Aberdeen: An In-Depth View of the City’s Past: Excavations at Seven Major Sites within the Medieval Burgh 0903903199, 9780903903196

Table of contents :
Acknowledgements viii
List of contributors ix
List of illustrations x
List of tables xvii
Foreword from the Lord Provost of Aberdeen xix
1. Introduction 1
2. The sites 4
3. The documentary research / Anne Johnston and Douglas Speirs 116
4. Pottery / Alison Cameron & D. H. Evans 153
5. Small finds of metal, glass, stone, bone and organics / Alison Cameron, Judith Stones, D. H. Evans a.o. 193
6. The environmental remains 270
7. ln conclusion: presenting medieval Aberdeen in context / Judith Stones 300
References 313
Glossary 324
Index 329

Citation preview

ABERD EEN: AN IN-DEPTH VIEW OF THE CITY'S PAST Excavations at seven major sites within the medieval burgh

Editors • ALISON S CAJ'v!ERON & JUDITH A STONES with conLributions by D H Evans, Annc j ohnston, Douglas Spcirs

and En id Allison, Susannc Alkin, And rea E BLtllock, John Carruu, An ne Crone, T he a Gabra-Sanders, Alison Goodall, Allan Hall, Sheila Hamihon- Dyer, Andrew KG joncs, Harry Kcnward, Francis Lton Andn"' KG Jne' HarT)· f.:em\ ard Frnncis Large Brian Li:ddington

l ~rwinmmcn l:tl

An.:haculogy Uni1 . ' 'ork

.10 Ont:ril' Cllational rru''· !>t:llllc~ .\RC. \ \1rk

Ennn.l lllllcnlal .\rcha~..·ulugy Unir. York

Emor11nmcnt:tl .\rcha•'Oiogy Unit. York Enm\ mmcmal .\rchaeology L'nit. York

Finbar .'v lcCormick Brian ,\ lofT:n Hilary z\ lurray

Queen·, University, lk lfas t S I IARI'. 5 Falo Village. l'athhcnd I Iill of lklnagoak. ,\ lcthliek. Aberdccn, hi rc C ).licholson Environmental Archaeology Unit, York .\ \ ic had Pe nny c/o llriun ,\ luffat the late John Phipp> Envirunmentul Archaeology Unit, York City llf Ahcrdecn C hrhtin..: R..:w .\lie had L Rydcr .J O>prey C lli>C. Southamru>n ~~nional ~ \uscums uf Scc.lllnntl Alan Sa,·ilk Fife Regional Council Douglas Spcirs judith Stones Cit) of r\bcrdecn City of Aberdeen Stcwart 'Tltain Still ne>\. \X\..:m. Abcrfcld) Clare ThomU\ Charles Tmcy 13 Ann Strcet.IP"'ich l'cnclope \X'ahon Rogers Textile R"'c:orch """ci"""· York Cil) of l .onln ArdtJeul Al l. 3 1 16-18 Ncthcrkit•k~,t:tle: a) Ph:I>C 6: plan nf late 14th - to I ~th-ccntury huit,ling foundmion ~mJ ruhhh.h pit: P h;h\.' 6a: I Sth -ccmury stone: building~ and C~1hhlc': b) l'h;o.e 6b: plan ~>f 15th-century wall and swncs: c) Ph a~c ?: plan ol I Sth- h' llJth-ccntun· tenements, sto n~ wnlb and n obhlc. 32 Guectio n of J>arsun Gor\h.m ', mJp anJ c'"~•vatltlll areas "upcrimposcd on an intcrprctJthHll'f 1h.11 m.tp. 3-1 16-18 :-lctherktrk!!•tc I: plan of 13th· to l.Jth-howing 19th-century wall IIF. brick and !,IOn\.' drain AY with ... wnc CO\'cr remo\'cd. -1 5 -13-57 l:ppcrkit·kgatc. Loc:ll h>n plan ~>f trenches with 3dimcnshmal \'icw uf the arL':t uf the site:. -16 H -57 l:ppcrkirkgutc. Trench t\ . Phaw I: plan of 13th· to 1-Ith-century CUI>. pit. PU>thllleS and gull b. -17 -13-57 l.ipperkirkg:uc. T rcnd1c' A anJ 11. Phu'e 2: plan nf 13th- 111 1-Ith-century hcllrth.pit>. cuts and Pl"thnlc Gordon·, map ,,f Aoer.kcn. 1661 , with schematic ,·cro-.ion "howinlt lhl.' h-'''·n's more 1111J'K)nanl fcamrcs and tl1e locr spun yarns. \X'ool tcxtilc in 2i2 1will Wt:uld fish bone spcdc> lis1 (and ardtivc C1 of aduh hectic'

FOREWORD Lord Provost Margaret E Smith, JP

E,·el")· city is proud of its history and none more so than Aberdeen. \X'e 10\·e to exchange talcs of the past and of the great e,·cnts at home and abroad which ha,·c been shaped by Aberdonians. Uut this splendid ,·olume is (!\idence that Aberdeen has done a lot more than just talk! Archaeology is not nece-ssarily about famous people, nor those more prominent citizens who often make their way into history books. This book tract-s the stOI")' of ordinal")· people in Aberdeen, from the early days of the burgh in the reign of King William the Lion . In its pages we disco,·er first-hand evidence of the wooden houses they built, the animals they kept. the clothes they wore, C\'en the repairs they made to their shoes and the kind of diet tl1ey enjo)·ed. It is humbling, too, in these days of comfortable tra\'Cl, tO sec the tmccs of Aberdeen's contacts in the Middle Ages: pottCI")' tablewarcs from France, Germany and Holland, fine textiles from tl1c Netl1erlands, silk from Italy and a wooden barrel from Poland : Aberdeen 's internationalism (und its economic di\'ersification) clearly go back a long way. I would like 10 record the City's gratitude to Historic Scotland for their financial support. I also warmly acknuwledgc the cfrorts and expertise of the City's Archaeological Unit in recovering such a wealth of information, studying it carefully and opening windows so that we too can dew our past. I am plcnsed that the \'Oiuntary assistance of a number oflocal people of all ages, often in testing weather conditions, ha< added a community dimension to the work. h is exciting that what has been found on our archaeological CXC3\'ations remains in the c:.1rc of the City. I wish you pleasure in reading thi> book and enjoyment in seeing the real thing in our fine displays ut Provost Skene's House and Aberdeen .\ laritime .\ luseum.

1

INTRODUCTION

his ~·olun~c: ma~ks thl' Sl'C(lnd m:c.:asion on \~·hkh Lhe Soc_ic:ty Hf Anuquanes ot Sc,) tland .\ hmgrJph Senes has pronded a ,·chicle for Lhl· publication and di~cussion of a significant group of sites within the mct.lil:nll burgh u f Aberdeen. In 1982. the: first Aberdeen monograph UC j\ lurray cd) hmught into tl1c public domain the results of the fina nin\! major art.·as cxca\'atcd in the town , those which flrst demonstrated the: poh:ntial ~)f' the City's huril.'d remains. At that point . tJlC editor. C harles .\\urr~ty. th::-,cribcd the archaeology or Abc:rdccn as being 'at a watershed' { 1 9~2 . 24-J): it was possib le tn draw soml' tcntalh·c cnndu:-ion~ about :-.l.'n.·ral features of the medieval burgh. as well as w fo\'us thoughts in thl' direction of the major citycentre d('\'clopmcm:-. which were: thl.!n on the horizon.

T

h is th~: sites cxca\'ated in ad\':111(\: ,lf thn:-.t..' dc,·cloprncn.ts, principally between 1978 and 1993 (highlightt..'d in illustration 2), and th~: analy~b of their Tl."Sults, which makl.' up till.· m~:o.lt of this pres(·nt monograph . Two further sites of irnponancc, th~..· majo r ponion of the Carmelitc Fri~1ry in the Green and a ~itc in th~: hacklands of Schoolhill. currently remain on the agenda fo r puhlicati,•n. whik rcc~:nt work in ad\' 1 1 m 1'-'1'111\,U• •' ,,. " :CU!t'•m~ ,. · :hflj\l "ltll UJ

·'111•'.1

;'\W}U\' .1>'•'\li'Ul"' \.W,h\11>"1 I' 1•• •'•'I U•• h tu 1 ,•• tttd.'!'

r•ra u.\,"''~.,,,,m· ~ ~ 1 '"11' .... , -.~.~,

Ill .... "'11' I • ,.~ ;, .... , 'l l.t

\JitHI·'' 'Ill ( ·t(lt

ltl \\11.\ lll,lltl -...:1 -...:\

'- l·lelli IH\

t

' I

•

11

Jc..'f'. t.:~'01.Uil('J Ihe n:m.nn' •ll f"'"""l" 'um•LmJ...·,..I b,· ...mJ

.mJ ,.:r,.,..,1. ~~ ""-r~ .~k'oU'h tilt: n.·m..nn' ••I "''me- "''rt o(,tf'\k.tuh.' In Tn."fk.h I' diu.. If• ... t.&M.....\t • •-\G. . \11 .il.I\J AI ~tnJ '"'' "''"-kn rl.mL, .\j o~nJ .\K. m.t\ h.1\c:- tx,·n

20

the n:rn.;un' ,~{a"'"~ ,,ru..1un:- '" ic.Th.-..'-lu...-

•

Sand u,m ( f'k'K IIJ\t'tr-.th.'\.1• In lm1c.tk"' .a. tl. 1.& ~nJ 1 "-:1.3~ :an.J ...anJ k-n-....... ~·um­ ul.atnl .,,,..r dw Yil'k.l.mJ J.:,fJ\d 'Utt...'tt (';Jtt.h.·n ''"' ' IWI lllll'•tr.uc..l Sc.·••cro~l llh."\h«:\'Jl J;t~tr..h:n ,,,,ll.n en. haJ :1..;.. umul.tll'J ahm .... l11..: 'lll''•••lm·cr the\\ ht•lt- ~·I 'l'n.·rlch I 6 . 'l h:' ''"'''-" ur~ h•

I. ~Ill \ICCI' lt1\\lll'd' IlW .,,,ulh ,,( lhc.· lr'~n~,.h ;tn.t ""''llt:.lilu..-..1 ll \.jli.IIUII) Ill nll'd iC\',II J'tllll'r\, f1l,IU)Iy l •~fllll>tl ''''''ale' ••I a 'tru ... tun: .\ 'l'nl"' ••I ...ln.t ,111d ,hJf\."'CI..Ill .t~'-,... ...uu.Hl'J m th\' ;m:a lx·t""'''n H .mJ E.\1. m.t'- h,t'-O: ~'-·n fl,,,,,- IJ\\'f' h•r th'' ..tnh:tur,· .mJ l·.fl a

h\.'.tnh. 1·.:-.: \\a' :1 .. null. ..tuUt)\\ pu \\llh ;t m,t\.unum dq,th ••I H.:!ltm. \\ h k:h llU\ ;Jh,.o h,I\C IX"\.'Il ,, ,~.._-1.11 \'\1 \\ 1th till' 'tnt\lttr~·.

....uhl an~,ll••.un l,t\\'f' • n~'ttllthtl.tl\',1

In 'I rcn;,:h I'· .tl.m:'-' .mwunt '-'' ~.m..t .md ~r.l\d .~~:,·urn­

ul.llo:"l D:\ I'INl full~ l'\.l'ol\;tlt:\1. a ... \\ h1k tlu' ·t~·atuf\·· n;,1' lx·m~ \.'Xl";l\ ,lt"·J • .,,ul!J \.',.,U,tp'l'l.l fn~n up th\' lull h' the l'k)rth . .:1n~l 11 "''' •mr~"'*hk- ..., "''011'1\'t;,: ''' l'\~,;;,1\;_UIHI'I

Thi' lc.Huf\'

I''"·H"'I' t hl' , ..,uth ••I tlw "lit'. nnd,kn la~ er' \.'HIIt.lllllllt.:: .md J'•"'' .l,;.:umul;u~·~l. .1 \'t•tlhk,J 'url.t\'\' \\.1' l,lJ,t. a ,lr.ull \\,1, dut.: .tn..l,t '"'11"' h,"'"'• l"'"''hh l••r ,1 \Hot~kn hml~.hn~. "·"' ... In 1tw n~•nh ,,l lh.: '11\' 'kmuhtiun m.:u~·rt.tlrr.ulll\\•' " ' "'~ tur,... "·'' i.kl)oo"""''l .m,J ,IIUt'thi!Jl pit \\,1' 111 U'-\' \Jn•'U' ..t.tke'

'"'''"''''-'.1

\.'t•ntam~,·J l.tl).t~' qu.tnuu~·, ·•f

/0-l-1). burnt \\~'ll.•d .md ;,:,'l'l'l·r-olll~•\ 'ht:et tr.t~· lll\."tlt'., 1~"'}. J.nd ma~ n:pr~,·wnt the ~,k.trm~ ,,r .a hml~hm.:. '''u~h h.td O...~n demt~ll"h'-''1 h) hrc .. \r,•unll tt· l':h.:h \\ol' "-'->nStruct\."\1 \\ ith larg.:r ~WI)t..'' .n thl· .:Jg..· \ l't l:'o\ th ..· tltund~nion

tn.•nch for Phas..- ~c.· "all CA.

·

I)A'I'ING l..oc.tl latc- mcdi..-\'al tmtNti•nn.tl \\.trco; (I.Al'l) . k'IC:.I and unidcmifi~:J J)ust-m.:-.t.:l ut (\IUnd.ttt4•n crcnch Fl, which \\"tlS tlilcd \\ith dari;, ).!.re~ d.tycy lc1~un .md c han.·o:tl

NOT E XCAVATED

wall Cl

Garden !tOil (nm illu ...lrnt,•J) 'l11c ftrst in Q ~m.·" of g:.ar\.h:tl ""ull.t~'t'n. at·ntmulat..-d O\'Cr 'l'rc-n(:hcs 16-21 in this ph:a:-..,·. T~y ":.lric..l tn th:pth up to a maximum of about 1m ,

' DATING Lcx.~ l lat ..• mcdie\'a)

transition:tl \\arc-~ ( L\1T). J..x:al and

unidcntifl .tu~.· th1' ph.l'l'

Pnn"tp,11 ....... x ••u,·J hnJ, pottery t,.:ot.c~~; copper-~tlloy I-ll•" lll\)l\fll ll\ l. ~t fll' ?-'i'; ceramic !),,,,r uk .J.J-. bC)n c ._·\mlh hl.mk olh"(; c:lay l"l'l'''' 661. flh-1-'. (o(i ~. 6 ""(". fl->l- 11. 6X6·-

'tnp l~s.

,,_-t,

1'11 :\SI· ... • ,!IIth ll'fltun t\ollilhhtratt-..1

~'-1\lilrl'

,,f

o..,hllll'•llllCJ Pit ilh1~ lh. nl'-l'l In Tt\'IKh I'"', A I ."·'' a '"'"l'·hn~.·d pn r..uhfnl \\llh pmk

\X',lll .... 'l.'f\ In' lrl'lh.:lw' an..l •'thcr llll11.kru ,1\,tur,...m..-~· ,ar..· m..:lu,k~l m

tht'

l'ha~ ..·.

l lATI"< ~

I )oX'\Uill"llt,lr\ t'\ldt'IK~· \\;l' u ...cd h\ d ,lll' t hl' ph.l"l' Pnnl'tp..tl a"'"-"lalt'\l lmd .. pottery tt"i-//_\ copper-alloy r.r,'ll'l."h ?if.cl:ly f!lpt.."fl-fl ...

C,\:0, 11 E

~

I ' Ill• I 0 l~ u-c i:O.: It ln

I' REE'I

+

IH 11 1>1 Z..H•' •• ;\Dj.\ C. I:•SI .. TOTI I I-:.. ~WI> I FY • r\ I. :O.l:\IH.::hT

!I

IIIU'i IS c~stk Sux"\:l. au

D

lrenche':'>. Ph.a!i4: 6.

Sd \dth m:tinly dom,-stic ruhhi,h. Due 111 the un,tuhk nature of ahe rclilkJ m-.,o n (i,mJun \. map uf 1661. represents the first

Walls E1" l and EL, with aheir assnciuoed hcurth und floor lc,·cls, represent a slightly laaer huilding. h i, p\ al h,,th ~.·nd' tll \ '1rginiu Slrt..'l't Juring thi' period .

#

-

j

9

:)

THE A RTEFACTS

Ti ll; 18'ttl AND 191 11 CE:--JTU RIES IN 'I'l l E Ct\STI .E STREET A RI;A lktwt:~nt he

16 th and I Xth Ccnlunc' there \\';.l' little ~ uryj,·ing t.'\·idcm:c hl the huiiJing of warch,lusC!oo on the.· \ 'irginia Str~ct frum:.l)!t..'. 1t i' ,,.,,, ~k.tr "ht..·tht..·r the \H'II w the..• n..-~ll' oftht..• :"\o .l 'ill' rdollt..'\.1 "' 'tru..:turt..'' •lfl \·irginia Srrect nr ll) th1.· building~ w the nc.lrth un C..t,llc ~trcct.

ttf dt.>,·dc.lplllcll1 t'll a htr~t..· 't..';_lh.:. pri, ''

,,f

Tht: 18th- and 1rt.>~sic.m uf :m crwimmncnt nf a nu..t..:h more domt:~tk nature than the urcha..:olo~y uf lhc :-.i h.' would lllht.>rwis,;: :-.uggc:-,t. .\ \uch of tl1b material cam ..• from middcn ~,.h,:po"it,. who:-.c possihk !)ourn· on the Cohtlc Strt.'l'l fromag~,· h;l' nJr...~:u..l) hecn mcntic.,ncd. Apart from :.• hi~hcr pcn..:cnta,gc of imJ)(lttcd 51nttcry. of 13th- '" 16th-century date. fruon tl1e C!Htn Th.....__. m.t\ h .. H. "'-'·n kyJ. b:.mng\MII.';I)'-I"r\~hh Wlth\\.Utk 111!1 J.utlho,: h.J.\~: h.J.J -..11~h1t~ l.il):~o"r\\.111 "'"'"''' th.Jn th.: ,,tJh.T f',utl-~.h~'· "' lT~< Juna.:t~,.'t' H tr..m 'lk 'i.tt" all\J 'if'3l.,~ ''I thn 1>1 lht' Ptuo,c- b '\tnKtUR". ,.

""lhbk-J

..urliok-e \\.I.S LuJ ''' ~-r mu~.·h ,,llhc ~ite

Fb\ l"l'KiiS th'l.'" ~\'\" m.a~ h.a,,· "'-~" rdo~tc-J Mth~o.· .,,ru.. lur..-

th1., phase wa.; Lhc- lOt) •ntt ,,, ~:..~cd .,ur(.._.._~ tn ~ ~\\' illnJ :--.:E l1fd-.c: ~Ill'- CclhN.,.'\J 3-Url"~ 11~ "-"'-' KP wen: "'-·n LnJ. 1.'\lll!>lru..:t ..~ ,-,[.,m.aU "hlll'k"S set m ,.._.,.__....., da~ Tl'k·\ ,, ...,.... ""'-11 \'\)m('.k.tl'\1 anJ 'h'-""'(d 'l.j.:ll"o 111 \\\.'lit anJ n:p...ur IJ\\ tt\crby ..onll.•oftha: 1'\~lhole"-

Strm:wre llJC

111 ~lrtk,;IUre A :'llll.l 'l"\.'rtli."J Ill r~IIIO\\ ;I niUUrJI~ohl\\ nward ~" '1-.c wc.,lward. f.:. I' 'l\Ctl!t)' 1'1m!-c I a l\i.11Stlh~l."" 1\lA.

\\o&Uk tn.liD bct\H.~n lh..• J"'"'-b A~\\ ·'\I- hn.,·,-t ,,...,m.,,J,.·~o.

Strul"IUr'l"S B and (; ·•~olrum. h j, JllMihl\' th.n the~

mar

rcrn.-...cnt a ...mglc ''nk.tur.:. tout 1h,.,.,. ,, .a ~o.lt.mlo!'' m 1hc ahgnmnu (1( the:-.=\\ " "...11 \\hkh m.a\ 'u.:.;co-t ..·rth..T dui t.hl: :"'\\:" c:krncn1 ~1ru..1un: C "'...._1""'"'": ,.r dt.u '' \\,h •n aJ-~.btklfll'"' or n'kim '''· ~tru..'tun.•ll

Ill

llATISG ll*l" \'\thbkd 'lUr1.k"'' .. ~•nt.aJnt"\1.1 .._rn.a]J arrK>Unt 1" J'IOC-ltt)'. m.unh ~'\)10$.h \\lut ..· ( inm \\-.uc.....

I' II A~I :

.?u • I _:\th· l .Jth c ..·ru ur~ C1llu' .!6)

t)u., J'h.A.,... m.&.ml\ ,,,n...siC\1 o{ th..- J~~ o( rubbish plh 1n the: ~rc:.L. ''htch \\;1\ to bC'\.'t'lme

A.. tl\ "' an

lar)tt; (iuC',trll\\ 1n lhe I 'th u.'111Uf"\. J.~ ""''11 as the '-"'IC'l'U'Ut:hon ''' a .,h,nc wall an,l """ t"'-~tl;1""''· H ~\TUI\ES

Cm:ular ''fUCU.Irt: NU\C ~mall ~u-~~ ''r 1"-"lhoJt' t'o;~'-4.-.. (U Ulnt waJc: .anJ

,,.,...

