1 978,
t he s outhern h alf o f t his f ield ,
w hich w as u nder a r oot
c rop, w as r ow-walked b y M ethod B , t he n orthern h alf b eing s own w ith p otatoes w hose m ore a dvanced s tate o f g rowth p rohibited a rchaeological i nvestigation . T hese c rops w ere s own e ast-west a nd t he f ield w as w alked w ith units o f s ix c rop r ows, s eparated b y g aps o f t en c rop r ows, u nit B i b eginning o n t he s outhern b oundary o f t he f ield w ith F ield 1 5. A s u sual, t he c rop r ows w ere 2 ft ( 0.61m) a part, m aking e ach u nit w alked 1 2ft ( 3.7m) w ide w ith g aps o f 2 0ft ( 6.1m), t hus t he 2 0 u nits w alked e xtended a pproximately 6 20ft ( 189m) u p t he f ield f rom s outh t o n orth . T he
d istribution o f R oman p ottery w as s parse b ut f airly e ven
a cross
t he p ortion o f t he f ield t hat w as w alked . S herds w ere s mall a nd w orn , b ut i ncluded i dentifiable 3 rd a nd 4 th-century g reywares a nd c alcite-gritted v essels, a lthough a f ragment o f a c olour-coated j ar f rom u nit B 9 m ay h ave b een e arlier.
P ottery o f t his c haracter a nd o f
s imilar d istribution h as b een r ecognised f rom e lsewhere o n t his a rea o f w old l and , s uch a s F ields 5 , 1 5, 1 6 a nd 8 7, a nd w ould s eem t o b e b est i nterpreted a s m anuring m aterial. A lthough n ot d iscussed f urther i n t his v olume, F ield 1 06 a lso p roduced a r elatively h eavy ( average 1 1-12 s herds/unit) s catter o f m edieval m anuring p ottery ( Fig . 5 8). L ike t he R oman s herds, t hese m edieval s herds w ere f airly e venly d istributed a cross t he f ield . T he e ven d istribution o f b oth t he R oman a nd m edieval s herds a chieves a n a dded s ignificance w hen c ompared t o t he d istribution o f S axon p ottery w ithin t his f ield , f or t he l atter c lustered b etween units B 6-B16 ( Fig . 5 8). T he p ossibility o f S axon m anuring s catters c annot b e i gnored , but i n t his c ase a t l east, t he a pparent c lustering o f t he p ottery m ight s uggest i nstead s ome f orm o f s ettlement a ctivity . F ield 1 06 F ield S catter
, F IELD N o .1 06
G reat Hog
S ITE NAME
POTTERY TYPES
Wa lk
1
[ 1 1 1 3
1 1 3
2 5
3 3
1 87 1 88 5 0 mm
1 89 F ig .
5 9
S ite 1 3,
1 90
F ield 1 06,
1 18
1 91
i llustrated p ottery .
m
3
7
BLACK WARES
0 W 0 a
REDUCED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
'AMPHORA
CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CG W)
' CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CGH)
'
BU IM LD AT I N EG R IALS
I llustrated V essels
( Fig .
5 9,
N os.
1 87)
G reyware,
j ar.
1 88)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
1 89-191)
S axon ,
1 87-191)
H untcliff-type j ar,
4 th-century .
c ooking-pots.
D iscussion o f t he W harram P ercy C omplex T he R oman r emains f rom W harram P ercy v illage a bundantly d emonstrate t hat R oman W harram w as c onsiderably m ore e xtensive a nd m ore c omplicated t han t he s mall n orth-western f armstead e nclosure t hat w as o riginally i dentified . T his c omplexity h as b een e xacerbated r ather t han r esolved b y t he m agnetometer a nd e xcavation w ork . A s e ach n ew s eries o f R omano-British f eatures w as d iscovered o n t he s ite,
i t w as
s uggested t hat W harram P ercy v illage m ust h ave b een t he l ocation o f t wo, t hen t hree, t hen f our ( etc.) f armstead s ites. C learly t he c oncept o f multiple, q uasi-independent f armsteads a t W harram P ercy i s r apidly b ecoming u ntenable a s t heir n umber i ncreases.
I t m ust s urely
b e a p ossibility t hat W harram P ercy w as t he l ocation o f s ome f orm o f n ucleated s ettlement d uring t he R oman p eriod , a lthough w hether t his w as
a n u norganised l oose c luster o f f armsteads o r a
m ore
r egulated
c ommunity i s n ot y et k nown .
B ) 1 4 : BELLA HOUSE FAR MSTEAD
W harram P ercy t ownship,
S E 8 65645
( Fields 1 9 a nd 2 6)
I ntroduction a nd T opography T his s ite ( Fig . 6 0) w as r ecognised f rom i ts p ottery s catter; a ir p hotographs h ave s o f ar r evealed o nly t he v aguest i ndications o f c ropmarks. I t l ies o n a r elatively l evel w old t op s etting a t 1 70m O D, i mmediately n orth o f a d eeply s unken t rackway l eading d own t he v alley s ide i nto D eepdale, w hich n ow f orms t he p ublic a ccess r oute f rom t he B ella H ouse c ar p ark t o W harram P ercy d eserted v illage. T his e ast-west t rackway i tself i s a lmost c ertainly o f v ery c onsiderable a ntiquity , f orming p art o f a l ocal r oad s ystem l eading f rom t he d irection o f T owthorpe, t hrough W harram P ercy , a cross W harram G range, a nd t hen d own o ff t he W olds t o L angton a nd t owards M alton ( Fig . 1 0). T he r oute o f t his t rackway f rom B ella H ouse d own t he s ide o f D eepdale m ay o we i ts o rigin t o a f luvio-glacial c hannel c ut d own i nto t he s ide o f t he v alley ; s everal o ther e xamples h ave b een r ecognised a long D eepdale ( Professor B . P roudfoot, p ers. c omm .). T he p resent r oad f rom B urdale n orthwards, p ast B ella H ouse t o W harram L e S treet m ay a lso r epresent t he a pproximate a lignment o f a nother t rackway . C ropmarks h ave r evealed a d ouble-ditched t rackway l eading n orthwards f rom u nder B ella H ouse, w hich p asses u nder t he p resent B 1248 M alton r oad t o l ink u p w ith t he c ropmark c omplex o f W harram L e
1 19
S treet v illa t herefore t rackways
( Figs.
4 0 a nd 4 3).
T his
f armstead a t B ella H ouse w ould
a ppear t o l ie i n c lose p roximity t o t he c rossroads o f t wo which w ere a lmost c ertainly b oth i n u se d uring t he R oman
p eriod . T he
n earest
n atural water s ource t o t his s ite w ould have
b een
t he
s tream r unning a long D eepdale f rom Wharram P ercy t o N orth G rimston . C ropmarks
• F 1 3
•
• I/
/ * * F 18
i/
/ /
I
W h ite
• • ) (
Hill o id
Cha lk P lt
F 28
F 25
0
100 yards
l a2mmEem4 0 1 00 m etres
F ig .
6 0
S ite 1 4,
T races o f c ropmarks P acitto's t hat d ivide a t
a nd
f ormed
s ite
( Fig.
t he
l ocation p lan .
i n F ield 1 9 w ere r evealed b y 6 0).
s outhern
T ony
T hey s how a n e ast-west d itch e nclosure
boundary
o f
t races o f s everal n orth-south d itches which s eem
t he s ettlement e nclosure
Wharram
( Fig.
f rom t his
a ir p hotographs
p robably
f armstead ,
B ella H ouse F armstead ,
G range C rossroads
i n a m anner s imilar t o t he ( Fig.
2 6B)
a nd a t B urdale Tunnel
F ield S catter ( Fig .
6 1,
N os.
1 92-197).
1 92)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, s urface a nd c ore, b rown i nner s urface.
1 93)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
H untcliff-type j ar,
1 20
g rey-black
t o
c ropmarks
6 5).
I llustrated V essels
t he
o uter
4 th-century .
T op
1 94)
G reyware,
j ar,
1 95-197)
G reyware,
j ars,
2 nd/3rd-century . 3 rd-century?
/
1 92
1 94
5 0 mm
1 95
1 93
i llustrated p ottery .
Be l la House
S ITE NAME
1 0 1 5,
17
CRAMBECK
BLACK WARES
o
REDUCED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
i CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CG W )
,
0 w 0 a T 95 . ••.• . • •
Crop marks
0
To wnsh ip boundar ies
F ig .
6 2
S ite
1 5,
R idgeway
1 00
200 yards
1 60
C rossroads
C omplex ,
200 metres
c ropmarks
a nd
l ocation p lan .
D iscussion T hese d itch s ystems p robably r epresent r oads o r t rackways a nd F ig . 1 0 s hows h ow t hey w ould f orm p art o f aw ider p attern o f l ocal r oads a nd t rackways l inking u p t he m any R omano-British f armsteads a nd o ther s ettlement s ites i n t he W harram a rea . S uch f eatures, b e t hey e arthworks o r , a s i n t his c ase, c ropmarks, h ave t raditionally b een i dentified a s ' linear e ntrenchments' a nd c onsidered t o b e p rehistoric i n o rigin ( Greenwell a nd R olleston 1 877; M ortimer 1 906; D ent 1 983). L ike m ost o f t heir k ind , t he p resent c ropmark d itch-systems h ave s o f ar p roduced n o a ssociated d ating e vidence. H owever, s everal o bservations c an b e m ade. F irst , t hey l ink u p w ith s everal k nown I ron A ge a nd R oman-British f armsteads; s econdly , t hey a re c ut b y t he B 1248 M alton r oad , a s upposed R oman r oad ( Margary 1 957); a nd t hirdly , t he n orth-western a rm c omprising t he t wo p airs o f p arallel d itches, a nd t he s mall s ingle-ditched s outh-eastern a rm , c orrelate w ith t wo r ather c urious k inks i n t he t ownship b oundaries a t t his p oint ( Figs. 2 -3). T opographically , t hese c ropmarks s eem t o f orm p art o f t he R oman o r p re-Roman l andscape.
1 24
Wharram P ercy t ownship, D espite
M ISCELLANEOUS F IELDWALKING MATERIAL
b eing t he m ost i ntensively walked o f t he Wharram
t ownships,
Wharram P ercy h as p roduced f ew i solated s herds a way f rom t he m ain s ettlement a reas These s ettlements c omprise a major c omplex a t Wharram l ie
P ercy,
a nd a f armstead s ite a t B ella H ouse
w ithin t he t ownship.
e lsewhere Wharrm
S everal o ther f armstead
i n t his r eport, G range
f armstead ,
( Field 1 9) s ites
w hich
d iscussed
s uch a s B irdsall H igh B arn f armstead ,
C rossroads
c omplex
l ie i mmediately a cross
S everal o f t he m iscellaneous t o one o f t hese s ettlements
a nd
t he
B urdale
T op
t he t ownship b oundary.
f inds o f R oman p ottery w ere f ound ( Fig.
t he
T unnel
6 3),
s uch a s
t hose
c lose
i n F ields 7 7,
3 5
a nd 2 6 w est, a nd c ould t herefore b e d ismissed a s l ocal m anuring o r p art o f t he p eripheral d ebris s catters f rom t hese s ettlement s ites. T here
a lso
a ppears
t o
have b een a n e xpanse o f
a rable
w old
l and
s tretching f rom W harram P ercy v illage s ite n orthwards t o W harram G range v illa ( comprising h ere F ields 5 , 1 5, 1 6, 9 4, 9 6 a nd 1 06) which w ould
s eem t o h ave been f airly e xtensively manured d uring t he
R oman
p eriod . B eyond
t he
c onfines
m anured l ands, 6 4).
o f
t hese s ettlements
a nd
t heir
R oman p ottery s herds b ecome m ore s carce
i ntensively ( Figs.
6 3 a nd
T he s herds f rom t he w estern s lope o f F ield 2 6 a re a s ufficient
d istance a way f rom t he B ella H ouse f armstead t o b e c onsidered h ere a s a s eparate entity.
S andwiched o n a w old s pur b etween D eepdale t o t he 1 984 which i n
w est a nd Tunnel P lantation t o t he e ast l ies F ield 3 7,
p roduced o ne R oman s herd . F inally, a nd t he m ost i solated o f a ll, c ame a s ingle s mall w orn c alcite-gritted s herd f rom F ield 6 3 o n t he w estern p eriphery o f t he t ownship.
M ISCELLANEOUS F IELD WALK ING MATER IAL
1
Wharra m
2 10
6 2 3 1 6 8
.
6 3 1
6 4
SAX ON
M ISCEL .
CRA MBECK
BLACK
6 i l l
3 1
4
1
2 96
1 1
0 1 1
2
1
'1
3 7
F ig .
4 , 1
1 3
2 6 2
7 7
REDUCED
1
1 3
3 5
OX ID ISED
COLOUR -C OATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
w I -
2 2'
1 5
Percy
POTTERY TYPES CALC ITE -GR ITTED
F IELD NU MBER
0/S
TO WNSH IP
_ 1
-
W harram P ercy T ownship,
,
. _
1 t able o f m iscellaneous
1 25
f inds.
0
4 1 0
c a 0 0 N . 4 ( 1 ) • f 1
4 1
0
c t i • r n N • 1 c d
1 26
BURDALE TO WNSH IP B )
B urdale
t ownship,
1 6 : TUNNEL TOP FAR MSTEAD
S E 8 69633
( Field 8 ).
I ntroduction a nd T opography T his
f armstead w as d iscovered t hrough i ts p ottery s catter a nd
l ater
c onfirmed by c ropmark e vidence. I t l ies o n t he w old t op a t 1 85m O D s ome 1 00m t o t he s outh o f t he ' Ridgeway' b oundary b etween W harram P ercy
a nd
r oadway
B urdale a nd a d jacent t o t he e astern s ide
l eading
s outh
f rom
B ella
H ouse
t o
o f
t he
B urdale
m odern
c rossroads.
I mmediately t o t he e ast t he l and f alls s harply a nd s teeply i nto F airy D ale
( Fig.
S tones',
a
6 5),
a nd t he s ite
i s
r are
o utcrop
f lint
c omparatively f lat g round , w est,
t he l and s tarts
p asses
o f
b reccia.
T he
r oad
A lthough
t o f all a way t o t he s outh a s c uts
' Fairy
s ited
w ith l evel a spects b oth t o t he n orth
d own t he w estern s ide o f F airy D ale
v alley.
i nto
t he
p articularly i n i ts l ower r eaches, a
s ituated d irectly a bove t he
o n a nd
t he m odern r oadway
i nto t he T hixendale/Fimber
valley
s ide
a s
i t
d escends,
but a longside t he T unnel T op s ite
p ositive l ynchet has d eveloped t o t he w est o f t he r oad which m ight
o bscure
a ny w estern c ontinuation o f t he c ropmarks
a nd
f ieldscatter
w hich a re s o c learly a pparent t o t he e ast. T he
n earest
n aturally o ccurring water s upply l ies
s ome 4 00m t o
s outh a t t he s prings a longside B urdale c rossroads.
Pottery scatter
F ig .
6 5
S ite
1 6,
B urdale
T unnel T op
l ocation p lan .
1 27
F armstead ,
c ropmarks
a nd
t he
C ropmarks T he
c ropmark
p hotographs
s ketch o f
o f
t he s ite
( Fig .
C ommission o n H istorical M onuments. r ectilinear t he
o r
w as
t aken
h eld
f rom
by
t he
o r b eing t runcated b y ,
N o t race c an b e s een o n t hese
o ther i nternal f eatures.
I mmediately t o
p hotographs
o f
t he n orth was
a n
a dditional s eries o f c ropmarks w hich w ould s eem t o r epresent a s ection
h eading
s outh-western s ide.
d irectly
e ntrenchments q uite
s hort
o f d ouble-ditched t rackway w ith a s eries o f s mall e nclosures
a ligned u pon i ts b e
t he R oyal
T hey d epict a s imple s ubdivided
e nclosure e ither f ronting o n t o,
m odern r oadway.
p its
6 5)
t he N ational M onuments R ecord ,
T his
t rackway w ould a ppear
f or t he v alley s ide,
a nd i ndeed
t o
e xamples
o f
b eing c ut a lmost v ertically d own t he valley s ides
c ommon i n t his p art o f t he W olds
( Mortimer
1 906).
a re
H owever,
t here w as n o t race o f a n e ntrenchment o n t he s ide o f F airy D ale which r emains a s p ermanent p asture. t hat
t he
c ourse
I n t his c ase,
t rackway c urved s outhwards
a long
i t i s p erhaps p ossible
s lightly i n o rder t o
t he e astern s ide o f t he f armstead s ite
f ollow
e nclosure
t hen t o j oin u p w ith t he p resent t rackway f urther s outh. t he
valley
f loor
d eposits
i n
F airy
D ale
h as
e roded s lope
s ections
o f
t his
t rackway where
A s tudy o f
d emonstrated
c onsiderable build-up o f F landrian h illwash d eposits,
a a nd a
which m ay have
i t r an a long t he
b reak
o f
( Hotston 1 985).
F ield S catter
Tunne l Top
S ITE NAME
F ig.
TESSERAE
CRA MBECK
W X
BLACK WARES
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
' C OLOUR -COATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CG W)
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CGH)
A s
1 65
0
NOXVS
1283
I>
0 w
C . ) D
d 0 -
LAVA QUERN
BU ILD IN G MATER IALS
POTTERY TYPES
I MBR ICES
8
TEGULAE
F IELD No .
m
D < C
• •
9 7
2 68
4
6 5 d emonstrates,
2
5
t he p ottery s catter f rom t his
f ield
w as
r estricted t o t he a rea c overing a nd i mmediately s urrounding t he r ectilinear e nclosure. S herds w ere g enerally l arge a nd unabraded . T he
f ield has o nly b een p loughed i n t he l ast t wenty y ears,
f resh c ondition o f t he p ottery i mplies
t hat p lough d amage
a nd
t he
t o t he s ite
c ontinues. 4 th-century
v essels
d ominated
t he r ecognisable
v essel
f orms
a nd
f abrics, a nd t here w as a g eneral l ack o f R oman f inewares f rom t he s ite. A number o f 1 st a nd 2 nd-century f orms w ere r ecognised a mongst t he
c alcite-gritted
v essels,
a nd
t here
w ere
a lso
a
i nteresting h and-made, c alcite-gritted c ooking-pots ( Fig. 1 98-203) which p robably b elong t o t he p re-Roman I ron Age. made S axon s herds w ere i dentified .
1 28
number
o f
6 6, N os. F ive hand-
1 98 2 11
1 99
200
2 12
201 2 13
2 02
2 14
2 03
T 2 0 4
2 15
2 16
2 05
2 17 2 06 2 18
2 19
2 07
9
2 09
2 10
(
2 20
2 08
/
2 21
15 0 mm
2 22
1
2 23
a
r
2 27
1 224
-
)
2 25
2 28
2 26
F ig .
6 6
S ite
1 6,
B urdale
T unnel
T op
F armstead ,
i llustrated
p ottery. 1 98)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, b rown/orange w ith d ark g rey/black p atches o n b oth s urfaces.
1 99)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, b lack c ore, 4 th-3rd-century B C?
2 00)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), b lack/brown f abric.
2 01)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, d ark g rey-brown o uter s urface a nd c ore, o range i nner s urface, 3 rd/lst-century B C?
2 02)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), 1 st-century B C?
1 29
d ark b rown s urfaces a nd
c ooking-pot,
c ooking-pot,
f abric
v ery
c oarse,
d ark g rey f abric,
3 rd/
2 29
I
2 30
2 33
2 31
2 34
2 35
2 32
2 36
1
2 40
2 37
2 38
2 41 2 42
2 39 YA . LY 2 44
5 0 mm
I243 2 45
2 51 2 46
d
2 47
i K
2 52
2 53 2 48
2 54
)
2 49
_ 2 50 F ig .
6 7
S ite
1 6,
B urdale
2 55 2 56
T unnel
T op
F armstead ,
i llustrated
p ottery .
2 03)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot , b lack c ore, K napton-type?
2 04)
C alcite-gritted b lack c ore.
2 05)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
2 06)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), f abric, K napton -type?
2 07)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, b lack o uter s urface a nd c ore, d ark b rown i nner s urface .
2 08)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot , d ark g rey/black o uter s urface a nd c ore, b rown/orange i nner s urface.
2 09)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), f abric, 3 rd/4th-century .
2 10)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, d ark g rey/black o uter s urface a nd c ore, o range i nner s urface.
2 11)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, b rown o uter s urface, d ark g rey/black i nner s urface, K napton-type?
2 12)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, d ark g rey/black o uter s urface a nd c ore, b rown i nner s urface.
( CGH),
d ark b rown
c ooking-pot ,
c ooking-pot ,
s urfaces
a nd
d ark g rey/black f abric.
c ooking-pot,
c ooking-pot,
1 30
b rown
s urfaces,
l ight
d ark
b rown/buff
b rown/black
2 13)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
d ark g rey/black o uter
s urface a nd c ore, b rown i nner s urface. 2 14)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), s urface a nd c ore,
2 15)
c ooking-pot,
d ark g rey/black o uter
b rown i nner s urface.
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
d ark g rey s urfaces a nd
o range/brown c ore. 2 16)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, d ark g rey o uter s urface a nd c ore, d ark g rey-brown i nner s urface.
2 17)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, d ark g rey c ore a nd l ight g rey-brown s eating?
2 18)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, d ark s urface, g rey c ore a nd b rown i nner s urface.
2 19)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, b lack o uter s urface a nd c ore, d ark g rey/brown i nner s urface; p roto-Huntcliff?
2 20)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), a nd m id-grey c ore.
2 21)
C alcite-gritted ( GH), c ooking-pot, o range-brown s urface, d ark g rey c ore a nd i nner s urface.
2 22)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, d ark g rey o uter s urface a nd c ore, d ark g rey/brown i nner s urface.
2 23-228)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
2 29)
G reyware,
N orton?,
2 30)
G reyware,
j ar.
2 31-233)
G reyware,
N orton?,
2 34-236)
G reyware,
j ars.
2 37)
G reyware,
f langed b owl,
2 38)
G reyware,
b owl.
2 39)
G reyware,
f langed b owl.
2 40)
G reyware,
b owl.
2 41-242)
G reyware,
f langed b owls.
2 43)
C rambeck ,
m ortarium ,
2 44)
C rambeck ,
s mall j ar o r b eaker,
2 45-249)
C rambeck ,
j ars,
4 th-century .
2 50)
C rambeck ,
d ish,
4 th-century.
2 51-252)
C rambeck ,
b owls,
2 53-256)
C rambeck ,
f langed b owls,
c ooking-pot,
b rown o uter s urface, i nner s urface; l id
j ars,
3 rd-century .
3 rd-century.
4 th-century.
4 th-century. 4 th-century.
4 th-century . 4 th-century .
1 31
o uter
o range/brown s urfaces
H untcliff-type j ars,
j ar,
g rey
o uter
4 th-century
D iscussion C eramic e vidence s uggests
t hat t he s ite r anges
R oman I ron Age t o t he p ost-Roman p eriod , T he
i n d ate
f rom t he
p re-
p robably 5 th o r 6 th c entury .
n ature o f t he c ropmark e nclosure c ombined w ith t he c haracter a nd
d istribution o f t he p ottery s uggests
t hat t his was a s mall
f armstead
s ite. T he
F airy S tones w ere r egarded ,
b eing
a
n atural
s upernatural t he
c uriosity,
c onnotations.
i ndigenous
mystical.
f rom t he 1 8th c entury a t l east, t heir
n ame
i mplying
I t c an o nly b e s peculated a s
R omano-British
C ertainly t his
v ery
p opulation
a lso
a s
c ertain t o whether
c onsidered
t hem
f armstead c ould n ot have b een l ocated
a ny
c loser t o t hem . Y et t here m ay have b een o ther, m ore mundane r easons f or t he l ocation o f t his s ite which, i f n ot d irectly d etermining i ts p osition ,
must s urely have b een i nfluential.
T he m odern n orth-south r oadway p ast t he s ite f orms p art o f a R oman o r p re-Roman
a lignment f rom Wharram L e S treet v illa i n t he n orth ,
p ast
B ella H ouse f armstead a nd t hen p ast Tunnel T op d own t o t he R oman s ite a t
B urdale C rossroads
a ncient p ast
i n t he T hixendale/Fimber
t rackway f rom R aisthorpe Manor,
t he
R aisthorpe W old f armstead s ite,
p resent
a lignment,
f armstead .
l eads
A lthough
e lsewhere
a long
f armstead
t o
A ssuming
t hat
t here
t he
i t
d irectly i s
valley
i f
e astwards
p rojected t o
t his
l ittle e vidence o f
R idgeway,
t he p roximity o f
m odern
n orth-south
a pproximate a lignment o f a n e arlier R oman ,
i n
r oadway
t he e xistence o f T unnel T op f armstead .
