Alphabet Scribes in the Land of Cuneiform: Sēpiru Professionals in Mesopotamia in the Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid Periods 9781463240165

This book treats the alphabet scribes in Mesopotamia in the Late Babylonian period (6th-5th centuries BCE). Bloch defend

150 37 6MB

English Pages 515 [513] Year 2018

Report DMCA / Copyright

DOWNLOAD FILE

Polecaj historie

Alphabet Scribes in the Land of Cuneiform: Sēpiru Professionals in Mesopotamia in the Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid Periods
 9781463240165

Table of contents :
Table of Contents
Acknowledgments
Babylonian Metrical Units
Bibliographical Abbreviations
Introduction
Chapter 1. Sēpiru: Specialists in Alphabetic Writing, and in Cuneiform, Too?
Chapter 2. Sēpiru in Babylonian Temples
Chapter 3. Sēpiru in the State Administration
Chapter 4. Sēpiru Active in Private Business
Chapter 5. The Ethnic Background of the Sēpiru Professionals
Concluding Observations
Appendix: Transliteration of Previously Unedited Tablets
Copies of Previously Unpublished Cuneiform Tablets
Bibliography
Index

Citation preview

$OSKDEHW6FULEHV LQWKH/DQGRI&XQHLIRUP

*RUJLDV6WXGLHVLQWKH$QFLHQW1HDU(DVW



6HULHV(GLWRULDO%RDUG 5RQDOG:DOOHQIHOV 3DXO&ROOLQV $LGDQ'RGVRQ $OKHQD*DGRWWL .D\.RKOPH\HU¬ $GDP0LJOLR %HDWH3RQJUDW]/HLVWHQ 6HWK5LFKDUGVRQ

This series publishes scholarly research focusing on the societies, material cultures, technologies, religions, and languages that emerged from Mesopotamia, Egypt, and the Levant. *RUJLDV6WXGLHV LQ WKH $QFLHQW 1HDU (DVW features studies with both humanistic and social scientific approaches.}

$OSKDEHW6FULEHV LQWKH/DQGRI&XQHLIRUP

6ēSLUX3URIHVVLRQDOVLQ0HVRSRWDPLDLQWKH 1HR%DE\ORQLDQDQG$FKDHPHQLG3HULRGV

U-XʛXU@KDVEHHQSDLG>IURPWKHKDQGVRI@ ,xxDU-WDUĪEL VRQRI%XQHQH-LEQL – :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIVHYHQZLWQHVVHV 

3XEOLVKHG LQ D FRPSOHWH HGLWLRQ E\ -XUVD DQG :HV]HOL o'HU q=DKQrGHV6FKUHLEHUVpSS– 38 )RUWKHDEVWUDFWQRXQVarad-xDUUŠWX oVWDWXVRIDUR\DOVHUYDQW SUeFOXGLQJ WKH VDOH RI D SHUVRQ DV D VODYH p DQG PćU-banûtu oVWDWXV RI D IUHH SHUVRQpVHHCAD $SDVYarad-xDUUŠWXCAD 0SSD–E VY PćUEDQØWX ,W LV QRW FOHDU ZKDW WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH WZR FRQ FHSWV ZDV VLQFH LQ WKH $QFLHQW 1HDU (DVW SHUVRQDO IUHHGRP HQWDLOHG D GXW\RIVHUYLFHIRUWKHVWDWHDQGYLFHYHUVD VHHYRQ'DVVRZo)UHHGRPLQ $QFLHQW1HDU(DVWHUQ6RFLHWLHVp  

46

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250 ,QWKHSUHVHQFHRIʣLEWD\DGDXJKWHURI6ËQ-ĔʜLUZLIH RI0ćQ-N>Ī@-%DQĪWXDQGWKHVFULEH0DUGXNćGHVFHQGDQWRI ((D- ĔSHx-LOĪ 39 – 6LSSDUPRQWK$\\ćUXGD\\HDURI'DULXV ,  NLQJRI%DE\ORQDQG DOO WKHODQGV 0D\%&(  –

,QWKLVLQVWDQFHWKH%DE\ORQLDQVFULEH PHQWLRQHGWKHSUHVHQFHRI 5-WD PLʢʢLOWX xD O×sĔSiri ‘ILYH VWURNHV RI WKH sĔSirup RQ 1DQD\D-VLOLPpV QHFN  EXW GLG QRW LGHQWLI\ WKRVH VWURNHV ,Q FRQWUDVW KH PHQ WLRQHG WKDW 1DQD\D-VLOLPpV QHFN ZDV LQVFULEHG ZLWK WKH QDPH RI ʣLEWD\D GDXJKWHU RI 6ËQ-ĔʜLU—WKH SUHYLRXV RZQHU RI 1DQD\DVLOLP  $SSDUHQWO\ ʣLEWD\DpV QDPH ZDV ZULWWHQ LQ FXQHLIRUP ZKLFKWKH%DE\ORQLDQVFULEHFRXOGUHDGZKHUHDVWKH‘VWURNHVRIWKH sĔSirup ZHUHV\PEROVRIDGLIIHUHQWZULWLQJV\VWHP&RPSDULVRQZLWK 7H[W  DERYH LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH ‘VWURNHV RI WKH sĔSirup PXVW KDYH EHHQOHWWHUVRIWKH1RUWKZHVW6HPLWLFDOSKDEHW  ,WLVSRVVLEOHWKDW WKRVH OHWWHUV DOVR H[SUHVVHG ʣLEWD\DpV SUHYLRXV RZQHUVKLS RI WKH IHPDOHVODYH OʚEW\  43

39

ēSHx-LOĪ LV DQ DEEUHYLDWHG YHUVLRQ RI WKH IDPLO\ QDPH (D-ĔSHx-LOĪ :XQVFKo%DE\ORQLVFKH)DPLOLHQQDPHQpS7KLVVHQo6WXGLHVLQ1HR%DE\ORQLDQ2QRPDVWLFVpSS–   5-ta mi-Lʢ-ʢL-il-tu šá O×se-SL-ri 7H[W  O   ,W LV QRW FOHDU ZK\ WKH 4 VFULEHGRXEOHGWKHFRQVRQDQWʢ LQPLʢLOWX (< PLʢLʜWX   /O–RI7H[WPHQWLRQWKHSUHVHQFHRIʣLEWD\DGDXJKWHURI 6ËQ-ĔʜLU DW WKH VDOH RI KHU IRUPHU IHPDOH VODYH ʣLEWD\DpV SUHVHQFH ZDV PHQWLRQHGLQRUGHUWRLQGLFDWHWKDWVKHDJUHHGWRWKHVDOHDQGWKHUHIRUH KDGQRIXUWKHUFODLPVWR1DQD\D-VLOLP  $V DOUHDG\ SURSRVHG E\ -XUVD DQG :HV]HOL o'HU q=DKQr GHV 6FKUHLEHUVpS 43 )RU WKH V\QWD[ RI WKH VXSSRVHG RZQHUVKLS PDUN OʚEW\ o %HORQJ LQJ  WR ʣLEWD\Dp FRPSDUH DERYH Q  $Q RZQHUVKLS PDUN RI WKH ODVW VHOOHURIWKHIHPDOHVODYHkD-1DEØ-ʜXEEXZRXOGEHDWOHDVWVL[OHWWHUVORQJ (*OxQEʞE +RZHYHUDILYHOHWWHUPDUNZRXOGEHSRVVLEOHLIWKHVHOOHUpVQDPH ZDVDEEUHYLDWHG IRUH[DPSOH OQEʞE 

 Sē3,58 63(&,$/,676,1&81(,)250722"



II. DOCUMENTS OF THE Sē3I58 , WRITTEN ON PARCHMENT AND PAPYRUS

1. In Babylonian tablets of the 6th century BCE :KHQWKH%DE\ORQLDQVFULEHVZURWHWKHLUHYHU\GD\FXQHLIRUPGRF XPHQWDWLRQWKH\ZURWHRQFOD\WDEOHWVZKLFKKDYHEHHQRIWHQSUeVHUYHGGRZQWRWKHSUHVHQW,QFRQWUDVWGRFXPHQWVUHFRUGHGLQWKH 1RUWKZHVW6HPLWLFDOSKDEHWZRXOGEHQRUPDOO\ZULWWHQRQSHULVKD EOH VXUIDFHV RQ VKHHWV RI SDUFKPHQW DQG SDS\UXV DQG WKHUHIRUH FDQQRWEHUHFRYHUHGE\PRGHUQDUFKDHRORJLVWV 44 7KHFORVHFRQQHF WLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH 1RUWKZHVW 6HPLWLF DOSKDEHW DQG ZULWLQJ RQ SHU LVKDEOHVXUIDFHVLVWKHFRQVLGHUDWLRQZKLFKIRUPVWKHEDVLVIRUWKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQRIWKHVFULEHVKROGLQJVFUROOVLQWKHYLVXDODUWRIWKH 1HR-$VV\ULDQSHULRG WK–WK FHQWXULHV%&( DV$UDPDLFVFULEHV 45 7KH 1HR-%DE\ORQLDQ DQG WKH $FKDHPHQLG HPSLUHV OHIW QR VSHFLPHQVRIYLVXDODUWVKRZLQJVFULEHVDWZRUN+RZHYHUZULWWHQ GRFXPHQWVIURPWKLVSHULRGPHQWLRQSDUFKPHQWDVDPDWHULDOXVHG E\WKHsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOV$QH[DPSOHRIWKLVNLQGLVWKHIROORZLQJ

44

+RZHYHU D IHZ %DE\ORQLDQ WDEOHWV IURP WKH +HOOHQLVWLF SHULRG KDYHFRORSKRQVPHQWLRQLQJWKDWWKH\FRQWDLQH[WUDFWVIURPWH[WVUHFRUGHG RQVFUROOVmagallatu VHH&ODQFLHUo/HVVFULEHVVXUSDUFKHPLQpSS– Q&ODQFLHULes bibliothèques en BabylonieSS–)UDKPo5HFHQWO\ 3XEOLVKHG/DWH%DE\ORQLDQ&RSLHVpS)UDKPBabylonian and Assyrian Text Commentaries SS   – 6DQGHUV )URP $GDSD WR (noch SS –  7KH UHOHYDQW H[WUDFWV DUH 0HVRSRWDPLDQ RPHQ VHULHV DQG FRPPHQWDULHV WR WKHP—WH[WV ZKLFK EHORQJHG WR D YHU\ VRSKLVWLFDWHG OHYHO RI FXQHLIRUP FXOWXUH DQG IRU ZKLFK WKHUH LV QR HYLGHQFH RI WKHLU WUDQVODWLRQLQWRDIRUHLJQODQJXDJHLQWKHILUVWPLOOHQQLXP %&(,WDSSHDUV WKDWWKHUHOHYDQWFRSLHVRQVFUROOVZHUHZULWWHQLQFXQHLIRUPGUDZQLQLQN LQVWHDGRIEHLQJLQFLVHGLQWRDFOD\VXUIDFH &ODQFLHUo/HVVFULEHVVXUSDU FKHPLQpSS–Q&RRSHUo5HGXQGDQF\5HFRQVLGHUHGpSQ   $OWHUQDWLYHO\ DQ DOSKDEHWLF VFULSW—1RUWKZHVW 6HPLWLF RU *UHHN— FRXOG EH XVHG WR ZULWH WKH $NNDGLDQ WH[W RI RPHQ VHULHV DQG FRPPHQ WDULHV :HVWHQKRO]o*UHFR-%DE\OROQLDFDpS  $WUDQVODWLRQLQWR$UD PDLFLVDQRWKHUSRVVLELOLW\ 6DQGHUV)URP$GDSD to EnochSS–  45 6HHWKHVWXGLHVPHQWLRQHGLQWKH,QWURGXFWLRQQQ

48

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

GRFXPHQWZULWWHQLQWKHFLW\RI%RUVLSSD DURXQG NPVRXWKZHVW RI%DE\ORQ LQWKHODVWTXDUWHURIWKHWK FHQWXU\%&( Text 6 %0 46 2EY  – [… 31@ UHFHLYHG >… IURP WKH KDQGV RI 5ĪPŠW1DEØ@GHVFHQGDQWRI5ĔʱL-DOSĪ  – >31@VRQRI/ĪxLUGHVFHQGDQWRI1DJJćUXDQG1DEØ[-LGGLQD  RQ WKH DFFRXQW RI 5ĪPŠW-1DEØ GHVFHQGDQW RI 5ĔʱL-DOSĪ DQG >31@ FRQFHUQLQJ  NRUV RI GDWHV RI $UDG*X!VLVX 48 DQG1LGLQWL-%ĔOWKH MHZHOHUV  – $SDUWIURPNRUVSćQX DQGVHDKVRIEDUOH\DQG VKHNHOVRIZKLWHFXW-XSVLOYHUZKLFKZHUHJLYHQWR1LGLQWL%ĔOVRQRI%ĔO-HʜĔUL-6ËQDVĔSLUX RIWKHSUHEHQGV  – $OWRJHWKHUNRUVDQGseahVRIEDUOH\DVZHOODV  PLQD DQG  VKHNHOV RI ZKLWH FXW-XS VLOYHU IRU EUHDG DQGEHHUYDWVPHDWRIR[HQVKHHSIRZO DQG ODPE RI IHULQJV IRUWKHWHPSOHRI1HUJDOZKLFKLV VLWXDWHG LQWKH FRXUW\DUGRI(]LGD 49

46

3XEOLVKHGE\5=DGRNDQG7=DGRNo1HR/DWH%DE\ORQLDQ*eRJUDSK\p SS – 7KH GDWH IRUPXOD RI WKH WDEOHW KDV QRW EHHQ SUeVHUYHG EXW LW VKRXOG EH GDWHG RQ SURVRSRJUDSKLF JURXQGV WR WKH ILUVW KDOIRIWKHUHLJQRI'DULXV, –486 %&()—VHH:DHU]HJJHUVThe Ezida 7HPSOHSS Q   $V REVHUYHG E\ 5 =DGRN DQG 7 =DGRN o1HR/DWH %DE\ORQLDQ *HRJUDSK\pSWKHILQDOORJRJUDPRIWKLVQDPHFDQEH18081UD WKHUWKDQ08LQZKLFKFDVHLWZRXOGEH1DEØ-[-]ĔUL 48 7KLV SHUVRQpV QDPH P©5-G*8!6,6ž oVHUYDQW RI WKH JRG *XVLVXp LQFOXGHVZKDWDSSHDUVWREHDQDEEUHYLDWHGIRUPRIWKHQDPHRI WKHJRG/XJDO-JXVLVX IRUWKLVGHLW\VHH/DPEHUWo/XJDO-JX-VLVXVDp  49 5=DGRNDQG7=DGRNo1HR/DWH%DE\ORQLDQ*HRJUDSK\pS UHDGina $k '8/! É-zi-da oRQWKHPRXQGRI(]LGDpLQREY +RZHYHU DV PHQWLRQHG E\ :DHU]HJJHUV 7KH (]LGD 7HPSOH SS – Q  WKH SURSHUUHDGLQJLVina .,6$/É-zi-da oLQWKHFRXUW\DUGRI(]LGDp WKHPDLQ WHPSOHRI%RUVLSSDEHORQJLQJWRWKHJRG1DEØ 

 Sē3,58 63(&,$/,676,1&81(,)250722"

49

DQGEUHDG DQG EHHU WREHSODFHG EHIRUHWKH/RUGV (= JRGV  IRUWZR\HDUVDQGILYHPRQWKVDFFRUGLQJWRWKH SDUFKPHQW RUGHU RIʣDxGD\D 2EY  –5HY  ʣDxGD\D VRQ RI %ĔO-HʜĔUL-6ËQ D VĔSLUX RI WKH SUHEHQGVKDVUHFHLYHGIURPWKHKDQGVRI1DEØ-xXPD-XNĪQ VRQ RI 0XxĔ]LE-0DUGXN GHVFHQGDQW RI 5ĔʱL-DOSĪ KH KDV EHHQ SDLG 7KH\ KDYH HDFK WDNHQ RQH FRS\ RI WKH GRFX PHQW  5HY– :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIWHQZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH  7UDFHV RI D UHFRUG RI WKHSODFH RI ZULWLQJ DQGRUWKH GDWH   –

$OWKRXJK WKLV GRFXPHQW KDV EHHQ SUHVHUYHG LQ D UDWKHU IUDJPHQ WDU\VWDWH ZLWKDIHZOLQHVDWWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHREYHUVHPLVVLQJ  LW FOHDUO\ OLVWV SD\PHQWV RI GLIIHUHQW NLQGV PDGH LQ WKH IUDPHZRUN RIWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRIWKH(]LGDWHPSOHLQ%RUVLSSD2QHRIWKH SD\PHQWVDPRXQWLQJWR NRUV OLWHUV RIEDUOH\DQGILYH VKHNHOV JUDPV RIVLOYHUZDVPDGHWR1LGLQWL-%ĔOVRQRI%ĔOHʜĔUL-6ËQD‘sĔSiru RIWKHSUHEHQGVp (O×sĔSiULxDLVTćWHREY – $Q RWKHUODUJHUSD\PHQWRINRUVDQGVHDKV OLWHUV RIEDUOH\ DQG  VKHNHOV  JUDPV  RI VLOYHU ZDV PDGH WR 1LGLQWL-%ĔOpV EURWKHUʣDxGD\D VRQRI%ĔO-HʜĔUL-6ËQZKRZDVDOVRD‘sĔSiru RIWKH SUHEHQGVp REY – 3DUWRIWKDWSD\PHQWZDVPDGHIRUSURGXFH LQWHQGHGIRURIIHULQJVLQWKHWHPSOHRI1HUJDOORFDWHGLQWKHFRXUW \DUGRI(]LGD REY – $QRWKHUSDUWFRYHUHG‘EUHDG DQG EHHU WR EH SODFHG  EHIRUH WKH /RUGV  JRGV  IRU WZR \HDUV DQG ILYH PRQWKVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHSDUFKPHQW RUGHU RIʣDxGD\Dp REY –  &DUROLQH:DHU]HJJHUVLQKHUGLVFXVVLRQRIWKLVGRFXPHQWKDV VKRZQ WKDW WKH SD\PHQW ZDV D UR\DO WD[ LPSRVHG RQ SURGXFH LQ WHQGHG IRU WHPSOH RIIHULQJV—RIIHULQJV PRVW RI ZKLFK ZRXOG EH FRQVXPHGE\WKHSULHVWVDVWKHLUSUHEHQGDU\LQFRPH7KH‘sĔSiru RI

)RUWKHUHDGLQJù 1,1'$ʣ,$.$k,*, G(10(koDQGEUHDG DQG EHHU WREHSODFHG EHIRUHWKH/RUGVpLQREY VHH:DHU]HJJHUV 7KH(]LGD7HPSOHSQ 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



WKHSUHEHQGVp ZDVDUR\DORIILFLDOUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHFROOHFWLRQRI WKLVWD[  ‘7KHSDUFKPHQW RUGHU RI ʣDxGD\Dp LVPHQWLRQHGLQWKH$N NDGLDQWH[WDVNXxQD\ćULxDʡDxGaya  7KHQRXQQD\ćUX LVDE\-IRUPRI QLćUX ZKLFK PXVW KDYH RULJLQDOO\ PHDQW ‘SDS\UXVp EXW LQ WKH SUeVHQWLQVWDQFHWKHGHWHUPLQDWLYH NXx LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKLVLVDUHIHUHQFH WR D OHDWKHU REMHFW—KHQFH SDUFKPHQW 53 $ SD\PHQW PDGH LQ DF FRUGDQFH ZLWK WKLV REMHFW LQGLFDWHV WKDW LW ZDV QRW D FOHDQ UROO RI SDUFKPHQWEXWUDWKHUDGRFXPHQWZULWWHQRQVXFKDUROO7KHGRF XPHQW ZDV ZULWWHQ E\ ʣDxGD\D D ‘sĔSiru RI WKH SUHEHQGVp ZKLFK PHDQVWKDWDsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOZURWHRQDVKHHW RISDUFKPHQWLQ WKH 1RUWKZHVW 6HPLWLF DOSKDEHWLF VFULSW SUREDEO\ LQ $UDPDLF  1LGLQWL-%ĔOWKHEURWKHURIʣDxGD\DPRVWOLNHO\XVHGWKHVDPHVRUW RI VFULSW DQG ZULWLQJ PDWHULDO DOWKRXJK WKDW LV QRW PHQWLRQHG LQ 7H[W 54 3XUFKDVH RI FOHDQ SDUFKPHQW UROOV IRU WKH QHHGV RI D sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOLVDOVRPHQWLRQHGLQWKHIROORZLQJGRFXPHQW Text 7 1&%7 55 –3) >[@ VKHNHOV RI VLOYHU IRU D ERZ DQG DUURZV RI WKH NLQJGHOLYHUHGE\WKHVĔSLUX 1DEØ-ĔʜLU (4–6) 7ZRVKHNHOVDQGDTXDUWHU RIVLOYHUIRU WKHUDWLRQVRI WKHPRQWKV7DxUĪWX$UDʤVDPQXDQG.LVVLOĪ>PX@1DEØ-ĔʜLU WKHVĔSLUX KDVZLWKGUDZQ –9) 2QHVKHNHO RIVLOYHU IRUWKHKLGHVRIWKHVĔSLUXDWWKH KDQGVRIkXP-XNĪQVRQRI1DEØ-]ĔUX-OĪ>xLU@

:DHU]HJJHUV7KH(]LGD7HPSOHSS– šá PʡDx-da-a-a 7H[WREY  53 7KH RULJLQDO PHDQLQJ oSDS\UXVp IRU QLćUX LV VXJJHVWHG E\ LWV HW\ PRORJ\ VHH WKH ,QWURGXFWLRQ Q   )RU WKH XVH RI QLćUX LQ $NNDGLDQ ZLWKWKHPHDQLQJoSDUFKPHQWpVHHCAD 1SDVYQLćUX 54 $GRFXPHQWUHIHUUHGWRDV NXxQD\ćULxD O×VĔSLU oSDUFKPHQWRIDVĔSLUXp LVDOVRPHQWLRQHGLQWKHWDEOHW'R@FXPHQW FRQFHUQLQJ  EDUOH\ >@ NRUVZKLFK LV SDLG>DUHQW@DOSD\PHQWRI0LWUĔQD SDLG  WR1DEX-LWWDQQQX 84 5HY DOSKDEHWLF HSLJUDSK

7KH SD\PHQW RI WKLUW\ NRUV RI EDUOH\ UHFHLYHG E\ 1DEØ-LWWDQQX ZDVDUHQWDOGXHWRKLVVXSHULRU0LWUĔQDDVWKHUR\DOUHYHQXHIURP DSORWRIODQGOHDVHGWR(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI0XUDxØ 85 7KLVSD\ PHQW ZDV PDGH LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK xLSLUWX [ša Mitr]ĔQD ‘WKH GRFX PHQW>RI0LWU@ĔQDp GHOLYHUHGWR(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQE\WKHsĔSiru kXPLGGLQVRQRI%ĔO-LWWDQQX OO– 7KHWHUPsĔSiru LQD YDULDQWIRUP O×VLSUL  LV QRW XVHG KHUH WR FKDUDFWHUL]H D GRFXPHQW EXW WR VSHFLI\ WKHSHUVRQZKRGHOLYHUHGLWWRLWVDGGUHVVHH 86

RIWKHOLDELOLW\UHFRUGHGWKHUHLQ LQWKLVLQVWDQFH1DEØ-LWWDQQXpVOLDELOLW\WR UHJLVWHU(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQpVSD\PHQWRIWKHUHQWLQWKHDFFRXQWVRI0LWUĔQD  84 [š]ʞUxʰUQNUQ >@zy yhyb [Vʯ]WPWU\QOQEZʯWQ7KHQRXQxʞU oGRFXPHQWp WKH UHODWLYH SURQRXQ zy oZKLFKp DQG WKH SDVVLYH IRUP yhyb oJLYHQ SDLGp FODVVLI\WKHHSLJUDSKOLQJXLVWLFDOO\DV$UDPDLF 85 7KH ODQG SORW LWVHOI ZDV DSSDUHQWO\ FRQVLGHUHG WKH SURSHUW\ RI 0DUGXN EXW WKH NLQJ KDG D ULJKW WR OHDVH LW RXW VHH DERYH Q   0L WUĔQDpVWLWOHxDPXʢʢLVŠWL(JLx%ž1 xD1ćU-6ËQ ª'-G  LVWUDQVODWHGKHUHDV o WKHRQH LQFKDUJHRIWKHUHQWDOSD\PHQWVRIWKH6ËQFDQDOp VHHCAD 6 SSE–DVYVŠWX $LQxDPXʢʢLVŠWL 7DEOHWVIURPWKH0XUDxØDU FKLYHLQGLFDWHWKDWRIILFLDOVEHDULQJWKHWLWOHxDPXʢʢLVŠWL RIDFHUWDLQFDQDO ZHUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH FROOHFWLRQ RI UHQWDO SD\PHQWV IRU ODQG SORWV OR FDWHGRQWKHEDQNVRIWKHUHOHYDQWFDQDO 6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUH SS– 7KHSHUVRQDOQDPH0LWUĔQDLV,UDQLDQGHULYHGIURPWKHQDPH RIWKHJRG0LWUD 6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHSQ 7KHUHFRUG [Vʯ]t mtryn LQ WKH $UDPDLF HSLJUDSK VHH WKH SUHFHGLQJ QRWH  UHIHUV WR D UHQWDOSD\PHQW VŠWX GXHWR0LWUĔQD 86 kXP-LGGLQpVWLWOHLVZULWWHQ O×VLS -ri 7H[WO ,WDSSHDUVWREH 4 EDVHGRQWKHQRXQVLSUXERUURZHG LQWR$NNDGLDQIURP$UDPDLFDQGXVHG WRVLJQLI\DQ$UDPDLFGRFXPHQW CAD 6SSD–EVYVLSUX $$EUD KDPDQG6RNRORIIo$UDPDLF/RDQZRUGVpS 2IFRXUVHWKHGHWHUPL QDWLYH O× LQGLFDWHV WKDW UHIHUHQFH LV PDGH QRW WR DQ REMHFW DQ $UDPDLF GRFXPHQW EXWWRDPHPEHURIDVSHFLILFFDWHJRU\RISHUVRQVZKLFKZDV DSSDUHQWO\ D SURIHVVLRQ FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ WKHXVH RI $UDPDLF GRFXPHQWV

 Sē3,58 63(&,$/,676,1&81(,)250722"

63

+RZHYHUWKHWHUPsĔSiru LVXVHGLQRWKHULQVWDQFHVLQWKH0X UDxØ DUFKLYH WR FKDUDFWHUL]H D VSHFLILF GRFXPHQW $V DQ H[DPSOH RQHFDQFLWHWKHIROORZLQJWDEOHW Text 11 %(  –3) 7KLVLVFRQFHUQLQJ WKHZKLWHEDUOH\ RI WKHHDUO\ DQG WKH ODWH KDUYHVW  DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH JLʞʞX-GRFXPHQW RI WKH VĔSLUX ZULWWHQ  RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKH VHDOHG WDEOHW RI (DEXOOLVVX DQG 1LGLQWX WKH RQHV  LQ FKDUJH RI WKH UHQWDO SD\PHQWVRIWKHʣDUUL-SLTŠGXFDQDODQGWKH6ŠUXFDQDO— 88 (W\PRORJLFDOO\ WKH WHUP O×VLSUL PLJKW EH GHULYHG GLUHFWO\ IURP WKH QRXQ VLSUX o$UDPDLFGRFXPHQWpEXWIXQFWLRQDOO\LWLVDYDULDQWRIWKHWHUPVĔSLUX  +LOSUHFKWDQG&OD\Business Documents %( QR$WUDQVOLWHUD WLRQDQGD)UHQFKWUDQVODWLRQRIWKLVWDEOHWZHUHSXEOLVKHGE\&DUGDVFLD Les archives des MurašûSS–$FRPSOHWHWUDQVOLWHUDWLRQDSSHDUVLQWKH ,QWHUQHW SXEOLFDWLRQ RI (YHUOLQJ Babylonian Texts $QRWKHUWUDQVOLWHUDWLRQ KDV EHHQ SXEOLVKHG E\ *DXWKLHU 7ROLQL RQ WKH $FKHPHQHW ZHEVLWH KWWSZZZDFKHPHQHWFRPHQLWHP"WH[WXDO-VRXUFHVWH[WV-E\ODQJXDJHV-DQG-VFULSWVEDE\ORQLDQPXUDVX-DUFKLYH DFFHVVHG 0D\  88 7KHGHVFULSWLRQRIWKHUHIHUHQFHIRUWKHSD\PHQWLVWUDQVODWHGE\ 6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHSDVIROORZVo,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKH FHUWLILFDWH GUDIWHG  E\ WKH VFULEH IURP WKH VHDOHG GRFXPHQW LVVXHG  E\ (D-EXOOLVVXDQG 1LGLQWXZKRDUHLQFKDUJHRIWKHUHYHQXHVRIWKHʣDUULSLTXGX DQG 6XUX &DQDOVp SDUHQWKHVHV SUHVHUYHG  7KH WHUP IRU oVHDOHG GRFXPHQWpLQOLVkunukkuVSHOOHGZLWKWKHORJRJUDP1$4.,k,% VHH DERYH Q   6WROSHU DUJXHG WKDW ZKHQHYHU WKH FROORFDWLRQ kunukku u xLSLUWX LVXVHGLQWKH0XUDxØDUFKLYHWDEOHWVWKHUHIHUHQFHLVoWRDQ$UDPDLF GRFXPHQW SUHSDUHG LQ WKH QRUPDO PDQQHU RI WKH WLPH D IROGHG OHDWKHU VKHHW xLSLUWX WLHGDQGVHFXUHGZLWKDFOD\VHDOLQJ 1$4.,k,% kunukku p 6WROSHU (QWUHSUHQHXUV DQG (PSLUH SS – SDUHQWKHVHV SUHVHUYHG  +RZHYHULQRXU7H[WWKHUHLVQRFROORFDWLRQNXQXNNXXxLSLUWXUDWKHU WKHWHUPkunukku LVXVHGRQLWVRZQWRVLJQLI\DGRFXPHQW NHSWE\(QOLOxXP-LGGLQZKLFKLQFOXGHGDJHQHUDOUHJLVWU\RIWKHFDQDOV ZLWKDGMRLQLQJ ODQGV WKHSORZVDQGWKHIDUPHUVOHDVHGWRKLP7KDWGRFXPHQWZDVXVHG DV D UHIHUHQFH RQ WKH EDVLV RI ZKLFK VSHFLILF LQVWUXFWLRQV IRU WKH UHQWDO SD\PHQW DW DQ\ JLYHQ WLPH ZHUH IRUPXODWHG FRQVHTXHQWO\ LW PXVW KDYH

64

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250 (3–

WKH VHDOHG WDEOHW ZKLFK LV LQ WKH SRVVHVVLRQ RI (QOLOxXP-LGGLQ VRQ RI 0XUDxØ JRYHUQLQJ DOO KLV FDQDOV KLV SORZV DQG IDUPHUV WR WKH ULJKW DQG WKH OHIW RI WKH ʣDUULSLTŠGXFDQDODOORIWKDWDVUHFRUGHGLQWKHJLʞʞX-GRFXPHQWV RIWKHVĔSLUX – (D-EXOOLVVX DQG 1LGLQWX WKH RQHV  LQ FKDUJH RI WKH UHQWDOSD\PHQWVRIWKHʣDUUL-SLTŠGXFDQDODQGWKH6ŠUXFD QDO KDYH UHFHLYHG WKH EDUOH\  IURP WKH KDQGV RI (QOLOxXP-LGGLQVRQRI0XUDxØWKH\KDYHEHHQSDLG – :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIQLQHZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH  – 1LSSXUPRQWK.LVVLOĪPXGD\\HDURI$UWD[HU[ HV , NLQJRI DOO WKHODQGV 1RYHPEHU%&(  2EY DQG HGJHV 6HDO LPSUHVVLRQV RI (D-EXOOLVVX DQG 1LGLQWX DQGRIILYHRIWKHZLWQHVVHVZLWKFXQHLIRUPFDSWLRQV

7KLVLVDUHFHLSWIRUD SD\PHQWRIEDUOH\PDGHE\(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ VRQRI0XUDxØWR(D-EXOOLVVXDQG1LGLQWXWKHRIILFLDOVLQFKDUJHRI WKH UHQWDO SD\PHQWV IURP DJULFXOWXUDO ODQGV O\LQJ RQ WKH EDQNV RI WKHʣDUUL-SLTŠGXDQG6ŠUXFDQDOV7KHSD\PHQWZDVPDGH‘DFFRUG EHHQ DYDLODEOH IRU UHFXUUHQW FRQVXOWDWLRQ $Q $UDPDLF GRFXPHQW ZULWWHQ RQ D VKHHW RI SDUFKPHQW RU SDS\UXV FRXOG EH VHDOHG RQO\ ZLWK D EXOOD ZKLFKZRXOGEHEURNHQDWWKHGRFXPHQWpVILUVWUHDGLQJLWZRXOGQRWEHD VHDOHGGRFXPHQWWKHUHDIWHU VHHWKHGLVFXVVLRQRI7H[WDERYH &RQVeTXHQWO\LWDSSHDUVWKDWWKHGRFXPHQWNHSWE\(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQZDVDFOD\ WDEOHGZULWWHQLQFXQHLIRUPVFULSWDQGEHDULQJVHDOLPSUHVVLRQV ZKLFKLV RQHRIWKHUHJXODUPHDQLQJVRIWKHQRXQkunukku—VHHCAD .SD– E VY kunukku   7KH FROORFDWLRQ WUDQVODWHG E\ 6WROSHU DV oFHUWLILFDWH GUDZQ  E\ WKH VFULEHp DSSHDUV LQ 7H[W  OO – DV JLʞʞX *ª''$  ša O×VĔSLUL 7KH VDPH FROORFDWLRQ LV XVHG LQ SOXUDO JLʞʞćQX *ª''$0(k  ša O×VĔSLULLQOO–7KHUHFXUUHQFHRIWKLVFROORFDWLRQVXJJHVWVWKDWLWLVXVHG WRVSHFLI\WKHNLQGRIGRFXPHQWVLQYROYHGQRWWKHDJHQF\RIDSDUWLFXODU VFULEHZKRGUHZDJLYHQGRFXPHQWKHQFHLWLVWUDQVODWHGKHUHOLWHUDOO\DV ‘JLʞʞX-GRFXPHQW V  RI WKH VĔSLUXp DQG VHH WKH GLVFXVVLRQ RI WKH WHUP JLʞʞX EHORZ &DUGDVFLDLes archives des MurašûSWUDQVODWHGWKHWHUPJLʞʞćQX DV oUHFHLSWVp oOHV TXLWWDQFHVp  +RZHYHU LQ 7H[W  OO – D oJLʞʞXGRFXPHQWRIWKHVĔSLUXpLVDGRFXPHQWZKLFKVHUYHGDV WKHEDVLVIRUH[DFW LQJDSD\PHQWQRWDVDUHFHLSWLQGLFDWLQJWKDWDSD\PHQWZDVPDGH

 Sē3,58 63(&,$/,676,1&81(,)250722"

65

LQJ WRWKHJLʞʞX-GRFXPHQWRIWKHsĔSiru ZULWWHQ RQWKHEDVLVRIWKH VHDOHG WDEOHW RI (D-EXOOLVVX DQG 1LGLQWXp (OLEEØ JLʞʞi ša O×sĔSiri ša kunukki ša Ea-bullissu u NidintuOO– 7KHVHDOHGWDEOHWLQTXHV WLRQ LQFOXGHG D JHQHUDO UHJLVWU\ RI WKH FDQDOV ZLWK DGMRLQLQJ ODQG SORWV  WKH DJULFXOWXUDO LQYHQWRU\ DQG WKH ZRUN-IRUFH OHDVHG RXW WR (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ DQG WKRVH OHDVHV DUH DOVR VDLG WR EH ‘UHFRUGHG LQ WKHJLʞʞX-GRFXPHQWVRIWKHsĔSirup (LQDJLʞʞćQLxD O×VHSLUULxDʞDUULOO–  :KDWZHUHWKRVHJLʞʞX-GRFXPHQWV"7KHWHUPJLʞʞX LQ$NNDGLDQ ZDV ERUURZHG IURP 6XPHULDQ *ª''$ ‘ORQJp DQG VLJQLILHG ‘RQHFROXPQWDEOHWZLWKOLWHUDU\FRQWHQWp ‘WDEOHWFRQWDLQLQJDUHFHLSWRU FHUWLILFDWHp DQGDOVR‘GRFXPHQWRUGHHGZULWWHQRQSDUFKPHQWp 89 ,Q WKHODWWHUPHDQLQJWKLVWHUPZDVERUURZHGLQWR+HEUHZDQG$UD PDLFJĔʞJLʞʞćʯ  ,Q0LVKQDLF+HEUHZWKHWHUPJĔʞ VLJQLILHVPRVWO\ WKHGLYRUFHELOORIDZRPDQEXWWUDFHVRIDQHDUOLHUPRUHJHQHUDO XVHRIWKLVWHUPKDYHEHHQSUHVHUYHG 

CAD *SSD–DVYJLʞʞX IRUJLʞʞćQX DVWKHSOXUDOIRUPRI JLʞʞXVHH%DNHUo5HFRUG-.HHSLQJ3UDFWLFHVpS 7KHODWWHURIWKHWKUHH PHDQLQJV RI WKH WHUP JLʞʞX FDQ EH VHFXUHO\ HVWDEOLVKHG RQO\ LQ WKRVH LQ VWDQFHV ZKHUH WKH ZULWLQJ RQ SDUFKPHQW LV PHQWLRQHG H[SOLFLWO\ RU DW OHDVWWKHWHUPJLʞʞX LVZULWWHQZLWKWKHGHWHUPLQDWLYH NXxVLJQLI\LQJDQRE MHFWPDGHRIOHDWKHU6LQFHDOSKDEHWLFGRFXPHQWVZHUHZULWWHQLQ0HVR SRWDPLDRIWKHILUVWPLOOHQQLXP %&(QRWRQO\RQSDUFKPHQWEXWDOVRRQ SDS\UXV VHH DERYH Q   LW VWDQGV WR UHDVRQ WKDW VRPHRFFXUUHQFHV RI WKH WHUP JLʞʞX LQ WKH FXQHLIRUP WDEOHWV RI WKH 1HR-%DE\ORQLDQ DQG WKH $FKDHPHQLGSHULRGVUHIHUWRVXFKSDS\UXVGRFXPHQWVšnt [51PONʯ] bšmr[yn] Jʞʯ]QKNW[y]b ‘>WKH1WK\HDURI51WKHNLQJ@LQ 6DPDU>LD@WKLVGHHGZDVZULWW>H@Qp 93 $QRWKHUGRFXPHQWZULWWHQRQ SDS\UXVLQ0DVDGDLQ &( DQGGLVFRYHUHGLQ:DGL0XUDEEDʲDWLQ WKH-XGHDQ GHVHUWLVDGLYRUFHELOOJLYHQE\DKXVEDQGWRKLVZLIH DQG GHILQHG DV VSU W(y)UN\Q ZJʞ xET\Q ‘D GRFXPHQW RI GLYRUFH DQG D ELOORIGLVPLVVDOp 94 ,QDGGLWLRQDEXULDOLQVFULSWLRQIURP*LYʲDWKD0LYWDULQ-HUXVDOHPGDWLQJWRWKHILUVWFHQWXU\%&(PHQWLRQVWKDWD FHUWDLQ $EED VRQ RI WKH SULHVW (OHD]DU! EXULHG DQRWKHU SHU VRQ—0DWWDWKL DK  VRQ RI -XG DK —EPʰUWK G]EQW EJʞK ‘LQ WKH FDYH ZKLFK,KDGDFTXLUHGE\WKHZULWp 95 6LQFHWKHRULJLQDOGHHGRIVDOH RIWKHFDYHLVQRWSUHVHUYHGLWLVLPSRVVLEOHWRVD\LQZKDWIRUPLW ZDVZULWWHQEXWLWZDVPRVWOLNHO\DQ$UDPDLFGRFXPHQW 7XUQLQJEDFNWR7H[WLWVKRXOGEHREVHUYHGWKDWGLIIHUHQW ‘JLʞʞX-GRFXPHQWVRIWKH sĔSirup OO– ZHUHGUDZQRQWKHEDVLVRI WKHVHDOHGWDEOHWRIOHDVHVNHSWE\(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI0XUDxØ DQGRQHRIWKHPZDVWKH‘JLʞʞX-GRFXPHQWRIWKHsĔSirup DFFRUGLQJWR ZKLFKWKHVSHFLILFSD\PHQWRIEDUOH\UHFRUGHGLQ7H[WZDVPDGH OO– 7KHDWWULEXWLYHSKUDVH‘RIWKHsĔSirup LQWKHVHLQVWDQFHVDS SHDUVWRKDYHWKHVDPHPHDQLQJZKLFKLWKDVLQ7H[WV–IURPWKH 6WK FHQWXU\ %&( FKDUDFWHUL]LQJ D GRFXPHQW ZULWWHQ RQ D VKHHW RI SDUFKPHQW RUSDS\UXV LQDQDOSKDEHWLFVFULSW

(YHQODWHULQ-HZLVK%DE\ORQLDQ$UDPDLFRIWKHPLG-ILUVWPLOOHQ QLXP &( WKHUH LV WKH FROORFDWLRQ JËʞʞćʯ GL-ʚÇUØW oHPDQFLSDWLRQ ELOO RI D VODYH p 6RNRORII A Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic S E DQG FRPSDUHWKHSUHFHGLQJQRWH  93 *URSSo7KH6DPDULD3DS\ULpSS–QRO 94 KLV@ IHOORZ >E@RZ->KROGHU@V>RQ@WKHEDQNRIWKH 8JćUL-GŠU-(QOLO FDQDO LQ WKH WRZQ %ĪW-kXO¿ >PHQ RI@ WKH ʢDGUX-XQLWRIWKH$%$/RIWKHDUP\ (6– 7KRVH WD[HV WKHNLQJpVIORXUDQGbarra>IRU@\HDU LPSRVHG RQ WKRVH ERZ -ILHIV  1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜ >V@RQ RI %DOćʜXWKHEURWKHURI=DELQWKHIRUHPDQRIWKH$%$/RI WKH DUP\ KDV UHFHLYHG IURP WKH KDQGV RI (QOL-xXP-LGGLQ VRQRI0XUDxØRQWKHDFFRXQWRI%ĔO-XEDOOLʜ0XxĔ]LE-%ĔO DQG WKHLU IHOORZ  ERZ-KROGHUV DV ZHOO DV  kXO¿ DQG KLV IHOORZ ERZ-KROGHUVKHKDVEHHQSDLG – 1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜZLOOHQWHU WKHSD\PHQWRIWKHVHWD[ HV) RIIORXUDQGbarra IURPWKRVHERZ-ILHIVLQ WKHUHFRUGV RI ,VSLWDPDQG=DELQDQGZLOOSURYLGH DSURRIWKHUHRI WR (QOL-xXP-LGGLQ 

– 'DQGDPDHY DQG /XNRQLQ The Culture and Social Institutions SS –-XUVD$VSHFWVRIWKH(FRQRPLF+LVWRU\SS––7KH SHUVRQVPHQWLRQHGE\WKHLUQDPHVLQ7H[WOO–6—%ĔO-LEQL0XxĔ]LE%ĔO DQG kXO¿—VWRRG DW WKH KHDG RI VRPH VXEGLYLVLRQV RI D XQLW FDOOHG ʢDGUX ([O×]ʢD-ad-ri šá O×$%$/0(k šá ú-qu ‘>PHQ RI@ WKH ʢDGUX-XQLW RI WKH $%$/RIWKHDUP\pO $ XQLWRIWKLVNLQGLQFOXGHGDQXPEHURIKROG HUVRIERZ-ILHIVWHUPHGEĔOŠTDxWL oERZ-KROGHUVp &DUGDVFLDLes archives des MurašûSS–6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHSS–– -XUVD$VSHFWVRIWKH(FRQRPLF+LVWRU\SS– 7KHWHUPʢDGUXZKLFK DOVR KDV D E\-IRUP ʢDGDUX LV SUREDEO\ D ERUURZLQJ IURP $UDPDLF ʰĉGDU ʰDGUćʯ oIORFNVKHHSIROGp %HDXOLHXo$Q(DUO\$WWHVWDWLRQpS   )RUWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHušazzazma… inaddin IRUPXODXVHGKHUH VHHDERYHQ,VSLWDP D LVSUREDEO\WKH3HUVLDQQREOHPDQRIWKHWLPH RI$UWD[HU[HV,PHQWLRQHGE\WKH*UHHNKLVWRULDQ&WHVLDVRI&QLGXVXQ GHU WKH QDPH 6SLWDPDV ,W DSSHDUV WKDW =DELQ ZDV D VXERUGLQDWH RI ,VSLWDPD6SLWDPDV 6WROSHU (QWUHSUHQHXUV DQG (PSLUH S   2QH RI WKH WDEOHWV IURPWKH0XUDxØDUFKLYHPHQWLRQV PIs-SL-ta-ma-Dʯ >'8@081,7$" šá PPa-te-e-šú o,VSLWDPD >V@RQ RI 3DWĔxXp 6WROSHU (QWUHSUHQHXUV DQG (PSLUH SSQRO 7KDWWDEOHWZDVZULWWHQRQGD\RI$GGDUX WKHDFFHVVLRQ\HDURI'DULXV,, 0DUFK %&( DQG,VSLWDPDPHQ WLRQHGLQLWLVSUREDEO\WKHVDPH3HUVLDQQREOHPDQ7KHQDPHV,VSLWDP D  DQG3DWĔxXDUH,UDQLDQPHDQLQJo:LWKDEXQGDQWIRUFHpDQGo3DWK-VHHNHUp UHVSHFWLYHO\ 7DYHUQLHUIranicaSS 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



> :ULWWHQ LQWKHSUHVHQFHRI1LGLQWX@-kDPDxWKHEDLOLII RI$UWDʤxDUL  – :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIHLJKWZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH  – 1LSSXU >PRQWK …@ GD\  \HDU  RI 'DUL>XV ,,  NLQJRI DOO WKHODQGV@ %&(  8SSHUDQGORZHUHGJHV 6HDOLPSUHVVLRQVRIIRXURIWKHZLWQHVVHV ZLWKFXQHLIRUPFDSWLRQV 

Text 13 3%6  –4) 7KLVLVFRQFHUQLQJ WKHFXOWLYDWHGODQGWKHRUFKDUG V  DQGWKH FXOWLYDWHG ILHOG V  RQ  WKH EDQN RI WKH 8JćUL-GŠU>(QOLO@ FDQDO WKH FRPSOHWH ERZ -ILHI  RI %XOOLʜ¿ RI WKH ʢDGUX-XQLW RI WKH sĔSi[ruV@ ZKLFK LV ORFDWHG  LQ WKH WRZQ %ĪW-kXO¿ XQGHU WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI 1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜ VRQ RI>%DOćʜXWKHGHSXW\RI@=DELQWKHIRUHPDQRIWKHVĔSLUXV RIWKHDUP\ (4–6) 1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOL>ʜ@SXWWKDWFXOWLYDWHGODQGZLWKUHJDUG WR WKHWD[HVRI WKHNLQJpVIORXUDQGbarra EXW QRWWR WKH GXW\ RI  >WKH NLQJpV@ VROGLHUV  DW WKH GLVSRVDO RI (QOLOxXP-LGGLQVRQRI0XUDxØ $UWDʤxDULPHQWLRQHGKHUHLVNQRZQIURP&WHVLDVpVKLVWRULFDOZRUN DV $UWR[DUHV D HXQXFK IURP 3DSKODJRQLD LQ QRUWKHUQ $QDWROLD  ZKR KHOSHG'DULXV,,WRDVFHQGWRWKHWKURQH &DUGDVFLDLes archives des Murašû S  6WROSHU (QWUHSUHQHXUV DQG (PSLUH SS –  )RU WKH LGHQWLW\ RI 1LGLQWX-kDPDx DV WKH EDLOLII O×SDTGX  ZKR PDQDJHG WKH HVWDWHV RI $U WDʤxDUL$UWR[DUHVDURXQG1LSSXUVHH6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHS   &OD\ Business Documents 3%6   QR  7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQ DQG D *HUPDQWUDQVODWLRQRIWKLVWDEOHWZHUHSXEOLVKHGE\$XJDSIHOBabylonische RechtsurkundenSS–$FRPSOHWHWUDQVOLWHUDWLRQDSSHDUVLQWKH,QWHU QHWSXEOLFDWLRQRI(YHUOLQJBabylonian Texts  o 7KHGXW\RI WKHNLQJpVVROGLHUVp O×ʜćExDUULOצ5,1/8*$/ ZDV D NLQG RI WD[ PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH 0XUDxØ DUFKLYH WDEOHWV ZKLFK KDG WR EH SDLGE\WKHERZ-ILHIKROGHUV—DSSDUHQWO\in lieu RISHUIRUPLQJDFWXDOPLOL WDU\ VHUYLFH 6WROSHU (QWUHSUHQHXUV DQG (PSLUH SS –  7KH OHDVH DJUHHPHQW EHWZHHQ 1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜ DQG (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ H[HPSWHG WKH ODWWHU IURP WKLV WD[ DQG LWV SD\PHQW—RU WKH DFWXDO SHUIRUPDQFH RI WKH 

 Sē3,58 63(&,$/,676,1&81(,)250722"



3HU \HDU WKH WD[HV RI  WKH NLQJpV IORXU DQG barra LQ FXPEHQWRQWKRVHERZ -ILHIV (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI0X UDxØZLOOSD\WR1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜWKHGHSXW\RI=DELQWKH IRUHPDQRIWKHVĔSiruVRIWKHDUP\ – 7KHWD[HVRI WKHNLQJpVIORXUDQGbarra IRU\HDURI .LQJ 'DULXV ,,  1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜ KDV UHFHLYHG IURP WKH KDQGVRI(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ – )URPWKHPRQWK1LVDQQX\HDURI'DULXV ,, WKDW FXOWLYDWHG ODQG LV SODFHG  DW WKH GLVSRVDO RI (QOLO-xXPLGGLQ – :LWQHVVHV QDPHV RI WKLUWHHQ ZLWQHVVHV DQG WKH VFULEH   %DE\ORQPRQWK>…GD\[@\HDURI'DULXV ,, >NLQJ RI DOO WKHODQGV@ %&()  /HIW DQG ORZHU HGJHV 6HDOLPSUHVVLRQVRIIRXURIWKHZLWQHVVHV ZLWKFXQHLIRUPFDSWLRQV (6–9)

7KHVHWZRWDEOHWV GHDOZLWKWKHSD\PHQWRIWD[HVLPSRVHGRQDJUL FXOWXUDOODQGVFRQVLVWLQJRIRUFKDUGVDQGFXOWLYDWHGILHOGVKHOGXQ GHUWKHVWDWXVRIERZ-ILHIV,QERWKLQVWDQFHVWKHODQGVPHQWLRQHG ZHUHORFDWHGLQWKH WRZQRUYLOODJHQDPHG%ĪW-kXO¿QDPHGSURED EO\DIWHURQHRIWKHKHDGVRIWKHJURXSVRIERZ-ILHIKROGHUVPHQ WLRQHGLQ7H[W  ,WVHHPVOLNHO\WKDW%XOOLʜ¿PHQWLRQHGLQ7H[W  EHORQJHG WR RQH RI WKRVH JURXSV RI ERZ-ILHI KROGHUV—HLWKHU WKH JURXS KHDGHG E\ kXO¿ RU WKH RQH KHDGHG E\ %ĔO-LEQL DQG 0XxĔ]LE-%ĔO %RWK 7H[W  DQG 7H[W  PHQWLRQ WKH SD\PHQW RI UHTXLUHGPLOLWDU\VHUYLFH—ZRXOGEHWKHGXW\RIWKHVĔSLUXVZKRZHUHWKH RULJLQDOKROGHUVRIWKHUHOHYDQWERZ-ILHIV  7KHWDEOHWZDVZULWWHQLQWKHFLW\RI%DE\ORQQRWLQ1LSSXU$S SDUHQWO\ERWK(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI0XUDxØDQG1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜYLVLWHG %DE\ORQLQRUGHUWRDUUDQJHVRPHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHDIIDLUVFRQQHFWHGWRWKH VSKHUHVRIWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHDFWLYLWLHV  )RUWKHVHWWOHPHQWFDOOHG%ĪW-kXO¿ XUX¦-PŠu-la-a VHH=DGRNGeoJUDSKLFDO1DPHVS ,WZDVPRVWOLNHO\DYLOODJHRUDVPDOOWRZQIRXQG HGQRWORQJEHIRUHWKHGDWHVRI7H[WV– WKHFXQHLIRUPGHWHUPLQDWLYH XUX VLJQLILHVDKXPDQVHWWOHPHQWUHJDUGOHVVRILWVVL]H 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



WD[HVLPSRVHGRQWKHERZ-ILHIVIRUWKHILUVWUHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV,,  %&( DQG7H[WDOVRDSSURYHVWKHFRQWLQXHGOHDVHRIWKH ODQGSORWPHQWLRQHGLQLWWR(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI0XUDxØIRUWKH VHFRQGUHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV,, 7KH RIILFLDO WR ZKRP (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ SDLG WKH WD[HV LV PHQ WLRQHGLQ7H[WOO–DVNabû-PĪW-XEDOOLʞ [Pć]ru xD%DOćʞXDʢXxD Zabin Oךaknu ša O×$%$/0(k ša uqu ‘1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜ >V@RQ RI %DOćʜXWKHEURWKHURI=DELQWKHIRUHPDQRIWKH$%$/RIWKHDU P\p,Q7H[WOO–KHLVPHQWLRQHGDVNabû-PĪW-XEDOOLʞ Oךanû ša Zabini Oךaknu ša O×sĔSirĔ ša uqu ‘1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜ WKH GHSXW\ RI =DELQ WKH IRUHPDQ RI WKH sĔSiruV RI WKH DUP\p  7KH ILUVW WR SD\ DWWHQWLRQWRWKLVSDUDOOHOZDV-XOLXV$XJDSIHOZKRXVHGLWWRUHDFK WKHFRQFOXVLRQWKDWWKHFRPELQDWLRQRIVLJQV$%$/ZDVHTXLYDOHQW WRWKHWHUPsĔSiru  +RZHYHU$XJDSIHOGLGQRWFRQVLGHUWKHVLJQV $%$/DVDORJRJUDP DVLJQRUDFRPELQDWLRQRIVLJQVUHSUHVHQW LQJ DQ $NNDGLDQ ZRUG ZLWKRXW DQ LQGLFDWLRQ WR KRZ LW ZDV SUR QRXQFHG EXWDVDV\OODELFZULWLQJRIVRPHQRPLQDOHOHPHQWGHULYHG IURPWKHYHUE w)DEćOX ‘WREULQJFDUU\p +HQFH$XJDSIHOFRQFOXGHG WKDWWKHWHUPsĔSiru ZDVWKHWLWOHRIDQRIILFHUUHVSRQVLEOHIRUEULQJ LQJ XQLWV RI VROGLHUV RU ODERUHUV  WR WKHLU SURSHU GHVWLQDWLRQ QRW WKHWLWOHRIDQRIILFLDOVSHFLDOL]LQJLQDSDUWLFXODUVRUWRIZULWLQJ  $XJDSIHOpV VWXGLHV RQ WKH WRSLF ZHUH SXEOLVKHG LQ – 2YHUWKUHHGHFDGHVODWHULQ0DULDQR6DQ1LFROÏUHWXUQHGWR 7KHVDPHWLWOHLVPHQWLRQHGIRU1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜLQ7H[WOO–  DSSDUHQWO\ ZLWK WKH DGGLWLRQ RI KLV SDWURQ\PLF %DOćʜX +RZHYHU WKH WH[WRIWKRVHOLQHVLVSDUWO\GDPDJHGDQGLWVUHVWRUDWLRQLVQRWIXOO\FHUWDLQ 1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜDOVRDSSHDUVDVDEURWKHURI=DELQLQWKHWDEOHW3%6 OO–EXWWKHUHDVZHOOWKHWH[WLVSDUWO\GDPDJHGDQGWKHSUHFLVH WLWOHRI=DELQLVXQFOHDU VHH&KDSWHUQ   ,QWKHVSHOOLQJ O×$%$/0(k 7H[WO WKHVLJQ O× LVDGHWHU PLQDWLYH FODVVLI\LQJ D JURXS RI SHRSOH RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKHLU SURIHVVLRQ DQGWKHVLJQ0(kLVDPDUNHURISOXUDOLW\ZKLFKOHDYHVWKHVLJQV$%$/ DVWKHEDVLFORJRJUDP,Q7H[W O WKHGHWHUPLQDWLYHO× LVXVHGZLWKD ZRUGVSHOOHGV\OODELFDOO\O×se-SL-re-e ZKHUHWKHORQJYRZHODWWKHHQGPDUNV WKHSOXUDOHQGLQJ   $XJDSIHO o=X 2/=  6S –p $XJDSIHO Babylonische RechtsurkundenS 

 Sē3,58 63(&,$/,676,1&81(,)250722"



