A Technological and Typological Analysis of Upper Palaeolithic Stone Industries of Epirius, Northwestern Greece 9780860546535, 9781407348049

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Title Page
Opening Quotation
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
CRAFTER 2. ASPROCEIALIKO
CHAFTER 3. KASTRITSA
CHAPTER 4. KLITHI
CHAPTER 5. REVISION
APPENDIX I. ORGANIC RESIDUE ANALYSIS
REFERENCES

Citation preview

A Technological and Typological Analysis of Upper Palaeolithic Stone Industries of Epirus, Northwestern Greece

Eugenia· Adam

BAR International Series 512

1989

B.A.R.

5, Centremead, Osney Mead, Oxford OX2 ODQ, England. -

GENERAL EDITORS A.R. Hands, B.Sc., M.A., D.Phil. D.R. Walker, M.A.

BAR -S512, 1989: 'Technological and Typological Analysis of Upper Palaeolithic Stone Industries of Epirus, Jlorthwestern Greece' © Eugenia Adam, 1989 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted.

All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860546535 paperback ISBN 9781407348049 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860546535 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com

AT ECHNOLOGICAL A ND T YPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS O F U PPER P ALAEOLITHIC S TONE I NDUSTRIES O F E PIRUS, N ORTHWESTERN G REECE.

E ugenia A DAM

-1 _ 1 .

" What i s r eally e ssential, r eally p roductive, i s t he W aya fter a ll, B ecoming i s s uperior t o B eing ."

P . K LEE , 1 914.

2

T he a uthor w ould l ike t o e xpress h er s incere g ratitude t o D r . M .H . N ewcomer f or t he s upport , e ncouragemnet a nd g uidance h e o ffered a s t he s upervisor o f t his w ork.

D r . G .N . B ailey w as k ind e nough t o g rand a ccess t o t he m aterial f rom A sprochaliko, K astritsa a nd K lithi.

S pecial t hanks a re d ue t o t he a uthor 's f ellow p ostgraduate s tudents a nd t he m embers o f t he s taff a t t he I nstitute o f A rchaeology f or s upplying u seful d iscussions a nd c omments o n t he s ubject.

T he a uthor i s s incerely i ndebted t o M r. J . E vans o f t he N ortheast L ondon P olytechnic f or u ndertaking t he r esidue a nalysis, a nd t o D r . J . M aniatis a nd h is r esearch t eam a t D EMOKRITOS , A thens, f or c onducting t he i nvestigations o n f lint r esources.

T he a rchaeologists a t t he I oannina M useum d eserve s pecial t hanks f or t heir c ooperation d uring t he l ong m onths o f d ata c ollection .

N o w ords a re g ood e nough t o t hank t he g ood f riends, b oth i n E ngland a nd i n G reece, w ho s ympathised , e ncouraged a nd s upported t he a uthor d uring h er r esearch .

M r P . B ehlis h elped w ith t he K lithi d rawings a nd o ffered t he t hree e tchings i ncluded i n t his b ook ; f or t his h e d eserves m y g ratitute.

L ast, b ut n ot l east, t he a uthor w ould l ike t o t hank h er m other f or h er f inancial a nd m oral s upport d uring t he c ourse o f t his s tudy .

G rants f rom t he C entral R esearch F und , t he G ordon C hilde/Margary F unds a nd t he S chilizzi F oundation f inanced s ome o f t his r esearch .

3

P AGE

1

T itle C omment A cknowledgments C ontents L ist o f t ables L ist o f f igures

2 3 4 5 9

C hapter 1

I ntroduction H istory o f r esearch ; a dditional i nformation ; e valuation o f t he i nformation ; t he E pirus p rojects ; p urpose o f r esearch ; m ethodology ; a bbreviations ; f unctional a nalysis ; c onstructing t he t ype-list ; g lossary ;

1 0 1 0 1 2 1 6 1 8 2 1 2 2 2 7 2 9 3 6 4 1

C hapter 2

A sprochaliko R aw m aterial ; r ectangle 2 , l ayer 4 ; r ectangle 2 , l ayer 1 0 ; r ectangle 4 1, l ayer 4 ; r ectangle 5 2, l ayer 4 ;

5 9 6 0 6 2 7 1 7 9 8 6

C hapter 3

K astritsa R aw m aterial ; r ectangle 4 ; r ectangle 2 ; r ectangle 5 ; s ummary o f K astritsa ;

1 04 1 06 1 10 1 50 1 85 2 04

C hapter 4

K lithi K lithi e xperiments ; r aw m aterial ; t he s ample ; s ummary o f K lithi ;

2 24 2 25 2 28 2 29 2 39

C hapter 5

R evision a nd c onclusions I nter-site c omparisons ; c onclusions ;

2 48 2 48 2 52

A ppendix I

O rganic r esidue a nalysis

2 55

R eferences

2 60

4

L IST O F T ABLE S N O 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 . 1 1. 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7. 1 8. 1 9. 2 0 . 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 2 6. 2 7. 2 8. 2 9. 3 0 . 3 1. 3 2. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 3 6. 3 7. 3 8. 3 9. 4 0 . 4 1. 4 2. 4 3. 4 4. 4 5. 4 6. 4 7. 4 8 .

P AGE P rimary b lades a nd " bbs" f rom s trata 1 ,3,5, K astritsa T echnical i nformation o n b lades a nd " bbs" f rom s trata 1 ,3,5, K astritsa T echnical i nformation o n b lades a nd " bbs" f rom s trata 1 ,3 ,5, K astritsa P rimary b ladelets f rom s trata 1 ,3,5, K astritsa T echnical i nformation o n b ladelets, s trata 1 ,3 ,5, K astritsa F lint t ypes i n R 2, L 4 a nd L 10 , A sprochaliko F lint t ypes i n R 41 a nd R 52, A sprochaliko R 2, L 4: c omposition o f t he s ample P rimary f lakes, R 2, L 4 T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation T ool c ounts f or R 2, L 4 R 2, L 10 : c omposition o f t he s ample P rimary f lakes, R 2, L 10 T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b lades T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b ladelets T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation T ool c ounts f or R 2, L 10 R 41: c omposition o f t he s ample P rimary f lakes T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b ladelets T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation T ool c ounts f or R 41 R 52 : c omposition o f t he s ample P rimary f lakes T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b ladelets T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation T ool c ounts f or R 52 K astritsa r aw m aterial c ounts ; a . d ebitage K astritsa r aw m aterial c ounts ; b . c ores K astritsa r aw m aterial c ounts ; c . t ools T otal c ounts f or R 4 ( Kastritsa) C omplete d ebitage f or R 4 C ondition o f a rtifacts, R 4, s tratum 9 P rimary f lakes

5

4 4 4 5 4 6 4 7 4 7 6 1 6 2 6 2 6 3 6 3 6 4 6 4 6 5 7 0 7 1 7 1 7 2 7 2 7 3 7 3 7 3 7 4 7 4 7 4 7 8 7 9 7 9 8 0 8 0 8 1 8 1 8 1 8 5 8 6 8 6 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 1 1 08 1 08 1 09 1 10 1 10 1 11 1 11

4 9. 5 0. 5 1. 5 2. 5 3. 5 4. 5 5. 5 6. 5 7 . 5 8. 5 9. 6 0. 6 1. 6 2. 6 3. 6 4. 6 5. 6 6. 6 7 . 6 8. 6 9. 7 0. 7 1. 7 2. 7 3. 7 4. 7 5. 7 6. 7 7 . 7 8. 7 9. 8 0. 8 1. 8 2. 8 3. 8 4. 8 5. 8 6. 8 7. 8 8. 8 9. 9 0. 9 1. 9 2. 9 3. 9 4. 9 5. 9 6. 9 7 . 9 8. 9 9. 1 00 . 1 01. 1 02 .

T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b lades T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation T ool c ounts f or R 4, s tratum 9 P rimary f lakes ( R4 , s tratum 7 ) T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b lades T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b ladelets T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation T ool c ounts f or R 4, s tratum 7 P rimary f lakes ( R4, s tratum 5 ) T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b lades T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b ladelets T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation T ool c ounts f or R 4, s tratum 5 P rimary f lakes ( R4, s tratum 3 ) T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b lades T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b ladelets T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation T ool c ounts f or R 4, s tratum 3 P rimary f lakes ( R4, s tratum 1 ) T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b lades T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b ladelets T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation T ool c ounts f or R 4, s tratum 1 T otal c ounts f or R 2 ( Kastritsa) C omplete d ebitage f or R 2 ( Kastritsa) P rimary f lakes ( R2, s tratum 9 ) T echnical i nformation P rimary b lades T echnical i nformation P rimary b ladelets T echnical i nformation

6

1 12 1 12 1 12 1 13 1 13 1 15 1 16 1 16 1 16 1 17 1 17 1 17 1 18 1 18 1 18 1 22 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 24 1 24 1 24 1 25 1 25 1 25 1 30 1 31 1 31 1 31 1 32 1 32 1 33 1 33 1 33 1 34 1 40 1 41 1 41 1 41 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 43 1 43 1 43 1 49 1 50 1 50 1 51 1 51 1 52 1 52 1 52 1 53

1 03 . 1 04 . 1 05. 1 06 . 1 07 . 1 08 . 1 09. 10 . 1 11. 1 12 . 13. 1 14 . 1 15. 1 16 . 1 17 . 18 . 1 19 . 1 20 . 1 21. 1 22 . 1 23 . 1 24 . 1 25. 1 26 . 1 27 . 1 28 . 1 29. 1 30 . 1 31. 1 32 . 1 33 . 1 34 . 1 35. 1 36 . 1 37 . 1 38 . 1 39. 1 40 . 1 41. 1 42 . 1 43. 1 44. 1 45. 1 46 . 1 47 . 1 48 . 1 49 . 1 50 . 1 51. 1 52 . 1 53. 1 54 . 1 55. 1 56 .

T ool c ounts f or R 2, s tratum 9 P rimary f lakes ( R2 , s tratum 7 ) T echnical i nformation P rimary b lades T echnical i nformation P rimary b ladelets T echnical i nformation T ool c ounts f or R 2 , s tratum 7 P rimary f lakes ( R2, s tratum 5 ) T echnical i nformation P rimary b lades T echnical i nformation P rimary b ladelets T echnical i nformation T ool c ounts f or R 2, s tratum 5 P rimary f lakes ( R2, s tratum 3 ) T echnical i nformation P rimary b lades T echnical i nformation P rimary b ladelets T echnical i nformation T ool c ounts f or R 2 , s tratum 3 P rimary f lakes ( R2, s tratum 1 ) T echnical i nformation P rimary b lades T echnical i nformation P rimary b ladelets T echnical i nformation T ool c ounts f or R 2, s tratum 1 T otal c ounts f or R 5 C omplete d ebitage f or R 5 P rimary f lakes ( R5, s tratum 5 ) T echnical i nformation P rimary b lades T echnical i nformation P rimary b ladelets T echnical i nformation T ool c ount f or R 5, s tratum 5 P rimary f lakes ( R5, s tratum 3 ) T echnical i nformation P rimary b lades T echnical i nformation P rimary b ladelets T echnical i nformation T ool c ounts f or R 5, s tratum 3 R aw m aterials f or K lithi C omposition o f t he K lithi s ample P rimary f lakes T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b lades T echnical i nformation A dditional i nformation P rimary b ladelets

7

1 55 1 56 1 56 1 57 1 57 1 58 1 58 1 61 1 62 1 62 1 63 1 63 1 64 1 64 1 68 1 69 1 69 1 70 1 70 1 71 1 71 1 76 1 77 1 77 1 78 1 78 1 79 1 79 1 84 1 85 1 85 1 88 1 88 1 89 1 89 1 90 1 90 1 95 1 96 1 96 1 97 1 97 1 98 1 98 2 03 2 29 2 29 2 30 2 30 2 31 2 32 2 32 2 32 2 33

1 57. T echnical i nformation 1 58. A dditional i nformation 1 59. T ool c ounts f or K lithi

2 33 2 33 2 41

8

L IST O F F IGURES N O 1 . 2 .

3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 1 0 . 1 1. 1 2 . 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7 . 1 8. 1 9. 2 0 . 2 1. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 2 6. 2 7. 2 8. 2 9. 3 0 . 3 1. 3 2. 3 3 . 3 4 . 3 5. 3 6. 3 7 .

P AGE M ap o f G reece s howing s ites m entioned i n t he t ext T echnology : A : b lade, " bb" a nd b ladelet, K astritsa B : c ore d irection c hange p ieces C : c resting f lakes " Asprochaliko": e tching b y P . B ehlis, 1 989 P lan o f A sprochaliko S ection o f A sprochaliko B ar g raphs s howing t he c omposition o f t he R 2 s ample B ar g raphs s howing t he c omposition o f t he R 41 a nd R 52 s amples R 2, L 4: d ebitage R 2, L 4 : c ores R 2, L 4: t ools R 2, L 10 : a rtifacts R 2, L 10 : c ores R 41: a rtifacts R 52 : a rtifacts " Kastritsa": e tching b y P . B ehlis, 1 989 P lan o f K astritsa S ection o f K astritsa B ar g raphs s howing t he c omposition o f t he R 4 s ample B ar g raphs s howing t he c omposition o f t he R 2 s ample B ar g raphs s howing t he c omposition o f t he R 5 s ample K astritsa, s tratum 9 : a rtifacts K astritsa, s tratum 7 : a rtifacts K astritsa, s tratum 5 : a rtifacts K astritsa, s tratum 3 : c ores K astritsa, s tratum 3 : t ools K astritsa, s trata 3 a nd 1 : d ebitage K astritsa, s tratum 1 : c ores K astritsa, s tratum 1 : t ools K astritsa r efits " Klithi": e tching b y P . B ehlis, 1 989 P lan o f K lithi B ar g raphs s howing t he c omposition o f t he K lithi s ample K lithi : d ebitage K lithi : c ores K lithi : t ools K lithi : a rtifacts R esidue-bearing b ladelet , K astritsa , R 4, s tratum 3

9

5 6

5 7 5 8 9 2 9 3 9 4 9 5 9 6 9 7 9 8 9 9 1 00 1 01 1 02 1 03 2 09 2 10 2 11 2 12 2 13 2 14 2 15 2 16 2 17 2 18 2 19 2 20 2 21 2 22 2 23 2 42 2 43 2 44 2 45 2 46 2 47 2 59

C HAPTER 1 I NTRODUCTION T he p resent m onograph d eals w ith t he s tudy o f t echnological a nd t ypological a spects o f t hree U pper P alaeolithic s tone i ndustries f rom E pirus, n orthwestern G reece. A d etailed a ccount o f p alaeolithic f inds i n G reece c an b e f ound i n a r ecently p ublished P h .D . t hesis ( Kourtessi-Philippakis, 1 986) w hich c overs t he s ites l ocated o n m ainland G reece a nd p resents a l ist o f r eferences. F or t his r eason a d etailed p resentation o f t he f inds w as n ot c onsidered n ecessary f or t he p resent w ork ; t his s ection w ill o nly d eal w ith f inds o n t he i slands a nd w ith s ites o n m ainland G reece n ot c overed i n t he w ork u nder d iscussion . I nformation o n t he E pirus s ites t his r esearch i s b ased o n w ill b e p resented i n t he r elevant s ections o f t he t ext. T he s ites m entioned i n t he t ext a re s hown i n f igure 1 .

H istoLy o f R esearch T he f irst e vidence o f p alaeolithic f inds i n G reece d ates a s f ar b ack a s 1 867 , i n t he f orm o f a c omment o f L enormant d escribing s ome t ools h e h ad e ncountered d uring h is t ravels i n G reece ( Lenormant, 1 867 , 1 6-19). I t w as i n t he y ears 1 927-31 t hat t he f irst o rganised s urveys a nd e xcavations t ook p lace u nder t he d irection o f M arkovits ; t he m ost i mportant r esults c ame f rom t he e xcavations a t t he c ave o f 7 a im is n ear K akia S kala ( Attica). M arkovits i nterpreted t he f inds a s o f " Megarian", " Greco-Azilian" a nd " Azilian-Tardenoisian" c haracter ( Markovits, 1 932-33, 9 4-100). S ervais, i n af oot-note t o a n a rticle i n 1 961 s tates t hat " the " Megarian" h as b een a ccepted a s n either o f p alaeolithic c haracter n or a s o f p leistocene a ge" ( Servais, 1 961, 1 ). S till, G arrod w as n ot e ntirely w rong i n s aying a s l ate a s i n 1 938 t hat n o p alaeolithic r emains w ere f ound y et i n G reece. S he a lso m aintained t hat o nce f ound t hey w ould a lmost c ertainly p rove t o b e r elated t o t he c ultures o f C entral a nd E astern E urope ( Garrod , 1 938 , 6 ); s uch p ossible r elationships a re s till b eing i nvestigated . " T he n ext e xcavations w ere c arried o ut u nder S tampfuss i n t he r ockshelter o f S eidl ( Beotoia) a nd y ielded a s tone i ndustry i nterpreted b y v arious w orkers a s e ither M agdalenian w ith A urignacian e lements, o r e volved G ravettian i n c haracter ( Stampfuss, 1 942, 1 47 ; S chmid , 1 965, 1 64). I n 1 960 , M arinatos, i n ab rief n ote c oncerning s tone i mplements d iscovered o n t he i sland o f K ephallonia s hows h e i s a ware o f t he s earch f or p alaeolithic f inds b ut r egisters a n ote a gainst o verindulgence, a r eaction n ot s urprising i f o ne c onsiders t he s trong p ro-classical t rend i n G reek a rchaeology d uring t hat p eriod ( Marinatos, 1 960 , 4 1).

T hings s eem t o b e c hanging , t hough , e ven i n t he s trict c onfines o f G reek A rchaeology : b y 1 969 T heocharis w rites t hat t he i nvestigation o f P rehistory i n G reece w ould b e n ot j ust a n i nteresting b ut a n a bsolutely n ecessary t ask . H e n otes t hat p rehistoric r esearch i n G reece h ad s o f ar n ot b een p ractised i ndependently b ut o nly w ithin t he f ramework o f c lassical a rchaeology , a nd i nsists t hat e ven t he g lorious C lassical p ast s hould b e v iewed i n r elation t o w hat h ad p receded i t ( Theocharis, 1 969, 1 32). H e i s a ware o f t he e xistence o f aw ealth o f i nformation o n h uman a ctivity p rior e ven t o t he M ycenean/Minoan p eriods. T heocharis ' m ain i nterests l ay i n t he N eolithic b ut h e d id m uch t o a ccumulate i nformation o n t he P alaeolithic t oo, d uring h is f ieldwork i n T hessaly . S till, i t w as t he f oreign a rchaeological s chools t hat i nitiated p roper r esearch p rojects o n G reek p rehistory . T he p eriod b etween t he e arly 1 960 's a nd 1 970 's s aw t he m ost s pectacular b loom o f p alaeolithic r esearch i n G reece s o f ar: t he f oreign s chools o f A rchaeology i n G reece u ndertook e xtensive s urveys o f d ifferent g eographical a reas w ith t he a im t o i nvestigate t he e xtent a nd n ature o f p rehistoric e vidence o n t he G reek t erritory . T his i s w hen t he b ulk o f c urrent i nformation w as c ompiled . A reas s uch a s t he A rgolid , T hessaly , t he P eloponnese, M acedonia a nd E pirus w ere s urveyed b y t he A merican , G erman , F rench , a nd B ritish a rchaeological s chools r espectively . A t t he s ame t ime ( 1960) a h uman s kull w as d iscovered i n t he c ave o f P etralona , i n M acedonia, b y P oulianos. T he p ublicity a nd c ontroversy c oncerning t his f ind ( a m ost c omplicated c ase) s till e cho i n t he a rchaeological l iterature. B one ( Poulianos, 1 971, 6 -11) a nd s tone a rtifacts w ere a lso f ound i n P etralona ; t hese , a ccording t o P oulianos, a re o f v ery o ld a ge a nd a re g iven t he n ame o f " Petralonian c ulture". T hey a re m ade o f b auxite a nd q uartz a nd a re f ollowed s tratigraphically ( always a ccording t o P oulianos) b y t ools m anufactured o f f lint ( Poulianos, 1 978 , 8 0). T he i nvestigations a t P etralona a nd t he f inds d erived f rom t hem a re c urrently t he s ubject o f o fficial i nvestigations ; t he a uthor w ould l ike t o u nderline t he f act t hat, d ubious a s t he c ase m ay b e, t he s ite a nd i ts f inds a re o f g reat i mportance f or t he G reek P alaeolithic , a nd e xpresses t he w ish t hat i t w ill b e g iven a ppropriate s cientific a ttention , i ndependently o f a rchaeological p olitics a nd e thics. ephalari a nd F ranchthi , i n t he M ore r ecently , e xcavations a t K s urface c ollections b y a mateur A rgolid a nd a t K lithi , i n E pirus reece, a nd t he o dd f ind b y t he a rchaeologists i n v arious p arts o f G ll c ontributed t o k eeping t he G reek A rchaeological S ervice, h ave a i nterest a live.

A dditional I nformation I .

C RETE

C rete.

T here i s v ery l ittle e vidence o f p alaeolithic o ccupation o n T his i s s ummarised i n ar ecent b ook b y T his ( 1973).

T he f irst e vidence w as f ound a t t he l ocations o f T rypiti a nd R ousses . I n 1 916 F ranchet r eported c ollections o f a l arge n umber o f o bsidian m icrolithic i mplements ( both p lain a nd r etouched) t hat b ore n o r esemblance t o t hose f ound i n B ronze A ge l ocations ( Francet, 1 916 , 6 7-68). T rypiti a lso y ielded a n " industry" o f l arge l imestone p ieces, d ominated b y l arge a xes a nd p iercers ( Zois, 1 973, 5 9-61). Z ois ( 1973 , 6 2) s uggests t hat t he m icrolithic o bsidian p ieces c ould b elong t o t he m esolithic p eriod , w hile t he l imestone o nes t o e ither t he M esolithic o r t he P alaeolithic ; i n a ny c ase t hey a re c onsidered e arlier t han t he N eolithic a t K nossos. A part f rom s tone i mplements, w orked d eer b ones a nd a ntlers w ere f ound o n C rete. K uss, t he G erman p alaeontologist w ho d iscovered t hem , d ivided t hem i nto t wo s tages, t he e arlier b eing r epresented b y t he a ntler p ieces ( the " keratic" p hase), a nd t he l ater w itnessing t he i ntroduction o f b one w orking ( the " osteokeratic" p hase); t he l atter s tage h e s ubdivided i nto t wo s ub-stages w hich d ate b etween 1 20.000 a nd 6 0 .000 B .C . N o s tone t ools w ere f ound a ssociated w ith t hose " industries" ( Kuss, 1 970 , 3 5-83). I n 1 972 r ock e ngravings w ere r eported f rom a s mall r ockshelter b y t he v illage o f S phakia ( Papoutsakis, 1 972, 1 07-139). T he f inds w ere d ivided i nto t wo s tylistic t raditions: t he " iconographic r ealistic" o ne d epicting h orned a nimals, a b ow a nd a rrow , a nd p ossibly a b oat, a nd t he " symbolic a bstract" o ne d epicting t ectiforms, c ircles e tc. Z ois d oes n ot a ttempt t o r elate t he T rypiti a nd R ousses i ndustries t o t he S phakia r ock e ngravings, b ut d oes s uggest t hat t he l atter r epresent a s tage e arlier t han t he E arly N eolithic o f C rete ( Zois, 1 973, 6 6), a lthough t here i s n o c ertainty a bout t heir p alaeolithic d ate. U nfortunately , K uss t ook h is c ollection w ith h im ( Zois, 1 973, 5 8), a nd F ranchet 's f inds s eem t o h ave b een m isplaced ; Z ois i s a ware o f t he a wkward s ituation b ut u rges f or m ore r esearch . T he p resent a uthor a cknowledges t he p roblem o f a ccess t o t he i sland d uring t he p leistocene, a nd c onsequently t he v alue o f t he a bove f inds; s till i t i s b etter t o p resent t he i nformation w ith r eservations t han t o i gnore i t c ompletely .

I I.

T HE S PORADES

A lonnessos : A rtifacts ( debitage, t ools, c ores) o f f lint w ere r ecovered d uring s urface c ollections f rom e roded r ed e arth d eposits a t t he l ocations C lipha a nd S teni S kala . T heocharis, w ho s igned t he r eport i n 1 970 , b elieved t hat t he f inds s uggest i n s itu k napping o f t he r aw m aterial ( Theocharis, 1 970 , 2 78). H e c onsidered t he " palaeolithic

A lonnessos f inds a s t he f irst s ecurely d ated r emains o f t he a ctivities o f e arly m an i n t he A egean" ( Theocharis, 1 970, 2 78). Ag ios P etros a nd K yra P anagia : s urface f inds o f f lint i mplements a ttributed b y T heocharis t o a " pre-neolithic" s tage ( Theocharis, 1 970 , 2 78). E fstratiou m entions p alaeolithic t ools o f w hite f lint f rom A gios P etros ( Efstratiou , 1 983, 3 79). S kyros : T heocharis r eports a n umber o f n ortheastern c oast, b earing e vidence o f l ate m esolithic o ccupation ( Theocharis, 1 979,279-328).

I II.

s ites a long p alaeolithic

t he a nd

T HE I ONIAN I SLANDS

K er S ordinas c onducted e xtensive s urveys h ere i n t he y ears 1 964-661 d uring t hese s urveys h e d iscovered " Levalloiso-Mbusterian i nventories a ll o ver t he i sland" ( Sordinas, 1 969 , 3 98). F rom h is f inds h e c oncludes t hat " Corfu w as p art o f t he m ainland d uring t he e xtreme l ow s ea-levels o f W urm . T hus C orfu i s a s ort o f p alaeolithic o utpost i ndicating p ossible c onnections b etween t he p alaeolithic c ultures o f t he s outhern B alkans a nd s outhern I taly , p robably v ia t he G argano" ( op. c it., 3 98). H e m entions t hree m ain a reas o f f inds: a ) S idari , w hich " yielded a M esolithic o ccupation s ucceeded b y E arly N eolithic p ottery b earing l ayers a nd B ronze A ge d epositions i n t his s tratigraphic o rder" ( Sordinas, 1 970 , 3 ); b ) t he i slet o f D iaplo , w here s urface c ollections y ielded 3 30 i mplements t hat w ere i nterpreted a s " remains o f f lint q uarrying a nd t rading o perations" w ith f eatures p resent " in L ate N eolithic-Eneolithic c ampignian i nventories o f m any I talian s ites." ( Sordinas, 1 970 , 3 0). c ) a t rial e xcavation a t t he r ockshelter o f G rava , w hich y ielded a " terminal p alaeolithic" i ndustry ( Sordinas, 1 969, 3 99), w ith f auna r ich i n l arge b irds, a nd w ith m any " Cervus e laphus i ndividuals a nd D ama , C apreolus, E quus o f v arious s izes, r arely S us, s ome L epus a nd V ülpes, H yaena, M ales, M ustella , r odents a nd s nails". H e n otes s eparately t he p resence o f B os r emains o f as ize t hat f alls w ithin t he r ange o f t he E astern E uropean B os p rimigenius ( op.cit., 3 99). T he i ndustry , m anufactured e xclusively o n f lint ( some v arieties o f w hich a re i dentical t o t hose o bserved i n E pirus), i s " essentially R omanellian" ( op. c it., 4 00). I t c onsists o f b lades a nd b ladelets " both w orked a nd u nworked"-, a typical o r p yramidal c ores, s crapers, b urins ( dominated b y n ucleiform t ypes), e nd-scraper/burins, p ointed r etouched ( but n ot t runcated) b ladelets, a s ingle f ragment o f w orked b one, a b one p oint, a d rilled t ooth , a nd s everal h ammerstones a nd n atural p ebbles ( op. c it., 4 00). T his a cco u nt i s b ased o n a r andom s ample , b ut i ts p resentation i s s ystematic. K ephallonia : T he G reek S ociety o f S pelaeology c onducted s urveys h ere i n t he l ate 1 950 's. T hey c oncluded t hat t he e xploitation o f f lint w as p ractised a ll o ver t he i sland ( Petroheilos, 1 959, 4 2). A t S kala t hey f ound n atural d eposits o f " whitish , b londe a nd b rown" f lint ( Petrocheilos,1959 , 4 2). T hey a lso r ecovered s tone i mplements, t he

q uality o f w hich w as s uch t hat t hey w ere a ble t o c onclude t hat t he t ools w ere p roduced b y p ercussion t echniques f rom c onical o r c ylindrical c ores, w hile e vidence f or p ressure f laking w as n otably a bsent. T he i ndustries a re a ttributed , w ith r eservations, t o t he B ronze A ge p eriod ( op. c it., 4 2). M arinatos m entions s urface f inds o f m ostly f lint i mplements ( accompanied b y f ew o bsidian p ieces) a t t he l ocations o f M htaxata a nd S kala ; t he l atter p roduced f lint p iercers, s crapers a nd t riangular i mplements a long w ith s ome o bsidian p ieces. M arinatos a ttributes t hem t o t he m esolithic p eriod ( without s tating h is r easons f or t his) a nd w onders a bout t he p resence o f o bsidian i n s uch a c ontext ( Marinatos, 1 960 , 4 1). N o f urther r eferences t o e ither o f t hese c ollections h ave b een f ound , s o t hey a re t reated w ith r eservations. M ore e vidence i s o ffered b y C ubuk . H e r eports s urface f inds a t N ea S kala , r epresenting t he l ower p alaeolithic p hase ; t hese a re c ores, c hoppers a nd* c hopping t ools, a xes a nd f lake t ools o n f lint ; h e c ompares t hese f inds w ith s imilar i ndustries f rom s outhern I taly a nd n orthern S yria ( Cubuk , 1 976 , 1 52-177). T he m ost r ecent i nformation o n t he i sland i s f ound i n am onograph b y K avathias. H e p resents s urface c ollections f rom v arious a reas, c oncentrating o n F iskartho a nd E f iplissi , w here h e c ollected o ver 2 00 f lint i mplements ( Kavathias, 1 984, 2 6), i n v arious s tages o f w eathering , f rom f ields a nd e roded d eposits ( op . c it., 2 6-7). H e c lassifies t hem a ccording t o s tandard F rench t ypology , b ut n ot t o t he p resent a uthor 's s atisfaction ( there a re o nly l ife-size p hotographs o f t he i mplements t hat m ake t heir i nspection e ven m ore d ifficult: t he r etouch d oes n ot s how , n or d o t he v entral s urface, t he d orsal d irections a nd o ther f eatures d iagnostic o f t echnology o r t ool-type). K avathias c laims t hat t he F iskartho f inds " are M ousterian" a nd d ates t hem " with s cientific m odesty " t o c a. 5 0 .000 B .C. ( op . c it., 1 32). H is e stimate o f t he E mplissi f inds a re t hat t hese a re " of a m ore r efined t echnique t han t hose f rom F iskartho" a nd h e p onders o ver t he r easons f or t his " stylistic d ifferentiation" ( op . c it., 1 35). I n t he E nglish s ummary a t t he e nd o f t he v olume i t i s s tressed t hat " judging f rom t heir m orphology , s ome o f t he o bjects m ay b e d ated t o t he M iddle o r U pper A cheulean a nd o thers t o t he A urignacian p eriod" ( op. c it., 1 50). I n t he a bsence o f a m ore a ppropriate a nalysis o f t hese f inds, t he p resent a uthor w ould l ike t o t reat t hese f inds w ith e xtreme c aution .

I V .

E UBOIA

S ackett m entions t he p robability o f a m iddle p alaeolithic s ite n ear A gios V ässileios ; t he i mplements w ere e xamined b y H ours w ho d iagnosed t hem a s " middle p alaeolithic , L evallois type f lakes, s imilar t o t he o ne f ound i n t he A rgolid i n 1 958" ( Sackett e t a l., 1 966 , 4 5). M ore f inds a re r eported f rom R ovies ( Palaeochori), a lso d iagnosed b y H ours a s o f m iddle p alaeolithic t ype ; a t L imni ( Agios A thanassios) a m ixture o f f lint a nd o bsidian c ores a nd f lakes w ere a lso f ound , a ttributed t o " a p re neolithic h abitation"; S ackett, t hough , i s v ery

s ceptical a bout a ll t he a lledgedly ( Sackett e t a l., 1 966 , 5 2).

p alaeolithic

f inds

f rom

E uboea

T en y ears l ater , S ampson m entions t he r ecovery o f d eer b ones o f u pper p alaeolithic a ge i n S kotini c ave ( Sampson , 1 976, 4 4-55). M ore r ecently S arantea-Micha h as p ublished v arious a rticles o n t he r ecovery o f s ome 3 .500 p ieces f rom s urface c ollections a t t he a rea o f N äa A rtaki , w here s he c laims t o h ave d iscovered f lint q uarrying a nd p rocessing l ocations o f a s e arly a d ate a s t he L ower P alaeolithic; s he b elieves t hat t he w orkshops w ere a lso r esidential a reas f or t he g roups o f p eople e xploiting t he f lint ( Sarantea-Micha, 1 980 , 1 08). S he a lso m entions o ther l ocations w here l ower a nd m iddle p alaeolithic f inds w ere m ade, s uch a s Ifni a nd A ggli a s w ell a s M äkrykapa , w hich s he c alls a " workshop" ( Sarantea-Micha, 1 980 , 1 05). I n 1 983 S arantea-Micha a nd M ishra p ublished a b rief a nalysis o f t hese i ndustries ; b ased o n t he t echnological a nd t ypological c riteria t hey c lassed a s ample o f t he a xes " into t hree c hronological s eries a s: E arly-Lower P alaeolithic, L ate-Lower P alaeolithic a nd E arly-Middle P alaeolithic" ( Sarantea-Micha a nd M ishra, 1 983, 5 8).

V .

C ENTRAL G REECE

T he C anadian I nstitute o f A rchaeology c onducted s urveys i n P hokitha a nd B eotia i n t he e arly 1 980 's. A fter t he f irst s eason t hey a nnounced t hat t he a mount o f e vidence t hat c an b e a ttributed t o t he S tone A ge i s r ather m odest, a nd a ppears t o b elong m ostly t o t he N eolithic o r t o t he U pper P alaeolithic a nd M esolithic ( Rolland , 1 980 , 2 4). T hey s uggest t hat " the s tone i ndustries o f t he U pper P alaeolithic c ould b e a ttributed t o t he m editerranean a nd b alkan v ariant o f t he e astern G ravettian ; t his p reliminary i mpression m ust b e c hecked b y e xcavations" ( op . c it., 2 7). T hey s tress t he t emporary l ack o f f inds o f t he m iddle p alaeolithic p eriod a nd o f t hose o f t he L ower P alaeolithic.

V I.

P ELOPONNESE

M äni : A nthreikos a nnounced i n 1 980 t he r esults o f s urveys i n t hat p art o f t he P eloponnese. A ll a long t he w estern c oastal a rea f aunal r emains a re a ssociated w ith d eposits o f r ed e arth a nd t he s hallow c aves t here s how e vidence o f " regular o ccupation d uring t he m iddle a nd u pper p alaeolithic p eriods" ( Anthreikos, 1 980 , 2 87). T here i s a s pecial r eference t o t he c aves o f M äzapo a nd D iros ( op. c it., 2 87-89). " Pebble t ools" w ere d iscovered a t K aravostassi ( op . c it., 2 91) a nd i mplements o f l ower p alaeolithic t ype w ere f ound a t Whi ( op . c it., 2 89-91). T he w riter g oes a s f ar a s s uggesting " the u se o f f ire d uring t he P alaeolithic" ( op . c it., 2 93). P itsios m entions o ccupation a ccompanied

t he d iscovery o f " traces b y h uman s keletal r emains"

o f i n

p alaeolithic t he c ave o f

A pithima ( Pitsios, p rogress.

1 985,

2 5).

R esearch

i n

t his

s ite

i s

s till

i n

L aconia : a rtifacts, m ostly o f r ough r aw m aterial o ther t han f lint w ere f ound b y a ccident d uring g eological s tudies o n t he s outhern P eloponnese: f lakes a nd a d iscoid c ore i n a n E uTyrrhenian b each d eposit n orth o f E laea ; s ide-scrapers, c ores, t ypical L evallois f lakes a nd a L evallois p oint i n N eo Tyrrhenian c ontext ( Reisch , 1 982, 2 23 2 32).

V II.

W ESTERN.G REECE

M essologi : T he c ave o f G alata y ielded s tone i mplements o f n eolithic a nd m iddle p alaeolithic a ge ( Lazaridou e t a l.,1975, 6 8). T he a uthors u rge f or s ystematic e xcavations t o s ave t he c ave f rom p lunderers. G tammenitsa ( Arta): 1 21 f lint a rtifacts w ere c ollected f rom t he s urface n ear t he v illage. T hese a re d escribed a s " cores, L evallois f lakes a nd p oints, M ousterian p oints, s ide-scrapers, e nd-scrapers, b acked k nives, b urins a nd o ther t ools" ( Mitsaki, 1 981, 5 6).

E valuation o f t he i nformation C hilde f ully a ppreciated t he i mportance o f i nvestigating t he G reek P alaeolithic w hen h e w rote t hat " ...it w ould c learly b e e xtremely d esirable t o k now h ow U pper P alaeolithic c ulture d eveloped i n ar egion l ying s o c lose t o, i f n ot a ctually w ithin , t he p resumptive c radle o f a griculture a nd s tock r aising ; a nd t o a scertain , f or i nstance, w hether t here w ere p erhaps i n t he B alkans w ild s heep a nd g oats s uitable f or d omestication a lready i n l ate P leistocene t imes" ( Childe, 1 948, 2 10). I t i s t he s incere h ope o f t he p resent a uthor t hat h e w ill e ventually b e v indicated . U nfortunately , o ne l ook a t t he a vailable i nformation i s e nough t o s ober u p e ven t he m ost a rdent s cholar . I n g eneral, t he " quest" f or t he e arlier p eriod o f t he h uman p ast i n G reece i s s urprisingly a ctive f or a c ountry w here t he P alaeolithic i s n ot r egularly t aught a t u niversities, a nd w hich s ees, e ven t oday , d emonstrations a gainst t he t heory o f e volution a nd f or t he b elief t hat m an w as c reated b y G od a t ar ecent d ate . A rchaeological j ournals i nclude n otes a nd p resentations o f f inds o f s tone i mplements f rom a ll o ver G reece. T he d aily p ress p resents t he o dd a nnouncement o f d iscoveries o f i mplements o r e ngravings. T he p roblem w ith t hese r eports i s t hat t he m ajority l ack t he a ppropriate b ackground k nowledge n ecessary f or s uch a t ask a nd a re d one i n t he c omplete a bsence o f a s tandard m ethodology ; c omparisons a re m ade w ith a reas w ith " similar" f inds w ithout a f ull a ccount o f t he c haracteristics o f t he i mplements t hemselves.

S o, h owever p romising t he e vidence m ay b e, t he m ajority o f i nformation i s s till t o b e d erived f rom s urface f inds a nd p artially p ublished r eports. T he v ariety o f a pproaches a nd a nalytical m ethods r eserved f or t he f inds o f e ach i ndividual r esearch t eam h as r esulted i n a d ata b ase t hat d oes n ot l end i tself f avourably t o c omparative s tudies, a nd l eaves m uch t o b e d esired , a s K ourtessi-Philippakis s tates a t t he e nd o f h er t hesis ( Kourtessi Philippakis, 1 986 , 2 39). A c ommon t endency i s t o a ttach g reat c ultural i mportance t o t he t ypes o f s tone t ools, w hile o ther a spects o f t he a ssemblages, s uch a s t echnology , a re s ometimes i gnored . T he o verall i mpression , a s f ar a s r aw m aterials a re c oncerned , i s t hat f lint i s t he m ost c ommonly u sed m aterial, e specially i n t he U pper P alaeolithic. F lint i s n aturally a bundant i n G reece, a lthough i n a h uge v ariety o f c olours a nd g rain s izes. S ome r eports m ention t he p resence i n t he s amples o f o ther r ocks s uch a s b auxite, l imestone, c ornelian , q uartz a nd r adiolarite. T his h as t o b e t aken a t f ace v alue s ince t he a uthor d oes n ot h ave p ersonal e xperience o f a ll t he c ollections u nder d iscussion . A s econd c ommon t endency a mong t he r esearch t eams h as b een t o c all t he f inds " atypical", r eferring e ither t o i ndividual p ieces o r t o c omplete " series" o f a rtifacts. I t i s t he a uthor 's i mpression t hat t he a typical n ature o f t he G reek P alaeolithic i ndustries i s a m isunderstanding p roduced b y t he f ragmentary n ature o f t he f inds, t he c omparative c riteria o f i ndividual s cholars, a nd t he l ack o f s pecific a nalysis o f t he d ata a t h and , r ather t han a r eal f eature o f t he i ndustries. T he s ituation i s m ade m ore a wkward b y t he f act t hat m ost o f t he r eople p ublishing i nformation o n s tone i mplements a re n ot f amiliar w ith s tone t ool t echnology a nd t ypology , b ut a re t rained i n m uch l ater a rchaeological p eriods. A nother h andicap i s t he l ack o f c omplete p ublications o f t he e xcavated s ites w hich a re s o o ften p resented i n t he f orm o f m ore o r l ess b rief a rticles. I t i s h oped t hat t he f orthcoming m onograph o n K lithi w ill b e f ollowed b y o ne o n F ranchthi a nd o f t he P h .D . t hesis o f C .Perles o n t he F ranchthi s tone i ndustries. I t i s c lear t hat t he b asic r equirements f or t he " discovery" o f t he G reek P alaeolithic a re f irst a k een i nterest, a ccompanied b y s uitably o rganised r esearch s chemes, w hile t he p rocurement o f a dequate f inancial s upport i s as econdary c onsideration . T he f act t hat t he b ulk o f i nformation c omes f rom r esearch c onducted b y t he f oreign S chools o f A rchaeology i s n ot s urprising i f o ne c onsiders t he a dvanced s tage o f s uch r esearch i n t he w estern c ountries, t he h igh l evel o f i nterdisciplinary i nteraction , t he s turdy t heoretical b ackground a nd t he a vailability o f f unds f or s uch u ndertakings. G reek A rchaeology i s s till f aced w ith a m ultitude o f p roblems i n f inance, o rganisation , e ducation , i deology a nd s tatus.

U ntil t hese a re s olved , G reek A rchaeology ( and c onsequently t he s tudy o f P rehistory ) w ill s till s uffocate u nder t he w eight o f o utdated m yths, s uperstitions a nd s elf-blinding g lamour.

T he E pirus p rojects I n 1 962 E .S. H iggs c onducted a s urvey o f ap art o f M acedonia a nd E pirus ; h is i nterest i n G reece w as s timulated b y " its g eographic p osition i n r elation t o p ossible m igrations f rom A sia i nto E urope o r f rom A frica v ia t he L evant a nd T urkey . G reece m ay a lso b e e xpected t o h ave b een a c limatically f avoured a rea d uring a g laciation" ( Dakaris, e t a l., 1 964, 2 00). T he a reas o f W estern M acedonia a nd E pirus w ere c hosen f or s urveying " because c limatically t hey a re m arkedly d ifferent" ( op . c it., 2 00). H iggs 's ' s urveys s howed t hat " flint i ndustries h ave n ot b een u nco n i wn i n G reece, t hat t hey a re m ore c ommon i n E pirus t han i n M acedonia, a nd t hat t his i s i n p art d etermined b y t he a vailability o f r aw m aterials" ( op. c it., 2 02). A s f ar a s E pirus w as c oncerned , H iggs r eported t hat t he " chief a reas o f f inds...were t he d istrict o f I goumenitsa-Gourmani, i n t he h ills a round t he l ake o f I oannina , a round P aramythias i n t he v alley o f K okkitos a nd t he v alleys a djacent t o t he L ouros r iver" ( Dakaris e t a l., 1 964, 2 04). S ome o f t he m ost i mportant d iscoveries w ere t he M iddle a nd U pper P alaeolithic i ndustries a t A ghios G eorgios a nd K okkinopilos. O riginally r efered t o a s " Pantanassa", K okkinopilos " lies i n a b road v alley w ith g ently s loping s ides w hich r uns p arallel t o t hat o f t he L ouros g orge" ( Dakaris e t a l., 1 964 , 2 13). T he r ed d eposits o f K okkinopilos c ontain " a M iddle P alaeolithic i ndustry" ( op. c it., 2 13). T rial e xcavations i n 1 963 r evealed t wo m ain c oncentrations o f f inds: S ite a , w here a " smaller u npatinated i ndustry" h ad b een l ocated w as e xcavated w ith t he " hope t o e stablish t he t ype o f t he s maller i ndustry a nd i ts p recise r elationship t o t he c olour z ones" ( Dakaris e t a l, 1 964, 2 15). S ite a p reserves a ll t hree c olour z ones o f " d eposit ( C o ver B o ver A ); a c oncentration o f f lint a rtifacts w as l ocated " following t he l ine o f a n o ld e rosion g ully c ut i nto Z one B a nd s ubsequently f illed b y t he Z one C d eposit... t he i ndustry a ssociated w ith t his l evel i ncludes b acked b lades, s ome t hick s teep s crapers, f lakes, s ome s mall s crapers, p unch s truck b lades, s mall b lade c ores a nd ab urin s pall" ( op . c it., 2 17). S ite b , w here p atinated M ousterian a rtifacts h ad b een l ocated i n s itu , w as e xcavated i n o rder t o " find o ut t he a ctual l evel o f t he c hipping f loor a nd t o d etermine w hether o r n ot t he b lades, b ifacials a nd M ousterian p ieces w ere a ssociated t ogether i n t he d eposit" ( op . c it., 2 15). T he e xcavations s howed t hat m ost o f t he f inds c ame f rom t he b ase o f z one B , w hile z one Aydelded n o a rtifacts a t a ll. S ome 8 00

p ieces f rom z one B c onsisted m ostly o f " waste f lakes", w hile " blades, a M iddle P alaeolithic c ore a nd t wo b ifacially worked b roken l eaf p oints w ere f ound i n a ssociation" ( op . c it., 2 15-17). T he m iddle p alaeolithic i ndustry i s d escribed a s " clearly e volved , w ith a n umber o f i ndividual c haracteristics, a nd i t i s t herefore p roposed t o r efer t o i t i n t he f uture a s t he K okkinopilos i ndustry" ( op . c it., 2 19). T he u pper i ndustry w as c onsidered t o p resent c ultural a nd c hronological p arallels w ith t hat f rom R omanelli ( op . c it., 2 19). I n a ddition t o t he e xcavated a rtifacts, w ere a lso f ound o n t he s urface o f t he a rea .

M ousterian

i mplements

T he r ockshelter o f A sprochaliko w as d iscovered i n 1 964 a nd e xcavated b etween 1 964 a nd 1 966. F our e xploratory t renches ( A t o D ) w ere l aid O ut a long a n orth-south a xis. T rench D w as e xcavated t o b edrock " but c ontained h illwash d eposits w ith v ery l ittle c ultural m aterial" ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983b , 1 5). T rench B , p artially e xcavated i n 1 964 ( Higgs e t a l., 1 966, 1 1) w as t aken d own t o b edrock i n 1 965 a nd t he b aulk l eft f rom 1 964 w as r emoved . A g rid w as a lso l aid o ut i n 1 965. B iggs n oted t hat " the d eposits o utside t he r ockshelter w ere b anked a gainst t he d eposits i nside. T here w as a t hick v ertical s kin o f s talagmite b etween t he t wo s tratigraphical s uccessions w hich p assed d own t o ah eavy r ockfall" ( op. c it., 1 1). T hus, " the d eposits c an b e d ivided i nto t wo m ajor u nits: 1 ) d eposits i nside t he r ockshelter ; 2 ) d eposits o utside t he r ockshelter" ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983b, 1 8). R ockfalls w ere n oted t hroughout t he d eposits. A sprochaliko y ielded a c ultural s equence r anging f rom a b asal M ousterian t o M icro-Mousterian t o U pper P alaeolithic , w hich i s, i n t urn , c overed p artly b y B ronze A ge m aterial ( Higgs e t a l., 1 966 , 2 12 3). T his l ed H iggs t o s ay t hat " the s uccession h as p robably b een e stablished i n E pirus f rom M iddle P alaeolithic t imes t o t he p resent d ay" ( op. c it., 2 3).

I n 1 966 K astritsa w as d escribed a s "a c ave...near t o I oannina" w ith " a t alus w hich p asses i nto t he P leistocene l ake d eposits b elow . A n umber o f i mplements h as b een f ound i n t he t alus i nclü ding b acked b lades, c ores, f lakes a nd a s houldered p oint. I n t his l ast r espect t he i ndustry r esembles t he l ast p hase a t A sprochaliko" ( Higgs e t a l., 1 966 , 2 2). E xcavations a t K astritsa s tarted i n 1 966 a nd w ere c ompleted i n 1 967 ; a g rid w as a lso l aid o ut a nd m aterial w as e xcavated i n a w ay s imilar t o t hat e mployed a t A sprochaliko. T hirty-two l ayers w ere r ecognised a nd w ere s ubsequently g rouped ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983b , 2 5-29) i nto t hree m ajor s tratigraphic u nits. E xtensive h earths w ere f ound t hroughout t he s equence, a long w ith s everal r ockfalls. A ccording t o B iggs " artifacts o ccurred i n s itu t hroughout t he d eposits. T he i ndustries p resent w ere A dvanced P alaeolithic i n t ype"

( Higgs e t a l., 1 967 , 2 1). w ith w orked b one p oints.

F aunal r emains w ere a lso p lentiful,

a long

H iggs 's i nterests w ere n ot r estricted t o m ere c hronological c orrelations b etween i ndividual s equences ; h e a lso c onsidered t he e xploitation o f r esources a vailable t o t he h uman g roups d uring t he p eriod u nder q uestion . R elying o n r econstructions o f v egetation , w ater a vailability , o f s ite o rientation a nd o f t he p alaeoclimate o f t he a rea , h e s uggested t hat " the u nequal g eographical a nd s easonal d istribution o f r esources i n t he p ast m ust h ave p romoted s easonal m ovements b etween h ighlands a nd l owlands a mong t he a nimal s pecies r epresented i n t he c ave. T he h unters, e ither f rom p reference o r f rom n ecessity .. . would h ave f ollowed t he h erds a nd m oved i n t he s ame w ay" ( Higgs e t a l., 1 967 , 1 3). A ccording t o H iggs, K astritsa " approached a n o ptimum s ituation o nly i n t he s pring , a utumn a nd s ummer, b ut w as p robably l ittle u sed d uring t he w inter s eason" ( op . c it., 1 6), w hile A sprochaliko " may h ave b een a h ome s ite, a w inter s ite, o r o ne o f t he w inter h ome s ites o f a s ingle g roup p ractising a m obile e conomy " ( op . c it., 1 8). H e w as c onfident t hat " the t wo s ites w ere a vailable h ere f or s imultaneous o ccupation" ( Higgs e t a l., 1 967 , 1 8). T his i nterpretation o f A sprochaliko a nd K astritsa a s " seasonally c omplimentary h ome-base s ites i n a s ingle s ystem o f e xploitation e xtending f rom t he c oast t o t he h eights o f P indus M ountains" ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983a , 6 4) s tood i ts g round u ntil 1 983, w hen r econsideration o f t he E pirus f ield d ata s uggested " that s ome o f t he b asic a ssumptions o f t his p alaeoeconomic a pproach" r equired " critical r e-examination a nd m odification" ( op . c it., 6 6). A c loser l ook a t t he f auna f rom t he t wo s ites s howed t hat t he K astritsa a ssemblage w as d ominated c onsistently b y r ed d eer , w hile t hat f rom A sprochaliko o ffered a m ore e ven s pread o f s pecies ; f urthermore, s ome a nimal s pecies ( i.e. c aprines) w ere p resent i n d ifferent q uantities a t e ach s ite a nd o thers w ere o nly p resent a t o ne o f t hem . T erritorial d ata d id n ot p rovide c lear e vidence o f a c lear s eparation b etween c oastal a nd h interland s ites ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983a, 6 9-72). D ifferences i n t he r ate o f a ccumulation o f c ultural m aterial a nd i n t he i mmediate t opography o f t he s ites, s upplemented b y a c onsideration o f t he d ates s uggested f or t he s ites a nd a c ritical r econsideration o f i nterpretative m odels, a ll s uggested t hat i nstead o f a ssessing t he c haracter o f o ccupation " at i ndividual s ites o r i n p articular a reas i n t erms o f ac hoice b etween m utually e xclusive h ypotheses o f s easonality o r s edentism ,...it m ay b e m ore p roductive t o c ompare s ites i n t erms o f t he r elationship b etween t he o n-site a nd o ff-site d ata i n e ach c ase , a nd t hat s uch a c omparative p erspective m ay s timulate f urther a nalysis o f b oth s ets o f d ata" ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983a , 7 7). T he r econsideration o f t he i nterpretative m odels a pplied t o A sprochaliko a nd K astritsa r aised q uestions b oth o n s ite f unction a nd o n r esource e xploitation i n E pirus d uring t he P alaeolithic. T he e xisting s ites c ould n ot b y t hemselves t hrow e nough l ight o n t hese p roblems ; t he n eed t o e xcavate n ew s ites w as u rgent. T his i s w hen t he

s ite o f K lithi , w as i ntroduced .

b earing t he p romise o f a f ull p alaeolithic s equence,

K lithi i s " a n atural r ockshelter f ormed i n t he E ocene l imestone o f t he L ower V ikos g orge" ( Bailey e t a l., 1 984, 1 1). I t w as c hosen f or e xcavation " because o f t he a pparent e xtent a nd d epth o f t he d eposits a nd t he a bundant s urface f inds o f p rehistoric a rtifacts" ( op. c it., 1 3). I ts d istinctive e nvironmental l ocation , d ifferent f rom t hat o f A sprochaliko a nd K astritsa, " should h ighlight a ny f unctional c ontrasts i n f auna a nd a rtifacts w ith t he o ther r ock-shelter s ites" ( op. c it., 1 3-14). E xcavations s tarted i n 1 983 a nd w ere s till i n p rogress i n 1 988. T here i s n o e vidence o f H olocene o ccupation . T he d eposits, c ontaining s everal r ockfalls, c onsist o f " stratified s crees f ormed b y c old c limate c onditions" a nd " contain a m icrolithic f lint i ndustry o f l ate g lacial t ype, a nd f aunal r emains o f i bex a nd c hamois c onsistent w ith t he l ocal e nvironment u nder a l ate g lacial c limate" ( Bailey e t a l., 1 986b , 1 01). R esearch i s s till u nder w ay i n E pirus: t he d ata f rom t he o riginal e xcavations o f H iggs a re b eing f ully a nalysed ; n ew e xcavations a re u nder w ay ; p alaeoenvironmental a nd p alaeogeographical r esearch a re i n p rocess a nd n ew i nformation i s b eing a ccumulated d ay b y d ay . T he l ast w ord i n t he b ook o n p alaeolithic o ccupation i n E pirus i s s till f ar f rom h aving b een w ritten .

P urpose o f R esearch I n t he l ight o f t he p receding c onsiderations a m ajor s ynthetic e ssay o n t he G reek P alaeolithic s eemed p remature t o t he a uthor a nd i t s eemed b etter f or t he t ime b eing t o c oncentrate o n i ndividual, e xcavated , s ites f rom a p articular r egion . S o, w hen t he p ossibility o f s tudying t he E pirus s ites a ppeared , i t p rovided a g ood o pportunity f or ac lose l ook a t t he i ndividual c haracter o f e ach i ndustry . T he E pirus s ites o ffered t he f ollowing a dvantages: 1 . t hey h ad b een e xcavated i n a c onsistent w ay a nd t he m aterial w as, t hus, o f r eliable p rovenance a nd d ate ; 2 . t hey a ll b elonged t o as ingle g eographic u nit ; 3 . t hey a ll w ere o f u pper p alaeolithic d ate, p romising f or c omparative a nalysis ;

a nd i n t his s ense,

4 . a lthough t he s ites h ad s erved a s t est c ases f or m odels o n r esource e xploitation , t he a ctual a rchaeological d ata w ere o nly p artially a nalysed ; 5 . t he e arlier p ublications o n t he s ites h ad c oncentrated o n t he i nterpretations r ather t han t he a rchaeological m aterial i tself, w hile t he m ore r ecent r eports d id p resent s ome i nformation o n t he s tone a nd f aunal a ssemblages b ut i n ap reliminary f ashion . I t s eemed t hat t here w as s till m uch e xciting w ork t o b e d one o n t hese s ites.

O nce a ccess t o t he u pper p alaeolithic a ssemblages o f A sprochaliko a nd K astritsa w as e stablished ( Kokkinopilos w as e xcluded f rom t he s ample b ecause o f g rave p roblems w ith t he e xcavation a nd t he i nformation a vailable) t he a uthor w as f aced w ith t he f ollowing p ossibilities: a ) t o e xamine e ach a ssemblage t echnological a nd t ypological c haracter ;

s eparately

b ) t o t ypology ;

i n

c ompare

t he

t wo

a ssemblages

t erms

a nd

o f

s tudy

i ts

t echnology a nd

c ) a nd t o t ry t o e stablish a t ype-list t hat c ould a lso b e u sed a s ag uideline f or f urther r esearch o n t he s ubject.

T he t hird s ample, t hat f rom K lithi, w as i ntroduced i n o rder t o i nvestigate t he r ole o f r aw m aterials i n t he g eneral a ppearance o f t he i ndustries. K lithi i s m ainly t reated i n r elation t o K astritsa , w ith w hich i t s hares a c lose c hronological s etting .

M äthodology T he t hree s ites, a lthough s haring t he s ame b road g eographic l ocation , h aving r elated c hronologies, a nd u sing f lint a s a r aw m aterial f or t heir s tone i ndustries, d iffer i n t he f ollowing w ays: 1 ) c ontext ;

i n

t heir

p recise

l ocation

w ithin

t he

c ommon

g eographic

2 ) i n t he p articular t ime-span t hey r epresent w ithin t he u pper p alaeolithic p eriod ; 3 ) i n t he q uantities o f a rchaeological m aterial t hem a nd t he q ualitative i nformation g ained f rom i t ;

d iscovered a t

4 ) m aterial ;

a rchaeological

i n

t he

c onditions

o f

d eposition

o f

t he

5 ) a nd i n t he q uality o f t he e xcavation t echniques e mployed a t e ach s ite. K lithi, b eing e xcavated i n t he l ate 1 980 's, i s c learly b eing d ug m ore c arefully t han t he o ther t wo s ites. M ore s pecifically , A sprochaliko o ffers a s equence r anging f rom t he M iddle P alaeolithic t o a s l ate a s t he B ronze A ge(?), w hile K astritsa a nd K lithi a re p urely u pper p alaeolithic s ites. T he f inds f rom A sprochaliko a nd K astritsa a re s tored i n t he I oannina A rchaeological M useum ( Epirus), w hile t he K lithi m aterial i s k ept i n a h ouse r ented f or t his p urpose a t t he v illage o f A risti ( Epirus, w estern Z agori v illage g roup).

T he s ample r ectangles f rom e ach s ite w ere s elected a ccording t o t heir s tratigraphic r eliability a nd t he q uality o f t he e xisting r ecords. A n e xhaustive a nalysis o f a ll t he m aterial w as p ractically i mpossible, a s a ll t hree s ites a re v ery r ich . M any r ectangles r ich i n f inds p resented p roblems c oncerning e xcavation , r ecording a nd d ocumentation a nd w ere a voided . A fter t he s ample r ectangles h ad b een d ecided u pon a nd t he a ssignment o f s pits t o l ayers w as c ompleted , t he a ctual m aterial w as e xamined . T he m aterial w as s eparated i nto d ebitage, t ools, t echnical p ieces, a nd t ool m anufacture b y-products. A ll w ere c ounted a nd a c ombination o f b oth q uantitative a nd q ualitative a ttributes w as r ecorded o n c omplete d ebitage a nd t echnical p ieces a nd o n a ll t ools ( complete o r n ot) a nd c ores a nd c ore f ragments. T he m ethod i s s imilar t o t hat e mployed b y B ergman a nd O hnuma a t t he s ite o f H ummal I a , E lKO WM i n S yria ( Bergman a nd O hnuma , 1 983), b y B ergman i n h is a nalysis o f l evels X III-VI f rom K sar A kil ( Bergman , 1 987) a nd b y O hnuma i n h is a nalysis o f l evels X XV-XIV f rom t he s ame s ite ( Ohnuma , 1 988) B roken d ebitage w as n ot a nalysed i n d etail b ecause m any i mportant q uantitative a nd q ualitative f eatures w ere m issing ( e.g . o verall m easurements, b ulb l ocation , t ype o f d istal e nds a nd o f b utts, e tc.). B roken d ebitage w as m erely s eparated i nto r ough c ategories: f lakes, b lades, b ladelets, c hips, a nd a n ote w as m ade o n w hether t hey e xhibited a ny t races o f n atural s urface o r n ot. T wo p roblems o f d iagnosis a rose c oncerning t he b roken d ebitage : t he d istinction b etween f ragments o f b lades a nd b ladelets, a nd t hat b etween f lake a nd b lade f ragments. T he f ormer p roblem l ies m ainly i n t he f act t hat b lades a re d ifferentiated f rom b ladelets m ostly - i f n ot u niquely- o n t he b asis o f m etrical c riteria ( length a nd w idth). A s t he l ength i s t he v alue m ost a ffected b y b reakage, t he a uthor r elied o n t he ( greater) w idth t o d ifferentiate b etween f ragments o f b lades a nd t hose o f b ladelets, f ollowing T ixier 's d efinition w here b ladelet w idth i s l ess t han 1 .2 c m a nd b lade w idth i s e qual t o o r g reater t han 1 .2 c m ( Tixier, 1 963, 3 83 9). T he l atter p roblem c an b e a ddressed b y m eans o f t he q ualitative c riterion o f p arallelness a nd r egularity o f t he l ateral e dges a nd d orsal r idges ; t hese t end t o b e p arallel i n t he c ase o f b lades, w hile n ot n ecessarily s o i n t hat o f f lakes. T he h ardest p roblem a rose i n t he d istinction b etween t rue b lades ( by T ixier 's d efinition : T ixier , 1 963, 1 974, 1 980) a nd " laminar p ieces", t hat i s p ieces t hat, w hen c omplete , h ave t he m etrical a ttributes o f a b lade ( length e qual t o o r g reater t han t wice t heir w idth) b ut a re s horter t han 5 c m . a nd w ider t han 1 .2 c m , a nd t herefore d o n ot b elong t o t he b ladelet g roup e ither. I n s ome c ases t he l ateral e dges a re n ot p arallel a nd t he d orsal r idges a re n ot r egular ; i n t his r espect t hey r esemble f lakes, b ut t hey c annot b e f itted i nto t hat g roup e ither b ecause o f t heir l ength/width r atios. T he t rue n ature o f t hese p ieces c annot b e d iscerned w hen t hey a re b roken , b ut t hey m ay b e c lassified a ccording t o t he c riteria p resent o n e ach i ndividual f ragment. T hey a lso c reate p roblems w hen i dentifying t ool b lanks s ince

t heir o riginal d imensions a re a ltered b y r etouch . T he g reater c onfusion a rises b etween b lades a nd " laminar p ieces", a nd s ince t hese t wo g roups d o n ot e xhibit a ny m easurable d ifference i n t heir q ualitative f eatures , t hey w ere l umped t ogether a nd c ounted a s b lades. M ore e laborate c omments o n b lades, b ladelets a nd " laminar p ieces" a re p resented i n t he G LOSSARY . T he r ecorded f ollowing :

a ttributes

f or

t he

E pirus

a ssemblages

w ere

t he

A ) f or d ebitage: 1 ). C olour ( t aken b y m eans o f s ubjective d escriptions).

M unsell c olour c harts t o r educe

2 ). P resence o r a bsence o f p rimary s urface , a s w ell a s i ts q uantity . T he a mount o f p rimary s urface w as m easured e mpirically a ccording t o h aw m uch o f t he p iece w as c overed b y i t. N umerical v alues w ere u sed : " 0" f or n o n atural s urface, " 1" f or v ery l ittle, " 2" f or n atural s urface c overing h alf o f t he p iece , " 3" w hen m ost o f i t w as c overed , a nd " 4" f or t otal c overage. 3 ). T ype o f n atural s urface ; t his w as i ntroduced a fter a p reliminary i nspection o f t he m aterial r evealed t he v ariety o f n atural s urfaces p resent o n t he p ieces ( thick c halky c ortex , t hin c halky c ortex , s mooth c halky c ortex , t hin s kin , c oarse s kin , p atina, r iver r olling a nd b attering , s heen). I t i s h oped t hat t he r ecording o f t he d ifferent t ypes o f n atural s urface w ill i lluminate p roblems o f p rocurement o f r aw m aterial f or t he s ites u nder s tudy . 4 ). L ocation o f n atural s urface ( "All" f or t otal c overage, " Back" f or d orsal c overage, " Extremities" f or d istal a nd p roximal c overage, " Distal" f or d istal a nd " Proximal" f or p roximal c overage, " Lateral E dges" w hen t he n atural s urface w as l ocated a long t he e dges, " Left L ateral" a nd " Right L ateral" w hen t he s urface w as o n e ither o f t he r espective l ateral e dges). 5 ). M aximum m easurements ( taken w ith a p air o f c allipers) o f l ength ( taken a long t he a xis o f p ercussion a nd n ot a long t he l ongest g eometric a xis o f t he p ieces), w idth ( taken p erpendicularly t o t he l ength) a nd t hickness ( taken o n t he m iddle o f t he p ieces a nd n ot o n t he b utt). 6 ). F laking a ngles ( taken w ith a g oniometer t he d orsal s urface o f t he b utt).

f rom t he v entral t o

7 ). E dge a ngles, a lso t aken w ith a g oniometer , f rom t he v entral t o t he d orsal p art o f t he e dges, a lways i n t heir m iddle. T his a ttribute w as o nly r ecorded f or b lades, b ladelets a nd l aminar p ieces i n o rder t o c heck p ossible d ifferences a mong t hem ; e dge a ngle w as a lso r ecorded f or t ools. 8 ). M ode o f p ercussion ( determined e stablished b y O hnuma a nd B ergman i n 1 982).

a ccording

t o

c riteria

9 ). N u mber o f d orsal r idges ( " 0" f or n one, " 1", " 2", " 3", f or a s m any r idges, a nd " 9" f or m ore t han f our d orsal r idges ) .

" 4"

1 0). L ocation o f t he p oint o f p ercussion i n r elation t o t he d orsal r idges ( established a ccording t o c riteria s uggested b y G ingell a nd B arding i n 1 981). 1 1). D irection o f f laking ( uni, b i, m ulti-directional, t ransverse) j udged b y t he n egatives l eft o n t he d orsal p art o f d ebitage b y p revious r emovals i n r elation t o t he a xis o f p ercussion o f t he p ieces. T his w as r ecorded i n o rder t o i nvestigate t he d egree o f t urning o f t he c ore d uring d ebitage. 1 2). T ype o f b utt ( plain , p rimary , f acetted , p unctiform , l inear, " en a ille d ' o iseau ", c rushed ).

d ihedral,

C rested p ieces, w hich e xhibit a n umber o f a dditional d orsal s cars d ue t o c resting , w ere r ecorded a s c rested f lakes, b lades o r b ladelets, a nd t he d etermination o f t he f laking d irection w as d one b y i gnoring t he s cars l eft b y t he c resting . T he e xtent o f t he c resting w as n oted ( complete o r p artial) a s w ell a s i ts d irection ( unifacial o r b ifacial).

B ) f or c ores ( it s hould b e r emembered t hat c ores a re d escribed i n t he s tage t hey a re a bandoned ): 1 ). C olour o f f lint ; 2 ). Q uantity , t ype a nd l ocation o f n atural s urface ; 3 ). O verall d imensions ( length , t aken f rom t he m ain p latform a nd a long t he a xis o f r emovals; w idth , t aken p erpendicularly t o t he l ength ; t hickness, t aken t ransversely t o t he w idth); 4 ). N umber , d imensions, c ondition o f p latforms ;

a ngles

( taken

w ith

a g oniometer)

a nd

5 ). A xes o f d ebitage ; 6 ). D escription o f b acks ; 7 ). N ote o n t races o f p reparation ; 8 ). T ype, j udged a ccording t o t he n egatives l eft o n t he c ore b y t he r emovals o f t he b lanks ; 9 ). 8 8-90).