T he r easons
c ontinued e astwards b eyond f armstead was l ocated a t s everal o ther f armsteads
i ts T op
i ts
a ctivity
T unnel
T op
l ocation .
r epresents
t he Raisthorpe W old t rackway a re l ess o bvious,
whether i t Tunnel T op
a long
t he
o r p re-Roman t rackway,
t opography w ould have n ecessitated i ts p resent c ourse o f
T he
T unnel
R oman t his
m ay a lso have b een s ignificant t he
f loor.
u p o nto R aisthorpe W old a nd
t he
i rrespective o f
f or t he a lignment a nd i t i s unclear
T unnel T op. N evertheless, a c rossroads b etween t wo
t rackways,
a nd a s
p ositions,
i ts p roximity t o t he F airy S tones may,
i n t he a rea o ccupy s imilar r egretably p erhaps,
b e e ntirely a ccidental.
B ) 1 7 : BURDALE CROSSROADS S ITE B urdale t ownship,
S E 8 72623
( Field X ).
I ntroduction a nd T opography Knowledge
o f t his
s ite
( Fig.
6 8)
d erives p rincipally f rom a p ottery
a ssemblage o btained f rom t he s poil o f a s ilage p it t hat was c ut i nto
a
Burdale
s mall
t riangular g reen f ormed f rom a r oad
( Plate 2 3).
I n a ddition ,
I t
i s
a t
a s catter o f R omano-British s herds
f rom t he n orthernmost e nd o f F ield 7 4 may a lso b elong t o t his s ituated o n t he valley f loor a t 9 9m O D a t a p oint where
D ale a nd M iddle D ale c onverge
d eep
i ntersection s ite.
F airy
i nto t he m ain T hixendale/Fimber valley .
1 32
F65
F68 O ld Cha lk P it Oo
ot
/I I F70
00 90 004 , 3 9
e
Q 5 '
( , 3 /
Q q
q( J O
' 2
4
O ld Cha lk P it
ge • •„ , . „ „ ,
0
g
go
0
0
e
1 . 3
F4 2 F 74
0 0
F ig .
1 00yords
f f l o saem i,
6 8
P late 2 3
=
F72
metres
S ite 1 7,
\
B urdale C rossroads V illage S ite,
B urdale V illage S ite.
l ocation p lan .
L ooking n orth-east f rom a cross F ield
4 2; F ield X i s t he s mall l ighter c oloured t riangle a t t he b ottom o f t he v alley ( A .L . P acitto, R ef . T P 1 38 2).
1 33
I mmediately
w est o f t his c rossroads s ite l ies a m ajor s pring
s ource
w hich m aintains a p ermanent p ond ( Fig . 6 8) p roviding a c onvenient s ource o f water. Much o f t he i mmediate a rea s urrounding t his c rossroads s ite i s c urrently e ither u nder p ermanent p asture o r i s o bscured by t he M alton/Driffield r ailway e mbankment a nd B urdale F arm . T here a re n o c ropmarks r ecorded f or d istinguishable e arthwork r emains s urvive.
t his
s ite,
n or
d o
a ny
F ield S catter T his c rossroads s ite f orms a s mall g reen c overing a bout 0 .2 h ectares, w hich when w alked i n t he s ummer o f 1 975 p roduced o ver 5 40 l arge, u nabraded s herds o f p ottery d ating f rom t he l ate I ron A ge t o t he 1 7th c entury . E nquiries m ade o f M r. G . B ell, t he f armer a t B urdale, r evealed t hat t his s mall a rea had o nly r ecently b een p loughed f rom p ermanent p asture a nd t hat a l arge s ilage p it had b een c ut s ome 3 m d own i nto t he valley s ediments a t t he n orth-eastern s ide o f t he g reen , t he s poil f rom t he t rench b eing s pread a cross t he r est o f t he g reen , a ccounting f or b oth t he q uantity a nd t he c hronological d iversity o f t he r esulting p ottery a ssemblage. A part f rom t he u sual n umber o f 3 rd a nd 4 th-century v essels, t here w ere a n umber w hich c ould b e m ore f irmly a ttributed t o t he e arly R oman p eriod , a nd s everal o f t he h and-made c alcite-gritted s herds s eem l ikely t o b e o f p re-Roman d ate. T he a ssemblage a lso c ontained a s mall n umber o f S axon s herds. Unlike m ost o f t he R omano-British s ites i n t he W harram a rea , t he c eramic a ssemblage f rom B urdale c rossroads a lso c ontinued i nto t he L ate S axon a nd t hen i nto t he m edieval
p eriods,
t he
s equence
f inally t erminating
i n
t he
1 7th
c entury . B urdale C rossroads,
T extile e quipment b y A rthur M acGregor.
" Weaving c omb h andle o f r ed d eer a ntler; o nly t he butt e nd w ith a T -shaped e xpansion , c entrally p erforated .
s urvives
T he t ype o ccurs p rolifically i n t he I ron A ge c ontexts a nd s urvives t o a l esser e xtent i n I ron A ge c ommunities: s ee, f or e xample, H enshall 1 950."
Burda le C rossroads BU ILD ING MATER IALS
2 27
7
5
2 1
9 42
1 34
1 37 2 1
2
m 3 < 0
LAVA QUERN
c i c o
I MBR ICES
CRAMBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CG W )
1
.
NOXVS
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CGH)
POTTERY TYPES
TEGULAE
S ITE NAME
X
TESSERAE
F IELD No .
2
1
,5 0 mm
257
263
258
264
. _
259
265
2 60
266 •••• • •. -
268
1
2 71
2 75
2 72
g i b
-
2 73
--= 1
2 76
277
2 74
280
283 F ig .
6 9
S ite 1 7, p ottery .
B urdale
C rossroads V illage
S ite,
2 57)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, d ark s urface, g rey/brown c ore a nd i nner s urface.
2 58)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, s urface, b lack c ore a nd i nner s urface.
2 59)
C alcite-gritted
( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
d rak
i llustrated
g rey
g rey
g rey/brown c ore
o uter
o uter
a nd
o range-brown s urfaces. 2 60)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, g rey/brown s urface, d ark g rey c ore a nd i nner s urface.
o uter
2 61)
C alcite-gritted
o uter
s urface, 2 62)
( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
p ale
o range
g rey-black c ore a nd i nner s urface.
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
a nd b lack c ore.
1 35
o range/brown s urfaces
2 63)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), a nd c ore,
c ooking-pot,
d ark g rey o uter s urface
b lack i nner s urface.
2 64)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, s urfaces a nd l ighter g rey c ore.
2 65)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ore.
2 66)
C alcite-gritted
b owl,
( CGH),
d ark
g rey-brown
b uff-brown s urfaces a nd g rey
b owl,
o range/brown o uter s urface,
d ark g rey c ore a nd i nner s urface.
2 67)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), m id-grey c ore.
b owl/lid ,
2 68)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
b owl,
o range-brown s urfaces a nd
b rown s urfaces a nd g rey-black
c ore. 2 69)
C alcite-gritted c ore.
( CGH),
2 70)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), b owl, d ark g rey o uter s urface c ore, g rey-brown i nner s urface.
2 71)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot , o range-brown o uter s urface, d ark g rey c ore a nd d ark g rey-brown i nner s urface.
2 72-277)
C alcite-gritted
2 78-279)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
2 80)
C alcite-gritted
( CGW),
c ooking-pot,
b lack s urfaces a nd g rey
H untcliff-type j ars, j ars,
( CGW),
a nd
4 th-century .
r educed g rey-black f abric.
d ish,
b lack
' slashes'
t o s ide o f v essel,
2 81)
G reyware,
N orton?,
j ar,
3 rd/4th-century .
2 82)
G reyware,
T hrolam ,
j ar,
3 rd-century?
2 83)
C rambeck ,
f langed b owl,
4 th-century .
f abric,
i ncised
4 th-century.
D iscussion T his s ite i s o ne o f o nly a s mall n umber f rom t he W harram a rea w hich c ould c onvincingly b e r egarded a s a ' preferred s ettlement l ocation '. I t l ies i n a s heltered p osition i n a w ide v alley f loor c onfluence o f t wo m inor d ales w ith t he m ain v alley, a nd
a t t he h as a n
i mportant s pring s ource i n t he i mmediate v icinity . A part f rom t he R oman a nd S axon s ite u nder c onsideration h ere, t his w as a lso t o b e t he
l ocation f or t he m edieval v iii o f B urdale w hich ,
f ollowing
i ts
d esertion i n t he 1 6th c entury , b ecame t he s ite o f a l arge p ostm edieval f arm r esponsible f or t he a gricultural e xploitation o f t he e ntire t ownship. T he a pparently u nbroken s equence o f p ottery f rom t he 3 rd o r 2 nd c entury B C t o t he 1 7th c entury A D s uggests t hat t his a rea o f t he T hixendale/Fimber v alley m ay h ave s een a c ontinuity o f s ettlement f or c lose o n t wo t housand y ears. W ith t he o ther t wo R omano-British s ites i n B urdale t ownship, i t i s p ossible t o a rgue c onvincingly, o n t he b asis o f b oth c ropmarks a nd p ottery s catter, t hat t hey w ere b oth s mall f armsteads. S uch a rguments a re n ot p ossible f or t his s ite a t B urdale C ossroads. I f
1 36
t he n orthern p ottery s catter f rom F ield 7 4 i s o f t he s ame ' site' a s t hat a t t he c rossroads, s ubstantial
s ize i s
i ndicated .
i ncluded a s b eing p art t hen a s ettlement o f
I n t his r espect i t
i s
u nfortunate
t hat s o m uch o f t he p otential s ettlement a rea i s c urrently o bscured f rom i nvestigation b y p asture, b uildings a nd t he r ailway e mbankment, f or, a s a r esult, i ts t rue s ize a nd n ature c annot b e a ssessed . U nlike t he o ther t wo f armsteads i n B urdale t ownship, s ettlement a t t his s ite c learly c ontinued b eyond t he E arly t o M iddle S axon p eriod . T his m ay s imply h ave b een b ecause, a t a t ime o f c ontracting s ettlement, i t o ccupied t he m ost f avourable s ettlement l ocation i n t he t ownship/locality , b ut i t m ay a lso h ave b een b ecause t he s ite h ere h ad a lways b een m ore s ubstantial i n b oth s ize a nd n umber o f i nhabitants. I n c onclusion , i t m ay b e o bserved t hat a rchaeologically , M r. B ell's c hoice o f l ocation f or h is s ilage p it i n t he e arly 1 970s w as i ndeed a f ortunate o ne.
B ) B urdale
1 8 : BURDALE/F I MBER
t ownship,
S E 8 81618
BOUNDARY
FARMSTEAD
( Field 7 4 s outh).
I ntroduction a nd T opography T his
s ite
w as
i dentified o n t he b asis o f b oth c ropmarks
a nd
f ield
s catter. I t i s s ituated o n t he b road f loor o f t he T hixendale/Fimber v alley a t 9 3m O D, c lose t o t he b oundary b etween t he t ownships o f B urdale a nd F imber, a lthough m uch o f t he s ite i s n ow o bscured b y t he r aised e mbankment o f t he M alton a nd D riffield r ailway l ine T here
i s
C rossroads r esultant
a n atural s pring s ource h igher u p t he
v alley
( Fig . a t
7 0).
B urdale
b ut, l ike t he h igher r eaches o f t he G ypsey R ace, t he s tream f lows t owards F imber b elow g round l evel.
N evertheless, w ater m ust h ave b een m ore e asily o btainable t han f or t hose s ites s ituated h igher o n t he C halk . T he p recise d epth o f t he s ediment d eposits o n t he v alley f loor a t t his p oint i s u nknown , b ut t o j udge f rom t he B urdale C rossroads s ite, i t i s l ikely t o b e i n e xcess o f 4 -5m . C ropmarks C ropmarks i n t his a rea o nly a ppeared , a s w ith s o m any o f t he l ocal v alley f loor s ites, d uring t he e xceptionally d ry s ummer o f 1 976, a nd w ere p hotographed b y T ony P acitto ( Plate 2 4). T hey i ncluded a c ontinuation o f a v alley s lope e ntrenchment w hich f ollows t he l ine o f t he t ownship b oundary f rom t he e ast, a cross t he v alley f loor, a nd w hich t hen m akes a r ight-angled t urn s outhwards t owards F imber. O n t he o pposite, w estern , w old t op, a s ingle d itch f eature s eems t o c ontinue t he o riginal a lignment ( Fig . 7 0). T he n orthernmost e xtent o f t his c ropmark a rea o n t he v alley f loor a lso a ppears t o b e e nclosed b y a s econd d ouble-ditch s ystem , a gain c rossing t he v alley f loor.
1 37
B etween t hese t wo p airs o f d itches i s a s eries o f e nclosures, p its, a p ossible r ectilinear s tructure, a nd a p ossible c ircular s tructure; t he l atter i s u nfortunately t runcated b y t he r ailway e mbankment. T he c ropmarks s eem t o l ack t he s tructural c oherence o f s everal o ther f armstead s ites, s uch a s t hat a t B irdsall H igh B arn
o f o r
W illiam D ale f armstead a t R aisthorpe.
P late 2 4
B urdale/Fimber B oundary .
L ooking s outh-west f rom F ield 6 7
a t t he b ottom o f t he p icture, w ith F ields 7 9 a nd 8 0 i n t he t op o f t he p hotograph ( A .L . P acitto, 1 976, R ef . T P 1 38 8).
1 38
t he t he
F ig .
7 0
S ite 1 8, B urdale/Fimber B oundary F armstead , l ocation p lan .
c ropmarks a nd
F ield S catter
Burda le/F i mber
4 1 6
8 74
4 5
m m < 0
LAVA QUERN
CRAMBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
WH ITE WARES
, COLOUR -COATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITEGR ITTED M G M
36 5 2
; Z o
d 0 i
NOXVS
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CGH)
POTTERY TYPES
0 w 0 a
Bdy .
BU ILD ING --- MATER IALS
I MBR ICES
S ITE NA ME
TEGULAE
74
TESSERAE
. [ F IELD No
1
A s t he t able a bove d emonstrates, t here w ere l ess p ottery s herds r ecovered f rom t his s ite t han f rom t he o ther t wo i n B urdale. T his w as p robably l argely d ue t o i ts v alley f loor l ocation w here c enturies o f h illwash h ave i ncreased t he d eposits o f p rotective c olluvium o ver t he s ite, t hereby r educing p otential p lough d isturbance.
1 39
F ieldwalking w as r estricted t o F ield 7 4 a nd t he r esulting p ottery s catter e xtended f rom t he s outhern h edge b oundary w ith F ield 7 6 t o a p oint a pproximately c orrelating w ith t he n orthernmost d ouble-ditched f eature ( Fig . 7 0). A lthough , a s t he r esults o f t he m ethod B f ieldwalking o f F ield 7 4 i ndicate ( Fig . 7 2), t here w as a t hin s catter o f R omano-British p ottery s herds e xtending a cross t he w hole o f t his f ield f rom B urdale F arm t o t he F imber b oundary . W hen w alking t he f ield , t he d istinction b etween t his s parse s catter o f s herds, p robably d eriving f rom m anuring , a nd t he d enser, m ore c lustered s catter o ver t his c ropmark s ite w as c lear a nd c onvincing . A mongst t he i dentifiable p ottery , 4 th-century v essels p redominated , a lthough i ncluding v essels o f e arlier d ate, p erhaps 2 nd a nd 3 rd c enturies, a nd a lso o ne s herd o f E arly t o M iddle S axon d ate. T he e mphasis w as o n c alcite-gritted v essels a nd g reywares w ith a m arked l ack o f R oman f ineware.
284
2 85
2 88
2 86
. .Q . NZ t . . . . 2. ? ": •:
'
2 89
1
. .k ime
2 90
11
2 95
2 92 12 93
12 94
2 96
7)
2 97
-7 )
2 99 5 0 mm
300
301
F ig .
7 1
S ite 1 8, p ottery .
B urdale/Fimber B oundary
Farmstead ,
i llustrated
2 84)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, s parse c alcite, g rey o uter s urface, g rey-brown i nner s urface a nd c ore.
2 85)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
2 86)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, g rey o uter s urface a nd c ore, b rown i nner s urface, K napton-type?
c ooking-pot,
1 40
d ark
2 nd/3rd-century.
Pot
Modern
Pot
•
Post-Medieval
Pot Pot Saxon
Medieval
Pot Ö
Roman
Pot Modern
Pot Saxon
Medieval
Pot
) g
Roman
Pot
Post-Medieval
Pot
-1
4
8 1
3
-
5
6
3
831
-
7
-
-
8 2
4
-
7
5
2
8 32
-
6
-
-
B 3
4
-
6
3
1
8 33
-
6
2
-
B 4
2
-
3
2
1
B 34
-
9
1
-
8 5
2
-
6
4
2
8 35
1
-
1
-
1
1 1
8 6
1
-
6
1
1
8 36
-
B 7
1
-
6
4
1
B 37
-
5
-
1
B B
1
-
3
1
-
8 30
-
7
-
-
8 9
2
-
5
2
1
8 39
1
9
2
-
-
7
4
-
8 40
-
7
1
-
e lo
1
7
_
B 11
4
-
2
2
-
B 41
1
-
7
-
1
8 12
1
-
6
-
2
B 42
2
-
8
-
-
B 13
1
-
8
-
-
8 43
4
-
1 3
-
1
8 14
1
-
5
2
-
B 44
2
-
1 1
1
2
8 15
1
-
4
4
-
8 45
2
-
5
1
-
8 16
1
-
6
-
8 46
-
-
5
1
B 17
•-
-
2
-
8 47
-
8 18
2
-
7
1
8 48
1
8 19
1
-
4
2
-
B 49
1
2 4
7
8 20
-
-
2
5
-
8 50
-
1 5
1
8 21
1
-
9
9
-
8 51
-
2
8 22
2
-
9
1
-
8 52
-
6
1 1 5 1 1
-
7
1
B 23
-
-
4
-
-
8 53
-
8 24
-
-
3
-
-
8 54
-
3
8 25
-
_
9
-
-
B 55
-
8
8 26
-
-
5
-
-
B 56
8 27
-
_
9
-
B 57
B 28
-
-
6
1
8 58 ..
-
8 29
-
-
1
-
8 59
1
_
3
8 30
F ig .
7 2a
F ield 7 4,
_ _ _
1
1 2
3
1 4
-
9 2
_
t abulated M ethod B f ieldwalking a ssemblage.
C alcite gritted ( CGH), c ooking-pot, s urfaces a nd g rey/brown c ore.
2 88-289)
C alcite gritted ( CGW),
2 90)
M ortarium , y ellow orange s urfaces, b lue-grey b lackish brown i ronstone t ritration g rits.
2 91)
G reyware, N orton?, j ar,
2 92)
G reyware,
2 93-294)
G reyware, j ars,
2 95)
G reyware, N orton?, b owl,
2 96)
G reyware, b owl.
2 97)
G reyware , f langed b owl, 3 rd/4th-century .
s mall j ar ,
p atchy
H untcliff-type j ars,
o range/brown
4 th-century . c ore
w ith
3 rd-century .
4 th-century .
3 rd-century . 3 rd-century .
1 41
4 3
1 3
2 87)
3 3
8
-
1 6
1 0
'
-
8
g rey s urfaces a nd r ed-brown c ore,
3
2
B I B 2
1
8 4
1
1
B 5
2
B 6
1
1
B 8 8 9
1
8 12
R educed
M ortaria
1
8 36 8 37 8 38
1
8 39 B 40
1
8 41
2
2
8 42
1
1
B 14 1 3 15
1
1 1
8 43
1
8 16
e
2
1
1 35 1
1
8 13
2
0 34
1
1
5 10 5 11
8 33 1
1
8 7
: j
8 32
2
1 3 3
,
" 5 , • , : ö
8 31
1
1
3
C alcite-
Ü
G ritted
1
G ritted W heel-Made
l,
. 1 i ,
Hand-Made
, 1 a
C alcite-
M e 0 ., 8
L ava Q uern
5 i c
2 1 4
R educed.
1 G ritted W heel-Made
C alcite-
G ritted
H and-Made
Calcite-
‘ "
M 1 "1 4 4
1
8 44
1
1
0 45
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
B 46
1
B 47
8 17 1
5 18
B 48
1 1
1 3 19
1
1
1 1
8 49 8 50
B 20
3 51
1
B :1
0 52
2
8 22
1
B 23
8 53
8 24
0 54
8 21
B 55
B :6
B 56 8 57
5 :7 9 2$
B 58
1
8 59
1 3 :9
1
5 30
F ig .
7 2b
F ield 7 4,
t abulated M ethod B R oman a ssemblage.
2 98)
C rambeck ,
m ortarium ,
b lackish f abric.
2 99)
C rambeck ,
m ortarium ,
4 th-century .
3 00-301)
C rambeck ,
f langed b owls,
4 th-century .
D iscussion T he n ature o f t he c ropmarks a nd f ield s catter i ndicate t hat t his p robably a nother f armstead s ite. I t i s s ituated 9 50m f rom
w as t he
B urdale C rossroads s ite a nd w ould t herefore c omply w ith t he g eneral l km s pacing o f R omano-British s ettlements i n t he W harram a rea . T he d epth
o f
t he
s ite b elow p resent p lough l evels m ay
m ean
t hat
a ny
e arlier p hases o f o ccupation o n t his s ite l ie undisturbed a nd c onsequently u nrepresented a mongst t he p resent p ottery a ssemblage. T he e vidence f or o ccupation d uring t he 4 th c entury, a nd i ndeed t he 3 rd c entury , i s p lentiful a nd c onvincing , but e arly-Roman o ccupation i s p erhaps l ess c ertain a t p resent, a nd a ny S axon o ccupation o f t his s ite i s r epresented b y a s olitary s herd .
1 42
T he p osition o f t his s ite s o c lose t o t he t ownship b oundary ( Fig . 7 0) i s a lmost c ertainly s ignificant, a s t here a re n ow s everal o ther e xamples f rom t he W harram a rea . T he e astern e ntrenchment t hat h eads d own t o t he v alley f loor c arries t he t ownship b oundary u ntil i t r eaches t he v alley f loor. I t i s h ard t o e scape t he p ossibility t hat t he b oundary m ay o riginally h ave f ollowed t he d itch s ystem a cross t he v alley f loor, i mplying t he r ecognition o f s ome f orm o f e state b oundary a t t his p oint s ince a t l east t he R oman p eriod .
F ig .
7 3
B urdale f inds.
T ownship,
d istribution
1 43
p lan
o f
m iscellaneous
B urdale t ownship, T hree
s ites
B urdale
w ere e xamined i n B urdale,
C rossroads
T unnel 7 4
M ISCELLANEOUS F IELDWALKING M ATERIAL
T op
( Field 8 )
s outh).
o ccurred
( Field X ),
I n
o ne o f undefinable
a nd t wo f armsteads,
o ne
s ize
a t
a nd t he o ther a t B urdale/Fimber B oundary
a ddition
t o
t hese
f rom t hree o ther f ields,
s ites,
R omano-British
t hree s herds
f rom F ield 2 2 a nd o ne f rom F ield 8 0
( Figs.
( Field s herds
f rom F ield
7 3-74);
a t
B urdale
1 8,
t wo
a ll w ere s mall a nd
w orn . T hose s herds f rom F ield 1 8 w ere f ound c lose t o t he p loughedo ut l ine o f t he t rackway r unning e ast f rom R aisthorpe, p ast R aisthorpe W old f armstead ,
t o B urdale Tunnel T op f armstead,
t herefore r elate e ither t o t raffic a long i t, i t.
H owever,
e xplain
t he
unless
a lmost p eriod
s herds
t hey
a nd m ay
o r t o a ctivity a longside
f rom F ields 2 2 a nd 8 0 a re l ess
r epresent m anuring
m aterial.
