A unit on playing softball

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A UNIT OS PLAYING SOFTBALL

A Project Presented to the Faculty of the School of Education The University of Southern California

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Education

by Fulton S# Vickery August 1949

UMI Number: EP46114

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

Dissertation PyfelisMng

UMI EP46114 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code

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This project report, written under the direction

,

of the candidate’s adviser and approved by him has been presented to and accepted by the Faculty

of the School of Education in p a rtia l fu lfillm e n t of the requirements fo r the degree of M aster of Science in Education.

...................

Adviser

Dean

il PREFACE Softball has been given the distinction of being called Americans most popular recreational sport*

Any

authoritative list which includes a break down on the total number of participants of the leading sports places softball up at the top in both spectator and player interest* The need for a manual on softball is pointed out when one observes the lack of instruction prevalent on the ma«* jority of our playgrounds today*

An attempt to meet the

real needs of the young players was made by going directly to the participants themselves for the problems which are covered in this book* The fundamental skills in the make up of the game are emphasized in an attempt to start these young players on the right road to softball success*

It must be remembered,

however, that success in softball does not come from knowledge of the subject alone*

Also, one should be aware

that practice makes perfect only in so far as the practice itself is of a proper nature* All players will not find it possible to become ex­ perts at every position*

It is believed, however, that any

player can learn to play one position in an highly acceptable manner if he applies himself to the task*

Suggestions are

given in each chapter to aid in this process*

iii

Acknowledgment Is hereby given to Gerald L# Davison, an outstanding baseball and softball player in the San Diego area, for the action photographs used to illustrate many of the playing techniques of the game#

Pulton S« Vickery

iv TABLE OF CONTESTS PAGE PREFACE •

. . . .

11

PART I. THE DEFENSE HOW TO KEEP THE OTHER TEAM FROM SCORING CHAPTER 1*

PITCHING}

How to fool the batter

2#

CATCHING:

The art of being a backstop . . » • • •

&•

INFIELD PLAY:

4.

OUTFIELD PLAY:

5.

DEFENSIVE TEAM STRATEGY: diamond

•

How to stop the hot ones

2

• . • • .

11 18

How to turn hits into outs • . • • 27 How to think on the

• • • • • •• • • • . • • • •• • • ♦ • .

53

PART II. THE OFFENSE HOW TO MAKE RUNS 6*

BATTING:

How to sock the ball

40

7*

BUNTING:

How to advance the base runner . • » • • 48

8.

BASE RUNNING:

How to be a jackrabbit on the

base paths • 9*

53

OFFENSIVE TEAM STRATEGY: team to victory

How to mastermind your

• • • ♦ • • • • • • • • • • • • •

58

PART III. REGULATING THE GAME HOW TO KEEP THE GAME UNEER SAFE AND ORDERLY CONTROL, 10.

RULES:

How to avoid making boners

ll*

UMPIRING:

12.

SAFETY:

How to make decisions . • • • • • • • • How to avoid injury

...............

65 72 77

V

LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS NUMBER

PAGE

1»

Ready topitch • • • • • «

« •••«««

* 8

2m

The pitch

3*

Framing the plate

4«

Throwing to a base • • • • • * « • • • • • • • • •

15

5«

Playing first base • • « • • • • • • • • • • • • «

24

6*

?»faiting for the runner • • • • • • • • • • « • • «

24

7*

Catching a fly ball

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

30

8«

Playing it safe

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • « •

30

9»

Covering second base • • • • • • • • • • • • • • «

36

10#

Throwing to first base « • • • • • • • • • • • • •

36

11*

Ready for the pitch

• • • • • * • • • • • • • • *

45

12*

The follow through • • • • • • • « • » • • • « * •

43

13*

The sacrifice bunt • • • * • • » • « « • • • • • •

50

14«

The drag bunt

50

15*

Ready to go

• « • • • • • « • • » * • • • • • • •

55

16*

The hoolc slide • • • » • • « # • • • • • • • • • •

55

17»

Slide to your left

61

18*

StopI

61

• * • • • • • • « • • • • • • • • » • • • • « • • • • « • • • • • • • •

* ' • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • « •

8 15.

1

PART I. THE DEFENSE HOW TO KEEP THE OTHER TEAM FROM SCORING A run saved is as good as a run made#

Any player

who is willing to practice and to develop the necessary defensive skills will he able to save his team many runs during the course of a season#

Carry out the suggestions

in Part I if you would like to be such a player#

2 CHAPTER 1# PITCHING HOW TO POOL THE BATTER A*

MOTIVATION2 Advantages which will be yours if you mas** ter the art of pitching# 1*

STRIKEOUTS:

Outstanding softball pitchers are able

to strike out a great many batters# 2#

GLORY:

A good pitcher is idolized by the fans#

3#

A WINNING TEAM:

Pew games are lost by teams that

possess a good pitcher# B#

PROBLEMS:

Procedures which may be used in perfecting

your ability to pitch softball# 1#

How to condition for softball# a#

Bo a lot of running to keep your legs in shape#

b#

Engage in such activities as badminton, tennis, basketball and bowling to keep your body trim#

c#

Loosen up a bit every day by doing light calis­ thenics for about fifteen minutes#

d#

Go swimming once or twice a week to keep loose#

e#

Walk wherever you go if feasible#

f#

Chase fly balls in the outfield for a general all-around exercise every day#

g#

Bo some throwing every day but do not throw enough to make your arm sore#

2#

How to grip the ball# a#

Grasp the ball lightly with the first two fingers

and the thumb* b*

Keep it out towards the ends of the fingers to permit greater speed and control of the ball#

c*

Use the last two fingers as a guide to steady the ball in the hand#

d* Hold the ball with the fingers eitheracross

the

seams or else with the seams* e* Find the grip that is most comfortable to you and sticlc to it* f • Palm the ball when throwing a slow ball or a change of pace pitch* g*

Grasp the ball with the tips of your fingers# the fingernails or even the back of the first joints of the fingers when throwing a knuckle ball*

How to deliver the ball to the plate* a*

Take the ball in both hands and have the feet in contact with the pitching rubber*

(See Illus~

tration 1*) b*

Keep your eyes on the spot where you wish to pitch the ball*

c*

4s you begin your preliminary motion# shift the weight to the right foot (for right-handed pitchers)«

d*

Step toward the plate with the left foot as the

arm comes around to release the pitch*

(See

Illustration 2*} e»

Follow through with the rest of the hody and he in a position to field the hall if it is hit hack to you*

How to control the hall* a*

Practice at every opportunity*

h*

Have a definite spot to throw to on every pitch*

c*

If possible, rig up a hacks top at home and throw for accuracy for fifteen or twenty minutes every day*

d*

Step with the lead foot at the spot where you intend to aim the hall*

e*

Use the catcher for a target during the hall game*

f*

Aim at the catcher’s left shoulder if you want to throw a high inside pitch to a right-handed hatter*

g*

Pitch under game conditions at every opportunity*

How to take the signs from the catcher* a*

Take enough time to see what the catcher wants you to throw*

h*

Bo not take your position on the ruhher until you know what the pitch is to he*

c*

If you do not agree with the eatcher, shake your

5 head for another sign and then talk it over with hi® between innings as to how each batter should be pitched to* 6*

How to field your position* a*

Finish each pitch in such a manner as to allow you freedom to go for a ball in either direction*

b* Always be ready to move your hands and feet quickly because many balls are hit back through the box* c*

Try to get hold of every ball within your reach, since the pitcher is really a fifth infielder*

d*

Back up the other bases on all balls thrown in from the outfield*

a*

Serve as cut off man on some plays at home plate or else back up the catcher*

f * Be ready to cover first base on ground balls hit t® your left and especially so if they go to the first baseman* g*

Think ahead every time and know where to make the play*

h*

Keep out of the third baseman*s way on slow hit balls in his direction*

1*

Do not get in such a position as to interfere with the throws of any of the infielders to the first baseman or to the catcher*

6 7#

How to pitch to batters who are attempting to bunt* ft* Keep the ball high as a rule and it is more likely to be popped up to you or to the catcher# b#

Throw a rise ball if you can and it will be very difficult for the batter to bunt it satisfactorily#

c#

Listen to the catcher for instructions on where to throw the ball if it is bunted#

8#

How to throw a curve ball# a*

Hold the ball with your natural grip as you do for the fast ball#

b.