S hape,

e stablished a ccording t o B rezillon

C ) f or t ools: 1 ). C olour o f f lint;

( Brezillon ,

1 968 ,

2 ). Q uantity , t ype a nd l ocation o f n atural s urface ; 3 ). O verall d imensions ( taken a s f or d ebitage); 4 ). F laking a ngles, w hen t he p roximal p art w as p resent i ntact; 5 ). E dge a ngles, t aken a s f or d ebitage ; 6 ). R idge n umber, b ulb l ocation p ossible) a nd d irection o f f laking ; 7 ). T ype o f b utt, p arts, w hen p ossible ;

i n

r elation

t o

t hem

( when

m ode o f p ercussion a nd c ondition o f p roximal

8 ). P rofile, c ondition o f d istal e dges, b utt d imensions ( when p ossible);

e nds,

d irection

o f

l ateral

9 ). T ool t ype ; 1 0). D escription a nd l ocation o f r etouch . A f inal n ote w as m ade o n w hether t he p ieces e xhibited t races o f b urning o r n ot. T his l ast r ecording s howed t hat t here d id n ot e xist a p referential " treatment" o f a ny c lasses o f a rtifacts. A dditional f eatures w ere r ecorded f or t he c omplete p ieces o f d ebitage . B ecause o f t he s ize o f t he s amples a nd s hortage o f t ime t hese w ere o nly t aken f or t he r ichest r ectangle a t K astritsa ( R4 w ith 1 925 c omplete p ieces). A ll o f t he A sprochaliko s ample w as t reated l ike t his ( total o f 1 268 c omplete p ieces), a s t he r ectangles c ame f rom a reas w ith s tratigraphic p roblems. T he K lithi s ample w as t reated f ully ( c.500 c omplete p ieces) t oo, a s i t w as n ot l arge. T he a dditional a ttributes w ere t he f ollowing : 1 ). P rofile o f t wisted , p lunging ).

f lakes,

b lades,

b ladelets

( straight ,

c urved ,

2 ). D irection o f l ateral e dges ( parallel, c onvergent, e xpanding). 3 ). C ondition o f d istal t races o f o pposed p latform ).

e nds

( plain ,

h inging ,

p ointed ,

w ith

4 ). D imensions o f b utts ( width a nd t hickness). T his a ttribute w as n ot t aken f or t he c hips s ince t hese a re n ot p roducts o f i ntentional k napping a nd a re n ever r etouched i n t he E pirus a ssemblages. 5 ). C ondition o f p roximal p arts ( whether p lain o r f acetted). A l aboratory a nalysis w as k indly u ndertaken b y J .Evans o f t he N orth E ast L ondon P olytechnic o f ar esidue s ample n oticed b y t he w riter o n t he p roximal p art o f ab ladelet f ragment w hile e xamining t he s ample f rom K astritsa. T he r esults o f t his a nalysis a re p resented i n A ppendix

T he p rocessing o f t he d ata w as d one u sing t he D Base I I p rogram . W hen m ean v alues a re s tated i n t he t ext, t hey a re g iven t o t he n earest h alf u nit , i .e. 2 5.5 i nstead o f 2 5.3, e tc. E dge a nd p latform a ngles a re a lso r ounded u p t o t he n earest u nit, i .e. 6 0 i nstead o f 5 8 d egrees. L IST O F A BBREVIATIONS U SED I N T HE T ABLES

G R B L W i f R D P K B RN Y L T WO M ORE G R/BRN R D/BRN R D/YL R D/GR P .BRN L .BRN D RD O LV/GR O LV/BRN

F lint c olours g rey , r anging f rom l ight t o d ark b lack w hite r ed p ink d ark b rown y ellow t wo c olours o n t he s ame p iece m ore t han t wo c olours o n t he s ame p iece g rey/brown r ed/brown r ed/yellow r ed/grey p ale b rawn l ight b rown d usky r ed o live/grey o live b rown

N atural s urface C halky c ortex R iver r olled T hin c halky T hin n on-chalky T hin s kin C oarse s kin S mooth c halky P atina S heen

C H R R T CH T NC S TF C S S CH P AT S UN

L ocation A ll o ver D orsal D istal e nd P roximal e nd B oth e nds L ateral e dges R ight l ateral L eft l ateral

A L B K D L P X E X L E R L L L

A rtifact t ype F lake B lade B ladelet L aminar p iece C hip D ebris D ebris/knap D ebris/burnt D ebris/natural C ore C ore t ablet C rested p iece T ool M icroburin B urin s pall

A ltered N on B urnt

F L B L B T B B C H D K D B D N C R C T C RS T L M BN B NS

F lint t ype U nknown " Vöidomatis" R iver p ebble S peckled B anded C oarse-grained

U N V R R P S P B ND C R

B utt t ype P lain P rimary D ihedral F acetted L inear P unctiform " En a ille" C rushed U nknown

S N C D F L P A L C RS U NK

C rested p iece N ot c rested C ontinuous u nifacial C ontinuous b ifacial P artial u nif . P artial b if .

C BC P UC P BC

L ateral e dges P arallel C onverging E xpanding

P C E

N ON C UC

D irection U nidi n al B idi/nal M u ltidi/nal T ransverse U ndiagnos t ic U nknown

U D B D M D T RS N ON U N

M ode H ard h ammer S oft h ammer C rushed U nknown

H S N U

P roximal e nd P lain F acetted

P F

P rofile S traight C urved T wisted P lunging

S C T P

D istal e nd P lain H inging P ointed O pposed t races

P H M 0

F unctional

A nalysis

A f unctional a nalysis o f s tone i mplements c ould b e c alled t he i nvestigation o f t heir u se, w hether t hese i mplements b e r ecurrent t ool f orms, u nretuuched d ebitage, o r m anufacture b y-products. S tone a rtifacts c omprise t he m ajority o f t he a rchaeological m aterial d iscovered a t p alaeolithic a nd m esolithic s ites, t he o rganic a rtifacts b eing s usceptible t o d ecay c aused b y b iological a gents a nd s oil a cidity o ver l ong p eriods o f t ime. S tone a rtifacts m ay b e d ivided i nto t wo m ain g roups: r etouched t ools a nd u nretouched d ebitage. I t i s t he f ormer g roup t hat a ttracted t he a ttention o f c ollectors a nd p rehistorians f irst. I n t he s eventeenth c entury t he f irst s tone t ools t o b e c ollected w ere c onsidered a s t hunderbolts ( "ceraunia" i n L atin ), f airy a rrows, o r e lfshot ( Daniel, 1 962, 3 1), a nd n ot a s p roducts o f h uman b eings. I t w as i n t he n ineteenth c entury t hat t he T hree A ge S ystem o f d ividing t he h uman p ast w as i ntroduced b y C .J .Thomsen , t hen c urator o f t he N ational D anish M useum ; t his s ystem a dded a n ew c hronological p erspective t o t he u ntil t hen r estricted v iews o n t he a ntiquity o f t he h uman p ast ( Daniel, 1 962, 4 0), a nd h elped t owards a d ifferent v iew o f t he s tone a rtifacts. T he e arliest s ystems o f s tone t ool c lassifications r elied m ostly o n t he s tudy o f f orms ; t he f unction w as i nferred a ccording t o w hat h as b een c alled " the s peculative f unctional a pproach" ( Hayden a nd K amminga , 1 979, p .3), t hat i s i nference f rom a nalogy w ith m etal t ools a nd e thnographic e xamples o f s tone t ools ( Vaughan ,1981,6). T his a pproach s urvives t oday i n t he n aming o f t ools, i n s uch t erms a s " scraper", " burin", " projectile p oint", " borer", e tc. N ilsson ( 1838-43) w as o ne o f t he f irst t o m ake " considerable u se o f e thnographic a nalogy t o d etermine t he p robable u ses o f t ools f rom t he p ast" ( Seitzer-Olausson , 1 980 , 4 8). E thnographic a nalogy , h owever, w as n ot t he o nly a pproach a dopted i n t he i nvestigation o f t he f unction o f s tone t ools. U be-wear t races o n t he t ools w ere a lso g iven t heir f air s hare o f a ttention . O riginally t his a pproach c onsisted m ostly o f t he m ere v isual i nspection o f t he m ost e xtreme t ype o f e vidence b ut, a s i n t he c ase o f e thnographic a nalogy , n o d etailed d ata w ere p resented . T his m ethod i s s till w ith u s t oday , d espite t he d evelopment o f m ore e laborate t echniques o n t he f ield . E xperimentation a s am eans o f p roducing w ear p atterns s imilar t o t hose o bserved o n p rehistoric t ools w as a lso i ntroduced e arly ; S eitzerO lausson m entions S ehested w ho " by m eans o f e xperiments w ith d ifferent k inds o f g rinding a nd p olishing , t ried t o d uplicate s triations h e h ad n oted o n s tone a xes" ( Seitzer-Olausson , 1 980 , 4 9 ; S ehested , 1 884). V aughan d ivides t he m ethod i n t wo b ranches: t hat o f " direct v erification" w hen t ests a re d one t o " support o r d isprove a g iven h ypothesis a bout t he f unction (s) o f ac ertain c lass o f i mplement, w ith t he m ajor e mphasis b eing p laced o n c omparison o f e xperimental a nd

p rehistoric u se w ear", a nd t hat o f " efficiency s tudies" w hich a re " designed o nly t o d emonstrate w hether o r n ot a c opy o f a p rehistoric t ool, o r a n o riginal e xample i s c apable o f e fficiently e xecuting t he h ypothesized t ask" ( Vaughan , 1 981, p .14). P rior t o t he u se o f t he m icroscopes, t he d amage a long t ool e dges w as e xamined w ith h and l enses a nd i n t his s ense t he i nformation w as o nly b ased o n m acroscopic e xamination . A m ajor b reakthrough i n f unctional a nalysis o ccurred w ith t he t ranslation i nto E nglish o f S emenov 's " Prehistoric T echnology " i n 1 964. S emenov a nd h is t eam " pioneered m ore a dvanced t echniques o f i nvestigating u se-wear t han w ere p reviously p ractised , a nd e stablished a s ystematic a pproach k nown a s t he e xperimental traceological o r k inematic m ethod" ( Vaughan , 1 981, 3 7). T he m ethodological b reakthrough w as b rought b y t he i ntroduction o f a n ew r esearch d esign c onsisting o f t he e mployment o f b inocular m icroscopes t o s tudy s urfaces i n r eflected l ight, p reparation o f t he s urface o f t he o bjects u nder o bservation , d ocumentation o f w ear t races, a nd m agnifications o f u p t o 1 80x , c oncentrating m ainly o n e dge d amage a nd s triations ( Adam , 1 985,3). E xperimental r eplication o f w ear t races w as a m ust f or S emenov 's s chool. H is w ork c reated a s ensation i n t he W est a nd p roduced n umerous a rguments f or o r a gainst i t. A c haracteristic o f t he m ethod i s, a s V aughan r emarks, t hat i t d oes n ot r ely o n a s ingle d iagnostic t rait, b ut " considers f unction t o b e a n i nterplay o f m any f actors" ( Vaughan , 1 981, 3 9). E qually i mportant i s t he f act t hat S emenov p ays a ttention t o t races r esulting f rom r easons o ther t han u se, s uch a s m anufacture a nd n atural a gencies, f actors p reviously m ostly i gnored . C onsidering t he i mpact o f S emenov 's r esearch , i t i s j ustifiable t o c lass f unctional a nalysis i n t wo m ain p eriods, p re- a nd p ost Semenov . D uring t he " post Semenov" p eriod f unctional a nalysis p roceeded w ith g reater s peed , w ith a f ew n ew t rends: t he w ide u se o f m icroscopes, t he d etailed r ecording o f d ata, t he u se o f e xperimentation , a nd t he e nlargment o f t he s amples u nder a nalysis. T he e mployment o f m icroscopes l ed t o t he a doption o f t he t erm " microwear", m eaning t hat t he d iagnostic i nformation w as o f m icroscopic n ature. S till, t here w as n o u nified a pproach t o t he s tudy o f t he f unction o f s tone t ools a nd g radually t he f ield s aw t he f ormation o f t wo " schools", t hat o f " low-power" m icroscopy a nd t hat o f " high-power" m icroscopy . T he f irst s chool ( Ttingham e t a l., 1 974, O dell e t a l, 1 980) c oncentrates o n t he m echanics o f e dge d amage. I t e mploys l ow m agnifications ( maximum 1 00x), m echanical e xperiments i n t ool m otion , a nd a r ange o f c ontact m aterials s imilar t o t hose i nferred t o h ave b een a vailable t o p rehistoric g roups ( Ttingham e t a l., 1 974, 1 83). T he p roponents o f t he l ow-power s chool c laim t hat t heir m ethod i s l ess t ime- a nd r esource-consuming t han t he h igh-power o ne, w hich t hey f ind " in s ome c ases p robably o verrated" ( Tringham e t a l., 1 974, 1 85). T he e xperiments s howed t he m ethod t o b e a ble t o d etect t he m ode o f a ction ,

-30-

t he a pproximate n ature o f t he w orked m aterial a nd t he d ifference b etween t races p roduced b y u se a nd t hose c reated b y n atural a gencies ( Tringham e t a l., 1 974, 1 87-192). A t t he c onclusion o f t heir 1 974 a rticle, T ringham a nd h er t eam r ealized t he n eed f or f urther t esting , b ut c laimed t hat, a t t he t ime , " the p recision o f m icrowear s tudies... l ies n ot s o m uch i n b eing a ble t o r econstruct e xactly h ow a f lake w as u sed , b ut i n b eing a ble t o s ay e xactly w hich p art o f i ts p erimeter w as u sed , a nd h ow t his u sage r elates t o t hose m acromorphological c haracteristics w hich a re s elected o r m anufactured b y i ts u sers"( T ringham e t a l., 1 974, 1 95). F ollowing t heir e xperiments t hey w ent a s f ar a s s tating t hat " t he a ssumption t hat f orm f ollows f unction ...is n ot o nly u ntenable b ut u nnecessary " ( Tringham e t a l., 1 974, 1 95). T hey f irmly b elieved t hat m icrowear s tudies w ere " an e ssential p art o f e very l ithic a nalysis" ( Tringham e t a l ., 1 974, 1 95). O dell c oncentrates m ore o n i nspecting " several d ifferent c ontact s ituations" a nd o n p resenting " hypotheses r egarding t he g enesis o f t he d amage t hat i s t ypically c aused b y t hem" ( Odell, 1 981, 1 97). O dell c lassifies c ontact m aterials i n t erms o f h ardness/softness ( Odell, 1 981, 1 99) a nd a lso d istinguishes b etween v arious a ctions, s uch a s s craping , s having , w hittling a nd c utting/sawing ( Odell, 1 981, 2 002 07). H e r ecognises t hat s uch f actors a s t he m orphology o f t he s urfaces ( edges m ostly ), t he a ngles i nvolved i n t he a ctions, a nd t he r aw m aterial t he t ools a re m ade o f c an a lso i nfluence t he t ype o f w ear p atterns o bserved o n s tone t ools ( Odell, 1 981, 2 07-209). T he " high-power" s chool e mploys h igher m agnifications ( 100x t o 5 00x+) a nd r elies o n aw ider l ist o f v ariables c oncentrating m ostly o n m icrowear p olishes a nd s triations. A gain , i t w as t he i mpact o f t he E nglish t ranslation o f S emenov 's w ork t hat p romoted t he r esearch d esign a dopted b y t he l atter s chool. A s e arly a s 1 974, t hough ( that i s t en y ears a fter S emenov 's w ork w as t ranslated i nto E nglish ), K eeley w as c omplaining t hat t he r ecent w ork b y w estern s cholars s howed a " degeneration f rom t he h igh s tandards o f S emenov", t hat i s " a ) t he u se o f m icroscopy u p t o 1 80x , a nd a lso t he u se o f h igher m agnifications f or m ore d etailed e xamination , b ) t he u se o f p hotographs f or r ecording o bservation , e specially s tereo p airs, a nd c ) t he n ecessary u se o f c olorizers o r m etalization o f t he s urfaces t o b e e xamined" ( Keeley , 1 974, 3 23-324). K eeley w as c laiming t hat t his d egeneration h ad a ccounted f or t he p oor r esults o f r ecent s tudies. H e a ttributed t he l imited n umber o f p otentially o bservable t races a nd t he s tatistical u nreliability o f t he r esults t o t he d eviation f rom t he o riginal m ethod a nd t echnique, a nd n ot t o t he l ow q uality o f t he r esearch d esign i tself . H e c oncluded t hat t he r espectability o f t he m ethod c ould b e r estored i f t he r esearchers p aid m ore a ttention t o s uch b asic p oints a s e nlarging t he s amples u nder a nalysis, i ntroducing b etter c ontrols, c omplementing t heir i nterpretations w ith i nformation f rom t he e thnographic a nd t he e xperimental r ecords, q uantifying t heir d ata, a nd o ffering m ore s upplementary d ata o n t he s ite(s) u nder q uestion ( Keeley , 1 974, 3 32).

H e w as a lso s tressing t hat m icrowear w as a t ime-consuming f ield d emanding g reat a ttention t o t echnical d etails a nd m ethodology . H is o wn w ork , p ublished i n 1 980 , c larified h is a pproach e ven f urther. K eeley p ut f orward a t echnique f or c leaning t he i mplements u nder s tudy a nd a m ethodology i nvolving t he u se o f h igh p ower m icroscopy , r igorous p hotographic d ocumentation o f t he o bservations, a nd a ccompanied c losely b y e xperimentation o n v arious c ontact m aterials. I n K eeley 's o wn w ords " the m ost i mportant r esult o f t hese e xperiments w as t he d iscovery t hat t he m icrowear p olishes f ormed b y v arious w orked m aterials h ave d istinctive a ppearances a nd a re, i ndeed , d istinguishable f rom o ne a nother . N ot o nly d o t hese p olishes a ppear d ifferent, b ut t hey a re, i n s ome c ases, m easurably d ifferent" ( Keeley , 1 980 , 1 74). P erhaps t he m ost i mportant m ethodological n ovelty i ntroduced b y K eeley 's w ork w as t he u se o f " blind t ests" t o t est t he v alidity o f t he i nterpretations. T he t est t ools ( 15 i n a ll) w ere m anufactured a nd u sed b y M .H .Newcomer , a nd t hen h anded o ver t o t he a nalyst w ho h ad t he t ask o f e stablishing t he f unctions t hey h ad s erved i n . K eeley c laimed a s uccess r ate o f 8 8% i n t elling t he u sed p art o f t he t ool, a l ower o ne ( 75%) i n d etermining t he m ethod o f u se, a nd a n e ven l ower o ne ( 65%) i n a ctually s uggesting t he w orked m aterials i nvolved ( Keeley , 1 980 , 1 74). D espite t he l ow l evel o f s uccess i n i dentifying w orked m aterials, K eeley c oncluded t hat " the m icrowear p olishes f ormed b y v arious w orked m aterials h ave d istinctive a ppearances a nd a re, i ndeed , d istinguishable f rom o ne a nother" ( op . c it., 1 74). D espite h is c ertainty a bout t he d istinctiveness o f m icrowear p olishes, t hough , t he a nalyst r egistered a n ote o f c aution : " There a re af ew c onvergences, h owever , t hat m ay p resent s ome d ifficulties: u se o n m eat m ay n ot a lways b e d istinguishable f rom u se o n f resh , w et h ide ; u se o n w ood m ay n ot a lways b e d istinguishable f rom u se o n s oaked a ntler , u nless t he m icrowear p olish i s w ell d eveloped ; b one a nd a ntler s aws w ill s ometimes b e i ndistinguishable f rom o ne a nother" ( K eeley , 1 980 , 8 3). T his l ast i mpression i s, t hough , q uickly a mended b y t he a nalyst 's f inal n ote o f r eassurance: " But t hese f ew p roblems s hould h ardly a ffect t he o verall a bility o f t he m icrowear a nalyst c orrectly a nd f ully t o i nterpret f lint i mplements i n f unctional t erms, a nd t here m ay b e o ther k inds o f e vidence t o h elp h im c hoose b etween a lternative i dentifications" ( op. c it., 8 3). T he i mpact o f i n t alking a bout a o n t he p rinciple o f f ield o f f unctional o f t he m ore n otable

K eeley 's w ork h as b een s uch t hat o ne i s j ustified " school" o f h igh-power m icrowear a nalysis, r elying t he p articularity o f p olishes, t hat d ominates t he a nalysis. V aughan ( 1981) a nd M oss ( 1983a) a re t wo f ollowers o f K eeley 's s chool.

I t b ecomes c lear a t t his s tage t hat f unctional a nalysis, a nd m ore p recisely m icrowear a nalysis, i s a n i nterpretative t ool w hich m ay l ead t o af uller u nderstanding o f s tone i ndustries.

T he r eason w hy m icrowear a nalysis a ttracted a ll t his a ttention w as i ts c laim t o b e a ble t o a nswer t he c ritical q uestion o f t he u se o f s tone t ools, y et t here d oes n ot, t o t his m oment, e xist a c onsensus a mong t he a nalysts o n b asic i ssues s uch a s t he t erminology a nd m ethodology u sed a nd t he a pplications o f t he m ethod . S ome s ee m icrowear s erving a s a " bridge g oing f rom l ithic t ools t o a ctivity s ets, t o a ctivity g roups, t o s ocial g roups" ( Hayden 1 979, 5 8), w hile o thers, l ike T ringham , s tress sometimes t o a n e xtreme p oint a ccording t o t he p resent a uthor- t he i mportance o f d emonstrating t he u tilisation o f r esources o ver t hat o f e stablishing c ertain a ctivities a s s uch ( Hayden 1 979,89). T erms s uch a s " use-wear", " functional a nalysis" a nd " wear a nalysis" h ave b een s uggested t o d escribe t he m ethod b est a nd t here c ertainly a re m any a pproaches i nvolved i n t he s tudy o f t he f unction o f s tone t ools, r anging f rom m ere m acroscopic e xamination o f t races t o e laborate s canning e lectron m icroscope a nalyses. R egardless o f t he w ay t he i nformation i s b eing e xtracted , t he b iggest p roblem f or a ll a nalysts, a nd e ven o f m ere r eaders o f t he r elevant r eports, h as b een t he c ommunication a nd e xchange o f i nformation . E specially i n t he f ield o f h igh-power m icrowear a nalysis, w here u se p olishes a re o f i mportance, t he d escriptions o f t he b asic d iagnostic a ttribute, t he p olish , h ave m ostly b een s ubjective a nd d ifficult t o c heck : s uch t erms a s " melted s now " ( Keeley , 1 980 , 5 6), " comet t ails" ( Vaughan , 1 981, 1 32) e tc. r equire f urther e laboration i n o rder f or d ifferent r eports t o b e c omparable. D ocumentation i s a lso s uffering b ecause e ven t he b est m icrographs d o n ot a lways p rint w ell i n p ublications; t he n eed t o q uantify t he i nterpretative d ata i s s trong . T wo m ajor a pproaches h ave b een f ollowed s o f ar ; o ne i s t he u se o f i nterferometry ( Dumont, 1 982) a nd t he o ther t he a pplication o f i mage p rocessing ( Grace,Graham , N ewcomer ,1985). D umont b elieves t hat i nterferometry c an s upply " specific i nformation c oncerning t he p hysical d imensions o f f eatures f ound o n p olish s urfaces", a nd t hat i t c an " provide a q uantitative a ssessment o f p olish m orphology" ( Dumont, 1 982, 2 16). T he o bjective o f a pplying t exture a nalysis t o m icrowear p olishes, a s s uggested b y G race e t a l., i s t o " develop a n o bjective m ethod o f i dentifying t ool f unction f rom t he d istinctiveness o f p olishes a ccording t o c ontact m aterial" ( Grace e t a l., 1 985, 1 18). U nfortunately , a lthough t exture a nalysis s howed t hat t he d ata c ould b e q uantified s uccessfully , i t r aised d oubts a bout t he d istinctiveness o f m icrowear p olishes. " Antler p olishes d o n ot c learly s eparate o ut, a nd .. . some w ood p olishes c annot b e d istinguished f rom a ntler ..."(op. c it., 1 16). T he s ame r emark h ad b een m ade i n t he p ast b y o ther r esearchers ( e.g . V aughan , 1 983, 1 230). T he m ost w orrying r esult o f G race 's w ork w as t he d iscovery t hat " in b lind t ests w ood , a ntler a nd b one p olishes" h ad " also o n o ccasion b een c onfused w ith o ne a nother" ( Grace e t a l., 1 985, 1 18). T his i s a p oint o f m ajor i mportance t o t he m icrowear a nalysis. I f t he n otion o f m icrowear

d evelopment o f p olishes b eing

d istinctive a nd d iagnostic o f c ontact m aterial p roved t o b e u ntenable, t hen s everal t hings w ould h ave t o b e r econsidered . P arallel t o r esearch i nto t he i nvestigations a re a lso o n t he w ay o n f ormation , d eterioration a nd a lteration .

c haracter o f p olishes, t he p rocesses o f p olish

B radley a nd C layton i nvestigated t he d egree o f p olish f ormation o n f lint t ypes o f d ifferent g eological o rigin . T heir r esults d emonstrated t hat " microwear p olishes f orm a t v arying r ates u nder t he s ame c onditions o f u se o n f lint o f d ifferent s tructure"( B radley a nd C layton , 1 987 , 8 9). T his i mplies t hat i n " assemblages o f m ixed g eological t ypes, c omparisons b etween v isually s imilar g roups o n t he b asis o f u se-wear m ust b e m ade c arefully" ( op. c it., 1 987 , 8 9). A nother m ajor p roblem o f m icrowear a nalysis, a nd t o t he p resent a uthor a c rucial o ne, i s t hat o f t he s uitability o f t he a rchaeological s ample(s) s elected f or a nalysis. T he l ong t erm b urial i n t he s oil t hat p rehistoric s tone i mplements a ll e ndure a nd t he r esulting p hysical a nd c hemical a lteration o f t heir s urfaces a re b y f ar t he g ravest p roblems m icrowear a nalysis h as t o c ome t o t erms w ith . T he p rocess o f d egradation o f p olishes h as b een e xamined u nder l aboratory c onditions b y P lisson , a mongst o thers. E xperiments o n c hemical a nd m echanical a lterations o f e xperimental u se p olishes " illustrated s ome o f t he d egradations c apable o f a ffecting m icropolishes a nd a lso c reated f acies o f a lteration s imilar t o f orms o bserved o n p rehistoric p ieces" ( Plisson a nd M auger, 1 988, 1 5). F ollowing t heir r esults, P lisson a nd M auger c all f or c aution i n " direct c omparisons b etween o ur e xperimentally t reated s amples a nd t he a rchaeological p ieces" ( op . c it., 1 4). I ndeed , " post-depositional s urface m odification" - P DSM f or s hort - ( a t erm u sed b y L evi-Sala , 1 986 a nd H olmes, 1 988) c an t ake m any f orms, n ot a ll d etectable a t m acroscopic l evel. I t c an r ange f rom v isually d etected s heen , t o m icroscopically d etected b right s pots. M ost m icrowear a nalysts h ad a cknowledged t he e xistence o f n aturally c aused t races o n t he f lints t hey a nalysed , b ut h ad n ot e laborated o n t he m atter. S ala u ndertook a s eries o f e xperiments " to s tudy t he p rocesses i nvolved i n p ost-depositional a lteration o f f lint a rtifacts a nd t heir e ffect o n u se-wear t races" ( Levi-Sala , 1 986 , 2 29). T he r esults o f h er e xperiments s howed , a mong o ther t hings, t hat " weakly d eveloped u se-wear p olishes s uch a s t hose p roduced b y c utting b racken , a nd p robably b y c utting m eat a nd s craping f resh h ide, c an d isappear a fter m ovement i n w et g ravelly s ediment", w hile " well-developed p olishes s uch a s t hose p roduced b y c utting r eeds a nd r ushes a re n ot a ffected i n t he s ame w ay . T hey a re o nly s lightly d ulled". S he a lso o bserved t hat " striations s eem t o d isappear d uring m ovement i n t he s ediment", a long w ith " manufacture t racks". S he s peculated o n t he i mplications o f t hese r esults " on t he v ariability o f p olishes i n r elation t o w orked m aterial" ( op . c it., 2 41-242). I n s ummary , t he p resent s tate o f f unctional a nalysis t ools c ould b e d escribed i n t he f ollowing p oints:

o f s tone

1 . T he p redominant a nalytical t echnique w ith a n e mphasis o n t he h igh-power a pproach .

i s

m icrowear

a nalysis

2 . I t m ainly c oncentrates o n f lint ; o bsidian d evelops a d ifferent s et o f d iagnostic t races. Q uartz, q uartzite, b asalt, b one a nd s hell a re a lso e xamined , b ut l ess f requently t han f lint. 3 . N ot a ll t ypes o f f lint a re a ppropriate f or m icrowear a nalysis. 4 . T he p resentation a nd c ommunication o f t he i nformation i s s till d one o n ar ather a rbitrary b asis; t his c alls f or g reater e laboration o f q uantification t echniques. 5 . T he p rinciple o f t he d istinctiveness o f m icrowear p olishes a ccording t o c ontact m aterials i s b eing r econsidered ; a ttention i s d rawn t o o ther f eatures t hat c an c ompliment p olish o bservations a nd l ead t o m ore c onfident i nterpretations. 6 . I t b ecomes i ncreasingly i mportant t o r ealize h ow d eposition c an a ffect t he a ppearance o f m icrowear p olishes a nd h ow t his c an s ubsequently i nfluence t he o bservations a nd i nterpretations o f t he f unction o f t he s tone t ools. A nalysts t end t o a ccept t hat e xperimentally p roduced , u ntreated , p olishes a re n ot a lways t he e xact e quivalent o f t hose o bserved o n p rehistoric t ools. 7 . M icrowear a nalysis r equires s ubstantial t raining , e laborate e quipment , c onsistent a nd s trenuous d ocumentation , e xhaustive e xperimentation , u nlimited p atience , a nd a l arge a mount o f t ime i n o rder t o p roduce r eliable r esults. 8 . T he t echnique i s w idely u sed t o c omplement m ore c onventional l ithic s tudies ( such a s t ypology ), o r e ven t o c ontradict t hem . I t h as s o f ar c oncentrated m ostly o n r etouched t ools, t rying t o e stablish t he r elation b etween " form" a nd " function" r ather t han t rying t o a ssess d ifferences b etween r etouched t ools a nd u nretouched d ebitage. N evertheless, t hanks t o t his t echnique, w e a re n ow c loser t o u nderstanding t he f unction o f s tone t ools, b ut b ecause m icrowear a nalysis i s - i n i ts p resent s tate - s uch a c omplicated t echnique, i t m ust b e a pplied w ith c aution a nd n ot s imply c onsidered a s p anacea t o t he p roblem o f f unctional i nvestigations. I t b elongs t o a h igher a nalytical/interpretative l evel t han t ypological-technological a nalysis o f l ithic i ndustries a nd , c onsequently , i t d eals w ith m ore e laborate q uestions t han t he f ormer f ields. M oss, c ommenting o n t he 1 977 B ordeaux c onference o n " La f in d es t emps g laciaires e n E urope", s tated t hat " it w as p recisely b ecause l ithic s tudies w ere s o f ar a dvanced i n F rance t hat p erhaps o nly a n ew t echnique c ould t ake t hem a ny f urther" ( Moss, 1 983a, 9 ). T he a uthor a grees w ith M oss i n t hat t he f ield o f l ithic s tudies c an b est b enefit f rom s uch a n a dvanced t echnique w hen o ther t raditional a pproaches a re n o l onger a ble t o a nswer t he q uestions a t h and .

G reece, h owever , i s n ot F rance a nd l ithic s tudies a re s till i n t heir i nfancy . I t w ould b e p remature t o a ttempt t o a nswer q uestions o n f unction w hile s till p ondering t he t echnological a nd t ypological c haracter o f t he i ndustries u nder q uestion , e specially a s t here i s n o g enerally a greed a nd t ested m ethod o f m icrawear a nalysis t hat c ould b e a pplied t o t he G reek m aterial. N or w ould i t b e r ealistic t o t ry a nd c ompare f unctional a spects o f t he G reek u pper p alaeolithic s tone i ndustries t o t hose o f , s ay , F rance, I taly , o r t he B alkans w hile w e s till d o n ot k now w hether a nd i n w hat w ays t hey a re r elated t o e ach o ther . T he s tone i ndustries o f E pirus i nclude a w ide v ariety o f f lint t ypes a nd w ere e xcavated a t a t ime w hen p eople w ere n ot f amiliar w ith t he d amage t hat m etal t ools, r igorous s haking d uring d ry s ieving , c leaning w ith m etal b rushes a nd p rolonged s torage i n o verflowing t ightly p acked s helves m ight i nflict o n t he s tone t ools. n m icrowear a nalysis, i ncluding A t wo-year l ong t raining o s t o n e a r t e f a c t s , e x p e r i m e ntation , m icroscopic i nvestigation o f icroscopically o bserved f eatures, d ocumentation a nd r eplication o f m he p ossibilities, l imitations a nd e nabled t he a uthor t o a ppreciate t iscussion . r equirements o f t he a pproach u nder d I t b ecame c lear t hat a f unctional a nalysis o f t he i ndustries i n q uestion w ould h ave t o b e a s eparate p roject t hat w ould a llow e nough t ime f or t he s tudent t o b ecome f amiliar w ith t he p articular f lint t ypes p resent i n t he a ssemblages a nd t heir r eaction t o p olish f ormation . T his w ould r equire a n e normous e xperimental d atabase e mploying b oth l ocal a nd s tandard f lint v arieties ( i.e. B randon f lint f or c ontrol e xperiments). F urthermore , i t s eemed t hat t he q uestions a f unctional a nalysis w ould s eek t o a nswer h ad n ot e ven b een f ormed. I t s eemed b etter t o s tart a t t he b eginning , i nvestigating t he t echno typological c haracter o f t he i ndustries a nd t he r elations b etween t hem , a nd t o p ostpone t he f unctional i nvestigation u ntil t he t ime w as r ipe , t he q uestions w ere f ormed a nd t he t echnique i tself h ad o vercome i ts d rawbacks.

C onstructing t he t ype-list T he p urpose o f e mploying a t ype-list i n t he s tudy o f t he E pirus U pper P alaeolithic s tone i ndustries i s p rimarily t o e xamine t he v ariability o f t ool t ypes p resent i n t he t wo m ain s ites o f A sprochaliko a nd K astritsa, a nd , s econdly , t o c ompare t he t ypological i nformation t hus a cquired t o t hat f rom g eographically a djacent a reas w ithin t he t ime-span i ndicated b y t he c hronological s equence a vailable f or t he E pirus s ites. T he s ite o f K lithi, f orming a s mall p art o f t he t otal s ample, w as m ainly i ntroduced t o i lluminate q uestions b earing o n t he r ole o f d ifferent r aw m aterials ; c onsequently , a nd s ince t he f inal r eport o n t he i ndustries f rom K lithi i s s till i n p reparation , t he t ool t ypes f rom t hat s ite w ill m erely b e c ompared t o t hose f rom t he o ther t wo s ites a nd t he e ffect o f t he r aw m aterial w ill b e e valuated .

T ype-lists a re w idely u sed i n d escribing t ool a ssemblages ; t he b est k nown a nd m ost w idely u sed f or t he U pper P alaeolithic i s t hat d evised b y d e S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot i n 1 953. A ccording t o d e S onneville-Bordes " A t ype-list c ontains.., t he t ool-types e xcluding u nretouched m aterial, w hile t he r aw m aterial, t he t echnique, t he d imensions, t he f unctions a nd t he u se t races a re t he o bject o f c omplementary , s ubordinate a nalyses" ( de S onneville-Bordes, 1 974-75, 2 8). T he k ind o f t ype l ist e mployed i n e ach s tudy d epends o n t he p urposes i t i s c alled t o s erve : as implified l ist f or l arge a ssemblages a nd a d etailed o ne f or p recise, i ntra cultural c omparisons ( de S onneville-Bordes, 1 974-75, 3 1). T ype-lists h ave b een b oth p raised a nd a ttacked e ver s ince t hey w ere f irst u sed . T heir g reatest w eakness i s t hought b y s ome t o b e t he s ubjectivity i nvolved i n t he c reation o f t he t ype l ist a nd i n t he a llocation o f t ools t o s pecific t ypes. N evertheless, " they a t l east p rovide c omprehensive f rameworks w ithin w hich t he e ntire r ange o f i mplements f ound i n a rchaeological a ssemblages m ay b e i nventoried . A nd ...they c onstitute a p owerful t ool f or s pace-time o rdering" ( Sackett, 1 966, 3 59). A ccording t o R ozoy , " the c omparison o f p rehistoric c ultures n eeds.. . the d etailed s tudy o f t he i ndustries t hat c ompose t hem" ( Rozoy , 1 978, 2 7). F or t he s ame a uthor t ypology i s t he " science t hat p ermits o ne t o r ecognise, d efine a nd c lass a v ariety o f o bjects..." ( op. c it., 2 7). F or T ixier, w ho e mployed m orphological t ypology i n h is s tudy o f t he E pipalaeolithic o f t he M aghreb , t ypology i s " mainly a s cience o f o bservation" ( Tixier, 1 963, 1 8). T he i ntuitive c haracter o f t ypology ( practised b y t he m anufacture a nd a pplication o f t ype-lists) l ed t o a lternative a pproaches t o t he s tudy o f r etouched t ools. A ttribute a nalysis, t he m ain a lternative " answer" t o c onventional t ypology o ften r elies h eavily o n t he t ool g roups a lready e stablished b y t ypology : " as a r ule i t s eems b est t o d efine t hem ( i.e. t he c omponent s ystems o f s tone t ools) i n t erms o f t he r elatively b road p rimary a rtifact g roups t hat a re g enerally r ecognized b y m ost U pper P alaeolithic t ypologists, a s i t i s o nly w ithin t hese c lasses t hat q uestions o f m ore r efined t ypological d iscrimination n ormally a rise" ( Sackett, 1 966, 3 60). A s t he p resent w ork d oes n ot c oncentrate o n r efining a n e xisting c lassificatory s ystem b ut o n a nalysing a ssemblages o f r etouched t ools, a nd s ince a ttribute a nalysis h as f ailed t o s uggest a v iable m ethod o f d ealing w ith a ll t he a ttributes, t ypology w as c onsidered a b etter a pproach t o t he a nalysis o f t he a ssemblages a t h and . F unctional a nalysis h ad a lready b een m ethodological w eaknesses a nd p roblems a ssemblages u nder s tudy ; b esides, f unctional r eplacing t ypology a s am ajor c lassificatory

r ejected b oth b ecause o f o f a pplication t o t he a nalysis i s s till f ar f rom s ystem o f s tone t ools.

T ypology h as b een a pplied w idely b oth i n t he s tudy o f l ower a nd m iddle p alaeolithic a ssemblages a nd o n u pper p alaeolithic a nd m esolithic o nes ( Tixier 1 963 , R ozoy 1 967, O tte 1 981, t o m ention b ut a

f ew c ases). a ssemblages.

I t

s eemed

t he

b est

p ossible

a pproach

f or

t he

E pirus

T he a uthor b ears i n m ind t he r estrictions i mposed b y av ariety o f f actors: 1 . T he s mall n umber o f t he s ites i nvolved ; 2 . T he d ifference i n d ate b etween t he t wo m ain s ites, w ithin t he o verall s pan o f t he U pper P alaeolithic ; 3 . T he i ndividual c haracter o f e ach s ite ( i.e. f unction , d uration o f o ccupation , r aw m aterial, t echnology , e tc) h as n ot y et b een f ully e lucidated . I t i s h oped t hat t he a pproach a dopted b y t he p resent a uthor c ombining t echnological a nd t ypological i nformation w ill s hed s ome l ight i n t hat p roblem , a lthough r elying o n t he s tone i ndustries a lone w ill b e r estricting . T he r ecovery r ate f or s tone a rtifacts w as c onsidered b y t he a uthor ( after t he c onsultation o f t he e xcavation r ecords a nd t he i nvestigation o f t he o riginal r eports) s atisfactory a nd d oes n ot p resent p roblems o f b iased p resentation o f t ool t ypes. T he o nly g roups t hat m ight h ave s uffered b ecause o f t he r ecovery t echniques s eem t o h ave b een t he c hips, a nd p ossibly , o ther s mall p ieces s uch a s m icroburins o r b urin s pall f ragments. A s f ar a s t he m icroburins a re c oncerned , t hese a re p resent i n s mall n umbers i n t he u pper p art o f t he K astritsa s equence, b ut t he r elated t echnological e vidence d oes n ot s uggest a w ide a pplication o f t he t echnique t hat c ould h ave b een m isrepresented b y ap oor r ecovery r ate. T here w ere t wo o ptions o pen t o t he a uthor w hen c onsidering t he f ormation o f t he t ype-list: a ) t o a dopt a n e xisting , e stablished t ype-list, m ainly t he o ne p ut f orward b y d e S onnevilles-Bordes a nd P errot i n 1 953, o r b ) t o c reate a s pecialised a ssemblages u nder s tudy .

t ype

l ist,

e xclusively f or

t he

C hosing t he f irst o ption w ould m ean t hat t he t ools w ould h ave t o b e c lassified a ccording t o t he g uidelines s uggested b y t hat p articular t ype-list, a nd t hat t ypes n ot e asily a ccommodated b y i t s hould b e l ooked f or i n t ype-lists d evised f or o ther a reas a nd n ot n ecessarily f or t he s ame c ultural p eriod ( i.e. T ixier f or t he E pipalaeolithic o f t he M aghreb , B ar-Yosef f or t he E pipaleolithic o f P alestine, e tc), o r c reated a fresh . T he s econd o ption w ould g uarantee g reater f lexibility i n t he s ense t hat t he a uthor c ould p rovide t he d efinitions f or a ll t ool t ypes p resent i n t he a ssemblages, b ut i t w ould d iscourage c omparisons w ith w ider g eographical a reas. Ap reliminary e valuation o f t he r ecorded i nformation o n t he t ools s howed t hat t hey c ould v ery e asily b e c lassified a ccording t o t he d e

S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot t ype-list. T he f ew t ypes t hat d id n ot a ppear i n i t c ould b e n amed b y t he a uthor ( as i n t he c ase o f b ladelet t ools). I t w as d ecided t o f ollow t he e stablished t ype-list i n i ts o riginal f orm ( the l atest v ersion h as n ot y et b een p ublished f ully ). T he o rder o f t he t ypes f ollows t hat o f t he m ain U pper P alaolithic t ype-list. F ragments o f t ools a re i ncluded u nder t he t ool t ypes t hey r epresent i n t heir b roken s tate. N o a ttempt i s m ade t o r econstruct t heir p ossible o riginal t ype, i .e. a f ragment o f a f lake b earing a n e nd-scraper w ill b e c ounted a s a n e nd-scraper, u nless t here i s c onclusive, r eliable e vidence o f as econd t ool t ype o n i t. F ragments o f b acked p ieces a re c ounted a s s uch a nd n o a ttempt i s m ade t o r econstruct t heir o riginal t ype. F or t he s ake o f t echnological o bservations d etails o f f eatures s uch a s o ther r etouch , b utt a nd t he l ike a re a lso g iven . C omposite t ool t ypes ( such a s e nd-scraper/burins, e tc.) a re c ounted a s as ingle u nit a nd n ot a s t wo s eparate o nes ( one e nd-scraper a nd o ne b urin , f or i nstance). C onverted t ools a re c ounted a ccording t o t he t ype t hey r epresent a t t heir f inal s tage . T echnological i nformation ( such a s t he m icroburin t echnique, m ethods o f t hinning t he b ulb, m ethods o f r etouching , e tc) f ollow t he t ypological a ccounts f or e ach t ool t ype. A ccording t o t he a bove p resented g uidelines, t he s uggested t ypel ist f or t he E pirus U pper P alaeolithic s tone i ndustries i s a s f ollows: A . E ND-SCRAPERS 1 . 2 . 3 . 4 .

S imple e nd-scraper A typical e nd-scraper D ouble e nd-scraper E nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade B .COMPOSITE T OOLS

5 . 6 .

E nd-scraper/burin E nd-scraper/truncation C .P IERCERS

7 . P iercer 8 . A typical p iercer ( bec) 9 . M icropiercer

D .BUR1N5 1 0 . 1 1. 1 2 . 1 3. 1 4 . 1 5. 1 6 .

S imple d ihedral b urin M ultiple d ihedral b urin S imple t runcation b urin M ultiple t runcation b urin S imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface M ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface M ixed m ultiple b urin

E . B ACKED T OOL S 1 7 . 1 8. 1 9. 2 0 . 2 1. 2 2.

G ravette p oint M icrogravette S houldered p oint S houldered p iece T otally b acked b lade P artially b acked b lade FT RUNCATIONS

2 3 . T runcated p iece 2 4. B itruncated p iece G .RETOUCHED B LADES 2 5. P iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 6. P iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7 . A urignacian b lade BAUTCHES 2 8. N otched p iece I . B LADELET T OOLS 2 9. 3 0 . 3 1. 3 2 . 3 3 . 3 4. 3 5. 3 6. 3 7. 3 8. 3 9 . 4 0 . 4 1. 4 2. 4 3. 4 4. 4 5.

T runcated b ladelet B itruncated b ladelet U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain U nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed B acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd(s) T runcated b acked b ladelet B itruncated b acked b ladelet D enticulate b ladelet N otched b ladelet D ufour b ladelet B ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch B ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch

J . V ARIA 4 6. 4 7 . 4 8. 4 9.

S ide-scraper T otally o r p artially r etouched p iece E nd-scraper/notch M iscellaneous

G lossary T his s ection p resents t he d efinitions o f t erms e mployed i n t his w ork . T he t ypes e mployed i n t he p resent l ist a re u nderlined a nd a ccompanied b y t heir r elevant n umber i n t he t ype l ist. A LTERNATE : T he t erm , w hen e mployed t o d escribe p osition o f r etouch , r efers t o r etouch " worked a long p art o r a ll o f b oth e dges o f a p iece, s tarting f rom t he d orsal s urface o n o ne e dge a nd f rom t he v entral s urface o n t he o ther e dge" ( Newcomer & T ixier , 1 974, 3 ). A LTERNATING : T he t erm , w hen e mployed t o d escribe p osition o f r etouch , m eans t hat i t e xtends, a lternately , o n b oth s urfaces o f t he s ame e dge o f t he p iece ( Bordes, 1 961, 2 9). A TYPICAL E ND-SCRAPER ( TYPENO 2 ): " End-scraper w ith e ither v ery c lumsy o r v ery i rregular r etouch" ( de S onneville-Bordes e t P errot, 1 954, 3 28). A TYPICAL P IERCER O R B EC ( TYPENO 8 ): " Flake o r b lade w ith a t hick o r l arge p rojection , p roduced b y b ilateral r etouch" ( de S onnevilleB ordes a nd P errot, 1 955, 7 8). A URIGNACIAN B LADE ( TYPENO 2 7): " Large b lade b earing l arge s emia brupt, o ften s calariform , r etouch a long o ne a nd m ore o ften b oth l ateral e dges. T he d istal e nd i s i nvariably r etouched a nd i s u sually p ointed o r o gival" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956b , 5 52). B ACKED B LADELET : T his t ype w as d efined b y d e S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot a s a " pointed o r o btuse b ladelet w ith o ne e dge r etouched b y c ontinuous a brupt, a t t imes p artial, r etouch s tarting b y o ne o r b oth f aces o f t he e dge...". T he b ladelet " ...sometimes p resents p artial o r c ontinuous, r arely a brupt, r etouch o n t he o pposite e dge" ( de S onneville-Bordes & P errot, 1 956b , 54). T he E pirus s ites a re v ery r ich i n b acked b ladelets ; a g reat n umber o f t hese p resent a dditional r etouch n ot i ncluded i n t he o riginal d efinition . C onsequently , s ome a dditions t o t he t ype-list w ere c onsidered n ecessary ( see r elevant t erms). B ACKED B LADELET W ITH I NVERSELY R ETOUCHED E ND (S) ( TYPENO 3 8): U nio r b ilaterally b acked b ladelet b earing i nverse r etouch o n b oth t he d istal a nd p roximal p arts o r o n o ne o f t hem . I n s ome c ases t he i nverse r etouch s eems t o h ave b een a pplied b y p ressure; i t h as t he f orm o f m ore o r l ess p arallel, l ongish a nd u sually n arrow r emovals t hat a re t ransverse o r p erpendicular t o t he a xis o f p ercussion o f t he b lank .

-41-

T he r etouch i s s ometimes d one p rior t o t he b acking o f t he p iece. T his t ool t ype i s v ery c ommon i n K astritsa a nd p resent i n t he o ther t wo E pirus s ites. I t r esembles t he " POINTE D ES V ACHONS" o f t he o riginal t ype l ist ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956b , 5 47) b ut d iffers f rom i t i n t hat t he t ools a re n ot n ecessarily p ointed a nd a re a lways m ade o n b ladelets. B IFACIAL : R etouch e xtending o n b oth d orsal a nd v entral o f t he e dge(s) o f t he b lank . B ILATERAL :

s urfaces

R etouch e xtending o n b oth l ateral e dges o f t he b lank .

B ILATERALLY B ACKED B LADELET , P LAIN ( TYPENO 3 5): B ladelet w ith d irect a brupt o r a nvil r etouch a long b oth l ateral e dges, p artial o r c ontinuous. B ILATERALLY B ACKED B LADELET , P OINTED ( TYPENO 3 6): B ilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith a r etouched p oint a t o ne e nd p roduced b y t he b acking r etouch a nd a dditional direct o r i nverse- p artial r etouch o n t he r elevant p art o f t he o pposite e dge. B ILATERALLY B ACKED B LADELET , B IPOINTED ( TYPENO 3 7): b acked b ladelet w ith r etouched p oints o n b oth e nds.

B ilaterally

B ITRUNCATED B ACKED B LADELET ( TYPENO 4 0): U ni- o r b ilaterally b acked b ladelet b earing t runcations o n b oth e nds. I n t he E pirus a ssemblages t he t runcations a re u sually m ade b y d irect r etouch . B ITRUNCATED B LADELET ( TYPENO 3 0): B ladelet b earing t runcations o n b oth e nds. B ITRUNCATED P IECE ( TYPENO 2 4): " Flake t runcations o n b oth e nds" ( de S onneville-Bordes 50).

o r a nd

b lade b earing P errot, 1 956b ,

B LADE : B ordes c alled a b lade a n e longated f lake w hose l ength i s e qual t o o r g reater t han t wice i ts w idth ( Bordes, 1 988 ,16). T ixier a dded t o t he p revious d efinition t he p rovisions t hat l ength s hould e qual o r e xceed 5 c m a nd w idth s hould e qual o r e xceed 1 .2 c m ( Tixier , 1 963, 3 8-39). B arriere e t a l. i n t heir a nalysis o f g eometric m icroliths o f t he E pipalaeolithic, f ollow T ixier 's d efinition ( Barriere e t a l., 1 969, 3 56). B LADELET : F or t he E pipalaeolithic o f t he M aghreb T ixier d etermined t he l ength o f a b ladelet a s e qual t o o r g reater t han i ts w idth ( no f ixed m aximum l ength i s g iven ), a nd i ts w idth a s l ess t han 1 .2 c m ( Tixier , 1 963, 3 8-39). B arriere e t a l. s tate t hat b ladelets s hould h ave a w idth l ess t han 1 .2 a m ( Barriere e t a l., 1 969, 3 56). T he s ame g roup a lso e mploy t he t erm o f " thick b ladelet" w hose m aximum t hickness e quals o r e xceeds

4m m ( Barriere e t a l., 1 969 , 3 56). T he l atter t ype i s c alled b y R ozoy a " short b lade" i n h is a nalysis o f E uropean e pipalaeolithic i ndustries ( Rozoy , 1 967 , 2 12). B LADE , B LADELET , L AMINAR P IECE : T ixier 's m ethod o f d istinguishing b etween b lades a nd b ladelets p roved s atisfactory f or t he a nalysis o f t he E pipalaeolithic a ssemblages o f t he M aghreb i t w as d evised f or. B ergman m akes n o d istinction b etween b lades a nd b ladelets i n t he c ase o f l evels X III-VI f rom K sar A kil, b ased o n t he u nimodal d istribution o f t heir w idths ( Bergman , 1 987 , 1 0 a nd f igs. 2 0 , 4 4), w hile O hnuma a dopts T ixier 's c lassification o f b ladelets f or h is a nalysis o f l evels X XV-XIV f rom t he s ame s ite ( Ohnuma, 1 988, 1 2). O tte, i n h is w ork o n t he G ravettian o f c entral E urope, r efraigns f rom e stablishing m etric r estrictions f or b lades a nd b ladelets; w hen t he m easurements f or t hese t wo d ebitage p roducts a pproach e ach o ther h e a ttributes i t t o t he n ature o f r aw m aterials a nd t o t he t echniques o f b lank p roduction p revailing a t e ach s ite ( Otte, 1 981, 8 3). K aufman e stablishes t he p arameters f or d istinguishing b etween b lades a nd b ladelets a t 5 .4 c m f or t he l ength a nd a t 1 .6 c m f or t he w idth ( Kaufman , 1 986, 3 9). H e e mploys a " method b ased o n t he o bservation o f l ength/width s catergrams a nd f requency h istograms, a nd t he a pplication o f d iscriminant a nalysis" ( op. c it., 3 4), a pplied t o U pper P alaeolithic a ssemblages f rom I srael. L eroi-Gourhan a nd t he P incevent t eam a dopt a d ifferent a pproach ; t hey e mploy e ight w idth/length r atios: " very l arge f lake",>1; " large f lake, 1 /1; " longish f lake", 1 /1.5; " long f lake", 1 /2 ; " laminar f lake", 1 /3 ; " blade", 1 /4 ; " straight b lade", 1 /6 ; " very s traight b lade", 1 /10 ( Leroi-Gourhan e t B rezillon , 1 972, 2 63). I t i s c lear t hat t here e xists a w ide v ariation o f a ttitudes w hen i t c omes t o t he d istinction b etween b lades a nd b ladelets a nd t hat e ach a pproach i s l argely d etermined b y t he p articular c haracter o f e ach a ssemblage. T he s pecific p roblem c lassification o f " laminar a re c loser t o b lades, b oth t o b ladelets ( see f ig . 2 A p urposes o f t his r esearch ,

p resented b y t he E pirus a ssemblages w as t he p ieces" ( see r elevant t erm ). T hese p ieces m etrically a nd q ualitatively , t han t hey a re a nd t ables 1 -5). C onsequently , a nd f or t he t hey w ere l umped w ith t he b lades.

T ables 1 t o 5p resent m ore d etailed i nformation o n b lades ( BL ), l aminar p ieces ( BB ) a nd b ladelets ( BT ) f rom s trata 1 , 3 a nd 5 f rom K astritsa. " Quantity", " type" a nd " location" r efer t o t he p rimary s urface p resent o n t he p ieces.

Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o

T ype

N o

L ocation

N o

2 9 1 0 9 8 2

C H R R T NC T CH S CH S TF P AT S I IN C S

1 4 1 2

A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

2 1 2 5 2 2 3 2 1

T OTAL

5 8.

6 4 2

a . P RIMARY B LS. S TRATA 1 ,3,5.

0 1 2 3 4

N o

T ype

N o

1 06 2 8 1 7 1 4 1

C H R R T NC T CH S CH S TF P AT S HN C S

3 2 2 4 2 4 1 5 1

L ocation

P P . ` '

Q uantity

T OTAL b . P RIMARY B BS.

T ABLE 1 .

S TRATA 1 ,3,5.

P RIMARY B LADES A ND " BBS" F ROM S TRATA 1 ,3,5.

N o 1 1 7 5 6 2 9 1 2 8

1 66 .

D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON U NK

N o 4 2 1 0 1 5

P rofile S C T P

N o 2 4 2 0 8 6

E dges P C E

N o 4 6 1 1 1

D istal P H M 0

N o 4 5 1 1 2

T OTAL

5 8.

D istal

N o

a . B LS. S TRATA 1 , 3 , 5 .

D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON U NK

N o 1 29 2 2 4 8 3

P rofile S C T P

N o 7 8 5 3 2 5 1 0

E dges P C E

N o 1 10 4 9 7

P H M 0

T OTAL

1 05 1 5 4 2 4

1 66.

b . B BS. S TRATA 1 , 3 , 5 .

T ABLE 2 .

T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION O N B LADES A ND " BBS" F ROM S TRATA 135 .

R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 4 1 4 2 2 9 5 4

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

P roximal p art

N o

B utt

N o

M ode

N o

3 2 1 9 7

S N C D F L P A L C RS

4 9 5

H S N

3 2 2 2 4

4

N o

7

1 3

T OTAL

5 8 .

N o

M ode

N o

H S N

8 1 7 8 7

a . B LS. S TRATA 1 , 3 , 5 .

R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 1 4 2 6 7 4 0 1 1 5

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

P roximal p art

N o

B utt

9 8 4 8 2 0

S N C D F L P A l C RS

N o 1 34 3 2

1 44 1 5

7

T OTAL

1 66 .

b . B BS. S TRATA 1 , 3 , 5 .

T ABLE 3 . T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION O N B LADES A ND " BBS" F ROM S TRATA 1 ,3.5.

Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o

T ype

1 88 2 0 1 8 1 0

C H R R T NC T CH S CH S TF P AT S HN C S

N o

L ocation

2 9 2 2 2 1 1 2

N o

B K D L P X E X I L P L L E

1 0 6 1 2 1 0 6 4

T ABLE 4 . P RIMARY B LADELETS F ROM S TRATA 1 , 3 , 5.

D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON U NK

N o 2 13 1 8 1 1 3

R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 2 8 7 1 10 3 0 7

-

P rofile S C T P

N o 1 12 7 5 4 2 7

E dges

N o

D istal

N o

P C E

1 58 7 7 1

P H M 0

1 42 2 5 6 9

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 1 65 5 4 1 7

B utt S N C D F L P A L C RS

N o 7 1 9 9 1 1 4 8 6 3 9 1 6

M ode H S N

P roximal e nd

N o 1 97 3 9

T OTAL

2 36.

T ABLE 5 . T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION O N B LADELETS, S TRATA 1 , 3 , 5

N o 4 7 1 73 1 6

H LADELET W ITH I NVERSE R ETOUCH (TYPENO 4 4): B ladelet b earing c ontinous o r p artial, u ni- o r b ilateral i nverse r etouch o n ap art o ther t han t he d istal o r p roximal. B LADELET W ITH S EMI-ABRUPT R ETOUCKTYPENO 4 5): B ladelet b earing c ontinuous o r p artial, m ostly u nilateral s emi-abrupt r etouch . I t d iffers f rom t he D UFOUR b ladelet i n t hat t he r etouch i s a lw ays d irect a nd n ever a lternate. B URINS a re c lassed i n t his s tudy a ccording t o t he k ind o f t he s pall r emoval s urface : a b roken o r n atural s urface o r a t runcation ; d ihedral b urins a re d ifficult t o t reat i n t his w ay s ince t here u sually i s n o e vidence l eft b y w hich t o j udge t he o riginal s triking p latform . C HIP : C omplete p roduct o f d ebitage w hose d imensions d o n ot e xceed 1 c m ; c hips c an a lso b e c alled t he f ragments o f f lakes, b lades a nd b ladelets s maller t han 1 c m i n a ny d imension . C OMPOSITE T OOL : A t ool c ombining t wo d ifferent t ool-types o n t he s ame b lank . T he t ype-list f or t he U pper P alaeolithic e stablishes s ix s uch c ombinations, b ut t he E pirus a ssemblages e mploy t wo m ain t ypes: t he e nd-scraper/truncation a nd t he e nd-scraper/burin . A nother t ype o f c omposite t ool i s t he e nd-scraper/notch ; t his i s r are a nd w as c lassed u nder V ARIA . C ORE : " Block o f r aw m aterial f rom b ladelets a re r emoved" ( Newcomer, 1 972, 3 2).

w hich

f lakes,

b lades

o r

C ORE D IRECTION C HANGE P IECE : F lake a nd r arely b lade, p roduced w hile c hanging t he d irection o f f laking o n a c ore. T hese p ieces w ere r eproduced e xperimentally b y t he a uthor o nly d uring c hanging t he f laking d irection o n c ores. T heir d iagnostic c haracteristics a re: a . t he d orsal s cars f ollow a t ransverse, a nd m ore o ften , p erpendicular a xis t o t he a xis o f p ercussion o f t he p iece ; b . o ne o f t he l ateral e dges b ears p art o f t he o ld c ore p latform , c omplete w ith a brasions t races, a nd h as, t hus, a v ery h igh e dge a ngle ( fig . 2 B ). T hese p ieces a re f airly c ommon i n t he E pirus a ssemblages ; t he a rchaeological p ieces r esemble v ery c losely t he e xperimental o nes; t hey u sually a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. C ORE T ABLET : " The f lake ( or r arely b lade) w hich r emoves a ll o r p art o f t he s triking p latform o f ab lade c ore i n o rder t o c reate a n ew a ngle b etween p latform a nd c ore f ront, o r t o r emove a c rushed p latform" ( Newcomer , 1 972, 3 2). C RESTING F LAKE : F lake p roduced e xperimentally d uring c resting ; i ts d iagnostic c haracterisatics a re t he f ollowing : a . t he p rofile i s u sually c urved ; b . t he d orsal s cars a re m ultidirectional t o t he a xis o f p ercussion ; c . t hey u sually a re o f s oft h ammer m ode ; d . t heir d orsal s urface b ears p art o f t he o riginal r idge t o b e c rested , c uts t hrough i t ( fig . 2 C).

D EBITAGE : " The i ntentional a ction o f b reaking a b lock o f r aw m aterial i n o rder t o u se t he p roducts ( flakes, b lades o r b ladelets) a s t hey a re, o r t o c onvert t hese p roducts i nto t ools b y r etouch o r b urin b low t echnique. D ebitage a lso c omprises t he r esults o f t his a ction" ( Newcomer , 1 972, 3 4). F or t he p urposes o f t he p resent r esearch i n t he c lass o f d ebitage a re i ncluded a ll c ores, c ore f ragments, c ore t ablets, c rested p ieces, f lakes, b lades, b ladelets, c hips a nd D /K . D EBRIS : A ny a morphous p iece o f f lint, u sually p olyhedral, w ith n o r ecognisable v entral s urface. T he p resent s cheme r ecognises t hree t ypes o f d ebris: 1 ). " Debris/knap" ( D/K ), w hich a re p roduced d uring d ebitage a nd b ear n o b ulb b ut h ave t races o f p revious r emovals ; t hese c an b e p rimary o r n ot. T hese a re p roduced d uring k napping , w hen t he b lock o f r aw m aterial b ears i nclusions o r c leavage p lanes t hat p revent t he n ormal f racture o f f lint. 2 ). " Debris/pot-lid" ( DIP ), w hich a re a morphous p ieces o f f lint i n v arying s tages o f b urning ; t heir c olour i s u sually a ltered a nd t he s urface l ightly t o s everely c racked . 3 ). " Debris/Natural ( D/N ), w hich a re n ot t he p roduct o f h uman a ction b ut a re f ormed b y n atural a gencies ; t heir r idges a re r olled , b lunted a nd s mooth , a nd t hey a re u sually c overed b y s heen . D ENTICULATE B LADELET (TYPENO 4 1): " Bladelet b earing o n o ne o r b oth e dges s mall, m ore o r l ess c ontinuous, n otches e ither a long t he w hole o r o n p art o f t he e dge" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956b , 5 54). D IHEDRAL B URIN : " Burin f ormed a t t he i ntersection o f a d ihedral a ngle p roduced b y t wo b urin-blow r emovals o r g roups o f r emovals". ( de S onnevile-Bordes a nd P errot,1956a , 4 08). N ewcomer e laborated o n t his s tating t hat d ihedral b urins a re " burins w hose s pall r emoval s urface i s f ormed b y an atural s urface, a b reak , o r o ne o r m ore b urin f acets" ( Newcomer, 1 972, 3 4). T he t ype " Simple D ihedral B urin" ( TYPENO 1 0) i n t his l ist m ay c orrespond t o o ne o f t he t ypes 2 7, 2 8, 2 9 o f t he m ain u pper p alaeolithic t ype-list. D IRECT : e dge. I t i s a ssemblages.

R etouch t hat s tarts f rom t he v entral s urface o f t he t he c ommonest t ype o f r etouch p resent i n t he E pirus

D OUBLE E ND-SCRAPER ( TYPENO 3 ): " Flake o r b lade, w ith o r w ithout l ateral r etouch , p resenting t wo e nd-scraper f ronts t hat a re a lways o pposed" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 954, 3 28). D UFOUR B LADELET (TYPENO 4 3): T he o riginal t ype-list f or t he U pper P alaeolithic d escribes t his t ype a s a " bladelet, o ften c urved i n p rofile b earing f ine m arginal c ontinuous s emi-abrupt r etouch , d irect o r i nverse, e ither a long o ne e dge o r a long b oth l ateral e dges, i n w hich c ase t he r etouch i s a lternate" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956b , 54). T he p resent r esearch f ollows t he c urrent a pplication o f t he t erm a nd c lasses a s D ufour b ladelets o nly t hose p ieces b earing a lternate, c ontinuous s emi-abrupt r etouch . I n t he E pirus a ssemblages D ufour b ladelets a re u sually m ade o n s traight b lanks.