WKH TXHVWLRQ RI WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH VLJQ FRPELQDWLRQ $%$/ EXW UHDFKHG QR GHILQLWH FRQFOXVLRQ  ,W ZDV RQO\ LQ  WKDW (ULFK (EHOLQJSURSRVHGWRXQGHUVWDQG$%$/DVDYDULDQWRIWKH6XPHUL DQORJRJUDP,5 ,1,0 %$/ZKLFKDSSHDUVLQ0HVRSRWDPLDQOH[L FDOOLVWVDVDFRXQWHUSDUWWRWKH$NNDGLDQWHUPVQćSDOØ DQGtargumannu ERWK PHDQLQJ ‘WUDQVODWRU LQWHUSUHWHUp  ,Q (EHOLQJpV YLHZ WKH UHSODFHPHQW RI WKH VLJQ ,5 E\ WKH VLJQ $ LQ WKH VLJQ FRPELQDWLRQ $%$/ZDVFDXVHGE\WKHSKRQHWLFLQIOXHQFHRIWKH$NNDGLDQWHUP QćSDOØ  (EHOLQJpVYLHZKDVEHHQDFFHSWHGE\ODWHUVFKRODUV  7KHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRI WKHVLJQFRPELQDWLRQ$%$/ DVDORJR JUDP H[SUHVVLQJ WKH QRXQ sĔSiru LV FHUWDLQ %HVLGH WKH SDUDOOHO EeWZHHQ7H[WVDQGFLWHGDERYHDQGRULJLQDOO\VXJJHVWHGE\$X JDSIHO WKLV LGHQWLILFDWLRQ LV EDVHG RQ WKUHH PRUH LQVWDQFHV LQ WKH 0XUDxØDUFKLYHWDEOHWV

6DQ1LFROÏo0DWHULDOLHQ]XU9LHKZLUWVFKDIWpSQ I5 LVDUHDGLQJ DQDEEUHYLDWHGUHDGLQJ" RIWKHVLJQ,1,0ZKRVH PHDQLQJLQ6XPHULDQLVoZRUGVSHHFKPDWWHUpDQGZKLFKLVDOVRUHDG.$ IRUoPRXWKpDQG(0(IRUoWRQJXHp IRUWKHUHDGLQJ,5VHH%RUJHU0HVRSotamisches Zeichenlexikon SS – QR   /LNH DOPRVW DOO WKH ORJRJUDPV XVHGLQ$NNDGLDQWH[WVWKHORJRJUDP,5 ,1,0 %$/LVRI6XPHULDQRULJLQ )RUWKHXVHRIWKHORJRJUDP,5(0(.$%$/WRZULWHWKHWHUPVQćSDOØ DQGtargumannuVHH CAD 1SEVYQćSDOØDQGCAD 7SSD– D VY targumannu 1RWH HVSHFLDOO\ WKH OH[LFDO HYLGHQFH IRU WKH XVH RI QćSDOØ DVDV\QRQ\PRItargumannuZKLFKVXJJHVWVWKDWQćSDOØ FDQGHQRWH WKH SURIHVVLRQ RI LQWHUSUHWHU EHVLGH WKH PHDQLQJ oFRQYHUVDWLRQp FLWHG LQ WKHCAD VHHAHwSDVYQćSDOØ   (EHOLQJ o'LH5ÙVWXQJp S  /HZ\ o7KH3UREOHPVp SS –  QQ – DOVR DUJXHG WKDW WKH VLJQ FRPELQDWLRQ $%$/ LQ WKH 0XUDxØDUFKLYHWDEOHWVVKRXOGEHXQGHUVWRRGDVDORJRJUDPH[SUHVVLQJWKH WHUPVĔSLUX+RZHYHUZKLOH/HZ\UHMHFWHG(EHOLQJpVSURSRVDOZLWKUHJDUG WRWKHRULJLQRIWKLVXVHRIWKHVLJQFRPELQDWLRQ$%$/KHGLGQRWFRPH XSZLWKDPRUHFRQYLQFLQJH[SODQDWLRQ  )RUH[DPSOH'DQGDPDHYBabylonian ScribesS6WROSHUEntreSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHSS–%ODVEHUJKeilschrift in aramäischer UmweltS   

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



7KHILUVWLQVWDQFHLVWKDWRIDFHUWDLQ$EĪ-XO-ĪGL  2QWKHRQH KDQGWKHWDEOHW%( FLWHGLQ&KDSWHUDV7H[W6 PHQWLRQV WKLVPDQDVDsĔSiruRQHRIWKHWZRSHUVRQVZKRZURWHDGRFXPHQW (xLSLUWX WKDWVHUYHGWRH[DFWDSD\PHQWIURP(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI 0XUDxØ  6LPLODUO\WKHWDEOHW3%6PHQWLRQVDʢDGUX-XQLWRI sĔSiruVXQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI$EĪ-XO-ĪGL  2QWKHRWKHUKDQG WKH WDEOHW3%6PHQWLRQV$EĪ-XO-ĪGLDVDQ$%$/PDQWR ZKRPWZRRIWKHZLWQHVVHVWRWKHGHHGUHFRUGHGLQWKHWDEOHWZHUH VXERUGLQDWH  7KHVHFRQGLQVWDQFHLV WKDWRI%ĔO-\DGDʤ Baʰal-\DGDʰ VRQRI 0DQQX-NĪ-1DQD\D  2QWKH RQH KDQGWKHWDEOHW%(PHQ 7KHQDPHRIWKLVSHUVRQPHDQLQJo,GRQRWNQRZP\IDWKHUpZDV SUREDEO\JLYHQWRDFKLOGZKRVHIDWKHUZDVXQNQRZQRUGLHGEHIRUHKLV ELUWK  (6) … a-ki-i ši-SL-iš-tu  šá PAD-18-=8 O×se-SLU-ri u šá PG8784 /8*$/-¶5, O×[šak-nu] (8) šá O×*ª5/ž0(k šá ¦ '808 /8*$/ o$F FRUGLQJWRWKHGRFXPHQWRI$EĪ-XO-ĪGLWKHVĔSLUX DQGRIkDPDx-xDU-XʛXUWKH >IRUHPDQ@RIWKHPLOLWDU\RIILFHUVRIWKHHVWDWHRIWKHFURZQSULQFHp 7H[W OO–   ʢD-da-ri šá O×se-SLU-re-e šá k8II PAD-18-=8oʢDGUX-XQLWRIWKHVĔSLUXV XQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI$EĪ-XO-ĪGLp &OD\Business Documents >3%6@ QRO $FHUWDLQ%DULNNL-%ĔOVRQRI%ĔOxXQXLVPHQWLRQHGLQWKLVWDE OHWDVDQHQYR\RI$EĪ-XO-ĪGL [PBa-rik-ki-G(@1$šá P(1-šú-nu mar ši-SLUx¾ PAD-18-=8OWKHQDPHFDQEHUHVWRUHGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHFDSWLRQ WR WKH VHDO LPSUHVVLRQ RQ WKH WDEOHWpV XSSHU HGJH  3%6 @QROO–   7KLVSHUVRQpVQDPHLVZULWWHQ PG(1-ia-a-da-DʢLWVILQDOHOHPHQW EHLQJ D WKLUG-SHUVRQ PDVFXOLQH VLQJXODU SHUIHFW IRUP RI WKH 1RUWKZHVW 6HPLWLFYHUE\Gʰ oWRNQRZp 0HVRSRWDPLDQFXQHLIRUPKDGQRZD\WRVSHFL I\JXWWXUDOFRQVRQDQWVDQGWKHVFULEHVXVHGWKHVLJQVIRUWKHYHODUIULFD WLYH ʢ WR UHQGHU WKH 1RUWKZHVW 6HPLWLF SKDU\QJHDO SORVLYH ʰ  7KH LQLWLDO WKHRSKRULFHOHPHQW%ĔO (G(1 ZDVQRUPDOO\XVHGLQ%DE\ORQLDZLWKUHIHU 

 Sē3,58 63(&,$/,676,1&81(,)250722"



WLRQVKLPDVSDUWRIDʢDGUX-XQLWRIsĔSiruVXQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI 3DWĔxX  2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG WKH WDEOHW 3%6   FLWHG LQ &KDSWHU  DV 7H[W 3  PHQWLRQV %ĔO-\DGDʤ VRQ RI 0DQQX-NĪ1DQD\DDVDPHPEHURIDʢDGUX-XQLWRI$%$/PHQXQGHUWKHUeVSRQVLELOLW\ RI 1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜ  'HVSLWH WKH GLIIHUHQW VSHFLILFD WLRQV RI WKH RIILFLDO UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH ʢDGUX-XQLW WR ZKLFK %ĔO\DGDʤ EHORQJHG LW DSSHDUV WKDW RQH DQG WKH VDPH XQLW LV UHIHUUHG WR  7KH WKLUG LQVWDQFH LV HVSHFLDOO\ LQWHUHVWLQJ ZLWK UHJDUG WR WKH DFWLYLW\RI-XGHDQH[LOHVLQ%DE\ORQLDDVsĔSiruV,WFRQFHUQVDFHUWDLQ $EĪ-xX@p &OD\Business Documents >%( @ QR  OO –  3DWĔ>xX@ LV PHQWLRQHG DV UHVSRQVLEOH IRUDʢDGUX-XQLWRIVĔSLUXVLQWKHWDEOHW%(ODQGWKHUHVWRUDWLRQRI 3DWĔxXpVQDPHLQ%(LVEDVHGRQWKDWRFFXUUHQFH7KHWDEOHWV%( DQGZHUHZULWWHQRQGD\RI'XʱŠ]XDQGGD\RI$EXRIWKHILUVW UHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV,, $XJXVWDQG%&(UHVSHFWLYHO\    … PG(1-ia-a-da-Dʢ A šá PMan-nu-ki-i-GNa-na-a (3) … šá O×ʢD-adri šá O×$%$/0(k (4) šá ina k8II PG$*-·k-7,1-Lʞ o%ĔO-\DGDʤ VRQ RI 0DQQX-NĪ-1DQD\D … RI WKH ʢDGUX-XQLW RI WKH $%$/ PHQ XQGHU WKH UeVSRQVLELOLW\RI1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜp 7H[WOO–   3DWĔxXZDVWKHKLJKHUDXWKRULW\UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHʢDGUX-XQLWLQ TXHVWLRQ 6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHS $IHZZHHNVRUPRQWKV ODWHU WKLV SRVLWLRQ ZRXOG EH LQKHULWHG E\ ,VSLWDPD VRQ RI 3DWĔxX VHH DERYHQDQG&KDSWHUQ 



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

WKHIRXQGHURIWKH0XUDxØIDPLO\   2QWKHRWKHUKDQGWKHWDEOHW 3%6PHQWLRQVUHQWSDLGE\5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDDQRWKHUJUDQG VRQ RI WKH IRXQGHU RI WKH 0XUDxØ IDPLO\ DQG D QHSKHZ RI (QOLOxXP-LGGLQ IRU WKH ERZ-ILHIV RI $EĪ-WKH VXU@YH\pDQGWKHFROORFDWLRQul aqarrub LQOLVXQGHUVWRRGDVo,ZLOOQRW DSSURDFK ZLWK FODLPV p CAD 4 S E VY THUĔEX G IRU WKH XVH RI WKH SUHVHQW-IXWXUH YHUEDO IRUP ZLWK WKH PRGDO QRWLRQ RI DELOLW\ VHH 6WUHFNZahl und ZeitS   7KHQRXQimittu =$*/8 UHIHUVWRDQLPSRVWSDLGIURPDSORWRI DJULFXOWXUDOODQGRQWKHEDVLVRIDQHVWLPDWHRIWKHODQGpVIXWXUHSURGXFH 0RVWDWWHVWDWLRQVRIWKLVLPSRVWUHIHUWRGDWHRUFKDUGV VHH-XUVD$VSHFWVRI the Economic History S  DQG WKH HDUOLHU OLWHUDWXUH FLWHG LELG Q   +RZHYHULQ7H[WWKHimittu-LPSRVWZDVWREHOHYLHGRQEDUOH\ILHOGV 

 Sē3,58 63(&,$/,676,1&81(,)250722"



,KDYHSUD\HG>WRWKHJRG@VDQG WKH\KDYHKHOSHGPH >LQ@WKLV PDWWHU  –

7KLV LV D OHWWHU ZKRVH DGGUHVVRU WXUQV WR WKH DGGUHVVHH DV ‘P\ ID WKHUp—DIRUPXODRIGHIHUHQFHZKLFKLQGLFDWHVWKHDGGUHVVHHpVVX SHULRU SRVLWLRQ  7KH DGGUHVVRU WHOOV WKDW D SDODFH VFULEH ʞXSxDU ekalli O×80%,6$* ¦*$/  ZURWH WR KLP DQG WR WKH sĔSiru .ŠQ¿ ZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRIILHOGVDSSDUHQWO\RZQHGE\WKH (DQQDWHPSOHIRUWKH SXUSRVHRI OHY\LQJDQHVWLPDWHGLPSRVWRQ WKHEDUOH\JURZQLQWKRVHILHOGV7KHSDODFHDIILOLDWLRQRIWKHVFULEH LQGLFDWHV WKDW KH VHUYHG LQ WKH UR\DO DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ SUREDEO\ LQ %DE\ORQWKHFDSLWDORIWKH1HR-%DE\ORQLDQHPSLUH  7KHLGHQWLW\RIWKHDGGUHVVRU1DEØ-LTĪxDLVXQNQRZQ  ʱĔ…@  7RWDO  NRUV  SćQX DQG  VHDKV RI EDUOH\ JLYHQ WR kDOćP-PDUʱĔWKHVĔSLUX DQG ZRUNHUVRIWKH UR\DO UHVL GHQW 48 – 0RQWK.LVVLOĪPXGD\\HDU>RI1DERQLGXVNLQJ RI%DE\ORQ@ 'HFHPEHU%&(  49 –8)

7KHWDEOHWGRHVQRWVD\H[SOLFLWO\WKDWkDOćP-PDUʱĔZDVVXERUGLQDWH WRWKHUR\DOUHVLGHQWLQ(EDEEDU+RZHYHUWKHIDFWWKDWKHUHFHLYHG EDUOH\WRJHWKHUZLWKDJURXSRIVL[WHHQZRUNHUVVXERUGLQDWHWRWKH UR\DOUHVLGHQWVXJJHVWVWKDWKHZDVVHUYLQJXQGHUWKHUHVLGHQWpVDX WKRULW\ DV ZHOO 0RUHRYHU VLQFH RI DOO WKH UHFLSLHQWV RQO\ kDOćPPDUʱĔLVPHQWLRQHGE\QDPHLWDSSHDUVWKDWKHZDVUHVSRQVLEOHIRU WKH XOWLPDWH GHOLYHU\ RI WKH EDUOH\ WR HDFK RI WKH ZRUNHUV 7KH KDQGRXW WR kDOćP-PDUʱĔ DQG WKH ZRUNHUV LQFOXGHG ILYH NRUV  OLWHUV  RI EDUOH\ IURP (ODP—WKH UHJLRQ RI VRXWKZHVWHUQ ,UDQ ZKLFKLQWKHUHLJQRI1DERQLGXVZDVSDUWRIWKHULVLQJNLQJGRP RI&\UXVWKH*UHDWIQWKHILUVWGHFDGHRIWKH1DERQLGXVpVUHLJQDQ DOOLDQFH SUREDEO\ H[LVWHG EHWZHHQ KLP DQG &\UXV  +HQFH LW DS SHDUV WKDWWKHEDUOH\IURP (ODPUHDFKHG6LSSDULQWKHIUDPHZRUN RIWUDGHFRQGXFWHGEHWZHHQ(ODPDQG%DE\ORQLD

7KHQDPHRIWKHVHSĪUX LVVSHOOHG PŠá-lam-ma-r[e-e] LQODQG PŠálam-ma-re-e LQO 49 $VZLOOEHVKRZQEHORZWKHVĔSLUX kDOćP-PDUʱĔZDVDFWLYHLQWKH UHLJQ RI &DPE\VHV DIWHU ZKLFK WKHUH LV QR HYLGHQFH IRU WKH DFWLYLW\ RI VĔSLUXV VXERUGLQDWH WR WKH UR\DO UHVLGHQW LQ (EDEEDU *LYHQ WKDW ERWK &DPE\VHV DQG KLV LPPHGLDWH SUHGHFHVVRU RQ WKH WKURQH &\UXV UHLJQHG OHVVWKDQWHQ\HDUV7H[WPXVWGDWHWRWKHUHLJQRI1DERQLGXVZKRZDV GHWKURQHGE\&\UXVWKH*UHDW  %HDXOLHXThe Reign of NabonidusSS– 48

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



/LQJXLVWLFDOO\WKHQDPHkDOćP-PDUʱĔLV$UDPDLF o7KH/RUGLV LQ SHDFHp   7H[WLVWKHHDUOLHVWHYLGHQFHRIDsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDO RI$UDPDLFRULJLQLQWKH(EDEEDUWHPSOHDUFKLYH 7KHsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVRI(EDEEDUGLVFXVVHGXQWLOQRZZHUH UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWUDQVIHURIJRRGVDQGSD\PHQWVEHWZHHQWKHGLIIHU HQW UDQNV RI WHPSOH HPSOR\HHV SD\PHQWV WR WKH UR\DO UHVLGHQW LQ (EDEEDU RU GLVEXUVHPHQWV RI SURGXFH WR ZRUNHUV VXERUGLQDWH WR WKHUR\DOUHVLGHQW,WVWDQGVWRUHDVRQWKDWWKHsĔSiruVQRWRQO\PDGH WKHSD\PHQWVRUUHFHLYHGWKHJRRGVEXWDOVRUHFRUGHGWKHWUDQVDF WLRQV LQ ZULWLQJ—SUREDEO\ LQ $UDPDLF DORQJVLGH WKH FXQHLIRUP UHFRUGVRIWKHVDPHWUDQVDFWLRQVZKLFKDSSHDULQWKHWDEOHWVFLWHG DERYHDQGLQRWKHUWDEOHWVRIDVLPLODUFRQWHQW7KHUR\DOUHVLGHQW LQ (EDEEDU ZDV DSSRLQWHG WR KLV RIILFH E\ WKH NLQJ  +RZHYHU WKHUHLVQR HYLGHQFHRIWKHsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVVXERUGLQDWHWRKLP WDNLQJ DQ\ SDUW LQ WD[LQJ WKH SUHEHQGDU\ RU RWKHU LQFRPHV RI WKH WHPSOHSULHVWVLQWKHSHULRGRIWKH1HR-%DE\ORQLDQHPSLUH ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH sĔSiruV VHUYLQJ XQGHU WKH DXWKRULW\ RI WKH UR\DOUHVLGHQWLQ(EDEEDUWKHUHZHUHRWKHUVZKRFDPHLQWRFRQWDFW ZLWK WKH WHPSOH FRPPXQLW\ DV GLUHFW UHSUHVHQWDWLYHV RI WKH UR\DO DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ Text 26 %0 53  – […@VKHSKHUG" […@.$/-UDPPX$GDG-ʤćUL1DEØ-DʤUĔPDQQLDQG'DQQX-1DEØWKHJDUGHQHUVDVVHPEOHG>…] … DQG KLVVRQ>…@DVNHGWKHPćUEDQÇ […]  – o:KRVDLGWRXVq*LYH>…@WRkDPDxr"p 54

=DGRNOn West Semites in BabyloniaS„6WUHFNo'DV 2QRPDVWLNRQGHU%HDPWHQpS,QFRQWUDVW7DOOTYLVWNeubabylonisches Namenbuch SS E E DQDO\]HG WKH QDPH DV $NNDGLDQ kDOćP-PćUĔ o3HDFH EH WRWKHVRQVp+RZHYHULQWKLVFDVHDWOHDVWVRPHRFFXUUHQFHV RI WKH QDPH ZRXOG EH H[SHFWHG WR IHDWXUH WKH ORJRJUDSKLF VSHOOLQJ 'U080(kIRUPćUĔ oVRQVp  %RQJHQDDU The Neo-Babylonian Ebabbar S  DQG VHH WKH HDUOLHU VWXGLHVFLWHGWKHUH 53 $FRPSOHWHHGLWLRQRIWKLVWDEOHWKDVEHHQSXEOLVKHGE\0DF*LQ QLVo2UGHULQJWKH+RXVHRIkDPDxpSS–QR 

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%…@1DEØ-XSDʤʤLUWKHVĔSLUX RIWKHNLQJ>…@VDLG WRXVo$OHWWHU>…@1DERQLGXVNLQJRI%DE\ORQ>…@IURP 7HPD>…@,… EHIRUHPHVD\LQJq>…@RIWKH(EDEEDUD EHIRUH>…@rp  –

Text 27 1EQ 56 –4)  VKHNHO RI VLOYHU IRU WKH R[HQ LQWHQGHG  IRU WKH IDUPHUVLQWKHWRZQRIʣć>EŠU@KDYHEHHQJLYHQWR1DEØxDU-XʛXUWKHVĔ[SLUX@RIWKH NLQJ  54

0DF*LQQLV o2UGHULQJ WKH +RXVH RI kDPDxp S  WUDQVODWHG oZKRHYHUVDLGWRXVq*LYH>…@WRkDPDx rp:KLOHmannu iqbiannâšu O  FDQEHWUDQVODWHGDVoZKRHYHUVDLGWRXVpLQOLJKWRIWKHYHUEDOIRUPLxćOć oWKH\DVNHGpDWWKHHQGRIO LWDSSHDUVPRUHUHDVRQDEOHWRXQGHUVWDQG mannu KHUH DV DQ LQWHUURJDWLYH UDWKHU WKDQ DQ LQGHILQLWH SURQRXQ 7KLV LPSOLHVWKDWO FRQWDLQVDGLUHFW-VSHHFK TXHVWLRQDGGUHVVHGWRPćUEDQÇ— WKHIUHHPHQZKRKDGWKHULJKWWRSDUWLFLSDWHLQDFLW\DVVHPEO\ 55 7KHWLWOHRI0DUGXN-xDU-XʛXULVxDUĔxxDUUL (O×6$*/8*$/O  ZKLFKLVDOVRDWWHVWHGLQWKHVKRUWHUIRUPxDUĔxL (O×6$* ,WLVWKHRULJLQRI %LEOLFDO +HEUHZVćUËVZKLFKLVDOPRVWH[FOXVLYHO\WUDQVODWHGLQWKH6HSWXD JLQWDVeunouchos:KHWKHUWKH0HVRSRWDPLDQxDUĔxLV RUWKHLUELEOLFDOFRXQ WHUSDUWVZHUHLQGHHGHXQXFKV WKDWLVFDVWUDWHV LVGHEDWHG7KHWUDGLWLRQDO YLHZ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH xD UĔxLV DV HXQXFKV KDV EHHQ UHFHQWO\ UH-VWDWHG E\ 'HOOHUo7KH$VV\ULDQ(XQXFKVpDQG7DGPRUo7KH5ROHRIWKH&KLHI(X QXFKp$QRSSRVLQJYLHZKDVEHHQSUHVHQWHGE\'DOOH\5HYLHZRI50DW WLODThe King’s Magnates$QRWKHUSUREOHPLVUDLVHGE\WKHUHDVRQDEOHSRV VLELOLW\WKDWWKHWHUPxDUĔxL (xDUĔxxDUUL KDGGLIIHUHQWPHDQLQJVLQ$VV\ULDQ DQG%DE\ORQLDQWHUPLQRORJ\)RUH[DPSOH%DE\ORQLDQWDEOHWVDWWHVWWRWKH H[LVWHQFHRILQWHU-JHQHUDWLRQDOIDPLO\WLHVDPRQJWKHxDUĔxLVDOWKRXJKLWLV SRVVLEOH WKDW WKH FKLOGUHQ RI xD UĔxLV ZHUH DGRSWHG UDWKHU WKDQ ELRORJLFDO -XUVDoq+ÓIOLQJHrpSS–-XUVDo)DPLOLHV2IILFLDOGRPpSS–  ,QWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\WKHWLWOHxDUĔxL (xDUĔxxDUUL LVWUDQVODWHGDVoFRXU WLHUpZLWKRXWGHDOLQJZLWKLWVSRVVLEOHDQDWRPLFDOLPSOLFDWLRQV 56 6WUDVVPDLHUInschriften von NabonidusQR  7KHUHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIWKHZRUGDWWKHHQGRIODV O×se-[SL-ri@KDV EHHQ SURSRVHG E\ %RQJHQDDU The Neo-Babylonian Ebabbar S  7KH WDEOHW 1EQ  ZDV FLWHG E\ 'DQGDPDHY Babylonian Scribes S  LQ D GLVFXVVLRQRIWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIWKHVĔSLUX SURIHVVLRQDOVZKRPLVWDNHQO\DW



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250 (4-5)

+HKDVQRWGHOLYHUHGWKHR[HQ 0RQWK1LVDQQXGD\\HDURI1DERQLGXVNLQJRI %DE\ORQ $SULO%&(  (6-

7H[WKDVEHHQSUHVHUYHGLQDYHU\IUDJPHQWDU\FRQGLWLRQEXWLW LVVXIILFLHQWWRGHPRQVWUDWHWKDW1DERQLGXVLQYROYHGKLPVHOILQWKH DIIDLUV RI WKH (EDEEDU WHPSOH GXULQJ KLV ORQJ VWD\ LQ 7D\PD LQ QRUWKZHVWHUQ$UDELDEHWZHHQWKHWKLUGDQGWKHWKLUWHHQWK\HDUVRI KLVUHLJQ –543 %&(  58 7KHNLQJFRPPXQLFDWHGZLWKWKHWHPSOH FRPPXQLW\RUVRPHSDUWRILWE\PHDQVRIDOHWWHU xLSLUWX7H[W OO – 1DEØ-XSDʤʤLUD‘sĔSiru RIWKHNLQJp (O×sĔSiri ša šarriO  DSSHDUVWR KDYHH[SODLQHGWKHFRQWHQW RIWKHOHWWHU—DOPRVW DOORI ZKLFKLVXQIRUWXQDWHO\ORVWGXHWRWKHEURNHQVWDWHRIWKHWDEOHW— WRPHPEHUVRIWKH(EDEEDUWHPSOHFRPPXQLW\7KLVVXJJHVWVWKDW 1DERQLGXVpVOHWWHUZDVZULWWHQLQ$UDPDLFLQWKH1RUWKZHVW6HPLW LFDOSKDEHWLFVFULSWDQGZDVUHDGRXWE\WKHsĔSiru 7H[W  LV GDWHG WR WKH QLQWK UHJQDO \HDU RI 1DERQLGXV DQG PHQWLRQV D SD\PHQW RI VLOYHU WR 1DEØ-xDU-XʛXU ZKR DOVR ZDV D sĔSiru RIWKHNLQJ7KHVLOYHUZDVSDLGWR1DEØ-xDU-XʛXUDSSDUHQWO\ IURPWKHWUHDVXU\RI(EDEEDUIRUR[HQZKLFKKDGWREHGHOLYHUHG WR WKH IDUPHUV LQ DQ DJULFXOWXUDO VHWWOHPHQW RQ ODQGV EHORQJLQJ WR (EDEEDU LQ WKH UHJLRQ RI WKH ʣćEŠU ULYHU LQ QRUWKHDVWHUQ 6\ULD 59

WULEXWHGLWWRWKH(DQQDWHPSOHDUFKLYH7KHUHVWRUDWLRQRIWKHFLW\QDPH LQODVXUXʡD-[bu-ru@KDVEHHQSURSRVHGUHFHQWO\E\-XUVDDQG:DJHQVRQ QHUo7KH(VWDWHVRIkDPDxpS $FFRUGLQJWRWKHLUSURSRVDOWKHWRZQ LQTXHVWLRQZDVDQDJULFXOWXUDOVHWWOHPHQWRQWKHEDQNVRIWKHʣćEŠUULYHU LQQRUWKHDVWHUQ6\ULDZKRVHLQKDELWDQWVWLOOHGODQGVLQWKHUHJLRQGRQDWHG WRWKH(EDEEDUWHPSOHE\WKHNLQJVRIWKH 1HR-%DE\ORQLDQHPSLUH 58 0DF*LQQLVo2UGHULQJWKH+RXVHRIkDPDxpSS–)RUWKH FKURQRORJ\RI1DERQLGXVpVVWD\LQ7D\PDVHH%HDXOLHXThe Reign of Nabonidus SS – 'XULQJ 1DERQLGXVpV OHDYH KLV VRQ %HOVKD]]DU %ĔOxDU-XʛXU DGPLQLVWHUHGWKHDIIDLUVRI%DE\ORQLDZKLFKLVSUREDEO\WKHUHD VRQZK\%HOVKD]]]DULVSUHVHQWHGDVNLQJRI%DE\ORQLQWKHELEOLFDOERRN RI'DQLHO FKDQG  59 6HHDERYHQ

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%@ RI &DPE\VHV NLQJ RI%DE\ORQNLQJRI DOO WKHODQGV 2FWREHU%&(  – 6L[PLQDVRIZRROIURPWKH WHPSOH UHYHQXHIRUWKH EUDLGHG WRUTXHV  DQG WKH FORWKV ZHUH JLYHQ WR %XQHQHxLP¿QQX

,Q WKH HFRQRP\ RI DQFLHQW 0HVRSRWDPLD ZRRO ZDV RQH RI WKH EDVLF FRPPRGLWLHV JLYHQ DV UDWLRQV WR SHUVRQV ZKR VHUYHG RWKHU LQGLYLGXDOVRULQVWLWXWLRQV  7KXVIURPERWKWKHHFRQRPLFDQGWKH DGPLQLVWUDWLYHSRLQWRIYLHZWKHKDQGRXWRIZRROWRkDOćP-PDUʱĔ LQWHQGHGIRUGLVEXUVHPHQWWRWKHZRUNHUVRIWKHWURRSVXERUGLQDWH WRWKHUR\DO UHVLGHQWLQ(EDEEDULVVLPLODUWRWKHKDQGRXWRIEDUOH\ IRU GLVEXUVHPHQW WR WKH ZRUNHUV RI WKH VDPH WURRS UHFRUGHG LQ 7H[W 7H[WV  DQG  LQGLFDWH WKDW kDOćP-PDUʱĔ VHUYHG DV D sĔSiru VXERUGLQDWHWRWKHUR\DOUHVLGHQWLQ(EDEEDUIRUWZHQW\-WZR\HDUV DW OHDVW – %&(  'XULQJ WKLV SHULRG WZR GLIIHUHQW SHUVRQV RFFXSLHG WKH RIILFH RI WKH UR\DO UHVLGHQW LQ WKH WHPSOH %ĔO-DʤʤĔLTĪxDDWWHVWHGIURPWKHHLJKWKUHJQDO\HDURI1DERQLGXVWRWKHILIWK UHJQDO \HDU RI &\UXV –534 %&(  DQG kDUUX-OŠ-GćUL DWWHVWHG IURP WKH VL[WK UHJQDO \HDU RI &\UXV WR WKH VHYHQWK UHJQDO \HDU RI 'DULXV , – %&(  93 7KH SHUVLVWHQFH RI kDOćP-PDUʱĔ LQ KLV RIILFH DV ZHOO DV WKH SHUVLVWHQFH RI %ĔO-DʤʤĔ-LTĪxD LQ WKH RIILFH RI )RUWKHUHDGLQJ *$'$gi-da-lu-ú DWWKHHQGRIOVHH6WRO5HYLHZ RI&7–S$VSRLQWHGRXWE\6WROWKLVLVDEURNHQSOXUDOIRUP RI WKH QRXQ gidlu oVWULQJ WRUTXHp VHH CAD * S D VYgidlu  %URNHQ SOXUDOIRUPVFKDUDFWHULVWLFRI1RUWKZHVW6HPLWLFODQJXDJHVDSSHDUVRPeWLPHVLQ$NNDGLDQGRFXPHQWVRIWKH1HR-%DE\ORQLDQDQGWKH$FKDHPeQLGSHULRGV 6WRO5HYLHZRI&7–SQ 6XFKIRUPVVKRXOG EHVHHQDVH[DPSOHVRIPRUSKRORJLFDOLQIOXHQFHRI$UDPDLFRQ$NNDGLDQ DQGVKRXOGEHDGGHGWRRWKHUH[DPSOHVRIPRUSKRORJLFDO$UDPDLFLQIOX HQFHFLWHGE\6WUHFNo$NNDGLDQDQG$UDPDLFpS   *HOEo7KH$QFLHQW0HVRSRWDPLDQ5DWLRQ6\VWHPp 93 %RQJHQDDUThe Neo-Babylonian EbabbarSS– 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



WKH UR\DOUHVLGHQWLQ(EDEEDU DIWHU&\UXVpVWDNHRYHU RI%DE\ORQLD UHIOHFWVWKHVWDELOLW\RIWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRI(EDEEDULQWKHIDFHRI SROLWLFDO FKDQJHV LQ 0HVRSRWDPLD ZLWK WKH HPHUJHQFH RI WKH $FKDHPHQLGHPSLUH $Q DGGLWLRQDO WDEOHW IURP WKH UHLJQ RI &DPE\VHV PHQWLRQV kDOćP-PDUʱĔEHVLGHVRPHRWKHU RIILFLDOVRI(EDEEDU Text 34 &7 94  ([SHQGLWXUHV ERRNHGDJDLQVW WKHUHYHQXHVRIWKHJDWH RI WKH PRQWK .LVVLOĪPX \HDU  RI &DPE\VHV 'HFHPEHU %&(  ------------------------------------------------------------------------  5 PDxĪʢX RIGDWHV—,GGLQ-%ĔOIRUWKHmirsu-FRQIHFWLRQ… (3) SćQX VHDKVRIGDWHV—kDPDx-DʤʤĔ-LGGLQFKLHIRIWKH SORZVKDUHV " IRUWKHVXSOX-IRRGVWXII 95 (4) VHDKVZKLFKZHUHJLYHQWRWKHFKLHIRIWKHFUDIWVPHQ PRQWKʝHEĔWX (5)  PDxĪʢX RI GDWHV LQ  WZR LQVWDOOPHQWV—,GGLQ-%ĔO PRQWKʝHEĔWX (6– NRUVRIGDWHV—1DEØ-XʛXUxXVRQRI1ŠUHDUHFHLYHG IURPWKHUHYHQXHVRIWKHJDWHIRUWKHVZHHWFDNHV 96

3LQFKHVDQG)LQNHOCuneiform Texts, Part 57QR kDPDx-DʤʤĔ-LGGLQpV WLWOH O×UDE VLNNćti (O×*$/ sik-kát  GHVLJQDWHG D UHODWLYHO\ SURPLQHQW RIILFLDO LQ %DE\ORQLDQ WHPSOH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RI WKH SHULRG RI WKH 1HR-%DE\ORQLDQ DQG WKH $FKDHPHQLG HPSLUHV +RZHYHU WKHSUHFLVHPHDQLQJRIWKLVWLWOHLVXQFOHDUDQGWKHWUDQVODWLRQoFKLHIRIWKH SORZVKDUHVp LV FRQMHFWXUDO VHH %RQJHQDDU The Neo-Babylonian Ebabbar S  7KHWHUPVXSOX VLJQLILHGDIRRGVWXIIFRQWDLQLQJGDWHVDQGLWLVFOHDUO\ FRQQHFWHGWR-HZLVK%DE\ORQLDQ$UDPDLFVØSOÇ oUHVLGXHRIGDWHVDIWHUFRRN LQJp VHHCAD 6SEVYVXSOX6RNRORIIA Dictionary of Jewish Babylonian AramaicSE DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH QR@WH RI D GHEW WR WKH FUHGLW  RI WKH WHPSOHRIkDPDx LQFXPEHQW RQkćSLN-]ĔUL %RQJHQDDUThe Neo-Babylonian EbabbarSS–EXWVHHDERYH QQIRUWKHUHDGLQJDQGWKHPHDQLQJRIWKHQDPHkDOćP-PDUʱĔ  )RU WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI ʣDEDʛĪUX DV D FXQHLIRUP VFULEH VHH DERYHQ  )RU WKH DFWLYLW\ RI FXQHLIRUP VFULEHV LQ WKH LVVXLQJ RI SURGXFH DQG UDWLRQV IRU GLIIHUHQW JURXSV RI SHRSOH WKURXJK WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH FKDQQHOVRI(EDEEDUVHH%RQJHQDDUThe Neo-Babylonian EbabbarSS–   6WUDVVPDLHU Inschriften von Cyrus QR  7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQ RI WKLV WDEOHW KDV EHHQ SXEOLVKHG E\ -RDQQÅV RQ WKH $FKHPHQHW ZHEVLWH KWWSZZZDFKHPHQHWFRPHQLWHP"WH[WXDO-VRXUFHVWH[WV-E\ODQJXDJHV-DQG-VFULSWVEDE\ORQLDQHEDEEDU-DUFKLYH DFFHVVHG 0D\  

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%[NRUVRIEDUOH\@EHORQJLQJWRkDPDxIURP WKHPHDG RZRI %LUʱLO ZKLFKLV DWWKHGLVSRVDORIkćSLN-]ĔUL   >7RWDO [ NR@UV RI EDUOH\ XQGHU WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI kćSLN-]ĔULLQWKHJUDQDU\  […] … GHGXFWLRQ … […@ JDYH WR KLP LQ WKH PRQWK $EX  [… %@LUʱLO  […] … XQGHU WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI kXO¿ DQG  0D>…]ĔUHx  […@DWWKHGLVSRVDORI>…@xX ------------------------------------------------------------------------  >[NRUVRIEDUOH\XQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI@1XVNX-xDUXʛXUKHHQWHUHGLQWKHJUDQDU\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------  [… kX@O¿VRQRIkDPDx-Dʤ-LGGLQ  – [… kDPDx@-QćʛLUDQG1XVNX-xDU-XʛXUKHHQWHUHG>… LQ@WKHJUDQDU\ ------------------------------------------------------------------------  >[NRUVRIEDUOH\@XQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIkDPDx-LEQL VRQRIkDPDx-Dʤ-LGGLQ  […@RI6LSSDUDWWKHGLVSRVDORI$PXUUX-xDU-XʛXU  – >DFRXUWLHULQ@WKHJUDQDU\RI5ĪPŠWVRQRI1DEØ-xDULEQL >…@ DQG 3ćQ-,xxćU-OŠPXU  WKH VĔSLUX RI WKH NLQJpV VRQ 

)RU WKH WRSRQ\PV PHQWLRQHG LQ WKLV GRFXPHQW VHH -XUVD Die /DQGZLUWVFKDUIWLQ6LSSDUSS––$OOWKHUHOHYDQWORFDOL WLHVZHUHVLWXDWHGLQWKHYLFLQLW\RI6LSSDUDQG%LUʱLOZDVDPHDGRZ *A5,0tamirtu   7KH QDPH LV VSHOOHG P,*,-Gkž5-lu-mur REY   UHY   %RQJHQDDU The Neo-Babylonian Ebabbar S  UHDG LW 3ćQ-$xxXU-OŠPXU 7KLVLVSRVVLEOHEXWWKHUHDGLQJRIWKHFRPSRQHQW Gkž5DV,xxćUZKLFK \LHOGVWKHQDPH3ćQ-,xxćU-OćPXUDSSHDUVPRUHOLNHO\LQD6LSSDUHDQFRQ WH[W VHH 0DF*LQQLV o$VV\ULDQVDIWHUWKH)DOOp S   ,Q DQ\ HYHQW WKH %DE\ORQLDQIRUP,xxćULVDUHIOHFWLRQRI$VV\ULDQ,VVćUDVSHFLILFDOO\$VV\U LDQIRUPRIWKHQDPHRIWKHJRGGHVV,xWDU =DGRNo$VV\ULDQVpSDQG VHH%RQJHQDDUThe Neo-Babylonian EbabbarS  

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



>[ NRUV RI EDUOH\ XQGHU WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI@ kDPDxQćʛLUVRQRIkćNLQ-xXPLLQWKHJUDQDU\> … @ […] 5HY – >[NRUVRIEDUOH\ZKLFK3ćQ-,xx@ćU-OŠPXUWKHVĔSLUX RI>WKHNLQJpVVRQHQ@WHUHG LQ WKHJUDQDU\   – 7KHDGGLWLRQDOPRQWK$GGDUX>GD\[\HDU@RI&\UXV NLQJ RI %DE\ORQ NLQJ RI DOO  WKH ODQGV 0DUFK–$SULO  %&(   ------------------------------------------------------------------------  – [… [@ qû WKH WLWKH ZKLFK 1XVNX-xDU-XʛXU >…] ZLWKGUHZ  –  NRUV RI EDUOH\ ZKLFK5ĪPŠW-%ĔO ZLWKGUHZ IRUWKH IRGGHU IURP WKH KDQGV RI 0DUGXN-xXP-LGGLQ WKH WHPSOH DGPLQLVWUDWRURI6LSSDUDQGWKHVFULEHV5ĪPŠW-%ĔOHQWHUHG LWLQWKHJUDQDU\   – 7RWDO NRUV RIEDUOH\ RI HDUO\DQGODWH KDU YHVW 1XVNX-xDU-XʛXUUHFHLYHGIURPWKHKDQGVRI%ĔO-DʤʤĔLTĪxD>WKH UR\DO UHVL@GHQWLQ(EDEEDU0DUGXN-xXP-LGGLQ WKH WHPSOH DGPLQLVWUDWRU RI 6LSSDU >…@ 1DEØ-xXPX-OĪxLU 0DUGXN-QćʛLU >%ĔO-DSOD-LGGLQD@ %ĔO-XEDOOLʜ DQG %ĔOLGGLQD  […] 

)RU WKH UHVWRUDWLRQ RI WKH \HDU QXPHUDO VHH -XUVD Die LandZLUWVFKDIWLQ6LSSDUSQ   7KH LQGLYLGXDOV PHQWLRQHG DW WKH HQG RI WKH WDEOHW E\ WKHLU QDPHV ZLWKRXW D VSHFLILFDWLRQ RI RIILFH DUHFXQHLIRUPVFULEHV ʞXSxDUUX  ZKLFKWRRNSDUWLQWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRI(EDEEDUWRJHWKHUZLWKWKHWHP SOHDGPLQLVWUDWRU šangû DQGWKHUR\DOUHVLGHQW TĪSX)—VHH%RQJHQDDUThe Neo-Babylonian EbabbarSS–  

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%D VODYH@ RI $EĪ-OŠPXU WKH VĔSLUX RI WKH JRYHUQRU RI (J\SW "   1DEØ-DSOX-LGGLQ VRQ RI 1DEØ]>ĔU@-LGGLQWKHHQYR\JDYHRYHUWRkDPDx –9) 0RQWK kDEćʜX GD\  \HDU  RI &DPE\VHV NLQJ RI %DE\ORQNLQJRI DOO WKHODQGV )HEUXDU\%&(  – :ULWWHQ  LQ WKH SUHVHQFH RI kDPDx-DʤʤĔ-HUĪED WKH JDWHNHHSHURIWKHVWRUHKRXVH

7H[W  UHFRUGV SD\PHQWV RI EDUOH\ VRPH RI ZKLFK ZHUH GHELWHG IURP kćSLN-]ĔULDUHQWFRQWUDFWRUZKRSXUFKDVHGIURPWKH(EDE EDUWHPSOHWKHULJKWWRFROOHFWWKHUHQWSD\PHQWVIRUWHPSOHODQGV OHDVHG RXW WR YDULRXV LQGLYLGXDOV DQG JURXSV RI IDUPHUV LQ VHWWOePHQWV DURXQG 6LSSDU DQG SDLG LQ UHWXUQ D IL[HG DQQXDO VXP WR

6WUDVVPDLHUInschriften von CambysesQR7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQRIWKLV WDEOHW KDV EHHQ SXEOLVKHG E\ -RDQQÅV RQ WKH $FKHPHQHW ZHEVLWH KWWSZZZDFKHPHQHWFRPHQLWHP"WH[WXDO-VRXUFHVWH[WV-E\UHJLRQVEDE\ORQLDVLSSDU-DQG-LWV-UHJLRQ DFFHVVHG 0D\     7KH H[WDQW FXQHLIRUP WH[W LQ OO – UHDGV  … Oרse-SL-ri¦ (3) šá ¨ ¦ (1 1$0Mi-ʜLUZKLFKPHDQVOLWHUDOO\oVĔSLUX RIWKHJRYHUQRURI(J\SWp VHH 'DQGDPDHY Babylonian Scribes S  =DGRN *HRJUDSKLFDO 1DPHV S %ULDQWFrom Cyrus to AlexanderSDQGWKHHDUOLHUOLWHUDWXUHFLWHG WKHUH ,IWKLVUHDGLQJLVDGRSWHGWKHQ7H[WLVWKHHDUOLHVWPHQWLRQRIDQ $FKDHPHQLGJRYHUQRURI(J\SWGXULQJWKHYHU\SHULRGRIWKHFRQTXHVWRI (J\SWE\&DPE\VHVLQ– %&( IRUGLVFXVVLRQVRIWKLVFRQTXHVWVHH %ULDQWFrom Cyrus to Alexander SS – &UX]-8ULEHo7KH,QYDVLRQ RI (J\SWp 4XDFN o=XP 'DWXPp 5X]LFND Trouble in the West SS –  +RZHYHUWKHUHLVVRPHGDPDJHGVSDFHDWWKHHQGRIODQG0DF*LQQLV o7KH 5R\DO (VWDEOLVKPHQWp S  Q  SURSRVHG WKH UHVWRUDWLRQ šá ¨ (1¦1$0Mi-ʜLU-[a-a] ‘VĔSLUX RIWKHDGPLQLVWUDWRURIWKH(J\SW>LDQV@p,Q WKLV FDVH WKH RIILFLDO ZKRP WKH VĔSLUX VHUYHG ZRXOG EH WKH JRYHUQRU RI VRPHVHWWOHPHQWRIHWKQLF(J\SWLDQVQHDU6LSSDUUDWKHUWKDQRIWKHQHZO\ FRQTXHUHG ODQG RI (J\SW 2QH ZD\ RU DQRWKHU WKH VĔSLUX PHQWLRQHG LQ 7H[W  ZDV VXERUGLQDWH WR DQ RIILFLDO ZKR VHUYHG LQ WKH $FKDHPHQLG VWDWHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



(EDEEDU  2WKHUSD\PHQWVRIEDUOH\DUHPHQWLRQHGLQ7H[WDV HQWHUHG LQWR D JUDQDU\ karammu  6RPH RI WKRVH GHSRVLWLRQV RI EDUOH\LQJUDQDULHVZHUHDGPLQLVWHUHGE\3ćQ-,xxćU-OŠPXU‘sĔSiru RI WKH NLQJpV VRQp (O×sĔSiUL xD PćU xDUUL REY   UHY   7KH LQYROYePHQWRIWKLVRIILFLDOLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHSD\PHQWVZHUHGHOLYHUHGWRD VWDWHWUHDVXU\5HPDUNDEO\WKHVXPPDU\UHFRUGLQ7H[W UHY –   PHQWLRQV WKDW 1XVNX-xDU-XʛXU DQRWKHU VWDWH RIILFLDO UHFHLYHG WKHZKROHDPRXQWRIEDUOH\IURPWKH KDQGVRIWKHWHPSOHDGPLQLV WUDWRURI(EDEEDUWKHUR\DOUHVLGHQWLQWKHWHPSOHDQGDJURXSRI FXQHLIRUPVFULEHV  ,WDSSHDUVWKDWUHJDUGOHVVRIWKHLGHQWLW\RIWKH SHUVRQ V IURPZKRPWKHEDUOH\ZDVDFWXDOO\ZLWKGUDZQWKHKLJK RIILFLDOV RI (EDEEDU ZHUH KHOG UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH SD\PHQW DV D ZKROH ,Q DQ\ HYHQW 7H[W  DWWHVWV WR WKH LQYROYHPHQW RI D sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVHUYLQJLQWKHVWDWHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQLQWKHFROOHFWLRQRI SD\PHQWV LPSRVHG RQ WKH (EDEEDU WHPSOH E\ WKH $FKDHPHQLG VWDWHDXWKRULWLHV  7KHODUJHTXDQWLW\RIWKHEDUOH\SDLG NRUV )RUWKHDFWLYLW\RIkćSLN-]ĔULVHH-XUVD'LH/DQGZLUWVFKDIWLQ6LSSDU SS – ,Q VRPH WDEOHWV IURP 6LSSDU KH LV PHQWLRQHG E\ WKH WLWOH ša PXʢʢL VŠWL xD kDPDx oUHQW FRQWUDFWRU RI WKH JRG kDPDxp LELG S   ,Q &KDSWHUWKHFROORFDWLRQša (ina) PXʢʢLVŠWLZDVWUDQVODWHGDVo WKHRQH LQ FKDUJHRIWKHUHQWDOSD\PHQWVp VHH&KDSWHUQ +RZHYHULQFRQWUDVW WR ODQGV RZQHG E\ WKH FURZQ IRU ZKLFK UHQW ZDV FROOHFWHG E\ VWDWHDSSRLQWHGRIILFLDOVWKHPDMRUWHPSOHVRI%DE\ORQLDOHDVHGRXWWKHULJKWWR FROOHFW WKH UHQW IURP ODQGV RZQHG E\ WKHP WR SULYDWH LQGLYLGXDOV XQGHU WKHWHUPVRIEXVLQHVVFRQWUDFWV VHH6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHSS 43–  &RQVHTXHQWO\ RQH VKRXOG XQGHUVWDQG WKH VWDWXV RI kćSLN-]ĔUL DV WKDW RI D UHQW FRQWUDFWRU ZKHUH WKH WHUP oFRQWUDFWRUp LQGLFDWHV KLV IXQF WLRQ DV D SULYDWH EXVLQHVVPDQ ERXQG WR (EDEEDU E\ FRQWUDFWXDO REOLJD WLRQV  ,ELGS DQGVHHDERYHQ   $QRWKHU WDEOHW IURP WKH (EDEEDU WHPSOH DUFKLYH PHQWLRQLQJ D VĔSLUX RIWKHKRXVHRIWKHNLQJpVVRQQDPHG%D]X]XVRQRI$UDG-1DEØLV &\U 6WUDVVPDLHUInschriften von CyrusQR OO–7KLVWDEOHW ZDVZULWWHQLQWKHILIWKUHJQDO\HDURI&\UXV %&(%D]X]XDSSHDUV LQLWDVRQHRIWKHZLWQHVVHVWRDWUDQVDFWLRQRUDOHJDODJUHHPHQWZKRVH FRQWHQW LV XQFOHDU GXH WR WKH KLJKO\ GDPDJHG FRQGLWLRQ RI WKH WDEOHW ,W 

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%SKUDWHV@ 0RQWK $\\ćUX GD\  \HDU  RI 1HEX FKD>GQH]]DU ,9 NL@QJRI%DE\ORQ ------------------------------------------------------------------------(4–5) [… GD@WHV JLYHQ DV UDWLRQV IRU WKH PRQWK $\\ćUX WR [WKH ZRUNHUVp WURRSRI WKH UR\DO UH@VLGHQW ------------------------------------------------------------------------(6) […@ JLYHQ >WR@ %ĔO-XEDOOLʜ WKH WHPSOH DGPLQLVWUDWRU RI 6LSSDU  [… SUHEHQ@GDU\ LQFRPH RI WKH FRRNV RI WKH WHPSOH RI […] )RUUHODWLYHO\UHFHQWHGLWLRQVRIWKHWKUHHYHUVLRQVRIWKH%HKLVWXQ URFNLQVFULSWLRQVHH6FKPLWW'LHDOWSHUVLVFKHQ,QVFKULIWHQSS–*ULOORW6XVLQL+HUUHQVFKPLGWDQG0DOEUDQ-/DEDWo/DYHUVLRQÆODPLWHp0DOEUDQ/DEDWLa version akkadienne)RUWKHUROHRIWKH%HKLVWXQLQVFULSWLRQLQWKH GHFLSKHUPHQW RI FXQHLIRUP VHH 3RSH 7KH 6WRU\ RI 'HFLSKHUPHQW SS – *QDQDGHVLNDQThe Writing RevolutionSS–)RUXS-WR-GDWHGLV FXVVLRQVRIWKHHYHQWVRIWKH\HDUV– %&(VHH%ULDQWFrom Cyrus to AlexanderSS–/RUHQ]1HEXNDGQH]DU,,,,9SS–7KHFKUR QRORJ\ RI WKH %DE\ORQLDQ UHYROWV DJDLQVW 'DULXV , KDV EHHQ UHFHQWO\ GLV FXVVHGE\%ORFKo7KH&RQWULEXWLRQRI%DE\ORQLDQ7DEOHWVp  )RUWKHGDWHVRIWKHWDEOHWVIURP6LSSDUUHFRJQL]LQJ1HEXFKDG QH]]DU,9DVDNLQJ LQWKHVSULQJDQGWKHODWHVXPPHU–HDUO\DXWXPQRI %&( VHH%ORFKo7KH&RQWULEXWLRQRI%DE\ORQLDQ7DEOHWVpSQ  $Q HGLWLRQ RI WKLV WDEOHW KDV EHHQ SXEOLVKHG E\ =DZDG]NL o%0 p 

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%RI…@DQGVKHHSWR>…@ /¿EćxLDQG/XGGL\D – 7KH\KDYHILQLVKHGWKHVHW>WOHPHQWRIWKHLUDFFRXQWV@ XSWRGD\RIWKHPRQWKʝHEĔWX\HDU – 0RQWKʝHEĔWXGD\\HDURI'DULXV , NLQJRI %DE\ORQNLQJRI DOO WKHODQGV 'HFHPEHU%&(  6HDOLPSUHVVLRQVRIWKHFXQHLIRUPVFULEHV%ĔO-LGGLQDQG8EDOOLVVX-*XOD 

QLGSHULRGVVHH)UDKPDQG-XUVDNeo-Babylonian Letters and ContractsS +DFNO-XUVDDQG6FKPLGO6SÁWEDE\ORQLVFKH%ULHIHS  $FRPSOHWHHGLWLRQRIWKLVWH[WKDVEHHQSXEOLVKHGE\0DF*LQQLV Letter OrdersSS–SOQR  *Š]ćQXVHUYHGDVWKHWHPSOHDGPLQLVWUDWRURI(EDEEDULPPHGL DWHO\DIWHU,QD-(VDJLO-OLOEXUEHWZHHQWKHWKLUWHHQWKDQGWKHWZHQW\-IRXUWK UHJQDO \HDUV RI 'DULXV , –498 %&( %RQJHQDDU The Neo-Babylonian EbabbarS   )RUWKHVHDOVLPSUHVVHGRQWKLVWDEOHWVHH0DF*LQQLVLetter OrdersSS––

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



,WLVQRWFOHDUZKRZHUH/¿EćxLDQG/XGGL\DPHQWLRQHGLQWKLVOHWWHU DVZHOO DVWZRRWKHULQGLYLGXDOVZKRVH QDPHVRULJLQDOO\DSSHDUHG LQ OO – EXW QRZ DUH ODUJHO\ EURNHQ RII  ,W VHHPV OLNHO\ WKDW VLPLODUO\WR%ĔO-ĔʜLUVRQRI=DEGLDLQ7H[WWKH\VXSSOLHGDQLPDOV IRURIIHULQJVLQ(EDEEDUDQGWKHPHPEHUVRIWKHWHPSOHpVVFULEDO FROOHJH KDG WR VHWWOH DFFRXQWV ZLWK WKHP ZKLFK WKH\ GLG IRU WKH SHULRG HQGLQJ ZLWK WKH GDWH RQ ZKLFK 7H[W  ZDV ZULWWHQ  7KH VHQGHUVpPHQWLRQRIWKHDGGUHVVHHDV‘RXUORUGp (EĔOLQL WKHEOHVVLQJ ZLVKLQJKLPGLYLQHIDYRU OO– DQGWKHXVHRIWKHSUHFDWLYHYeU EDO IRUP liddin ‘PD\ RXU ORUG  JLYHp WR H[SUHVV D SROLWH UHTXHVW  LQGLFDWH WKDW WKH PHPEHUV RI WKH VFULEDO FROOHJH RI (EDEEDU—WKH FXQHLIRUP VFULEHV %ĔO-LGGLQ DQG 8EDOOLVVX-*XOD DQG WKH sĔSiru 1LGLQWX—UHFRJQL]HG WKHLU ORZHU VWDWXV ZLWK UHJDUG WR WKH WHPSOH DGPLQLVWUDWRURI(EDEEDU 5HVSRQVLELOLW\ IRU WUDQVIHU RI FRPPRGLWLHV IRU YDULRXV SXU SRVHVKDGEHHQSDUWRIWKHVSKHUHRIFRPSHWHQFHRIWKHsĔSiru SUR IHVVLRQDOV VXERUGLQDWH WR WKH UR\DO UHVLGHQW TĪSX  LQ (EDEEDU DO UHDG\ EHIRUH WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH UHIRUP RI WKH VL[WK UHJQDO \HDU RI &DPE\VHV:LWKWKLVUHIRUPZKLFKLQFRUSRUDWHGLQWKHVFULEDOFRO OHJH RI (EDEEDU D sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDO 1LGLQWX  WKH ODWWHU UHFHLYHG WKH DXWKRULW\ to give orders FRQFHUQLQJ WKH WUDQVIHU RI FRPPRGLWLHV LQVWHDGRIPHUHO\ DFFHSWLQJUHVSRQVLELOLW\IRUWUDQVIHUV RUGHUHG E\ KLJKHUHFKHORQVRIWKHWHPSOHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ$VLQGLFDWHGE\7H[W WKHsĔSiru PHPEHURIWKHVFULEDOFROOHJHRI(EDEEDUDOVRDFWHG MRLQWO\ZLWKWKHRWKHUPHPEHUVRIWKHVDPHERG\WRVHWWOHDFFRXQWV ZLWKWKH LQGLYLGXDOVZKRVXSSOLHGWKHWHPSOHZLWKDQLPDOVIRURI IHULQJV $GGLWLRQDOHYLGHQFHIRUDQH[SDQVLRQRIWKHJHQHUDOVSKHUHRI FRPSHWHQFHRIWKHWRS sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOLQWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRI (EDEEDUDIWHUWKHUHIRUPRIWKHVL[WKUHJQDO\HDURI&DPE\VHV FDQ EHIRXQGLQGRFXPHQWVGHDOLQJZLWKWKHPDQDJHPHQWRIDJULFXOWXU DOODQGV