Allow the ball to be released between the thumb and over the first joint of the index finger#

c#

Impart extra spin on the ball by giving the wrist a snap as the ball is released#

d.

Take the amount ©f your curve into consideration when aiming the ball at the plate#

9*

How to throw a rise ball# a#

Use the same grip as for the other pitches#

b#

Keep the back of the hand up as the ball is re­ leased so backward spins result in a hopping up of the ball as it reaches the plate#

c*

Snap your wrist as the ball is released to give extra spin#

d#

Keep the ball up around the shoulders of the batter for maximum effectiveness#

10*

How to throw a drop# a#

Grip it the same as the other pitches#

b#

Impart a downward spin to the ball as it is re­ leased#

e#

Grip the ball rather tightly and allow the ball to roll off the tips of the fingers as it is thrown#

11#

How to throw a change of pace pitch# a#

Hold the ball about the same as for the rest of the pitches except that it should be held rather loosely#

b#

Use the same delivery so as to fool the batter into believing it is to be a fast one#

c#

Remove the fingertips from the ball entirely when throwing a slow floater#

d#

Bo not use the pitch too often for it will lose its effectiveness#

12#

How to think on the mound# a#

Study each hitter and know his weakness#

b#

Throw inside to batters who step in toward the plate#

c#

Throw outside to hitters who step away from the plate with the forward foot#

d#

Make the jittery type of hitter wait for you each time#

8

Heady to Pitch

Illustration 2 The Pitch

9 e*

fry to hurry up the hitter who is very calm and sure of himself•

f • fry to make the batter go for a bad pitch if you get ahead of him* g.

Stay ahead of the batter and always try to make the first pitch a strike unless there is a special reason to do otherwise*

h*

fhrow the ball high to batters who crouch over the plate*

1*

Keep the ball low to batters who stand up straight in the box*

0*

PERFORMANCE:

Activities to be engaged in by prospective

pitchers to improve their hurling ability* 1*

Hake a target the size of the strike zone and work out a test which will determine your accuracy as a pitcher*

2*

fhrow during practice sessions and ask another player to serve as an umpire t© keep track of the balls and strikes*

3*

Pitch on one of the local teams once or twice a week and keep a record of the results with which to check your improvement*

D*

EVALUATIONS;

Have a more experienced player judge as to

whether you did the following things correctly* 1*

Did you warm up before the practice or game started?

Bid you throw to the hatters* weaknesses during the game? Were you In a position to field all ground halls hit toward the box? Bid you forget to cower first hase on halls hit to your left? Bid you interfere with another player *s throw during the process of the game? Bid you hack up every throw to the bases from the outfield? How was your control during the game? Bid you mix up your speedy pitching with other types of throws?

11 CHAPTER 2. HOI? TO CATCH THE ART OP BEING A BACKSTOP A*

MOTIVATION:

Rewards to players who excell behind the

plate* 1#

DIRECT THE TEAM:

It is the catcher fs responsibility

to act as a coach on the field* 2*

GIVE SIGNALS TO THE PITCHERs

The catcher Indicates

to the moundsman the type of pitch to be thrown* 3*

RUGGED PLAT:

This position demands the type of

individual that can take the hard knocks* B>

PROBLEMS:

Procedures which will help you to be a better

catcher* 1*

How to give signals to the pitcher* a* Assume a squatting position* b* Use the glove as a shield to prevent the opposing team from stealing the signs* c*

Indicate the pitch to be thrown by a showing of one, two, or three fingers*

d*

Have a sign for the pick off play such as picking up dirt with the bare hand*

e*

Be ready to swlteh your system of signaling if the other team seems to know what is going on*

2*

How to take the catcher fs position* a.

Frame the plate for the pitcher bystanding directly behind it*

(See Illustration 3*)

b#

Be in a slightly crouched position#

c#

Keep the legs spread comfortably with the right foot placed several inches further back than the left one# (1) It gives much better balance for throwing# (2) It makes it easier to shift for wild throws in either direction#

d#

Make a target for the pitcher with your gloved hand#

e#

Stay up as close to the batter as possible#

f• Relax your arms and fingers so as to prevent the ball from bouncing out of the glove# g#

Keep the fingers of the right hand clenched to avoid injury#

h#

Block low throws from the pitcher by going to a kneeling position on the ground#

How to work with the pitcher# a#

Talk him into throwing a good game#

b#

Study the batters in an attempt to find out their weaknesses#

c#

Do not allow the pitcher to work too fast on the mound#

d#

Act confident in your pitcherfs ability to get the other team out#

e#

Always hustle on every pitch and play#

How to throw runners out* a*

Be alert to the possibility of their stealing*

b*

Fire the ball back to the pitcher on the return throw rather than lobbing it back to prevent the runner from getting a start on you*

e*

Step directly toward the base t© which you are throwing with the left foot if you are a righthanded catcher*

d*

(See Illustration 4*)

fhrow overhand for greater accuracy when attempt­ ing to catch a runner*

e*

Keep your throw low to the baseman to prevent the runner from sliding in underneath*

f • Develop a hard accurate throw and there will be few runners attempting to steal* How to work with the rest of the team* a*

Call out where to make the play when there is a choice to be made*

b*

Hake the whole team hustle by setting a fine example •

c*

Back up plays at first when there is no possible play at the plate*

How to handle bunts* a*

Use two hands when fielding the ball*

b*

Bend over and pick up the ball a few inches from the right foot instead of reaching way out for it*

e#

Get in a position to permit throwing without making a pivot before fielding the ball#

d#

Anticipate the batterfs intentions to bunt and avoid being caught back on your heels*

e.

Back up first or third base if either one of those players fields the bunt and there is no chance of a play at the plate#

How to catch pop ups* a*

Be ready to move quickly#

b#

Hip off the mask with your right hand and throw it clear of the play#

o«

Never take your eyes off the ball#

d#

Get into position as fast as possible and be waiting for the ball to come down#

e#

Catch the ball with both hands about waist higjh in close to the body#

How to tag the runner# a# b#

Have a firm grip on the ball# Avoid blocking the plate entirely but make the runner slide in the way that will be easiest for you to tag him out#

c#

Be on the third base line a foot or so up from the plate#

d#

Brace yourself against an impact bygoing

to one

knee and leaning slightly towardtherunner#

15

r k

Illustration 4 Throwing to a Base

Illustration 3

16 e*

Make the tag low so as to avoid the possibility of the baserunner’s sliding underneath the ball*

C*

PERFORMANCES

Activities for the player to engage in to

improve his ability to catch* 1*

Devise a system of giving signals with your pitcher and ask the other players on your team to try to figure out what kind of a pitch is coming*

2.

Watch the best softball catcher in town play and then practice what you saw in front of a mirror*

3*

Catch batting practice and ask the coach to criticize your technique*

4*

Join a team and get behind the plate during actual ball games at every opportunity*

D*

EVALUATIONS

Have a qualified observer rate your per­

formance on the following items* 1*

Was your pitcher able to understand the signals without the other team knowing about them too?