E ND-SCRAPER O N R ETOUCHED F LAKE O R B LADE (TYPENO 4 ): " End-scraper o n b lade o r f lake b earing u ni- o r b ilateral c ontinuous r etouch ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 954, 3 28). E DGE D AMAGE : " Any r etouch o n a s tone a rtifact w hich i s n ot t he r esult o f d eliberate e ffort b y m an t o m odify t he m orphology o f t he i mplement" ( Moss, 1 983b, 2 31). E ND-SCRAPER/BUR1N (TYPENO 5 ): T ool c ombining a n e nd-scraper o f t he t ypes 1 a nd 2 t o a nd a b urin . I n t he E pirus a ssemblages t he b urins a re u sually m ade o n t runcations. E ND-SCRAPER/NOTCH (TYPENO 4 8): T ool c ombining a n e nd-scraper a nd an otch. V ery r are ; c lassed u nder " varia". E ND-SCRAPER/TRUNCATION(TYPENO 6 ): T his t erm w as p refered t o " ends craper/truncated b lade" o f t he e stablished t ype-list ( de S onnevilleB ordes a nd • P errot, 1 955, 7 6) b ecause n ot a ll b lanks f or t his t ool i n t he p resent a ssemblages a re b lades. T he F rench U pper P alaeolithic i ndustries s eem t o b e r icher i n l ong b lades t han t he E pirus o nes. F LAKE : P roduct o f d ebitage w hose l ength i s l ess t han t wice i ts w idth a nd w hose d imensions a re g reater t han 1 c m . I n t he E pirus a ssemblages f lakes a re t he d ominant d ebitage c lass. T he l ateral e dges a re m ostly e xpanding o r c onvergent. T he f lake b utts a re l arger t han t hose o f b lades a nd b ladelets. T hey a re m oslty o f h ard h ammer m ode. T he p resence o f n atural s urface i s m ore c ommon o n f lakes t han o n b lades o r b ladelets. F lakes a re u sed a s b lanks f or t ool p roduction l ess o ften t han b lades a nd b ladelets. G RAVETTE P OINT (TYPENO 1 7): " Generally v ery p ointed , i t i s m ade o n a r egular a nd l ong b lade, s traight o r l ess o ften s lightly c urved i n p rofile, p roduced b y v ery a brupt, o ften a nvil r etouch ; s ometimes i t m ay p resent a dditional, d irect o r i nverse, r etouch a long t he o pposite e dge, a t t he b ase o r t he p oint" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956 , 5 47). H INGING : A f laking a ccident, i n w hich t he d istal p art o f a f lake, b lade, b ladelet, c hip o r b urin s pall t urns u p a nd a way f rom t he m ass o f t he c ore o r b urin , t hus p roducing a " smoothly r ounded t ip o n t he d istal e nd o f t he p iece, a nd a n e qually c haracteristic " hook" a n t he c ore o r b urin" ( Tixier, 1 974, 1 5). I NTENTIONAL B REAKAGE : T he d eliberate a ction o f b reaking e ither a p iece o f d ebitage o r a r etouched t ool. T his t echnique w as n oticed o n M ousterian p ieces a nd i ts f eatures w ere d escribed i n d etail b y B ordes ( 1953). T his a ctivity i s c ommon i n U pper P alaeolithic a nd l ater a ssemblages. A r ecent a rticle p resents a n a ccount o f e xperiments o n i ntentional b reakage c onducted i n c onnection w ith t he l ate u pper p alaeolithic s ite o f H engistbury H ead ( Bergman e t a l., 1 987). T he a uthors p roduced a l ist o f f eatures ( op. c it., 2 4) d iagnostic o f i ntentional b reakage p ractised m ainly f or m anufacturing , b ut f or r epairing a nd r esharpening t ools, a s w ell. T he p resent s tudy f ollows t he f eatures s uggested b y B ergman e t a l. i n d istinguishing i ntentional

b reaks. I n t he c ase o f t he E pirus a ssemblages i ntentional b reakage w as a pplied m ostly o n a lready r etouched p ieces ( such a s s ide-scrapers, a urignacian b lades a nd r etouched p ieces) a nd s econdly o n u nretouched d ebitage. T he b reak w as u sually d elivered o n t he v entral s urface, s ometimes o n a n a nvil . S everal c ases o f r efitting o f i ntentionally b roken p ieces w ere r ecorded ( especially a t K astritsa). I NVASIVE : " Very f lat r etouch , t he f lake s cars o ften b eing n arrow , s ub-parallel , a nd f airly l ong" ( Newcomer , 1 974, 2 1). E xperimental p ractice o f p ressure f laking p roduced s imilar r etouch ; i t m ust b e s tressed , t hough , t hat i t i s n ot a lways c lear f rom t he p rehistoric p ieces, w hether t his r etouch w as m ade b y p ressure , a lthough i t l ooks v ery p robable i n m ost o f t he c ases. T his t ype o f r etouch i s f ound m ostly o n t he v entral s urface o f p roximal a nd d istal e nds o f b acked b ladelets. I NVERSE : T he t erm i mplies r etouch t hat s tarts f rom t he d orsal s urface o f t he e dge r ather t han f rom t he v entral ( as i n t he c ase o f d irect r etouch ). L AMINAR P IECE : P roduct o f d ebitage w hose l ength i s e qual t o o r g reater t han t wice i ts w idth a nd l ess t han 5 c m ; i ts w idth i s e qual t o o r g reater t han 1 .2 c m . T hese p ieces a re f requently p resent i n t he E pirus a ssemblages. D uring t he o riginal c ounts, t hey w ere e ntered s eparately a s " BBS" ( blade bladelets); w hen t he e valuation o f t he q ualitative a ttributes w as d one i t b ecame c lear t hat t hey w ere a n a rtificial g roup , e stablished o nly o n t he b asis o f t he m etrical c riteria o f l ength a nd w idth . T hey s hare m ore o r l ess t he s ame q ualitative f eatures w ith t he b lades, h ave p arallel e dges a nd r idges m ore o ften t han t he f lakes, a re m ore o ften o f h ard h ammer m ode t han t he b ladelets ( % ) p reserve m ore n atural s urface t han t he b ladelets. T hey a re t hicker t han b ladelets, a nd w ere p robably u sed a s b lanks f or t he s ame t ool t ypes a s t he b lades ( according t o T ixier 's c riteria). W hen b roken , t hey c an e asily b e c lassed a s b lades. B ecause o f t heir p roximity t o t his l atter g roup , t hey w ere l umped w ith t hem . M ICROBUR1N : T he p art o f ab ladelet t hat f alls c lear o ff t he m ain b ody o f t he b lank a s ar esult o f t he b low d elivered d uring t he p ractice o f m icroburin t echnique a s d escribed b y T ixier ( Tixier e t a l., 1 980 , 6 2). I n t he E pirus a ssemblages m icroburins a re o nly a ssociated w ith b ladelets a nd a ppear i n t he u pper p art o f t he s equence. ' K rukowski m icroburins ( Tixier a nd N ewcomer , 1 974, 1 8-9) a re p resented a nd d iscussed w ith t he r eal m icroburins b ut a re n ot c ounted w ith t hem s ince t hey a re a ccidents a nd n ot r esults o f i ntention . M ICROGRAVETTE (TYPENO 1 8): " Small G ravette p oint m ade o n a s mall b lade o r, m ore o ften , o n ab ladelet" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956, 5 47). I n t he E pirus a ssemblages m icrogravettes c an b e d escribed a s f ollows: b ladelets w ith u nilateral d irect a brupt o r a nvil r etouch , p ointed e ither b ilaterally o r u nilaterally , w ith t runcated o r i nversely r etouched b utt ( or b oth). T he p oint c an b e l ocated e ither o n t he d istal o r t he p roximal p art. T he p oint i s m ore a cute t han i n t he c ase o f " pointed b acked b ladelets".

M ICROPIERCER (TYPENO 9 ): " Piercer m anufactured o n ab ladelet o r a s mall f lake" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 955, 7 8). M ISCELLANEOUS (TYPENO 4 9): T ool f ragments o f u nidentifiable f orm . M IXED M ULTIPLE B UR1N (TYPEN0 1 6): A " piece c ombining o ne o r m ore d ihedral b urins w ith o ne o r m ore t runcation b urins" ( de S onnevilleB ordes a nd P errot, 1 956a, 4 12). M ULTIPLE D IHEDRAL B URIN (TYPENO d ihedral b urin t ypes o n t he s ame b lank .

1 1):

M ULTIPLE T RUNCATION B UR1N (TYPENO 1 3): t ypes o f t runcation b urins o n t he s ame b lank .

P iece

P iece

c ombining

c ombining

s everal

s everal

N OTCHED P IECE (TYPENO 2 8): " Blade o r f lake b earing o ne o r m ore r andomly l ocated n otches t hat a re a lways p roduced b y i ntentional r etouch" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956b, 5 52). N OTCHED B LADELET (TYPENO 4 2): " Bladelet b earing o ne o r m ore s eparate a nd r andomly l ocated s mall n otches"(de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956b , 5 54). P ARTIAL : T he t erm r efers t o r etouch t hat d oes n ot e xtend a long a ll o f t he l ength o f t he e dge i t i s a pplied t o ( empirically , i t i s e stimated t hat i t c overs a t l east 1 /3 o f i t). P ARTIALLY B ACKED B LADE (TYPENO 2 2): " Non-pointed b lade b earing a brupt r etouch o n p art o f o ne o r b oth l ateral e dges" ( de S onnevilleB ordes a nd P errot, 1 956b, 5 48). P IECE W ITH C ONTINUOUS U NILATERAL R ETOUCH (TYPEN° 2 5): " Blade o r f lake w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch t hat i s n either a brupt ( distinguishing t he t ool f rom t he B ACKED B LADE t ype) n or s emi-abrupt o f s calariform t ype ( distinguishing t he t ool f rom t he A URIGNACIAN B LADE t ype)" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956b, 5 50). P IECE W ITH C ONTINUOUS B ILATERAL R ETOUCH (TYPENO 2 6): A s a bove, w ith t he r etouch e xtending o n b oth l ateral e dges ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956b , 5 50). P iERGER (TYPENO 7 ): " Flake o r b lade w ith a s traight, o ffset o r c urved p oint, n eatly p roduced b y b ilateral, o ften a lternate, r etouch , a nd w ith o ne o r t wo s houlders" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 955, 7 8). P LUNGING : F laking a ccident d uring w hich t he f racture p lane o f a f lake, b lade, b ladelet o r b urin s pall " turns a bruptly t owards t he c entre o f t he p iece a nd t akes a way p art o f t he c ore" o r b lank f rom w hich i t i s r emoved ( Tixier, 1 974, 1 9). P lunging p ieces a re c urved i n p rofile a nd t hicker o n t he d istal e nd. T hese p ieces b ear o n t heir d istal e nd p art o r a ll o f t he o pposed e nd o f t he c ore o r b lank t hey w ere r emoved f rom . P lunging p ieces a re u sed a s b lanks f or t ool m anufacture i n t he E pirus a ssemblages, b ut o nly r arely .

P RIMARY : t he t erm , w hen a pplied t o t he E pirus a ssemblages, r efers t o p ieces t hat p reserve a ny a mount o f n atural s urface ; i t w as p refered t o " cortical" b ecause c halky c ortex i s n ot t he o nly t ype o f n atural s urface e ncountered i n t hese a ssemblages; f lint t ypes i nclude p ieces w ith c halky c ortex , r iver-rolled n odules a nd p atinated p ieces, s o t hat t he p rimary p ieces h ave e ither c ortex , p atina, o r n atural r olling o n t heir s urfaces. T he t erm " primary" i s, t herefore, e ntirely d escriptive a nd d oes n ot r efer t o a ny p articular s tage(s) i n t he c ore r eduction s equence. R ETOUCH : " To r etouch i s t o s hape, s culpt, o r t ransform a p roduct o f d ebitage i nto a t ool, e ither b y p ercussion f laking ( direct, i ndirect, o n a n a nvil, e tc.), o r b y p ressure f laking . R etouch i s t he t race l eft b y t his a ction" ( Newcomer, 1 972, 4 6). S HOULDERED P IECE (TYPENO 2 0): " Blade b earing a l ateral s houlder p roduced b y m ore o r l ess a brupt r etouch" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot , 1 956b , 5 48). S HOULDERED P OINT ( TYPENO 1 9): B lade o r b ladelet b earing a l ateral s houlder p roduced b y m ore o r l ess a brupt r etouch a nd a dditional r etou c h , u sually n on-abrupt o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lank , t hus p roducing a r etouched p oint. T he t ool m ay h ave a dditional r etouch a long t he l ateral e dges. T he s houldered p oints p resent i n t he E pirus a ssemblages a re s imilar t o t he A TYPICAL P ERIGORDIAN P OINT o f t he d e S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot l ist ( 1956b , 5 47). S ID ESCRAPER (TYPENO 4 6): " Flake o r b lade p resenting o n o ne ( SIMPLE S IDE-SCRAPER) o r b oth ( DOUBLE S IDE-SCRAPER ) l ateral e dges c ontinuous r egular r etou c h c reating a s traight, c onvex o r c oncave e dge, w ith n o n otches o r d enticulations" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956b , 5 52). S IMPLE B URIN O N B REAK/NATURAL S URFACE (TYPENO 1 5): T he s pall r emoval s urface i s e ither a b reak o r t he n atural e nd o f t he p arent b lank . S IMPLE E ND-SCRAPER (TYPENO 1 ): " Blade o r f lake b earing o n o ne o f i ts e xtremities c ontinuous, n on-abrupt r etouch except i n t he c ases o f r esharpening- c reating a g enerally m ore o r l ess r ound f ront, r arely r ectilinear o r o blique" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 954, 3 28). S IMPLE T RUNCATION B URIN (TYPENO 1 2): " Burin f ormed b y t he i ntersection o f o ne b urin b low , o r o f ag roup o f s uch b lows, a nd o f a t runcation p roduced b y a brupt d irect o r i nverse r etouch" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956a, 4 08). T he t ype " Truncation B urin " i n t his l ist m ay c orrespond t o t o e ither o ne o f t he t ypes 3 4 , 3 5, 3 6 , 3 7 o f t he m ain u pper p alaeolithic t ype-list. S PONTANEOUS R ETOUCH : T ype o f e dge d amage t hat o ccurs " when a f lake ( blade, o r b ladelet) i s s truck f rom a c ore a nd i s p revented f rom f alling c lear o ff i t b y w hatever p art o f t he k napper 's a natomy i s s upporting t he c ore" ( Newcomer , 1 975, 6 2).

T OOL : F or t he U pper P alaeolithic i ndustries o f E pirus t his t erm i s d efined a s a n " object...which h as b een i ntentionally m odified b y r etouch o r b urin b low t echnique t o a s tandard , r ecognizable s hape, e xcluding b y-products f rom m aking t ools w hich m ay a lso h ave a s pecial s hape a nd b e r etouched. ( Newcomer , 1 972, 5 3). I t s hould b e s tressed t hat b y-products o f s pecific t echniques ( burin b low o r m icroburin ) d o n ot c onstitute t ypes b y t hemselves, u nless t hey a re s ubsequently m odified i nto t ools ; i n t he E pirus i ndustries, b urin s palls a re r arely r etouched i nto t ools, w hile m icroburins a re n ever t hus m odified . B y a ccepting t he a bove d efinition f or a t ool, t he q uestions o f a ) s pecific u se, a nd b ) t he p ossible u se o f d ebitage i n s everal t asks a re c learly e xcluded . T OOLrTYPE : " A t ool f eaturing i ntentional a nd r epeated c harateristics" ( Tixier , 1 967or 6 3, 8 12). F or B ordes " an o bject c an o nly c onstitute a t ype ( or a s ub-type) i f i t p resents a s ufficient f requency" ( Bordes, 1 967, 3 5). A ccording t o d e S onnevilles-Bordes " the v alidity a nd r eality o f t he s elected t ypes i s v erified b y c omparing t he c lassifications o f t he s ame n umerous a nd r ich s eries b y d ifferent o bservers..." ( de S onneville-Bordes, 1 974-75, 3 2). T his i s d ifficult u nder t he p resent s tate o f r esearch i n t he G reek U pper P alaeolithic. T OTAL : t he t erm , w hen a pplied t o d escribe t he e xtent o f r etouch , i mplies t hat i t e xtends a long a ll o f t he l ength o f t he r etouched e dge. T OTALLY B ACKED B LADE (TYPENO 2 1): " Non-pointed b lade w ith o ne o r l ess o ften b oth l ateral e dges b acked b y c ontinuous, m ore o r l ess a brupt r etouch" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956b , 5 48). T OTALLY O R P ARTIALLY R ETOUCHED P IECt (TYPENO 4 7): F lake o r b lade w ith u nilateral o r b ilateral, t otal o r p artial, c ontinuous o r n ot , r etouch o ther t han a brupt, a urignacian o r s emi-abrupt, t hat i s i nverse , a lternating , a lternate o r b ifacial. T RUNCATED B ACKED B LADELET (TYPENO 3 9): " Backed b ladelet b earing o n o ne e nd a r etouched t runcation" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956b , 5 54). T RUNCATED B LADELET (TYPENO 2 9): B ladelet b earing t runcation p roduced b y m ore o r l ess a brupt r etouch .

o n

o ne

e nd

a

T RUNCATED P IECE (TYPENO 2 3): " Flake o r b lade b earing o n o ne o f i ts e nds a t runcation , s ometimes i nverse, p roduced b y g enerally a brupt r etouch" ( de S onneville-Bordes a nd P errot, 1 956b , 5 48). T he a uthors d istinguished s everal t ypes o f t runcations a ccording t o t he a ngle o f t he t runcation i n r elation t o t he a xis o f p ercussion o f t he b lank . H ere, t his d istinction w as a bolished b ecause o f t he l imited n umber o f t he p ieces b elonging t o t his t ype. U NILATERAL : r etouch t hat e xpands o n o nly o ne o f t he t wo l ateral e dges o f t he b lank . C an b e p artial o r c ontinuous.

U NILATERALLY B ACKED B LADELE T , P LAIN ( TYPENO 3 1): B ladelet w ith o ne e dge b acked b y d irect a brupt o r a nvil r etouch ; t he r etouch m ay b e c ontinuous o r p artial. T he b acked e dge i s u sually s traight a nd r arely s lightly c onvex o r c oncave. U NILATERALLY B ACKED B LADELET W ITH O PPOSED R ETOUCR ( TYPENO 3 2): U nilaterally b acked b ladelet b earing p artial o r c ontinuous r etouch a long t he o pposite e dge. T he o pposed r etouch i s o f a t ype o ther t han t he d irect a brupt o r a nvil ( in t he l atter c ase i t w ill b e ab ilaterally b acked b ladelet); i t u sually i s d irect s emi-abrupt, i nverse o r a lternating. T his r etouch i s i ntentional a nd n ot t he r esult o f e dge d amage. U NILATERALLY B ACKED B LADELET , P OINTED ( TYPENO 3 3): u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith a r etouched p oint a t o ne e nd p roduced b y t he b acking r etouch a nd a dditional direct o r i nverse- p artial r etouch o n t he r elevant p art o f t he o pposite e dge. U NILATERALLY B ACKED w ith a p oint a t e ach e nd.

B LADELET ,

B IPOINTED

( TYPENO

3 4):

a s

a bove

V ARIA : t his c ategory i ncludes f ragments o f r etouched p ieces o f u ndiagnostic t ype ( miscellaneous) a nd t ools t hat a re r are o r u nusual.

1 . 2 . 3 . 4 . S . 6 . 7 . 8 . D . 1 0 . 1 2. 1 3. 1 4. 1 5. 1 6. 1 7. 1 8. 1 9. 2 0 .

K a, c ia S kala S eidi P etralona K ephalari F ranchthi K lithi T rypiti R ousses S phakia A lonessos A g . P etros K yra P anagia S kyros S idari D iaplo G rava M etaxata N ea S kala F iskartho E mplissi

2 l. 2 2. 2 3. 2 4. 2 5. 2 6. 2 7. 2 9. 2 9. 3 0. 3 1. 3 2. 3 3. 3 4. 3 5. 3 6. 3 7. 3 8. 3 9. 4 0. 4 1.

F ig . 1 .

A g . v assileios R ovies L imni S kotini N ea A rtaki D afni & gall M akrykapa P hokitha B eotia M ezapp D iros K aravostassi N yhi A pithima L aconia M essologi G rammenitsa K okkinopilos A sprochaliko K astritsa M ap o f G reece s howing t he s ites m entioned i n t he t ext.

BL

BB

0. A

l e t>

c l

F ig . 2 .

s e n .

b i

c •

c 3

A : b lade , " bb" a nd b ladelet, K astritsa . 1 : c ore d irection c hange p ieces; b l:experimental, b 2 :archaeological e xample. C : c resting f lake ; c l:experimental, c 2 :position o n t he c ore, c 3 :archaeological e xample.

F ig . 3 . " Asprochaliko": e tching b y P . B ehlis, 1 989. - 5 8 -

C RAFTER 2 A SPROC E IALIKO T he r ockshelter s ite o f A sprochaliko w as d iscovered i n 1 964 a nd i s s ituated i n t he L ouros r iver g orge,on t he r ight b ank o f t he r iver a nd s ome 5 0 f eet a bove i t. H iggs d escribed i t a s " a s hallow s helter , s ome 2 2 m etres i n l ength a nd 3 .5 m etres i n b readth" ( Higgs a nd V itaF inzi, 1 966 , 1 0). I t f aces s outh a nd i s s heltered f rom n ortherly w inds b y t he l imestone h ill a t t he b ase o f w hich i t l ies ( op . c it., 1 0). T he s ite w as e xcavated b etween 1 964 a nd 1 966, u nder t he d irection o f H iggs a nd D akaris. I n 1 964 f our t renches ( A t o D ) w ere l aid o ut a long a n orth-south a xis ( fig . 4 ); A a nd C w ere n ot e xcavated ; Bw as p artially e xcavated a nd D w as t aken d own t o b edrock b ut c ontained h illwash d eposits w ith v ery l ittle c ultural m aterial ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983b, 1 5-18). T he a rea o f t he s ite . was d ivided i nto a n umber o f 1 .5-metre r ectangles, e ach s ubdivided i nto f our s maller r ectangles o f e qual s ize. D eposits w ithin r ectangles w ere r emoved a ccording t o l ayers a nd r elated t o 2 -inch l evels b elow d atum . T he e xcavated d eposits w ere d ry s ieved w ith 1 /2 t o 1 /16 i nch s ieves ( Higgs a nd V ita-Finzi, 1 966, 1 0). R ectangles 2 , 3 , 4 1, 4 2, 5 1 a nd 5 2 w ere e xcavated t o b edrock w hile t he o thers w ere t aken d own t o v arying d epths. T he d eposits a re s eparated i nto t wo m ajor g roups : a nd t hose o utside t he r ockshelter .

t hose i nside

T he d eposits i nside t he s helter a re " a u niform s eries o f h orizontally-bedded s tony c lays g rading i n c olour f rom a d eep r ed-brown a t t he b ase t o a y ellow b uff a t t he t op" ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983b, 1 8) w ith e xtensive a reas o f b lack d eposit. T he s mall, a ngular s tones i n t he d eposits a re t he p roduct o f t he s hattering f rom t he c eiling a nd t he w alls o f t he s helter. T hin t ravertine l ayers h ave f ormed i n v arious a reas, a nd e specially a t t he j unction b etween t he d eposits i nside t he s helter a nd t hose o n t he t alus. T he t alus d eposits s how a c olour g radation s imilar t o t hose i nside t he s helter , b ut c ontain a " wider s ize-range o f s tone d ebris a nd m ore s ilt... T he t alus s lopes f rom e ast t o w est a nd i s p artly t he r esult o f h illwash a ccumulating a t t he f oot o f a s teep g ully a t t he e ast e nd o f t he r ockshelter a nd f anning o ut i n f ront o f t he e ntrance" ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983b , 1 9). O nly o ne l ayer o f t he t alus d eposits ( layer 1 8 c ontaining a M ousterian i ndustry s imilar t o t hat a t t he b ase o f t he s equence i nside t he s helter) s hows s tratigraphic c ontinuity w ith t he d eposits i nside t he s helter. R adiocarbon d ates f rom t he t alus a re m ore r ecent t han t hose f rom i nside t he s helter a nd a rtifactual m ixture i s a lso e vident i n t he t alus d eposits. R edeposition o f m aterial ( Biggs a nd V ita-Finzi, 1 966 , 2 1) a nd l ocalized d isturbance ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983b , 2 4) h ave b een t he s uggested i nterpretations f or t he d isturbance, b ut t he a vailable d ata a re n ot s ufficient t o s olve t he p roblem . R egardless o f t he p rocesses r esponsible f or t he f ormation o f t he t alus d eposits " it

i s c lear t hat, w ith t he e xception o f l ayer 1 8 , t he c ultural d ata c ontained w ithin t hem c annot b e t reated w ith a ny c onfidence" ( op. c it., 1 983b, 2 4). F or t his r eason t he t alus d eposits w ere e xcluded f rom t he A sprochaliko s ample. T he s tratigraphic s equence i s c learer i n r ectangles 2 , 3 , 4 , 4 1, 4 2, a nd 5 2. T hese c ome f rom b oth t he w estern a nd t he e astern a reas o f t he s ite , a nd a re s eparated b y t he l arge r ock X ( fig . 5 ); a s ar esult, o nly l ayers 1 t o 4 a re c ontinuous b etween t he t wo a reas. I n 1 983 B ailey a nd h is t eam p roduced a n a mended s tratigraphic s cheme f or A sprochaliko ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983b, 2 0-24). L ayers 1 4 t o b ottom ( strata 3 a nd 5 ) c ontain M ousterian m aterial a nd a re n ot r elevant t o t his s tudy . L ayers 1 t o 3 ( stratum 0 ) a re o f r ecent a nd b ronze a ge p eriods a nd a re a lso i rrelevant. L ayers 4 t o 1 0 ( stratum 1 ) c ontain u pper p alaeolithic m aterial. O f t hese o nly l ayer 4 i s p resent i n b oth p arts o f t he s ite. I t i s a h orizontally b edded , f ine-grained , y ellow d eposit, w ith r elatively f ew s tones a nd s ome d arkening , c ontaining " an u pper p alaeolithic i ndustry w ith m any n ong eometric m icroliths, e specially b acked b ladelets" ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983b , 2 0). L ayer 7 ( absent i n t he e astern p art) i s r edder a nd s tonier, w ith a n i ndustry s imilar t o t hat o f l ayer 4 . L ayer 1 0 ( absent i n t he e astern p art) i s a l ess s tony , l ight b rown d eposit d ipping b elow r ock X . S everal h earths a re p resent h ere a nd t he i ndustry i s s imilar t o t he p revious o ne. L ayer 1 3 ( layer 5 i n t he e astern p art) i s " a s ofter, f iner-grained d eposit, w ith v ery f ew s tones, h orizontally b edded a nd l aminated i n p laces. T his l ayer a lso d ips b elow t he r ock X . V irtually n o c ultural m aterial i s p resent. T his l ayer e xtends t hroughout t he a rea o f e xcavation a nd s uggests a m ajor h iatus o f o ccupation" ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983b , 2 0). T here a re f our r adiocarbon d ates f rom i nside t he s helter o f w hich o nly o ne r efers t o t he u pper p alaeolithic i ndustry : i t i s 2 6 ,100+-900 B .P . a nd s upplies a m inimum d ate f or t he i ndustry . I t w as t aken " about 6 0 c m a bove t he b ase o f l ayer 1 0" ( op. c it., 2 2). I n v iew o f t he s tratigraphic i nformation o n t he s ite , r ectangles 2 , 4 1 a nd 5 2 w ere c hosen t o f orm t he s ample f rom A sprochaliko b ecause t hey w ere n ot d irectly d isturbed b y t he r ock X a nd h ad p roduced a g ood s equence. I n r ectangle 2 , l ayer 4 e xtends b etween s pits 4 a nd 7 a nd l ayer 1 0 b etween s pits 7 a nd 1 2. I n r ectangles 4 1 a nd 5 2, l ayer 4 e xtends b etween s pits 5 a nd 1 0 ( fig. 5 ).

R aw m aterial T he r aw m aterial e mployed a t A sprochaliko i s f lint. T he m ajority i s f ine-grained w ith f ew i nclusions a nd c omes i n av ariety o f c olours. C oarse-grained f lint i s p resent i n t he f orm o f a f ew f lakes, t ools a nd t wo c ores. T here i s n o d ifference i n t he f laking q ualities o f t he d ifferent f lint t ypes.

i n

C ollections o f r aw m aterial b oth i n t he v icinity o f t he s ite a nd t he w ider a rea a round i t y ielded f lint n odules i n a v ariety o f

c olours a nd s izes; m ost n odules w ere s mall, o f r eddish b rown , r ed , b lack, b rown a nd w hite c olours. B lack f lint ( slightly s peckled , f ineg rained a nd e asily f laked) i s a lso a vailable l ocally , a lthough o f a t ype d ifferent f rom t hat f ound a t K lithi a nd a t V oidomatis. B lack f lint i s n ot v ery c ommon i n t he p rehistoric a ssemblage ( table 6 ). T he m ost i nteresting a spect o f t he r aw m aterial c ollected a nd k napped e xperimentally w as i ts s mallish s ize t hat, c ombined w ith i nclusions a nd c leavage p lanes ( fewer t han i n t he c ase o f K lithi), c aused f requent c hanging o f t he f laking d irection i n o rder t o e conomize i n r aw m aterial. T he f ollowing t ables s how t he p resence o f d ifferent f lint c olours i n d ebitage, c ores a nd t ools f or a ll t he s ample r ectangles a nd f or b oth l ayers. " Debitage" i ncludes c omplete f lakes, b lades, b ladelets, c hips a nd D /K ; " Cores" i ncludes c ores, c ore f ragments a nd c ore t ablets ; " Tools" i ncludes t ools, m icroburins a nd b urin s palls.

C OLOUR G R B L W I T P K R D

B RN Y L D RD T WO M ORE G R/BRN R D/GR R D/BRN R D/YL O LV/GR T OTAL

D EBITAGE

C ORES/TABLETS

T OOLS

L 4 2 6 1 2 0 3 9 3 3 1 6 3 1 2 3 1 9 6 1

I A 6 2 1 6

L 10 7 2 2 3

1 4 2 1 1 4 2 7 1 6 5

1 3 3

2 1 4

9 3 1 2 1

L 10 9 2 4 2 1 2 3 0 8 5 2 1 5 1 8 4 2 8 2 8 6 3 2 3

1 34 4 15 T ABLE 6 .

T OTAL L 10 1 2 3 1 2 1 0 4 1 4 1 8 1

2 2 2 1 8 1 4 7 F LINT T YPES I N R 2, L AYERS 4 a nd 1 0

L 4 5 3 2 2 6 5 1 7 5 5 1 1 1 3 1 1 2 9 3 4 6 2

L 10 1 11 4 2 6 3 3 4 9 8 2 1 9 1 9 4 3 4 3 0 7 5 2 4

2 39

4 83

T he c ommonest f lint t ypes i n R 2 a re g rey a nd b rown f lint. D usky r ed f lint i s r epresented b y d ebitage a nd t ools o nly . A ll b ut o ne p iece o f d ebitage m ade o n d usky r ed f lint i n l ayer 4 a nd t wo i n l ayer 1 0 a re n on-primary , s uggesting t hat t he c ores, i f a ny , w ere b rought i n a lready w orked . T he s ame h olds f or f lint w ith t wo o r m ore c olours, i n b oth l ayers. R eddish/yellow f lint i s a lso p resent i n t he f orm o f n onp rimary d ebitage a nd a s ingle t ool. O live/grey f lint i s a r are v ariety i n a ll E pirus a ssemblages. T he a bove f lint t ypes a ppear t o b e " exotic" t o t he A sprochaliko a ssemblages.

C OLOUR G R B L W H P K R D B RN Y L D RD T WO M ORE G R/BRN R D/GR R D/BRN R D/YL O LV/GR T OTAL

D EBITAGE

C ORES/TABLETS

T OOLS

R 41 5 6 1 9 3 1 6 2 0 5 7 _ _

R 41 5

R 52 1

R 41

2

1

3 1

2 1

R 52

-4 7

1 4 7 1 0 8 3 2 _ _

1 4

4 3 _ _

7 7 2 8 6 -

1 5 7 1 7 4

2 96

1 95 T ABLE 7 .

3

1

3 1 1 1

4 1 2 2

T OTAL R 52 2 _ _ 1 _ _ 2 2

1 2 2

3 1

1 5 1 1 1 3 1 2 F LINT T YPES F OR R 41 A ND R 52

R 41 6 1 1 9 9 1 7 2 5 6 0 _ _

R 52 5 0 1 4 9 1 0 1 2 3 5 _ _

1 4 _ _

4 3 _ _

1 0 7 3 0 9

1 9 8 2 2 6

3 24

2 19

W hite f lint o utnumbers t he g rey a nd b rown v arieties i n t he e astern p art o f t he s ite. D usky r ed a nd f lint w ith t wo c olours a re p resent o nly i n t he f orm o f d ebitage ( mostly p rimary ).

R ECTANGLE 2 ; L AYER 4 T he t otal c ounts f or t his a ssemblage a re s hows t he e xact c omposition o f t his a ssemblage. a .TOTAL C OUNTS C LASS N O T L 8 3 C R 1 1 C T 1 1 F L 3 43 B L 8 B T 5 5 C H 5 3 M EN B NS D EBRIS 4 0 T OTAL

% 1 3.7 1 .8 1 .8 5 6.8 1 .4 9 .1 8 .8

C LASS F L B L B T C H D K D P D N

6 04 p ieces.

T able

8

b .COMPLETE D EBITAGE N o % . 8 7 5 43 3 1 .8 2 2 1 3.5 1 0 6 .1 1 6 9 .7 1 8 1 1.0 6 -3 .6

6 .6

6 04 1 00 .0 T OTAL 1 64 T ABLE 8 : C OMPOSITION O F T HE R 2 .1 4 S AMPLE

1 00.0

F lakes a re t he p redominant a rtifact c lass ( fig. 6 a); 5 1 o f t hem a re p rimary . T he s econd m ost n umerous g roup a re t he t ools ( a v ery h igh p ercentage), b ladelets ( 4 o f w hich a re p rimary) a nd c hips, d ebris, c ores a nd t ablets i n e qual n umbers; b lades ( 5 p rimary ) a re v ery p oorly r epresented ; n o m icroburins o r b urin s palls a re p resent. T here a re 1 1 p ieces o f d ebitage w ith e dge-damage.

O ne i n f our p ieces o f d ebitage i s c omplete. F lakes d ominate a mong t he c omplete d ebitage a s w ell ( fig. 6 b), f ollowed b y b ladelets a nd c hips; b lades a re v ery r are. D ebris/pot-lid d ominate a mong t he d ebris g roup.

F lakes T he m ajority o f f lakes ( 59, 6 6.3%) b ear n o n atural s urface, w hile 3 0 ( 33.7%) a re p rimary . T able 9 s hows t he a mount, t ype a nd l ocation o f n atural s urface o n t he f lakes. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 5 9 1 1 6 4 . 9

1 2 22

N o L ocation C H 7 A L R R 1 B K T CH 1 D L T NC 6 P X S CH 1 E X S T 1 . 6 L L P AT 1 R L S HN L E C S T ABLE 9 . P RIMARY F LAKES. R 2, 1 4.

N o 9 7 4 4 4 2

C halky c ortex i n v arious s tages o f w eathering i s t he m ain t ype o f n atural s urface. I n s ix c ases t he n atural s urface l ies a long o ne o f t he l ateral e dges. T he m ean d imensions f or t he f lakes a re 2 1.5 x 1 8 x 5 .5 m m ( sd 9 x 7x 3 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 0 d egrees ( sd 1 5). T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 7 m i n ( sd 4 ) f or t he w idth a nd 3 .5 m m ( sd 2 ) f or t he t hickness. T he s ize o f t he b utts s hows t hat t he p oint o f p ercussion w as w ell w ithin t he c ore p latform . T here a re t hree m ultiple f lakes. F ive f lakes a re b urnt. D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 5 0 1 1 4 9 1 5

P rofile S C T P

N o 5 9 1 5 7 8

E dges P C E

N o 3 6 1 4 3 9

D istal P H

m 0

N o 7 1 8

l o

T ABLE 1 0 . T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION . T he p ieces w ith n o c lear d orsal s cars a re e ither e ntirely p rimary o r c oarse-grained. T he m ajority o f f lakes ( 56.2%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars ( fig. 8 , 1 ), a re s traight i n p rofile ( 66.3%), h ave n onp arallel l ateral e dges ( 59.5%) a nd p lain d istal e nds ( 79.7%). O nly t wo f lakes, b oth p rimary , h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. N one o f t he f lakes i s c rested. T he p resence o f f lakes w ith m ultidirectional a nd t ransverse d orsal s cars ( 30%) ( fig.8 ; 3 ,2) s uggests t urning o f t he c ore a nd c hange o f t he d irection o f f laking d uring k napping.

R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 2 1 1 5 3 1 1 1 3 8

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 2 3 1 9 4 7

B utt S N C D F P L A L C RS T ABLE 1 1. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION .

N o 3 3 1 1 1 4 4 6 1 5 6

M ode N o H 7 S 1 8 N 6

T he m ajority o f t he f lakes h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd t he b ulb m ost o ften ( 52.8%) l ies a way f rom t he m ain d orsal r idges. M ost f lakes h ave p lain b utts ( 80 .9%) a nd a re o f h ard h ammer m ode ( 73%). F acetted b utts a re f ew , s uggesting t he a bsence o f c omplete f acetting o f t he p latforms a t t his s tage; t he p resence o f d ihedral b utts s uggests m aintenance o f t he c ore p latforms b y t he r emoval o f t ablets w hile b utts " en a ille d ' o iseau" s uggest r emoval o f m ultiple f lakes ( fig. 8 , 4 ). B lades A ll t hree c omplete b lades a re p rimary , b earing c halky c ortex l ocated o n t he b ack a nd o n t he d istal e nd ( fig . 8 , 5 ). T he m ean d imensions a re 4 7.5 x 2 0.5 x 8 .5 m m ( sd 2 x 2 x 2 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 0 d egrees ( sd 3 ). T he m ean b utt w idth i s 5m m ( sd 0 .3) a nd t he m ean b utt t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 .7). T wo o f t he b lades h ave n o c utting l ateral e dges; t he v alues f or t he t hird a re 4 0 a nd 3 5 d egrees. O ne o f t he b lades i s c rested ( fig. 8 , 7 ) a nd n one i s b urnt. T wo o f t he b lades h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars ( the t hird ,being c ompletely p rimary h as n o d orsal s cars). T he b ulb l ies b etween t he m ain r idges i n t wo c ases a nd a way f rom t hem i n o ne; b oth s urviving b utts a re p lain . T wo b lades a re o f s oft h ammer m ode w hile a ll a re n on-straight i n p rofile, h ave p arallel e dges a nd p lain d istal e nds. N one h as a f acetted p roximal p art. T here d oes n ot s eem t o e xist a s pecialized s tage f or b lade p roduction . T heir s mall n umber, c ombined w ith t he s mall s ize o f t he c ores, s uggests t hat t heir s mall q uantities w ere t he r esult o f t he r aw m aterial e mployed a t t he s ite. B ladelets T here a re 2 2 c omplete p ieces i n t his g roup . O nly 2 a re p rimary , b oth c overed b y n on-chalky s urfaces, l ocated o n t he d istal a nd d orsal a reas o f t he p ieces. T he m ean d imensi o ns o f t he b ladelets a re 2 2 x 8x 3m m ( sd 7 x 2 x 1 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 5 d egrees ( sd 8 ). D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 2 1

1

P rofile

N o 8 3 1 0

1

E dges P C E

N o 1 2 1 0

T ABLE 1 2. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

D istal P H M 0

N O 6 4 1 2

T he m ajority o f b ladelets h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars ( fig . 8 ; 6 -9), p arallel e dges a nd p ointed d istal e nds, w hile m ost ( 14, 6 3.6%) h ave n on-straight p rofiles ( fig . 8 , 8 ), a r esult o f t he l ack o f c ore p reparation a nd m aintenance. T he p redominance o f u nidirectional d orsal s cars s uggests t he b ladelets w ere r emoved m ostly a long o ne a xis o f p ercussion . T he m ean e dge a ngle v alues a re 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 5) f or t he l eft a nd 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 6) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; f ive b ladelets h ave n o l eft l ateral, a nd s ix h ave n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 1 0 8 4

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 1 7 5

B utt N o S N 2 C D F 4 L 7 P 5 A L 1 C RS 3 T ABLE 1 3. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

M ode N o H 1 S 1 8 N 3

T he b ulb l ies b ehind t he m ain r idge o r b etween t he m ain d orsal o nes, a ll s urviving b utts a re n on-primary a nd m ost o f t he b ladelets a re o f s oft h ammer m ode. T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 2 x 1 .5 m m ( sd 1 x 1 ). T he p resence o f l inear a nd p unctiform b utts s uggests t hat t he p oint o f p ercussion w as v ery n ear t he p latform e dge. F acetted b utts a re f ew ; t his s upports t he i dea t hat c ore p latforms w ere n ot s ystematically f acetted . A ll b ladelets h ave n on-facetted p roximal p arts. N one o f t he b ladelets a re b urnt o r c rested . Caps T here a re 1 0 c omplete p ieces i n t his g roup , n one p rimary o r b urnt. T he m ean d imensions a re 8 .5 x 7 x 1 .5 m m ( sd 1 x 2 x 0 .5) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 0 d egrees ( sd 6 ). A ll c hips h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd p lain b utts. T he m ajority ( 8, 8 0%) a re o f s oft h ammer m ode. T hree c hips a re b ladelet like ( fig . 8 ; 1 0 ,11) a nd w ere p robably p roduced d uring t he m anufacture o f b ladelets. D ebris T here a re 4 0 p ieces i n t his g roup . D P l nd , 6a re D N .

O f t hese, 1 6 a re D K , 1 8 a re

C ores a nd c ore f ragments T here a re 1 1 p ieces i n t his g roup o f w hich t wo a re c ore f ragments a nd 9 a re c ores. O ne c ore i s b urnt. T wo a re s ingle p latform f lake c ores w ith l ittle n atural s urface , o ne i s g lobular ( fig . 9 , 1 ), w orked c entripetally a nd t he o ther i s p rismatic w ith s ome d orsal r emovals f or p reparation a nd w orked a long a s ingle a xis. T heir m ean d imensions a re 3 1 x 2 7.5 x 1 8.5 m m ( sd 3 x 7 x 1 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 7 0 d egrees ( sd 7 ). O ne o f t he

p latforms b ears l imited f acetting w hich c ould a ccount f or t he p resence o f t he f lakes w ith d ihedral b utts. T wo a re s ingle p latform b ladelet c ores ( fig . 9 , 2 ), o ne p yramidal a nd o ne p rismatic . T here i s p ractically n o n atural s urface o n e ither o f t hem . T heir m ean d imensions a re 3 4.5 x 2 4 x1 7 .5 m m ( sd 1 3 x 9x 3 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 6 0 d egrees ( sd 3 ). O ne c ore b ears u nifacial c resting a long o ne o f t he l ateral e dges. B oth p latforms a re p lain . F our a re t wo p latform c ores o f w hich o ne i s a n o pposed p latform b idirectional b ladelet c ore w ith s ome n atural s urface o n t he b ack , p lain p latforms a nd m inimal t races o f p reparation . I ts d imensions a re 3 4.5 x 1 6 x 2 4 .5 m m a nd t he p latform a ngles a re o f 7 5 d egrees ( sd 2 ). A s econd b ladelet c ore i s w orked a t c rossed a xes, h as p lain p latforms a nd n o n atural s urface. I ts d imensions a re 2 6 x 3 4 x 2 3 m m a nd t he p latform a ngle i s 7 0 d egrees. T he t wo r emaining c ores a re f lake c ores w orked a t c rossed a xes, w ith p lain p latforms a nd n o t races o f n atural s urface. T heir m ean d imensions a re 2 0 .5 x 2 6 x 2 0 m m ( sd 0 .3 x 6 x 1 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngles a re 5 0 d egrees ( sd 4 ). T he l ast c ore i s a t hree-platform f lake c ore ( fig . 9 , 3 ), w orked ery l ittle n atural s urface s urviving . I ts a t c rossed a xes w ith v d imensions a re 4 1 x 3 3. 5 x 2 0 m m a nd t he p latfrom a ngles r ange f rom 6 0 he p latforms i s p rimary w hile t he o ther t wo a re t o 8 0 d egrees. O ne o f t p lain . I t l ooks a s i f t he p rehistoric k nappers w ere i nterested m ostly i n e xtracting a s m any p ieces a s p ossible f rom t he c ores a nd n ot s o m uch i n p roducing l ong , s traight, b lanks. C ore t ablets T here a re 1 1 p ieces i n t his g roup o f w hich f our a re b roken . T hree t ablets b ear t races o f n atural s urface ; t he p latform t races a re m ostly l ocated o n t he p roximal p art ( fig . 9 , 4 ), a lthough f our t ablets h ave t hem a long t he r ight l ateral e dge ( fig . 9 , 5 ). T he s cars o n t heir d orsal s urfaces s uggest t hat t he c ore w as f requently t urned d uring k napping . T he p resence o f t ablets w ith p latform s cars a long o ne l ateral e dge s hows t hat t he p rehistoric k nappers d id n ot r emove a ll o f t he p latform , p ossibly i n o rder t o e conomize o n r aw m aterial. T ools T here a re 8 3 t ools i n t his a ssemblage ( table 1 4). T he p ercentage o f t he t ools i s v ery h igh , r eaching 1 3.7% , s uggesting t he p ossibility o f a n a ctivity a rea l ocated i n r ectangle 2 . E nd-scraper : o f t he 1 1 p ieces i n t his g roup o nly 5 a re c omplete . O ne i s m anufactured o n ap rimary f lake w hile t he r emaining b lanks a re a r etouched c ore t ablet, s even f lakes a nd t wo b lades. T he m ean t hickness i s 8 .5 m m ( sd 3 ). T he b lanks a re m ostly s traight i n p rofile, w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars m ost c ommon , f ollowed b y t ransverse d orsal s cars a nd m ultidirectional s cars. O ne o f t he s crapers i s m ade o n t he p roximal a nd s even o n t he d istal p art o f t he b lank ( fig . 1 0 ; 1 ,2).

C omposite t ool: b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re s craper/truncations. O ne i s m ade o n a f lake a nd o ne o n ab lade. b lanks a re n on-primary a nd b oth p ieces a re 5 m m t hick .

e ndB oth

P iercer : t here i s o nly o ne p iece i n t his g roup , m ade o n t he p roximal p art o f ap lunging , p rimary f lake b y b ilateral, d irect a brupt a nd s emi-abrupt r etouch ( fig . 1 0 , 3 ). I ts d imensions a re 4 9.5 x 3 1 x 1 0 m m . T runcated p iece : t here a re 6 p ieces i n t his g roup b ut o nly o ne i s m ade o n a p rimary b lank . T his t ool c lass i s m ostly m ade o n f lakes. M ost o f t he p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken ( fig . 1 0 , 4 ) a nd h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 5 .5 m m ( sd 2 ). T wo p ieces a re m ade b y i nverse r etouch . P iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral t his g roup i s b roken .

r etouch :

t he

s ingle

p iece

i n

A urignacian b lade : t here a re 2 p ieces i n t his g roup , b oth b roken a nd n on-primary ( fig . 1 0 , 5 ). T he m ean t hickness i s 7m m ( sd 2 ). B oth b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile. N otched p iece : o f t he 3 p ieces i n t his g roup, t wo a re m anufactured o n f lakes a nd t he t hird o n ab lade. A ll p ieces a re b roken a nd p rimary . T he m ean t hickness i s 5 .5 m m ( sd 2 ). T runcated b ladelet: a ll 5 p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken . O ne i s p rimary a nd t he b ladelets a re m ostly s traight i n p rofile ( fig. 1 0 , 6 ). F our h ave u nidirectional a nd o ne h as b idirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 4m m ( sd 1 ). B itruncated b ladelet: t here a re 2 p ieces i n t his g roup , o ne o f w hich i s p rimary . B oth b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t here a re 8 p ieces i n t his g roup ; n one i s c omplete o r p rimary . T hey a ll a re b acked b y d irect a brupt r etouch . A ll t he b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd f our o f t he b lanks a re c urved i n p rofile. F our b ladelets h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 .5). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch : t here a re 6 p ieces i n t his g roup , n one c omplete o r p rimary . A ll b ladelets a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars ( fig . 1 0 , 8 ). T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). M ost p ieces a re t rapezoidal i n s ection a nd a ll t he t ools a re b acked b y d irect a brupt r etouch . B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t here a re 2 p ieces i n t his g roup , b oth n on-primary , o f w hich o ne i s c omplete. T he m ean t hickness i s 3 m m ( sd 0 ). T he b ladelets a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd t rapezoidal s ections ( fig . 1 0 , 9 ). B oth p ieces a re b acked b y d irect a brupt r etouch.

B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed : t here i s o nly o ne p iece b roken , n on-primary- i n t his g roup . I t i s b acked b y d irect a brupt r etouch a nd p ointed b ilaterally . I t i s s traight i n p rofile, w ith t riangular s ection a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. B acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s): t here a re 7 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich t wo a re c omplete a nd n one p rimary . T he m ean t hickness i s 3m m ( sd 1 ). O nly o ne p iece i s b acked b y a brupt o n a nvil r etouch . T he m ajority o f t he p ieces a re u nilaterally b acked w ith s traight p rofiles a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars ( fig . 1 0 , 1 0). A ll p ieces h ave t rapezoidal s ections. T runcated b acked b ladelet: t here a re 7 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich o nly t hree a re c omplete ( fig . 1 0 , 1 1). N one o f t he b lanks i s p rimary . T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). A ll b ladelets a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ost h ave t rapezoidal s ections. B itruncated b acked b ladelet: t here a re 5 p ieces i n t his g roup , n one p rimary . A ll t he p ieces a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 3 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). M ost t ools h ave t rapezoidal s ections. D enticulate b ladelet: t here a re t wo p ieces i n t his g roup , b oth b roken a nd n on-primary . T hey b oth a re 3 1 1 1 1 t hick a nd o ne i s m ade b y i nverse r etouch . N otched b ladelet: o nly o ne o f t he 3 p ieces i n t his g roup i s c omplete. A ll t he b lanks a re n on-primary . O ne b ladelet h as b idirectional d orsal s cars a nd a ll a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 4 mm ( sd 1 ). D ufour b ladelet: b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken , w ithout a ny n atural s urface ( fig . 1 0 , 1 2). B oth a re s traight i n p rofile a nd o ne h as b idirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 3m m ( sd 1 ). B ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch : n on-primary , t hin b ladelet.

t his i s a s ingle

f ragment

o f a

B ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch : o ne o f t he t wo p ieces i n t his g roup i s c omplete ( fig . 1 0 , 1 3) a nd b oth a re n on-primary . T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). S ide-scraper : t here a re 4 s ide-scrapers, t wo c omplete a nd t hree p rimary ( fig . 1 0 , 7 ). A ll t he t ools a re m anufactured o n b lades w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars w hile t wo a re c urved . T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 5 .5 m a ( sd 1 ).

S ummary o f R 2, l ayer 4 T his i s af lake-dominated a ssemblage, w ith b ladelets o utnumbering b lades a nd a v ery l arge p roportion o f t ools.

T he f lakes h ave m ostly n on-parallel l ateral e dges a nd l arge b utts, w ith t he b ulb l ocated a way f rom t he m ain d orsal r idge(s). T he p resence o f p rimary f lakes w ith t he n atural s urface l ocated a long t he l ateral e dges, c ombined w ith c ores w orked i n a c entripetal w ay , s uggests t hat t he c ore w as t urned d uring f laking . W hile b lades a re r are , b ladelets a re n umerous a nd r arely p rimary ; t hey a re r emoved b y s oft h ammer a nd h ave s mall b utts w ith t he b ulb l ocated b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge. M ost a re p ointed a nd t wisted , w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he b ladelets w ere r emoved a fter t he c ores w ere c leared o f t he n atural s urface c overing t hem . T he c ombined i nformation g ained f rom t he c ores a nd d ebitage s uggests l ittle p reparation , f requent c hange o f f laking d irection a nd l imited c ore m aintenace. T he c ommonest t ool i s t he b acked b ladelet ( types 3 1-40), m anufactured m ostly o n n on-primary , s traight b lanks w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he n umber o f p ieces w ith t rapezoidal s ection s hows t hat t he b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. V ery f ew o f t he t ools w ith s urviving p roximal p arts b ear t races o f f acetting , i ndicating t he a bsence o f as pecific p reparation f or t he p roduction o f b lanks f or t ool m anufacture. P rimary b lanks a re c hosen f or t he m anufacture o f t he l arger t ools. F lakes a re u sed w idely a s s upports f or e nd-scrapers, s ide s crapers a nd m ost t ool g roups, w ith t he e xception o f t he b ladelet t ools. A brupt r etouch o n a nvil i s r epresented b y a s ingle p iece a nd t here a re n o m icrogravettes, b urins, c arinated s crapers, o r m icroburins. I n b rief , t he t ool a ssemblage f rom R 2, l ayer 4 i s c haracterized b y a n e nd-scraper i ndex o f 1 3.6 , a t runcation i ndex o f 7 .4 a nd a b ladelet t ool i ndex o f 6 2.9. B acked b ladelets a ccount f or 4 1.9% o f t he t otal t ool a ssemblage.

T OOL T YPE 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 7 . p iercer 8 . a typical p iercer 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2. s imple t runcation b urin 1 3. m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 4. s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7. g ravette p oint 1 8. m icrogravette 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2. p artialy b acked b lade 2 3. t runcated p iece 2 4. b itruncated p iece 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7. a urignacian b lade 2 8. n otched p iece 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , p lain 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 7. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed 3 8. b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd(s) 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2. n otched b ladelet 4 3. d ufour b ladelet 4 4. b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 4 6 . s ide-scraper 4 7. t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 4 8 . e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous T OTAL T ABLE 1 4 . T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 2, 1 4

N O 3 1 3 4

3 .6 1 .2 3 .6 4 .8

2 1

2 .4 1 .2

6

7 .2

1

1 .2

2 3 5 2 8 6

2 .4 3 .6 6 .0 2 .4 9 .6 7 .2

2 1

2 .4 1 .2

7 7 5 2 3 2 1 2 4

8 .4 8 .4 6 .0 2 .4 3 .6 2 .4 1 .2 2 .4 4 .8

8 3

9 9.6

R ECTANGLE 2 , L AYER 1 0 T his l ayer i s o nly p resent a t t he w estern p art o f t he s ite. T he t otal c ounts a s w ell a s t he c omplete d ebitage, a nd D ebris a re s hown i n t able 1 5. a . T OTAL C OUNTS C LASS N O % T L 7 7 3 7 5 C R 1 7 1 .3 C T 4 0 .3 F L 7 46 5 5.9 B L 2 8 2 .1 B T 1 17 8 .7 C H 2 16 1 6.2 M EN B NS D ebris 1 60 1 2.0 T OTAL

C LASS

F L

B L B T C H D K D P D N

b . C OMPLETE D EBITAGE . N O % 2 7 2 4 478 1 7 3 .1 8 4 1 5.5 3 7 6 .8 3 5 6 .5 1 12 2 0.7 1 3 2 .4

1 335 1 00.0 T OTAL 5 40 T ABLE 1 5. C OMPOSITION O F T HE R 2.L10 S AMPLE

1 00 .0

T he m ost n umerous a rtifact c lass ( fig. 6 a) i s t he f lakes ( 112 o f w hich a re p rimary), f ollowed b y c hips ( 87 p rimary), d ebris, b ladelets ( 9 p rimary ), t ools ( represented b y 3 .7 % o f t he t otal a ssemblage, a p ercentage m uch l ower t han i n l ayer 4 ), b lades ( 10 p rimary), c ores a nd c ore t ablets. B lades a re p oorly r epresented i n t his a ssemblage, t oo. N o m icroburins o r b urin s palls a re p resent. O ne i n t hree p ieces o f d ebitage i s c omplete. F lakes a lso d ominate a mong t he c omplete d ebitage ( fig . 6 b), f ollowed b y d ebris, b ladelets, c hips a nd b lades. D ebris/pot-lid d ominate a mong t he d ebris g roup, a s i n l ayer 4 .

F lakes T here a re 2 42 c omplete f lakes, m ost o f w hich , 1 6, a re n on-primary ( 69.4%). Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 1 68 2 2 2 4 1 6 1 2

T ABLE 1 6.

a s s een i n t able

T ype N o L ocation C H 3 3 A L R R 1 B K T CH 2 D L T NC 1 2 P X S CH 4 E X S TF 8 L L P AT 1 0 R L S HN L E C S 4 P RIMARY F LAKES. R 2. L 10 .

N o 1 2 ' 18 1 9 9 1 6 7 2

T he m ajority o f t he n atural s urfaces a re c halky c ortex , b ut p atina, c oarse s kin a nd n on-chalky n atural s urfaces a re a lso p resent. I n 1 5 c ases t he n atural s urface l ies a long o ne o r b oth l ateral e dges. T he m ean d imensions f or t he f lakes a re 2 0 x 1 8.5 x 5 m m ( sd 1 0 x 8x

3 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 5 d egrees ( sd 1 7). T wenty—nine f lakes a re b urnt. T here a re 1 0 m ultiple a nd 3 c ore d irection c hange p ieces i n t he f lake g roup . D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o Ti 6 2 6 4 8 3 1

P rofile S C T P T ABLE 1 7.

N o 1 58 5 1 9 1 0

E dges P C E

N o 7 4 5 0 1 18

D istal P H M 0

N o

1 6 3 9 3 7

T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

O f t he 3 1 f lakes w ith n o c lear d orsal d irection , 1 2 a re e ntirely p rimary , 1 0 a re c oarse-grained a nd 9 a re d amaged b y f ire. T he h igh p roportion ( 30%) o f f lakes w ith m ultidirectional a nd t ransverse d orsal s cars ( fig . 1 1; 1 , 2 ) s uggests t hat t he c ores w ere t urned d uring k napping , a n o bservation s upported b y t he p resence o f c ore d irection c hange p ieces a s w ell. M ost f lakes ( 54.1% ) a re s traight i n p rofile ( 65.3%), w ith n on-parallel l ateral e dges, a nd p lain d istal p arts. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 5 0 5 8 5 8 2 5 5 4 6

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 3 4 3 5 1 73

B utt N o S N 1 07 C 2 5 D 1 9 F 2 4 P 1 7 L 8 A L 3 1 C RS 1 1 T ABLE 1 8. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

M ode N o H 1 62 S 6 9 N 1 1

I n m ost o f t he c ases t he b ulb l ies a way f rom t he m ain d orsal r idges a nd t here a lso a re s everal f lakes w ith m ore t han 4 d orsal r idges. I n m ost c ases t he m ode i s h ard h ammer ( 66 .9% ). M ost b utts a re p lain ( 85.2%). T he b utts a re l arge, w ith m ean d imensions o f 7m m f or t he w idth ( sd 5 ) a nd 4 m m ( sd 5 ) f or t he t hickness. T here a re o nly 4 f lakes w ith f acetted p roximal p arts ( three o f w hich a re n on-primary , t he f ourth b earing v ery l ittle n atural s urface). N one o f t he f lakes i s c rested .

B lades T here a re 1 7 c omplete p ieces i n t his g roup , m ost o f w hich a re n on-primary , a s c an b e s een i n t able 1 9. T he m ean d imensions f or t he b lade g roup a re 4 1 x 1 5.5 x 6 m m ( sd 1 4 x4x 2 ) . T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 0 d egrees ( sd 1 2). M ost o f t he n atural s urface o n t he b lades i s c halky c ortex a nd o n h alf o f t he p rimary b lades t he c ortex l ies a long o ne l ateral e dge.

Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 1 1 1 2 2 1

DI M

N o C H 3 R R T CH 1 T NC 1 S CH S TF 1 P AT S E IN C S T ABLE 1 9. P RIMARY B LADES

T able 2 0 p resents i nformation o n p rofile a nd l ateral e dges o f t he b lades. D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 1 3

1 3

P rofile S C T P

N o 8 3 5 1

F o z _ lat P C E

t he

L ocation A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

d irection

N o 9 7 1

D istal P H M 0

N o 1 1 1

2 1

o f

f laking ,

N o 1 1 6

T ABLE 2 0 . T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION O f t he t hree b lades w ith n o r ecognisable d orsal s cars t wo a re c oarse-grained. M ost d istal e nds a re p lain b ut p ointed o nes a re c ommon , t oo. M ost b lades a re n on-straight i n p rofile, a r esult o f t he l ack o f s traightening t he c ore f ront d uring k napping ( fig . 1 1, 3 ). R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 1 0 6 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 1 3 3 1

B utt S N

D F P L A L C RS T ABLE 2 1. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

N o 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2

M ode N o H 7 S 8 N 2

O n m ost b lades t he b ulb l ies b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge o r b etween t he m ain d orsal r idges. A ll t he b utts a re n on-primary . T here a re 7 b lades s truck b y h ard h ammer a nd 8 p roduced b y s oft h ammer. T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 5 .5 m m ( sd 3 ) f or t he w idth a nd 4 m m ( sd 4 ) f or t he t hickness. N o b lade h as a f acetted p roximal p art. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 5 0 d egrees ( sd 1 3) f or b oth l ateral e dges; 5 b lades h ave n o l eft a nd 6 n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges. O nly t wo b lades a re c rested , o ne w ith c ontinuous u nifacial c resting a nd t he o ther w ith p artial b ifacial c resting. T here a re n o i ndications o f c ore p latform e dge a brasion .

B ladelets T here a re 8 4 c omplete p ieces i n t his g roup.

Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 7 8 5 1

DI .

N o L ocation C H 3 A L R R B K T CH 1 D L T NC 1 P X S CH E X S TF L L P AT 1 R L S HN L E C S T ABLE 2 2. P RIMARY B LADELETS

N o 3 1 1 1

T he m ajority o f t he b ladelets a re n on-primary ( table 2 2). M ost o f t he n atural s urfaces o n t he b ladelets a re o f c halky c ortex . T he m ean d imensions f or t he b ladelets a re 1 9 x 7 .5 x 2 .5 m m ( sd 6 x 2 x 1 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 0). D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 7 7 1 1 3 2

P rofile S C T P

N o 3 0 1 4 3 7 3

Z . 9 . . i M! P C E

N o 4-6 3 6 2

D istal P H M 0

N o 3 6 6 4 2

T ABLE 2 3. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION M ost b ladelets h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re n ons traight i n p rofile ( fig.11; 5 ,6). H alf o f t he d istal e nds a re p ointed . R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 3 9 3 1 1 3 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

T ABLE 2 4.

N o 6 2 1 9 3

B utt N o S N 2 3 C 1 D 2 F 1 3 P 1 8 L 2 2 A L 1 C RS 4 A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

M ode N o H 8 S 7 2 N 4

M ost b ladelets h ave 1 o r 2 m ain d orsal r idges, w ith t he b ulb l ocated b ehind t he m ain o ne. T his s hows a n a ttempt t o p roduce n arrow a nd s traight b ladelets b ut t he l ack o f c ore m aintenance p roduces p ointed , n on-straight p ieces. T he l arge n umber o f p unctiform a nd l inear b utts s uggests t hat t he b ladelets w ere r emoved b y s triking c lose t o t he p latform e dge a nd o n a s mall s urface ; t his i s s upported b y t he u se o f s oft h ammer ( in 7 2 o f t he c ases). T his i s at echnological s hift w hich i s p resent i n l ayer 4 a s w ell. T he b utt d imensions a re a lso s mall: 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ) f or t he w idth a nd 1 1 1 1 ( sd 0 .7) f or t he t hickness. O nly t hree b ladelets h ave f acetted p roximal p arts s uggesting t hat t he a brasion o f t he c ore p latform e dge w as l imited. O nly o ne b ladelet i s c rested , b earing t races o f p artial u nifacial c resting. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 4 0 d egrees ( sd 1 2) f or b oth l ateral e dges; s ix b ladelets h ave n o l eft a nd 1 0 h ave n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges.

C hips T here a re 3 7 c omplete p ieces i n t his g roup ; n one b earing a ny n atural s urface. T he m ean d imensions f or t he c hips a re 8 x 7 .5 x 1 .5 m a ( sd 1 x 2 x 0 .5). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 0 d egrees ( sd 9 ). F our c hips a re b urnt. T he m ajority o f t he c hips ( 32, 8 6.5%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd t he r emaining 5 h ave t ransverse d orsal s cars. A ll c hips h ave p lain b utts. M ost o f t he c hips a re o f s oft h ammer m ode a nd 5 a re b ladelet like i n f orm , s uggesting t hey w ere p roduced d uring t he r emoval o f b ladelets. O nly t wo h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. D ebris T here a re D P , f ollowed b y m ight h ave b een a fter u se. . The c ortex .

1 60 p ieces i n t his g roup . M ost o f t hem ( 112, 7 0%) a re D K ( 35, 2 2%) a nd D N ( 13, 8 %). T his s uggests t hat t here a h earth , o r a n a rea w here a h earth h ad b een c leaned n atural s urface p resent o n t he d ebris i s m ostly c halky

C ores a nd c ore f ragments T here a re 1 7 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich f our a re c ore f ragments. O f t he 1 3 r emaining c ores, f ive a re s ingle p latform b ladelet c ores, f our a re g lobular f lake c ores a nd f our a re t wo p latform b ladelet c ores ( fig . 1 2 ; 1 -4). T he m ean d imensions o f t he s ingle p latform b ladelet c ores a re 2 8 x 1 8 .5 x 2 5.5 m m ( sd 1 0 x 5x 7 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 6 5 d egrees ( sd 3 ). T hree o f t he c ores b ear s ome n atural s urface. A ll p latforms a re p lain a nd p reparation i s m inimal, r estricted t o a s ingle c ase o f b ifacial c resting a long t he b ack o f t he c ore . T he m ean d imensions o f t he g lobular f lake c ores 3 0 m m ( sd 1 0 x 6x 8 ). T hey a ll a re p rimary , m ostly n on-chalky s kin . T here a re n o t races o f p reparation b acks a re p rimary . T he p latforms a re e ither p rimary o r t he c ores h ave t wo p latforms a nd a re f laked i n c rossed h aving o ne p latform .

a re 3 3.5 x 3 2 x c overed b y t hin , o n t hem a nd t he p lain . T hree o f a xes, t he f ourth

T he m ean d imensions o f t he t wo p latform c ores a re 4 4 x 3 0 .5 x 1 6 .5 m m ( sd 1 4 x 1 4 x 7 ); t he m ean p latform a ngles a re 6 0 d egrees ( sd 9 ). T hree a re b ladelet c ores a nd o ne i s a f lake c ore. O ne c ore h as f acetted p latforms w hile t he r emaining a re p lain , w ith t he e xception o f as ingle p rimary o ne. T he b acks b ear t races o f p reparation i n t he f orm o f c resting o r a brasion. T wo c ores a re f laked i n t wisted o pposed a xes a nd t wo a re f laked i n s traight o pposed a xes. C ore t ablets T here a re f our p ieces i n t his g roup , a ll c omplete. p rimary . A ll h ave u nidirectional d orsal s urfaces a nd h ammer m ode.

O nly o ne i s a re o f h ard

T ools T here a re 4 7 t ools a ssemblage ( table 2 5).

i n l ayer

1 0 ,

c omprising

3 .5% o f t he

t otal

E nd-scraper ( fig . 1 1; 7 , 8 ): s ix o f t he 8 p ieces i n t his g roup a re m anufactured o n f lakes. O f t he e ight b lanks, t wo a re p rimary . F ive o f t he s crapers a re c omplete. T he m ean t hickness o f t he e nds crapers i s 9m m ( sd 5 ), t he f lakes b eing t hicker t han t he b lades. A n i nteresting p iece i s a n e nd-scraper f ragment, c onsisting o f t he r etouched e nd o f a t ool, r emoved d eliberately a fter i t w as r etouched ( and u sed?), p ossibly t o r esharpen t he t ool o r t o c onvert i t t o a nother t ool-type. C omposite t ool: t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i s s craper/truncation , m ade o n an on-primary , r etouched , f lake.

a n

e nd-

P iece w ith u nilateral c ontinuous r etouch : t here a re 2 p ieces i n t his g roup, b oth b roken . O ne i s m ade o n ap rimary b lade a nd t he o ther o n af lake. T he m ean t hickness o f t he p ieces i s 6 .5 m m ( sd 2 ). A urignacian b lade: t he s ingle a urignacian b roken , n on-primary b lade a nd i s 5m m t hick .

b lade

i s m ade

o n a

N otched f lake o r b lade : t here i s o ne p iece i n t his g roup ; i t i s a c omplete b lade w ith v ery l ittle n atural s urface. I ts d imensions a re 8 4 x 1 7.5 x 5 .5 m m . T runcated b roken .

b ladelet:

t he

s ingle

e xample

o f

t his

t ool-type

i s

T otally o r p artially r etouched p iece : t he s ingle p iece i n t his g roup i s ac omplete p rimary b lade, b earing d irect r etouch . U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t here a re 5 p ieces i n t his g roup, a ll b roken . N one o f t hem i s p rimary . T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 .5). A ll t he b ladelets h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars ; f our a re s traight i n p rofile. T hree o f t he b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. A ll t he p ieces a re b acked b y d irect a brupt r etouch ( fig . 1 1, 9 ). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch : a ll 4 p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd n on-primary . T heir m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). O nly o ne p iece i s b acked b y a brupt r etouch o n a nvil. M ost b lanks h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge. B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : a ll 5 p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd n on-primary . T heir m ean t hickness i s 2m m ( sd 0 .5). A ll a re b acked b y d irect a brupt r etouch a nd m ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge f . . . T runcated b acked b ladelet: a ll 4 p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd n one i s p rimary . T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). A ll t he b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile , w ith u nidirectional d orsal

s cars a nd m ost h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge. a brupt r etouch .

A ll a re b acked b y d irect

D ufour b ladelet : b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd n onp rimary . T he m ean t hickness i s 3 mm ( sd 1 ). B oth b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. B ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch : t here a re 5 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich o nly o ne i s c omplete a nd o nly o ne i s p rimary . T he m ean t hickness i s 2m m ( sd 1 ). A ll t he p ieces a re m ade o n s traight b lanks w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ost h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge. M icrogravette: b oth m icrogravettes a re c omplete a nd n on-primary , w ith m ean d imensions o f 2 6 .5 x 6 x 1 .5 m m ( sd 6 x0 .7x0 .3) ( fig . 1 1, 1 0). S ide-scraper : t here a re 5 p ieces i n t his g roup , a ll b roken a nd n on-primary . T hree a re m ade o n f lakes a nd t wo o n b lades. T he m ean t hickness i s 5m m ( sd 2 ).