S ome
e asy
t o
manuring
c ertainly t ook p lace a t B urdale t ownship d uring t he R oman a long t he valley f loor o f F ield 7 4 b etween t he s ettlements a t
B urdale C rossroads a nd t he Burdale/Fimber b oundary f armstead . F ield 7 4 c ontained t races o f s ettlement a ctivity a t e ither e nd , but t he l arge e xpanse o f t he f ield b etween t hem a lso c ontained a t hin s catter o f m anuring s herds
( Fig .
7 2).
M ISCELLANEOUS F IELD WALK ING MATER IAL
Burda le
1
1 8 22
F ig .
74
2 3
80
1
7 4
'
1
2
1
1
1
2 0
5
SAX ON
M ISCEL .
7 < " 0
CRA MBECK
1
BLACK
w
0 w ( , )
REDUCED
COLOUR -COATED
SAM IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHOR Al
POTTERY TYPES CALC ITE -GR ITTED
F IELD NU MBER
0/S
TO WNSH IP
3 1 _
,
‘
B urdale T ownship,
t able o f m iscellaneous
f inds.
5 0 mm
302 F ig .
7 5
B urdale f inds.
T ownship,
i llustrated p ottery f rom m iscellaneous
F ield 2 2 3 02)
C reyware, j ar, 3 rd-century?
g rey-buff s urfaces a nd b lue-grey c ore,
1 44
2 nd/
RA ISTH ORPE TO WNSH IP B ) 1 9 : RA ISTH ORPE W OLD FAR MSTEAD
R aisthorpe t ownship,
S E 8 60626
( Field 3 4).
I ntroduction a nd T opography T his
s ite
s catter, t he
( Fig .
l ies
l and
7 6),
i dentified o n t he basis o f a
o n g ently s loping w old g round a t 1 80m O D;
b egins
t o d rop m ore s teeply a s
o verlooking t he T hixendale/Fimber valley. t hat s ite.
i t
A
m odern
f arm
t rack
p asses
p ottery
f urther s outh
a pproaches
t he
s carp
I t i s o n t hat valley f loor
t he n earest n atural s ource o f water l ies,
d irection
d ense
i n
s ome 1 0m t o t he n orth o f t he s ite,
a
s ome 5 00m
f rom
t he
s outh-east/north-west a nd t he c ropmark o f
a
n orth/south l inear e arthwork p asses t o t he e ast. F urther s outh, t his s ame l inear e arthwork r uns a longside W illiam D ale f armstead ( Fig. 7 8).
F ig .
7 6
S ite 1 9,
R aisthorpe W old F armstead ,
1 45
l ocation p lan .
F ield S catter
R ai st h o r p e
44
1
1
1 30
1
4
1
61
" .
45
LAVA QUERN
d
C l )
ol d
TEGULAE
TESSERAE
1 CRA MBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CO W)
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CGH)
POTTERY TYPES
W
BU ILD IN G MATER IALS
I MBR ICES
S ITE NAME
3 4
SAXON
F IELD No .
C O D < 0
1
308
d r-
3 03 1 1
" 1----
5 0 mm
304 305 306
309
« e ?
3 10 C.
3 11
3 12
(
307
e
6 , .
3 14
3 13
3 15
3 16
3 18 3 20
F ig .
7 7
3 03)
S ite 1 9,
R aisthorpe W old F armstead ,
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
b owl,
i llustrated p ottery .
b lack s urfaces a nd g rey-black
c ore. 3 04-311) 3 12)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
H untcliff-type j ars,
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
c ooking-pot ,
a g rey a nd o range c ore,
3 rd/4th-century .
3 13)
M ortarium ,
C rambeck ,
w hite f abric.
3 14)
O xidised ,
j ar,
2 nd-century.
3 15)
G reyware,
j ar,
3 rd-century.
3 16)
G reyware,
N orton ,
3 17)
B lackware,
3 rd-century .
N orton?,
3 rd-century .
14 6
4 th-century .
d ark g rey s urfaces a nd
3 18)
C rambeck , b owl,
3 19)
C rambeck ,
3 20)
S axon ,
4 th-century .
f langed b owl,
4 th-century .
c ooking-pot , b lack f abric.
T he 2 88 s herds o f p ottery f rom t his s ite w ere l argely f resh a nd u nabraded , s uggesting p lough d amage t o t he R oman d eposits i n r ecent y ears. A s t he p ottery t able a bove a nd i llustrated v essels d emonstrate, t his s ite a ssemblage w as d ominated b y 3 rd a nd 4 thc entury p ottery b ut a lso i ncluded r ecognisable v essels o f 2 nd-century d ate. F igure 7 7, N o. 3 20 w as t he o nly i dentifiable E arly/Middle S axon v essel f rom t he a ssemblage. A w orn 4 th-century c oin f ound w ithin t his p ottery s catter w as i dentified b y D r S . E smonde C leary : V ICTORIAE D DAUGGONN ( 341-8 A D; L RBC I ),
D iscussion T he p roximity o f t his s ite t o t he f arm t rackway ( Fig . 7 6) i s p robably s ignificant . A lthough n o e arly m aps o f R aisthorpe s urvive t o d emonstrate t he e xistence o f t his t rackway i n t he 1 7th o r 1 8th c enturies, i t h as n ow b ecome d eeply r utted i nto a s unken r oad , i n p laces l ying o ver l m b elow t he s urface o f t he a d jacent f ields. T his s uggests t hat i t i s o f s ome a ntiquity . A s F ig . 1 0 d emonstrates, t his t rackway l eads f rom t he R aisthorpe M anor s ite t o t he b oundary o f R aisthorpe a nd B urdale t ownships. A p rojection o f t he l ine o f t his t rackway f rom t he t ownship b oundary i nto B urdale l eads d irectly t o T unnel T op f armstead . O n t he 1 910 O rdnance S urvey 2 5 i nch m ap o f t he a rea , t his t rackway d oes i ndeed c ontinue a s a f ootpath , b ut w ith a s light n ortherly d iversion t o t ake i t t o t he 1 9th-century T unnel T op c ottages. I t t herefore s eems r easonable t o h ypothesise t hat i n i ts o riginal f orm , t his f arm t rackway r epresents e ither d irectly o r i ndirectly t he a lignment o f aR oman t rackway l inking t he R oman s ites a t R aisthorpe M anor , R aisthorpe W old a nd B urdale T unnel T op. A part f rom i ts c omparatively f lat s ituation , t his s ite a t R aisthorpe W old a ppears t o o ffer n o a dvantages i n i ts l ocation o ther t han i ts p roximity t o t his t rackway ; t he a lignment o f t he t rackway , i n t urn , m akes n o c oncession t o t he l ocation o f t his s ite. O n t his b asis, i t m ight b e s uggested t hat t his s ite p ost-dates t he t rackway . T he r estricted s catter o f p ottery ( Fig . 7 6), i ts f airly m undane n ature, a nd i ts l ack o f t ile, t esserae o r o ther i mported b uilding m aterials, i ndicates t hat t his s ite r epresents a s mall f armstead s imilar t o t hat a t B irdsall H igh B arn ( Fig . 1 6) o r t hat a t T unnel T op ( Fig . 6 5). I ts o rigins c annot b e a ccurately a ssessed , b ut t he p resent p ottery s catter i ndicates ap eriod o f o ccupation f rom t he 2 nd t o t he 4 th c enturies, w ith t he p ossibility o f a c ontinuation i nto t he E arly/Middle S axon p eriod .
1 47
B ) 20 : W ILL I A M DALE FAR MSTEAD
R aisthorpe t ownship,
S E 8 64623
( Field 3 5).
I ntroduction a nd T opography T he i dentification o f t his s ite r ests o n c ropmark e vidence, t here b eing n o known p ottery s catter d irectly a ssociated w ith i t. I t l ies o n
t he
a lmost M anor
f loor o f t he T hixendale/Fimber valley a t 1 05m O D m idway b etween t he R omano-British s ettlements a nd B urdale C rossroads.
v alley p ast t his
F ig .
7 8
a t
( Fig .
7 8)
R aisthorpe
S prings a t T hixendale f low d own
t he
s ite b elow g round l evel.
S ite 2 0, p lan .
W illiam D ale F armstead ,
c ropmarks a nd
l ocation
C ropmarks L ike
m any
c ropmarks
o f
t he
w ere
s ites
o nly
i n
v isible
t he
T hixendale/Fimber
d uring
t he
d ry
valley ,
s ummer
t hese
o f
1 976.
P hotographs by T ony P acitto r evealed a n a pparently i solated g roup s mall e nclosures o n t he v alley f loor ( Plate 2 5).
o f
At i ts n orthern e nd , a s ingle d itch h eads i n a n orth-westerly d irection u p t he valley s ide, w here i t s urvives a s a n e arthwork bank a nd
d itch
a nd
d isappears
i nto W illiam
D ale
P lantation .
O n
t he
o pposite, s outhern, s ide o f t he valley , t he e arthworks o f a s imilar, a nd p robably t he s ame, e ntrenchment r un d irectly u p t he s ide o f t he valley b efore
t urning a bruptly e astwards a t t he b reak o f s lope
1 48
( Fig .
P late 2 5
W illiam D ale F armstead , R aisthorpe. L ooking n orth-west f rom R aisthorpe t owards B urdale, w ith t he l ighter c oloured s urface o f F ield 3 4 t o t he l eft o f t he p icture ( A .L . P acitto,
1 976,
R ef .
T P 1 38
1).
7 8). T his w ould t herefore s eem t o h ave o riginally b een a s ingle b ank a nd d itch e ntrenchment c rossing t he T hixendale/Fimber v alley a t t his s ite; i t s urvives a s a n e arthwork o n t he v alley s ides, a nd a s a c ropmark o n t he v alley f loor. T he c ropmarks s how t hat t he e nclosures o f t his f armstead w ere c onstructed a gainst t he l ine o f t his e ntrenchment. O nce a gain t here i s s een h ere a r elationship i n p osition b etween f armstead s ite a nd b oundary : i n t his c ase, t heir j uxtaposition i ndicating t hat t he s ettlement w as p ositioned o n a n a lready e xisting b oundary . I n o ther c ases, s uch b oundaries h ave r eflected t he p osition o f p resent d ay t ownship b oundaries. I n t his i nstance, t he p resent t ownship b oundary b etween R aisthorpe a nd B urdale l ies i n a n a lmost p arallel p osition s ome 1 00m t o t he e ast, but t hen d oubles back i n a d og-leg a long t he t op o f t he s outhern w old t o a p osition o verlooking t his s ite ( Figs. 2 a nd 8 3). D iscussion T he c ropmarks ( Fig . 7 8) d epict a s mall f armstead s ite, w hose n ature a nd p osition s uggest t hat i t a lmost c ertainly f ormed p art o f t he l ocal R omano-British l andscape. I t w as p ositioned a longside a p ree xisting b oundary w hich , a lthough n ot r eflecting t he m odern t ownship b oundary, i s s ufficiently c lose t o i t a s t o r aise t he p ossibility t hat i t m ay h ave b een i ts p redecessor. L ike s o m any o f t hese v alley f loor s ites, t he b uild-up o f h illwash d eposits h as s o f ar p rotected i t f rom t he r avages o f m odern a griculture.
1 49
B ) 2 1: RA ISTHORPE MANOR S ITE
R aisthorpe t ownship,
S E 8 55616
( Fields 4 7 a nd 5 2).
I ntroduction a nd T opography A r elatively s mall, but d iscrete, p ottery s catter ( Fig . 7 9) s howed t he e xistence o f t his s ite. I t i s l ocated o n t he m ain valley f loor a t 1 15m O D, w ithin t he g entler l ower r eaches o f t he n orthern s lope o f t he T hixendale/Fimber v alley . T he f ull e xtent o f t he o bscured b y t he d eserted v illage s ite o f R aisthorpe w hich, i s p resently c overed b y R aisthorpe M anor F arm .
s ite i s i n t urn ,
A lthough t he v alley f loor i s n ow d ry , s ave f or a p ond , t he e arthwork b anks o f a s mall s tream r un f rom T hixendale d own t he v alley t o l ink u p w ith t he s prings a t B urdale C rossroads. L ike t he u pper r eaches o f m any o f t he w old s treams, w aters e mitting f rom s pring l ines d rain o ut b elow t he p resent g round s urface. A r eady s upply o f w ater c ould t herefore h ave b een a vailable t o t he o ccupants o f t his s ite w ith c omparative e ase. N o c ropmarks a re y et r ecorded f or t his s ite.
Ra i s t hor pa F 55
Old Chalk P it
Q
F ig.
7 9
S ite 2 1,
R aisthorpe M anor V illage S ite,
1 50
F
54
l ocation p lan .
F ield S catter
Ra isthorpe Manor
LAVA QUERN
. i-
TESSERAE
CRA MBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED I
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CO W )
CALC ITE
GR ITTED ( CGH )
0
NOXVS
6 1 1
6 1 3 1
d
I MBR ICES
BUILDIN G M ATE R IALS
POTTERY TYPES
TEGULAE
ITE NAME F IELD N o .47 /52 S
t a l D < 0
2
I
I
3 21 ,5 0 mm
3 22 13 23
F ig .
A s
8 0
S ite 2 1,
C alcite-gritted ( CGH), g rey c ore.
c ooking-pot,
b uff s urfaces a nd b lue-
3 22)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
d ark g rey/brown f abric.
3 23)
G reyware,
r elatively
p rincipally I ron
i llustrated p ottery.
3 21)
t he a bove t able
i s
R aisthorpe M anor V illage S ite,
j ar,
3 rd/4th-century .
i ndicates,
s parse,
t he q uantity o f p ottery f rom t his
w hilst
a ttributable
t he
t o t he
i dentifiable
3 rd a nd 4 th c enturies.
Age o r S axon s herds have b een r ecognised ,
s ite
f ragments
a re
A s y et
but w ith
n o
t he
s mall
t hat
t here
s ize o f t he a ssemblage t his m ay n ot b e s ignificant. D iscussion T he r estricted d istribution o f t he p ottery s catter a rgues
w as a lmost c ertainly o ccupation o n t his s ite d uring t he R oman p eriod . I t i s l ikely t hat t he s ite was c onsiderably m ore e xtensive a nd t hat t he
e xposed
a rea
i n F ields 4 7 a nd 5 2 r epresents o nly
p eriphery,
t he
p hases
p ost-Roman
o f
r emainder
b eing s ealed o r d estroyed
o ccupation o n t he
s ite
i ts by
e astern
s uccessive
c ulminating
i n
t he
p resent f arm c omplex. T he
s heltered
a dvantages
p osition
t o
a nd
s ettlement
a vailability
o f
a t t his l ocation ,
water
a re
n atural
a lthough i ts
l ack
o f
d irect s pring s ources a nd a ny c onvergence o f r outeways p erhaps
m akes
t his
t hat,
l ess
o f a n o bvious
f or e xample,
' preferred '
a t B urdale C rossroads
s ettlement l ocation t han
( Fig .
6 8).
N evertheless,
w ell have b een a nother s ite which s urvived t he p ost-Roman c ontraction f or, d ocumented c ontinued B urdale,
by t he L ate S axon p eriod ,
i t was
t he
i ts
f inal a bandonment i n t he
o riginal
s ize,
s ettlement
t he l ocation o f t he
D omesday v ill o f R aisthorpe w here a nucleated u ntil
1 7th
s ettlement
c entury.
n ature a nd d ate r ange o f t he
B ritish s ettlement a t R aisthorpe M anor r emains u nknown , r epresents a m ore s ubstantial s ite
L ike R omano-
but s eemingly
t han a s imple f armstead .
1 51
t his m ay
B ) 2 2 : CO W W OLD FARMSTEAD R aisthorpe t ownship,
S E 8 48614
( Field 8 7).
I ntroduction a nd T opography T he e vidence f or t his s ite
( Fig .
8 1)
d erives f rom b oth c ropmarks a nd
f ield s catter. I ts
s ituation
i s a l ittle u nusual i n t hat i t l ies o n
t he
s outhern
s lopes o f C ow W old , o n a r aised s helf o f C halk a t 1 35m O D w hich f orms a p art o f t he r elatively s heltered l ower n orthern s lopes o f t he T hixendale/Fimber v alley ( Plate 2 6). N ormally t he v alley s lopes i n t his p art o f t he W olds a re t oo s teep t o a llow s ettlement. H owever, i n t his a rea a l edge o f C halk w ould a ppear t o h ave s lipped , p roviding a r elatively s mall t errace s ome 1 0m h igher t han t he v alley f loor . I n
P late 2 6
C ow W old ,
R aisthorpe.
L ooking n orth-west f rom R aisthorpe,
w ith F ield 8 7 i n t he c entre o f t he p icture a nd T hixendale v illage j ust v isible t o t he l eft o f t he p hotograph ( A .L . P acitto,
1 976,
R ef .
T P 1 51
1 52
4).
F ig .
8 1
S ite 2 2,
C ow W old F armstead ,
c ropmarks a nd l ocation p lan .
o ther a reas, s uch a s a t W harram P ercy i tself , t errace s ettlement o nly o ccurs w here t he v alley f loor w as t oo n arrow t o h ouse a l arge s ettlement . T here w ould s eem , h owever , t o h ave b een a d eliberate c hoice a t t his C ow W old s ite t o u se t he h igher g round . T he n earest s ource o f w ater w ould h ave b een o n t he m ain v alley f loor . C ropmarks T he c ropmarks o n F ig . 8 1 d erive f rom t he R oyal C ommission o n H istoric M onuments a ir p hoto p lots o f t he W harram a rea k indly m ade a vailable b y C hris D unn . T hey s how a s mall r ectilinear e nclosure s imilar t o t hat a t W harram G range C rossroads ( Fig . 2 6B) o r B urdale T unnel T op ( Fig . 6 5). T he w estern p art o f t he e nclosure r eveals t wo p ossible s tructures.
1 53
F ield S catter
S ITE NAME
Wo ld
Co w
r
-
1
3 24
4 O O K
L
325
d i v
,5 0 mm
LAVA QUERN
1 MBR ICES
m
D < 0
2
3
2 3
8 12 1
d 0
TEGULAE
CRA MBECK
BLACK WARES
a T . ( 0
REDUCED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -C OATED
, SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CG W)
w
NOXVS
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CGH)
POTTERY TYPES
0 w
. BU ILD ING MATER IALS
TESSERAE
87
F IELD No .
3 26
3 27
3 28
3 29
F ig.
A s a nd
8 2
S ite 2 2,
C ow W old F armstead ,
i llustrated p ottery.
3 24)
C alcite-gritted ( CGH),
c ooking-pot,
3 25-327)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
H untcliff-type j ars,
3 28)
C rambeck,
f langed b owl,
3 29)
G reyware,
b owl,
t he t able a bove
g ritted
a nd
4 th-century .
4 th-century .
3 rd-century.
i ndicates,
4 th-century d ate,
b lack f abric.
t he m ain r ange o f p ottery w as o f
p rincipally c omprising l ocally made
g reywares.
T wo S axon s herds
i ndicate t hat
3 rd
c alcites ettlement
have may h ave c ontinued i nto t he p ost-Roman p eriod . T he O rdnance S urvey r ecord c ards r ecord t he d iscovery o f R oman a nd
p ottery
i n
t he
f ield
t o
w hereabouts o f t his a ssemblage
t he
w est
i n
1 871.
T he
c oins p resent
i s u nknown .
D iscussion B oth t he n ature o f t he c ropmarks a nd t he f ield s catter t his
was p robably a s mall f armstead s ite.
u ncertain ,
c alcite-gritted Huntcliff wares o f t he l ater 4 th c entury a nd t he S axon s herds which p robably d ate t o t he 5 th o r 6 th c enturies.
t wo
a gain , t his
t his t ime
l atest
f armstead
i dentifiable p ottery t ypes
i s t he
b oundary ,
t he
t hat
a re
O nce
whilst
i ndicate
I ts p eriod o f o rigin
s ite
i s
l ocated n ext
t o
a
t hat b etween T hixendale a nd R aisthorpe.
1 54
t ownship
R aisthorpe t ownship, O f
a ll
M ISCELLANEOUS F IELDWALKING MATERIAL
t he s ix t ownships,
R aisthorpe c ontained t he m ost
s catter o f R omano-British s herds m ore d efinite s ettlement s ites a t
Raisthorpe
R aisthorpe ( Field 8 7). w ithin
M anor
W old
( Fields 4 6/52)
( Field 3 4), t ownship
T hixendale/Fimber
c ontaining t hree o f t he T he
various
F ig .
8 3
f armstead, e ast o f e astwards
' stray '
w here,
which
f rom a cted
t ownship's
f rom
t his
c ontained
o ne o f uncertain s ize f armstead
( Field 3 5) t he
a s
a
s ites
a nd
C ow
p resence
t he
c orridor,
f our s ettlement s ites. f rom t he t ownship a re
a s mall number
a round
p lotted
t he
C ow
b lock
t ownship, a b lock o f l and b etween R aisthorpe Manor f ar a s t he R aisthorpe W old f armstead . T heir n umber, i n F ig. 8 4. I t t he s herds w ithin
d erive f rom m anuring a ctivity a nd t hat,
t ownship,
t here
m anured .
was
a s
i n
a t ract o f w old l and w hich
C onditions
h ave n ot a s y et
W harram
was
b een
f airly
v ery
d uring f ield v isits f or e xamining t he v alley f loor a t R aisthorpe, w ould b e s urprising i f t his
F ield 7 4 a t B urdale,
a nd p roduce s imilar m anuring e vidence.
F IELD NU MBER
Ra isthorpe
27
2
1 4
33a
1
5
33b
4
46
5
SAX ON
1 1
1 6 3
47
1
48
8 4
M 1SCEL .
E i 7 < . 0
CR AMBECK
0
BLACK
w 1 .
a w
REDUCED
COLOUR -COATED
SAM IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
POTTERY TYPES CALC ITE -GR ITTED
0 /S
TO WNSH IP
55
1
87 3
4
R aisthorpe T ownship,
g ood a nd
t oo d id n ot f ollow t he p attern s et by
M ISCELLANEOUS F IELD WALK ING MATER IAL
F ig.
o n W old
t hey c oncentrate n oticeably i n a n a rea o f w old l and t o t he t he a s
i ntensively i t
a t W old
o f
s ettlement
f abric t ype a nd m odern f ield l ocations a re s hown s eems r easonable t o a ssume t hat m ost, i f n ot a ll, P ercy
w idespread
I t a lso
t he h igh l evel o f s ettlement a ctivity
R oman s herds
a part
a nd t hree
W illiam D ale
d erives
v alley
8 3-84).
t han a ny o ther,
A lmost c ertainly,
t his
( Figs.
1
t able o f m iscellaneous f inds.
1 55
d istribution
4 . 1
6, 1
1 56 m iscellaneous
I 3 30
-7)
5 0 mm
3 33 1334
F ig .
8 5
1335
— 7-
1 3 32
R aisthorpe
T ownship,
i llustrated
m iscellaneous f inds.
F ield 2 7 3 20)
O xidised , j ar ,
2 nd/3rd-century .
3 21)
G reyware, j ar ,
2 nd-century .
3 22)
G reyware, N orton , b owl,
3 rd-century .
F ield 3 3 3 23)
G reyware,
l id ,
3 rd-century .
3 24)
C rambeck , j ar, 4 th-century .
F ield 4 8 3 25)
C rambeck , b owl, 4 th-century .
1 57
—7)
p ottery
f rom
TO WTHORPE TO WNSH IP B) 2 3 : TOWTH ORPE F IELD FARMSTEAD T owthorpe t ownship,
S E 9 12626
( Field 4 2).
I ntroduction a nd T opography T his s ite ( Fig . 8 6) w as r ecognised e ntirely f rom i ts p ottery s catter w hich , d espite i ts m odest s ize, p rovided t he m ost c onvincing e vidence f or a n o ccupation s ite i n T owthorpe t ownship. T he s ite l ies a t a bout 1 10m O D o n t he f airly g entle e astern s lopes o f ' Towthorpe F ield L ow S ide' a s i t d escends i nto Y ork D ale, w here t he p resent B 1251 r oad r uns f rom F ridaythorpe i n t he s outh-west t o S ledmere i n t he n orth-east. Y ork D ale i tself i s t oo n arrow t o p rovide a l ocation f or v alley f loor s ettlement, a lthough i t h as b een a rgued t hat t he B 1251 r epresents t he a lignment o f aR oman r oad ( Maule C ole 1 899). T he p ottery s catter w as c ollected j ust t o t he n orth , a nd s lightly a bove, am odern f arm t rackway w hich r uns a long t he n orthern s ide o f a f ield b oundary f rom T owthorpe v illage i n t he w est , d own t he v alley s ide i nto Y ork D ale ( Fig . 8 6). I nterestingly , t he t rackway a nd f ield b oundary r eveal a d istinct s outhern k ink i n t heir a lignment a s t hey p ass b elow t his s ite. T o t he w est o f T owthorpe, t he a lignment o f t his t rackway c ontinues t owards t he B 1248 M alton r oad , f orming o ne o f t he p rincipal a ccess r outes i nto T owthorpe ( Fig . 1 0). T here a re n o n atural w ater s upplies i n t he i mmediate p roximity o f t he s ite. I . 30
T
o
w t
h
o r
p e
Fi
e l
O ld Grave
I t
d
F 41
F
42
# t
• •0 :o
e/
O ld Chedk P e
• ••••
I.