DERYH

$V RSSRVHG WR WKH LPSHUDWLYH IRUP idin oJLYHp LQ 7H[WV –

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%KLVRZQ@IU>HHZLOO@VDLGWR%XOʜ¿VRQRI0DU GXN-HUĪEDGHVFHQGDQWRI,VLQQć\DWK>XV@  –9) o>+DOI@WKHODQGSURSHUW\RIkDPDxRUFKDUGVDQGFXOWL YDWHG ILHOGV PDUVK\ JURXQG JURXQG VXLWDEOH IRU SDVWXUH xXSSX ODQG IORRGHG ODQG DQG HQFORVXUHV  JLYH PH LQ DF FRUGDQFHZLWKWKHGRFXPHQWZULWWHQIRU\RXRQWKHRUGHU RI8xWDQXWKHJRYHUQRURI%DE\ORQDQG$FURVV-WKH-5LYHU E\ ,QD-(VDJLO-OLOEXU WKH WHPSOH DGPLQLVWUDWRU RI 6LSSDU kDUUX-OŠ-GćUL WKH UR\DO  UHVLGHQW %ĔO-LGGLQ 1DEØ-DʤʤĔxXOOLP DQG  8EDOOLVVX-*XOD WKH VFULEHV 1LGLQWX WKH VĔSLUX DQG 7ĔULN-xDUUŠVVX WKH FRXUWLHU +DOI RI WKH UHQW LQ WKH IRUP RIEDUOH\DQGGDWHVSURSHUW\RIkDPDxDFFRUGLQJWR WKHUHQWLQFXPEHQWRQ\RX,ZLOOSD\WRJHWKHUZLWK\RXWR WKHWUHDVXU\RIkDPDxp (9– %XOʜ¿ VRQ RI 0DUGXN-HUĪED GHVFHQGDQW RI ,VLQQć\D KHDUGkDPDx-NćʛLUVRQRI1DEØ-PXNĪQ-DSOLGHVFHQGDQWRI ,VLQQć\D IDYRUDEO\ +DOIWKHODQGSURSHUW\RIkDPDxRU FKDUGVDQGFXOWLYDWHGILHOGVPDUVK\JURXQGJURXQGVXLWD EOHIRUSDVWXUHxXSSX ODQGIORRGHGODQGDQGHQFORVXUH!V DOOWKRVH NLQGVRI ODQGDVZHOODVKDOIWKHR[HQKDOIWKH IDUPHUVDQGWKHJDUGHQHUVDQGKDOIWKHVHHG-JUDLQJLYHQWR %XOʜ¿IURPWKHWUHDVXU\— ZLWKUHJDUGWRDOORIWKRVH %XOʜ¿ VRQRI0DUGXN-HUĪEDGHVFHQGDQWRI,VLQQć\DKHDUGkDPDxNćʛLUVRQRI1DEØ-PXNĪQ-DSOLGHVFHQGDQWRI,VLQQć\D ID &OD\Babylonian Business TransactionsQR7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQDQGD *HUPDQWUDQVODWLRQRIWKLVWDEOHWKDYHEHHQSXEOLVKHGE\-XUVDDie Landwirtschaft in SLSSDUSS–  %XOʜ¿ PBul-ʞD-aZKLFKFDQEHDOVRUHDGDV%XOʜć\D LVDSKRQHWL FDOO\ DEULGJHG YHUVLRQ RI WKH QDPH RI %XOOXʜ¿ D UHQW FRQWUDFWRU RI WKH (EDEEDUWHPSOHPHQWLRQHGLQ7H[WV– VHHDERYHQ   )RUWKHGLIIHUHQWNLQGVRIODQGPHQWLRQHGKHUHVHHCAD kS E VY xXSSX KRZHYHU WKH PHDQLQJ RI WKH WHUP xXSSX LWVHOI LV QRW FOHDU ,QDGGLWLRQWKHWHUPmanzattu mê $0(k SUREDEO\PHDQVoIORRGHG ODQGp YDQ 'ULHO o1HR-%DE\ORQLDQ $JULFXOWXUH ,,,p S   UDWKHU WKDQ oGUDLQHGODQGpDVWUDQVODWHGE\WKHCAD 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



YRUDEO\  )RU D \HDUO\ SD\PHQW RI   NRUV RI GDWHV NRUVRIEDUOH\FRPSOH>WH@LQFOXGLQJUDWLRQVKDOI RI LW >WREHSD@LGLQ(EDEEDUDQGKDOI—LQWKHWUHDVXU\RQWKH EDQNRIWKH(XSKUDWHVKHFHGHGWRKLP DOORIWKHDERYH  – 7KRVHGDWHVNRUVDVZHOODVNRUVRIEDU OH\ FRPSOHWH >kDPDx-NćʛLU VRQ RI@ 1DEØ-PXNĪQ-DSOL ZLOO SD\WRWKHWUHDVXU\RIkDPDx$FFRUGLQJWRWKHQRWHRIWKH GHEWLQFXPEHQWRQ%XOʜ¿>FRQWUDFWHG…] …KHZLOOVHWWOH WKHDFFRXQWVZLWKRXWOHDYLQJ DQ\ UHPDLQGHU RIWKHGHEW  LQFXPEHQWRQKLP – >)U@RP WKH PRQWK 6LPćQX RI \HDU  RI 'DULXV ,  NLQJ RI %DE\ORQ NLQJ RI DOO  WKH ODQGV -XQH–-XO\  %&(  WKH SD\PHQW RI  KDOI WKH UHQW LV LQFXPEHQW RQ kDPDx-NćʛLU>EXWWKHšib]šu-LPSRVWRQWKHVHVDPHWKHPXV WDUGDQGWKHFXFXPEHUVIRU\HDU WKH\ZLOOSD\ MRLQWO\  –  NRUV RI GDWHV RI  kDPDx-NćʛLU LQ DGGLWLRQ WR WKHUHQW LQWKH IRUP  RI EDUOH\ DQG >GD@WHV LQFXPEHQW RQ KLPLQ RUGHUWRFRYHU WKHUHPDLQGHU RIWKHGHEW LQFXP EHQW RQ %XOʜ¿ kDPDx-NćʛLU ZLOO SD\ >W@R WKH WU>HDVX@U\ RI kDPDx2XWRI WKDW KHZLOOSD\NRUVRIGDWHV>WR@WKH WUHDVXU\… […@DQG>NRUV@— LQ \HDU  – 7KHGDWHV>…@%XOʜ>¿…] … WKHUHPDLQGHURI%XOʜ¿pV GHEW RI  EDUOH\ DQG GDWHV kDPDx->NćʛLU@ ZLOO QRW FROOHFW IURPWKHIDUPHUVDQGWKHJ>DUGH@QHUV

šibšu LVDVSHFLDONLQGRILPSRVWZKLFKOHVVHHVRIDJULFXOWXUDOODQG KDGWRSD\WRLWVRZQHUV VHH-XUVD$VSHFWVRIWKH(FRQRPLF+LVWRU\SQ SQSQ   )URPWKLVSRLQWRQZDUGVDFRQVLGHUDEOHSDUWRIWKHWDEOHWLVEUR NHQ DQG LQ PDQ\ LQVWDQFHV LW LV LPSRVVLEOH WR UHFRQVWUXFW WKH FRPSOHWH WHUPVIRUWKHGLIIHUHQWNLQGVRISD\PHQWVPHQWLRQHGLQWKHGRFXPHQW,Q DQ\HYHQWLWLVFOHDUWKDWDGHEWRINRUV OLWHUV RIGDWHVUePDLQHG LQFXPEHQW RQ %XOOXʜ¿ EHFDXVH RI SD\PHQWV KH GLG QRW PDNH WR (EDEEDU LQ WKH SUHFHGLQJ \HDUV DQG kDPDx-NćʛLU ZDV REOLJDWHG WR FRYHU WKDW GHEW DV SDUW RI WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU WKH DFTXLVLWLRQ RI WKH ULJKW WR FROOHFWWKHUHQWIURPKDOIRIWKHWHPSOH ODQGVZKLFKKDGHDUOLHUSDLGWKH UHQWWR%XOOXʜ¿ 

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%…] – […] … RI(EDEEDUDQGWKHHQYR\VRIWKHJRYHUQRU RI>…] … >ZLOO@JRDQGWKHUDWLRQVRI… […] … WKH\ZLOO SURYLGH MRLQWO\ – $OVRWKHEDUOH\>WKHR[HQ@WKHLURQ WRROV" WKHIRRG UDWLRQVDQGWKHZRROUDWLRQV>…] … […@%XOʜ¿ZLOOSURYLGH WRkDPDx-NćʛLU  $OOWKH>…@UHPDLQ>LQJ@LQWKHWUHDVXU\MRLQW!O\… –33) $ VKHHS IRU WKH PD\RU D SD\PHQW RI  SURFHVVHG GDWHVIRUWKHJRYHUQRU DQG DQ\RWKHU\HDUO\H[SHQVHWKH\ ZLOOSD\MRLQWO\  (33–34) :KHQ WKHDOORFDWLRQVIRU EDUOH\R[HQIDUPHUVLURQ WRROV"  IRRG UDWLRQV DQG ZRRO UDWLRQV >UHPDLQ@LQJ >LQ WKH WUHDVXU\@DUHGHGXFWHGIURP WKHDFFRXQWRI %XOʜ¿KDOIWKH VKDUH RI kDPDx-NćʛLU LQ WKH UHQWDO SD\PHQW  RI EDUOH\ IRU \HDUZLOOEH DOVR GHGXFWHGIURP WKHDFFRXQWRI kDPDxNćʛLU –

7KLV VHQWHQFH GHWDLOV VRPH SD\PHQWV ZKLFK kDPDx-NćʛLU DQG %XOOXʜ¿ KDG WR PDNH WR WKH FLW\ PD\RU O×ʢD]DQQL  DQG WR WKH JRYHUQRU (O×SĪʢćWL  RI WKH VDWUDS\ RI %DE\ORQ DQG $FURVV-WKH-5LYHU PHQWLRQHG DO UHDG\LQOO– RQWKLVJRYHUQRUpVWLWOHVHHEHORZQ 7KHIUDJPHQ WDU\ FRQGLWLRQ RI O  GRHV QRW PDNH LW SRVVLEOH WR ILJXUH RXW WKH FRP SOHWHFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHSD\PHQWVWRWKHPD\RUDQGWKHJRYHUQRUEXWLW DSSHDUVWKDWWKRVHZHUHWRNHQSD\PHQWVRIDOLPLWHGPDWHULDOZRUWK VHH -XUVD'LH/DQGZLUWVFKDIWLQ6LSSDUS  

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



Text 43 %0  –5) [… VRQRI…@VDLG>WR… WKH@WHPSOHDGPLQLVWUDWRURI 6LSSDU >kDUUX-OŠ-G@ćUL WKH UR\DO  UHVLGHQW LQ (EDEEDU WKH VFULEHV7ĔULN-xDUUŠVVXWKHFRXUWLHU>DQG@1LGLQWXWKHVĔSLUX WKXV (6–9) o*LYHPHWKHWLWKHSURSHUW\RIkDPDxIURPP\KDQGILHI > ,Q H[FKDQJH  , ZLOO SD\@ WR (>EDEEDU [@ KXQGUHG DQG   NRUV RI GDWHV DV ZHOO DV   NRUV  SćQX DQG   VHDKVRIEDU>OH\@p (9– >7KH@ WHPSOH DGPLQLVWUDWRU RI 6LSSDU WKH UR\DO  UHV>LGHQWLQ(EDEEDUWKHVFULEHVWKHFRXUWLHUDQGWKHVĔSLUX …]

7H[WLVRQHRIWKHORQJHVWWDEOHWVIURPWKH(EDEEDUWHPSOHDU FKLYH LWVOHQJWKLVHYHQPRUHUHPDUNDEOHJLYHQWKHIDFWWKDWLWFRQ WDLQVQHLWKHUDOLVWRIZLWQHVVHVQRUWKHFRPPRQFRQFOXGLQJIRUPX ODZKLFKZRXOGVSHFLI\WKHSODFHRIZULWLQJDQGWKHGDWH 7KHWDE OHWFRQWDLQVDOHJDODJUHHPHQWEHWZHHQ%XOOXʜ¿ (%XOʜ¿)WKHUHQWFRQ WUDFWRU RI (EDEEDU DQG kDPDx-NćʛLU D PDQ ZKR SXUFKDVHG IURP %XOOXʜ¿WKH ULJKWWRFROOHFWWKHUHQWIURPKDOI RIWKHWHPSOHODQGV SODFHGXQGHUKLVUHVSRQVLELOLW\LQUHWXUQIRUWKHSD\PHQWRIDIL[HG DQQXDO VXP WR (EDEEDU DQG IRU VRPH DGGLWLRQDO SD\PHQWV PHQ WLRQHGLQWKHVHFRQGKDOIRIWKHWH[W OO– 7KHKXJHDPRXQW RI WKH \HDUO\ SD\PHQW LPSRVHG RQ kDPDx-NćʛLU—5 NRUV OLWHUV RIGDWHVDQGNRUV OLWHUV RIEDUOH\— VXJJHVWVWKDWWKHODQGVRULJLQDOO\SODFHGXQGHU%XOOXʜ¿pVUHVSRQVLELO LW\FRQVWLWXWHGDPDMRULW\RIWKHDJULFXOWXUDOODQGVRZQHGE\(EDE EDU  ,W LV QRW FOHDU ZKHWKHU WKH IDFW WKDW ERWK kDPDx-NćʛLU DQG

$FRPSOHWHHGLWLRQRIWKLVWDEOHWKDVEHHQSXEOLVKHGE\0DF*LQ QLVo2UGHULQJWKH+RXVHRIkDPDxpSSQR  6LQFH kDPDx-NćʛLU DFFHSWHG WKH GXW\ WR SD\ KDOI RI WKH RULJLQDO DQQXDOSD\PHQWLPSRVHGRQ%XOOXʜ¿LWIROORZVWKDWWKHRULJLQDOSD\PHQW ZDVOLWHUVRIGDWHVDQGOLWHUVRIEDUOH\$VREVHUYHGE\ -XUVD'LH/DQGZLUWVFKDIWLQ6LSSDUSWKLVVXJJHVWVWKDWDOORUDOPRVWDOO WKH RUFKDUG ODQGV DQG D FRQVLGHUDEOH VKDUH RI WKH EDUOH\-JURZLQJ ILHOGV 

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%/HWWHURI%@ĔO-LWWDQXWKHWHPSOHDGPLQLVWUDWRURI6LS SDU DQG %ĔO-Hʜ>Ĕ@UX WKH sĔ[Si]ru WR %LUXTŠD WKH >UHQW@ FRQ WUDFWRURIkDPDxRXUEURWKHU  )RUDVXUYH\RIWKHWDEOHWVPHQWLRQLQJWKHVHVĔSLUX SURIHVVLRQDOV VHH%RQJHQDDUThe Neo-Babylonian EbabbarSS–  $OPRVWDOOWKHWDEOHWVDWWHVWLQJWRWKHDFWLYLWLHVRI1LGLQWXpVVXF FHVVRUVLQWKHRIILFHRIWKHVĔSLUX PHPEHURIWKHVFULEDOFROOHJHRI(EDEEDU UHFRUG GHOLYHULHV RI FRPPRGLWLHV IRU YDULRXV SXUSRVHV +RZHYHU RQH VKRXOG PHQWLRQ VSHFLILFDOO\ WKH WDEOHW %0  IURP WKH WKLUW\-WKLUG UHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV,  %&( SXEOLVKHGE\-XUVDDie Landwirtschaft LQ6LSSDUSS–QR7KLVWDEOHWUHFRUGVDSHWLWLRQRIWZR LQGLYLGXDOV WR WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RI (EDEEDU ZLWK D UHTXHVW WR SXUFKDVH WKH ULJKW WR XVH WKH ZDWHU RI D FHUWDLQ FDQDO ZKLFK SUREDEO\ SDVVHG WKURXJK ODQGV EHORQJLQJ WR WKH WHPSOH  IRU D IL[HG DQQXDO SD\PHQW DQG WKHSRVLWLYHDQVZHUWRWKDWSHWLWLRQ7KHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHERG\DGGUHVVHGE\ WKHSHWLWLRQHUVFRQVLVWHGRIWKHWHPSOHDGPLQLVWUDWRURI(EDEEDUDQGWKH PHPEHUVRIWKHVFULEDOFROOHJHLQFOXGLQJWKHVĔSLUX ,GGLQ-%ĔOVRQRI$E GLD  6WLJHUVo1HR- DQG/DWH%DE\ORQLDQ%XVLQHVV'RFXPHQWVpS QR 

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%*@LYHNRUVRQHSćQX DQG RQHVHDK RIEDUOH\IRU  WKH UHJXODU RIIHULQJV RI EUHZHUV IRU VHYHQ GD\V EHIRUH kDPDx RI \HDU  RI ;HU[HV— WKH EDUOH\  RI /ć-TĪSX DQG kXP-XʛXU—WR%D]X]XWKHVHUYDQWRIkXP-XʛXU – 0RQWK6LPćQXGD\\HDURI;HU[H>VNLQJRI DOO  WKHODQGV@

6LPLODUO\WR7H[WV–WKLVWDEOHWLVDOHWWHU-RUGHU,WZDVVHQWWR %LUXTŠDDUHQWFRQWUDFWRUIRUWKH(EDEEDUWHPSOHLQWKHODVWGHF DGHRIWKHUHLJQRI'DULXV,DQGLQWKHHDUO\UHLJQRI;HU[HV  7KH IDFWWKDWDQRUGHURIWKLVNLQGZDVVHQWMRLQWO\E\WKHWHPSOHDGPLQ LVWUDWRURI(EDEEDUDQGDsĔSiru PHPEHURIWKHWHPSOHpVVFULEDOFRO OHJH UHFDOOV WKH VLWXDWLRQ UHIOHFWHG LQ 7H[W 39 ,QWHUHVWLQJO\ LQ WKH SUHVHQW LQVWDQFH WKH OHWWHU LQFOXGHV D EOHVVLQJ WR WKH DGGUHVVHH +RZHYHUWKHXVHRIWKHLPSHUDWLYHIRUPidin ‘JLYHp LQVWHDGRIWKH PRUHSROLWHSUHFDWLYHIRUPliddin ‘PD\KHJLYHp LQGLFDWHVWKHKLJKHU VWDWXVRIWKHVHQGHUVZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHDGGUHVVHH  7H[WXDO HYLGHQFH IRU WKH DFWLYLW\ RI WKH VFULEDO FROOHJH RI (EDEEDUFHDVHVLQWKHVHFRQGUHJQDO\HDURI;HU[HVMXVWRQH\HDU $Q DOPRVW LGHQWLFDO RSHQLQJ IRUPXOD DSSHDUV LQ WKH WDEOHW %0  0DF*LQQLVLetter OrdersSSOQRZULWWHQRQWKHVDPH GD\ DV WKH SUHVHQW GRFXPHQW 7KLV IRUPXOD PDNHV LW SRVVLEOH WR UHVWRUH WKHWLWOHRI%ĔO-HʜĔUXLQODV O×se-[SL]-¨ri¦ DQGWKHWLWOHRI%LUXTŠDLQODV O×rab [VŠWL] (¨Oצ*$/ >JLx%ž1@  o>UHQW@ FRQWUDFWRUp 7ZR DGGLWLRQDO OHWWHURUGHUVPHQWLRQ%ĔO-HʜĔUXDVRQHRIWKHVHQGHUV 0DF*LQQLVLetter Orders SSSOVQRVDQGVHH%RQJHQDDUThe Neo-Babylonian EbabbarS 7KHGDWHIRUPXODVRIWKRVHOHWWHUVKDYHEHHQRQO\SDUWO\ SUHVHUYHGEXWLWVHHPVWKDWWKH\ZHUHZULWWHQZLWKLQDIHZPRQWKVRIWKH GDWHRIWKHSUHVHQWWDEOHW  7KHDFWLYLW\RI%LUXTŠDLVDWWHVWHGEHWZHHQWKHWZHQW\-VL[WKUHJ QDO\HDURI'DULXV,DQGWKHVHFRQGUHJQDO\HDURI;HU[HV–484 %&( -XUVD'LH/DQGZLUWVFKDIWLQ6LSSDUSS–   7KHUHVWRUDWLRQ>i]-din LQ7H[WOLVFHUWDLQVLQFHWKHRQO\ YLDEOH DOWHUQDWLYH—liddin—UHTXLUHVDQ H[SOLFLW VXEMHFW VXFK DV DʢXQL oRXU EURWKHUp ZKLFKGRHVQRWDSSHDULQOO– 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



DIWHUWKHGDWHRI7H[W  ,QIDFWWKHVHFRQGUHJQDO\HDURI;HU[ HV %&( PDUNVWKHHQGRIWKH(EDEEDUWHPSOHDUFKLYHRIWKH 1HR-%DE\ORQLDQ DQG WKH $FKDHPHQLG SHULRGV $ QXPEHU RI UHD VRQV KDYH EHHQ SURSRVHG IRU WKH HQG RI WKH (EDEEDU DUFKLYH D QHJOHFWIURPZKLFK(EDEEDUVXIIHUHGWKURXJKRXWWKHUHLJQRI'D ULXV , DQG LQ WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH UHLJQ RI ;HU[HV ZKLFK ZRXOG KDYHOHGWRWKHWHPSOHpVDEDQGRQPHQWDJHQHUDOLQVSHFWLRQRIWKH WHPSOHpVDFFRXQWVLQ;HU[HVpVVHFRQGUHJQDO\HDUDIWHUZKLFKPRVW RI WKH ROGHU GRFXPHQWDWLRQ ZRXOG EH GLVFDUGHG WR EH GLVFRYHUHG WZHQW\-IRXU FHQWXULHV ODWHU E\ PRGHUQ VFKRODUV RU D VZLWFK IURP ZULWLQJ RQ FOD\ WDEOHWV LQ FXQHLIRUP WR ZULWLQJ RQ SDUFKPHQW DQG SDS\UXVLQ$UDPDLF  +RZHYHULWVHHPVPRVWOLNHO\WKDWWKH PDLQ UHDVRQ IRU WKH HQG RI WKH (EDEEDU DUFKLYH ZHUH WKH UHEHOOLRQV DJDLQVW;HU[HVZKLFKEURNHRXWLQ%DE\ORQLDLQWKHVXPPHURI %&(7KRVHUHEHOOLRQVZHUHKDUVKO\VXSSUHVVHGE\WKH$FKDHPHQLG NLQJ ZKLFK UHVXOWHG LQ WKH GLVLQWHJUDWLRQ RI WKH DQFLHQW WHPSOH FRPPXQLWLHVLQWKHFLWLHVRIQRUWKHUQ%DE\ORQLD  $ FRPSOHWH FHVVDWLRQ RI ZULWWHQ GRFXPHQWDWLRQ RU D UDGLFDO GHFUHDVH RI LWV DPRXQW DFFRPSDQLHG E\ D VXGGHQ FKDQJH RI WKH SHUVRQV ZKRVH DFWLYLWLHV DUH DWWHVWHG LV D JHQHUDO SKHQRPHQRQ RI %DE\ORQLDQDUFKLYHVIURPGLIIHUHQWFLWLHVLQWKHVHFRQGUHJQDO\HDU RI;HU[HV  ,WLVGLIILFXOWWRVXSSRVHWKDWVXFKDVXGGHQDQGZLGeVSUHDGFKDQJHLQDUFKLYDOGRFXPHQWDWLRQZDVQRWFRQQHFWHGWRWKH %DE\ORQLDQUHEHOOLRQVDJDLQVW;HU[HV$GGLWLRQDOIDFWRUVPD\KDYH EHHQ UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH HQG RI WKH (EDEEDU DUFKLYH EXW ZHUH LW QRWIRUWKHUHEHOOLRQVDJDLQVW;HU[HVLWZRXOGEHGLIILFXOWWRXQGHU VWDQGZK\WKHDUFKLYHFHDVHGDEUXSWO\LQ%&( 6HH%RQJHQDDUThe Neo-Babylonian EbabbarS 6HH -RDQQÅV o/HV WHPSOHV GH 6LSSDUp SS – %RQJHQDDU The Neo-Babylonian EbabbarSDQGWKHHDUOLHUOLWHUDWXUHFLWHGWKHUH  )RU XS-WR-GDWH GLVFXVVLRQV RI WKH %DE\ORQLDQ UHEHOOLRQV RI  %&( DQG WKHLU DIWHUPDWK VHH :DHU]HJJHUV o7KH %DE\ORQLDQ 5HYROWVp 2HOVQHU o'DV ]ZHLWH 5HJLHUXQJVMDKUp $V DUJXHG E\ :DHU]HJJHUV o7KH %DE\ORQLDQ5HYROWVpSS–WKHUHEHOOLRQRIkDPDx-HUĪEDVKRXOGEH GDWHGWRWKHVHFRQGUHJQDO\HDURI;HU[HVUDWKHUWKDQWRKLVIRXUWKUHJQDO \HDUDVDVVXPHGHDUOLHU  :DHU]HJJHUVo7KH%DE\ORQLDQ5HYROWVpSS–  

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%ORQ@ NLQJ RI DOO  WKH ODQGV 1RYHPEHU   %&(  Text 46 'DU  2EY–4) ,WZDV RQGD\RIWKHPRQWKʝHEĔWX\HDURI 'DULXV ,  -DQXDU\   %&(  WKDW 1DEØ-]ĔU-LEQL WKH VĔSLUX DQGKLVFROOHDJXHVLQ6LSSDUVDLG (4–5) o.LQJ'DULXVKDVLVVXHGDQRUGHUDVIROORZV (6– q, KDYH LQGHHG FRPPDQGH>G@ WKH VHWWOHPHQW RI  WKH DFFRXQWVRI%XOʜ¿WKHUHQWFRQWUDFWRU>RI@kDPDx […] 5HY  – /HW KLV ZRRGHQ  ERDUGV  DQG >KLV@ GHEW QRW>HV@ EHH[DPLQHG  – >,@IWKHUHDUHUHPDLQGHUVRIKLV DVVHWV DWWKHGLVSRVDO RIWKHIDUPHU>VDQGWKHJD@UGHQHUVOHWWKHWHPSOHDGPLQLV 3LQFKHVDQG)LQNHOCuneiform Texts, Part 55QR )RU WKH UHDGLQJ >Pk(k@-¨i¦-im-Hʯ LQ O  VHH -XUVD o(LQ %HDPWHU IOXFKWpSQ  6WUDVVPDLHU Inschriften von Darius QR  7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQV DQG WUDQVODWLRQVRI WKLVWDEOHWKDYHEHHQSXEOLVKHGE\'DQGDPDHYBabylonian Scribes SS  -XUVD'LH/DQGZLUWVFKDIW LQ 6LSSDU S  0DF*LQQLV o$-XGJPHQWRI'DULXVpSS–  7KHZRRGHQERDUGVLQTXHVWLRQ JLx'$0(kOĔʯćQX ZHUHFRYHUHG ZLWKZD[DQGZHUHXVHGIRUPDNLQJHSKHPHUDOUHFRUGVWKDWZRXOGWKHQEH FRSLHGIRUORQJ-WHUPSUHVHUYDWLRQRQWRFXQHLIRUPWDEOHWVDIWHUZKLFKWKH ZD[HG ERDUGV FRXOG EH ZLSHG FOHDQ VHH 6DQ 1LFROÏ o+DEHQ GLH %DE\ ORQLHU :DFKVWDIHOQp :LVHPDQ o$VV\ULDQ :ULWLQJ-%RDUGVp 0DF*LQQLV o7KH8VHRI:ULWLQJ%RDUGVp9RONDQG6HLGOo:DFKVWDIHOQp   

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



WUDWRURI6LSSDU>DQGWKHVFULEH@VFROOHFW WKHP >DQG@JLYH >WK@H>P@WRWKHWHPSOHRIWKHJRGVrp

7KHLGHQWLW\RIWKHsĔSiru $EGL-PLONLPHQWLRQHGLQ7H[WLVXQ FOHDU +RZHYHU ZKDW LV SUHVHUYHG RI WKH WH[W ILWV WKH JHQHUDO IRU PXODU\RIOHWWHU-RUGHUVLVVXHGE\WKHDXWKRULWLHVRI(EDEEDULQWKH SHULRGRIWKH1HR-%DE\ORQLDQDQGWKH$FKDHPHQLGHPSLUHV FRP SDUH7H[WV–DQGDERYH DQGLWDSSHDUVWKDWWKHDGGUHVVHH RI 7H[W  ZDV %XOOXʜ¿ (%XOʜ¿) WKH UHQW FRQWUDFWRU RI (EDEEDU +HQFH LW VWDQGV WR UHDVRQ WKDW 7H[W  ZDV DQRWKHU RUGHU RI WKH (EDEEDU DXWKRULWLHV—WKH WHPSOH DGPLQLVWUDWRU WKH UR\DO UHVLGHQW LQWKHWHPSOHDQGRUWKHVFULEDOFROOHJH—WRWKHHIIHFWWKDW%XOOXʜ¿ VKRXOGSD\NRUV (3OLWHUV RIGDWHVWR$EGL-PLONL  7KH VSHOOLQJ RI $EGL-PLONLpV QDPH PAb-di-GMil-k[i] O   LQ FOXGHVWKHGHWHUPLQDWLYHRIGLYLQHQDPHV G EHIRUHLWVVHFRQGFRP SRQHQW ZKLFK PXVW WKHUHIRUH EH D WKHRSKRULF HOHPHQW $ GHLW\ QDPHG0LON L GRHVQRWDSSHDULQWKH0HVRSRWDPLDQSDQWKHRQEXW LV ZHOO NQRZQ DV D 1RUWKZHVW 6HPLWLF GHLW\ ZKRVH QDPH PHDQV OLWHUDOO\‘NLQJp  6LQFH0HVRSRWDPLDQFXQHLIRUPKDVQRPHDQVRI H[SUHVVLQJ PRVW JXWWXUDO FRQVRQDQWV WKH QDPH RI WKH sĔSiru PHQ WLRQHGLQ7H[WFDQDQGVKRXOGEHXQGHUVWRRGDV1RUWKZHVW6ePLWLFʲ$EGL-0LONL‘6HUYDQWRIWKH GLYLQH NLQJp /LNHkDOćP-PDUʱĔLQ WKH UHLJQV RI 1DERQLGXV &\UXV DQG &DPE\VHV ʲ$EGL-0LONL LV D sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDO RI 1RUWKZHVW 6HPLWLF RULJLQ DWWHVWHG LQ WKH (EDEEDU WHPSOH DUFKLYH  7KH QDPH RI WKH SHUVRQ WR ZKRP :LWK UHJDUG WR WKH VW\OH RI 7H[W  HVSHFLDOO\ LPSRUWDQW LV WKH LPSHUDWLYHIRUPidin LQO 7KHRSHQLQJIRUPXODFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIOHWWHURUGHUV o/HWWHURI31…p PXVWKDYHRULJLQDOO\ DSSHDUHGLQWKHOLQHLP PHGLDWHO\SUHFHGLQJWKHILUVWOLQHRIWKHSUHVHUYHGWH[W7KDWDVVXPHGLQL WLDOOLQHLVQXPEHUHGKHUHDVO   7KHWKHRSKRULFHOHPHQW0LON L LVHVSHFLDOO\FRPPRQLQ3KRHQL FLDQ QDPHV EXW DSSHDUV LQ RWKHU 1RUWKZHVW 6HPLWLF SHUVRQDO QDPHV DV ZHOO =DGRNo3KRHQLFLDQV3KLOLVWLQHVDQG0RDELWHVpSS–   ,QDGGLWLRQWKHSDWURQ\PLFRI,GGQ-%ĔOWKHVĔSLUX PHPEHURIWKH VFULEDO FROOHJH RI (EDEEDU EHWZHHQ WKH WKLUW\-ILUVW DQG WKH WKLUW\-WKLUG UHJQDO\HDUVRI'DULXV,LVLQIDFWʲ$EGLDUDWKHUWKDQ$EGLDGHULYHGIURP WKH QRXQ ʰDEG oVHUYDQWp LW PXVW EH D VKRUWHQHG K\SRFRULVWLF IRUP RI D 

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%Pk(k@-¨i¦-im-Hʯ 7H[W  O   )URP WKH VHPDQWLF YLHZSRLQW QDPHV VXFK DV ʱ$ʘ-ʲLPPĔK DUH FRQVLGHUHG Ersatznamen—QDPHV JLYHQ WR FKLOGUHQ ZKR FDPH LQWR WKH ZRUOGLQWKHLUSDUHQWVpYLHZDVUHSODFHPHQWVIRUFORVHUHODWLYHVZKRKDG GLHG VHH6WDPPo+HEUÁLVFKH(UVDW]QDPHQp 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



WRLQGLFDWHWKHWHUPLQDWLRQ RI%XOOXʜ¿pVDFWLYLW\DVDUHQWFRQWUDFWRU RIWKHWHPSOH  ,QWRWDOWKH(EDEEDUWHPSOHDUFKLYHDWWHVWVWRWKHDFWLYLWLHVRI QXPHURXVsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVDOPRVWDOORIWKHPLQWKHSHULRGFRvHUHG E\ WKH ODWHU SDUW RI WKH DUFKLYH—IURP WKH WKLUW\-ILUVW UHJQDO \HDURI1HEXFKDGQH]]DU,,WRWKHILUVWUHJQDO\HDURI;HU[HV – 485 %&(   6RPH RI WKRVH SURIHVVLRQDOV ZRUNHGLQ WKHLQQHUDG PLQLVWUDWLRQ RI WKH WHPSOH VXFK DV WKH sĔSiruV VXERUGLQDWH WR WKH UR\DO UHVLGHQW ZKR ZDV D UR\DO DSSRLQWHH EXW DYDLOHG KLPVHOI RI WKH WHPSOHpV ORFDO DGPLQLVWUDWLYH VWDII  DQG WKH sĔSiru PHPEHUV RI WKHVFULEDOFROOHJHRI(EDEEDU RQHDWDWLPH 2WKHUDWWHVWHGsĔSiruV EHORQJHGWR WKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRIWKHWHPSOHVLQFLWLHVLQWKHYLFLQL W\RI 6LSSDU $NNDGDQG%Dʛ RUVHUYHGLQWKHVWDWHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ LQ WKH SHULRG RI WKH 1HR-%DE\ORQLDQ HPSLUH DV ZHOO DV XQGHU WKH $FKDHPHQLGUXOH:HZLOOQRZWXUQWRDQRWKHUODUJHJURXSRIGRF XPHQWVDWWHVWLQJWRWKHDFWLYLW\RIsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVLQD%DE\OR QLDQWHPSOH—WKHDUFKLYHRIWKH(DQQDWHPSOHRI 8UXN

III. S ē3I58 IN THE EANNA TEMPLE ARCHIVE 1. In the period of the Neo-Babylonian empire ,QFRQWUDVWWRWKH(EDEEDUWHPSOHDUFKLYHPRVWRIWKHWDEOHWVEeORQJLQJ WR WKH (DQQD DUFKLYH DERXW  WDEOHWV  ZHUH DFTXLUHG RQWKHDQWLTXLWLHVPDUNHWDERXWDFHQWXU\DJRDQGQRZEHORQJWR WKHFROOHFWLRQVRIGLIIHUHQWPXVHXPVLQ(XURSHDQG1RUWK$PHUL FD +RZHYHU VHYHUDO WKRXVDQG WDEOHWV ZHUH IRXQG LQ WKH *HUPDQ H[FDYDWLRQVDW8UXNLQ– 

-XUVD'LH/DQGZLUWVFKDIWLQ6LSSDUS)RUDQRWKHULQVWDQFHRI LQYROYHPHQW RI 'DULXV , LQ WKH DIIDLUV RI WKH (EDEEDU WHPSOH RI 6LSSDU VHH0DF*LQQLVo$-XGJPHQWRI'DULXVWKH.LQJp  7KHRQO\H[FHSWLRQLVWKHWDEOHW%0ZKLFKEHORQJVWRWKH HDUOLHUSDUWRIWKH(EDEEDUDUFKLYH GDWHGWRWKHDFFHVVLRQ\HDURI1DER SRODVVDU%&( DQGPHQWLRQVDVĔSLUX SURIHVVLRQDO+RZHYHUDVQRW HGDERYHWKDWWDEOHWGRHVQRWJLYHDZD\DQ\GHWDLOVRIWKHDFWLYLW\RIWKH VĔSLUX kDUUćQXPHQWLRQHGWKHUHLQ  -XUVDNeo-Babylonian Legal and Administrative DocumentsS 

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%YHV… ZKR… WR…@VRQRI1DEØ-]ĔU-LGGLQ IRUšPLQDVRIVLOYHU LQWHQGHG IRU5Īʤ>ćQX…] – […@QX WKH VODYH XQGHU WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI >…@ kXP-XNĪQ>…@KLP>… DV DSO@HGJH>…@ – 7RWDO  VODYHV ZKRP 1DEØ-DʤʤĔ-LGGLQ >…] … WR 1DEØ-PXxĔWLT-XGGĔVRQRI>…@…@KDVDSSURYHG WKLV  ------------------------------------------------------------------------ – WDOHQWVRIZRRORIWKH/DG\RI8UXNIRU>… …]LEQLEURXJKWIURPWKHFLW\RIʣLPXUX0RQWK$UDʤVDPQX \HDU "  ------------------------------------------------------------------------ –  WDOHQWV RI ZRRO RI WKH /DG\ RI 8UXN XQGHU WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI %ĔO-LGGLQ VRQ RI >…@ VHQW WR kLULNWX 0RQWK6LPćQX\HDU ------------------------------------------------------------------------ – WDOHQWVRIZRRORIWKH/DG\RI8>UXN@XQGHUWKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\RI>…]-LEQL> DQG …@VRQRIkDPDx-LGGLQ GHVFHQGDQW RI ēGX-ĔʜLU  VHQW WR kLULNWX 0RQWK $GGDUX \HDU ------------------------------------------------------------------------ –  WDOHQWV RI ZRRO VWRUHG  LQ D ERDW  WDOHQWV VWRUHG LQWKHFLW\RIʣLPXUX>…@XQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI %ĔO-LGGLQ VRQ RI %ĔO-ĔʜLU DQG %ĔO-[… VRQ RI *X@ODEćQLDW-LOĪ WKH\ EURXJKWWRkLULNWX0RQWK6LPćQX\HDU ------------------------------------------------------------------------ – 7KUHH VKHHS IRU  WKH UHJXODU RIIHULQJV kLULNWX UHF>HLYHG@ IURP WKH KDQGV RI %LEĔD WKH VKHHS IDWWHQHU 0RQWK 'XʱŠ]X GD\  \HDU  .LULEWX DQG %LEĔD KDYH DSSURYHG WKLV  ------------------------------------------------------------------------ –

)RU WKH UHDGLQJ RI WKH %DE\ORQLDQ IDPLO\ QDPH VSHOOHG PDIL685DVēGX-ĔʞLUVHH:XQVFKo%DE\ORQLVFKH)DPLOLHQQDPHQpQ 



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250 )URP\HDUWR\HDU\HDUO\RQHXQEOHPLVKHGFDOI IRUWKHʢDUØ(-IHDVW RIWKHJRG1DEØRQGD\RIWKHPRQWK 1LVDQQX WKH\ZHUH VXSSO\LQJ DQG IRU >…@ RI JROG LW ZDV EHLQJ JLYHQ WR kLULNWX kLULNWX ZDV WDNLQJ HDFK WLPH  D \RXQJFDOIDQGVHQGLQJ LW WRWKHVWDOORIWKH/DG\RI8UXN DQ RWKHU  XQEOHPLVKHG FDOI IURP WKH VWDOO RI WKH /DG\ RI 8UXNZDVEHLQJJLYHQWRkLULNWXDV WKHRQH DFWLQJRQEeKDOI RI 1DEØ-DʤʤĔ-LGGLQ 1DEØ-EćQ-DʤL DQG ,EQL-,QDQQD WKHVFULEHV>DQG…@WKHFDWWOHIDWWHQHUKDYHDSSURYHG WKLV  ------------------------------------------------------------------------[…] 5HY – WDOHQWV DQG PLQDVRIZRRO>…@VRQRI%ĔODʤʤĔ-HUĪEDVHQWWR>kLU@LNWX>…@1DQD\D-Dʤ-LGGLQVRQRI %ĔO-DʤʤĔ-HUĪEDKDVDSS>URYHG WKLV @ ------------------------------------------------------------------------  – >[ VKHHS@ IRU  WKH UHJXODU RIIHULQJV RI WKH /DG\ RI 8UXN >KDYH EHHQ JLYHQ@ WR kLULNWX >0RQWK …@ \HDU  1DEØ-ĔʜLUWKHVĔSLUX KDVDSS>URYHG WKLV @ ------------------------------------------------------------------------  – >[ VKHHS IRU  WKH UHJXODU RIIHULQJV RI@ WKH /DG\ RI 8UXNKDYHEHHQJ>LYHQ@WRkLULNWX>0RQWK…@\HDU>…] KHLIHU DQG VKHHS KDYH EHHQ WDNHQ RXW DQG 1DEØ->ĔʜLU "  KDVDSSURYHG WKLV" @ ------------------------------------------------------------------------  – >[@VKHHS IRU WKHUHJXODURIIHULQJVRI>WKH/DG\@RI 8UXN>KDYHEHHQJLYHQ@WRkLULNWX0RQWK1LVDQQXGD\ \HDU>[@ ------------------------------------------------------------------------  – )RXUVKHHS IRU WKHUHJXODURIIHULQJVRI>WKH/DG\RI 8UXN@KDYHEHHQJLYHQ>WR@kLULNWX0RQWK1LVDQQXGD\ >\HDU[@ ------------------------------------------------------------------------  – 2QH KHLIHU DQG  ILYH VKHH>S …@ 0RQWK 'XʱŠ]X \HDU ------------------------------------------------------------------------  – >…@XQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI>…] … ,QD>QQD … …]-LGGLQDQG1DEØ- […@0X… >KDVDSSURYHG WKLV  0RQWK…\HDU[@ ------------------------------------------------------------------------ –35)

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%DG\RI8UXNKDYHEHHQJL@YHQ " WR 1DEØ-PXxĔWLT->XGGĔ…]-]ĔUL0X>…]-LOĪ> DQG … VRQ@RI WKHVKHSKHUGRIWKH>PL@ON KHUG … […] ------------------------------------------------------------------------  – 6L[WHHQVK>HHSRXWRI " WKHVK@HHSXQGHUWKHUHVSRQ VLELOLW\ RI 1DEØ-QćʛLU >…@ 2QH … [… R@I WKRVH  ZKLFK >ZHUHJLYHQ " @WR(DQQD>…]  –

Text 48 [ ma]xĪʢX PHDVXUHV  RI EDUOH\  PHDVXUHV  RI GDWHV—>WKHUDWLRQ@VRIZRUNHUVIRUWKHPRQWK$\\ćUX— kD-1DQD\D-WDxPĔW KDV GHOLYHUHG RXW RI WKH VL[ SULFH YDO XH VRIFDUFDVVHVGHGXFWHGIURPKLV DFFRXQW   (5) 7KHUDWLRQVDUH DWWKHGLVSRVDORI!1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQ WKH VĔSLUXKHKDVGHOLYHUHGWKHP  (6–8) 0RQWK$\\ćUXGD\\HDURI1HEXFKDGQH]]DU ,,  NLQJRI%DE\ORQ 0D\%&( 

7KLVWDEOHWKDVQRWEHHQSUHYLRXVO\SXEOLVKHG)RULWVDVFULSWLRQ WRWKH(DQQDDUFKLYHVHH-XUVDo(LQ%HDPWHUIOXFKWpS  kD-1DQD\D-WDxPĔW LVNQRZQDVDFDWWOHIDWWHQHU PXxćNLODOSĪ DFWLYH LQWKHOLYHVWRFNPDQDJHPHQWRIWKH(DQQDWHPSOHLQWKHUHLJQRI1HEX FKDGQH]]DU ,, DQG LW LV SRVVLEOH WKDW KLV DFWLYLW\ FRQWLQXHG GRZQ WR WKH VL[WK UHJQDO \HDU RI 1DERQLGXV  %&( .ÙPPHOFamilie, Beruf und Amt S   7KH PHQWLRQ RI  xĪPŠ kž0  SDJUćQX oVL[ SULFH YDOXH V RI FDUFDVVHVp O VXJJHVWVWKDWDQXPEHURIDQLPDOVHQWUXVWHGWRWKHFDUHRI kD-1DQD\D-WDxPĔWKDGGLHGDQGKHZDVDSSDUHQWO\UHTXLUHGWRVXSSO\WKH ZRUNHUVp UDWLRQV LQ UHWXUQ IRU WKH GHGXFWLRQ RI WKRVH DQLPDOV IURP WKH URVWHURIWKHKHUGHQWUXVWHGWRKLP  7KHFXQHLIRUPWH[WRIOUHDGVina ,*,! PG$*-k(k-08 O×seSLU*,k7KHVFULEHKDGPLVWDNHQO\RPLWWHGWKHORJRJUDP,*,LQWKHIRU PXODLQDSćQL ,*, oDWWKHGLVSRVDORIp OLWLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIp 7KLVIRU PXOD LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH UDWLRQV ZHUH SODFHG DW WKH GLVSRVDO RI 1DEØ-DʤLGGLQWKHVĔSLUXKHQFHWKHYHUEnašûH[SUHVVHGKHUHE\WKHORJRJUDP*,k PXVW EH XVHG ZLWK WKH PHDQLQJ oWR GHOLYHU SD\PHQWV GXH p VHH CAD 1SSD–DVYnašû $D ,QFRQWUDVWLQ7H[WODSHUIHFW IRUPRIWKHVDPHYHUEittašiLVXVHGZLWKWKHPHDQLQJoWRZLWKGUDZVWD SOHVGUDZSD\PHQWVp VHHCAD 1SSE–DVYnašû $F  

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



Text 49 *&%&  –4) š VKHNHOV RI VLOYHU IRU  KLV UDWLRQV IRU WKH PRQWKV $UDʤVDPQX DQG .LVVLOĪPX 1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQ WKH VĔSLUX KDV ZLWKGUDZQ (5–6) 0RQWK .LVVLOĪPXGD\  \HDU  RI 1HEXFKDGQH]]DU ,, NLQJRI%DE\ORQ 'HFHPEHU%&( 

7H[WLVDORQJOLVWRILWHPVRISURSHUW\—LQFOXGLQJVODYHVZRRO DQGOLYHVWRFN—PRVWRIZKLFKZDVDOORFDWHGWRDFHUWDLQkLULNWXRQ GLIIHUHQW RFFDVLRQV EHWZHHQ WKH IRXUWHHQWK DQG WKH WZHQW\-ILUVW UHJQDO\HDUVRIDFHUWDLQNLQJ ZKRVHQDPHLVQRWPHQWLRQHGH[SOLF LWO\  $FFRUGLQJ WR ZKDW LV VDLG LQ OO – IURP WKH VL[WHHQWK WR WKH QLQHWHHQWK \HDU kLULNWX UHJXODUO\ UHFHLYHG WZR FDOYHV RQ WKH ʢDUØ-IHDVWRIWKHJRG1DEØRQGD\RI1LVDQQX2QHFDOIZDVJLvHQWRKLPLQUHWXUQIRUDFHUWDLQDPRXQWRIJROGDQGWKHRWKHUFDOI ZDVJLYHQWRKLPIURPWKHVWDOORIWKH/DG\RI8UXN WKHJRGGHVV ,xWDUNQRZQDOVRXQGHUWKHQDPHV,QQLQDQG,QDQQD LQUHWXUQIRU D\RXQJHUDQLPDO7KHFDOIIURPWKHVWDOORIWKH/DG\RI8UXNZDV UHFHLYHGE\kLULNWXLQKLVFDSDFLW\DV‘ WKHRQH DFWLQJRQEHKDOIRI 1DEØ-DʤʤĔ-LGGLQp (DQDNŠP1DEØ-DʢʢĔ-iddinO  7KLVLQGLFDWHVWKDWERWKkLULNWXDQG1DEØ-DʤʤĔ-LGGLQRFFXSLHG SURPLQHQWSRVLWLRQVLQWKH(DQQDWHPSOH1DEØ-DʤʤĔ-LGGLQLVPRVW OLNHO\ WR EH LGHQWLILHG DV WKH FKLHI DGPLQLVWUDWRU RI (DQQD DFWLYH EHWZHHQWKHIRXUWKDQGWKHQLQHWHHQWKUHJQDO\HDUVRI1HEXFKDG QH]]DU,, –586 %&( DQGkLULNWXLVSUREDEO\DGHVFHQGDQWRIDQ LPSRUWDQWVFULEDOIDPLO\DWWHVWHGDVODWHDVWKHILIWKUHJQDO\HDURI 7KLVWDEOHWKDVQRWEHHQSUHYLRXVO\SXEOLVKHG$OWKRXJKWKHWDE OHWPHQWLRQVWKHVĔSLUX 1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQLWZDVQRWOLVWHGE\-XUVDDPRQJWKH WDEOHWVDWWHVWLQJWRWKHDFWLYLW\RIWKDWLQGLYLGXDO VHH-XUVDo(LQ%HDPWHU IOXFKWpS ,DPJUDWHIXOWR'U (OL]DEHWK3D\QHRIWKHŠW@ (6)  NRUV IRU WKH KLUHOLQJV FDUU\LQJ VWUDZ—,QDQQD-DʤLGGLQVRQRI>…]  NRUVIRUWKHKLUHOLQJV GRLQJ GLWWR—1DʱLG-,QDQQDVRQ RI1HUJDO-[…] (8)  NRUV IRU WKH KLUHOLQJV RI WKH WHPSOH RI WKH DNĪWX(IHVWLYDO —%ćQLDVRQRI$>…] (9)  NRUV DV DQ LVVXH RI FRPPRGLWLHV IRU 1ćGLQ VRQ RI %ĔO-DʤʤĔ-LTĪxD—0DUGXN-xXP-LEQLVRQRI>…]   NRUV DV DQ LVVXH RI FRPPRGLWLHV IRU WKH PRQWK 'XʱŠ]XWR1HUJDO-XxDOOLP—1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQWKH>…]   NRUV  SćQX WKH UDWLRQV RI WKH JXDUGV"  RI WKH JDWH ZLWKWKHGRXEOHGRRU—kDPDx-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI1DEØ-[…]

1LHVDQG.HLVHUHistorical, Religious and Economic TextsQR 7KH $NNDGLDQ WHUP WUDQVODWHG KHUH DV oLVVXH RI FRPPRGLWLHVp LV maššartu&RQWUDU\WRWKHXVHRIWKLVWHUPUHIOHFWHGLQ7H[W VHHDERYH Q   LQ WKH SUHVHQW GRFXPHQW maššartu LV XVHG ZLWK UHIHUHQFH WR SD\ PHQWVPDGHWRWKHZRUNHUVRI(DQQDIRUWKHLUVXVWHQDQFHHYHQZKHQWKH GRFXPHQWVSHDNVRIKLUHGZRUNHUVZKRZHUHQRWHOLJLEOHIRUSUHEHQGDU\ LQFRPHIURPWKHWHPSOH VHHOO––   

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



 SćQX  VHDKV WKH UDWLRQV IRU WKH PRQWK 'XʱŠ]X RI kDPDx-LGGLQ WKH DUFKHU! RI .ĪQć\D  ZKLFK ZHUH SODFHG DWWKHGLVSRVDORIkDPDx-DQD-QŠU-[…]  NRUVDVWKHUDWLRQVRIWKHDJHQWVRI,OĪ-GLEEĪ   NRU—kDPDx-]ĔU-OĪxLU DQG kDPDx-SLUʱX-XʛXU VRQV RI $UDG-,QQLQ  NRUKLVUDWLRQVIRUWKHPRQWK'XʱŠ]X—,QQLQ-DʤʤĔLGGLQVRQRI3ćQ-GXPTL   NRU KLV UDWLRQV IRU WKH PRQWK 'XʱŠ]X—1DʱLG-,xWDU WKHJDWHNHHSHURIWKHZR>UN@KRXVH   NRUV KLV UDWLRQV IURP WKH PRQWK 1LVDQQX WR WKH PRQWK'XʱŠ]X—*Š]ćQXWKH>…]  NRUKLVUDWLRQVIRUWKHPRQWK'XʱŠ]X—$QD-(DQQDLWŠUWKHOHDWKHU-ZRUNHU  NRUSćQX DQG VHDKVKLVUDWLRQVIRUWKHPRQWKV 'XʱŠ]XDQG$EX—1HUJDO-LGGLQWKH RQH UHVSRQVLEOHIRU WKHFDV>K-ER[@   NRUV DV WKH UDWLRQV RI KLV ZRUNHUV—,QDQQD-xXP-ĔULx VRQRIkDPDx-]Ĕ>U-…] – NRUVVHDKVWKHUDWLRQVRIWKHVKHSKHUGVRIVKHHS IRU WKHUHJXODURIIHULQJVDQGRIWKHKLUHOLQJVXQWLOWKHHQG RIWKHPRQWK8OŠOX—kŠ]XEXVRQRI.XGXU>UX@   NRUV DV WKH UDWLRQV RI WKH FDUULHUV RI EDVNHWV RI HDUWK —1HUJDO-xXP-LEQL  NRUVDVKLVUDWLRQVIRUWKHPRQWKV'XʱŠ]X$EXDQG 8OŠOX—%ćELOć\DVRQRI1DQD\D-ĔULx –  NRUV WKHLU UDWLRQV IRU WKH PRQWKV 'XʱŠ]X DQG $EX—%ĔO-ʤDVVDQQLWKH RQH UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHFDVK-ER[ DQG/LEOXʜXKLVVRQ  

2QH VKRXOG SUREDEO\ UHDG PG878-08 O×3$1 P>Ki-na-a-a DV VXPLQJWKDWWKHVFULEHPLVWDNHQO\RPLWWHGWZRVLJQV&RPSDUHWKHWDEOHW [@ NRUV GLWWR—ʣDxGL\D WKH RQH  UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH JDUPHQWV (55) NRUVSćQX DQG VHDKVGLWWR—$UDG-,QQLQWKHJDWHNHHSHUDQG'DQQX-DʤʤĔxX-LEQL (56)  NRUV IRU WKH PRQWKV 'XʱŠ]X $EX DQG 8OŠOX— 0DGćQX-ĔUHxWKH RQH UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHEUHZLQJYDWV  >[ N@RUV DV WKH UDWLRQV RI WKH ZRUNHUVp WURRS IRU WKH PRQWK7DxUĪWX—,QDQQD-xXP-XʛXU (58) […@DVKLVUDWLRQV—kDPDx-LEQL (59) […] …—1DEØ-DʤʤĔ-xXOOLPVRQRI=ĔUŠWX  [… GL@WWRIRUWKHPRQWK8OŠOX  [… WKHUD@WLRQVRIWKHFUDIWVPDQ,QDQQD-XʛXU  […] … RIGDWHV (63) […@NRU V RIEDUOH\DQGGDWHV 

7KLV WDEOHW LV D ORQJ OLVW RI HGLEOH FRPPRGLWLHV EDUOH\ DQG GDWHV  DOORFDWHGIRUWKHVXVWHQDQFHRIGLIIHUHQWSHUVRQVLQFOXGLQJVHYHUDO JURXSV RI ZRUNPHQ VXFK DV VKHSKHUGV VPLWKV DQG ZHDYHUV  6RPH RI WKH DOORFDWLRQV DUH PHQWLRQHG DV SD\PHQWV RI ZDJHV WR KLUHGZRUNHUV OO–– DWWHVWLQJWRWKHXVHRIKLUHG ODERULQWKHHFRQRPLFDFWLYLWLHVRIWKH(DQQDWHPSOH  ,QWZRLQ )RU WKH QHDU-HTXLYDOHQFH RI EDUOH\ DQG GDWHV IRU QXWULWLRQ VHH DERYHQ,QOLJKWRIWKLVWKHUDWLRQVDQGZDJHVSDLGWRGLIIHUHQWZRUN HUV DQG SURIHVVLRQDOV FRXOGFRQVLVW RI EDUOH\ GDWHV RU DQ\DGPL[WXUH RI WKHWZR  )RUGLVFXVVLRQVRIWKHXVHRIKLUHGODERULQWKHHFRQRPLFDFWLYL WLHVRIWKHFURZQDQGWKHWHPSOHVLQWKH1HR-%DE\ORQLDQDQGWKH$FKDePHQLGSHULRGVVHH-XUVD$VSHFWVRIWKH(FRQRPLF+LVWRU\SS–-XUVD o/DERULQ%DE\ORQLDp 