2*

Did you miss any pitches because of an inability to shift quickly?

3*

Did you give the pitcher a target to shoot at every time?

4*

Did you injure a finger on the throwing hand?

5*

Were you talking it up to the pitcher and the team most of the time?

6*

Was anyone able to steal a base during the game?

7#

Bid you 'back up throws to first base when there was no possible play at the plate?

8*

Were you caught napping behind the plate at any time?

9* IB*

low many pop flies did you catch? Bid you drop the ball when making a tag on the runner sliding in?

13 CHAPTER 3* INFIELD PLAY HOUf TO STOP THE HOT ONES A#

MOTIVATIONi

Advantages that are yours If yon learn to

play the infield positions# 1*

ACTION:

There is always lots of business around the

infield* 2.

EXCITEMENT:

If you want thrills, play an infield

position* 3*

COORDINATION:

Play the infield and be smoother in

your actions* B*

PROBLEMS:

Procedures which will lead to effective in­

field play* !♦

How to field ground balls* a*

Get in front of the ball quickly*

b*

Keep the feet spread and focus the eyes on the ball until it is caught*

c*

Keep the arms, hands, and fingers very relaxed to prevent fumbling the ball around*

d*

Field the ball as it bounces or else at the greatest height of the bounce*

e*

Charge in on the ball whenever possible to allow the runner less time to get to the base*

f • Know where the play should be made before the ball is hit* g*

Get rid of the ball quickly and accurately*

h*

Make the easy play whenever there Is a choice as to where to throw the hall*

1*

Be able to throw off balance If haste Is necessary*

How to make plays at first base* a*

fifhen receiving throws from the infield, straddle the edge of the base so as to be able to reach out In any direction*

b*

Stretch out when taking throws to shorten the distance the ball must go*

c.

(See Illustration 5*)

Leave the bag if necessary on wild throws and attempt to tag the runner as he comes up the base line*

d.

Use two hands whenever possible to make the catch*

e.

Make the put-out unassisted if the ball is hit sharply to you along the base line*

f.

If the ball is fielded some distance from the base, sake the toss to the pitcher as he covers the bag*

g*

IVhen the batter bunts, charge in fast and let the second baseman take the throw at first base*

h*

Be prepared to back up plays from the outfield at second base*

20 3*

How to make plays at second base* a*

Field all balls that you can get to on the first base side*

b*

Whenever possible, make the tag on the base runner coming down to second base if you make the play on the base line*

c*

Let the shortstop know which one of you is to cover the base on each individual play*

d*

Be able to throw underhanded as well as side arm and overhanded*

e*

Back up all throws at first and second base*

f*

If a double steal is attempted and the shortstop is to cover the bag, come in and cut the ball off so as to make a shorter return throw to home plate*

g*

Gome in fast on slow hit balls, making the pick up with the bare hand and the throw all in one motion*

4*

How to make plays from the shortstop position* a#

Be able to go a long ways in either direction on ground balls hit in your territory*

b*

If there is a doubt as to who is to field a ball, be sure to call out directions*

c*

Be prepared to make a lot of plays from an un­ balanced position*

d*

Cover second base on all plays where the second baseman goes out to serve as the relay man*

e*

Back up second and third bases on all throws to the bag*

f • Act as cut off man on throws to third base from the outfield* g*

Take all the pop flies you ean get to behind second and third bases*

h*

Know the type of pitch the pitcher is throwing every time*

i*

Always charge in on balls that are hit in your direction*

j*

Know where the play is to be made before the pitch is made*

How to make plays at third base* a*

Study the hitters and try to figure out what each one is likely to do*

b*

Flay in close for the weaker hitters and those who do a lot of bunting*

c*

Take every ground ball you can get to in the infield because of the shorter throw to first base*

d*

Always make the short throw to second base when first base is occupied if there is a good chance to make It*

e.

Lot the pitcher know who is to field the hunt if there is any doubt about it.

f.

Pick up balls which are in foul territory before they have a chance to roll fair.

g»

Fake th® base runner back to second or third before throwing to first if time permits.

h.

Call out loudly on all pop flies to the infield so as to avoid injury.

How to make the double play from second base to first. a*

Cet the ball over to the baseman covering the bag as quickly as possible.

b.

If the ball is fielded fairly close to the bag, make an underhanded toss to the man covering the bag.

e. Whenever possible, make the tag before throwing to first base if the ball is fielded very close to the runner. d.

In covering second base in anticipation of the throw, straddle the bag and be ready to reach to either side for the forced out.

©•

Avoid wasting motions when making the throw over to first base.

f.

Be relaxed as the runner comes into second base to avoid making an error or a poor play.

g.

Make sure of the first out before worrying about

23 the double play* h*

Stay clear of the runner in making the throw to first base*

7*

How to tag the base runner* a*

Straddle the bag so as to be in a good position to make the tag*

b*

Place the glove in front of the sack in such a position that the runner will have to. tag him* self out*

e*

(See Illustration 6*)

Keep the palm of the glove towards the runner so he cannot kick the ball out of it*

d*

Relax the entire body if contact results between you and the runner so as to avoid injury*

e*

If the throw is wide of the bag and it pulls you off, do not hesitate to dive after the runner to make the tag*

f• After making the tag, do not hesitate, but act as though the out was made and see how the umpire calls it* 8*

How to serve as the relay mam on throws from the outfield* a*

Send the second baseman out to take the throw from the right fielder on balls that get past the fielder*

b*

Pivot to the left before making the throw after

24

Illustration 6 Waiting for the Runner

taking th© peg from th© fielder# c#

Have the shortstop act as a relay man on all balls hit past the fielders on the left side of the diamond#

d#

Iiisten to the other basemen for instructions on vhere to make the play#

9#

How to keep the rest of the team on their toes# a#

Talk it up all of the time#

b#

Be an outstanding example ofa hustling ball player#

e#

Encourage the player who has madean error#

d#

Always know what the situation

ofthe game is

and what the strategy calls for# e#

Bo more than just what you are supposed to and be in the game all of the time#

0#

PERFORMANCES

Activities to be engaged in by the player

to Improve his ability to play the infield# 1#

Get the coach to hit you grounders of all types and speeds, and practice fielding them and making your throws to another member of the team#

2#

Go to a triple “A* softball game and observe the foot work used on double plays#

Perfect your own

technique by having another player work with you on this type of play. 3#

Join a playground softball team and play in the in-

26

field at every opportunity# D#

EVALUATION:

Have someone rate your performance as to

whether or not you did the following things# 1#

Did you get in front of every ball hit to you?

2* Were you perfectly relaxed as you fielded the ball? 3#

Did you wait for the ball to come to you instead of charging it?

4#

Did you get rid of the ball quickly and accurately?

5#

Did you back up all throws to the other basemen?

6#

Did you use both hands on every ball hit to you that could be reached?