0.1 ~m deer) ("((S\IN\ r\."J'f\"(flln.f th,· h'm.&IO"t•fot-1."1R.'Ubr

l .•u~'

\'\:1\..J)II'IIfYII·\\ Ol·

nil C.:II\'''1',\:0.'I

'llll·,lll"'i

.namh tll 1,"1\:,tl m ..xh"'"-,tl 'her..h. ,.,_ \ll'll a' u 't~mfl,·ant Yt•rk,htl'l'·l\ JX' \\ ;trc«; an.l S..:,ollt'h \\;'hill' ( irnl\

29

16-18 :-..!"•thl'"fktrkgat~ Phase .J: plan uf 13th- h'

,llll\lUllll'l

\\'ar...

1Jth·..:cmury nuddcn

O R. stone dum1~ CB. AL', AX. J)ostholi.·!> CD. 1.\X'.I.X. !"'(''' CK anJ rubbto;h I''' BC

PI lA...,, . l • lldl-1-lth ...:\'ntun •ltu.;. 2h

·.... post- holes ', LX , LW

,

'

I

E

,\ numl"-·r ••I n•N'''h ru' "er,· c'~o::l\ ah.'(l dunn~ llw. pho~w. ;uhl t h en~\\:)' c\~t,h:ncc ,11 huu unj.! Ill the.· n ·mrl· tll the lrl'lllh S.m,t \\,1, "-kf•l•,th.'ll an,l ;& 'null I'll ,hH! c.• the

S"E ,,, thr.• .. u..•. FEYII'RI'~

',

' '

'

1"'1~-.

lll·. \\;1, ,1 'mall rvun-.1 l'•t. half-tox._-,.,,,tc'-lnl the S\\'tr~.·n\."h

..:-.1~:...· h "·''lilk.J \\llh J,,.m, .mJ ...m. .h. ,\J..,~,, Jmth.tllh 111 tlu' ph.,,... \\ere 'ffi>tllptl' ( : J .•md k lir-t .-hct\Ol~·m ••I un f..:.F "'L' a hncar ;lrl·~t t•l ...ln•ptnm.• hy "i\'\\ Cr p!JX.., .\11(. and lu~l .. unk 1010 l'h:.l'\.1: l-1 fill K;\l The;'(; \\~lJI, w~:r(; ph•h,ibl~ the rcmatn' of t hl.' fc~unJt.~t l on' ~·f t h,• tcnt:mcnt,, "hh.h :IJli'L':lr 'llll '"'t'lk um•l carl) this ccnt ur~ f!lhl 32).

t•n ~he I R6- O:S map oft.hc: .lr(;a :~n~,.l

''"1\:

Tm·j:IJz\1."thcrktr~.IIC

, 19011 :O.tu .. h t•lth•' 'trc:ct ""'' dt>mt•h,hc,J dunn,g ttu; I'J.,!th ·''I'·"' ut . 1 l"'ft'~r.Ulllll\' tll ,Jum t.:J,•ar.&n.:t,:

1111 'InS

•

2.3.3

19

IN TERPRETATION

The she undn discussinn is particularly interesting ns it has a ,·irtually continuo us scqucnc:t..• of struct un.·s from the 13th ccnrury through to the prescn1 day. ' l'his cxca,·ation alsu highlights tllc cxtrdordinary stratigraphic gap which occurs in Abcrd~cn hctwccn 6000 13C and the ~arly medicnll period. ,\\ESOI.ITI II C At 12- 26 Broad Strc~t. an ·old soir (IC Al urrav (cd) 1982. 26) approximates to the Phase I ,\ \csolithic !'iand and gravel deposit found .'· \il'\'-

u'

'tafl "t•lll•.hn~ l.m.:c l"'ll\t·pih B\'. 1~. CE. CT ~•nd AR.

•'' ' 'h.'

,IJ~I\\ in~:

the.· P~"ju,,n, tl f '-'-'-''-'Jcn l'l''t'

th~: l:tfi:~:

,,1 t1h: l.u~.· 1-Ith· h' 1"th· ..:..:' IHUr\' 'tru-.:tu~: 2.n -...:.tk...

iJiu, ' '

\it."\\

ut n.•'='t'ol">h

!)it

Bl'

thrcc-tauan..:•r, .:\..:;.1\ Jtnl. h•okm~;

:\'1:; 2m 'l\lk

11 \ 11·\\ tll rH I c'll 'I 'I'_\:...

I Ill "' I 1-"

In thL' m1d I..Jth· to l5th·•.:t:ntury pt:ritxl. at lt:~l:-.1 tmt: timhl'r~fn.nncd build ing j, n.:prc,cmnl by a 'crit:' ''' larJ:t: pit~. \\hich ._m:DI.\ :111.1. :-{ I

>mO.~\

" IV:>I!)() 10:· 1\'JI:)}I\'

.\l!j t~.·u1~ "!lfl ll!lJl :'l:'lu;"lp!.\;l .\.ll!lll:'llllll:"'np ;"ll.(l p."~:".ltlJll!~.l :nt~ l(tl

'l!d (1~.\."'!f'·"UI (l!J.).\.1.., Jl' -.u JI~LUJJ ;')tp '~Ju \\ '(ju!PI!flq pus fill!tllt!:'l' ' (t!ud-.;o4 :'ltll''~ q:'llh ,;;u!PI!Il4Jt' ,'l:'IU:'lP!·'·"~ Jt~l ~ll\l(l'l

pw· .,ll,\ld.1p I'! '·"!I"·"~LU .\ut! Jo 11! .\1 \Jib ,"'ql :'11!" .:'Ill. f. '6~t l ll! 111~(:)

ll4\lf .\q p.1pUiltlJ

.1UttUJ."'~l·"~P

'1!.\\

lll

\JmU."~."'~-lll61

.\q P:'l\l.lllh!Jl .\l!·'l!."'q '':"

\r.(

·"''11 . . (: u \\~HI~

\(JI!(O,hld

.•

,,

.,.. ...

.:'Ill I UU J'tllll' :'.\1!1( 01 -

,1}t"o '!lil '('ttp."'d jl!.\;"l!J'.:'Illl ;"llli( ,"'l(l Uf 'lhllll!.\I!:Y\,"'1 •"~lfl lll .hliJL. p."~lf'l

·~;-tJI~ .11J. I. '((:90 I ttl f~ J ;"l(iitn!!.l.l. ..,1!(04:1!~ IS

~"~1!" '!lP

P·"~W.\ t~:'l"\:t ''~-"

IF'!l(\\ 'UIJ~jllf f'UI~ .h'kld

.:'ll(l .HlJ (l!l!d"..lll '.J .\Ul!}\'-:"!lj)--.l~llh'll.l. lS ,1!\\ .11!'

iJU!PI~Ilq p~JU,"'lliiDHp• IS,'\4 ,"''ll. I. 'tJ'i"J114 ,1l(1 jtl \.l,"''lfd!.t."'d lJJ,1b,"'\\ ·"~llllhl

-1• 1tu·'I"'J·'" lP!ll" '11"11 l]~Jnq: l '"l"ll~!:-o; IS ·"Ill'"" li·'JIHU ~11'-'Pl \ 'tili!PI!Ol) .11(1 JD.J .\JllJU.U lll(:d ''1 t(JXI ."~\(1 ll! p.1Jt~.1j."'1 u:\..'lq pt~ll

:'ll(l .JP

·l,"';'IJJS "'t!p.ltpt s: IS 1 1-1 pm~ ."~ut·· 1 ''!(OLFH :--,: 1c.., ( 1-_ 'pu .\.X\ th 'll:'I.).IJ'': > ~J-11 thl ... nu!PI!Il4 :'ll(l pt.'!tpq ';'1!1 lh'llt~J;-tphll•';"' J .... pun ~~ •.,Jr ·""~ll.l.

l't·z

N OU3000H.LNI

pJtnp'11•'ll.l'' ,"''t'it:(~o..UI."~'''~

'···r

,.

•·

, :•

.•{":

~(. !.~~. 'J'\ . -

,,~~

(

qiinoq1

lJ,),\

..

..,. ...... ~ •• ~.-J,

-•: '

s;:-~5_,, l"lloo -.-: .... to

4.

llr/

'J. .. ,

t)li: "'"'· -:7; ·~. ' '. ~ . / ..' I -....... ~

·qu."~H

r

'

:

-·~1fi.~' .L.J.)_.

,.,U~I'' p:'IU!I!IUO~ uu:..1p p."~U!(-;"llltll' \Jntu."'~."~""'ll61 (t~pUBl'l-Jn' \' · \JnJU,'\."'1

J •,,~llhll1. l. IS J\ l

--

.

I

-

t ·-

/ •"..:: .. : '

-.n" .;1:'lU.)P!·'·1 '-'.\.J '.)1!' :'llfl Jt::'lu puntlJ 'f'JI!•ll(ll!\':'1 \Jilllr."''"'~-t(ttt J'' 'h'd' PliH .1q1 t...:."~tun;"'' ll! ~-"'~' , 'I ,lfpq w 'lll!lUJl'.lll! p~."'ll

. ~- - -~ •;..,·/ · r.:-:rrn:--·····'.'' ~-.:V ~~rf·iL l

-~~ :r;: · ~~ ~.~~·... ......- ··

l(l ... l \(JI~J ,:'llJ) UllJl~l P!LU ,"'l(lllltUJ .\l!UD!·' .)t(lll! p.)lt:lll!' U,"\;'1~ .:'1.\l:q tll -..;l;")Jl"'\l....\J\1ltl:lWIDt 'P llhUJ U.\\\ 'U':1 ,, lPlll \\ ·p~t~d...tli

punn.1

P!tu

.

-l..

.l~

,

t_

,L '

I

~ V

;--·~1

'

Jt~.a."'l_\;')' ·"~lit

U 0.%3W8:) U OS!(V

H ::::>Hfl H :) HSniVd SVlOH::::>IN lS OllN3::::>VfOV 3 liS V :3 'IDNVllil SV'IOH::::>IN lS

v·z

~'I'

NICHOI.o\S TKIA!'\fii.E A

St Nicholas Church

sn r

Al>jACI·.XT

ro ST XI ...,

'-lit 1· 4 1ll • I ':ISVI Id

,,wrt \.,J~·.lll)"lllll'J_I_II'•I'' J'ut: ."l;r '''·' 1:1 '·'UIUn••:) '''"! "'-"l.lt''' ."l~,.l \I·-"Jnt'1J•"J, .~W•" l(ll\\ (1'"•'1 \j\HI'tU •\J,"'Uo~o;,l I"'·'IJl-."'lU ltl 'I"'J,l\j' I•' J:l,jlU1111 ill:lU' r I'·"PilPUI ~"r q ~,l ''lll

lli\IJ.I

"-'·" "'! lU•'JI .\J:'Ill•'•l

'):'\:U.V111'\1'''·'~

\

't .

~UUilJ' tl\"' J'U1' ()\' ' :"'\' '11\1 \JII!II."'."

I ' ' ,J ,_,\ l.l'l dJU. -In ,\\ -11 \ I U .Hll·"\1 "'\\

,-,..;l~tf,J

(I U tpU,'IJ "'1'''1'1:--.;

I

~

•'I

·lilt. 1 !•' urtd t :.o.rqcJ ·:) lPU-'J.J. cl V J'ttlt' u\1 \JOIU;\.'1 ·\.Ill' I Ul •lilt I IH Ut~Jd

. t aa 110

ov ·:-.:v .. I

- -

1'

·'~l'lfcJ '(.1

H tpu."'J,).

·'I~UrU, I, \l~l•'tPI:"' 1

'"Ill

~ ! m puc

UU ,1\(1 .\.mm·'·"-41tl

L

·IJitl lll•t[l\ I I•• ''·''' I

:lf~UI'U.f

S\ ' I l l ' Ill !

_t '11111 t

, ~HU>HH\

rr

.

"

Cut~>

Ill~ RJI.an.J HI "ttf:CUb tn lh"lo.JnJ ~>U""'-'1111., 11 \~m\k""(f\. 111lt"J "''h N;~~.-t ~.b)· kxlm ·rb..:r,· ".1' .,_, t'\tJ~~oTl~o~ ,,., thesr ~- ht•.n 1h ,ll,tur~....S. ~ tlflgln.ll u~. ~t •~ lh~

A

c

---

... -~----..

''''f\'

m.l\ h.n(' h.."l•n the t:Ug \llt~uulh. t.:lthc:r m.tl ''r ' l'h,iw J.ih.' h.' th1.• I'Jth ,,·mury.

"""',y, T~'k.

1,,r

\Ill lUll' I '

111u ....w "it

~u:httl:l" TnJn~k·

\ll"'"

,\1-llr.Jm .-\ \' ''ilh

1,:1\H~r "'" .H'kl fCill\1\ lo'll, h..11h ll"tkiO!= 'h'lll'

E; I m ...:.•ll"

tllu" Jl :,1 '\;'tdl\G

Nichola;.o l..anc. and c ut through AB nnd t\C. AAw:l.!> rnll'lnblr the migmnl hack woll 1-5 SI ~ichcll:l:' Strcet.

or

Principal a~sociatc,:d rin,h: pottery 196-8. OA'I'I!'\G PHASE .l • 19th-111th ..:emury

TRENCH E (illu, ~ 2)

A subs(amial ooUt.'\:tirnl of pottery was rc."'l"O\'Crc.-..1 from llw arc:1 of thc-'le (;•J I•' lllll••UII'

-' '~>111--' \JnJU,'\.'H(ltl tll·\.jl~

I 1•\

Ut:td I ;)\.1'\.fcl 'V l (:'IU-'J.(.

';\JC-:1-:t.mtJ•"'-Id.f ..-;·t_ t 9t ""111

U•• ,-.)

S:l p

JnO

\l:J:i

1"'11''''-bi'~-'J f'UI' 'il~j."' \1111' 'I"" '1.,.1.1~1 1'~~"~1 ·\rp "''11·'' r- 11 '''" '\.) ,, lllll'·l_J

'VJ an:>

J'll'~l ,,, ....~~,l~II'·"~III1'Uhl,:" j'UI' ,1."1.,... tU I

>

J,llll'l U'tfllUl(ll \\ -..J,,_\~t·'llll•' (1' \1\W;\J .1.'111' -'(1-Jhl \ ,"ll\11',,''-l

\(U•• 10~(

'V;)

I•' U,hllltlo,l ·'~11 11' (11"'-4 11, ·'Ill \liUI 10' U-'·'ll (I'UtWII('I'I' ll\' -J"It ll'' 1\IJI\'-t plll" (h"

1'4'~1( '

za

' !d

-·:. ."". ~

11\JS

0

1n~

A:J 'M'r/ S0(04·1SOd

----

.

I ' \",1 ..,.,_\ U:l 111.1 10 \\ 11\ III A:-f((·" :\\ , •. rl·

post·holes Al · A M, AA

It .."1 \

" \

0

8

post-hole AOIAN \ ~

.

•(~r­ ._J

..lil o f g~t \ ,,:1 ~· nt.! "an..l. 'l'h.._·y Wi:r from the imm'-"tli:uc sum,undin~' ( ~c 6.3.3- .ol lx·luw). In Trcnd\ B. p-il C P sur' iwd h'- :1 Jq'lh (lf H5.tm

-- - -- .. - .

'

02

s tep BL

B pit CP

. ,_[;

D

.

phase2a

0 .-.1

..c::::

- ~

illu.> 55 3H·.t6 t; I'J''-'fklr~a t ~ . T l'(;nchc' B. Cl. C2 unt.l Dl. Phax 1: plan ,)f 12th· 10 l':trly 13th ·

5m

-.

'

ccnturv ditciH~~ FP. 1~ . FO .tnd Fl: Phn..'c la: 1Jth· '" 1-lth·centurr ~ohtl'hl'" CO. IlL HK an;.l DL. ruhhis h p•t:DS. DJ. 1>0. CJ•. F$.

Fr. Fll anJ Fj.

ttJ~

·"'r'' pJJI'\.1 u ;~ 13th- hi 1-lth'""'""'"t\ f'•l ~ I•)). 11 ,,·..:n~ ~.N'fl· able (\1 mdud( 11 1ft ltn' rtu"-· HII \\ ol' .I ftU\ImUm ••t t .90m J«r afkl "'"'tJan.."\1 m~h ••f):.an... nuh.·n.d Sa~ from nl l •nJ...-:uN.;arn•t''fk.kro~flol.,·•~'''"~""'""

or ~On.;."\\Jn."t)

\,_., rn~nt. ~~

(ur pk . n '''-an. hcJ th~r .mJ

t'lll~rrv, lc-;~k\,nk,n

:mJ t'lr.m ),

chJm..~

,,a,h; t:'l'unJ ~.::...h . In the bvuvm l'fthc "'-'rth

.._:.._\mWnc: \\all fllUnd:lllon B:\. ln'-cl: ' IC\\ of '''"1d ,, situ 1n n• t>bi~h p 11

BH. facin~

fou nda tion BA

:S\X': 1m s..-.lk'.

C1

'''l'

In I ·"-·•~·h DJ lllu-. flU). ,,~._11-.turlx·J lr.~nk'nl •'I pll F(;. H tk'\.'f'• ''hlt.h t."'lllanh.,lar,m 'b).!. Pn-. H I ,uld I·J ••1n~m;.1lly llllhl.' m Ph.L't' .?.1 \\ ~,.•re mtill~,.•,lmlhl., ph.l'-\.' \\Uh ...and. OlllfiM .m,l don Ruhlw·h I'll .\B lllll' '"~Ill I rcn..:h ..\ 1 h:hJ '"'-'l'll 'l'f) ..h..aurh~,,l h~ n•..:c.•m ~k-Jnn,.: ,,, thl' ..uc In T rcnd1 ( :2 h lhh 6tll, pu DJ" ·" l'•u'th ~'"·" ah.,l an,.l \\cl(~>.,kn I'•''' LH\. rn;.l\ ah,1 hcl•'lh~ "'1111'• phaw

'"m

Dlh:h t!IU'- 61 In l h·n.:h E2.1 I;\ \\,l'- .1luw.u· h',IIUn:. U.l "-tnU. Ultl'l de..'\.' I'"•

tillt.'\1 \\11h d;l~ .md '-lllo.lll '-IUill.''- h aJo;,, ..:••tU~mw-.1 \\at~:• tlc.t' ;111~1 .lqUJIK tx'\.'lk' .md t'lu~' mainh ln•m n.11Ur.111•1' 'l.'tni•IUI UrJI h,lhii,U,, tlldh.:,lllll)! •'1'1.'11 \\ at\.'1 '1'1)\.' ll1i1J;'III\ ,,f 1'-l.lllt n·m~un' ''\.'n' \,f ,,,,,,t.m,h. whll.·h 1' hkdy hi ha\l' ~JH\\Il

10 olll Jl'\-.t of llllJX"'i.li.·J d~;.&in•lUl' "tlh -.h,tut ham.-..· .mJ .lllllliJI tnli11J'Imc '""'i.'6.3.3 tx·l,m ' h nu\ h.t\\.' tx·..·n th~: u;!ll;tlll' uf ol ,lum;I).!C ''f llt'l as:ainst an mtt:rrrc1:nion o( 1h:n m.tp.

_,

.

.\BI HDIT'-

J~o·l;u l u f \\''''J ill l'h.1w I~;.

nt,.

I f!l Cl I Y ' 1'.\' I

! Ill· ' rl I ..,

'~titl ahl)\ltthc type ofhuild ing~. thci1· orknt~uion. tW whc1hcr 1hcy had mon: th~m ''I"K' 'ton:y.

diu'({''

'n-.u) l'ptx-rk.ui•.~·•h: 2.1p11

\-..:I' PH' Ifi q l\\

0 .2m ..1.';.~1-.: .

h wa, tall~ pnv.. ihk· {(l dm~ Ph a'c J \lrtht.• '>itc \\illun a l6th-to IXthccntury hrac.:k~..· t . h .-;ccm .... lh.l\\'cvcr. that during that p~o.•riud the ~itc tnuk n n a rather mtlr..: 'int.lu,triar flavou r. with hcartlh. th..: quill.' dahtlfl.'hnld ruhhi'h ph,. lt ~.:an hl' infLTrL•d frnm the carwgraphic and d:f

l!d

'1''

\."\lJ "1Jl'l'

trJntru p.-,wrtl"'-'

l

'"11' ' 'll'ti."'JJ ,,, ''·'" ·'1\1 I

f.l:l

,,'llJ ~U:Ul

ur,,.l :' ;)St:tJ..I ·r : )C l '~l :l

tpU.JJJ.

pm~ U ((':"IJt1tj·:'l~l'l'

'tl:) ' I~ :) ' )l;)

"·'J•>l(l lt:!

J':ll4'-l''~ 'A:I ,lJOPOJio; r :fUIIU:l,;1Jd.JJ

"·'l\'li•.)!{Cl' J'UI' (;! j"UI" :'\:1 ' Hd \ J11JU;\.'\ •I.Jit I ot -1(1(1 ·'II'IJ~'

·......,.•,,.,..,~,.1.., urm' •'••.1. W•'l1''41't11' '·'~''' ·''illl••

.\q

I•' ,,,IJ.h 1".