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%ZK@HQ\RX SO FDPHKLWKHU DQG ZKHQ, WROG \RX o0HDVXUH WKH ERXQGDULHV RI WKH PHDGRZ RI %ĪW1DQć\D-Dʤ-LGGLQp—ZKHQ\RXFDPH KLWKHU IROORZLQJWKH ZRUGVRI%DOćʜXVRQRI0XxĔ]LE-%ĔO\RXGLGQRWPHDVXUH WKHERXQGDULHV 7KHUHIRUH NRUVRIEDUOH\EHORQJLQJWR WKH/DG\RI8UXNZHUHFDUULHGDZD\ E\VRPHRQHHOVH  – 1RZ ZKHQ \RX FDPH KLWKHU DQG  ZKHQ , VDLG o0HDVXUH WKH ERXQGDULHV RI WKH PHDGRZ RI 6ËQ-NDUćEĪxHPHp—\RXGLGQRWPHDVXUH WKHP  – /RRNWKHUR\DOUHSUHVHQWDWLYHVDUHVWDQGLQJRYHUWKH EDUOH\ UHDG\WRWDNHLW  – :KHQ,WROG DERXWWKLV WRWKHUR\DOVXSHUYLVRURILU ULJDWLRQKHVDLGWRPHo,DPZDLWLQJIRU WKHWLPHRIULSHQ LQJ RI  WKH VWDONV DOVR ZKHQ WKH VFULEHV RI (DQQD FDPH KLWKHU WKH\GLGQRW PHDVXUHWKHERXQGDULHVp –35) 0D\ P\  ORUGV ZULWH WRWKH JRYHUQRU OHW DVĔSLUX RI KLVFRPH DQG PHDVXUHWKHERXQGDULHVRI>WKHPHDGRZRI …] (36–38) :K\VKRXOG,>QRW@EUL>QJLQ@NR>UVRIEDUOH\R@I WKH/DG\RI8UXN" (39– ,I\RXDUHQRWDEOH WRGRWKDW ZULWHPH DQG ,ZLOO JRWRWKHNLQJpVVRQ

7KLVWDEOHWLVDOHWWHUVHQWE\DFHUWDLQ%ćQLDWRDQRWKHULQGLYLGXDO QDPHG1ćGLQZKRUHSUHVHQWHGDODUJHUJURXS DVRQHFDQVHHIURP WKHXVHRIVHFRQGSHUVRQSOXUDOYHUEDOIRUPVDQGVXIIL[HVWKURXJK RXWWKHOHWWHU   $VDUJXHGE\-XUVDWKHVHQGHULVSUREDEO\DUHQW )UDKP DQG -XUVD Neo-Babylonian Letters and Contracts QR  7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQ DQG D *HUPDQ WUDQVODWLRQ RI WKLV WDEOHW KDYH EHHQ SXE OLVKHGE\-XUVDo(LQ%HDPWHUIOXFKWpSS–  6XFKDVWDOOLNćQL o\RX SO FDPHKLWKHUp O DTDEEDNNDNXQŠxX ‘I WROG\RX SO p O  

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%… 1DEØ-ĔʜLUWKH@VĔ[SLUX …] (4– 2QHTXL>YHU@RIWKH/D>G\RI8UXN…@0DUGXN-xDU-XʛXU J>DYH …@ 0RQWK 7DxUĪWX GD\  \H>DU …@ 1DEØ-ĔʜLU WKH sĔS[iru …] (8– 2QHTXLYHURIWKH/DG\RI>8UXN…@0DUGXN-xDU-XʛXU J>DYH…@1DEØ-ĔʜLUWKHVĔSL[ru …] – 2QH ERZ FDVHRIWKH/DG\RI8UXN>…@JDYH0RQWK 8OŠOXGD\>…@1DEØ-ĔʜLUWKHVĔSL[ru …] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ – 2QH VKHHS RI WKH /DG\ RI 8>UXN …@ VRQ RI %LEĔD J>DYH…@1DEØ-ĔʜLUWKHVĔ[SLUX …] ------------------------------------------------------------------------ – 2QHWDQQHGKLGHWZR>…@KLGHVWR6ËQ-EDOćVVX->LTEL …@0RQWK8OŠOXGD\>[…@WKH>…@,TEL-[…] […] 5HY  – DQG kD-1DQD\D-xŠ >…@ 2QH KHLIHU DQG  ILYH VKHHS>…@WR1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQ>…@RIWKHJRYHUQRUKHJDYH […@7DUĪELVRQRI[…@DQG1DEØ-ĔʜLUWKHsĔS[iru …]  – >[@ TXLYHU V  RI >WKH /DG\ RI 8UXN …@ LQ WKH FLW\ $EDQX>…]

7KLVWDEOHWOLVWVWKHDOORFDWLRQVRIZHDSRQV TXLYHUVDQGDERZFDVH  E\ D SHUVRQ QDPHG 0DUGXN-xDU-XʛXU DV ZHOO DV DGGLWLRQDO DOORFD WLRQVRIKLGHVDQGDQLPDOV7KHZHDSRQVDUHPHQWLRQHGVSHFLILFDOO\ DV SURSHUW\ RI ,xWDU ‘WKH /DG\ RI 8UXNp  ZKLFK PHDQV WKDW LQ HI IHFW WKRVH ZHDSRQV ZHUH SURSHUW\ RI WKH (DQQD WHPSOH ,W LV QRW FOHDU ZKHWKHU WKH ZHDSRQV ZHUH LQWHQGHG IRU WKH NLQJ DV LQ WKH LQVWDQFHVUHFRUGHGLQ7H[WVDQG -RDQQÅV LGHQWLILHG 0DUGXN-xDU-XʛXU ZLWK WKH VKHSKHUG RI WKH /DG\RI8UXNDWWHVWHGLQWKH(DQQDDUFKLYHLQWKHVL[WKUHJQDO\HDU $SDUWLDOKDQG-FRS\RIWKLVWDEOHWSUHVHUYHGLQWKH/RXYUHZDV SXEOLVKHGE\'XUDQG7H[WHVEDE\ORQLHQVGpÆSRTXHUÆFHQWHSO7UDQVOLWHUD WLRQDQGD)UHQFKWUDQVODWLRQZHUHSXEOLVKHGE\-RDQQÅVTextes économiques de la Babylonie RécenteSQR 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



RI&\UXV  %&(   +RZHYHUWKLVLGHQWLILFDWLRQLVXQFHUWDLQ $PRUHLPSRUWDQWGHWDLOIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIGDWLQJWKHWDEOHWLVWKH PHQWLRQRIDQDOORFDWLRQRIRQHKHLIHUDQGILYHVKHHSWR1DEØ-DʤLGGLQLQWKHFRQWH[WRIVRPHDIIDLUFRQQHFWHGZLWKWKHGLVWULFWJRvHUQRU xćNLQ ʞĔPL  RI 8UXN OO  –   7KH GLVWULFW JRYHUQRUpV LQYROYHPHQW VXJJHVWV WKDW 1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQ KHOG D UHODWLYHO\ SURPL QHQW SRVLWLRQ ,QGHHG 1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQ LV NQRZQ DV WKH FRXUWLHUFRPPLVVLRQHU xD UĔx xDUUL EĔO SLTLWWL  RI (DQQD EHWZHHQ WKH VHYHQ WHHQWK UHJQDO \HDU RI 1DERQLGXV DQG WKH IRXUWK UHJQDO \HDU RI &DPE\VHV –%&(   1DEØ-ĔʜLUWKHsĔSiruPHQWLRQHGWLPHDQGDJDLQLQ7H[WDS SHDUV LQ DQRWKHU WDEOHW IURP WKH (DQQD DUFKLYH %,1    DV D ‘sĔSiru RI1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQp  7KHPHQWLRQRI1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQLQ7H[W VXJJHVWVWKDWLWZDVZULWWHQLQWKHUHLJQRI&\UXVRULQWKHHDUO\ UHLJQRI&DPE\VHV7KHPHQWLRQRIWKHFLW\$EDQXZKLFKKRXVHGD SDODFH WKDW VHUYHG WKH HDUO\ $FKDHPHQLG NLQJV RQ WKHLU YLVLWV WR VRXWKHUQ%DE\ORQLDSRLQWVWRDVLPLODUGDWH DURXQG %&(  

-RDQQÅV Textes économiques de la Babylonie Récente S  )RU WKH VKHSKHUG0DUGXN-xDU-XʛXUVHH.ÙPPHO)DPLOLHBeruf und AmtS  )RUWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHWHUPxćNLQʞĔPL DVoGLVWULFWJRYHUQRUp VHHDERYHQ  .ÙPPHOFamilie, Beruf und AmtS.OHEHU7HPSHOXQG3DODVW SS   )RU WKH RIILFH RI WKH FRXUWLHU-FRPPLVVLRQHU RI (DQQD VHH &KDSWHUQ7KHLGHQWLILFDWLRQRI1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQ PHQWLRQHGLQ7H[W ZLWKWKHFRXUWLHU-FRPPLVVLRQHURI(DQQDE\WKHVDPHQDPHKDVEHHQ DOUHDG\ SURSRVHG E\ -RDQQÅV Textes économiques de la Babylonie Récente S  ,W LV GRXEWIXO ZKHWKHU WKLV 1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQ FDQ EH LGHQWLILHG ZLWK 1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQ WKH VĔSLUX PHQWLRQHG LQ 7H[WV – EHFDXVH WKH ODWWHU VHUYHGLQWKHLQQHUDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRI(DQQDDQGLVQRWDWWHVWHGDVDUR\DO RIILFLDO  (3) … PG$*-685 O×se-SL-ri (4) ¨PG$*-k(k-08¦ .HLVHU Letters and Contracts from ErechQROO– 7KLVWDEOHWGRHVQRWLQFOXGHDGDWH IRUPXOD,QDGGLWLRQLWZDVQRWPHQWLRQHGE\-XUVDo(LQ%HDPWHUIOXFKWp SDPRQJWKHVRXUFHVDWWHVWLQJWRWKHDFWLYLW\RI1DEØ-ĔʜLUWKHVĔSLUX  )RU WKH $FKDHPHQLG UR\DO SDODFH LQ $EDQX VHH .OHEHU 7HPSHO und PalastSS-DQGVHHDOVREHORZQ)RUWKHXVHRIWKHPHQ 

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%VKRXOGFR@PHIROO>RZLQJ\RX@p – $OWKRXJKWKH SD\PHQWRI >VLOYHU@WRKLUHOLQJVLV LQFXPEHQWRQPH,ZLOOQRWSD\WKHPZLWKRXWDVFULEHRUD VĔSLUX EHLQJ SUHVHQW  $ VFULEH DQG D ZRRGHQ  ERDUG LV WKHUH ZLWK\RX   – ,QWKHZKROH\HDU HYHQ RQHWDOHQWRIVLOYHUKDVQRW EHHQ EURXJKW LQWR (DQQD :KR DP , WKDW , VKRXOG UDLVH >PRQWK@O\WZRWDOHQWVRIVLOYHUIRUWKHH[SHQVHV" –36) $VIRU ZKDW\RXVD\o0D\1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQFRPPLWD PLVGHHGLQWKLV UHJDUG p—HYHQLI\RXFRPPLWDPLVGHHG, ZLOOQRWFRPPLWDPLVGHHG (36–39) /DWHU WKH\ ZLOO WHOO XV o/HW WKH REODWHV GLJ KDOI WKH PHDVXUH RI WKH FDQDO  DQG IRU WKH RWKHU  KDOI PD\ \RX SD\VLOYHUWRWKHKLUHOLQJVp –45) ,QVSHFW WKH ZRRGHQ  ERDUG RI WKH REODWHV 'R QRW RPLW>DQ\RQH@IURP WKHOLVWUHFRUGHG WKHUHLQ>VHQGWKHP

)RUZRRGHQERDUGVFRYHUHGZLWKZD[DQGXVHGIRUZULWLQJVHH DERYHQ 

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%P@ KLUH >D KLUHOLQJ@ >2WKHUZL@VHVHQG>…@WRPH  (46) 6LOYHUDVPXFKDVLVEURXJKWLQVHQGWRXV

7KLV WDEOHW LV D OHWWHU RI 1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQ WR 1ćGLQ—DSSDUHQWO\ D FXQHLIRUPVFULEHRI(DQQDZKRZDVDOVRWKHDGGUHVVHHRIWKHOHWWHU FLWHGDERYHDV7H[W  7KHZKROHOHWWHUGHDOVZLWKDFHUWDLQFD QDO ZKRVH GLJJLQJ ZDV SUREDEO\ D GXW\ LPSRVHG RQ WKH (DQQD WHPSOHE\WKHVWDWHDXWKRULWLHV  7KHVHQGHUGHVFULEHVWKHODFNRI SURYLVLRQVVXIIHUHGE\GLIIHUHQWJURXSVRIZRUNHUVGLJJLQJWKHFD QDODQGKLVLQDELOLW\WRVDWLVI\WKHLUQHHGV$FFRUGLQJWRKLVZRUGV KHDOVRKDGWRSD\VLOYHUWRKLUHGZRUNHUVEXWFRXOGQRWGRVRLQ WKHDEVHQFHRIDFXQHLIRUPVFULEHRUDsĔSiru OO–  7KHIDFWWKDW1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQZURWHWR1ćGLQPD\VXJJHVWWKDW WKH VHQGHU SUHIHUUHG WR XVH WKH VHUYLFHV RI D FXQHLIRUP VFULEH +RZHYHU 1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQ DOVR DOORZHG IRU WKH SRVVLELOLW\ WKDW KH ZRXOGXVHWKHVHUYLFHVRI DsĔSiru WR FKHFNWKHURVWHU RIWKHKLUHG ZRUNHUV DQG WKH DPRXQW RI SD\PHQW 7KH IDFW WKDW QR sĔSiru ZDV DYDLODEOH WR KLP VXJJHVWV WKDW WKH DFWLYLW\ RI 1DEØ-ĔʜLU DWWHVWHG HDUOLHUDVDsĔSiru RI1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQKDGHQGHGE\WKHWLPHZKHQWKH OHWWHU ZDV ZULWWHQ 7KLV ZDV PRVW OLNHO\ GXH WR 1DEØ-ĔʜLUpV GHDWK DIWHU D VL[ GHFDGHVp ORQJ FDUHHU 5HPDUNDEO\ DOWKRXJK 1DEØ-DʤLGGLQZDVWKHFRXUWLHU-FRPPLVVLRQHURI(DQQDVHQWRQKLVPLVVLRQ E\ WKHNLQJ KH WXUQHGWR WKHWHPSOHVFULEH RI(DQQDUDWKHU WKDQ

)RUWKHUHDGLQJRIWKLVSDVVDJHVHH-XUVD$VSHFWVRI(FRQRPLF+LVWorySQ  $OHWWHURIDOPRVWLGHQWLFDOFRQWHQWGHVFHQGDQWRI…@ ,OHʱL-0DUGXNWKHVFULEHGHVFHQGDQWRIēSHx-LOĪ DQG%DX-ĔUHxWKHVĔSLUX […@RI*XEDUX*RYHUQRURI%DE\ ORQDQG$FURVV-WKH->5LYHU@ – 8UXN PRQWK 'XʱØ]X GD\ >[@ \HDU  RI &\UXV NLQJ RI %DE\ORQ NLQJ RI DOO  WKH ODQGV -XO\ –  %&(  /HIW(GJH 6HDORI%DX-ĔUHxWKHMXGJH VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 5LJKWHGJH 6HDORI>%DX-ĔUHx@WKHMX>GJH@ VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ

%RWKWKHVHWDEOHWVGHVFULEHOHJDOSURFHHGLQJV7H[WPHQWLRQVDQ RDWKVZRUQE\ILYHVKHSKHUGVRI(DQQDDWWKHWLPHRIDQLQVSHFWLRQ RIWKHWHPSOHpVOLYHVWRFNE\WKHHQYR\VRI*XEDUXWKHJRYHUQRURI %DE\ORQ DQG $FURVV-WKH-5LYHU 7KH RDWK DPRXQWHG WR WKH VKHS KHUGVp DVVHUWLRQ WKDW WKH\ KDG QRW WDNHQ VHFUHWO\ DQ\ DQLPDO IURP (DQQDpVKHUGV  *XEDUXpVHQYR\VZHUHWKHFXQHLIRUPVFULEH6ËQQćGLQ-]ĔUL DQG WKH sĔSiru ,GGLQ-%ĔO 6ËQ-QćGLQ-]ĔUL LV QRW NQRZQ IURP RWKHU GRFXPHQWV  ,Q FRQWUDVW ,GGLQ-%ĔO LV PHQWLRQHG DW WKHHQGRIDOLVWRIGLVEXUVHPHQWRIVHVDPHWRGLIIHUHQWLQGLYLGXDOV 7&/     7KH KHDGHU RI WKDW OLVW VSHFLILHV WKDW LW UHFRUGV

UHDG ši RU SL ([DPLQDWLRQ RI WKH SXEOLVKHG SKRWRJUDSK RI WKH WDEOHW :HLVEHUJNeo-Babylonian TextsSO GRHVQRWPDNHLWSRVVLEOHWRHVWDE OLVKDGHILQLWHUHDGLQJGXHWRWKHJUDSKLFDOVLPLODULW\RIWKHVLJQVši DQGSL O×mus]aʢʢLUĔ EXWLWLVQRWFOHDU ZKDWIXQFWLRQVWKH\KDG$JHQWVRI/LEOXʜ WKHsĔSiru DUHDOVRPHQ WLRQHG LQ DQRWKHU WDEOHW 2,3    ZKHUH WKH\ UHFHLYH EDUOH\ RLOVDOWPXVWDUGVHHGDQGZRRODVWKHLUUDWLRQVIRUWZR\HDUVVWDUW LQJZLWKWKHDFFHVVLRQ\HDURI&DPE\VHV  %&(   7KLVWDE

-DNRE-5RVWDQG)UH\GDQN6SÁWEDE\ORQLVFKH5HFKWVXUNXQGHQQR :HLVEHUJ1HR-%DE\ORQLDQ7H[WVSS–SOQROO  –  – 7KHUHVWRUDWLRQ>O×mu-s]Dʢ-ʢL-re-e šá PLib-lu-ʞX LQ7H[WO   



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

OHWGRHVQRWKHOSWRFODULI\WKHIXQFWLRQVRI/LEOXʜpVDJHQWVEXWDW OHDVWLWLQGLFDWHVWKDW/LEOXʜ ZDVDFWLYHDURXQGWKHGHDWKRI&\UXV DQG&DPE\VHVpVDFFHVVLRQWRWKHWKURQH  $QRWKHU sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDO DWWHVWHG LQ WKH (DQQD DUFKLYH LQ WKHUHLJQ RI &DPE\VHVZDVHPSOR\HGLQWKHVHUYLFHRIRQH RIWKH WHPSOHpVUHQWFRQWUDFWRUV Text 62 …@VZRUHE\%ĔO1DEØDQG WKH RDWK RI &DPE\VHV NLQJ RI %DE\ORQ NLQJ RI DOO  WKH ODQGV (3– o$V >IRU WKH EDUOH\@ ZKLFK DFFRUGLQJ WR WKH OHWWHU RI ,WWL-1DEØ-EDOćʜXWKHVĔ[SLUX RI@7LʤXPPXWKHUHQWFRQWUDF WRU>…@PHDVXUHG—>,JDYH@LWIRUWKHIORXUIRUWKHNLQJpV >WDEOH@WR1DEØ-Dʤ-LGGLQWKH>FRXUWLHU@ (8– [SL@QFH,ZURWHDERXWWKDWWKHEDUOH\>ZKLFK@ZHQWRXW […@>,KDYHQRWFRP@PLWWHGDQ\PLVGHHGWKHUHE\p – :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIWKUHHZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH  – 8UXNPRQWK$EXGD\\HDURI&DPE\VHVNLQJ RI%DE\ORQNLQJRI DOO WKHODQGV $XJXVW%&( 

7KLV WDEOHW PHQWLRQV 7LʤXPPX D UHQW FRQWUDFWRU ZKR SXUFKDVHG WKH ULJKW WR FROOHFW WKH UHQWDO SD\PHQWV IURP IDUPHUV WLOOLQJ ODQGV RZQHGE\(DQQDLQUHWXUQIRUWKHSD\PHQWRIDOXPSDQQXDOVXP WR WKH WHPSOH WUHDVXU\  ,WWL-1DEØ-EDOćʜX D sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDO ZRUNLQJIRU7LʤXPPXVHQWDOHWWHU xLSLUWXO RUGHULQJWKHDOORFD WLRQRIDFHUWDLQTXDQWLW\RIEDUOH\IRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIIORXUIRU WKHNLQJpVWDEOHDQGDFHUWDLQ1DEØ-DʤʤĔ-EXOOLʜ VZRUHWKDWKHFDU LVEDVHGRQWKHUHSHDWHGRFFXUUHQFHRIWKHVDPHFROORFDWLRQLQ2,3   6HH-XUVDo(LQ%HDPWHUIOXFKWpS  7UHPD\QHRecords from ErechQR3DUWLDOWUDQVOLWHUDWLRQVDQG WUDQVODWLRQVRIWKLVWDEOHWLQWR)UHQFKDQG(QJOLVKUHVSHFWLYHO\ZHUHSXE OLVKHG E\ &RFTXHULOODW Palmeraies et cultures SS   DQG +ROW] NeoBabylonian Court ProcedureS  &RFTXHULOODWPalmeraies et culturesS

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%[[ [ @¨ID¦ 0RRUHNeo-Babylonian DocumentsSSOQROIROORZLQJWKH QHZUHDGLQJRIWKLVOLQHE\-XUVDo(LQ%HDPWHUIOXFKWpS   $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH FROODWLRQ RI WKH UHOHYDQW OLQH E\ -XUVD o(LQ %HDPWHUIOXFKWpS  See CAD %SSE–DVYEĪWćQX LQxDPXʢʢLEĪWćQL  )RUWKH$FKDHPHQLGUR\DOSDODFHLQWKHFLW\$EDQXVHH.OHEHU 7HPSHOXQG3DODVWSS–9DQGDERYHQ  

=ª''$(48)

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%…@ DQG WKH ODQFHV WKHLU >…@ , ZLOOVHQG – ,QVWHDGRI>…] … RIWKH$UDEV  […@ZKHQWKHERDW … […]

'DQGDPDHY o:DV (DQQD 'HVWUR\HG"p YDQ 'ULHO o7KH q(DQQD $UFKLYHrp-XUVDNeo-Babylonian Legal and Administrative DocumentsS  -XUVDNeo-Babylonian Legal and Administrative DocumentsS  $VSURSRVHGE\YDQ'ULHOo7KHq(DQQD$UFKLYHrpSDQGDF FHSWHGE\-XUVDNeo-Babylonian Legal and Administrative DocumentsS  &OD\Neo-Babylonian Letters from ErechQR7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQDQG D *HUPDQ WUDQVODWLRQ RI WKLV WDEOHW ZHUH SXEOLVKHG E\ (EHOLQJ Neubabylonische Briefe aus UrukSS–  )RUWKHUHDGLQJO×ar-ba-a-aVHH=DGRN*HRJUDSKLFDO1DPHVS 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



$VIRUWKHVLOYHUDQGWKHJ>ROG@DERXWZKLFKP\ORUGV Z>URWH PH @\RXVKRXOGSD\ LW >RXW@RIWKHVXUSOXVRIWKH >VLOYHU@DQGJROG UHYHQXHV  – 1RZ P\ ORUGVLIWKHUHLVEDUOH\GDWHVRUDQ\WKLQJ HOVH LQWKHWUHDVXU\—LWLVEHLQJZLWKKHOGE\ \RX – )RU ILYH \HDUV QRZ  DV \RX NQRZ EHFDXVH RI WKH ODFN RI ZDWHU ZH KDYH WR FXOWLYDWH WKH ILHOG WRJHWKHU ZLWK \RX –33) 7KH JRG kDPDx NQRZV WKDW WKLV \HDU ZH KDYH JDWK HUHGRQO\ NRUV RIEDUOH\ IURPWKHILHOG DQGWKHUHLV QRWKLQJEXW NRUV RIGDWHVLQWKHWUHDVXU\ (34–39) /HWDQHQYR\RI\RXUVFRPHFKHFNWKHEDUOH\DQGWKH GDWHV ZKLFK DUH LQ WKH WUHDVXU\ DQG WDNH WKH VXUSOXV QRW UHTXLUHG IRUWKHUHJXODURIIHULQJV –

7KLV WDEOHW LV D OHWWHU VHQW E\ ,PELD WR WZR DGGUHVVHHV 1DEØPXNĪQ-DSOLDQG6ËQ-xDU-XʛXU*LYHQWKDWWKHVHQGHUDGGUHVVHGWKHP DVKLVORUGVWKHLUVWDWXVPXVWKDYHEHHQKLJKHUWKDQKLV$VFDQEH VHHQIURPWKH(DQQDDUFKLYHWH[WVGLVFXVVHGLQWKLVDQGWKHSUHFHG LQJ FKDSWHUV 1DEØ-PXNĪQ-DSOL ZDV WKH FKLHI DGPLQLVWUDWRU šatammu RI(DQQDDWWKHHQGRIWKHUHLJQRI&\UXVDQGLQWKHUHLJQRI &DPE\VHVZKHUHDV6ËQ-xDU-XʛXUZDVWKHFRXUWLHU-FRPPLVVLRQHU ša UĔxxDUULEĔOSLTLWWL LQWKHODWHUHLJQRI&DPE\VHV  0RUH JHQHUDOO\ GRFXPHQWV IURP WKH (DQQD DUFKLYH LQGLFDWH WKDW1DEØ-PXNĪQ-DSOLVRQRI1ćGLQXGHVFHQGDQWRI'ćELEĪVHUYHG DVWKHFKLHIDGPLQLVWUDWRURI(DQQDDWOHDVWIURPWKHVL[WKUHJQDO \HDURI&\UXVWRVRPHWLPHDIWHUWKHVL[WKUHJQDO\HDURI&DPE\VHV (533– %&( DQGZDVFHUWDLQO\UHSODFHGLQWKDWRIILFHE\DQRWKHU SHUVRQ—kDPDx-PXNĪQ-DSOLVRQRI1ćGLQXGHVFHQGDQWRI(JLEL— E\WKHILQDOPRQWKRIWKHDFFHVVLRQ\HDURI'DULXV, 0DUFK–$SULO  %&(  6ËQ-xDU-XʛXUpV DFWLYLW\ DV WKH FRXUWLHU-FRPPLVVLRQHU RI (DQQDLVDWWHVWHGIURPWKHILIWKUHJQDO\HDURI&DPE\VHVWRWKHILUVW UHJQDO\HDURIWKH%DE\ORQLDQUHEHONLQJNQRZQDV1HEXFKDGQH]]DU ,9 – %&(  +H ZDV UHSODFHG LQ KLV RIILFH E\ DQRWKHU SHU VRQ—%DUĪN-LOĪ—E\WKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHVHFRQGUHJQDO\HDURI'D 

6HH7H[WV––

 Sē3,58 ,1%$%GDQL…]  […@RI%D]WDUDWKHGHVHUWSDWUROPDQ>…]  […@RI3DWDPDQG.XQ]XPSL>D…]  […@ IRU WKH UR\DO  FHPHWHU\  XQGHU WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI1DEØ->LGGLQ…]  

OHWVRIWKHSDODFHDUFKLYHRI1HEXFKDGQH]]DU,,VHH3HGHUVÆQArchive und Bibliotheken in Babylon SS –  $Q DQVZHU WR WKLV TXHVWLRQ LV SUR SRVHGEHORZQ 5 7KHUHVWRUDWLRQRIWKHWLWOHVRI/DEEXQXDQG8U-PLONLLVEDVHGRQ WKHLUPHQWLRQVLQUHY–7KHUH8U-PLONLLVOLVWHGH[SOLFLWO\DVD-XGeDQ PUr-mil-ki O×Ia-ú-da-a-a UHY   DQG LW DSSHDUV WKDW WKH FRPSRQHQW milki LQKLVQDPHUHIHUVWRDKXPDQNLQJUDWKHUWKDQWRD GHLW\ FRPSDUH &KDSWHUQ ,QRWKHUZRUGV8U-PLONLLVSUREDEO\DFXQHLIRUPUHQ GHULQJRIWKH+HEUHZQDPH ʯňU-melek o7KHNLQJ LV OLJKWp RWKHUZLVHXQDW WHVWHG  6 [… ša P]An-ši-ia O×Par-su-maš-a-a7KHWHUP O×3DUVXPDxć\D LVDJHQWLOLF DGMHFWLYHGHULYHGIURPWKHQDPHRIWKHODQG3DUVX P Dx—DQDQFLHQW0HV RSRWDPLDQ GHVLJQDWLRQ RI 3HUVLV PRGHUQ )DUV LQ VRXWKHUQ ,UDQ VHH )XFKVo3DUVXDxpSSE–D   7KH KDQGRXW RI VRPH FRPPRGLW\—SUREDEO\ RLO IRU RLQWPHQW— PHQWLRQHGKHUHDQGLQUHYZDVLQWHQGHGIRUWKHFDUHRIWKHJUDYHVRI IRUPHU NLQJV LQ WKH UR\DO SDODFH FRPSRXQG LQ %DE\ORQ -XUVD o'HU QHXEDE\ORQLVFKH+RIpS 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



[…@RIʣDUPDʛXWKHFRXUWLHU—VHDKRI1LNØ>…] […@RI*DGĪ-LOWKH… […]  […@RIHLJKW,>RQLDQ@FDUSHQWHUV>…]  […@RI8ʤSDUDV¿… […]  […@RI3XVDPLxNL>…]  […@RI0DUP¿>…]  […@IRUWKHKRXVHRIWKH UR\DO UHVLGHQWV>…]  […@RI$]LDN>…]  […@RI,NʛXU-1DEØWKH>…]  […@RIHLJKW-XGH>DQV…]  […@RI$UGLDWKH>…]  […@RI6DPDN-…]  […@RI-HKRLDFKLQWKHNLQJ>RI-XGDK…] 8  […@IRUWKHKRXVHRIWKH UR\DO UHVLGHQWVZKR… […]  […@RIkDODP-JDUGHQHU…]  […@RI7\ULDQV>…]  […@RI=DELULDWKH/\G>LDQ…] 5HY [… I@RUWKH&DULDQV>…]  […] … RIWKH RQH UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHKRXVH KROG … […] (3) […]-LGGLQVRQRIkDGćQ¿>…] (4) […@1DEØ-JćPLOWKHPHVVHQJHURI… […] (5) […@IRUWKHFDSWLYHVRI(ODPXQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI … […] (6) […@WKHVHUYDQWRIGLWWRGD\  […@IRUWKHVLFN&DULDQVWKHFDSWLYHV " RI&LOLFLD>…] 9  

[…] šá PIa-Dʯ-ú-kin ¨/8*$/¦ [NXUIa-ú-du …@ $OWKRXJK WKH PHQ WLRQRIWKHODQGRI-XGDK NXUIa-ú-du LVEURNHQRIILWVUHVWRUDWLRQLVFHUWDLQ LQOLJKWRIERWKWKHELEOLFDOPHQWLRQVRI-HKRLDFKLQDVWKHNLQJRI-XGDK H[LOHG WR %DE\ORQ E\ 1HEXFKDGQH]]DU ,,  .JV – -HU   DQGRWKHUWDEOHWVIURPWKHSDODFHDUFKLYHRI1HEXFKDGQH]]DU ,,PHQWLRQLQJ-HKRLDFKLQDVDNLQJRI-XGDK VHH:HLGQHUo-RMDFKLQpSS –  9 ana O×%DQQĔxć\D O×PDUʜŠWX *,*0(k  O×ʢXEWX "  ša NXUʡXPÇ […@ 7KH WHUPʡXPÇ LV D %DE\ORQLDQ YHUVLRQ RIWKH $VV\ULDQ WRSRQ\P Quê ZKLFK GHQRWHG WKH &LOLFLDQ SODLQ LQ VRXWKHDVWHUQ $QDWROLD RQ WKH VKRUH RI WKH %D\RI,VNHQGHUXQ $OEULJKWo&LOLFLDDQG%DE\ORQLDp*ÓW]Ho&LOLFLDQVpS 8

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



[…@ WKH FDSWLYHV RI &LOLFLD XQGHU WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI 'ćQĪ-H@p LELGO 



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

1DEØ-]ĔU-LTĪxDWKHsĔSiru RIWKH &DULDQVp  ,WLVQRWFOHDUZKRWKH &DULDQV XQGHU WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI 1DEØ-xDU-XʛXU ZHUH DQG ZKHWKHU WKH\ DUH LGHQWLFDO ZLWK WKH &DULDQ FDSWLYHV IURP &LOLFLD PHQWLRQHGLQ7H[W ,Q WKH UHLJQ RI $PĔO-0DUGXN VRQ RI 1HEXFKDGQH]]DU ,, –%&( WKHUH LVQRHYLGHQFHFRQFHUQLQJWKHDFWLYLW\RIsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVLQWKHUR\DOVHUYLFHRXWVLGHWKHWHPSOHV,QWKHUHLJQ RI1HULJOLVVDU –556 %&( DUR\DOsĔSiru QDPHG1DEØ-OŠ-VDOLPLV PHQWLRQHGLQWKHZLWQHVVOLVWRIWKHWDEOHW&700$ZULWWHQLQ %DE\ORQ  7KLVLVWKHRQO\NQRZQPHQWLRQRIDsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDO LQ WKH UR\DO VHUYLFH GXULQJ WKH UHLJQV RI 1HULJOLVVDU DQG KLV VRQ /¿E¿xL-0DUGXN ZKRKHOGWKHWKURQHIRUDFRXSOHRIPRQWKVLQWKH VSULQJRI%&(   7KHEULHIUHLJQRI/¿E¿xL-0DUGXNZDVWHUPLQDWHGE\DSDODFH FRXSE\1DERQLGXVDQRIILFLDORI$UDPHDQGHVFHQWZKRVHL]HGWKH WKURQH RI %DE\ORQLD DQG UHLJQHG XQWLO WKH DXWXPQ RI  %&(  )URP 1DERQLGXVpV UHLJQ PRUH HYLGHQFH RI WKH DFWLYLWLHV RI sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVLQWKHUR\DOVHUYLFHKDVVXUYLYHG

šá PG$*-18081-%$-šá  O×si-SLU .OHEHU7HPSHOXQG3DODVWSS–SO;9,,,QR šá OO– 7KHOLQHVQXPEHUHGE\.OHEHUDVOO–DUHLQIDFWOO–  6SDUDQGYRQ'DVVRZPrivate Archive TextsSS–SOQR 7KHWDEOHWZDVZULWWHQRQGD\RI$UDʤVDPQXRIWKHVHFRQGUHJQDO \HDURI1HULJOLVVDU 1RYHPEHU%&( DQGZDVDOUHDG\PHQWLRQHGE\ 'RXJKHUW\ o:ULWLQJ XSRQ 3DUFKPHQW DQG 3DS\UXVp S  Q  7KH PHQWLRQ RI PG$*-lu-ú-sa-lim O×se-SLU x¾ /8*$/ o1DEØ-OŠ-VDOLP VĔSLUX RI WKHNLQJpDSSHDUVLQORIWKHWDEOHW  )RU/¿E¿xL-0DUGXNpVEULHIUHLJQVHH5ÓOOLJo/ćEćxL-0DUGXNp  7KH FLUFXPVWDQFHV RI 1DERQLGXVpV ULVH WR NLQJVKLS DUH QRW IXOO\ FOHDUEeORQJLQJ WR@ 1DEØ-ĔʜLU-QDSxćWL WKH JRYH>UQRU ZKL@FK LV RZHGE\1DEØ-PXxĔWL>T-XGGĔVRQR@I1DEØ-Dʤ-XxDExLGeVFHQGDQWRI>…@LQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHGHEWQRWHWR>KLV@ GHE>LW@ LQIRUFH IURPGD\RIWKHPRQWK6LPć>QX@ –9) >2QH-WKLUGRIL@WLVWKHVKD>UHRI@5ĪPŠW-1DEØVR>QRI@ 0XxĔ]LE-kDPDx GHVFHQGDQW RI 5DNVX WKH >s]ĔSLUX RI WKH JRYHUQRU WKHVLOYHUEHLQJ WKHLUMRLQWO\KHOGFDSLWDO>…]  7KHSURILWV ZLOOEHGLYLGHG DPRQJWKHWKUHHRIW>KHP@ – :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIWKUHHZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH – %RUVLSSD >PRQ@WK $\\ćUX GD\  \HDU  RI &\UXV NLQJRI%DE\ORQDQG DOO WKHODQGV 0D\%&( 

7KHWDEOHWPHQWLRQVDFHUWDLQDPRXQWRIVLOYHUEHORQJLQJWR1DEØĔʜLU-QDSxćWL WKH GLVWULFW JRYHUQRU O×*$5 808k xćNLQ ʞĔPL  RI %RUVLSSD  7KH VLOYHU ZDV JLYHQ DV D ORDQ WR D FHUWDLQ 1DEØPXxĔWLT-XGGĔVRQRI1DEØ-Dʤ-XxDExLDQGWKHORDQZDVUHFRUGHGLQ DGHEWQRWH XʯLOWLO $FFRUGLQJWRZKDWLVVDLGLQOWKHGHEW QRWHZDVWRHQWHULQWRHIIHFWIURPGD\RIWKHPRQWK6LPćQXRQH GD\DIWHUWKHGDWHRI7H[W7KHPHQWLRQRISURILWV utriOLWoVXU SOXVp LQOLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHORDQZDVFRQVLGHUHGDVWKHSULQFLSDO FDSLWDO RI D MRLQW YHQWXUH LQ ZKRVH SURILWV WKH ERUURZHU DQG WKH OHQGHUZRXOGVKDUH 53 $ FRPSOHWH HGLWLRQ RI WKLV WDEOHW ZDV SXEOLVKHG E\ -RDQQÅV Les tablettes néo-babyloniennesSS–SO;,,QR$  )RUWKHLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHWHUPxćNLQʞĔPL DVoGLVWULFWJRYHUQRUp VHH&KDSWHUQ1DEØ-ĔʜLU-QDSxćWLVRQRI1ŠUĔDDGHVFHQGDQWRIWKH ,OLDIDPLO\VHUYHGDVWKHGLVWULFWJRYHUQRURI%RUVLSSDDWOHDVWIURPWKH VHYHQWHHQWKUHJQDO\HDURI1DERQLGXVXQWLOWKHVHFRQGUHJQDO\HDURI&\ UXV–%&( :DHU]HJJHUV7KH(]LGD7HPSOHS  53 6HH-RDQQÅVLes tablettes néo-babyloniennesS7KHVKDULQJRIWKH SURILWVGHULYHGIURPDORDQEHWZHHQWKHERUURZHUDQGWKHOHQGHULVFKDU DFWHULVWLFRIMRLQWEXVLQHVVYHQWXUHVWHUPHGʢDUUćQX OLWoURDGMRXUQH\p LQ WKH1HR-%DE\ORQLDQDQGWKH$FKDHPHQLGSHULRGV RQVXFKYHQWXUHVVHH /DQ]DiHQHXEDE\ORQLVFKHQʢDUU¿QX-Geschäftsunternehmen  

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



$FFRUGLQJWROO–RIWKHWDEOHWWKHORDQUHFRUGHGLQLWZDV FRQVLGHUHGDVFDSLWDO KHOGMRLQWO\E\WKUHHSHUVRQV 1DEØ-PXxĔWLTXGGĔ WKH JRYHUQRU 1DEØ-ĔʜLU-QDSxćWL DQG WKH sĔSiru 5ĪPŠW-1DEØ 7KHODWWHURIWKHWKUHHZDVQHLWKHUWKHOHJDORZQHURIWKHERUURZHG VLOYHUQRUWKHERUURZHUH[SHFWHGWRXVHLWIRUVRPHSURILWDEOHEXVL QHVV DFWLYLW\ ,W DSSHDUV WKDW WKH PHQWLRQ RI 5ĪPŠW-1DEØ DPRQJ WKH KROGHUV RI WKH FDSLWDO RI WKH MRLQW YHQWXUH ZDV QRWKLQJ EXW D OHJDOILFWLRQLQWHQGHGWRHQWLWOHKLPWRRQH-WKLUGRILWVSURILWV 7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHsĔSiru 5ĪPŠW-1DEØLQYHVWHGWKHIXQGVRI KLV VXSHULRU WKH GLVWULFW JRYHUQRU RI %RUVLSSD LQ D MRLQW EXVLQHVV YHQWXUHZLWK1DEØ-PXxĔWLT-XGGĔIURPZKLFKQRWRQO\WKHJRYHU QRU EXW DOVR 5ĪPŠW-1DEØ KLPVHOI ZDV H[SHFWHG WR GUDZ SURILWV 7KHIRUPXODWLRQRIWKHGRFXPHQWZKLFKSUHVHQWVERWKWKHJRYHU QRUDQG5ĪPŠW-1DEØDVMRLQWKROGHUVRIWKHYHQWXUHpVFDSLWDO DORQJ ZLWK1DEØ-PXxĔWLT-XGGĔ VXJJHVWVWKDWWKLVZDVQRWDQLOOLFLWILQDQ FLDODFWLYLW\WREHKLGGHQIURPWKHJRYHUQRUEXWUDWKHUZDVUHFRJ QL]HG DV DOHJLWLPDWHFRQGXFW RIEXVLQHVV,QRWKHUZRUGV5ĪPŠW1DEØGLGQRWDEXVHWKHWUXVWRIWKHJRYHUQRURI%RUVLSSDEXWXVHG WKHJRYHUQRUpVIXQGVWRGHULYHDOHJLWLPDWHSURILWERWKIRUWKHJRvHUQRU DQG IRU KLPVHOI 6LPLODUO\ WKH SHUVRQDO EHQHILW GHULYHG E\ *DEEL-LOćQL-xDU-XʛXULQ7H[WIURPDORDQZKLFKKHJDYHIURPWKH IXQGV RI WKH FURZQ SULQFH &DPE\VHV ZRXOG SUREDEO\ EH UHFRJ QL]HGDVOHJLWLPDWH E\DOOWKHVLGHVLQYROYHGLQWKHWUDQVDFWLRQ ,QFRQWUDVWWR*DEEL-LOćQL-xDU-XʛXUZKRVH$UDPDLFSDWURQ\P LF WHVWLILHV RI KLV QRQ-%DE\ORQLDQ HWKQLF RULJLQ WKH sĔSiru 5ĪPŠW1DEØVRQRI0XxĔ]LE-kDPDxEHORQJHGWRDQXSSHU-VWUDWXPIDPLO\ RIWKHQDWLYH%DE\ORQLDQXUEDQVRFLHW\—WKH5DNVXIDPLO\7KLVLV DQ H[FHSWLRQDO LQVWDQFH VLQFH QRUPDOO\ sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOV ZHUH QRWPHQWLRQHGE\%DE\ORQLDQIDPLO\QDPHV 54 *DEEL-LOćQL-xDU-XʛXU VHUYHG XQGHU WKH DXWKRULW\ RI &DPE\VHV ZKHQWKHODWWHUZDVWKHFURZQSULQFHEXWQRW\HWWKHUHLJQLQJNLQJ 'XULQJ &DPE\VHVpV UHLJQ sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOV VXERUGLQDWH WR KLP DUH PHQWLRQHG RQO\ LQ WKH DUFKLYH RI WKH (DQQD WHPSOH RI 8UXN 7H[WV –  55 7H[WV – PHQWLRQ sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOV VHUYLQJ 54

6HH-XUVDo(LQ%HDPWHUIOXFKWpS %HVLGH$PXUUX-xDU-XʛXUVRQRI7DOĪPXWKHUR\DOVĔSLUX PHQWLRQHG LQ7H[WV–DWOHDVWRQHRWKHUVĔSLUX VXERUGLQDWHWRWKHNLQJZDVDFWLYH 55



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

LQ8UXNXQGHUWKHDXWKRULW\RI*XEDUX WKHJRYHUQRURIWKHVDWUDS\ RI %DE\ORQ DQG $FURVV-WKH-5LYHU LQ WKH UHLJQ RI &\UXV 6LQFH DOO WKRVHWDEOHWVQRWRQO\EHORQJWRWKH(DQQDDUFKLYHEXWDOVRGRFX PHQW WKH DFWLYLWLHV RI sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOV LQ WKH VWDWH VHUYLFH LQ FRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRIWKH(DQQDWHPSOHWKH\KDYH EHHQGLVFXVVHGLQ&KDSWHU 7KHHYLGHQFHIRUWKHDFWLYLW\RIsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVLQWKHVWDWH VHUYLFHRXWVLGHWKH%DE\ORQLDQWHPSOHVEHFRPHVPXFKPRUHH[WHQ VLYHLQWKHUHLJQRI 'DULXV , –486 %&(  ,W LV WR WKLV HYLGHQFH WKDWZHQRZWXUQ

III. IN THE REIGN OF DARIUS I 1. SĔSLUX responsible for palaces and their personnel $FRQVLGHUDEOHSDUWRIGRFXPHQWVUHFRUGLQJWKHDFWLYLWLHVRIsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOV LQWKHVWDWHVHUYLFHLQWKHUHLJQRI'DULXV,PHQWLRQ WKHPDVUHVSRQVLEOHIRUSHUVRQQHOVWDWLRQHGLQUR\DOSDODFHV Text 71 %0 56 –8) 7KHFRVWVRIWKHWUDQVSRUWRINRUVRIEDUOH\IUR>P@ WKHLUULJDWHGIDUPODQGRI7¿PWL  ʙLOOD\D VĔSLUX RIWKHJDU GHQHUVDQGWKHZDWHU-GUDZHUVRIWKH*UDQG3DODFHDQGWKH 1HZ 3DODFH VRQ RI %ĪW-LO-LOWDJDEL 58 KDV UHFHLYHG WKHP 

LQFRQQHFWLRQZLWKWKH(DQQDWHPSOHLQWKHUHLJQRI&DPE\VHVkDOćP-LOĪ VRQRI$EĪ-0DGćQX .ÙPPHOFamilie, Beruf und AmtSDQGVHHWKH GLVFXVVLRQRI7H[WV–LQ&KDSWHU  56 7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQDQGWUDQVODWLRQRIWKLVWDEOHWKDYHEHHQSXEOLVKHG E\$EUDKDPBusiness and PoliticsSS–QR  o7KHLUULJDWHGIDUPODQGLQ7¿PWLp *$5,0Tam-tìO ZDVORFDWHG LQDPDUVKDUHDQHDU%RUVLSSD7KDWPDUVKDUHDZDVFDOOHGTâmtuOLWoVHDp &ROHo0DUVK)RUPDWLRQpS=DGRN*HRJUDSKLFDO1DPHVS$EUD KDPBusiness and PoliticsS  58 ʙLOOD\DpVSDWURQ\PLFLVVSHOOHG P¦-',1*,5-il-tam-ga-bi O $EUD KDPBusiness and PoliticsSSURSRVHGWRUHDGmar LQVWHDGRIWKHVLJQV ga-bi+RZHYHUWKHVLJQVIROORZLQJWDPLQORIWKHWDEOHWDUHFOHDUO\ga-bi UDWKHUWKDQmar EDVHGRQDFROODWLRQRIWKHWDEOHWE\WKHSUHVHQWDXWKRULQ

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



IURPkLUNXVRQRI,GGLQ¿>GHVFHQGDQWRI(JLEL@E\RUGHU RI*Š]ćQXJRYHUQRURI%DE\ORQ (8– ,QDGGLWLRQWKHUHLVDSUHYLRX>V@UHJLVWHUUHJDUGLQJWKH FRVWV IRU WKH WUDQVSRUW RI  NRUV RI EDUOH\ RI > … @ %ĔOXSDʤʤLUDQGʣDxGD\DZKLFKKHKDV DOUHDG\ >U@HFHLYHGE\ RUGHURI*Š]ćQXWKHJRYHUQRURI>%DE\ORQ@ – :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIWKUHHZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH – %DE\ORQPRQWK7DxUĪWXGD\\HDURI'DULXV ,  NLQJRI%DE\ORQDQG DOO WKHODQGV Text 72 %0 59 – NRUVSćQX DQG VHDKVRIEDUOH\WKHFRV>WVRIWKH WUDQVSRUW RI [ NRUV@ RI EDUOH\ IURP WKH IL[HG UHQW GXH WR %ĔO-LWWDQ>QX@%ĔO-XxDOOLPFRXUWLHU DQG sĔS[iru RI@WKHFRXU WLHUVRIWKH*UDQG3DODFH> … @KDVUHFHLYHG WKHP E\RU GHURI*Š]ćQXWKHJRYHUQRU>RI%DE\ORQ@IURPkLUNXVRQ RI,GGLQ¿>GHVFHQGDQWRI(JLEL@  7KH\KDYHHDFKWDNH>Q@RQH FRS\RIWKHGRFXPHQW  (8– :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIVL[ZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH – %DE\ORQ PRQWK >… GD\ [@ \HDU  RI 'D>ULXV , @ NLQJ>RI%DE\ORQDQG DOO WKHODQGV@ %&(  Text 73 %0 

WKH %ULWLVK 0XVHXP -XO\   7KH VLJQ tam KDV DOVR WKH V\OODELF YDOXH ta5DQGWKHVHTXHQFHRIORJRJUDPV¦-',1*,5 %ĪW-ili FDQEHXQGHUVWRRG DVWKHQDPHRIWKH$UDPHDQGHLW\%ĔW-ʯHO%HWKHO IRUWKLVGHLW\VHH5ÓOOLJ o%HWKHOp3HDUFHDQG:XQVFKDocuments of Judean ExilesS +HQFHWKH QDPHRIʙLOOD\DpVIDWKHUVKRXOGEHXQGHUVWRRGDV$UDPDLFP¦-',1*,5-iltam-ga-bi %ĔW-ʯHO-ŔDJDE o%HWKHOLVH[DOWHGp DVSURSRVHGE\-XUVDo(LQ%HDP WHUIOXFKWpS )RUWKHXVHRIFXQHLIRUPVLJQVH[SUHVVLQJWKHFRQVR QDQWVHTXHQFH-lt- WRUHQGHUWKH1RUWKZHVW6HPLWLFODWHUDOIULFDWLYH ŔVHH DERYHQ 59 7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQDQGWUDQVODWLRQRIWKLVWDEOHWKDYHEHHQSXEOLVKHG E\$EUDKDPBusiness and PoliticsSS–QR  7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQDQGWUDQVODWLRQRIWKLVWDEOHWKDYHEHHQSXEOLVKHG E\$EUDKDPBusiness and PoliticsSS–QR$QRWKHUFRS\RIWKH



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250 7KHFRVWVIRUWKHWUDQVSRUWRINRUVRIGDWHV$SO¿ FRXUWLHU DQG VĔSLUX RIWKHFRXUWLHUVRIWKH1HZ3DODFHKDV UHFHLYHG WKHP  IURP kLUNX VRQ RI ,GGLQ¿ GHVFHQGDQW RI (JLELE\RUGHURI*Š]ćQXWKHJRYHUQRURI%DE\ORQ – :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIILYHZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH – %DE\ORQPRQWK$UDʤVDPQXGD\\HDURI'DULXV ,  NLQJ RI %DE\ORQ NLQJ RI DOO  WKH ODQGV 1RYHPEHU  496 %&(  –6)

7KHVHWKUHHWDEOHWVUHFRUGWKHSD\PHQWRIWUDQVSRUWFRVWVIRUEDUOH\ DQG GDWHV E\ 0DUGXN-QćʛLU-DSOL VRQ RI ,WWL-0DUGXN-EDOćʜX D VFLRQ RIWKH(JLELIDPLO\DQGDJUDQGVRQRI1DEØ-DʤʤĔ-LGGLQVRQRIkXO¿ PHQWLRQHGLQ7H[WV–0DUGXN-QćʛLU-DSOLZDVDOVRFDOOHGE\WKH QLFNQDPH kLUNX RU kLxNX  DQG KLV IDWKHU ,WWL-0DUGXN-EDOćʜX ZDV DOVR FDOOHG E\ WKH QLFNQDPH ,GGLQ¿ RU ,GGLQD\D   0DUGXN-QćʛLUDSOLSDLGWKHWUDQVSRUWFRVWVIRUEDUOH\DQGGDWHVWRRIILFLDOVEHDULQJ WKH WLWOHV osĔSiru RI WKH JDUGHQHUV DQG WKH ZDWHU-GUDZHUV RI WKH *UDQG 3DODFH DQG WKH 1HZ 3DODFHp 7H[W   DQG oFRXUWLHU DQG  sĔSiru RI WKH FRXUWLHUV RI WKH *UDQG1HZ 3DODFHp 7H[WV –  6LQFHWKH SD\PHQWVZHUH PDGHRQWKH RUGHUVRI*Š]ćQX WKHGLV WULFWJRYHUQRURI%DE\ORQLWDSSHDUVWKDWERWKWKH*UDQGDQGWKH 1HZ3DODFHZHUHWKHSDODFHVRI'DULXV,LQWKHFLW\RI%DE\ORQ,WLV QRWFOHDUZK\0DUGXN-QćʛLU-DSOLZDVUHTXLUHGWRSD\WKHWUDQVSRUW FRVWVIRUEDUOH\DQGGDWHV3HUKDSVLQWKLVZD\0DUGXN-QćʛLU-DSOL SDLG IRU WKH ULJKW WR XVH WKH ZDWHUZD\V KDUERUV DQG EULGJHV RI %DE\ORQDQGLWVYLFLQLW\FRQVLGHUHGDVSURSHUW\RIWKHNLQJLQKLV WUDQVSRUWDWLRQEXVLQHVV  7KH sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH FRXUWLHUV LQ WKH *UDQGDQGWKH1HZ3DODFHERUHWKH%DE\ORQLDQQDPHV%ĔO-XxDOOLP o7KH/RUG 0DUGXN KDVSDLG P\UHZDUG p DQG$SO¿ DQDEULGJHG

VDPHGRFXPHQWLVWKHWDEOHW%50SXEOLVKHGRQO\LQDKDQG-FRS\RI WKHFXQHLIRUPWH[W &OD\Babylonian Business TransactionsQR   )RUWKHQLFNQDPHVRI0DUGXN-QćʛLU-DSOLDQGKLVIDWKHUVHH:XQ VFKDas Egibi-ArchivYRO,S$EUDKDPBusiness and PoliticsS  6HH$EUDKDPBusiness and PoliticsSS–

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



IRUP RI D QDPH ZKLFK LQFOXGHG WKH QRXQ DSOX oKHLUp  63 (DFK RI WKHP ZDV DOVR LGHQWLILHG DV D FRXUWLHU 64 ,Q FRQWUDVW ʙLOOD\D WKH sĔSiru UHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHJDUGHQHUVDQGZDWHU-GUDZHUVLQERWKWKH *UDQG DQG WKH 1HZ 3DODFH ZDV QRW PHQWLRQHG DV D FRXUWLHU DQG ZDV UHFRUGHG ZLWK KLV SDWURQ\PLF ZKLFK LV OLQJXLVWLFDOO\ $UDPDLF (*%ĔW-ʯHO-ŔDJDE o%HWKHO LV H[DOWHGp  65 $SSDUHQWO\ WKH EDUOH\ DQG WKH GDWHV IRU ZKLFK 0DUGXN-QćʛLU-DSOL SDLG WKH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ FRVWV ZHUH LQWHQGHG WR EH KDQGHG RXW DV IRRG UDWLRQV WR WKH SHUVRQQHO IRUZKRPWKHsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVVHUYLQJLQWKHUR\DOSDODFHVZHUH UHVSRQVLEOH7KHSD\PHQWRIWKHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQFRVWVE\DQH[WHUQDO DJHQF\ WKDWRI0DUGXN-QćʛLU-DSOL ZDVLQWHQGHGWRDOORZWKHPD[L PDO XVH RI WKH FRPPRGLWLHV GHOLYHUHG IRU WKH VXVWHQDQFH RI WKH SDODFHVHUYDQWVZLWKRXWKDYLQJWKH sĔSiruVVWDWLRQHGLQWKHSDODFHV GHGXFWSDUWRIWKHFRPPRGLWLHVIRUWUDQVSRUWDWLRQFRVWV 66 63 (4) [P$S]-la-a O×6$*/8*$/ O×se-SLU-ri (5)

[šá] O×6$*0(kšá ¦*$/ eš-šú o>$S@O¿ FRXUWLHU DQG  VĔSLUX >RI@ WKH FRXUWLHUV RI WKH 1HZ 3DODFHp LV DOVRPHQWLRQHGLQWKHWDEOHW%0 $EUDKDP Business and PoliticsSS – QR  OO –  7KLV WDEOHW GDWHG WR WKH WZHQW\-ILIWK RU WKH WZHQW\-VL[WK UHJQDO \HDU RI 'DULXV , –496 %&(  OLNHZLVH UHFRUGV D SD\PHQW RI WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ FRVWV IRU VRPH FRPPRGLW\ E\ 0DUGXN-QćʛLUDSOL kLUNX RQDQRUGHURI*Š]ćQXWKHJRYHUQRURI%DE\ORQ 64 $QRWKHUVĔSLUX SURIHVVLRQDOUHVSRQVLEOHIRUFRXUWLHUVLVPHQWLRQHG LQWKHWDEOHW%0GDWHGWRWKHWZHQW\-VL[WKUHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV,  %&( WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQ DQG WUDQVODWLRQ RIZKLFK KDYH EHHQ SXEOLVKHG E\$EUDKDPBusiness and PoliticsSS–QR 7KLVVĔSLUX LVPHQ WLRQHG DV (8) … PG(1-SU (9) O×se-SLU-ri šá O×6$*0(k  šá 8*8 k8.ʣ,$ šá ¦*$/ eš-š[u@ o%ĔO-HUĪED VĔSLUX RI WKH FRXUWLHUV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH IRRG UDWLRQV RI WKH 1HZ 3DODFHp OO –  $EUDKDP WUDQVODWHG o%ĔO-HUĪEDFOHUNRIWKHFRPPLVVLRQHUVZKR DUHDSSRLQWHG RYHUWKH DG PLQLVWUDWLRQ RI WKH  UDWLRQV RI WKH 1HZ 3DODFHp $EUDKDP Business and PoliticsS SDUHQWKHVHVSUHVHUYHG  65 6HHDERYHQ 66 $ VLPLODU WUDQVDFWLRQ ZKHUHLQ 0DUGXN-QćʛLU-DSOL VRQ RI ,WWL0DUGXN-EDOćʜX SDLG WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ FRVWV IRU EDUOH\ GHOLYHUHG DV UHQW LV UHFRUGHGLQWKHWDEOHW%0GDWHGWRWKHWZHQW\-ILIWKUHJQDO\HDURI 'DULXV, %&( SXEOLVKHGE\$EUDKDPBusiness and PoliticsSS–   QR   ,Q WKLV WDEOHW WKH RIILFLDO ZKR UHFHLYHG WKH SD\PHQW