27 CHAPTER 4. OUTFIELD PLAY HOW TO TURN HITS INTO OUTS A*

MOTIVATIONS

Advantages that result from playing the

outfield* 1#

MAKE GREAT CATCHES:

This part of the game affords

many opportunities to make outstanding plays* 2*

IMPROVED AGILITY:

The varied type of play helps

you to be like a cat in your movements* 3*

MORE OPPORTUNITY:

Many boys who are not outstanding

elsewhere can make good in the outfield* B>

PROBLEMS:

Procedures which may be used in learning to

play the outfield* 1*

How to stand in the outfield before the ball is hit* a*

Take a comfortable position*

b*

Stay slightly crouched and be ready to get up on your toes as the pitch is made*

e*

Face the infield squarely so you can go in either direction*

d*

Relax after each pitch and take a few steps to keep from tightening up*

2*

How to cateh fly balls* a*

(See Illustration 7*)

Get directly under the ball whenever possible so you will not have to reach for it*

b*

Use both hands whenever possible*

c*

Keep your eye on the ball until it is caught*

d*

Form a cup with, the hands and give with the catch to avoid making errors*

e*

Keep the arms, fingers, and hands relaxed*

f • Have your fingers extended downward for low hit halls * g*

Have your fingers extended upward for high flies*

h*

fake notice of the wind*

How to run after fly halls* a*

Get off to aquick start*

h*

Head for thespot where the hall willcome down*

e*

Turn to run, do not hack peddlebecause

it

wastes time and looks very amateurish* d*

Pick the hall out of the air when it is ready to he caught*

e*

Avoid running with the arms extended until the very last instant*

f*

Hever loaf after a ball, hut get under it as soon as possible*

How to field ground halls* a*

Stay in front of the hall*

h*

Charge in fast*

Bo not wait for it to come to

you* e*

Be in position to make your throw to the in** field*

d*

Play it safe to avoid inside the park home runs*

e#

Get down on one knee if you are not a sure fielder#

(See Illustration 8#)

How to throw properly# a#

Be in position#

Always play the hall and do not

let It play you# h#

Try to he coming in when fielding the hall be­ cause it adds power to your throw#

c#

Think ahead of the play so you always know where the throw should he made#

d#

Throw overhand for maximum accuracy#

e#

Make your throw on a line and it will get there faster#

f • When throwing to home plate, make the hall bounce in on one hop# g#

Helay to the infield halls that are hit very deep#

How to play the hitters# a#

Know the characteristics of the different hatters#

h#

Be aware of the kind of pitch which is to he thrown to the hatter#

e#

Remember where the hatter hit the hall the time before#

d#

Flay deeper when the strong part of the hatting order is up#

30

Illustration 7

Illustration 8 Playing It Safe

51 e*

Take the wind Into consideration*

f#

Play the hall to he pulled If the pitch Is In­ side*

g*

If the pitch Is outside, the hall will usually he hit to the opposite field*

7*

How to hack up plays In the outfield* a*

Have each fielder responsible for hacking up the base nearest to him*

h*

Have the center fielder help out both the left and the right fielders whenever possible*

o*

Bo more than what Is expected of you at all times*

d*

Angle hack rather sharply when hacking up another fielder so as to he In position to field the hall If It gets through*

e*

Call out directions to the other fielder as to whether he should take the hall, and tell him where the throw should he made#

0*

PEHPORMAHCEs

Activities to he practiced by the outfield

prospect to improve his fly hawking ability* 1*

Co over to the playground and get a friend to hit line drives and high fly halls to you*

2*

Ask the recreational director of your district for some good tips on outfielding play and try them out for yourself in a game*

32

39 See the picture “Play Ball, Son#*

Pick out th©

points which are essential to your position and practice them under the supervision of the coach* 4«

Start a team of your own and coach the other boys on the proper way to play the outfield*

D»

EVALUATION:

Have your coach check you on the following

points concerning outfield play* 1*

Were you ready to go after the ball as soon as It was hit?

2* When you caught the ball were you in a good position to make the throw? 3*

Did you us© both hands in catching the ball?

4*

©id you make ©very throw to th© proper base during the game?

5* ©id you reach out with

your arms while running even

before the ball was ready to be caught? 6* ©id you shift about as an attempt to keep him

each hitter came to bat in from hitting safely?

7* ©id you back up the fielder next to you on all balls hit to him?

33 CHAPTER 5* DEFENSIVE TEAM STRATEGY HOW TO THINK ON THE DIAMOND A»

MOTIVATIONS

Rewards which may be forthcoming If your

team succeeds In playing top flight defensive ball* !•

MAKE SENSATIONAL CATCHES:

Crowd pleasing plays are

a regular thing to members of a good defensive team* 2.

SCORE A SHUT OUT:

It is easy to blank the other

club if you have sticky fingers and a bullet like arm* 3»

WIN THE CHAMPIONSHIP:

Outstanding defensive teams

often reach the top even though they have some other weakness* B«

PROBLEMS:

Situations which must be met successfully In

order to keep the other team from scoring♦ 1*

How to station the infielders for a normal situation* a*

Play the first baseman approximately fifteen feet deeper than the bag and about the same distance from the first base line*

b*

Station the shortstop and the second baseman about fifteen to twenty feet away from the bag and ten or fifteen feet deeper than the base lines*

e*

Place the third baseman about eight feet from the base and only a couple of feet deeper than the base lines*

How to station tlie infield when trying to cut off a run at home* a*

Pull the entire infield in closer to the hase lines*

h*

Shift the infield in such a manner as to position them in the places to which the batter is most likely to hit*

e*

Have the pitcher keep the ball low so as to in­ crease the batter's chances of hitting a grounder*

How to station the infield for a defense against bunts* a*

Pull the first and third basemen in close to home plate*

b*

Instruct the second baseman to cover first base*

c*

Have the pitcher eome in fast after making the pitch*

d*

Tell the catcher to call out where the play should be made because he is in the best position to do so*

How to make run downs between the bases* a*

Chase the base runner back towards the base he came from every time*

b*

Bluff the runner with a fake throw and attempt to run him down*

35 c*

Use only one or two throws at the most when chasing the runner down*

d.

Back up the play with the pitcher or extra in** fielders in case a bad throw is made or the runner gets past the first man*

5*

How to decide who is to cover second base* A•

Let the shortstop take it when a bunt play is expected*

b.

Play each hitter individually as to where he is most likely to hit and have the other player cover the bag*

c*

Bo not always have it so that the shortstop covers a left-handed hitter and the second base­ man covers a right-handed one*

d*

Get together before each play and signal who is to do the covering*

6*

How to position the outfield in a normal situation* a*

Play only as deep as the batter forees you to*

b*

Use a normal even spacing between the outfielders*

o.

Shift toward the left field line for the righthanded batters and toward the right field line for the left-handed batters*

a.

Put your best outfielder in center field, as a majority of the difficult plays occur there*

0*

Take into consideration the type of pitcher on

36

Illustration 9

Illustration 10 Throwing to First Base

your team, as a fast bailer will make them swing late# 7*

How to position the outfield In special situations# a#

Gome in close if the winning run is represented on third base and it is necessary to throw him out at the plate#

b#

Bunch up in the direction that the batter eon* slatently hits to if you are sure of that direction#

e*

Study all the hitters in order to know where each one is most likely to hit#

C*

PERFORMANCE:

Activities to be engaged In by a team to

improve their defensive ability# 1#

Station a complete set of infielders around the diamond during batting practice and play each ball as under game conditions*

2.

Set an outfield drill situation whereby the players are to field balls hit by the coach and then attempt to throw out base runners who are advancing around the diamond*

3*

Get up several games each week with neighborhood teams and permit the weaker teams to make four outs before the sides change*

38 D«

EVALUATION}

Rate your team1s performance on the

following items, 1*

Bid the other team succeed in scoring when your in* field pulled in close in an attempt to cut off the runner?

2.

Did the piteher keep the hall low to the hitters?

3* Were you ahle to catch a base runner in a run down or pickle play? 4*

Bid the outfield continue to play deep even on the weaker hitters?

5*

Bid the outfield shift around to play for each hitter?

6#

Bid the second baseman remember to cover first ©n the bunt play?

7«

Bid the shortstop and second baseman forget who was to cover second base?