:qf: .'1-.ClkJ ' I

•t.'"lt•."U.J. ·:~a rut! ~I! I ... u..t

sa.oq ... a111 11 ~

l--'o'O

uo•tlt'run'-'1 \;mu.,.... -qlrf Ol-l11\.l :rt ·'''''Id ")1 ~ 1 U\"11ll'pUth1J Ill' \\ .lUt'l' pur \\"!1 ,-.;lrjJll'

Ult'•IJ U\\tlJoj ·'"'"I ~~ lJII \\ J':'lll11 l"U I' ot."''.'IJ' HI(' I'U ' lld IJl'lU..,;.'l.l"tJI'''"I 1: 'e" 1'·1 ·• 1.. 'nil' ~ tptPJ 1 UJ '1'"'"1''" \pm•" •'-111•'1111 1n.-. ,"'J;'\\\ ..."'Jilll'.")j,'\,,"'IJlll \ ' '11~1 \Jt'" \ ."1,1:1 ('1'1JlJh 1'-l. )( II'U~ H( I 1"·'1"''"-l.'lp."'IJ Jll"" :Ju•me Hu•:'\

fl"'llf.\\ .b."'l' lllt l \I .....,tllfl ....t-xf ·~ '1'\\ ~1:) ~ ) ~) ."'..h.l J;'\\\,"1' l't" ·'"t:llcl \'-l lft:'l'.\1'1' \tp' \."\l~':1Jl" J' IJII\\ t'-'1111 "•"'JUlJI'•l"ll' I•' -.utrtu.'.J ,"'tjl .\f41"-.J•'Jtl '1' \\ 1\':) "Ill' \,lJ:1.-,.ll'f' p.~ UII'ltl 11 ~1 Sul':-tJ•''V:llttr;lf I \JiliU ."~~·lll t

oil •1(1;1 ;')Jl'J

·'''' lld ' (

I•' U!'ld

tpU."~J, t

l'f:

"1'"'4;'1"=

N8 1eueq

'~

\

·'IPP 1\ \ ' ~~r.~"' 'll"!) 1.. 'nil'

NB ,a.u~

r3 •"'... ;;.

1'1

n3 1•d

A3 'X3 sarc:u.l-3>tels sa~:.uaJt

,11Jl

-.

/©

•''"'1·""-l t"' ~ f"£"9 ;'\;'\' 1'111'1 ~UI/1'.1:1 ut f'·"ll'Ul~IJII _1..101 ."\(jl ll'ljl ,l)r.'\(jlUI \t'lU '"11·'-""-J :1unp (~JI' "IJilllll J"'..'IU'UI:i'IJ•' ._,,-,...,_,UI (lUI' lUI'Jd ."'ll I U\t ''Ill \11 '-"'.."~.WI tll'tOillJ Jl\ 'lll1'm."J J'•\•'1 I•' .'-'li·'PI\.'- ••U ' .1.:) ljll \\'V "'-'1Uo1l" ,-,i(,n:l IJII \\ 1111'•11 \t't '\ :"IUI':fJtl 'i" \\ ,"'J.-,Ifl

·. and ib..:a,t. ur.u*t' ydlm\ ...and and ....nail

,.,,..,nc-s \\ith l:~r~c f'J;tchc' ••I p u1k .:t:.r and l.tr~,· 't.•n~. ·n, ....-a:,1 half\\," pr'l'babl~ tltl.' r,·m,llll' ,,f .1..:tt\ ·h.m~t..-...1 'hUll' w:tll. :tnd th~· \H."!.t h:tlf 11, hlun.t:.uum tr\'lll'h. I:G \\.1...t

DATINc; l .,,cal 1.'\th- h' 1Jth-\.'\.'ntury pmtcry 'hcr~.l-. furmc..l th•• ma;or'i t~ u ftht: a~wmbkll_!l· lh•m this f!h ....... .

J•HA!:JE .2ft · latl' IJth·couly 1:'th t.''-'ntur~· ~ ilfu, "I: -J) 'l'ht a..:th·•ty ;t.s~ignl'd tu thi... pha~ 001\.si~ll"''.l of thC' sinkil\g of a barTd intch 1). l""ihl)' for use"' n well ur wma htut.

FEAT!;RES U,trrd A wooden harrd. B>-: ( 5().1), "~~ set imo a cut in the s.1nJ :,ubsoil (ill us .._. .md col 13) and fillt.'\.1 around tlu: out~idt: with pink ~1':1\'cl. The intcrit'r was flllctJ \\ith ::t b ro wn dayey l~•am '' ith SOllll.' gr.txcl whi..-h \\,t:o wall.'rlogged :mtl

-.;,mt:tinc...t lumr:,. o f organic matcriJI. On to~' \•f the b.'lrrd lay chocol.tt~o· hmwn d:tycy :,1h. O.....m ,k't'p. Pos~ibly Jh~· in this ph:.l)o.(', oln~lolSSOSMhk \\,·U-linin_g- un1ilthc fiN half ,,f thC' 15th ..:cntury. ha' inA; probabl~· tx"t"n lN."tl :1.; a !lollflJblc \\,ucr-ue:lll .:o nl:un~·r hcfOtt' th1 ...

!llus - 2 (.tllol•,·..-) G.lfl'l.)\\ ~.HI.' .\ tiJdlt: Sch ~X'II \li."\\

uf late 11th- h' l.\lh-1.-cntur~ lc-.1th I A I I• H. I b\ I lll·k \\ C)R~ INt~

I)A'IINtalks und hark fwm i1a' fihre,. Flax seeds were fuund in IJ'Ie ~amc hlY'-'r ~"'the knife. Prc\'ious find! fr.>m the >ilc "~''the Wlll!.\\ lj.)!ll \\ UO~Ht\J,"',ql) U1~-'-ll!jpJ \JntU."'J-lj161 ,b,"'p .\q

p."',\t>WJJ

U:>."' th ,,,:.:"1, . . tp ....;."~, ~~;"\.11! ...,l11 th, th ''ll~uu• '.Ill! ,,~th ''''""'~ .h':l :)0

u,, , .....

\(qt!t..(\Ud (l!l.l;"'li!UJ

,"')!' "'!lll U\1 ·"'~U!dlU! h.IU P!P 4:'1\lj :'lljl I '-\,1 , __\1 U

lrlhii-.U;IWII"•\

,,"'lJC'll.'>J) Ill' 11> IU'III'•'•I

l~

D 0 0

··"~'''F'

it.' th ,,,~,..,, 1'-.11_1 ·"ll. L ·9-~~6 1 ll! p."'~cl.w.'

nn

SNOI.LV,\V::>X3 3HJ.

...66 I .,~lhllS ~ Ul\,IUU,"'( I :'1,"1-. ',"1,\ll\.(1! ...~I!' ."'l(l((l' .l''"'l!'!l."'p .l."'l(IJill I'll 'li·"'S ·'~I PP!\ V ."''H!~.'.Wjjl!!)

.Hll pm~ :.u~n "')Ill!!) JU

·t~;'IJIS 1111~..1

''.J'!'I.' ll·"'''l p.1JU."'...,"'.Id:u

- ul'lsqns 11''11pol(SI! th(' cast end of the exca,·ation area; this not '-'nly obscu r('t.i JllOSt or the s urface features. hm tended to pcrcohHc ...h)\\'11 thn•ugh 1h c u nt: was found tnO~ I Of a !veal l't'Vking·l'~-'t (1 79). an~l a 'Ol;.lll quatHit}' of bone and l)Y~ll.'r ~hell: 1hc rc--.t of th..: pit Jilt was dc\·oid l>f iinds. ' 11l ~o.' h'P ~,.,f t1l~.· pit h~t~l l'w..-e1l C:lJlJ't::J with a 0.6m· thick la~~.·r l,f dean uran~l." gnl''cl. '' hich w·a s olnw:-t indistingui ~h~lhlc fmm the :.urn"~u nding ..uhw il. The lOJl of a Sl'Con~l pit ( 2-17) was h'l·at ...'ll itl th.: suuth b~n• lk of the cXe:t\":ttmn. t'lcnt.-ath a Ph;.l~c l.•la)·cr ( IYl ") . This pit was :u kort't Cl.9m wnk ~md 0.1:~.'~:U\'tl .. ) \\ hh, h ""'llll,lllh.'(l l,lrgc \jUJilll l ll'" "'' m-,:.tnu,· m.ucn.11 ,,, t lw numt'lcl' \\t.'l\'1\lcn '"ht ~"-'''· h,'\tik., an~l kath~·r IJ, tcd 10th~: 'Pnn~·tp.tl a-.,,..._.,ah,'\l lin.._t-.·

,,f

Tht.• t.'t'f\'h tl."llt.'\ t•ltlu .. dt.'Jl'-"" t,lrt~-·,1 ,.,,n,!dt..·r.tN\. ht.•nh.: \H'II~·r hm.trJ , t h ~.· '••uth ~·nd ''' th..: ''''"·•'•llhltl. ;ukl 11-. t..-HI•tUI' r,llll!t.'XI fr..ull hl;.1t.k ll' .,l,!rl.;. t.:;f\:\ ''f l'\t.."ll bro•\\n

,\ludl ••I th1• d,·,u h h.'IJtt..., 11• ,.,b~hn)o! . roHht..'J than t.nmln.~o: • .tnt..l lhl' '' 'lll'l't'rh."\1 h\ !he lint..l' ''' ht..·~l\ ll\ ,,._,rn '"'''·""l''---..U~I!t..''l\"1! th.ll tht..'\ ha,l bl'l' ll l:'tn·u~ht m lt'r r...-p.ur ...,mul:tr t.'\'1tkllH' "·" tt.•tnl ••n till' .tl.lJat.t.•nt ,,,~.HI .J.:..·c ,..u,.\,I!,Ht..' l'ha .. ,·.. t.fi:IIK.\lurr.•' l(}~.J ..\11 \ F'l· 1:: .1n..t ;lt lht..· lrl."h h.ul.;, J!lu .. "\ lr•~nl the pr'"·...,·nt ...,,._-,,, .ll~t.•n ... l''''m 11• till' l'.lrh '!lmg ,,, .1 Ulllll.'n. '''''"'-'\\h..:rt..· in tht..· t ~ot..·mit\·. ,on the ,·,lJ!~· ·•I th..: tu\\ \I lo11.:h. Th~· lhh rt.'l11.111l' ll\1111 tJ u, 'Ill' ..,un1larh atlt..''l nt.';.\1 "' '''h pr\'"'"·"m~ ;•t thi' ttltt..·

.,.

~.5-~$ ( ;~\1. 1, 0\'('CiA'I E: .\1 1:DIE\'AI A:-.:P 1'0$T•.\1 t: DII•:\'AI. OCt:UI't\ TION UhSII )H T ill~ T O\X'r-: L OCH

J•its ¥nte nnt~· l•ther fc::nun.'' \\ht~·h could t'l~· :• '''~ncJ h) rh" phrt:Sl' :tre 1\\u pirs (70 :.m , l lSl): h•\w...-..·~·r-. ;.llthu ug.h l he~

containt.•tl .!>itnilar m;.u,•riaf h ' lh:u \•f tlk midJc-n. it is possihk lh:ll hoth or t ht''"' 0.:\lUJ...l h.u·...· hwn the;- \'Cl')' hlp filb uf Pha!-t' 1 c xtr:.lCtu•n pth. whtdl h.1tl ''mply t"~...·cn k\'clkxl with middc:n mah,:riJI. Thl." liN 0\1,',1-.UI'("i! o .- :'m x l.Orn and was OA Sm d ...·cr': the ~"\.'l\lld . 1.1m x 1. 9m . and O..Jm deer.

midden

\ I I

Clay unJ ltMm dump' (nul llhl\trat...xl} Sc:lling the primary mi...kkn ,krtoe.•'-it '' '" " ,u.. ~·c:s,i nl\ (If dumt'"' o l' day~ and lo.•m' ( l.•~·cr-- SJ • . 6.1 " . ")9• . 191 " -.'\ •nod 2-10 *) of !oimik1r mnur...·• c,mt:lini n~-t .llnh\li.t llll'nli...·at m;~ tcri.:•l iftc::luding. in '''n'k.· c:N..~. j.111l!!l!:: l""•llcr~· ~IM:rJ~ (illu~ S2): t hi' s usgcsts th.•l w ry liuk tinw h~• d dap,~·J hclWeen t he~ dc('l(l~il s . .tn~t that th\: m;th.:riJI i•w..lht·d Ol.l}' wdl ha\'e ,.;,,m;: fwm t)w ,,,me stlur..:...·. 'l'h~o.•,~: 'ee,\nd.•ry dcPQSits "ere mainl~· h.N.: .\.1 indu,trial 0\'Cn.s; SIUH."''.lltll'~.hl :fu~\11\ I' JWI(II tt:fn,•t(ll\-' '+ \\1'1~ e('9 ·'·'' 'llll'tU.lJ '\illt~i{lJ .\(.h!l:l.'IJP ''' ' " " 1(;"11\j \\ ','1-.UI'lU :"lt.jl IH U\'llll\'lU~j\ 4:t'lh'J\'~I l .\j.'IUI:\JJ:I,.1 ."tt(t \\.j (':"llJI'\\ljlo"'J,'\\\ ll+."l'."'' 9~6 ( ,1q1 Ul 11 \\1)1!0_1 Ul ,hftU:"ll)r lU,"tllb:t''-111' Ill~ 'lhtll(' \1';'1..:;"1 ;~61 .11JI Ul J"':lll'"''PI ''~ \\ I J \ll'-~"-l.'p 1'(7 ,'\.,;lltM ,'IIJI III"\U,'I(J•'4h'>Ut: 1"01tU'l(l J,'llflr.J 'J,'I\f:J :!11111-' \:"ll ,"tl\!.l.:'ltJI _hl UI,)II\IU:'I"·'I~ :"1111 '\\i'll•'l • \J:"l llq l' l~ll lll!1 ' ,'11'1'> . :\\'\ '>Jt':oJ~,.h' ,,nll"•l ~ uuu.,.v..

·_s

·'l{l Ull UWf

."'1\l't{

••I

·v~ 'ntw d·'-'P w-.:~ -~~ l'ur w wr ..c_,, rr :h.~! I

• t'tlll••JJth 'lt ;,mr nplll! J:llo'WI'II'

·'"-I,,,

?-

l\1 ...... . ·'li.J, P~'-h'ti'•l \\\ 11,_1 P-'I~U."'IIUI ... ..;,.,,,,. ;I,I.H\ -'·~11 Will '>l'>."'l':i~O'> "·'Jil!P·"'~ l ,l'>.ll jl J ll lp..l.lj' L"'l."'lq \ :"'l(l '! \lllk'IHI

w

I"·"'

p t•tt ..u., u•

.141 ,,, ''" 1.

,.~~

gs }.

~~1 . ··~:s

Y\

J

;·i'

.

.,l.o/o(

,.

--

]~I>_;~:_ 'tit~

' .. .t:""f·..

,U" ~ l.. · _..~ J:"'t~~. .~i~\ ·'

.[r .;',.,r•j./·.'~

, ';i"'._> _

-~--:

1• ...

·~

t

•

._..

·..1 '

.

-

~--~ -- £S :

~-\!o .'J~I./ ~91 uflo\0 ..

.

}f/•• ua•o ·:;'ft. I,-

\o

l

.._~__.._

I \1;:' f'\11'

o

I~(_'

I

...

.

lt'l U&t.O

&S

~ -·~-~;·~.;, -

.'c.~ o/~~( \.~ ..-~· y

,

•-'•

(

~

. ._

';

••

•,'-

\

~

. ~·...."'•' ss ... -...

17

at U&"O

-t

.,._ ~ • . ·~ ....,\~

t6tii'''$£'~"'P:' ...• ·,··~ ~! • ·,

~l

!$!

(

•.

' ,,-c..:'t.· .c:'/ ...l l•d b\II!Jilf!l

•. ·I

).h ,)J."'\\

J."'~ti!Jllll.,•'ru-'1"\.1

.........

I

Q l S,

-.

Oll 1•d fi••·••vet

ss.

,,lit•

68 Id &..~t.~o.c:

__r

pur • u..· . ll.. 4' 'I'Uf'> ru•· W'"'l

, In \lj p,-...lrJ U,l,l'-1 Jll'll J.'l·'·"l j'UihiJ:-i

·'"'tt

•

- -

wg

I

l lS . \o

--

£t:Z: lltl fiu·~IH!;! I

.. .,. .....

·'I'''

-..t-.1\1'1! .111\ ;"ii.jl I•• ljllhh ·'lll 11" '.I;:' I'·''P"tV >t'\\ ii'UIIP'·'I Jf'jlllll'> ',"1\t"l\ll' 0 ~"4

I•' "'·''''I :lliiiP\:01 _1•• U••l!l,l'\bt' ·'lll \\1 ''·'-'I'IJih ,- ,l'>t'tlcl ."'lql .1\0'41: Ul~ 'H 111

.

\I.'.J

C.~"..,.~~· .. "\?~ ~~·~· ) .- . !-1

J

. .~:r-~~·-:·: -~··' .

...~-.,..:r

-

'!;"·."'

""'"'"''n • ~~. ...b. ....,..,.~~-~ ...........

'141 llllj ll.\\ l"'l,)ljliU,, I\1 .l.I.H\ '>tJ,H•• 148 1.1 1'>1'.~1 1\'

F'-'·'1

-~-

·«_~~~

'·'

·''·'Hjl_l•' ·'19"-'Jd :"'tjl :ftu "'~Ul'ljU ;"' \lj.'\l.'ll(Jl '·"Jillt::"'J J .'ltJJI'.l .'ljl \l)UI ~UIJU ·"' Jll IUtl\IUII' IIII~ IJ :'I."' I' Ill' ."'! .1 \l't( \l'lU \.hlollll 1'·'~1114''" n .llJI hi lll:ll.) \\ ·'l(l ll'l( l 1',11lXH' ·"4 llj~llU Ulj:11Wljljl' 'J;'I '·'\\I'll ''IIJ J:\!j)l~:'l 'ii~IJ•' \1 1 t(W'I '\lll'IU."'IJ'Plll(\:) ·''t'l Ill'

·'•I• '''m .,.,...,~....._'\1 ..,u..I· .'Jtl P-'N\.j'-'·'

~\lll\1\l•l ."'t :ilUjltllhlJJI\"to .'lljl ptp 'l'.-:i\1\UJI"\

' ttl

ur

.\\e.'~tl P·' ' '' ldSlp ptu• ' I''''."'JI'tt' '·''''' ·'"'' ''~'·"I ,,. lll h' 'I'''''" .\'-I J.1t(11.1 jl..'-111 U:'I.X( :'I \I'll •'I Jt',,..IJt:U\ ;~,n U1 _\JI'Jt'o.flU,'Ilthl.1 ,lq p:-.'IU ,'1'>,11!1Jtl !ll' 1•'ll lj~ rl•lljljl'-"\,"'llth ll ••-'

1'·'1\N•'·'

.h.lttl ,,, 11'' 1(11\\ l""ll"l"l''"' \lll'lh>l'>l'Y"\o,l ,"'IJ,"'I\\ -.J,1pJIItl'-! pUI' "''lh>l' J,"'I;\Jl" l ·11 ll~llt>Jttl )0,"'1 ,'IJ,"'I\\ ....~lll~l }.'1\ I'UI' ' ."\1l'IJ1\'> ·'lll ljll\\

')I •'llll I'~'•'·'-"'-' ,"'IJ,"'I\\ tpllj\\ I•• ·'~Utl'> ''·"~'•! U-''•' 111 J.'ljlllliU 1: :U.1\\ ·'-'4'JAH" p.HI''-1 \\."'IU '>ltjl U1 1'•'11' ll~ot,IJti,.,UI

-..J,"'l(ll•

s•.

'-''l'q 11.' '(I ,,,.," ,.,tll •'1

·'·"'un~ 1'-' w..t''l.ll U'lll·'ll'-"'1"-11 \n.u I'll'' .,,,,,JJn,l.,un·~ ·'Ill \rtu ''4' ·:"fu•N'-1•'·" '1111 I•' :-tw\rJ.lljl n1 J•HJ.I j\..'1\J.~ .'1\l'q o ;:' • o

·"'l'lld 1• 1 pu:t ·'lll 11'

,,..,,,,u u.'·"-1 'r.t~ '\'

-

·'lll 'I'·''' J,"'~t JI.Irl: l -w .. '..: SI ''''·'I ll' I•' lll.'l'·" Ul' -'•"'"-' ••1 J)Uih'I-'-P" I ' lJN "'11' uv i t ' . tt' I •. fl·. "{9 ' \ t \J,"'I\1:1 ' ,l,"',"'p .'>'>Jllu.."'l .~hi '""'l"t'l"'-' ,"'IJilii'.J~ l'·"t'UII••J 'l.h .\t·"'•'l' l(ll \\ j\."l\l:,l "'\\ 1',-,JI: p.lll'\l''>,,"','ll(1111 ljl'tjli.J,"'IIfllhh .1\(1 .1• 1 1'>4 1 \ \ '

~

•••

0

qc aso 4 d U0t1C/\COX3

586 l JO

lU3lX3

...,.w_un ... 1'-'".\ ...;:1}1. U.\ ·1:1 '>IIJ :fUIUUl'l ._1;\,-,p I•' ,-,Ulj I' 1'·"11''4 .1)1'> ,.,l!l 11' .11(':\llU."'Il!l.l•lll ·"'~tj l l'>j1lj\\ "'>ll,"'l\\1 J l' J ,"'I'-!IUIIU I' I-"' ,"'IJ,"'I\\ t j 'lllj \\ t>lUI ,"'I.WIJih j\IC \ r:~o w ..l ."'1;-" 11:1 1' I '~ r'·'l'l'lh'' \J:'!UUI'l ."'ll(l J\l_J;nu."'pt \.."'I (I'Jt\L"I\J l'> ~11. l, \.11\\U;t:" ·"Ill \•'11.11\1

·"'~'11 Hll'·"~l''lt'lll.'l' \ I,"'IU:J ."-I'PI' tl.1."-l·' \I'll ••l '>Jt',1,kh: lll'lll' 'fl~\11 t.hllj'> .llj

•'I

'>I!\\

-ll'"'' ,p\\ ,1)1'> ,lljl

·"'ll '>11 'J;I\;'1\\i>ll ~.U."'IUUI'll' \'-J I'·,I"i

\JlliU.n l JitJ

.1111 I•• l,l Jil~Oh ' ''~I ·'Ill U!