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

A sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKHVXVWHQDQFHRIDJURXS RI SDODFH VHUYDQWV EHVLGH RWKHU JURXSV RI SHRSOH  LV DOVR PHQ WLRQHGLQWKHIROORZLQJGRFXPHQW Text 74 (VS 3   –6)  NRUV RI GDWHV WKH UDWLRQV RI WKH gardu-SHRSOH WKH maguš-SHRSOHDQGWKHSHRSOHRIWKHSDODFHRI%ĪW-ʤDUÇXQ GHU WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI %ĔO-ĔʜLU WKH VĔSLUX VRQ RI 1DEØDʤʤĔ-EXOOLʜ DUH RZHG E\ %ĔO-UĔPDQQL VRQ RI 0XxHExL0DUGXNGHVFHQGDQWRIkDQJØ-kDPDx –8) 2Q GD\  RI WKH PRQWK $EX \HDU  >KH ZLOO S@D\ WKHGHEW  IURP0DUGXN-QćʛLU-DSOLERUHDQ,UDQLDQQDPH5XxXQGćWXRU5XxXQSćWX O  7KHWLWOHRIWKLVRIILFLDO UHFRUGHGLQOO–LVODUJHO\EURNHQRII$EUD KDPBusiness and PoliticsSVXJJHVWHGWRUHVWRUHLWDV (3) O×6>$*/U*$/ O×se-SL(r)-ri] (4) šá Oךá-de-e oWKH FR>XUWLHU WKH VĔSLUX@ RI WKH xćGØ(ZRUNHUV p:KLOHWKLVUHVWRUDWLRQLVSODXVLEOHLWLVQRWWKHRQO\SRVVLEOHRQH IRUH[DPSOHWKHUHVWRUDWLRQOךaknu oIRUHPDQpDWWKHHQGRIOLVDQRWKHU UHDVRQDEOH SRVVLELOLW\  'XH WR WKH XQFHUWDLQW\ DERXW KLV WLWOH 5XxXQGćWX5XxXQSćWX PHQWLRQHG LQ %0  LV QRW LQFOXGHG LQ WKH FDWHJRU\RIVĔSLUXVVHUYLQJLQWKHVWDWHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQLQWKHUHLJQRI'DULXV ,GLVFXVVHGLQWKHSUHVHQWVWXG\  7KLV GRFXPHQW KDV EHHQ SUHVHUYHG LQ VHYHUDO FRSLHV HDFK RQ D GLIIHUHQWWDEOHW SUHVHUYHGZLWKGLIIHUHQWGHJUHHVRIGDPDJH +DQG-FRSLHV RI WZR WDEOHWV SUHVHUYHG LQ WKH 9RUGHUDVLDWLVFKHV 0XVHXP %HUOLQ ZHUH SXEOLVKHG E\ 8QJQDG Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler ,,, QRV – $QRWKHU WDEOHW %0  SUHVHUYHG LQ D YHU\ GDPDJHG FRQGLWLRQ KDV EHHQSXEOLVKHGE\-XUVD'DV$UFKLYGHV%ĔO-UĔPDQQLSS–SO;;9 $VQRWHGE\-XUVDDWOHDVWWZRPRUHWDEOHWVFRQWDLQLQJFRSLHVRIWKHVDPH GRFXPHQW DUH SUHVHUYHG LQ WKH %ULWLVK 0XVHXP %0  DQG %0  WKH VPDOO IUDJPHQW QXPEHUHG –– ) PD\ KDYH EHORQJHG RULJLQDOO\ WR \HW DQRWKHU FRS\ RI WKH VDPH GRFXPHQW  6LQFHWKHFRQWHQWRIWKHGRFXPHQWUHFRUGHGLQHDFKFRS\LVWKHVDPHLWLV FLWHGKHUHLQDVLQJOHWUDQVODWLRQ$*HUPDQWUDQVODWLRQRIWKHWZRWDEOHWV SUHVHUYHGLQWKH9RUGHUDVLDWLVFKHV0XVHXP%HUOLQZDVSXEOLVKHGE\6DQ 1LFROÏ DQG 8QJQDG Neubabylonische Rechts- und Verwaltungsurkunden SS 585–QR

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



(8–

%ĔO-UĔPDQQL >KDV V@ZRUQ E\ WKH QDPHV RI  %ĔO DQG 'DULXV>NLQJRI%DE\ORQ@DQG DOO WKHODQGVo,QGHHGDWWKH VSHFLILHG WLPH,ZLOOSD\>WR@%ĔO-ĔʜLUp – :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIILYHZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH – %DE\ORQ PRQWK $EX GD\  \HDU  RI 'DULXV ,  NLQJRI%DE\ORQDQG DOO WKHODQGV $XJXVW%&( 

7KLV GRFXPHQW LV D GHEW QRWH IRU WKH VXSSO\ RI D UHODWLYHO\ ODUJH TXDQWLW\RIGDWHV—HLJKW\-VL[NRUV OLWHUV 7KHGXW\WRVXS SO\WKHGDWHVZDVLPSRVHGRQ%ĔO-UĔPDQQLVRQRI0XxHExL-0DUGXN RI WKH kDQJØ-kDPDx IDPLO\ 7KLV SHUVRQ IXQFWLRQHG LQ GLIIHUHQW VWDJHVRIKLVOLIHDVWKHRYHUVHHURIWKHEDNHUVDEUHZHUDQGDFX QHLIRUPVFULEHLQWKHWHPSOHVRI6LSSDU—ERWKWKH(EDEEDUWHPSOH RIkDPDxDQG WKHWHPSOHRIWKHGLYLQHFRXSOH$GDGDQGkćOD%ĔOUĔPDQQLpV DFWLYLW\ LV DWWHVWHG IURP WKH ILIWK UHJQDO \HDU RI &\UXV XQWLO WKH WKLUW\-ILIWK UHJQDO \HDU RI 'DULXV , – %&(  68 7KH GXW\WRVXSSO\WKHGDWHVUHFRUGHGLQ7H[WZDV DSSDUHQWO\LP SRVHGRQ%ĔO-UĔPDQQLGXULQJRQHRIKLVYLVLWVWRWKHFLW\RI%DE\ ORQZKLFKFRQWLQXHGWRVHUYHDVWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHFHQWHURI0HV RSRWDPLDHYHQDIWHUWKHHVWDEOLVKPHQWRIWKH$FKDHPHQLGHPSLUH 7KHGXW\LPSRVHGRQ%ĔO-UĔPDQQLZDVWRVXSSO\WKHGDWHVWR D sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDO QDPHG %ĔO-ĔʜLU VRQ RI 1DEØ-DʤʤĔ-EXOOLʜ DQG WKHGDWHVZHUHUHFRUGHGDVNXUXPPćWXxD O×gardu O×PDJXxĔX O×PćUĔHNDlli ša BĪW-ʢDUÇ oWKH UDWLRQV RI WKH gardu-SHRSOH WKH maguš-SHRSOH DQG WKHSHRSOHRIWKHSDODFHRI%ĪW-ʤDUÇp OO– 7KHWHUPgardu LV,UD QLDQ DQG GHVLJQDWHV GHSHQGHQW ZRUNHUV ZKR VHUYHG WKH NLQJ DQG WKHKLJKGLJQLWDULHVRIWKH$FKDHPHQLGHPSLUH 69 7KHmaguš-SHRSOH 68

6HH %RQJHQDDU 7KH (EDEEDU 7HPSOH SS – –  449–7DEOHWVIURPWKHSULYDWHDUFKLYHRI%ĔO-UĔPDQQLKDYHEHHQ SXEOLVKHGE\-XUVD'DV$UFKLYGHV%ĔO-UĔmanni6SDUDQGYRQ'DVVRZPrivate Archive TextsSS–SOV–QRV– 69 6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHSS–'DQGDPDHYDQG/X NRQLQThe Culture and Social InstitutionsSS–%ULDQWFrom Cyrus to Alexander SS – $PRQJ RWKHU $FKDHPHQLG GLJQLWDULHV $UVDPHV WKH VDWUDS RI (J\SW LQ WKH ODWH WK FHQWXU\ %&( KDG LQ KLV VHUYLFH garduZRUNHUV ZKR DUH PHQWLRQHG LQ KLV $UDPDLF OHWWHUV VHH 6FKZLGHUVNL Die



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

ZHUH,UDQLDQSULHVWV o0DJLp FORVHO\FRQQHFWHGWRWKH$FKDHPHQLG UR\DOFRXUW  o7KHSHRSOHRIWKHSDODFHRI%ĪW-ʤDUÇp ZHUHSUREDEO\ FRXUWLHUVZKRVHUYHGDWWKHUR\DOSDODFHRI'DULXV,ORFDWHGLQWKH FLW\RI%RUVLSSDDURXQGNPVRXWKZHVWRI%DE\ORQ  6LQFHWKHsĔSiru %ĔO-ĔʜLUVRQRI1DEØ-DʤʤĔ-EXOOLʜZDVUHVSRQVL EOH IRU WKH SURYLVLRQLQJ RI WKHVH WKUHH JURXSV RI SHRSOH ZKRVH VRFLDOVWDWXVUDQJHGZLGHO\ IURPSULHVWVDQGFRXUWLHUVWRGHSHQGHQW ZRUNHUV LWDSSHDUVWKDW%ĔO-ĔʜLURFFXSLHGDSURPLQHQWSRVLWLRQLQ WKH $FKDHPHQLG SDODFH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ LQ %DE\ORQLD 7KH IDFW WKDW WKLVSRVLWLRQZDVRFFXSLHGE\DsĔSiruDVZHOODVWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI RWKHU sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOV PHQWLRQHG LQ 7H[WV – IRU WKH SURYLVLRQLQJRIFRXUWLHUVDQGRWKHUSHUVRQQHORIWKHSDODFHVRI'D ULXV,LQ%DE\ORQSRLQWVWRDQLPSRUWDQWUROHSOD\HGE\WKH1RUWK ZHVW 6HPLWLF DOSKDEHWLF ZULWLQJ PRVW OLNHO\ LQ $UDPDLF LQ WKH $FKDHPHQLGUR\DODGPLQLVWUDWLRQ 2. SĔSLUX responsible for troops and work gangs 6RPHRIWKHsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVZRUNLQJRXWVLGHWKHUR\DOSDODFHV ZHUHOLNHZLVHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUGLIIHUHQWJURXSVRISHRSOHVHUYLQJWKH $FKDHPHQLGHPSLUHDVZRUNHUVRUVROGLHUV$QH[DPSOHRIVXFKD VLWXDWLRQDSSHDUVLQWKHIROORZLQJWDEOHW

alt- und reichsaramäischen Inschriften S D  $FFRUGLQJ WR RQH OHWWHU WKH\ ZHUH EUDQGHG ZLWK D VSHFLILF PDUN RQ WKHLU ERGLHV VLPLODUO\ WR VODYHV ZKQʰOZEWUEʜʯ]\O\ZVʞUZExQWʯ]\O\ o$QGEULQJWKHPLQWRP\FRXUWDQGPDUN WKHPZLWKP\EUDQGp TAD $O   'DQGDPDHYo0DJLp'DQGDPDHYDQG/XNRQLQThe Culture and Social InstitutionsSS–$FFRUGLQJWR7DGPRUDQG%LFNHUPDQo'DULXV , 3VHXGR-6PHUGLV DQG WKH 0DJLp SS – WKH 0DJL IXQFWLRQHG DV IXOO-IOHGJHG SULHVWV LQ 0HGLD QRUWKZHVWHUQ ,UDQ  EXW RXWVLGH WKDW DUHD WKHLUDFWLYLW\ZDVOLPLWHGWRPDJLF LQWKHPRGHUQVHQVH DQGIXWXUH-WHOOLQJ EDVHGRQRPHQV  -XUVD 'DV $UFKLY GHV %ĔO-UĔPDQQL S  )RU WKH ORFDWLRQ RI WKH SDODFHRI%ĪW-ʤDUÇLQ%RUVLSSDVHH8QJHUBabylonS

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



Text 75 %0  –5)  NRUV RI GD>WHV WKH UD@WLRQV RI WKH IHPDOH IORXUPLOOHUV  RI %DE\ORQ ZKR DUH XQGHU WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI >kXP-XNĪ@QWKHRYHUVHHURIWKHIHPDOHVODYHV DQG RI%ĔOĔʜLU VRQ RI ,QD-ʛL>OOL-x@DUUL WKH VĔSLUX RI WKH IHPDOH IORXUPLOOHUV RI %DE\ORQ DUH RZHG E\ >%ĔO@-UĔPDQQL VRQ RI 0XxHExL-0DUGXNGHVFHQGDQWRIkDQJØ-kDPDx (5– 2QGD\>RI@WKHPRQWK$EX\HDURI'DULXVKH ZLOOSD\WKRVHGDWHVNRUVLQ%DE\ORQ –8) 7KRVHDUH WKHGDWHVJLYHQRQDFFRXQWRIWKHUHQWRI 1HUJDO- LQD- WĔxË-ĔʜLU (9– :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIVHYHQZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH – %DE\ORQPRQWK >$@EXGD\  \HDU  RI 'DULXV ,  >NLQJ@ RI %DE\ORQ NLQJ RI DOO  WKH ODQGV $XJXVW   %&( 

7KLVWDEOHWZDVZULWWHQRQWKHVDPHGD\DV7H[W/LNH7H[WLW LVDOVRDGHEWQRWHIRUWKHVXSSO\RIHLJKW\-VL[NRUVRIGDWHVE\%ĔOUĔPDQQLVRQRI0XxHExL-0DUGXNGHVFHQGDQWRIkDQJØ-kDPDxʣ-6@85) QDGQć 680-na-ʯ oWKHGDWHVJLYHQRQ DFFRXQWRIWKHUHQWRI1HUJDO- LQD- WĔxË-ĔʜLUp OO– ,WLVQRWFOHDU ZKR 1HUJDO- LQD- WĔxË-ĔʜLU ZDV EXW LW DSSHDUV WKDW KH KDG UHQWHG D SORWRIFURZQ-RZQHGODQGVRPHZKHUHLQWKHYLFLQLW\RI6LSSDUDQG %ĔO-UĔPDQQL KDG SXUFKDVHG WKH ULJKW WR FROOHFW WKH UHQW RZHG E\ 1HUJDO- LQD- WĔxË-ĔʜLULQH[FKDQJHIRUWKHSD\PHQWRIDIL[HGDQQXDO VXPWRWKHVWDWHWUHDVXU\  %ĔO-UĔPDQQLYLVLWHG%DE\ORQLQWKHPLGVXPPHU PRQWK RI $EX LQ  %&( SUREDEO\ LQ RUGHU WR UHDFK D VHWWOHPHQW ZLWK WKH VWDWH DXWKRULWLHV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH IXOILOOPHQW RI KLVILQDQFLDOGXWLHVDQG7H[WV–PXVWKDYHEHHQZULWWHQGXULQJ WKDWYLVLW (YHQWXDOO\%ĔO-UĔPDQQLKDGQRWPDQDJHGWRVXSSO\WKHGDWHV IRUWKHUDWLRQVRIWKHIHPDOHPLOOHUVLQWLPH7KLVFDQEHVHHQIURP WKHIDFWWKDWDQRWKHUGHEWQRWHSHUWDLQLQJWRWKHVDPHPDWWHUZDV ZULWWHQWRWKHGHELWRI%ĔO-UĔPDQQLRQGD\RIWKHPRQWK$EXRI WKHWZHQW\-VL[WKUHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV, $XJXVW %&( 7KLV QHZ GHEW QRWH LV WKH WDEOHW &700$   ZULWWHQ E\ WKH VDPH VFULEHDQGLQWKHSUHVHQFHRIWKHVDPHZLWQHVVHVDV7H[W  AF 7KHSRVLWLRQRI%ĔO-ĔʜLUVRQRI,QD-ʛLOOL-xDUULUHVHPEOHVWKDWRIWKH WZR VĔSLUX SURIHVVLRQDOV VXERUGLQDWH WR WKH RIILFLDO UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH $UDEVLQ7H[W  6LPLODUO\ WKH SD\PHQW RI HLJKW\-VL[ NRUV RI GDWHV ZKLFK %ĔOUĔPDQQL KDG WR GHOLYHU WR WKH VĔSLUX %ĔO-ĔʜLU VRQ RI 1DEØ-DʤʤÇ-EXOOLʜ DF FRUGLQJWR7H[WZDVSUREDEO\WKHSHUVRQDOGHEWRI%ĔO-UĔPDQQLWRWKH VWDWH WUHDVXU\ 7KHUH LV QR UHDVRQ WR DVVXPH WKDW LW ZRXOG FRYHU D GXW\ LPSRVHG RQ WKH (EDEEDU WHPSOH RI 6LSSDU contra 'DQGDPDHY o7KH (EDEEDU7HPSOHDQG,UDQLDQ0DJLpSDQGFRPSDUH-XUVDDas Archiv GHV%ĔO-UĔPDQQLSS   6SDU DQG YRQ 'DVVRZ Private Archive Texts SS – SO  QR 

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



FRUGLQJWRWKHQHZGHEWQRWH%ĔO-UĔPDQQLKDGWRVXSSO\HLJKW\-VL[ NRUVRIGDWHV IRU WKHUDWLRQVRI WKHIHPDOHPLOOHUVRI %DE\ORQ EeIRUHGD\RIWKHPRQWK$EX,WLVQRWNQRZQZKHWKHUWKLVWLPH KHIXOILOOHGKLVREOLJDWLRQ /LQJXLVWLFDOO\ WKH QDPH RI WKH sĔSiru %ĔO-ĔʜLU LV %DE\ORQLDQ o7KH /RUG 0DUGXN LV WKH VDYLRUp  +LV IDWKHUpV QDPH ,QD-ʛLOOLxDUULLV DOVR %DE\ORQLDQ o,QWKH SURWHFWLYH VKDGH RI WKHNLQJp   $OWKRXJKWKH QDPHRI%ĔO-ĔʜLUpVIDWKHUGRHVQRWH[SUHVVDUHTXHVW IURPDGHLW\WRGRDIDYRUWRWKHNLQJLWGRHVH[WROWKHNLQJ DVD SRVVHVVRURISURWHFWLYHSRZHUVDQGKHQFHLWFDQEHDOVRFRQVLGHUHG DV D QDPH FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI DQ RIILFLDO LQ WKH UR\DO VHUYLFH $SSDU HQWO\ ,QD-ʛLOOL-xDUUL KHOG VRPH SRVLWLRQ LQ WKH VHUYLFH RI WKH NLQJ DQGPDQDJHGWRVHFXUHIRUKLVVRQDSRVLWLRQLQWKHUR\DOVHUYLFHDV ZHOO 7KHUH LV QR REVHUYDEOH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ %ĔO-ĔʜLU VRQ RI ,QD-ʛLOOL-xDUUL DQG %ĔO-ĔʜLU VRQ RI 1DEØ-DʤʤĔ-EXOOLʜ PHQWLRQHG LQ 7H[W $QRWKHU sĔSiru UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH SURYLVLRQLQJ RI ZRUNHUV VHUYLQJWKH$FKDHPHQLGVWDWHLVPHQWLRQHGLQWKHIROORZLQJWDEOHWV Text 76 %0  –3)  NRUV RI EDUOH\ 0XxxÇ VRQ RI ,Q]L\D  NRU RI EDUOH\!1DEØ-UĔʱØxXQXVRQRI1DEØ-EDOćVVX-LTEL

$QRWKHU VĔSLUX SURIHVVLRQDO UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH SURYLVLRQLQJ RI IHPDOHPLOOHUVLVPHQWLRQHGLQWKHWDEOHW%0GDWHGWRWKHWZHQW\ILIWKUHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV, %&( SXEOLVKHGLQWUDQVOLWHUDWLRQDQG WUDQVODWLRQ E\ $EUDKDP Business and Politics SS – QR   $EUD KDP UHDG WKH QDPH RI WKe VĔSLUX DV (4) … PMa-mu-ú-zu A-šú šá (5) [PDU@*$-ia o0DPŠ]X VRQ RI >ʝć@EL\Dp OO –  +RZHYHU DV SRLQWHG RXW E\ $EUDKDP LELG S   WKH QDPH 0DPŠ]X LV SUREDEO\ ,UDQLDQ 7KHUHIRUH LW LV GRXEWIXO ZKHWKHU KLV IDWKHU ERUH WKH $NNDGLDQ QDPH ʝćELD GHULYHG IURP WKH DGMHFWLYH ʞćEX oJRRGp DQG LW LV SRVVLEOH WKDW 0DPŠ]XpVGDPDJHGSDWURQ\PLFVKRXOGEHUHVWRUHGGLIIHUHQWO\ VHH-XUVD o(LQ%HDPWHUIOXFKWpSQ   7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQDQGWUDQVODWLRQRIWKLVWDEOHWKDYHEHHQSXEOLVKHG E\$EUDKDPBusiness and PoliticsSS–QR 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



(4–

%\ RUGHU RI ,GGLQ-1DEØ FRXUWLHU DQG  VĔSLUX WKH  NRUVRIEDUOH\ KDYHEHHQUHFHLYHGIURPWKHKDQGVRIkLUNX VRQRI,GGLQ¿GHVFHQGDQWRI(JLEL (8– :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIILYHZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH – %DE\ORQ PRQWK 6LPćQX GD\  \HDU  RI 'DULXV , NLQJRI%DE\ORQDQG DOO WKHODQGV -XO\%&(  Text 77 6$2&S  2EY –6)  NRUV RI EDUOH\ 0XxĔ]LE-%ĔO VR>Q@ RI ,TŠSX 1D QD\D-LGGLQ VRQ RI ĩQLD DQG  'ŠULD VRQ RI ʣXODOGLD >KDYH UHFHLYHGIURPWKHKDQGVRI$@SO¿  VRQRI… […@E\RUGHU RI,GGLQ-1DEØWKHVĔSLUX RIWKHgardu-SHRSOH 5HY – :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIWZRZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH  – %DE\ORQ >P@RQWK 6LPćQX GD\  \HDU  RI 'DULXV! ,  NLQJ RI %DE\ORQ >NL@Q>J RI DOO  WKH O@D>Q@GV -XO\%&( 

7KHVHWZRWDEOHWVZHUHZULWWHQLQWKHFLW\RI%DE\ORQRQWZRVXF FHVVLYHGD\V%RWKUHFRUGTXDQWLWLHVRIEDUOH\KDQGHGRXWWRGLIIHU HQWLQGLYLGXDOVRQWKHRUGHUVRIWKHsĔSiru ,GGLQ-1DEØ,Q7H[W WKHSHUVRQZKRKDGGHOLYHUHGWKHEDUOH\EHIRUHLWZDVKDQGHGRXW LV 0DUGXN-QćʛLU-DSOL VRQ RI ,WWL-0DUGXN-EDOćʜX RI WKH (JLEL IDPLO\ PHQWLRQHGE\KLVQLFNQDPHkLUNXVRQRI,GGLQ¿ ,WVWDQGVWRUHD VRQWKDWWKLVSD\PHQWVLPLODUO\WRWKHSD\PHQWVUHFRUGHGLQ7H[WV –ZDVH[DFWHGIURP0DUGXN-QćʛLU-DSOLIRUKLV ULJKWWRXVHWKH ZDWHUZD\VKDUERUVDQGEULGJHVRI%DE\ORQLDFRQVLGHUHGDVSURSHU

$ FRPSOHWH HGLWLRQ RI WKLV WDEOHW KDV EHHQ SXEOLVKHG E\ )DUEHU o,GGLQ-1DEØpS$VQRWHGE\)DUEHUKHKDGSUHSDUHGDKDQG-FRS\RI WKLVWDEOHWIRUDFRXUVHRIUHDGLQJVLQ%DE\ORQLDQGRFXPHQWVRIWKHILUVW PLOOHQQLXP %&( ZKLFK KH JDYH DW WKH /XGZLJ 0D[LPLOOLDQ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 0XQLFKLQ7KHWDEOHWZDVQRWSUHYLRXVO\SXEOLVKHGDQGLWVZKHUHD ERXWVKDYHEHHQORVWVLQFH  7KHSDWURQ\PLFRIWKHODVWRIWKHWKUHHUHFLSLHQWV PʡX-la-al-di"-ia REY   FDQ EH DOVR UHDG PʡX-la-al-ki"-ia 7KH QDPH RI WKH SHUVRQ ZKR GHOLYHUHGWKHEDUOH\ >PA]S-la-aREY FDQEHDOVRUHDG>PŠ]u-la-a 

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



W\ RI WKH NLQJ LQ KLV WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ EXVLQHVV 7KH LGHQWLW\ RI WKH SHUVRQZKRKDGGHOLYHUHGWKHEDUOH\LQ7H[WLVQRWFOHDU 7H[WPHQWLRQV,GGLQ-1DEØDV O×sĔSir ša O×gardu oWKHsĔSiru RI WKHgardu-SHRSOHp REY 7KLVPHDQVWKDWKHZDVUHVSRQVLEOHIRU WKHSURYLVLRQLQJRIDFHUWDLQJDQJRIGHSHQGHQWZRUNHUVHPSOR\HG LQ WKH VHUYLFH RI WKH $FKDHPHQLG VWDWH DXWKRULWLHV 7H[W  PHQ WLRQV,GGLQ-1DEØDVDFRXUWLHU O :DOWHU)DUEHUKDVSURSRVHGLQ OLJKW RI RWKHU WDEOHWV PHQWLRQLQJ ,GGLQ-1DEØ VRPH RI ZKLFK DUH XQSXEOLVKHG WKDWKHZDVDVRQRIkDUUX-GŠUĪVRQRI,GU¿DFRXUWLHU PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH WDEOHW 7&/    ,I WKLV SURSRVDO LV FRUUHFW WKHQkDUUX-GŠUĪZDVDFRXUWLHUZKRKDGDWOHDVWRQHVRQ ELRORJLFDO RUDGRSWHG DQGZKRVXFFHHGHGWRREWDLQIRUKLVVRQDSRVLWLRQLQ WKH UR\DO VHUYLFH 83 ,W LV QRW FOHDU ZKHWKHU kDUUX-GŠUĪ VRQ RI ,GU¿ ZDVDOVRDsĔSiru $QRWKHUWDEOHWPHQWLRQVDsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDODPRQJWKHRIIL FLDOVXQGHUZKRVHSXUYLHZIHOODGHWDFKPHQWRIVROGLHUVVHUYLQJLQ WKH$FKDHPHQLGDUP\DQGVWDWLRQHGLQWKHFLW\RI%RUVLSSD Text 78 96 84 –4)  SćQX DQG   VHDKV RI EDUOH\  SćQX DQG  VHDKV RI IORXUSHUPRQWK8ʛXUx¿VRQRI1DEØ-ĔʜLU-QDSxćWLZLOOJLYH WR WKH WURRS ZKRVH SURYLVLRQLQJ  LV LPSRVHG RQ 1LGLQWX VRQRI/Š-D!EŠD 85 )DUEHU o,GGLQ-1DEØp S  7KH WDEOHW 7&/   &RQWHQDX Contrats néo-babyloniens IIQR LVGDWHGWRWKHVL[WHHQWKUHJQDO\HDURI 'DULXV ,  %&(  ,WV WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQ DQG WUDQVODWLRQ KDYH EHHQ SXE OLVKHG E\ $EUDKDP o7&/   kXxDQ DQG %Dʛp SS – $EUDKDP Business and PoliticsSS–QR 83 )RUWKHTXHVWLRQRIWKHFRXUWLHUVpFKLOGUHQVHH&KDSWHUQ 84 8QJQDG Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler 9, QR  $ *HUPDQ WUDQVODWLRQ RI WKLV WDEOHW ZDV SXEOLVKHG E\ 6DQ 1LFROÏ DQG 8QJQDG Neubabylonische Rechts- und VerwaltungsurkundenSS–QR 85 7KHQDPHVRIWKHVHWZRLQGLYLGXDOVDUHUHFRUGHGLQFXQHLIRUPDV PÚ-ʜXU-šá-a A PG$*-.$5-=,0(k DQG PNi-din-tu A PLu--bu-ú-a 4 UHVSHFWLYHO\$OWKRXJKLQWKHGRFXPHQWVRIWKH1HR-%DE\ORQLDQDQGWKH $FKDHPHQLG SHULRGV WKH ORJRJUDP $ ZLWKRXW DGGLWLRQV QRUPDOO\ LQWUR GXFHVWKHIDPLO\QDPH VHH&KDSWHUQ LQWKHSUHVHQWLQVWDQFHLWHYL 



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250 (4–9)

:ULWWHQ LQWKHSUHVHQFHRI,SULDWKHMXGJH*D… WKH MXGJH RI WKH SDODFH JDWH DQG 1DEØ-LWWDQQX WKH VĔSLUX ZKR HQWHUHGLQWR%RUVLSSDZLWK… LQRUGHUWRLPSRVH WKHSUR YLVLRQLQJ  RI WKH HOLWH VROGLHUV RQ WKH LQKDELWDQWV RI WKH FLW\  (9– DVZHOODV 6ËQ-LOĪWKHKHUDOGkĔOHEXWKH RQH UHVSRQ VLEOH IRU WKH ODZ HQIRUFHPHQW"  kXOXP-DQD-%ćELOL WKH RYHUVHHU 86 *Š]ćQX VRQ RI 5ĪPŠW 1DEØ-LWWDQQX VRQ RI 3XUxØ 1DEØ-DʤXxX WKH VFULEH VRQ RI 1DEØ-DʤʤĔ-xXOOLP ZKRZURWHWKHGRFXPHQWRIWKHJRYHUQRUJDYHLWWR1DEØ]ĔU-XxDExL DQG WRWKH GHELW RI WKH JRYHUQRUDQG ,SULDWKH MXGJH WKHUH ZLWK…  GHQWO\ LQWURGXFHVWKHSDWURQ\PLFVRIWKHSHUVRQVPHQWLRQHGVLQFH1DEØĔʜLU-QDSxćWLDQG/Š-DEŠDDUHQRWNQRZQDV%DE\ORQLDQIDPLO\QDPHV VHH :XQVFKo%DE\ORQLVFKH)DPLOLHQQDPHQpSS– )RUWKHUHDGLQJRI 1LGLQWXpVSDWURQ\PLFDVPLu--bu-ú-aVHH:DHU]HJJHUVo7KH&DULDQVRI %RUVLSSDpS 86 $OWKRXJK WKH QDPH kXOXP-DQD-%ćELOL LV OLQJXLVWLFDOO\ %DE\ORQLDQ o3HDFH EH  WR %DE\ORQp  LWV EHDUHU LV GHVLJQDWHG E\ WKH ,UDQLDQ WLWOH uDSSDGĔWX oRYHUVHHUp IRUWKLVWLWOHVHHCAD U–:SSD–EVYXSSaGĔWX7DYHUQLHUIranicaS /LNHZLVHWKHQDPHkĔOHEXLVOLQJXLVWLFDOO\ %DE\ORQLDQ o)R[p EXWKLVWLWOHxDPXʢʢLGćWX—OLWoWKH RQH UHVSRQVLEOH IRUWKHODZp—LQFOXGHVWKH,UDQLDQQRXQGćWX (GćWD oODZGHFUHHp VHHCAD ' SS E–D VY GćWX 7DYHUQLHU Iranica SS    ,W LV SRVVLEOH WKDW kĔOHEX ZDV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH HQIRUFHPHQW RI WKH ODZV HQDFWHG E\ WKHNLQJ VHH.OHEHUoGćWXxDxDUULpS   7KHFRQWHQWRIJLʞʞX xDxćNLQʞĔPL *ª''$šá O×*$5808k oWKH GRFXPHQW RI WKH JRYHUQRUpPHQWLRQHG LQ OO – LV QRWFOHDU 0RUHR YHU WKH FXQHLIRUP VLJQV DW WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI O  ZKLFK SUREDEO\ H[ SUHVVHGDYHUEDOIRUPVLJQLI\LQJVRPHH[SHQGLWXUHPDGHWRWKHGHELW ina PXʢʢL RIWKHJRYHUQRUDQG,SULDWKHMXGJHRQWKHEDVLVRIWKDW GRFXPHQW DUHSDUWO\EURNHQZKLFKPDNHVLWGLIILFXOWWRFRQMHFWXUHZKDWVRUWRIGRF XPHQWLWZDV6WLOOLWDSSHDUVWKDWWKHGRFXPHQWLQTXHVWLRQZDVIXQFWLRQ DOO\ FRQQHFWHG WR WKH SUHVHQW WDEOHW DQG PHQWLRQHG VRPH GXW\ LPSRVHG RQWKHGLVWULFWJRYHUQRURI %RUVLSSDDQGRQ,SULDWKHMXGJHLQUHFRJQLWLRQ RIWKDWGXW\ERWKRIWKHPLPSUHVVHGWKHLUVHDOVRQWKHXSSHUHGJHRIWKH SUHVHQW WDEOHW 7KH IDFW WKDW WKH GRFXPHQW WHUPHG JLʞʞX ZDV GUDZQ E\ 1DEØ-DʤʤĔxXVRQRI1DEØ-DʤʤĔ-xXOOLPDFXQHLIRUPVFULEH ʞXSxDUUu LQGL

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



%RUVLSSDPRQWK$UDʤVDPQXGD\\HDURIDD ULXV , NLQJRI%DE\ORQDQGRI DOO WKHODQGV 1RYHPEHU %&(   :ULWWHQ IRU UHPHPEUDQFH LQ RUGHU  QRW WR EH IRUJRW WHQ 8SSHUHGJH 6HDORI0XxĔ]LE-%ĔOWKHJRYHUQRURI%RUVLSSD VHDO –

LPSUHVVLRQ

6HDORI,SULDWKHMXGJH VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ

7KLVWDEOHWUHFRUGVWKHGXW\RIDFHUWDLQ8ʛXUx¿VRQRI1DEØ-ĔʜLUQDSxćWL WR VXSSO\ EDUOH\ DQG IORXU WR D WURRS ZKRVH SURYLVLRQLQJ ZDVRWKHUZLVHLPSRVHGRQ1LGLQWXVRQRI/Š-DEŠD 88 7KHWDEOHWLV HVSHFLDOO\LQWHUHVWLQJEHFDXVHRIWKHODUJHQXPEHUDQGWKHLGHQWLW\ RI WKH SHUVRQV LQ ZKRVH SUHVHQFH LW ZDV ZULWWHQ DQG ZKR WKXV VHUYHGDVZLWQHVVHVWRWKHREOLJDWLRQUHFRUGHGLQLW $PRQJWKRVH SHRSOH WKHUH DUH WZR MXGJHV ,SULD DQG *D… WKH ODWWHUpV QDPH LV RQO\ SDUWO\ SUHVHUYHG  kĔOHEX WKH RIILFLDO UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH ODZ HQIRUFHPHQW"  kXOXP-DQD-%ćELOL WKH RYHUVHHU 1DEØ-LWWDQQX WKH sĔSiru DQG1DEØ-XʛXUxXWKHFXQHLIRUPVFULEH$ERXW1DEØ-XʛXUxXLW LVVDLGWKDWKHZURWHoDGRFXPHQWRIWKHJRYHUQRUpZKLFKSUREDEO\ UHVXOWHGLQVRPHH[SHQGLWXUHEHLQJPDGHWRWKHGHELWRIWKHGLVWULFW JRYHUQRURI%RUVLSSDDQG,SULDWKHMXGJH :LWK UHJDUG WR ,SULD *D… DQG 1DEØ-LWWDQQX LW LV VDLG WKDW WKH\HQWHUHGLQWR%RUVLSSDDQDPXʢʢLQDVćNDxD O×\ćʢŠGćQX O 7KH GHWHUPLQDWLYHO× LQGLFDWHVWKDW\ćʢŠGćQX DUHDJURXSRISHRSOH&DUR OLQH:DHU]HJJHUVLQWHUSUHWHGWKLVWHUPDVDSOXUDOQRXQo-XGHDQVp 89 +RZHYHU DV REVHUYHG E\ 5DQ =DGRN WKH WHUP \ćʢŠGćQX LV PRUH OLNHO\DQ$UDPDLFDGMHFWLYHGHULYHGIURPWKHYHUEDOURRW\ʚG oWRVe-

FDWHVWKDWLQWKLVLQVWDQFHDJLʞʞX-GRFXPHQWZDVZULWWHQLQFXQHLIRUPRQD FOD\WDEOHWUDWKHUWKDQLQDQDOSKDEHWLFVFULSWRQDVKHHWRISDUFKPHQWRU SDS\UXV FRPSDUHWKHGLVFXVVLRQRI7H[WLQ&KDSWHU  88 )RUWKLVLQWHUSUHWDWLRQRIWKHWDEOHWVHH:DHU]HJJHUVo7KH&DULDQV RI%RUVLSSDpS 89 ,ELG

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



OHFWGHVLJQDWHpZKLFKVLJQLILHVHOLWHVROGLHUV  7KXVWKHSKUDVHana PXʢʢLQDVćNDxD O×\ćʢŠGćQX VKRXOGEHXQGHUVWRRGDVoLQRUGHUWRLP SRVH WKH SURYLVLRQLQJ  RI WKH HOLWH VROGLHUV RQ WKH LQKDELWDQWV RI WKHFLW\ p 7KHXVHRIWKHLQILQLWLYHQDVćNX OLWoWRVKRRWWKURZSLOHXSp  LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHVROGLHUVRIWKHHOLWH GHWDFKPHQW ZHUH DVVLJQHG E\ DQ RUGHU RI WKH $FKDHPHQLG VWDWH DXWKRULWLHV WR VSHFLILF KRXVeKROGVRIWKHLQKDELWDQWVRI%RUVLSSDVRWKDWWKHODWWHUZRXOGVXV WDLQ WKH VROGLHUV DQG SHUKDSV DOVR WKHLU IDPLOLHV  7KH QHHG IRU VXVWDLQLQJWKHVROGLHUVLQWKLVZD\LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKH\KDGQRH[LVW LQJ VRXUFHVRIPDWHULDOVXSSRUWLQWKHFLW\DQGZHUHEURXJKWWRLW IURP HOVHZKHUH 7KH DVVLJQPHQW RI VROGLHUV WR WKH KRXVHKROGV RI WKHLQKDELWDQWVRI%RUVLSSDIRUVXVWHQDQFH ZDVLQHIIHFWDNLQGRI WD[ LPSRVHG E\ WKH $FKDHPHQLG DXWKRULWLHV RQ WKH SHRSOH RI WKH FLW\1DEØ-LWWDQQXWKHsĔSiru ZDVRQHRIWKHRIILFLDOVZKRLPSRVHG WKLVWD[RQWKHLQKDELWDQWVRI%RUVLSSD,WLVQRWFOHDUZKHWKHUWKH WURRSZKRVHSURYLVLRQLQJZDVLPSRVHGRQ1LGLQWXVRQRI/Š-DEŠD EHORQJHG WR WKH HOLWH GHWDFKPHQW ZKRVH VROGLHUV ZHUH DVVLJQHG WR WKH%RUVLSSHDQKRXVHKROGVEXWWKLVSRVVLELOLW\VHHPVOLNHO\ $QRWKHU WDEOHW DOVR GHDOLQJ ZLWK WKH GXWLHV RI VRPH LQKDELW DQWVRI%RUVLSSDPHQWLRQVDsĔSiru RI-XGHDQHWKQLFRULJLQ Text 79 %0  –6) 7KLV LV FRQFHUQLQJ   NRUV RI EDUOH\ SD\PHQW IRU  WKHHTXLSPHQW 93 RIDVROGLHURI\HDU>[RI@'D>U@LXV , NLQJ =DGRN o-XGHDQV LQ %DE\ORQLD—8SGDWLQJ WKH 'RVVLHUp SS – )RUWKHXVHRIDWHUPPHDQLQJoVHOHFWHGpRUWKHOLNHDVDGHVLJQDWLRQ RIHOLWHVROGLHUVFRPSDUHWKH$NNDGLDQQRXQEĔUXGHULYHGIURPWKHYHUE bêru oWRVHOHFWFKRRVHpDQGGHVLJQDWLQJHOLWHWURRSVLQGRFXPHQWVIURPWKH ILUVWKDOIRIWKHVHFRQGPLOOHQQLXP %&( VHHCAD %SSE–DVY EĔUX %  :DHU]HJJHUV VXEVHTXHQWO\ UHWUDFWHG KHU HDUOLHU LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKHWHUP\ćʢŠGćnuLQDJUHHPHQWZLWK=DGRN :DHU]HJJHUVo/RFDWLQJ&RQ WDFWpSQ   :DHU]HJJHUVo7KH&DULDQVRI%RUVLSSDpS  7KLVWDEOHWKDVQRWEHHQSUHYLRXVO\SXEOLVKHG 93 DS-S[a]-¨sa¦-di O DQGDS-SH-s[a-di@ O DUHDEQRUPDOVSHOOLQJVRI WKH ,UDQLDQ WHUP SDVVćGDSDVDʯGX o PLOLWDU\  HTXLSPHQW RXWILWWLQJp VHH 

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



RI %DE\ORQ >NLQJ RI@ DOO  WKH ODQ>GV ZKLFK@ LV  IRU WKH PRQWK.LV>VLOĪPXWKHI@XOO VKDUHRIDQDUFKHU>LQFXPEHQW RQ@1DEØ-]ĔU-XxHEx>L@VRQRI1DEØ-ĔʜLU-QDSx>ćWL@GHVFHQG DQW RI ,OLD ZKLFK LV WR EH SODFHG  ZLWK ʝćEL>D VRQ RI@ 1DEØ-ĔʜLUGHVFHQGDQWRI5Ĕx-XPPćQL (6– 7KLV EDUOH\ >@ >NRUV@ LQ LWV  HQWLUHW\ WKH IXOO VKDUH RI 1DEØ-]ĔU-XxHExL >…@ VRQ RI =DNDUU>L-UHVS@RQVLELOLW\RI 1ŠU-[… WKHFK@LHIILQDQFLDORIILFHU 94 KDVUHFHLYHGIURPWKH KDQGVRI>1ć@GLQ-DʤLVRQRI>…-1D@EØGHVFHQGDQWRI,OLD RQDFFRXQWRI>1D@EØ-]ĔU-XxHExLVRQRI1DEØ-ĔʜLU-QDSxćWL GHVFHQGDQWRI,OLDKHKDVEHHQSDLG  7KH\KDYHHDFKWDNHQRQH FRS\RIWKHGRFXPHQW  – :LWQHVVHV0DUGXN-]ĔU-LEQLVRQRI1DEØ-PXGDPPLT GHVFHQGDQWRI'ćELEĪ ,TĪx¿VRQRI$xDUĔGXGHVFHQGDQWRI'ćELEĪ %ĔO-]ĔU-LEQLVRQRI$SO¿ .LGLQ-0DUGXNVRQRIkXOOXPXGHVFHQGDQWRI5DE-EćQÇ 1DEØ-Dʤ-LWWDQQX VRQ RI 1HUJDO-XxDOOLP GHVFHQGDQW RI =ĔUć\D %ĔO-[…@VRQRI6LOLP-%ĔOGHVFHQGDQWRI%ĔO-DSOX-XʛXU %ĔO-[…@VRQRI%ĔO-HUĪEDGHVFHQGDQWRI.XWLPPX 0XxĔ]LEVRQRI1HUJDO-ĔʜLUGHVFHQGDQWRI0LʛLUć\D  7KH VFULEH %ĔO-NćʛLU VRQ RI $UGLD GHVFHQGDQW RI ē>ʜLUX " @ CAD 3 SS D–E 7DYHUQLHU Iranica SS –  ,Q WKH SUHVHQW LQ VWDQFHWKHWHUPSDVDʯGX VLJQLILHVDSD\PHQWIRUDVROGLHUpVHTXLSPHQW =D GRNo-XGHDQVLQ%DE\ORQLD—8SGDWLQJWKH'RVVLHUpS  94 ina >k@8II P=ž/$*->[-[-[ O×*$@/ ka-ʜLU O   7KH WHUP O×rab *$/ NćʜLU(Ī)—OLWoFKLHIWDLORUp—GHVLJQDWHGDKLJKRIILFLDOUHVSRQVL EOH IRU ILQDQFHV VHH -XUVD o'HU QHXEDE\ORQLVFKH +RIp SS – 'D 5LYD o1HEXFKDGQH]]DU ,,pV 3ULVPp S   KHQFH WKH WUDQVODWLRQ oFKLHI ILQDQFLDO RIILFHUp ,W DSSHDUV WKDW WKLV RIILFLDO ZDV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH IL QDQFHVLQWKHORFDOJRYHUQPHQWRI%DE\ORQLDZRUNLQJLQWKHFLW\RI%DE\ ORQZKHUHWKHWDEOHWZDVZULWWHQ)RUWKHUHVWRUDWLRQRIWKHWLWOH>O×*$@/ ka-ʜLU LQ WKH SUHVHQW WDEOHW VHH =DGRN o-XGHDQV LQ %DE\ORQLD—8SGDWLQJ WKH'RVVLHUpS

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



%DE\ORQPRQWKʝHEĔWXGD\\HDURI'DULXV ,  NLQJRI%DE\ORQ>DQG DOO WKHODQGV@ -DQXDU\%&(  – 7KHEDUOH\KDVEHHQJLYHQE\RUGHURI.XSDSXU¿DQG %ĔO-]ĔU-LEQLWKH RQHV UHVSRQVLEOHIRU WKHSD\PHQWVIRU  WKHHTXLSP>HQW@ SODFHG DWWKHGLVSRVDORIʝćELD –

7KLVWDEOHWUHFRUGVWKHSD\PHQWRIILIWHHQNRUV OLWHUV RIEDU OH\ DV DQ HTXLYDOHQW RI WKH HTXLSPHQW RI DQ DUFKHU 95 7KH WDEOHW EeORQJVWRWKHDUFKLYHRIDEUDQFKRIWKH,OLDIDPLO\ZKLFKUHVLGHG LQ%RUVLSSD 96 1DEØ-]ĔU-XxHExLVRQRI1DEØ-ĔʜLU-QDSxćWLRIWKH,OLD IDPLO\ PHQWLRQHG LQ WKLV WDEOHW ZDV WKH GLVWULFW JRYHUQRU RI %RUVLSSD LQ WKH UHLJQ RI &DPE\VHV – %&(  +H ORVW WKDW RIILFH LQ WKH UHLJQ RI 'DULXV , –486 %&(  EXW FRQWLQXHG KLV DFWLYLWLHV DV D SULYDWH SHUVRQ ZLWK FORVH FRQQHFWLRQV WR WKH ORFDO JRYHUQPHQW  $FFRUGLQJWROLQHV–RI7H[WDFHUWDLQ1ćGLQ-DʤLZKR DOVR EHORQJHG WR WKH ,OLD IDPLO\ PDGH WKH SD\PHQW RQ DFFRXQW RI 1DEØ-]ĔU-XxHExLWRDQRIILFLDOPHQWLRQHGDV>…] PćUXxXxD=DNDUU[i95

7KH SD\PHQW ZDV DSSDUHQWO\ GXH LQ WKH PRQWK .LVVLOĪPX ana

LWL*>$1@O ZKLFKKDGHQGHGMXVWWKUHHGD\VEHIRUHWKHGDWHRI7H[W

+RZHYHU WKH DPRXQW RI EDUOH\ SDLG FRXOG FRYHU WKH FRVW RI WKH HTXLS PHQWRIDQDUFKHUIRUPRUHWKDQDVLQJOHPRQWK 96 7KH EUDQFK RI WKH ,OLD IDPLO\ ZKRVH DFWLYLWLHV WKLV DUFKLYH GRFX PHQWV LV NQRZQ DV ,OLD ' :DHU]HJJHUV o7KH 'LVSHUVDO +LVWRU\p S  :DHU]HJJHUV 7KH (]LGD 7HPSOH SS  >Q @ – -XUVD 1HR%DE\ORQLDQ /HJDO DQG $GPLQLVWUDWLYH 'RFXPHQWV –  6LQFH WKH DU FKLYHFRQVLVWVRIWDEOHWVSXUFKDVHGRQWKHDQWLTXLWLHVPDUNHWDQGQRWGLV FRYHUHG LQ D FRQWUROOHG DUFKDHRORJLFDO H[FDYDWLRQ WKH DUFKLYH LV GHILQHG E\WKHFRQWHQWRIWKHWDEOHWVEHORQJLQJWRLW  :DHU]HJJHUV7KH(]LGD7HPSOHSS–7KHFRQFOX VLRQWKDW1DEØ-]ĔU-XxHExLVRQRI1DEØ-ĔʜLU-QDSxćWLORVWWKHRIILFHRIWKH GLVWULFW JRYHUQRU O×*$5 808k xćNLQ ʞĔPL  LQ WKH UHLJQ RI 'DULXV , LV EDVHGRQWKHIDFWWKDWLQWKHUHLJQRI'DULXV,RWKHULQGLYLGXDOVDUHPHQ WLRQHG LQ WKH RIILFH RI WKH GLVWULFW JRYHUQRU VHH:DHU]HJJHUV The Ezida 7HPSOH S   1DEØ-ĔʜLU-QDSxćWL WKH IDWKHU RI 1DEØ-]ĔU-XxHExL ZDV WKH GLVWULFWJRYHUQRURI%RUVLSSDLQWKHUHLJQVRI1DERQLGXVDQG&\UXV VHH DERYHQ 

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21

5

Y]ćPD O×sĔSLr[i ša u]mmćQD LQD TćW P1ŠU-[… O×ra]E NćʜLU ‘[…@ VRQ RI =DNDUU>L-XQGHU@WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHFKLHIILQDQFLDORIILFHU  (9– $WWKHZLWKGUDZDO RI … […@WKH\ZHUHUHFHLYHG>E\ K@LP…  […@VRQRI1DEØ-… […] – 7KHVHGDWHVNR>UV…@WKH\PHDVXUHG DQG LQWKH SDODFH>…] 5HYHUVHEURNHQH[FHSWDIHZWUDFHVRIVLJQVGDPDJHGEH\RQGLGHQWLILFDWLRQ 8SSHUHGJH 

>0RQWK[GD\[@\HDU> " …]

Text 81 %0  –3) [… EDU@OH\ WKH FRVWV RI WKH WUDQVSRUW RI >…@ EDUOH\ > IURP  WKH IL@[HG UHQW WKDW LV GXH WR %ĔO-LWWD>Q@QX >DQG@ kXPD\D "  WKH JRYHUQRUV RI WKH LUULJDWHG IDUPODQG RI 7¿PWL

JLx3$1EĪWTDxWL

oERZ-ILHIpZKLFKLVWKHWHUPXVHGZLWKUHJDUGWRWKHODQG SORWRI%DVVLDVRQRI0XUDxØ,QDGPLQLVWUDWLYHFRQWH[WVQRWUHODWHGWRD WHPSOHZKHUHWKHVHUYLFHVRIEXWFKHUVZRXOGEHUHTXLUHGWKHWHUPʞćELʢX SOʞćELʢŠ SUREDEO\VLJQLILHVJXDUGVPHQUDWKHUWKDQEXWFKHUV VHHDERYH QDQGEHORZQ   )RUWKHUHDGLQJRIWKHQDPHVDQGWKHWLWOHVRI0DxH-(PŠQXVHH -XUVDo(LQ%HDPWHUIOXFKWpSQ-XUVDo)DPLOLHV2IILFLDOGRPpS 2IDVSHFLDOLQWHUHVWLVWKHIDFWWKDW0DxH-(PŠQXERUHD%DE\ORQLDQ QDPH ,GGLQ-1DEØ o1DEØ JDYH D FKLOG p  LQ DGGLWLRQ WR KLV QRQ%DE\ORQLDQRULJLQDOQDPH RQZKLFKVHHEHORZ 0DxH-(PŠQXLVGHVLJQDW HGDV O×VĔSLUxDND]DQQX O 7KHPHDQLQJRIWKHWHUPkazannu LVXQFOHDU -XUVD o(LQ %HDPWHU IOXFKWp S  Q  WHQWDWLYHO\ WUDQVODWHG oVWRUeKRXVHp o6SHLFKHUp  7KLV WDEOHW DOVR PHQWLRQV DQ RIILFLDO EHDULQJ WKH WLWOH UDENćʜLU(Ī oFKLHIILQDQFLDORIILFHUp O×*$/ka-ʜL-irO /LNHLQ7H[WLW DSSHDUV WKDW WKH UHOHYDQW RIILFLDO ZDV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH ILQDQFHV LQ WKH ORFDOJRYHUQPHQWRI%DE\ORQLDZKHUHWKHoSDODFHp ¦*$/ PHQWLRQHGLQ OZDVSUHVXPDEO\ORFDWHG  7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQDQGWUDQVODWLRQRIWKLVWDEOHWKDYHEHHQSXEOLVKHG E\$EUDKDPBusiness and PoliticsSS–QR

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



(4–8)

%D]EDND>WKHs]ĔSLUX RIDWURRSDQGWKH>IRUHPDQ " @RI WKH,RQLDQV  KDV>UH@FHLYHG WKHP E\RUGHURI*Š]ć>QX@ JRYHUQRURI%DE\ORQIURPkLUNXVR>QRI@,GGLQ¿GHVFHQG DQWRI(JL>EL@ (9– :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIILYHZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH  – %DE\ORQ PRQWK 'XʱŠ]X GD\  >\HDU [ RI '@DULXV , >NLQJRI%DE\ORQ@NLQJRI DOO WKHODQGV

7H[WUHFRUGVWKHFROOHFWLRQRIDSD\PHQWRIUHQWIRUDUDEOHODQG KHOGE\WKHSULHVWVRIWKH(]LGDWHPSOHRI%RUVLSSD7KHPHQWLRQ RI D SDUW RI WKLV ODQG DV D ERZ-ILHI EĪW TDxWL  PD\ VXJJHVW WKDW DW OHDVWVRPHSULHVWVRI(]LGDKDGDGXW\WRVHUYHLQWKH$FKDHPHQLG DUP\ +RZHYHU LW LV DOVR SRVVLEOH WKDW ERZ-ILHIV ZHUH JUDQWHG WR WKHSULHVWVRI(]LGDLQUHWXUQIRUSD\PHQWVQHFHVVDU\WRVXVWDLQDQG WRHTXLSWKRVHVHUYLQJLQWKHDUP\UDWKHUWKDQIRUDSHUVRQDOPLOL WDU\VHUYLFH 7KHIRUW\-IRXUNRUV OLWHUV RIGDWHVUHFRUGHGLQ7H[W ZHUHUHFHLYHGE\0DxH-(PŠQXDFRXUWLHUDQGDsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDO ZKRDOVRERUHWKH%DE\ORQLDQQDPH,GGLQ-1DEØ+HZDVVXERUGL QDWH WR DQ RIILFLDO UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH ILQDQFHV (UDE NćʜLUĪ) LQ WKH ORFDOJRYHUQPHQWRI%DE\ORQLD  7KHQDPH0DxH-(PŠQXLVFOHDU O\QRW%DE\ORQLDQDQGLWVILQDOFRPSRQHQWDSSHDUVWREHWKHQDPH RI$PXQWKHFKLHIGHLW\RI(J\SW  +RZHYHUWKHLQLWLDOFRPSR 7KHUHDGLQJ (4) PBa-az-ba-ka [O×s]e-SL-ri (5) šá um-ma-nu u O×>*$5" šá] OO– LVEDVHGRQ-XUVDo(LQ%HDPWHUIOXFKWpS7KH QDPH %D]EDND LV ,UDQLDQ o*RGpV DUPp $EUDKDP Business and Politics S 7DYHUQLHUIranicaS   2QHRIWKHZLWQHVVHVLV>P08@-G$* O×Ia-ma-na-a-a o>,GGLQ@-1DEØ WKH,RQLDQp O ,WLVQRWFOHDUZKHWKHUKHZDVSDUWRIWKHWURRSXQGHU WKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI%D]EDND,QDQ\HYHQWWKHQDPH,GGLQ-1DEØLV%DE\ ORQLDQo7KHJRG1DEØJDYH WKHFKLOG p  6HHDERYHQ  &RPSDUH WKH QDPHV ʡD-at-SH-E-mu-nu (ʙWS-Imn o$PXQ LV VDWLV ILHGp DQGPa-[ʞH]-E-mu-nu (P3-di-Imno7KHRQHJLYHQE\$PXQp ERUQHE\ (J\SWLDQV LQ WKH WDEOHW %0  IURP 6LSSDU GDWLQJ DURXQG  %&( %RQJHQDDU DPG +DULQJ o(J\SWLDQV LQ 1HR-%DE\ORQLDQ 6LSSDUp SS    