% o
P9 M I
O
100 yards
BM 's
F 58
8 6
0
S ite 2 3,
t
c>
4
100 m etres
F ig .
44 q
T owthorpe F ield F armstead ,
1 58
e
l ocation p lan.
I4
e
t4 St
$
0
e
.
4
4
4
4
F ield S catter
To wthorpe
_
r
3 18
1 2 5
m D < M
LAVA QUERN
SAX ON
CRA MBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPH ORA
CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CG W)
CALC ITE -
C . 5 W
I MBR ICES
BU ILD ING MATER IALS
POTTERY TYPES GR ITTED ( CGH)
F ie ld
TEGULAE
S ITE NAME
TESSERAE
42
F IELD No .
,
1 8
.
1336 ,5 0 mm
P IV
3 37
S ite 2 3,
T owthorpe F ield F armstead ,
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
3 37)
G reyware,
j ar,
3 38)
G reyware,
N orton?,
3 rd-century .
3 39)
G reyware,
N orton?,
f langed b owl.
3 40)
C rambeck ,
f langed b owl,
i llustrated p ottery.
H untcliff-type j ar,
4 th-century .
2 nd-century?
4 th-century .
s herds have b een c ollected f rom t he s everal M ethod A walkings
t his
M ost
3 40
3 36)
S ome 6 5 o f
8 7
3 39
-2
I338
F ig .
1
f ield ,
s herds
d eriving f rom a r estricted a rea s hown
w ere w orn a nd s mall,
but g eneral
o n
background
F ig.
8 6.
m anuring
s catters o f m edieval,
p ost-medieval a nd m odern s herds
f rom t his a rea
o f
h eavy
t he
l and
a ttest
t he
s ubsequent c enturies. c entury
m aterial;
a rable
c ultivation
T his a ssemblage
i s
o f
f ield
i n
s trong i n i dentifiable 4 th-
s ome v essels m ay b e o f t he 2 nd a nd 3 rd c enturies,
b ut n othing e arlier o r l ater h as y et b een r ecognised .
D iscussion T he s ize a nd r estricted d istribution o f t his p ottery s catter makes i t r easonable t o a ccept t his a s a s ettlement s ite, p robably a f armstead , o ccupied f rom a t l east t he 2 nd t o t he 4 th c enturies. i ts l ocation c onforms t o a by n ow f amiliar p attern . t o
a
f arm
m edieval, t han t his
t rackway
whose o rigins c an b e a rgued
I n many ways, I t l ies a djacent t o
b e
a t
l east
s ome l km a way f rom T owthorpe m edieval v illage s ite a nd l ess
2 00m f rom a t ownship b oundary . Again t he i mplication i s t hat v ery o rdinary m odern f arm t rackway i n t he m odern l andscape m ay
h ave had i ts o rigins i n t he R oman p eriod . T here
was
n o e vidence f or a ny p re-
s ite,
a nd
i t may b e t hat t his was a d e n ovo R oman
o r p ost-Roman a ctivity s ite.
e arlier l evels may s till r emain undisturbed b y t he p lough.
1 59
o n
t his
H owever,
B ) 24 : TO WTH ORPE W OLD S ITE
T owthorpe t ownship,
S E 9 05635
( Fields
2 7 a nd 3 3).
I ntroduction a nd T opography A s mall s catter o f e ight s herds was r ecovered f rom t his
a rea.
T heir
s ignificance l ies i n t heir r elatively r estricted d istribution a nd p roximity t o a d eeply r utted f arm t rackway s ome l km t o t he n orth-east o f
T owthorpe
v illage
( Fig .
8 8).
T heir l ocation ,
on
s outhern s lope o f T owthorpe W old a t a pproximately 1 35m O D, b e r egarded a s
t ypical f or a R omano-British s ettlement
t he
i n t he W harram
a rea.
F 20
To wthorp H ugh Born
F 22
T
o
w
h
t
o
r
p
e
W
o
L
d
F 27
F 28
F28
s
#
1 I
#‚
i o
I 0
0 4
# ''
F 33
/‚
%
t 4 04
#‚
#‚ "
I 0 *
1
0
/ / \ / ‘Y /
F40
F34
#
0
1 00 yards I M M E AM 1 1 .9
F 43
F ig .
8 8
S ite 2 4,
T owthorpe W old S ite,
1 60
0
g entle
m ight a lso
1 00 m etres
l ocation p lan .
F ield S catter
S ITE NAME T o wt h or p e
W ol d
< ( / )
c o
D < C
LAVA QUERN
0
TESSERAE
CRA MBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPH ORA
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CG W)
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CGH)
z ° X
d
I MBR ICES
B U ILD ING MATER IALS
POTTERY TYPES
TEGULAE
F IELD No . 27
.. .« ..
i
'
'
2
1
5
I
341 13 42
F ig.
8 9
S ite 2 4,
T owthorpe W old S ite,
3 41)
C alcite-gritted ( CGW),
3 42)
G reyware,
A s u sual, i ncluded
j ar,
i llustrated p ottery.
H untcliff-type j ar,
4 th-century .
2 nd/3rd-century .
t his a ssemblage c ontained 4 th-century material, a t
l east o ne g reyware j ar
( Fig.
8 9,
N o.
3 42)
but d ating
a lso t o
e ither t he 2 nd o r 3 rd c entury.
D iscussion A gain i n
t he r estricted d istribution o f t hese s herds a nd t heir l ocation
r elation t o o ther known s ettlements a nd t rackways
t hey m ay r epresent t he s ite o f a nother f armstead . a ssess t o
s uggests
t hat
I t i s d ifficult t o
whether t he a pparently l imited l ifespan o f t his
s ite was
d ue
a s mall a nd unrepresentative f ield a ssemblage o r whether i t was a
c reation o f t he R oman p eriod .
161
B) 2 5 : TO WTHORPE H I GH S TREET S ITE
T owthorpe t ownship,
S E 9 03618
( Field 6 1).
I ntroduction a nd T opography T wo s mall p ottery s catters w ere l ocated a t e ither e nd o f F ield 6 1,
a n
a rea o f w old l and b etween H asley D ale t o t he n orth-east a nd t he B 1248 M alton
r oad
t o
t he s outh-west
( Fig .
9 0).
N either t his
n or
t he
s urrounding f ields h ave y et b een walked under o ptimum c onditions, a nd a t p resent i t i s n ot s uggested t hat e ither a rea o f s herds r epresents t he
c entre
o f a s ettlement s ite,
m erely t hat t here
i s
p robably
a
s ettlement s ite s omewhere i n t he v icinity. N one o f t he f ields a cross t he B 1248 i n F imber t ownship have b een i nvestigated a nd a s ite m ay w ell l ie t here a djacent t o t he r oad . F ield
6 1 l ies o n t he w old t op a t a bout 1 30m O D;
a way t o t he s outh-east, i t a pproaches w ithin
g radually a t f irst,
t he valley f loor.
h ere t he l and f alls
a nd t hen m ore s harply a s
T he s herds t hat w ere r ecovered
a f ew m etres o f t he B 1248,
a ddition t o t he l andscape. T here
i s n o n atural w ater s upply i n t he
i mmediate v icinity .
To wthorpe To wnsh ip
F 62
F 24
F i mber
To wnsh ip
F27 F 67 0
1 00 yards
F 26
K I M ME3M4
100 m etre.
F ig .
9 0
S ite 2 5,
l ay
a r oad l ong r ecognised a s a R oman
T owthorpe H igh S treet S ite,
162
l ocation p lan .
F ield S catter
H igh
S ITE NAME
S treet BU ILD ING MATER IALS
POTTERY TYPES
M ost s herds w ere
'
2
f airly s mall a nd a braded ,
C O D < 0
LAVA QUERN
i «
TESSERAE
5
c f )
SAX ON
CRA MBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CO W)
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CGH)
AMPHORA
1 2 '
7
(
1 MBR ICES
•
_
TEGULAE
F IELD No . 6 1
I
y et t hey w ere r ecovered i n
s ufficient n umbers a nd f rom a c omparatively r estricted a rea
( Fig .
9 0)
t o m ake i t u nlikely t hat t hey w ere a ll m anuring s herds. B oth o f t he a reas o f s catter p roduced C rambeck p ottery, g enerally i ndicative o f 4 th-century d ate.
D iscussion T hese p ottery s herds i mply s ettlement a ctivity i n c lose p roximity t he
B 1248 w hich,
s outhern
a part f rom b eing a R oman r oadway,
b oundary
f ieldwalking
w ill
o f b e
T owthorpe a ble
l ocation a nd n ature o f t his W ith
t he
t here
p ossible
was
n o
t o
t ownship.
i dentify
H opefully,
m ore
p recisely
R oad
s ite
e xception o f W harram L e S treet
e vidence f or a ny I ron Age o r
( Plate
1 7)
t rackway a nd e nclosure s ystem . i f
t hese
s ettlement t he B 1248
f uture b oth
R oman
' village' s ettlement T he
s herds
t he
s ite r oad ,
s how t hat i t was p art o f a n e arlier I t w ould b e
i nteresting,
t herefore,
f rom F ield 6 1 a t T owthorpe d id r epresent a
a longside t he B 1248.
s ite,
G rimston
i n Wharram L e S treet l ay i n c lose p roximity t o t he
t he c ropmarks
t o t he
s ettlement.
h aving b een d eliberately a ligned a longside t he B 1248. b ut h ere
a lso f orms
r oadside
A lthough i t i s p ossible t hat
h ere
f ollowed t he a lignment o f a n e xisting p re R oman t rackway o r
b oundary.
1 63
M ISCELLANEOUS F IELDWALKING MATERIAI
T owthorpe t ownship, A lthough 4 2
a nd
T owthorpe c an o nly b oast t wo l ikely f armstead s ites a t F ields
2 7/33),
l ocation ,
i n F ield 6 1.
had
n o
b een
T owthorpe
R oman
v illage,
t here
i s o ne
I n a ddition ,
o ther
b reed t rial
a
( Field
s ettlement
i t w ould b e s urprising i f t here
s ettlement a ctivity o n
t he
m edieval
s ite
o f
but t he d eserted v illage's p rotective b lanket o f
t urf s till c loaks a ny e vidence o f t his. e arthworks a re a vidly s earched o n e ach v isit, p roduced
p ossible
handful o f m edieval s herds.
M olehills w ithin t he but have s o f ar o nly
S hort o f a
m ore
v igorous
o f m ole b eing i ntroduced t o t he e arthworks, o r a rchaeological t renching, a ny s uch e vidence i s l ikely t o r emain e lusive f or
t he f orseeable f uture. S everal s herd
o ther f ields ( Figs.
i n T owthorpe have p roduced t he o ccasional R oman
9 1-92).
O nce a gain t his r eveals a b lock o f w old
t op
l and which a ppears t o h ave b een f airly i ntensively m anured , t his t ime e xtending b etween T owthorpe F ield f armstead i n t he e ast a nd t he putative
s ite
e arthworks
t o
Wharram P ercy, e xtent, s uggest
o f s ettlement u nder t he t he w est.
T owthorpe
d eserted
v illage
S uch a d istribution t ies u p w ith t hat
Wharram L e S treet a nd R aisthorpe,
a nd,
t o a
a t
l esser
B urdale. T he o utlying s herds t o t he s outh o f t he t ownship t hat t his a rea o f m anuring m ight b e e xtended a s f ar a s t he
B 1248 R oman r oad .
M ISCELLANEOUS F IELD WALK ING MATER IAL
,
F IELD NU MBER
To wthorpe
39
1
54 2
6
58
5
60 1
1
67 3
4
F ig .
9 2
T owthorpe T ownship,
9 3,
N os.
SAXON
M ISCEL .
CRAMBECK
BLACK
REDUCED
w I 1
OX ID ISED]
COLOUR -COATED '
SAM IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
POTTERY TYPES CALC ITE -GR ITTED
0 /S
TO WNSH IP
1
1
t able o f m iscellaneous
I llustrated V essels
( Fig .
3 43)
G reyware,
h andle f rom T hrolam-type j ar,
3 44)
W hiteware,
f inds.
3 43-344).
C rambeck , b owl,
1 64
4 th-century .
3 rd-century.
F ig .
9 1
T owthorpe
T ownship,
d istribution
m ap
o f
m iscellaneous
f inds.
5 0 mm
3 43 I3 44
F ig .
9 3
T owthorpe T ownship, f inds.
i llustrated p ottery f rom m iscellaneous
1 65
TH IXENDALE TO WNSH IP T his t o
i s
t he o nly o ne o f t he Wharram t ownships which has s o f ar f ailed
p roduce
P ottery l ocations s parse
a ny
c onvincing e vidence o f
e vidence ( Figs.
w ithin
s ubsequent
i s
l imited
9 4-95).
t o s ix
R omano-British s herds
f rom
s ettlement.
f our
d ifferent
I t m ay w ell b e t hat s ettlement w as a lways
T hixendale
t ownship d uring
t he
R oman
p eriod ,
a gricultural d evelopments m ay have s ignificantly
but
r educed
t he a mount o f a rchaeological material t o b e f ound .
M ISCELLANEOUS F IELD WALK ING MATER IAL
F IELD NU MBER
Th ixenda le
1 11 •
1
160
2 1
226
Unlike p arish,
.
9 5
M ISCEL .
,
1
230 F ig .
CRA MBECK
1
BLACK
U 1 I -
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
COLOUR -C OATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPH ORA
CALC ITE -GR ITTED
POTTERY TYPES
NOXVS
0/S
TO WNSH IP
T hixendale T ownship,
1
,
t able o f f ieldwalking f inds.
t he v illages i n t he o ther f our t ownships o f W harram P ercy T hixendale was n ever a bandoned, a nd r emained a s a n ucleated
s ettlement w ith i ts O pen F ield c ultivation u ntil t he e nclosure o f t he t ownship i n t he 1 9th c entury by t he S ykes f amily. T he c onstruction o f
a s eries o f l arge w old-top f arms
i mmediately f ollowing
e nclosure
m aintained t he p ressure o f a rable c ultivation o n t he w old t ops w hich has p ersisted t o t he p resent d ay . R oman p ottery i s f airly s turdy m aterial,
but
a s
t he a braded n ature o f m any o f t he s herds
Wharram a rea t estify, e ventually d estroyed
i n
t he
t hey c an n evertheless b e w orn d own a nd b y c ontinual w eathering a nd a gricultural
d isturbance o f t he f ield s urface.
I n t ownships s uch a s W harram P ercy
o r B urdale, s ingle p ottery s herds w ould b e i nterpreted a s m anuring m aterial. H ere a t T hixendale, t he p ottery o f t he R omano-British p eriod i s material.
s o s carce t hat i t m ay b e unwise t o d ismiss
At 3 ,811 a cres
( 1,591 h ectares),
t he s ix t ownships
T hixendale
i n t he Wharram a rea.
t his a s manuring
i s b y f ar t he l argest o f
M any o f i ts
s everal
f ields have n ow b een walked a t l east o nce by M ethod A , b een a s t horoughly c overed a s t he o ther t ownships. r epeated
a ttempts o ver t he l ast t en y ears,
hundred
but i t has n ot A lso, d espite
i t h as unfortunately n ot
b een p ossible t o o btain p ermission t o c arry o ut f ield
i nvestigations
o n Manor F arm i n T hixendale v illage. S trategically, t his i s t he s ingle m ost i mportant f arm unit i n T hixendale, c ontaining n ot o nly
1 66
t he e arthworks o f t he p lanned v illage o f m edieval T hixendale , but a lso t he f ew c ultivated b road-bottomed v alleys i n t he t ownship ; t he s ort o f l ocation w here, o n p ast e xperience, s ettlement r emains a re m ost l ikely t o b e e ncountered . I t i s u nfortunate t hat t his s hould h ave b een t he o nly f arm i n t he e ntire s urvey a rea o f s ome 1 2,500 h ectares w here p ermission t o f ieldwalk w as r efused .
F ig .
9 4
T hixendale T ownship,
1 67
l ocation o f f inds.
B ) 2 6 : MANOR HOUSE S ITE
T hixendale t ownship, T wo
s mall
a gainst
S E 8 38610
( Field 1 60).
l ate-Roman g reyware s herds w ere f ound i n
t he
p loughsoil
t he r oadside v erge o n t he e dge o f t he h igh wold
o verlooking
T hixendale f rom t he s outh ( Fig . 9 6). Unfortunately, i t was n ot p ossible t o o btain p ermission t o i nvestigate t his s ite m ore f ully a s i t
f ormed
a p art o f Manor F arm .
b eginning
t o
A t t his p oint,
t he w old
f all n orthwards t owards T hixendale;
t he
t op
' site'
i s l ies
a bout 1 75m O D just a bove t he b reak o f s lope f orming t he v alley s ide. A
r oadside l ocation w ould f it t he,
R omano-British s ettlement s ites
by n ow ,
f amiliar
i n t he Wharram a rea.
i t s eems unusually c lose t o t he p resent v illage s ite t he
m odern
m edieval d own
v illage,
l ies o ver t he r emains o f a
b etween
( Fig .
p lanned ,
whose e arlier nucleus m ost p robably
t he valley a t t he junction o f F otherdale w ith
d istance just
v illage
c riteria
f or
A t f irst s ight, 9 6), t wo
l ay
f urther
Waterdale.
t hat junction a nd t hese t wo p ottery
s herds
but r ow , T he f alls
s hort o f t he l km m odule a nd w ould t herefore f it n eatly i nto t he
p attern o f s ettlement s een e lsewhere
F ig .
9 6
S ite 2 6,
i n t he T hixendale/Fimber v alley .
M anor H ouse S ite,
1 68
l ocation p lan .
B ) 2 7 : TH IXENDALE GRANGE S ITE
T hixendale t ownship,
S E 8 14605
( Field 2 26).
A s ingle R omano-British g reyware s herd a nd a c alcite-gritted s herd w ere r ecovered a mongst a f lint s catter i mmediately t o t he e ast o f a m inor n orth-south r oadway f rom L eavening , t o t he n orth , t o t he A 166 S tamford B ridge r oad ( Fig . 9 7). T his r oadway i s i nteresting i nsofar a s i t f orms b oth t he t ownship b oundary b etween T hixendale a nd H anging G rimston , a nd p art o f am a jor R oman r oad a lignment f rom B rough i n t he s outh t o M alton i n t he n orth ( Margary 1 959, 1 50-1, r oad 2 9). D espite o bserving t hat t his w ould n ot b e a s urprising l ocation f or a R omanoB ritish s ettlement s ite, l ittle m ore c an b e s aid o n t he b asis o f t wo p ottery s herds.
F ig .
9 7
S ite 2 7,
T hixendale G range S ite,
1 69
l ocation p lan .
B ) 2 8 : UNCLEBY TOP S ITE
T hixendale t ownship, A
s ingle
S E 8 23598
( Field 2 30).
s herd o f R omano-British g reyware was r ecovered a t t he
junction
o f
t he
l ane b etween T hixendale a nd
Martinholme
s upposed R oman r oad d escribed i n t he p revious e ntry f ield ( No. 2 15m O D,
2 30)
l ies o n a w old t op,
t he
9 8).
k nown a s Uncleby T op,
T his
a t a bout
w ith t he s teep w old s carp f alling a way s harply t owards K irby
Underdale t o t he w est. e ast a nd c arries e ast
( Fig .
' T'
a nd
T his w old t op c ontinues n orth-west t o s outh-
t he R oman r oad a lluded t o a bove.
a re t he u ppermost r eaches o f L ongdale,
s ided d ry d ales
I mmediately t o t he
o ne o f t he
m any
t hat c onverge o n T hixendale f urther t o t he e ast
s teep ( Fig .
9 4). T he
n earest
n atural water s upply l ies d own t he w estern s carp
o n
a
s pring l ine e merging f rom b elow t he C halk a t a bout 1 35m O D. A lthough a s ingle s herd a lmost d efies a ny f orm o f i nterpretation , i s
i nteresting
t hat i t l ies a pproximately l km d own t he
f rom t he t wo s herds
F ig .
f rom F ield 2 26 a t T hixendale G range.
9 8
S ite 2 8,
Uncleby T op S ite,
1 70
l ocation p lan .
R oman
i t r oad
B ) 2 9 : G ILL 'S F ARM S ITE
T hixendale
t ownship,
S E 8 48598
A s a t Thixendale G range, r ecovered f rom t his f ield . t he r oad l eading n orth, 9 9).
The
g round
l evel g round ,
( Field 1 11).
o nly a s ingle g reyware s herd has b een I t was f ound o nly a f ew y ards a way f rom
past G ill's
f arm ,
t o T hixendale v illage
h ere l ies a t a pproximately 2 07m O D o n
a lthough s ome 5 00m t o t he n orth,
d own t he valley s ide
F ig .
9 9
t he r oad d rops
i nto T hixendale.
S ite 2 9,
G ill's F arm S ite,
1 71
l ocation p lan .
( Fig.
r elatively s harply
B IRDSALL TO WNSH IP B ) 3 0 : ALDRO FARMSTEAD B irdsall t ownship,
S E 8 07636
( Field 2 31).
I ntroduction a nd T opography A s catter o f R omano-British p ottery r evealed t he e xistence o f t his f armstead s ite. I t l ies i n a nd a round a s light h ollow a t a bout 1 90m O D t o t he s outh o f a r oadway f rom A ldro t o B irdsall a t ap oint o n t he w old s carp a bove t he s prings o f M ount F errant W ood . A t t his l ocation , t he w old s carp p ushes o ut i nto t he V ale o f B irdsall i n a s light s pur ( Fig . 1 00), l eaving t his s ite i n a r elatively s heltered l ocation s ome 4 0m o r m ore a bove t he n atural s pring l ine .
; ', '
4 0
9
, r !$$ Hi g h
I t 1
9 o
B or n
I
Pl a nt ati o n
I Q Q
; > ' ' ‚ e F 2 99
.
r, 9 0 " .;1 1 0 1 '
9
F 2 91
` ~ 3
Q C )Q C 2
92
•
c > 4
94
Q
Q
9
9 Q9
Ge
q
9
r f
o 099
H igh Born
4 I
o ' Po t 0• o I o q 9 ', Q 0I I Q Q e ? °I
9
9
P e
q
i
‚ Q P4%
Q
S e " 3: › 91 . . e
Q 9 99
Ac ›. , 9
i
Q Q /e ; 3
ç
0
Q ?q •
2 /
4
0/
F 231
0
0
/ 0 0 '
F ig .
QQ e 3
9
/ / /0 / / /
1 00
/ /
/ / I
S ite 3 0, A ldro F armstead ,
Q
4 5( 2, 9
9
9
9
2
c >q
Q '‘
Q
Q e z 3 Q
ß
,
e4 99 , Q 2 ' ' ' , . . ,
4
t Zc . . : 1 _
/
'
4
9 999
//9
/
(9
c , / / // / / /
• ,
9
ç
o
W eyords
1 2. 1.22 1 1 1 4
0
10 0 m etr e s
,
4 1
'4 9
l ocation p lan .
F ield S catter A b rief M ethod A w alking i n J uly 1 980 r evealed e leven s herds o f R omano-British p ottery , t wo s mall f ragments o f t egulae, s even f lints a nd o ne f ragment o f p ottery o f p robable B ronze A ge d ate. I ncluded a mongst t he R oman p ottery w ere f ive s herds o f C rambeck w are , i ndicative o f t he 4 th c entury . M ost s herds w ere c omparatively l arge a nd u nabraded , s uggesting t hat t hey d erived f rom r ecently d isturbed
1 72
T hey w ere f ound w ithin a f airly r estricted a rea
b elow t he r oad t o t he s outh o f t he
A ldro
0
3
3
( . 5 C O
SAX ON
—
CRAMBECK
C , ) 6 > 7
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SAM IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CG W)
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CGH)
.