't(~ ·'f:lUIII' "' ·1-'•f'l'- '/;~ i•"~'l'llt~ l.lpptH '1/i ":'lllrJJ ·~ ,,. P'"'l' '.. ·Y.\1' 't'!.}· ':-i:"'o.l u .)pQO." ~tot ·'I'U:i UO-.I! :ORl \hJt'> ,\on t:-... :.ddo;) :!-~t-w .u~ u od '1''"11'-'lrt .....'>~•· Jt:.th,,uu,l

• • r~

~I S\ ' 1

' ' '>lt{l :n~~ I

·'~I Wljl '1'·'~;(n-. ."'I."'IU.h."\J'-1 '11

P..'l"·~

ouXUV11111

jl'U.'IH'tU '>;'IUI IUJ!Uh ll'lltll'l"''ll'> OI'UtU:J•l\.IJI.,_-.,UI '>ll"--lo;.lar

l'·'l'f;fe~l ~·'~~'" 'll(lUt:\ jl.."'ll'flJ;'lll '·'"-11 ' "" 'flt~l 0 1 \f.\\ ll'lll\\ ~U ll'-1 ~1"-" \ _.,,t:lfcl ·'IJI J!'l ''-ltUill"'l Ullfl,"'lfU I'U''~ Jl{1 ' r p,'IJ.'\JJ

'I: -"'·l~t t.t .1\jl I•' \Ill! lll J'Uill'l \UZIII 1'>:111' 1 •'lJ I

urtp

."'w:fn'"lflro ;_·.;r

•'tU. '~1'1 u ;'lf'l\"-1 \\ .1:-fJI'i ptn• Jll'll •' lllr' :fUIJ~IliJUI

JH'j' J ,"'IIIJI'.l

1.1

''>I I( '·"Jil!l',"'l l

'·'I(Jl~U1.""1

_ r

·:t• 1i••l~.t.llj"• 'Jl'll·'l' ~ V ' ;'I WI(;JI' 1'·'\'IIJ,....:"'I' '-U;"o,\0 \1,\\1 J,'IIJI•• ,'11(1 Ul J':llj:III'\U ·'ll ('(Ill),'\ '-"~!l'!J •"I:I I'J I!lp J.'llfl\1 :!t(l .1'' Ut~ lL'l(1 'lrd ·"~ r ·''''lJ•I ·'tJl .\qt(~th)Jlll 10:'1 pr.tt .h'\'11 P·'f\1'1''·' l~ ll!lfl ,'1\Uil.,..l' .'1,\\ J l '\t:p IUJil4 J t' 11!:-fl> ll!l(l t! \'-t Ull'j.l."lU1 "1!\\ '!lll !(') th'll)."'..~ ' ...~ ~011!) 5(\J:'Itf~ ,\J.llll)d ltiJ1'4 'iJI \t:.'lt j \.t:'l\ 1•' .l.'ll.llUI\U l' 'oiU!U!I'l\l(.l;) IIY lUI"tlll' lfiL\\ ·,1,'1."11' w. '(I pur lU I 1 ' tu_ ' l .t ·u,t Jl!lllS'\t CI:t-'\l~n.., l~ 'I!.\\ 1!~1·,'1.111 •'~~11 I•' l'·' \1 \.111 ... U'lJI lit: "J,'I,\,'l\\\>l( :,)JOU'•'J •'IJI OIUI ~("Jt: \\lt \\Ill' -.1!1' •ll Jl..'lU·'·'' 4:1\ll \\ Al'l'll l':"'\QQ('.'I l~ h' ,:\,'1\IJ _,;u.J .1 .1tUJ\l J .'llfiJl.'~l"·'~~~~' II~J ''! 11! J'.'lllth>JJ\l.'IU! put~ s.,~p.'l '11 11tlll•1Jr '·'U"I' .'l:fu:t ll' J.XllUilU t' J'Ur. '!)lJ.'I,,u t:\. .'hC~I.l J•' I'*~·U\.t ~ ·"·'"li;'\J~ .'I liV ':-{1111'4 ·'If I Ul f',:l U·"'-1" \lllll'lU W \\ put~ 't~.'IJt: jl.'liV.\1~;'1 ....'1 ,'1-l{l Jl' .'l'iif'.'l UJ,'Il'''·' ·'Ill u •• \1'(11 '11 Hllll)ll.) Sl,?\\ IP!ll \\ 1!,1 ·'t \q 1'·'4JIII'Ifl \ IJ>l:\j \J:I \ U.'l.'l\1 p t:lj tn\j 'U•lii-;'IUJISU\);'1 ,,.l\1 ' ull _l\,'1 \t'J.' IU.IIl\j jl' J ,'\1'1 !1•'~*ll ) LUZ:Z:'O t·pmt p ur 'lU()'f' tU(I'Z p.,Jn ..,~.,tu 9... ( u:."' :1111111~ .'ll(l JVl[llh"- ;"otfllll l(:IU.'\11.1U!II'etu I! tn p:!l\~:'1\lf •,\l~:IX;'Ill!l'lU

--

' 1'\\ ( f*,"l\J.'I'-'Uli·IP·\\ l>'•'~l 1 1~0\llj l ) Jt\ollJ U,'l,\1) .II' (! ILI!'

·- ..-._ ...,......

11: >0 I ....:.~\0 .1. :11 1 I. : I (JI,:UI SOI.I. Vcl.l: l:H.>

qnu.,uuuJ ptu• =1r. .al"""'l h•t~ll\ mlllk'\.1 "tth l.lN:c.· "''t'"'"" ,,f httmt ..Uub-m ...,.,..._......._.,..~ '-l•ll c.·n...a .. mc; u... ", .......,.., Luh ir.1m~''•""'- :S.C...t~c.>n' o.-t t>umt o.l.aul't " ........ .tlw n:... •\c.·n·J lr.•m ru' Jnd .?41 hllh"J'\IUN ..- J'h"•tlh;.llal c.·am ..· tn•m ttk.· '''"'n" h•tlw ....>Uih. '" t~n~nJ,oJ l't\ Jt mms.:. ..1'k'T;.h ••I .1 H.;.>Uc.:n·t~ re.· "-' '~-' ,ug ln•m ''"'11 J.J ...mJ t•u lh9 (il1u' K2. lO.. · )~ ttnc. o.knwn,,,.., ..... tha1 31 1h1" ' ' ·•.:~·. th~· \.''\c...l\ah.~ .Jrca luJ nullx"t."n

!'-

A' wnh p 11 211. thc.•twt11h·..h.:~: 111 'IX h;,~,l tx·c.·n ,k.. tr.. •H·J h' the td\ ,.,c..,l\,ttc.·~.l t"\>llliJ'I•: •I~V) ''·''

h''' ,,,

1.9m X I.Hill mll.l 1.-..&llllh.'\:1' (IIIU\ ~ ..,

\4.'\.lhltl ~.

tllu' ~I):

111lJlfc.'"klll' ~•I h•ul-lwt,t .. 'llf\1\cJ Ill 11• 'hie." th~o•) Jlf\.""\1111.1~1\ ""''r\1.'\l (tl l,h,IIU.II\' oil\\'">. 11 lh:H "·if\ !'o:tl

tlh."

lr.tc.\." t•f .111\ lulm.j.: ''·'' h•Uilc.l Ill 1. tlh..·r d11' ''' ,Ill\ ,,, thl.' ••thcr thn."c.'l'"" In 1.1c..t 1h1. ••nh m.lh.n.llln th,·m h:t.ncJ "' dl4.'tr Ulfilhllt-:· j, tilt'\\ Ill~ th;.· l i"IU.UlthnJ.t ,tllll\ t.llllh.'f\ '\\'1: llcl••'c. ). l'u .?\- mc.•o~,urc.·,t .11 lc..l'l I tc.·mp;,•roJn· fum.tc..c.·,m whKh hdl m••uiJ" \\ere tlrc..J t\tk1n ~ l:c. """· !c.)rtl'k,.,•nun~ • Th1" r.Jdl!tUI3.1;:1,')

"(( t

Jr4

•-,-·tiJt

.\.J ;)IIQ~ 'l'llt_l r -" H'I 't•-.'l'lt...l!."'IUtJ, j

·"Nr'I\."\J \(1."-'I_JJ,)I.I U;\11\\ \J,'I\,'\ 'f'•,-"HIUf'IU'\(1' .\iJtlll\ \l'\\ ~~ ~U..'tlt!\U th•IUj;IW;:'!j't ·'l(l

_ot

'!-"'"''·' \

I'Ur · ott ·ym t t

,"'PJdlU!.':'I 1'\\1 ·''-41 U'\11' llllj 'J'-'Ilhlt\U,..,lU

-'11(. '(."1·(1,>; ·".11:\\o'IUIII'\ ~Jil\{;,,'11\ Ill ~ IU ,'IW~r.JJ pur. "i,(/f} :11li.'IJI'\\ ,'olf\h'1.1111"'1J H,\. 1'111 l'-'1ll l 'H(f; 1·'"-;'1\ jr l.ll'ili'UI

J'tll~ , 1,"\0oo..._,, .•..t \J· ....an 1.. ~.~,,_\ ·"ll'ltt u" 1'"":c·""'"'1 IJCitl·'l--t I '••I 1';")11'1' ·'u;•: .'IJl'\\\.,J~) ,,'IIJIUih•·.) "''') J'UI' \:li~ ) '·".11'\\,..,U,II' i":Jll..J~.'ll\ \4 1':1(1 1.\llJ~I 'I \J.'IUUI' I ·"'-11 I•' U• !)l',lll.,._... , ,'1\(l J•'l :tUIII'I' ji'I.II'\UIJ\1 ,'111.1,

\jth• I•'U-'1·'"·" ·'tll 1n \unu _,,, .._.._.,.,, _,J_'t,I Uil\""~

'-\U'\\ .11\'" 1 Jl~llpCJ\.l UIIJI pur Jll' l! ll:MK:hul.',l tl nJ"': potter)• ?1!- ?: k:Jthcr 1{1 ll! UU:IJWll l ! J l ' ll!ltl.I.'I.1UO " ! IN ~Uifll!"'-1 Ul llll.\\ l"ll·' uc J•' IJ\ltll'>(xf :"11(.1, ' ,)lp !l> rJ~l>JJ(') .\U1! J t• JH ~lfl'li· I U\I.,i t: Jll :I~CJ"l ~'Ill :(tf) ·'!'>!·" W t"('Q pue SUl'~l HI(' I '(U:I)j•U~t .\\~lU) ~'\J I"' .\l ll~llOJ :>fSU!'> t~ .\q l~tUJ~'J 'Pfl'l(SO'IJl!I Jl."'\1!\.l C -:t~.\\ (! I Ill'\\ UO!PUO! ;'lt(l Jl!,"'U) ru,"\ l.;ft,'l 'I! IV. \1•p ~unJ f: 4 IP\ Jlo"'J1U\>4 M!,\\ p un (Su~:'lt:J s.: J\."hn .'IJ."'ll \\ l'·"'·\Ji' .\(t~lliiJ :U.)\\ lP!4-") SJ,"'N11~'11:t :li!Ul.lJ'd J~l p ..,...~ldUH\.) ,,. \\ 1! ',).1llJJ,'II '!Ill J~l ~111!,\\ ll!llW ;l\(1 JO Ill! J:t!l ~llli'!\\ Ul lU I t'-1:JI'..J:'I,\l! I'IUI': 'll~!l( S."KKIlQ~'I Q.\ \) Jll,"'UO p\11 Jll th)ll •;"lnJI\oU(l.'> :llfl .\\.ll'l."'.\OJJ-..'Ij' U.'\,'X\JWll :iUIJ'fiOq :18t11UUJJ :'lt(l pun 1/V ~ll! !lL!Illf1 JO d!ll\lllllll!~JJ ,'ISI.'l.Ut.l."'t.(,l, : I I V ~ll! i'~l!ll H

uu.''

·o

S!l}l.l.tV!l: l ' PJOm te."'!'ftOJOJ1llp.u: :'ltll tl! :t!'ll~Jl ·'lll!llJJI J.u!~l r1no.\\ lf;l!l(.\\ 'SIIC.\\ U;)."'J.;)l> J Oj JI:U:\Il!lU ;'1!\1\i~.hl JJlfiO J\' JJqtU!l JO ;tSO Jlfl .(Q {':111!.'\!JdlUOJ J,'>t.ll.IOJ tL'I.'I\.l ,'1,\Cl{ U.'>,\.:'1 ,\l' lU UU!lCOI! •'41-Uit:U;);"~U il ' ' ...:8U!PIIIltl·''-'l(1ll!\lll.n ..:tU•:k.'JJ'.l J :KI,WilU l!'ltlX:"I ;'lt(1'UChi!:"IJ l>ltJI J I>:( '('·'U•'I" J:tUrUJ-. J•' lf!04 ,(IISOtu P$Je :>J:I,\\ ,\.:)lp ) :"1,\\"lUJ.I ('I J:l!'l:,\ lf:lrllU :"IJ,\\\ ' (:>t J.;e~(cl) UO!l!IOW."\f' Jn Jlll!l ,"1111 If! ','1,"\U:"Ill pVtJ '"11"" :"IS,"'IJI 1SU!t:Sc l'\:tiU!t'!·nnq .(J-'J:'Itu :u:.." 'lit:." th'!liiJtd tt:W.:'IIU! ."'ql '1 Sl~Hi tl.'\ lll ' IU:"ItUlft)p.\,'l(l I'·'UUrt,l ·'lifll!" r. j).'\UU•'J knp tttq l 'll\'!·' 4 o st:,\\ u ,,ut~ 1) 1p1q ·'ll•l " ! 11r. JJ,H\ Ill'" pU;l ~UlJ.'I ) .:'llji J'U8 ' lilt.\ \ 1~\ -: l ll'd!:"U!J .I ,'lil t ' ('!Jll.\ '! ,"\J ;)\1 JJlt!W UO~ I:lli! 1'>!P ;')l{l IClfl '1-Ul~.'IUI lU:IUidl'~l;'l•\:lJ) IU.:'I Il b:"'~l} ll ~ l!Jtll HlQ ' 1)."\,\.'>JO l~·JJ~U!S U.'~:"l4 ."\\r.tl \t'lU Z.'\-' J'U t: I •'\' lll oq 'IJ!nq \ur.Uiif!JCl U,"ltf.X\ ·; V Sml"llll'l ...r. ,"'J;Ill '''I~UJ.'PJ :>! liJ!4•" ·~I l•'S>; 111':,\\ jll ,,,,,\\ .:'ll(l ''I :lU!PI!Il~ Jl..'l.\.:'1.11'1' -·' JSU!S ,\(ql!"l''.ld 'P•"'tfJl.\\·Jllt\1" I! run : liV SU!I'I!"q !lot! ,'IJ,ltJ 0 1 J':'IJJ,~,'IJ S! lpft(\\ ') I Z'/8) [ll'n Ut1!1!1-fCJ jt' I'''·' ,ltJ I 01 8 U!PI!I14 J'' J,\:tJOIS•0.\\1 ,\J(liS~(\1.1 ' P·'IIl'\\·JUOIS l~ :{U.'l:otl!l :t.\C4 .\ e tu lf.tt1tUJOJ J;l.\:tll'tl\\) .unt.'lrul' ,,:lfl.'IJd q ! Ut:t.fl !pcq JJl(UilJ ('1(1 p:tf't.I.'IIX:l lfl\1 'I','IJC p;m:.WJXJ :lljl U!41!·" .\CI Z,U :fU!PI!Il\l JU IJt'd Jt~"\J .'1.{1 ' I'U;>d ~!41 J'l ·"'I'!' lf iOOS Jl(l UQ ' flU~ J f)! \\ IU)'l U C~.\ .'ll\1:l\\01Jl:!) ."'tfl lUOJj P:IU!u8 $C.\\ S:!ll l OIU! .\.JIU:"' U!t!lU ,'ltJI :tJII WS .").t[1 lll (.'l~Op

·9~9 ~xl•d

,\et;,

:l(,o:, .l:lql l!;)l '.ft·No~· '':tll"l"t '(lh' '()()~ ~~I U:)(X)O.\\ ~9 1· qtu••."~ Juo q ~.\'f t ,."St:JS I·""'·'-' !f'Zt Jttq '80t '9()t S."\.\!U:t UO.If :JIM J1•l• 1ll'fl;"'f 1•l:il\h '1~1 d!Jh '(9[ Uld '19[ I·'K'·'-' ;\Q(It! - .a;')ddo:a ·m ·r;~ .\.J>'nQd ·,ruH fl.."lf!:'l\"-iot: J rth:'luuc~ ·~It'l l J\• 'Cl\ 91 ·''I' "! P·'l!'l)\1;'\p U.),'lq ;'I,\ I'll Plllll;'IJI'U.'Ili'\U "Ill !•'I'·"IW·' .ltJI':"' It:p J:'l)l:l JI~ .\.JOlU;)J~t.Jl::-t I J•l \)JI'~'F'•'JI' 'I'Ull ·"·'1111• 1 ,'IUI•'' 1'{111\\ 'J,'>.\:1,\\.'lo;.l!d ,\t•p '('\,"\JI'\\{'·')fl(-'>Ul(I{"'UI' .VI'I;i 11!1 p,'IIJik.hUI J\) •(~1 }:1 !) ) s:..••·nu."tliJe:·l l'-")>-l p;'lt.1:J ~) p ut: ( J\'..1:; 1) '-"~Jt'\\ Jt~·'"!l'l."~1\' •I'HcJ \pl!!flr·'-'1 ' I' ll·""') ,,1d \ 1 \J,'IliUd q c;:UJ JU•UUr.Jr.Jothi r.

·"'fl \4 f'1Pt·"'·•d "·"'''!t.ld -.n11 J''' .-.:tu:JP!·'., Smwr U! t!tu ~'LI .

·

...."~- O"'j-

. ...