O×Ia-ma-¨na¦-a-a

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



QHQW0DxH VSHOOHG Ma-še- LVQRW HDVLO\ LGHQWLILDEOH DV(J\SWLDQ,W VHHPVPRUHOLNHO\WRXQGHUVWDQGWKLVFRPSRQHQWDVWKH3KRHQLFLDQ QRXQmš oVWDWXHLPDJHpRUDQRXQGHULYHG IURPWKHYHUE ʰx\ FRJ QDWH WR +HEUHZ ʰŔK  oWR GR PDNHp ZLWK WKH SUH-SDODWDO IULFDWLYH š FRUUHVSRQGLQJWRWKH3URWR-6HPLWLFODWHUDOIULFDWLYH ŔDVLVUHJXODU LQ3KRHQLFLDQ  7KHQDPHRIWKH(J\SWLDQGHLW\$PXQDSSHDUVDV DWKHRSKRULFHOHPHQWLQ3KRHQLFLDQSHUVRQDOQDPHVWKURXJKRXWWKH ILUVW PLOOHQQLXP %&(  &RQVHTXHQWO\ LW VHHPV WKDW WKH QDPH 0DxH-(PŠQX DV D ZKROH LV 3KRHQLFLDQ 7KH QDPH RI 0DxH(PŠQXpV IDWKHU KDV EHHQ SUHVHUYHG RQO\ SDUWO\ DQG LWV OLQJXLVWLF DIILOLDWLRQFDQQRWEHHVWDEOLVKHG 7H[WUHFRUGVWKHSD\PHQWRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQFRVWVIRUDFHU WDLQDPRXQWRIEDUOH\SDLGDVUHQWWR%ĔO-LWWDQQXDQGkXPD\DWKH oJRYHUQRUVpRIWKHLUULJDWHGIDUPODQGRI7¿PWL—DPDUVKDUHDLQWKH YLFLQLW\RIWKHFLW\RI%RUVLSSD,WLVQRWFOHDUZK\WZRLQGLYLGXDOV JRYHUQHG WKH VDPH DUHD DQG LW LV SRVVLEOH WKDW WKH\ ZHUH QRWKLQJ PRUH WKDQ HVWDWH PDQDJHUV  7KH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ FRVWV ZHUH SDLG E\0DUGXN-QćʛLU-DSOLVRQRI,WWL-0DUGXN-EDOćWXRIWKH(JLELIDPLO\ PHQWLRQHG E\ KLV QLFNQDPH kLUNX VRQ RI ,GGLQ¿  RQ DQ RUGHU RI *Š]ćQXWKHGLVWULFWJRYHUQRURI%DE\ORQVLPLODUO\WRWKHSD\PHQWV UHFRUGHGLQ7H[WV– )URP D SXUHO\ JHRJUDSKLF YLHZSRLQW RQH PLJKW H[SHFW WKDW WKHLUULJDWHGIDUPODQG RI7¿PWLDQGWKHUHQWVGXHWRRIILFLDOVVHUvLQJWKHUHZRXOGIDOOXQGHUWKHSXUYLHZRIWKHJRYHUQRURI%RUVLSSD UDWKHU WKDQ WKH JRYHUQRU RI %DE\ORQ +RZHYHU 7H[W  FOHDUO\ VKRZV WKDW WKH JRYHUQRU RI %DE\ORQ ZDV LQYROYHG +HQFH LW DS )RU WKH 3KRHQLFLDQ QRXQ mš oVWDWXH LPDJHp VHH .UDKPDONRY Phoenician-Punic DictionaryS)RUWKHPHUJHURIWKH3URWR-6HPLWLF Ŕ ZLWKš LQWKHFRDVWDOGLDOHFWVRI&DQDDQZKLFKGHYHORSHGLQWR3KRHQLFLDQ LQWKHODWHVHFRQGPLOOHQQLXP %&(VHH+DUULV'HYHORSPHQWRIWKH&DQDDQLWH Dialects SS – .UDKPDONRY A Phoenician-Punic Grammar SS – 7KHYHUEʰx\ oWRGRPDNHpLVDWWHVWHGLQ3XQLFLQFOXGLQJSHUVRQDOQDPHV VHH .UDKPDONRY Phoenician-Punic Dictionary SS – +DOD\TD A &RPSDUDWLYH/H[LFRQS ,WLVSRVVLEOHWKDWWKLVYHUEZDVXVHGLQVRPH 3KRHQLFLDQGLDOHFWVRIWKH/HEDQHVHFRDVWDVZHOO  /HPDLUHo'LYLQLWÆVÆJ\SWLHQQHVpSS–  .HVVOHUo3URYLQ]pSD 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



SHDUVWKDWWKHGLVWULFWRI%RVLSSDZDVOLPLWHGWRWKHWHUULWRU\RIWKH FLW\LWVHOIZKHUHDVWKHDJULFXOWXUDOODQGVLQWKHYLFLQLW\RI%RUVLSSD ZHUHLQFOXGHGLQ WKHGLVWULFWFHQWHUHG RQWKH QHDUE\FLW\ RI%DE\ ORQ  7KXVWKHWHUULWRULDOH[WHQWRIWKHDXWKRULW\H[HUFLVHGE\GLI IHUHQW RIILFLDOV EHDULQJ WKH WLWOH oGLVWULFW JRYHUQRUp O×*$5 808k xćNLQʞĔPL FRXOGDQGGLGYDU\  7KH SHUVRQ ZKR UHFHLYHG WKH SD\PHQW RI WKH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ FRVWV IRU EDUOH\ DFFRUGLQJ WR 7H[W  ZDV Bazbaka [O×s]ĔSiri ša ummćnu u O×[šaknu" šá] O×Iamanć\a o%D]EDND>WKHs]ĔSiru RIDWURRSDQG WKH>IRUHPDQ " @RIWKH,RQLDQVp OO- 7KHQDPH%D]EDNDLV,UD QLDQ o*RGpVDUPp DQGLWDSSHDUVWKDWKHZDVD3HUVLDQRIILFLDODS SRLQWHGWRVXSHUYLVHDWURRSRI*UHHN ,RQLDQ VROGLHUVVHUYLQJLQ WKH$FKDHPHQLG DUP\  ,WLVSRVVLEOHWKDWLQUHWXUQIRUWKHLUVHU YLFHWKH*UHHNVROGLHUVZHUHJLYHQODQGILHIVLQWKHDUHDRI7¿PWX DQGZHUHUHTXLUHGWRSD\UHQWIRUWKRVHILHIVZKHUHDVWKHWUDQVSRU WDWLRQ FRVWV RI WKH EDUOH\ WKH\ SDLG DV UHQW ZHUH FRYHUHG E\ 0DU GXN-QćʛLU-DSOL %HVLGH WKH FROOHFWLRQ RI UHQW DQG DFFRPSDQ\LQJ SD\PHQWV VRPHsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVVHUYLQJLQWKHVWDWHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQKDGWKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ WR YHULI\ WKDW ODQG VROG LQ SULYDWH WUDQVDFWLRQV ZDV LQGHHGSULYDWHO\RZQHGDQGGLGQRWEHORQJWRWKHNLQJ

7KHSD\PHQWRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQFRVWVIRUEDUOH\GHOLYHUHGDVUHQW GXHWR%ĔO-LWWDQQXRQDQRUGHURI *Š]ćQXLVDOVRUHFRUGHGLQ7H[W,W VWDQGVWRUHDVRQWKDW%ĔO-LWWDQQXPHQWLRQHGWKHUHZDVRQHRIWKHoJRYHU QRUVpRIWKHLUULJDWHGIDUPODQGRI7¿PWL7H[WUHFRUGVWKHSD\PHQWRI WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ FRVWV IRU EDUOH\ GHOLYHUHG IURP WKH IDUPODQG RI 7¿PWL WR WKH SDODFHV RI 'DULXV , LQ %DE\ORQ DOVR RQ DQ RUGHU RI *Š]ćQX 7KXV 7H[WV – VXSSRUW WKH FRQFOXVLRQ WKDW WKH DXWKRULW\ RI *Š]ćQX WKH GLVWULFW JRYHUQRU RI %DE\ORQ H[WHQGHG WR WKH PDUVK DUHD RI 7¿PWL QHDU %RUVLSSD  )RUDGLVFXVVLRQRIWKHWHUPxćNLQʞĔPLVHH&KDSWHUQ  6HHDERYHQ 

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



Text 82 96  – > 7KLV LV FRQFHUQLQJ  … [ NRUV RI FXOWLYDWHG ODQG DQ RUFKDUG"  WKH ODQG RI 1L@TŠGX LQ  WKH GLVWULFW RI 'LOEDW >ERUGHULQJ RQ WKH ODQG RI  … DQG@ …-EćQL-]ĔUL VRQV RI %ĔO-QćʛLU>DQGERUGHULQJRQ WKHODQGRI ……]-0DUGXN DQGWKHLUIHOORZKROGHUV>…@DQGNRUSćQX RIFXOWLYDW HGODQG  DQRUFKDUGWKHODQGRI… […@ LQ WKHGLVWULFW RI 'LOEDW ERUGHULQJ RQ WKH ODQG RI  %DVVLD VRQ RI 1LGLQ>WX-%ĔO " @ DQG ERUGHULQJ RQ WKH ODQG RI %ĔO-QćʛLU 1DEØ-LWWDQQXVRQRI8UDx-NćʛLUGHVFHQGDQWRI'ćELEĪDQG /ć-TĪSWXKLVVLVWHU (8–9) >1DQD@\D-]ĔU-LEQLWKe VĔSLUXVRQRI(VDJLO-]ĔU-LEQLWKH UR\DO>HQY@R\FKHFNHGWKHWZRSORWVRIFXOWLYDWHGODQG DQG IRXQG WKDWLWLVQRWDFXOWLYDWHGODQGRIWKHNLQJ 

8QJQDG Vorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler 9, QR  $ *HUPDQ WUDQVODWLRQ RI WKLV WDEOHW ZDV SXEOLVKHG E\ 6DQ 1LFROÏ DQG 8QJQDG Neubabylonische Rechts- und VerwaltungsurkundenSS–QR6LQFH WKHOLVWRIZLWQHVVHVLQFOXGHGLQWKHWDEOHWDQGWKHFDSWLRQVWRWKHVHDOLP SUHVVLRQV PHQWLRQ VĔSLUX SURIHVVLRQDOV 0XxĔ]LE-0DUGXN VRQ RI >…]-LOŠD DQG1DQD\D-]ĔU-LEQL WKH\DUHWUDQVODWHGKHUHLQIXOO  $OWKRXJKNRUDQGSćQX ZHUHSULPDULO\XQLWVRIYROXPHWKH\ZHUH DOVRXVHGDVXQLWVRIDUHDUHIHUULQJWRDUHDVZKLFKFRXOGEHVRZQZLWKRQH kor RURQHSćQX RIEDUOH\$FFRUGLQJWRWKHPHWURORJLFDOV\VWHPRIWKH FLW\RI%DE\ORQDQGLWVYLFLQLW\—WKHUHJLRQLQZKLFKWKHFLW\RI'LOEDWZDV ORFDWHG—RQH SćQX RI DUHD HTXDOHG DERXW  P DQG RQH NRU RI DUHD HTXDOHGDERXWP 3RZHOOo0D¼HXQG*HZLFKWHpSD   [Nana]ya-]ĔU-ibni O×VĔSLUPćUXxD(VDJLO-]ĔU-ibni [PćUxL]SULxDxDUUL ]ĔUĪ XEDʯʯĪPD]ĔUXOćxDxDUULxŠ7KHPDLQSUREOHPLQLQWHUSUHWLQJWKLVVHQWHQFH SHUWDLQVWRWKHYHUEDOIRUPXEDʯʯĪ(ma 7KHYHUEEXʯʯØ FDQEHXVHGZLWKWKH PHDQLQJoWRZLVKDVNLQWHQGpDQGKHQFHoWRGHPDQGp CAD %SSD– EVYEXʯØ +RZHYHUWKLVPHDQLQJGRHVQRWHDVLO\ILWWKHJHQHUDO FRQWH[W RI WKH WDEOHW ZKHUH 1DQD\D-]ĔU-LEQL LV QRW D SDUW\ WR WKH GHHG DQGWKHODQGSXUFKDVHGGRHVQRWEHORQJWRWKHNLQJ5DWKHUWKHYHUEEXʯʯØ LQWKLVFRQWH[WVKRXOGEHXQGHUVWRRGDVoWRFKHFNp CAD %SDVY EXʯØF  

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



[… DQG 1LTŠGX KDYH UH@FHLYHG >[ PLQDV RI VLOYHU@ 7KH FXOWLYDWHG ODQG EHORQJV QRZ  WR 1DEØ-PXxĔWLT-XGGĔ VRQRI>…@DQG8UDx-NćʛLUVRQRIʙLOO¿ – >1DQD\D-]ĔU-LEQX WKH VĔSLUX VRQ RI@ (VDJLO-]ĔU-LEQL FRQFHUQLQJ WKHFXOWLYDWHGODQG>RI[NRUV ZLWK …@DQG 0XQDʤʤLx-0DUGXNVRQRI>…@ – DQG FRQFHUQLQJ WKHFXOWLYDWHGODQGRINRU DQG  SćQX>… 1DEØ-LWWDQQXDQG/ć-TĪ@SWXKLVVLVWHUFKLOGUHQRI 8UDx-NćʛLU >LQ WKH SUHVHQFH RI "  …@ WKH MXGJH DQG >…] KDYHUHOLQTXLVKHGWKHLUFODLPV  – > :ULWWHQ  LQ WKH SUHVHQFH RI …]-1DEØ WKH MXGJH VRQRI1DEØ-ĔʜLU […]-1DEØWKHMXGJHVRQRI$ʤʤĔ-LGGLQ-0DUGXNGHVFHQG DQWRIkLJØD […@VRQRI,WWL-1DEØ-EDOćʜXGHVFHQGDQWRI'ćELEĪ %ĔO-DʤʤĔ-HUĪEDWKHMXGJHVRQRI=ĔULD >%ĔO-]ĔU-LEQL WKH UR\DO  UH@VLGHQW RI WKH WHPSOH  (-LPEL$QX  VRQRI,TĪxD-0DUGXNGHVFHQGDQWRI$UDG-(D >0DUGXN@-xXP-LGGLQ WKH FKLHI DGPLQLVWUDWRU RI (-LPEL$QXVRQRI0XxĔ]LE-0DUGXNGHVFHQGDQWRI$PĔO-(QOLO $ʤxHWLWKH3HUVLDQVRQRI.DPDNND  5ĪPŠWVRQRI1DEØ-EćQL-]ĔUL GHVFHQGDQWRI6ËQ-xDGØQX 4ĪxWL-8UDxVRQRI7DEQĔDGHVFHQGDQWRIēʜLUX –

[… muq]uttêšunu undaššir O )RUmuquttû oFODLPIRUDSD\PHQW GXHpVHHCAD 0SEVYmuquttû7KHYHUEDOIRUPundaššir IURP (w)uššuru oWR OHW JR UHOHDVH UHOLQTXLVKp  DSSHDUV KHUH LQ WKH WKLUG SHUVRQ VLQJXODU DV D FROOHFWLYH IRUP UHIHUULQJ WR WKH VRQ DQG WKH GDXJKWHU RI 8UDx-NćʛLU $SSDUHQWO\ WKH\ KDG WKH ULJKW RI D SUHIHUHQWLDO FODLP WR WKH VHFRQG RI WKH WZR SORWV RI ODQG EHLQJ VROG—WKDW RI RQH NRU DQG WZR SćQX—EHFDXVHWKH\KHOGDQHLJKERULQJSORWRIODQGMRLQWO\ZLWKDFHUWDLQ %ĔO-QćʛLU OO–   (-LPEL-$QX (É-im-bí-GA-num O   ZDV WKH PDLQ WHPSOH RI WKH FLW\RI'LOEDWGHGLFDWHGWRWKHFLW\JRG8UDx 8QJHUo'LOEDWpSSE– D   $ʢxHWL O×3DUVć\D PćUX xD .DPDNND O   IRU WKH UHDGLQJ RI WKH QDPHDQGWKHSDWURQ\PLFRIWKLVZLWQHVVVHH7DYHUQLHUIranicaSS  

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



%ĔO-UĔPDQQLVRQRI7DTĪx-*XODGHVFHQGDQWRIʝćELʤ-NćUL 0XxĔ]LE-0DUGXNVĔSLUX RIWKHILHOGVVRQRI>…]-LOŠD […] … VRQRIkDPDx-]ĔU-LGGLQGHVFHQGDQWRI0XxĔ]LE [… VRQRI…]-QLSxDUXGHVFHQGDQWRI,UʱDQQL [… VRQRI…]-0DUGXNGHVFHQGDQWRI$UDG-(D [… VRQRI…]-$GDG – 0DUGXN-EDOćVVX-LTELWKHVFULEH>VRQRI…GHVFHQG DQWRIēʜL@UX –33) 'LOEDW 0RQWK 6LPćQX GD\  >\HDU[ RI 'DULX@V ,  NLQJRI%DE\ORQNLQJRI DOO WKHODQGV /RZHUHGJH 6HDORI>0DUGXN@-xXP-LGGLQWKHFKLHIDGPLQLVWUD WRURI(-LPEL-$QX VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 6HDORI1DQD\D-]ĔU-LEQLWKHVĔSLUX VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 8SSHUHGJH 6HDORI%ĔO-DʤʤĔ-HUĪEDWKHMXGJH VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 5LJKWHGJH 6HDORI%ĔO-]ĔU-LEQLWKH UR\DO UHVLGHQWRI(-LPEL$QX VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 6HDORI%ĔO-NćʛLUWKHMXGJH VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ

7KLV WDEOHW LV D GHHG RI VDOH RI WZR SORWV RI DJULFXOWXUDO ODQG WKH FKDUDFWHUDQGVL]HRIRQHSORWDUHXQFOHDUGXHWRWKHGDPDJHGFRQ GLWLRQ RI WKH WDEOHW DQG WKH RWKHU SORW ZDV DQ RUFKDUG ]DTSX  RI RQH kor DQG WZR SćQX LQ DUHD DERXW  P  %RWK SORWV ZHUH ORFDWHG LQ WKH GLVWULFW RI 'LOEDW DURXQG  NP VRXWK RI %DE\ORQ DQGRIWKHQDPHVRIWKHLURULJLQDORZQHUVRQO\RQH 1LTŠGX KDV EHHQVXIILFLHQWO\SUHVHUYHGLQWKHWDEOHW O 7KHSORWVZHUHVROG PRVW OLNHO\ IRU VLOYHU WR WZR LQGLYLGXDOV 1DEØ-PXxĔWLT-XGGĔ ZKRVHSDWURQ\PLFKDVQRWEHHQSUHVHUYHG DQG8UDx-NćʛLUVRQRI ʙLOO¿ 1DEØ-LWWDQQX DQG /ć-TĪSWX D VRQ DQG D GDXJKWHU RI 8UDxNćʛLUUHOLQTXLVKHGWKHLUFODLPWRWKHVHFRQGSORWVROG ZKLFKERU GHUHGDQRWKHUSORWRIODQGRZQHGE\WKHPMRLQWO\ZLWK%ĔO-QćʛLU ,W LV SRVVLEOH WKDW 0XQDʤʤLx-0DUGXN PHQWLRQHG LQ O  VLPLODUO\ UHOLQTXLVKHGKLVFODLPVWRWKHILUVWSORWVROG $FFRUGLQJWROO–o>1DQD@\D-]ĔU-LEQLWKHsĔSiruVRQRI(VDJ LO-]ĔU-LEQL WKH UR\DO >HQY@R\ FKHFNHG WKH WZR SORWV RI FXOWLYDWHG ODQG DQGIRXQG WKDWLWLVQRWDFXOWLYDWHGODQGRIWKHNLQJp,WLVQRW FOHDUZKHWKHUWKHWLWOHPćUxLSULxDxDUULoUR\DOHQYR\pUHIHUVWR1D QD\D-]ĔU-LEQL RU WR KLV IDWKHU ,Q DQ\ HYHQW 1DQD\D-]ĔU-LEQLpV UeVSRQVLELOLW\ZDVWRYHULI\WKDWWKHODQGSORWVVROGE\RQHJURXSRI SULYDWHLQGLYLGXDOVWRDQRWKHUZHUHQRWUHJLVWHUHGDVUR\DOSURSHUW\

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



1DQD\D-]ĔU-LEQLLVDOVRPHQWLRQHGLQOLQFRQQHFWLRQZLWK0X QDʤʤLx-0DUGXN DQG LW LV SRVVLEOH WKDW KH ZDV VRPHKRZ LQYROYHG ZLWK WKH ODWWHUpV UHOLQTXLVKPHQW RI KLV FODLPV WR RQH RI WKH SORWV VROG1DQD\D-]ĔU-LEQLLPSUHVVHGKLVVHDORQWKHWDEOHWDFNQRZOHGJ LQJKLVLQYROYHPHQWLQWKHGHHG 7ZR RI WKH ZLWQHVVHV WR WKH GHHG ZHUH KLJK RIILFLDOV RI WKH WHPSOH(-LPEL-$QXRIWKHJRG8UDxLQWKHFLW\RI'LOEDW%ĔO-]ĔULEQLWKHUR\DOUHVLGHQWLQ(-LPEL-$QXDQG0DUGXN-xXP-LGGLQWKH FKLHI DGPLQLVWUDWRU RI WKH WHPSOH $QRWKHU ZLWQHVV ZDV 0XxĔ]LE0DUGXN D osĔSiru RI ILHOGVp O×sĔSiU xD HTOĔWL $k0(k  O   ,W LV UHDVRQDEOHWRVXSSRVHWKDWKLVJHQHUDOGXW\ZDVDOVRWRYHULI\WKDW SULYDWHO\ VROG ODQG GLG QRW EHORQJ WR UR\DO SURSHUW\ DOWKRXJK LQ FRQWUDVW WR 1DQD\D-]ĔUX-LEQL 0XxĔ]LE-0DUGXN IXOILOOHG QR DFWLYH UROHLQWKHGHHGUHFRUGHGLQ7H[W 7KH GDWH IRUPXOD DW WKH HQG RI 7H[W  OO –  KDV EHHQ ODUJHO\ORVWEXWWKHQDPHVRIWKHLQGLYLGXDOVPHQWLRQHGLQWKHWDE OHW LQGLFDWH WKDW LW EHORQJV WR WKH DUFKLYH RI WKH EUDQFK RI WKH 'ćELEĪ IDPLO\ IURP WKH FLW\ RI 'LOEDW—DQ DUFKLYH ZKLFK GDWHV WR WKH UHLJQ RI 'DULXV , DQG WKH HDUO\ UHLJQ RI ;HU[HV –484 %&(   4. A V ĔSLUX as a clerk in a court of law 7H[WIURPWKHDUFKLYHRIWKH(DQQDWHPSOHRI8UXNGLVFXVVHG LQ&KDSWHUPHQWLRQVWKHSDUWLFLSDWLRQRIWKHsĔSiru %DX-ĔUHxLQD FRXUW RI UR\DO MXGJHV WKDW DGMXGLFDWHG WKH FDVH RI D IRUPHU VODYH PDQXPLWWHG WR EH DQ REODWH RI ,xWDU 2XWVLGH WKH (DQQD DUFKLYH WKHUH LV RQO\ RQH UHFRUG RI D sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDO ZKR VHUYHG LQ D FRXUWRIODZ

)RUWKLVDUFKLYHFRQVLVWLQJRIWDEOHWVSXUFKDVHGRQWKHDQWLTXLWLHV PDUNHWDQGQRZSUHVHUYHGLQWKH9RUGHUDVLDWLVFKHV0XVHXP%HUOLQDQGLQ WKH%ULWLVK0XVHXPVHH-XUVDNeo-Babylonian Legal and Administrative DocumentsSS–96LQFHWKHDUFKLYHGRHVQRWFRPHIURPDFRQWUROOHGDU FKDHRORJLFDOH[FDYDWLRQLWLVGHILQHGDVVXFKE\WKHFRQWHQWRIWKHWDEOHWV EHORQJLQJWRLW 

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



Text 83 %(  –4)   PLQDV DQG   VKHNHOV RI ZKLWH VLOYHU LQFOXGLQJ WKH LQWHUHVW IRU WZR \HDUV DQG QLQH PRQWKV EHORQJLQJ WR $PDW-1DQD\D GDXJKWHU RI ,WWL-0DUGXN-EDOćʜX GHVFHQGDQW RI 1ŠU-6ËQ DUH RZHG E\ 1DEØ-LWWDQQX VRQ RI (WHOOX GeVFHQGDQWRI*DOOćEX (5–8) +LV FXOWLYDWHG ODQG RUFKDUG V  DQG FXOWLYDWHG ILHOG V  DOO RIWKHP DFFRUGLQJWRWKHHDUOLHUGHEWQRWHIRUPLQDV DQG VKHNHOVRIVLOYHUDUHWKHVHFXULW\IRU$PDW-1DQD\D XQWLO $PDW-1DQD\D KDV EHHQ SDLG KHU VLOYHU   PLQDV DQG VKHNHOV (8–9) $WWKHHQGRIWKHPRQWKkDEćʜXKHZLOOSD\ LW  (9– 7KHGRFXPHQWFRQFHUQLQJšPLQDDQGVK>HNHOVJLvHQ " @WRWKHHQYR\VRI$PDW-1DQD\DZKLFK1DEØ-LWWDQQX EURXJKWLQWR>…] … – 7KH VLOYHU DERXW ZKLFK 1DEØ-LWWD>QQX@ FRQIHVVHG LQ IURQWRIWKHMXGJHV VD\LQJWKXVo7KDWVLOYHU>PLQDV DQG VKHNHOV@,ZLOOSD\WR$PDW-1DQD\Dp—DWWKHHQGRI WKH PRQWK kDEćʜX WKDW VLOYHU   PLQDV DQG  > VKHNHOV@ 1DEØ-LWWDQQX ZLOO SD\ WR $PDW-1DQD\D7KHQ KH ZLOOWDNHWKHGHEWQRWHVWKHODWHUDQGWKHHDUOLHU RQHV  – 7KLV  GHEW QRWH ZDV FRQWUDFWHG LQ WKH SUHVHQFH RI 1DEØ-QćGLQ-DʤL %ĔOxXQX %DJDʱLQ 1ćGLQ 6ËQ-PXGDPPLT $SO¿ DQG 1DEØ-QDSLxWĪ-XʛXU WKH MXGJHV DQG ,GGLQ-1DEØ WKHVĔSLUX  1DEØ-NćʛLUWKHVFULEHVRQRI1DEXQQD\D  (D-LGGLQWKHVFULEHVRQRI$UUDEWX

&OD\Legal and Commercial TransactionsQR6LQFHQRFRPSOHWH WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQRUWUDQVODWLRQRIWKH WDEOHWKDVEHHQSUHYLRXVO\SXEOLVKHGLW LV WUDQVODWHG KHUH LQ IXOO LQFOXGLQJ WKH QDPHV RI WKH ZLWQHVVHV DQG WKH FDSWLRQVWRWKHVHDOLPSUHVVLRQV WKHFDSWLRQVGRQRWDSSHDULQ&OD\pVSXE OLVKHGKDQG-FRS\RIWKHWDEOHWEXWWKH\FDQEHVHHQRQWKHGLJLWDO SKRWR JUDSKRIWKHWDEOHWDYDLODEOHRQWKHZHEVLWHRIWKH&XQHLIRUP'LJLWDO/L EUDU\ ,QLWLDWLYH KWWSFGOLXFODHGXGOSKRWR3MSJ DFFHVVHG 0D\  

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



%DE\ORQ PRQWK kDEćʜX GD\  \HDU  RI 'DULXV ,  NLQJ RI %DE\ORQ NLQJ RI DOO  WKH ODQGV )HEUXDU\   %&(  /HIWHGJH 6HDORI>1D@EØ-QćGLQ-DʤLWKHMXGJH VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 5LJKWHGJH 6HDORI%ĔOxXQXWKHMXGJH VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ /RZHUHGJH 6HDORI$SO¿WKHMXGJH VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 6HDORI1DEØ-QDSLxWĪ-XʛXUWKHMXGJH VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 8SSHUHGJH 6HDORI%DJDʱLQWKHMXGJH VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 6HDORI1ćGLQWKHMXGJH VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 6HDORI6ËQ-PXGDPPLTWKHMXGJH VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 

7KLV WDEOHW LV D GHEW QRWH XʯLOWX  GHILQHG DV VXFK LQ O  RI WKH WH[W  ,WZDVFRQWUDFWHGLQDFRXUWRIODZDVUHVXOWRIDOHJDOKHDU LQJ LQ ZKLFK D ZRPDQ QDPHG $PDW-1DQD\D GHPDQGHG D PDQ QDPHG1DEØ-LWWDQQXWRSD\KHUVLOYHUZKLFKKH KDGRZHGKHU$S SDUHQWO\1DEØ-LWWDQQXFRQWHVWHGWKHVXPRIWKHGHEWPHQWLRQLQJ DQDPRXQWRIKDOIDPLQDDQGILYHVKHNHOV NJ ZKLFKKHKDG JLYHQWRWKHHQYR\VRI$PDW-1DQD\D,QDQ\HYHQWKHFRQIHVVHGWR D GHEW RI WZR PLQDV DQG IRUW\-VL[ VKHNHOV  NJ  RI VLOYHU ZKLFKKHRZHG$PDW-1DQD\D OO– 7KDWFRQIHVVLRQZDVUeODWHGWRDQHDUOLHUGHEWQRWHZKLFKKDGDSSDUHQWO\VXUIDFHGLQFRXUW DQGZKLFKUHFRUGHGWKHSULQFLSDOFDSLWDORIWKHGHEWDVWZRPLQDV DQGWHQVKHNHOVRIVLOYHU OO–  7KHGLIIHUHQFHRIWKLUW\-VL[VKHN HOVZDVWKHLQWHUHVWIRUWZR\HDUVDQGQLQHPRQWKVWKH\HDUO\LQWHU HVW DFFUXLQJ WR  KDOI WKH FRPPRQ LQWHUHVW UDWH RI  SHU \HDU $IWHUWKHSD\PHQW1DEØ-LWWDQQXZRXOGEHDEOHWRVHL]HWKH GHEWQRWHVGUDZQWRKLVGHELWDQGSUHVXPDEO\GHVWUR\WKHPLQRU GHU WR SUHYHQW DQRWKHU FODLP DJDLQVW KLP FRQFHUQLQJ WKH VDPH GHEW  7KHGHEWQRWHUHFRUGHGLQ7H[WZDVGUDZQEHIRUHDJURXS FRQVLVWLQJ RI VHYHQ MXGJHV WKH sĔSiru ,GGLQ-1DEØ DQG WZR FXQHL

XʯLOWLHOHW IRUWKLVFROORFDWLRQVHH&KDSWHUQ  )RU FODXVHV VWLSXODWLQJ WKH UHWXUQ RI RULJLQDO GHEW-QRWHV WR WKH GHEWRURQFHWKHREOLJDWLRQVUHFRUGHGLQWKHPKDYHEHHQIXOILOOHG RUVX SHUVHGHG VHH%DNHUo5HFRUG-.HHSLQJ3UDFWLFHVpSS–  

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



IRUP VFULEHV ʞXSxDUUX  1DEØ-NćʛLU DQG (D-LGGLQ  7KH MXGJHV SUREDEO\ VHUYHG LQ D UR\DO FRXUW RI ODZ LQ %DE\ORQ  7KH FXQHL IRUPVFULEHVDQGWKHsĔSiru ZRXOGPRVWOLNHO\IXQFWLRQDVFOHUNVRI WKHFRXUWWKHIRUPHUUHFRUGLQJWKHMXGJHVpYHUGLFWLQDFXQHLIRUP WDEOHW WKHRQHFLWHGDERYH DQGWKHODWWHUUHFRUGLQJWKHVDPHYHU GLFW LQ WKH 1RUWKZHVW 6HPLWLF VFULSW LQ $UDPDLF WUDQVODWLRQ &RQ WUDU\WRWKHDFWLYLW\RIWKHsĔSiru %DX-ĔUHxLQ8UXNWKHUHLVQRWKLQJ WR VXJJHVW WKDW ,GGLQ-1DEØ WRRN SDUW LQ WKH MXULGLFDO GHOLEHUDWLRQV LQWKHFDVHUHFRUGHGLQ7H[W+RZHYHUWKLVGRFXPHQWLQGLFDWHV WKDW LQ WKH $FKDHPHQLG SHULRG D sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDO VWRRG DW WKH VHUYLFH RI D UR\DO FRXUW RI ODZ DV FRXOG EH H[SHFWHG JLYHQ WKH IXQFWLRQRI$UDPDLFDVWKHlingua franca RIWKH$FKDHPHQLGHPSLUH 5. SĔSLUX in the service of high royal officials ,Q WKH GLVFXVVLRQ DERYH sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOV VHUYLQJ LQ WKH VWDWH DGPLQLVWUDWLRQLQWKHUHLJQRI'DULXV,ZHUHFODVVLILHGDFFRUGLQJWR WKHLUIXQFWLRQV+RZHYHUDQXPEHURIGRFXPHQWVIURPWKDWSHULRG PHQWLRQ sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOV VXERUGLQDWH WR KLJK RIILFLDOV RI WKH $FKDHPHQLGHPSLUHDQGWKHFRQQHFWLRQEHWZHHQWKRVHsĔSiruVDQG WKHLUVXSHULRUVLVWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQWGHWDLOZKLFKFDQEHIRXQGLQ WKHGRFXPHQWV—HLWKHUGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHDFWLYLW\RIWKHsĔSiruV WKHPVHOYHVLVQRWUHFRUGHGRUEHFDXVHWKDWDFWLYLW\LVUDWKHUWULYLDO LQLWVHOI $Q H[DPSOH RI VXFK D VLWXDWLRQ FDQ EH VHHQ LQ WKH IROORZLQJ WDEOHW

7KHVĔSLUX ,GGLQ-1DEØPHQWLRQHGKHUHLVPRVWOLNHO\QRWLGHQWLFDO ZLWKKLVQDPHVDNHPHQWLRQHGLQ7H[WV–,GGLQ-1DEØRI7H[WV– LVDWWHVWHGLQWKHPLG-WKLUGGHFDGHRIWKHUHLJQRI'DULXV,UDWKHUWKDQWKH PLG-ILUVWGHFDGHDQGKLVGXWLHVZHUHFRQFHUQHGZLWKWKHSURYLVLRQLQJRI GHSHQGHQWZRUNHUV gardu QRWZLWKWKHIXQFWLRQLQJRIDFRXUWRIODZ  +ROW]oq-XGJHVRIWKH.LQJrpS 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



Text 84 %0  –8) 2QWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVRIʣXWD-… VRQRI3DJDNDQQDWKH JRYHUQRURI%DE\ORQDQG$FURVV-WKH-5LYHUDQGRI/LEOXʜ WKH EURWKHU RI $GDG-LEQL VĔSLUX DQG  FKDQFHOORU DQG RI *DGDO-IRUHPDQ@ RI WKH JXDUGVPHQ RI WKH HVWDWH RI WKH NLQJpV VRQp 7KH FROORFDWLRQEĪWPćUxDUUL oHVWDWH OLWKRXVH RIWKHNLQJpVVRQpDSSHDUV LQ WDEOHWV RI WKH 0XUDxØ DUFKLYH GDWLQJ WR WKH ILUVW VHYHQ \HDUV RI WKHUHLJQ RI 'DULXV,, – %&( DQGUHIHUV WRODQGV KHOG E\ WKH$FKDHPHQLGFURZQSULQFHRQZKLFKVRPHSHRSOHLQKLVVHUYLFH ZHUHVHWWOHG  'DULXV,,KLPVHOIZDVDVRQRIWKHSUHFHGLQJNLQJ$UWD[HU[HV ,EXWZDVQRWWKHFURZQSULQFHGXULQJ$UWD[HU[HVpVUHLJQ7KHSR VLWLRQ RI WKH FURZQ SULQFH ZDV RFFXSLHG E\ $UWD[HU[HVpV DQRWKHU VRQ ;HU[HV ,, ZKR DVFHQGHG WR WKH WKURQH RQ KLV IDWKHUpV GHDWK DQG UHLJQHG IRU D PRQWK DQG D KDOI 6RJGLDQXV 6HF\QGLDQXV  D KDOI-EURWKHURI;HU[HV,,PXUGHUHGKLPDQGVHL]HGWKHWKURQHIRU VL[DQGDKDOIPRQWKV )RUDOPRVWDOODQGSHUKDSVDOOWKHGXUDWLRQ RIWKHUXOHRI;HU[HV,,DQG6RJGLDQXV'DULXV,,DOVRFODLPHGKLP VHOINLQJ,QWKHILQDOHYHQW'DULXV,,PDQDJHGWRFDSWXUH6RJGLD QXV DQG SXW KLP WR GHDWK WKXV EHFRPLQJ WKH VROH $FKDHPHQLG NLQJ  7KLVLVZK\7ROLQLUHVWRUHG1HUJDO-DE-XʛXUpVWLWOHORVWLQWKHEUHDN DWWKHHQGRIODVO×SDTGX oEDLOLIIpRIkDPDx-xDU-XʛXU  6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHSS–  $ VWRU\ RI WKH UXOH RI ;HU[HV ,, DQG 6RJGLDQXV DQG WKH ODWWHUpV GHIHDWDWWKHKDQGVRI'DULXV,, ZKRVHELUWKQDPHZDV2FKXV LVWROGE\ &WHVLDVRI&QLGXVD*UHHNKLVWRULDQZKRVSHQWVRPHWLPHDWWKH3HUVLDQ FRXUWDVDSK\VLFLDQRI$UWD[HU[HV,,DURXQG %&( /HQIDQWCtésias de CnideSS–/OHZHOO\Q--RQHVDQG5REVRQCtesias’ History of Persia SS – >IUDJ ) „„–@  &WHVLDV SODFHV WKH FRQIOLFW EHWZHHQ 6RJGLDQXVDQG'DULXV,,DIWHUWKHIRUPHUpVPXUGHURI;HU[HV,,+RZHYHU WKHODWHVW%DE\ORQLDQWDEOHWGDWHGWRWKHUHLJQRI$UWD[HU[HV,ZDVZULWWHQ RQGD\RIWKHPRQWK.LVVLOĪPX\HDURIKLVUHLJQ 'HFHPEHU %&( DQGWKHHDUOLHVWWDEOHWGDWHGWRWKHUHLJQRI'DULXV,,ZDVZULWWHQRQ GD\RI.LVVLOĪPXRIWKHVDPH\HDUQRZUHFRUGHGDVWKHDFFHVVLRQ\HDU RI'DULXV,, -DQXDU\%&( 7KHVKRUWWHPSRUDOJDSEHWZHHQWKHVH WZRWDEOHWVGRHVQRWOHDYHDQ\ UHDOURRPIRUWKHDFNQRZOHGJPHQWRIWKH 

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



7KH HVWDWH RI WKH NLQJpV VRQ PHQWLRQHG LQ WDEOHWV IURP WKH UHLJQRI'DULXV,,PXVWKDYHVWRRGDWWKHGLVSRVDORIKLVVRQWKH FURZQ SULQFH $UVHV ZKR ZDV WR ULVH WR WKH WKURQH DV $UWD[HU[HV ,,  +RZHYHU7H[WZDVZULWWHQLQWKHDFFHVVLRQ\HDURI'DULXV ,,MXVWDERXWWKUHHPRQWKVDIWHUKLVULVHWRWKHWKURQH,WZRXOGEH LPSRVVLEOHWRRUJDQL]HWKHHVWDWHRIWKHNLQJpVVRQDVDQLQVWLWXWLRQ ZLWK LWV ODQGV DQG SHUVRQQHO LQ VXFK D VKRUW WLPH 0RUHRYHU WKH SD\PHQWRIUHQWIRUWKHILHOG V RIWKHERZ-ILHIRIWKHJXDUGVPHQ RIWKHNLQJpV VRQ E\ (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI0XUDxØLQGLFDWHV WKDW WKHERZ-ILHIZDVDOORFDWHGWRJXDUGVPHQVHUYLQJWKHFURZQSULQFH DQGWKHQVXE-OHDVHGWR(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQVWLOOLQWKHOLIHWLPHRI$UWD [HU[HV,7KLVPHDQVWKDWWKHLQVWLWXWLRQNQRZQDVWKHHVWDWHRIWKH NLQJpVVRQKDGH[LVWHGDOUHDG\LQWKHUHLJQRI$UWD[HU[HV,DQGVXU YLYHGWKHWUDQVLWLRQWRWKHUHLJQRI'DULXV,,GHVSLWHWKHVHYHUHSR OLWLFDOFULVLVZKLFKWRRNSODFHDWWKHWLPHDQGGHVSLWHWKHFKDQJHRI WKHFURZQSULQFHKLPVHOI IURP ;HU[HV,,WR$UVHVWKHIXWXUH$U WD[HU[HV,, +HQFHWKHHVWDWHRIWKHNLQJpVVRQLQWKH$FKDHPHQLG HPSLUH RI WKH ODWH WK FHQWXU\ %&( FRQVWLWXWHV DQ H[DPSOH RI DQ DGPLQLVWUDWLYH LQVWLWXWLRQ ZKRVH H[LVWHQFH ZDV QRW GHSHQGHQW RQ WKHLGHQWLW\RIWKHSHUVRQ ZKRPLWVHUYHG WKHFURZQSULQFH 7H[W  LQGLFDWHV WKDW $EĪ-XO-ĪGL WKH sĔSiru ZURWH D GRFXPHQW ZKLFK VHUYHGDVWKHUHIHUHQFHIRUFROOHFWLQJUHQWIURPODQGVEHORQJLQJWR WKLVLQVWLWXWLRQ  7KHJXDUGVPHQ RIWKH HVWDWHRIWKHNLQJpVVRQ DUH DOVRPHQ WLRQHGLQRWKHUWDEOHWVIURPWKH0XUDxØDUFKLYH2QHRIWKRVHWDE NLQJVKLS RI ;HU[HV ,, RU 6RJGLDQXV LQ %DE\ORQLD $SSDUHQWO\ 'DULXV ,, VHL]HGFRQWURORYHU%DE\ORQLDDQGSURFODLPHGKLPVHOINLQJDOUHDG\GXULQJ WKHEULHIUHLJQRI;HU[HV,,&WHVLDVpVVWRU\ZKLFKSODFHVWKHULVHRI 'DULXV ,,WRSRZHUDIWHUWKHPXUGHURI;HU[HV,,SUREDEO\UHIOHFWVWKHYLHZKHOG DWWKHFRXUWRI$UWD[HU[HV,,DLPHGWRFOHDUKLVIDWKHU'DULXV,,RIWKH EODPHRIDUHEHOOLRQDJDLQVW;HU[HV,,ZKRZDVWKHOHJLWLPDWHNLQJDWWKH WLPH VHH=DZDG]NLo7KH&LUFXPVWDQFHVRI'DULXV,,pV$FFHVVLRQp   )RU $UVHV %DE\ORQLDQ Aršu DV WKH RULJLQDOQDPH RI$UWD[HU[HV ,,VHH6FKPLWWo$FKDHPHQLG7KURQH-1DPHVpSS–  $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH WDEOHW 3%6   $EĪ-XO-ĪGL KLPVHOI KHDGHG D ʢDGUX-XQLW RI VĔSLUX SURIHVVLRQDOV DQG WKH WDEOHW 3%6   PHQWLRQV WZRLQGLYLGXDOVVXERUGLQDWHWRKLP VHH&KDSWHUQQ– 



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

OHWVUHFRUGVDFHUWDLQ$UWDPEDUXVRQRI6ËQ-ĔʜLUDVWKHIRUHPDQRI WKH JXDUGVPHQ  $V GHPRQVWUDWHG E\ 6WROSHU WKLV $UWDPEDUX LV SUREDEO\LGHQWLFDOZLWKDQRWKHU RIILFLDOE\WKHVDPHQDPHEHDULQJ WKH WLWOHmašennu oVWHZDUGpZKRWRRNSDUWLQDGPLQLVWHULQJWKHHVWDWH RI WKH NLQJpV VRQ  $UWDEDUU¿ WKH QDPH RI WKH VWHZDUG ZKR DS SHDUVLQWKHWDEOHWFLWHGLQ&KDSWHUDV7H[WLVDYDULDQWIRUPRI WKHQDPH$UWDPEDUX  7KLVRIILFLDOZKRWRRNSDUWLQDGPLQLVWHU LQJ WKH HVWDWH RI WKH FURZQ SULQFH KDG DW OHDVW WZR sĔSiru SURIHV VLRQDOVVXERUGLQDWHWRKLP%ĔO-LGGLQDQGkD-1DEØ-LxxØ  7H[W ZDV ZULWWHQ LQ WKH VHFRQG UHJQDO \HDU RI 'DULXV ,,  %&(  ZKHQ WKH FURZQ SULQFH ZDV DOUHDG\ $UVHV WKH IXWXUH $UWD[HU[HV ,,  SĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOV VXERUGLQDWH WR RIILFLDOV PHQWLRQHG DV VWHZDUGV DSSHDU LQ ZLWQHVV OLVWV RI IRXU PRUH WDEOHWV EHORQJLQJ WR WKH 0XUDxØ DUFKLYH 7KUHH RI WKRVH WDEOHWV GR QRW WHOO DQ\WKLQJ DERXWWKHVSHFLILFDFWLYLWLHVRIWKH sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVDQGGRQRW QDPH WKH VWHZDUGV XQGHU ZKRVH VXSHUYLVLRQ WKRVH SURIHVVLRQDOV VHUYHG VR WKDW LW LV LPSRVVLEOH WR VD\ ZKRP WKH VWHZDUGV WKHP VHOYHV ZHUH VHUYLQJ DQG ZKHWKHU RQH VWHZDUG RU PRUH LV UHIHUUHG WR   7KHIRXUWKWDEOHWLVGLVWLQFWLQWKDWLWPHQWLRQVDVSHFLILFDF WLRQWDNHQE\VRPHRILWVZLWQHVVHV … PAr-ta-am-ba-ri Oךak-nu šá O×*ª5/ž0(k šá ¦ '808 A šá PG-685 o$UWDPEDUX WKH IRUHPDQ RI WKH JXDUGVPHQ RI WKH HVWDWH RI WKH NL>QJpV@ VRQp &OD\ Business Documents >3%6 @ QR  OO –  $QRWKHU PHQWLRQ RI (3) … PAr-tam-bar Oךak-nu (4) šá O×*ª5/ž0(k '808 šá PG-685 o$UWDPEDU X  WKH IRUHPDQ RI WKH JXDUGVPHQVRQRI6ËQ-ĔʜLUpDSSHDUVLQ&OD\Business Documents >3%6@ QROO–  6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHS)RUWKHGHVLJQDWLRQmašennu oVWHZDUGpVHH&KDSWHUQ  (LOHUVIranische BeamtennamenSS–Q  7KHsĔSLUX %ĔO-LGGLQLVPHQWLRQHGLQ7H[WDVRQHRIWKHSDUWLHV WRWKHGHHGDQGKHSUREDEO\ZURWHWKHDOSKDEHWLFHSLJUDSKRQWKHWDEOHW kD-1DEØ-LxxØLVPHQWLRQHGDVRQHRIWKHZLWQHVVHV VHH&KDSWHUQ   2QHRIWKHWKUHHWDEOHWVZULWWHQLQWKHWKLUW\-VHYHQWKUHJQDO\HDU RI$UWD[HU[HV,  %&( PHQWLRQV PSi-¨[¦-a O×se-S[i-ri š]á O×,*,'8%$ šá P©5-G(1o6L…DWKHsĔS[iru R@IWKHVWHZDUGVRQRI$UDG-%ĔOp 6WROSHU  (8)

/8>*$/@ (9)

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



Text 87 &%6  – > 7KLV LV FRQFHUQLQJ   N@RUV RI ED>UOH\ EHORQJLQJ WR 0DQXxWDQX@ WKH PHPEHU RI WKH UR\DO  KRXVHKROG  >RZ@HGE\>(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI0XUD@xØ –5) ,QDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHGRFXPHQW>RI@0DQX>xWDQ@XWKH PHPEHU RI >WKH UR\DO  KRXVHKROG@ WKDW >EDU@OH\  NRUV PHDVXUHG  E\ WKH VWDQGDUG PDxĪʢX-PHDVXUH >3@DPŠ>QX@WKHVHUYDQWRI0D>QX@xWDQXKDVUHFHLYHGDWWKH (QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHSSQRO 7KHVHFRQGWDEOHWZULW WHQLQWKHVHFRQGUHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV,,  %&( PHQWLRQV PId-di-ia O×se-SLU-ri šá O×,*,'8% $ šá PZa-bid-da-a o,GGĪD WKH VĔSLUX RI WKH VWHZDUG VRQ RI =DELGG¿p &OD\ Business Documents >3%6 @ QR  O   7KH WKLUG WDEOHW ZULWWHQ LQ WKH IRXUWK UHJQDO \HDU RI 'DULXV ,,  %&(  EHDUVWKH LPSUHVVLRQ RI D VHDO LGHQWLILHGDV1$4.,k,% PG878-k(k-08 O×$%$/ šá ¦ O×,*,'8% $ šá P08-G$* o6HDO RI kDPDx-Dʤ-LGGLQ WKH VĔSLUX RI WKH VWHZDUG VRQ RI ,GGLQ-1DEØp .UÙFNPDQQ Neubabylonische Rechts- und VerwaltungsatexteQRORHIRUWUDQVOLWHUDWLRQDQGD)UHQFK WUDQVODWLRQ VHH &DUGDVFLD Les archives des Murašû SS –  kDPDx-DʤLGGLQ VRQ RI ,GGLQ-1DEØ WKH VĔSLUX RI WKH VWHZDUG LV DOVR PHQWLRQHG LQ WKHWDEOHWFLWHGKHUHDV7H[WZKLFKPDNHVFOHDUWKDWKHZDVSDUWRIWKH DGPLQLVWUDWLYHDSSDUDWXVVHUYLQJWKH$FKDHPHQLGSULQFH0HQRVWDQHV7KH PHQWLRQRI PG878-k(k-08 O×$%$/šá ¦ O×,*,'8%$šá PG(1-it-tannu okDPDx-Dʤ-LGGLQ WKH VĔSLUX RI WKH VWHZDUG VRQ RI %ĔO-LWWDQQXp LQ .UÙFNPDQQNeubabylonische Rechts- und VerwaltungsatexteQROO– LV D VFULEDO PLVWDNH 7KLV PHQWLRQ DSSHDUV LQ WKH ZLWQHVV OLVW DQG WKH VFULEH ZKR ZURWH WKH WDEOHW PLVWDNHQO\ UHFRUGHG KHUH WKH SDWURQ\PLF RI DQRWKHU ZLWQHVV %ĔO-EXOOLVVX VRQ RI %ĔO-LWWDQQX PG(1-7,1-su A šá PG(1-it-tan-nuODQGOHH   3XEOLVKHGLQFXQHLIRUPKDQG-FRS\DQGWUDQVOLWHUDWLRQE\6WROSHU (QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHSS–QR6LQFHWKHVĔSLUX SURIHV VLRQDOVDUHPHQWLRQHGLQWKHZLWQHVVOLVWRIWKHWDEOHWWKDWOLVWLVLQFOXGHG LQWKHWUDQVODWLRQSURYLGHGKHUHDORQJZLWKWKHFXQHLIRUPFDSWLRQVLGHQWL I\LQJWKHZLWQHVVHVpVHDOV  7KHWLWOH O×'808¦PćUEĪWL OLWoVRQRIWKHKRXVHKROGp LIQRW IROORZHG E\ D SHUVRQDO QDPH VSHFLI\LQJ WKH KHDG RI WKH KRXVHKROG ZDV XVHG DV D GHVLJQDWLRQ RI WKH PHPEHUV RI WKH $FKDHPHQLG UR\DO IDPLO\ UHODWHGWRWKHNLQJWKURXJKWKHPDOHOLQH 6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUH S 



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250 JDWH RI WKH VWRUHKRXVH IURP WKH KDQGV RI(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ VRQRI>0X@UDxØ (5– 3DPŠ>QX@ ZLOO HQ>W@HU WKH SD\PHQW  RI WKDW EDUOH\  NRUV LQ WKH UHFRUGV RI  0DQXx>WD@QX DQG ZLOO SUR YLGH DSURRIWKHUHRI WR(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ –8) 7KLV LV  LQ DGGLWLRQ WR  NRUV RI EDU>OH\ ZKLFK@ 3DPŠQXKDGUHFHLYHGIURPWKHKDQGVRI(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQLQ DFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHHDUOLHUGRFXPHQWRI0DQXxWDQX (9– :LWQHVVHV$UDG-(QOLO>VRQ@RI1XVNX-XxDExL (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI7DW>WDQQX@ >$UGL@DVRQRI.LULEWX $TDU¿VRQRI(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ %DOćʜXVRQRI%ĔOxXQX >7D@WWDQQXVRQRI1DQD\D-LGGLQ kDPDx-Dʤ-LGGLQVRQRI,GGLQ-1DEØ— – WKH VĔSLUXV RI WKH HVWDWH RI WKH VWHZDUG ZKR PHDV XUH>G@ WKDW EDUOH\  NRUV ZKHQ LW ZDV XQGHU WKH UeVSRQVLELOLW\ RI kXP-LGGLQ VRQ RI %ĔOxXQX (QOL>O-…@xL-LOL DQG %DVVLD VHUYDQW V  RI (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ DQG  FOHUN>V@ RI (QOL>O-xXP-LGGLQ@  – (QOLO-XEDOOLʜVRQRI0Xx>Ĕ…@ >$EĪ-U@ćPVRQRI%ĔO-D>E-XʛXU@ %LE>¿VRQRI…@DWX $OOD…DQD>VRQRI…@ […]-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI>0@XxDOOLP-%ĔO $U>DG-(@QOLOVRQRI>kLUL@NWL->1LQXUWD@

4000 NXULQDTćWkXP-LGGLQPćUL xD%ĔOxXQX(QOL[l-[@-ši-ili u Bassia O×ard(ćQ)i ša Enlil-šum-iddin O×XxWDʯćPć[nu] ša Enli[l-šum-iddin i]PGXGŠ ,Q WKLV LQVWDQFH WKH FROORFDWLRQ LQD TćW k8II  DS SHDUV WR UHIHU WR DGPLQLVWUDWLYH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RYHU WKH FRPPRGLW\ GHOLvHUHG EDUOH\ ,QFRQWUDVWLQWKHFODXVHV>P]DPŠ[nu] O×ardu ša Ma[nu]štanu ina TćW (QOLO-šum-LGGLQ PćUL xD [Mu]UDxØ PDʢLU o>3@DPŠ>QX@ WKH VHUYDQW RI 0D>QX@xWDQXKDVUHFHLYHG WKHEDUOH\ IURPWKHKDQGVRI(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ VRQRI>0X@UDxØp OO– DQG3DPŠQXLQDTćW(QOLO-šum-LGGLQPDʢUL o EDUOH\ ZKLFK 3DPŠQXKDGUHFHLYHGIURPWKHKDQGVRI(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQp O WKH FROORFDWLRQLQDTćW UHIHUVWRDFFHSWDQFHRIDSD\PHQW RIEDUOH\ IURPWKH SHUVRQZKRPDGHLW FRPSDUH&KDSWHUQQ   O×VĔSLUĔxDEĪW [O]úPDxHQQLxDxXQXxHʯXʯD

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



[…@VRQRI%ĔO-ĔʜLU 6Ë>Q@-EDQ¿VRQRI>6ËQ-XEDOOLʜ@ […]-%ĔO>VRQRI…]-LWWDQQX kXOXP¿VRQRI%ĔOxXQX  >7KHVFULEH… VRQRI…@D – 0RQWKʝHEĔWX>GD\[\HDU[RI$UWD[HU[HV , N@LQJ RI DOO WKHODQGV 2EY 6HDORI>(QOLO@-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI7DW>WDQQX@ VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 6HDORI3DPŠQXWKHVHUYD>QWRI0@DQXxWDQX VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ /HIWHGJH 6HDORI$UDG-(QOLO VRQRI kLULNWL-1LQXUWD VHDOLPSUHV VLRQ /RZHUHGJH

6HDORI7DW>WDQQX@WKHs[ĔSLUX@RIWKHHVWDWH>RIWKH

VWHZDUG@ VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 6HDORIkDPDx-Dʤ-LGGLQWKHVĔSLUX RIWKHHVWDWHRIWKHVWHZ DUG VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ

'HVSLWHWKHIDFWWKDWWKHZLWQHVVOLVWLQWKLVWDEOHWLVRQO\SDUWO\SUeVHUYHGLWPHQWLRQVDQLPSRUWDQWGHWDLOVRPHRIWKHZLWQHVVHVZHUH sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVRIWKHVWHZDUGpVHVWDWHZKRPHDVXUHGWKHEDUOH\ SDLGWRDVHUYDQWRI0DQXxWDQXZKHQLWZDVXQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELO LW\RIWKHFOHUNVRI(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ7KLVPHQWLRQDSSHDUVLQOO– RIWKHWDEOHWDQGLWLVQRWLPPHGLDWHO\FOHDUZKHWKHUWKHGHVLJ QDWLRQ O×sĔSirĔ xDEĪW O×mašenni oWKHsĔSiruVRIWKHHVWDWHRIWKHVWHZDUGp UHIHUVWRDOOWKHVHYHQZLWQHVVHVPHQWLRQHGEHIRUH OO– RURQ O\WRVRPHRIWKHP,QWKHFXQHLIRUPFDSWLRQVLGHQWLI\LQJWKHZLW QHVVHVp VHDOV RQO\ WZR SHUVRQV DUH PHQWLRQHG ZLWK WKH WLWOH osĔSiru RIWKHHVWDWHRIWKHVWHZDUGp7DWWDQQXDQGkDPDx-Dʤ-LGGLQ+HQFH LWVHHPVWKDWRQO\WKRVHWZRZLWQHVVHVZHUHsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVRI WKHVWHZDUGpVHVWDWH  ,W LV WUXH WKDW WKH FDSWLRQ LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH VHDO RI D VĔSLUX ZLWQHVV QHHGQRWPHQWLRQKLVSURIHVVLRQ FRPSDUHWKHFXQHLIRUPFDSWLRQVLGHQWL I\LQJWKH VHDOVRI %ĔO-Dʤ-LWWDQQX DQG%ĔO-DE-XʛXU LQ7H[WV – EHORZ  +RZHYHUWKHPHDVXUHPHQWRIWKHEDUOH\GHOLYHUHGWR3DPŠQXWKHVHUYDQW RI 0DQXxWDQX LQ 7H[W  ZRXOG KDUGO\ UHTXLUH PRUH WKDQ WZR RU WKUHH VĔSLUX SURIHVVLRQDOV IURP WKH VLGH UHFHLYLQJ WKH SD\PHQW VLPLODUO\ WR WKH WKUHHFOHUNVRI(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQXQGHUZKRVHUHVSRQVLELOLW\WKHEDUOH\ZDV 