39

PART II. THE OFFENSE HGW TO MAKE RUNS It Is necessary to score runs In order to win games* This phase of the game cannot be overlooked or taken for granted if you wish to play the game effectively#

Read

Part II and engage in the activities therein if you would like to come out on top*

40 CHAPTER 6. BATTING HGW TO SOCK THE BALL A*

MOTIVATIONS

Advantages which will be of value to you If

you perfect the ability to hit# 1*

LEAD THE LEAGUE*

Ballplayers who hit eons latently

stand a good chance of winning a batting title# 2*

MORE PRESTIGES

Good hitters get a lot of publicity

from their ball playing exploits* 3.

PERSONAL SATISFACTION:

There is no better feeling

than the thumping of wood on horsehide* B#

PROBLEMSi

Procedures which will aid you in becoming an

outstanding hitter* 1*

How to select a bat* a*

Pick abat that is made of good wood*

b*

Choose one that feels just right to you rather than one someone else can hit well with*

o*

Be sure that the weight and length of the bat are suitable t© your physical qualifications*

d*

If possible, help the coach when he goes to buy the bats*

2*

How to grip the bat* a*

Take agrip that really feels comfortable to you* (1) If you are a power hitter, you will probably grip the bat at the very end of th© handle* (2) Smaller players often choke up on the bat

about three or four inches from the end* (3) For maximum control of the bat, you can use a spread grip with the hands an inch or two apart* b*

Keep the trademark straight up or down to pre­ vent breaking the bat when it contacts the ball*

c*

Use a moderate amount of pressure in gripping the bat, but do not squeeze it too hard*

3*

How to stand at the plate* a*

(See Illustration 11*)

Make sure you can cover the plate regardless of where you ehoose to stand in the box*

b*

Stand to the rear of the box if the pitcher is very fast*

c*

Stand toward the front of the box if the pitcher throws a lot of stuff*

d*

Crowd the plate if the pitcher tends to be wild* because it will serve to rattle him even mare*

e.

Experiment with your stance to see what works best for you and do not copy someone else's style*

f*

Open up or slightly face the pitcher if you are having trouble meeting the ball, and it will give you a better look at it*

g*

Spread the feet so that you feel comfortable*

h*

Stand up fairly straight at the plate*

i*

Be as relaxed as possible when the piteh is made*

j*

Be ready for the pitch when you step Into the box*

How to stride* a*

Anticipate the release of the ball by the pitcher and take a step as it leaves his hand*

b*

fake a six or eight inch stride, or if you pre­ fer just stand flat footed and punch at the ball*

c*

Step into the ball if it is down the center or on the outside of the plate*

d*

If the pitch is on the inside of the plate, step away from it and attempt to pull the ball to that side of the field*

e*

fry out several different methods and select the one that works best for you*

How to develop a good swing* a*

Hold the arms away from the body and be ready to cut as the pitcher begins his windup*

b*

Keep the shoulders level to permit a level swing at the ball*

o*

Keep the bat well back so as to avoid having to pull it back after the ball is thrown*

d*

Avoid waving the bat around once the pitcher is ready to deliver the ball*

e*

fry just to meet the ball instead of taking a

45 terrific cut* f.

Meet the ball well out in front of the plate*

g*

Take a level cut rather than chopping down or uppercutting the ball*

h*

Be loose in the hips so that you can pivot correctly as the bat comes around*

i*

See that the bat is kept away from the body during the entire swing to permit a free, loose and powerful swing*

j.

Keep your eyes on the ball all the way and try to see it leave your bat as you meet it*

k*

Use good wrist action if you want to be able to hit a long ball*

1.

Permit the wrists to turn over after making contact with the ball*

m*

Ifhip the bat through its arc rather than allow­ ing it to drag along*

n*

Avoid lunging at the ball*

o.

Follow through with your swing after making contact with the ball*

P*

(See Illustration 12*)

Drop the bat when the swing is completed rather than throwing it*

6#

How to be on the ball in the batter's box* a.

Take a look around at the coach and the base runners for any possible signs before stepping

up to the plate* b*

Study the pitcher constantly and try to discover any giveaway motions that will be of help to you or the team*

c*

Make the pitcher take a lot of time if he is giving you trouble at the plate*

d.

Concentrate on swinging only at good pitches*

e*

Hit inside balls to the left field (right-handed hitters) and outside pitches to right field (opposite for left-handed hitters)*

f*

If the pitcher is wild, do not help him out by swinging at pitches until he has at least a strike or two on you*

g*

Hold up your swing at slow or change of pace pitches and attempt to hit them into the opposite field*

h*

Have confidence in your ability to hit against any pitcher*

How to place hit* a*

Whenever possible, wait for the pitch you like*

b.

Step in the direction of the pitch and just try to meet the ball rather than trying for a home run*

c*

Master the technique of shifting the feet to better your position in relation to the ball*

45

Illustration 12 The Follow Through

d*

Stay ahead of the pitcher by working the count in your favor if possible*

e*

Know the strong points and weaknesses of the other teaia,s players so you can capitalize on them*

f*

Try to figure out whether the second baseman or the shortstop is going to cover second base, and hit the ball through the hole vacated by the one who goes over*

C*

PERFORMANCE}

Activities to be used in the developing

of good softball hitters* 1*

Hit in batting practice against all types of pitchers*

2*

Instruct a friend in the art of batting and then get him to criticize you on the same points*

5*

Carry a bat to the playground with you every day and hit against anyone who will throw to you*

4*

Be on several teams if they will let you, and play at every opportunity*

D*

EVALUATIONS

Have a qualified person observe your hitting

and rate you on the following points* 1*

Did you select a bat suitable to your physical characteristics?

2*

Did you grip the bat in a manner that gave you maximum control of it?

47 3*

Did you stand at the plate so that you eould cover all of the corners?

4.

Did you take a moderate stride as the pitch vas made?

5*

What kind of a cut did you take at the hall?

6*

Where did you hit the hall in relation to the plate?

7« Was your entire hody relaxed as you hegan your swing? 8#

Did the hat sting your hands as you hit the hall?

9*

How many line drives and how many pop-ups or grounders did you hit during the game?

10*

Did you miss several pitches completely?

48 CHAPTER 7. BUNTING HOW TO ADVANCE THE BASE RUNNER A*

MOTIVATIONS

Benefits which you will gala by learning to

bant# !•

EXTRA HITS*

Properly placed bunts can often be

beaten out for base hits* 2#

TRICK THE DEFENSE*

Successful bunting gives you the

opportunity to match wits and skill with the other team# 3*

MORE RUNS*

You can put your side in scoring

position with a well executed bunt# B*

PROBIEMS*

Procedures to be used in perfecting your

bunting technique# 1#

How to decide when to bunt# a#

Try a bunt at the beginning of a game before the defense has a chance to get settled down#

b#

Lay one down when you have a man on base and to advance him into scoring position#

c#

Bunt when you want to avoid the possibility of hitting into a double play#

d#

Use the bunt when the ball game is close and you are playing for one run#

o#

Lay your bunt down on one of the first two strikes because if the ball is fouled in an attempt to bunt on the third strike, the batter is out#

49 f#

Bunt any time you figure to eross up thedefense and can get a hit out of it*

g.

fry to be ahead of the piteher so hewill have to throw you a good ball to bunt#

2#

How to assume the bunting position# a#

Take your natural stance at the plate#

b#

Set up in front of the box to avoid the possi­ bility of hitting fouls*

c#

Slide the upper hand about half way up the bat to give maximum control of it#

d.

Come around and face the pitcher when you are attempting a sacrifice bunt#

(See Illustration

13# > 3#

How to bunt the ball# a#

Catch the ball with the bat rather than shoving at the ball#

b#

Relax or give with the pitch to prevent the ball from going too far#

e#

Go after good balls only unless the squeeze play is on#

d#

Place the ball where you want it by angling the bat in the direction you wish it to go#

e#

Bunt the ball towards the most erratic fielder to increase your chances of success#

f#

Keep the ball along the base lines in order to

50

Illustration 13

Illustration. 14 The Drag Bunt

make it difficult to handle. 4.