0 w
5
2
1
m
D < 0
LAVA QUERN
BU ILD ING MATER IALS
POTTERY TYPES
I MBR ICES
S ITE NAME
TEGULAE
F IELD No . 2 31
f ield .
TESSERAE
o ccupation d eposits.
5 0 mm
3 45
F ig .
3 45)
1 01
S ite 3 0,
C rambeck ,
b owl,
A ldro F armstead ,
i llustrated p ottery.
4 th-century.
D iscussion D espite
t he m odest s ize o f t he p ottery s catter,
n ature s uggests
s ettlement a ctivity,
i ts d istribution a nd
p robably f rom a f armstead s ite.
NORTH GR IMST ON TO WNSH IP B ) 3 1 : CO WARDY H ILL S ITE
N orth G rimston t ownship,
S E 8 39673
( Field 6 7).
I ntroduction a nd T opography T his
' site'
w estern
was a s mall
s lope
s catter o f p ottery d erived f rom
( at 7 5m O D)
o f C owardy H ill
( Fig.
t he
l ower
1 02).
C owardy H ill i tself c omprises a s mall h illock o f s lipped C halk ( Plate 2 7) a t t he base o f t he w old s carp. T o t he w est t he l and b roadens i nto a f lat a lluvial p lain l eading t hrough L angton t owards Malton . C ropmarks P late
2 7
s hows
t hat t he m odern r oad p asses b etween a number o f s mall
r ectilinear e nclosures.
M ore d etailed w ork o n t he a ir p hotographs o f
1 73
t his a rea H istorical t he
a t t he b ase o f t he C halk by t he R oyal C ommission M onuments has r evealed a n e xtensive c ropmark c omplex
f ields
t o t he w est o f t his
e nclosures a t C owardy H ill
F ig .
1 02
S ite 3 1,
s ite a nd i t i s p ossible
f orm a p art o f t his
C owardy H ill S ite,
t hat
t hese
s ame c omplex.
l ocation p lan .
F ield S catter
Co wardy H i l l
1
6
1 74
SAXON
CRAMBECK
BLACK WARES
REDUCED
OX ID ISED
WH ITE WARES
COLOUR -COATED
SA M IAN
MORTAR IA
AMPHORA
CALC ITEGR ITTED ( CG W)
CALC ITE GR ITTED ( CGH)
8 3 2
d W
3
M D < 0
LAVA QUERN
BU ILDIN G MATER IALS
POTTERY TYPES
I MBR ICES
S ITE NAME
TEGULAE
67
TESSERAE
F IELD No .
o n i n
P late 2 7
C owardy H ill,
N orth G rimston .
L ooking w est w ith
H ill i n t he b ottom r ight o f t he p icture R ef . T P 3 46 1).
( A .L .
C owardy P acitto,
T he s herds w ere r elatively s mall a nd f airly a braded , b ut t heir r estricted s patial d istribution s uggests t he p ossibility t hat t hey d erived f rom a n o ccupation d eposit. O f p articular i nterest w as t he a mphora s herds, w hich h ave p roved s carce o n l ocal f armstead s ites b ut m ore p lentiful a mongst t he s urface d ebris f rom t he t wo R oman v illa s ites. D iscussion V iewed a lone, t hese s mall e nclosures g ive t he a ppearance o f a nother f armstead s ite, b ut t he q uality o f t he p ottery a nd t he p resence o f m ore e xtensive c ropmarks t o t he w est s uggest a m ore c omplicated i nterpretation . T his ' site' i s i ncluded h ere f or c ompleteness, b ut f urther f ieldwork o n t he c ropmarks o f N orth G rimston w ill b e r equired t o u nderstand i t.
1 75
C ) D ISCUSS ION C )
1 : I NTR ODUCT I ON
T his f inal s ection u ses t he e vidence t hat h as b een g athered i n p receding s ite c atalogue t o w eave a m ore i ntegrated p icture o f
t he t he
e volution o f t he l andscape i n t he W harram a rea b etween t he I ron A ge a nd t he M iddle S axon p eriod ( c. 4 00 B C t o c . 8 00 A D). I n o rder t o d o t his m ore e ffectively, t he f ollowing d iscussion h as b een o rganised i nto a n umber o f s eparate,
t hough f requently i nterrelated ,
s ections.
C ) 2 : SETTLE MENT T his b road t itle e mbraces a n umber o f m ajor c onsiderations: c hronology , m orphology , l ocation a nd h ierarchy . O verriding t hese, y et r elated t o a ll, i s t he g eneral c onsideration o f s ettlement t ype, t he
c ategorisation
o f
i dentifiable
s ettlements
i nto
g enerally
r ecognised f unctional t ypes. A lthough s uch c ategorisation i mplies c ertain a ssumptions, i t g reatly f acilitates t he o rganisation o f t he s ubsequent d iscussion . I n t he p receding c atalogue o f s ites, t hree b asic R oman s ettlement f orms w ere i dentified . V illa
I dentifiable
i n
t his c ontext
a s
a
l arge,
a rtifact-rich ,
s ettlement a rea i ncluding d ebris f rom m osaic f loors, t iled r oofs, p lastered w alls a nd h aving a c omparatively h igh c lass o f p ottery . F armstead M arkedly s maller, l ess a rtifact-rich s ettlement a reas. P ottery i s p oorer a nd a lthough s ome t races o f c eramic r oof-tile c an o ften t hese
b e f ound , i t i s u nlikely t hat m any b uildings ( if a ny) w ithin s ites had t iled r oofs. T hese f armsteads a re o ften s ituated
w ithin d itched e nclosures. ' Village' T his c ategory c omprises t he R oman s ettlements t hat h ave b een i dentified b eneath t he m edieval v illage c entres. O f t he t hree e xamples w ithin W harram P ercy p arish, a t l east t wo ( Wharram P ercy a nd B urdale) w ere d emonstrably l arger t han s imple f armstead s ites. I n e ach c ase, h owever, t he r emains o f t he m edieval v illage p revent a m ore d etailed i nvestigation i nto t he s ize a nd n ature o f t he R oman s ettlement. I n t he a ny
a ddition ,
t here i s a r esidue o f p ossible s ettlement s ites
w here
a vailable e vidence i s s o m eagre a s t o p reclude p lacement w ithin o f t he a bove t hree c ategories. F or t he I ron Age a nd S axon
p eriods, t here i s t he p roblem o f u sing t he v ery l imited a mounts o f d ata t o t ry t o e xtrapolate b ackwards a nd f orwards i n t ime f rom t hese R oman e xamples. W ithin
e ach
o f
t hese
s ettlements,
t he
d egree
t o
w hich
s uch
c onsiderations a s c hronology o r m orphology c an b e d iscussed i s e ntirely d ependent o n t he p resence o r a bsence o f c ropmarks a nd t he a mount o f a rtifact m aterial r ecovered . I t i s s urely n o c oincidence t hat t hose s ettlements w ith t he w idest c hronological r ange a re a lmost
1 76
i nvariably t hose t hat have p roduced t he l argest c eramic E very a ttempt has b een m ade
a Qqemblages.
i n t he p receding s ite c atalogue
t o r eveal
t he c urrent e xtent o f i nformation a vailable o n e ach s ite.
Judgements
a nd m odels c ited i n t he f ollowing p ages a re b ased o n t he p resently a vailable.
i nformation
a : Chrono logy F ig.
1 03
a ttempts t o s ummarise
d ate r ange s ites.
o f
t he c urrent c eramic e vidence f or t he
e ach o f t he m ore
p ositively
i dentified
s ettlement
COMPAR ISON OF SETTLEMENT S ITES PRODUC ING CERAM IC ASSEMBLAGES APPROX IMATE DATE RANGE
S ITE NAME
FORM
BC( 6
V ILLAS
Wharra m
Grange
Wharra m
Le
B irdsall
FAR MSTEAD S ITES
V illa
S t
H igh
W. Grange
5
4
3
-
2
1
0
3
4
5
6
7
NOS
8
1 ,580 280
Barn
- - -
258 - -
-
1 42
-
1 ,217
- -
F5
271
- - - - -
Road
5
House
Tunnel
52
Top
--
' Burdale/F i mber Raisthorpe Co w
2
-
F96
Bel la
1
V il la
Crossroads 16
Gri mston
TOTAL
>AD
6 16
Bdy
Wo ld
Wo ld
-
2 17
--
288
-
,
58
-
To wthorpe F ie ld Wharra m
V ILLAGE S ITES
Burdale
65
Percy
_
Crossroads
2000 > 410
,
Raisthorpe Manor
Fig.
1 03
,
48
Chronological
Comparison
of
Settlement
Sites
Producing
Ceramic Assemblages.
V illa S ites Wharram G range v illa ( Fig . 1 4) h as n ow p roduced p ottery a nd o ther a rtifacts w hich i ndicate a d ate-range f rom t he p re-Roman I ron A ge, p robably t he 4 th-3rd c entury B C,
t o t he S axon p eriod - t he 5 th o r 6 th
c enturies A D a nd p ossibly e ven l ater. R oman t he
a nd S axon p ottery t ypes
7 -8)
a bove,
has o utlined
d ifficulties o f m ore p recise d ating f or t he I ron Age
m aterial. t he
T he g eneral d iscussion o f b oth
( Section A .
s ite
j udgement a ctivity f rom
t his
f orm
o f
T he
a nd
S axon
c eramic e vidence d emonstrates o nly t hat a ctivity
o n
c ontinued i nto t he S axon p eriod ;
i t d oes n ot y et a llow
t o
t he
b e
m ade
c ontinued .
a s
t o h ow f ar i nto
S axon
p eriod
T he q uantities o f S axon p ottery n ow
s ite a re s uch a s t o s uggest t hat t his a ctivity s ettlement r ather t han s tone r obbing o r
a lready a bandoned v illa s ite.
1 77
l ooting
a
t hat
r ecovered t ook
t he
f rom
t he
T his r aises a nother g eneral p roblem a s t o w hat e xactly t he p resence o f S axon p ottery a ctually m eans. T he e thnic c onsiderations have a lready b een a lluded t o
( Section A .
8 ),
but i n g eneral t erms,
t here
a re d ifficulties i n d eciding what t hese S axon s herds i mply f or e ach s ite. I n t he c ase o f Wharram G range v illa f or i nstance, d oes t he S axon
p ottery
m erely
i ndicate
c ontinued t o o ccupy t he s ite p ottery
t hat
t he
i nhabitants buying S axon
b ecause R oman p ottery was n o l onger a vailable,
i mply t hat n ot
i ndigenous
i nto t he p ost-Roman p eriod ,
' Saxons'
c apable
had t aken o ver t he s ite?
o f r esolving s uch p roblems,
o r
d oes
i t
T he p ottery i tself i s
but
i t d oes h ighlight
t he
p otential d ifficulties o f i nterpretation . T his
v illa s ite w ould t herefore s eem t o h ave b een o ccupied f or
s ome
e ight hundred y ears, p ossibly a s l ong a s a t housand y ears. H owever, i t i s d ifficult t o d etermine whether t his was a lways a h igh-class s ite t hroughout t his p eriod , a nd t his i s a p roblem a ddressed f urther i n t he s ection o n s ettlement h ierarchy b elow . Whatever i ts s tatus, s uch a l ong p eriod o f o ccupation i s i mpressive i n t erms o f t he s tability o f s ettlement l ocation . Wharram L e S treet v illa ( Fig. 4 0) has s o f ar f ailed t o p roduce s uch a w ide a rtifact r ange, a lthough p lough d amage h ere was l ess e xtensive t han
a t
Wharram
G range v illa.
E xcavation on
t he
s ite
p roduced
a rtifacts a nd p ottery f rom t he i st t o t he 4 th c entury A D, n o I ron Age o r S axon p ottery has b een r ecognised s o f ar. T he e xcavator w as r eluctant t o a ccept R oman o ccupation o f t his s ite f rom a s e arly a s t he i st c entury A D, s uggesting i nstead t hat t he f ew r ecognised a rtifacts
o f
t his
e arly
s ouvenirs o r h eirlooms t he
p eriod
( Rahtz,
m erits o f t his a rgument,
' preferred
l ocation'
w ere b rought
o nto
t he
s ite
H ayfield a nd B ateman 1 986).
a s
Whatever
t he v illa i s l ocated i n f ar m ore o f
t han W harram G range v illa,
a nd was
t he
a
l arger
a nd m ore g randiose o f t he t wo. C omparison
b etween
t he
c hronologies o f t he t wo
f urther p roblems o f i nterpretation ;
v illas
h ighlights
d oes t he m ore r estricted a rtifact
d ate r ange f rom Wharram L e S treet v illa r epresent a g enuine d isparity b etween p lough
t he t wo v illas, d amage
o r i s
i t e ntirely d ue t o t he
m ore
l imited
a nd c onsequently t o t he m ore r estricted s ize
o f
t he
a rtifact a ssemblage? F armstead S ites S ome
e leven
w ithin
t his
s catter,
s ettlement
t he c ropmarks,
O f t hese e leven s ites, b e
s ites p roducing
c eramic
c ategory o n t he basis o f t he s ize
a ssemblages
( area)
o f
t he
a nd o n t he n ature o f t he r ecovered a rtifacts. t hree,
t hose f rom F ields
r egarded a s b eing p arts o f a s ingle c omplex,
n ine f armstead s ites f or c onsideration . 1 03.
5 ,
1 6 a nd 9 6,
T heir p ottery s catters
c hronologically i n F ig .
a pparent i s
t he r elationship b etween t he s ize o f t he a ssemblages
t he l ength o f t he p rojected o ccupation .
o f a re
W hat i s a gain i mmediately G iven t his b ias,
a nd
i t c an b e
t hat a ll n ine f armsteads w ere i n o ccupation d uring t he
a nd 4 th c enturies A D, j ars
c ould
l eaving a t otal
c onsidered
o bserved
f all f ield
3 rd
a ll p roducing C rambeck w ares a nd Huntcliff-type
which a re r eputedly c haracteristic o f t he
( Corder a nd K irk 1 932).
l ater 4 th c entury
A D
E ach s ite a lso p roduced p ossible e xamples o f
2 nd-century m aterial.
1 78
T he
t hree l argest a ssemblages,
G range C rossroads
( Fig.
2 6),
B irdsall H igh B arn a nd T unnel T op
( Fig .
( Fig .
6 5)
1 6),
s herds
which c an b e a ttributed t o t he p re-Roman I ron Age,
t o
2 nd ist c entury B C a nd p ossibly f rom a s e arly a s
t he
Wharram
e ach p roduced c ertainly
t he
4 th-3rd
c entury B C. H ere, a nd i ndeed w ith a ll s ites, e arlier s tratified d eposits m ay s till e xist b elow t he l evel o f p lough d isturbance, a nd e ven
t hese
l argest
r epresentative t hough,
o f
a ssemblages t he
a s a t ype,
c annot
a ssumed e ach
t o
b e
f ully
s ite.
C learly
t hese f armstead s ites w ere n ot a c reation o f t he
R oman p eriod but o f t he I ron A ge. f armsteads
b e
o ccupation h istory o f
A ll t hree d emonstrably I ron
w ere l ocated o n w old t ops w here t he t hinner s oils
i n
g reater d egrees o f p lough d amage.
i t
was
t hese
Age
r esult
I t m ay b e n o c oincidence
t hree s ites w hich a lso p roduced
e vidence a mongst t he n ine f armstead s ites
t he
m ost
t hat
c onvincing
f or S axon p ottery,
a lthough
S axon s herds have a lso b een r ecovered f rom o ther s ites s uch a s B urdale/Fimber b oundary f armstead . W here
t he
s een
t o
e vidence y ears
e vidence i s
l east a bundant t hese f armstead s ites
h ave b een o ccupied f or t wo t o t hree
c enturies;
t he
c an
b e
where
t he
i s m ost a bundant a d ate r ange o f e ight hundred t o a t housand
i s p ossible,
v illa s ite.
s imilar t o t hat a lready o bserved a t Wharram G range
Again i t c an b e c oncluded t hat t hese f armsteads w ere a n
e nduring f eature o f t he W harram l andscape. t hey
a ll have t heir o rigins
s ome
w ere
c reations
C rossroads b etween
( Fig .
t he
F ield 9 6.
2 6)
What i s unclear
i n t he p re-Roman I ron
o f t he R oman
c enturies.
Age, A t
i s w hether o r
whether
Wharram
G range
t here w as a r easonable c hronological c orrelation
l atest s herds
f rom F ield 1 6 a nd t he e arliest o nes
I ndeed t he F ield 9 6 f armstead a ppears
f rom
t o b e o ne o f t he f ew
s ites wholly R oman i n b oth i ts o rigin a nd a bandonment,
y et i t s hould
b e s een a s a p art o f a r elated c omplex o f f armstead s ettlement w ithin F ields 5 , 1 6 a nd 9 6. N evertheless, i t i ndicates t hat s ome m inor c hanges
a t l east t ook p lace w ithin t he Wharram l andscape d uring
t he
R oman p eriod . I ndeed ,
i f i t
a rtifact t hose
i s a ssumed t hat t he p ottery f rom t he s ites w ith s maller
a ssemblages
s ites,
e merge
f rom
a lready
t his
i n
a ppeared
o r
m anagement.
t he R oman p eriod , t he
A s
o ccupation
r equired .
What
e conomy,
o r
a number
d ue p erhaps t o
a g eneralisation ,
a
t o a n
o f
w ere
n ew
o nes
e xpansion
r eorganisation
o f
o f
w ould
i s t hat a lthough a number o f f armstead s ites
e xistence b y t he l ate I ron Age,
d uring
p opulation
c ould b e r epresentative o f t he
a n a lternative e xplanation i s
i n
e state
i t c ould b e o bserved t hat
t hose
f armsteads w ith t he e arliest p ottery a ssemblages w ere t hose l ocated o n t he t ownship b oundaries, while t hose w ith t he m ore r estricted R oman
d ate r anges w ere t he o nes
a nd t he b oundaries. b elow , o nly
but
l ocated b etween t he
i t s hould b e e mphasised t hat a ny s uch
m eaningful
' village'
s ites
T hese s ettlement l ocations a re e xamined f urther d istinctions
a re
i f i t i s a ssumed t hat t hese p ottery a ssemblages
a re
f ully r epresentative o f t he o ccupation o f t hese s ites,
a nd t hat w ould
b e a d angerous a ssumption . N evertheless, R oman p eriod , t o
e ven i f s ome o f t hese f armsteads d id o riginate i n t he t here i s n ow s ufficient e vidence f rom t he Wharram a rea
d emonstrate t hat t he a ctual s ettlement t ype had b een
e arlier
i n t he I ron Age.
1 79
e stablished
' Village' T he
S ites
f inal
m edieval
c ategory
o f
v illages.
s amples
R oman s ettlements
H ere
t here
a re
t hose
i s e ven l ess
b eneath
c ertainty
t he
t hat
t he
o f p ottery r ecovered a re f ully r epresentative.
O f t hese s ites, Wharram P ercy ( Fig. 5 3) h as b een t he m ost i ntensively s tudied , a nd h ere o ccupation s tretches b ack n ot just t o t he I ron A ge, but t o t he B ronze Age, e nd
p ossibly e ven t o t he N eolithic.
o f t he c hronological s pectrum ,
P ercy S axon
A t t he o ther
t he p ottery s equence a t
W harram
p rogresses unbroken t hroughout t he S axon p eriod i nto t he L ate wheel-made w ares f ollowed b y t he f ull r ange o f m edieval
f abrics.
H ere,
v illage,
h owever,
e xcavation has n ow s ampled m ost a reas o f t he
p roducing p rodigious q uantities o f a rtifact m aterial.
B y c ontrast, o bscured by
R aisthorpe Manor ( Fig. t he m odern f arm c omplex,
7 9), a s ite a lmost t otally h as p roduced o nly a s mall
a ssemblage o f p ottery f rom t he e astern p eriphery o f t he s mall
a mount o f p ottery i s m ost u nlikely t o b e f ully
s ite.
S uch a
r epresentative
o f t he p re-medieval o ccupation o f R aisthorpe v illage s ite. Burdale
( Fig .
6 8),
f arm
buildings,
g ood
m easure.
n orthernmost s uggested
t he t hird s ite,
T he
s mall
s catter o f f ieldwalked p ottery
e nd o f F ield 7 4 w ould ,
o nly
a
l ike t hat a t
l imited c hronological
h owever,
t he
f ortuitous
s ampled
t he
valley
c omparatively
i s a gain a lmost f ully o bscured b y
w ith a l ength o f r ailway e mbankment t hrown
R aisthorpe,
r ange.
H ere
s iting o f a s ilage p it,
which
s ilts
t o
a
d epth
o f
i n
3 m ,
a t
t he h ave
B urdale
e ffectively
r esulted
l arge a ssemblage p roducing a f ar w ider
f or
f rom
c eramic
i n
a
r ange
( Fig . 1 03). H ere a gain t he e arliest m aterial b elongs t o t he p reR oman I ron Age. I n a ddition t o a s ubstantial R oman a ssemblage, t here w ere a lso E arly ,
M iddle a nd L ate S axon s herds a s w ell a s a f ull r ange
o f m edieval f abrics. T his e vidence i ndicates t hat s uch ' village' s ites a re p robably just a s e arly i n t heir o rigins a s t he v illas a nd f armstead s ites. O ther m edieval v illage s ites
i n E ast Y orkshire,
d eserted v illages a nd S herburn , have
s uch a s B uckton a nd C owlam
h ave a lso p roduced R oman material,
a l arge number o f v illages o n t he L incolnshire W olds
f orthcoming).
I ndeed ,
a pparent t hat many,
c ountrywide,
i f n ot m ost,
s ome f orm o f R oman s ettlement
i t
i s
b ecoming
a s
( Hayfield
i ncreasingly
m edieval n ucleated v illages
l ie o ver
( Taylor 1 984).
O f t he t hree t ypes o f R oman s ettlement a t W harram - v illa, f armstead a nd ' village' - a ll c an b e t raced b ack i nto t he p re-Roman p eriod . I t i s just p ossible t hat t he v illa a t Wharram L e S treet a nd o ne o r t wo o f
t he
f armstead s ites m ay have b een o f R oman o rigin ,
but t he basic
s ettlement p attern was c learly e stablished d uring t he I ron Age. S ubsequent s ections o f t his d iscussion w ill e xamine w hether ' Romanisation ' a ffected t he c haracter o f a ny o f t hese s ettlements. A ll t hree s ettlement t ypes p roduced s ites w ith S axon p ottery. I n t he c ase o f b oth v illa a nd f armstead i t i s i mpossible t o d ecide h ow f ar i nto t he S axon p eriod a ctivity e xtended .
O n t he
' village'
s ites
a t
B urdale a nd Wharram P ercy, t he S axon o ccupation c ontinues o n i nto t he m edieval p eriod . I n a ll c ases t he ' continuity' b etween R oman a nd
1 80
S axon
i s
s uggest
based o n c eramic e vidence. t hat
i n
t hese
I t r emains a n
c ases t here
was
a
d irect
a ssumption
t o
c ontinuity
o f
s ettlement,
a lthough t his m ight s eem a r easonable s upposition .
T here
a
a re
d egrees
o f
n umber o f i solated s catters o f S axon
c lustering,
s ettlement
t ypes.
which
a re
s ituated
p ottery
o utside
s howing
t hese
R oman
I n t he a rea o f w old l and b etween Wharram
G range
v illa a nd W harram P ercy v illage, ' isolated' s catters o f S axon p ottery have b een d iscovered i n F ields 5 , 1 5, 1 6 a nd 1 06. T hey a re n ot p articularly c ontrasts
d ense
w ith
c lusters,
but
t heir
r estricted
d istribution
t he m ore e ven s pread o f R oman a nd m edieval
f rom manuring.
c eramics
I n e ach c ase t hey o ccur i n a reas w here t here
a s catter o f R oman p ottery, d istributions d iffer.
i s a lso
a lthough t he p atterns o f t heir r espective
T he r ange o f S axon f abrics c ontained i n t hese
s catters i s m ore v aried t han t hose f rom t he R oman v illa a nd f armstead s ites, a nd t heir t otal number i s a lso g reater. N evertheless, t he s ame
d ifficulties r emain i n d ating t hese
i solated s catters o f
S axon
p ottery. T he
i nterpretation o f s uch s mall
p roblems.