!):-;I.I.VtUJtlJ.\f\ll't.UO""\J.I ,'l,'>f'IJil~ Jl!IJ\1111 '!11,). 'li:"I.11~)Jil~ (Ut-:.\ \\,lU ·'lJ111 Ul P•'ll!l'lii·'J '1111 U:41 :"'Jlll"\1'1 'I I J '4f ·"l:lfd ll! Jl.'ltll>IJ "'4l!l'·' U-'·"ll't:IJ lP'" .i.Jl!flllllt)ll ,>.\•?1 ur. · u:".'l~ ·'·'e 4 :'1\\ 'l~ '),"1,( :p Uil UJ "'" U\ll,l.\!1' .\J I'IlUJi tl(_( l!t :ISI' lld I! J O ;')."'\t~J I UN

11:10' 1 S:.:>.\ 0.1. !11 1.1. :ICIISiUI XOI.J.V,L1:):)0 ' IV.\:11< 1 ~ 1 1\'· I.SO,I OS:\' I V.\:IU I'· I I\' ::U.VDJ,\0 ' 1'1 VD L 'H

.6 •

Jor..-, t01\I I 0\\ ' (,i\ 11· .\t i iHH".-\1

.\-..:n J•n-, 1"-\ti

J)JI·\'M 0(.(

~I ' A

• ••

110-..: Ill 'Ill!" T t-IE 'I 0\\ N I.OCII

Poulbh: lm.:mal doorway In th..· ..-....., r• .. •m th< ,,nh fc4..'11~1,' t•l .t h•r~t: riJtft•lll'l. •'I tll WIIIU):"'

fo)r hu tn•u~oth .. a n ..lth~..· ••lhl.'r Jl•.uur~..·.... \\lu.. h m1~lu h,,,,. bc~:n 1:'\f \\'4. 1 1.'~1 tn fl \H•tl:mJ.:. ' '"'uth>·· :-..1"-"'-'nh,•k-..... th,•

contl.' llll"'ll ,lf\' d''CUilh:nt.. ,1,, n.-..:t~r~..l th,· ,,n·wn~"· ,,, .. Nack,ma1h Ullhtw rrtll)\'rlll.." 111 1'"1it; .tlh.lm1h~o.• ''""'t t.'n~l u(hu•ll.hn)t A I "'-'r'-'lh..· r~..·m.am.. ''' \\h;.u 11111-:.lll hd\C l"~t.:"·n 11 fOrJ!tc t'l.lll.lljl-''-.lfl•l.l 'Il l •' I'-•'UI ':lllll'4'-!•1;'\ J I' II):1U I' '1\l'lU' 1111\\ J'·'J• •111 '1'\\ J'UI' 'tpi(U.lf '11 1•1 11'' l'o\llUII' J~ll . ;:... '•lJ,"''1."11h'l";l'.lUtfll\\{'·'='f'·''1'\\lj . 9 t ( . ~(l . lfl1 U••IJ-.IlJI'\1·'-' 1'·'11!1·\t!p J'lll" ·Wl'Vj I' Ul ).h tpll'-11

'"

-,,

''~~~~-'Hit' .1111' 1 ~-11 tl;".l\\lo"'l lfll'l-., IIIJ'•"~JJ ''·' puurtp p.lti!J-·'11"1' W.!IU."'.) '" ~( .. (, '"11' ·~I 11••11"'-" "96 ' '' 11') 1.'·'·'1' tU! :- ·q pu•· ;-~u••!tU•J \ 1 ,,. "u1rJl' ·''U. ''·'" .-,tll'''J'Jt~\ ·''11 111 11·: lhh,,,_, .'o:IP't•· '1'11'\\••J 'Ill'\\ I'-'"'" q:ino•Jtfl · ; H 0\UIJ'flll\.{ ·'l'hllllllll tll••.ll Ul'.l tptq \\' l ' UII'..IJ' Jlo."'tllj·;lUo•l' 111 f!.'IWJo.•JJu_,_U J

r 'r"

-'Ulll'-'1 JI'UI:liP lll' .... :IUt\l'o.l

'"11

urrJ(.J ( , (,11111'• 'I :-tJI'I" I•' 11"• ,,(·'I' .l•lllt'•lll.''-' '1'11(1· UU}1 !'() l~ •1' \\ :ftl! \1'.,1

:t:UI \l'cl

•'II'·':IU•'I-""'-1 \jJl'.'P ,J,l_\1')·......_'111ll''-llJ'-'II'.Jl'll•'lll.lp ...u .. •••l·'l' ,l-...lljltlll!ll\\ (."'1.\UPJI: ·"'-" ... lll.lUI~I'II H ll'lll' HI I ,,,,hl f

d-'-'1'

·'lr-"'" Ul l Ul • :...: lU~'J,I ·

:~i-1(1 1

I r u,I.,...J,,

' " '!Ill d t' l 1•' "·'''

41" ;'1'1''-ld

t IJ-'U:'\.1 I. >-·)t

l-11(1 JIU:t.'l' 11 'l'llllU

lll '11(1 lJll.\\ '( \\1'1·"-1 ~ 't''{ ."1:"1-. 'hUolf( 111.1/loj ·'l{l :'ilii~IIHIJ'I' •••,,, ,'11(11111\\: ,'IJ,1q P·'IIII'UJtrtU :l':1\P ,\Jt:pU1111\J I' U'IJI "'ll'lll~hl' ''"·'lUll..... ,, .\JlUl ( 2.6 abnw) . and from th~ earlier inH':•aigmhms at 45 -- ( ;a)hnvgare ( HK ,\ \urray 19R4) . :'\· mongst the industries which llJ'Illl Jl!,\,'I!('·"~UJ J'' \p!,ll!.\ l~ lh\ 'IU."'.\l-., p."~dl!l("-·""llll( .\,1':1 ·"' Jl!.\\1 I'' "'·"':lUBl'll' ">lHU."~lllllll \q P·"'~PJ[l!Jt:d ·"'4 tW."~ .1.tnpn.tl'\ Jl' -.;,1d . \1 ;)">,"111.1 . · ......mpn.tl"·"'dn' .\np u puq nn 1mp ,,,..,Oii'itb qm:p lliJilll p."""~">di:jJll,"' Jll 'PliH 'IW.t:llllllll l'J!l( . \\ ·;~o,;;aq I Jt) :lWl'' Ul pun,•.l.lllS 1[1~ \\ J'• ,"',.lllO:'I[I~..,l~l( .1[ifll!' \' ·p;"~.I H-(l~~oX"'JI!lp JU -pth) \\

p."\,\1 \JO-.

J.""~l[ 11·""~

-,""'">.h 'l( '(e.\U .:'IJ;"'.\\ 'lll:'l.\ll

lltllli111Hd ~~ l\l P·"~l .\ [qi~UI~.\ll! '1lJ.'IllJ,"',l,"''\,"' l'lll' pt\\)fq ."1.\tlllJ,'\ 1 ''1

.l:lp.t\1 Ul '.\(lflflh .1:111: \\ 1':1.11!,"111 ,"'ljl U!

·'lll ·m ''I!I'P'~ u 1 ·'·''11 .1') '-lll.lt: \\'

,,"'plq U"Uiq-.t!_\\ Jt \ ,"',"liPI!.Id .tqnib.l ll·''ll '' ....~n, ,,,,k_, \p•~·'lf .ll'' .... ,,.~

·"'lJlt•lll! P·"""·"~:"';)J ~.1."1\\ IF' !'I'' '1!d-:a.1q Jl:'lll!(-.:'lll..}t..lU:"'t[l!.\\ ...u;'\.''' ~r. ·m."~, ,lJ d ."~q c.ll pullOJ .""1.1."1.\\ \~0 I o,;tll[l) u."',\t'~ JU o,;;ad,\1 ltl."'.t.:'I.U!P .)JJll.l.

ll!."~lll pu1! U!)j' ''11~.1 p!lll!tm) '·'P'll ."~qt "ll!lJ' ·"~IPP llhlJJ ,l."'ll('••ld ."11-.t!.\\

-.up"'ll·"~r ... n~.t .1'' -..~ . . .qmnu ht~.\ \q u,,!H~h:,,u,,n P.:'ll \(qt~!J'~·'u'

(4

'no1tln;-t ;"'ll. f. ·,qd ~ll!tpu;up .HI vu p."'~l'nu ·"~t[l pun,lJt: -.."'ltunJ I!HIIHllllm

·""tfl Ull(l! '' .hn U! ~J.H\ ,u.1.\ll U('ti!.1 1">t!.1( IV ··"~·•!tue1tmh l! nlll! pJu.tm iiUI."'I..) llhl.IJ ,"1.11~J.IIl"' ,"'l(l dn1..; Ul p."1pU.11UI \(ql!lUil">.:'IJd .....! .\\ ilU![4'-10.")

put: 'll·"'"' ;'\">.:'ll(l l(."'tlj\\ ll!

:1uPq ,,~.\\ ......;~:"','Jd J.1.\."'ll!lJ \\ 1mp ..,1,.--.'aiin' ·u.tm ll! "!l(l :1!.-..,Jt! p:alt!.\f!.""'X,..,

'lll:'IO'it: l'ill!.ll1\\," '' .1'1 ·"""~' n .n:pni;u 'I! Jt) ."'l ... tH'."""~·"'q · \.it">llf'll! WF'''''llt: put:

.1"' :a-.;n .1q1 p:a.\(O.\ll! l! ·p:aa:mpuo:"'

[t'lutut· ..,~ tpn'

'l'tJI '

r.lJUf ·p."~:'II\(',1Jd q:'lnj.\\ ·:auun pu•· JU."~tu:'l.l.:"'\:1

'rt'l!\Pll .\Fllli.:'IJl~."' tm 1'-~11

' ' 11 ·p:a..;n ,"'J,"'\\

'!

I!.:'IJI~

Olll!lllll!.(. ·~ll!ll·""' .1!-'"~l(l ."'ll!lll1!\:."' ,11 \J1!,,."1,""1,)ll p.tt!\ p:a(q4n."'

.11."~'1 1

,,;'l.~lJd l_fl!.l.:"' .ll![ll."'IIJI!d ."11f1 lll ''' ll:l.\!f. ·"'lJ lll~:"'lh)IJI!.I,"'('I'lh':'l .\Ill'

''P!Ilh!l 'lll.ll'.\\ 1'1:,..,1 n: . ll, ' llHJ

,"'."'tl!J. IIl' p.m.\ p.1(t14l)."' \p'''(."' •. \I!(Uilh tpl!L[ n ffll!.:"'llp\Ud 11! p;~l'\;1. \U!

Lll!·" p.·"lt('lll~l·"'!..l Pill ''·'~ 11 • \p.\111!11.1•..,11\'

p:au1umx."l '\llJ;)W;lU;l1 P·"~IJ: . \t:.v..;;) J."'lJW ,1l(IJU .\un U! pJ(:lUlttl:d :14 1\)LIUt~;)

\.1l(1 : ~:'lll!p '!l(l Jtl IX.")Ilh 1;"1 ·"'!l';lllh1p I! ll! lllll \(U!t•IJ,"',"' pUt!) qii.lnq Jl('l ll!

:llii':1Pi.l .hl 'iltii\Jp •i.u!l(I!LU .HlJ rJ:'I) ,...,,1;1.11: llH:1'li'DlFH1' ~.tmh."~.ltnu P!P lP'lJ"

."'lliJ-P!Ilh!I.J"' ..,:appm:nh tjll\\ p.;lll~!:'l~'"': ·_\1! \\ :'lllh"- ll! • ..,,!,\\ ;~\n 'il! ll~ l[l J'llH! ':'I'll .\,\l!."'l( \,1,"1 \ Jt.:'.l p,"'pU,"'HI! '\~ _\\ 1~;"1.11~ Jl(l Wl(l :'IU!..II\UOlll.:'lp

,"'J•'i:'!H

h.'l~~lh

..,;a..,...;'l.""l.h.f .tn.J ·nutnh uf the regular clergy arc no less abundnm nor :H.:CL'~:-.ihk. T hc cxten::,ivc c:trtulary of the Tironenshm Ahhey \lf t\rhruath. which uwncd land in Aberdeen, c.:ontains rcfcrcnc.:cs !'elating t\l the hul'gh f1·om thc time of that house's foundation in 1178 until it' li nal {,.h.·mi:-.c in the later 16th century (tlrb•·of the 19th ..:emur~ .

3.2.4

SECONDARY SOURCES

Ahcrdccn i' alw J>.lrll..:ularl~ furtun.ue m the number of publif bu Jlt~'1hly han.· tx~n produced ''ilh the bendit of~)nginaJ 'C.lUr\:c mJten~ll ll\\\\ Oll Jun~crcxtant. c._•rtainly. fn'lfll 16th-century manu~r1pt mn:nh•rh:-. uf lhl' burgh'~ documentary collection\ we km.J\\ th;.H the huq:h rcc,,r...h were cenainly once m0re abundant. A11hatt111lc the C,>unctll{egi,ler exlentlcd hack thr,,ugh the 14th-anJ f'tlSSthlt ,.,,.., tnh> lht• 1.lth-. for example. difficult "' hcliew thm Ahcrdccn'< royal castle could not ha,·e exi\h:d in ~ome f\lrm f()r :.at lca't a c:cntury or more hcfore the earliest extant refe...,nce 10 il in 1264 (HR I. 12). Or that the burgh's quay diJ not cxi>l pnor tu the earliest exwnt reference 10 it in 1398 (Did:inson 1957. 106). \~'hal exim wtla)'. II'C mu'1 conclude. comes 10 u' through the Jcctdem of ~u.-·il'al alone and only on octmion can we quanufy the 1•>. The great fire of 1-21 ll'hich destroyt'd the offices of the comml\>al}' clerk, ll1cn located on the north side of C..ast1c Strc"CI. rcsuht'd in the mmplctc and •rrctrict·able loss of a fanta~tic record source. In th" CJ\C. \\C c:an accurJtdy idenufr the namre of the record\ mis... ing. n~md>-· the f..'\'lmplctc record of all testamental}· document> a> \\CII "' acuons of ll debt and summarr processes relating to hond>, personal obligations and bill~ from before the Reformation to 1-21 ( Kcnnedy 1818. 11. 260). 'l11c potency of this type of record >Ur of the p.tri'h church of S1 to>icholas. a 12thcentury date. whilst a numhcr f 16th and 17th-century huildings arc also ycr a\-ailablc for examination around the tnwn. The ccntrJI srrect plan of the town too. although much ailcr.:d. !H!FH.J ...... l! ... llll!3!PJ J,)!(Jl!."'l :'IUM... P·'"·)~,,)cj ))h "'~!

'';\(till .l~.l ';"):"'U;")JU;'I,\lHl:"'(V.:'>!lJi.ft:.nftl,;")n J O :\Ut l \jdlUJ' '\1!.\\ lhl..,I!,"'IJ :tq I ''·"'~( Ull

ljtlllll.l ."'llJl JO l.ll!:'ll( ·"'~l(l lfl! \\)1\ll f'' h 'h tp.llll(."'l :"lf) \t(.\\ liU!jdX.'I tll "(Jl!J ((! 1' 'iH(l' J;"' .\;l.\\\"\~-1 · ( .h ll(l Jtl!t!lU ,"'Il(lJt.l lllll\l~f."'llf. J . ·_\.llllll·"'~:'l l.llt( \ j.l l!,"l ,"'ll!ll-.t:,"'l( W

WlU.J l.:'l't.IBUI .... l J41Jil4 :'ll(l Jll ·"'I!!- ·'l(l ...H p:"'p.h)."'I,"'IJ

'{jt 1 j.J XI XI \p.""~Ull.l)( )

'll':l·'l''~':) 'lll I''"' ' (9r< '(:X61 (P·'> \I!.Uil \\' : )1) ·'~"Id P~JI!lll 1~ .Jt' ."""~.1U:'),;tJd ·"'~lll ..,h,,~zn.., J."l,"'~.U' ·'l(l JO lfll'!·" H!;'IJ:i .""~l(l ."'l.l,""~lj.\'. 'I,""~:UtS J'I!IU}J Jll ll~l!).itld J."'l.\\\lJ ,"'ll(l ' (. arquirl' l:md :h the l'~..·ndn' ,,, .1\."l" nnng h,t)din)t' in t hl..' burj.!h and c,k,·chlpin~ an imc.·r'"''' in th~o.· hurgh', .11 1.111"' bcl".ll11l' ~IJ1J1Url'nt.

' le.:'""'' .

,,r

\X'ith the u·an,1\.· 1 ._,t m,m, ·''l''-"""h ttlt'\l'lh'"-"h'l' lr,,m thl..' CH•\\n "' thl..' hurgh it"-df. ''"'rum:." uh Rt,h\.'r1 J', ).!l~lnt ut a dlartl·r of f~o.·u -krmc in 1319 (. lhcrdrc·u ( ·/,,nlo' I X'JC I. I .1 }. thl..' hu'l!h cc.mncil in~o.· rc..·a ...mgly comn,Jh.•. . J th~..· :JIJ~,.._·all«lll ,,1 l:1nd o.md ''h't'~l\\ 1h~..· tran,f\:r of P"'f~l..'ny from ~me indh·idu~tl h' .Jrll•th...·r 1'1 h'r "'the 14th I..'Cntury. mh~o.·rataJl\.'C wa!) the prindp~•l \\J~ Ill \\hr~o:h .1 hur~.._....... nught acc..auire land hm with thl..' gru'\ th of mc..·rc~mtalc tra~ok o.md th""· !-!.~''"' mg \ln:nglh of a m~.mctJry l"Cnnomy the din..'\.'1 l'llr(.;h:l''-' ''' l~•nd ... lx·~.:~amc in..:n..·u,ingly nmun,m.

.,r hurgugc pint\ in the I 't h ccmur~ .md made it difficult

fur thoM." nur ufhurg""""'"'' ,1.11u' w j!.lln prllpcn~,. \J'IoJn fr,,m 'dhng. thc..· ,mly ,Hha c:ommnn mco.m' of mi .. lllJ.! capitul at tlu' um~.:· ""' h• t.'nlcr in10 a loan agrel.'ment with unc'\ rrHpl·n~ ..1' '-Xlllater:tl. llll' \\J.' kntl\\11 "" a ·w-ad"-cn'. l.Jndcr 1h~o.· rc..·nn, \\Jd'l'tl ..tJ,:t\.'\.'lllCil1. L.md \\J' pl~dg~d for ;,t num~r tlf ~coli""' •~' ot ""f\.'dlhtr "h,, " ... , then fn."C h' c..·n,,,~ an~ n:nts or tllhl'r pn'lfil, "hidt J~~n.•cJ thcrdrtllll until 'w.:h um~ a ...

''I ••

the lan "a' rcpJid. In the cwm ••I the prlw bu1 \\Crc dchbcmld) plai111L' might c;..:plain thi:-~ 'hift \lf focu~: r~ot least lh\.' r\.'curr..;:nt pwblcm~ of ll,nding. Room fnr l.!xransi\'11 wa' ah'' d\..·-arly ~•h'l'lll in thi:-. arl·~• ~md the fa\.:t that the ,h.,,rchcad lay ,,utwtth the nudcu~ ~,f the wwn mu't hL' ,,f ''!!ni1ican..:c. The 1-'th ccn1ur~ ,,a.., a pnrtkularl~ turhuknt Pl·riud in thl· hurgh·, hbtor~ and Engli' h a Hack~ (.ll'l thl· wwn wci"C' frequent. T .,_, what extcm thi' I:.H:tor inllucn~.·cd the -.,hifl tuw;.lrdo;; C~hllc Stn..-ct is um.:lc:tr hut it j, ccrt;,tin that \Ce King's Common 1-ligh \\'ay on the north 10 the Trinity Burn on the south' (ibid. 73). A similar gram was pledged from the land of W illiam ,'vlurrJy in 1497. the boundaries of which arc described in tcnns of the property holders to lhe cast and west but without any qual· ification ofland ownership to the north or south (ibid. 86), sugg~sting that Castle Strc~l and the Trinity Burn also formed the boundaries here.

T he didsion of riggs on the south sid~ of C aslle Str~ct had, how~vcr, certainly begun by the mid- 15th ccnmry. In a dispute brought before tl>e alderman and baillies in 1486,John Bailnaght was ordered to 'break the hail forland of his tencmcm to the mydilc yet exc~p• the p~thn uss hetuix 1l1e tu a lathirs' ( Cmmcil l?egiswr VI, 2) and in a dispute over the d ivisions of an adjacent rigg the baillie court found. in 1488, Andrcw Branch 10 be 1l1e ·legal posscssour of the tailc of the said [rigg] land' ( Couucil l~egisler Vll, 62). In th ~ same y~ar, Jamcs l.cslic brought a case before tl1c baillie court ·ancnt ll>e outquiting of his Inland lia1\de in [th[ e castalgat' (Couucil RegiS/er VI, 98). A similar case in 1489 saw James l.~sl ic laking action to recO\'Cr unpaid rents from a tenant occupying his ·Inland liand in the castalgat one tl>c sout h! [of 1l1c street]' ( Cmmcil Ucgis1cr· Vll . 12 1). John Murray was certainly drawing profits from Waiter Ancroft's inland on the south side of Castle Street in 1527 ( Couucil Rcgisw· XII (1), 4 5) and ~largarc1 Crawford's sale of ' that ~mir~ and whole inner land hounded b)· the land of Thomas Vauss on th~ north and the Trinity Burn on tl>e south occupied by Da,·id T hcman, Goldsmitll and burgess' (Cooper 1892, 11, 209) leal'es us in no doubt tl>at by 1529 the d il'ision imo l(>relands and inla nds nf 1h~

IN

H• t

\Ill Rill I '

\ ' I ' \ Pll'lll\.11\\ n1 1111 I 11, " I ' \ '

Jltl< 1 \\1....; 1.\lgruphc•·~ &

Ill

c.... lk !'ltrc."\"1 )l)~•kulg \\'-''' l',mHI.'\.1 b~· l lu~h lr\ m '-' ur Drum ,. I XUU.

'I h'-· ·1,,,, tl·., ~u.m.th.,u......

t.:l'll1llf')'

-IS Ca>tlc Strwt: Trench 22

1lhh

The building rcm()delkd at thi' time does not appear, from "''ntcmporary paintings (illu' Ill ). to ha' e hcen substantially earlier than tlte late 17th ur earl)' 18th century in date. although an exact con~tntctinn date could not be c~lahli\hcd. lt lt'l(l was a tenement dwe lling ht.,uo.,c prodding rented acr a number of families. lt \\J' fur rorey" in height w1tlt entry being gJmcd from both the stree t front and a stair at the rear of the huilding. lt is difficult m be specific ahuut lite nature of .ettlemcnt tm the site befnn: the 17th century. A ~hop was certainly in use on the ground lcwl fronting on to Castle Street fr..>m the early 18th century. although it ;, likely that a hnoth wa' nper.uing on the site from a much earlier date. Stables. barns and a"uned outbuildings would h'wc occupied the ground to the rear ah,ng with \·cgc1ahlc growing urc~1s, n'liddcn~. d rying

areas anJ yards.

the

.Jt.,tan.. tl\1.' hu 1ldu~ ''n llw '41\llh ,m."CLfr'l•ni.J!:C· \."Jil JU'I '"'-' '1."1:0 ''"

kH

th\.'