How to make a hit out of a bunt. a.

Conceal your intention to bunt until the last possible moment.

b.

Be taking your first step toward first base as you are bunting the ball.

e.

(See Illustration 14*}

Do not look back to see whether the ball was fair or foul until after you have passed first base.

C.

PERFORMANCE:

Activities to be engaged in by the player

to improve his bunting. 1.

Make a two foot circle about six feet out from home plate along the foul line and see how many balls you can bunt into it out of ten tries.

2.

Get several other players to act as infielders and engage in a bunting drill whereby each player has an opportunity to practice the different types of bunts.

3.

Squeeze in a runner from third base the next time a bunting situation comes up in a game.

D.

EVALUATION;

Have someone rate your performance on the

following items. 1«

Did you slide your hand up the bat as you came around to bunt?

2.

Did you give with the pitch to avoid bunting the

52 ball too far? 3*

Bid

youoffar to bunt only at good balls?

4*

Were you able to place the ball along the foul lines?

5*

Bidyoupop up in an attempt to bunt the ball?

6#

Bidyou

move up toward the front of the box before

bunting the ball? 7*

Were you able to beat the bunt out for a base hit?

53 CHAPTER 8. BASE RUNNING HOW TO BE A JACKRABBIT ON THE BASE PATHS A.

MOTIVATION:

Advantages which you gain by being a good

base runner* 1*

HE HIGH SCORER*

Players who can scoot around the

bases spike home plate more often* 2*

POPULARITY*

Everyone enjoys the player who can

really move* 3*

MORE WINS*

The quality of base running often makes

the difference between losses and wins* B*

PROBLEMS*

Procedures which may be utilized in being a

better base runner* 1*

How to get to first base* a*

Get rid of the bat quickly*

b*

Be off with the impact of the ball*

©•

Hustle all the way and never look back*

d*

Try to make the Infielder hurry his throw, be­ cause If it goes wild you may be able to go on to second base*

2*

How to advance around the sacks* a*

Keep in contact with the base until the ball is pitched to avoid being called out*

b*

Keep on your toes and lead off a few steps with each pitch*

c*

Always be ready to go to the next base If the

54 pitch is wild or if the catcher misses the ball* d*

Be sure to touch all the bases in order*

e*

Be cautious about over running the bases*

f • Know where the ball is at all times* 5*

How to steal bases* a*

Take advantage of every mistake the opposition makes *

b*

head off as far as possible every play but be sure you can get back safely*

e*

Make the catcher play on you and he might make a poor throw*

d*

Start with each pitch as it leaves the hurler^ hand*

e*

Get off to a quick start by shoving off from the base with the back foot*

f*

Make your decision to go down without hesitation or you are a sure out*

g* 4*

Really sprint once a mew e has been made to steal*

How to slide* a*

Leave your feet well before arriving at the bag*

b.

Attempt to hit the ground lightly and at a glance*

c*

In the hook slide, give the baseman a small tagging area by falling away from the bag*

d*

Avoid catching your spikes in the dirt or jamming them into the base*

55

Illustration 15

Illustration 16 The Hook Slide

56 e*

Perfect the technique of the bent leg slide be­ cause it enables you to get up quicker*

f# Be very cautious about using the head first type of slide as it may result in injury to the inexperienced player* 5*

How to coach base runners* a*

Always tell the runner where the ball is*

b*

Know the tactical situation as to the number of outs and the score*

c*

Make sure the runner gets the signals but do not give them away to the opposition*

d. Study the weaknesses of the opposing team* e*

Indicate the best direction for the runner to slide to avoid being tagged out*

f* Make all signals very clear to the runner* g* Talk to the base runner whenever necessary* C>

PERFORMANCE:

Activities for the developing of proper

techniques in base running* 1*

Make a pit of sawdust and practice sliding in such a way as to present the smallest target to a baseman*

2*

(let someone to time you with a stop watch as you circle the bases*

Attempt to improve your time each

day* 3*

Execute the hook slide or another type of your preference in a game if the play is close*

57 D»

EVALUATIONS

Get the coach to watch you closely and to

check you on these Important points of base running# 1#

Did you get a quick start to first base after hitting the ball?

2*

Did you really hustle all of the way down the first base line?

3*

Did you look baek to see what happened to the ball?

4*

Were you ready to lead off first base as the ball left the pitcher*s hand?

5.

Did you rim past second base and have to scalper back?

6#

Were you able to execute a slide successfully?

7*

Did you get thrown out trying to make an extra base?

8*

Did you leave any of the bases too soon and get called out?

58 CHAPTER 9. OFFENSIVE TEAM STRATEGY HOW TO MASTERMIND YOUR TEAM TO VICTORY A#

MOTIVATION*

Benefits which will come to teams which

excell In tactics# 1*

OUTWIT THE OPPOSITION:

Here is a chance to see if

you can outmaneuver another team when the chips are down* 2*

BE A SIGNALMAN:

Players who become sharp strategists

are often selected to coaeh the base runners* 3.

TURN LOSSES INTO WINS:

Games have been pulled out

of the fire by thinking teams who would otherwise have failed* B*

PROBLEMS:

Procedures which must be taken into account

concerning offensive team strategy* 1*

How to give the signals from the coaching box* a*

Keep them as simple as possible yet do not make them obvious to the other team*

b*

Be aware of what is going on at all times and not spend all of your time razzing the opposing pitcher*

c*

Go through a variety of actions after every pitch to prevent the other side from knowing when the real signal is given*

d*

Give the signal to the hitter before he gets in the batter’s box as a rule*

e.

Instruct the hatter to step out of the hox and to look around after each pitch*

f• Signal to the base runner as soon after the previous pitch as possible when the attention of all is still focused on the batter* 2*

How to coach a runner on first base* a*

Urge the runner to hustle up the first base line*

b*

Signal the base runner whether or not to go for extra bases on long hits to the outfield*

@*

Make the runner take his turn at first base if the ball is hit into the outfield*

d*

Warn the runner not to lead off until the ball leaves the pitcherfs hand*

e*

Let the runner know when to go down to second in ease the ball gets by the catcher*

f*

Keep the runner alert to avoid pick off plays from the catcher to the first baseman*

g* 3*

Stay in the coach*s box when the ball is in play*

How to coach from the third base box* a*

Make up your mind ahead of time so as to give the runner advance notice of what is expected of him*

b*

Let the runner know exactly what he is to do on each situation*

c*

Get in the best possible position to aid the runner coming in to third base*

60 d*

Hold your hands up like a traffic cop if you want the runner to hold up at third*

e*

Rotate the arms in windmill fashion if the runner is to continue on to the plate*

f*

Indicate to the runner when to slide fey motion­ ing with the palms of the hands downward*

g*

Show therunner In which direction to slide fey waving the hands to that particular side*

4*

How to use the hit and run play* a,

Us© it only on special occasions when you really need the run and there is an excellent batter at the plate*

fe*

Walt until a situation arises whereby the pitcher is in the hole and has to come in with a fat pitch*

@*

Callthe play only with a man on first and when second base is empty*

d*

Instruct the batter to use a modified swing at the ball and to attempt to hit the ball toward right field behind the runner*

e*

Do not try to overwork the play since its chances of success are relatively slim in softball*

5*

How to use the squeeze play* a*

Try it when the game depends on the scoring of one run*

61

Slide to Your Left

Illustration 18 StopS

62 b*

Take into account the ability of the players involved when figuring your chances of success#

c#

Instruct the runner to head for the plate at top speed as soon as the ball is pitched#

d#

Impress the batter with the importance of safely laying down the very first pitch in order to avoid a double play*

e#

Use this play only in the latter innings of a ball game as a rule*

C#

PERFORMANCE*

Activities to be engaged in by prospective

team captains or coaches to improve their coaching effectiveness* 1#

Attend a triple *A* softball game and as each play arises make your prediction as to the strategy which should be attempted#

See how often your decision

agrees or disagrees with the manager fs and talk it over with him after the game# 2#

Go over to the playground and act as a first base coach for one of the smaller teams and tell each player what he should do on every play.