S ummary o f R 4, l ayer 1 0 T his i s a f lake-dominated a ssemblage w ith m ore b ladelets t han b lades. T he f lakes a re m ostly o f h ard h ammer m ode, w ith n on-parallel l ateral e dges a nd t he b ulb a way f rom t he m ain r idge(s). C hange o f t he f laking d irection i s s uggested b y t he d orsal s cars o n t he f lakes, t he p resence o f c ore d irection c hange f lakes a nd t he c ores t hemselves. C resting i s o nly p resent i n t hree c ases a nd t he c ores h ave f ew t races o f p reparation . T he b ladelets a re m ostly o f s oft h ammer m ode a nd n on-straight i n p rofile. T here i s o nly o ne b idirectional , t wo p latfrom c ore. P ieces w ith b idirectional d orsal s cars a re r are. M ost b acked b ladelets h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge , a re s traight i n p rofile a nd n on-primary . A ll b ut o ne a re b acked b y d irect a brupt r etouch . T he n ovelty i n t he t ool a ssemblage i s t he p resence o f t wo m icrogravette p oints. T he t ool a ssemblage i s c haracterized b y a n e nd-scraper i ndex o f 1 7 ; t he b ladelet t ools i ndex i s 5 3.2 ; b acked b ladelets a ccount f or 3 8.3% o f t he t otal t ool a ssemblage. T here a re n o b acked b ladelets w ith i nversely r etouched e nds.

T OOL T YPE

1 . s imple e nd-scraper 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 7 . p iercer 8 . a typical p iercer 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2 . s imple t runcation b urin 1 3 . m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 4 . s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6 . m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7 . g ravette p oint 1 8 . m icrogravette 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2 . p artialy b acked b lade 2 3 . t runcated p iece 2 4. b itruncated p iece 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7 . a urignacian b lade 2 8 . n otched p iece 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , p lain 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p lain 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 3 7 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 8 . b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2. n otched b ladelet 4 3. d ufour b ladelet 4 4 . b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 4 6 . s ide-scraper 4 7 . t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 4 8 . e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous T OTAL T ABLE 2 5. T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 2. L 10

NO

4

8 .5

2 2

4 .2 4 .2

1

2 .1

2

4 .2 ---

2

5 4

4 .2 --2 .1 2 .1 2 .1 --1 0 .6 8 .5

5

1 0 .6

4

8 .5

2

4 .2 --1 0 .6 1 0 .6 2 .1

1 1 1

5 5 1

4 7

9 9.4

R ECTANGLE 4 1. L AYER 4 T his r ectangle i s s ituated a t t he e astern p art o f t he s ite. T able 2 6 g ives t he t otal c ounts f or R 41 a nd t he c ounts f or c omplete d ebitage.

C LASS T L C R C T F L B L B T C H M BN B NS D EBRIS

a . T OTAL C OUNTS N O % 9 1 .1 1 1 1 .4 4 0 .5 4 42 5 5.4 7 0 .9 5 2 6 .5 1 17 1 4.7 1 0 .1 3 0 .4 1 52 1 9.0

T OTAL

7 98

C LASS F L B L B T C H D K D P D N

b . C OMPLETE D EBITAGE N O % 1 87 4 7.3 2 0 .5 3 6 9 .1 1 8 4 .6 6 2 1 5.7 5 7 1 4.5 3 3 8 .3

1 00 .0 T OTAL 3 95 T ABLE 2 6 . C OMPOSITION O F T HE R 41 S AMPLE

1 00.0

T he p redominant a rtifact c lass ( fig . 7 a) a re t he f lakes ( 89 p rimary), f ollowed b y d ebris, c hips ( 20 p rimary ), b ladelets ( 12 p rimary ), c ores, t ools, b lades ( 3 p rimary) a nd c ore t ablets. T here a re t hree b urin s palls a nd o ne m icroburin . O ne i n 2 .5 p ieces o f d ebitage i s c omplete. F lakes d ominate a mong t he c omplete d ebitage ( fig . 7 b), f ollowed b y d ebris ( dominated b y d ebris/pot-lid), b ladelets, c hips a nd b lades.

F lakes T here a re 1 87 c omplete f lakes p rimary , a s s hown i n t able 2 7. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 1 36 1 3 7 1 4 1 7

r . C H R R T CH T NC S CH S TF P AT S HN C S T ABLE 2 7.

i n

R 41.

N o 2 2

8 8 1 2

M ost

o f t hem a re n on-

L ocation A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

N o 1 7 1 5 7 5 5 1 1

1 P RIMARY F LAKES

C halky c ortex i s t he m ain n atural s urface. T he m ean d imensions f or t he f lakes a re 1 9.5 x 1 8 x 5m m ( sd 8 x 7 x 3 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 0 d egrees ( sd 1 4). T en f lakes a re b urnt.

D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 1 10 3 2 4 1 7 3 3

P rofile S C T P T ABLE 2 8.

N o 1 04 3 9 2 6 1 8

E dges P C E

N o 2 4 5 4 1 09

D istal P H M 0

N o 1 31 2 3 3 3

T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ost o f t he f lakes h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, a re s traight i n p rofile, h ave n on-parallel e dges a nd p lain d istal e nds. T he n umber o f f lakes w ith m ultidirectional a nd t ransverse d orsal s cars i s l ower t han i n t he p revious a ssemblages. T here a re n o c ore d irection c hange p ieces. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 3 9 5 2 5 3 2 0 3 2 0

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o

B utt S N 3 3 C 1 12 D F P L A L C RS T ABLE 2 9. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

72

N o 8 2 1 7 1 9 1 2 1 3 6 2 9 9

M ode N o H 1 26 S 5 2 N 9

I n m ost o f t he f lakes t he b ulb l ies a way f rom t he m ain d orsal r idge(s). M ost b utts a re n on-primary a nd a re p roduced b y h ard h ammer . T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 7 m m ( sd 5 ) f or t he w idth a nd 3 .5 m m ( sd 2 ) f or t he t hickness. N one o f t he f lakes h as a f acetted p roximal p art a nd n one i s c rested ( fig . 1 3 ; 1 ,2).

B lades

T here a re o nly t wo c omplete b lades i n R 41. T hey b oth b ear m inimal t races o f n atural s urface ( chalky c ortex i n b oth c ases). T he m ean d imensions a re 6 0 x 2 2 x1 0 m m ( sd 1 5 x 3x 4 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 1 0). N either b lade i s b urnt a nd b oth b ear u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he b ulb l ies b etween t he m ain d orsal r idges i n b oth c ases. T he b utts a re n ot p rimary ( one i s d ihedral) a nd b oth p roximal p arts a re p lain . T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 6 x 3 m m ( sd 3 x 1 ). T he e dge a ngles a re 4 0 d egrees ( sd 3 ) f or t he l eft a nd 5 d egrees ( sd 2 8) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; o ne b lade h as n o c utting r ight l ateral e dge. O ne b lade i s p lunging ( fig . 1 3, 3 ) a nd t he o ther t wisted i n p rofile ; o ne i s p ointed w ith c onverging l ateral e dges a nd t he o ther h as p arallel e dges a nd p lain d istal e nd . O ne b lade i s o f s oft a nd t he o ther o f h ard h ammer m ode.

B ladelets T here a re 3 6 c omplete p ieces i n t his g roup . b urnt.

O nly o ne b ladelet i s

Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 3 0 4 2

. T ype

N o L ocation C H 7 A L R R B K T CH D L T NC 2 P X S CH E X S TF L L P AT R L S HN L E C S T ABLE 3 0. P RIMARY B LADELETS

N o 1 2 1 2

T he m ajority o f t he b ladelets, a s s een i n t able 3 0 , a re n onp rimary a nd m ost o f t hem b ear c halky c ortex. T he a mount o f n atural s urface o n t he p ieces i s s mall, w hich s uggests t hat t hey w ere r emoved a fter m ost o f t he n atural s urface h ad b een c leared a way f rom t he c ore. T he m ean d imensions f or t he b ladelets a re 2 0.5 x 7 .5 x 2 .5 m m ( sd 5 x 2 x 1 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 2). D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 3 3 1 1 1

P rofile S C T P T ABLE 3 1.

N o 9 7 2 0

E dges P C E

N o 1 1 2 4 1

D istal P H M 0

N o 1 5 3 1 8

T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

T he b ladelet w ith u nclear d orsal s cars i s c oarse-grained. M ost b ladelets h ave n on-straight p rofiles ( the m ajority - 5 5.5% - b eing t wisted) ( fig. 1 3 ; 4 -6). M ost l ateral e dges a re c onvergent ( 66.7% ) a nd 5 0% o f t he d istal e nds a re p ointed. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 1 9 1 0 6 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 2 6 4 6

B utt S N C D F L P A L C RS T ABLE 3 2. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

N o 8 2 1 1 8 1 4 2 -

M ode N o H 8 S 2 8 N -

M ost b ladelets h ave o ne o r t wo m ain d orsal r idges, w ith t he b ulb l ocated b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge. T here i s n o o verwhelming e vidence s uggesting t hat t he b ulb o f t he t wisted b ladelets l ies a way f rom t he m ain d orsal r idges ( 5 c ases o ut o f 2 0); o n t he c ontrary , i t l ies m ostly b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge. T he t wisted p rofiles o f t he b ladelets m ust b e a r esult o f t he l ack o f s traightening o f t he c ore f ront a nd n ot o f i ntention f rom t he p art o f t he p rehistoric k nappers. N one o f t he b ladelets h as a f acetted p roximal p art, w hich s hows t hat t he c ore p latform f ronts w ere n ot a braded d uring b ladelet p roduction . N one o f t he b ladelets i s c rested. T he m ean e dge a ngle i s 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 4) f or t he l eft a nd 4 0 d egrees ( sd 1 1) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge.

S ix b ladelets e dges.

h ave

n o

l eft

a nd

f our

h ave n o

r ight

l ateral

c utting

C hips T here a re 1 8 c omplete c hips i n t his a ssemblage. T hree b ear m inimal t races o f n atural s urface, c halky c ortex i n a ll c ases. T he m ean d imensions o f t he c hips a re 8 x 7 x 1 .5 m m ( sd 1 x 1 x 1 ) . T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 1). N one o f t he c hips i s b urnt. T hirteen c hips h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, f our h ave t ransverse s cars a nd o ne h as m ultidirectional s cars. T wo c hips a re b ladelet like i n f orm s uggesting p roduction d uring t he m anufacture o f b ladelets. M ost c hips ( 10 , 5 5.5%) a re o f s oft h ammer m ode a nd o nly o ne h as a f acetted p roximal p art.

D ebris T here a re 1 52 p ieces i n t his g roup . M ost a re D K ( 62 , 4 0 .8%), f ollowed b y D P ( 57, 3 7.5%) a nd D N ( 33, 2 1.7%). M ost o f t he n atural s urface p resent o n t he d ebris i s c halky c ortex .

C ores a nd c ore f ragments T here a re 1 1 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich f our a re c ore f ragments. A ll t he r emaining c ores a re b ladelet c ores. F ive a re s ingle p latform , p yramidal a nd p rismatic c ores ; t heir m ean d imensions a re 2 7 .5 x 2 12 x 3 2.5 m m ( sd 4 x 8 x 1 2) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngles a re 6 0 d egrees ( Sd 8 ). T he p latfroms a re p lain w ith m inimal p latform e dge a brasion . T here i s o ne s ingle p latform b ladelet c ore m anufactured o n an onp rimary f lake ( fig . 1 3, 7 ); i ts d imensions a re 3 9.5 x 2 2.5 x 1 4 m m a nd t he p latform a ngle i s 7 0 d egrees. T he p latform i s m ade o n ab reak o n t he p roximal p art o f t he f lake. T he l ast c ore i s a n o pposed p latfom , b idirectional b ladelet c ore w ith d imensions o f 3 4 x 5 .5 x 9 m m a nd p latform a ngles r anging f rom 5 5 t o 7 0 d egrees. B oth p latforms a re p lain . T he a bsence o f f lake c ores i n R 41 i s s triking . t he t echnology s eems t o b e m uch t he s ame h ere a s s amples.

A part f rom t hat, i n t he p revious

C ore t ablets T here a re 4 p ieces i n t his g roup . A ll a re c omplete a nd o nly o ne i s p rimary . A ll t ablets h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd o n t wo o f t hem t he t races a re a long t he l ateral e dge.

T ools R ectangle ( table 3 3).

4 1

E nd-scraper :

y ielded

t he

s mallest

t ool

s ample

o f A sprochaliko

t he s ingle e nd-scraper i s m ade o n a t hick , p rimary

f lake . N otched p iece: t he s ingle p iece i n t his g roup i s ac omplete, n onp rimary f lake w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd f acetted p roximal. I ts d imensions a re 1 8 x 1 3 x3 .5 m m ( fig . 1 3, 1 0). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t his t ool-type i s r epresented b y a s ingle e xample o f ab roken , n on-primary b ladelet w ith as ingle d orsal r idge ; i ts t hickness i s 3m m . U nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch : p ieces i n t his g roup , b oth b roken a nd n on-primary . t hickness i s 3m m ( sd 1 ).

t here a re t wo T heir m ean

D ufour b ladelet: t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i s a b roken , n on-primary b ladelet o f t riangular s ection a nd w ith f acetted p roximal p art. I ts t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( fig . 1 3, 9 ). B ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch : t his g roup i s o nly r epresented b y a s ingle p iece, a b roken , n on-primary b ladelet w ith s traight p rofile a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. B ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch : p rimary b ladelet, w hich i s 1m m t hick .

t here

i s

o ne

b roken ,

n on-

S ide-scraper : a s ingle e xample c onsisting o f a c omplete, n onp ri ma r y f lake. I ts d imensions a re 3 3.5 x 2 1 x 7 .5 m m ( fig. 1 3, 8 ). M icroburins: n o t rue m icroburins a re p resent a t A sprochaliko. T he p iece i n q uestion i s a K rukowski m icroburin , t hat i s a d istal f ragment o f ab acked b ladelet, p roduced a ccidentally d uring r etouch . B urin s palls: t hree b urin s palls w ere s een , b eing t he o nly s igns o f b urin m anufacture o n t he s ite. T hey a ll a re n on-primary , c omplete, s palls, t wo p rimary a nd o ne s econdary . T he p rimary s palls b ear t races o f a brasion . T he s econdary s pall w as r emoved t ransversely t o t he a xis o f p ercussion o f t he p arent b lank , r emoving i ts d istal p art. T heir p resence i s i nteresting , i n v iew o f t he a bsence o f b urins a t A sprochaliko. I n t he l ight o f t he p resence o f b ladelet c ores o n f lakes, i t c ould b e p ossible t hat t hese p ieces a re n ot r eal s palls b ut c rested b ladelets f rom s uch c ores.

S ummary o f R 41 F lakes d ominate t his a ssemblage, c haracteristics a re b roadly s imilar

a s t o

w ell. t hose

T he t echnological o f t he p revious

a ssemblages a nd t here a re n o t races o f c resting , e ither o n t he d ebitage o r o n t he c ores. T he p roportion o f d ebris i s r elatively h igh . T he a bsence o f f lake c ores a nd t he d ominance o f b ladelet c ores i s d ifficult t o e xplain i n v iew o f t he f act t hat t he r emaining t echnological c haracteristics o f t his a ssemblage a re t he s ame w ith t he p revious o nes. T he t ool a ssemblage i s s mall, r eaching 1 .1% o f t he t otal R 41 a ssemblage. T here a re n o b acked b ladelets w ith i nversely r etouched e nds, n o b ilaterally b acked b ladelets, n or a ny a brupt r etouch o n a nvil. T he s mall s ize o f t he t ool a ssemblage d oes n ot a llow a ny m eaningful c onclusions t o b e d rawn f rom i t, b ut i ts l imited t ool-type v ariety m ay s uggest s pecialized a ctivities.

T OOL T YPE 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 7 . p iercer 8 . a typical p iercer 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2 . s imple t runcation b urin 1 3 . m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 4. s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7. g ravette p oint 1 8. m icrogravette 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2. p artially b acked b lade 2 3 . t runcated p iece 2 4. b itruncated p iece 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7. a urignacian b lade 2 8. n otched p iece 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet ,plain 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p lain 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 7 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 8 . b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2. n otched b ladelet 4 3 . d ufour b ladelet 4 4 . b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 4 6 . s ide-scraper 4 7 . t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 4 8 . e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous T OTAL T ABLE 3 3 . T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 4 1

N O 1

1

1 1.1

1 1.1

1 2

1 1.1 2 2 .2

1 1 1 1

1 1.1 1 1.1 1 1.1 1 1.1

9

9 9.9

R ECTANGLE 5 2. L AYER 4 T able 3 4 s hows t he t otal c omplete d ebitage a nd d ebris.

c ounts

a .T OTAL C OUNTS

C OMPLETE D EBITAGE

C LASS T L

b .

N O

%

1 3

2 .2

F L

f or R 52 a nd

C LASS

t he c ount

f or t he

N O

%

1 17

4 8.0

C R

7

1 .2

B L

C T

4

0 .7

B T

3 0

1 2.3

6 0.7

C H

2 4

9 .8

1 .4

D K

1 8

7 .4

F L B L

3 53 8

6

2 .5

B T

3 8

6 .5

D P

2 8

1 1.5

C H

9 1

1 5.7

D N

2 1

8 .6

6 7

1 1.6

5 81

1 00 .0

2 44

1 00.0

M BN B NS D EBRIS

T OTAL

T OTAL

T ABLE 3 4. C OMPOSITION O F T HE R 52 S AMPLE F lakes ( 57 p rimary ) a re t he d ominant a rtifact c lass, f ollowed b y c hips ( 3 p rimary ), d ebris, b ladelets ( 1 p rimary ), t ools, b lades ( 7 p rimary ), c ores a nd c ore t ablets. T here a re n o m icroburins o r b urin s palls. O ne i n 3p ieces o f d ebitage i s b roken . F lakes d ominate a mong t he c omplete d ebitage g roup, f ollowed b y d ebris ( dominated b y d ebris/pot-lid), b ladelets, c hips a nd b lades ( fig. 7 a,b).

F lakes T here a re 1 17 c omplete p ieces p rimary , a s c an b e s een i n t able 3 5. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 8 1 1 4 5 7 1 0

T ype C H R R T CH T NC S CH S TF P AT S HN C S T ABLE 3 5.

i n

t his

g roup.

N o L ocation 1 9 A L 3 B K D L 3 P X 3 E X 3 L L 2 R L 1 L E 2 P RIMARY F LAKES

M ost

a re

N o 1 0 1 2 7 3 1 3

n on-

M ost o f t he n atural s urfaces a re o f c halky c ortex . d imensions o f t he f lakes a re 2 0 x 1 7 x 5m m ( sd 9 x 8 x 3 ). f laking a ngle i s 6 0 d egrees ( sd 1 5). N ine f lakes a re b urnt. D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 7 5 4 1 1 1 2 1 5

P rofile S C T P T ABLE 3 6.

N o 7 9 1 6 1 6 6

E dges P C E

N o

7

3 6 4 7

D istal P H M 0

T he m ean T he m ean

N o

7

1 5 2 6

T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ost o f t he f lakes h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. O f t he 1 5 p ieces w ith n o d iagnostic d irection , t hree a re c oarse-grained a nd t wo a re d amaged b y f ire. F lakes w ith t ransverse a nd m ultidirectional d orsal s cars r each 1 9.6% ( fig . 1 4, 1 ). M ost o f t he f lakes a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith n o p arallel l ateral e dges a nd w ith p lain d istal p arts. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o

7

4 4 2 7 1 0 2 1 0

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 2 8 2 0 6 9

B utt S N C D F P L A L C RS T ABLE 3 7. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

N o U N 1 5 6 3 1 0 2 1 6 2

M ode N o H 7 S 3 6 N 2

T he b ulb l ies a way f rom t he m ain d orsal r idge(s) i n m ost o f t he c ases. M ost o f t he f lakes a re o f h ard h ammer m ode a nd t he b utts a re m ostly p lain ; t wo f lakes h ave c rushed b utts. T he m ean d imensions o f t he r emaining b utts a re 7 x 3 m m ( sd 5 x 2 ). F ive f lakes h ave f acetted p roximal p arts a nd o ne b ears c ontinuous u nifacial c resting .

B lades T here a re s ix c omplete p ieces i n t his g roup . F ive a re p rimary . T he m ean d imensions a re 4 1 x 1 6.5 x 7 .5 m m ( sd 1 5 x 5x 3 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 1 1). N one o f t he b lades i s b urnt. I n h alf t he c ases t he b ulb l ies a way f rom t he m ain d orsal r idge(s). H alf o f t he b lades h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars ( fig . 1 4, 3 ), o ne h as m ultidirectional s cars, o ne h as t ransverse a nd o ne h as n o d iagnostic s cars. T wo b lades h ave p rimary b utts, t he r est h aving p lain b utts. T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 5 .5 x 4 m m ( sd 2 x 2 ). M ost b lades ( 4 , 6 6.7%) a re o f h ard h ammer m ode, w ith p arallel l ateral e dges a nd p lain d istal e nds. H alf t he b lades a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 6 0 d egrees ( sd 1 4) f or b oth e dges ; f our b lades h ave n o c utting l eft l ateral e dges a nd 3 h ave n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges. N one o f t he b lades i s c rested.

B ladelets T here a re 3 0 c omplete p rimary ,as s hown i n t able 3 8. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 2 8

2

p ieces

i n

t his

g roup.

M ost

DM .

N o L ocation C H 2 A L R R B K T CH D L T NC P X S CH E X S TF L L P AT R L S HN L E C S T ABLE 3 8. P RIMARY B LADELETS

a re

n on-

N o --

2

A ll t he n atural s urfaces a re o f c halky c ortex w hich i s l ocated a long t he l eft l ateral e dge o f t he p ieces. T he m ean d imensions o f t he b ladelets a re 1 9.5 x 8 x 2 .5 m m ( sd 4 x 1 x 1 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 0). O ne b ladelet i s b urnt. D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o

7

1 1 2

P rofile S C T P T ABLE 3 9.

N o 3 9 1 8

E dges P C E

N o

1 4 1 6

D istal P H M 0

N o 1 5 1 1 4

T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ost o f t he b ladelets h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, t wisted p rofiles, c onvergent l ateral e dges a nd p ointed d istal e nds. O nly t hree o f t he t wisted b ladelets h ave t he b ulb l ocated a way f rom t he m ain d orsal r idge(s); m ost o f t he t wisted b ladelets h ave p ointed d istal e nds. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 1 1 1 8 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 2 1 5 4

B utt N o S N 1 1 C 1 D F 2 P 8 L 6 A L 1 C RS 1 T ABLE 4 0. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

M ode N o H 1 S 2 8 N 1

M ost b ladelets h ave t wo d orsal r idges, w ith t he b ulb g enerally s ituated b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge. T he b utts a re a ll n on-cortical, w ith s everal p unctiform a nd l inear b utts, s uggesting a v ery s mall c ontact a rea b etween t he h ammer a nd t he c ore p latform , p referably c lose t o t he p latform e dge ( fig . 1 4, 2 ). T he m ode i s m ostly s oft h ammer. T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 2 .5 x 1 m m ( sd 1 x 1 ) a nd t he m ean e dge a ngle i s 4 0 d egrees ( sd 8 ) f or t he l eft a nd 4 5 d egrees ( sd

1 1) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge. O ne b ladelet h as n o l eft l ateral c utting e dge a nd t wo h ave n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges. O nly o ne b ladelet h as a f acetted p roximal p art a nd n one i s c rested .

C hips T here a re 2 4 c omplete c hips i n t he R 5 2 a ssemblage. O nly o ne b ears m inimal t races o f n atural s urface ( chalky c ortex). T he m ean d imensions a re 8 .5 x 7 x 2 m m ( sd 1 x 1 x 1 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 0 d egrees ( sd 8 ). M ost o f t he c hips ( 21, 8 7.5%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, t wo h ave t ransverse s cars a nd o ne h as m ultidirectional s cars w hich p robably c ome f rom r etouching a t ool. T hree c hips a re b ladelet like, s uggesting t hey w ere p roduced d uring t he m anufacture o f b ladelets. T he m ajority o f t he c hips ( 19, 7 9.2% ) a re o f s oft h ammer m ode a nd t wo h ave f acetted p roximal p arts.

D ebris T here a re 6 7 p ieces i n t his g roup . T he l argest c lass i s t hat o f D P ( 28 , 4 1.8% ), f ollowed b y D N ( 21, 3 1.3%) a nd l astly b y D K ( 18 , 2 6 .9%). D ebris/pot-lid d ominate a ll d ebris g roups i n A sprochaliko.

C ores a nd c ore f ragments T here a re s even p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich f ive a re c ore f ragments. O ne o f t he c omplete c ores i s a b ifacially w orked f lake c ore ( fig . 1 4 ,4) w ith d imensions o f 3 2 x 2 9 x 1 3 m m a nd a p latform a ngle o f 6 5 d egrees. T he o ther c ore i s a s ingle p latform b ladelet c ore m ade o n a p rimary f lake. I ts d imensions a re 3 2 x 2 5 x 1 3 m m a nd t he p latform a ngle i s 6 0 d egrees.

C ore t ablets T here a re 4 c ore t ablets, a ll c omplete a nd a ll w ith p lain , u nidirectional d orsal s cars. O ne i s p rimary a nd t wo t ablets h ave t he t races o f p revious r emovals a long o ne l ateral e dge.

T ools T here a re 1 2 t ools i n R 52 ( table 4 1), c omprising 2 % o f t he t otal a ssemblage. E nd-scraper : t he s ingle e nd-scraper i s a c omplete, a typical e nds craper o n an on-primary f lake . T runcated p iece: t his t ool i s r epresented b y a s ingle b roken e xample, m anufactured o n a n on-primary f lake w ith i nverse r etouch ( fig .14, 7 ).

P iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch : t his t ool i s m ade o n a c omplete p rimary b lade. P iece w ith c ontinuous, b ilateral r etouch : t his t ool i s m ade o n a c omplete, n on-primary b lade. A urignacian b lade : ( fig . 1 4, 5 ).

t his i s a s ingle,

i ntentionally b roken p iece

T otally o r p artially r etouched p iece : t here a re t wo p ieces i n t his g roup. T hey b oth a re c omplete, p rimary f lakes b earing s emi a brupt, i rregular r etouch . T hey b oth a re 1 0 m m t hick . U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : o nly o ne o f t he f our p ieces i n t his g roup i s c omplete . O ne p iece b ears v ery l ittle n atural s urface. M ost p ieces h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 3 .5 m m ( sd 2 ). A ll p ieces a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd b acked b y d irect a brupt r etouch ( fig . 1 4, 8 ). M iscellaneous: t here i s o ne d enticulate e nd-scraper m anufactured o n a t hick n on-primary f lake. T he p iece b ears a n i ntentional b reak o n t he p roximal p art a nd t he b reak s urface h as b een u sed f or t he r emoval o f s mall, t hin b ladelets ( fig .14, 6 ). T his i s a u nique t ool i n t he w hole o f A sprochaliko a nd t here i s n o e vidence o f t he u se o f t hese b ladelets a s b lanks f or t ool m anufacture.

S ummary o f R 52 T his i s a f lake-dominated a ssemblage w ith v ery f ew c ores a nd t ools. F lakes, b lades a nd b ladelets a re a s b efore a nd t here i s l ittle e vidence f or c resting . T he s mall n umber o f c ores i s t he o nly t echnological d ifference f rom t he o ther a ssemblages f orm A sprochaliko. T he t ool i nventory f or R 52 i s s imilar t o t hat f rom R 41, w ith a n a bsence o f b ilaterally b acked b ladelets, b acked b ladelets w ith i nversely r etouched e nds, a nd m icrogravettes a nd a brupt r etouch o n a nvil. T he n umber o f e nd-scrapers i s s mall, a s i s t he c ase w ith R 41. T his r einforces t he p ossibility o f a s pecialized a ctivity a rea l ocated a t t he e astern p art o f t he s ite.

T OOL T YPE 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 7 . p iercer 8 . a typical p iercer 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2. s imple t runcation b urin 1 3. m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 4. s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6 . m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7 . g ravette p oint 1 8 . m icrogravette 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2. p artially b acked b lade 2 3. t runcated p iece 2 4. b itruncated p iece 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7. a urignacian b lade 2 8. n otched p iece 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet,plain 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 7 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed 3 8 . b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2. n otched b ladelet 4 3. d ufour b ladelet 4 4 . b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 4 6. s ide-scraper 4 7 . t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 4 8 . e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous T OTAL T ABLE 4 1. T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 52

N O 1

1

7 .7

1 1 1

7 .7 --7 .7 7 .7 7 .7

4

3 0 .7

2

1 5.4

2 1 3

1 5.4 1 00 .0

F ig . 4 . E x p l o r a t o r y t r e n c h ( 6 4 g r i d )

S h a l o w s o u n d i n g

O u t l i n e o f l a r g e

f a c e

d T r e n c h 8

—

2

_ z

P lan o f A sprochaliko ( after B ailey e t a l., 1 983b, 1 6).

E 1

1

I

Z z i » c r

0

t i )

0 I

F ig .

5 .

r

l

W est f ace o f R ectangles 4 1 a nd 4 2, a nd s outh f ace o f R ectangles 4 2 a nd 5 2 ( after I l ailey e t a l., 1 983b , 1 9).

-

L 4 1 1 L 10

' 50

4 0

20

1 0

2

3

4 total

K EY :

1 : TL ;

2 : CR ;

3

6

7

counts

3 : FL ;

4 : BL ;

5 : BT ;

6 : CH ;

7 :D

R2

60

L 10 50

40

3 0

'

20

1 0 e r—e-

2

3

4

comp l et*

K EY :

F ig . 6 .

1 :FL ;

2 : BL ;

3 : BT ;

3

6

7

d eb i teee

4 : CH ;

5 : DK ;

6 : DP ;

7 : DN

B ar g raphs s howing t he c omposition o f t he R 2 s ample ; A sprochaliko . a :total c ounts , b :complete d ebitage .

r -t R 4 1

r -t R 5 2 69

59

10

30

29

10

r -F 1

i1 : 2

3

4 total

K EY :

1 :IL ;

2 : CR ;

5

6

7

counts

3 : FL ;

4 : BL ;

5 : BT ;

6 : CH ;

7 :D

50 . 1

9 .•

40

30

20

7 '7 19

2

3 co

K EY :

F ig . 7 .

1 :FL ;

2 : BL ;

4 lets

3 : BT ;

5

6

7

d sbitass

4 : CH ;

5 : DK ;

6 : DP ;

7 : DN

B ar g raphs s howing t he c omposition o f t he R 41 a nd R 52 s amples; e i sprochaliko . a :total c ounts, b :complete d ebitage .

c zü

S

,

4

1 =3

3

9

A f i F ig . 8 .

R 2, L 4, d ebitage: 1 -4: 1 0-11: c hips.

f lakes,

5 -9: b lades a nd b ladelets,

3

3

cm

. , 4

F ig . 9 .

0 .

5

R 2, L 4 : 1 -3 :cores ; 4 -5:core t ablets.

O s '

3

cm

A te

I 81

P o Z

7

1 3

F ig . 1 0 . R 2, L 4 : 1 -2 :end-scrapers ; 3 :piercer ; 4 :truncation ; 5 :aurignacian b lade ; 6 :truncated b ladelet ; 7 :side-sci-a per ; 8 :opp . r etouch ; 9 :bilat/ly b acked ; 1 0 :inver/ly r etouched e nds ; 1 1:truncated b acked b ladelet ; 1 2 :dufour ; 1 3 :semia brupt r etouch .

2

3

1 0

7

F ig . 1 1. R 2, L 10 : 1 -2 :flakes ;3-6 :blades/bladelets ;7-8 :end-scrapers ; 9 :backed b ladelet ; 1 0 :microgravette .

CM

2

3

F ig . 1 2 .

R 2, L 10 : c ores.

c = )

2

7

cm

3

8

1 0

F ig . 1 3 . R 41, L 4 : 1 -2 :flakes ; 3 -6 :blades/bladelets ; 7 :core ; 8 :sides craper ; 9 :dufour ; 1 0 :notched p iece .

4

5

6

.cm

7

F ig . 1 4 . R 52, L 4 : 1 :flake ; 2 -3 :bladelet/blade ; 4 :core ; 5 :aurignacian b lade ; 6 :intentionally b roken s craper ; 7 :truncation ; 8 :b acked b lade l et.

F ig . 1 5.

" Kastritsa": e tching b y P . B ehlis,,1989. - 1 03 -

C HAFT ER 3 K ASTRITSA

K astritsa l ies i n t he I oannina b asin , af ew k ilometres s outheast o f l ake P amvotis. T he s ite w as e xcavated i n 1 966 a nd 1 967 u nder t he d irection o f t he l ate E .S.Biggs. B iggs c alled i t " a c ave" i n h is 1 967 p ublication ( 1967 , 1 9) b ut B ailey e t a l. r efer t o i t a s " ...a n arrow c left i n t he r ock f ace, w ith a c one o f d eposit f anning o ut b elow i t" ( Bailey e t a l.,1983b, 2 4). T he e xcavators r emoved a lmost a ll o f t he e xisting d eposits o n t he t alus a nd b y t he r ear c ave w all u sing a g rid o f 2 x 1 .5m t renches. B iggs s tates t hat t he b asic u nits o f e xcavation w ere t he 1 .50 m etre r ectangles ( Biggs e t a l.,1967 , 1 9) b ut i t i s c lear f rom t he r ecord b ooks t hat t his w as n ot a lways t he c ase a nd t hat r ectangles w ere e nlarged . D eposits w ere r emoved b y 1 0cm t hick s pits, w hile c hanges o f c olour , t exture a nd l ithology w ere a lso r ecorded . A c ertain a mount o f i nconsistency i s a pparent i n t he e xcavation t echnique: t renches w ere e xpanded i nto e ach o ther o r t owards t he r ock w all; t he e xcavators o ften f ollowed l ayers w ithout p roviding i nformation o n t heir r elative s pit n umbers ( mainly i n t he s econd s eason ); d ifferent l ayering s chemes w ere e mployed i n e ach s eason ; s ite d ata w ere r e-adjusted a nd t he s pit s ystem w as a ltered a t t he b eginning o f t he 1 966 s eason a ffecting a ll b ag n umbers a ssigned b efore t he d ate o f t he c orrection o f t he s cheme. F ortunately t hese c hanges c an b e c hecked a nd c orrected . O n t he o ther h and , t he r ecovery r ate f or a ll a rtifacts w as h igh a nd t he e xcavators s eem t o h ave c ollected a lmost e verything t hey f ound . T he c ave s ediments w ere a ll " ...sieved , a2 0 m illimetre s quare m esh w as u sed t o s eparate t he c oarser m aterial f rom t he r emainder, w hich w as i tself r etained b y a f iner g rade ( 2 m illimetre s quare), m esh b elow ." ( Higgs e t a l.,1967 , 1 9). I t i s n ot c ertain w hether b edrock w as r eached i n a ll t he e xcavation u nits; t he d eepest l evels c onsisted o f w aterlogged d eposits, f irst t raced i n r ectangle 2 . T he 1 983 p ublication p resents t he l atest i nformation o n t he s tratigraphy , b ased o n u npublished e xcavation r ecords a nd t rench s ections, a long w ith p reliminary a nalysis o f t he s tone a nd b one a ssemblages ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983b, 2 4-29). I n o rder t o f acilitate t he a nalysis o f t he d ata t he 3 2 l ayers w ere g rouped i nto s trata a nd t he d eposits w ere g rouped i nto t hree g eological u nits ( fig . 1 7). T he f irst u nit i ncludes l ayers 2 t o 1 5 ( strata 1 ,3 a nd 5 ) a nd c onsists o f s ilty c lays w ith n umerous a ngular s tone f ragments, e xtensive h earths a nd a r ockfall. T his u nit i s t he r ichest i n f inds, b racketed b etween C 1 4 d ates o f 1 3 ,400 + - 2 10 B .P . f rom l ayer 2 , a nd 1 9,900 + - 3 70 B .P . f rom t he b ase o f l ayer 1 5. T he s econd u nit i ncludes l ayers 1 6 t o 2 6 ( strata 7 a nd 9 ) a nd c onsists m ainly o f b each d eposits o f t ightly p acked w ater-worn p ebbles i nterspersed w ith f ine-grained l ake s ediments

w ith v ery f ew f inds. B oth t he d istribution a nd t he d egree o f a brasion o f t he p ebbles s uggest s ome w ave a ction a t t he l ake e dge. T he t hird u nit, l ayers 2 7 t o 3 2 ( lower s tratum 9 ) i s f ormed b y l ake d eposits, i s d evoid o f a rtefacts a nd r ests o n b edrock . ( op. c it., 2 4-26). T he c hoice o f t he r ectangles t o b e s tudied w as b ased o n t heir s tratigraphic r eliability a nd o n t he q uantity a nd q uality o f t he i nformation r elevant t o t hem . R ectangle 2 w as i ncluded b y t he C ambridge t eam i n t heir s ample, a nalysed b etween 1 978 a nd 1 980 ; t he o ther t wo r ectangles ( R 4a nd R 5 , f ig . 1 6) w ere r eliable e nough t o b e i ncluded i n t he s ample. T he e xcavation t echnique e mployed a t t he s ite r ules o ut a s tudy o f i ts h orizontal s tratigraphy b ecause a lthough p otentially u seful f eatures w ere d iscovered ( hearths, p ost h oles) t hey w ere n ot r ecorded i n as atisfactory w ay . S ince t he e xcavated m aterial f rom t he s ite i s k ept i n b ags b earing n umbers t hat r efer t o t he e xact p rovenance o f t he f inds, a nd s ince t hese n umbers a re s pit-specific, i t w as n ecessary t o e stablish a r eliable s pit-to-layer-to-stratum s cheme b efore a nalysing t he a rchaeological m aterial i tself . T he p roposed s cheme i s a s c orrect a s i t c an b e w ithin t he c ircumstances ; i t a grees w ith a n e xisting s ection ( called : K astritsa M ain C ave S ection), w hich i s a r eassuring f act. A s lope i s s hown t o e xist a mong t he v arious r ectangles a s f ar a s s ome Y l ayers a re c oncerned ( and t his i s a gain s upported b y t he a bove m entioned s ection ). T his i s t o b e e xpected i n s uch a s ite, b ut i t p roves t hat r elying t oo m uch o n s pits t o p rovenance a rchaeological m aterial i s t ricky . I t i s o bvious t hat d ifferent l ayers ( at t imes m ore t han o ne) a re p resent w ithin t he s ame s pit; u nfortunately t he e xact p rovenance o f s ome b ags c annot b e t raced b ack t o t heir p recise l ocation w ithin t he t rench , w hich c auses p roblems i n h aw t o t reat t hem . W hat i s m ore , t he i nformation o n t hese s pits i s n ot a lways c onsistent i n t he r ecord b ooks, w hich s uggests t hat p erhaps t he e xcavators w ere n ot a lways s uccessful i n r ecognizing d ifferences b etween l ayers o r i n c orrecting t he r elevant r ecords a fter t hey h ad m ade u p t heir m inds a bout t hem . F ortunately , t his i s n ot a c ommon c omplication . T he f ollowing i s t he r esult o f t he a ssignment o f s pits to layers t ostrata f ollowed i n t he a nalysis o f t he m aterial f rom K astritsa .

R ECTANGLE 2 : e xcavation a t t his r ectangle s tarted a t t he u ppermost s pits a nd e nded , i n t he f irst s eason , a t a bout s pits 6 0-62 ( t he 1 967 a rticle o f B iggs's m entions a d epth o f 6 .40m b elow d atum , t hat i s s pit 6 4). T he f ollowing y ear e xcavation c ontinued t o a round s pit 9 4 , w ithout i t b eing c ertain i t r eached b edrock , a lthough t he e xcavation w as a lready w ell w ithin t he b each d eposits. S tratum 1 : s pits 5 -41 c orrespond t o Y 1Y6. S tratum 3 : s pits 4 2-49 c orrespond t o Y 7Y11; s pits 5 0-52 c orrespond t o Y 12. S tratum 5 : s pits 5 3-61 c orrespond t o Y 13 Y15. S tratum 7 : s pits 6 2-68/9 c orrespond t o Y 16-20.

S tratum 9 : s pits 6 9/70-90 c orrespond t o Y 21-Y32 a nd s pits 9 1 t o 9 6 c orrespond t o Yn umbers 3 3 a nd 3 4.

R ECTANGLE 4 : e xcavation s tarted w ith t he m arking o f s pits 3 3 t o 4 2 a nd r eached a d epth o f 9 m etres b elow d atum ( Higgs e t a l., 1 967, 1 4). S tratum 1 : s pits 3 3-42 c orrespond t o Y 1Y6. S tratum 3 : s pits 4 3-53 c orrespond t o Y 7Y11; s pits 5 4-55 c orrespond t o Y 12. S tratum 5 : s pits 5 6-60 c orrespond t o Y 13 Y15 S tratum 7 : s pits 6 1-72 c orrespond t o Y 16 Y19. S tratum 9 : s pits 7 3-88 c orrespond t o Y 21-Y26 .

R ECTANGLE 5 : e xcavation s tarts a t s pit 4 4 w hich m eans t hat S tratum 1 i s a bsent i n t his r ectangle, w hich c ould b e e xplained b y t he s loping n ature o f t he l ayers, n ormal i n t he c ase o f ac one d eposit. S tratum 3 : s pits 4 4-53 c orrespond t o Y 7-Y11; s pits 5 4-57 c orrespond t o Y 12. S tratum 5 : s pits 5 8-68 c orrespond t o Y 13-Y15; h orizontal d eposits a ppear i n s pit 6 9. S tratum 7 : s pits 6 9-72 c orrespond t o Y 16-Y19. S tratum 9 : s pits 7 3-85 c orrespond t o Y 21-Y25

I n a ddition t o t he s tone i mplements a nd t he f aunal e vidence, K astritsa y ielded a l arge n umber o f b one a nd a ntler a rtifacts y et t o b e s tudied . Ap reliminary unpublished- r ecording b y A . L egge i n t he l ate 1 960 's s howed t here w ere s ome 1 54 o rganic a rtifacts, o f w hich s ome 2 0 d rilled t eeth a nd b eads a nd t he r est p oints, a wls a nd n eedles, m ostly b roken . F ollowing L egge 's a ccount, i t s eems t hat t he l argest c ollections o f o rganic a rtifacts c ame f rom s trata 1 a nd 3 w ith s tratum 5p roviding a s maller n umber o f a rtifacts. T hese a re t he s trata t hat p rovided t he l argest n umber o f b urins a nd p iercers. T he t echnological a nd f unctional i mplications o f t his o bservation a re w orth p ursuing a s t hey c ould e lucidate t he t echnological c haracter o f t he s ite. A nother i nteresting f eature o f K astritsa a re t he q uantities o f r ed o chre r ecovered f rom t he u ppermost p art o f t he s equence. S tratum 3 y ielded a r esidue-bearing b ladelet ( see A ppendix I ), a u nique f ind , s o f ar, f rom t he E pirus a ssemblages.

R aw,m aterial T he a ssemblages f rom K astritsa a re c haracterised b y aw ide r ange o f f lint t ypes. T he r ange i s s imilar t o t hat e ncountered a t A sprochaliko a nd e ntirely d ifferent f rom t hat p rovided b y K lithi . I n g eneral, t he f lint t ypes e mployed a t K astritsa a re m oslty f ine-grained a nd e asily f laked . C oarse-grained f lint e xists i n s mall

n umbers a nd i n s imilar q uantities i n a ll s trata . B anded f lint i s n ot v ery c ommon , w hile s peckled v arieties a re m ostly o f r eddish/brown o r g reyich/brown c olours. T he o nly s triking v ariation a s f ar a s f lint t ypes a re c oncerned i s t he a ppearance o f V oidomatis type f lint f rom s tratum 5 o nwards, w ith i ncreasing q uantities i n s tratum 3 . T his f lint t ype c an b e i dentified e mpirically b y i ts t exture, f eel a nd c olour. T o t est t he a uthor 's e mpirical o bservations, a nd t o h elp e stablish a d ata b ank o n g reek f lint s ources, a c ollection o f g eological s amples f rom L efkas, E pirus, Z akynthos a nd C entral G reece w as o ffered t o t he C entre o f N uclear S tudies " DEMOKRITOS", i n A thens. T he a nalysts e mployed E SR s pectroscopy a nd e stablished s pectra f or a ll t he s amples i n t heir p ossession ; t he r esults w ere p resented a t t he 2 5th S ymposium o n A rchaeometry , h eld i n A thens i n M ay 1 986. I n t he a nalysts' o wn w ords " The s amples s elected a t t he b anks o f V oidomatis p resent a u nique c ase. T hey a re c haracterized b y r ather s mall ( b) a nd ( d) p eaks a nd r elatively l arge ( f) p eaks" ( Maniatis e t a l., 1 988 , 1 0). T he d istinctive s ample f orm V oidomatis i s c alled " Spectrum t ype V ". F ollowing t heir a nalyses t he D EMOKRITOS t eam c oncluded t hat " ...archaeological q uestions o n o rigin c an b e a nswered o nly i f t hey c oncern s eparation b etween V oidomatis o r Z akynthos a nd t he r est o f t he s ample" ( op . c it., 1 0-11). T he r esults o f t he E SR s pectroscopy a re e ncouraging : t hey c onfirmed t he e mpirical o bservations m ade b y t he a uthor o n ac ertain f lint t ype, a nd s uggested a r esearch p attern f or t he s tudy o f t he s ources o f r aw m aterials i n E pirus. I t i s h oped t hat f uture r esearch o n t his f ield w ill p rovide m ore i nteresting i nformation o n e xploitation o f r esources a nd , c onsequently , o n e conomy , t echnology a nd s ocial p atterns. T he p rovenance o f t he r aw m aterials e mployed a t t he K astritsa s tone i ndustries i s d ifficult t o a ssess. K lithi i s c onveniently l ocated n ear V oidomatis, w hile A sprochaliko, a part f rom b eing b y a r iver a s w ell, b elongs t o a n a rea n aturally r ich i n f lint. K astritsa, o n t he o ther h and , i s a n i solated r idge b y a l ake a nd t he p resence o f r olled s urfaces o n t he i mplements i s n ot v ery c ommon . T he c ommonest n atural s urfaces a re c halky c ortex i n v arious s tages o f w eathering , s uggesting t hat t he n odules w ere n ot n ecessarily c ollected f rom a n i n s itu v ein o f f lint, b ut w ere r ather f ound l ying o n t he g round . T o o btain a c learer p icture o f t he r aw m aterial v ariation a t K astritsa, t he i nformation f rom a ll t he s ample r ectangles w as g rouped b y s trata a nd p resented i n t hree d ifferent t ables, o ne f or d ebitage ( table 4 2), o ne f or c ores ( table 4 3) a nd o ne f or t ools ( table 4 4). " Debitage" i ncludes t he c omplete f lakes, b lades, b ladelets, c hips a nd D K ( DP a nd D N w ere n ot i ncluded i n t he t ables b ecause t hey a re p roducts o f p hysical a ctions a nd n ot o f h uman i ntention ), " cores" i ncludes c ores, f ragments a nd t ablets a nd " tools" i ncludes t ools, m icroburins a nd b urin s palls.

C OLR

S TR9

G R B L W H P K R D B RN Y L D RD P .BRN L .BRN T WO M ORE G R/BRN R D/BRN R D/YL R D/GR O LV/BR O LV/GR

%

S TR7

%

S TR5

%

S TR3

%

S TR1

%

3 2 3 1.1 5 2 2 8 .1 1 28 2 4.8 4 26 2 4 .3 2 12 2 7.9 7 6 .8 6 3 .2 1 2 2 .3 2 4 1 .4 5 0 .6 1 0 9 .7 3 6 1 9.5 1 08 2 0 .9 3 34 1 9.1 1 81 2 3.8 0 .0 6 3 .2 3 0 .6 3 7 2 .1 7 0 .9 6 5 .8 4 2 .2 2 0 3 .9 4 9 2 .8 3 7 4 .9 2 1 .9 5 2 .7 2 9 5 .6 8 9 5 .1 3 3 4 .3 1 1 .0 1 0 .6 9 1 .7 1 4 0 .8 1 1 1 .5 2 1 .9 5 2 .7 1 4 2 .7 5 0 2 .9 2 2 2 .9 1 6 1 5.5 2 3 1 2.4 6 6 1 2.8 2 68 1 5.3 7 6 1 0 .0 7 6 .8 8 4 .3 3 0 5 .8 1 16 6 .6 3 6 4 .7 0 .0 1 0 .6 0 .0 2 0 1 .1 8 1 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 3 0 .2 0 .0 7 6 .8 1 0 5 .4 4 8 9 .3 1 17 6 .7 5 8 7 .6 8 7 .8 1 8 9 .7 2 7 5 .2 1 49 8 .5 5 7 7 .5 0 .0 2 1 .1 9 1 .7 1 9 1 .1 2 0 .3 5 4 .9 8 4 .3 1 4 2 .7 3 4 1 .9 1 1 1 .5 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 0 .1 2 0 .3 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 2 0 .3 T ABLE 4 2. K astritsa R aw m aterial c ounts. a . D EBITAGE

T here a re t en p ieces o n V oidomatis f lint i n s tratum 5 , t hirtyt hree i n s tratum 3 a nd t welve i n s tratumm 1 . G rey a nd w hite f lint d ominate i n s trata 1 , 3 a nd 5 , b ut b rown v arieties a re n umerous a s w ell ( especially i n s tratum 3 ). G reyish/brown a nd r eddish/brown t ypes a re a lso c ommon . F lint t ypes w ith t wo o r m ore c olours a re m ore a bundant i n s trata 1 a nd 3 . S trata 9 a nd 7 e mploy a m ore r estricted r ange o f f lint t ypes. R eddish/yellow f lint r eaches a p eak i n s tratum 3 .

C OLR

S TR9

G R B L W H P K R D B RN Y L D RD P .BRN L .BRN T WO M ORE G R/BR R D/BR R D/YL R D/GR O LV/BR O LV/GR

%

12 5.0 - 0 .0 25 0 .0 - 0 .0 12 5.0 - 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 - 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 - 0 .0 T ABLE 4 3.

S TR7

%

9 3 1.0 1 3 .4 2 6 .9 _ _ 0 .0 2 6 .9 6 2 0 .7 _ _ 0 .0 0 .0 2 6 .9 2 6 .9 1 3 .4 0 .0 1 3 .4 2 6 .9 0 .0 1 3 .4 0 .0 0 .0 K astritsa

S TR5

%

S TR3

2 6 3 7.1 2 2 .9 7 1 0 .0 _ _ 0 .0 4 5 .7 3 4 .3 _ _ 0 .0 4 5 .7 6 8 .6 6 8 .6 0 .0 0 .0 6 8 .6 5 7 .1 0 .0 1 1 .4 0 .0 0 .0 R aw m aterial

%

7 1 3 6 .0 6 3 .0 2 3 1 1.7 _ _ 0 .0 6 3 .0 1 5 7 .6 2 1 .0 6 3 .0 2 3 1 1.7 1 0 5 .1 0 .0 0 .0 2 1 1 0 .7 1 0 5 .1 0 .0 4 2 .0 0 .0 0 .0 c ounts. b .

S TR1 3 6

%

3 4.6 0 .0 1 4 1 3 .5 _ _ 0 .0 4 3 .8 5 4 .8 _ _ 0 .0 5 4 .8 8 7 .7 6 5 .8 2 1 .9 1 1 .0 6 5 .8 1 0 9 .6 2 1 .9 4 3 .8 0 .0 1 1 .0 C ORES

T here a re 3 c ores a nd t ablets m ade o n V oidomatis f lint i n s tratum 5 , s even i n s tratum 3 a nd t hree i n s tratum 1 . O ne o f t he c ores i n s tratum 3 h as t wo r efitted f lakes, s truck f rom o pposed e nds. I t i s c haracteriatic o f t he m aterial t hat a ll t he c ores o f t his t ype a re s horter a nd t hicker t hat t he r est, a n o bservation t hat s upports t he v iew t hat t his p articular r aw m aterial c annot b e f laked i n t he u sual w ay . T he y ellow f lint i n s tratum 3 a nd t he r eddish/yellow i n s tratum 1 a re r epresented b y t ablets, o nly , s uggesting t hey w ere b rought i n a lready p repared . T he v ariety w ith m ore t han o ne c olours i s r epresented b y ac ore a nd a t ablet.

C OLR

S TR9

G R 1 1 B L W H 2 P K 1 R D 3 B RN 1 Y L D RD 3 P .BRN 3 L .BRN 2 T WO M ORE G R/BR 1 R D/BR 1 R D/YL R D/GR 1 O LV /BR O LV /GR -

%

S TR7

%

S TR5

%

S TR3

%

S TR1

%

3 7 .9 2 2 2 3.4 6 0 2 8.4 1 65 2 3.3 1 04 2 8.0 0 .0 0 .0 1 0 .5 5 0 .7 7 1 .9 6 .9 1 3 1 3.8 5 0 2 3.7 8 8 1 2.4 3 7 1 0 .0 3 .5 2 2 .2 0 .0 9 1 .3 7 1 .9 1 0 .3 6 6 .4 6 2 .8 4 6 6 .5 1 8 4 .8 3 .5 4 4 .2 1 3 6 .1 3 2 4 .5 1 6 4 .3 0 .0 0 .0 2 1 .0 8 1 .1 2 0 .5 1 0 .3 7 7 .5 1 1 5 .2 5 7 8 .0 3 3 8 .9 1 0 .3 1 3 1 3.8 2 3 1 0 .9 1 11 1 5.6 4 8 1 2.9 6 .9 5 5 .3 7 3 .3 3 1 4 .3 1 6 4 .3 0 .0 1 1 .1 2 1 .0 1 0 .2 7 1 .9 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 3 .5 4 4 .2 6 2 .8 3 6 5 .1 1 8 4 .8 3 .5 1 2 1 2.8 2 0 9 .5 8 0 1 1.3 4 4 1 1.8 0 .0 4 4 .2 5 2 .4 1 8 2 .5 3 0 .8 3 .5 1 1 .1 5 2 .4 2 0 2 .8 9 2 .4 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 0 .2 2 0 .5 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 0 .2 1 0 .3 T ABLE 4 4. K astritsa R aw m aterial c ounts. c . T OOLS

T here i s o nly o ne V oidomatis type t ool i n s tratum 5 , n ineteen i n s tratum 3 a nd f ifteen i n s tratum 1 . Y ellow a nd r eddish y ellow a re p resent i n s ome n umbers i n t he u pper s trata . O live/grey a nd o live b rown f lint a re p resent m ostly i n t he f orm o f t ools a nd o nly i n t he u pper s trata , s uggesting t hey w ere e xotic m aterials e mployed o ccasionally . I n b rief , y ellow , r eddish/yellow , o live/grey a nd o live/brown t ypes a re l ess c ommon t han o ther f lint t ypes a nd r epresent i solated c ases, w hile o live/grey a nd o live/brown f lint i s o nly p resent a t K astritsa. I t s eems t hat K astritsa p ossessed a d ifferent e xploitation a rea t han t he o ther s ites. T his s uggests d ifferent p atterns o f e xploitation o f r esources a nd a dds a n ew d imension t o t he e conomic a nd t echnological c haracter o f t he s ite.

R ECTANGLE 4 T he s ample f rom t his u nit c onsists o f 8 841 p ieces. T able 4 5 a nd f ig . 1 8a p resent t he s tone a ssemblages i n e ach g eological s tratum f or R ectangle 4 . C LASS

S TR1

%

S TR3

%

T L C R C T F L B L B T C H M BN E NS D

1 89 2 5 2 7 1 115 9 1 4 42 4 48 1 9 1 7 6 6

7 .8 1 .0 0 .9 4 5.8 3 .7 1 8 .2 1 8 .4 0 .8 0 .7 2 .7

3 57 5 2 3 7 2 807 2 51 7 34 5 09 1 1 3 5 2 14

7 .1 1 .0 0 .7 5 6.1 5 .0 1 4.7 1 0 .2 0 .2 0 .7 4 .3

T OTAL

2 433 1 00 .0

5 004 1 00 .0

S TR5

%

S TR7

%

4 5 7 .0 1 6 2 .5 4 0 .6 4 27 6 6.0 6 2 9 .6 2 6 4 .0 3 5 5 .4 1 0 .1 1 2 1 .9 1 9 2 .9

6 9 1 2 1 0 2 90 6 9 3 3 2 4 _ _ 2 6

1 3.0 2 .2 1 .9 5 4.4 1 2.9 6 .2 4 .5 0 .0 0 .0 4 .9

7 3 .1 0 .0 0 .0 1 25 5 5.8 2 7 1 2.0 7 3 .1 4 1 .8 1 0 .5 0 .0 5 3 2 3.7

6 47

5 33

1 00 .0

2 24

1 00.0

S TR9

%

1 00 .0

T ABLE 4 5. T OTAL C OUNTS F OR R 4 , K ASTRITSA

T he a ssemblages a re l arger i n t he u ppermost s trata ( 1 a nd 3 ) a nd t end t o d ecrease i n t he l ower o nes ; t he m ajority o f d ebitage i n a ll s trata c onsists o f f lakes ; b ladelets o utnumber b lades i n s trata 1 a nd 3 ; t he r everse i s t rue f or t he r emaining s trata ; s tratum 1 p ossesses t he l argest n umber o f m icroburins, w hile t his c lass d rops n umerically i n s tratum 3 a nd g radually d isappears t hrough t he l ower s trata. T he p roportion o f d ebris i n r elation t o t he t otal s ample s ize f or e ach s tratum i ncreases i n t he l ower s trata ( and m arkedly s o i n s tratum 9 , e specially t he s ub-class D N ). T he c omplete p ieces ( flakes, b lades, b ladelets, c hips) a nd d ebris ( a t otal o f 1 925) i n e ach s tratum a re p resented i n t able 4 6 a nd f ig . 1 8b. C LASS

S TR1

%

S TR3

%

5 54 1 36 1 44 7 3 1 18 7 6 2 0

4 9.4 1 2.1 1 2.9 6 .5 1 0 .5 6 .8 1 .8

F L B L B T C H D /K D IP D /N

1 72 4 7 5 1 4 2 3 2 2 8 6

4 5.5 1 2.4 1 3.5 1 1.1 8 .5 7 .4 1 .6

T OTAL

3 78

1 00 .0 1 117

1 00 .0

S TR5

%

9 4 4 6.7 4 1 2 0 .4 4 1 2 0 .4 6 3 .0 8 4 .0 6 3 .0 5 2 .5 2 01

1 00 .0

S TR7

%

6 6 4 7.5 2 2 1 5.8 2 5 1 8 .0 _ _ 0 .0 1 0 7 .2 5 3 .6 1 1 7 .9 1 39

1 00 .0

S TR9

%

2 0 2 2.5 1 4 1 5.7 2 2 .2 1 1 .1 5 5 .6 3 3 .3 4 5 5 0.5 9 0

1 00 .0

T ABLE 4 6. C OMPLETE D EBITAGE F OR R 4, K ASTRITSA

c omplete

S tratum 3 h as t he m ost n umerous a ssemblage a s f ar a s t he p ieces a re c oncerned t oo ; b ladelets a nd b lades o ccur i n

r oughly e qual n umbers ; f lakes o utnumber t he t otal o f b lades bladelets ; t he r elative l ow n umber o f c hips c an b e a ttributed t o r ecovery m ethods ; D N a re r elatively f ew i n s trata 1 ,3 a nd 5 b ut i ncrease f rom s tratum 7 o nwards, r eaching t heir h ighest l evel i n s tratum 9 .

S TRATUM 9 T his s tratum y ielded a l arge a mount o f D N ; t his c ould i ndicate t hat n atural a gencies w ere r esponsible f or t he c haracter o f t he f inds i n i t. T he a ssemblage c onsists o f 9 0 p ieces. A n i nteresting f eature o f s tratum 9 i s t he o bservation t hat m ost d ebitage i n t his s tratum b ears c hipping o n a ll, a nd n ot j ust t he f unctional, e dges o f t he p ieces ( fig . 2 1, 1 ), a s s hown i n t able 4 7 .

M A1ERIAL " Fresh" C hipped

F lakes

B lade

B ladelet

2 2122

D K

D P

9 1 1 1 3 3 1 1 1 3 1 2 T ABLE 4 7 . C ONDITION O F A RTIFACTS, R 4, S TRATUM 9

D N 7 1

T his c hipping i s d ominant i n t his s tratum a nd a lso e xists s tratum 7 , w hile i t d isappears i n t he u pper p art o f t he s equence.

i n

F lakes T he m ajority o f t he f lakes b ear c hipping o n t heir e dges, r idges, e ven o n t he b utt. T his c hipping , g iven i ts i rregular c haracter a nd i ts c onsistent d istribution o n n on-functional p arts o f t he f lakes c an b e e xplained a s t he r esult o f r olling a nd b attering p roduced b y n atural a gencies. T he a mount, t ype a nd l ocation o f p rimary s urfaces i s p resented i n t able 4 8. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 1 1 5 1 3

T ype N o C H 1 R R T NC T CH S CH S TF 6 P AT 1 S HN 1 C S T ABLE 4 8. P RIMARY F LAKES

L ocation A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

N o 3 2 1 2

1

T he m ean d imensions f or t he f lakes a re 2 7 x 2 2 x 5 .5 m m ( sd 1 1 x 9x 3 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 7 0 d egrees ( sd 9 ). T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 1 0 x 4m m ( sd 7 x 3 ). F our f lakes h ave f acetted p roximal e nds, w hile t he r emaining 1 6 h ave p lain o nes. T he m ajority o f t he f lakes a re n ot c rested , w hile a s ingle f lake b ears p artial u nifacial c resting.

D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 1 7

1 2

P rofile S C T P T ABLE 4 9.

N o 1 7 3

E dges P C E

N o 1 5 8 5 1

D istal P H M 0

N o 1 5 3 2 -

T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

T he t wo f lakes w ith n o d irection o bscures t he d irection o f r emovals.

R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 5 5 1 0

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

a re

p ieces w ith

N o

B utt N o S N 7 1 3 C 3 3 D 4 F 3 L 2 P A L 2 C RS T ABLE 5 0. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

7

s heen

M ode H S N

t hat

N o 2 0

M ost f lakes h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, p lain b utts, b ulbs l ocated b etween t he m ain d orsal r idges a nd a re o f h ard h ammer m ode.

r i la f i l i ze ; T here a re 1 4 c omplete b lades i n s tratum 9 . M ost a re n on-primary , a s c an b e s een i n t able 5 1 a nd a ll b ut o ne a re c hipped b y n atural a gencies. T he n atural s urface o n t he b lades c onsists m ostly o f p atina a nd s heen . Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 9 3 2

T ype N o C H 1 R R T NC T CH S CH S TF 3 P AT S HN 1 C S T ABLE 5 1. P RIMARY B LADES

L ocation A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

N o 3 1

1

T he m ean d imensions a re 4 6 x 1 5 x 5 .5 m m ( sd 1 0 x4x 3 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 1 1). F ive ( 35.7%) o f t he b lades a re o f h ard h ammer m ode, 7 ( 50%) a re o f s oft h ammer m ode a nd 2 ( 14.3%) h ave c rushed b utts.

D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 1 3 1

P rofile S C T P

N o 1 0 4

E dges P C E

N o 9 5

-

D istal P H M 0

N o 1 1 3 -

T ABLE 5 2. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION M ost o f t he b lades a re u nidirectional, p arallel l ateral e dges a nd s traight p rofile. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o . _ 2 6 4 1 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 7 7

w ith p lain d istal e nds,

B utt N o S N 5 C D F 3 L 3 P 1 A L C RS 2 T ABLE 5 3. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N O 5 7 2

T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 4 0 d egrees ( sd 2 2) f or t he l eft l ateral a nd 4 0 d egrees ( sd 2 4) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; t hree b lades h ave n o c utting l eft l ateral a nd t wo h ave n o c utting r ight l ateral e dges. M ost b lades ( 9, 6 4.3%) h ave p lain p roximal p arts a nd f ive h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 4 x Z am ( sd 3 x 1 ).

B 1 Me le ts O nly t wo c omplete b ladelets b elong t o t his a ssemblage, n one o f w hich i s p rimary . T he m ean d imensions a re 1 7.5 x 5 x 1 .5 m m ( sd 8 x 3 x 1 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 0 d egrees ( sd 7 ). O ne i s u nidirectional a nd t he o ther i s c overed b y s heen a nd t hus i s d ifficult t o o rientate. B oth a re o f s oft h ammer m ode a nd h ave p lain p roximal p arts ; n either i s c rested . N o r efits. O ne o f t hem h as o ne a nd t he o ther h as t wo d orsal r idges, w hile t he b ulb i s i n b oth c ases l ocated b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge. T he b utts a re b oth p lain . O ne b ladelet i s s traight i n p rofile , w ith p arallel e dges a nd p lain d istal e nd , w hile t he o ther h as a t wisted p rofile, c onvergent e dges a nd a p ointed d istal e nd . T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 3 8 d egrees ( sd 3 ) f or t he l eft a nd 3 8 d egrees ( sd 3 ) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge. T he b utt d imensions a re 2 x 1m m ( sd 1 x 1 ). O ne o f t he b ladelets b ears c hipping o n a ll e dges a nd o n t he b utt a s ar esult o f n atural c auses. C hips T he s ingle c omplete c hip i n t his s tratum h as n o p rimary s urface. D ebris T he t otal o f t his c lass i s 5 3 p ieces. T he m ajority i s c omprised b y D N ( 45, 8 5% ), f ollowed b y 5D K ( 10%) a nd 3 D P ( 5 % ).

O nly o ne D K i s n on-primary , t he r emaining 4 b eing c overed b y c halky c ortex , f ilm a nd s heen . A ll D P a re n on-primary . M ost D N a re c overed b y s heen , h ave s mooth r idges a nd e vidence o f r olling a nd b attering .

T ools E nd-scraper : t here i s o nly o ne e nd-scraper i n s tratum 9 , m ade o n ar etouched b lank ( fig . 2 1, 2 ). T runcated p iece : t he s ingle t ool o f t his t ype i s c omplete, m ade o n an on-primary b lade. N otched p iece: n on-primary b lades. ( fig . 2 1, 3 ).

b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re c omplete, m ade o n O ne o f t he b lanks h as a f acetted p roximal p art

U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t his t ype i s r epresented b y as ingle, b roken , e xample. B acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s): t he s ole e xample o f t his t ype i s c omplete, m ade o n an on-primary b lank . T otally o r p artially r etouched p iece: t his t ype i s r epresented b y as ingle e xample, m ade o n ap rimary b lade ( fig. 2 1, 4 ). M icroburin : t here i s o nly o ne K rukowski m icroburin i n s tratum 9 .

S ummary o f s tratum 9 T his s tratum i n R 4 i s c haracterised b y a l arge n umber o f D N a nd b y t he p resence o n m ost p ieces o f i rregular c hipping , p robably c aused b y w ater f looding t he d eposits e very t ime t he l evel o f t he l ake c hanged . T he n umber o f t he t ools i s t oo l ow t o a llow m eaningful c omments.

T OOL T YPE N O 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 1 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 7 . p iercer 8 . a typical p iercer 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2. s imple t runcation b urin 1 3 . m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 4. s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7 . g ravette p oint 1 8. m icrogravette 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2 . p artially b acked b lade 2 3. t runcated p iece 1 2 4. b itruncated p iece 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7. a urignacian b lade 2 8. n otched p iece 2 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet ,plain 1 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 3 3. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p lain 3 6. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 7. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 8. b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 1 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2 . n otched b ladelet 4 3 . d ufour b ladelet 4 4 . b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 4 6 . s ide-scraper 4 7 . t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 1 4 8 . e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous T OTAL 7 T ABLE 5 4 . T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 4, S TRATUM 9

S TRATUM 7 T he t otal s ize o f t he s ample i s 1 39 p ieces. N O c omplete c hips a re p resent. T hree c omplete p ieces o f d ebitage b ear e dge d amage a long t he l ateral e dges.

F lakes T here a re 6 6 c omplete f lakes i n s tratum 7 , c omprising 4 7.5% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. T heir m ajority b ear n o t races o f n atural s urface ( table 5 5). Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 3 9 1 0 8 7 2

DI .