I ~.:

t

\ B I Kill l '

The: relatively nH)4..krn di ... turhancc ,,f thl: an.:haenlogy in thi\ ltll:ali~,n d~ne"- from the last dccac.lc oft he 19th cenlllry. Again. thl.' cdlar-.;, tdentified during e;.;l.·;.l\'aLion (-:g TrcnnL' ~kcwpun, and alll)thcr had ' 1.\Xl' and the date 1758 (,\Jcldrum 198-.1\6). By the beginning of the 20th century 1his building haJ hcconu: un . . whiL'. h was promptly nt...:atL'd and quickly fell derelict hefore mudl l)r the structure was remo\'l'd on grounds of safety. Virginia Street: Trenches 1-1 7 The o ccupatio n of the Shorcl and~ ( illus 107: 109: 112) during the medieval period. induJing the arl'a ·:-. lk:-.crl io n in the wukc of ti1L' rL'Il>· cation of the tolbooth at the close nfthe 1-Ith century has already heen d iscussed (see abow). t..:nfo:rtunatdy. the available documentation does not indicate c i th~o:r how quickly 1his process occ.:urrcd o r how completely it was effected. \X"e can.tht)ugh. be sure that he fore the mid-

-

. -;_- ...

1-Ith century, the Shordands. and the area which would later become Virginia Street ( illus I 08: I 09) . lay outwith the ·walls' of the burgh. In 1-142 , a statute which hP• whid1 arc• also likely to ha,·e existed here ( illus 114). Tho mas Philip>on·s pn>peny in the street might ha,·c been rrpical. In 1546, upon his lcaYing Aberdeen fo r ·oanskc', he set his afTairs in o rder and left instructio ns f umqhurk lthc lalcl jJmes Could (ibiJ). :\lthnugh no dc.·touh tx·~c.'lld th"· ..&1\llUJII"\.'Ill ~,f the pror'-':ny an:" gi,-cn. \\C can~ sure fr,,m rtu, ,h,.-,c.rlplhlll thJt the h.·ncmcnt in 4U'-''ti,m is likdy to han: occ.·ut'•"'l part ,,1 the ~,;ncrJI J~a c'..:a,-ah."'\1-thc.• annual of 6s mcntion\.."\.1 i' ''nl~ mJI)tlllJih "-'" thJn the JH.-rdgc fnr an inland plot un the strt:t.'t ~11 thh tUn\.· ide of >Jelherkirkgale (ill us 23 ah\1\'C) during the I "ll1 co:m ul)' are numcn.)US (ill us J 1 5)~ the \'aguc nature of the con,·c:~ ancing docum('nts ncn·r m akes the exact locati,m uf the prot-.crt~ in quc,tiun dear. Howc\'Cr, it is po~siblc to trJcc the'"' ncl"\hip hi,h.ll") of the ~itc fron'l alk"d'l 16~2. In lha1 year ll1c 'ilc \\J' '-Old hy .\\ariMc !lain and Da,·id Ca>h:ll. her hu\oond, 1o Archrh;ild IIJMcr and l:hpc1h GJIII :'lljl Jt) J(l~l( J'lllt.l."'I~S :lql (!lUll

\unlU 'I~ ' llhl.I.J " l U:'I,I ."'l.\tJ,1p plll! '.)lt~pHUillh('l."'l\~ HI ,"''Jh,"''p 1! • .\Jn)U,""' ."' W1JI Ill

Jt"~ 'PJ\'·"·" }J-9~ :Y>V 'PJlt;,,'l~l P·"'~l !'nd."~(l VJV) X961 I!IL111 P·"l"!"J,...,d LJ'!lt \\ ,"'1...,11 1: ''!'fJ~).\\ .lllOl\ 1,"1 J"'lll! '!.l~('a t '1~ ,1" 1 Ol p:'lt.I."'I.\UH.:'I •W \\ l ll:'lt.u.'llJ,"'IJ ·"lll.ll'."'~\ uan U J · __ XI w -.uns plll~ Pl'~lh'(l ;~ffJu•..,!) .\4 ,...... n (Hp.J.'lLULLhl:t

·"'~JdP.'ld

• {.:'\.\Ul)l!

'\ 'l"', f'lll"' ( I ~Ill!\\ .\(ql ........ ~·d) .. HI.)llJ.)lJ,'ll

~

p;.~ut~tpun .\l.:'lilJHI p:"ll!l'lli.)J lU.)ttJ.:'IU,"~l'!lJlJO un!l."''llll.J .:'Ill, I. '.)1!' .:'llJl un

pu,") ·"~'11 \~,_j 'ULIJIPilJ \J illll:l."l l(l_1 ,'ll(J lll\lljiin,lJl(l p."'llliJlWl:'t 1':'\.ll' ·"'~lfl,lt.'

:'l'liJ1!1 pll1! J!.'lJt: ."'~Ll l ll! '·'·"'~! l."'~l!.id Hl.'ltUHU\

•

't 1

II ISTOIHCAI. OEVEI.O I '.\ 11 ~ !'-:'r OF IN Il l\ ll l t'.\1. .\KE.-\~

tlf S t ~ic.:hllowing thc ...:rccdon '-1f tht: burgh's House of c~)JTC~ tio n in 1036 thi:\ \'Cnncl became kn own as CorrCt.:1 inn \'\.'ynd ( Kl'l1lh.'d y 1S 1S.I. 258) . Alllng the !.'a ste rn extent n r th e cxc;:l\';;atio n area ran Puulchicsid\'. tht: rnud which skirted the h~ast..• o f St Kathel'inc's I Iill. T0 the 1111nh of the area was the l'cthcrkirkgatc. a road 0 f ~onsidcrahk antiqu ily. \X'ithin these bounds lhc gr'-"'~unJ sloped gcmly d own towards the ~\\illl3u rn lying to the cast. T he b asic dcmC'nt~ l)f this situation n:m:lirll'd Jargdy unl.:hangetl until the lma years 0 f the 18th ~cntu ry wht..·n 'im pro"crncnts' led to the c0mpk1e gcog raphk~1l rcorganisatiCln hliged to

•

·take down and rcmo\'c d1e said tt:n~mcnt and dos~ so that the town of Ahcrdcen may ha\'c access fnr widening the street·~ he w;as further tequcsred that he build and erect rll~,,· houses on rhe site subscqu('m to the widening process. ·rhe third share of the hospitars grC~un d. that lying to tl1e SW. and disponed to the managers of the burgh's Seceders ,\ lccting House, was developed in 1772. In that year tl1e Seceders erected a church on this site (Gammic 1909. 172). oc,·ciopment on the other plotssold off at the dissolution of the hospital quickly followed and tenements were erected froming onto Correction \'fynd . But these wcr (ACA. NStT -1/ 11). This acti\'ity. of course. influenced tl1e two sides fJ\lnting on to Correction \X'ynd. To compensate for the lowered hei,glll of the road, a new and much higher \'Crt ical brick wall was erected o:n I he: wcs1 side of the Wynd in 1803 to comain St Nicholas· ccmetcr~· (Council l?egister68, I 06) . T he eastern side of the W)·nd included newly erected housing and so presented more of a problcn'l. This. howc,·cr. was o,·ercomc by sheer determination. The properties froming on to the wynd wc:rc purchased by compulsory nrdcr of the council and demolished. Upon completion of tl1e engineering project, new buildungs were erected to respect the new lo\\'ered street lc,·el. At the same time as the kL-cl of Correction Wynd was lowered, St Nicholas Lane was being created. Again. all the properties in rl1e line of rl1is projected new road were forcibly purchased and demolished. The result was the formation of a triangular island of land \\'ithin which St Thomas' Hospitul had once stood (illus 36). Bur the creation of these two lowered roads resulted in rl1e 'triangle' of land standing higher than tl1e new roads. Thus. the area of the 'triangle". induding the areas exca\'tt1cd. were lc,·clkd to

facilit~lle

furure reden:lopmcm.

1..11

',"''U.IIll.} ·"'~ll1 ll1 iiU!llll \.1 ·"'~!1·\t•p "!J·"'~lll'lil ·"'~ll ,.,!(lh' hlll 'l!h.lll.JJ\ l:'l pm~ 1!11 \_F'P :'I!II!LIJI!I. '-l! p:.q!J=":-.:.p u:~tp ~up4 w."'~l 4fUd ."'~tll

Zl9 l \H

tunH

un ,.

·""~41 ';llll."ll~ ."''wn:"~;lq l''~l(

''-f'JI~\\Un .\JtllU.""~:'I tp~ 1 .l:'lll!( :'ltp Llh'J.I \pu;-.nh:'l.lJ

.m;,tf.Jr lJ.''!ll-\\ WI~;IJJ..,_ "ll(l JH U~\11 111(\' d ,1tp Hl "i,"'':'llJ,"''.I,"''J,"'J \q p.'l'illll''ii ;.'-l m!:'l ':'1 ! 1 ! .\ll:'l l~ Jpt~l Jll JU;-tJX,""~ :.q1 ·p:.:'lpliJ . ~1 1 :_o I "11111 lJ.I1H ((1 \\' ·"'~l(IJ\l,"''."''li:'I..,,"'Jd ~"'lJ 1 lJ\) 'illi!'!Jl~l!d1!."'1 \)Jl!,"'J."'~--·"11~~Jp•f.1.'\dd.) ,1LJ1

pm: liJ

P·"'~J,.lllX'U

n•: ,"''Jit "'·"'~li!PJn."'~

(llll! '-.I,"'Ull\!1 ''-'·"'hill ·,o~ t l

p .. llll' J l! ·"lll \u

.\(lfi'ilh)J uo .1:1tpou1~ ·''-1 p.-..."'11:('-bJ pun ttX 1 ll! u.\\''P u;~~1n \1U\ '[.__ I ll! ·(6X ~6061 ;'\!llllllt~~)) "'~'·llS l!!ll!:i.l!,\ '9~ ... ( UJ llll!"':l.:l.1-. J!;ll(l ,1:-ltl!'\

lJ!nq

·tp.mtp

,\\;'lll

.'-'·"'P:'I·'·"'~S .1tU.

UH ,"l..,lllll(-'IJI:.\\ U:l.:liXIOI p:ll.I;I.\UO."l t:

·u·"'·"'-1

pt•q

LP!ll·' ' .htl• 'll 'litJ!t:t~l \' .-..1.;'1p.1:'1.'~S ~t(l p:'I:'H!(d:'IJ pur. t ...... I ll! 9f '>OJI!) : ) l(."'~U:'IJ, ( .Jn J,"'IU.h\,1 .~\S ·'l(l .\(q!"''d (I put: H ';)4)ll:tJ.I. ll\l~W.\t~~x:'l JO tpnw P:l!tln:t)\1

p.")):'l,"''.t,"'l ...,,~.\\ tp.lntp 'Ill, I, plll~

;, ... 11

'llJl!)

lP!ll \\ .-i'UJPIJilq :"~'8Jt~(l!-l(;""'.l llll:) ,'-1:tp:.:.:'IS :tl(l ~t!,\\ 'lh'!l;')tt.J hUU:'l -.,:.ut:· l :'ll(1 i"ltll \\nw)J 1! tll un 'iiupp1!q t.PI

• 61 Rc,oo1 m"J·"PU\ ' p;,p.h'."'~·"'~J .\1(1~11Pn

l''u ... 1 ,:lW'ti~Jr:-f.l."'d,l.1.

z::-:t 1 ·"'J''_Pq

\lJJ,"''l ·"'~''·"'~·"'~·h..l ·"~lJl • \.uuu.'~." l(lt 1

,I,"'!JJI~."' ."'ljl llh'.I.J ,\:'IU:'IIlh:lJJ ,'\,\~)1!( :'1.1 l(l!.\\ .11:,"11.kh: ••'111~~~.1!)1 . •"~l(llll ,,'\;'Ill.'\

-J·"J·"~J t[&innt(l(l! 'J1:'1:lpu 1'I'•"'!Jdlll! '! -.."'ll!'lf:tJ!;i o,\\1 ~Hil l'' lP!ll·'' \J!lli·"~P! '11 ;l:'lli.1P! \,"'1 (1:U.I:'IIll! l li.1PW 11 ... U~l1 1lh l.") ltlU ll p. ( t 1 •-.;f)( liU ... lii!'F'I( I ) _( t 1 10 JllU un,l:'llJ.ci.ln4 ,'\t(l lll p.1p.h':l:'l.l .11::-i:u \!'1

pp,,..,,,,

-.l."l.J."IJ \(JI~.) hdlll ';"'W:i:-(.1!:-(·l:'ldd .J :'llfl Ol ."''H'P.I P·"':'l('lll

·"'~lll "" tpth ....""~."~ll·""~

'·'''I'

t."ll~ ' J .t.'..,_,./

;'!Ut~· { ' ':(Ul(."'l!~

''0('-: I

lS

"'!"

LP!Ll·'' pw~ ·p."'~P11Jl'Un.'""~ "''!"

ll:tl(.\\ ,"'I:'IU:tlSJ'\:'1 ll! .\p1~:'1J[H '\tU\ l(:'l!4·\\ :tJOI:"\11J h :'Ill()

\).11~."'1 ;'ltJl ht!:'l(

n: J!lllll

p.:'ldl•P·'·"Pllll J'.:'IU!l~lll:\.1 t!.:'I.H! .1l(l

:141 jt' lhl!J:"'I1.11"U'l.1·'"~l11 rill! \\OIJt~J \j."''ll~!P:ltulllJ

pm! ."'tW' J Jn 1(!114 ltlU \p1~(!lliJ" .._,~ \\

;'\Ut!' ( "'~(t, l(:'l!~ lSJO ;"'':i1:1lH'~.I.I :'14. 1. "(-"ll\1) ( "1:(~'4)!~ "lS ,'llfl llLWJ l11 p:tll!t)! .'1.1,"'1 .\\ 'J."~:"'JtS 'l~fOtP!.'\: IS ~- 1 ilu!11l1!huo ... ·wJlU~)li;'IJ ju!.lllOtlLJ'i:f!:.u :'ll(l pu" lillll'l!nq '!'11 'I 11"-1 ·o;x I pu ow.o \ · · ( 9t "'11!) I I X I pllll\U l' :llllll lluom.~ u"'!ll'.~\

'I IJ l'(!lf·\\ ''llll,l. '1-':'l.ll' .1:\l{Pi"'\. J'tll: J."''dt..l.) ·'~ t(l U."','I\\P"'-{ q-.m~

~t '"11!- ;rtpu~.t.l. liXll!lun p:"tdop.,:'lpun pJu!t:w:\1 :.l!'."'lll lln'hH(tl•~

IJIPcVIJil 'J U."'l,'lpJ,"lt..l\' lll ,ll'>i."'IJI!'f, ,"'l(l ~\)'I 11. 1 llh '~JJ &iUIH~(' ."'."'U,"''J,',F"tl I' H!l(l

\(:'l':'f!l

-utl..,tp IHU

~

'*P U,"'',"''p.J.'I\1\'

1~'

..,J,"',"''Jl'

,'IJ\~~~.I I ';'i

P \\1 ."''l(l ~ 11 -.."'."'U."''J,"''J,'I.I

\pt~-: J

ell 'llOXI ' l'I C: .\JI!Iltn~f lHl ( tU.)!l:'lllt!) dllu,t :'IJ(qnd \l(J'(O\ ~\!.\\ J.1:'1JIS ''!Jntpl ~ IS Jt' .:'lP!' ....."'~ '' ."~t(l ~unw '(\11! "tp.zou P·"'~.l

:1.1 \'~l:'HII:i~l'lIHDUEidd:1

'-' l l ·_ul 'nil'

."~H':i:tJ1!'1J.'Idd. ·1 ."~q_ l

LS"- ft 01\:V 9t-OI:

juJ":-f.h''' puer!-f:mq Pt

. ) pu1· \' ...."'~q.·n•."~J i .1~' ·"~11'

\p.hHJ' 1'·"'\li·" Jt'*\llf:'l' 'Ill!

pu1· p."~,h l(-"'1-'·"'~1'

p.'""~-.nddl' -.1• ''·"'~.llll.'ltUh Jl~JllWh~ll" tmp \.11\lU .'I."

lJI61 ·"'~lJI (!lUll ltlU .._1:\\ 11 pll1' p."'ldtl(-'1.\,'l(' ,""1.1;"1 \\ ..,_ll)Jd :'l...,,'lljl JU ,,'1~111lhl.IJ ·"'~lll \(lh' l'.I!J

ly

·p.'\dnp.\."\)'1 put'

.uo

PI~" (f~l!d'\)ll :'ll( l

.JO

'punu.t';f

.:'ll(J."'J,'\\\ \JillU;l:\ l(lXl J,"'lH!( ;'\ljl Uljl~l!t.h~llJ."'llJ1J ll."',llU.'1(1 ."ll(l.l;llJl~ .\(U()

·6~tlllllt'lllhoq."'~lJI.I''lll'!lnrulhl.l·"'~tll

t't"£

,'IJ\l.J-1'-] 'l'~tu!lH! JU 'iltiiJill'l~d ·"~lll Jo ,"''Jill jiDt.l'iin .IUJ .\(ll'i P·"'~'ll "tU\ ·"~I!' ·"'~lll nap \p~!lllll

·;:-_si J."~l.Jt~

·'·" '~' P·"'·"·"'~.l·" ,p \\ (t. ,, 'lF'' ~~~~ll~'- t! 09S 1 Ut

·'ltl

\p.\I'U·"'l:-.•"1 ''~"

auu "'!

11 ptu: l"l(i!JJd (I!.\,1!P·'~Lll ,"lljl ~upnp \Jt~punuq qii.1nq

:'ll(l .'lf'*hll\l) l'llf .\t~( .•'~(:itii~Ul. ;')l(l '.\(U JI~l.l ;'\:) ·.\.ltlJU,"';'l 1(161 :'ll(l ,'l,lnJ:Ic.}

~ l) YtJX I ll! 1'·"'~11.:'1 \,"1{ 'I'\\ I',"'IJt~ ,")ql .1~ l lj.''ll1lll ·.\ ]hJ~:I ",'1,\U\.}U p.1UOI1U.'""'UI

ti>XI lll p."'~.l,'l\\ll( LJ,"l:ll(J'I!ll pu\.~\ lhliP."~JJ'':) ll·'~!l(\\ tH p.\,1(·"'~lJII:"':'Id,,"l.l

. ·"~JfllWI.II. ,1\(1 .1~ li'!,'IJI~ JI~JJll,'l."'',1l(l \JnJU,'I."l tjl (, l ,"lqJ

'l'lii!J: ) filii!\'

( J.~\U

·v:)\·. ·"'!·'·m' 11!1'- ttxl

Jl) ."lJPI'Illl

u!

J'll '.~\

lh 1d 11 l(lllt..l \(lUl!;)~l !lliit' 111: h lU ,'""'J,"'I \\ ...,,~,'IJI~ Ut)!)H.\1!."1\:,"'1 ,'ll(l · \(pUt. },'""1,'1' plll~

'Jl'Dl:.l U,\\1 ;'lljl JO lph.'l.l :.tp .\j~ll!lll(:'ll(.\\J~.\..1 ~l!\\ ~! ll.l . '(,"1,\(,_){ll~ Z' t ' Z)

'~lf."HI;IJ. (. Ul p,'\;l!hlU -..;'),11\1:"\IUI" H~};t -.'\,Id

ll\l~l."l."'IJJ\ \ ) llll ,,"''IJ.I,"'I\_h l.ll,.l lll·"·"'~\~(pl' ;'ll(l ~ \) P·"~WF'·I ll·"~·"-1 ,'I \I'll ~'I 'I·"'~'~! I

,'IJI~ ({t-6l :lJl

·"ttl. _ I ~u1

...,Ul~Jt.f lh"~llt~plltltlJ ;'ll(l >iwpnplll ''J'JO.'""','I.I ~U!PI!llH

·"lll \\

P·"'·'\,".J·"ll·"mtp

."~tP .I~'

C:(1 ·rt'/_1 _SX.

lhliWi'i,"'l.t:i"ilh),'l '1! p .'l.\.1,1... Plll' ~t~l ut p.""llPdt.'l W\\ PUIPI!ll"-1 ... lll.l '\~ ( ~'lJ"!~ I\\ PI UO '!'j."'l!\.llll:ql .l.;'ll(H\1 'lUH.I_J

11:n1\ , .... J>t .\N\'

,., .1\,., , hltl

1.-..\d' .\ 1.1

1,1)

(llllll

:'IH!p U1 .\JI)1lJ,'""'.:'I-lJ161 '1'.\\ '-lln!)l~ \1~;):\,"l 'ilU!Jnp p."l~J! Jll,"lr'! .\~Jtl jl),'ln\J:'lJr

,'""'l() JC • 1" llU ' ( ,"'1 \\l\.}1~ _ \ '11JI!) 'lh..f j1~.\:'11p,'lltl ,1 _\tl _I\ l llt)!Jd:'I.'""'X;l ,11(1 lJ 1!.~\

,"'liP'J

p.)Uj!(l~.'l.l Hl'-(•"~11-. ,'lllll'' ."''tp

·1111 ·tu "11 \ 11 .I·ICJ·'J ' '

1

:r n);-.;VI}I.I. S\"101Dl.-..: .I.S

\_ I I :9; '"11' ! :I. US :I ll. I.