S imilar
e lsewhere
i n
F oard has has
i solated s catters p oses a number
f ieldwalking
t he c ountry,
e vidence h as b een r ecognised
p articularly i n
N orthamptonshire
i nterpreted t hem a s s mall s ettlements
a rgued
t hat
s uch
a
d ispersed
t here t his
( Taylor 1 984).
was
A part f rom t he p ottery s catters
l ittle e vidence f or F oard 's s ites b eing
s eem
t hemselves,
unwise t o a ttempt t o s uggest t hat t hese s mall g roups
p robably n ot, f ew
a nd
At p resent,
S axon s herds ( usually l ess t han s ix s herds f rom a ny o ne r epresent s mall o utlying s ettlements. H aving s aid what n ext
was
i n t he l arger,
s ettlements,
i s c ertainly a lso t rue o f t he Wharram e vidence.
w ould
T aylor
p attern
c haracteristic o f t he M iddle S axon p eriod , a nd t hat i t was L ate S axon p eriod t hat t hese h amlets w ere r eplaced by f ewer, v illages
w here
( Foard 1 978).
s ettlement
i t
i s h oped t o p inpoint
s everal
c lusters a nd t o c arry o ut g eophysical s urveys,
o f
i t o f
l ocation) t hey a re
i t i s d ifficult t o s uggest what t hey w ere.
y ears
o f f rom
During t he t hese
s mall
p ossibly s upported by
t rial e xcavations. I f
i t i s a ccepted t hat t hose s ites w ith t he l argest a ssemblages
g enerally
m ore
o ccupation p icture t he
t han
t he
t o b e r epresentative o f t he s ites w ith s maller
o f t hese s ettlements
I ron
A ge
' invasions' s ettlement
t o
w ould
t he
t hen
f ull
a ssemblages,
i s o ne o f c ontinuity o f
S axon
p eriod .
N either
i n t his p art o f t he Y orkshire
a re
r ange
t he n or
f rom S axon
i mpact
W olds.
o f
o verall
l ocation
R oman
a t f irst a ppear t o have h ad a ny m ajor
p atterns
o ther hand , p eriod ,
l ikely
On
o n t he
i f s everal o f t he f armsteads w ere c reations o f t he R oman s ome
c hanges
i n t he l ocal e conomy a nd p opulation
a re
i mplied .
b : Morpho logy E vidence f rom
f or t he m orphology o f t hese s ettlements d erives
a ir p hotography ,
p rincipally
a lthough m agnetometer s urveys a nd e xcavations
have p rovided valuable i nformation o n a f ew s ites.
1 81
Wharram P ercy
Wharram G range V i l la
Wharram L e S tree t V i l la F ig .
1 04
M orphological C omparison o f S quare E nclosure P lans.
1 82
B oth
m agnetometer
s urveys
p rincipal d isadvantage, many
p hases
o f
a nd
a ir
p hotography
s uffer
f rom
i n t hat t he f eatures r evealed m ay
d evelopment.
T here
i s
n o
r eady
o ne
r epresent m eans
o f
d istinguishing a s equence o f p hases f or a ny i ndividual s ite a nd when c eramic e vidence d emonstrates t hat s ome o f t hese s ites w ere o ccupied f or a nything u p t o a t housand y ears, t hey
h ad
n ot
i t w ould b e s urprising i ndeed i f
u ndergone s ome m orphological c hanges.
c ertainty ,
f or
e nclosure,
o r a d ouble d itched t rackway,
o r
e xample,
t hat what a ppears
T here
t o b e a
i s
d ouble
n o
d itched
r epresents l iterally t hat,
whether w e a re n ot s eeing i nstead t wo d istinct p hases o f a s ingle
d itched
e nclosure
f urther,
t he
c ontemporary i nstead
o r s ingle d itched t rackway.
O r,
s everal s ubdivisions o f a n e nclosure
t o
t ake
c ould
t his
r epresent
d ivisions o f s pace w ithin t hat s ettlement o r t hey c ould
r epresent
p rocesses o f e xpansion ( or
c ontraction)
o f
t he
s ettlement o ver a p eriod o f c enturies. B oth
v illas,
e ither
s even f armsteads a nd o ne
c ropmark
o r
m agnetometer
' village'
e vidence
s ite have
f or
t heir
a llowing s ome c onsideration o f t heir m orphology. e vidence
s ubsoil.
Again ,
t he
p its a nd d itches
t hese c onsiderations
i nevitably
t he a ssumption t hat a ll v isible f eatures a re c ontemporary.
make
T here a re
n o
p ositive
A ll
i dentifications o f building p lans o n a ny o f t hese s ites.
t hese s ites s how t races o f having b een c onfined w ithin s ome
o f e nclosure, r ectilinear
t hus
I n a ll c ases,
r elates t o n egative f eatures o f t he s ite;
c ut i nto t he
p roduced
f orm ,
a nd t wo basic t ypes a re a pparent,
( Fig.
1 05),
s quare
( Fig .
f orm
1 04)
a nd
o f w hich t he f ormer w ould a ppear t o h ave b een
t he l arger. B oth
v illa s ites w ere o f t he s quare e nclosure t ype;
m agnetometer b oth c ases o f
f eatures o verlap a nd i ntersect,
a ctivity.
e nclosure
i n e ach c ase
s urvey h as r evealed a w ealth o f d itch f eatures, N evertheless,
c omplex,
w ith
b oth
a
a nd i n
i ndicating s everal p hases
s eem t o s how
a
basic
' double'
a l arge p erimeter e nclosure a nd a
i nner e nclosure i n w hich t he p rincipal buildings
s maller
f or e ach v illa w ould
a ppear t o h ave b een s ituated . T he
t rial t rench e xcavations w ithin W harram G range v illa s ectioned a
n umber o f t hese d itches H ayfield p ottery, o f
i ncluding t hat o f t he main e nclosure
4 th-century
m aterial
s uggests
t hat m ost o f t he d itches
e nclosure s ystem w ere a bandoned b efore t hen . d ug ,
1 st o r 2 nd c entury A D,
E vidence
t he
was p erhaps
o r p ossibly e arlier.
f or t he d ate o f t he W harram L e S treet v illa e nclosures
m ore e lusive i st
o f
T he d ate when t hey w ere
a gain a ssuming t hat t hey w ere a ll o f a s ingle p hase,
i n t he
( Rahtz,
a nd B ateman 1 986). N one o f t hese d itches p roduced much but a ll i ncluded 2 nd a nd 3 rd-century m aterial. T he a bsence
( Rahtz,
H ayfield a nd B ateman 1 986),
c entury A D a rtifacts
was
but t he p resence o f
f rom t he s ite w ould n ot p reclude a
s imilar
d ate. T wo o f
o ther f armstead s ites h ave s quare e nclosures. Wharram P ercy
' village'
q uasi-autonomous e nclosure m edieval v illage c omplex, a rea
s ite,
but r emains
O ne f orms a p art
s patially a t
l east
a
i n t he n orth-western c orner o f t he p resent s urviving p artially w ithin t he g uardianship
but e xtending i nto F ields
3 7 a nd 1 5 a s a c ropmark
1 83
( Fig.
5 3a).
e N
E
ns
Cow Wo ld
W i l l iam D a le
)
11
Wharram G range C rossroads
B e l la H ouse
I •
T unne l T op
•
l b
.
( L._
IiI
7-
/ " .
)
I ) B urda le/F imber B ounda ry
0
i l Em i l
o
1 00ft
B l im
1 00m
G r ims ton Road F ig.
1 05
M orphological C omparison o f R ectilinear E nclosure P lans.
1 84
11 16
I n
1 971
a
c ontained
s ection was c ut t hrough t he m ain e nclosure
p ottery
d ifficulties
o ther
which
a re
s till
s ettlement e vidence w ithin t he g eneral a rea o f
A lthough ,
l ike W harram G range v illa,
f armstead
Wharram
t he d ating i s
s ecure, t he i ndications a re t hat t his e nclosure e xistence by t he e arly-Roman p eriod . T he
d itch
T here
i n a ssessing t he r elationship o f t his e nclosure t o o ther
c ontemporary v illage.
o f t he 1 st o r 2 nd c entury AD.
s ite w ith what w ould a ppear
was
t o
f ar f rom
a lready
b e
a
i n
s quare
e nclosure c omplex w as B irdsall H igh B arn , whose p lan ( Figs. 1 6 a nd 1 04) was r ecovered b y t he m agnetometer s urvey o utlined i n S ection A O nly
t hree s ides o f t he e nclosure f ell w ithin t he s urvey
i ts
p roportions
H aving
s aid t hat,
s outh d itches p lans, w as
t his e nclosure was d ivided by a number o f
m eans o f d ating t his e nclosure,
n orth-
b etween
t he 2 nd o r 1 st c enturies B C a nd
U nless
t he s ubdivision o f t he e nclosure r epresents
t he o riginal p lan ,
A lthough t here
t he p ottery f rom
r anged t o
but p lan .
i n a m anner c haracteristic o f t he r ectilinear f armstead
a nd i n marked c ontrast t o t he t wo v illa p lans.
n o
a rea,
i ndicated a s quare r ather t han a r ectilinear
t he
t he
S axon
l ater
s ite
p eriod .
a mendments
t he r elatively s imple f orm o f t he s ite
1 04)
s hows
s urprisingly l ittle o bvious s ign o f t he multiple
t hat
m ight b e e xpected f rom a s ettlement w ith s o m any
( Fig . p hases
c enturies
o f
o ccupation . E lsewhere
i n Y orkshire,
s uch
L angton ( Corder a nd K irk 1 932),
a s
t here a re o ther e xamples o f s quare e nclosures R udston ( Stead
1 980)
a nd
T hwing i n t he G reat W old v alley, w here t he e nclosure w ould a ppear t o h ave b een c ut i n t he I ron Age, a lthough h ere t oo, o ccupation o n t he s ite
c ontinued
t hrough i nto t he S axon
p eriod
( T.G.
Manby,
p ers.
c omm .). T he
r ectilinear e nclosures
l ong
a s
t hey a re w ide,
c reating r outeway.
( Fig .
1 05)
a re g enerally a bout t wice
a s
a nd u sually f ronted o nto a r oad o r t rackway,
t he i mpression t hat t hey d eveloped a longside a n e xisting T he F ield 9 6 f armstead , p art o f t he Wharram G range
C rossroads c omplex , t ypifies t his f orm ( Fig. 2 6). T hese e nclosures l ack t he a pparent c ohesion o f t he t wo v illa e nclosure c omplexes. W ith t his e xample, i t w ould s eem t hat t he p erimeter d itch m ay have g rown a s egment a t a t ime. C ertainly i ts n orthernmost s egment i s s et o n a s lightly d ifferent e nclosure, a nd h as a ll m agnetometer
a lignment t o t hat o f t he r est o f t he a ppearance o f a n a ddition .
t he T he
s urvey r evealed t wo m inor s ections o f d itch which
s eem
t o c ut a cross, o r t o h ave b een c ut b y, t he m ain p erimeter d itch; p erhaps r elate t o a n e arlier o r l ater p hase o f e nclosure.
t hey
T he
v ery
f armsteads
a t
C ow W old a nd T unnel T op
s imilar
t o
W illiam
D ale f armstead t he s ite a ppears
f orm ,
but
t he p revious e xample
i n b oth s ize
t hese
a nd
1 05)
s eem
p lan ,
while
t o a dhere t o t he s ame
h as a c urious s ub-rounded s egment a ttached t o t he
w estern e nd o f t he m ain e nclosure. t hat
( Fig .
I n a ll c ases,
t he
a t
basic s outh-
i mplication i s
w ere s ettlements w hich d eveloped a longside a
p resumably
p re-existing t rack . C ropmarks w ere o bserved a t t he G rimston R oad s ite, a nd t hese d o n ot r eadily c ompare w ith e ither t he s quare o r r ectilinear p lan t ypes. T here
must b e s ome d oubt a s t o w hether t hese c ropmarks
r epresent a s ettlement s ite,
a ctually
d o
a nd i t i s c omplicated by t heir b eing s et
1 85
a round w hat a ppears t o b e a r ight-angled b end i n a d ouble-ditched t rackway ( Fig . 4 6). A t l east t wo p hases o f c ropmark a re d iscernable a mongst t he e nclosures o f t his s ite, w hose v arious s egments r oughly c orrespond i n s ize w ith t hose o f o ther r ectilinear f armstead s ites.
c : L ocat ion T hese s ettlement s ites s how s ome s imilarities a nd s ome v ariation i n t heir r espective l ocations. F ig . 1 06 s ummarises, i n p lan f orm , t he l ocations o f t he k nown s ettlement s ites, a nd F ig . 1 07 c ategorises t he ' location f actors' f or e ach s ite. T hose s ites w hich w ere c onsistently f ound t o o ccupy t he m ost f avorable l ocations w ere t he ' village s ites'.
a c8
c o cE L c 2 2
A
2 E ( ? )
A
C
4 t 1 7 , c
0 1
I
A
0
A
•
(Based on curre n t ly ove llob le he ld asse mb lage.,
Kno wn o r suspected rou te woys To wnsh ip boundar ies
Re la t ionsh ip be t ween Ro mano •Br it ish Sett le men t S ites , Route ways and To wnsh ip Boundar ies
9
• ••• • •• • ••
F ig .
1 06
2miles
S ummary P lan o f R oman S ettlement L ocations.
I f f avorable l ocations a re t aken t o c omprise a p roximity t o f resh w ater, a s heltered l ocation a nd t o r outeways, t hen W harram P ercy , R aisthorpe, B urdale, W harram L e S treet a nd T owthorpe v illage s ites
1 86
f it
t he c riteria.
B urdale,
R aisthorpe.
W harrams
a nd
A t T owthorpe t here
i s n either s pring n or s tream ,
but a t
c entre o f t he m edieval a nd l ater v illage s ite l ies a l arge p ond ,
f a rms tead s i tes
v i l las
A ll
1 07
t rackway,
a nd
e arlier.
A t
s ites
T able
m ore
s ettlement.
P ercy
1 0 -0 -
0 -2
t o ta l p o in ts s co red
W
b ounda ry
a d jacen t t o
ch i a d jacen t t o
l adder s ys tem w
a d jacen t t o
manu red a rea
c ross roads
3 •
7
I I 3
_ _
3 6
3
3 4 3 4 2 3
• 3 3
3
: 3 1
4 3
( 5
4
-
a t Wharram l ie a longside
i n m ost c ases Wharram
8 4 7 3 3 1 4
C I
3
o f L ocational Q ualities
o f
S ettlement
r oad
o r
i t i s d ifficult t o b e s ure which i s
t he
v illage
s ite,
t rackways markedly d etour i n o rder t o t ake e xisting
r ou tes
0
C omparison S ites.
s ettlement
r ou tes
8 9 9 7
Wharram L e S tree t 0-- B i rdsa l l H igh B a rn W G range C rossroads G r ims ton R oad Cow C l i f f H igh S tree t 0 B e l la House 3 T unne l T op _ ___ 07____ __ 3 _ B urda le/F imbe r Bdy R a is thorpe Wo ld W i l l iam Da le Cow Wo ld T ow tho rpe F ie ld T ow thorpe Wo ld T ow thorpe H igh S tree t 0 Manor H ouse 3 T h ixenda le G range U nc leby T op G i l ls F a rm 3--------A ldro Cowardy H i l l 3 • F ig .
m isce l laneous
I P
Cl wo ld t op
v a l ley s ide
•
Wharram L e S tree t Wharram P ercy B urda le Ra i s thorpe Wharram G range4
ge s i tes
v i l la
0 , 0 0 o .
v a l ley f l oo r
s e t t lemen t n ame
s t reams
s pr ings
OF SETTLEMENT S ITES
‘ 11
4 1 10
LOCAT ION QUAL IT IES
a ccess r ou tes
s he l te r
wa te r
COMPAR ISON OF
i s n atural o r m an-made.
s econda ry
a lthough i t i s n ot k nown w hether t his
Fp r inc ipa l
t he
S prings w ere a vailable a t t he t wo
w ith a n underground s tream p assing a long t he valley f loor a t
I n s uch c ases,
e ither
f or
a
e xample,
s everal
i n what must have b een
a n
water s upply p robably had f ar
i nfluence o n s ettlement l ocation t han a ccess r outes.
R oad
junctions
s ites
( Fig.
a ppeared
1 06).
t o b e a f avourite l ocation
B ella H ouse f armstead ,
f or
f armstead
Wharram G range C rossroads
f armstead a nd Tunnel T op f armstead l ay e ither a t c rossroads o r a t t he j unctions
o f r outeways.
O thers,
s uch a s R aisthorpe W old f armstead o r
T owthorpe F ield f armstead l ay a longside a r oad o r t rackway . c ases
i t
i s
p ossible t hat t hese
s ettlements
1 87
d eveloped
I n s uch a longside
e stablished r outeways
r outeways t hat was
a nd
t hat
i t
was
t he
e xistence
t he p rime c onsideration i n t heir
o f
t hose
l ocation .
F or
s ome o f t hese f armstead s ites t here w ould h ave b een o ther, d ecidedly unfavourable f actors i n t heir c hosen l ocation , s uch a s t he l ack o f e asily
a vailable n atural water s upplies a nd r ather e xposed w old
l ocations. B arn
f armstead
r outeway
t op
T he o nly a pparent l ocational a dvantage o f B irdsall ( Fig .
t hat
r an
1 6)
f or i nstance,
a long
w as
i ts p roximity
t he b oundary b etween
Wharram
H igh
t o
t he
P ercy
a nd
B irdsall. T here
a re
a lso s ufficient n umbers o f s ettlements
l ocated
c lose
o r
n ext t o b oundaries t o s uggest t hat t his w as d eliberate, r ather t han a c oincidence o f h istory. T he b oundaries r eferred t o a re l argely t hose o f
t he
m edieval
t ownships,
l arge s ections
o f
w hich
a lignment o f e arlier ' prehistoric' e ntrenchments. t hese t ownship b oundaries d oubled a s r oads a nd i ndicated
i n
t he p revious p aragraph,
f ollow
t he
Quite a number o f t rackways a nd , a s
t his may have provided
a dded
i ncentive f or s ettlement l ocation . S ome s ites, s uch a s W illiam D ale f armstead ( Figs. 7 8 a nd 1 06) l ie a longside s tretches o f ' prehistoric' e ntrenchments
which
have n o a pparent r elationship t o
t ownship b oundaries. b etween
t hese
b oundaries.
Again ,
t hough,
s ettlements
a nd
t he
e arlier
o r
c ontemporary
T he s ignificance o f t he R oman l andscape
t ownship b oundaries
i s
m edieval
t his s uggests a r elationship e state
t o t he m edieval
i nvestigated f urther b elow .
T he d istance b etween s ettlement s ites w ould a lso s eem t o have b een c onsideration . a bove
t o
F requent m ention h as b een m ade
a r ough l km s pacing b etween s ites.
i n t he T his
s ite c atalogue
i s n ot t o
t hat s ettlements c an b e e xpected e very l km i n a ny d irection , t here
w ere
n atural s ettlement c orridors,
F imber valley, a part.
t he
a long
w ould
a lso
known r outeways,
b etween R aisthorpe Manor,
a ppear t o a s
have
a bout l km
o ccurred
f or e xample w ith
i mply
but t hat
T hixendale/
where s ettlements s eem t o o ccur r egularly,
S ettlements
i ntervals
s uch a s
a t
t he
l km
s pacing
R aisthorpe W old a nd T unnel T op s ites
( Fig .
1 06). T here a re a pparent g aps a long s uch s ettlement a lignments, i t i s r are t o f ind s ettlements a ny c loser t han l km a part. One
l ocation
T his
f actor
t he Wharram a rea. f loors
c lose o r
G range
t he
a lmost
H owever
b oundaries, s ettlement
t he
a nd , h ere
i n
d efend .
i n t he m iddle o f b road o pen had
l ittle
d efensive
o nly s ettlement s ite w ithin t he s tudy a rea
c entrally p laced o n t he t op o f
pushing o ut i nto t he Vale o f B irdsall, s ides.
d efence.
c ould b e a rgued t o have a g ood d efensive p osition was v illa,
but
i n t he s helter o f t he v alley
g ently s loping valley s ides
I ndeed ,
i s
unimportant
w ould h ave b een d ifficult t o
s ituated a long r outeways
a long
a dvantage. which
' Preferred l ocations'
t o s pring water,
S mall f armsteads w olds
t hat has n ot y et b een c onsidered
i s a d ifficult f actor t o d efine a nd a pparently
a
s ite
was
d epending
Wharram
w old
s pur
g iving c ommanding v iews o n a ll
a lso c lose t o o n
a
which
b oth
p receded
t rackways t he
may have o riginally b een l ocated f or
o ther, o ther
a nd t he
r ather
m ore p rosaic r easons. T he s uggestion i s, t herefore, s ituated o n ' preferred s ites'
t hat t here w ere a number o f s ettlements a nd t hat t here w ere o thers, l ocated n ot
just a t r andom , but d eliberately p laced o r d eveloping w ithin a e xisting l andscape f ramework o f r outeways a nd b oundaries.
1 88
p re-
d :
H ierarchy
T here must h ave b een a r ecognisable s ocio-economic h ierarchy
a mongst
t he various s ettlements t hat f ormed t he R oman l andscape a t W harram ; t his h ierarchy m ay h ave b een s table o r i t m ay h ave b een s ubject t o c hange a nd f luctuation . I t i s p ossible f rom t he P arish S urvey t o r ecognise l ikely a spects o f t hat s ocio-economic h ierarchy , but a s a w hole i t i s d ifficult t o d efine. W ith t he a vailable e vidence, t wo a spects o f h ierarchy a re m ore e asily d efinable: a n a rchaeological h ierarchy a nd a l ocational h ierarchy .
v i l lage s i tes
Wha rram L e S tree t Wha r ram P e rcy B urdah a Ra i s t ho rpe
f a rms tead s i tes
1 08
• 2
1 /
:
31 6 . ,I 0
-
1 /
•
•
p o ints
9
45 ,000
9
.
39 ,000
7
19 7, . 5 20 00 0
4 8
3 ,800
4
5 ,000 3
---
3
--
4
4 250
•
8
1 38 ,000
1 8 ,750
I /
l oca t ion h ierarchy
s e t t lement a rea
_ •
1 /
a pp rox . s q . m . o f
b u i ld ing s tone
t esserae
R oman t i le
b u i ld ing ma te r ia ls e uropean i mpor ts
r eg iona l i mpor ts
0 0
Whar ram G range v i l las Wha r ram L e S t ree t B i rdsa l l H igh B a rn V G range C ross roads7 G r ims ton R oad Cow C l i f f H igh S tree t B e l la H ouse T unne l T op B urda le/F imbe r B dy R a is tho rpe Wo ld W i l l iam D a le Cow Wo ld T omdho rpe F ie ld T ow tho rpe Wo ld T omdho rpe H igh S t ree t Mano r H ouse • T h ixenda le G range U nc leby T op G i l ls F a rm A ld ro Cowa rdy H i l l • F ig.
f actory
s e t t lemen t n ame
g reywares
l oca l
H IERARCHY OF S ETTLEMENT S ITES
c a lc i te-gr it ted
p o t te ry
p a in ted p las ter
COMPAR ISON OF ARCHAEOLOG ICAL
1 3
1 1,500
7
--
3
5 ,000
6
3 ,000
3
--
4
--
3
--
4
--
2
--
3
--
4
--
2
---
3 4
C omparison T able o f A rchaeological H ierarchy o f S ettlement S ites.
F igure 1 08 s eeks t o o rganise t he k nown s ettlement s ites i nto a n a rchaeological h ierarchy b ased o n t he q uality o f t he a rtifact f inds a nd s ize o f t he s ettlement. B y a nd l arge t his t able r eflects t he t ripartite s ettlement d ivisions a lready e stablished o f v illas, ' village' s ites a nd f armsteads. V illas h ave p roduced t he h ighest q uality o f f inds, t he h ighest q uality building r emains a nd t he s econd
1 89
l argest s ettlement a reas. T he ' village' s ites had t he s econd h ighest q uality p ottery a nd t he l argest s ettlement a reas. W ithin t he f armsteads,
t here
w as c onsiderable variation .
S ome had t races
o f
c eramic r oof t ile ( e.g. A ldro f armstead) w hile o thers d id n ot; s ome had i mported p ottery ( e.g. C owardy H ill s ite) while o ther a ssemblages w ere d ominated by t he l ocal c alcite-gritted w ares.