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

0DQXxWDQXPHQWLRQHGKHUHZDVD3HUVLDQQREOHDVRQRI$U WDUĔPXDQGD QHSKHZRI$UWD[HU[HV,,QWKHZULWLQJVRI&WHVLDVRI &QLGXV KH DSSHDUV XQGHU WKH QDPH 0HQRVWDQHV  $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH VWRU\ WROG E\ &WHVLDV 0HQRVWDQHV ZDV D KLJK PLOLWDU\ FRP PDQGHULQWKHUHLJQRI$UWD[HU[HV,ZKRDIWHUKLVGHDWKVLGHGZLWK 6RJGLDQXV:KHQ6RJGLDQXVZDVFDSWXUHGDQGH[HFXWHGE\'DULXV ,, 0HQRVWDQHV FRPPLWWHG VXLFLGH  7KH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI 0DQXxWDQX ZLWK 0HQRVWDQHV LV VWUHQJWKHQHG E\ WKH IDFW WKDW 0DQXxWDQXLVPHQWLRQHGLQWKH0XUDxØDUFKLYHWDEOHWVDVoDPHP EHURIWKHUR\DOKRXVHKROGpDQGLVDWWHVWHGRQO\LQWKHUHLJQRI$U WD[HU[HV,EXWQRWLQWKDWRI'DULXV,,7KHODWWHUFRQVLGHUDWLRQDOVR PHDQV WKDW 7H[W  PXVW KDYH EHHQ ZULWWHQ LQ WKH UHLJQ RI $UWD [HU[HV,WKDWLVQRODWHUWKDQ'HFHPEHU%&(  SODFHGZKHQPHDVXUHG 0RUHRYHUWKHVHFRQGZLWQHVVLQWKH ZLWQHVVOLVW (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI7DWWDQQX PG(1/ª/-08-08$šá PTat-[tan-nu@ O   LVDWWHVWHG HOVHZKHUH LQ WKH 0XUDxØ DUFKLYH DV DFXQHLIRUP VFULEH ʞXSxDUUX +LOSUHFKWDQG&OD\Business Documents >%(@QROGDWHG WRWKHWK UHJQDO\HDURI$UWD[HU[HV, %&( :KLOHLWGRHVDSSHDU WKDWDWOHDVWVRPHVĔSLUXVFRXOGUHDGDQGZULWHFXQHLIRUP VHHWKHGLVFXV VLRQLQ&KDSWHU,,, WKHUHLVQRHYLGHQFHIRUVXFKSURIHVVLRQDOVEHLQJ PHQWLRQHGDOWHUQDWLYHO\E\WKHWHUPʞXSxDUUX ZKLFKLVUHVWULFWHGWRVFULEHV IRUZKRPWKHFXQHLIRUPZULWLQJZDVWKHLUVROHRUPDLQILHOGRIH[SHUWLVH 7KLVFRQVLGHUDWLRQFRXSOHGZLWKWKHIDFWWKDW(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI7DW WDQQXLVQRWLGHQWLILHGLQWKHFDSWLRQWRKLVVHDOLPSUHVVLRQRQWKHREYHUVH RI7H[WDVDVĔSLUXPDNHVLWGLIILFXOWWRFODVVLI\KLP—DQGE\LPSOLFD WLRQ DOO WKH RWKHU ZLWQHVVHV LQ 7H[W  EHVLGH 7DWWDQQX DQG kDPDx-DʤLGGLQ—DV D PHPEHU RI WKDW SURIHVVLRQ contra *RUGLQ DQG =DGRN o7KH ,OOLO-PXNĪQ-DSOL'RVVLHUpS   6WROSHU (QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHSS–  /HQIDQWCtésias de CnideSS––/OHZHOO\Q--RQHV DQG 5REVRQ Ctesias’ History of Persia SS  – IUDJV )–) „„–   6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHSS–$QH[SOLFLWPHQ WLRQRI0DQXxWDQXDVPćUEĪWxDUUL (O×'808¦/8*$/ oDPHPEHURIWKH UR\DO KRXVHKROGp DSSHDUV LQ WKH WDEOHW SXEOLVKHG E\ +LOSUHFKW DQG &OD\ Business Documents %(   QR  O  $QRWKHU KDQG-FRS\ RI WKH WDEOHW ZDVSXEOLVKHGE\.UÙFNPDQQNeubabylonische Rechts- und Verwaltungsatexte QR  WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQ DQG D )UHQFK WUDQVODWLRQ ZHUH SXEOLVKHG E\ &DU

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



o7KHHVWDWHRIWKHVWHZDUGp EĪW O×mašenni PHQWLRQHGLQ7H[W ZDVSUREDEO\RQHRI0DQXxWDQXpVHVWDWHVDGPLQLVWHUHGE\WKHVWHZ DUG SHUKDSV ZLWK WKH VWHZDUG EHLQJ DXWKRUL]HG WR XVH SDUW RI WKH HVWDWHpVUHYHQXHIRUKLVRZQSXUSRVHVo7KHsĔSiruVRIWKHHVWDWHRI WKH VWHZDUGp ZHUH REYLRXVO\ VXERUGLQDWH WR WKH VWHZDUG RI 0DQXxWDQXpVHVWDWHVDQGPHDVXUHGWKHEDUOH\LQWHQGHGWREHSDLG WR 0DQXxWDQX ZKHQ LW ZDV XQGHU WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI WKH FOHUNV (XxWDʯćPćQX RI(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQVRQRI0XUDxXZKRPDGHWKHSD\ PHQW (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQpV FOHUNV ZHUH DOVR SURILFLHQW LQ DOSKDEHWLF ZULWLQJ  ,W VWDQGV WR UHDVRQ WKDW ERWK WKH sĔSiruV VXERUGLQDWH WR 0DQXxWDQXpVVWHZDUGDQG(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQpVFOHUNVZHUHUHTXLUHGWR SURGXFH ZULWWHQ UHFRUGV FRQFHUQLQJ WKH PHDVXUHPHQW DQG LWV UeVXOWV 6XFK D GRXEOH UHFRUGLQJ ZRXOG EH HVSHFLDOO\ LPSRUWDQW LQ YLHZ RI WKH ODUJH TXDQWLW\ RI WKH EDUOH\ SDLG  NRUV HTXDO OLWHUV 3DPŠQX PHQWLRQHG LQ 7H[W  DV D VHUYDQW RI 0DQXxWDQX ERUH DQ (J\SWLDQ QDPH o+H RI WKH JRG $PXQp  7KH WHUP ardu(Oש5 oVHUYDQWpVLJQLILHVLQWKLVFRQWH[WDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVXERUGLQD WLRQ UDWKHU WKDQ VODYHU\  ,W LV QRW OLNHO\ WKDW 3DPŠQX ZDV 0DQXxWDQXpVVWHZDUGUDWKHUKHZDVSUREDEO\DQRWKHURIILFLDOVXE RUGLQDWH WR WKH VWHZDUG  7KH sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOV VXERUGLQDWH WR GDVFLDLes archives des MurašûSS– 0RUHRIWHQWKHVDPHFROORFD WLRQDSSHDUVLQWKHDEULGJHGIRUPPćUEĪWL (O×'808¦ VHHDERYHQ  )RUWKHHW\PRORJ\DQGPHDQLQJRIWKHWHUPXxWL\ćPDXxWDʯćPD RI ZKLFK XxWDʯćPćQX LV D SOXUDO IRUP  DQG IRU LWV WUDQVODWLRQ DV oFOHUNp VHH &KDSWHUQ  $QDOSKDEHWLFVSHOOLQJRIWKHVDPHQDPHSPZQ ERUQHE\DGLI IHUHQW LQGLYLGXDO  DSSHDUV LQ DQ $UDPDLF SDS\UXV IURP (J\SW IURP WKH $FKDHPHQLG SHULRG .RUQIHOG Onomastica Aramaica S   3DPŠQX LP SUHVVHGKLVVHDORQWKHWDEOHWRI7H[WZKLFKPDUNVDQDFNQRZOHGJPHQW RIKLVGXW\WRHQWHUWKHSD\PHQWLQWKHUHFRUGVRI0DQXxWDQXDQGWRSUR YLGHDSURRIWKHUHRIWR(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ  6HHDERYHQDQG&KDSWHUQ  $IWHUWKHGHDWKRI0DQXxWDQX0HQRVWDQHV3DPŠQXZDVVXERU GLQDWHWR$UWDʤxDUL$UWR[DUHVZKRKDGVXSSRUWHG'DULXV,,LQKLVELGIRU WKHWKURQH 6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG (PSLUHSS–DQGVHH&KDSWHU Q   ,Q WKLV SHULRG 3DPŠQX ZDV WKH IRUHPDQ šaknu  RI D JURXS RI



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

WKH VWHZDUG ZHUH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU PHDVXULQJ WKH EDUOH\ EHIRUH LWV GHOLYHU\E\(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQDQGWKH\SUREDEO\ZURWHWKHGRFXPHQW (xLSLUWX LQ0DQXxWDQXpVQDPHZKLFKVHUYHGDVWKHUHIHUHQFHIRUWKH SD\PHQW  RI@0DQX>xWDQ@XWKHPHPEHURI>WKH UR\DO KRXVHKROG@p 7H[W OO–   6WROSHU (QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHS

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



Text 88 %(  –4) 7KLV LV FRQFHUQLQJ D SD\PHQW RI  SDUW RI WKH UHQW VWLSXODWHG LQGDWHVIRU\HDURINLQJ'DULXV ,, IURPWKH FXOWLYDWHG ODQGV RI WKH HVWDWH RI WKH NLQJpV VRQ ZKLFK DUH XQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RI/¿E¿xLWKHEDLOLIIRIWKHHVWDWHRI WKHNLQJpVVRQVRQRI1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜ DQG ZKLFKDUHDW WKHGLVSRVDORI5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDVRQRI0XUDxØ  (4–9) 2XWRIWKDWNRUV>RIEDUOH\@E\RUGHURI/¿E¿xLWKH EDLOLIIRIWKHHVWDWHRIWKHNLQJpVVRQ%ĔO-EXOOLVVXWKHVĔSLUX RI WKH gardu-SHRSOH VRQ RI 0XxĔ]LE-%ĔO DQG (D-LEQL WKH >GLVW@ULEXWRURIUDWLRQVRIWKHgardu-SHRSOHVRQRI%DULN-LO KDYH UHFHLYHG IURP WKH KDQGV RI 5Ī>PŠ@W-1LQXUWD VRQ RI 0XUDxØWKH\KDYHEHHQSDLG (9– %ĔO-EXOOLVVX DQG (D-LEQL ZLOO HQWHU WKDW EDUOH\  NRUVLQ WKHUHFRUGVRI /¿E¿xLWKHEDLOLIIRIWKHHVWDWHRI WKHNLQJpVVRQDQG/ć-TĪSWKHVXSHULQWHQGHQWRIWKHgarduSHRSOH  DQG ZLOO SURYLGH D SURRI WKHUHRI  WR 5ĪPŠW1LQXUWDVRQRI0XUDxØ

&OD\ Business Documents %(   QR  $ FRPSOHWH WUDQVOLWHUD WLRQRIWKLVWDEOHWDSSHDUVLQWKH,QWHUQHWSXEOLFDWLRQRI(YHUOLQJBabylonian Texts $QRWKHU WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQ KDV EHHQ SXEOLVKHG E\ 7ROLQL RQ WKH $FKHPHQHW ZHEVLWH KWWSZZZDFKHPHQHWFRPHQLWHP"WH[WXDOVRXUFHVWH[WV-E\-ODQJXDJHV-DQG-VFULSWVEDE\ORQLDQPXUDVX-DUFKLYH DFFHVVHG0D\ $*HUPDQWUDQVODWLRQRIWKHWDEOHWZDV SXEOLVKHG E\ .RKOHU DQG 8QJQDG Hundert ausgewählte Rechtsurkunden SS 58–  ,QIDFW5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDZDVDJUDQGVRQRI0XUDxØ VHH&KDSWHU Q   /ć-TĪSpVWLWOHLVO×JDUGXSDWX oVXSHULQWHQGHQWRIWKHgardu-SHRSOHp RU oVXSHULQWHQGHQWRIWKHKRXVHKROGp 7KHWLWOHRI(D-LEQLPHQWLRQHGLQO DVRQHRIWKHUHFLSLHQWVRIWKHSD\PHQWLVO×SLWSLEDJDxD O×gardu oWKHGLVWULEX WRURIUDWLRQVWRWKHgardu-SHRSOHp VHH6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHS %ULDQWFrom Cyrus to AlexanderS7DYHUQLHUIranicaSS–   

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



7KHHDUOLHUGHEWQRWHRIʣDxGD\DDQG(D-LEQL LV DW WKH GLVSRVDO RI (QOLO-PXNĪQ-DSOL WKH MXGJH RI WKH 6ËQ FD QDO  – :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIILYHZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH – 1LSSXUPRQWK$GGDUXGD\\HDURI'DULXV ,,  NLQJRI DOO WKHODQGV )HEUXDU\%&(  (GJHV 6HDO LPSUHVVLRQV RI WKH UHFLSLHQWV RI WKH SD\PHQW DQGWKHZLWQHVVHVZLWKFXQHLIRUPFDSWLRQV –

7KLVWDEOHWLVDUHFHLSWIRUWKHSD\PHQWRISDUWRIWKHUHQWIRUVRPH DJULFXOWXUDOODQGVEHORQJLQJWRWKHHVWDWHRIWKHFURZQSULQFH WKH UHQWZDVVWLSXODWHGLQGDWHVEXWSDLGLQEDUOH\WKHWZRFURSVEHLQJ URXJKO\HTXLYDOHQWLQWKHWHUPVRIWKHLUQXWULWLRQDOYDOXH   ,QWKH IRXUWKUHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV,,WKHFURZQSULQFHZDVFHUWDLQO\$U VHV WKH IXWXUH $UWD[HU[HV ,, 7KH DJULFXOWXUDO ODQGV LQ TXHVWLRQ ZHUH OHDVHG WR 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD WKH JUDQGVRQ RI 0XUDxØ ZKR SDLG WKH UHQW IRU WKHP RQ DQ RUGHU RI /¿E¿xL 7KH DFWXDO UHFLSLHQWV RI WKHUHQWZHUHWZRRWKHURIILFLDOV%ĔO-EXOOLVVXVRQRI0XxĔ]LE-%ĔO WKHsĔSiru RIWKH gardu-SHRSOHDQG(D-LEQLVRQRI%DULN-LOWKHGLV WULEXWRURIUDWLRQVRIWKHgardu-SHRSOH $VQRWHGLQWKHGLVFXVVLRQRI7H[WWKHWHUPgardu GHQRWHV DFODVVRIGHSHQGHQWZRUNHUVLQWKHVHUYLFHRIWKHNLQJDQGWKHKLJK GLJQLWDULHV RI WKH $FKDHPHQLG HPSLUH 7KH gardu-ZRUNHUV PHQ WLRQHGLQ7H[WZHUHSDUWRIWKHHVWDWHRIWKHFURZQSULQFHDQG WKHEDUOH\SDLGE\5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDZDVSUREDEO\LQWHQGHGWREHGeOLYHUHGWRWKHPLQWKHIRUPRIUDWLRQV ZKLFKLVZK\WKHSD\PHQW ZDV UHFHLYHG E\ RIILFLDOV UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH gardu-ZRUNHUV 7KRVH RIILFLDOVZHUHXOWLPDWHO\VXERUGLQDWHWR/¿E¿xLDQGSUREDEO\PRUH GLUHFWO\VXERUGLQDWHWRDQRWKHURIILFLDOLQ/¿E¿xLpVVHUYLFH—/ć-TĪS WKH VXSHULQWHQGHQW RI WKH gardu-ZRUNHUV—LQ ZKRVH UHFRUGV WKH\ KDGWRHQWHU5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDpVSD\PHQWRIWKHUHQW 7KHMXGJHVRIWKH6ËQFDQDOZHUHSUREDEO\WKHMXGLFLDODXWKRULW\RI WKH DGPLQLVWUDWLYH GLVWULFW WKDW LQFOXGHG WKH ODQGV RQ WKH EDQNV RI WKDW FDQDO VHH=DGRNo7KH1LSSXU5HJLRQpSS–6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUV DQG(PSLUHSS–   6HH&KDSWHUQQ 

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



2. SĔSLUX in the service of Gubaru the satrap of Babylon ,Q  %&( IRXU \HDUV DIWHU WKH HQWKURQHPHQW RI $UVHV VRQ RI 'DULXV ,, DV $UWD[HU[HV ,, KLV EURWKHU &\UXV WKH ¿WKHPDQLQFKDU@JH " RI WKH EULGJH-ZRUNHUV ZKR EURXJKW D FRPSODLQW DJDLQVW 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDVRQRI0XUDxØVD\LQJDVIROORZV –5) oDQG@ =DʱDPD>\D@ ,Q \HDUV  DQG >@ RI .LQJ 'DULXV  \RX DSS>URSULDWHG WKH KDUYHVW@ WKDW ZDVSURGXFHGWKHUHWRDYDOXHRIWDOHQW DQG PLQDVRI VLOYHU@p (5–9) >7KHQ5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDVDLG@DVIROORZVo,GRQRW>KROG LQ P\ SRVVHVVLRQ@ WKH ILHOGV WKDW EHORQJ WR WKH >EULGJH@ZRUNHUV >WKDW DUH ORFDWHG LQ %ĪW-…-LWWDQQX-LOĪ LQ@ %ĪW-6ËQHUĪED DQG WKDWDUH>LQ=DʱDPD@\D>,GLGQRWDSSURSULDWH@ WKHKDUYHVWIRU\HDUV >DQGWRDYDOXHRI@WKHDIRUHPHQ WLRQHGWDOH>QW DQG PLQDVRIVLOYHU@p (9– >7KHQ 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD DQG $ʤ@ŠQ¿ >DUJXHG WKH PDWWHU ZLWK HDFK RWKHU@ LQ WKH DVVHPEO\ >RI …@ +H $ʤŠQ¿"  VZRUH " >DQRDWKE\WKH*UHDW@6WDUWKDW>…@WDOHQW DQG  PLQDVRIVLOYHU>…] 5HVWRIWKHREYHUVHORVW

[… EULGJH@-ZRUNHUV >… ,I 5ĪP@ŠW-1LQXUWD WKH PHPEHUV RI KLV KRXVHKROG >KLV DJHQWV RU…@ WKRVH ILHOGV … […@$ʤ>ŠQ¿ … ZLOOWDNH@WKHKDUYHVW LQDQDPRXQW  FRUUHVSRQGLQJ WR WKH \LHOG RI  WKH QHLJKERULQJ SURSHU WLHV  5HY  –

7KLVWDEOHWKDVEHHQSUHVHUYHGLQWKUHHIUDJPHQWV7ZRRIWKHP DUHKRXVHGLQWKH8QLYHUVLW\0XVHXPRI3HQQV\OYDQLD&%6 &OD\ Business Documents >3%6 @QR   DQG &%6  6WROSHU (QWUHSUeQHXUV DQG (PSLUH SS  – QR   7KH WKLUG IUDJPHQW 1L LVKRXVHGLQWKH,VWDQEXO$UNHRORML0Ù]HOHULDQGZDVSXEOLVKHGE\ -RDQQÅV o)UDJPHQWV GH 1LSSXUp S  QR  7KH MRLQ RI WKH WKUHH IUDJPHQWVZDVPDGHDQGWKHUHVXOWLQJWH[WSXEOLVKHGLQWUDQVOLWHUDWLRQDQG WUDQVODWLRQ E\ 6WROSHU o7KH 0XUDxØ 7H[WV IURP 6XVDp SS – 6LQFH WKH VĔSLUX SURIHVVLRQDOV DUH PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH ZLWQHVV OLVW RI WKLV DQG WKH IROORZLQJWDEOHWVWKRVHOLVWVDUHLQFOXGHGLQWKHWUDQVODWLRQDORQJZLWKWKH FXQHLIRUPFDSWLRQVLGHQWLI\LQJWKHZLWQHVVHVpVHDOV 



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250 :LWQHVVHV 0DQQX-NĪ>\D DQG@ ,TĪx¿ WKH VĔSLUX>V ZKR DUH DWWKHGLVSRVDORI@*XEDUX .XSĔxXWKHODZRIILFHUZKR LV DWWKHGLVSRVDORI>*XED UX " …@ kDWDʤ X PXDQG%ĔOxXQXVRQVRI/¿E¿xL %ĔO-LWWDQQX %ĔO-WDWWDQQX->EDOćVVX DQG kXP-XʛXU "  WKH DV VLVWDQWV  …]  7KHVFULEH7DTĪx-*XODVRQRI,GGLQ-(>QOLO@  – 6XVD PRQWK kDEćʜX GD\  \HDU  RI 'DULXV ,,  NLQJRI DOO WKHODQGV )HEUXDU\%&(  /HIWHGJH 6HDORI%ĔO-Dʤ-LWWDQQX VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 8SSHUHGJH 6HDORIkXP-XʛXUWKHDVVLVWDQW VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ  –

u P08"-¶5," O×us-tar UHY 7KLVUHFRQVWUXFWLRQLVEDVHGRQDSDUDOOHOUHFRUGLQWKH ZLWQHVVOLVWRIWKHWDEOHW3%6  … PG(1-it-tan-nu u PG(1-tattan-nu-',1-su  O×us-tar-bar0(k o%ĔO-LWWDQQX DQG %ĔO-WDWWDQQX-EDOćVVX WKHDVVLVWDQWVp &OD\Business Documents >3%6@QROO– DQG RQ WKH DSSHDUDQFH RI WKH FDSWLRQ 1$4.>,k,%@ P08-¶5, >O×"u]s"-tar"-bar o6H>DO@RIkXP-XʛXU>WKHDV@VLVWDQWpRQWKHXSSHUHGJHRIWKHSUHVHQWWDEOHW 7KHWLWOHustarbar(u LVRI,UDQLDQRULJLQ,WKDVEHHQUHFHQWO\GLVFXVVHGE\ 7DYHUQLHU o6RPH 7KRXJKWVp ZKR GHPRQVWUDWHG WKDW WKH HW\PRORJLFDO PHDQLQJRIWKLVWLWOHLVoJDUPHQW-EHDUHUp SUREDEO\UHIOHFWLQJWKHGRQDWLRQ RIDJDUPHQWWRDSHUVRQZKRZDVJUDQWHG WKHWLWOH EXWIXQFWLRQDOO\WKH LQGLYLGXDOVUHIHUUHGWRLQ %DE\ORQLDQWDEOHWVRIWKH$FKDHPHQLGSHULRGDV ustarbaru IXOILOOHGDZLGHVHWRIDGPLQLVWUDWLYHWDVNV%DVHGRQWKHLUIXQF WLRQV7DYHUQLHUWHUPHGWKHustarbaruVoFROODERUDWRUVZLWKWKH$FKDHPHQLG DGPLQLVWUDWLRQp DGGLQJ WKDW WKH WHUP oFROODERUDWRUp ZDV XVHG E\ KLP oQRW… LQ LWV PHDQLQJ RI qVRPHRQH ZKR DFWV DJDLQVW KLV RZQ SHRSOH LQ IDYRURIDIRUHLJQSRZHUrEXWUDWKHULQDPHDQLQJqVRPHRQHZKRKHOSV UXQWKHDIIDLUVRIDIRUHLJQSRZHU HJWKH3HUVLDQHPSLUH LQDVSHFLILF UHJLRQ HJ0HVRSRWDPLD rp 7DYHUQLHUo6RPH7KRXJKWVpSQ SDUHQWKHVHVSUHVHUYHG :KLOH7DYHUQLHUpVGHILQLWLRQORRNVDWWUDFWLYHLWLV GLIILFXOW WR DYRLG WKH QHJDWLYH FRQQRWDWLRQV RI WKH WHUP oFROODERUDWRUp KHQFHLWLVUHSODFHGKHUHZLWKDPRUHQHXWUDOV\QRQ\PoDVVLVWDQWp  PG(1-it-tan-nu PG(1-tat-tan-nu->7,1-su

bar0(k"]

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



Text 90 1L  –6) 7KLV LV FRQFHUQLQJ  IRXU PLQDV RI VLOYHU WKH UHQW IRU \HDUIURPVL[ERZ- ILHI VLQWKHWRZQʱ,ʛLDQGWKHWRZQ %ĪW-ʣDxxDPXUEHORQJLQJWR0DUGXN-DSOX-LGGLQVRQRI$U DG-%ĔO 0DUGXN¿ VRQ RI kDPxD\D DQG /¿E¿xL VRQ RI *XQGć\ćQL WKH $UHLDQV SURSHUWLHV  ZKLFK DUH DW WKH GLV SRVDORI5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDVRQRI0XUDxØ  –8) 0DUGXN-DSOX-LGGLQ0DUGXN¿DQG/¿E¿xLKDYHUHFHLYHG WKDW VLOYHU  IURP WKH KDQGV RI 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD WKH\ KDYH EHHQSDLG (9– :LWQHVVHV>kDWD@ʤXP X DQG%ĔOxXQXVRQVRI/¿E¿xL >0DQ QX @-NĪ\D,TĪx¿DQG%Ĕ>O-Dʤ!@-LWWDQQXWKHVĔSLUXV  7KHVFULEH%DOćʜXVRQRI(QOLO-LTĪxD – 6XVD PRQWK $GGDUX GD\  \HDU    RI 'DULXV ,,  NLQJRI DOO WKHODQGV 0DUFK%&(   2EY 6HDORI,TĪx¿WKHVĔSLUX VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 6HDORI%ĔO-Dʤ-LWWDQQX VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ /RZHU HGJH 6HDO RI (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ VRQ RI 1LQXUWD-HUĪED  VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ

$ FRPSOHWH HGLWLRQ RI WKLV WDEOHW SUHVHUYHG LQ WKH ,VWDQEXO $UNHRORML0Ù]HOHULZDVSXEOLVKHGE\'RQED]o7KH4XHVWLRQRIWKH0X UDxØ 7H[WVp SS – $ FXQHLIRUP KDQG-FRS\ DQG WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQ KDYH EHHQDOVRSXEOLVKHGE\'RQED]DQG6WROSHUIstanbul Murašû TextsSS QR  7KHKROGHUVRIWKHERZ-ILHIVDUHFODVVLILHGLQODV O×Aruć\D o$UHLDQVp O   7KLV ZDV DQ ,UDQLDQ WULEH ZKRVH QDPH GHULYHG IURP WKH DGMHFWLYH arva- oTXLFN EUDYHp =DGRN o,UDQLDQVp SS – 6WROSHU (QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHSQ   7KHUHFRUGLQODVLWDSSHDUVLQWKHWDEOHWLV08.$0o\HDU p+RZHYHUDVSRLQWHGRXWE\6WROSHUWKHIDFWWKDWWKHUHQWZDVSDLGIRU WKHVL[WKUHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV, WKHUHDGLQJ08.$0LQOLVFHUWDLQ  DQG WKH FOHDU OLQNV FRQQHFWLQJ WKLV WDEOHW ZLWK D JURXS RI RWKHU WDEOHWV IURPWKH0XUDxØDUFKLYHZULWWHQLQWKHFLW\RI6XVDLQWKHODWHVL[WKUHJQDO \HDURI'DULXV,,LQGLFDWHWKDWWKHQXPHUDOopLQOLVDVFULEDOPLVWDNH DQGVKRXOGEHFRUUHFWHGLQWRop 6WROSHUo7KH0XUDxØ7H[WVIURP6XVDp SQ  

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



6HDORIkDWDʤXPX VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ

7KHVHWZRWDEOHWVEHORQJWRDODUJHUJURXSRIWDEOHWVIURPWKH0X UDxØDUFKLYHZULWWHQLQWKHFLW\RI6XVDWKH$FKDHPHQLGUR\DOFDSL WDO LQ VRXWKZHVWHUQ ,UDQ 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD WKH JUDQGVRQ RI 0XUDxØ YLVLWHG6XVDDWWKHHQGRIWKHVL[WKUHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV,,WKDWLV LQ)HEUXDU\–0DUFK%&( 7KH OLVW RI ZLWQHVVHV LQ 7H[W  LQFOXGHV 0DQQX-NĪ\D DQG ,TĪx¿O×sĔSLr[Ĕ xDLQDSćQL] Gubar oWKHsĔSiru[VZKR DUH DWWKHGLVSRVDO RI@ *XEDUXp UHY  –  $OWKRXJK WKHLU WLWOH LV SDUWO\ UHVWRUHG *XEDUXpVQDPHLQWKHEHJLQQLQJRIO LVIXOO\SUHVHUYHG+HQFH WKHUHLVQRGRXEWWKDWWKHWZRsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVPHQWLRQHGKHUH ZHUH HPSOR\HG LQ *XEDUXpV VHUYLFH $QRWKHU sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDO %ĔO-Dʤ-LWWDQQXLVPHQWLRQHG WRJHWKHUZLWK0DQQX-NĪ\DDQG,TĪx¿LQ WKHZLWQHVVOLVWRI7H[W,WLVOLNHO\WKDWKHZDVDOVRHPSOR\HGLQ WKHVHUYLFHRI*XEDUX  ,Q RUGHU WR XQGHUVWDQG RI WKH FLUFXPVWDQFHV RI 5ĪPŠW1LQXUWDpVYLVLWWR6XVDLQWKHODWHVL[WKUHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV,,RQH PXVWFRQVLGHUWKHIROORZLQJWDEOHW Text 91 %(  –3) > 7KRVH DUH  ʣDQDQQ@Ī =DEDG-[[[[[[[@-G0$kzaq->[[@ʯD k(18081ki-i šá ub-ba-lu-[ú"@ WKHWUDQVOLWHUDWLRQSXEOLVKHGE\(v



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250 (33–38)

:LWQHVVHV>…@VRQRI7DWWDQQX /LEOXʜVRQRI/¿E¿xL […@VRQRI>…@ >%ĔO-DE-XʛXUVRQRI%ĔO@-DE-XʛXU /ć-TĪSWKHVXSHULQWHQGHQWRIWKHgardu-SHRSOHVRQRI%ĔODVŠD [… VRQRI…@ >1DEØ@-QćGLQ WKH MXGJH RI WKH 6ËQ FDQDO VRQ RI >1LQXUWDQćʛLU@ 0DQ QX -NĪ\DDQG,TĪx¿>WKHVĔSLUXVRI*XEDUUX@ %ĔO-Dʤ-LWWDQQXWKHVĔSLUXVRQRI%ĔO-QćʛLU 0LQDʤʤLPX>0Ī-ND-…@VRQRI1XVNX-XxDExL

HUOLQJ Babylonian Texts LV QRW VXEVWDQWLDOO\ GLIIHUHQW  7KH EUHDN LQ WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH OLQH PRVW OLNHO\ LQFOXGHG WKH LQLWLDO SDUW RI WKH QDPH 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD>… PRi-mut]-G0$k:LWKUHJDUGWRWKHIROORZLQJVLJQVLW VHHPVOLNHO\WRUHDGDQGUHVWRUHWKHPDVDORJRJUDP=$*>/8@IRUimittu oHVWLPDWHG LPSRVWp UDWKHU WKDQ zaq->[-[@ ,Q 7H[W  FLWHG LQ &KDSWHU  WKH imittu-LPSRVW ZDV WR EH SDLG WR WKH VWDWH WUHDVXU\ +HUH LQ FRQWUDVW WKLVLPSRVWZDVGXHWRWKHRULJLQDOKROGHUVRIWKHERZ-ILHISURSHUWLHVWKH VRQVRIʝŠE-[[[[@¨[[[[[[[[[¦-mu ana Dʢ-ʢX-tú 08niš ',1*,5u /8*$/08[-[…@(YHUOLQJWDNHVWKHSDUWO\ SUHVHUYHGVLJQMXVWEHIRUHWKHEUHDNDWWKHHQGRIWKHOLQHDVubZKLFKILWV &OD\pV SXEOLVKHG KDQG-FRS\ DQG WKH DYDLODEOH GLJLWDO SKRWRJUDSK RI WKH WDEOHW,QOLJKWRIWKLVZKDWUHPDLQVRIWKHPDLQFODXVHLQOVKRXOGEH SUREDEO\UHDGDQDDʢʢŠWXPXQĪxLOL ',1*,5 u šarri /8*$/ L]DNNDUŠ 08 ub[EDOŠ@oWKH\ZLOOVZHDUWR WKHLU IHOORZVE\WKHOLIHRIJRGDQGNLQJ DQG  F>DUU\DZD\ ZKDWHYHUWKH\DUHDOORZHGWRFDUU\ @p

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



1LSSXUPRQWK1LVDQQXGD\\HDURI'DULXV ,, NLQJ RI DOO WKHODQGV $SULO%&(   5HY 6HDORI!1DEØ-LWWDQQXVRQRI(QOLO-GćQX VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 5LJKWHGJH 6HDORI%DQć-6HDORI@1DEØ-QćGLQWKHMXGJHRIWKH6ËQFDQDOVRQRI1L QXUWD-QćʛLU VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 8SSHUHGJH 6HDORI8UGćWXWKHMXGJHRIWKH6ËQFDQDO VHDOLPSUHV VLRQ

6HDORI=LWWĪ-1DEØVRQRI5ĪPŠW VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 6HDORI=DELQWKHVXSHUYLVRUVRQRI%DOćʜX  VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 6HDO!RI%ĔO-DE-XʛXUVRQRI%ĔO-DE-XʛXU VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ

7KLVWDEOHWGHWDLOVDOHJDOFDVHSOHDGHGE\WKHPHPEHUVRIDIDPLO\ RI-XGHDQGHVFHQW IRXUVRQVRIʝŠE-ELQ@WKHIRUHPDQRIWKHVĔSLUXVRIWKHDUP\VRQRI=LPP¿p &OD\Business Documents >3%6@QROO– ,QWKHGDWHIRUPXODRIWKHWDEOHW OO– WKH\HDUQXPHUDOLVEURNHQRII3%6@QROO–   (8)



O×$%$/0(k šá

PG(1-08-08 (9)

O×-ú

 PZi-im-ma-a



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

WKH IRUHPDQ RI D ʢDGUX-XQLW RI sĔSiruV ZKRVH PHPEHUV KHOG ERWK KRUVH-ILHIVDQGERZ-ILHIV  $SSDUHQWO\ WKH sĔSiruV RI WKH DUP\ KROGLQJ KRUVH-ILHIV DQG ERZ-ILHIVZHUHVHSDUDWHGLQWZRGLIIHUHQWʢDGUX-XQLWVRQO\DIWHUWKH ILUVWUHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV,,$WWKDWWLPH=DELQZDVDSSRLQWHGWKH IRUHPDQRIWKHXQLWRIWKHsĔSiruVRIWKHDUP\KROGLQJKRUVH-ILHIV ZKLOHWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHIRUHPDQRIWKHXQLWRIWKHsĔSiruVRIWKH DUP\KROGLQJERZ-ILHIVZDVJLYHQWRKLVEURWKHU1DEØ-PĪW-XEDOOLʜ Text 93 3%6  –4) >@NRUVRIGDWHVEHORQJLQJWR5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDVRQRI 0XUDxØDUHRZHG>E\@%ĔO-\DGDʤVRQRI0DQQX-NĪ-1DQD\D DQG  $TEL-%(@QROO–DQRWKHU KDQG-FRS\ RI WKLV WDEOHW ZDV SXEOLVKHG E\ .UÙFNPDQQ Neubabylonische Rechts- und Verwaltungsatexte QR   7KH GDWH RI WKH WDEOHW LV  … LWL%ž5$ 8'.$0  >08@!.$0 PDa-ri-ia-a-muš /8*$/ .85.85o0RQWK1LVDQQXGD\\HDURI'DULXV ,, NLQJRI DOO WKH ODQGVp OO–   &OD\Business Documents 3%6 QR$FRPSOHWHWUDQVOLWHUD WLRQRIWKLVWDEOHWDSSHDUVLQWKH,QWHUQHWSXEOLFDWLRQRI(YHUOLQJBabylonian Texts $ SDUWLDO )UHQFK WUDQVODWLRQ ZDV SXEOLVKHG E\ 6LGHUVN\ o/pRQRPDVWLTXHKÆEUDÌTXHpSQ  

 Sē3,58 ,17+(67$7($'0,1,675$7,21



(6)

(DFK RQHEHDUVJXDUDQWHH IRUWKHRWKHUZLWKUHJDUGWR SD\PHQW WKH RQH  QHDUHVW WR WKH SODFH RI SD\PHQW  ZLOO SD\ –8) 7KHLUODQGVRUFKDUG V DQGFXOWLYDWHGILHOG V  RI WKHLU ERZ-ILHI LQDVPXFK DV LV WKHLU VKDUH KHOG LQ SDUWQHUVKLS  ZLWK WKHLU IHOORZ  ERZ-KROGHUV ZKR DUH LQ WKH WRZQ %ĪWʙXUUć\DRQWKHEDQNRIWKHʣDUUL-SLTŠGXFDQDODUHWKHVeFXULW\ IRUWKHORDQ  (9– 7KRVH GDWHV  NRUV ZLOO EH SODFHG  DW WKH GLVSRVDO RI 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD 1R RWKHU FODLPDQW ZLOO KDYH FRQWURO RYHUWKHPXQWLO5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDpVFODLPLVSDLG – 7KHGDWHVDUHWKHHTXLYDOHQWRIVLOYHUZKLFKZDVJLYHQ WRWKHLUIRUHPDQRQWKHLUDFFRXQW – :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIHLJKWZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH – 1LSSXU PRQWK .LVVLOĪPX GD\  \HDU  RI 'DULXV ,, NLQJRI DOO WKHODQGV 'HFHPEHU%&(  8SSHU DQG ORZHU HGJHV 6HDOLPSUHVVLRQVRIWZRRIWKHZLWQHVVHV DQGQDLOLPSUHVVLRQVRIRWKHUVZLWKFXQHLIRUPFDSWLRQV

7KLV WDEOHW D GHEW QRWH PHQWLRQV WKH GHEWRUV—%ĔO-\DGDʤ VRQ RI 0DQQX-NĪ-1DQD\DDQG$TEL-RI@ 3LWLELUĪ >KDV UeFHLYHG@IURPWKHKDQGVRI%ĔOxXQX.LGLO-(QOLO>kXP-LGGLQ@ DQG$ʤXxXQXWKHVĔSLUXVRI0XUDxØKHKDVEHHQSDLG – %ĔO-Dʤ-XxDExL ZLOO HQWHU WKLV SD\PHQW  >LQ WKH UHF RUGVRI @3LWLELUĪDQGZLOOSURYLGH DSURRIWKHUHRI WR0X UDxØ – :LWQHVVHV QDPHVRIVHYHQZLWQHVVHVDQGWKHVFULEH  1LSSXUPRQWK1LVDQQXGD\\HDURI'DULXV ,,  NLQJRI DOO WKHODQGV 0D\%&(  8SSHU ORZHU DQG OHIW HGJHV 6HDO LPSUHVVLRQV RI IRXU RI WKH ZLW QHVVHVZLWKFXQHLIRUPFDSWLRQV

,Q WKLV WDEOHW %ĔOxXQX .LGLO-(QOLO kXP-LGGLQ DQG $ʤXxXQX DUH PHQWLRQHGDVWKHsĔSiruVRI0XUDxØ—FHUWDLQO\0XUDxØVRQRI(QOLOxXP-LGGLQ OO– DJUDQGVRQRIWKHIRXQGHURIWKH0XUDxØIDPLO\ DQGDFRXVLQRI5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD  $SSDUHQWO\IURPWKHHLJKWKUHJ … šá ina k8II PG(1-k(k-*ž/-ši O×SDT-du šá PPi-it-i-bi-ri-Lʯ (6) O×ustar-ba-ri A šá PMar-duk OO– 3LWLELUĪpVSDWURQ\PLFLVDQDEULGJHGYHUVLRQ RIDSHUVRQDOQDPHZKLFKLQFOXGHGWKHWKHRSKRULFHOHPHQW0DUGXNEXWLQ LWVIXOOYHUVLRQZDVSUREDEO\QRWLGHQWLFDOWRWKHQDPHRIWKHFKLHIGHLW\RI %DE\ORQLD IRUDEULGJHGQDPHVRIWKLVNLQGVHH7DOOTYLVWNeubabylonisches NamenbuchSE6WDPPDie akkadische NamengebungS   )RU WKH SRVLWLRQ 0XUDxØ VRQ RI (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ LQ WKH 0XUDxØ IDPLO\ VHH &DUGDVFLD Les archives des Murašû SS – 6WROSHU (QWUHSUeQHXUVDQG(PSLUHSS– 39 (5)

354

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

QDO\HDURI'DULXV,,RQZDUGV0XUDxØVRQRI(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQEeFDPH UHVSRQVLEOH IRU WKH SDUW RI WKH IDPLO\ EXVLQHVV ZKLFK KDG EHHQ SUHYLRXVO\ RSHUDWHG E\ 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD DQG EHFDPH WKH HP SOR\HU RI WKH sĔSiruV ZKR KDG HDUOLHU VHUYHG KLV FRXVLQ 5ĪPŠW1LQXUWD KLPVHOI KDG SUREDEO\ GLHG DW WKH HQG RI WKH SUHFHGLQJ \HDU  %ĔO-Dʤ-XxDExL ZKR UHFHLYHG WKH UHQWDO SD\PHQW UHFRUGHG LQ 7H[W  ZDV REOLJDWHG WR HQWHU LW LQ WKH UHFRUGV RI KLV VXSHULRU (3LWLELUĪ  DQG WR SURYLGH D SURRI WKHUHRI WR 0XUDxØ VRQ RI (QOLOxXP-LGGLQ UDWKHU WKDQ WR WKH IRXU sĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOV ZKR PDGH WKH SD\PHQW RQ EHKDOI RI 0XUDxØ ,W LV QRW FOHDU ZKHWKHU WKH DX WRQRP\ HQMR\HG E\ WKH sĔSiruV RI 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD LQ PDQDJLQJ KLV EXVLQHVVFDPHWRDQHQGZKHQWKH\EHJDQWRVHUYHKLVFRXVLQ0X UDxØRUZKHWKHU WKLVZDVMXVWD SDUWLFXODUSD\PHQWZLWKUHJDUG WR ZKLFK0XUDxØVRQRI(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ LVVXHGDGLUHFWRUGHU 2IWKHIRXUsĔSiruVGLVFXVVHGDERYHZKRVHUYHG5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD DQGWKHQKLVFRXVLQ—QDPHO\%ĔOxXQX.LGLO-(QOLOkXP-LGGLQDQG $ʤXxXQX—WKHDFWLYLW\RI%ĔOxXQXLVDWWHVWHGHDUOLHUWKDQWKDWRIKLV RWKHUFR-ZRUNHUV7H[WGLVFXVVHGLQ&KDSWHUDQGGDWHGWRWKH PRQWK6LPćQXRIWKHWKLUW\-VL[WKUHJQDO\HDURI$UWD[HU[HV, -XQH– -XO\ %&( PHQWLRQVKLPDV%ĔOxXQXVRQRI0DQQX-NĪ-1DQD\D RQH RI WKH FOHUNV O×uštiyćPćQX  RI (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ WKH XQFOH RI

$V SRLQWHG RXW E\ 'RQED] DQG 6WROSHU Istanbul Murašû Texts S  WKH ODWHVW UHIHUHQFHV WR WKH DFWLYLW\ RI 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD EHORQJ WR WKH VHYHQWK UHJQDO \HDU RI 'DULXV ,, 6 %&(  ZLWK WKH H[FHSWLRQ RI WKH WDEOHW3%6 &OD\Business Documents >3%6@QR 7KHODW WHULVDFWXDOO\DIUDJPHQWWKDWKDVEHHQMRLQHGZLWKWKHIUDJPHQW1LLQ WKH,VWDQEXO$UNHRORML0Ù]HOHULDQGUH-SXEOLVKHGDV'RQED]DQG6WROSHU Istanbul Murašû Texts SS  – QR  7KH GDWH IRUPXOD RI WKH WDEOHW PHQWLRQV ERWK \HDU  DQG \HDU  RI 'DULXV ,, $V SRLQWHG RXW E\ 'RQED]DQG6WROSHUWKLVLVoSHUKDSVLQWHQGHGWRLQGLFDWHWKDWWKHWUDQVDF WLRQZDVDFWXDOO\FRPSOHWHGLQWKHVHYHQWKUHJQDO\HDUEXWWKHUHFHLSWZDV QRW SURGXFHG XQWLO WKH QLQWKp LELG S   7KLV LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ DSSHDUV OLNHO\DQGLILWLVDFFHSWHGWKHUHLVQRHYLGHQFHIRUWKHDFWLYLW\RI5ĪPŠW1LQXUWDDIWHUWKHVHYHQWKUHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV,, 

 Sē3,58 $&7,9(,135,9$7(%86,1(66

355

5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDDQGWKHIDWKHURIKLVFRXVLQ0XUDxØ  %ĔOxXQX WKH sĔSiru RI5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDLVPHQWLRQHGDVDVRQRI0DQQX-NĪ-1DQD\D LQ WKH WDEOHWV 3%6    DQG  43 7KH PHQWLRQV RI %ĔOxXQX VRQ RI 0DQQX-NĪ-1DQD\D DUH RQH RI WKH HOHPHQWV RI HYL GHQFHZKLFKLQGLFDWHVWKDWDWOHDVWLQWKH0XUDxØDUFKLYHWKHWHUP XxWL\ćPD VLQJXODU RI uštiyćPćQX  LV D IXQFWLRQDO HTXLYDOHQW RI WKH WHUPsĔSiru 44 7DNHQWRJHWKHU7H[WVDQG–FKDUWWKHKLVWRU\ RI%ĔOxXQXpVHPSOR\PHQWE\WKH0XUDxØIDPLO\ILUVWLQWKHVHUYLFH RI (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ WKHQ RI 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD DQG ILQDOO\ RI 0XUDxØ VRQRI(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ WKHQDPHVDNHRIKLVJUDQGIDWKHUZKRKDG IRXQGHGWKHIDPLO\EXVLQHVV  %HVLGHWKHWDEOHWVPHQWLRQHGDERYH%HOxXQXWKHsĔSiru DSSHDUV DORQH PDNLQJ D SD\PHQW IRU D SORW RI ODQG UHQWHG WR 5ĪPŠW1LQXUWDWKHJUDQGVRQRI0XUDxØLQWKHWDEOHW%(IURPWKH VHYHQWKUHJQDO\HDURI'DULXV,, %&(  45 $QRWKHUsĔSiru PHQ WLRQHG LQ WKH GRFXPHQWV GLVFXVVHG DERYH kXP-LGGLQ DSSHDUV DORQJVLGH %ĔOxXQX DQG $ʤXxXQX PDNLQJ GLIIHUHQW SD\PHQWV RQ ,WVKRXOGEH QRWHGWKDWLQ7H[WOWKHVLJQnu DWWKHHQGRI %ĔOxXQXpVQDPHZDVRPLWWHGE\WKHVFULEHP(1-šú- A šá PMan-nu-kii-GNa-na-a 6WROSHU(QWUHSUHQHXUVDQG(PSLUHSQRO +RZHYHU DQ DVVXPSWLRQ WKDW WKH VSHOOLQJ LV FRUUHFW DV LW VWDQGV ZRXOG \LHOG WKH QDPH %ĔOxXZKLFKLVQRWDWWHVWHGLQ1HR-%DE\ORQLDQDQGWKH$FKDHPeQLGSHULRGV,QFRQWUDVWWKHQDPH%ĔOxXQXLVDWWHVWHGIRURYHUHLJKW\GLV WLQFW LQGLYLGXDOV VHH 7DOOTYLVW Neubabylonisches Namenbuch SS D–E  +HQFH LW DSSHDUV WKDW WKH QDPH UHFRUGHG LQ 7H[W  O  LV LQGHHG %ĔOxXQXDQGWKHRPLVVLRQRIWKHVLJQnu LVDVFULEDOPLVWDNH 43 P(1-šú-nu A šá PMan-nu-ki-i-GNa-na-a O×se-SLU-ri šá PRi-mut-G0$k o%ĔOxXQX VRQ RI 0DQQX-NĪ-1DQD\D WKH VĔSLUX RI 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDp &OD\ Business Documents >3%6@QRODQGVLPLODUO\QROQR OO –  44 6HH&KDSWHUQ 45 &OD\ Business Documents %(   QR  OO – $ FRPSOHWH WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQ RI WKLV WDEOHW DSSHDUV LQ WKH ,QWHUQHW SXEOLFDWLRQ RI (YHU OLQJBabylonian Texts$QRWKHUWUDQVOLWHUDWLRQKDVEHHQSXEOLVKHGE\7ROLQL RQ WKH $FKHPHQHW ZHEVLWH KWWSZZZDFKHPHQHWFRPHQLWHP "WH[WXDO-VRXUFHVWH[WV-E\-ODQJXDJHV-DQG-VFULSWVEDE\ORQLDQPXUDVXDUFKLYHDFFHVVHG0D\  

356

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

EHKDOIRI5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDLQWZRWDEOHWVGDWLQJOLNHZLVHWRWKHVHvHQWKUHJQDO\HDU RI 'DULXV,,3%6DQG 46 +HFDQEH UHDVRQDEO\LGHQWLILHGZLWKkXP-LGGLQVRQRI%ĔOxXQXPHQWLRQHGDV RQHRIWKHFOHUNV O×uštDʯćPćQX RI(QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ LQ7H[W  ,Q WKLVFDVHLWIROORZVWKDWWKHsĔSiru kXP-LGGLQZDVDOVRHPSOR\HGE\ (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ EHIRUH VHUYLQJ KLV QHSKHZ 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD kXPLGGLQFRXOGEHDVRQRI%HOxXQXWKHsĔSiruZKLFKZRXOGPHDQWKDW WKH SURIHVVLRQ RI WKH sĔSiru SDVVHG LQ KLV IDPLO\ IURP RQH JHQHUD WLRQWRWKHQH[WDQGWZRVXFFHVVLYHJHQHUDWLRQVZHUHHPSOR\HGLQ WKHVHUYLFHRIWKH0XUDxØIDPLO\EXVLQHVV 48 ,Q DGGLWLRQ WKH WDEOHW 3%6   GDWHG WR WKH WKLUG UHJQDO \HDURI'DULXV,,  %&( DSSHDUVWRPHQWLRQWZRRWKHUsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOV LQ 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDpV VHUYLFH (QOLO-LWWDQQX DQG 0XWĪUJLPLOOLZKRPDGHDSD\PHQWRIDQHVWLPDWHGLPSRVWRIEDUOH\IRUD ODQGSORWUHQWHGE\5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD 49 $QRWKHUWDEOHW3%6 &OD\ Business Documents 3%6   QRV   $ FRPSOHWH WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQRIWKHVHWDEOHWVDSSHDUVLQWKH,QWHUQHWSXEOLFDWLRQRI(YHU OLQJBabylonian Texts  ,WLVQRWOLNHO\WKDWkXP-LGGLQWKHVĔSLUX RI5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDFRXOGEH LGHQWLILHG ZLWKkXP-LGGLQ VRQRI %ĔO-LWWDQQXWKHVĔSLUX ZKR GHOLYHUHGWR (QOLO-xXP-LGGLQ D GRFXPHQW RI 0LWUĔQD WKDW VHUYHG DV WKH UHIHUHQFH IRU WKHUHQWDOSD\PHQWUHFRUGHGLQ7H[W7KHVĔSLUX kXP-LGGLQVRQRI%ĔOLWWDQQX GLG QRW VHUYH WKH PHPEHUV RI WKH 0XUDxØ IDPLO\ KH VHUYHG 0L WUĔQDWKHRIILFLDOLQFKDUJHRIWKHUHQWDOSD\PHQWVRIWKH6ËQFDQDO 48 ,W LV SRVVLEOH WKDW %ĔO-PMa]-at-[ta-ni-Lʯ-ia-a-ma ina k8II] (9) PG(1/ª/it-tan-nu u PMu-[tir-k8 O×se-SL-ri0(k@  šá PRi-mut-G0$k ma-ʢL-ir [e-ʞLU] o7KDWEDUOH\>NRUVWKHHVWLPDWHGLPSRVWIURP@WKRVH>FXOWLYDWHGODQGV@ IRU\HDU RI'DULXV,, >0D@W>DQĪ-IURPWKHKDQGVRI@ (QOLO-LWWDQQX DQG 0X>WĪU-JLPLOOL WKH VĔSLUXV@ RI 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD >KH KDV EHHQSDLG@p &OD\Business Documents >3%6@QROO– 7KHWUDQV 46

 Sē3,58 $&7,9(,135,9$7(%86,1(66



GDWHG WR WKH IRXUWK UHJQDO \HDU RI 'DULXV ,,  %&(  PHQ WLRQV D ORDQ IURP WKH IXQGV RI 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD H[WHQGHG WR RWKHU LQGLYLGXDOV XQGHU WKH UHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI (QOLO-LWWDQQX DQG 0XWĪUJLPLOOL  7KLV WUDQVDFWLRQ PDWFKHV WKH HYLGHQFH RI 7H[WV – IRUWKHDXWRQRP\HQMR\HGE\WKHsĔSiruVRI5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDLQPDQ DJLQJ KLV EXVLQHVV ZKLFK EROVWHUV WKH OLNHOLKRRG RI WKH LGHQWLILFD WLRQ RI (QOLO-LWWDQQX DQG 0XWĪU-JLPLOOL DV WZR PRUH sĔSiru SURIHV VLRQDOVHPSOR\HGE\5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD )XUWKHUPRUHWKHWDEOHW3%6GDWHGWRWKH ILIWKUHJQDO \HDURI'DULXV,  %&()PHQWLRQVDSD\PHQWRIGDWHVDVUHQW IRU DQ RUFKDUG GHOLYHUHG E\ WZR FOHUNV O×XxWLʯćPćQX  RI 5ĪPŠW1LQXUWD 1LQXUWD-XEDOOLʜ VRQ RI %XOOXʜ¿ DQG $SO¿ VRQ RI /LQŠʤOLEEL-LOL  AV QRWHG DERYH WKH WHUP XxWL\ćPDXxWLʯćPD VLQJXODU RI OLWHUDWLRQFLWHGKHUHIROORZVWKDWRI(YHUOLQJBabylonian TextsZLWKWKHVROH H[FHSWLRQ RI UHDGLQJ PMu-[tir-k8@ UDWKHU WKDQ PMu-[tir-šú] LQ O  EDVHG RQWKHWDEOHW3%6 VHHWKHIROORZLQJQRWH 7KHWH[WDWWKHHQGRI O  DQG WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI O  FOHDUO\ VSHFLILHG WKH FRQQHFWLRQ EHWZHHQ (QOLO-LWWDQQXDQG 0XWĪU-JLPLOOL RQ WKH RQH KDQGDQG 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG 7KHUHIRUH WKH UHVWRUDWLRQ O×se-SL-ri0(k oWKH VĔSLUXV RI 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD pDWWKHHQGRIOLVOLNHO\DVSURSRVHGE\&DUGDVFLDLes archives des MurašûS,QFRQWUDVWWKHWDEOHW%( FLWHGLQ&KDSWHU DV7H[W GRHVQRWVSHFLI\WKHFRQQHFWLRQRI%ĔO-LWWDQQXVRQRI/ć-TĪS DQG1LGLQWX-(QOLOVRQRI kXOOXPWR5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDRQZKRVHEHKDOIWKH\ PDGHDSD\PHQWWRWKHVHUYDQWVRIWKHVWHZDUG$UWDEDUU¿&RQVHTXHQWO\LW LV PRUH GLIILFXOW WR LGHQWLI\ %ĔO-LWWDQQX VRQ RI /ć-TĪS DQG 1LGLQWX-(QOLO VRQRIkXOOXPDVVĔSLUXVRI5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD DVSURSRVHGE\&DUGDVFLDLes archives des MurašûS    *85k(%$56$*'8šá PRi-mut-G0$k$šá  PMu-ra-šu-ú šá k8II PG(1/ª/-it-tan-nu (3) u PMu-tir-k8ina 8*8-ʢL PKi-rib-ti-G(1$ šá (4) PG(1-685 u PG(1-685 $ šá P,7,.,1-a-a o NRUV RI EDUOH\ WKH SULQFLSDOFDSLWDORI5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDVRQRI0XUDxØXQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\ RI (QOLO-LWWDQQX DQG 0XWĪU-JLPLOOL RZHG E\ .LULEWL-(QOLO VRQ RI %ĔO-ĔʜLU DQG%ĔO-ĔʜLUVRQRI8OŠOć\Dp &OD\Business Documents >3%6@QROO – 7UDQVOLWHUDWLRQDQGD)UHQFK WUDQVODWLRQRIWKLVWDEOHWZHUHSXEOLVKHG E\&DUGDVFLDLes archives des MurašûSS–$FRPSOHWHWUDQVOLWHUDWLRQ FDQEHIRXQGLQWKH,QWHUQHWSXEOLFDWLRQRI(YHUOLQJBabylonian Texts  (3) … a-ki-LSL-i šá PRi-mut-G0$k$šá PMu-ra-šu-u =·/800$ʯD  *85  3,! -%ž1 (4) PG(1/ª/-',1-Lʞ A šá PBa-rik-ki-