• : 11

'·Hdl-HU\

Ill' I CH-tiC .\1 J)l-\ 11 t.W.\\1· ' I tll I'IH\"IIH .\I .\IU ' '

• J.n

hm ahn he lihh:ri-.. ~md tlu..· \\;.l,hinA ,,f dnth'-''· .tnd :•h''''inj.t ,,f llh.· \\;,t11er in ,mlfric poarti,, with wth'-·r tlf UIKk•annt.--.. ... " f /lu ry:lt U.\ /r'''/1 a;- •. 50). Bm thl· 'li\.'C\ \\~1' ~''"'''kr.thh m un: lhJn llhl ...., mdu,tn~ll quan~r 1t ,,.,.,a he.· pnnc..1pal '''""tern cntr;.an~e h' the..· W\\n.m..l ''a\ une ,,f the fc.."'' P~"r'' tu r\.'ll'lain ''f':'ll Junng umc' unn:~t t.'r piJgu'-· ('-'lt llur.:lt 1·\tr,td~ lh~..J. 90 . l'nu,u..tlly. ,·c.·r: le\\ h\)\Hh' Jnd 'h''P' ;m: n.:c,,rdcd ;~h;ng d'll' lr,'T\IJ~'-' ,,t thl' 'trc.'c.'l anJ t.k·,cnpli4.n'l' of hual..hng' Ju not aJ)J'X'o.lr bcfurc th'-· mid-1-th l.'cmury.

11tu ... IIX

'''"i'

l "rt•..·rl..•rl..c..a•'"'

...nJ ,.,..... \.lh•"'ll .J.I\.~.; ...

,,r

l ' pperkirkgme (ilfu, -1 5: I l l>) \'\'hibl :-.howing hnl~td ,jmilaritk' h' lh\: 'it'-' nl '0-~6 Upperkirkgate ( illu ' 5."\) i n t hl' l:tH.' m'-·diL·,·al pl'ri .. ,d i n ll."rnh ,,r prupc..•t'tY ..,,, l'll'P..hip ~li'IJ t.K:.;upalion. ~J- 5- l ' ppc.'rkil'kgatc differed 'lit-thtly in Lhmlhe thrc.·l.· hmUs illemifieJ on Lhc 'ill.' (lh.:n..·afkr L.md' 1-.'\. iiJu, I().,; l 18) \H..' I"'-' h.·~,

regular in ...hape unJ

'UJ'nOIJ.........J t•O .JJl 111h.fJ"'h."l.ai ..•O o•S lh.H

nup

--

. _,

~v; ~

'1/4..'

than the.· typi~.:92. 11. 118). 1),.._'\unem:nion for the pr,>pcntc' tu thl' we\t of the Rutherfo rd-.· holding' i' ~ant pno r tn th'-· hue 15th ccntu~ . T\H) twldmg' rJanJ~ 1 anJ 3) .-u\." tc..'niJUvcly rdl'nutkJ (illu\ IlK). lly the tum ..r the wmury th,..,c "e"' in the O\\ncl'hip of \X'ilham Rolland and l{ohcn Cluhh reSJ"'Cth·cly. Ttus unJa\'ided 0\\'llCr\hip uppcan.to l"C' a rdkc.:Lion l1fthc MJ:cnfthe prup-crtk~. Unlike the lung rigg~ on the nt.)rLh :-.idt: of the Mrl'ct. the lamh to the \\e~t -13-5 7 Uppcrkirkgate were considcrahly •horter and were prnhahly hounded hy the a rea a ro und t he Hour .\\ill to the sou th (illt" 111-1). Subdivision of foreland and inland did nf•t t'cc.:ur until :.• c.:ompur~Hi\'dy

,,r

ki\.Olla..~n

,., «r...'fkht..... ~'".. "on .~r I'.a"''"< K..-.lo!>tt'.. m.Jr

\IU .KPII'

1·'-1 •

\'

'

llll' l ll \ll-\\ 01

111111 \'' !'\' 1

lh lt t\ ti,I \K YIU ~ , I.\K«II

'-tllllnH.'r h(ltl\c.' \\ith lowc:r vanl :.tnJ thc ... hop in the upper yarJ . .\ \\ri~h! ', 'hl'f' '-''""' cxi ...lc.·d tlll tht..· ...itc frurn thi.., JX'Iitid until the nHd· 19th c.t..'lllllt1 . In l-5 .' . •\k"~mdcr Ahcn.k'1:n ... t,ld h i... tenement land 1) and thc.· li.'rd;md \\a' dindc.·..l 1111~1 twl' ll.,t .... j,,hn Cry ... wl m \·arious h1cllion ... thf\lllghtlllt the burgh . \X' illiam R ollant l'!-> lanJ appcar... w han· h~.·...·n cffccth·cly ... uhdi,·idt..·d alC..I\ I

Ut,lll~"l'.

''-'lt•"'U.JJI

_Ill IWIII';"'''I :tll'~ \\'llil~Q

S't'£

ur 1 .. nw

,I ,\,1 , __\ 11 > 1111 lP \\11.\ IIJ .• nu--...;1 'oo;\

•

'Thi>HU\

'ltl

IIISTOIHCt\1. l)H\"EJ.uth). c~uhcrinc and Annc I h.:nry. 'hdrs pnrlitlll\.'1~· tlf th~.· remainder of 1he c..lrigin;.al land owned hy l l ugh Gor....:rih~..·d a.., ·a hugl.' h:ncnll.'nt l'f lwu ...~.· ..... hk·;.u:hing gr\.·en nnd \\c.ll'k'ihop... ·. Pipt.·r 'old t'llt tn tlh.· burgh ..:''llfl..:il'-. Sdh'c.ll Boart.l in 1~- -~·

The majoritv ,,f thl.' ml.'d1c\·al huilding-. in thl.' (jallowgat\.', ~~ ... dst.'\\ hcrt.· in lhC Ul\\ll, ar~ likely h' h:l\'1..: h~..:cn t.\1'\\'lltld, ahhlRI!dt a \.':\'c..' Pn•ught hd~ln· (J\.' burgh ..:ourt ul Ill..,. dul.''\ ml'ntil•n ..1 'dPmu ... Japidt..·t.·' . ._t ... Will..' hou . . \.', ,,n th\.· ... tr\'\.'l t.'h'll tlh,ugh ih ex;.11..'l l,,~~nimt j.., nut gi\'1.:'11 ' l)i..:kin"''n 1l).-;-, 1-J •.l'nt'l'rtUnatdy. furttK·r.._·,·id.:n....:c fc.H''h'l1t.: build ing' ~.- n the ... trl.'..:t t.hx·... lll'l appl':.tr unul the..· 1:'th t.:\.'lltur~. Th\.'r and dccumt""" u>mj( the luo:al day. jugs tended to be smaU or medium-~il.L.xl : IJrgcr 'e"ch. ~.In nt."Cur, but fnr the most pan the demand fur these tcnJ,-d h • he mctlw >mJl(>ru. Simple pulled spouts or lips prds in thi' \\art· 'tnrtcd t01 I"' made in t\l'-'rtlccn in the late l~th r 15th ccnmry. \'c.·~~~..·J, mud~.· in thi' fubrk \\'l..'fC cltarly crl'ah..·d in the same trJdition as the l'arl h: r n1...:dit:\ al ...:xnmplcs out of the same clays. huL thC)' dcmonstrmc a gr~..·at ...·•· degree of cPnLrol over the finishing and tiring of tl>e product. The fltl'•·i~. p:nt i~ularly o>f tllC jugs, is finer th:m many of its prcdcc...:s~or~. l'l''ulting in a ... moothcr surface; it is quite hard, but withuut hcing hriule. t~nJ i' capable of being tluo wn into larger fOrnl~ \\ithuut lhl' uddititm '-'flur~e :1mounts uf extra temper. 'l'hc (ini~hcd surn~t..:c 'ulour... arc 1'110rl' '-=tln'i'tl'ntly buff IO omngl'. The H'>Scls arc dip-glazed. :md tirlc tJualitr of ~:laze applkmion is much improved. Thi~ i~ in 'trung ...:untrJ't h\ llll' earlier local fabrics . whl'r~ the glaze had a tl'lhkncy hl 'lumk ~uher hadtr, resulting :11 times in a similar appcarmlcl' to 'Pha,h- ~l~tllllJ:. · 1·hl' mnrc compktl' \'C.."S~cls show that both jugs (cg 115: iJiu, 15(1) and jar' (Cl: 117: illus 150) were being made in local late mcdie\'.>Jtr.tnlillnal ( I..\!' I) fabriccncc ofslab-huih mdtNr~;tl , .c"cl' ' cl: l:!tJ-1: illus 151 ) indi~-att'S that the local pouer.. "ere .\1 and GRE \\-arcs were identified on the 18 Casllc SU\.-.:t (Aibion Court) site, and \\Crc described in that report. "here FJbnc 9 QC ,\ lurmy (ed) 1982. 119) has been renamed Glazed Red Earthenware ( E' an> 1986, 285). At present. they cannot be demonstrated H> be any earlier than the 1-th cemu11·· Bt-cause the production ll'Chniqucs of thi~ type of ponery became standardised. it is possihlc that sherds identified •~ Glazed Red Earthenwares (G RE) or Early Po,t-.\lcdieval ( El'.\ I) in thi~ ,·olumc may in fact come from funher afield than Aberdt'Cn. At 45--s Gallowgatc, for cxamph:, it appe:.1r' in Phase .-a in 1he 171h century, and continues to be prc•ent throughout the 18th century. his similarly present in late 17th and early 18th-century lel'cls on tl>e Castle Temtce and Albion Coun sites (sec El'an' 1986. 285ff) . 18Tit- T O 19TII-CENTURY P RODUCTS

j\•1anuracturc of brown iron-glazed wares in Abcr and >lipwarc• b >imilarly ancstcd by 1771 ( G E.·ans 1981, 9-10). On the 18 Castle Street (Aibion Court) site large quantities of brown iron-glazed cups. >lipwarc cups :md dishes. and fragments of kiJn furniture were prl',Cnt in context... of c 1760 or later ( OH Evuns 1986. 286n). Se,·cntl examples oflocal slipware storJgc jars (eg 8/f) had yelluw internal glaze," ith brown exterior glaze and a side handle. The St Nichulas Triangle site produced a good range of pouery of thi> date, but it i' unillustrJt (•'8 87) and salt-glazed wares (cg 259) may ha,·c local or Sconish nngins, but without makers· ma~ they an: nmoriousl)· diOicuh to prownancc.

1 ~9

!fill

\Ill Kl)ll-'- .\"\ 1"\ Ill- I' I l l \ 11 \\ PI ·1111· l 11 \'" 1'.\' I

•

4.2.2

II·K\

Ji~hJU ITY \X' ARE In the mcdic,·~tl period. imp,lrts from \llhcr Scoui~h pr..x:luction ~itc' :ne rl.'pre,cnkd by varil' Tabk 8 Gl.vc ,, ~xtc-m•r unk...... ,,t)h:l'\\ ,,.,.. m ...tc • :at~J. ;\n .t... tt.·rKl:. • .lltt.·r a Ctlnlt.'\1 ll\llllt'l..-• mth\.ah.... dut tlw t.'\'ntcxr fr,lm "h•l·h rh,• l'•'lt''i1 l..'.tmt.• t.ltlt..... lh•t .ti'JlXS . .':0....,, YJ/ Tr ~H. t•n'''" J,•;tlll ~c..·rwr.ti i.I\W ~.!Sh "

6

JU~. k~

Km:.:ht

.tntl lll~r,..,· h.trnt:" y,,r!o; ..IHrt.··l\1"~·

''an:. l .u""•'l"l!t'\'t.'lll!latc Tr ~n. -.,k·m~'ht~oml.t\\.'r .!:-..:x·

lx'rt";\t.hl} "··,·n fro•n Ihi.' dlu~o.trJtlt.ll'l t~.·g J~o.·~.:••r.1Uwlt . \

"ll"'·

: hinn~

bn\\ J, ( 9 I. 1?6 '·

CATALOGUE OF MATERIAL BY SITE AN D !PH ASE

Th.,.· bhn ...· numlx·r... u ....,tm 1h1" ...:.11.11•'1-!' ,. ,......r ...· tkwnl..,.·d ti•r Al)l'r...ll:~o:u h,· .tc ,\hnt,t\ l\1)-;~. ll' ~~ • '"~•...: h..: d cl:uh -1 I .tcfkr...·m l;lhn, '• "•'lllt.'tiduutd·. ~.knuh ..·~l . "''mt:

,\k,lu·~·.,/(',r,mu,l'tmm

j, .._llsD p rc..·st.'nt. Sc-n•rnl cxampk..,

ja..:ob= nm ..ham~.:tcr. H

~,_·an

10 Hrll :un. Sicghurg·type 'Hll'lc..·warcs dah: mainly w I he..· latt· l...fth and I 5th \.Clltury and arc..•rt·pr"-''L'Ilnl'd mainly hy ... ht."rJ, ~\l'jat.:'tlhI)'Chrome) . Gr..:cn gla-~:~..· \\ ith brown duts ond lint.~. Tr 20. cla)' la,·er 3 18 • . R 35 B;sc of umdentilk"d small \'cssel. \'or~hire·typc w.tre. Green int ~laze. BIJckcnt.-..1 undenh:ath. Tr 20• h lo1ck sond and f:.r.IVII'Vll' ~r...·..:n gla1:trl or h:N ..•. I AI\\ C'.HIIHric'!o re,ln ;lrl.' Rl."d ext .,hp Bn:m n~ grc~'ll mt gl:tl'l' h:f lluf'.t ,., l·t..:urm.:J \\,tr~,.· D.tri:. ~r1.·..:n ~l.vc T''" r.t,phn.: '\ ': J.,l\\

18

•o

·t

-

Ca~lk

c:t l)ouc:r)' ltC \ •.1\h-«ntUf'

from \3th• Jb ( 14contcs ts'· Phase ., 111). Sell< 1. •

~\ -~

20

( ~uus t 's'

.

'

.. . t•nt 11 R\

\Ill 1 :\,1 (50: 1). "l'l ( 5"-6). S..:ak 1;-l. ...x..·crt 53. 56 (1:2).

I"~

\Ill IHUI' ' ' 1'

t

Pl· 1'111 \ 11 \\ Ill l l l l t l l \ , 1 ' \ ' l

&Jiu, 1 \J C..Htk SUttt p,,tt tuJ ti'- N(lll}J '()(' J , 1 -.xl.\h'IIP'"'·';;u,.. t ;ut ;~u..:wtl ·.,.,r.q P."~IIUJ tfl!" :mf .:.0 1 ~~ po,llt•l J. l. ·'"'13 • x~ r>~n~ "'>UI.JCJ :- t~l~) fl:.'l\l' I ., '"~I 91J I J'l-"'ltJl"\lliiUI."'J

....;r

.'IJt'\\ I'JI'IlliCIS p..)\IHJ.H.'I(J

1;:' ~w4r:1 'r''l ''' urd

r ,:...rq.r

llll u "•UH

•tu'll) t

:; C. I

·ot

Wl}l

"lli" · l

o\ .. f 'U;")J "'nn:~J•' :"1:'1'*~ tUXJI - ( u u}l ''·' I'':"IU.':t:'l•:ur 1"-"''1 k -'U~t':l ·1·'" ~m't•'•':) l;: t J'I,'IU:JI"\lllll hHI .\JI\IU;'I.'I lJitJ·ltl~ I 0 ~ ;'l"\l'lJcl

·tr ' ''·I

1

·"·' 1~ur: nu ~~~I' ·'I'll.~\

, fJt ,,hU,'IjJhh ptn'Jl111'c.; t // ,,, J'IJ ,'lUll'..; Jli 1JI!1f ,'1\J .\1'\\' ' Ill.~-> ~ (I IUI~J ,'11!1'J~ U.'l.'1):1 J•l "\h"'Jc.; .'IJI'\\ ,xf\t·:'IJI4..::ojJ•l.\. ·111J :1UI:t:'II.1"J tl;:"l \Jn!tt,'l_'l IJlt J·IJii I • tl( ;'1-.f'IJ,J ,'1\\~)1~ 'V ·t,j 'IU,U:J I(W•'I:"\_ ·6i -'Ut\1~:1 ;'l,lt'tJ' .J.~\\\lJI I' IIIUI J''I~Uf'..JJI' ,,~1:."' l('!J j\."'II\IJ\1 ''J)J.'I4' -\J"'IIH 611 .'1\1'1\:lt: '\' -p."~tl " .'1\JI U'' '"·' "''' 11 ;.J.'Itl\\ ''lf"W ."'JI,\\ .VCt."~\\' \j'-1\.l !'~Ut! ·'"''ll 'Uil}t llll'I·'-"IJ••"-t .~-..'tllltl ~) '1'"'4 e;'IJ ''·' P JI'Ut'4 11\\,). __\ "'\' ·~tt•t:f .~1114 ll(31J th' -'11N )(JC('I:HtlJI! j)lll' l';'l}j Ull'p.'lh\_l,'I-..,)U!ll;} 'i1UUh'OI>J lJII \\ •''CI.J .~ll' ld

16 llh

";,.!ol 'V ' liJI!;'IU ·utu .J~I"~Un

~J:~pun 'Jltll'q t iii':"IJ-"' lfH\\ pur.._! :oj."I1'JU '·''•l•'J~ m ,\/l'J~ u."l,"lJ• , .~Jt'\\ J1>."-l.l•J p:>I0\1':> ('Ill!' !'~:"IU;"~:t'II'UI -.~I.'CI~ lilt u \\~JJc.t U:IPJ•1 D ","\U4llJ lll-""'1 ' !}ID Jr'·"P·'4.ll·l"'~(l -Jrln':luru.,J~ ·ue,l 'iitu(t~lup 'q!l'l'~'l\' ' }I ·"'"ll' 'V '{l81 ' IU 'J'tqt) ";)Jt'\\J1>.~J '·'UlUtlll:) '\IYI ;\fp\ u'tl JXU 1'-"-lrt~,·Jr., 101.1 Su~'1•"':) ~I ··"'·'txlt: 'V "(t -l9i ·~-I '9S61 Jf' P 1'-'llll p, 'I"·' tlh1UtQ ~1'-V ,'IJf'~\\.o'IUOlS 'S.tllq~."l-1$ tr 'U~t': l :.mm:tr\)o:tcf, :fnl I""'P"· Ittli"n!.tiS }I ·.~\1'1\:11' 'V ' :tlcp .\.truu;n-41; 1 \tJr;. ur l'·'';'l~n' HJ1i1W UJ.1)11'tl p;,s~q;,p ·'Jdlll!' ·"Ill. ~'IIJillll·"-' tp; 1 pu 1~ qttl •.,tllttl l'~·qclv u : J pt:wtt.;tp Ul'!'ntr.pu v Jl' 'lttl.\ 1 SI \1\.IJ, '\S.'I !'01' 1111 .VPJ:f lii.J. "-.U~'I'IlPUI I'll!'' 'fJI'f' Ut'W~ --.."l'lf'I-Jn') Jjllq J')IIC ,'IJt'~.' U\\OJc.t·)jtlld ttu'' ~~.~\l'~' .\rur.~ '1' ... •..... 61 Nnln u~""''-1'·'11 '1 Jl' lhl:'ti'IJ' tJII.\\ \plll!\.l \\CIJJCU pm: '!t;'\1111 Jll U01)1'J(l,)o,'IJ' :\INlJ .'lpb!OQ UJ,'IIlt'c.f =>3C'!JOJ .'IJJ"OJ p::t.\l~:'.I~J~ lJU\\ 1'·"~1\llll' ' ('-}~ :s' o~ ·--61 ltOJil(l) ~utpt:.:\n~ U! 1:'1' ·:'InN Ill 1'1.\ jt.l • __61 1'-'llJI U.l;lllt'\1 ;IJI(IIl ;.;IJII""~'IJ\1-.

·'I'*'UI ·tl'll' p;~l'''·ltpftrJl' !II:H41 ·'~"1 .1'' )lJ;')tl' \J'"'11

{ ... (,_

1..

IL t

' ·l·ll)l'-: ~ott t.-cn ~l .t.t e.

\\,tr~·

Luqn1u~

I

99

-1 .' \-

l l.i.- _,

--

M•JJm OR.I;ncr r··

I l I Ju~ '1-tr.tr han.Jk 'uth lhumh 1mrn:''"'" .mJ -.1..1-.hn. Litbrl(' 19: ~-~h Frnkh (m,,,-n\ ,,-tk"' glvC'. A'

( -~

"''I

..t-"' ladle. Brm\ll gr.~,·cll"' •• ruhbi-~;h rit :\0. 15() jar rim. Yorkshire-type woar~.:. ( in.-en cxtcnul gl:tzc. Rim D : 9cm. Black organic ltMm 28• . ruhbi'h pit A I).