N O C H T : 6 R R T NC T CH S CH 3 S TF 7 P AT 1 S EW C S T ABLE 5 5. P RIMARY F LAKES

L ocation A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

N o 2 1 1 8 2 1 1 2

T he m ean d imensions o f t he f lakes a re 2 9 x 2 4 x 6 .5 m m ( sd 1 1 x 1 1 x 3 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 0 d egrees ( sd 1 0). D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 7 6 2 5 1 0 3

P rofile S C T P

N o . 4 2

1 8 4 2

E dges P C E

N o 1 9 1 1 3 6

D istal P H M 0

N o 5 1 8 6 1

T ABLE 5 6. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION O f t he t hree f lakes w ith u ndiagnostic d irections t wo a re e ntirely c overed b y p rimary s urface a nd t he t hird i s o n c oarse-grained f lint. A s i n s tratum 9 , m ost o f t he f lakes ( 54.5%) h ave e xpanding l ateral e dges r eflecting t he l ack o f p reparation o f t he c ores a t t his s tage, w hich r esults i n f lakes f ollowing t he r idges l eft b y p revious, u ncontrolled , r emovals ( fig . 2 2, 2 ). R idges

0 1 2 3 4 9

N o

7

1 4 2 3 1 5 7 6

B ulb l ocation

B utt N o S N 2 7 2 C 1 1 3 D 1 2 F 1 P L 1 A L 1 1 C RS 3 T ABLE 5 7. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

1

N o 1 7 2 7 2 2

M ode H S N

N o 5 7 6 3

T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 1 1 x4 .5 m m ( sd 7 x 3 ). M ost o f t he f lakes a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. S even f lakes h ave f acetted p roximal e nds. N one i s c rested. T here a re d iagnostic f lakes i n t his s ample: o ne m ultiple f lake, o ne r eproduced e xperimentally a s c oming f orm t he p reparation o f ac rest a nd o ne c ore d irection c hange f lake.

B ia des T here a re 2 2 b lades i n t his s ample ( 15.8% o f t he t otal). T heir m ean d imensions a re 4 5.5 x 1 5.5 x 6 m m ( sd 1 5 x 5x 3 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 0). Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

1

N o 1 1 6 3 2

5

T ype N o L ocation C H 5 A L R R 1 B K T NC D L T CH 1 P X S CH 1 E X S TF 2 L L P AT R L S UN L E C S 1 T ABLE 5 8. P RIMARY B LADES

N o 3 5

1 2

T wo b lades b ear u nifacial c resting . D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 1 8 2 1 1

P rofile S C T P

N o 5 1 2 4 1

E dges P C E

N o 1 7 6

D istal P H M 0

N o 1 6 5 1

T ABLE 5 9. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 3 5 d egrees ( sd 1 7) f or t he l eft a nd 4 0 d egrees ( sd 1 3) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge. F ive b lades h ave n o l eft a nd 1 h as n o r ight l ateral c utting e dge. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 3 5 9 4 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 1 3 9

B utt N o S N 1 1 C D 1 F 1 L 4 P 2 A L C RS 3 T ABLE 6 0. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 8 1 1 3

T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 3 .5 x 2 m m ( sd 2 x 1 ). M ost b lades a re o f s oft h ammer m ode, 8 ( 36.4%) a re o f h ard h ammer m ode a nd 3 h ave c rushed b utts. M ost h ave p lain p roximal p arts, w ith o nly f our f acetted p roximal p arts ( fig. 2 2, 3 ).

1 1 M el e ts

T his g roup c onsists o f 2 5 p ieces w ith m ean d imensions o f 2 8.5 x 8 .5 x 3 .5 m m ( sd 9 x 2 x 2 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 0 d egrees ( sd 7 ). M ost b ladelets a re n on-primary , a s c an b e s een i n t able 6 1. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 2 0 4 1

. T ype

N o L ocation C H 3 A L R R B K T NC P X T CH D L S CH E X S TF 2 L L P AT R L S HN L E C S T ABLE 6 1. P RIMARY B LADELETS

N o 2 1 1 1

T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 3 .5 x 1 .5 m m ( sd 1 x 0 ). T he m ean a ngle f or t he l eft l ateral e dge i s 3 5 d egrees ( sd 1 9) a nd t he o ne f or t he r ight l ateral i s 4 0 d egrees ( sd 1 1) ( fig. 2 2, 4 ). D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 2 3 1 1

P rofile S C T P

N o 1 1 5 7 2

E dges P C E

N o 1 7 8

D istal P H M 0

N o 1 9 5 1

T ABLE 6 2. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION T he m ajority o f t he b ladelets a re o f s oft h ammer p lain p roximal p arts, w ith s ix f acetted o nes. T hree u nifacially c rested , o ne o nly p artially .

m ode a nd h ave b ladelets a re

R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

M ode H S N

N o 3 1 3 7 2

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 1 5 1 0

B utt N o S N 7 C 1 D 2 F P 3 L 1 0 A L C RS 1 T ABLE 6 3. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

N o 3 2 1 1

D ebris T he t otal o f t his c lass i s 2 6 p ieces. T he m ajority i s c omprised b y D /N ( 11, 4 2.3%), f ollowed b y D /K ( 10 , 3 8.5%) a nd D /P ( 5, 1 9.2%). M ost D /K a re p rimary . M ost D /P a re n on-primary a nd a ll D IN a re c overed b y s heen a nd s mooth, t hin s kin .

C ores T hree o f t he 1 2 c ores i n s tratum 7 a re f ragments, f our a re f lake c ores a nd f ive a re b ladelet c ores. T he d imensions o f t he f lake c ores ( fig. 2 2, 1 ) a re 3 7 x4 9.5 x 3 5 m m ( sd 1 3 x 1 3 x 1 2) a nd t he m ean p latfrom a ngle i s 8 0 d egrees ( sd 4 ). T hree o f t he c ores b ear s ome n atural s urface. F our c ores h ave a s ingle s triking p latform a nd o ne h as t wo p latforms a nd i s f laked a t t wisted a xes. O ne p latform i s f acetted a nd o ne c rushed . T he m ean d imensions o f t he b ladelet c ores a re 3 8.5 x 3 0 x2 7.5 m m ( sd 1 9 x 1 2 x 7 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 8 0 d egrees ( sd 1 ). F our c ores h ave o ne p latform a nd t he f ifth h as t wo o posed o nes a nd i s f laked i n a b idirectional w ay . TW O p latforms a re f acetted a nd t hree p lain . C ontrary t o t he f lake c ores, t he b ladelet c ores b ear t races o f p reparation o n t he b ack o r t he o pposed e nd a nd a brasion o f t he p latform e dge, a s ign o f c ore m aintenance f or m ore e fficient e xploitation o f t he c ores i n t he p roduction o f b ladelets.

C ore t ablets T here a re 1 0 c ore t ablets i n s tratum 7 , o f w hich t hree a re p rimary . S even a re t ypical t ablets, w ith t he t races o f p revious r emovals a long t he p roximal p art, a nd t hree w ith t hetraces a long o ne l ateral e dge. H alf o f t he t ablets b ear t ransverse a nd m ultidirectional d orsal t races, s uggesting t urning o f t he c ore d uring f laking .

T ools E nd-scraper: t here a re 5 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich o ne p rimary a nd t hree b roken . A ll e nd-scrapers b ut o ne a re m ade o n f lakes. M ost b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, s traight p rofiles a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w hile a s ingle b lank h as a f acetted p roximal p art. A ll b ut o ne s crapers a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks, t he m ean t hickness o f w hich i s 1 1 m m ( sd 6 ). T wo a re s imple e nd-scrapers, o ne i s a typical a nd t wo a re m ade o n r etouched b lanks. C omposite t ool: t he s ingle t ool o f t his t ype i s s craper/truncation , m ade o n an on-primary f lake ( fig. 2 2, 5 ).

a n

e nd-

B urin : t wo o f t he 3 p ieces i n t his g roup a re c omplete a nd a ll a re m ade o n f lakes. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 5mm ( sd 1 ). O nly o ne b lank i s s traight i n p rofile a nd m ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional s cars. A ll b urins a re s imple, m ade o n t runcations, o ne o f w hich i s l ocated o n t he p roximal e nd o f t he b lank . P artially b acked b lade: t he c omplete, m ade o n ap rimary b lank .

s ole

e xample

o f

t his

t ype

i s

T runcated p iece : a ll 4 e xamples o f t his t ype a re c omplete, w hile t wo a re p rimary . A ll b ut o ne a re m ade o n f lakes. T he b lanks h ave m ore

t han o ne d orsal r idge, a re s traight i n p rofile a nd b ear n onu nidirectional d orsal s cars. T wo t runcations a re m ade o n t he p roximal p art o f t he b lank . T he m ean t hickness o f t his t ype i n s tratum 7 i s 6 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). B itruncated p iece: n on-primary f lake.

t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i s m ade o n a

N otched p iece: t here a re 3 p ieces i n t his g roup, a ll o f w hich a re b roken ( fig .22, 6 ). T wo a re m ade o n f lakes. A ll t he b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd m ost h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. T he m ean b lank t hickness i s 3m m ( sd 3 ). T runcated b ladelet: t he s ingle t runcated b ladelet i s c omplete, m ade o n an on-primary b lank . T he t runcation l ies o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lank . U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t here a re 1 1 p ieces i n t his g roup , a ll b roken a nd t wo p rimary . H alf o f t he b lanks b ear a s ingle d orsal r idge , w hile m ost a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars. O ne t ool b ears t races o f i mpact f racture a nd t wo h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ) ( fig . 2 2, 7 ). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch : t here a re 9 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich t wo a re c omplete a nd n one p rimary . M ost b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. O ne o f t he f ew s urviving p roximal p arts i s f acetted . T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 2 m m ( sd 0 ). T he o pposed r etouch i s m ostly d irect s emi-abrupt, w ith t wo c aes o f i nverse a nd a lternating r etouch . U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed : a ll 3 t ools o f t his t ype a re b roken a nd n on-primary . T he p oints a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks t hat h ave a m ean t hickness o f 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : a ll 4 p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd n on-primary . T hey a re a ll m ade o n s traight b lanks w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T heir m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed : t he s ole e xample o f t his t ype i s b roken a nd n on-primary , w ith t he p oint l ocated o n t he p roximal p art o f t he b ladelet. B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed : t he s ingle p iece i n t his g roup i s n on-primary , m ade o n ap lunging b ladelet. B itruncated b acked b ladelet : t here a re 3 p ieces i n t his g roup , a ll b roken a nd n on-primary . A ll t runcations a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks t hat h ave a m ean t hickness o f 3m m ( sd 0 ). A ll b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional s cars ( fig . 2 2, 8 ).

N otched b ladelet : a ll 6 n otched b ladelets a re b roken , a nd n onp rimary . M ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. T heir m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). B ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch : t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i s c omplete a nd n on-primary . B ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch : s ingle e xample.

t his t ype i s r epresented b y a

S ide-scraper : a ll 6 s ide-scrapers a re b roken a nd m ade o n n onp rimary b lades, o f w hich o ne i s c rested . M ost b lades h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, s traight p rofiles a nd a ll b ear u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T wo h ave f acetted p roximal p arts a nd o ne i s i ntentionally b roken . T he m ean t hickness o f t he s ide-scrapers i s 6m m ( sd 1 ). T hree a re s imple a nd t hree a re d ouble s ide-scrapers. T otally o r p artially r etouched p iece: b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd o ne i s p rimary . O ne b lank i s a f lake a nd t he o ther a b lade. T he m ean t hickness i s 6 .5 m m ( sd 2 ). M iscellaneous: t here a re W O p ieces i n t his g roup .

S umm ary o f s tratum 7 T he a ssemblage f rom s tratum 7 i s a lso d ominated b y f lakes. T he n umber o f d ebris i s c onsiderably s maller t han t hat i n t he p revious s tratum . B ladelets a re p resent i n a lmost e qual n umbers t o b lades a nd b oth d ebitage g roups a re m ostly s truck b y s oft h ammer, i n c ontrast t o t he f lakes. T he f lake c ores b ear l imited t o n one p reparation , i n c ontrast t o t he b ladelet c ores, t hat s how m ore e laborate p reparation a nd m aintenace. T he t ool i nventory i s w ider t han i n s tratum 9 , i ncluding a w ider r ange o f b acked b ladelet t ypes. T he e nd-scraper i ndex i s 7 .2 , a lmost d ouble o f t hat o f t he b urins ( 4.3). T ools m ade o n b ladelets f orm t he l argest t ool c lass a nd t he s ide-scraper i ndex i s 8 .7 .

T OOL T YPE N O 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 2 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 1 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 2 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 1 7 . p iercer 8 . a typical p iercer 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2 . s imple t runcation b urin 3 1 3 . m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 4 . s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7 . g ravette p oint 1 8. m icrogravette 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2 . p artially b acked b lade 1 2 3. t runcated p iece 4 2 4 . b itruncated p iece 1 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7 . a urignacian b lade 2 8. n otched p iece 3 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 1 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet ,plain 1 1 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 9 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 3 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p lain 4 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 1 3 7 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 1 3 8 . b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 3 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2. n otched b ladelet 6 4 3 . d ufour b ladelet 4 4 . b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 1 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 1 4 6 . s ide-scraper 6 4 7 . t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 2 4 8 . e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous 2 T OTAL 6 9 T ABLE 6 4 . T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 4 , S TRATUM 7

8 .9 1 .4 --2 .9 --1 .4

4 .3

1 .4 5 .8 1 .4

4 .3 1 .4 --1 6 .0 1 3 .0 4 .3 --5 .8 1 .4 1 .4

4 .3 --8 .7 --1 .4 1 .4 8 .7 2 .9 --2 .9 9 9.3

S rRATUM 5 T he s ample i ncludes 2 01 p ieces. T here i s a n i ncrease i n s ample s ize c ombined w ith a d ecrease i n t he r atio b etween D IN a nd t he w hole o f t he s ample. T here a re s everal r efits i n t his s tratum .

F lakes T here a re 9 4 f lakes i n t his s ample, t he m ajority o f w hich a re n ot p rimary . T he p rimary f lakes a re p resented i n t able 6 5. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 5 7 1 4 1 4 8 1

T ype N o L ocation C H 1 8 A L R R 2 B K T N. 0 D L T CH 1 P X S CH 8 E X S TF 8 L L P AT R L S UN L E T ABLE 6 5. P RIMARY F LAKES

N o 1 1 6 6 9

2 3

M ost o f t he p rimary f lakes h ave c halky c ortex . T he m ean d imensions a re 2 9 x 2 2.5 x 6 m m ( sd 9 x 8 x 3 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 0 d egrees ( sd 1 0). M ost f lakes a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 7 5 3 8 5 3

P rofile S C T P

N o

7

1 6 7 6

E dges P C E

N o 2 0 2 1 5 3

D istal P H M 0

N o 7 5 1 2 7

T ABLE 6 6. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION T he f lakes w ith n o d iagnostic d orsal d irections e ither p rimary o r m ade o n c oarse-grained f lint. T he m ajority o f t he f lakes ( 81, 8 6.2%) h ave p lain p roximal p arts, w hile t hirteen ( 13.8%) h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. N one o f t he f lakes i s c rested. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 2 1 5 3 0 2 5 1 1 1 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 3 7 3 4 2 3

B utt N o S N 7 C 1 1 D 1 2 F 2 L 3 P A L 1 0 C RS 1 1 T ABLE 6 7. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o

7

1 6 1 1

T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 1 1 x 4 .5 m m ( sd 7 x 3 ). T here a re o ne m ultiple f lake, t wo c ore d irection c hange f lakes, a nd a f lake t ype r eproduced e xperimentally w hile c resting .

B lades

T here a re 4 1 p ieces i n t his g roup ; t heir m ean d imensions a re 4 2 x 1 5.5 x 6 .5 m m ( sd 1 1 x 4x 3 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 0 d egrees ( sd 1 3). M ost b lades a s c an b e s een i n t able 6 8, a re n on-primary . Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 2 9 7 2 2 1

DM

N o C H 7 R R T NC T CH S CH 1 S TF 4 P AT S HN C S T ABLE 6 8. P RIMARY B LADES

L ocation A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

N O 1 2 3 3 1 1 1

T he n atural s urfaces o n t he b lades c onsist m ainly o f c halky c ortex i n v arious s tages o f w eathering . E ighteen b lades ( 43.9%) h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 3 3 5 2

P rofile S C T P

N o 2 3 9 4 5

E dges P C E

N o 2 8 1 0 3

D istal P H M 0

N o 2 8 4 9 -

1 T ABLE 6 9. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

T he b lade w ith n o d iagnostic f laking d irection i s p rimary , e ntirely c overed b y n atural s urface. M ost b lades ( 36 , 87.8%) a re n ot c rested , w hile f ive ( 12.2%) b ear c ontinuous u nifacial c resting a nd o ne i s p artially u nifacially c rested . R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 1 4 1 6 1 0 9 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N O

B utt N o S N 2 2 2 1 C 2 2 D F 4 L 1 1 P 1 A L C RS 1 T ABLE 7 0. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

T . $

M ode H S N

N o 2 1 1 9 1

T he b lades a re m ostly o f h ard h ammer m ode, w ith n inenteen ( 46.6%) e xamples o f s oft h ammer a nd o ne c rushed b utt. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 4 0 d egrees ( sd 1 8) f or t he l eft a nd 3 5 d egrees ( sd 1 8) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge. S ix b lades h ave n o l eft a nd e ight h ave n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges. T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 5 .5 x 2mm ( sd 3 x 2 ).

1 1a dP1 e ts

124-

T he m ean d imensions o f t he 4 1 b ladelets i n s tratum 5 a re 2 5.5 x 8 .5 x 3 .5 m m ( sd 8 x 2 x 4 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle 4 5 d egrees ( sd 8 ). T he m ajority o f t he b ladelets b ear n o n atural s urface ( table 7 1), w hile m ost o f t he e xisting s urfaces c onsist o f c halky c ortex . Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 3 2 3 5 1

Type N o L ocation C H 7 A L R R B K T NC D L T CH P X S CH E X 2 L L S TF P AT R L L E S UN T ABLE 7 1. P RIMARY B LADELETS

N o

2 2 2

N one o f t he b ladelets i s c rested. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 3 0 d egrees ( s d 1 5) f or t he l eft a nd 3 5 d egrees ( sd 1 5) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge. D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o

7

3

P rofile

s

C T P

N o 2 1 1 3 5 2

E dges P C E

N o 2 5 1 6

D istal P H M 0

N o 2 9 1 1 1

T ABLE 7 2. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION T here a re n o b ladelets w ith m ultidirectional o r t ransverse d orsal s cars a nd n o b ladelets w ith e xpanding l ateral e dges. T his i ndicates t hat t hese p ieces w ere r emoved a long t he l onger a xis o f a s uitably p repared c ore. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 8 2 2 8 3

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o

B utt N o S N 1 1 1 4 C 1 1 D 2 F 2 L 9 P 9 A L 1 C RS 6 T ABLE 7 3. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

7

M ode H S N

N o 5 3 0 6

M ost o f t he b ladelets(30 ,73.2%) a re o f s oft h ammer m ode w ith p lain p roximal p arts. T en b ladelets h ave f acetted p roximal p arts, a s ign o f c ore e dge m aintenance p rior t o t he r emoval o f t he b ladelets. T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 3 x 1 m m ( sd 2 x 1 ).

C hips T he m ean d imensions o f t he s ix p ieces o f t his g roup a re 8 .5 x 7 .5 x 2m m ( sd 1 x 1 x 0 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 1).

F ive ( 83 .3%) o f t he 6 c hips p resent i n t his s tratum a re n on-primary , t he s ixth h aving v ery l ittle c halky c ortex o n i ts p roximal p art. A ll c hips h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w hile m ost a re s traight i n p rofile w ith p lain d istal e nds a nd n on-parallel l ateral e dges. T he m ode i s m ostly o f s oft h ammer. H alf o f t he c hips h ave f acetted p roximal p arts.

D ebris T he t otal o f t his c lass i s 1 9 p ieces ; t he m ajority c onsists o f D K ( 8 ,42 .1% ), f ollowed b y D P ( 6 ,31.6%) a nd D N ( 5,26.3%). O nly t wo D K a re p rimary . p rimary .

O nly o ne D P i s p rimary .

T wo D N a re

C ores T here a re 1 6 c ores i n s tratum 5 , o f w hich f ive a re f ragments, t hree a re f lake, t wo b lade/bladelet a nd s ix b ladelet c ores. A ll f lake c ores r etain v ery l ittle n atural s urface. T heir m ean d imensions a re 3 9.5 x 3 3 x 1 9 m m ( sd 1 3 x 9x 5 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 8 0 d egrees ( sd 4 ). O ne i s a g lobular s ingle p latform c ore, w hile t he r emaining t wo h ave t wo o pposed p latforms a nd a re f laked a t a b idirectional w ay . T he b idirectional c ores a re e xhausted , w ith t wo c rushed p latforms, o ne p lain a nd o ne p rimary . T hey b oth b ear s everal s tep a nd h inge f ractures. T here a re n ot m any t races o f p reparation o n t he f lak e c ores. T he d imensions o f t he s ix b ladelet c ores a re 3 9 x 3 3 .5 x 2 1 m m ( sd 1 4 x 1 8 x 7 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 7 5 d egrees ( sd 1 0). T wo a re s ingle p latform c ores m ade o n f lakes, w ith p lain p latforms a nd v ery l ittle p reparation a nd f our a re o pposed p latform c ores ( two b idirectional, o ne t wisted a nd o ne w orked a t t ransverse a xes); m ost p latforms a re p lain a nd t wo a re c rushed . T he b ladelet c ores b ear s ome p reparation t races o n t he l ateral e dges ( fig . 2 3, 1 ). B oth b lade/bladelet c ores a re o pposed p latform b idirectional , w orked a t a lternate a xes a nd w ith l ittle l ateral p reparartion . T wo p latforms a re p lain a nd t wo f acetted .

C ore t ablets T here a re 4 c ore t ablets i n s tratum 5 , o f w hich t wo a re b roken a nd t wo p rimary . A ll b ut o ne a re t ypical t ablets w ith t he t races o f p revious r emovals o n t he p roximal p art. T wo t ablets h ave t ransverse a nd t wo h ave m ultidirectional d orsal s cars, s uggesting t urning o f t he c ore d uring k napping a nd r emoval o f p revious t ablets f rom d ifferent e nds o f t he c ore p latform ( fig . 2 3, 2 ).

T ools E nd-scraper : t here a re 4 e nd-scrapers i n s tratum 5 , a ll b roken a nd m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f n on-primary b lades w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. T wo o f t he b lanks a re c urved a nd o ne i ntentionally b roken . T he m ean t hickness o f t he e nds crapers i s 9 m m ( sd 3 ). A ll e nd-scrapers a re m ade o n r etouched b lanks. C omposite t ool: t he s ingle t ool s craper/burin , m ade o n ap rimary f lake.

o f

t his

t ype

i s

a n

e nd-

P iercer : t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i s c omplete, m ade o n a n on-primary b lade. B urin : t here a re 7 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich f our a re c omplete a nd t wo p rimary . F our o f t he b urins a re m ade o n b lades a nd t wo o n f lakes. A ll b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd s traight p rofiles. T he m ean t hickness i s 8 .5 m m ( sd 2 ). M ost b urins a re m ade o n t he p roximal p art o f t he b lanks. T he b urin t ypes p resent i n s tratum 5 a re s imple t runcation ( with f our e xamples), s imple d ihedral ( with t wo e xamples) a nd s imple o n b reak ( one e xample). O ne t runcation b urin w as r efitted w ith a b urin s pall f rom t he s ame s tratum . M icrogravette: t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i s c omplete, m ade o n an on-primary b ladelet a nd b acked b y a nvil r etouch ( fig . 2 3, 7 ). S houldered p iece : o n an on-primary b lade.

t he s ole e xample o f t his t ype i s b roken , m ade

T runcated p iece: o nly o ne o f t he 5 p ieces i n t his g roup i s c omplete, w hile t hree a re m ade o n p rimary b lanks. T hree o f t he t runcations a re m ade o n b lades, o ne o n f lake a nd o ne o n a c ore t ablet. A ll b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd m ost a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 9m m ( sd 3 ). T hree t runcations a re m ade o n t he d istal a nd t wo o n t he p roximal p art o f t he b lanks. P iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch : t his t ype i s b roken , m ade o n an on-primary b lade. N otched p iece : o n ap rimary b lade.

t he

s ole

e xample

o f

t he s ole e xample o f t his t ype i s b roken a nd m ade

T runcated b ladelet : o ne o f 2 p ieces i n t his g roup i s c omplete, w hile b oth a re n on-primary . B oth b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. O ne b ladelet i s t wisted i n p rofile a nd o ne t runcation i s m ade o n t he p roximal p art o f t he b lank . T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 4m m ( sd 1 ). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t here a re 3 p ieces i nthis g roup , a ll b roken a nd n on-primary . O ne t ool i s b acked b y a nvil r etouch . A ll b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal

s cars a nd m ost h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge. ( sd 2 ) ( fig . 2 3, 3 ).

T he m ean t hickness i s 3m m

U nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch : t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i s b roken , n on-primary , w ith o pposed d irect s emia brupt r etouch . U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed : b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd n on-primary ( fig . 2 3, 4 ).

g roup , d orsal d orsal t races

B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t here a re 3 p ieces i n t his a ll b roken a nd n one p rimary . M ost b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne r idge a nd a re s traight i n p rofile, w hile a ll h ave u nidirectional s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 2m m ( sd 0 ). O ne b ladelet b ears o f i mpact f racture ( fig . 2 3, 5 ).

B acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s): t here a re 3 t ools o f t his t ype, o f w hich t wo a re c omplete a nd n one p rimary . O ne i s b acked b y a nvil r etouch. A ll b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, s traight p rofiles, w hile m ost h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 2m m ( sd 0 ). A ll t he t ools b ear t he i nvrse r etouch o n t he d istal p art o f t he b lanks ( fig . 2 3, 6 ). T runcated b acked b ladelet: o ne o f t he 4 p ieces i n t his g roup i s c omplete a nd n one p rimary . A s ingle b ladelet i s b acked b y a nvil r etouch a nd h as t wo d orsal r idges. T he r est h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd a ll a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T wo o f t he t runcations a re l ocated o n t he p roximal p art o f t he b lanks t hat h ave a m ean t hickness o f 2m m ( sd 0 ) ( fig. 2 3, 8 ). B ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch : s ingle b roken a nd n on-primary t ool.

t his

t ype

i s

r epresented b y a

S ide-scraper : t here a re 3 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich a ll a re b roken a nd t wo p rimary . O ne t ool w as i ntentionally b roken a nd f ragmented i n s everal p ieces ; o f t hese f our w ere r efitted ( the f ragments c ame f rom d ifferent f ind b ags, a ll f rom s tratum 5 )(fig. ) . A ll s ide-scrapers a re m ade o n b lades w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. M ost b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. T he m ean t hickness o f t he s ide-scrapers i s 5 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). T wo a re d ouble a nd t he t hird i s as ingle s ide-scraper. T otally o r p artially r etouched p iece: t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype w as i ntentionally b roken . T wo o f t he f ragments w ere r ecovered f rom d ifferent f ind b ags a nd r efitted . M icroburin : m icroburin .

t he

s ingle

e xample

o f

t his

t ype

i s

a K rukowski

B urin s pall : o ne o f t he 1 2 s palls i n s tratum 5 i s c omplete a nd o ne b ears n atural s urface. A ll t he s palls a re f irst s palls, m ost w ith d orsal a brasion . O ne s pall w as s truck t ransversely t o t he a xis o f p ercussion o f t he p arent b lank . O ne s pall r efits w ith a t runcation b urin f rom t his s tratum ( fig . 2 9, 4 ).

128-

S ummary o f s tratum 5 F lakes d ominate t his a ssemblage, t oo. B lades a nd b ladelets a re p resent i n e qual n umbers, b ut t he b lades h ave f acetted p roximal p arts m ore f requently t han t he b ladelets. T he o verwhelming m ajority o f b ladelets a re o f s oft h ammer m ode, c ontrary t o t he b lades t hat a re m ostly s truck b y h ard h ammers. B ladelet c ores f orm t he l argest g roup i n t his c lass a nd a re o ften m ade o n f lakes a nd f laked a t v arious a xes. B lade c ores m ake t heir f irst a ppearance, b earing m ore e laborate p reparation t han t he b ladelet c ores ; t he f lake c ores a re v ery l ittle p repared a nd m ostly e xhausted. T he c ombined e vidence o f c ores a nd t ablets s uggests t urning o f t he c ores d uring f laking , i n o rder t o e xploit t he m ass a s m uch a s p ossible. M icrogravettes a nd s houldered p ieces m ake t heir f irst a ppearance. T he e nd-scraper i ndex i s 8 .9, w hile t he b urin i ndex i s a lmost d ouble, a t 1 5.5. T ools m ade o n b ladelets d ominate t he t ool i nventory , w ith b acked b ladelets a ccounting f or 3 5.5% o f a ll t ool c lasses. T he s ide-scraper i ndex i s 6 .7.

T OOL T YPE 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 7 . p iercer 8 . a typical p iercer 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2. s imple t runcation b urin 1 3. m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 4. s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7. g ravette p oint 1 8. m icrogravette 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2. p artially b acked b lade 2 3. t runcated p iece 2 4. b itruncated p iece 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7. a urignacian b lade 2 8. n otched p iece 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet,plain 3 2. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 4. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain 3 6. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 7 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed 3 8. b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2. n otched b ladelet 4 3. d ufour b ladelet 4 4. b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 4 6. s ide-scraper 4 7 . t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 4 8 . e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous T OTAL T ABLE 7 4 . T OOL C OUNTS F OR S TRATUM 5

N O

4 1 1

2

8 .9 2 .2 --2 .2

1

4 .4 --8 .9 --2 .2

1

2 .2

1

2 .2

5

1 1.1

1

2 .2

1 2

3

2 .2 4 .4 --6 .7 2 .2 4 .4 --6 .7

3 4 ,

6 .7 8 .9

1

2 .2 --6 .7 2 .2 ---

4

3 1 2

3 1

4 5

9 9.8

S TRATUM 3 T he t otal n umber o f c omplete p ieces i n t his s ample p ieces. E leven c omplete p ieces o f d ebitage b ear e dge d amage.

i s

1 117

F lakes T here a re 5 54 f lakes i n s tratum 3 c omprising 4 9.6% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. F ive f lakes r efit. T he m ajority o f t he f lakes a re n onp rimary , a s c an b e s een i n t able 7 5 . Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 3 32 8 9 4 9 4 6 • 38

T ype N o L ocation C H 1 05 A L R R 5 B K T NC 7 D L T CH 1 3 P X S CH 1 4 E X S TF 6 4 L L P AT 1 2 R L S HN L E C S 2 T ABLE 7 5. P RIMARY F LAKES

N o 3 8 5 5 2 8 4 5 1 8 1 3 6 1 9

C halky c ortex i n v arious f orms i s t he m ost c ommon n atural s urface i n t his s tratum . T he m ean d imensions o f t he f lakes a re 2 2 x 1 8.5 x 4 .5 m m ( sd 1 0 x 8x 3 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 0 d egrees ( sd 1 7). D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 3 91 1 1 3 4 6 1 5 7

P rofile S C T P

N o 3 51 1 13 6 7 2 3

E dges P C E

N o i li 1 10 3 03

D istal P H M

o

N o 3 86 1 17 5 1

T ABLE 7 6. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION M ost o f t he f lakes h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, s traight p rofiles, e xpanding e dges a nd p lain d istal e nds. T he m ajority o f t hem ( 480, 8 6.6%) h ave p lain p roximal p arts w hile o nly 7 4 ( 13.4%) h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. R idges

o 1 2 3 4 9

N o 6 9 1 10 1 82 1 06 2 3 6 4

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 1 33 1 78 2 43

B utt N o S N 2 19 C 9 3 D 4 1 F 2 0 L 2 1 P 3 0 A L 1 09 C RS 2 1 T ABLE 7 7. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o

4o 9 3 2 1

T he f lakes w ith n o d orsal r idges a re e ntirely o r m ostly p rimary . M ost o f t he f lakes ( 79.4% ) a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. T he c ortical b utts r epresent o nly 1 6.8% o f t he t otal, w hich m eans t hat t he c ore p latform a nd e dge w ere m ostly c leared f orm n atural s urface b efore t he r emovals o f t he f lakes ; c ore p latform p reparation i s a lso i nfered f rom t he p resence o f f acetted ( 3.6% ), d ihedral ( 7 .4%) a nd " en a ille d 'oiseau" b utts ( 19.7%) b utts. M ost o f t he f lakes a re n ot c rested ( 552, 9 9.6% ) w ith o ne b earing c ontinuous u nifacial c resting a nd a nother b earing p artial u nifacial c resting . T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 7 .5 x 3 m m ( sd 7 x 6 ).

1 3 1a r ies

T here a re 1 36 b lades i n t his s tratum c omprising 2 .7% o f t he a ssemblage. M ost o f t he b lades ( 61.3%) a re n on-primary ( table 7 8), w hile n atural s urfaces t end t o b e m ostly o f c halky c ortex , f ollowed b y o ther v arieties. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 8 2 2 5 1 4 1 3 2

T ype N o C H 2 3 R R 1 T NC 4 T CH 2 S CH 3 S TF 1 8 P AT 3 S HN C S T ABLE 7 8. P RIMARY B LADES

L ocation A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

N o 2 2 0 5 4 1 6 1 1 5

T he m ean d imensions o f t his g roup a re 4 1 x1 6 x 6m m ( sd 1 0 x 4x 2 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 d egrees ( sd 1 8). D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 1 03 2 1 2 5 5

P rofile S C T P

N o . 6 7 5

4 9 2 0 7

E dges P C E

N o 7 3 7 5

D istal P H M 0

N o 9 1 1 1 3 0 4

T ABLE 7 9. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION M ost b lades h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars ( 64.5% ), p arallel l ateral e dges ( 74 .2%) a nd p lain d istal e nds ( 80 .6%) ( fig . 2 6 , 7 ); t he p rofiles a re m ostly c urved ( 41.9% ). M ost o f t he b lades h ave p lain p roximal p arts w hile e ighteen ( 13 .2% ) h ave f acetted p roximal p arts ( fig. 2 6, 6 ). , The m ajority o f t he b lades ( 129, 9 4.8%) a re n ot c rested ; f our b ear c ontinuous u nifacial c resting a nd t hree h ave p artial u nifacial c resting .

R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 1 3 5 5 5 3 5 5 5

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 8 5 3 6 1 5

B utt N o S N 5 7 C 1 2 D 1 0 F 1 4 L 1 5 P 1 0 A L 1 1 C RS 7 T ABLE 8 0. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o

74 5 5 7

T he m ajority o f t he b lades a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. I n m ost o f t he c ases ( 121, 8 8.9%) t he b ulb l ies e ither d irectly b ehind t he m ain r idge o r b etween t he t wo m ain d orsal r idges. T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 5 .5 x 2 .5 m m ( sd 3 x 2 ). T he m ean e dge a ngles f or t his g roup a re 3 0 d egrees ( sd 1 9) f or t he l eft a nd 3 5 ( sd 1 9) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge, 3 7 b lades ( 27.2%) h ave n o l eft a nd 3 5 ( 25.7%) h ave n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges.

B ladelets T here a re 1 44 p ieces i n t his g roup, c omprising 1 2.8% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. T he m ajority o f t he b ladelets ( 115, 7 9.8%) b ear n o p rimary s urface ( table 8 1). T he e xisting s urfaces c onsist m ostly o f c halky c ortex . Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 1 15 1 2 1 0 7

Df . N o L ocation C H 1 5 A L R R B K T NC 1 D L T CH 2 P X S CH 1 E X S TF 8 L L P AT 2 R L S EN L E C S T ABLE 8 1. P RIMARY B LADELETS

N o 6 4 4 7 5 3

T he m ajority o f t he p rimary b ladelets b ear c halky c ortex i n d ifferent c onditions o f w eathering . T he m ean d imensions o f t he b ladelets a re 2 5 x 8 .5 x 3 m m ( sd 8 x 2 x 1 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 4). D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 1 30 1 0 1 1 2

P rofile

s

C T P

N o

7

4 5 2 8 4

E dges P C E

N o 9 7 4 6 1

D istal P H M 0

N o

1 3 4 1 9 4 1

T ABLE 8 2. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION M ost b ladelets ( 90.3%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, p arallel l ateral e dges ( 67.3%) a nd p lain d istal e nds ( 58.3%), t he p rofiles a re

133-

m ostly ( 77 , 5 3.5%) n on-straight. M ost p roximal p arts ( 123, 8 5.4% ) a re p lain , w ith o nly t wenty-one b ladelets ( 14 .6%) h aving f acetted p roximal p arts. T here a re f our c rested b ladelets, o ne w ith c ontinuous b ifacial c resting a nd t hree w ith p artial u nifacial c resting . R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 2 5 7 6 2 1 9 4

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 9 7 3 2 1 5

B utt N o S N 7 4C 4 D 7 F 7 L 2 4 P 4 5 A L 7 C RS 6 T ABLE 8 3. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 2 7 1 11 6

T here i s a s hift i n t echnology i n t hat t he m ajority o f t he b ladelets ( 77 .1% ) a re o f s oft h ammer m ode ( in c ontrast w ith t he p revious e vidence f rom t he b lades s ofar). T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 3 x 1m m ( sd 2 x 1 ). T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 3 0 d egrees ( sd 1 5) f or b oth l ateral e dges; s even b ladelets h ave n o l eft l ateral c utting e dges a nd s even h ave n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges.

C hips T here a re 7 3 c hips i n s tratum 3 , t he m ajority o f w hich a re n on-primary .

6 .5% o f t he w hole a ssemblage,

T he m ean d imensions o f t his g roup a re 7 .5 x 7 x 1 .5 m m ( sd 2 x 2 x 1 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 1). T he m ajority o f t he c hips h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, a re s traight i n p rofile a nd h ave p lain d istal e nds. M ost c hips ( 65,89%) h ave p lain p roximal p arts ; t he r emaining 8 ( 10 .9%) h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. M ost c hips a re o f h ard h ammer m ode, w ith p lain b utts a mong w hich d ominate t he p unctiform a nd l inear v arieties. T here a re s everal b ladelet like c hips.

D ebris T he t otal n umber o f t his g roup i s 2 14 . T he n umerically p redominant g roup i s t hat o f D K ( 118, 1 0 .5%), f ollowed b y D P ( 76 , 6 .8%) a nd D N ( 20 , 1 .8%). M ost d ebris a re p rimary .

C ores S tratum 3 y ielded 5 2 c ores, o f w hich f ifteen a re f ragments, s ixteen a re f lake, n ineteen a re b ladelet a nd t hree a re b lade c ores.

1 2

T he m ean d imensions o f t he f lake c ores a re 4 3 .5 x 3 7 x2 5 m m ( sd x 1 0 x 7 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 7 5 d egrees ( sd 9 ).

T hirteen f lakes, p latform a brasion p latform

f lake c ores b ear n atural s urface. T wo f lake c ores a re m ade o n t wo h ave o pposed p latforms a nd t he r emaining a re s ingle c ores. M ost p latforms a re p lain a nd f ive a re c rushed. E dge e xists i n s ix c ases, w hile p reparation i s r estricted t o m aintenance ( fig . 2 4, 2 ).

E ight o f t he n ineteen b ladelet c ores a re p rimary a nd o ne i s m ade o n af lake. T he m ean d imensions a re 4 1.5 x 2 6 x 2 3 m m ( sd 1 1 x 8x 8 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 7 5 d egrees ( sd 1 0). S ix c ores h ave a s ingle p latform , t welve a re o pposed p latform , b idirectional c ores a nd o ne h as t wo n on-opposed p latforms a nd i s w orked a t t ransverse a xes. E leven p latforms a re f acetted , n ineteen a re p lain a nd t hree c rushed . E dge a brasion , b ack c learance a nd l ateral c resting a re t he m ain f orms o f c ore p reparation a nd m aintenance ( fig . 2 4 , 1 , 3 ). O ne o f t he t hree b lade c ores i s p rimary , w hile a ll h ave o pposed p latforms a nd a re f laked a t b idirectional a xes. T he m ean d imensions a re 6 9.5 x .2 6 x 3 0 m m ( sd 2 1 x 9x 3 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 8 0 d egrees ( sd 4 ). M ost p latforms a re p lain , o ne i s p rimary a nd o ne c rushed . E dge a brasion i s c ommon , w hile b ack c learance a nd l ateral p reparation a re c ommonly u sed ( fig. 2 4, 1 ).

C ore t ablets T here a re 3 7 t ablets, o f w hich t en a re b roken a nd e ight l ittle n atural s urface. T wenty-seven a re t ypical t ablets a nd t en t he t races o f p revious r emovals a long o ne o f t he l ateral e dges. t ablets h ave f acetted d orsal p arts, s uggesting f acetting o f t he p latform b etween t he r emoval o f t ablets. M ost t ablets u nidirectional d orsal s cars s uggesting l imited t urning o f t he d uring k napping .

b ear h ave F ive c ore h ave c ore

T ools E nd-scraper : t here a re 9 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich t wo a re p rimary a nd o ne c omplete. F ive a re m ade o n f lakes a nd f our o n b lades. M ost b lanks h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 8m m ( sd 4 ). A ll t he s crapers a re m ade o n t he d istal p art o f t he b lanks. F our a re s imple s crapers a nd f ive o n r etouched b lanks ( f ig . 2 5, 3 ). C omposite t ool : t here a re 2 s uch p ieces i n s tratum 3 , b oth m ade o n b lades a nd o ne p rimary . O ne i s a n e nd-scraper/truncation a nd t he o ther a n e nd-scraper/burin . T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 9m m ( sd 3 ). B oth b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. P iercer : t here a re 3 p iercers i n s tratum 3 , o f w hich t wo a re c omplete. A ll p iercers a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f n on-primary b lades w ith a m ean t hickness o f 5m m ( sd 1 ). A ll b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd a re t wisted i n p rofile. M ost b lanks h ave f acetted p roximal p arts a nd n on-unidirectional d orsal s cars.

135-

A typical p iercer: t he s ingle e xample o f t his m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f ap rimary , p lunging f lake.

t ype i s

c omplete ,

M icropiercer : a ll 4 m icropiercers a re b roken a nd m ade o n n onp rimary b ladelets a w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). B urin : t here a re 1 8 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich e ight a re c omplete a nd s even p rimary . T he m ajority o f t he b urins a re m ade o n b lades. M ost b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile, w hile t hree h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 8 .5 m m ( sd 4 ). N ine a re s imple t runcation b urins, t wo a re s imple d ihedral b urins, t wo a re s imple o n b reak , t hree a re m ultiple t runcation a nd t wo a re m ixed m ultiple b urins. M ost b urins a re m ade o n t he d istal p art o f t he b lanks ( fig . 2 5, 4 ). G ravette p oint : t he s ingle p iece o f t his t ype i s c omplete, m ade o n an on-primary b lade , b acked b y a nvil r etouch ( fig . 2 5, 6 ). M icrogravette: f ive o f t he 1 2 m icrogravettes i n s tratum 3 a re c omplete a nd n one p rimary . N ine t ools a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch . M ost b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge , u nidirectional s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. T he m ean t hickness i s 3 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). S houldered p oint: t hree o f t he 6 p ieces i n t his g roup a re c omplete a nd n one p rimary . A ll t he t ools a re m ade o n b lades, o f w hich m ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 3m m ( sd 0 ). O ne b lank h as af acetted p roximal p art ( fig . 2 5, 5 ). S houldered p iece : o n an on-primary f lake.

t he s ole e xample o f t his t ype i s b roken , m ade

T otally b acked b lade: a ll 3 p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd o ne p rimary . M ost b lanks h ave o ne d orsal r idge , a re s traight i n p rofile a nd h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lades i s 6 .5 m m ( sd 3 ). T he s ingle s urviving p roximal p art i s f acetted . P artially b acked b lade : b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd n on-primary . T runcated p iece: t here a re 1 1 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich e ight a re c omplete a nd f our p rimary . M ost o f t he b lanks a re b lades w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional s cars a nd n on-straight p rofiles. M ost t runcations a re m ade o n t he d istal p art o f t he b lanks, o f w hich f our h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 6 .5 m m ( sd 3 ). A ll t runcations a re m ade b y d irect a brupt r etou c h . B itruncated p iece: o ne o f t he 4 p ieces i n t his g roup i s p rimary , w hile m ost a re m ade o n b lades. M ost b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional s cars a nd n on-straight p rofiles. T he m ean

t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 7m m ( sd 5 ). d irect a brupt r etouch .

A ll t runcations a re m ade b y

P iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch : t here a re 7 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich o ne i s c omplete a nd t wo p rimary . A ll t ools b ut o ne a re m ade o n b lades, o f w hich t wo h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. A ll b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w hile m ost h ave s traight p rofiles a nd o ne d orsal r idge. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 6 m m ( sd 1 ). A urignacian b lade : a ll 7 p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken , w hile o ne i s p rimary . T he m ean t hickness o f t he a urignacian b lades i s 6m m ( sd 2 ). A ll t he b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w hile m ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. T hree t ools a re i ntentionally b roken . N otched p iece: t wo o f t he 7 n otched p ieces i n s tratum 3 a re c omplete a nd t hree b roken , w hile a ll b ut o ne a re m ade o n b lades. T he m ean t hickness o f t he t ools i s 4 .5 u m ( sd 1 ). O ne b lank h as a f acetted p roximal p art, w hile m ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge , u nidirectional s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. O ne t ool i s i ntentionally b roken . T runcated b ladelet : a ll 3 p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd n on-primary . A ll b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. T heir m ean t hickness i s 3 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). T he t runcations a re m ade b y d irect a brupt r etouch a nd a re m ostly l ocated o n t he p roximal p art o f t he b lanks. U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t his i s t he m ost n umerous t ool g roup i n s tratum 3 , i ncluding 5 7 p ieces, o f w hich e leven a re c omplete a nd t wo p rimary . F ifteen a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch a nd f ive b ear t races o f i mpact f ractures. S even o f t he f ew s urviving p roximal p arts a re f acetted. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b acked b ladelets i s 3m m ( sd 1 ). M ost b lanks h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd s traight p rofiles, a lthough c urved a nd t wisted p rofiles a re a lso c ommon . S everal t ools s how e vidence o f K rukowski f ractures ( fig . 2 5, 7 ). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch : a ll 2 3 p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd n on-primary . S even a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch a nd s everal b ear K rukowski f ractures. H alf o f t he b lanks h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge, w hile m ost h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. T he o pposed r etouch i s m ostly d irect s emi a brupt, w ith a f ew c ases o f i nverse a nd a lternating r etouch. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ) ( fig . 2 5, 8 ). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed : t here a re 1 4 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich f our a re c omplete a nd n one p rimary . T wo t ools a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch. M ost b lanks h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge, u nidirectional s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. M ost p oints a re l ocated o n t he d istal p art o f t he b lanks. T he m ean t hickness o f t his t ype i s 2m m ( sd 0 ) ( fig . 2 5, 1 0).

U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed : a ll 7 p ieces o f t his t ype a re n on-primary , w hile t wo a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch . M ost b lanks h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge, u nidirectional s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. T he m ean t hickness i s 3m m ( sd 0 ). B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : b oth p ieces i n t his a re n onp rimary , h ave t wo d orsal r idges, u nidirectional s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. B acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s): t here a re 3 6 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich t wenty a re c omplete a nd n one p rimary . E leven t ools a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch .(fig . 2 5, 9 ). M ost b lanks h ave t wo d orsal r idges, u nidirectional d orsal s cars, a re s traight i n p rofile a nd r etouched o n b oth e nds. T heir m ean t hickness i s 3 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). T runcated b acked b ladelet: f ive o f t he 3 0 t ools o f t his t ype a re c omplete, w hile o ne i s p rimary . N ine b ladelets a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch . M ost b lanks h ave t wo d orsal r idges, u nidirectional s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. T he m ean t hickness i s 3 m m ( sd 1 ). M ost t runcations, l ocated o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks, a re m ade b y d irect r etouch ( fig. 2 5, 1 2). one o f t he 1 1 p ieces i n t his g roup B itruncated b acked b ladelet : n y a nvil r etouch . M ost b lanks h ave i s p rimary , w hile t hree a re b acked b cars a nd s traight p rofiles. T he t wo d orsal r idges, u nidirectional s ) ( fig . 2 5, 1 1). m ean b lank t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 N otched b ladelet: t here a re 3 n otched b ladelets i n s tratum 3 , o f w hich o ne i s b roken a nd n one p rimary . A ll b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd n on-straight p rofiles. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). D ufour b aldelet: b oth d ufour b ladelets a re p rimary , m ade o n s traight, u nidirectional b lanks.

b roken

a nd

n on-

B ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch : a ll b ut f our o f t he 2 7 p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken , w hile n one i s p rimary . M ost b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 2m m ( sd 1 ). F our o f t he s urviving p roximal p arts a re f acetted . S ide-scraper : t here a re 2 7 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich t wo a re c omplete a nd f our p rimary . A ll s ide-scrapers b ut t wo a re m ade o n b lades a nd e ight b ear t races o f i ntentional b reakage. M ost b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness o f t he s ide-scrapers i s 5m a ( sd 2 ). N ine a re d ouble a nd e ighteen a re s imple s ide s crapers. F our o f t he f ew s urviving p roximalparts a re b roken . T otally o r p artially r etouched p iece: t here a re 7 s uch p ieces i n s tratum 3 , o f w hich t hree a re c omplete a nd t hree p rimary . M ost t ools a re m ade o n b lades. T he m ean t hickness o f t his c lass i s 9m m ( sd 2 ). A ll b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal

s cars, w hile m ost p roximal p arts.

a re

E nd-scraper/notch : p rimary f lake.

s traight

t he

i n

p rofile

s ingle p iece

a nd

o f t his

f our

h ave

f acetted

t ype i s m ade o n a

M icroburins: n ine o f t he 1 1 p ieces i n t his g roup a re K rukowski m icroburins a nd o nly t wo a re t ypical e xamples ( fig .25, 2 ). T his i s t he f irst a ppearance o f t rue m icroburins i n R 4 ( fig . 2 5, 1 ). B urin s palls: a ll b ut o ne o f t he 2 5 s palls a re b roken a nd o ne b ears s ome n atural s urface. T wenty-seven s palls a re p rimary a nd m ost b ear a brasion d oneprior t o r emoval. E ight a re r esharpening s palls. F our s palls w ere s truck f rom t runcated s urfaces, o ne w as r emoved t ransversely t o t he a xis o f p ercussion o f t he p arent b lank .

S ummary o f s tratum 3 F lakes d ominate t his a ssemblage, t oo, f ollowed b y b ladelets t hat o utnumber b lades. B oth b lades a nd b ladelets h ave m ostly p lain p roximal p arts, b ut t he b ladelets b ear f acetting m ore o ften t han t he b lades. C ontrary t o t he b lades, t he b ladelets a re a lmost s ingularly r emoved b y s oft h ammer . T he c ores a re d ominated b y b ladelet v arieties t hat a re m ostly f laked f rom t wo o pposed e nds, h ave a mple t races o f p reparation a nd f acetted p latforms. T he b lade c ores a re o pposed-platform , b idirectional a nd b ear l ess p reparation t han t he b ladelet o nes. T he f lake c ores t end t o b e m ade o n f lakes a nd r etain m ore n atural s urface t han t he o ther t ypes. S everal o f t he t ablets h ave f acetted d orsal s urfaces, w hile t he e vidence f or t urning t he c ores d uring k napping i s l imited . T his i s ab ladelet oriented t echnology t hat h as r eplaced t he f requent c hange o f f laking d irection b y t he w ide u se o f o pposed , b idirectional, f laking . T his t echnological s hift i s v ery w ell i llustrated i n t he t ool i nventory . T he l atter i s d ominated b y b ladelet b lanks, w ith b ladelet t ools f orming 6 4.7% o f t he t otal a nd b acked b ladelet t ypes a ccounting f or 5 0 .4% o f a ll t ool c lasses. M icrogravettes a re n umerous, m icropiercers a re p resent f or t he f irst t ime a nd t rue m icroburins a re i ntroduced i n t he s equence. U nilaterally b acked b ladelets d ominate t he b acked b ladelet t ypes, a ccompanied b y b acked b ladelets w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) a nd t runcated b acked b ladelets. S houldered p oints m ake t heir f irst s ubstancial a ppearance a nd a re m ade o n b lades. T he e nd-scraper i ndex i s 2 .5, h alf t han t he b urin i ndex , a t 5 .0 . T runcation b urins a re m ore c om inn t han d ihedral o nes. S ide-scrapers a ccount f or 7 .6% o f t he t ool a ssemblage f rom s tratum 3 . A urignacian b lades m ake t heir f irst a ppearance. A n i nteresting f eature o f t he t echnology i n t his s tratum a re t he l arge n umbers o f i ntentionally b roken t ools a nd d ebitage p ieces : a t otal o f 2 2 s uch c ases w as r ecorded f rom R 4. T his c ould b e ar esult o f l ack o f b lade b lanks f or t ool m anufacture o r o f g eneral p aucity i n r aw m aterial, t hat f orced t he k nappers t o s egment r etouched t ools ( mostly s ide-scrapers) i n o rder t o r e-use t he f ragments i n d ifferent w ays.

139-

T OOL T YPE 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 7 . p iercer 8 . a typical p iercer 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2 . s imple t runcation b urin 1 3 . m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 4. s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7 . g ravette p oint 1 8 . m icrogravette 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2 . p artially b acked b lade 2 3 . t runcated p iece 2 4 . b itruncated p iece 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7 . a urignacian b lade 2 8. n otched p iece 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet ,plain 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 3 3. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p lain 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 7 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 8. b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2. n otched b ladelet 4 3. d ufour b ladelet 4 4. b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 4 6. s ide-scraper 4 7 . t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 4 8 . e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous T OTAL T ABLE 8 4 . T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 4, S TRATUM 3

N O 4

5 1 1 3 1 4 2 9 3 2 2 1 1 2 6 1 3 2 1 1 4 7 7 7 3 5 7 2 3 1 4 7 2

3 6 3 0 1 1 3 2 2 7 2 7 7 1 -3 57

1 .1

1 .4 0 .3 0 .3 0 .8 0 .3 1 .1 0 .6 --2 .5 0 .8 0 .6 --0 .6 0 .3 3 .4 1 .7 0 .3 0 .8 0 .6 3 .1 1 .1 2 .0 --2 .0 2 .0 0 .8 --1 6 .0 6 .4 3 .9 2 .0 0 .6 --1 0 .1 8 .4 3 .1 --0 .8 0 .6 --7 .6 7 .6 2 .0 0 .3 9 7 .9

S TRATUM 1 T here a re 3 78 p ieces i n t his s tratum . T hree c omplete p ieces o f d ebitage b ear e dge d amage. T here a re t wo c ases o f r efits.

F lakes T here a re 1 72 f lakes i n s tratum 1 , c omprising 4 5.5% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. T here a re t wo f lakes s imilar t o t hose p roduced e xperimentally d uring c resting , t wo c ore d irection c hange f lakes a nd t en m ultiple o nes. T here i s o ne c ase o f r efitting i n t his g roup. M ost f lakes ( 109, 6 3.4%) a re n on-primary , t he i nformation o n t ype, q uantity a nd l ocation o f p rimary s urfaces o n t he f lakes i s p resented i n t able 8 5. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

DM

N o 1 09 2 3 1 8 1 1 1 1

N O L ocation C H 3 3 A L R R 3 B K T NC 1 0 D L T CH 1 P X S CH 4 E X S TF 9 L L P AT 2 R L S HN L E C S 1 T ABLE 8 5. P RIMARY F LAKES

N o 1 1 1 3 9 1 0 4 5 2 9

T he m ajority o f t he n atural s urfaces ( 38, 6 0 .3%) a re o f c halky c ortex . T he m ean d imensions o f t his g roup a re 2 3 x 1 8 x 5m m ( sd 1 0 x 7x 5 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 2 0). D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 1 30 3 4 1 6 1 7

P rofile S C T P

N o 1 19 2 3 1 8 1 3

E dges P C E

N o

Z U 4 8 7 8

D istal P H M 0

N o 1 00 4 0 3 2

T ABLE 8 6. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION M ost o f t he f lakes h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, p rofiles, e xpanding l ateral e dges a nd p lain d istal e nds. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o

7

5 2 6 6 1 8 3 9

B ulb l ocation

B utt N o S N 6g 2 4 7 C 2 4 3 8 2 D 1 2 F 1 6 L 9 P A L 2 8 C RS 1 3 T ABLE 8 7. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

1

N o

7 1

M ode H S N

s traight

N o 1 41 1 8 1 3

M ost o f t he f lakes h ave p lain b utts ( 77.3%), a re o f h ard h ammer m ode ( 81.9%), a nd h ave p lain p roximal p arts ( 150 , 8 7.2%); t wenty-two f lakes ( 12.8%) h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. T he m ajority o f t he f lakes ( 166,96.5%) a re n ot c rested , o ne b ears c ontinuous u nifacial c resting a nd f ive h ave p artial c ontinuous c resting . T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 7 x 3 m m ( sd 4 x 2 ). B lades T here a re 4 7 b lades i n t his s tratum , m ost o f w hich ( 24, 5 1.1%) a re n on-primary . T able 8 8 s hows t he t ype, q uantity a nd l ocation o f p rimary s urfaces. Q uantity

0

1 2 3 4

N o

7

6 1 0 .7

T ype N o C H 1 6 R R 2 T NC 2 T CH _ _ S CH 2 S TF 1 P AT S HN C S T ABLE 8 8. P RIMARY B LADES

L ocation A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

N o 7 2 1 2 6 2 3

M ost o f t he p rimary b lades ( 18, 3 8.3%) h ave c halky c ortex. T he m ean d imensions o f t his g roup a re 4 2 x 1 6 x 5 .5 m m ( sd 1 0 x 4x 2 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 1 7). D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 3 5 6 1 3 2

P rofile S C T P

N o 1 9 1 5 9 4

E dges P C E

N o

7

1 3

D istal P H M 0

N o 3 1 1 1 5 _ _

T ABLE 8 9. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION M ost o f t he b lades h ave u nidirectional d orsal r idges, n ons traights t r a i g h tp rofiles, p arallel l ateral e dges a nd p lain d istal e nds. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 3 5 d egrees ( sd 1 6) f or t he l eft a nd 3 0 d egrees ( sd 1 8) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; s even b lades, a ll p rimary , h ave n o c utting l ateral e dges. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 3 1 7 1 8 4 2 3

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 2 7 1 0 1 0

B utt N o S N 2 5 C 6 D 1 F 2 L 5 P 3 A L 2 C RS 3 T ABLE 9 0. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 2 4 2 0 3

M ost b lades a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 5 .5 x 2 .5 m m ( sd 3 x 2 ). O nly 9 b lades h ave f acetted p roximal p arts w hile t he r emaining 3 8 ( 80.8%) h ave p lain o nes. F our o f t he b lades a re c rested. B lade lets T here a ssemblage. p rimary . Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

a re 5 1 s uch p ieces, c omprising 1 3.5% o f t he t otal M ost b ladelets, a s c an b e s een i n t able 9 1, a re n on-

N o . 4 1 7

5 3 2

T ype N o L ocation C H 7 A L R R B K T NC 1 D L T CH P X S CH 1 E X S TF 1 L L P AT R L S HN L E C S T ABLE 9 1. P RIMARY B LADELETS

N o 3 6 1

M ost o f t he n atural s urfaces a re c halky c ortex. T he m ean d imensions o f t his g roup a re 2 8 x 9x 3m m ( sd 8 x 2 x 1 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 0 d egrees ( sd 1 0). T he m ajority o f t he b ladelets a re n ot c rested , w hile o ne b ears c ontinuous u nifacial c resting a nd t wo b ear p artial u nifacial c resting. D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o

P rofile

5 -

C T P

7

s

N o

7

1 7 9 1

E dges P C E

N o 3 6 1 5

D istal P H M 0

N o 2 9 5 1 7

1 T ABLE 9 2. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ost o f t he b ladelets h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, s traight p rofiles, p arallel l ateral e dges a nd p lain d istal e nds. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 3 5 d egrees ( sd 1 3) f or t he l eft a nd 4 0 d egrees ( sd 1 1) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; t hree b ladelets h ave n o l eft a nd t wo h ave n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 2 2 2 6 3

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o

B utt N o S N 7 8 C 4 1 D F 2 L 1 5 P 9 A L 1 C RS 4 T ABLE 9 3. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

z f

M ode H S N

N o 1 5 3 2 4

T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 3 x 1 m m ( sd 1 x 0 ). M ost b ladelets ( 43, 8 4.3% ) h ave p lain p roximal p arts w hile e ight h ave f acetted o nes.

C hips T here a re 4 2 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 1 1.1% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. M ost c hips ( 92.8%) a re n on-primary . A ll t he p rimary s urfaces a re c halky c ortex . T he m ean d imensions a re 8 x 7 x 1 .5 m m ( sd 2 x 2 x 0 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 0). M ost c hips h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ost h ave n on-parallel l ateral e dges, p lain d istal e nds a nd a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith p lain b utts a nd t races o f h ard h ammer.

D ebris T here a re 6 6 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 1 7.5% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. T he l argest g roup a re D K ( 32, 4 8.5%), f ollowed b y D P ( 28 , 4 2.4%) a nd D N ( 6 , 9 .1%). M ost d ebris, w ith t he e xception o f D N a re p rimary .

C ores T here a re 2 5 c ores i n s tratum 1 , o f w hich s ix a re f ragments, n ine f lake a nd t en b ladelet c ores ( fig . 2 7 ; 1 ,2 ,3). T he m ean d imensions o f t he f lake c ores a re 3 9 x 3 0 x 2 2 .5 m m ( sd 5x 9 x 8 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 8 0 d egrees ( sd 5 ). F ive a re s ingle p latform c ores, t wo h ave t wo o pposed p latforms, o ne h as t wo p latforms a nd i s f laked a t t wisted a xes, w hile t he l ast i s a b ipolar c ore w ith c rushed p latforms. M ost o f t he r emaining p latforms a re p lain , a nd t wo f acetted . T he f lake c ores b ear t races o f p reparation a nd m aintenance i n t he f orm o f e dge a brasion , b ack c learance , l ateral e dge c resting a nd , i n as ingle c ase, o f o pposed e nd a brasion . F ive b ladelet c ores a re p rimary . T heir m ean d imensions a re 4 3 x 2 9.5 x 2 3.5 m m ( sd 1 1 x 5 x 9 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 7 5 d egrees ( sd 8 ). T hree c ores h ave a s ingle p latform , s ix h ave t wo o pposed p latforms a nd a re f laked i n a b idirectional w ay a nd o ne h as t hree p latforms a nd i s f laked a t t hree d ifferent, o verlapping a xes. O nly t wo p latforms a re f acetted , t he m ajority b eing p lain a nd o ne p rimary . P latform e dge a brasion i s c ommon , w hile t he t races o f p reparation a nd m aintenance i nclude b ack c learance a nd c resting , l ateral e dge c resting a nd o pposed e nd a brasion t o f acilitate r emovals.

C ore t ablets S even o f t he 2 1 t ablets i n s tratum 1 a re b roken a nd s ix p rimary . S eventeen a re t ypical t ablets a nd f our h ave t he t races o f p revious r emovals a long o ne o f t he l ateral e dges. S everal t ablets h ave m ultidirectional d orsal s cars, s uggesting t urning o f t he c ore f or t he

144-

t ablet r emoval. A s ingle t ablet h as f acetting o n t he d orsal s urface, i n c ontrast w ith s tratum 3 ( fig . 2 7 , 3 ).

T ools E nd-scraper : t here a re 5 e nd-scrapers i n s tratum 1 , o f w hich m ost a re c omplete a nd o ne p rimary . T hree t ools a re m ade o n b lades ( of w hich o ne c rested) a nd t wo o n f lakes. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 8m m ( sd 3 .5). T hree o f t he b lanks h ave f acetted p roximal p arts, w hile m ost h ave u nidirectional s cars, m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd n on-straight p rofiles. T here a re t hree s imple e nd-scrapers a nd a nd t wo o n r etouched b lanks, a ll m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he s upporting b lank ( fig . 2 8 ; 1 ,2). C omposite t ool : o ne o f t he t wo w hile b oth a re m ade o n c urved f lakes. a nd t he o ther a n e nd-scraper/burin .

t ools i n t his g roup i s p rimary , O ne i s a n e nd-scraper/truncation

P iercer : a ll 3 p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd o ne p rimary , w hile t wo a re m ade o n f lakes. A ll b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, b idirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ost a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 7 m m ( sd 3 ). T wo p iercers a re m ade o n t he p roximal p art o f t he b lanks, w hile o ne i s a c onverted d ihedral b urin a nd o ne w as i ntentionally b roken . M icropiercer : t wo o f t he 3 m icropiercers a re c omplete a nd n one i s p rimary . M ost b ladelets h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, n on-straight p rofiles a nd a ll h ave b idirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness o f t he m icropiercers i s 3 .5 m m ( sd 2 ) ( fig . 2 8, 3 ). B urin : t welve o f t he 1 5 b urins i n s tratum 1 a re c omplete a nd f ive a re p rimary . T wo b urins a re m ade o n c ore t ablets, w hile m ost o f t he r emaining t ools a re m ade o n f lakes. M ost b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional s cars a nd s traight p rofiles, w hile t hree b lanks h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b urins i s 7m m ( sd 3 ). T here a re s ix s imple t runcation b urins, f ive o f t he s imple d ihedral t ype, o ne m ultiple t runcation a nd t hree m ixed m ultiple b urins. A ll s imple b urins b ut o ne a re m ade o n t he d irstal p art o f t he b lanks ( fig . 2 8 ; 4 ,5). M icrogravette : t here a re 4 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich o ne b roken a nd n one p rimary . A ll b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, w hile m ost a re s traight i n p rofile . T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ) ( fig. 2 8 , 6 ). S houldered p iece : t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i n s tratum 1 i s b roken a nd m ade o n an on-primary b lade. T he b reak i s i ntentional. T runcated p iece : b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re c omplete, m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f n on-primary b lades. B oth b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional s cars, w hile o ne i s c urved a nd o ne h as af acetted p roximal p art. T he m ean t hickness i s 5 .5 m m ( sd 1 ).

B itruncated p iece: o ne o f t he 2 p ieces i n t his g roup i s p rimary a nd b oth a re m ade o n f lakes w ith m ore t han s everal d orsal r idges, n onu nidirectional s cars a nd s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 6 .5 m m ( sd 3 ) ( fig . 2 8 , 8 ). N otched p iece : f our o f t he 6 n otched p ieces a re c omplete a nd o ne p rimary . O ne i s m ade o n ac ore t ablet. A ll b lanks h ave m any d orsal r idges a nd m ost h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 4m m ( sd 2 ). M ost n otches a re m ade b y i nverse r etouch ( fig . 2 8 , 9 ). T runcated b ladelet: t here a re 2 b ladelets i n t his g roup , o f w hich o ne c omplete. B oth h ave u nidirectional s cars a nd a s ingle d orsal r idge, w hile o ne i s c urved a nd o ne h as a f acetted p roximal p art. T he t runcations a re m ade o n t he d istal p art o f t he b ladelets, t hat h ave a m ean t hickness o f 3 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). B itruncated b ladelet : n on-primary b lank .

t he s ingle t ool o f t his t ype i s m ade o n a

U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : o nly s ix o f t he 4 8 b acked b ladelets a re c omplete a nd f our a re p rimary . M ost b lanks h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge , u nidirectional s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. T welve t ools a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch , t hree h ave t races o f i mpact f ractures, t hree h ave f acetted p roximal p arts a nd t wo a re p artially b acked. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b acked b ladelets i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 ) ( fig . 2 8 , 1 1). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch : t here a re 1 2 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich t en a re b roken a nd n one p rimary . O ne b ladelet i s b acked b y a nvil r etouch , o ne h as i mpact f racture t races a nd t wo h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. M ost b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd s traight p rofiles, w hile a ll h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness o f t his t ype i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). T he o pposed r etouch i s d irect s emi-abrupt i n m ost c ases a nd i nverse i n t wo. U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed : t here a re t ype, t hree c omplete a nd n one p rimary . T hree a re r etouch , w hile m ost o f t he p oints a re l ocated o n t he t he b lanks. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w hile m ost a re s traight t wo d orsal r idges ( fig. 2 8, 1 2).