I n many ways t his
t able
f or
c annot
a ccount
o f
b e s aid t o o ffer a f air c omparison , t he
d uration
o f s ettlement o r t he
i t
t akes
q uantity
o f
r ecovered o r h ow r epresentative t hose f inds w ere f rom a ny s ite. o f
p articular
T he l ittle m aterial r ecovered f rom R aisthorpe Manor
s ite,
f or e xample,
t hat
s ite,
n o
f inds
' village'
i s m ost unlikely t o b e a n a ccurate r epresentation
whereas
t he m ore numerous f inds
f rom Wharram
G range
v illa a re l ikely t o b e much m ore r epresentative. F igure 1 07, h ere
l isting t he l ocational f actors f or e ach s ite,
t o c onsider a t heoretical l ocation h ierarchy,
s lightly d ifferent p icture 1 08.
' Village'
v illas
n ext
a nd
l ocations.
c an b e u sed
a nd t his
s ites o ccupy t he m ost f avourable l ocations, t he
f armsteads
C onsidered
s hows
f rom t he a rchaeological h ierarchy o f
w ithin
t ownships,
t he
' village'
p ositions,
w ith
b oundaries
a nd a long t he r outeways
o ccupying t he
t he
s tructure
l east o f
s ites c ould b e a rgued t o
v illas a nd f armsteads
a
F ig.
w ith t he
f avourable
t he
m edieval
o ccupy
c entral
s trung o ut a long t he
t ownship
f rom t hose
' village'
s ites
( Fig.
1 06). B oth a spects o f s ettlement h ierarchy c onsidered h ere a re
e ssentially
s ubjective a nd t hey a re a lso based o n v arying q ualities o f e vidence f rom e ach s ite. N evertheless t hey d o i ndicate d ifferences b etween t he S ome,
v arious s uch
s ettlement s ites a s
t hat h ave b een r ecognised a t
t he d ifferences b etween
p erhaps o bvious,
v illa
but t hose b etween v illa a nd
a nd
W harram .
f armstead ,
' village'
a re
s ite a re l ess
s o a nd , p erhaps, a re m ore i nteresting . C learly a s t he b ody o f i nformation o n t hese s ites i ncreases t hrough f uture f ieldwork a nd e xcavation ,
s o
e xercises w ill
t he
r eliability
a nd
v alidity
o f
s uch
h ierarchy
i ncrease.
C ) 3 : AGR ICULTURE AND LAND USE E vidence f or s ettlement a nd l and-use a t W harram d erives f rom t hree s ources: c ropmarks, f ieldwalking a nd e xcavation . O f t hese, t he f irst t wo p rovide t he bulk o f t he t o c orrelate t hem .
i nformation ,
a lthough i t p roves d ifficult
a : C rop marks C ropmarks o f r oadways a lready b een d iscussed ,
a nd o ther f orms o f ' estate' b oundary have a nd t he o nly i dentifiable c ropmark f eatures
o f a p otentially ' agricultural' n ature a re t he l adder s ystems. l adders have b een r ecognised s o f ar w ithin t he Wharram a rea . t he
G ypsey
R ace a nd t he D uggleby l adders,
S treet a nd D uggleby. e xamined
i n
l ie b etween
Wharram
F our Two, L e
A t hird l adder r uns a long B irdsall B row a nd was
part by a m agnetometer s urvey,
1 90
whilst t he
f ourth
was
a pparently f ossilised a t W harram P ercy v illage b y t he l ayout o f t he m edieval c rofts ( Hurst 1 984). E ach c omprised a l inear a rrangement o f e nclosures r anging b etween 0 .1 a nd 0 .3 h ectares i n s ize, u sually f ronting o nto a t rackway. T he m agnetometer s urvey o f B irdsall B row l adder ( Fig . 2 5) f ound t hat t he s paces w ithin t hese e nclosures w ere b y n o m eans ' blank ', a nd t races o f o ccasional p its a nd/or a reas o f b urning w ere r ecognised , b ut g enerally t here w as i nsufficient a ctivity t o s uggest t hat t hey w ere s ettlement a reas; a c onclusion s upported b y t he n egative f ieldwalking e vidence. S urprisingly p erhaps, t here w as l ittle e vidence f or a ny b reaks i n t he d itches w hich m ight s uggest g ateways, w hilst t he p its a nd h earths l ocated w ithin t hem , i f t hat t hey b e, a re a lso d ifficult t o i nterpret. T hey c ould f or e xample, h ave f ormed s tock e nclosures, o r a lternatively p erhaps, a llotment-sized a reas o f a rable w hich w ere n ot m anured w ith d omestic r efuse. T wo o f t he l adders,
a t B irdsall B row a nd t he G ypsey R ace,
h ave
n ow
b een f airly i ntensively f ieldwalked ; n either h as y et p roduced a ny R oman p ottery s ave f or t he e asternmost e nd o f t he B irdsall B row l adder i n F ield 5 , b ut h ere t he c omplexity o f h uman a ctivity ( Figs. 3 1-34) c annot b e c onvincingly a ssociated w ith t he l adder i tself . T he l ack
o f
a d jacent s herds.
p ottery f rom t hese l adders
i s a ll t he m ore t elling
b ecause
f armstead s ites h ave p roduced s ubstantial q uantities o f N ot o nly d oes t he l ack o f p ottery s catters f ail t o r esolve
t he f unction o f t hese l adder e nclosures, b ut i t a lso r enders t hem u ndatable, e xcept p erhaps b y a ssociation w ith o ther l andscape f eatures. I t i s a lso p ossible, i ndeed p robable, t hat m ore o f t hese l adders e xisted a long t he m any m inor r oads a nd t rackways
t hat m ake u p
t he R oman l andscape i n t he W harram a rea . I t h as b een o bserved t hat t hese l adders w ere o verlain b y t he m edieval O pen F ield s ystems a nd must, t herefore, p re-date t hem . T hey c ould c onvincingly b e a rgued t o b e a t l east R oman i n d ate, f or t hey a re a ligned a long r outeways t hat w ere c learly i n e xistence b y t he R oman p eriod , a nd , a s i n t he c ase o f t he B irdsall B row l adder ( Fig . 2 5), t hey s tretch b etween r ecognisable R oman f armstead s ites. H owever, a n i ncreasing n umber o f t hese f armstead s ites h ave n ow p roduced e vidence o f h aving b een i n e xistence b y t he p re-Roman I ron A ge, w hile t he r oadways t hemselves m ay h ave o riginated e ven f urther b ack i n p rehistory. I t h as a lready b een o bserved t hat t he r outeway o n w hich t he
B irdsall B row l adder w as a ligned s urvived i n p arts
i nto t he 2 0th
c entury a s ab ank a nd d itch e arthwork , w hile t here w ere a n umber o f B ronze Age r ound-barrows l ocated a long i t . S uch a rguments f or t he d ate o f t hese r oadways a round W harram h ave a lready b een o utlined a bove, but c learly , i f t hese r oadways a re p re-Roman i n o rigin , i t i s p ossible t hat t hese l adders c ould a lso h ave o riginted i n t he p reR oman p eriod . I ndeed t here i s e vidence f rom W etwang , s ome 1 0km t o t he s outh, t hat s imilar f eatures t here b elong , i n o rigin a t l east, t o t he I ron Age
( Dent 1 983).
T he b rickwork-pattern e nclosures a t W harram P ost O ffice ( Fig . 4 3) s imilarly e nigmatic. T hey t oo h ave f ailed t o p roduce
a re a ny
f ieldwalking a rtifacts, w hile t he c ropmarks r eveal t races o f p it-like f eatures w ithin t hem . A t l east t hese e nclosures a re c losely a ligned w ith t he t rackway b etween B ella H ouse a nd t he W harram L e S treet v illa a nd a re c learly c ut b y t he B 1248 M alton r oad ( Fig .
1 91
1 0).
T hey
m ust
t herefore
b e
a rguments
f or t he B 1248 b eing a c reation o f t he e arly
a t l east R oman i n d ate,
( Section A .3) B oth
a re c orrect
m ore l ikely p re-Roman i f
t he
p eriod
( Ramm 1 978).
l adder s ystems a nd b rickwork e nclosures c ombine w ith t he r oads,
t rackways,
a nd
c omparatively
s ettlement f ull
s ites
t o p aint what a t
p icture o f t he R oman l andscape
Y et t he i ntensity o f t hese c romarks f ew
a nd ,
s o f ar,
p ossible
t hat
a rchaeological
n one a t a ll f or T hixendale
f uture
b ias
s eems
a
Wharram .
A part f rom s ettlement s ites,
c ropmarks e xist f or t hose t ownships a long t he
valley,
f irst a round
i s h eavily b iased t owards Wharram
P ercy a nd Wharram L e S treet t ownships.
i s
R oman
f ieldwork w ill
T hixendale/Fimber
t ownship
c onfirm
i tself .
t his
t o
I t
b e
a n
r ather t han a r eal d isparity i n s ettlement
a nd
l and-use b etween t hese t ownships.
b : Manur ing B eyond
t he
e nclosures, ' blank',
c onfines t he
o f
t he
l adder
e nclosures
a nd
c ut o nly b y r oads,
i mpression t hat t hese vast t racts o f
w old l and w ere u nexploited d uring t he R oman p eriod , t his.
a
t rackways a nd b ank a nd d itch e arthworks.
A ir photography m ight c reate t he s ettlements,
f armstead
m ajority o f t he l and i n e ach t ownship r emains a s
p articularly t he t wo v illas,
y et t he n umber o f
w ould s urely a rgue a gainst
I t i s n ow w idely a ccepted t hat t he W olds w ere f irst c leared o f
a ny p rimeval f orest e arly i n t he p rehistoric p eriod , B ronze
A ge
( Manby
r egeneration, s ince t hen .
1 976),
a nd
t here
i s
n o
c ertainly b y t he
e vidence
f or
o r a ny l arge s cale d egeneration i nto ' waste' I t w ould s eem r easonable t o s uppose t hat t hese
w old a reas w ere i ndeed b eing e xploited d uring t he R oman
a ny
l and, ' open'
p eriod ,
but
h ow? F ieldwalking
o ffers
m anuring s herds,
s ome
e vidence t o r esolve t he
i ssue;
t hat
o ther h ousehold r efuse f ound t heir way o nto m iddens o r r ubbish a nd
t hen
m edieval r elate
o nto t he a rable l and . a nd
r elated
A lmost a ll r ecorded
h eaps
i nstances
p ost-medieval m anuring w ith h ousehold o r
t o a ttempts
s preading t herefore
o f
t hose d iscarded f ragments o f p ottery t hat a long w ith
a nimal
o f d ung
t o m aintain t he f ertility o f t he a rable l ands
by
t he m anure o nto t he f ields p rior t o p loughing . s eems l ikely t hat t hese R oman m anuring s herds c an a lso
I t b e
t o
a reas
o f a rable c ultivation .
s herds a mongst t he m odern f ields, d istribution ,
T he
i ncidence
o f
R oman
c ombined w ith t heir s parse but e ven
m akes a c onvincing a rgument f or t he m anuring p rocess.
T he
d istribution o f s uch s herds has a lready b een o utlined f or F ields
1 5,
1 6,
8 7 a nd 1 06
I n a ll f our c ases, a reas l ess
i ntensively r ow walked ;
f ieldwalking h as s o f ar b een l ess i ntensive a nd e xtensive
' stray' t here
i n Wharram P ercy a nd W harram L e S treet t ownships. t hese f ields w ere
p ottery
R oman s herds
s catters.
N evertheless,
i n o ther
h as
p lots
p roduced o f
t hese
f or e ach t ownship s uggest t he p ossibility
w ere d efinable b locks o f l and ,
u sually w old l and ,
t hat
t hat
w ere
a ctively m anured d uring t he R oman p eriod . I t s hould b e c learly s tated a t t his p oint t hat, e vidence
r ests
u pon
f or many a reas,
g roups o f p erhaps o nly t hree
1 92
o r
f our
t his
s herds
r ecovered l ow
f rom a m odern f ield u nit o f p erhaps
l evel o f
' pick-up',
t he
t he c ondition o f t he f ields e tc.
b ecomes c ritical.
1 5 h ectares.
On t his
i ntensity o f f ieldwalking a ctivity
i n t erms o f w eathering,
F or a ny o ne t ownship,
a nd
l ight c onditions,
i t w ould b e p ossible t o
a rgue a way t he r esults o f t hese p ottery s catters a s d eriving e ntirely f rom t he b iases o f a rchaeological f ieldwork a nd a s
f ive
r ecording.
H owever,
s imilarly
d iscrete
o f t he s ix t ownships h ave n ow p roduced
d istributions o f t hese s herds,
t heir c umulative p attern c annot b e s o
e asily d ismissed ,
i nstead t hat i t c an b e r egarded a s a n
a cceptable
a nd s uggests
b ody
o f
e vidence r elating t o R oman a griculture
i n
t he
Wharram a rea. M ost
a braded,
making
t hem d ifficult t o d ate. T he f abrics, r ecorded i n F igs. 5 0, 8 4 a nd 9 2 i nclude r ecognisable 3 rd a nd 4 th-century t ypes,
o f t hese m anuring s herds w ere s mall a nd badly
6 4, 7 4, whilst
s everal v essels o f i dentified . E arlier
p ossible 2 nd-century p ottery w ithin t his
c alcite-gritted
whose
t ype
d ate have r egion i s
d ating i s h eavily
a lso b een u sually o f
d ependent
o n
f orm ,
p articularly r im f orm . T he p oor c ondition o f t his c lass o f p ottery r ecovered f rom m anuring s catters r educed t he p ossibility o f c onvincingly
i dentifying
a ny
e arlier f orms
t hat
m ight
have
b een
p resent. F igs.
5 1,
6 3,
7 3,
8 3 a nd 9 1 s how t he d istribution o f m anuring s herds
w ithin e ach t ownship i n r elation t o t he i dentified s ettlement s ites. T he p icture t hat e merges i n e ach c ase i s t hat t he majority o f t hese p utative m anuring s herds a re c oncentrated w ithin a p articular a rea o f t he t ownship, u sually b etween t wo o r m ore i dentifiable s ettlement s ites ( one o f w hich i s i nvariably t he s ite o f a l ater m edieval v illage), a nd i n e ach c ase w ith a r ecognisable c ontemporary r oad o r t rackway p assing t hrough i t. T he l and
e xample
m edieval walking
I n t his c ase,
n orthwards c omplex
f rom
a c ropmark t rackway c an b e
W harram P ercy,
p ossible
d escends
t hrough Wharram
b lock
Wharram
o f
P ercy
o ff t he W olds
i dentified r unning G range
c rossroads
i t t urns w estwards
( Plate 2 0).
O ther
m anuring s herds o ccur w ithin Wharram P ercy
but
a nd
s catters
t ownship
o f
( Fig .
t hese a re e ven s maller i n t erms o f t heir number o f
s herds
i solated i n t heir l ocation .
I n Wharram L e S treet, F ield 8 7, s imilar b lock o f l and ( Fig . 5 1), W harram
a nd
which t he s everal M ethod B r owt o have b een f airly h eavily
a nd u p t o Wharram G range v illa w here
e ventually
a nd more
W harram G range v illa i n t he n orth
v illage s ite i n t he s outh, s urveys have d emonstrated
m anured .
6 3),
o f W harram P ercy i s m ost c learly s een i n t he
b etween
a nd p ossibly F ield 1 02, f orm a w here t he m odern r oad w est f rom
L e S treet p robably f ollows a s imilar R oman a lignment p assing
b etween t hose t wo f ields,
l eading w est,
a nd passing t hrough Wharram
G range c rossroads c omplex a nd a long B irdsall B row t owards A ldro
( Fig .
1 0). A t B urdale s catter
o f
( Fig.
7 3),
R oman
t he b road v alley f loor c ontains a t hin but e ven
p ottery b etween t he t wo
s ettlements
a t
c rossroads a nd t he B urdale/Fimber b oundary f armstead ( Fig . t oo,
t he
p resent r oad a long t he v alley f loor p robably
c ourse o f a n e arlier R oman t rackway.
1 93
B urdale 7 2);
h ere
m irrors
t he
R aisthorpe p rovides a nother g ood e xample. H ere a b lock o f w old l and b etween R aisthorpe Manor i n t he w est a nd R aisthorpe W old f armstead i n t he 8 3).
e ast c ontains a c onvincing d istribution o f manuring s herds ( Fig . I t has a lready b een a rgued t hat t he p resent f arm t rackway
r epresents
a R oman t rackway l eading f rom R aisthorpe Manor
' village'
s ite t o B urdale T unnel T op f armstead . A t
T owthorpe
v illage
a gain ,
a nd
t he
a rea o f l and b etween
d istribution o f R oman s herds, t o
r each
t he
B 1248
T hixendale
m edieval
r elatively
h eavy
i n t his c ase p ossibly e xtending
Malton r oad ,
but i n a ny c ase
' modern' f arm t rackway f rom T owthorpe v illage, f armstead , t o Y ork D ale ( Fig . 9 1). O nly
T owthorpe
T owthorpe F ield f armstead c ontains a
t aking
s outh i n
p ast T owthorpe
has f ailed t o p roduce a ny R oman m anuring
e vidence,
but i n t his t ownship, t he l argest, o nly s ix R oman s herds a re a nd n o c onvincing R oman s ettlement s ite c an y et b e i dentified . T he
c omparative s parsity o f t hese m anuring s herds m akes
t he F ield
known
i t e xtremely
d ifficult t o t ry a nd e stablish b oundaries t o t hese m anured a reas,
but
i n t he m ost a pproximate t erms, a reas o f b etween 1 00 a nd 2 00 h ectares c an b e s uggested f or e ach t ownship. I f t his manuring a ctivity d oes i ndeed r elate t o a rable f arming , t hen t his a t l east s tarts t o p rovide m ore v iable a gricultural units p eriod .
f or t he known s ettlements o f t he R oman
T wo p roblems s till r emain : a s y et t here i s n o o bvious c orrelation b etween t hese a reas o f m anuring a nd t he i dentified l adder e nclosure c omplexes; a nd s econdly, e ven t hough t he m anured a reas c omparatively e xtensive, t his s till l eaves v ast a reas o f unaccounted t here
f or w ithin e ach t ownship.
i s,
a s h as b een s tated ,
l adders w ere
t he o nly o nes
R egarding t he
f irst p roblem ,
n o c ertainty t hat t he
i n t he Wharram a rea;
a re l and
f our
c ropmark
t here may h ave
b een
m ore, p erhaps many m ore. I ndeed , t he f act t hat a n i dentifiable, o r a t l east a rguably i dentifiable, R oman t rackway p asses t hrough e ach m anured a rea, i ndicates t hat t here w as p robably a n i ntegral c onnection b etween t he a rable a reas a nd t he r outeways. A s
t o t he s econd p roblem o f t he r emaining b lank a reas,
i t i s w ell t o
b ear i n m ind t he s imilar p roblems f aced b y t he e vidence f or m edieval m anuring w ithin t he Wharram a rea. H all h as n ow c onvincingly s hown t hat a lmost a ll t he a vailable w old t op l and w ithin t he s ix t ownships was i ncorporated i nto t he O pen F ield s ystems o f r idge a nd f urrow e arly i n t he m edieval p eriod ( pers. has
a lso
F ields I t
s hown
c omm .).
H owever,
t hat o nly a c omparatively s mall p art
f ieldwalking o f
t he
o f e ach t ownship was r egularly m anured w ith d omestic
O pen
r efuse.
i s a pparent t herefore t hat t he a rea o f m edieval manuring w as
f ar
l ess e xtensive t han t he t otal a rea under a rable c ultivation . I t i s
i nteresting t o o bserve t hat w ithin s everal t ownships t here
w as
a c lose c orrelation b etween t he a reas o f R oman manuring a nd t he a reas o f m edieval m anuring. F or t he m edieval p eriod , t hose p arts o f t he f ieldsystems
l acking i n manuring s herds c ould have b een
o ne o f t wo ways:
m anaged
f olded o n t hese l ands l eaving n o a rchaeological t race;
s econdly,
l and
y ears,
c ould
p loughed
a nd
have
i n
f irstly t he l ivestock o f t he v illage c ould h ave b een b een
l eft f allow f or a
number
c ropped f ar l ess e xtensively t han t he
1 94
o f
manured
t he
b eing a reas.
T his
s econd
a lternative
r epresents a
f orm
o f
' infield/outfield'
c ultivation which i s r ecorded o n t his p art o f t he W olds m edieval p eriod
( Harris
1 961).
i n t he
p ost-
E ither a lternative c ould a ccount f or
t he b lank a reas o f t he R oman p eriod . E ssentially,
h owever,
t he c haracter a nd e xploitation o f t he
' blank'
a reas w ithin e ach t ownship r emains unknown . I n a ddition , w e k now n othing o f t he v arying p roportions o f l ivestock t o a rable, o f t he
t ypes o f s tock r aised o r s trains o f c rops c ultivated .
n othing
o f
t he a gricultural s ystems under which
b oth
a lso n or
W e know
w ere
e ither
r eared o r g rown , whether s uch a gricultural s ystems w ere m erely c apable o f maintaining a s ubsistence p opulation o r whether s urpluses w ere
p roduced,
a nd
i f s o where a nd under what
s urpluses w ere d isposed o f. p astures o r m eadows f or h ay,
t his p ostulated R oman manured a rea, a ny
m eans
c ircumstances
W e know n othing o f t he o r w oodland m anagement.
o f f ield d ivision .
t here a re n o c ropmarks
O nce a gain ,
i n t he R oman p eriod ,
t o s uggest
d espite t he
e vidence n ow a massed f or a griculture a nd l and-use
s uch
p rovision o f E ven w ithin a mount
o f
i n t he Wharram a rea
w e a re s till v ery much a t a p reliminary s tage
i n
t erms o f understanding i t. T his
d iscussion
b ecause
h as
s o f ar c entred o n
d ifficulties
o f
s cale, e ntirely
T he
manuring
A t t he o ther e nd o f t he
t ime
c onfined t o Wharram P ercy t ownship.
O nly i n t he b lock
l and b etween Wharram P ercy v illage a nd Wharram G range
t here
S everal t he
l argely
e vidence.
t he l ittle e vidence f or S axon a gricultural a ctivity i s a lmost
m anured
1 06,
a griculture
i dentifying I ron Age m aterial a mongst t he
s catters has a lready b een a lluded t o.
i s
R oman
i t i s o nly f rom t hat p eriod t hat w e have a ny
a ny a ppreciable s urface s catter o f S axon
p ottery
hundred h ave n ow b een r ecovered f rom F ields
5 ,
s herds.
1 5,
1 6
a nd t hese m ay w ell r epresent S axon m anuring a ctivity. d istribution
e venness e vidence
o f
S axon s herds
i n t hese f ields o ften
o f
v illa a nd
H owever l acks
t he
o f t he R oman a nd m edieval s catters, a nd i nstead s how f or c lustering , which w ould t raditionally b e
s ome more
c omfortably i dentified a s s ettlement a ctivity r ather t han manuring. S imilar
s catters
o f
S axon
p ottery
have
b een
r ecognised
f rom
f ieldwalking e lsewhere i n t he c ountry ( Foard 1 978, T aylor 1 984). T hey may w ell b e s mall i solated s ettlements, but t his has y et t o b e p roved
by
a gricultural
e xcavation ,
a nd
i n o rigin .
m any,
i f
n ot a ll,
m ay
p rove
S axon p ottery i s m ore f riable
t o
t han
b e
R oman
s herds a nd i s t herefore m ore q uickly d estroyed by w eathering a nd e rosion . A s many o f t he R oman m anuring s herds a re t hemselves i n v ery p oor
c ondition ,
i t
w ould b e unwise t o a ssume
m anuring s herds c annot n ow b e f ound ,
t hat
b ecause
t hey n ever e xisted ,
w hen t here i s a n i nteresting c orrelation b etween t he m anured a reas o f R oman a nd m edieval Wharram a nd t he
S axon
particularly m ore d ensely i ncidence o f
s tray S axon s herds. I ndeed , s everal w ere
t his c orrelation b etween R oman a nd m edieval m anuring a reas o f
t he Wharram t ownships r aises t he p ossibility t hat
t raditionally
c onsequently c ontinuity
m ore
r egarded i ntensively
a s
t he
m ore
c ultivated .
o f s ome s ettlement a reas,
f ertile W ith
l ands, t he
i n
t hese a nd
a pparent
t rackways a nd b oundaries
f rom
t he R oman p eriod t o t he m edieval, t he p ossibility o f a c ontinuity o f a gricultural a reas b etween t he t wo p eriods must b e c onsidered. I n t he
c ase o f Wharram P ercy,
t he f urther p ossible c orrelation o f
1 95
t he
S axon s herds w ith t hose o f t he R oman a nd m edieval p eriods o nly s erves t o
s trengthen t he a rgument.