:s

15 1 jug base. Fabri\' 2i: En~li~l • ''·•re. Sp~.lh ... rhrnwn glaze o n ext. i\$ abo\'c. 152 Pirl.ie piggic (mollt:)' box) 1'~'. b.:asc alld ,Jut. F~• bric 17: ?Sc:ouish. G reeny ycllowc.•xt ~l .1 u. Circyd.ty '7 1• .

f'it AR. t.:mlluslraH.-d

153 Jug rim. Fabric 5: local. Rc.-d ~li1) (ln tht." i1H .&nd t.'XI. &md :md gr:m:l JIW. prt K.\1. I S"' Pitcher body :md handlt.· ~:ar, Fabric .l7: Luw Countries ~n.')'\\':lrc (U15-U75: \'c.'rh.tc.'J.:c.' & l.indsay 19R~ ). Or:.1n,g~; •.:-la> n •. ruhlw..h p11 .J\1>. l ~5 Fae~-ma~k jug rim. bri~l~c.· 'l~'ut. c.·y~... n\""' .mJ be-ard. \'orl:.~h ire·tyre \\"3.r~· Rirn D = 9 · 10.:-rn. St:tcking -.car '"' top _..,( rim. Or~.tml.." il~~:tm 39 •. rubbish 1>it AD. 156 Bod~· sherd. \'ork~.hirc·trpc wan.-. Gr..-..-n glazt.", brown applk-J :.trip and a I..".&M\\hccl suunp Ji' idt.•d up "ith horizomal arld \'Ctttt.'~lllillt::. forming ~l :..t.·ri..~ l,f rough square:-. Organic l~...am Ill · . ruhhi:-h pit AD. I Si J"!"a ce·mask iug. heard. y,,ri;,.;hirc·tn'e ware. G reen lustrous glaze, As above, 158 j ug handle $Car. Fat.lric: 3: 1..)1.."~• 1. ~ '""'~ \,f green glaze. Very srn.:all {?dliiJ) linger unprt.·s:..ions ..:on t.'Xl. Cla)' and gro\'cl I 7• . ?rohbcd wall A E. 159 Cooking pot baM·. Fabri" .l: luo.:~•l. SJ'I(lh c..•f hnm n glaze. Bl~u.:kc."n..·~ol m cemrc .,,f c.'XI h.t'>c ~ulil on ext hod)'. Gn.·y day 5.a • aro·und hlJ) uf pit :\R. I(,() Jug. Fabric 3: loc31. Rim I) = 8cm. Brm\11 ~l.azcbc.ofow rim. Grt)' Chl)' I 0)-. pit .J\K. 161 Jug rim and handk ..~.:~r. F~ahrk: 3: Jc..x·al. Grt.'l.'n. brown and )'dluw glaze t.lOcXl. Rim I)= - ·Scm. (il'\:~' day 39i • . 162 Coo5:.ing J"K>I. s~·f~tish \ X'hit(' ( iriU)' \X'arc. Bla~k...·ned int and ext. R im D : l i~m. Grey gnawl.t20 ~ . pit K.\1. K. 163 Jug handle ...car. L'x:al fal:m\..". ));:ark br\•\\"n glaze. Comb marks where hand it.- h :•~ tlccn au.1chcJ. Black loam 430•·. pit K;\\. 16~ jar rim with lid se:atiJlg. Scouish \X'hite Gritt)' \\;'~1('(', Rim D = 9cm. W hile im :md t.'Xl ~l iJ). \X'\' 2b • m1J l-lth· l 5th c-.-ntuf\ :1llu'> 138) 21 U Bn\\1;. n m F !'HASH

..~ . ~1· . ~

~

..

203

-_*7

r==-

- .

_/

illus 1 '\S

210

..a}.j'" Upperkirkgat.:.

l)ontr>· from 13th· 18th·cc:ntur\' rontc:xt.s: l>Jla~c:!i t (20J·.f). 1 (105·8). 2a (209). lb

t"'' '

(210) and 3 (Z / /-4)

.

k~'< · ·. b

204

\..... L

,-

I

Scat.: I :-1 EPTII \ "1 1·\\'tH·TIII lTIY'\I',\:"1

tllul! 139

.u.s- t.:r rx-rkirkJ::.uc 1'~1 tte ry

from 2Hlh·

._"emur,· comtxts: l'hl.l"-1."5

3 (2i 5). ~a. Sbund :'c ( 1 16·11) Se~ le

I =-'·

215

L

1'0'1111-tY

l':trthCil\\;lrc.·. Dark hluc 'ho\\. r~an~~m ;lf~1Uild UJl(ll'f nm ,-\br:kk..l En~h,h. c.•.trh 1:\th t.:tl\tun Tr A2 • I -J.\dl\'1\\

sbpfK."llm l t•rno~lr.ut~..·m

Fc:~nurt

4

~

9

)~1:;;:::::::;::;;..~--d

229

1r(: 1. l .•n~o:r ll'" •,

Bl-

4.3. 7

GA LI.OWGATE M IOOl.E SCHOOL (ollm

1 ~ 61

224

--\

PhaJC .l • blt I 2(h..l hh C:'n'Ut.lt) 26J l.ad Local falvk.- ('"'"'' tlf \'4\fk-.hlt\.'~ l\ J"f; \\.U'C' hJJ Grttn bn:r\'n Jb.tc vn lt'f' ,~f \\hate: '"r \t'hc,-d. thn'l\\-n and 1~ h"-lghh mm!'nC\1 \Uth kn1fc undc-malh. Tr .l.l...a\cf h\• , "11 I~ 26S Cc)Obng pot nm l'o~hnl.: ll , I :,.to,.t All$h.m b~. Sooad \\(;re tr~.·,h . hut dlJt .tr,tun.,l th~o· '' aao,t ,.., d~o·arh ,,fJ\.'r. unph 111~ that dH.'' l''"CI "''"

18J\

2h9

..!90

29 1

292

.?93

29-l

t~n•kl'n ,,fj_,,ll'· an~l that tlw "'''' ,,f th.: ,fl,·r...l, ha,,· 1w 1 hl'cn mt,.~"tl dunng th~.· "''l.':l\ .mon On~.· 1'1'"''' halt I\' • ~ thatt)ll.' ha"~ nf th~o· '''-'""'d h,h lx"\.'11 b~t:lltts an.._l wrt1~al "tn,,c,m (liJ)I:' ~.·la\. tinng •l }dl•m ,,h.grl'cnunJcr th~o· ~l.llc; lhC ~lOpe.•, lkhn\'"Jtc n·nu.:JIJUOr:h r.tlfll\'1.1 Ill .an 11'\ll\-ridt ' hi)· '' h1~.:h h,,, lir~.·...l J~1rk hrl''' n under tlw ~'·' ""· Mi tl~.kn ktyl:'r I ~5 Jug nm ar\d nc.,.'k K(!tiC.'Il -~l\k I.>.Jiltl11• I 11 \'IJc\\'ul' 1111 Cl I\" \ 1',1' I

u 310 311

/[!)

·~~

-

313

~\ .

,

I

I

l'

~

v·/ ~

=. ~ ~

--

--,.._

.'

i l)~i

312

~ q I

•

'

•

''

I

\1 \

' ,,

-

;

'{

I

I

'I,

I '

I

--

''

1Htf

'

diu, 1 'O

~s ...5 G:iiJohgJic.". Potrt•ry fromlt>tJ m ;.a spimll'O\IIll be 1he m.:d.:. wilh till· 1\tJll..'ht·U tcnnin;at rcprdcnling eitJh.·r th~.· man~.·. or tlw h.tl'k of un '-~&r; an eye is indicated by ;I ' 1ampcd ~•rd~.· (prc,unmhly a dOt·anll-pdlct st:~mp): \\hiiS-t ,1 ,,·.•r ,m rh\' llth\'r ~ide of th~: ·n'-"Ck' may indu:mc till.' um~1'"'n of :muthcr car. Tanning pit 189. 3 12 jug. Yorkshirc-typc \\":Ire. Cn.·am f:ahn~.·: im van1.-s betw'---en creamy-buff .mJ ~alnltln-pink. with ~l az~.· nms near t he neck o!' 1he \'I."'Sd: upper 1\\\Hhird:-. tlf the est \'llt on lhc ·s~.·al' JUg (.UJ). an,l '' h ich m ight suggest a ..;,,mm(ln :!1(.)\ltt:e. T anni11g p it

189. 3 15 jug. l.oc..-al late medi..;,·:.d trnn•mi'-' n.tl (1..\rl) (ol hric. 2.6 litr.:.·s captttity. I.J~hc n.-ddi~h-brtm n r:.hw.:; huffbrown S\ttf~a~a1N With ,._'UkJcd f'aOdS of \~k k'J;\(S fr\lOUO~ Mam""-.J n'k'\.latl~~~;,m ~nng fi!;UI'\."'J be3J5.. A '-l.J.nJanJ Lw.·

.,,,lfK'\,JR:'

JECES 11\' T VJ>J!

1ln.. huckk 1' rdated hl a numt1Cr of dttTcrent m\•..Jl(•\ al hlKJJ"·~t)~ " ith mouiJcJ frames; thc:S4! often han~ plah.'" \\lth t"~t-..rJcr dec~'rat.on anJ fin· lar~t... I"K·adcd nl'cts ((hw.lol.lall 198 1. 6- & fi_g 66), althnugh tlw tk"Cur.uion on this example lj, of an unusual lor1..1 16·1 8 N,:thcrkirl\gau:. organic lo:un

IIR00Ct 1EMIL'CI(t ''' (IIIU~

From the Iron Age. copper aUO)'S contained deliberate additions of o ne or more elements of tin. zinc and kad {Egan & J>ritchard 1991 , 13). Low Je,·els of other elements were often pR"Sent but these ma)· h3\·e bl-cn accidental inclusions not rcmmcd from the metal during the smelting or refining process (rbul). Copper allo)· (somc1imcs wrongly termed bronze. "hich is more SPtk Stn..-..·t. Tr 2

'tUUI(}

'(.)ttl) t·Ui' .. l ·~- :1~ "I V :1Uip(I11U U141l\\ · ll :t(qtttU J)Ut~ ~~~~~•'I '.1n::h\I'IP'~) .,;.:,. ·>;t Jl'\( ((l'lll" I' JH lli:'IUt'Br.J_.( f(l' ·'t,f! J•(tL I '6Z : I

.l.J.'" '·' 1.1.

jl..htl '>l,'l..11"-(\1 Ul' lll:lllllll ·un:td .X( (11 pU.11 >.1("S;"'f'"-( l1W! 'f':Oil'.J

etl'>ll

't:.'IJ:tlt\\

'>tlJII

\11 . 9t Wl'\~ WJ' ','lll:~\\\\1\1'~)

·~ol

.;_·.;t

P"'u J•' "'''Jd r ''' t••uuuJ.'l ·'•I• \t4r:l.l•'Jcf ·JnJs x 1r ~111.1 • .-ll)

l_q'd ,,.U U

1\ I ·11\" 10 '-:1\:H 1'1\-'l\'..,

'

( ~Uirii''U Jl'

V H

"(rtcl l :)t l•ll '9t :IS • . 111 t pur-. .'>...Jt'· ,,., ·n; J.l, ·p;uJ" -tud ;>ppnu 61 t \t ~- ·~ r ,,tlr p,\JlS ·'IN~>

11' t'un,,,

.,,,.,,,, \tti~llf \t

Jlllh

I ' .,.._V. I!)

\:fA .t'rf'.'l

i~

,).\ W\\' 'UtlU')tl

t .~llhl U: U.''I~~'J•t '.'1).1jduu•;-. fHI:"' lll"'(l 'lliiH(I H~ t

X I•';) I

l'·'l:liUI"ll~':) -u,li'{~\JH

"J --'·')'~ ·~tr~n

( ' .'11C8\\1.1\W~)

'·'::f t• p.'lpnJ."l>Ul "Sl''"'"'JI '"''-'lllt:Jp.1-.t\\'

61:17

1 -.nun

'.10;11-.:V· I' "DSII~ \l:t,() '!>t~oo9 t

: I S' •- ~..,uq f';'lli""J' ' .)tt:~.\WIIr!) ~-·~ t' "WtuL. = .X\ - ' I lJ~t(-.. ' lUUI J.:,. : ' ( IU,J. ~UntJ• • \\ ~ (l'PUI JOJ

l"''lt!Jt-.nUt WS, (~t(l ~~~-1-S"r"'l I

u1m; •- .1. ·unuur =.~\~'I ·tu~tu~•~l ·'lrtd uuu. ~l r

UIIJU" . (1( Jl'IJ• tu ',11r~h\lllll:D } .. ·)t

JllJ !':'I'll U,'l.,"l•l.j ·' \t'll Pill~.'.' ;'kl\) '>ll(l jll 'f'l'.'l4\\llJJI'

I

.1. ,"''JI \\ Jl'

·ur•.l. ·p."~>JIS ·'IN~:) 'IU:IUI~ I'II t"':thl" 1

1.)

l~'l.1U

SH

''ltcll u; ... t-!!>t'91 Jl.,; '\t' \h.J..,.~.'\:'1

\\~'\

~I SOU'.\.\

I L.

"'·'·"•l•' . . n,•w•_, pur ·'l ''~JI~J ."'lfl>'~N SI·(} 1 "''JJI' Ul' 'J,'\:'IJIS >'ljl)t::) lUHJJ :-(UI( Ul&q~

lU· thin metal. Stone i• hlue and irregular in shape. set in irregular 6-sidcd mount. Poor quality. Probably 19th century (pcrs comm Christine lkw). Gallowgate .\liddlc School, Tr I , organic loam 35• , SF 9, 18·19C (P3c).

5.5.3

=

SLAGS

Small quantities of metallic slugs ( not illustrated) were present in a number of contexts from most of the sites involved. ln most cases, there was insufficient to suggest that mcwl-working wa> hcing carried out cm the site; tl1e principal exception was tl1c Phase 4h building N2 at ~ 575 Gallowgatc site. from which some 5.3kgs of hearth lining and smithing slag were recovered. T renches 5 and 7 at Castle Street produced 880g of slag indicating thm metal working was probably being carried out on or near the site.

- - 435

5.6

5.6.1

=

8mm. Could have been used fur weighing down nets or hangings. Castle Street. Tr 5. moddcn 53• . SF 2l.l:nc 1-l-15C (P-Ia). 436 \\'indow came. Twisted several times. Castle Street, Tr 20. garden soil 300*. SF 47. 15-1 7C (1'5b).

DISCUSSION: DAT DIG, DISTRIBUTION AND SURVIVAL

Glass was cxt-avatcd fwm "lithe 'itc' included in this volume. hut was mainly of 18th·ccntul") dJtc ,,. l.ota ( illu\ 158). Only one mcdie,-aJ wsscl fragment \\oS found. and a 'mall number of mcdie,·al window-

GLASS

glass fragments. From the 17th ccntur>·· fragments of window glass. wine bottles, and the occasional fine quality n-sscl. began to appear on these sites. At 45· 75 Gallo\\gatc. many of these fragments were found in the yard surfaces (7 •. 27• , 28 • and 42 "), but some were scaled in ~"CSSpit 1-3. ·rne occupation of the Phase ~b buildings is reflected in the numerous wine bottles and oecasounal drinking-glaSSf import~). Analysis carried nut since this ,·olumc went 10 pn:!111.! I'- bUll' .;,•mm,,n •'11 man\

c .. ""''"''"n

\'.dt:lh.IJn ,h._h..._., m' .Jn,,u,~o.kt">a-.c..-J h>nn' I Ior",\:

;-...:~,.·;11

19X.2. S.J. nu -u; l lur...t. 1 ,,( I 9K6. J..l. tl-1 ... \9 . .;; I ,\ '6 l. ,\IIth.:'~ ..k .. ,~n' h,1\1' .a km~ lit"t·l"ltllllw 1111l'tn;.d r,t,h. nm~ bn••n~ Jlolll\'rn. an~ till' ''"'Ill I'Cl\\t'''' ...:1n:k"' ••UI'''""' nu.:,tu .,11).:)!1"'1 .t ,!,ne milt~· ''-''"'''"kl. r;.Hhct th;,lll th~· th.rd. 4tt.trtcr ,,f tlw I 'th ,.·,·ntur' 1t mu~ht \\dl ho~\~ IX'\'U tlw •·n.l ,,f 111~· I "'lh ...:cmur\ hch•rc du' d1'h w.t, htukcn. h""'"'' ~.·r••m,t •'Ill' ••I Ilk ..h ...·rtl' n.·uuh't'll .1...1 ~,.·,•unt ...·r

S T ONE A RTEFACTS

D ISCUSSION: STONE TYP ES AND SO URCES

Thl..' \'aSt hulk nf thl..' SHml..' USCt.l Oil thl.':t·rlmk.:;uc. ·11 H. I ~t

r\t ...J5- 75 Gallowgate, fragmcnl!\ frccshml..' have in,·ariably h·een hrought in as ruhblc-h~n-ing hccn di...,cardt·d. tlr pn:-,sihly rohheJ rn,m a more prestigious building {cg a church or other rdigi0uc,; foundation). The carlicsl instances of thi~ occur in PhaSl.' 3. where.· such ston\.' w:h inl..'orporatcd in l.hc pa,•ing and hl..'arths asso~:imcd wi1h l.hc l~ltUle1·y~ hm\'1..'\'l'r, then: was a SI..'C.:t)nd and larger inllux of stone wilh thl..' con1nruclion of 1J1c Pha:\c ...Jh huilding-.; in thl..' 1-th l'l'ntury. ft is p~,-.;...,ihk thon the latter !\tone came from the 1·nhbing ,,f unc of l.hc friary :\itc..·s.

Alx·n..l.:l.n Coundl rcgi ... tl..'r-- rl.'l'-:ot itlus.ti"Jtcd. J5.5 Frugmenl ,,( :t rt-ct.m~ular bar in a quite line-grh'-xl \\1th U.!-1!' (cf Fortman 1991. 1&6- 7~ 1992. 91\~9) , -l 5~ 75 Gallowgate, midden I SS. SP 336. 12!iU-IJ50 (1•2n).

POli'\'TS (illu' 166) Mcntit"ted rr..nn Ca.sth: S•n.:cl. 30~6 l,'Jlr'lcd:.irk~:HI.' ~H)(I .J5-7S Gall\l\\~~ue o nly. thl.''< obkc'' ma~ h;t\e hJd a \':lrie()' Of U'Se' im:Juding hor10g hole." M '4.'1'".lf!ing. 462 Sliwr o f l-:~rgc unp.ulah.' t~ms bl.lrll.' ~hJit \\11h lnng \."dgt;N. ,;,,mm \ lunhcr ~du~l.1rh ~.•pnu,m '' thJI, .LIIh,•u~h thl' m••Uh ..m th'-"'l' f'll''"-" ,11'1\i;.lr h• h:t\"' ho.:o.:n. tn an hldt•h "'m'-'''· \\.'f\ t,m~·l.•~tmt:. fn•m thl' I \th n·ruun· ~olfl\\,lhh. th..· \l"ot;tt..ll"''n ..:':unpfc, :lr~ unhkd\ h• hot.· ;.h late ~' th\· I "'th ,~,·nnn). a' th1.'\ l.td;.. .l dl.lfdl'tt'rt.,tK tl..mt"l~.,,.tnn· .j.an~.· < ;l·d,k,, f"'-'r' ...m1m l·h,, J•r~~~km h;.l' n1•t ,,...,_.n r'-'"''hl.'J.l•ut lhl.'l\: ..1'''-'' nul w~;m h • l'c ;nl\ 1'\.'d'"" \\lh tJu, ~:an m.:. wa-. IHit ah11 ..tunc tn ~ln ~.-·;~rh~.·r pen ''"' .JIJ"' Fr:l~mcm ''' c:t•l:.~·t ••r lurmtun:-. I 20Umm, \X' .J 1-hnt ,,f .1 ~'' Th,· r"'\\."l"l'IU' l'o.,·.,.n .:u1 .m;tl !) - 2mm m th..· .:cntn.•. :! \mm ln•m th~.· ..h1•rt ~.-·nJ .tnd 5mm m.t'\ "' •m the.· 11 '"-'= l'dJ!~· Th'-· "1-h'rl ~,.,lt.:'-' ,,, the ., \II ·"' .11 ,~,.,u,m h.1' .t h•1•lhl....._l'-·'-l~c. •'''"'''" h•r a '''llll. 'n-

.16l-ppl.'rl-;,lrkl!JI\'. ' !1 Cl.

ltl~lm

1\6 '

I "C P2h) .!Yfl F r.u!llh'nt "' 1,;O\'C itsdfi'l M aS) mmctric \ ' ·'~~h;IJ)t.' in CW!o'~~·~ection . l.5nun deep and 2.5mm wide. ' f hc: 1!-Urf:tce 011 on tl'K: ,,uh:r ! urfacc of the staYes. Appro:-:imatcly I SO 11..1 200nun a.bm·c du; b;asc. thi: pres.sure m:1rkslcft by the hoop n r~ ,·isible. On s t:wd I and 2 similar J)f'('SS\Irc m:1tks:. 295m.n from the base, indiettc wht'TC anmher honp,1riginally .;.:u. but this is not continued on th-:'on~.· \lf lhes(· h(,ks c:ont:tinan\.·1 ""·'. !~'Jlo!>Jit;.l \lll ,, ....., .... \\l'rt.' madl' a,-,ul,lh": ltlf ,t..·ndr·~hn•th l••.:.t..:;tl .mah''" lllc\' h.kl .dn.'I t-.:n '' ith th.;.· \ 'eib)' shiJl (Bonde & J L'IlM: Il 1995) .ull..l thc LilkKI\.-g:me s hip (B\lll(k ('t t1/ 199.l. :~ 17) pn,t.lu...·