6p ieces o f t his b acked b y a nvil p roximal p art o f A ll b lanks h ave i n p rofile w ith

U nilaterally b acked , b ipointed : t here a re 2 p ieces i n t his g roup , b oth m ade o n s traight b lanks w ith a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional s cars. B oth b lanks a re 2 mm t hick . B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t his t ype i s r epresented b y a s ingle, b roken e xample. B acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s): a ll 3 p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd n on-primary , m ade o n b lanks w ith s traight p rofiles. T he m ean t hickness i s 1 .5 m m ( sd 0 ).

146-

T runcated b acked b ladelet: m ost o f t he 1 9 t runcated b acked b ladelets a re b roken , w hile n one i s p rimary . F ive t ools a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch . M ost b lanks h ave t wo d orsal r idges, u nidirectional s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hcikness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). M ost t runcations a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks a nd a ll b ut o ne a re m ade b y d irect a brupt r etouch ( fig . 2 8, 1 5). B itruncated b acked b ladelet: t here a re 5 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich n one i s p rimary . T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). M ost b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith t wo r idges a nd u nidirectional s cars. N otched b ladelet: s ix o f t he 9 n otched b ladelets a re b roken . T he m ean t hickness i s 3 m m ( sd 0 ). F our b lanks h ave f acetted p roximal p arts, w hile m ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, s traight p rofiles a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars ( fig . 2 8, 7 ). D ufour b ladelet: a ll 3 d ufour b ladelets a re b roken a nd n onp rimary . T heir m ean t hickness i s 2m m ( sd 1 ). A ll t he b ladelets h ave t wo d orsal r idges, u nidirectional s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. B ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch : b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd n on-primary , m ade o n s traight b lanks w ith t wo r idges a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. E ach b ladelet i s 4m m t hick . B ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch : t welve o f t he 1 5 t ools o f t his t ype a re b roken a nd n one p rimary . T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 1 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). M ost b lanks h ave t wo d orsal r idges, u nidirectional s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile, w hile t wo h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. S ide-scraper : a ll 5 s ide-scrapers a re b roken a nd t hree p rimary . F our t ools a re m ade o n b lades a nd o ne o n af lake. A ll b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional s cars a nd c urved p rofiles, w hile o ne h as a f acetted p roximal p art. O ne t ool i s i ntentionally b roken . T he m ean t hickness o f t he s ide-scrapers i s 5 m m ( sd 1 ). T hree a re s imple a nd t wo d ouble s ide-scrapers ( fig . 2 8 ,14). T otally o r p artially r etouched p iece : f our o f t he 1 0 t ools i n t his g roup a re c omplete a nd t hree p rimary . M ost t ools a re m ade o n b lades a nd m ost b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w hile a ll h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. T hree o f t he b lanks h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. T he m ean t hickness i s 6m m ( sd 2 ) ( fig . 2 8, 1 3). M iscellaneous: at rihedral p oint.

t here a re 3 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich o ne i s

M icroburins: t here a re 1 9 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich n ine a re K rukowski a nd 1 0 a re t rue p roximal m icroburins ( fig . 2 8, 1 0). B urin s palls: s even o f t he 1 7 s palls a re b roken a nd o ne h as s ome n atural s urface o n i t. F ourteen a re f irst s palls ( mostly w ith c rushed b utts) w ith a brasion a nd t hree a re s econdary s palls. O ne s pall h as

c ome f rom a t runcated s urface . and t hree w ere r emoved t ransversely t o t he a xis o f p ercussion o f t he p arent b lank .

S ummary o f s tratum 1 F lakes d ominate t his a ssemblage, t oo , f ollowed b y b ladelets t hat a re a l ittle m ore n umerous t han t he b lades. T here a re n o b lade c ores, w hile f lake a nd b ladelet c ores e xist i n r oughly e qual n umbers. T here i s l imited p reparation o n t he f lake c ores, t hat h ave m ostly a s ingle p latform . T he b ladelet c ores a re u sually f laked a t o pposed a xes, b ut o verlapping a xes a lso o ccur . I n c ontrast t o s tratum 3 , t he c ore t ablets b ear e vidence o f t urning t he c ores d uring k napping . T he t ool i nventory i s c haracterised b y t he l arge n umber o f b acked b ladelets ( 50 .8% o f t he t otal); t ools m ade o n b ladelets a re a gain v ery c ommon , a ccounting f or 7 1.4% o f t he t ools. T he e nd-scraper i ndex i s 2 .6 , m uch s maller t han t he b urin i ndex a t 7 .9. T runcation b urins a re m ore n umerous t han d ihedral o nes ( but l ess s o t han i n s tratum 3 ). T he n umber o f m icrogravettes d rops, a long w ith t hat o f t he s houldered p oints. T here a re n o a urignacian b lades, w hile s ide-scrapers d ecrease i n n umber .

T OOL T YPE 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 7 . p iercer 8 . a typical p iercer 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2 . s imple t runcation b urin 1 3 . m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 4 . s imple b urin o i l b reak/natural s urface 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7 . g ravette p oint 1 8. m icrogravette 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2 . p artially b acked b lade 2 3 . t runcated p iece 2 4 . b itruncated p iece 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7 . a urignacian b lade 2 8 . n otched p iece 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet ,plain 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 5. b ilaterally-b acked b ladelet , p lain 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 7 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 8 . b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2 . n otched b ladelet 4 3 . d ufour b ladelet 4 4 . b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 4 6 . s ide-scraper 4 7 . t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 4 8 . e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous T OTAL T ABLE 9 4 . T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 4 , S TRATUM 1

N O 3

1 .6

2

1 .0

3

6 1

1 .6 --1 .6 2 .6 --3 .2 0 .5

3

1 .6

4

2 .1

1

0 .5 ---

2 2

1 .0 1 .0

6 2 1 4 8 1 2 6 2 1

3 .2 1 .0 0 .5 2 5.4 6 .3 3 .2 1 .0 0 .5

3 1 9 5

1 .6 1 0 .0 2 .6 --4 .8 1 .6 1 .0 7 .9 2 .6 5 .3 --1 .6 9 9.4

3 5

9 3 2 1 5 5 1 0 3 1 89

R FETANGLE 2

T able 9 5 p resents t he t otal c ounts ( 5403 p ieces) f or R 2 . C LASS T L C R C T F L B L B T C H M BN B NS

T OTAL

S TR1 % 1 30 9 7 2 3 5 2 .5 1 7 1 .2 8 49 6 0 .5 4 3 3 .0 1 91 1 3.6 8 8 6 .3 8 0 .6 9 0 .6 3 5 2 .5

S TR3 % 1 21 4 7 6 5 3 2 .0 2 4 1 .0 1 672 6 3.4 1 10 4 .1 3 42 1 3.0 2 08 7 .9 1 0 .0 1 0 0 .4 9 7 3 .7

1 405

2 638 1 00 8 11 1 00 1 89 T ABLE 9 5. T OTAL C OUNTS F OR R 2

1 00

S TR5

-7 3-

1 6 1 5 5 00 2 3 9 6 6 3

4 2 6

%

8 7 4

2 .0 1 .8 6 1.7 2 .8 1 1.8 7 .8 0 .5 3 .2

S TR7 1 9 3 2 1 08 7 2 6 1 0 2

% l ötö 1 .6 1 .0 5 7 .2 3 .7 1 3.8 5 .3 1 .0

S TR9 1 9 3 1 1 65 1 0 3 9 9

% 5 7 3 0 .8 0 .3 4 5.8 2 .8 1 0 .8 2 .5

1 2

6 .4

1 14

3 1.7

1 00

3 60

1 00

T he a bove t able s hows t hat t he r ichest s tratum i s 3 ; f lakes a re t he n umerically p redominant g roup i n a ll s trata ( fig . 1 9 a ); b ladelets o utnumber b lades i n a ll s trata ; m icroburins r each a m aximum i n s tratum 1a nd t hen t hey g radually d isappear ; t he n umber o f c ores d ecreases f rom s tratum 5 o nwards; t he n umber o f d ebris r eaches a h igh p oint i n s tratum 9 . T hese c omments e cho t hose m ade o n r ectangle 4 . T he c ounts f or c omplete d ebitage ( flakes, b lades, b ladelets, c hips) a nd d ebris a re p resented i n t able 9 6 ( a t otal o f 1 397 p ieces). C LASS F L B L B T C H D K D P D N

S TR1 % 2 31 5 37. 6 5 1 2.8 9 0 2 0 .9 2 0 4 .6 2 0 4 .6 5 1 .2 1 0 2 .3

T OTAL

4 31

1 00

S TR3 2 35 9 7 1 01 2 3 5 3 1 2 3 2

% 4 27 5 1 7.5 1 8.3 4 .1 9 .6 2 .2 5 .8

S TR5 1 17 3 4 3 6 5 1 2 2 1 0

% 5 42 1 5.7 1 6.7 2 .3 5 .6 0 .9 4 .6

S TR7 3 1 9 7 3 5 1 6

% 5 0t0 1 4.5 1 1.3 4 .8 8 .1 1 .6 9 .7

5 53 1 00 2 16 1 00 6 2 1 00 T ABLE 9 6 . C OMPLETE D EBITAGE F OR R 2

F lakes d ominate t he c omplete d ebitage ( fig . 1 9 b ladelets o utnumber b lades i n t he t hree u pper s trata .

S TR9 1 1 4 6

%

8 7 1

4 1 1 09

3 .0 4 .5 3 .0 3 .0 0 .7 8 0 .7

1 35

1 00

b ).

C omplete

S TRATUM 9 T his a ssemblage c onsists o f 1 35 p ieces, c omprising 9 .7% o f t he t otal R 2 s ample. S tratum 9 p ossesses t he l argest s ample o f D N ; a ll o ther d ebitage c ategories a re p resent i n s mall n umbers ( fig. 1 9 b ). T here a re n o c omplete c hips a nd n o r efits e ither. T here a re s everal r olled a nd c hipped p ieces i n t his s tratum o f w hich 1 1 a re c omplete p ieces o f d ebitage ( mostly f lakes). T here a re m ore D N i n t his s tratum t han i n i ts e quivalent i n r ectangle 4 .

F lakes T here a re 1 1 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 8 .2% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. O ne f lake b ears n atural c hipping o n a ll e dges. T he a mount, t ype a nd l ocation o f n atural s urface i s p resented i n t able 9 7.

Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 5 4 1 1

r . N o L ocation C H 3 A L R R B K T NC D L T CH P X S CH E X S TF 2 L L P AT R L S HN L E C S 1 T ABLE 9 7. P RIMARY F LAKES

N o 1 1 1 2

1

T hree o f t he p rimary f lakes h ave c halky c ortex o n t hem , o ne b ears a t hin , n on-chalky , a braded s kin a nd o ne b ears c oarse s kin . T he m ean d imensions o f t his g roup a re 3 1 x 3 2 x 6m m ( sd 1 4 x 1 4 x 4 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 5 d egrees ( sd 7 ). N one o f t he f lakes i s b urnt o r c rested. M ost o f t he f lakes ( 6, 5 4.5%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, 1 ( 9.1%) h as b idirectional s cars , 2 ( 18.2%) h ave m ultidirectional d orsal s cars, a nd 2 ( 18.2%) h ave n o d iagnostic d orsal s cars ( one o f t hem i s c oarse-grained a nd t he o ther e ntirely p rimary).

R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 1 2 2 4 1 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 2 3 6

B utt N o S N 5 C 4 D F 1 L P A L 1 C RS T ABLE 9 8. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 1 0 1

M ost f lakes h ave p lain b utts ( with o nly 4 c ortical b utts p resent), a re o f h ard h ammer m ode a nd h ave t he b ulb l ocated m ostly a way f rom t he m ain d orsal r idges. A ll f lakes h ave p lain p roximal p arts.

B lades T here a re 4 p ieces i n t his g roup c omprising 2 .9% o f a ssemblage. N one i s b urnt. T able 9 9 s hows t he a mount, l ocation o f n atural s urface o n t he b lades.

t he t otal t ype a nd

Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 1 2 1

T ype N o C H 1 R R T NC T CH S CH S TF 2 P AT S HN C S T ABLE 9 9. P RIMARY B LADES

L ocation A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

N o . . _

2

1

M ost p rimary b lades b ear a t hin , n on-chalky , a braded s kin . T he m ean d imensions a re 5 7 x 1 6.5 x 8 .5 m m ( sd 1 4 x 6 x 4 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 5 d egrees ( sd 8 ). T wo b lades a re p artially u nifacially c rested. M ost b lades ( 3, 7 5%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd 1 ( 25%) h as m ultidirectional s cars. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o _ . . . 1 1 2

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 3 1

B utt N o S N 3 C 1 D F L P A L C RS T ABLE 1 00 . T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 3 1

A ll b lades h ave t he b ulb l ocated b ehind o r b etween t he m ain d orsal r idge(s); m ost h ave p lain b utts ( with o nly 1 c ortical b utt p resent) a nd a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. A ll h ave p lain p roximal p arts. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 5 5 d egrees ( sd 1 7) f or t he l eft a nd 5 0 d egrees ( sd 1 3) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; 2h ave n o l eft a nd 1 h as n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges. B ladelets T here a re 6 p ieces i n t his g roup ( 4 .5% o f t he t otal a ssemblage). O ne b ladelet b ears e dge d amage a nd o ne i s p artially c rested. T able 1 01 p resents i nformation o n n atural s urfaces f ound o n t he b ladelets. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 3 1 1 1

Lr .. N o L ocation C H 1 A L R R B K T NC D L T CH 1 P X S CH E X S TF L L P AT 1 E L S BN L E C S T ABLE 1 01. P RIMARY B LADELETS

N o 7 2

T he n atural s urfaces a re m ostly c halky c ortex . T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 3 5 x 1 1 x 4 .5 m m ( sd 8 x 1 x 5 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 5 ). M ost b ladelets ( 5, 8 3.3% ) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd 1 ( 16.7%) h as n o d iagnostic t races b ecause i t i s p atinated . R idges 0

N o

1 2 3 4 9

3 1 1 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o

B utt N o S N 7 2 C D F L P A L C RS T ABLE 1 02. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

7

M ode H S N

N o

7

2

A ll b ladelets h ave b ulbs l ocated b ehind o r b etween t he m ain d orsal r idge(s) a nd p lain b utts ; m ost a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 9) f or t he l eft a nd 5 0 d egrees ( sd 1 6) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; t wo h ave n o c utting l ateral e dges. A ll b ladelets h ave p lain p roximal p arts.

D ebris T here a re 1 14 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 8 4.4% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. T he m ajority c onsists o f D N ( 109 p ieces, 8 0 .7%), f ollowed b y D K ( 4 p ieces, 2 .9%) a nd D P ( 1 p ieces, 0 .8%). O ne D K i s p atinated , o ne b ears c halky c ortex a nd o ne t hin , n onc halky , a braded s kin . T he D P a re n ot p rimary . O f t he D N , 2 7 a re p atinated , 8 h ave c halky c ortex a nd 6 b ear t hin , n on-chalky , a braded n atural s urface ; t he r emaining 6 8 D N a re c overed b y s heen , h ave s mooth e dges a nd e vidence o f r olling a nd b attering .

C ores T here a re 3 c ores i n s tratum 9 , o f w hich o ne i s a c ore f ragment. T he m ean d imensions o f t he t wo r emaining c ores a re 4 2.5 x 2 7 x 1 7 m m ( sd 1 9 x8x2 ). T he m ean p latfrom a ngle i s 7 5 d egrees ( sd 8 ). O ne i s a n o pposed p latform b lade/bladelet c ore w orked a t t wisted a xes a nd t he o ther a s ingle p latform p yramidal b ladelet c ore. T wo o f t he c ore p latforms b ear t races o f c ore t ablet r emovals a nd o ne i s f acetted . C ore p reparation c onsists o f c learing t he b ack o f t he c ore b efore k napping. B oth c ores b ear v ery l ittle n atural s urface.

C ore t ablets T he s ingle c ore t ablet t races o n t he p roximal p art.

i s

n on-primary a nd b ears

t he

p latform

T ools E nd-scraper : t here a re 5 e nd-scrapers, o ne o f w hich i s c omplete. A ll a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f n on-primary f lakes. T he m ean t hickness i s 8 .5 m m ( sd 3 ). A ll b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd m ost h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. O ne e nd-scraper i s s imple, o ne a typical a nd 3 a re o n r etouched f lakes. C omposite t ool: t he s ingle e xample s craper/truncation m ade o n ab lade.

o f

t his

t ype

i s

a n

e nd-

B ec : t his t ype i s r epresented b y a s ingle e xample, m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f ac omplete f lake. T runcated p iece : t here a re 2 p ieces i n t his g roup, b oth m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f n on-primary b lades, o f w hich o ne i s b roken. T he m ean t hickness i s . 3 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). B oth b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. O ne i s s traight a nd t he o ther c urved i n p rofile. P iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch : b oth t ools i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd t he b lanks p rimary . T he m ean t hickness i s 9m m ( sd 1 ). B oth b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile a nd h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. O ne h as m ultidirectional d orsal s cars. A urignacian b lade: b oth t ools i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd o ne i s m ade o n a p rimaru b lade. E ach b lank i s 5 m m t hick a nd b oth a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. N otched p iece : t he s ingle t ool o f t his t ype i s b roken , m ade o n a p rimary f lake b y i nverse r etouch . U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : b oth t ools i n t his g roup a re b roken , m ade o n n on-primary b lanks w ith a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he t ools a re b acked b y d irect a brupt r etouch . T runcated b acked b ladelet: m ade o n an on-primary b lank .

t he

s ingle e xample

o f t his

t ype i s

N otched b ladelet : t his t ool i s r epresented b y a s ingle, b roken , t ool m ade o n an on-primary b lank . S ide-scraper : t he s ole s ide-scraper i s c omplete, m ade o n an onp rimary f lake w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he b lank i s s traight i n p rofile, w ith a f acetted p roximal. T ypologically , i t i s ad ouble s ide-scraper .

T OOL T YPE N O 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 1 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 1 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 3 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 1 7 . p iercer 8 . a typical p iercer ( bec) 1 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2. s imple t runcation b urin 1 3. m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 4. s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7. g ravette p oint 1 8. m icrogravette 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2 . p artially b acked b lade 2 3 . t runcated f lake o r b lade 2 2 4. b itruncated f lake o r b lade 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7 . a urignacian b lade 2 2 8. n otched p iece 1 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet ,plain 2 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p lain 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 7 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 8 . b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 1 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2. n otched b ladelet 1 4 3 . d ufour b ladelet 4 4 . b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 4 6 . s ide-scraper 1 4 7 . t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 4 8 . e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous T OTAL 1 9 T ABLE 1 03. T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 2, S TRATUM 9

5 .3 5 .3 1 5.8 5 .3 5 .3

1 0 .5 --1 0 .5 --1 0 .5 5 .3

1 0 .5

5 .3

5 .3

5 .3

1 00 .2

S TRATUM 7 T he t otal s ize o f t his a ssemblage i s 6 2 p ieces, c omprising 4 .4% o f t he t otal s ample. W hite a nd g rey f lint p redominate. T here a re t wo c ases o f r efitting i n t his s tratum . S tratum 7 y ielded s everal p ieces w ith c hipped e gdes.

F lakes T here a re 3 1 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 5 0% o f t he t otal s ample. S ix b ear n atural c hipping , o ne i s m ade o n c oarse-grained f lint a nd 2 a re c ore-direction-change f lakes. T wo o f t he f lakes r efit. T able 1 04 s hows t he q uantity, t ype a nd l ocation o f n atural s urface o n t he f lakes. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 1 5 5 6 4 1

L ocation 2 22 . N o C H 8 A L R R B K T NC D L P X T CH E X S CH 1 L L S TF 5 R L P AT S UN 1 L E C S 1 T ABLE 1 04. P RIMARY F LAKES

N o 5 4 3 2

1

M ost o f t he n atural s urfaces a re c halky c ortex ; 5 f lakes h ave t hin , n on-chalky , a braded s kin , 1 i s c overed b y s heen a nd 1 b y c oarse s kin . T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 2 7 x2 4 x 6m m ( sd 8 x 8 x 3 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 5 d egrees ( sd 9 ). T hree f lakes a re b urnt. O nly 1 3 ( 41.9%) f lakes h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, 3 ( 9.7%) h ave b idirectional d orsal s cars, 7 ( 22.6%) h ave m ultidirectional d orsal s cars, 6 ( 19.3%) h ave t ransverse o nes a nd 2 ( 6.5%) h ave n o d iagnostic d orsal s cars; o ne o f t hese i s c overed b y s heen a nd t he o ther b y c oarse s kin . R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 4 1 4 9 1 3

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 7 1 3 1 1

B utt N o S N 1 8 C 6 D 2 F L 2 P A L 3 C RS T ABLE 1 05. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 2 8 3

M ost f lakes a re o f h ard h ammer m ode a nd h ave p lain b utts ( with 6 c ortical o nes); n one i s c rested . T he m ajority ( 27, 8 7.1%) h ave p lain p roximal p arts, w hile t he r emaining 4 ( 12.9%) h ave f acetted o nes.

B lades T here a re 9 p ieces i n t his g roup, c omprising 1 4.5% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. N one i s b urnt. T able 1 06 s hows t he q uantity , t ype a nd l ocation o f n atural s urfaces. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 7 1 1 1

T ype N o L ocation C H A L R R B K T NC D L P X T CH E X S CH L L S TF 1 R L P AT S HN L E C S T ABLE 1 06. P RIMARY B LADES

N o 1

1

T here i s o ne b lade w ith c halky c ortex , 1w ith t hin , n on-chalky , a braded s kin a nd 1 w ith c oarse s kin . T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 4 9.5 x 1 6.5 x 5 .5 m m ( sd 1 2 x 2x 2 ); t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 7 ). O ne b lade b ears p artial u nifacial c resting . F our b lades ( 44.5%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, 2 ( 22.2%) h ave b idirectional o nes, 2 ( 22.2%) h ave m ultidirectional s cars, a nd 1 ( 11.1%) h as n o d iagnostic s cars, b eing c overed b y c oarse s kin . R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 1 4 1

B ulb l ocation 2 3

N o 5 3

B utt S N C

N o 7 1

M ode

N o 3

2 A L C RS T ABLE 1 07. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ost b lades h ave b ulbs l ocated b ehind o r b etween t he m ain d orsal r idge(s); m ost a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. A ll b lades h ave p lain p roximal p arts. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 4 0 d egrees ( sd 1 4) f or t he l eft a nd 3 5 d egrees ( sd 9 ) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; o ne b lade h as n o l eft l ateral c utting e dge.

B ladelets T here a re 7 p ieces i n t his g roup, c omprising 1 1.3% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. N one i s b urnt. T able 1 08 s hows t he q uantity , t ype a nd l ocation o f p rimary s urfaces.

Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 5

N o 1

L ocation A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

N o

R R T NC T CH S CH S TF 1 P AT S HN C S T ABLE 1 08. P RIMARY B LADELETS

1

1

T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 3 1 x 8x 4m m ( sd 9 x 2 x 2 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 0 d egrees ( sd 1 0). T he m ajority o f b ladelets ( 5, 7 1.4%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w hile t he r emaining t wo ( 28.6%) h ave b idirectional s cars. R idges , 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 1 2 2 1 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 5 1 1

B utt N o S N 5 C D F L P 2 A L C RS T ABLE 1 09. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 3 4

A ll b ladelets h ave p lain b utts a nd m ost h ave t he b ulb l ocated b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge. M ost a re o f s oft h ammer m ode, i n c ontrast t o t he p attern s uggested b y t he b lades. A ll h ave p lain p roximal p arts, s uggesting l ack o f c ore p latform m aintenance d uring f laking. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 3 5 d egrees ( sd 2 ) f or t he l eft a nd 4 0 d egrees ( sd 5 ) f or t he r ight l ateral e dges; t here a re 3 b ladelets w ith n o l eft a nd 4 w ith n o r ight l ateral c utting e dge. O nly o ne b ladelet b ears c ontinuous u nifacial c resting .

C hips , T here a re 3 p ieces i n t his g roup ( 4.8% o f t he t otal). N one i s e ither p rimary o r b urnt. T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 6 .5 x 7 .5 x 1 .5 m m ( sd 3 x 1 x 0 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 1 1). T wo c hips h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd o ne h as m ultidirectional o nes. M ost c hips ( 2, 6 6.7%) a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. T hey a ll h ave p lain b utts a nd o nly o ne h as f acetted p roximal p art.

D ebris T here a re 1 2 p ieces i n t his g roup ( 19.3% a ssemblage). T he D K g roup n umbers 5 p ieces ( 41.7%), ( 8.3%) a nd t he D N g roup 6 ( 50%).

o f t he

t he t otal D P g roup 1

T hree D K a re p rimary . T he D P i s c overed b y c halky c ortex . O ne D N i s p atinated , 2h ave r iver-rolled c ortex a nd o ne h as c halky c ortex .

C ores T here a re 3 c ores i n s tratum 7 . O ne i s a s ingle p latform g lobular f lake c ore w ith n o t races o f n atural s urface a nd t he s econd i s a s ingle p latform p yramidal f lake c ore w ith a p rimary p latfom a nd f ew r emovals. T heir m ean d imensions a re 3 9 x 3 0 x 1 7.5 m m ( sd 9 x 9 x 3 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 6 5 d egrees ( sd 1 ). T he n on-primary p latform b ears t he t races o f t wo t ablet r emovals a nd i ts e dge i s c rushed , p robably t he r eason f or a bandoning t he c ore. T he t hird c ore i s a n o pposed p latform b lade/bladelet c ore w orked . T he p latforms b ear t races o f t ablet r emovals a nd t he b ack i s c rested .

C ore t ablets O ne o f t he t wo c ore t ablets i n s tratum 7 i s p rimary a nd b oth b ear t he t races o f p revious r emoval o n t he p roximal p art.

T ools E nd-scraper : t here a re 2 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich o ne i s b roken a nd o ne i s m ade o n ap rimary b lank . O ne t ool i s m ade o n af lake a nd t he o ther o n a b lade a nd b oth h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 1 0 .5 m m ( sd 2 ). B oth t ools a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks ; t ypologically t hey a re e nd-scrapers o n r etouched f lake o r b lade. P iercer : t he s ingle p iercer i s c omplete, m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f ac ore t ablet. T runcated p iece : t here a re 2 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich o ne i s c omplete. O ne t ool i s m ade o n a f lake a nd o ne o n a b lade, b oth o f w hich a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. O ne b lank h as a f acetted p roximal p art. T he m ean t hickness i s 4m m ( sd 1 ). B oth t ools a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks. A urignacian b lade: t he s ole e xample o f t his t ype i s b roken , m ade o n an on-primary , c urved b lank . U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t here a re 2 b roken t ools i n t his g roup , b oth o f w hich a re m ade o n n on-primary b lanks. T he m ean t hickness i s 1 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). B acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s): t he s ingle t ool o f t his t ype i s c omplete, m ade o n an on-primary , 5m m t hick b lank w ith t wo d orsal r idges, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd s traight p rofile. T he t ool i s b acked b y a nvil r etouch , t he s ingle e xample o f t his r etouch i n s tratum 7 .

T runcated b acked b ladelet : t his t ype i s r epresented b y as ingle, b roken , e xample, m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f an on-primary b lank . B itruncated b acked b ladelet: a ll 3 t ools o f t his t ype a re n onp rimary , w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd s traight p rofile. T wo t ools a re m ade o n b lanks w ith a s ingle d orsal r idge. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). B ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch : a ll 3 t ools i n t his g roup a re b roken , m ade o n n on-primary b lanks w ith a s ingle d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. T he m ean t hickness i s 2m m ( sd 0 ). T otally o r p artially r etouched g roup, o f w hich t wo a re c omplete a nd i s 6m m ( sd 2 ). T wo o f t he t ools a re f lake. T he b lanks h ave m ore t han d orsal s cars a nd s traight p rofiles.

p iece : t here a re 3 pieces i n t his o ne p rimary . T he m ean t hickness m ade o n b lades a nd t he t hird o n a o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional

M icroburins: b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re K rukowski m icroburins.

T OOL T YPE N O 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 2 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 7 . p iercer 1 8 . a typical p iercer 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2 . s imple t runcation b urin 1 3 . m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 4. s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7. g ravette p oint 1 8. m icrogravette 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2 . p artially b acked b lade 2 3 . t runcated f lake o r b lade 2 2 4 . b itruncated f lake o r b lade 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7. a urignacian b lade 1 2 8 . n otched p iece 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet,plain 2 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 7 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 8 . b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 1 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 1 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 3 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2. n otched b ladelet 4 3. d ufour b ladelet 4 4 . b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 3 4 6 . s ide-scraper 4 7. t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 3 4 8. e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous T OTAL 1 9 T ABLE 1 10 . T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 2, S TRATUM 7

1 0 .5

5 .3

1 0 .5

5 .3

1 0 .5

5 .3 5 .3 1 5.8

1 5.8 1 5.8

1 00 .1

S TRATUM 5 T his a ssemblage i ncludes 2 16 p ieces ( 15.5% o f t he o verall R 2 s ample). T he n ew f lint t ypes a re y ellow ( in v arious c ombinations) a nd p inkish/grey . S till, t he p redominant c olours a re w hite, f ollowed b y g rey . S ix c omplete p ieces o f d ebitage b ear c hipping o n t heir e dges. T here a re t wo c ases o f r efits i n t his s tratum .

F lakes T here a re 1 17 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 5 4.2% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. T wo o f t he f lakes a re b urnt. S ix f lakes a re m ade o n V oidomatis type f lint ( the f irst a ppearance o f t his m aterial) a nd 1 o n s peckled f lint ; 2a re m ultiple f lakes a nd 1 i s ac ore-direction-change f lake. T here a re t wo r efits w ithin t his g roup . T able 1 11 s hows t he q uantity , t ype a nd l ocation o f n atural s urfaces f or t he f lakes. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o T1 2 6 1 2 1 4 4

. T ype

N o L ocation C H 3 1 A L R R B K I NC D L T CH 1 P X S CH 8 E X S TF 1 2 L L P AT 4 R L S E IN L E C S T ABLE 1 11. P RIMARY F LAKES

N o

7

2 0 1 6 7 4

5

M ost o f t he p rimary s urfaces a re o f c halky c ortex ( 40, 7 1.4%) f ollowed b y t hin , n on-chalky , a braded s kin ( 21.4% ) a nd p atina ( 7 .2%). T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 2 8 x 2 4 x 6 .5 m m ( sd 1 1 x 1 1 x 4 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 0 d egrees ( sd 1 1). R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 7 1 7 3 8 2 6 1 8 1 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 3 1 3 8 4 8

B utt N o S N 7 1 C 1 5 D 8 F 2 L 5 P 3 A L 1 2 C RS 1 T ABLE 1 12. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ode 1 S N

N o 8 3 3 3 1

M ost f lakes h ave p lain b utts ( 101, 8 6 .3%), w hile 1 5 ( 12.8%) h ave c ortical o nes ; o ne ( 0 .9%) h as a c rushed b utt. T he m ajority o f t he f lakes ( 68, 5 8.1%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars; 5 ( 4.3%) h ave b idirectional d orsal s cars, 2 3 ( 19.6%) h ave m ultidirectional s cars, 1 3 ( 11.2%) h ave t ransverse s cars a nd 8 ( 6.8%) h ave n o d iagnostic s cars, b eing p rimary a nd p atinated . M ost f lakes ( 104, 8 8.8%) h ave p lain p roximal p arts a nd o nly 1 3 ( 11.2%) h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. T here

a re o nly c rested.

2 p artially

u nifacially

c rested

f lakes;

t he

r est

a re

n ot

B lades T here a re 3 4 p ieces i n t his g roup, c omprising 1 5.7% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. T wo a re m ade o n c oarse-grained f lint. N one i s b urnt. T able 1 13 s hows t he q uantity , t ype a nd l ocation o f p rimary s urfaces. Q uantity

o 1

N o 2 3 6

2 3 4

2 2

1

L . N o L ocation C H 7 A L R R B K T NC D L T CH P X S CH 3 E X S TF L L P AT 1 R L S HN L E C S T ABLE 1 13. P RIMARY B LADES

N o 2

1 5

1 2

M ost o f t he p rimary s urfaces a re o f c halky c ortex. T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 4 3.5 x 1 5.5 x 6 m m ( sd 1 1 x 3x 2 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 9 ). M ost b lades ( 23, 6 7.6%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, 7 ( 20.6%) h ave b idirectional o nes, 1 ( 2.9%) h as m ultidirectional s cars a nd 3 ( 8.8%) h ave n o d iagnostic s cars, b eing p rimary . T wo b lades a re p artially u nifacially c rested. R idges

o 1 2 3 4 9

N o

7

2 1 2 1 6

1 2

B ulb l ocation

1 2 3

N o 2 1 1 0 3

B utt S N

c

N o 2 5 3

D 1 F 1 L 3 P 1 A L C RS T ABLE 1 14. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 1 5 1 9

M ost b lades h ave b ulbs l ocated b ehind o r b etween t he m ain d orsal r idge(s). T he m ajority h ave p lain b utts ( with 3 c ortical o nes p resent a s w ell) a nd a re o f s oft h ammer m ode. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 4 0 d egrees ( sd 1 1) f or t he l eft a nd 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 5) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; t wo b lades h ave n o l eft, a nd 6 h ave n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges. M ost o f t he b lades ( 30 , 8 8.2%) h ave p lain p roximal p arts; o nly 4 ( 11.7%) h ave f acetted o nes.

B ladelets T here a re 3 6 p ieces i n t his g roup, c omprising 1 6.7% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. O ne i s b urnt. T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 2 9 x 8 .5 x 3 m m ( sd 9 x 2 x 1 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 0 d egrees ( sd

1 1). T able 1 15 s hows t he a mount, t ype a nd l ocation o f p rimary s urfaces o n t he b ladelets. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 3 0 1 5

T ype N O L ocation C H 3 A L R R B K T NC D L T CH 1 P X S CH E X S TF 1 L L P AT P L S HN L E C S 1 T ABLE 1 15. P RIMARY B LADELETS

N o 1 2

3

M ost p rimary s urfaces a re c halky c ortex , o ne i s o f t hin , n onc halky , a braded s kin a nd o ne o f c oarse s kin . T wo b ladelets a re p artially u nifacially c rested. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 4 0 d egrees ( sd 1 3) f or t he l eft a nd 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 3) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; t hree h ave n o l eft a nd 5 n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges. R idges 0 I 2 3 4 9

N o _ . . . 6 1 9 9 1 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 2 9 6 1

B utt N o S N 2 6 C D F 1 L 5 P 4 A L C RS T ABLE 1 16. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 7 2 2

M ost b ladelets h ave b ulbs l ocated b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge a nd a re o f s oft h ammer m ode ; a ll h ave p lain b utts. M ost h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars ( 35, 9 7.2%) a nd t he r emaining o ne ( 2.8%) h as m ultidirectional s cars. O nly 2 ( 5.6%) b ladelets h ave f acetted p roximal p arts.

C hips T here a re 5 p ieces i n t his g roup, c omprising 4 .8% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. N one o f t hem i s p rimary ; n one i s b urnt, e ither. T he m ean d imensions f or t he c hips a re 8 x 7 .5 x 1 m m ( sd 2 x 2 x 0 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 5 ). A ll c hips h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd p lain b utts. M ost ( 3, 6 0%) a re o f h ard h ammer m ode ; a ll h ave p lain p roximal p arts.

D ebris T here a re 2 4 p ieces i n t his g roup, c omprising 1 1.1% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. T he n umerically p redominant g roup i s t hat o f D K ( 12

p ieces, 8 .3% ).

5 0%),

f ollowed b y D N

( 10 p ieces,

4 1.7%)

a nd D P

( 2 p ieces,

TW O D K a re p atinated , 2h ave c halky c ortex a nd 2 h ave t hin , n onc halky , a braded s kin . B oth D P a re p rimary . M ost D N a re n on-primary b ut a re c overed b y s heen a nd h ave t races o f r olling a nd b attering .

C ores T here a re 1 6 c ores i n s tratum 5 , o f w hich s even a re c ore f ragments, t hree a re f lake c ores, t wo b lade a nd f our b ladelet c ores. A ll t hree f lake c ores a re p rimary a nd o ne i s m ade o n a f lake. T he m ean d imensions o f t he f lake c ores a re 3 6 x2 2 x 3 9.5 m m ( sd 1 0 x 7 x 1 8) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 6 5 d egrees ( sd 1 0). T hey a ll a re s ungle p latform c ores w ith p lain p latforms a nd n o t races o f p reparation . O ne o f t he t wo b lade c ores i s p rimary a nd b oth a re s ingle p latform c ores w ith p lain p latforms a nd p reparation t races o n t he b ack a nd t he s ide o f t he c ores. T heir m ean d imensions a re 5 2.5 x 2 0 .5 x 2 7.5 m m ( sd 3 x 4 x 3 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 8 0 d egrees ( sd 1 ). A ll f our b ladelet c ores a re s ingle p latform c ores a nd t hree a re p rimary . O ne o f t he p latforms i s p rimary a nd t he r est a re p lain . T here a re v ery f ew t races o f p reparation o n t he c ores w hose m ean d imensions a re 3 0 x 2 5 x 1 7 m m ( sd 8 x 5 x 3 ) a nd w hose m ean p latform a ngle i s 7 0 d egrees ( sd 6 ).

C ore t ablets T wo o f t he 1 3 t ablets i n s tratum 5 a re b roken a nd t wo a re p rimary . T en a re t ypical t ablets w ith t he t races o f p revious r emovals o n t he p roximal e nd a nd t he r est h ave t he t races a long o ne l ateral e dge. F ive t ablets w ith n on-unidirectional d orsal s cars s uggest t urning o f t he c ore d uring k napping .

T ools E nd-scraper: o ne o f t he 6 s crapers i s c omplete a nd t hree a re m ade o n p rimary b lanks, t wo a re m ade o n b lades, o f w hich o ne i s c rested , a nd f our o n f lakes. T he m ean t hickness i s 1 0 .5 m m ( sd 5 ). M ost b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. A ll s crapers a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks, o f w hich o ne h as a f acetted p roximal p art. T here a re f our s imple e nd-scrapers, o ne a typical a nd o ne o n r etouched b lank . C omposite t ool : t his i s a n e nd-scraper/truncation m ade o n an onp rimary t hick p lunging f lake w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, t ransverse d orsal s cars.

P iercer : t he s ingle t ool i n t his g roup i s c omplete, m ade o n t he p roximal e nd o f an on-primary p lunging f lake . B urin : t here a re 6 b urins i n s tratum 5 , o f w hich f our a re c omplete a nd t hree p rimary . T hree a re m ade o n f lakes a nd t hree o n b lades. A ll t he b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd t heir m ajority a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 7 .5 m m ( sd 4 ). A ll t he b urins a re o f t he s imple t runcation t ype. T hree a re m ade o n t he p roximal e nd o f t he b lank . T runcated p iece: t he s ingle t ool o f t his t ype i s c omplete, m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f a p rimary c urved b lade w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. A urignacian b lade: t here a re 7 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich t hree a re c omplete a nd t hree p rimary . A ll b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd a re n ons traight i n p rofile. T hree b lades h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. T he m ean t hickness o f t he t ools i s 8 .5 m m ( sd 4 ). T runcated b ladelet: t he s ingle p iece i n t his g roup i s c omplete a nd m ade o n t he p roximal e nd o f a n on-primary p lunging b lank w ith a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t wo o f t he 8 p ieces i n t his g roup a re c omplete a nd o ne i s m ade o n a p rimary b lank . M ost b lanks h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd a re s traight i n p rofile a nd a ll h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. O ne o f t he t ools b ears p artial b acking ; t wo o f t he f ew s urviving p roximal p arts a re f acetted . U nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch : t here a re 4 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich o ne i s c omplete. A ll b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a ll b ut o ne a re s traight i n p rofile. T he o nly s urviving p roximal p art i s f acetted . T he m ean t hickness i s 2u m ( sd 0 ). T he o pposed r etouch i s s emi-abrupt i n a ll c ases. U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed : b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re c omplete a nd m ade o n n on-primary b lanks w ith m ore t han .o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. O ne o f t he b lanks i s t wisted a nd b oth p oints a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks T he m ean t hickness i s 1 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t here a re 5 t ools i n t his g roup, o f w hich o ne i s c omplete a nd n one p rimary . A ll t he b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ost a re s traight i n p rofile w ith m orethanone d orsal r idge. T wo o f t he s urviving p roximal p arts a re f acetted . T he m ean t hickness i s 2m m ( sd 0 ). B acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s): t he s ingle t ool i n t his g roup i s c omplet, m ade o n a n on-primary b lank . T he t ool i s b acked b y a nvil r etouch .

166-

T runcated b acked b ladelet: o ne o f t he 3 t ools i n t his g roup i s c omplete a nd a ll a re m ade o n n on-primary b lanks. A ll t he b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). N otched b ladelet: t his t ype i s r epresented b y 3 t ools, o f w hich t wo a re c omplete a nd n one p rimary . M ost b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge , u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). B ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch : b oth t ools i n t his g roup a re c omplete a nd o ne i s m ade o n a p rimary b lank . B oth b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd o ne i s c urved i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 41 1 1 ( sd 2 ). B ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch : t here a re 8 t ools i n t his g roup , o f w hich t wo a re c omplete a nd n one p rimary . M ost b lanks a re c urved i n p rofile a nd h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge. A ll h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T wo o f t he s urviving p roximal p arts a re f acetted. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). S ide-scraper : t here a re 5 s ide-scrapers i n s tratum 5 , o f w hich o ne i s c omplete a nd t wo p rimary . M ost s ide-scrapers a re m ade o n b lades, o f w hich t wo h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. M ost b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 7 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). A ll b ut o ne a re s imple s ide-scrapers. T otally o r p artially r etouched p iece: a ll 4 p ieces i n t his g roup a re c omplete, m ade o n b lades, o f w hich t wo a re p rimary a nd t wo h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. A ll b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ost a re s traight i n p rofile. B urin s pall : t hree o f t he 4 s palls a re c omplete f irst s palls w ith d orsal a brasion a nd t he f ourth i s as econdary s pall.

T OOL T YPE N O 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 4 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 1 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 1 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 1 7 . p iercer 1 8 . a typical p iercer 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2. s imple t runcation b urin 6 1 3. m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 4. s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7. g ravette p oint 1 8. m icrogravette 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2. p artially b acked b lade 2 3 . t runcated f lake o r b lade 1 2 4. b itruncated f lake o r b lade 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 6. p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7. a urignacian b lade 7 2 8. n otched p iece 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 1 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet,plain 8 3 2. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 4 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 2 3 4. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain 5 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 7. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed 3 8. b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 1 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 3 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2. n otched b ladelet 3 4 3. d ufour b ladelet 4 4. b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 2 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 8 4 6 . s ide-scraper 5 4 7. t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 4 4 8. e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous T OTAL 6 8 T ABLE 1 17. T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 2, S TRATUM 5

5 .9 1 .5 1 .5 1 .5 1 .5

8 .8

1 .5

1 0 .3 1 .5 1 1.7 5 .9 2 .9 7 .3

1 .5 4 .4

4 .4 2 .9 1 1.7 7 .3 5 .9

9 9.9

S TRATUM 3 . T here a re 5 53 p ieces i n t he t otal s ample f rom R 2 . c onsiderable n umbers i n m ost p redominant, f ollowed b y g rey t he s equence). S ix o f t he c hipping . T here a re t wo c ases

t his a ssemblage, a ccounting f or 3 9.6% o f V oidomatis type f lint i s p resent i n d ebitage c ategories. W hite f lint i s a nd p ale b rown ( also r elatively n ew t o c omplete d ebitage p ieces b ear l ateral o f r efits.

F lakes T here a re 2 35 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 4 2.5% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. S ix a re m ade o n V oidomatis type f lint, 4 o n c oarse-grained f lint ; 1 i s a c ore-direction-change f lake, 9 a re m ultiple f lakes a nd 1 h as b een e xperimentally r eplicated d uring c resting . T here a re t wo r efitting f lakes. O nly 4 f lakes a re b urnt. T able 1 18 s hows t he q uantity , t ype a nd l ocation o f p rimary s urfaces o n t he f lakes. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 1 36 4 3 2 5 1 6 1 5

. L . C H R R T NC T CH S CH S TF P AT S E IN C S T ABLE 1 18.

N o

7

3 3 2 1 0 2 9 7 2 P RIMARY F LAKES

L ocation A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

N o 1 5 2 3 1 1 2 0 6

2 4

M bst n atural s urfaces a re o f c halky c ortex ; m ost f lakes a re n onp rimary . T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 2 4 x 2 0 .5 x 5 m m ( sd 1 2 x 9 x 3 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 5 d egrees ( sd 9 ). T he m ajority o f t he f lakes ( 146 , 6 2 .1%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, 9 ( 3.8%) h ave b idirectional o nes, 2 4 ( 10 .2%) h ave m ultidirectional d orsal s cars, 2 6 ( 11.1%) h ave t ransverse s cars a nd 3 0 ( 12.8%) h ave n o d iagnostic d orsal s cars, b eing p rimary , p atinated o r m anufactured o n c oarse f lint. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 7 4 1 8 5 6 0 8 2 7

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 5 9 7 8 9 8

B utt N o S N 1 29 C 3 2 D 2 1 F 4 L 4 P 1 4 A L 3 1 C RS T ABLE 1 19. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 1 83 5 2

M ost f ldkes h ave p lain b utts ( with 3 2 c ortical o nes p resent) a nd a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. M ost ( 224, 9 5.3%) h ave p lain p roximal p arts w hile o nly 1 1 ( 4.7%) h ave f acetted o nes. A ll t he l atter f lakes a re

n on-primary ; t his s uggests t hat c ore p latform e dge a brasion w as t aking p lace m ainly a fter m ost o f t he o uter s urface o f t he b locks h ad a lready b een r emoved . T wo f lakes b ear c ontinuous, a nd t wo p artial u nifacial c resting .

B lades T here a re 9 7 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 1 7 .5% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. O ne i s m ade o n V oidomatis type f lint, 2 o n s peckled f lint, 2 o n c oarse-grained f lint a nd 1 o n a r iver p ebble ( judging b y t he r olled n atural s urface). T able 1 20 s hows t he q uantity , t ype a nd l ocation o f n atural s urfaces o n t he b lades. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 5 0 1 9 1 6 6 6

. D r :. N o L ocation C H 7 A L R R 2 B K T NC D L T CH 3 P X S CH 5 E X S TF 1 1 L L P AT 1 R L S HN L E C S 1 T ABLE 1 20. P RIMARY B LADES

N o 6 1 6 1 0 2 1

1 2

M ost o f t he n atural s urfaces a re o f c halky c ortex , 2 a re o f r iver-rolled s urfaces, 1 1 a re o f t hin , n on-chalky , a braded s kin , 1 i s p atinated a nd 1 h as c oarse s kin . T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 4 7 x 1 7 x 6 m m ( sd 1 3 x 5x 3 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 1 0). O nly o ne o f t he b lades i s b urnt. T he m ajority o f t he b lades ( 62, 6 3.9%) h ave u nidirectionl d orsal s cars, 1 7 ( 17 .5%) h ave b idirectional o nes, 5 ( 5.2%) h ave m ultidirectional s cars, 4 ( 4 .1%) h ave t ransverse s cars a nd 9 ( 9.3% ) h ave n o d iagnostic d irection , b eing p rimary , p atinated o r m ade o n c oarse-grained f lint. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 2 1 2 3 2 2 8 1 5 8

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

T ABLE 1 21.

N o 5 1 3 5 1 1

B utt N o S N 5 8 C 4 D 2 F 6 L 1 5 P 1 0 A L 2 C RS T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N .

N o 46 5 1

M ost b lades h ave t he b ulb l ocated b ehind o r b etween t he m ain d orsal r idge(s); m ost a re o f s oft h ammer m ode ( but o nly f ractionally s o) a nd h ave p lain b utts. T he m ajority o f b lades ( 83, 8 5.6%) h ave p lain p roximal p arts, w hile t he r emaining 1 4 ( 14.4%) h ave f acetted o nes. F ive b lades a re p artially u nifacially c rested , 1 b ears c ontinuous u nifacial c resting a nd 2 b ear p artial b ifacial c resting ; t he r est a re n ot c rested a t a ll. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 4 5 d egrees ( sd

1 5) f or t he l eft a nd 5 0 d egrees ( sd 1 6) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; b lades h ave n o l eft a nd 3 2 n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges.

2 3

B ladelets T here a re 1 01 p ieces i n t his g roup, c omprising 1 8.3% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. F ive a re m ade o n V oidomatis type f lint a nd o ne o n a r iver p ebble, j udging b y t he n atural s urface. T wo a re b urnt. T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 2 8.5 x 9 x 3 m m ( sd 8 x 2 x 1 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 0 d egrees ( sd 9 ). T able 1 22 s hows t he q uantity , t ype a nd l ocation o f n atural s urfaces o n t he b ladelets. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 7 9 1 1 5 2 4

T ype N o L ocation C H 1 1 A L R R 2 B K T NC D L T CH P X S CH 1 E X S TF 6 L L P AT R L S UN L E C S 2 T ABLE 1 22. P RIMARY B LADELETS

N o 4 4 1 5

8

M ost o f t he n atural s urfaces a re c halky c ortex , 2 a re r iverr olled s urfaces,2 a re c oarse s kin a nd 6 t hin , n on-chalky , a braded s kin . M ost o f t he b ladelets ( 88, 8 7.1%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, 7 ( 7.9%) h ave b idirectional s cars, 1 ( 0 .9%) h as m ultidirectional s cars a nd 5 ( 4.9%) h ave n o d iagnostic s cars, b eing p rimary . R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 2 2 8 4 8 1 9 3 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o

B utt N o S N 2 9 C 6 6 D 1 F 5 L 2 4 P 2 0 A L 2 C RS T ABLE 1 23. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION g U

7 5

M ode H S N

N o 4 7 5 6 1

M bst b ladelets h ave t he b ulb l ocated b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge, s uggesting g reater p recision i n t heir r emoval. M ost h ave p lain b utts a nd a re o f s oft h ammer m ode. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 4 0 d egrees ( sd 1 6) f or t he l eft a nd 4 0 d egrees ( sd 1 5) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; 2 0 b ladelets h ave n o l eft a nd 1 4 h ave n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges. M ost b ladelets h ave p lain p roximal p arts ( 94, 9 3.1%), w hile 7 ( 6 .9%) h ave f acetted o nes. T wo b ladelets b ear p artial u nifacial c resting ; t he r est a re n ot c rested.

C hips T here a re 2 3 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omrprising 4 .1% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. O ne i s m ade o n V oidomatis type f lint. N one i s b urnt. T he m ajority o f t he c hips ( 20 , 8 7%) a re n on-primary ; o f t he r emaining 3 ( 13% ) o nly o ne b ears c halky c ortex . T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 7 .5 x 6 .5 x 1 m m ( sd 1 x 2 x 1 0). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 1 0). T he m ajority o f c hips ( 17, 7 3 .9%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, 1 ( 4.3% ) h as b idirectional o nes, 3 ( 13 .1%) h ave m ultidirectional s cars a nd 2 ( 8 .7%) h ave t ransverse s cars. M ost c hips ( 21, 9 1.3% ) h ave p lain b utts, w hile t he r emaining 2 ( 8.7%) h ave c ortical o nes. 1 2 c hips a re o f h ard a nd 1 1 a re o f s oft h ammer m ode ; o nly o ne h as f acetted p roximal p art.

D ebris T here a re 9 7 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 1 7 .6% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. T he l argest g roup i s t hat o f D K ( 53 p ieces, 5 4.6%), f ollowed b y D N ( 32 p ieces, 3 3% ) a nd D P ( 12 p ieces, 1 2.4% ). T hree D K a re m ade o n V oidomatis type f lint , f urther e vidence t hat t his f lint t ype w as k napped o n s ite. M ost ( 38 , 7 1.7%) a re p rimary , m ostly c overed b y c halky c ortex . M ost D P a re n on-primary . M ost D N a re n on-primary .

C ores T here a re 4 8 c ores i n s tratum 3 , o f w hich e ighteen a re c ore f ragments. O f t he r emaining c ores 1 4 a re f lake, 6 a re b lade a nd 1 0 a re b ladelet c ores. A ll b ut o ne o f t he f lake c ores a re p rimary , s ingle p latform c ores a nd t he l ast o ne i s at wo p latform c ore w orked a t t ransverse a xes. T he m ean d imensions o f t he f lake c ores a re 5 3 x4 1 x2 7 m m ( sd 1 4 x1 2 x9 ) w ith a m ean p latfrom a ngle o f 8 0 d egrees ( sd 1 0). O nly t hree o f t he p latforms a re f acetted , t he r est b eing m ostly p lain , c ortical o r c rushed . O nly t wo f lake c ores b ear a brasion o f t he p latform e dge, s uggesting l imited c ore p latform m aintenance d uring k napping . T he e vidence f or p reparation o f t he c ores i s v ery l imited . T hree o f t he 6 b lade c ores a re p rimary . T heir m ean d imensions a re 5 9 x 2 8.5 x 2 6 m m ( sd 8 x 5 x 7 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 8 0 d egrees ( sd 1 6). M ost o f t he p latforms a re p lain , w ith o nly t hree f acetted p latforms a nd t wo c ases o f c ore e dge a brasion . M ost c ores a re s ingle p latform p rismatic o r p yramidal c ores, w ith o nly t wo o pposed p latform b idirectional e xamples. F our c ores b ear p reparation o n t he b ack o r t he l ateral e dges. F ive o f t he 1 0 b ladelet c ores a re p rimary . T heir m ean d imensions a re 4 0 x 2 5.5 x 1 9.5 m m ( sd 8 x 1 0 x 7 ) w ith a m ean p latform a ngle o f

7 5 d egrees ( sd 8 ). S ix h ave f acetted p latforms a nd t wo h ave c rushed p latforms. M ost c ores b ear p reparation o n t he b ack , t he l ateral e dges o r t he o pposed e nd . T ha m ajority o f t he b ladelet c ores a re o pposed p latform b idirectional c ores, w ith o nly t hree s ingle p latform e xamples.

C ore t ablets T wo o f t he 1 6 t ablets i n s tratum 3 a re p rimary a nd m ost a re c omplete. F ive h ave t he t races o f t he p revious r emovals a long o ne l ateral e dge . M ost c ores h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, s uggesting l ittle t urning o f t he c ore d uring k napping .

T ools E nd-scraper : t here a re 3 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich o ne i s c omplete a nd o ne p rimary . T he m ean t hickness i s 1 2 m m ( sd 4 ). T wo t ools a re m ade o n b lades a nd o ne o n af lake. A ll b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd a re s traight i n p rofile, w hile m ost h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. O ne i s as imple , o ne a n a typical a nd o ne i s a n e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake. P iercer : o ne o f t he 3 t ools o f t his t ype i s c omplete a nd t wo a re p rimary . T wo a re m ade o n b lades a nd o ne o n af lake. M ost b lanks a re c urved , w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. A ll p iercers a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks. O ne b lank i s i ntentionally b roken a nd o ne h as a f acetted p roximal p art. T he m ean t hickness i s 8 .5 m m ( sd 3 ). B urin : t here a re 1 6 b urins i n s tratum 3 , o f w hich t welve a re c omplete a nd s ix p rimary . M ost b urins a re m ade o n b lades, f our o n f lakes a nd o ne o n a c ore t ablet. F our b lanks h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. M ost b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b urins i s 7 .5 m m ( sd 4 ). E ight b urins a re o f t he s imple t runcation t ype, 3 a re m ultiple t runcation , 3 a re d ihedral b urins, 1 i s s imple o n b reak a nd 1 i s m ultiple o n b reak . A ll t runcations b ut t wo a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lank . M icrogravette : t he s ole m icrogravette i s c omplete a nd m ade o n a n on-primary b ladelet. T otally b acked b lade : t he s ingle b acked b lade i s b roken , m ade o n an on-primary b lank a nd b acked b y a nvil r etouch . T runcated p iece: a ll 3 p ieces A ll t he t ools a re m ade o n b lades, o f w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd m ean t hickness i s 7m m ( sd 3 ). T wo d istal e nd o f t he b lanks. B itruncated p iece : n on-primary b lade.

i n t his g roup a nd t wo a re p rimary . w hich m ost a re s traight i n p rofile u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he o f t he t runcations a re m ade o n t he

t he s ingle p iece i n t his g roup i s m ade o n a

P iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch : t he l one t ool o f t his t ype i s c omplete, m ade o n an on-primary b lade w ith a f acetted p roximal p art. A urignacian b lade : t he s ingle a urignacian b lade i n s tratum 3 i s b roken , m ade o n at hick , p rimary b lank . N otched p iece: t his t ype i s r epresented b y 7t ools, o f w hich o ne i s p rimary . M ost t ools a re m ade o n b lades, o f w hich t hree h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. A ll b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ost a re n on-straight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 5m m ( sd 1 ). T wo n otches a re m ade b y i nverse r etouch , w hile t he r est a re m ade b y d irect r etouch . T runcated b ladelet: o ne o f t he 2 t ools o f t his t ype i s c omplete a nd o ne p rimary . B oth b lanks h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge , u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile . B oth t runcations a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks t hat h ave a m ean t hickness o f 3m m ( sd 0 ). B itruncated b ladelet: n on-primary b lank .

t he s ingle p iece i n t his g roup i s m ade o n a

U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : o nly t wo o f t he 1 6 t ools o f t his t ype a re c omplete a nd n one i s m ade o n ap rimary b lank . A ll b lanks b ut o ne h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ost h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. O ne b ladelet i s b acked b u a nvil r etouch , o ne b ears t races o f i mpact f racture a nd o ne h as a f acetted p roximal p art. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b acked b ladelets i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). T wo b ladelets a re p artially b acked . U nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch : n one o f t he 7 p ieces i n t his g roup i s e ither c omplete o r p rimary . M ost a re s traight i n p rofile w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, w hile a ll h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T wo o f t he f ew s urviving p roximal p arts a re f acetted a nd t wo a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch . T he m ean t hickness i s 3 m m ( sd 1 ). T he o pposed r etouch i s d irect s emi-abrupt i n m ost c ases, w ith o nly t wo o ccasions o f i nverse r etouch . U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed : t here a re 5 p ieces i n t his g roup, a ll b roken a nd n on-primary . A ll t he b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w ith t he p oints l ocated o n t he d istal e nd , w hile m ost a re s traight i n p rofile a nd h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). A s ingle t ool i s b acked b y a nvil r etouch . U nilaterally b acked , b ipointed : t he s ingle t ool o f t his t ype i s m ade o n an on-primary b lank , b acked b y a nvil r etouch . B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i s m ade o n n on-primary b lank , b acked b y d irect a brupt r etouch . B acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s): t here a re 1 1 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich s even a re c omplete a nd n one p rimary . F our t ools a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch . M ost b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne

d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 3 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). M ost t ools b ear i nverse r etouch o n t he p roximal e nd . T runcated b acked b ladelet: o nly o ne o f t he 7 p ieces i n t his g roup i s c omplete, w hile n one i s p rimary . T hree t ools a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch . A ll b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. M ost t runcations a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lank b y d irect a brupt r etouch. T he m ean t hickness i s 4m m ( sd 1 ). B itruncated b acked b ladelet: b oth t ools o f t his t ype a re n onp rimary a nd b acked b y a nvil r etouch . T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). D ufour b ladelet: b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd o ne i s p rimary . B oth b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). B ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch : t here a re 1 5 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich t wo a re c omplete a nd n one p rimary . M ost h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd s traight p rofiles, w hile a ll h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 m m ( sd 1). TW O o f t he f ew s urviving p roximal p arts a re f acetted . S ide-scraper: t here a re 7 s ide-scrapers, o f w hich o ne i s c omplete a nd t wo p rimary . A ll a re m ade o n b lades w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge ; m ost b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd n on-straight p rofiles. T heir m ean t hickness i s 7 .5 m m ( sd 3 ). F our o f t he t ools a re d ouble a nd t hree a re s imple s ide-scrapers. T hree t ools b ear t races o f i ntentional b reakage . T otally o r p artially r etouched p iece: f our o f t he 7 t ools o f t his t ype a re c omplete, w hile n one i s p rimary . F our t ools a re m ade o n b lades, t wo o n f lakes a nd o ne o n a c ore t ablet. A ll b lanks h avemore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w hile m ost a re s traight i n p rofile. T hree o f t he s urviving p roximal p arts a re f acetted. O ne t ool b ears t races o f i ntentional b reakage. T he m ean t hickness o f t his t ype i s 6m m ( sd 2 ). M icroburins: t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i s a K rukowski m icroburin ; n o t rue m icroburins w ere r ecorded f rom s tratum 3 . B urin s palls: t here a re 1 0 s palls i n s tratum 3 , o f w hich o ne i s c omplete. N ine a re p rimary s palls, m ost w ith a brasion p rior t o r emoval a nd o ne i s a s econdary s pall. T wo s palls h ave c ome f rom t runcation b urins. T wisted a nd p lunging s palls o ccur, t he l atter r emoving t he o pposed e nd o f t he p arent b lank .

T OOL T YPE N O 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 1 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 1 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 1 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 7 . p iercer 3 8 . a typical p iercer 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 3 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2. s imple t runcation b urin 8 1 3. m ultiple t runcation b urin 3 1 4 . s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7 . g ravette p oint 1 8. m icrogravette 1 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 1 2 2 . p artially b acked b lade 2 3 . t runcated f lake o r b lade 3 2 4 . b itruncated f lake o r b lade 1 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 1 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ifacial r etouch 2 7. a urignacian b lade 1 2 8. n otched p iece 7 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 2 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 1 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet ,plain 1 6 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 7 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet p ointed 5 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed 1 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p lain 1 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 3 7 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 8 . b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 1 1 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 7 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 2 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2 . n otched b ladelet 4 3 . d ufour b ladelet 2 4 4 . b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 1 5 4 6 . s ide-scraper 7 4 7 . t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 7 4 8 . e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous T OTAL 1 21 T ABLE 1 24. T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 2 , S TRATUM 3

0 .8 0 .8 --0 .8 2 .5

2 .5 --6 .6 2 .5 0 .8 0 .8

0 .8

0 .8 --2 .5 0 .8 0 .8 --0 .8 5 .8 1 .6 0 .8 1 3 .2 5 .8 4 .1 0 .8 0 .8

9 .1 5 .8 1 .6 --1 .6 1 2 .4 5 .8 5 .8

9 9.6

S TRATUM 1 T here a re 4 31 p ieces i n t his a ssemblage ( 30 .8% o f t he t otal R 2 s ample). V oidomatis-type f lint i s s till p resent i n c onsiderable n umbers i n t his s tratum ; w hite a nd g rey f lint d ominate i n e qual n umbers ; p ale b rown a nd l ight b rown v arieties a lso e xist i n c onsiderable n umbers, a nd o live g rey a nd o live b rown f lint a re p resent i n s mall q uantities. S even c omplete d ebitage p ieces b ear l ateral c hipping . T here a re f our c ases o f r efits i n t his s tratum .

F lakes T here a re 2 31 p ieces i n t his g roup, c omprising 5 3.6% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. S ix a re m ade o n V oidomatis-type f lint a nd 2 o n c oarseg rained f lint. T hree a re b urnt. T here a re t hree c ases o f r efitting a mong t his g roup. T able 1 25 s hows t he q uantity , t ype a nd l ocation o f p rimary s urfaces. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 1 53 2 9 1 9 1 3 1 7

T ype N o L ocation C H 3 0 A L R R 8 B K T NC 3 D L T CH P X S CH E X S TF 2 3 L L P AT 8 E L S HN L E C S 6 T ABLE 1 25. P RIMARY F LAKES

N o 2 0 2 3 1 6 8 3 8

M ost o f t he n atural s urfaces a re n on-chalky , i n c ontrast w ith t he e vidence s o f ar. T wo f lakes a re c ore-direction-change p ieces a nd 5 h ave b een e xperimentally s hown t o c ome f rom c resting . T he m ean d imensions a re 2 4 x 2 0 x 5m m ( sd 1 0 x 8x 3 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 5 d egrees ( sd 1 0). A l arge n umber o f t he f lakes ( 144, 6 2.3%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, 1 2 ( 5.2%) h ave b idirectional o nes, 2 3 ( 10%) h ave m ultidirectional s cars, 2 4 ( 10.4%) h ave t ransverse s cars, 2 7 ( 11.7%) h ave n o d iagnostic d orsal s cars, b eing p rimary o r p atinated . R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 2 1 3 1 7 5 4 5 1 8 4 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 7 8 6 8 8 5

B utt N o S N 1 13 C 2 8 D 2 1 F 1 0 L 2 6 P 8 A L 2 5 C RS T ABLE 1 26 . T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 1 86 4 5

M ost f lakes h ave p lain b utts ( o nly 2 8 c ortical b utts a re p resent) a nd a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. O nly o ne f lake b ears p artial u nifacial c resting ; t he r est a re n ot c rested . T he m ajority o f f lakes

( 218, 9 4.4%) h ave p lain p roximal p arts ; t he r emaining 1 3 f lakes ( 5.6%) h ave f acetted p roximal p arts a nd a re a ll n on-primary ( just a s w ith t he p revious s tratum ).

1 3 1 Mpg T here a re 5 5 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 1 2.7% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. T wo a re m ade o n V oidomatis type f lint. N one i s b urnt. T able 1 27 s hows t he q uantity , t ype a nd l ocation o f n atural s urfaces. Q uantity

o 1

2 3 4

N o 3 1 1 4 8

1 1

DM

N o L ocation C H 1 2 A L R R B K T NC 1 D L T CH P X S CH E X S TF 9 R L P AT L L S HN L E C S 2 T ABLE 1 27. P RIMARY B LADES

N o

7

5 9

1

1 7

H alf o f t he p rimary b lades h ave c hallky c ortex . T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 4 3 x1 5 x 6m m ( sd 1 0 x 3x 2 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 0 d egrees ( sd 9 ). T he m ajority o f b lades ( 38, 6 9.1% ) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, 1 1 ( 20%) h ave b idirectional o nes, 4 ( 7.3%) h ave m ultidirectional s cars a nd 2 ( 3.6%) h ave n o d iagnostic s cars. O nly 7 b lades ( 12.7%) h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. R idges

N o

2 3 4 9

6 1 8 2 1 5 4

o 1

1

B ulb l ocation

B utt N o S N 2 7 2 C 1 3 D 3 F 6 L 1 1 P 5 A L 2 C RS T ABLE 1 28. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

1

N o 3 1 2 2 2

M ode H S N

N o 2 9 2 6

I n m ost c ases t he b ulb l ies b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge ; m ost b utts a re p lain a nd m ost b lades a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 4) f or t he l eft a nd 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 4) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; 1 1 b lades h ave n o l eft a nd 1 0 n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges. S even b lades a re p artially u nifacially c rested .

B ladelets T here a re 9 0 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 2 1% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. T able 1 29 s hows t he a mount, t ype a nd l ocation o f p rimary s urfaces o n t he b ladelets.

Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 7 3 1 1 5 1

D :. N o L ocation C H 9 A L R R B K T NC 2 D L T CH P X S CH E X S TF 3 L L P AT 1 R L S HN _ _ L E C S 2 T ABLE 1 29. P RIMARY B LADELETS

N o -T .

1 4 4

7

M ost o f t he n atural s urfaces a re o f c halky c ortex , w hile 2 a re c oarse s kin , 1p atina, 3 t hin , n on-chalky , a braded s kin a nd 2 b ear t hin , smooth s kin . T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 2 9 x 9x 3 .5 m m ( sd 8 x 2 x 1 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 1 0). M ost b ladelets ( 73, 8 1.1%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, 1 1 ( 12.2%) h ave b idirectional s cars, 3 ( 3.3% ) h ave m ultidirectional s cars, 1 ( 1.1%) h as t ransverse s cars a nd 2 ( 2.2%) h ave n o d iagnostic s cars, b eing p rimary a nd p atinated . R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 1 2 4 3 8 1 7 4 6

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o U4. 2 5 1

B utt N o S N Z C 4 D 2 F 7 L 1 2 P 2 2 A L 3 C RS T ABLE 1 30 . T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 3 7

5 6

M ost b ladelets h ave p lain b utts l ocated b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge a nd a re o f s oft h ammer m ode. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 3 0 d egrees ( sd 1 5) f or t he l eft a nd 3 5 d egrees ( sd 1 6) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; 1 4 b ladelets h ave n o c utting l eft a nd r ight l ateral e dges. T he m ajority o f b ladelets ( 80 , 8 8 .9%) a re n ot c rested ; 7 ( 7.8%) b ear c ontinuous u nifacial c resting , 2 ( 2 .2%) b ear p artial u nifacial c resting a nd 1 ( 1.1%) b ears p artial b ifacial c resting . O nly 5 ( 5.5%) h ave f acetted p roximal p arts, a s e vidence o f c ore p latform a bra ion d uring d ebitage. o ne i s ac ore-direction-change p iece.