358

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

XxWLʯćPćQX LVIXQFWLRQDOO\HTXLYDOHQWLQWKH0XUDxØDUFKLYHWRWKH WHUPsĔSiru7KXVRQHFDQVLQJOHRXWQROHVVWKDQHLJKWSURIHVVLRQ DOVVSHFLDOL]LQJLQPDNLQJUHFRUGVLQWKH1RUWKZHVW6HPLWLFDOSKD EHWPRVWOLNHO\LQ$UDPDLFZKRZHUHHPSOR\HGE\5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD WKH JUDQGVRQ RI 0XUDxØ DQG PDQDJHG GLIIHUHQW SDUWV RI KLV EXVL QHVV%ĔOxXQXVRQRI0DQQX-NĪ-1DQD\DkXP-LGGLQVRQRI%ĔOxXQX .LGLO-(QOLO $ʤXxXQX (QOLO-LWWDQQX 0XWĪU-JLPLOOL 1LQXUWD-XEDOOLʜ VRQRI%XOOXʜ¿ DQG$SO¿VRQRI/LQŠʤ-OLEEL-LOL

IV. IN THE REIGN OF ARTAXERXES II 7KHILQDOJURXSRIWDEOHWVUHFRUGLQJWKHLQYROYHPHQWRIsĔSiru SUR IHVVLRQDOV LQ SULYDWH EXVLQHVV DFWLYLWLHV LV DOVR WKH ODWHVW JURXS RI ',1*,50(k P',1*,50(k-na-ʞD-ri (5) u PBa-rik-ki-G(1 Oש5 šá PPuʢX-ra-a ina k8II (6) PG0$k',1-Lʞ A šá P7,1-a u P$S-la-a A šá PLi-nu-Xʢk-bi-',1*,50(k  O×uš-ti-ʯD-ma-nu P5i-mut-G0$k PDʢ-ru-Xʯ o2Q WKH LQVWUXFWLRQVRI5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDVRQRI0XUDxØ(QOLO-XEDOOLʜVRQRI%DULNNLLO,O-QDʜDULDQG%DULNNL-%ĔOWKHVHUYDQW V RI3XʤʤXU¿KDYHUHFHLYHGWKRVH GDWHV  NRUV  SćQX DQG   VHDKV IURP WKH KDQGV RI 1LQXUWD-XEDOOLʜ VRQ RI %XOOXʜ¿ DQG $SO¿ VRQ RI /LQŠʤ-OLEEL-LOL WKH FOHUNV RI 5ĪPŠW1LQXUWDp &OD\ Business Documents >3%6 @ QR  OO –  &RPSOHWH WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQ RI WKLV WDEOHW FDQ EH IRXQG LQ WKH ,QWHUQHW SXEOLFDWLRQ RI (YHUOLQJ Babylonian Texts D SDUWLDO )UHQFK WUDQVODWLRQ ZDV SXEOLVKHG E\ 6LGHUVN\ o/pRQRPDVWLTXH KÆEUDÌTXHp SS – QR  'HVSLWH WKH PHQWLRQRIWKHSD\PHQWEHLQJPDGHoRQWKHLQVWUXFWLRQVp DNĪSĪOLWoDF FRUGLQJWRWKHPRXWKp RI5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDLWDSSHDUVWKDWWKHUHIHUHQFHLV WRDJHQHUDODXWKRUL]DWLRQLVVXHGE\KLPWRKLVFOHUNV O×XxWLʯćPćQX WRPDNH WKHGXHUHQWDOSD\PHQWVLQOLJKWRIWKHIROORZLQJSDUWRIWKHWH[W (8) ú-šáaz-za-az-zu-ma PG(1/ª/-7,1-Lʞ P',1*,50(k-na-ʞD-ri (9) u PBa-rik-kiG(1it-ti PRi-mut-G0$ku PPu-ʢX-ra-a  a-na PG0$k-7,1-LʞX PA-a 680nu-Xʯ o(QOLO-XEDOOLʜ ,O-QDʜDUL DQG %DULNNL-%ĔO ZLOO HQWHU WKLV SD\PHQW  LQ WKH UHFRUGV RI  5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD DQG 3XʤXU¿ DQG ZLOO SURYLGH D SURRI WKHUHRI  WR 1LQXUWD-XEDOOLʜ DQG $SO¿p &OD\Business Documents >3%6 @ QROO– $VLQ7H[WDERYHWKHGLIIHUHQWGRFXPHQWDWLRQRIWKH SD\PHQW ZLWK 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWD DQG ZLWK KLV FOHUNV—HQWHULQJ WKH SD\PHQW LQ WKH UHFRUGV RI WKH IRUPHU SURYLGLQJ D SURRI WKHUHRI WR WKH ODWWHU— LQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHFOHUNVDFWHGDXWRQRPRXVO\DQG 5ĪPŠW-1LQXUWDZRXOGEH LQIRUPHGRIWKHSD\PHQWRQO\SRVWIDFWXP

 Sē3,58 $&7,9(,135,9$7(%86,1(66

359

WDEOHWV IURP WKH $FKDHPHQLG SHULRG PHQWLRQLQJ WKH WHUP sĔSiru 7KLVJURXSFRQVLVWVRIWKUHHWDEOHWVIURPWKHDUFKLYHRIWKH(VDJLO WHPSOHLQWKHFLW\RI%DE\ORQ7KHDUFKLYHFRYHUVWKHSHULRGIURP WKHHOHYHQWKUHJQDO\HDURI 'DULXV,,  %&( WRWKHWHQWKUHJ QDO \HDU RI $OH[DQGHU ,9 VRQ RI $OH[DQGHU WKH *UHDW  %&(   'HVSLWH WKH IDFW WKDW WKH\ EHORQJ WR D WHPSOH DUFKLYH WKH WKUHHWDEOHWVPHQWLRQLQJsĔSiru SURIHVVLRQDOVGRQRWUHFRUGDQ\DF WLYLW\RQWKHLUSDUWZKLFK ZRXOGEHFRQQHFWHGWRWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ RI(VDJLORUWRWKHUHODWLRQVEHWZHHQWKHWHPSOHDQGWKHVWDWH DX WKRULWLHV ,QVWHDG WKH WDEOHWV UHFRUG SULYDWH EXVLQHVV DFWLYLWLHV RI WKH sĔSiruV DQG IRU WKLV UHDVRQ WKH\ DUH GLVFXVVHG LQ WKH SUHVHQW FKDSWHU7KHWDEOHWVGDWHWRWKHUHLJQRIDNLQJQDPHG$UWD[HU[HV ZKRLVSUREDEO\$UWD[HU[HV,, –359 %&(  53 7KHILUVWWZRWDEOHWVRIWKLVJURXSDUHWKHIROORZLQJ Text 102 &7 54 – 7KLVLVFRQFHUQLQJ WZRSORWV EHWKH\ VPDOORUODUJH WKHODQG>…@ RXWRIWKHSORWV ZKLFKDUH SURSHUW\RI%ĔO RIWKHHVWDWHRIWKHVWRUHKRXVH>…@DGMDFHQWWRWKHKRXVH RI WKH EUHZHUV DGMDFHQW WR WKH SORWV ZKLFK LQFOXGH WKH SORWVKHOG>E\…@DGMDFHQWWRWKHWKUHHSORWVEHORQJLQJWR WKH WUHDVXU\ RI %ĔO … […] … >ZKLFK@ WKH FRPPLVVLRQHUV RI (VDJLO JDYH WR 1DEØ-Qć>GLQ-DʤL WKH REODWH RI 0DUGXN@ 7KHWDEOHWVFRQVWLWXWLQJWKLVDUFKLYHZHUHSXUFKDVHGRQWKHDQWLT XLWLHVPDUNHWDQGDUHQRZSUHVHUYHGLQWKH%ULWLVK0XVHXPDVZHOODVLQ VHYHUDO RWKHU PXVHXPV LQ (XURSH DQG LQ 1RUWK $PHULFD -XUVD NeoBabylonian Legal and Administrative DocumentsSS– 6LQFHWKHDUFKLYH GRHVQRWFRPHIURPDFRQWUROOHGDUFKDHRORJLFDOH[FDYDWLRQLWLVGHILQHG DVVXFKE\WKHFRQWHQWRIWKHWDEOHWVEHORQJLQJWRLW 53 7KHRUHWLFDOO\$UWD[HU[HV,,, 58–338 %&( LVDOVRDYDOLGFDQGL GDWHEXWDWOHDVW7H[WV–GDWHPRUHOLNHO\WRWKHUHLJQRI$UWD[HU[ HV,, VHHEHORZQ  54 3LQFKHVDQG6ROOEHUJHUCuneiform Texts, Part 44QR6LQFHQHL WKHU WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQ QRU WUDQVODWLRQ RI WKLV DQG WKH IROORZLQJ WDEOHWV KDV EHHQ SUHYLRXVO\ SXEOLVKHG WKH\ DUH WUDQVODWHG KHUH LQ IXOO LQFOXGLQJ WKH QDPHV RI WKH ZLWQHVVHV DQG WKH FXQHLIRUP FDSWLRQV LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH VHDO LPSUHVVLRQV 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



DQG WR kLxNL-%ĔOKLVVRQ WKRVHSORWVEHLQJ WKHOHDVHGHV WDWHRI0D Q -NĪ-$WWDUWKHVĔSLUXWKHREODWHRI0DUGXN 55 – 0D Q -NĪ-$WWDU JDYH WKRVH WZR SORWV WR 1DEØ-QćGLQDʤLVRQRI,WWL-1DEØ-EDOćʜXWKHREODWHRI0DUGXNDQG WR  kLxNL-%ĔO KLV VRQ IRU PDLQWHQDQFH LQ RUGHU WR HUHFW UHHG KXWV RQ WKHP  IURP WKH PRQWK 1LVDQQX \HDU  RI NLQJ $UWD[HU[HV ,, IRU\HDUV – )RU HDFK  SORW WKH\ ZLOO SD\  VKHNHO RI VLOYHU SHU \HDUDVWKHODQGUHQW – (DFK\HDULQWKHPRQWK DJUHHGXSRQ 1DEØ-QćGLQDʤL DQG kLxNL-%ĔO KLV VRQ ZLOO SD\ WKH VLOYHU WKH ODQG UHQW IRUWKRVHSORWVWR0D Q -NĪ-$WWDU  ,QWKHPRQWKV1LVDQQX'XʱŠ]XDQG.LVVLOĪPXWKH\ZLOO GHOLYHUSURFHVVHGGDWHV DVDVXSSOHPHQWDU\SD\PHQW  56  7KH\KDYHHDFKWDNHQRQH FRS\RIWKHGRFXPHQW  – :LWQHVVHV 

55

6RPHVFKRODUVSURSRVHGWRUHDGWKHQDPHRIWKHVĔSLUX PHQWLRQHG LQ OO – DV PSám-ki-Lʯ-at-tar =DGRNo7KH 5HSUHVHQWDWLRQ RI )RUHLJQHUVp S5DJHQThe Neo-Babylonian širkuS +RZHYHUDVVKRZQLQWKH SXEOLVKHGKDQG-FRS\WKH ILUVWVLJQRIWKHQDPHORRNVOLNH ma5 UDWKHUWKDQ sám FRPSDUH/DEDW 0DQXHO GpÆSLJUDSKLH QRV DQG  IRU WKH V\OODELF XVHRIWKHVLJQma5VHHYRQ6RGHQDQG5ÓOOLJDas akkadische SyllabarQR  0RUHRYHUUHDGLQJWKHQDPHRIWKHVĔSLUX LQWKLVWDEOHWDV PMa5-ki-LʯAt-tar DOORZV KLV LGHQWLILFDWLRQ ZLWK WKH VĔSLUX UHFRUGHG LQ 7H[W  DV Mannu-NĪ-Attar VHHEHORZQ 7KHQDPH0DQQX-NĪ-$WWDUPHDQVo:KR LVOLNHWKHJRGʲ$WWDUp ZKHUHʲ$WWDULVWKH$UDPDLFIRUPRIWKHQDPHRI WKH 6HPLWLF GHLW\ ʲ$ʦWDU—VHH =DGRN On West Semites in Babylonia S  „ 7KHLGHQWLILFDWLRQDVVXPHV WKDWWKHILQDOVKRUWYRZHOLQWKHLQ WHUURJDWLYHSURQRXQmannu ZDVQRWDUWLFXODWHG VHH&KDSWHUQ DQG WKHSUHFHGLQJOLTXLGn ZDVDVVLPLODWHGWRWKHIROORZLQJFRQVRQDQWMannuNĪ-Attar > *Man-NĪ-Attar > Mak-NĪ-Attar 7H[W  UHFRUGV WKH VĔSLUXpV QDPHLQDSKRQHWLFVSHOOLQJWKHZD\LWZDVSURQRXQFHGZKHUHDVWH[W UHFRUGV KLV QDPH LQ D PRUSKR-OH[LFDO VSHOOLQJ VSHFLI\LQJ WKH SURSHU JUDPPDWLFDOIRUPRIHDFKFRPSRQHQWRIWKHQDPH 56 )RUšugarrûDSURFHVVHGIRUPRIGDWHVGHOLYHUHGDVDVXSSOHPHQ WDU\SD\PHQWRQUHQWDOVVHHCAD kSSE–E

 Sē3,58 $&7,9(,135,9$7(%86,1(66



%ĔO-ĔʜLUXVRQRI0DUGXN-QćʛLU (D-EXOOLVVXVRQRI$QD-%ĔO-XSDTTX 1DEØ-xXP-XNĪQVRQRI0DUGXN-xXP-XʛXU 1DEØ-QćGLQ-DʤLVRQRI1DEØ-LGGLQD  %ĔO-DSOX-XʛXUWKHVFULEHVRQRI%ĔO-DʤʤĔxX – %DE\ORQPRQWK…GD\\HDURI$UWD[HU[HV ,,  >NLQJRI DOO WKHODQGV@ %&(  /RZHUHGJH 6HDORI1DEØ-QćGLQ-DʤL VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 6HDORIkLxNL-%ĔOKLVVRQ VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 8SSHUHGJH 6HDORI1DEØ-QćGLQ-DʤL VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 58 /HIWHGJH 6HDORI%ĔO-ĔʜLU>X@ VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 6HDORI1DEØ-xXP-XNĪQ VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 6HDORI(D-EXOOLVVX VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ Text 103 &7 59 –3) (7KLV LV FRQFHUQLQJ  WKH PDOH REODWHV DQG WKH IHPDOH REODWHV SURSHUW\ RI %ĔO UHVLGLQJ  E\ WKH 6ŠU FDQDO IURP LWVRSHQLQJWRLWVHQGLQJ "  LQ WKHOHDVHGHVWDWHRI0DQQXNĪ-$WWDU!WKHVĔSLUX  (4–9) 0DQQX->NĪ-$@WWDU JDYH WKRVH PDOH REODWHV DQG IHPDOH REODWHV WR 1DEØ-LGGLQD VRQ RI %DOćVVX IURP >WKH PRQWK@ 1LVDQQXRI\HDUXQWLOWKHPRQWK$GGDUXRI\HDURINLQJ $W WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI O  WKH VFULEH ZURWH D VLQJOH YHUWLFDO ZHGJH—WKH SHUVRQDO QDPH GHWHUPLQDWLYH P ZKLFK VKRXOG SUHFHGH WKH QDPHRIDZLWQHVV—EXWOHIWWKHUHVWRIWKHOLQHEODQN 58 7KLVPXVWEHWKHZLWQHVV1DEØ-QćGLQ-DʤL VRQRI1DEØ-LGGLQD DV GLVWLQFW IURP RQH RI WKH SDUWLHV WR WKH GHHG ZKRVH VHDO LPSUHVVLRQ DS SHDUVRQWKHORZHUHGJH 59 3LQFKHVDQG6ROOEHUJHUCuneiform Texts, Part 44QR  )RUWKHUHDGLQJa-di ši-OÉʢ!-ti-šú DWWKHHQGRIO VHHCAD kS EVYxLOLʢWX $7KHQRXQxLOLʢWX SUREDEO\VLJQLILHVWKHHQGLQJSDUWRID FDQDO EXW LWV SUHFLVH PHDQLQJ LV QRW TXLWH FOHDU VHH YDQ 'ULHO o1HR%DE\ORQLDQ $JULFXOWXUH ,–,,p SS –  7KH QDPH RI WKH VĔSLUX DS SHDUVLQODV PMan-nu-ki-At-[-[@ %( OO– %&(  kXP-LGGLQVRQRI%ĔO-LWWDQQX %DE\ORQLDQ P08-08 O×VLS -ri A šá PG(1-it-tan-nu (EE  O    4 %&( 

kXP-LGGLQVRQRI%ĔOxXQX %DE\ORQLDQ P08-08… O×se-SLU-ri0(k %(O %&(  [P08-08@… [O×se-SL]-ri0(k %(O  %&(  P08-08O×se-SLU-ri0(k 3%6O %&( P08-08… O×se-SLU-ri0(k 3%6O %&(  P08-08… O×se-SL-ri0(k 3%6O %&( P08-08 7X0O %&( P08-08… O×se-SL-r[i]

(EE O %&(  … O×uš-ta-ʯD-ma-[nu] (EE OO–  GDWHXQNQRZQ UHLJQRI$UWD[HU[HV,  P08-08$šá P(1-šú-nu

)RU WKH LGHQWLILFDWLRQ RI WKH VĔSLUX PHQWLRQHG LQ WKH WDEOHW 7X0 DVkDPDx-Dʤ-LGGLQVRQRI,GGLQ-1DEØVHH&KDSWHUQ  7H[W  7H[W  7H[W  7H[W  7H[W  7H[W  7H[W  7H[W 

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



7DWWDQQXVRQRI1DQD\D-LGGLQ %DE\ORQLDQ P[Ta]t-tan-n[u A šá] PGNa-na-a-08 … O×se-SL-ri0(k (EE  OO – DOVR ORZHU HGJH  GDWH XQNQRZQ UHLJQ RI $UWD [HU[HV, 83 8EDOOLVVX-%ĔOVRQRI%ĔO-]ĔU-LGGLQ %DE\ORQLDQ P7,1-VX-G(1 … A … šá PG(1-18081-08 … O×$%$/0(k %(OO– %&( 84 P7,1-su-G(1 … A … šá PG(1-18081-08 3%6  O %&( 8EDOOLVVX-1DEØVRQRI%ĔO-]ĔU-LGGLQ %DE\ORQLDQ P7,1-su-G$*$šá PG(1-18081-08… O×$%$/0(k %(OO– %&( 85 P7,1-su-G$*$šá PG(1-18081-08 3%6O  %&( =DEDG-8@    *85 ina k8.ʣ,$0(k šá O×za-bil ku-du-ru PG8*8508-'¶  *85ina k8.0(k-šú šá LWLk81(u LWL.,1P7,17,5NL-a-a A PGNa-na-¨a-.$0¦    *85 k8.-su-nu šá LWLk8 u LWL1( PG(1-ʢDV-sa-an-ni šá ina 8*8qu-XS-SX  u PLib-lu-ʞX '808-šú

A33(1',;

5HY



 *85 3, -%ž1k8.-su šá LWLk8u LWL¨1([[[[[¦ >[ [ @¨[[[¦  *85k8.-su šá LWLk8¨PG$*¦-[…]  *85k8.-su-nu šá ¨LWL¦[…]  il-li-¨ku¦ […]  *85k8.-su š[á …]  *85ina k8.0(>k…] 33) P.,-¦$11$-[…] 34) P¨,*,-[-[¦ […] 35) ¨[¦-[…] 36) ¨5¦" *>85…]  ¨5¦" >*85…]  *8>5…]  *8>5…]  " *8>5…]  *8>5…]  *85¨šá¦ […] ¨[¦ >[@¨[[[¦ […]  *85i-na i-di šá […] PG$0$5878-08-'¶  *85k8.-su […] ¨[¦  *85ina k8.0>(k…]-e-6$*O×6,08*¨$1%$5¦  *85ina k8.0(k>…] PG$*-k(k0(k-*,  *85k8.-su šá ¨[¦ >[[@PGi-mil-lu A PRi-ʢH-e-tú    *85 i-na i-di šá O×ʣ81*ž0( šá a-gur-ru i-lab-bi-nu PRimut A PG8*85-da-a-nu  *85ina k8.0(šá O×8k%$5bir-mu PE-rib-šú  *85ina k8.0(-šú šá P©5-G$*$! WH[Wšá) P.,-G$*7,1    *85 ina k8.0(-šú šá P©5-GIn-nin A PG$*-DA O×6,08*=$%$5    *85 .,0,1 PBa-zu-zu A PŠá-G$*-šú-ú O×6,08* =A%$5    *85 .,0,1 P¦$11$-¨'¶¦ A P,*,-ni-ia O×6,08* =$%$5  >[@*85.,0,1PʡDx-di-ia šá ina 8*8ʜX-bat 55) ¨¦ *85 3, -%ž1.,0,1P©5-GIn-nin Oש'88 u PGDannu-3$30(-šú-'¶ 56) ¨¦ *85šá LWLk81(u .,1 PG',.8'-.$0šá ina 8*8 nam-za-a-tú   >[ *8@5 ina k8.0( šá Oצ5,10( x¾ SL-ir-ri šá LWLDU6 PG,11,1-08-¨¶5,¦



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250 58) […] ina k8.0(-šú PG878-'¶ 59) […] ¨[¦ >[@PG$*-k(k0(-*,$P18081-tú  >…] ¨[¦ >.,@0,1šá LWL.,1PG$*-šu-lum-šu-kun  >… 0@(kšá O×mu-šal--a-nu PG,11,1-¨¶5,¦  >…]-za-tú šá =·/800$ 63) […] ¨*85¦ k(%$5u =·/800$

Text 59 …] ¨um-man¦-[nu …]  >… 6@80-dan k(.,1.8'>…]   EODQN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >…] ina 8*8-ʢLX-ku-lu […]  >…] ¨[¦-nu ù O×(1181¦1ª**$>…]  >…@*85k8.ʣ,$šá 858>…]  >…] ¨[[¦ O×*$/5,* Oצ5,10(-šú O×um-man-¨nu¦ […]  >… O×mu-s]Dʢ-ʢL-re-e šá PLib-lu-ʞX O×se-SLUx¾ O×qi-S[i …]   >…] ¨[¦ k(%$5  *85   3,  -%ž1 k(*,k© šá ana! WH[W%$5 ©*,ka-di Ì […]   >…] ¨[¦ *$/0( šá *,k *855 šá LWL*$1 ¨UD¦.$0 […]   >… 0$1@$ .¶%$%%$5 šá $1%$5  0$1$ .¶%$%%$5šá JLx¶5>…]   EODQN ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >…] ¨680-dan k(.,1.8'¦ 0$1$*ª1>…]  >…] ¨[680¦-d[an" …] Text 64 %DE 2EY  >…] ¨[[¦ […]  >…]-ú a-na k8>II …]  >…] ¨[ [ ¦ Oצ5,1-ni ¨[¦ […]  >…] ¨[[¦ /8*$/šá .85Lu-ú-¨da¦ PG$*-[…]  >… P]¨[- [ -ʯD-[-G¦ O×Ban-né-šá-a-a O×ʢ×E-tú šá NXU[…]  >…] ú-ma-na-a ¨[[[¦ 7$8'>.$0@¨[[[¦ […]  >…] šá  ¨[¦0(k.,0,1>[@6©/$0ina k8II .,0,1 ¨ ¦ [ […] ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >… [@6©/$te-lit šá LWL%ž5$18*,1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >…] šá 6 SALmu-raq-qé-e-tú 6©/$0ina k8II PG$*-%'[ma-ki-i…]  >…] šá P/·-G,11,1¦5,10(k ¨"¦ 6©/$0šá PLabbu-nu O×>(',1-ú šá NXUIa-man-na-a-a …]



5HY

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250  >…] šá >[@¦5,10(k6©/$0šá PUr-mil-ki O×[Ia-ú-daa-a …]  >… šá P]An-ši-ia O×Par-su-maš-a-a ¦5,10(k>…]  >…] šá PKi-na-a O×$.,1 O×$.,1!!šá PDa-ra-[da-ni …]  >…@x¾PBa-az-ta-ra O×(',1-ú […]  >…@x¾PPa-ta-¨am¦ u PKu-un-zu-um-SL-[ia …]  >…] a-na ¦.,0$ʣina k8II PG$*->08…]  >…] šá PʡDU-ma-ʜX O×6$*-%ž1PNi-ku-[ú …]  >…] šá PGa-di-Lʯ-',1*,5Oר[[¦ […]  >…] šá 8 /·1$*$50(kO×Ia-[ma-na-a-a …]  >…] šá P8ʢ-SD-ra-sa-a P¨[¦-[…]  >…] šá PPu-sa-miš-ki /·[…]  >…] šá PMar-ma-Dʯ […]  >…] a-na ¦qí-SX-tú ¨[¦ […]  >…] šá PA-zi-ia-¨ak¦ […]  >…] šá P.ž'-G$*O× […]  >…] šá 8 O×Ia-ú-da-[a-a …]  >…] šá P©5-ia O×ú-[…]  >…] šá P¨Sa¦-ma-ku-Ia-a-¨ma¦ […]  >…] šá PIa-Dʯ-ú-kin ¨/8*$/¦ [NXUIa-ú-du …]  >…] ¨a¦-na ¦qí-SX-tu šá ¨[¦ […]  >…] šá PŠá-lam-Ia-a-ma O× >18*,k.,5,6]  >…] šá O×ʛXU-ra-a-[a …]  >…] šá PZa-bi-ri-ia OרLu¦-d[a-a-a …]  >… a]-na O×Ban-né-šá-a-a […]  >…] ¨[¦ šá Oךá 8*8¦a-[…] 3) […]-08$-šú šá P.85-na-a […] 4) […] PG$*-ga-mil O×$.,1šá ¨[[[[¦ […] 5) […] a-na O×ʢ×E-tú šá NXU1,00$NL ina k8II P¨[[[[[¦ […] 6) […@©5-šú šá .,0,18'>.$0@  >…] a-na O×Ban-neš-a-a O×*,*0(kOרʢ×E"-tú"¦ šá NXUʡX-me-e […] 8) […] ¨[¦ O×ʢ×E-tú šá NXUʡX-me-e ina k8II PD[a"]-¨ni"¦-Ia-ma O×se-SL[ri …] 9) [… a]-na O×*ª5/ž ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >… [@¨*85¦ -%ž1te-lit x¾LWL*84 *,1 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- >…] 6 SALmu-raq-qé-e-tú 6©/$0ina k8II PG$*-%'-ma¨ ¦ ki -[i …]

A33(1',;



  >…] PLab-bu-nu O×(',1-ú šá NXUIa-man-na-a-a  ¦5,10(k […]  >…] PUr-mil-ki O×Ia-ú-da-a-a ¦5,16©/$0>…]  >… P]Ki-na-a O×$.,1šá PDa-ra-da-¨ni¦ ¦5,16©/$0 […]  >…] ¨[[¦ PBa-gi-in-du-u NXUPar-su-maš-a-a ¨[[[[[¦ […]  >… P]Ku-un-zu-um-SL-ia O×(',1-¨u¦ šá NXUIa-man-na ¦5,1 >6©/$0…]  >… P…-d]i-bi-ia-Dʯ O×(',1-u šá ¨NXU¦Par-su-¨maš¦-a-a ¦5,1 >6©/$0…]  >… P]Ba-gi-in-du-ú .,0,1¨6¦ ¦5,17$¨UD¦.$0¨[¦ […]   >…] ¨[¦ ¦ .,0$ʣ ina k8II PG$*-08 7$ 8'>[.@$0 (18'>[.$0@  >… P]ʡDU-ma-ʜX O×6$*Mi-ʜLU-a-a -%ž1PNi-ku-ú >[@6©/$  >…] 8 O×1$*$50(kNXUIa--na-a-a  >…] PŠá-lam-ia-a-ma O×18*,k.,5,6  >…] PÚ-Xʢ-SD-ra-sa-a PPu-sa-miš-ki PQa-¨Dʢ¦-sa-mu-nu P¨[¦-[…]  >…] PPu-s[a]-miš-ki Oךu-šá-an šá ú-qu-SH-e  >…] PMar-ma-Dʯ O×Lu-da-a-a 6©/$¦5,16©/$0  >…] a-na ¦qí-SX-¨tú¦ šá ina 7,17,5NL ina k8II PG$*-%'m[a-ki-i]  >…] PA-zi-ia-ak O×1$*$5O×Ia-man-na-a-a  >…] 6 O×Ia--da-a-a [a]-gi-ri-šú-nu 3 SÌLA  >… P]¨Mu-še-zib-G$*¦ Oר[[[¦-u  >…]-¨a¦ O×Ra-áš-da-a-a ¦5,1>[@6©/$0  >…] šá ¨[["¦ ¦5,16©/$0  >… NXU]Ia-ú-du 33) […] ¨[-a-a¦ […] Text 65 1EQ 2EY  0$1$*ª1.¶%$%%$5ri-ʢH-et kž0  ¨¦! nu!-dun!¦-né-e šá IGu-gu-ú-a šá PG$*-lu!-¨ú¦!-[sa]-lim! 3) O×se-SL-ri šá /8*$/a-na .¶%$%%$5im-ʢX-ru-ma 4) ina lìb-bi  0$1$  *ª1 .¶%$%%$5 LQD SD-ni PG$*k(k0(k-08 5) A-šú šá PŠu-la-a A PE-gi-ELSDT-du   š 0$¨1$  *ª1 HUDVHG" ¦ .¶%$%%$5 6$*'8 ù 8555$  šá š0$1$*ª1.¶%$%%$5šá a-di qí-it šá LWL

%$ A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250



8) IGu-gu-ú-a '8086$/-su šá PZa-kir A O×3$k(NL 9) u PG,',0-18081-'¶$-šú šá PG$*-18081-6,6ž  $PE-gi-bi '808-šú ina k8II PG$*-k(k0(k-08  PDʢ-ru-ú   re-Hʢ-tu4  0$1$ .¶%$%%$5 ina SD-ni PG¨$*¦>k(k0(k-08@   ,7, -ta k80(k .¶%$%%$5 8555$-šú PG¨$*¦>k(k0(k-08@  a-na IGu-gu-ú-a u PG,',0-18081-'¶i-¨nam-din¦  O×mu-kin-nu PG(1-k(k0(k-SU A-šú šá PDu-muq  $PG-=$*/8PG(1-08$-šú šá PʡD-nu-nu  u O×80%,6$*PG(1-.ž'$-šú šá PG(1-re-man-ni  $PBa-bu-tu 7,17,5NL LWL$%8'.$0  08.$0PG$*-na-Dʯ-id /8*$/7,17,5NL

5HY

Text 74 96  2EY  *85=·/800$k8.ʣ,$0(k  šá O×ga-ar-du O×ma-gu-še-e0(k 3) ù O×'8080(k¦*$/šá ¦ʢD-re-¨e¦ 4) šá k8II PG(1-685O×se-SLU-ri '808šá 5) PG$*-k(k0(k-bul-OLʞLQD 8*8-ʢL PG(1-re-man-ni  '808šá PMu-šeb-šú-G$0$5878$Oצ0$k-G878  8'¨¦>.$0@¨šá¦ LWL1(08.$0 8) [i-nam]-¨din¦ ina G(1u PDa-a-ri-ia-muš  >/8*$/(N]L u .85.85PG(1-re-man-ni /RH  >it-t]e-me ki-i a-di-i ina a-dan-ni-a 5HY  >a-na] PG(1-685e-ʞH-ri  ¨O×mu-kin-nu¦ PG,0-/8*$/-¶5,'808šá  PKal-ba-a PBa-gi-nu '808šá  PAt-ra-ta-Dʯ PG(1-*,  '808šá PG$*-na-ta-nu PG$*-18081-08 7KH WUDQVOLWHUDWLRQ JLYHQ KHUH LV EDVHG RQ WKH WDEOHW SXEOLVKHG DV 96 8QJQDGVorderasiatische Schriftdenkmäler,,,QR 7KHUHVWR UDWLRQRIWKHGDPDJHGSDUWVRIWKHWH[WLVEDVHGRQWKHWDEOHWSXEOLVKHGDV 96DQGRQWKHWDEOHWVSXEOLVKHGDQGGLVFXVVHGE\-XUVDDas Archiv GHV %ĔO-UĔPDQQLSS –$OO WKRVH WDEOHWV FRQWDLQGLIIHUHQW FRSLHV RI WKHVDPHGRFXPHQW 

A33(1',;

8H



 '808šá PG-/8*$/-¶5,PʡD-ri-ʜD-nu  '808šá PG878-3$3  PG(1-7,1-Lʞ O×80%,6$*'808šá PG$*-.$5-=,0(k  $O×k,7,07,17,5NL LWL1(  8'.$008!.$0  PDa-a-ri-ia-muš /8*$/7,17,5NL  u .85.85

Text 78 96 2EY  ina ,7, 3, -%ž1k(%$5 3, -%ž1qé-me  PÚ-ʜXU-šá-a A PG$*-.$5-=,0(ka-na 3) Oצ5,10(kšá ina 8*8PNi-din-tu4 A PLu--bu-ú-a 4) i-nam-din ina ¨*8%¦-zu 5) šá P,S-ri-ia O×',.8'PGa-¨[-[¦ O×',.8' 6) šá .ž¦*$/u PG$*-it-tan-nu O×se-SL-ru  šá a-na 8*8-ʢLQD-sa-ka šá O×ia-a-ʢX-da-nu 8) ina Bar-VLSNL ¨it-ti [[[[[¦ /RH 9) i-¨ru¦-bu-nu PG-¨',1*,5¦ O×1,*,5 5HY  P.$5$/·-ia šá 8*8-ʢLGD-a-tu4 PŠu-lum-a-na-7,17,5NL  OרDS¦-SD-de-tu4 PGu-za-nu A-šú šá PRi-mut  PG$*-it-tan-nu A-šú šá PPur-šu-ú PG$*-¶5,-šú  O×80%,6$*$-šú šá PG$*-k(k0(k-¨šul¦-lim šá *ª''$  šá O×*$5808kiš-ʞX-ru-ma a-na PG$*-18081-*ž/-ši  id-din-nu u ina ¨8*8¦ šá O×*$5808ku P,S-ri-ia O×',.8'  it-ti i-¨[-[¦-ú Bar-VLSNL LWL$3,1  8'.$008.$0PDa-ri-ia-muš /8*$/7,17,5NL  u .85.85a-QDWDʢ-sis-tú la ma-še-e 8H 1$4.,k,%  P.$5-G(1  O×*$5 808k %DU-VLSNL VHDO LPSUHVVLRQ 1$ .,k,%Pk(%$-iá O×',.8' VHDO LPSUHVVLRQ 4 Text 79 %0 2EY  *85k(%$5DS-S[a]-sa-di ¨Oצ5,1šá¦ 08>[.$0šá]  PDa-a-¨ri¦-a-muš ¨/8*$/(NL¦ >/8*$/@.85.>85šá] 3) a-na LWL*>$1" m]a-¨la ʣ$¦/$ šá O×JLx¨3$1¦ [šá ina 8*8@ 4) PG$*-18081-ú-šeb-š[i] A-¨šú šá¦ PG$*-.$5-=,>0(k@ 5) A P',1*,5-ia šá it-ti [PD]U*$-i[a A-šú šá] 6) PG$*-685$P6$*-¦5,1-ni k(%$5a4 >*85@  7,/ HUDVXUH ma-la ʣ$/$šá PG$*-18081-ú-šeb-ši [P…] 8) A-šú šá PZa-kar-r[i-i]a-ma O×se-SLU-r[i šá u]m-man-na 9) ina >k@8II P=ž/$*->[-[-[O×*$@/ ka-ʜLULQDk8II



/RH 5HY

8H /HH

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250  P[Na]-din-k(k$-šú [šá P[-[-G$@*$P',1*,5-ia ¨a¦-na 8*8  P[G$@*-18081-ú-šeb-ši A-šú šá PG$*-.$5-=,0(k  $P',1*,5-ia ma-ʢL-ir e-ʞLU  +en7$ il-qu-ú  Oרmu-kin¦-nu PG$0$5878-18081-'¶$-šú šá  PG$*-mu-6,*5-iq A PDa-bi-bi P%$-šá-a  $-šú šá PA-šá-re-du A PDa-bi-bi PG(1-18081-'¶  $-šú šá P$S-la-a PKi-din-G$0$5878$-šú šá  PŠul-lu-mu A PO×*$/-'¶PG$*-k(k-it-tan-¨nu¦  $-šú šá PG8*85-ú-šal-lim A P18081-a-a PG(1->[@  $-šú šá PSi-lim-G(1$PG(1-A-¶5,PG(1-¨[¦->[@  $-šú šá PG(1-SU A PO×.¶7,0PMu-še-zib  $-šú šá PG8*85-685$PMi-ʜLU-a-a  O×80%,6$*>P]G(1-.ž'$-šú šá P©5-ia A PE-[ʞLU"]  (NL LWL$%8'.$008.$0  PDa-a-ri-ia-muš /8*$/(N[L u .85.85@  k(%$5ina qí-bi šá PKu-SD-SX-ra-a  u PG(1-18081-'¶O×ina 8*8-ʢLDS-SH-s[a-di]  šá ,*,PDU*$-ia 680-na

Text 80 %0 2EY  >*8@5=·/800$¨ka¦-ma-[r]u-ut-tu [(…)]   ma-da-a-tu k>(@18081! WH[W 18 šá 08>"@.$0 PDa-ri-¨ia¦-m[uš /8*$/šá] 3) O×e-SL-in-nu ¦ JLx%ž1 šá P.,-G878-7,1 ¨A¦-[šú šá P]A-bi¨ ',1*,5¦ 4) šá -ta šá P08-G(1 O×8*8/$ O× HUDVXUH *ª5/ž0(k šá k8II 5) PG$*-7,1-su-(O×k7$0¦=,'$¦JLx3$1 6) šá P¨Ba-si¦-ia A-šú šá P¨Mu¦-ra-šu-ú A P'¶-a-a .>,@  PMa-še-e-mu-nu A-šú šá PSa-¨[¦-tu-uk-ku O×6>$*/8*$/@ 8) ¨šá¦ P08-G$*08-šú O×se-SL-¨ir¦ šá ¨ka¦-za-an-nu ¨x¦ 9) [šá@k8II O×*$/ka-ʜL-ir ina na-áš-šá-¨e [[[¦ […]  >ina k@8II-šú ¨PDʢ¦-ʢX-ra ¨[ [[[¦ […]  >…] A-¨šú šá¦ PG$*-¨[-[¦ […]  >=·@/800$ʯD*8>5…] /RH  >…] ¨im¦-du-du ina ¦*$/>…] UHYHUVH EURNHQ H[FHSW D IHZ WUDFHV RI VLJQV GDPDJHG Ee\RQGLGHQWLILFDWLRQ 8H  >… 8'[.$@008>".$0…]

A33(1',;



Text 82 96 2EY  >[*85… k(18081 zaq-SX ., PNi]-qu-GXSL-ʢD-at DilbatNL   >·66$'8 … ù PG]¨[¦-'¶-18081 '8080(k šá PG(1-na-ʜL-ir 3) [ù ·66$'8 P… P…]-G$0$5878 ù (10(k ʣ$/$0(k-šú-nu 4) […] ¨[¦ ù *853,k(18081zaq-SX 5) ¨.,P[[[[¦ >[[[[[@¨[¦ SL-ʢD-at Dil-batNL ·66$'8 6) PBa-si-ia '808 PNi-din-t[u"-G(1"] ù ¨·66$¦'8 k(18081šá PG(1-na-ʜL-ir  >P]¨G$*¦-it-tan-nu '808 ¨PG¦85$k-ka-ʜLU '808 PDa-bibi ù ILa-TLS-tu4 ¨1,1-šú¦ 8) [PGNa-na]-a-18081-'¶ O×se-SLU '808 šá P¦6$*ª/18081-'¶  >'808ši-i]S-ri šá /8*$/ ¨k(¦180810(kú-ba-Dʯ-ima k(18081la šá /8*$/ šu-ú   >P… ù PNi-qu-du [ 0$1$ .¶%$%%$5 im-ʢ]ur-ru-ma k(18081šá PG$*-',%-8''$  >'808šá P…] ù PG85$k-.ž''808šá PʛLO-la-a šu-ú   >PGNa-na-a-18081-'¶ O×se-SLU '808 šá] ¨P¦¦6$*ª/18081-'¶k(18081a4   >[ *85 …] ¨ù¦ PMu-na-Dʢ-ʢL-iš-G$0$5878 'U080(k!!'808šá  >P… …] ¨[¦ ù k(18081a4 *853,  >… PG$*-it-tan-nu ù ILa-qi]S-tu4 1,1-šú '8080(k!šá PG85$k-ka-ʜLU  >ina" ,*," P…]-¨[¦ O×',.8'ù /RH  >… mu-q]ú-te-e-šú un-da-áš-ši-ir 5HY   >ina *8%-zu P…]-¨G$*¦ O×',.8' '808 šá PG$*.$5-ir   >… O×'@,.8' '808 šá Pk(k0(k-08-G$0$5878 '808PŠi-gu-ú-a   >…@ '808 šá P.,-G$*-7,1 '808 PDa-bi-bi PG(1k(k0(k-SU O×',.8' '808šá P18081-ia   >PG(1-18081-'¶ O×qí]-¨i¦-SL ¦-im-bí-GA-num '808 P©5-GÉ-a   ¨P¦[G$0$5878@-¨0808¦ [O×]¨k7$0¦ É-im-bí-GA-num '808šá PMu-še-zib-G$0$5878'808P/·-(1/ª/



8H /RH

8H 5H

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250  Pžʢ-še-ti-Lʯ ¨O×Par¦-sa-a-a '808šá PKa-ma-ak-ka   PRi-mut '808šá PG$*-'¶-18081'808 PG-šá-dunu  P1ª*%$-G85$k'808šá PTab-né-e-a '808PE-ʞL-ru   PG(1-re-man-ni '808 šá PTa-qiš-GGu-la '808 Oר*ª5/ž-ka-a-ru¦   PMu-še-zib-G$0$5878 O×se-SLU x¾ $k0(k '808 ¨šá¦ P[G[@-',1*,5-ú-a   >P[@-¨[ [ [ '808¦ šá P¨G¦878-¨18081¦-08 '808 PMu-še-zi-bi  >P… '808šá P…]-¨ni¦-LS-šá-ru '808PIr-a-ni  >P… '808šá P…]-¨G¦$0$5878'808P©5-GÉ-a   >P… '808 šá P…]-¨G¦,0 PG$0$5878-7,1-su-iq-bi '8%6$5  >'808šá P… '808mE-ʞL]-ru Dil-batNL LWL*84 8'.$0   >08[.$0 PDa-ri-ia-mu]š /8*$/ 7,17,5NL /8*$/ .85.85 1$4.,k,%  PG$0$5878-08-08  O×k7$0  É-im¨ ¦ G bí - A-num VHDO LPSUHVVLRQ 1$4.,k,%PGNa-na-a-18081-'¶O×se-SLU VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 1$4.,k,%PG(1-k(k0(k-68O×',.8' VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 1$4.,k,% PG(1-18081-'¶ O×qí-i-SL É-im-¨bí¦-GAnum VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 1$4.,k,%PG(1-.ž'O×',.8' VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ

Text 83 %( 2EY  0$1$*ª1.¶%$%%$5SH-ʜX-ú a-di 8555$  šá 08$11$0(kù ,7,šá I*¦0(-GNa-na-a  '80808186šá P.,-G$0$5878-7,1$P=ž/$*-G ina 8*8-ʢL 4) PG$*-it-tan-nu '808-šú šá PE-tel-lu '808O×k8,  k(18081-šú zaq-SLÖSL-i šul-SXJDE-bi ki-LSL-i 6) ú-ìl-ti ,*,-tu4 šá 0$1$*ª1.¶%$%%$5maš-ka-nu  šá I*¦0(-GNa-na-a a-di 8*8-ʢLx¾ I*¦0(-GNa-na-a 8) ¨.¶%$%%$5¦-šú a4 0$1$*ª1ta-šal-li-mu ina qíi[t] 9) šá LWL=ª=i-na[m]-din *ª''$ šá š0$1$*>ª1@  šá a-na O×$.,10(kšá I*¦0(-GNa-na-¨a¦ >680"-na"]  ¨šá¦ PG$*-it-tan-nu ú-bil-la ina […]  >[@¨[¦-si .¶%$%%$5šá PG$*-it-ta[n-nu]

A33(1',; 5HY

/HH 5H /RH 8H



 LQDPDʢ-ri O×',.8'0(ke-li ra-ma-ni-[šú]  ú-kin-nu-ma iq-bu-ú um-ma .¶%$%%$5 ¨ʯD ¦ >0$1$ *ª1@  ¨a¦-na I*¦0(-GNa-na-DDS-SD-¨al ina qí-it¦ LWL=ª=   ¨.¶%$%%$5¦ a4 ¨¦ 0$1$>*ª1 PG]¨$*¦-ittan-nu a-na  I*¦0(-GNa-na-DLS-SD-al-ma ú-ìl-ti  ar-ki-tu4 ÖPDʢ-ri-tu4 i-leq-qé  i-na ma-ʢDU PG$*-na-din-k(kP(1-šú-nu PBa-ga-Dʯ-in  PNa-din PG-6,*5-iq P$S-la-a u PG$*-=,-tì-¶5,  O×',.8'0(kP08-G$*O×se-SL-ri ú-ìl-ti e-let  PG$*-ka-ʜLU '8%6$5'808PNa-bu-un-na-a-a  PGÉ-a-08'8%6$5'808PA-rab-tu4  7,17,5NL LWL=ª=8'.$008.$0  PDa-ra-ia-uš ¨/8*$/¦ 7,17,5NL /8*$/.85.85 ¨ 1$4¦.,k,%¨PG¦>$@*-na-din-k(kO×',.8' VHDO 1$4.,k,%P(1-šú-nu O×',.8' VHDO 1$4.,>k,%@P$S-la-¨a¦ O×',.8' VHDO 1$4.,k,%PG$*-=,-tì-¶5,O×',.8' VHDO ¨ 1$4¦.,k,% PBa-ga-Dʯ-in O×',.8' VHDO 1$4.,k,%PNa-din O×',.8' VHDO 1$4.,k,%PG-6,*5-iq O×',.8' VHDO

Text 85 $PKHUVW   0$1$*ª1.¶%$%%$5PG(1-a-su-ú-a  0$1$PUš-ta-an  š*ª1a-na '8*kan-du *(k7,1ina lìb-bi PUš-ta-nu  PAr-ta-ba-nu PBa-ga-zu-uš-tu4  ¨P¦ʡX-ru-zu-uš-tu4 PAs-SD-mi-iš-šú  ¨PLib¦-OXʞ O×se-SLUÖ P*,-a A P.$5$    0$1$ ¨ *ª1 .¶%$%%$5 bit¦-qa a-na 6 8'81ª7$ina lìb-bi 8) 3 PUš-ta-nu PŠá-ta-ba-ri ù PLib-OXʞ  š0$1$PMar-duk-a O×se-SLU šá PUš-ta-nu 7KH KDQG-FRS\ RI WKLV WDEOHW SXEOLVKHG E\ 8QJQDG o1HXEDE\ ORQLVFKH 3ULYDWXUNXQGHQ DXV GHU 6DPPOXQJ $PKHUVWp S  GRHV QRW PDUNWKHGLIIHUHQWVLGHVRIWKHWDEOHW REYHUVHUHYHUVHDQGWKHHGJHV  



A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250  0$1$š*ª1PŠá-ta-ba-ri ©5šá PUš-ta-nu -ta .ž0(k  *ª1P(1-.$5-er-G$*©5šá P0©1  *ª1PG$*-il-la-gab-bi ©5šá PBa-ga-zu-uš-tú  *ª1O×(1181.ža-ri-tu4  *ª1šú!-ši! šá PMar-duk-a O×se-SLU š*ª1O×(1181.ž  šá PUš-ta-nu 3$30$1$.¶%$%%$5te-lit -------------------------------------------------------------------------------  š 0$1$ š *ª1 a-na  '8*kan-du *(k7,1  6©/$ *(k7,1  PGEN-a-su-ú-a 4-tú PNi-din-tu4 O×ʢXP-mu-ru      *ª1 a-na tak-k[a-s]u-ú 4-tú a-na šam-mu 4-tú .86ʣ,$  -tú a-na .$k6>$*@  *ª1a-na .8k(6ª5 PA-a-šá-rida-ri    *ª1 a-na 810(k ¦ šá P*,-a A P.$5$ LWLk8 8'.$0!  *ª1a-na 810(k¦šá PŠá-ta-ba-ri  *ª1PG(1-it-tan-nu O×se-SLUx¾ PAr-ta-SD-ti   3$3  *ª1 .¶%$%%$5 te-lit -ú .ž 3$3 3$3 š 0$1$  ina lìb-bi 0$1$¨5¦ *ª1ʣ$/$  PG$*-it-¨tan¦-nu e-lat  *ª1.¶%$%%$5šá NXUŠu-šá-an-na

Text 97 2(&7 2EY  *85 3, -%ž1=·/800$=$*/8$k  šá 08.$0PAr-ta-Dʢ-šá-as-su /8*$/ 3) šá k(18081ni-din-tu4 /8*$/šá PBa-am-ma-Dʯ 4) O×se-SL-ri šá ina k8II PBa-ga-ʢD-a-a 5) O×*$/¦šá ina 8*8-ʢL PG(1-e-ʞH-ri   '808 šá P08-G(1 =·/800$ ʯD  *85  3,  %ž1  PBa-ga-ʢD-a-a ina k8II P*,-G(1  '808šá PNi-din-tu4 a-na 8*8-ʢL 9) PG(1-e-ʞÅ-ru ma-ʢL-ir /RH  e-ʞLU 5HY  O×mu-kin-nu PG(1-¨ku-ʜXU-šú¦ '808šá  PG(1-a-na! WH[W7( -mé-re-Hʢ-tu4  PMar-duk-a '808šá PG(1-ka-ʜLU  PŠá-am-mu-ú '808šá PBa-ga-ʢD-a-a

A33(1',;

/RH

433

 PG(1-it-¨tan¦-nu '8%6$5ʣ856$*.$/$00$  LWL.,18'.$008.$0  PAr-ta-Dʢ-šá-as-su /8*$/  .85.850(k 1$4.,k,%PBa-ga-ʢD-a-a VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ

Text 102 &7 2EY  *,0(ki-ʜLXPD-a-du qaq-qa-ru […]  ina *,0(k1ª**$G(1ina ¦ka-lak-ka-a […]  '$¦O×/81*$0(k'$*,0(klìb-bi *,0(k>šá …] 4) ¨ú¦-kal-lu-ú u '$*,0(kšá ¦1ª**$G(1¨[¦ […] ¨[¦ 5) [šá] O×(10(kSLT-né-e-tu4 šá ¦6$*ª/! WH[W7$ a-na PG$*¨ ¦ na -[din-k(kOךi-rik G$0$5878@ 6) u PŠiš-ki-G(1'808-šú id-din-nu-Xʯ ¦ JLx%ž1šá PMa5-ki-LʯAt-tar  O×se-SL-ri Oךi-rik G$0$5878PMa5-ki-Lʯ-At-tar  *,0(ka4! a-na e-SL-šá-nu-tu a-QDʢD-ʜD-ʜXʢX-Xʜ-ʜX  7$LWL%ž5$08.$0PAr-tak-šat-su /8*$/a-di-i  -ta 08$11$0(ka-na PG$*-na-din-k(k'808šá  P.,-G$*-7,1Oךi-rik G$0$5878u PŠiš-ki-G(1'808šú  id-din ina 08$11$ki *,*ª1.¶%$%%$5i-di qaq-qaru 5HY  i-nam-din-nu-Xʯ 08$11$-us-su ina ,7,.¶%$%%$5  i-di qaq-qa-ru šá *,0(k08-¨tì¦ PG$*-na-din-k(kù  PŠiš-ki-G(1'808-šú a-na PMa5-ki-Lʯ-At-tar ina-an-din-Xʯ  LWL%ž5$LWLk8LWL*$1šu!-gur-ru-ú i-nam-din-nu-Xʯ  en7$07,-ú Oרmu-kin¦-nu  P EODQN   PG(1-685-ru '808 ¨šá¦ [P]G$0$5878-3$3 PG,',07,1-su '808šá   PAna-G(1-ú-SDT-qu PG$*-08-*,1 '808 šá PGA0$5878-08-¶5,  PG$*-na-din-k(k'808šá PG$*-08-na  PG(1-A-¶5,'8%6$5$PG(1-k(k-šú (NL ¨LWL[¦ >/8*$/  8'.$0 08.$0 PAr-tak-šat-su .85.85@ /RH 1$4.,k,%PG$*-na-din-k(k VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 1$4.,k,%PŠiš-ki-G(1'808-šú VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ

434 8H /HH

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250 1$4.,k,%PG$*-na-din-k(k VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 1$4.,k,%PG(1-685-[ru] VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 1$4.,>k,%@PG$*-08-*,1 VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 1$4.,k,%PG,',0-7,1-su VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ

Text 103 &7 2EY  Oךiš-ki0(kù Iši-rak-ki0(k1ª**$G(1šá ina 8*8-ʢL  ÊGSu-ú-ur šá 7$.ž-šú a-di ši-OÉʢ! WH[W5, -ti-šú   ¦ JLx%ž1 ¨šá¦ PMan-nu-ki-At- O×se-SLU-ri Oךi-rik GA0$5878 4) PMan-nu-[ki-A]t-tar Oךiš-ki0(k WH[W 0(k-ki) u Iši-rakki0(k08-a-tì  7$>LWL]¨%ž5$¦ 08.$0a-di-i qí-it LWLk(08.$0 6) PAr-tak-šat-su /8*$/a-na man-dat-tu4 a-na 08$11$  š0$1$.¶%$%%$5i-na šu-kul-tu4 1ª**$G(1 8) a-na PG$*-08-na '808ަšá! PBa-la-su 9) i-din .¶%$%%$5a4 š0$1$ina LWL*$1¨.$0¦  u LWL$%.$0i-nam-din 5HY  O×mu-kin-nu PG$0$5878-08-08'808ަšá  P.,-G$0$5878-7,1PG$*-08-¶5,'808ަšá  PG$*-*,1-18081 HUDVXUH PG(1-7,1-Lʞ '808ަšá  PLa-ba-ši PG$*-mu-še-ti-iq-u4-mu  '808ަšá PG$*-'¶PG(1-'¶-1,7$'808ަšá  P7,1-su-G¨$0$5878¦ PG(1-685-ru '808ަšá  P HUDVXUH La-¨ba¦-ši  PÚ-bar O×80%,6$*$-šú šá P.$/-a (NL LWL*$18'.$0  08.$0PAr-tak-šat-su /8*$/.85.85 /RH 1$4.,k,%PG(1-685-ru VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 1$4.,k,%PG$*-mu-še-¨tiq¦-u4-mu VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 8H 1$4.,k,%PG(1-'¶-1,7$ VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 1$4.,k,%PG$*-08-na VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 1$4.,k,%!PG$*-08-¶5, VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ /HH 1$4.,k,%PG$0$5878-08-08 VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ 1$4.,k,%PG(1-7,1-Lʞ VHDOLPSUHVVLRQ Text 104 &7 2EY  k(18081šá ina XUXʡX-Xʜ-ʜH-e-tú-*,,11$  ina 8*8-ʢL ÊGG-ma-dar ina ,*, HUDVXUH 3) PʝD-ba-a-tú-G(1Oךiš-ki u 7$LWL*84

A33(1',;

5HY

435

  08.$0 ina 08  *ª1 .¶%$%%$5 JLx%ž1 ina-andin   k(18081 šá ina XUX¦-PRa-ʢL-im-mu ina 8*8-ʢL ª' eš-šú $17$-¨ú¦ 6) ina ,*, P7,1-su-G(1 O×se-SL-ri ina 08  *85  =·/80 JLx%ž1ina-an-din   k(18081 šá ina 8*8-ʢL ª' eš-šú $17$-ú ina ,*, PG(1-ba-na-Dʯ 8) ¨Oצse-SL-ri A PG878-08u 7$LWL%$508.$0 9) PÁr-tak-šat-su /8*$/ ina 08  *85  =·/80 JLx%ž1 ina-an-din  >k(18@081šá ina XUXLa-an-né-e ina 8*8%85$181   >šá] PG(1-08-nu A PG(1-08 HUDVXUH '808 '808 šá P818**$!-ia  ana G(1id-di-nu 7$LWL$%08.$0ina 08  >JLx%ž@1*85=·/800$ina ,*,-šú EUHDN  >a-na G(@1id-di-nu […]  >[@ *85 =·/800$JLx%ž1ina-an-din  k(18081šá ina XUXPal-lu-kát ina 8*8ª'ši  šá P(1-šú-nu 8-ʢL@ 858! WH[W 0$ P¨$0$5878¦-[…]  šá PG(1-7,1-su-($PMi-nu-[…]

436 /HH

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250  > …) ana G(1@id-di-nu 7$LWL%$508.$0  >… [@ *85 =·/80JLx%ž1ina-an-din  >… [@*ª1.¶%$%%$5

COPIES OF PREVIOUSLY UNPUBLISHED CUNEIFORM TABLETS



438

A/3+$%(7,&S&5,%(6,17+(L$1'2)&81(,)250

&23,(62)35(9,286/