3#

Get up a team of your own and instruct the players in the techniques of strategy which you intend to employ in the first game#

Allow two of the players

to serve as coaches and after the game go over the mistakes together*

63 B«

EVALUATIONi Have an experienced coach rate your effectiveness on the following points# 1#

Bid you allow a runner to get trapped off a base?

2«

Bid the opposing team discover the signals you were using?

3*

Bid you tell the runner to go on for an extra base?

4*

Was the base runner confused as to the direction in which you wanted him to slide?

5*

How successful was the hit and run play you attempted?

6*

Bid the base runner catch the squeeze signal the first time it was given?

7#

How many outs were made on runners that you signaled to go on in?

64

PART III# REGULATING THE GAME HOW TO KEEP THE GAME OTHER SAFE AND ORDERLY CONTROL Do you want to be In the ball game every day? Players who know what the game is all about and who are able to play ball safely and effectively usually play regularly*

Turn to Part III and improve your understanding

of this phase of the game*

65 CHAPTER 10. RULES HOW TO AVOID MAKING BONERS A.

MOTIVATIONS

Rewards which will result from a proper

understanding of the softball rules. 1.

ELIMINATE CONFUSION*

Players and officials who

know the rules are not easily flustered. 2.

MORE TIME FOR PLAY*

Moments lost while arguing

could best have been spent at play. 5.

AVOID RIDICULE*

If you really know what the game

is all about, there will be few jeers cast your way. B«

PROBLEMS*

Points which must be emphasized in arriving

at an understanding of the softball rules. 1.

How to have the right equipment. a.

Have bats which are made of hard wood and which are not longer than thirty-four inches in length nor measure more than two and one-eighth Inches in diameter.

b.

Use an official softball of smooth seam, con­ cealed stitch type which shall measure twelve inches in diameter and shall weigh six ounces.

c.

Be sure that the home plate and the pitcher1s plate meet the official requirements.

d.

Secure bases that are fifteen Inches square and which are made of canvas*

e.

Have all players use gloves.

f#

Do not allow regular baseball spikes to be worn on the players1 shoes#

g#

Insist on the use of a mask by the catcher*

How to regulate the use of players on the field# a#

Use only nine men on a team#

b#

In official games, insist that the game cannot be played without a full team#

e#

Allow courtesy runners to be used without a penalty when a player is injured#

d#

See that no player is permitted to re-enter the game once he has been replaced in the field or at bat#

How to determine the length of a game# a#

Declare that a regulation game shall consist of seven innings#

b#

Allow the teams to play until one side has scored more runs than the other side in an equal number of Innings in case of a tie#

c*

Gall it an official game if the game is stopped by rain after five innings have been played#

How to govern the pitcherfs actions# a#

Make sure the pitcher comes to a full stop, facing the batsman and with the ball in both hands for a full second before taking one hand off the ball at the start of the windup#

67 b*

Have both feet in contact with the pitcherfs plate before making the delivery to the plate*

c.

Do not allow the pitcher to take more than one step toward the batter in the act of throwing the ball*

d*

Permit the pitcher to use any windup he chooses provided that in the final delivery of the ball to the batter the hand shall be below the hip and the wrist not farther from the body than the elbow*

e.

Allow the pitcher to use only powdered rosin to dry the hands or to put on the ball, and in no case permit him to use tape or other foreign substances on the pitching hand or the ball*

f*

Disallow the use of the quick pitch technique when the batter is out of position or is off balance due to a previous pitch*

5*

How to detect an illegal pitch* a*

Call it illegal when the pitcher does not take his legal position*

b*

Rule out the pitch if the hand is above the hip and the wrist of the pitching arm is farther from the body than the elbow when the ball is delivered*

e«

Count it as illegal if the pitcher does not

follow through with the hand and the wrist past the straight line of the body* d*

Prohibit the pitch if the pitcher holds the ball more than twenty seconds without immediately delivering it to the batsman*

e*

Prohibit any motion to pitch without immediately delivering the ball to the batsman*

f•

Do not permit the pitcher to take the pitching position without the ball in his possession*

How to judge fair hit balls. a*

Gall it fair when it settles on fair ground between home and first base or between home

and

third base. b*

Call it fair if it is on or over fair ground when bounding to the outfield,

e.

Gall it fair if it touches the person or clothing of an umpire or player when on or over fair ground*

How to judge foul hit balls. a*

Judge it as foul when it settles on foul ground between home and first base or between home and third base.

b.

Judge it foul if it falls on foul ground beyond first or third base.

c.

Judge it foul if it touches the person or cloth-

69

ing of an umpire or player when on foul ground* 8*

How to decide when an out is made* a*

Call the hatter out when: (1) He hats out of turn* (2) He fails to take his position in the hatter*s box* (3) The fielder catches the hall before it touches the ground* (4) The hatter hunts the hall foul after the second strike* (5) The hatter interferes with the catcher in an attempt to keep him from fielding or throwing the hall* (6) He hits an infield fly with men on first and second, or first, second, and third with less than two outs* (7) He steps from one hatsman*s box to the other while the pitcher is in his position ready to pitch*

h*

Call the base runner out when: (1) He is touched with the hall after a fair hit before he reaches first, or if the baseman has the ball in his possession while touch* ing the base before the runner arrives there* (2) He runs out of the base line over three feet

70 from the Imaginary line between a base and the next one* (3) He gets in the way of a fielder who is attempting to field a batted ball* (4) He interferes in any way with a thrown ball* (5) He is touched with the ball while off the base at any time the ball is in play* (6} He gets hit by a fair ball at any time un~ less the ball has already passed by a fielder* (7J He leaves the base before the ball is delivered to the batter by the piteher* G* PERFORMANCES

Activities to be engaged in by the player

to perfect his knowledge of the rules* 1*

Get up a contest or quiz program based on the official softball rules guide and have each player who misses a question pay a penalty agreed upon by the other members of the team*

2*

Draw up in condensed form a list of the most commonly violated rules and lead in a discussion of these rules at the next meeting*

3*

Set up a situation on the practice field whereby violations of the rules are enacted by the players in a clever manner that is not conspicuous*

Have

the other players tell what the violation was and

71 explain how it could be avoided# D.

EVALUATIONi Check yourself in your knowledge of these rules by referring to the official softball guide# 1#

When is the batter out at the plate?

2#

What determines an illegal pitch?

3#

What is the penalty for interfering with a throw or a batted ball?

4#

What type of windup is a pitcher permitted to use?

5#

How many steps can the pitcher take toward the plate before releasing the ball?

6#

What constitutes a fair eateh of a ball?

7#

Gan a player who has been replaced in the line up return to the game under any condition?

8#

When can a runner leave the base without being called out?