C hips T here a re 2 0 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 4 .6% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. O ne i s m ade o n V oidomatis type f lint. O nly o ne c hip i s p rimary . T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 8 x 7 .5 x 1 .5 m m ( sd 2 x 2x 0 ). T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 0 d egrees ( sd 8 ). N one o f t he c hips i s b urnt. A ll c hips h ave p lain b utts ; m ost o f t hem ( 13, 6 5% ) a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. O nly 2 h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. M ost c hips ( 13, 6 5%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, 3 ( 15% ) h ave b idirectional o nes, 2 ( 10%) h ave m ultidirectional s cars a nd 2 ( 10%) h ave t ransverse s cars.

D ebris T here a re 3 5 a ssemblage. T he f ollowed b y D N ( 10 H alf o f t he

p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 8 .1% o f t he t otal l argest g roup i s t hat o f D K ( 20 p ieces, 5 7 .1%) p ieces, 2 8.6%) a nd , l astly , D P ( 5 p ieces, 1 4.3% ). D K a re p rimary . O ne D P a nd a ll D N a re p rimary .

C ores T here a re 3 5 c ores i n s tratum 1 , o f w hich s ix a re f ragments. O f t he r emaining c ores t wo a re f lake, t wo a re b lade a nd 2 5 a re b ladelet c ores. B oth f lake c ores a re p rimary a nd h ave a s ingle p latform . b oth p latforms a re p lain , w ith a m ean a ngle o f 7 5 d egrees ( sd 3 ). T he m ean d imensions o f t he f lake c ores a re 3 4.5 x 3 0 x 3 9 m m ( sd 1 3 x 1x 8 ). T he f lake c ores b ear l imitted p reparation . O ne o f t he b lade c ores i s p rimary a nd b oth a re s ingle p latform c ores w ith m ean d imensions o f 5 8 x 2 9.5 x 1 9 m m ( sd 8 x 3 x 2 ) a nd m ean p latform a ngle o f 7 0 d egrees ( sd 3 ). T he p latforms a re p lain w ith a braded e dges. T he b lade c ores b ear o pposed e nd a brasion a nd l ateral f laking . T wenty o f t he b ladelet c ores a re p rimary . S eventeen a re s ingle p latform p rismatic o r p yramidal c ores, s ix a re o pposed p latform b idirectional c ores a nd 2 a re t wo p latform c ores w irked a t t ransverse a xes. T he m ean d imensions o f t he b ladelet c ores a re 3 8 x 2 5 x 2 2 m m ( sd 7 x 8 x 8 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 7 0 d egrees ( sd 8 ). E ight p latforms a re f acetted , w hile m ost a re p lain , t wo p rimary a nd t wo c rushed . T he b ladelet c ores b ear e xtensive t races o f p reparation o n t he b ack, t he l ateral e dges o r t he e nd o pposite t he p latform .

C ore t ablets E ight o f t he 1 7 t ablets a re b roken a nd f our a re p rimary . H alf o f t he t ablets h ave t he t races o f t he p revious r emovals o n t he p roximal p art a nd t he r est h ave t hem a long o ne o f t he l ateral e dges. S everal t ablets h ave t ransverse a nd m ultidirectional d orsal s cars, s uggesting t urning o f t he c ore d uring k napping .

T ools E nd-scraper: t here a re 5 e nd-scrapers i n s tratum 1 , o f w hich t hree a re c omplete a nd t hree m ade o n p rimary b lanks. T hree o f t he b lanks a re b lades, o ne i s a f lake a nd t he f ifth i s ac ore t ablet. M ost b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. A ll t he t ools a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks, o f w hich t wo b ear t races o f i ntentional b reakage. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 7 .5 m m ( sd 4 ). F our a re s imple e nds crapers a nd o ne i s o n r etouched b lank .

C omposite t ool: o ne o f t he 3 p ieces i n t his g roup i s p rimary a nd a ll a re m ade o n b lades, o f w hich m ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd n on-straight p rofiles. T wo o f t he t ools a re e nd-scraper/burins a nd o ne i s a n e nd-scraper / t runcation . T he m ean t hickness o f t he t ools i s 9 .5 m m ( sd 3 ). P iercer : t he s ingle p iercer i s b roken , m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f an on-primary b lade. M icropiercer : t here a re 3 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich t wo a re c omplete a nd n one p rimary . A ll t he b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re c urved i n p rofile. O ne o f t he p iercers i s m ade o n t he p roximal p art o f t he b lank . T he m ean t hickness o f t he t ools i s 3 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). B urin : t here a re 1 4 b urins i n s tratum 1 , o f w hich e ight a re c omplete a nd f ive p rimary . E ight o f t he b urins a re m ade o n f lakes a nd s ix o n b lades. A ll t he b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idges a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. A ll b ut t wo h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd t hree o f t he s urviving p roximal p arts a re f acetted . T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 7 .5 m m ( sd 3 ). S imple d ihedral b urins d ominate t he b urin g roup , r epresented b y s even e xamples, o f w hich m ost a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks. S imple t runcation b urins f orm t he s econd b urin g roup , n umbering f ive p ieces, o f w hich m ost a re m ade o n t he d istal p art o f t he b lank . T he r emaining t wo b urins a re m ultiple t runcation b urins. M icrogravette: b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re c omplete, m ade o n n on-primary b lanks. O ne i s b acked b y a nvil r etouch . E ach b lank i s 2 .5 m m t hick , w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars, m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd a re c urved i n p rofile. S houldered p oint: t here a re 2 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich o ne i s c omplete. B oth t ools a re m ade o n n on-primary b ladelets w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd 3 m m t hick . T runcated p iece : t here a re 5 s uch p ieces i n s tratum 1 , o f w hich t hree a re c omplete a nd t wo p rimary . M ost t runcations a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f f lakes, o f w hich o ne h as a f acetted p roximal p art. M ost b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd n on-unidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 6m m ( sd 2 ). P iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch : b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd o ne p rimary . B oth a re m ade o n b lades w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, b idirectional d orsal s cars a nd s traight p rofiles. T he m ean t hickness i s 6 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). N otched p iece : t eo o f t he 3 p ieces i n t his g roup a re c omplete a nd o ne i s p rimary . M ost o f t he b lanks a re b lades w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd s traight p rofiles, w hile a ll h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. O ne b lank h as a f acetted p roximal p art a nd o ne i s r etouched b y i nverse r etouch . T hemean t hickness i s 1 0 .5 m m ( sd 7 ).

T runcated b ladelet: o nly o ne o f t he 6 t ools i n t his g roup i s p rimary a nd a ll a re b roken . A ll b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, w hile m ost a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T wo b lanks h ave f acetted p roximal p arts a nd t wo o f t he t runcations a re m ade o n t he p roximal p art o f t he b lank . T he m ean t hickness i s 3m m ( sd 1 ). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t here a re 2 6 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich t hree a re c omplete a nd n one p rimary . T hree t ools a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch a nd t wo b ear t races o f i mpact f ractures. M ost b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T hree o ut o f f ive s urviving p roximal p arts a re f acetted . T wo b ladelets a re p artially b acked . T hemean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch : o nly o ne o f t he 9 p ieces i n t his g roup i s c omplete a nd n one p rimary . F our t ools a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch . A ll b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile , w hile m ost h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 m m ( sd 0 ). T he o pposed r etouch i s p redominantly s emi-abrupt, b ut i nverse a nd a lternating r etouch a lso e xists. U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed : a ll 6 t ools o f t his t ype a re b roken a nd m ade o n n on-primary b lanks. O ne b ladelet a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch . A ll b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w hile m ost h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). M ost p oints a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks. U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, b ipointed : n one o f t he 5 p ieces i n t his g roup i s m ade o n a p rimary b lank . T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 3m m ( sd 1 ). A ll t he b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : b roken a nd m ade o n n on-primary b lanks.

b oth t ools o f t his t ype a re

B acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s): t here a re 4 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich o ne i s c omplete a nd n one p rimary . O ne b ladelet i s b acked b y a nvil r etouch . M ost b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 3 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). T runcated b acked b ladelet : t here a re 1 1 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich t wo a re c omplete a nd n one p rimary . T wo b ladelets a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch a nd o ne h as a f acetted p roximal p art. M ost b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). M ost o f t he t runcations a re m ade o n t he d istal p art o f t he b lanks. B itruncated b acked b ladelet: a ll 3 p ieces i n t his g roup a re m ade o n n on-primary b lanks w ith a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w hile m ost a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 4m m ( sd 0 ).

N otched b ladelet : an on-primary b lank .

t he s ingle t ool o f t his t ype i s b roken , m ade o n

B ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch : t here a re 8 p ieces i n t his g roup ,of w hich o ne i s c omplete a nd n one p rimary . M ost b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 2m m ( sd 0 ). S ide-scraper : t wo o f t he 3 s ide-scrapers a re c omplete a nd o ne i s p rimary . A ll a re m ade o n b lades w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. M ost b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile a nd a ll a re r etouched a long o ne o f t he l ateral e dges. T he m ean t hickness i s 5 .5 m m ( sd I ). O ne t ool b ears t races o f i ntentional b reakage. T otally o r p artially r etouched p iece: t here a re 4 s uch p ieces i n s tratum 1 , o f w hich o ne i s b roken a nd t hree p rimary . A ll t ools a re m ade o n b lades w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd m ost h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re n on-straight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 7m m ( sd 3 ). M iscellaneous: t here a re t wo p ieces i n t his g roup . M icroburins: t wo o f t he 8 m icroburins i n s tratum I a re K rukowski, w hile t he r emaining s ix a re t rue m icroburins. B urin s palls : t here a re 9 s palls i n s tratum 1 , o f w hich s ix a re f irst a nd t hree s econdary s palls. T wo s palls w ere s truck o ff t runcated s urfaces.

T OOL T YPE N O 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 4 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 1 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 2 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 1 7 . p iercer 1 8 . a typical p iercer 9 . m icropiercer 3 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 7 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2. s imple t runcation b urin 5 1 3 . m ultiple t runcation b urin 2 1 4. s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7 . g ravette p oint 1 8. m icrogravette 2 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade --2 2 . p artially b acked b lade 2 3 . t runcated f lake o r b lade 5 2 4 . b itruncated f lake o r b lade 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ifacial r etouch 2 7. a urignacian b lade 2 8. n otched p iece 3 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 6 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet ,plain 2 6 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 9 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 6 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 5 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p lain 2 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 3 7 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 8 . b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 4 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 1 1 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 3 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2. n otched b ladelet 1 4 3 . d ufour b ladelet 4 4 . b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 8 4 6 . s ide-scraper 3 4 7 . t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 4 4 8 . e nd-scraper/notch -4 9. m iscellaneous 2 T OTAL 1 30 T ABLE 1 31. T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 2, S TRATUM 1

3 .0

0 .7 1 .5 0 .7 0 .7 --2 .3 5 .3 --3 .8 1 .5 ---

1 .5 1 .5

3 .8 1 .5

2 .3 4 .6 2 0 .0 6 .9 4 .6 3 .8 1 .5

3 .0 8 .5 2 .3 --0 .7

6 .1 2 .3 3 .0 1 .5 9 8.8

R ECTANGLE 5 S tratum 1 i s n ot p resent i n R ectangle 5 ; t he s equence h ere b egins w ith s tratum 3 . T able 1 32 p resents t he t otal c ounts f or R 5, a n umber o f 2 979 p ieces. C LASS T L C R C T F L B L B T C H M BN B NS D

S TR3 1 59 1 7 1 4 9 34 4 1 2 97 1 93 8 7 2 9

T OTAL

1 699

%

9 7 3 1 .0 0 .8 5 5.0 2 .4 1 7.5 1 1.4 0 .5 0 .4 1 .7

S TR5 7 9 1 1 8 5 71 1 6 9 5 6 6 1 1 4 0

%

8 7 9 1 .2 1 .0 6 4.3 1 .8 1 0 .7 7 .4 0 .1 0 .1 4 .5

S TR7 3 2 2 8 1 8 4 1 1

%

6 7 2

S TR9 2

%

0 a .

4 .2 5 8 .3 2 .1 1 6 .7 8 .3 -2 .1 2 .1

1 00 .0 8 88 1 00 .0 4 8 1 00 .0 T ABLE 1 32 . T OTAL C OUNTS F OR R 5

1 28 6 2 1 2 0

3 7.2 1 .7 6 .1 5 .8

1 67

4 8.6

3 44

1 00 .0

T he l argest s ample i s t hat f rom s tratum 3 ( 57% o f t he w hole R 5 s ample), f ollowed b y s tratum 5 ( 29.8%). T he a ssemblages d ecrease i n s ize i n t he l ower s trata, e xactly a s i n t he c ases o f R 4 a nd R 2. S tratum 9h as n o m icroburins, b urin s palls, c ores a nd c ore t ablets. S tratum 7 h as t he s mallest a ssemblage ( 1.6%), w ith n o c ore t ablets o r m icroburins. T he n umber o f m icroburins r eaches i ts p eak i n s tratum 3 a nd d isappears i n s trata 7 a nd 9 . F lakes a re t he n umerically d ominant g roup t hroughout t he s equence ( fig . 2 0 a ). T here i s am arked i ncrease o f D N i n s tratum 9 ( fig . 2 0 a ). T able 1 33 s hows t he t otal f or c omplete p ieces o f d ebitage a nd d ebris ( 590 p ieces, 1 9.8% o f t he t otal). O ne i n s ix p ieces o f d ebitage i s c omplete. C LASS F L B L B T C H D K D P D N

S TR3 1 46 2 8 3 4 2 7 1 5 5 9

T OTAL

2 64

% 5 53 1 0 .6 1 2 .9 1 0 .2 5 .7 1 .9 3 .4

S TR5 7 0 9 1 4 7 2 3 6 1 1

% 3 0 .0 6 .4 1 0 .0 5 .0 1 6.4 4 .3 7 .9

S TR7 -

1 1 1

% 3 0.0 1 2.5 1 2 .5 1 2.5

1

1 2.5

4-

S TR9 5 2 2 2 2 5 1 42

% -2 .8

1 .1 1 .1 1 .1 1 4.0 7 9.9

1 00.0 1 40 1 00 .0 8 1 00 .0 1 78 T ABLE 1 33 . C OMPLETE P IECES B Y S TRATUM

F lakes d ominate a mong t he c omplete b ladelets o utnumber b lades i n a ll s trata.

d ebitage

( fig .

1 00.0

2 0

b )

a nd

S TRATUM 9 T here a re 1 78 p ieces i n t his a ssemblage, c omprising 3 0 .2% o f t he t otal R 5 s ample. M ost o f t he p ieces a re d ebris ( 93.8%), w ith a n a bsence o f D P . T he r emaining c lasses a re r epresented b y a f ew p ieces e ach a nd a re d escribed h ere b riefly .

F lakes T here a re o nly 5 c omplete p ieces i n s tratum 9 . T he t hree p rimary f lakes b ear e ither a braded s kin o r p atination . T wo f lakes b ear c hipping o n a ll e dges a nd r idges. T he m ean d imensions a re 2 5.5 x 1 8 x 5 .5 m m ( sd 1 1 x 1 8 x 5 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 5 d egrees ( sd 1 0). F our f lakes h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd 1 h as t ransverse o nes; i n m ost c ases ( 4 o ut o f 5 ) t he b ulb l ies b etween t he m ain d orsal r idges. T hree . o f t he 5 b utts a re c ortical a nd t he r est a re p lain . F our f lakes a re o f h ard h ammer m ode a nd 1 o f s oft h ammer m ode. O nly o ne f lake h as f acetted p roximal p art; i t i s an on-primary f lake.

B lades B oth p ieces p resent i n t his g roup a re p rimary , c overed b y s mooth , a braded c halky c ortex . B oth b lades b ear c hipping o n a ll e dges a nd r idges a nd h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars w ith b ulb l ocated b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge. B oth b utts a re p lain a nd o f h ard h ammer . N either b lade i s c rested . O ne b lade h as n o l ateral c utting e dges.

B ladelets T here a re t wo b ladelets i n s tratum 9 , o ne b earing c halky c ortex . B oth b ear c hipping o n a ll e dges a nd r idges a nd h ave c rushed b utts, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd p lain p roximal p arts. T he b ulbs a re l ocated b etween t he m ain d orsal r idges.

C hips T here a re o nly 2 p ieces i n t his g roup , o ne b earing c halky c ortex . B oth c hips h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, p lain b utts, b ulbs l ocated b etween t he m ain d orsal r idges a nd p lain p roximal p arts a nd a re o f h ard h ammer m ode.

D ebris T here a re 1 67 p ieces i n t his t he l argest o f a ll c ategories f or s tratum 9 . T here a re n o D P p ieces. D N a re t he l argest s ub-group , n umbering 1 42 p ieces, f ollowed b y D K n umbering 2 5 p ieces. M ost D K a re n on-primary a nd m ost D N a re c overed b y s heen , w ith r ounded e dges a nd r idges.

T ools T here a re o nly t wo t ools i n s tratum 9 . O ne i s ab roken a typical e nd-scraper o n t he d istal p art o f a p rimary b lade a nd t he o ther i s a b roken d ouble s ide-scraper o n ar olled a nd b attered b lade.

S ummary o f s tratum 9 T he l argest g roup i s D N . F ive o f t he 1 1 c omplete p ieces o f d ebitage b ear c hipping o n a ll e dges a nd r idges; a f ew b ear c hipping o n t he b utt a s w ell. T he c hipping , c ombined w ith s heen w as a lso o bserved o n s everal b roken p ieces o f d ebitage a nd t echnical p ieces. T his, c ombined w ith t he h igh p ercentage o f D N s uggest i nfluence o f n atural f actors. T he s ize o f t he a ssemblage d oes n ot e ncourage l engthy c omments.

S TRATUM 7 T here a re o nly 8 p ieces t otal R 5 s ample .

i n t his

g roup ,

c omprising 1 .4% o f t he

T hree o f t he 4 f lakes a re n on-primary . T he m ajority o f f lakes b ear u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd b ulbs l ocated b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idges. M ost b utts a re p lain . A ll f lakes a re o f h ard h ammer m ode ; t wo h ave f acetted p roximal p arts a nd a re b oth n on-primary . T he s ingle b lade i s m inimally c overed b y c halky c ortex , h as b idirectional d orsal s cars, a c ortical b utt, a nd t he b ulb l ocated b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge . I ts i s o f h ard h ammer m ode. T he b ladelet i s h alf c overed b y t hin , s mooth n on-chalky s kin a nd h as u nidirectional d orsal s cars. I t i s o f h ard h ammer m ode, h as a f acetted b utt a nd t he b ulb l ocated b etween t he t wo m ain d orsal r idges. T he o nly c hip i s o f h ard h ammer m ode, w ith a c ortical b utt a nd t he b ulb l ocated a way f rom t he m ain d orsal r idges. I t u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he D N i s c overed b y r olled s kin .

b ears

C ores B oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re b ladelet c ores, o ne w ith a s ingle p latform a nd t he o ther w ith t wo o pposed p latforms, f laked i n a b idirectional w ay . B oth c ores b ear v ery l ittle n atural s urface. A ll p latforms h ave t races o f a t l east o ne c ore t ablet r emoval; t he p latform a ngles r ange b etween 6 5 a nd 7 5 d egrees. T he o pposed p latform c ore b ears t races o f b ack c learance. M ost o f t he n atural s urface h as b een r emoved f rom t he c ores.

T ools T here a re o nly 3 t ools i n s tratum 7 : o ne c omplete b acked b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch o n b oth e nds a nd b acked b y a nvil r etouch , o ne b roken a urignacian b lade a nd o ne b rokenflake w ith a d istal t runcation m ade b y d irect r etouch . B urin s palls . T he s ingle e xample i n t his g roup c onsists o f a b roken s econdary s pall.

S TRATUM 5 T here a re 1 40 p ieces i n t his a ssemblage, c omprising 2 3.7% o f t he t otal R 5 s ample.

F lakes T here a re 7 0 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich h alf a re n on-primary , a s c an b e s een i n t able 1 34. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 3 5 2 0 8 2 5

nr .. N o L ocation C H 1 1 A L R R 1 B K T NC D L T CH 5 P X S CH 1 E X S TF 1 2 L L P AT 1 R L S HN L E C S 4 T ABLE 1 34. P RIMARY F LAKES

N o 5 7 8 7 1

7

H alf o f t he p rimary s urfaces a re c halky . T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 2 7 x 2 4 x 6 .5 m m ( sd 1 1 x 1 0 x 5 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 5 d egrees ( sd 8 ). R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o

7

8 1 7 2 7 3 1 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

T ABLE 1 35.

N o

B utt N o S N 3 9 2 8 C 1 4 2 6 D 4 F 1 L 2 P 2 A L 8 C RS T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

7

M ode H S N

N o 5 9 1 1 -

M ost f lakes h ave b ulbs l ocated b ehind o r b etween t he m ain d orsal r idge(s), h ave p lain b utts a nd a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. T he m ajority o f t he f lakes ( 43, 6 1.4%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, 4 ( 5.7% ) h ave b idirectional s cars, 1 0 ( 14.3%) h ave m ultidirectional s cars, 4

( 5.7%) h ave t ransverse s cars a nd 9 ( 12.8%)have n o b eing p rimary , p atinated o r c overed b y c oarse s kin .

d iagnostic

M ost f lakes ( 62, 8 8.6%) h ave p lain p roximal p arts, r emaining 8 ( 11.4%), a ll n on-primary , h ave f acetted o nes. f lake b ears p artial u nifacial c resting.

s cars,

w hile t he A s ingle

B lades T here a re 9 p ieces i n t his g roup, c omprising 6 .4% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. M ost b lades a re p rimary . T he i nformation o n t he n atural s urfaces c overing t hem i s p resented i n t able 1 36. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 3 2 3 1

T ype C H R R T NC T CH S CH S TF P AT S HN C S T ABLE 1 36.

N o

1 2 3

L ocation A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

N o 2 1 1 1 1

P RIMARY B LADES

H alf t he n atural s urfaces c onsist o f c halky c ortex. T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 4 7 x 1 7.5 x 7 m m ( sd 1 1 x 5 x 3 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 0 d egrees ( sd 7 ). R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 1 3 4 1

B ulb l ocation

B utt N o S N 5 2 5 C 3 3 D F L P _ _ A L 1 C RS T ABLE 1 37. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

1

N o

7

M ode H S N

N o 7 2

M ost b lades h ave p lain b utts a nd a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. A ll h ave b ulbs l ocated b ehind o r b etween t he m ain d orsal r idge(s). T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 5 0 d egrees ( sd 1 7) f or t he l eft a nd 4 0 d egrees ( sd 1 5) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; 3b lades h ave n o l eft a nd o ne h as n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges. T he m ajority o f b lades h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd n on-facetted p roximal p arts. N one o f t he b lades i s c rested.

B ladelets T here a re 1 4 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 1 0% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. ype a nd M ost b ladelets a re n on-primary . T he a mount, t l ocation o f n atural s urfaces i s p resented i n t able 1 38. Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 1 1 2 1

N o L ocation , 1 22 C H A L R R B K T NC D L T CH P X S CH E X S TF 2 L L P AT R L S HN L E C S 1 T ABLE 1 38. P RIMARY B LADELETS

N o

1

1 1

N one o f t he p rimary s urfaces i s c halky . T he m ean d imensions o f t his g roup a re 2 9 x 9 x 4 .5 m m ( sd 7 x 2 x 3 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 0 d egrees ( sd 8 ). A ll b ladelets h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o

7 7

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 5 9

B utt S N

N o 7

M ode H S

N o 3 1 1

3 3

T ABLE 1 39.

A L C RS T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

A ll b ladelets h ave b ulbs l ocated b ehind o r b etween t he m ain d orsal r idge(s) a nd p lain b utts, w hile m ost a re o f s oft h ammer m ode. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 2) f or t he l eft a nd 5 0 d egrees ( sd 1 4) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; 2h ave n o l eft a nd 3 h ave n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges. O ne b ladelet b ears c ontinious u nifacial c resting. O nly o ne b ladelet ( non-primary ) h as a f acetted p roximal p art.

C hips , T here a re 7 p ieces i n t his g roup, c omprising 5 % o f t he t otal a ssemblage. O nly o ne i s p rimary , b earing c halky c ortex . T he m ean d imensions a re 6 .5 x 6 x 1 .5 m m ( sd 2 x 2 x 1 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 0 d egrees ( sd 9 ). A ll c hips h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, p lain b utts a nd a re o f s oft h ammer m ode. O ne c hip h as t he d iagnostic s hape o f c hips p roduced d uring t he p roduction o f b ladelets ( Newcomer a nd K arlin , 1 987).

D ebris T here a re 4 0 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 2 8.6% o f t he t otal a ssemblage . T he m ajority o f t his g roup c onsists o f D K ( 23 p ieces, 5 7 .5% o f t he t otal), f ollowed b y D N ( 11 p ieces, 2 7.5% o f t he t otal) a nd D P ( 6 p ieces, 1 5.0% o f t he t otal). M ost d ebris b ear c halky c ortex , w ith t he e xception o f D N t hat h ave r olled a nd b attered s urfaces.

C ores . T here a re 1 1 p ieces i n t his g roup , f ive a re f lake a nd f ive b ladelet c ores.

o f w hich o ne i s a f ragment,

T he m ean d imensions o f t he f lake c ores a re ( sd 2 x 6 x 4 ). A ll c ores h ave a m inimal a mount t hem . M ost .p latforms a re p lain , o ne c rushed a nd o ne c ore b ears t races o f p reparation o n t he b ack. r ange f orm 7 0 t o 8 0 d egrees. T hree o f t he f lake p latform , o ne i s a n ° posed p latfrom c ore a nd o ne t ransverse a xes.

3 4.5 x 2 3.5 x 1 9 m m o f c halky c ortex o n o ne f acetted . O nly T he p latform a ngles c ores h ave a s ingle i s a c ore w orked a t

T he m ean d imensions o f t he b ladelet c ores a re 3 8 x 2 8.5 x 1 9.5 m m ( sd 4 x 5 x 4 ). T hree o f t he c ores r etain s ome n atural s urface o n t hem ; m ost h ave t races o f c learance a t t he b ack e ither i n t he f orm o f c resting o r o f f lake r emovals. A ll p latforms b ear t races o f t ablet r emovals. T he p latform a ngles r ange f rom 6 0 t o 7 0 d egrees. I n t wo c ases t here a re t races o f o pposed e nd a brasion . F our a re s ingle p latform b ladelet c ores a nd o ne i s n o pposed p latform , b idirectional c ore.

C ore T ablets T here a re 8 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich f our a re b roken a nd t wo a re p rimary . M ost a re t ypical t ablets w ith t he t races o f p revious r emovals o n t he p roximal p art a nd t wo h ave t he t races a long o ne l ateral e dge .

T ools E nd-scraper: t here a re 8 e nd-scrapers i n s tratum 5 , o f w hich s ix a re c omplete a nd t wo p rimary . M ost a re m ade o n t hick f lakes. F ive a re m ade o n t he d istal a nd t wo o n t he p roximal p art o f t he b lanks t hat h ave am ean t hickness o f 9m m ( sd 4 ). T here a re f our s imple e nd-scrapers, t hree o n r etouched b lanks a nd o ne d ouble e nd-scraper . O ne t ool i s a b urin c onverted i nto a s ingle e nd-scraper. C omposite t ool: b oth t ools i n t his g roup a re e nds craper/truncations m ade o n f lakes, o ne o f w hich i s p rimary a nd c rested. T he m ean t hickness i s 1 1 m m ( sd 1 ).

P iercer : t he n on-primary b lade.

s ingle e xample o f t his

t ype i s b roken , m ade o n a

B urins: t here 5 p ieces i n t his g roup, m ostly m ade o n n on-primary f lakes. T he m ean t hickness i s 8m m ( sd 4 ). T here a re t hree s imple t runcation b urins, o ne s imple d ihedral a nd o n e burin o n b reak/natural s urface. O ne o f t he t runcation b urins i s t ransverse, m ade o n al ateral r etouched e dge. S houldered p oint: t he s ingle e xample o f t his m ade o n an on-primary b lade .

t ype i s

c omplete,

T runcated p iece : t here a re 3 t ools i n t his g roup , t wo o f w hich a re b roken . A ll t ools a re m ade o n t he d istal p arts o f f lakes, o ne o f w hich i s p rimary . A ll b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idges a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 9m m ( sd 7 ). A urignacian b lade : t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i s c omplete, m ade o n a n on-primary b lank w ith m ultidirectional d orsal s cars a nd t wisted p rofile. N otched p iece: t here a re 5 t ools o f t his t ype, t hree o f w hich a re c omplete. T hree o f t he t ools a re m ade o n b lades; t wo o f t he b lanks a re p rimary . A ll b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith m o t han o ne d orsal r idges ; o ne h as t ransverse a nd a nother m ultidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness i s 1 1 m m ( sd 1 0). T runcated b ladelet: t here a re 3 t ools i n t his g roup, t wo o f w hich a re b roken . T hey a re a ll m ade o n n on-primary b lanks t hat a re s traight i n p rofile a nd h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he t runcations a re p roduced b y d irect a brupt r etou c h . T he m ean t hickness o f t he t ools i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t here a re 1 6 t ools i n t his g roup , 1 5 o f w hich a re b roken . A ll t ools a re m ade o n n on-primary b lanks a nd b ear u nidirectional d orsal s cars. M ost b lanks h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd a re s traight i n p rofile. T hree t ools a re b acked b y a nvil r etou c h , t he r est b eing b acked b y d irect a brupt. O ne b acked b ladelet b ears t races o f i mpact f racture. T he m ean t hickness o f t his g roup i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch : t wo o f t he 4 p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken ; n one i s p rimary . A ll b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars; t heir m ajority a re s traight i n p rofile a nd h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge. I n a ll c ases t he o pposed r etouch i s d irect s emi-abrupt. T he m ean t hickness o f t his g roup i s 3m m ( sd 1 ). U nilaterally b acked , b ipointed : t he s ingle e xample i n t his g roup i s c omplete, m ade o n a n on-primary , s traight b lank , w ith a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars.

B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken , m ade o n n on-primary b lanks, s traight i n p rofile a nd w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars. B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed : t his t ype i s r epresented b y as ingle, b roken e xample. B acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s): t his t ype n umbers 5 p ieces, f our o f w hich a re b roken . N one o f t he b lanks i s p rimary . A ll b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars ; t he m ajority h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge. T he m ean t hickness i s 3m m ( sd 0 ). T runcated b acked b ladelet : t wo o f t he 5 p ieces i n t his g roup a re c omplete; n one i s p rimary . A ll t he b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars ; m ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idges a nd c urved p rofiles. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). N otched b ladelet : t here a re 2 p ieces i n t his g roup , o ne o f w hich i s c omplete. A ll t he b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ore t han o ne d orsal r idges. T he n otches a re m ade b y i nverse r etouch . D ufour b ladelet: t he s ingle e xample m adeon a n on-primary , s traight i n p rofile d orsal s cars a nd t wo d orsal r idges.

o f t his g roup i s b roken , b lank w ith u nidirectional

B ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch : b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken , m ade o n n on-primary b lanks. O ne o f t he b lanks h as b idirectional d orsal s cars a nd a ll a re s traight i n p rofile w ith a s ingle d orsal r idge. S ide-scraper : t here a re 3 p ieces i n t his g roup , a ll b roken a nd m ade o n n on-primary b lades. T hey a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T wo t ools a re b roken i ntentionally . T otally o r p artially r etouched p iece: t wo o f t he 5 p ieces o f t his g roup a re b roken ; o ne i s m ade o n a p rimary b lank . M ost b lanks h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idges a nd b ear u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T wo o f t he b lanks a re b lades, o ne o f w hich h as a f acetted p roximal p art. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 7m m ( sd 2 ). M iscellaneous: t his t ype n umbers t hree e xamples, o f w hich o ne i s ap iercer/burin c ombined o n t he s ame b lank . T his i s av ery r are t ype. I ntentional b reak : t hree e xamples o n d ebitage a nd f our o n t ools. M icroburins: m icroburin .

t he

s ingle

e xample

i n

t his

g roup

i s

a K rukowski

B urin s palls: t his c lass i ncludes a s ingle e xample o f ab roken , f irst s pall o ff a t runcation b urin .

S ummary o f s tratum 5 T he m ajority o f b lades, b ladelets a nd c hips a re n on-primary ; h alf o f t he f lakes a re n on-primary , t oo . M ost f lakes a nd b lades a nd a ll b ladelets a nd c hips h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. O f t he p ieces w ith f acetted p roximal p arts, m ost a re n on-primary . A ll b ladelets h ave n on-cortical b utts. B ladelets a re o f s oft h ammer m ode, i n c ontrast t o f lakes a nd b lades w hich a re m ostly o f h ard h ammer m ode. T here a re 1 b lade f ragment w ith p artial u nifacial c resting a nd 1 b ladelet f ragment w ith c ontinuous u nifacial c resting . T he c ore p latforms b ear e vidence o f t ablet r emovals; c ore a re m ostly c leared f rom t he n atural s urface, w ith c ases o f c resting a t t he b ack o f t he c ores.

T OOL T YPE N O 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 4 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 1 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 3 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 2 7 . p iercer 1 8 . a typical p iercer 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2. s imple t runcation b urin 3 1 3. m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 4. s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7 . g ravette p oint 1 8. m icrogravette 1 9. s houldered p oint 1 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2. p artially b acked b lade 2 3. t runcated f lake o r b lade 3 2 4. b itruncated f lake o r b lade 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7 . a urignacian b lade 1 2 8. n otched p iece 5 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 3 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet ,plain 1 6 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 4 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 1 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p lain 2 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 1 3 7 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 8. b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 5 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 5 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2. n otched b ladelet 2 4 3 . d ufour b ladelet 1 4 4 . b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 2 4 6 . s ide-scraper 3 4 7 . t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 5 4 8 . e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous 3 T OTAL 7 9 T ABLE 1 40 . T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 5, S TRATUM 5

5 .0 --1 .3 3 .8 --2 .5 1 .3

1 .3 --3 .8 --1 .3

1 .3

3 .8

1 .3 6 .3 3 .8 --2 0 .2 5 .0 --1 .3 2 .5 1 .3 -6 .3 6 .3 --2 .5 1 .3 --2 .5 3 .8 6 .3 --3 .8 9 9.9

S TRATUM 3 T his s ample i ncludes 2 64 c omplete p ieces, c omprising 4 4.7% o f t he t otal R 5 s ample.

F lakes T here a re 1 46 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 5 5.5% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. M ost o f t he f lakes,as c an b e s een i n t able 1 41 a re n onp rimary . Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 8 7 2 6 1 5 1 1 7

T ype N o L ocation C H 1 9 A L R R 4 B K T NC 1 D L T CH 4 P X S CH 1 2 E X S TF 1 8 L L P AT 1 R L S HN L E C S T ABLE 1 41. P RIMARY F LAKES

N o 7 1 5 1 5 3 5 1 1 3

M ost o f t he n atural s urfaces a re c halky i n v arious s tages o f w eathering . T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 2 2 x 1 8 x 4 .5 m m ( sd 1 0 x 8 x 3 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 6 0 d egrees ( sd 1 0). M ost o f t he f lakes ( 98 , 6 7 .1%) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, e ight h ave b idirectional s cars, f ifteen b ear m ultidirectional s cars, t en h ave t ransverse s cars a nd f ifteen a re p rimary o r p atinated . R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 5 2 0 4 4 4 3 1 4 2 0

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o

B utt N o S N U g 5 0 C 2 2 4 9 D 2 F 2 L 7 P 1 2 A L 1 3 C RS T ABLE 1 42. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

7

M ode H S N

N o 9 7 4 9

M ost o f t he f lakes h ave p lain b utts a nd b ulbs l ocated b ehind o r b etween t he m ain d orsal r idge(s). T he m ajority o f f lakes ( 126 , 8 6 .3% ) h ave p lain p roximal p arts. T he r emaining 2 0 ( 13.7%) h aving f acetted p roximal p arts a re a ll n on-primary . T wo f lakes a re p artially u nifacially c rested a nd o ne b ears c ontinuous u nifacial c resting .

B lades . T here a re 2 8 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 1 0 .6% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. M ost a re n on-primary ( see t able 1 43). Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o

1 7

7 2 2

T ype N o L ocation C H 2 A L R R 1 B K T NC D L T CH P X S CH 3 E X S TF 4 L L P AT R L S HN L E C S 1 T ABLE 1 43. P RIMARY B LADES

N o 4 1 1 2 2 1

M ost o f t he p rimary s urfaces a re n on-chalky . T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 4 0 x 1 5.5 x 5 .5 m m ( sd 9 x 3 x 2 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 9 ). T he m ajority o f b lades h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, s even h ave b idirectional s cars, t wo b ear m ultidirectional s cars, a nd o ne i s e ntirely p rimary . R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 5 1 0 1 1 2

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 1 7 9 2

B utt N o S N 2 1 C 3 D 1 F L 3 P A L C RS T ABLE 1 44 . T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 1 5 1 3 -

M ost b lades h ave p lain b utts w ith b ulbs l ocated b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge o r b etween t he m ain d orsal r idges, w hile m ost a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 5 0 d egrees ( sd 1 4) f or t he l eft a nd 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 3) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; 5b lades h ave n o c utting l ateral e dges. M ost o f t he b lades ( 22, 7 8.6%) h ave p lain p roximal p arts, w hile t he s ix b lades w hith f acetted p roximal p arts a re a ll n on-primary . M ost b lades a re n ot c rested ; t wo b ear c ontinuous b ifacial c resting a nd t hree b ear p artial u nifacial c resting .

R ladelets

T here a re 3 4 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 1 2.9% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. M ost b ladelets ( 21, 6 1.7%) a re n on-primary , a s c an b e s een i n t able 1 45.

Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 2 1 6 7

D r. N o L ocation C H 7 A L R R 1 B K T NC D L T CH 1 P X S CH E X S TF 4 L L P AT R L S BN L E C S T ABLE 1 45. P RIMARY B LADELETS

N o

• •••• .

3 1 2 2 2 3

M ost o f t he p rimary s urfaces a re c halky . T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 2 7 x 8x 3m m ( sd 8 x 2 x 2 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 0 d egrees ( sd 9 ). T he m ajority o f t he b ladelets ( 31, 9 1.2% ) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

' No 1 3 1 6 4 1

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 2 2 1 0 2

B utt N o S N 1 7 C 4 D F L 1 P 1 2 A L C RS T ABLE 1 46 . T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 9 2 5

M ost b ladelets h ave p lain b utts a nd b ulbs l ocated b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge. M ost a re o f s oft h ammer m ode. T he m ean e dga a ngles a re 4 0 d egrees ( sd 1 3) f or t he l eft a nd 4 0 d egrees ( sd 1 1) f or t he r ight l ateral e dge ; t wo b ladelets h ave n o l eft a nd o ne h as n o r ight l ateral c utting e dge. O nly 4 b ladelets h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. T wo b ladelets b ear c ontinuous u nifacial c resting a nd t wo m ore b ear p artial u nifacial c resting .

C hips T here a re 2 7 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 1 0 .2% q f t he t otal a ssemblage. M ost a re n on-primary , w hile a ll t he p rimary c hips b ear c halky c ortex . T he m ean d imensions f or t his g roup a re 7 x 7 .5 x 1 .5 m m ( sd 2 x 2 x 1 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 1 0). T he m ajority o f t he c hips h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re o f h ard h ammer m ode. A ll c hips h ave p lain b utts. O ne i s ab ladelet like c hip , p roduced d uring t he m anufacture o f b ladelets a nd o ne c omes f rom a c ore p latform e dge, p roduced d uring f acetting .

D ebris T here a re 2 9 p ieces i n t his g roup , c omprising 1 1% o f t he t otal a ssemblage. T he l argest s ub-group i s t hat o f D K ( 15 p ieces, 5 1.7%)

f ollowed b y D N ( 9 p ieces, 3 1.1%) a nd D P ( 5 p ieces, 1 7 .2% ). a re p rimary .

M ost d ebris

C ores T here a re 1 7 c ores i n s tratum 3 , o f w hich t wo a re c ore f ragments, t hree a re f lake, o ne b lade a nd e leven b ladelet c ores. O f t he f lake c ores, t wo h ave a s ingle p latform a nd t he t hird h as t wo o pposed p latforms. T heir m ean d imensions a re 5 8.5 x 3 0 x 4 2.5 m m ( sd 5 x 1 1 x2 ), w hile t he p latform a ngles r ange f rom 6 5 t o 8 5 d egrees. O ne p latform i s c rushed , o ne p lain a nd t wo f acetted . C ore p reparation i s l imited . T his, c ombined w ith c leavage p lanes o n o ne c ore a nd c rushed e dge o n t he o ther, s eem t o b e t he m ain r easons f or a bandoning t he c ores. T he b lade c ore h as t wo o pposed p latfroms a nd r etains n o t races o f n atural s urface. I ts d imensions a re 6 7 x 3 3 x 1 6 m m a nd t he p latform a ngle i s 7 0 d egrees. T he p latforms s how m aintenance t races i n t he f orm o f f acetting a nd e dge a brasion . F ive o f t he 1 1 b ladelet c ores r etain s ome n atural s urface. S ix a re s ingle p latform c ores a nd f ive h ave t wo o pposed p latforms, o f w hich o ne i s f laked a t t wisted a xes. T he m ean d imensions o f t he b ladelet c ores a re 3 3 x 2 3 x 1 8 m m ( sd 5 x 7 x 5 ) a nd t he m ean p latform a ngle i s 7 5 d egrees ( sd 5 ) S even p latfotms a re f acetted , e ight a re p lain a nd t wo c rushed . S ome o f t he c ores b ear t races o f p reparation w ither a t t he b ack o r a long t heir l ateral e dges.

C ore T ablets T here a re 1 4 p ieces i n t his g roup, o f w hich f our a re b roken a nd f our p rimary . T he m ajority o f t ablets a re t ypical, w ith t he t races o f p revious r emovals o n t he p roximal e nd , w hile s ix h ave t he t races a long o ne o f t he l ateral e dges.

T ools E nd-scraper : t here a re 7 p ieces i n t his g roup , o f w hich f ive a re b roken a nd t wo p rimary . M ost s crapers a re m ade o n b lades w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars, m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd s traight p rofiles. T wo s crapers a re m ade o n t he p roximal e nd o f t he b lanks. T he m ean t hickness o f t he e nd-scrapers i s 8 .5 m m ( sd 3 ). F our a re s imple s crapers a nd t hree a re o n r etouched b lanks. P iercer : b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re c omplete, m ade o n b lades o f w hich o ne i s p rimary . B oth b lanks a re c urved i n p rofile, w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars ; o ne o f t he b lades h as f acetted p roximal p art. T he m ean t hickness i s 4 .5 m m ( sd 1 ).

A typical p iercer o f b ec : t he s ingle e xample c omplete, m ade o n an on-primary b lade..

o f t his

t ype i s

B urin : t here a re 7 b urins i n s tratum 3 , o f w hich f our a re b roken a nd o ne p rimary . F ive o f t he b urins a re m ade o n b lades a nd t wo o n f lakes. M ost o f t he t ools a re m ade o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b urins i s 7m m ( sd 2 ). T hree a re m ade o n b reaks, t wo a re s imple t runcations, o ne i s am ultiple t runcation b urin , a nd t he l ast i s o f t he s imple d ihedral t ype. O ne b lank b ears t races o f i ntentional b reakage d elivered a fter t he m anufacture o f t he b urin . M icrogravette : t his t ype i s r epresented b y 5e xamples, o f w hich t hree a re b roken . F our a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch , w hile a ll a re m ade o n b lanks w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T hree o f t he b lanks a re c urved i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 3m m ( sd 1 ). S houldered p iece : t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i s b roken , m ade o n an on-primary f lake. T runcated p iece: f our o f t he 6 p ieces i n t his g roup a re c omplete. F ive o f t he t ools a re m ade o n f lakes, o f w hich o ne i s p rimary . A ll b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ore t han o ne d orsal r idges. T he m ean t hickness o f t his g roup i s 5m m ( sd 2 ). O ne o f t he t ools i s ac onverted b urin . A ll t runcations a re o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks a nd a re m ade b y d irect a brupt r etouch . P iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch : t his t ype i s b roken , m ade o n ap rimary f lake.

t he s ingle e xample o f

A urignacian b lade : t wo o f t he 7 p ieces o f t his t ype a re c omplete a nd t wo a re p rimary . F our b lades h ave f acetted p roximal p arts, o ne i s c rested a nd o ne i s i ntentionally b roken . M ost o f t he b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ean t hickness o f t his t ype i s 7mm ( sd 2 ). N otched p iece : b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd o ne p rimary . B oth b lanks ( a f lake a nd a b lade) h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. T runcated b ladelet: o nly t wo o f t he 6 t ools i n t his g roup a re c omplete, w hile a ll a re m ade o n n on-primary b lanks w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge ; t wo a re t wisted i n p rofile. I n t wo c ases t he t runcation i s l ocated o n t he p roximal p art o f t he b lank . T he m ean t hickness o f t his t ype i s 3m m ( sd 0 ) . U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t his i s t he l argest t ool c lass i n s tratum 3 , c omprising 4 7 p ieces o f w hich f ive a re c omplete. A ll t ools, w ith t he e xception o f t hree p ieces, a re m ade o n n on-primary b lanks w ith a m ean t hickness o f 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). S even b lanks h ave f acetted p roximal p arts, t hree a re p artially b acked a nd f ifteen a re m ade b y a nvil r etouch . O ne t ool h as t races o f i mpact f racture. T he m ajority o f t he b lanks h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re s traight i n p rofile.

U nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch : a ll 1 0 t ools i n t his g roup a re b roken , m ade o n n on-primary b lanks. F our a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch . A ll b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w hile m ost h ave o ne d orsal r idge . T he o posed r etouch i s d irect s emi-abrupt i n 8 c ases a nd i nverse i n o ne c ase. T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 0 ). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed : a ll 5 t ools i n t his g roup a re b roken , m ade o n n on-primary b lanks w ith a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional s cars. A ll b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile , w ith t he p oints l ocated o n t he d istal e nds. T he m ean t hickness i s 2m m ( sd 1 ). T hree t ools a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch . U nilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed : t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i s m ade o n an on-primary , c urved b lank w ith t wo d orsal r idges a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. B acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s): f our o f t he 6 t ools i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd f ive a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch . A ll b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile , w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w hile m ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge . Am ean t hickness o f 3 .5 m m ( sd 1 ) s uggests t hat t his t ype w as m anufactured o n t hicker b lanks t han t he o ther b acked b ladelet t ypes. T his h as b een o bserved i n t he o ther s trata , t oo . T runcated b acked b ladelet : t his t ype i s r epresented b y 1 4 e xamples, o f w hich f our a re c omplete . A s ingle t ool i s p rimary , o ne b lank h as a f acetted p roximal p art a nd t wo t ools a re b acked b y a nvil r etouch . A ll b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd t heir m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). M ost o f t he b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. T he t runcations a re m ostly l ocated o n t he d istal e nd o f t he b lanks a nd a re m ade b y d irect a brupt r etouch . B itruncated b acked b ladelet : t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i s b acked b y a nvil r etouch , s traight i n p rofile , w ith a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional s cars. N otched b ladelet : t hree o f t he 4 t ools i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd t wo a re m ade o n p rimary b lanks. O ne b lank h as a f acetted p roximal p art , w hile t wo h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge . A ll b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a ll n otches a re m ade b y d irect a brupt r etouch . B ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch : t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ype i s b roken a nd m ade o n an on-primary b lank . B ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch : o nly o ne o f t he 1 0 t ools i n t his g roup i s c omplete , w hile a nother i s m ade o n ap rimary b lank . O ne b lank i s c rested . T he m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). A ll b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd t wo h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. T wo o f t he b ladelets a re t wisted i n p rofile a nd m ost h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge.

S ide-scraper: o nly t wo o f t he 9 t ools i n t his g roup a re c omplete. A ll b ut o ne a re m ade o n b lades, o f w hich t wo a re p rimary . T wo b lades h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. A ll t he b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, w hile m ost a re s traight i n p rofile. T he m ean t hickness i s 5 .5 m m ( sd 2 ). T wo o f t he t ools a re d ouble s ide-scrapers a nd t wo a re i ntentionally b roken . T otally o r p artially r etouched p iece: o nly o ne o f t he 5 t ools i n t his g roup i s b roken a nd f our a re m ade o n b lades, o ne o f w hich i s p rimary . T hree o f t he s urviving p roximal p arts a re f acetted . O ne f lake h as m ultidirectional d orsal s cars. M ost b lanks a re t wisted i n p rofile a nd h ave m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. T he r etouch i s m ostly d irect a nd d iscontinuous b ut a lternating r etouch a lso o ccurs. M iscellaneous: o ne b urin f ragment o f u ndiagnos t ic t ype. M icroburins: f ive o f t he 8 p ieces i n t his g roup a re K rukowski m icroburins a nd t he r emaining t hree a re t rue p roximal m icroburins . N one o f t he m icroburins i s p rimary . B urin s palls: t here a re 7 e xample o f t his t ype, o f w hich o ne i s b roken . F ive a re p rimary ( two o ff t runcation b urins) a nd t wo s econdary s palls.

S ummary o f s tratum 3 . M ost o f t he c omplete d ebitage a re n on-primary w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T he m ajority o f a ll d ebitage c lasses i s o f h ard h ammer m ode, w ith t he e xception o f b ladelets t hat ( as i n s tratum 5 , t oo) a re m ostly o f s oft h ammer m ode. T his i s a n i ndication o f t echnological v ariation i n b lank p roduction . M ost b utts a re p lain a nd a lmost a ll p ieces w ith f acetted p roximal p arts a re n on-primary .

T OOL T YPE N O 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 4 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 3 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 7 . p iercer 2 8 . a typical p iercer 1 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2. s imple t runcation b urin 2 1 3 . m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 1 4. s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 3 1 5. m ultiple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7. g ravette p oint 1 8. m icrogravette 5 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 1 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2. p artially b acked b lade 2 3. t runcated f lake o r b lade 6 2 4. b itruncated f lake o r b lade 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 1 2 6. p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7. a urignacian b lade 7 2 8. n otched p iece 2 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 6 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet ,plain 4 7 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 1 0 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 5 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 1 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p lain 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 3 7 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 8 . b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 6 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 1 4 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 1 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2. n otched b ladelet 4 4 3 . d ufour b ladelet 4 4 . b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 1 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 1 0 4 6 . s ide-scraper 9 4 7 . t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 5 4 8 . e nd-scraper/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous 1 T OTAL 1 59 T ABLE 1 47 . T OOL C OUNTS F OR R 5, S TRATUM 3

% 2 .5

1 .9

1 .2 0 .6 0 .6 --1 .2 0 .6 1 .9

3 .1 0 .6

3 .8 --0 .6 --4 .4 1 .2 3 .8 --2 9.5 6 .3 3 .1 0 .6

3 .8 8 .8 0 .6 --2 .5 --0 .6 6 .3 5 .7 3 .1 --0 .6 9 9.5

S U MARY O F K ASTRITSA K astritsa p ossesses a d eep s tratigraphy t hat s pans o ver s everal t housand y ears. I n g eneral, a ll s trata a re d ominated b y f lakes, w ith t he e xception o f s tratum 9 . B lades a nd b ladelets a re p resent i n r oughly e qual n umbers i n a ll s trata b ut s tratum 1 , w here b ladelets a re m ore t han t he b lades. T he a nalysis s howed a m ore i ntensive u se o f t he s ite i n s tratum 3 , r esulting i n l arger a ssemblages, r ich i n t ools a nd d ebitage. R efits a re c ommon i n t he u pper s trata a nd p ractically a bsent f rom t he l ower o nes.

S tratum 9 : t his i s d ominated b y D N ; i n a lmost a ll r ectangles, b ut e specially i n R 4, m any a rtifacts b ear e dge d amage ; t hese t wo o bservations s uggest s ome n atural a ction , p ossibly b y w ater , a lready s uggested b y B ailey e t a l. ( 1983b , 2 6) w here i ntensive a brasion i s a ttested b y t he v ery w orn a ppearance o f t he p ebbles t hat f orm t he d eposits. T he f lakes h ave l arge b utts, v ery f ew f acetted p roximal p arts, a re m ostly u nidirectional a nd o f h ard h ammer m ode, w ith t he b ulb l ying b etween t he d orsal r idges, b ut a lso , i n s everal c ases, a way f rom i t. T he b lades a re m ostly o f s oft h ammer m ode, w ith s mall b utts, n o b idirectional d orsal s cars a nd t he b ulb u sually b etween t he d orsal r idges ; t he f acetted p roximal p arts a re v ery f ew . T he f ew b ladelets a re o f s oft h ammer m ode, h ave s mall b utts a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. B ladelet c ores d o e xist i n t his p art o f t he s equence, a lthough c ores i n g eneral a re v ery f ew , a nd b ear v ery l imited p reparation . S tratum 9 y ielded f ew t ools i n r elation t o t he o ther s trata ; t he i nventory h as f ew t ool t ypes a nd i s c haracterized b y a n e nd-scraper i ndex o f 1 4.3, v ery c lose t o t he b ladelet t ool i ndex a t 2 1.4 a nd t he b acked b ladelet i ndex a t 1 7 .8. I n t his s ense s tratum 9 d iffers f rom t he u pper s trata, w here b ladelet t ools a nd b acked t ypes h ave v ery l arge i ndices. T here a re n o b urins, b urin s palls, m icroburins, g ravette a nd m icrogravette p oints, o r s houldered t ypes. T runcated p ieces, a urignacian b lades a nd s ide-scrapers a re p resent i n v ery s mall n umbers c ompared t o t he o ther s trata. T here a re f ew e nd-scrapers, o ne m ultiple t ool a nd o ne b ec. T he b acked b ladelet t ypes a re r epresented b y v ery f ew e xamples a nd m ostly b y u nilaterally b acked , p lain p ieces. T runcated b acked b ladelets a nd b ladelets w ith i nversely r etouched e nds a re r epresented b y as ingle e xample e ach . B ladelet t ools a re o utnumbered b y t ools m ade o n b lades o r f lakes. B lades a re p refered t o f lakes a s b lanks f or t ool m anufacture. M bst b lanks a re n on-primary , s traight , w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. T here a re n o b lanks w ith f acetted p roximal p arts, a n o bservation t hat a grees w ith t hat f rom t he c ores a nd t he r emaining d ebitage.

I n b rief , s tratum 9 i s e rratic i n c haracter , w ith a bundant t races o f d isturbance d ue t o n atural c auses, a p oor t ool i nventory a nd a n ot e laborate t echnology . S tratum 7 : t his s tratum h as l ess D N t han t he p revious o ne, w ith f lakes d ominating t he c omplete d ebitage a ssemblage . T he f lake b utts a re a s l arge a s i n s tratum 9 a nd b oth f lakes a nd b lades h ave p lain p roximal p arts a nd a re m ostly o f h ard h ammer m ode. S ome o f t he b ladelets h ave f acetted p roximal p arts, w hile m ost a re o f s oft h ammer m ode . B ladelet c ores o utnumber f lake c ores a nd u sually h ave o ne p latform . T he p latforms a re p lain a nd t he c ombined e vidence o f c ores a nd c ore p latforms s uggests t he c ores w ere t urned d uring f laking . T here a re n o b lade c ores. S tratum 7 i s r icher i n t ools t han s tratum 9 a nd p resents a w ider r ange o f t ypes. T he n ovelties a s f ar a s t he t ools a re c oncerned a re t he a ppearance o f b urins ( 3 i n n umber a nd a ll o n t runcations) a nd b ladelets w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch . T he b acked b ladelet t ypes a re e nriched b y t he i ntroduction o f p ointed b acked b ladelets, b acked b ladelets w ith o pposed r etouch a nd b ilateral b acking . T he r emaining t ypes a re p resent i n l arger n umbers t han i n t he p revious s tratum . T he e nd-scraper i ndex i s 7 .6 , t he b urin i ndex i s 3 .3 , t he b acked b ladelets r epresent 4 5.6% o f t he t otal t ool i nventory , w hile b ladelet t ools o ccupy 5 6 .5% o f t he t otal c ounts. T here a re n o m icroburins, g ravette o r m icrogravette p oints, n or a ny s houldered t ypes. N otched b ladelets, s ide-scrapers, t otally o r p artially r etouched p ieces a nd t runcations a re m ore n umerous t han i n s tratum 9 .

S tratum 5 : t he a ssemblage f rom s tratum 5 i s l arger t han t he t wo l ower o nes, b oth i n d ebitage, c ores a nd t ools. I t a lso i s f lake d ominated , w ith b lades a nd b ladelets i n r oughly e qual n umbers. F lakes h ave l arge b utts, a re m ostly o f h ard h ammer m ode a nd h ave p lain p roximal p arts. T hey a re m ostly s traight i n p rofile , w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd n on-parallel l ateral e dges. B lades h ave s maller b utts t han i n t he p revious s trata w ith m ore s oft h ammer s truck p ieces. B idirectional s cars m ake t heir f irst a ppearance o n t he b lades, a long w ith b lade c ores, a lthough i n s mall n umbers. A t hird o f t he b lades h ave f acetted p roximal p arts, a nother d ifference w ith t he p revious s trata . B ladelets h ave s mall b utts, a re m ostly u nidirectional , w ith f ew b idirectional e xamples a nd n ot p redominantly s traight . C ontrary t o t he b lades, t hey a re p redominantly o f s oft h ammer m ode, w ith p lain p roximal p arts. T he a bove o bservations s uggest a m ajor t echnological b reak f rom t he t wo l ower s trata t hat i s a ccompanied b y a n e qaully s ignificant c hange i n t he t ool i nventory . P iercers d ihedral b urins b urins o n b reaks f irst a ppear i n l arge n umbers, w hile m icrogravettes, s houldered p oints, s houldered p ieces a nd d ufour b ladelets a re r epresented , f or t he f irst t ime i n t he K astritsa s equence, b y as ingle e xample e ach . T he n umber o f t he r emaining n onb ladelet t ool t ypes i ncreases a ccordingly . T he e nd-scraper i ndex i s 9 .4 , e qual t o t hat o f t he b urins. W ithin t he b urin c lass, t hose m ade

205-

o n t runcations a re t he d ominant g roup , m ore t han f our t imes t he n umber o f t he d ihedral t ypes a nd m ore t han s ix t imes t hat o f t hose o n b reak . T here a re n o m ultiple b urins o f a ny t ype. B ladelet t ools r each 5 1.0% o f t he t otal t ool c ounts, w hile b acked b ladelet t ypes a ccount f or 3 8.0% . T he c ommonest b acked b ladelet t ype i s t he u nilaterally b acked ,plain , f ollowed b y t runcated , b ilaterally b acked , w ith o pposed r etouch a nd i nversely r etouched e nds. T he s ide- s craper i ndex i s 5 .7 , w hile t otally o r p artially r etouched p ieces a re p resent i n e qual n umbers t o t he s ide-scrapers.

S tratum 3 : t his i s t he r ichest s tratum i n a lmost a ll r ectangles. F lakes a re a gain t he n umerically p redominant d ebitage c lass. T he f lake b utts a re s maller t han i n t he p revious s trata ; t he f lakes h ave m ostly p lain p roximal p arts, s traight p rofiles, u nidirectional s cars a nd n onp arallel e dges. T he b lades h ave s mall b utts, m ostly p lain p roximal p arts a nd a re o ften o f h ard h ammer m ode . T he b ladelets h ave s mall b utts, p arallel l ateral e dges, u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a re p redominantly o f s oft h ammer m ode, w hile s traight a nd n on-straight p rofiles a re p resent i n e qual n umbers. T his i s n ot s o m usch a t echnological c haracteristic , a s a r esult o f b lank s election , w hich m eans t hat m ost b ladelets w ith s traight p rofiles a re r etouched i nto t ools. T he p roximal p arts o f t he b ladelets a re f acetted i n 1 4% o f t he t otal c ases. S tratum 3 i s v ery r ich i n c ores, s uggesting a d enser u se o f t he s ite. M bst e xamples a re b ladelet c ores, f ollowed b y f lake c ores a nd f inally b y v ery f ew b lade c ores. A c onsiderable n umber o f t he c ores h ave t wo o pposed p latforms a nd a re f laked i n a b idirectional a xis. P latforms a re o ften f acetted , m ostly t hose o f t he b ladelet c ores. T he i nformation, f rom t he c ores a nd t he t ablets s uggests t hat t he p revious t echnological t rend o f t urning t he c ores w hile f laking h as b een r eplaced i n s tratum 3 1 2 x b idirectional f laking w ith m ore c ore p reparation a nd m aintenace. T his c an b e s een i n t he n umber o f p roducts w ith f acette rProximal p arts, b oth i n t he d ebitage c lass a nd t he t ool i nventory . B lades a re p referred t o f lakes f or t ool m anufacture . M ost n onb ladelet b lanks a re s traight i n p rofile w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd t wo r idges, w ith t he e xception o f p iercers t hat t o b e m ade o n t wisted o r c urved b lanks. P rimary b lanks a re u sed , b ut i n s mall n umbers ( a t rend c ommon t hroughout t he K astritsa s equence). B ladelet b lanks a re p redominantly n on-primary ( an o bservation t hat a grees w ith t he e vidence f rom t he d ebitage), s traight, w ith u nidirectional s cars a nd a s ingle d orsal r idge. B ladelets w ith t wo r idges a re u sually b acked b y a nvil r etouch ; t hese a re a lso t hicker t han t he r est. S everal o f t he s urviving p roximal p arts o f t he b lanks a re f acetted . T echnologically , s tratum 3 i s c haracterized b y t he i ntroduction o f t he m icroburin t echnique ( in s mall n umbers) a nd t he p ractice o f i ntentional b reakage o f r etouched a nd u nretouched b lades. T he t ools m ost c ommonly t reated i n t his w ay a re s ide-scrapers a nd a urignacian b lades. T he t ools a re f ragmented a fter r etouch ; t his m ight r eflect a n

a ttempt t o m ultiply t he n umber o f a vailable s traight b lades, w hose n umber i s l imited , p erhaps b ecause o f t he c haracter o f t he r aw m aterial. V oidomatis type f lint, a lready u sed f rom s tratum 5 , r eaches i t w ider u se i n t his s tratum . T he t ool i nventory f or t his s tratum i s v ery r ich b oth i n n umbers a nd i n t ypes o f t ools. T he m ain t ool t ypes a re t hose m anufactured o n b ladelets ( 62,1% o f t he t otal t ool a ssemblage) a nd t hese, i n t urn , a re d ominated b y b acked b ladelet t ypes ( 50% o f t he t ool a ssemblage). T he d ominant t ype i s t hat o f t he u nilaterally b acked , p lain b ladelet , f ollowed b y t hose w ith i nversely r etouched e nds, t hose w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch , t he t runcated a nd b itruncated v ariety ( the l atter n umbering m ore e xamples t han i n t he o ther p arts o f t he s equence), t he b acked b ladelets w ith o pposed r etouch a nd t he p ointed , u nilaterally b acked b ladelets. T he n umber o f b ilaterally b acked b ladelets d rops d ramatically , w hile t here a re n o p ointed o r b ipointed e xamples o f t his t ype. N otched , t runcated a nd d ufour b ladelets a re p resent i n s mall n umbers, w hile b ladelets w ith i nverse r etouch a re r epresented b y a s ingle e xample. T he l argest g roup o f t he n onbladelet t ools i s t hat o f t he s ides crapers ( 6.8% o f t he t otal t ool c ounts), f ollowed b y t he b urins. T he b urin i ndex i s 6 .5 a nd t he m ain t ype a re t hose m ade o n t runcations. I n t his s tratum w itnesses t he f irst a ppearance o f m ultiple b urins, w hile b urins o n b reaks, f irst p resented i n s tratum 5 , s how a s mall i ncrease i n n umber . T otally o r p artially r etouched p ieces, t runcations, b acked b lades, a urignacian b lades a nd n otched p ieces a re p resent i n i ncreased n umbers. M icrogravettes n ow c omprise 2 .9% o f t he t otal t ool c ounts, w hile s houldered p oints a nd p ieces a re r epresented b y f ar m ore e xamples t han i n a ny o ther s tratum . T he e nd-scraper i ndex i s h alf o f t he b urin o ne, a t 3 .0 . M icropiercers m ake t heir f irst a ppearance i n t he s equence a nd a re u sually m ade o n t wisted o r c urved b ladelets ; p iercers a lso i ncrease i n n umber.

S tratum 1 : t he u pper s tratum i n t he K astritsa s equence i s a lso d ominated b y f lakes, w ith b ladelets o utnumbering b lades i n t he c omplete d ebitage c ounts, a n ovelty t o t he s equence. T he f lake b utts a re l arger t han a t s tratum 3 , w ith t he b ulb o ften a way f rom t he m ain d orsal r idges ; t he f lakes a re p redominanity o f h ard h ammer m ode, w ith n onp arallel l ateral e dges a nd s traight p rofiles. S everal f lakes a re c rested , m ostly u nifacially , w hile 1 3% o f t he f lakes h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. T he b lade b utts a re a s l arge a s i n s tratum 3 , s truck m ostly b y h ard h ammer. B lades a re o ften c rested , w ith 2 0% h aving f acetted p roximal p arts. T he b ladelets h ave s mall, p unctiform o r l inear b utts, u nidirectional d orsal s cars, n on-straight p rofiles a nd a re m ostly o f s oft h ammer m ode ; 1 6% o f t hem h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. S tratum 1 h as f ewer b lade c ores t han t he p revious o ne a nd f ewer f acetted p latforms, w hile t urning o f t he c ores i s a gain p refered t o b idirectional f laking . T rue m icroburins a re p resent i n m uch l arger n umbers t han i n t he p revious s tratum , s uggesting a w ider u se o f t he t echnique ; t his c ould a ccount f or t he d ecrease o f b acked b ladelets w ith i nversely r etouched e nds i n t his s tratum s ince t he l atter t echnique i s n o l onger n eeded t o t hin t he e nds o f t he b ladelets.

F lakes a nd b lades a re u sed a s b lanks i n a lmost e qual n umbers, i n c ontrast t o s tratum 3 . N ot a ll o f t he n onbladelet b lanks a re u nidirectional, b ut t hey a re m ostly s traight i n p rofile. P iercers a nd m icropiercers a re a gain m ostly m ade o n t wisted o r c urved b lanks. T here a re n o a urignacian b lades g ravette p oints, b acked b lades a nd d enticulate b ladelets i n t his s tratum , t here a re f ewer s houldered p ieces a nd b ilaterally b acked b ladelets, w hile t he p ointed v arieties o f t his t ype a re a bsent. T here a re m ore m icropiercers t han i n s tratum 3 a nd f ewer m icrogravettes. T he b ladelet t ools a ccount f or 6 5.5% o f t he t otal t ool a ssemblage ( more t han i n s tratum 3 ), w ith b acked b ladelets c omprising 5 0 .8% o f t he t ools ( same a s i n s tratum 3 ). T he e nd-scraper i ndex i s 3 .1, t hree t imes l ess t han t hat o f t he b urins, a t 9 .0 . B urins a re m ostly m ade o n t runcations a nd a re c haracterized b y ad isappearance o f b urins o n b reak ( present i n t he s equence s ince s tratum 5 ). T his s tratum a lso h as m ore c omposite t ools t han t he o thers. T he n umber o f s ide-scrapers d rops i n r elation t o t hat i n s tratum 3 ( 2.5%), w hile t otally o r p artially r etouched p ieces a re p resent i n c onsiderable n umbers. T he b acked b ladelets a re d ominated b y u nilaterally b acked , p lain t ypes, f ollowed b y t runcated a nd b itruncated p ieces, b acked b ladelets w ith o pposed r etouch , p ointed a nd b ipointed u nilaterally b acked b ladelets. N otched a nd b ladelets w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch a re p resent, a long w ith d ufour a nd b ladelets w ith i nverse r etouch ( in s mall n umbers). T he n umber o f i ntentionally b roken p ieces d rops d ramatically i n s tratum 1 .