C ontinuity,
i t a ppears,
c an
s uggest
i tself i n m any ways.
C ) 4 : ESTATES AND BOUNDAR IES B oundaries a re a f undamental c reation o f a ny s ettled s ociety . T hey may c orrelate w ith n atural f eatures s uch a s r ivers o r s treams, o r t hey
m ay
r un a cross o pen g round ,
i n which c ase
d emarcated b y a m an-made f eature s uch a s a d itch, o r p erhaps a r oad o r t rackway. e state,
t hey
a re
b ank,
h edge,
u sually f ence
O ur l imited k nowledge o f t erritorial,
o r f arm u nits a nd t heir b oundaries i n t he p re-medieval p eriod
i s o ne o f t he m ore g laring e xamples o f t he i nadequacies o f t he p resent a rchaeological r ecord . T here i s s ome e vidence f or b oundaries w ithin t he R oman l andscape a t Wharram , but i t i s s canty a nd h eavily d erived f rom e xtrapolated e vidence f rom e arlier e stablished p rehistoric a nd p ost-Roman b oundaries. O ne o f t he p rincipal s urvivals W olds a re
t he l ong,
1 9th-century
a ntiquarians
a nd R olleston 1 877; t he
l ast
c entury
understood . l arge,
a s
' entrenchments'
M ortimer 1 906). t hese l inear
t o
e arthwork
t hat l ie a long t heir c ourse.
b elong,
a s a t ype,
t he 1 9th c entury,
T he
d ating
T his has
r emain
l ittle b y a nd
e vidence.
T heir t he t hey
M any o f t hese banks
' return t o
a rable'
i n
a nd o nly s urvive n ow a s c ropmarks.
n ot a ll s uch f eatures a re n ecessarily o f p rehistoric o rigin .
banks a nd d itches o f t he m edieval O pen F ields
t hemselves u sed
( Greenwell
s uggested t hat
t o t he p rehistoric p eriod .
d itches have b een p loughed o ut s ince t he
H owever,
' dykes'
i nstead o n t heir p erceived r elationships w ith
barrows a nd
o r
f eatures
p roduce a ny c onvincing
r ests
t he
D espite c onsiderable s tudy over
T he s everal e xcavated s ections t hrough t hem have,
f ailed
c hronology
f rom t he p rehistoric l andscape o f
l inear bank a nd d itch e arthworks d escribed by t he
t oday a s
l ong,
f requently
s inuous c ropmark d itches.
r eveal
S od walls were
f or t he b oundaries o f p ost-medieval r abbit w arrens a nd e ven f or
f ield
b oundaries
r emains
a lso
B ivallate
T here
i s,
e arthwork
o r
p eriod .
t heir
c entury;
t heir
p rehistoric
I ndeed ,
t herefore,
e arthwork
p redecessors.
t rackways s how o n c ropmarks a s l ong l inear
f eatures. l inear
r ight d own t o t he 1 9th
r isk c onfusion w ith
d ouble-ditched
g reat d ifficulty i n d eciding which
c ropmark f eatures r elate
t o r everse t he a rgument,
t o
t he
p rehistoric
m any p rehistoric f eatures
p robably s urvived i nto t he p ost-medieval l andscape a s e state o r f ield b oundaries,
while
o thers m ay have p rovided t he a lignment f or
t rackways
o r
warrens.
T he
t herefore
e asier t o r ecognise
H owever,
have b een i ncorporated i nto t he b oundaries
t here
p hysical
r emains
o f
t hese
t han t o p hase,
l inear
o f
l ater r abbit
e arthworks
d ate o r
a re
i nterrelate.
i s c urrently l ittle e vidence t hat w ould c hallenge
a ccepted o rthodoxy t hat t he m ajority a t l east,
t he
w ere c reations o f t he
p re-Roman p eriod . T he
m ost a ccurate p lan a vailable o f t he p osition a nd d istribution o f
t he l inear e arthworks s urvey
f or
t he
i n t he Wharram a rea i s t o b e f ound o n t he
f irst e dition o f t he O rdnance S urvey 6
1 96
i nch
1 850 maps,
a lthough
r ecent c ropmark e vidence m akes
i t c lear t hat t his d oes
n ot
r epresent t he w hole p icture. T hese f eatures m ust t herefore h ave b een p hysical f eatures w ithin t he R oman l andscape. I t t herefore r aises t he q uestion a s t o w hether t hey w ere u tilised a s e lements o f t hat l andscape. C ertainly s ome w ere l ater a dopted a s t ownship b oundaries a nd s urvived i n u se t o t he p resent d ay . T he
a rguments
f or t he m ore p recise d ating o f t hese
f eatures
w ithin
t he p rehistoric p eriod i s n ot g ermane t o t his p resent w ork , but t o s ummarise, t hey a re c urrently h eld t o b e a t l east I ron A ge i n d ate, a nd p robably m uch e arlier ( Dent 1 983). F ig . 1 0 s hows t hem , b oth e arthwork a nd c ropmark , t o h ave e nmeshed t his p art o f t he W olds, d ividing i t i nto a s eries o f u nits o f v arying s ize. A lmost c ertainly t hese l inear e arthworks r epresent a c hronological a s w ell a s a s patial c omplexity . I t h as b een a rgued a bove t hat m any o f t he s ettlements a nd f ieldsystems o f t he R oman l andscape h ad t heir o rigin i n t he p re-Roman I ron A ge. T hese f ields a nd f armsteads w ere c reated o r e volved a gainst a b ackground o f t he l inear e arthworks a nd , i n o rigin a t l east, m ay b e d irectly r elated t o t hem , a lthough s upportive e vidence f or s uch a n a ssertion i s l argely c ircumstantial. T he l andscape ' blank' a reas
o f t rackways a nd l adder f ieldsystems l eaves l arge b etween t hem w hich a re d evoid o f c ropmarks. U nless
l arge s cale ' prairie' t ype f arming p revailed , s ome f orm o f l and d ivision m ust h ave e xisted . I f d itches w ere u sed , s ome t race w ould h ave b een e xpected f rom a ir p hotography . I t i s p ossible t herefore t hat s ome a t l east o f t hese ' prehistoric' e ntrenchments w ere c reated o r a dopted a s f ield o r a gricultural b oundaries w ithin t he R oman l andscape. H aving l east,
s uggested t hat p rehistoric l inear e arthworks m ay, i n p art a t h ave m ade u p a p art o f t he R oman l andscape, t he r etrospective
e vidence o f d iscussion .
t he p ost-Roman l andscape c an n ow b e
b rought
i nto
t he
T he t ownship w as t he f undamental m edieval t erritorial u nit, b ut t here i s g rowing e vidence t o s uggest t hat a ll, o r m ajor p arts o f , t heir a lignments m ay b e o f e arlier o rigin . I n g eneral, t he e arliest c artographic r epresentation o f t he m edieval t ownship b oundaries o f t his p art o f t he W olds i s a gain t o b e f ound o n t he 1 850 f irst e dition 6 i nch O rdnance S urvey m aps. I n s ome c ases t his c an b e s upplemented b y e state m aps o f t he 1 8th o r e arly 1 9th c entury . T hese 1 850 t ownship b oundaries s urvive, w ith a f ew m inor a d justments, i nto t he p resent l andscape. I n s ome c ases e cclesiastical a nd c ivil p arishes h ave b een d ivided o r a malgamated , b ut n evertheless t he f ormer t ownship b oundaries s urvive, f ossilised a s f arm b oundaries. W ork b y D avid H all h as s hown t hat t he m edieval O pen F ield s ystems o f t he W harram t ownships c onform t o t he 1 850 t ownship b oundaries, s uggesting t hat t hose b oundaries h ad c hanged l ittle s ince t he m edieval p eriod . I ndeed , aw hole s eries o f a pparent c orrelations b etween t ownship b oundaries, p rehistoric l inear e arthworks a nd k nown R oman r oads a nd t rackways r aises t he p ossibilities t hat t he a lignments t hemselves,
o f t hese b oundaries, a nd p erhaps e ven t he t ownship u nits e xtend b ack i n t ime l ong b efore t he m edieval p eriod .
1 97
T his
i s n ot n ecessarily t o s uggest t hat t he m id-19th-century t ownship
s tructure s ystem :
r epresents
a
d irect s urvival o f
t here a re s everal i ndications o f
a
p re-medieval
a malgamations,
e state
d ivisions,
e tc.,
which a re o f m edieval o r l ater d ate;
t hat
t he basic f ramework o f t he t ownship u nits may a lready have b een
but t he p ossibility e xists
o f s ome c onsiderable a ntiquity by t he N orman c onquest. E ach m edieval
t ownship c ontained a s ingle,
n ucleated s ettlement. t he
t wo m edieval Wharram p arishes,
R oman I n
s ettlement
t hese t hree
s uggests s ite.
t hat
o f
t he
s ix
t he n ature o f t he R oman t he
h ave a m anured
t hat t ownship,
a rea
s tandard
c ontained
i n e ach c ase b ordering
I t c ould b e a rgued t hat i n t erms o f s ize, t he R oman
' village'
s ettlement f armstead
t he
w ithin
p osition a nd p erhaps
I t c ould b e
f urther a rgued
o f R oman t erritorial o r e state units
( Fig .
1 09).
OF
A W HA R R A M TO W NS H IP
•
V illa ge s ite V ill a s ite
•
Far mstead (pre
Ro man ori gin)
Far m stead (Ro ma n or ig i n) M anured a rea H
"
1
"1
Pre • Ro man earth work entrenc h ment To wn sh ip
boundary
(Rood and t rack syste m -a ll pre -Ro ma n )
F ig .
1 09
t he
' village'
t hat t he m edieval t ownship units a t W harram r epresent
M O DEL
F ive
s ites r epresented a ' central p lace'
e ach t ownship u nit o r t erritory.
THEOR ET IC AL
o f
i nvestigated .
e ach t ownship a lso c ontains a number o f i solated
t ownships
o f
t herefore b asis
s ites,
i t was g reater i n s ize t han
a lso s tatus, w ithin
e vidence
o ften l ocated o n o r n ear t o t he t ownship b oundary .
t erritory s ite.
' village'
t hat m ade u p
f our h ave r evealed
whilst t he o ther t wo h ave y et t o b e
I n a ddition ,
f armsteads,
u sually c entrally p laced ,
O f t he s ix n ucleated s ettlements
M odel o f t he O rganisation o f a W harram R oman T ownship .
1 98
t he
A
major a rgument a gainst s uch a n eat c orrelation c ould b e s aid t o b e
t he
t erritory
m edieval
o f
W harram .
I t has a lways b een
a ssumed
t hat
t he
t ownships o f Wharram L e S treet a nd Wharram P ercy r epresent a
s ubdivision o f a n e arlier s ingle t erritorial unit.
T he manured a rea
t o t he n orth o f Wharram P ercy v illage e xtends u p t o t he Y ork r oad a nd a rguably a s f ar n orth a s W harram G range, which i s p art o f Wharram L e S treet v illas,
t ownship. o ne a t
i tself,
a nd
W harram L e S treet t ownship a lso c ontained t wo W harram G range a nd t he o ther a t Wharram L e S treet
p resumably t here was s ome f orm o f t erritorial
b etween t hem .
d ivision
B oth p roblems a ppear t o a rgue a gainst t he r ather n eat
m odel s uggested i n t he p revious p aragraph . I n
m itigation
i t
c an
b e s aid t hat
Wharram
G range
was
p robably
c onsidered a s eparate t erritorial u nit f rom t he r est o f Wharram L e S treet even i n t he M iddle Ages, while d ocumentary e vidence s uggests t hat
t here
m ay h ave b een a number o f m inor s ettlement a nd
m anorial
d ivisions w ithin t he t erritory o f W harram e arlier i n t he m edieval p eriod . F rom t he e arly p ost-medieval p eriod , t he Wharram G range e state
was c onsidered a p art o f Wharram P ercy r ather t han Wharram L e
S treet,
a nd
a ppears a s
C onsidering t he
s uch o n t he e arliest s urviving e state
t he l ocal R oman l andscape a s a w hole,
Wharram
L e
S treet
' village'
maps.
t he p roximity
s ite t o W harram
L e
S treet
o f
v illa
s uggests a c lose r elationship b etween t he t wo. T here m ay have b een t erritorial a nd p erhaps e ven a dministrative l inks b etween t he ' village'
s ite
a t
t opographically,
Wharram
P ercy
t he r elationship
a nd
W harram
G range
v illa;
i s a l ikely o ne but o therwise
t he
s uggestion i s e ssentially s peculation . T his
d iscussion
' village'
m akes
t he a ssumption t hat t here
w as
a
p re-Roman
s ite a t W harram L e S treet a nd t hat i t t herefore had i ts o wn
t erritory;
t here i s s o f ar n o c onvincing e vidence f or t his.
H owever,
i t
i s quite p ossible t hat i n t he p re-Roman p eriod t he t wo
o f
Wharram P ercy a nd Wharram L e S treet w ere a s ingle t erritory
t he
' village'
t hat
s ite o f Wharram P ercy a s
t erritory.
T he
t he s ole
t ownships w ith
' central p lace'
d evelopment o f t he v illa s ite by
t he
f or
G ypsey
R ace, p erhaps f rom a n e arlier f armstead , a nd t he i mposition o f t he n ew Malton R oad ( B1248) m ay have a ltered t he balance w ithin t he t erritory
o f Wharram c reating a n ew v illa e state t hat
l ater
b ecame
t he t ownship o f Wharram L e S treet. N evertheless, T owthorpe c ombined
w ith
a lignments r etains I t
has
t he m edieval t ownship units o f B urdale,
Raisthorpe a nd
f it m ore c omfortably i nto s ingle R oman e state
units,
t he d emonstrably p re-medieval o rigin o f many
o f
t he
m edieval
t ownship
b oundaries,
t he
a nd
o f
t he
hypothesis
i ts c redibility. a lready
b een
s uggested t hat much
o f
t he
s ettlement
a nd
e nclosure p attern o f t he R oman p eriod m ay have o riginated i n t he p reR oman
I ron
Age,
d emonstrates
t hat
p rehistoric b een
P ercy/Wharram o rigins
o f
units.
a number o f t hese t ownship b oundaries
l inear e arthworks w hich m ay t hemselves
c onstructed
s eries
s o t oo m ay s ome o f t hese e state
L e
a s
b oundaries.
S treet b oundary,
I n
t he
c ase
have o f
F ig . l ie
o riginally t he
Wharram
p art o f i ts a lignment f ollows
t rackways which a re c ut by t he
B 1248
M alton
R oad ;
o f t his part o f t he b oundary a t l east must s urely l ie
p re-Roman p eriod .
W here t here
i s a s imple c orrelation b etween
o f a m edieval t ownship b oundary a nd a n e arthwork ,
1 99
1 0
a long
a t he
i n t he p art
a t rackway o r r oad ,
t he
' continuity'
o f t he b oundary i s m ore d ifficult t o
d emonstrate.
I ts u se m ay h ave l apsed a nd i n a l ater t erritorial r eorganisation was
r eused
s imply
b ecause i ts a lignment s urvived
a s
a
i t
p rominent
e arthwork . H aving a rgued t hat t he m edieval v illage s ites may r epresent t he s ites o f
s ome
f orm o f R oman ,
r emains p icture.
p erhaps p re-Roman ,
e state
c entres,
f ind R oman s ettlement underlying m edieval v illages. c ases,
s uch
a s
W est R avendale
a vailable e vidence s uggests have b een o f v illa s tatus i t
i s
I n a number f or
R oman
s ize
o f
e xample,
t he
t hat t he underlying R oman s ettlement
m ay
( Hayfield f orthcoming);
i n t hese
T he c urrent e vidence a t Wharram o nly a llows u s
t he
l arger m ore
i n L incolnshire,
i nstances
m ore c onvincing t o s uggest t hat s uch s ites w ere R oman
c entres. t hat
t here
t he p roblem o f t he t wo v illas a nd h ow t hey r elate t o t his E lsewhere i n E ngland i t i s b ecoming i ncreasingly c ommon t ö
e state
t o
o bserve
s ettlements under t he m edieval v illages w ere
t han t hat o f t he n eighbouring f armsteads
a nd
o f
a
o ccupying
f avourable l ocations.
I t c ould b e a rgued t hat a t Wharram t he s everal ' village' s ites r epresented t he o riginal p re-Roman I ron A ge e state c entres, a nd t hat t he
v illas
i ncreasing
r epresented
l ater
' Romanisation '
v illa s ites a s Rudston
( Stead 1 980)
s how a s tructural p rocess o f f armstead s ites R oman
B ritain,
m oved
b ack
p laces,
o f
t he
E lsewhere o n t he W olds,
s uch
o r L angton
' Romanisation'
a
r esult
( Corder a nd K irk 1 932)
f rom c omparatively humble
t o l arger c omplexes o f v illa s tatus.
W ith t he e nd o f
c ontrol o f t hese W harram e states w ould s eem t o
f rom
f or
m odifications a s
o f t he a rea.
t he v illa s ites
i t w as
t hese
t o t he
' village'
o riginal
e state
have
c entral-
s ites a lone w hich s aw c ontinuity
o f s ettlement t hrough t o t he m edieval p eriod . T his
s cenario
unfortunately n ot
w orks
r easonably
f ully a ccord w ith t his
o rigins, t he
w ell
f or
t he
Wharram
but
i dea.
T he s ite c ertainly had
b eing
a lready
d oes
p re-Roman
i ts s ize a nd s tatus d uring t his p eriod a re unknown .
1 st c entury A D i mported s amian wares a nd c oloured g lass
w ere
a rea;
t he a vailable e vidence f rom W harram G range v illa
b rought
o f
a
t o t he s ite,
s uggesting p erhaps
h igher s ocio-economic s tatus
t hat
i n c omparison
o ther
f armsteads
i n t he a rea s uch a s B irdsall H igh B arn
T op.
T he c omplex e nclosure s ystem a t W harram G range v illa
B y
bangles i t
was
w ith
t he
o r
T unnel
( Fig.
1 4)
w ould a ppear t o h ave a chieved i ts b asic f orm by t he 2 nd c entury A D a t t he
l atest
g reater
( Rahtz,
t han
t hat
H ayfield a nd B ateman 1 986), o f
o ther
f armstead
e nclosing
s ites.
T his
a n
a rea
r aises
t he
p ossibility t herefore t hat Wharram G range v illa was a lready o f a h igh s ocio-economic s tatus by t he e arly-Roman ,
p ossibly e ven t he p re-Roman
p eriod . T o
s ummarise,
t ownships s everal u nits w ould
i t
s eems c lear t hat m ajor e lements o f
m ay have o riginated w ithin t he o f
t hese t ownships m ay r epresent
f rom t he R oman l andscape. s eem ,
e ntirely
p re-Roman
t he
m edieval
p eriod;
r ecognisable
i ndeed
t erritorial
T hese t erritorial units w ere n ot,
s tatic,
a nd
c hanges,
partitions
a gglomerations m ay a ll have o ccurred i n s ubsequent c enturies. p erhaps t o t hese ' township' t erritories o r multiples s hould l ook f or o ur t wo v illa e states.
200
i t a nd
I t i s
t hereof t hat
w e
C ) 5 : CONCLUS IONS AND FUTURE WORK B y
t he l ate I ron A ge,
i nto
a s eries
T hese
t he W harram l andscape w as p robably
o f e states,
e states
e ach h aving a b lock o f
a re s till l argely r eflected b y t he
b oundaries o f t he m odern t ownships. t erritory w ith
c ontaining
a dditional
l and.
o rganisation
a nd
E ach e state s eemed t o c omprise a
a c entral s ettlement p lace o r
o utlying
o rganised
a ssociated
f armsteads,
' village'
u sually o n o r c lose
s ite
t o
t he
b oundaries o f t hat t erritory. I n
t he p re-Roman p eriod t he p rincipal r outeways a cross
t he W olds r an f rom e ast t o w est, M alton
a s
t his p art
o f
but w ith t he g rowing i mportance
o f
m ilitary a nd c ommercial c entre d uring t he
n orth-south r outeways
r outes w as
b egan t o d ominate.
T his
R oman
s hift i n
p eriod ,
e mphasis
s trengthened by t he c reation o f a n ew r oad
f rom Malton which p assed t hrough Wharram L e S treet a nd o ther t ownships, c utting a cross e xisting r outeways a nd b oundaries. T here
a re
i ndications
o f s ome e xpansion o f s ettlement
R oman p eriod ,
w ith s everal n ew f armstead s ites,
b etween
c entral p laces a nd t he
t he
o f
( the B 1248) Wharram
d uring
t he
o ften l ocated m id-way b locks
o f
m anured l and a ssociated w ith e ach t erritory a re n ow r ecognisable,
b oundaries.
a nd
t ogether w ith t he l adder p attern e nclosures, a n o rganised a gricultural s ystem . W harram
G range,
p robably
L arge
t hey a re
i ndications o f
T wo R oman v illas e merge,
having d erived f rom a n
w ith o ne,
e arlier
b oundary
f armstead s ite. A t t he e nd o f t he R oman p eriod t here i s e vidence t hat a number o f f armstead s ites s urvived i nto t he S axon p eriod , a s d id a t l east o ne v illa
a nd
t he c entral p laces.
r emaining
o utlying
B y t he L ate S axon
f armstead
s ites
had
s ettlement c oncentrating i n t he c entral p laces. r eorganised p lanning
o n a p lanned b asis,
o f
t he
g reat
a gricultural s ystems.
O pen
t his
t hat
w hat
o f t he
t o c ontemporary a way
t he
f ar,
s ubjects
o f
t he
f uture o f R oman l andscape s tudies a t
i n
t he n ext
Wharram? s urvey
i t i s h oped t hat t his v olume has a lso o utlined many o f
q uestions t hat r emain unanswered . i t i s
R oman
f rom t he R oman t o
I n a ddition t o having p resented t he knowledge g athered by t he s o
t he w ith
T hese had o ften b een
s wept
T his p rocess o f c hange
a ll
a bandoned ,
l inked p erhaps
F ields
m edieval l andscape w ill f orm o ne o f t he m onograph i n t his P arish S urvey s eries. F inally,
p eriod
b een
i ntended t o p ursue t he p rogramme o f f ieldwalking ,
t he
h itherto m ore unproductive t ownships s uch a s
T hixendale.
M eans
d elimitation
w ill
b e
a gain
T hixendale
d evised
t o
a ttempt
p articularly T owthorpe
a
m ore
a nd
f ormal
o f t he manured a reas w ithin e ach t ownship a nd t o a ssess
t heir c hronology a nd d ensity. c ontinue,
t he
I n o rder t o t ry a nd f ind a nswers,
i n
I t i s h oped t hat a ir p hotography w ill
c oncentrating t he
h ope
i n t he t ownships
o f r edressing
t he
o f
T owthorpe
p resent
i mbalance
a nd o f
c ropmarks b etween t hese t ownships a nd t he s eemingly m ore
' productive'
t ownships s uch a s W harram P ercy a nd Wharram L e S treet.
Magnetometer
s urveys s ites,
w ill c ontinue, s uch a s
p erhaps
t hat a t R aisthorpe W old,
n o c ropmark e vidence. l ong-term s ample
p rogramme
various
c ertainly,
i nvestigating s ome o f t he s ettlement
M ore
f or w hich t here
f undamentally ,
o f e xcavation w ithin t he
o f t he s ites d iscussed i n t his
t he a nswers
i s c urrently
i t i s h oped t o p repare a Wharram v olume
parishes f or,
t o
a lmost
t o many o f t he q uestions r aised h ere s till l ie
buried b eneath t he s oil.
2 01
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R ESEARCH P ROJECT M ONOGRAPHS V ol.
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D omestic S ettlement 1 : E dited by D .D. S ociety
f or
A reas
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M onograph
C
( London ,
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B y P hilip Rahtz a nd L orna Watts Y ork University A rchaeological P ublications I SBN 0 9 46722 0 0 5 . V ol.
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T he C hurch o f S t.
I V
I SBN 0 9 46722 0 3 X .
V
f orthcoming .
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V ol.
1 983)
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2 ( York,
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