72 CHAPTER 11# UMPIRING HOST TO MAKE DECISIONS A*

MOTIVATIONS

Rewards which will be gained if you become

a competent arbiter* 1*

BE HEAD MAN:

The umpire in charge of the "ball game

has final say on all decisions* 2*

A PASTER GAME:

Good umpiring can do much to speed

up the playing time of a game• 5*

FEWER ARGUMENTS:

Games are run off very smoothly

when they are in charge of an umpire who is respected by the players* B*

PROBLEMS:

Procedures which will enable you to perfect

your umpiring technique* 1*

How to avoid arguments* a*

Be up on the rules*

b#

Keep your mind on the game*

e*

Show respect to both teams*

d*

Be impartial in all your decisions*

e*

Call all plays as you see them*

f*

Be in proper position to call the plays*

g*

Do not try to even up decisions just because you may have missed one*

h*

Wait until the play is over before colling it either way*

i*

Be decisive in your actions and confident of

your ability to make correct decisions# How to call balls and strikes# a*

Stand behind the catcher if there is a second umpire to call the bases#

b#

Look over the catcher’s shoulders if you are tall enough or else get your view of the ball by looking around the side#

c#

Crouch with the catcher as he goes down for low balls#

d#

Have a mental image of the strike zone for each batter#

e#

Indicate strikes by raising the right hand#

f • Use no hand motion for signaling balls but call out your decision loudly and clearly# g#

Be firm in your decisions but do not argue with the batter about a pitch#

h#

Use an indicator to keep track ofthe balls and strikes#

1#

Gall the batter out if he misses the third strike and give emphasis to your decision by jerking the right thumb up and backwards over the shoulder#

How to call plays at first base# a#

Stand about fifteen feet up the line from first base to be in proper position#

74 b*

Watch the runnerfs foot as It strikes the hag and listen to the thud of the hall in the base­ man's glove when making your decision*

c*

Keep your eyes on the hag to aid in making the decision and to see whether the first baseman removed his foot from the hag before the hall was caught*

4*

How to call plays at second and third base* a*

Be in position to see the play well hut stay out of the players' way*

h*

Make sure the hall was actually put on the runner before he reached the base when calling him out*

c*

After calling the play, hustle over to your new position*

d*

Be business-like and serious at all times hut do not carry a chip on your shoulder*

5*

How to call plays where the base runner is leading off too soon* a*

Keep your eyes on the base runner, the bag and the pitcher*

b*

Call the runner out if he leaves the base before the ball is pitched*

c*

Withhold your decision until it is brought to your attention by the opposing team if the runner

attempts to advance on a caught fly in the out­ field* d*

Ask your co-umpire for advice if you are un­ certain about a play or have missed seeing it entirely*

6*

How to call the infield fly decision* a*

Be sure there are less than two outs at the time*

b*

Call the decision if it is a fly ball which can reasonably be caught by an infielder*

c*

Bo not call it if the ball is popped up as a result of a bunt or in case of a line drive hit by the batter*

d*

Declare the batter out automatically as soon as you are sure of the decision and remember that the base runners may advance at their own risk*

0*

PERFORMANCES

Activities to be engaged in by the

prospoctlvd umpiro + 1*

Observe the actions of a league umpire during a game and then get out in your back yard and re-enact them to the best of your ability*

2*

Practice your skill during practice sessions by acting as an umpire at first base*

3*

Volunteer your services for an actual ball game and take charge of the umpiring behind the plate*

76 D«

EVALUATION?

Have several of the players rate your

umpiring ability on the following points» 1#

Did you know the rules of the game?

2*

Were you fair to hoth sides?

3*

Were you always in position to call the plays?

4*

Did you act confident in the decisions that you Made?

5*

Did you lose track of the ball and strike count at any time?

6*

Did you argue with the players over any of the decisions?

7*

Did you detect the baseman taking his foot off the too soon?

8*

Did you make the ball players hustle in and out between the innings?

9#

Did the players respect your judgment?

77 CHAPTER 12* SAFETY EON TO AVOID INJURY A»

MOTIVATIONt Rewards that result from following an orderly plan of accident prevention# 1#

LESS INJURY*

Players who realize what the dangers

are and who are willing to try to prevent their occurrence are injured less frequently# 2#

PLAYMORE:

It Is unlikely that you

will be able to

hold down a position on the team if

you get injured

very often# 3#

MAKEBETTER PLAYSs

If you are able

to give your

very best, you will be able to improve your caliber of play# B#

PROBLEMS:

Procedures to be followed in an attempt to

reduce injuries incurred in softball# 1#

How to prevent injuries due to faulty equipment and facilities# a#

Do not allow spiked shoes to be used by either team# (1) It often results in sprained ankles due to the catching of the spikes in the dirt or in a base# (2) Quite often severe cuts are made on them­ selves or others when spikes are used by young inexperienced players#

78 b*

Make sure that the catcher has a full set of protective equipment before allowing him to get behind the plate•

e*

Caution batters about throwing their bats, as this is a highly dangerous practice*

d*

See that no loose equipment of any sort is left lying around the field for someone to trip over*

e*

Play only on regularly supervised playgrounds unless otherwise Impossible to do so*

f*

Stay off the streets or other places where injuries are more likely to occur*

g*

Clear the grounds of rocks and pebbles, and smooth over rough places on the diamond*

2*

How to avoid skin Infections common to the game* a*

Keep your uniform clean if you are using one*

b*

Change your socks for every game*

c*

Have at least two jock straps and alternate using them every day*

d*

Do not use any part of someone elsefs uniform*

e*

Take a shower and use soap after each game*

f*

Dry your body carefully after taking a shower*

g.

Use a form of powder to reduce chaff in areas of irritation*

h*

Use the foot bath in the shower room if you have one*

79 3*

How to avoid aohes and pains in the throwing am* a*

Warm up properly regardless of the position you are playing*

h*

Do not he an exhibitionist if you happen to possess a strong throwing arm*

c*

Refrain from

throwing a ballat all if your arm

continues to bother you over a period of time* d*

Practice throwing the ball in a correct manner whenever you throw to avoid useless strain*

e*

Do not throwtoo much at any one time and if your arm does get a little sore, ask another player to massage it or to rub a little ointment on it for you*

4*

How to avoid collisions with other members of your team or with opposing basemen* a*

Call out who is to take the ball on pop flies hit to either the outfield or infield*

b*

Stay within the designated area when you are going up the line toward first base*

c*

Give the infielder the right of way when he is attempting to field a ball*

d*

Remember that softball is not a contact game, and be careful to avoid bumping into an opposing player at all times*

80 5*

How to avoid injury whan running the bases and sliding* a*

Warm up the leg muscles properly before the game*

b*

Look around and know where the other players are in relation to you*

e*

Wear sliding pads or refrain from sliding at all*

d*

Slide on the hip and avoid injury to the ankle or knee*

e»

Hit the dirt well before arriving at the base to avoid jamming into the bag*

f*

Avoid the straight and stiff legged type of slide*

g*

Do not change your mind once you have decided to hit the dirt*

C*

PERFORMANCES

Activities to be engaged in by the player

to Improve his ability to play a smart and safe brand of ball. 1* Make an inspection of the grounds on which youplay ball and report any hazards which are present to the playground director* 2*

Build a sliding pit out of sawdust and sand and ask the coach to supervise sliding practice each after­ noon that you are not playing an actual game*

3* Make a list of common injuries and at the next

81 meeting of the team devote part of the time to a discussion of them and work out a plan to reduce the number of injuries on your team. D.

EVALUATION?

Have a competent observer rate your team

on the following points of safety# 1*

Did each member of your team have on the proper uniform?

2.

Was anyone injured during batting practice?

3.

How many of the team have suffered a skin infection during the season?

4#

Were there quite a few sore arms after the first practice?

5.

How much time has been devoted to instruction of proper throwing and sliding techniques?

6.

Have there been any collisions between players when going after fly balls?

7.

Do you make an inspection of ground facilities before each game is played?

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