I

11 -

I I1 1 I 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1

1

10

1

1

1

II

1

1

1

1 2

1 3

1 1 1 _

1

1 1

1 1 1

1 li i i 1 1 11 I

1

3

4

I I I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 li i 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 3 2

3 3

4 1

42

43

1 4

5

5 1

5 2

53

15

6

6 1

6 2

63

1 6

7

0

17

F ig . 1 6 .

T netres

5

1

8

P lan o f K astritsa ( after B ailey e t a l., l83,25).

F ig . 1 7.

T ransverse s ection t hrough K astritsa d eposits, s howing t he s outh f ace o f R ectangles 2 a nd 1 1 ( after B ailey e t a l., 1 98 4 ,27).

70

E 1 st r

n str 3

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9

F ist r 7

st r 1

60

50

40

3 0

20 711 .

4

t o

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K EY :

69

1 :TL ;

3 4 R4 total counts

2 : CR ;

C 3s t r9

3 : FL ;

4 : BL ;

E

t r5

s tr7

7

5 : BT ;

6 : CH ;

7 :D

strl

E2 str3

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49

30

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20

7

1 0

4 2

K EY :

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2 :BL ;

3 4 R4 complete

3 : BT ;

5 d ebitape

4 : CH ;

6

5 : DK ;

7

6 : DP ;

7 : DN

F ig ' . 1 8. B ar g raphs s howing t he c omposition o f t he K astritsa , R 4, s ample, a . t otal c ounts, b . c omplete d ebitage .

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50

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30

20

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K EY :

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2 : CR ;

3 R2

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4 . 4 5 total counts

3 : FL ;

4 : BL ;

6

7

5 : BT ;

6 :CH ;

7 :D

G I C IS 150

2

K EY :

1 :FL ;

2 : BL ;

3 4 R2 complete

3 : BT ;

5 ( Maltase

4 : CH ;

6

5 : DK ;

7

6 : DP ;

7 : DN

F ig . 1 9. B ar g raphs s howing t he c omposition o f t he K astritsa , R 2, s ample, a . t otal c ounts, b . c omplete d ebitage .

s tr9

p Astr5

H. . 1 3tr7

[7 1str3

60

50

40

30

20

1 0

1 _ 0

.

2

K EY :

1 :TL ;

F t .,

3

2 : CR ;

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4 total counts

3 : FL ;

r . " :2 1str5 s t r 9 1 E 1s t r

7 7

5

4 : BL ;

6

5 : BT

1

7

6 :CH ;

7 :D

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60

40

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3

c o s . let.

3 : BT ;

4

3 dab i tag•

4 : CH ;

6

5 : DK ;

7

6 : DP ;

7 : DN

F ig . 2 0. B ar g raphs s howing t he c omposition o f t he K astritsa, R 5, s ample, a . t otal c ounts, b . c omplete d ebitage.

2

c ,

1

CZ 3

T

z 4 ,Z

9

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CM

F ig . 2 1. K astritsa , s tratum 9 : a rtifacts. 1 :debitage b earing e dge-damage ; 2 :e nd-scraper ; 3 :notched p iece ; 4 :retouched b lade .

4 3

9

17 1

F ig . 2 2 . K astritsa , s tratum 7 : a rtifacts . 1 :flake c ore ; 2 :flake ; 3 :blade ; 4 :bladelet; 5 :e nd-scraper/truncation ; 6 :notched p iece ; 7 :backed b ladelet ; 9 :bitruncated b acked b ladelet.

4

di

,c m

7

,

F ig . 2 3. K astritsa , s tratum 5 : a rtifacts. 1 :bladelet c ore ; 2 :core t ablet ; 3 -8 :backed b ladelets.

3

2

9

1

F ig . 2 4 . K astritsa , s tratum 3 : a rtifacts . 1 :blade c ore ; 2 :flake c ore ; 3 :bladelet c ore .

3

4

( 9 1 1 2 1 0

F ig . 2 5. K astritsa, s tratum 3 : a rtifacts. 1 :proximal m icroburin ; 2 :kru1c owski ; 3 :end-scraper ; 4 :hurin o n a urignacian b lade; 5 :shouldered p oint; 6 -12:backed b ladelets.

J S >

P

9

CT 1

F ig . 2 6 . K astritsa d ebitage. 1 :flake ; 2 -3 :blades ; 4 :bladelet ( all s tratum 1 ); 5 :flake ; 6 -7 :blades ; 8 -9:bladelets ( all s tratum 3 ).

2

9

cm

3

4

5

F ig . 2 7 . K astritsa , s tratum 1 : a rtifacts. 1 -2 :blade/bladelet c ores ; 3 :core t ablet ; 4 :bladelet c ore ; 5 :flake c ore .

3 2

1 2

8

1

1 Q

9 F ig . 2 8 . K astritsa , s tratum 1 : a rtifacts. 1 -2 :end-scrapers ; 3 :micropiercer ; 4 :dihedral b urin ; 5 :mu1tiple t runcation b urin ; 6 :microgravette ; 7 :notched b ladelet ; 8 :bitruncated p iece ; 9 :notched p iece ; 1 0 :microburins ; 1 1-12 :backed h ladelets ; 1 3 :retouched p iece ; 1 4 :s ide-scraper ; 1 5:truncated b acked h ladelet.

GM

3

9

c m

(

F ig . 2 9. K astritsa . R efited a rtifacts. 1 :backed b lade ; 2 :flakes ; 3 :flake o n c ore ( all s tratum 3 ); 4 :spall o n b urin ; 5 :side-scraper .

F ig . 3 0 .

" Klithi": e tching b y P . B ehlis, 1 989 .

223 -

C HAPTER 4 K LITHI

K lithi i s an atural r ockshelter s ituated i n t he l ower V ikos g orge a nd a t a n a ltitude o f a bout 5 00m ; i t i s f ormed i n E ocene l imestone a nd i s s urrounded b y c liffs a nd s teep s lopes ; t he G amilla m ountain p eak r ises t o i ts n orth-east t o ah eight o f 2 500m . T he s helter o pening i s 2 5m w ide a nd 1 0m d eep ; t he r ock o verhang r ises 4 0m a bove t he s helter f loor. T he p resent f loor " is 3 0m a bove t he r iver a nd i s a f lat-topped a rea a bout 4 50m s quare c overed i n g oat d ung" ( Bailey e t a l., 1 984, 1 4). T he a rea a round t he s ite i s l ittered w ith s tone a rtifacts. T his, a long w ith t he f avourable l ocation , s ize a nd d epth o f d eposits m ade K lithi a p romising e xcavation p roject t hat c ould a nswer q uestions o n s patial p atterns a t u pper p alaeolithic s ites a nd o n r esource e xploitation i n E pirus d uring t he U pper P alaeolithic. E xcavations s tarted i n 1 983 a nd a re s till i n p rogress. T he e xcavators c oncentrated o n s elected a reas o f t he s ite a nd a imed i n w orking o ut s patial p atterns a nd c ultural s equence . A 1 m etre s quare g rid w as l aid o ut a long a n orth-south a xis ( fig. 3 1). T he r ectangles u nder e xcavation w ere s ubdivided i n s maller q uadrants t o p rovide g reater a ccuracy i n p rovenancing t he a rchaeological m aterial. T he d eposits " were r emoved i n a rbitrary s pits o f 5 cm i n t hickness, b ut t he s pit n umber w as c hanged w here t here w as a n o bvious c hange i n t he c olour o r t exture o f t he d eposit." ( op. c it., 1 8). T he e xcavated d eposits w ere d ry s ieved a t t he s ite a nd w ater s ieved b y t he r iver i n o rder t o r ecover s mall i tems a nd c arbonized m aterials. T he d eposits c onsist o f s crees a nd a shy p atches a nd c ontain s everal r ock f alls. T he s crees a re f ormed b y f rost-shattered s tones a nd f ine s ediments, t he r esult o f w eathering o f t he s urrounding l imestone w alls. S ome t hirty s tratigraphic u nits h ave b een i dentified s o f ar , f orming a a s eries o f o verlapping l ayers a nd l enses, a nd c ontaining a m icrolithic f lint i ndustry a nd f aunal r emains d ominated b y i bex a nd c hamois. S hells ( both t errestrial a nd m arine s pecies) w ere a lso d iscovered a t K lithi, a long w ith r ed o chre l umps, o chre-stained b one a nd s tone a nd s everal b one a rtifacts. D ating r anges b etween 2 0 .000 B P/16 .000 B P a t t he b ottom o f t he s equence t o 1 0 .420+-150 B P a t t he t op. T he s ample f rom K lithi w as s elected a ccording t o t he f ollowing c riteria: a ) i t s hould b e a s f ree f rom p ost-depositional d isturbance a s p ossible, a nd b ) i t s hould b elong t o as imilar c hronological p eriod a s i ts m ain c ounterpart a t K astritsa. S quare Q 26 ( fig. 3 1) b elonging t o t he o uter p art o f t he g rid , w here d isturbance a nd c ontamination a re , f or t he t ime b eing c onsidered m inimal, a nd i n t he s ame l evel t hat h as

224-

y ielded a r adiocarbon d ate o f c . 1 4 .200 B .P ., m aking i t c ontemporary w ith t he u pper p art o f t he s equence a t K astritsa w as c onsidered a n a ppropriate s ample. T he s ample, f rom s pits 1 2 t o 1 4, i s t reated a s a s ingle c ultural u nit.

K lithi e xperiments T he p rovenance o f t he r aw m aterial i s s till u nder i nvestigation f or a ll t he s ites i nvolved i n t his s tudy , b ut i n t he c ase o f K lithi i t s eems c ertain t hat t he m ain b ulk o f t he f lint e mployed a t t he s ite w as c ollected f rom V oidomatis. V oidomatis f lint i s m uch m ore f ine g rained a nd s hatter-prone t han t he f ine g rained v arieties p resent a t b oth A sprochaliko a nd K astritsa . T he e xperiments c onducted f or K lithi c oncentrated o n e xploring t he r ole o f t he r aw m aterial i n t he c haracter o f t he a ssemblage . S everal f actors n eeded c hecking : 1 . g ravels.

T he s ize o f t he b locks o f r aw m aterial a vailable o n t he r iver

2 . T he c ondition o f t he a vailable m aterial a nd i ts f or k napping .

s uitability

3 . T he p roduction o f d ebitage s imilar t o t he p rehistoric o ne a nd i ts e xamination i n o rder t o i nvestigate t he o riginal p roduction m ethods. 4 . T he i nvestigation o f t he e xistence o f s pecific , r ecognizable r eduction s tages a nd t he r esulting p roducts. S ystematic c ollection o f p ebbles a t t he v icinity o f t he s ite o ver ap eriod o f t hree y ears i ndicated t hat t he q uantity o f r aw m aterial f ound a t t he r iver b anks f luctuates a ccording t o t he t ime o f t he y ear a nd t he a mount o f w ater i n t he r iver. A t a ny c ase, n ot a ll a vailable p ebbles w ere c ollected , b ut n odules w ere s ampled o n t he b asis o f t heir s uitability f or f laking ; e ven s o , s ampling w as n ot a lways s uccessful , a s t he m aterial h as f requent i nterior w eaknesses t hat c annot b e d etected b y i nspection o f t he e xterior a ppearance o f t he n odules. T he m ean d imensions o f 7 0 p ieces m easured w ere 5 8 x 3 8 .5 x 2 6 .5 m m ( sd 2 6 x 2 4 x 1 5). T he m ajority w ere d ecorticated ; t he s urfaces w ere r olled a nd b attered a nd t he r idges r ounded t o t he p oint o f f orming n atural " crests"; w here c ortex s till s urvived o n t he n odules i t w as v ery s mooth , a nd o nly 1 o r 2 m illimetres t hick . T he c olour o f t he f lint r anges f rom l ight g rey t o b lack ; b rown l umps a re r are ( only 1 i n 7 0 p ieces), w hile p atinated p ieces a lso o ccur. A nother f eature o f t he m aterial i s t he p resence o f b anding o n t he o uter s urface, u sually d isappearing o nce t he p iece i s c racked o pen . R ed , y ellow , p ink a nd o ther c olour v arieties p resent i n t he a rchaeological a ssemblage w ere a bsent i n t he r iver g ravels ; t his s upports N ewcomer 's o riginal h ypothesis t hat t he l atter v arieties, w hen

225-

p resent i n t he a ssemblage i n t he f orm o f r etouched t ools a nd t iny c hips, c ould r epresent r esharpening o r r etouching s equences r ather t han a ctual d ebitage ( Bailey e t a l., 1 986a, 1 4). T he f lint i s m ainly f ine-grained , a lthough c oarser t ypes a lso e xist. I n b rief , t he e xperimental c ollection r eflected f aithfully t he a rchaeological m aterial r ecovered a t t he s ite. A n umber o f h ammerstones w ere u sed f or t he e xperiments, r anging f rom q uartzite f or f laking , t o s andstone a nd l imestone f or a brading t he p latform e dge a nd t he c ore f ront. B ecause o f t he s ize o f t he n odules, s mall h ammerstones w ere e mployed t o e nsure s uitable c ontact a reas b etween t he h ammer a nd t he s triking p latform . A n a ntler h ammer w as u sed f or t he r emoval o f b ladelets s ince s ome o f t he a rchaeological o nes s how b utt c haracteristics r elevant t o t he u se o f a s oft h ammer. T he f our h ammerstones w eighted 3 33, 1 32, 1 00 , a nd 5 3 g r r espectively ; t he w eight o f t he a ntler h ammer w as 9 4 g r . T he r etouch w as d one w ith s mall h ammerstones. O ne o f t he f irst d ifficulties i n p reparing t he c ores l ies i n c reating t he s triking p latform i tself . T he r olling a nd b attering t he n odules a re b eing s ubmitted t o i n t he r iver r esults i n ah igh d egree o f b rittleness w hich i n t urn c reates a t endency t o s hattering a fter t he f irst b lows. T he m ajority o f t he e xperimental s ample w as w asted i n t his w ay a t t he e arly s tages o f k napping . T his c haracteristic o f t he r aw m aterial a ccounts f or t he a mount o f d ebris ( D/K ) i n t he a rchaeological r ecord , a nd i ndicates t hat i t w ould b e i nappropriate t o s uggest t hat a ll c ores u sed c ould h ave e ach y ielded t he s ame n umber o f p roducts. T he p ractice a t K lithi i n o rder t o c reate t he s triking p latform , a nd t he o ne t hat w as f ollowed u p i n t he e xperiments, w as t o t urn t he n odule a round a nd d eliver o ne ( or m ore) b low (s) a t a s uitable e nd o f t he l ump a t a d irection p erpendicular t o t he l ongest a xis o f t he p iece, t hus d etaching a v ery c haracteristic t hick f lake c overed e ntirely b y w hatever n atural s urface w as p resent, c urved o r p lunging i n p rofile a nd w ith a p rimary b utt. T hese p ieces h ave b een r ecognized a t t he p rehistoric s ample ( fig. 3 3, 1 ) a nd c ompared t o e xperimentally p roduced o nes ( fig. 3 3, 2 ). T he b rittleness o f t he m aterial r esults i n f requent c rushing o f t he p latform e dge ; o ther c ommon c haracteristics a re t he b reakage o f d ebitage i n t wo o r m ore p ieces t he m oment t hey a re d etached f rom t he m ain c ore m ass a nd t he f requent c rushing o f b utts, o bserved b oth i n t he a rchaeological a nd t he e xperimental s amples. C resting a s ap rerequisite i n t he f irst s tages o f c ore s haping i s n ot n ecessary s ince t he n aturally c rested r idges c an b e u sed a s g uides f or t he f irst r emovals. I t b ecomes n ecessary , t hough , a fter t he i nitial r emovals w hen t he c ore f ront b ecomes t oo w ide f or f urther b lade/bladelet p roduction . I n t he w riter 's e xperience b ifacial c resting w as r arely n ecessary , w hereas i t w as o ften n eeded t o p artially u nifacially c rest t he c ore f ront. T his e xperimental o bservation i s

i n a ccordance w ith t he t ype o f c rested p ieces p resent i n t he a ssemblage ( fig . 3 3, 5 ). O pposite e nd a brasion o r c reation o f o pposed p latforms w ere a lso n ecessary i n o rder t o c orrect t he c ore f ront w hich i s s usceptible t o s tep f ractures t hat i nhibit f urther f laking , a nd t o e nsure f urther d ebitage. I t i s c haracteristic t hat t he m ajority o f b ladelet c ores p resent i n t he a rchaeological s ample w ere o f t he o pposed p latform b idirectional t ype ; t his i s t he m ethod t hat k eeps t he c ore f ront s traight a nd f acilitates t he r emoval o f l ong p ieces. T he s mall o riginal s ize o f t he c ores m eant t hat t he k nappers h ad t o e conomize d uring f laking b y r estricting t he n umber o f c ore t ablets i n o rder t o p revent a ny u nwelcome s hortening o f t he c ore l ength . O ne w ay o f a voiding a b ad ( high-angled o r c rushed ) c ore p latform i s t o c reate a s econd o ne a t t he o pposite e nd , o r t o c hange t he d irection o f t he f laking b y r emoving t he e xisting c ore f ront w ith a b low p erpendicular o r t ransverse t o t he a xis o f p ercussion . T his c reates a d iagnostic f lake, p resent i n t he K lithi i ndustry : i t h as d orsal s cars t ransverse t o t he a xis o f p ercussion ( produced b y p revious r emovals a long t he c ore f ront); o ne l ateral e dge b ears p art o f t he o ld p latform ( fig . 3 3, 4 ). P artial p latform c orrection c an a lso b e a chieved b y r emoving a t ablet o ver a r estricted p art o f t he p latform ; t his a lso o ccurs a t K lithi. O nce a p latform w as c reated t he k nappers p roceeded t o r emove p ieces a long t he c ore f ront f ollowing t he l onger a xis o f t he b lock . T hese p ieces t end t o b e e ither e ntirely o r m ostly c overed b y n atural s urface, b ut h ave p lain b utts, s ince t hey a re s truck f rom t he a lready p repared p latform ; i n t his w ay t he k nappers w ere a lso a ble t o r emove t he w eaker o uter s urface f rom t he c ore f ront, a nd t o c reate t he r idges n ecessary f or s ubsequent r emovals. I t w as n oted t hat o n m ost o f t he f lakes h alf-covered b y n atural s urface t he l atter t ended t o b e l ocated a long e ither o f t he l ateral e dges o f t he p ieces, t hus s uggesting a c ircular s equence o f r emovals. A t t his i nitial s tage o f d ebitage t he k nappers w ere n ot i nterested i n c learing e ither t he o pposed e nd o r t he b ack o f t he c ore. T he l ack o f e laborate p reparation o f t he c ore f ront r esults i n d ebitage o ften c urved o r t wisted i n p rofile w ith i rregular l ateral e dges. S uch p ieces a re r arely r etouched i nto t ools a nd t his s upports t he i dea t hat t hey d id n ot c onstitute p art o f t he d esired e nd-products. T hese p reliminary t houghts o n t he c ore r eduction s trategy f ollowed a t K lithi c an b e c hecked b y r efitting d ebitage b ack t o t he c ores p resent o n t he s ite. A nother i ntriguing f eature o f t he K lithi i ndustry i s t he p resence o f i rregular " retouch" ( fig.36, 9 ) o n a s ubstantial n umber o f u nretouched p ieces o r o n p lain e dges o f r etouched o nes. T he t erm b est d escribing t his p haenomenon i s " edge d amage" ( Moss, 1 983b, 2 31) . T he a uthor a grees w ith M oss t hat e dge d amage " can o ccur a t a ll s tages i n t he l ife o f a s tone a rtifact: m anufacture, u se, c uration , d eposition a nd p ost-deposition" ( op. c it., 2 39). T he i nterpretation o f t his

f eature c an b e a ided b y b oth e xperimental r eplication a nd f unctional a nalysis. E dge d amage c ould b e p artially a ttributed t o a nother c ommon e vent o ccurring d uring d ebitage, c alled " spontaneous r etouch" ( Newcomer , 1 976, 6 2). N ewcomer a ttributed i t t o p ressure d uring k napping b etween t he h and o f t he k napper h olding t he p art o f t he c ore t he f lake i s r emoved f rom a nd t he c ore i tself , w hich " is o ften s trong e nough t o d etach a r ow o f t iny c hips" ( op . c it., 6 2). I n t he c ourse o f t he K lithi e xperiments s pontaneous r etouch w as r ecorded w ith a f requency o f c a 1 1% . T he s ample i ncluded , a part f rom t he c ases o f t ypical s pontaneous r etouch a s d escribed b y N ewcomer-located o n t he d istal p art o f t he p iece, a lways d irect, a nd u sually a brupt- ( op . c it., 6 4), a nd a f ew c ases o f i nverse s pontaneous r etouch o n t he m esial p art o f t he p roducts. T his c ould a lso b e d ue t o p rehension a nd t he q uality o f t he r aw m aterial.

I n b rief , t he e xperiments s howed t hat t he q uality o f t he r aw m aterial i nfluences t he p roducts o f d ebitage a nd , c onsequently , t he w hole o f t he i ndustry . T he l ocal r aw m aterial r equires a c ertain l evel o f t echnical s kill t o c onform t o t he k nappers' i ntentions w hich w ere t he p roduction o f e longated , p referably s traight p ieces.

R aw m aterial . T wo k inds o f r aw m aterial w ere u sed a t K lithi ; a l ocal v ariety a nd a f ew " exotic" t ypes. T he l ocal v ariety c onsists m ostly o f f lint f ound a t t he n earby V oidomatis r iver. B anding i s ac ommon f eature o f t he l ocal f lint a long w ith c leavage p lanes a nd i mpurities. T he f lint i s m ostly f ine g rained , b ut c oarser-grained v arieties e xist, t oo. T he r iver n odules a re u sually r ounded a nd l ess o ften t abular , a lmost e ntirely d ecorticated , t heir o riginal n atural s urface e roded b y w ater a ction ; t he r idges a re r ounded a nd b attered , a nd t he s ize i s g enerally s mall, a s i ndicated b y t he e xperimental c ollection .

T able 1 48 s hows t he f lint t ypes p resent a t K lithi. " Debitage" i ncludes a ll c omplete f lakes, b lades, b ladelets, c hips a nd D /K . " Cores" i nclude c ores, c ore f ragments a nd c ore t ablets. " Tools" i nclude t ools, m icroburins a nd b urin s palls.

C OLOUR G R B L W H P I K R D B RN I L D RD T WO M ORE G R/BRN R D/GR R D/BEN Y L/RD T OTAL

D EBITAGE 5 65 3 2 1 8 3 1 7 4 3

C ORES 3 0 4 1

1

3 8 -1 4 1 5 4 0 2

3

T OOLS 1 18 3 1 2 2 9 1 6

T OTAL 7 13 6 7 2 1 5 2 6 6 2

4 8 1

3 8 -1 5 1 9 4 9 3

1 1 -

1

7 61 4 0 1 91 9 92 T ABLE 1 48 . R AW M AltRIALS F OR K LITHI

% 7 19 6 .8 2 .1 0 .5 2 .6 6 .3 0 .1 0 .3 0 .8 -1 .5 1 .9 4 .9 0 .3 1 00 .0

T he d ominant r aw m aterials a re g rey a nd b lack f lint, b oth o f l ocal o rigin , f ollowed b y b rown a nd r eddish/brown f lint. T he y ellow a nd d usky r ed v arieties a re o nly r epresented b y n on-primary c hips; t his s uggests t hat t he f lint w as b rought i n p robably i n t he f orm o f b lanks o r f inished t ools w hich w ere r etouched o r r esharpened o n t he s ite. T he r eddish/grey v ariety i s r epresented b y f lakes ( only 3 o f w hich a re p rimary ), b lades, c hips a nd f inished t ools s uggesting t hat i t w as b rought i n t he f orm o f p ossible b lanks. T he p resence o f t he b rown f lint w ith c halky c ortex i n t he f orm o f t wo c ores, a c ore t ablet a nd a f ew p rimary d ebitage c ould s uggest i t w as l ocally a vailable, a s w ell, a lthough t he e xtensive c ollections b y t he a uthor i n t he c ourse o f t hree y ears p roduced o nly o ne s uch e xample a mongst t he r iver g ravels. T he s ample T he K lithi s ample c onsists o f 4 806 p ieces. o f t he s ample i s s hown i n t able 1 49.

C LASS

i n ,

C R C T F L B L B T C H M BN B NS D 3 87 T OTAL

a . T OTAL C OUNTS N O % 1 65 34 2 2 0 .4 1 8 0 .4 1 870 3 8.9 5 8 1 .2 3 12 6 .5 1 952 4 0 .6 8 0 .2 1 4 0 .3 8 .0

T he e xact c omposition

b . C OMPLETE P IECES C LASS N O F L 3 12 B L 4 0 B T 5 6 C H 1 48 D K 2 05 D P 2 5 D N 1 57

4 806 9 9.9 T OTAL 9 43 T ABLE 1 49. C OMPOSITION O F T HE K LITHI S AMPLE

%

3 31 4 .2 6 .0 1 5.7 2 1.7 2 .7 1 6.6

1 00 .0

C hips ( 85 p rimary ) a re t he d ominant a rtifact c lass, f ollowed b y f lakes ( 237 p rimary ), d ebris, b ladelets ( 25 p rimary ), t ools, b lades ( 7 p rimary ), c ores a nd t ablets, b urin s palls a nd m icroburins. T his i s i llustrated i n f ig . 3 2 a ( "Cores" i nclude c ores a nd c ore t ablets, " Debitage" i ncludes a ll c omplete f lakes, b lades, b ladelets, c hips a nd t he D K a nd " Tools" i nclude a ll t ools, m ictoburins a nd b urin s palls). T he l arge n umber o f c hips ( the m ajority o f w hich 92.4%- a re b roken ) i s ar esult o f g ood r ecovery t echniques a nd b rittle r aw m aterial. O ne i n 7p ieces o f d ebitage i s c omplete , r esulting i n a h igher b reakage r ate t han a t A sprochaliko. T his i s p robabaly a r esult o f t he b rittle r aw m aterial e mployed a t K lithi. F lakes d ominate t he c omplete d ebitage p ieces ( fig . 3 2 b ) f ollowed b y D K , D N , c hips, b ladelets, b lades a nd D P . S everal p ieces o f d ebitage b ear s evere e dge d amage.

F lakes T here a re 3 12 c omplete p ieces i n t his g roup . T heir m ean d imensions a re 1 9.5 x 1 6 x 4m m ( sd 9 x7x3) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 1 2). Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 2 30 2 7 8 1 6 3 1

T ype N o L ocation C H 1 7 A L R R 4 7 B K T CH D L T NC 1 0 P X S CH 3 E X S TF 2 L L P AT 2 R L S HN L E C S 1 T ABLE 1 50 . P RIMARY F LAKES

O f t he 8 2 ( 26.3%) p rimary f lakes t he s urfaces ( 47 p ieces, 5 7.3%), f ollowed b y 1 7 c ortex , w hile t he r emaining 1 8 ( 21.9%) h ave p resence o f p rimary f lakes i ndicates i n m aterial. D irection L T D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 1 75 6 1 7 3 8 7 6

P rofile S C T P

N o 2 01 5 7 2 6 2 8

E dges P C E

N o 3 2 7 2 0 1 2 3 8

m ajority h ave r iver r olled p ieces ( 20 .7% ) w ith c halky t hin s mooth s urfaces. T he s itu k napping o f t he r aw

N o 8 0 1 25 1 07

D istal P H M 0

N o 2 04 6 0 4 8

T ABLE 1 51. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION A ll t he f lakes w ith u nclear d orsal d irection a re p rimary . U nidirectional d orsal s cars d ominate a nd t he p ercentage o f f lakes w ith m ultidirectional o r t ransverse s cars i s m uch l ower t han a t A sprochaliko, r eaching 1 7.6% a s o pposed t o c a. 3 0.0% a t t he l atter s ite. M ost f lakes a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith n on-parallel l ateral e dges ( converging e dges o utnumber e xpanding o nes). M ost f lakes h ave

p lain d istal e nds ; ( fig . 3 3, 7 ).

R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 5 2 1 02 9 3 3 2 6 2 7

t he

e vidence o f b idirectional

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 9 4 6 9 1 49

f laking i s l imited

B utt N o S N I 'D C 3 5 D 2 2 F 1 8 P 3 4 L A L C RS 1 6 T ABLE 1 52. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

M ode N o H 2 34 S 6 0 N 1 8

I n t he m ajority o f t he f lakes ( 218, 6 9.9%) t he p oint o f p ercussion l ies e ither b ehind t he m ain r idge o r b etween t he t wo m ain o nes s uggesting d eliberate a ttempts t o m ake f lakes b y f ollowing t hose g uiding r idges o n t he c ore 's s urface ( Gingell a nd H arding , 1 981).

T he u ndeterminable m ode i s a r esult o f t he c oarsness o f t he m aterial. T he m ean b utt d imensions a re 5 m m ( sd 3 ) f or t he w idth a nd 2 .5 m m ( sd 2 ) f or t he t hickness s uggesting a p ractice o f d elivering t he b low a way f rom t he e dge o f t he p latform .

O nly 4 ( 1.3%) o f t he p roximal e nds o f t he f lakes s how t races o f f acetting , w hile t he m ajority ( 308 , 9 8.7%) a re p lain r eflecting t he l ack o f p latform e dge a brasion a t t his s tage. S even f lakes a re c rested ( fig . 3 5, 5 ); o f t hese s ix a re n on-primary a nd t he l ast o ne b ears o nly m inimal t races o f n atural s urface. T he c resting i s m ostly p artial; u ni- a nd b ifacial c resting e xists. A f ew c resting f lakes w ere r ecorded ( fig . 3 3, 6 ). T hirty-seven f lakes a re b urnt.

F ive e ntirely p rimary f lakes w ith p rimary b utts w ere r ecognized a s f irst f lakes ( fig . 3 3, 1 ), i dentical t o t hose p roduced e xperimentally ( fig . 3 3, 2 ); t here a re t hree m ultiple f lakes a nd f our c ore d irection c hange f lakes ( fig . 3 3 ; 3 ,4).

B lades T his g roup c onsists o f 4 0 p ieces. T he m ean d imensions o f t he b lades a re 3 5 x 1 4 x 5m m ( sd 8 x 3 x 1 ) a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 5 5 d egrees ( sd 1 1). T he m ajority o f t he b lades a re n on-primary , a s s een i n t able 1 53.

Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 3 2 2 3 3

T ype C H R R T CH T NC S CH S TF P AT S HN C S T ABLE 1 53.

L ocation A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

N o 6 1

1

N o

1 1 2 2 1 2

P RIMARY B LADES

O nly 8 p ieces ( 20.0%) a re p rimary ; t he c ommonest n atural s urface i s c halky c ortex. T he n atural s urface l ies m ostly a long o ne o f t he l ateral e dges. D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o

7

4 1 1 5

P rofile

s

C T P

N o 1 9 1 3 6 2

E dges P C E

N o 2 0 1 9 1

D istal P H M 0

N o 2 2 2 1 6

T ABLE 1 54. T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION M bst o f t he b lades a re s traight i n p rofile ( fig. 3 5, 9 ), w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars ( fig. 3 3, 8 ) a nd p arallel l ateral e dges. T he d istal e nds a re m ostly p lain , w ith p ointed b lades o ccupying t he s econd p lace. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 1 1 1 2 0 8

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

N o 2 1 1 4 5

B utt S M C D F P L A L C RS T ABLE 1 55. A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

N o 2 7 1 4 2 -

M ode N o H 2 0 S 1 4 N 6

6

T he p oint o f p ercussion l ies i n m ost c ases e ither b ehind t he m ain r idge o r b etween t he t wo m ain o nes. T his i s a q ualitative f eature o f s ome i mportance, s ince i t i ndicates t he b lades w ere e xtracted i n aw ay e nsuring m aximum l ength, w hich, i n t urn i s t he m ain p oint o f b lade p roduction . T he m ean d imensions o f t he b utts a re 4 .5 x 2 .5 m m ( sd 3 x 1 ) s uggesting t he b lows w ere d elivered c loser t o t he p latform e dge t han i n t he c ase o f t he f lakes; t he p redominance o f h ard h ammer t races o n t he b utts o f t he b lades i ndicates t hat t he p ieces w ere m ostly r emoved w ith a h ammerstone. N one o f t he b lades h as a f acetted p roximal p art. A s ingle b lade b ears p artial u nifacial c resting . S ix b lades a re b urnt; w hile f our h ave n o l eft a nd f ive h ave n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges.

B ladelets T here a re 5 6 c omplete p ieces i n t his g roup. T he m ean d imensions o f t he b ladelets a re 2 2.5 x 8 x 3 .5 m m ( sd 8 x 2 x 2 ). O nly f ive ( 8.9%) o f t he b ladelets a re p rimary ( table 1 56). Q uantity 0 1 2 3 4

N o 5 1 2 1 2

Dr . C H R R TH T NC S CH S TF P AT S HN C S T ABLE 1 56.

N o 2 2

L ocation A L B K D L P X E X L L R L L E

1

N o 1 3

1

P RIMARY B LADELETS

T he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 5 d egrees ( sd 7 ); t he m ean b utt d imensions a re 2 .5 x 1 m m ( sd 1 x 1 ) i ndicating t hat i n t he c ase o f t he b ladelets t oo, t he b low w as d elivered n ear t he e dge o f t he s triking p latform . T he p oint o f p ercussion l ies e ither i mmediately b ehind t he m ain d orsal r idge o r b etween t he t wo m ain o nes, a nother f eature s hared i n c ommon w ith t he b lade g roup. D irection U D B D M D T RS N ON

N o 7 5 4 1 8

P rofile S C T P T ABLE 1 57.

N o 2 9 9 1 2 6

E dges P C E

N o 7 4 2 2

D istal P H M 0

N o 2 7 8 2 1

T ECHNICAL I NFORMATION

M ost b ladelets h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w ith f ew b idirectional s cars ( fig. 3 3, 1 0). T he l ateral e dges a re m ostly p arallel o r c onvergent. A l arge n umber o f b ladelets h ave p ointed d istal e nds ( fig. 3 3 ; 1 2,14) i n a lmost e qual n umbers t o t he p lain e nds. T he b ladelets a re m ostly s traight i n p rofile, w ith t wisted b ladelets f orming a l arge g roup, t oo ( fig. 3 3, 1 1,13). T he m ean e dge a ngles a re 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 2) f or t he l eft a nd 4 5 d egrees ( sd 1 5) f or t he r ight l ateral e gde ; 8 b ladelets h ave n o l eft a nd 1 3 h ave n o r ight l ateral c utting e dges. N one o f t he b ladelets p resents a f acetted p roximal p art. R idges 0 1 2 3 4 9

N o 3 2 2 2 2

B ulb l ocation 1 2 3

T ABLE 1 58.

N o 4 2 1 0 4

B utt N o S N 3 3 C 2 D F 6 P 1 5 L A L C RS A DDITIONAL I NFORMATION

M ode H S N

N o 2 5 3 1 -

M ost o f t he b ladelets a re o f s oft h ammer m ode, i n c ontrast w ith t he b lades t hat a re m ostly o f h ard h ammer m ode. T hree b ladelets a re c rested , o ne p artially , o ne c ontiniously a nd o ne b ifacially .

T here a re 1 48 c omplete p ieces i n t his g roup ; t heir m ean d imensions a re 7 x 6 .5 x 1 .5 m m ( sd 2 x 2 x 1 ), a nd t he m ean f laking a ngle i s 4 0 d egrees ( sd 8 ). T he m ajority a re o f l ocal f lint. I t i s i n t his g roup t hat a n e xotic f lint-type, t he y ellow/red ( "honey-coloured") v ariety , f irst o ccurs. M ost o f t he c hips a re n on-primary . O f t he 8 p rimary o nes t wo h ave r iver-rolled n atural s urfaces a nd s ix h ave c halky c ortex . M ost c hips h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars ( 114, 7 7%), t hirteen ( 8.8%) h ave t ransverse s cars, n ine ( 6.1%) h ave m ultidirectional s cars, s ix ( 4% ) h ave b idirectional s cars a nd s ix ( 4% ) h ave n o d orsal r idges a t a ll. T welve c hips h ave f acetted p roximal p arts. T he m ajority o f c hips ( 83, 5 6.1% ) a re o f h ard h ammer m ode a nd h ave p unctiform b utts ( 71, 4 8%). S even c hips a re b urnt. I t i s p ossible t o d istinguish a t l east t wo t ypes a mong t he c omplete c hips. T he f irst i s a b ladelet like c hip ( 21 e xamples). T hese a re m ostly o f s oft h ammer m ode ( 16 o f 2 1), a nd a re a ll n onp rimary . T hey r esemble b ladelets i n f orm , m easurements, a bsence o f c ortex , a nd h ammer m ode, i ndicating t hat t hey w ere p roduced d uring t he m anufacture o f b ladelets w hen m ost o f t he n atural s urface w as r emoved a nd r idges w ere a vailable ( fig . 3 3,16). T hey c an b e c ompared t o w hat K arlin a nd N ewcomer d escribe a s d ebitage c hips f rom P incevent " ...made w hen r emoving o verhangs o n t he c ore b etween b lade r emovals" ( Karlin a nd N ewcomer, 1 987, 3 3). A ll b ut o ne a re u nidirectional a nd t wo a re h inging . A s econd d istinctive g roup i ncludes 8 p ieces, a ll n on-primary , m ostly u nidirectional, a nd o f h ard h ammer m ode ; m ost o f t hese c hips h ave p lain d orsal s urfaces a nd m ay h ave b een p roduced w hile f acetting t he c ore p latforms a fter r emoving c ore t ablets. T his s uggestion i s a lso s upported b y t he e vidence f rom t he c ores. F ive o f t he r emaining c hips, i ncluding t he y ellow o nes, m ay h ave b een p roduced d uring t he r etouching o f t ools ( fig. 3 3, 1 5).

D ebris 87 p ieces, a re T he m ost a bundant t ype o f t his g roup, t otalling 3 or 2 05 p ieces t hose p roduced d uring d ebitage ( DK ). T hese a ccount f ( 53%) o f t he t otal c lass, a nd a re e xclusively o f l ocal f lint. T his i s T he s econd m ost a nother i ndication o f i n s itu k napping o f c ores. n umerous a ebris c lass a re D N . D ebris p roduced b y f ire r each t he n umber o f 2 5. T here i s s o f ar n o i ndication t hat t he b urnt p ieces r ecovered

a t K lithi w ere a r esult o f d eliberate h uman a ction i n t he p rehistoric t imes.

C ores T he s ample i ncludes 1 9 c omplete c ores a nd 3 c ore f ragments. T he m ean d imensions a re 3 8 x 2 6 x 1 7 m m . T he m ean p latform a ngle i s 7 0 d egrees. M ost o f t he c ores ( 14) p reserve a c onsiderable a mount o f n atural s urface. M ost a re f lake c ores ( 13). T he c omplete c ores b elong t o t he f ollowing c ategories : 8 s ingle p latform c ores ( fig . 3 4 ; 1 ,3), 6 o pposed p latformb idirectional c ores, 3 o pposed p latform c ores, w orked i n a lternating a xes ( where t he b ack o f t he c ore s erves a s t he f ront f or t he r emovals f rom t he s econd p latform ), 1 t wo-platform c ore w orked i n t ransverse a xes, a nd 1 c ore w orked i n a xes p erpendicular t o e ach o ther ( fig . 3 4 , 2 ). T wo c ores a re m anufactured o n f lakes. O f t he 6 b ladelet c ores, m ost a re o pposed p latform-bidirectional c ores ( fig . 3 4 , 4 ). T his i s n ot s urprising , s ince t his i s t he t ype o f c ore t hat o ffers a s traighter p rofile a nd g reater c ontrol d uring f laking . O verall , c ore p reparation i s r estricted t o t he c reation o f t he p latforms, w hile t he b ack a nd t he s ides o f t he c ores a re r arely a ffected ( 2 c ases o nly ); o pposite e nd a brasion i s a lso l imited ( 1 c ase). T races o f p latform e dge a brasion a re r are ; t his a grees w ith t he i nformation f rom t he d ebitage, w here p ieces w ith f acetted p roximal p arts a re e xtremely r are . T he c ore p latforms a re f acetted o nly i n 6 c ases o ut o f 3 0 ; p latform m aintenance s eems t o h ave b een c onfined t o t ablet r emovals ; p rimary p latforms a lso o ccur . T he m ajority o f t he c ores w ere a bandoned e ither w hen t he p latform (s) w ere c rushed , o r w hen t he c ore f ront w as b eyond r epair .

C ore t ablets S eventeen o ut o f t he 1 8 p ieces o f t his g roup a re o f l ocal g rey t o b lack f lint, a nd t he l ast o ne i s o f b rown f lint w ith c halky c ortex . T he 2 p rimary t ablets m ade o f l ocal f lint b ear t he f amiliar r olled a nd b attered n atural s urface . O nly 1 3 a re c omplete ( fig . 3 4 ; 5 ,6). T he m ajority h ave f acetted b utts, a c haracteristic f eature o f t hese p ieces. I n s ome c ases t he d orsal p art o f t he t ablets b ears t races o f f acetting o f t he p latform p rior t o t he r emoval o f t he t ablet.

T ools E nd-scraper : t his g roup i ncludes 2 4 p ieces, o f w hich 1 3 a re s imple e nd-scrapers a nd 1 1 a re e nd-scrapers o n r etouched b lanks. T hree s crapers a re m ade o n c rested b lanks.

F our o f t he s imple e nd-scrapers a re m ade o n p rimary b lanks ( fig . 3 5,1), t wo a re m ade o n c ore t ablets, 6 o n f lakes a nd 5 o n b lades. T en a re o n t he d istal e nds o f t he b lanks a nd t hree o n t he p roximal. T he m ean t hickness o f t his g roup i s 8m m ( sd 2 ). A ll b ut o ne a re s traight i n p rofile, w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars. O nly t wo o f t he e nd-scrapers o n N ine a re m ade o n f lakes a nd 2 o n b lades c omplete. T heir m ean t hickness i s 7 mm s traight i n p rofile, w ith u nidirectional d orsal r idge .

r etouched b lanks a re p rimary . ( fig . 3 7 , 2 ). O nly f our a re ( sd 2 ). A ll t he b lanks a re d orsal s cars a nd m ore t han o ne

C omposite t ool: t he s ingle p iece i n t his g roup i s a n e nds craper/truncation w ith v ery l ittle n atural s urface. I t i s m ade o n a 5 .5 m m t hick b lade ( fig . 3 5, 3 ). B urin : t here a re 6 p ieces i n t his g roup ; t wo a re m ade o n p rimary b lanks. T hree a re b roken. F our b urins a re m ade o n b lades ( fig . 3 5, 4 ) a nd t wo o n f lakes. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 7 mm ( sd 2 ). T he b urin g roup c onsists o f t hree s imple d ihedral, o ne s imple t runcation , o ne m ultiple d ihedral a nd o ne m ultiple t runcation b urin . A ll s imple b urins a re m anufactured o n t he d istal p art o f t he b lanks, t hat a re m ostly s traight i n p rofile a nd b ear m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. S houldered p iece: t he s ole e xample o f t his t ype i s b roken a nd m anufactured o n a n on-primary b lade. T he s houlder i s p roduced b y d irect a brupt r etouch ( fig . 3 5, 5 ). T he b lank i s 4 .5 m m t hick. T otally b acked b lade : t his t ool t ype i s r epresented b y ap roximal f ragment o f a n on-primary b lade, b acked b y a brupt o n a nvil r etouch ( fig. 3 5, 6 ). T runcated f lake o r b lade : f ive o f t he 7 p ieces i n t his g roup a re m ade o n b lades a nd t wo o n f lakes. T wo o f t he b lanks a re p rimary . A ll t runcations a re m anufactured o n t he d istal p art o f t he b lanks ( fig . 3 5, 7 ). O ne o f t he t he b roken p ieces w as f ractured i ntentionally . M ost b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars, a s ingle d orsal r idge a nd s traight p rofiles. T he m ean t hickness i s 5 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). P iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch : t his t ool t ype i s r epresented b y a s ingle e xample o f a n on-primary b lade b roken i ntentionally . T wo o f t he f ragments t hus p roduced w ere l ocated ; t hese c onstitute t he o nly r efit f or K lithi ( fig . 3 5, 8 ). N otched p iece : t he o nly e xample o f t his g roup i s ac omplete, n onp rimary b lade, r etouched b y d irect a brupt r etouch . T runcated b ladelet: b oth p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd n onp rimary . T heir m ean t hickness i s 3 m m ( sd 0 ). B oth t ools a re r etouched b y d irect a brupt r etouch .

B itruncated b ladelet: t his t ool t ype i s r epresented b y 3 e xamples, n one p rimary . T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 3 mm ( sd 1 ). A ll a re r etouched b y d irect a brupt r etouch . U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t his t ool c lass i ncludes 3 7 e xamples, o nly t wo o f w hich a re c omplete. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). S ix o f t he t ools a re p roduced b y a brupt r etouch o n a nvil; t hese a re t he t hickest p ieces. T wo t ools b ear p artial b acking a nd 3 h ave t races o f i mpact f ractures. S everal o f t he t ools b ear t races o f K rukowski f ractures, p roduced d uring b acking. A ll t he t ools a re m ade o n n on-primary , s traight i n p rofile b lanks w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w hile m ost h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge ( fig . 3 6 , 2 ). U nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch : a ll 1 2 p ieces i n t his g roup a re b roken a nd t wo a re p rimary . T he m ean t hickness o f t he t ools i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). T wo t ools a re b acked b y a brupt r etouch o n a nvil. A ll a re m ade o n s traight b lanks w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd m ost h ave a s ingle d orsal r idge. U nilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed : t here a re 7 e xamples o f t his t ool t ype, o nly o ne o f w hich i s c omplete. T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 2 m m ( sd 0 ). N one o f t he t ools i s m ade o n a p rimary b lank . A ll t ools a re b acked b y d irect a brupt r etouch . T he b lanks a re s traight, w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a s ingle d orsal r idge ( fig . 3 6, 3 ). B ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p lain : t he l one e xample o f t his t ype i s b roken . T he n on-primary b lank b ears c ontinuous r etouch a long o ne e dge a nd p artial a long t he o ther ; t he r etouch i s d irect a brupt ( fig . 3 6, 4 ). B acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s): a ll 1 1 e xamples o f t his t ype a re b roken . T his t ool t ype w as m anufactured o n t hicker b lanks t han t he o ther b acked b ladelet t ypes ( their m ean t hickness b eing 4m m ( sd 2 )). A ll t he b lanks a re n on-primary , s traight i n p rofile a nd b ear u nidirectional d orsal s cars, w hile m ost h ave o ne d orsal r idge. T wo o f t he p ieces a re d istal f ragments o f t ools a nd t he r emaining n ine a re p roximal f ragments. I n m ost o f t he c ases t he i nverse r etouch s tarts f rom t he b acked e dge a nd , j udging f rom t he s cars, i t w as d one b efore t he b acking . A brupt o n a nvil r etouch i s p resent i n t wo o ccasions ( fig . 3 6, 5 ). T runcated b acked b ladelet : t his t ool t ype i s r epresented b y 1 5 e xamples, o f w hich t en a re b roken . A ll t ools a re m ade o n n on-primary , s traight i n p rofile b lanks, w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars. T heir m ean t hickness i s 2 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). F ive t ools a re b acked b y a brupt o n a nvil r etouch . T he t runcations a re m ade b y d irect a brupt r etouch i n a ll c ases b ut o ne,which i s p roduced b y a lternating r etouch ( fig . 3 6 , 6 ). B itruncated b acked b ladelet: t he s ingle e xample o f t his t ool t ype i s m ade o n a n on-primary , s traight b lank w ith u nidirectional d orsal r idges ( fig . 3 6 , 7 ).

D enticulate b ladelet: t his t ype i s r epresented b y a s ingle, b roken , e xample. I t i s m ade o n a n on-primary , s traight a nd u nidirectional b lank , b y d irect, n on-abrupt r etouch c reating a d enticulated e dge . N otched b ladelet: t his g roup n umbers 3 e xamples, a ll o f w hich a re b roken a nd n on-primary . T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 3 .5 m m ( sd 1 ). A ll t ools a re m ade b y d irect a brupt r etouch ( fig . 3 6 , 8 ). D ufour b ladelet: a ll 3 e xamples o f t his t ype a re b roken . T heir m ean t hickness i s 3 m m ( sd 1 ). A ll t ools a re m ade o n n on-primary , s traight b lanks w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge a nd u nidirectional d orsal s cars. B ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch : t here a re 1 4 p ieces i n t his g roup, t en o f w hich a re b roken . T heir m ean t hickness i s 2m m ( sd 1 ). T hey a re a ll - m ade o n t hin , n on-primary , s traight i n p rofile b lanks. A ll t he b lanks h ave u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd a s ingle d orsal r idge. T he r etouch i n a ll c ases i s a pplied a long o ne l ateral e dge. S ide-scraper: a ll 9 t ools i n t his g roup a re b roken , w hile t wo a re p rimary . T he m ean t hickness o f t he b lanks i s 5m m ( sd 1 ). A ll b lanks a re b lades ( fig . 3 5, 9 ) w ith m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, s traight p rofiles a nd m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge. T otally o r p artially r etouched p iece: t his t ype i s r epresented b y 3 e xamples, a ll b roken a nd a ll m ade o n n on-primary b lades w ith a m ean t hickness o f 6m m ( sd 2 ). M iscellaneous: p art o f a n e nd-scraper f ront o f u ndiagnostic t ype. M icroburins: t here a re 9 p ieces i n t his g roup, n one p rimary . S even a re K rukowski m icroburins ( fig . 3 6 , l a) p roduced a ccidentally w hile m aking b acked b ladelets, w hile t he t wo r emainign e xamples a re t ypical p roximal m icroburins ( fig . 3 6, l b). B urin s palls: t here a re 1 4 b urin s palls i n t he K lithi s ample. O f t hese, f ive a re b roken a nd t wo c overed b y n atural s urface. N ine a re p rimary a nd f ive s econdary s palls p roduced w hile r esharpening b urins. O ne o f t he s palls i s p lunging r emoving p art o f am ultiple b urin . I ntentional b reakage : t here a re 5 c ases o f i ntentional b reakage i n t he K lithi s ample. O ne i s o n a t runcated p iece, o ne a ( refitted ) r etouched b lade ( fig. 3 5, 8 ), o ne a f lake b earing e dge d amage a nd t he r emaining t wo a re o n t otally o r p artially r etouched p ieces. I n a ll t he c ases t he b reakage t ook p lace a fter r etouch . T here i s n o c lear i ndication a s t o t he r eason o f t he b reakage ; a p lausible r eason c ould b e t he u nsuitability o f t he r etouched p art t hat h ad t o b e r emoved i n o rder f or t he p iece t o b e c onverted i nto a nother t ype o r r e-retouched t o i mprove i ts p erformance . T his s uggests a p ossible s hortage o f r aw m aterial.

s uf l ary o f K L ithi T he e vidence s uggests t hat t he i ntention o f t he p rehistoric k nappers w as t o p roduce l ong p ieces, w ithin t he r estrictions i mposed b y t he r aw m aterial, a nd d iffers f rom t he i nterpretation s o f ar p resented i n t he l iterature s tating t hat " The m ain o bjective o f f laking w as t he p roduction o f s mall f lakes a nd b ladelets." ( Bailey e t a l.,1984 , 1 4). T he p rehistoric k nappers w ere d oing t heir b est t o r emove t he f lawed e xterior p art o f t he n odules a nd t o e xploit t he r emaining m ass o f f lint a s b est t hey c ould . T he l ack o f e laborate c ore p reparation ( in t he f orm o f s ystematic c resting a nd s haping o f t he b ack o f t he c ore), c ommon i n o ther a ssemblages o f s imilar a ge, m ay b e a ttributed t o t he e rratic n ature o f t he r aw m aterial. T he s ize a nd q uality o f t hat m aterial i nfluenced t he s ize o f t he I ndustry a s w ell, c ausing i ts " atypical" c haracter. T he m ain s trategy s eems t o h ave b een f irst t o c reate a s uitable s triking p latform , t hen t o r emove t he n atural s urface f rom t he f ront o f t he c ore, a nd , f inally , t o p roceed t o t he r emoval o f l ong p ieces a long t he g uiding r idges. T his i s s upported b y t he f ollowing o bservations: 1 ) t he f act t hat i n m ost n on-primary d ebitage ( flakes, b lades, o r b ladelets) t he p oint o f p ercussion l ies e ither b ehind t he m ain r idge o r b etween t he t wo m ain o nes ( a f eature i ndicating k nowledge o f b lade m anufacture), 2 ) t he p resence o f c hips p roduced d uring b lade/bladelet r emovals, 3 ) t he e xistence o f p artially c rested p ieces u sed t o c orrect t he c ore f ront, 4 ) t he p resence o f o pposed p latform b idirectonal c ores i ndicating m aximum e xploitation o f t he c ores, a nd 5 ) t he f act t hat d ebitage f ollows t he l ongest a xis o f t he n odules. M ost o f t he d ebitage ( with t he e xception o f t he b ladelets) i s d one b y h ammerstones. T ools a re m ostly m anufactured o n l ocal f lint. P rimary b lanks a re n ot v ery c ommon . T he m ajority o f t he t ools a re b roken . T here i s a p reference f or s traight, n on-primary b lanks. C ore t ablets a nd c rested p ieces h ave b een u sed a s b lanks i n af ew c ases. T he b acked b ladelets a re m ostly b roken a nd b acked a long a s ingle l ateral e dge. T he b acking i s u sually d one b y d irect a brupt r etouch , w ith o nly 1 4 e xamples o f t he a brupt o n a nvil v ariation . M ost b acked b ladelets a re s traight i n p rofile a nd n on-primary . T he p roximal p arts a re m ostly p lain ; t runcated o r p ointed c ases a re a lso p resent. T he b ulbs o f p ercussion a re u sually r emoved b y i nverse i nvasive r etouch a nd , l ess f requently , b y d irect b lows. S everal b acked b ladelets b ear i mpact f ractures ( but t his i s n ot a s c ommon a t K lithi a s i t i s a t K astritsa). T he d istal p arts s how f requent K rukowski f ractures ( predominance o f t he l atter i s a lso r eflected b y t he m icroburinsn g roup); o ther v ariations i nclude p ointed a nd t runcated e xamples. M öst o f t he e nd-scrapers a nd t runcations a re m ade b y d irect a brupt r etouch ; s ide-scrapers a nd t otally o r p artialy r etouched p ieces t end t o b e p roduced b y d irect s emi-abrupt r etouch , w hile b urins a nd t runcations a re m ade o n t he d istal p art o f t he b lanks.

T he f act t hat t he p redominant t ool t ype i n t he i ndustry a re t he b acked b ladelets a nd t he f requency o f t ools m ade o n l ong p ieces r einforce t he s tatement t hat t he m ost d esired e nd-product o f f laking w ere l ong n arrow p ieces. T he a lteration o f t he d irection o f f laking o n t he c ores i ndicates m aximum e xploitation o f t he u sable p ieces a nd p oints t o a n e conomy o f r aw m aterial i mposed n ot a s m uch b y t he q uantity , a s b y t he q uality o f t he l ocally a vailable f lint.

I n s ummary , K lithi i s a f lake-dominated a ssemblage w ith a t ool i nventory d ominated b y b acked b ladelets ( with a n i ndex o f 5 0 .9). T he e nd-scraper i ndex i s 1 4.5, m uch h igher t han t he b urin i ndex ( 3 .6). S ide-scrapers r epresent 5 .4% o f t he t otal t ool a ssemblage. T here a re n o g eometric m icroliths, w hile s houldered p ieces a re r epresented b y s ingle e xample. T ools m ade o n b ladelets a ccount f or 6 6.7% o f t he t ool i nventory a t K lithi.

T OOL T YPE 1 . s imple e nd-scraper 2 . a typical e nd-scraper 3 . d ouble e nd-scraper 4 . e nd-scraper o n r etouched f lake o r b lade 5 . e nd-scraper/burin 6 . e nd-scraper/truncation 7 . p iercer 8 . a typical p iercer ( bec) 9 . m icropiercer 1 0 . s imple d ihedral b urin 1 1. m ultiple d ihedral b urin 1 2 . s imple t runcation b urin 1 3 . m ultiple t runcation b urin 1 4 . s imple b urin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 5. m ultiple b utin o n b reak/natural s urface 1 6. m ixed m ultiple b urin 1 7 . g ravette p oint 1 8. m icrogravette 1 9. s houldered p oint 2 0 . s houldered p iece 2 1. t otally b acked b lade 2 2. p artially b acked b lade 2 3. t runcated f lake o r b lade 2 4. b itruncated f lake o r b lade 2 5. p iece w ith c ontinuous u nilateral r etouch 2 6 . p iece w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch 2 7 . a urignacian b lade 2 8. n otched p iece 2 9. t runcated b ladelet 3 0 . b itruncated b ladelet 3 1. u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , p lain 3 2 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet w ith o pposed r etouch 3 3 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , p ointed 3 4 . u nilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 5. b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , p lain 3 6 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet, p ointed 3 7 . b ilaterally b acked b ladelet , b ipointed 3 8 . b acked b ladelet w ith i nversely r etouched e nd (s) 3 9. t runcated b acked b ladelet 4 0 . b itruncated b acked b ladelet 4 1. d enticulate b ladelet 4 2 . n otched b ladelet 4 3 . d ufour b ladelet 4 4 . b ladelet w ith i nverse r etouch 4 5. b ladelet w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch 4 6 . s ide-scraper 4 7 . t otally o r p artially r etouched p iece 4 8 . e nd-scrape/notch 4 9. m iscellaneous T OTAL T ABLE 1 59. T OOL C OUNTS F OR K LITH E

N O 1 3

7 .9

1 1

6 .7

1

0 .6

3 1 1 1

1 .8 0 .6 0 .6 0 .6 ---

1 1

0 .6 0 .6 --4 .2 --0 .6

7 1

1 2 3 3 7 1 2 7 1

1 1 1 5 1 1 3 3 1 4 9 3 1 1 65

0 .6 1 .2 1 .8 2 2.4 7 .3 4 .2 0 .6

6 .7 9 .1 0 .6 0 .6 1 .8 1 .8 --8 .5 5 .4 1 .8 --0 .6 9 9.8

1 . c t

L I ,

4

10

•

I

1 I 8

;

Is

‘.1

MO P

e

F ig . 3 1.

t

i bm X 2 X XX

1

l e

x 1X42-

P lan o f e xcavation g rid a t K lithi ( after B ailey e t a l., 1 984, 1 7).

45

40

Z 5

2 3

20

1 5

2

K EY :

1 : TL ;

3 Klithi

2 : CR ;

4 total

5 counts

3 : FL ;

4 : BL ;

6

7

5 : BT ;

6 : CH ;

7 :D

35

30

25

20

1 5

1 9

0 2

3 K lithi

K EY :

F ig . 3 2.

1 :FL;

2 : BL ;

4

3

complste

3 : BT ;

6

7

d ebita9.

4 : CH ;

5 : DK ;

6 : DP ;

7 : DN

B ar g raphs s howing t he c omposition o f t he K lithi s ample ; a . t otal c ounts, b . c omplete d ebitage.

3 1

1

o

2

6 3

9

7

1 3 e

1 4

1

F ig . 3 3.

6 12 .

1 2

K lithi; d ehitage : I :first f lake, a rchaeological; 2 :first f lake, e xperimental ; 3 -4 :core d irection c hange p ieces; 5 :crested p iece; 6 :cresting f lake; 7 :flake; 8 -14 :blades/bladelets ; 1 5-16 :chips.

- 2 44 -

7 100 14 1 1 1

CM

2

3

6

P ig . 3 4.

x le

K lithi, 1 -4 :cores; 5 -6 :core t ablets .

0

-

2

6

F ig . 3 5.

e a ›

K lithi : 1 -2 :end-scrapers ; 3 :end-scraper/truncation ; 4 :truncation b urin ; 5 :shouldered p iece; 6 :backed b lade ; 7 :t runcation ; 8 :r efit; q :side-scraper .

5

I

t

7

. 714

I

0

1 1;

83-

cm

1

3

F ig . 3 6 . K lithi a rtifacts . l a a nd l b :microburins ; 2 -7 :backed b ladelets ; 8 :notched b ladelet ; 9 :debitage b earing e dged amage .

C HAPTER 5 R E 'VISION

I nter-site c omparisons A sprochaliko- K lithi T he t wo s ites h ave d ifferent d ates a nd e mploy d ifferent t ypes o f f lint. K lithi i s f aced w ith p oor q uality f lint, w hile A sprochaliko h as t o o vercome p roblems w ith t he q uantity o f t he r aw m aterial. T his c an b e s een i n t he e xploitation o f t he c ores: a t A sprochaliko t he p rehistoric k nappers w ere t rying t o p roduce f rom e ach b lock a s m any p ieces a s p ossible, e ven b y f requently c hanging t he f laking d irection , w hile a t K lithi, t hey a imed t o e xtract a s l ong p ieces a s p ossible b y f laking a long t he l onger a xis o f t he c ores. F lake a nd b lade b utts a re l arger a t A sprochaliko t han t hey a re a t K lithi, w hile b ladelets b utts a re e qually s mall a t b oth s ites. T wisted d ebi t age a nd e specially b ladelets i s v ery c ommon a t A sprochaliko a nd o nly o ccasional a t K lithi. B idirectional f laking i s r are a t A sprochaliko a nd m ore c ommon a t K lithi. C ore e dge a brasion i s l imited a t b oth s ites, r esulting i n v ery f ew p roducts o f d ebitage a nd t ool b lanks w ith f acetted p roximal p arts. C resting i s u sed m ore w idely a t K lithi a nd i s u sually u nifacial o r p artial, s uggesting a n e ffort t o e conomize o n r aw m aterial. D ebitage w ith m ultidirectional a nd t ransverse v ery c ommon a t A sprochaliko a nd r are a t K lithi.

d orsal

s cars

i s

F lakes a re m ore w idely u sed t han b lades f or n on-bladelet t ools a t A sprochaliko, w hile t he r everse i s t he c ase f or K lithi. C urved a nd t wisted b lanks a re l ess c ommon a t K lithi t han a t t he o ther s ite. B oth s ites p refer s traight, n on-primary b lanks w ith u nidirectional f laking s cars a nd m ore t han o ne d orsal r idge, w ith t he e xception o f b ladelet b lanks t hat u sually h ave a s ingle r idge. T here a re s everal m arked d ifferences i n t he t ool i nventories o f t he t wo s ites: b urins a re a bsent f rom A sprochaliko a nd p resent a t K lithi ; m icrogravettes a re p resent a t A sprochaliko i n v ery s mall n umbers a nd o nly i n l ayer 1 0 , w hile t hey w ere a bsent f rom t he s ample f rom K lithi. T he l atter s ite a lso l acks a urignacian b lades, w hile i t h as t rue m icroburins t hat a re a bsent a t A sprochaliko. S houldered t ool t ypes a re a bsent f rom t he A sprochaliko t ool i nventory a nd r are a t K lithi, r epresented b y as ingle b roken e xample o f as houldered p iece. B ladelet t ools a re t he r ichest c lass i n b oth s ites a nd c onsist m ostly o f b acked b ladelet t ypes. T hey a re m ade o n m ore o r l ess s traight, n on-primary b lanks w ith a s ingle d orsal r idge. A nvil r etouch i s r are a t A psrochaliko ( only t wo e xamples) b ut c ommon a t K lithi.

I n s ummary , t he K lithi i ndustry h as a s tronger l aminar c haracter t han t he A sprochaliko o ne, e vident i n a ll t echnological s tages, f rom t he f laking o f t he c ores t hemselves t o t he c hoice o f b lanks f or t ool m anufacture. T he r easons f or t hese d ifferences a re n ot u niquely t echnological o r ar esult o f r aw m aterial. A sprochaliko i s s eparated f rom K lithi b y s everal t housand y ears ( according t o t he o nly u pper p alaeolithic C 14 d ate) a nd i ts t echnology h as a m ore p rimitive c haracter t han t he o ne a t K lithi, w hich i n g eneral r esembles m ore s tratum 1 f rom K astritsa .

A sprochaliko-Kastritsa T he t wo s ites e mploy t he s ame r aw e xploiting a w ider r ange o f f lint t ypes. T here a re b asic b etween t he t wo s ites.

d ifferences

i n

b oth

m aterial,

w ith

t echnology

a nd

K astritsa

t ypology

K astritsa h as a s trong l aminar c haracter , m anifested i n a ll t echnological s tages, f rom t he e xploitation o f t he c ores t o t he p roduction o f d ebitage a nd t he c hoice o f b lanks f or t ool m anufacture . F lakes d ominate t he d ebitage c ounts a t b oth s ites, b ut a t K astritsa t here a re m ore f lakes w ith r egular l ateral e dges, a nd b ulbs l ocated b ehind o r b etween t he m ain d orsal r idges, a r esult o f t he p reparation o f t he c ores f or p recise b lade a nd b ladelet p roduction , w hile a t A sprochaliko f lakes a re m ore i rregular w ith t he b ulb o ften a way f rom t he m ain d orsal r idges. B lades f orm a n umerically w eak c ategory a t A sprochaliko, w hile a t K astritsa , a nd e specially a t t he u pper l evels, t hey a ppear i n l arge n umbers. B ladelet p roduction i s v ery p recise, a ccompanied b y c ore p reparation i n t he f orm o f c resting , b ack c learance a nd o pposite e nd m aintenance. T he K astritsa c ores a re o ften b idirectional a nd l ess o ften f laked a t c rossed a xes t han a t A sprochaliko. C ore p latform m aintenance i n t he f orm o f e dge a brasion a nd f acetting i s a c ommon p ractice a t K astritsa. C resting , c ommon a t K astritsa, i s l imited a t A sprochaliko . T he m ore s ystematic a nd e xacting e xploitation o f t he c ores a t K astritsa r esults i n m ore d ebitage p roducts w ith s traight p rofiles, p lain d istal e nds a nd r egular l ateral e dges. T he m ost s triking d ifference b etween t he t wo s ites i s m anifested i n t he c ase o f t he b ladelets. W hile t wisted , p ointed p ieces a re v ery c ommon a t A sprochaliko, t hey a re p resent i n m uch s maller n umbers a t K astritsa. T he l atter s ite p roduces m ostly s traight p ieces w ith p lain d istal e nds. G iven t he f act t hat t he p referred b ladelet t ool b lanks a t b oth s ites a re t he s traight a nd r egular b ladelets, t hen t he t ool m akers a t K astritsa h ad a l arger c hoice o f b lanks. B lades a re p referred t o f lakes a t K astritsa , w hile t he r everse i s t he c ase f or A sprochaliko ; t his s eems t o b e c onnected w ith t he t echnology t hat p roduces f ewer b lades a t t he l atter s ite. A t K astritsa

t he b lanks a re p redominantly u nidirectional a nd s traight, A sprochaliko n on-unidirectional b lanks a re c ommonly u sed .

w hile a t

T he t ool i nventories f rom b oth s ites p resent a n e qually i nteresting p icture : t he a bsence o f b urins a t A sprochaliko c omes t o a s triking c ontrast t o t he r elative a bundance o f t his t ype i n a ll s trata o f t he K astritsa s equence b ut s tratum 9 . T rue, p roximal, m icroburins a re a lso a bsent f rom A sprochaliko , a long w ith s houldered t ools. T he l atter a re p resent i n s ome n umbers i n s trata 5 , 3 a nd 1 o f t he K astritsa s equence. K astritsa a lso p resents a w ider r ange o f t ool t ypes t han A sprochaliko, a long w ith a m uch l arger n umber o f o rganic a rtifacts. I n b rief , t he t wo s ites d iffer b oth t echnologically a nd t ypologically , a part f rom t he c hronological g ap t hat a lso c haracterises t hem .

K astritsa-Klithi K lithi s equence .

s hares

a s imilar

d ate w ith s tratum 1 o f

t he K astritsa

F lakes a re d ominant i n b oth a ssemblages, b ut t hey h ave m uch s maller b utts a t K lithi t han a t K astritsa ( perhaps a r esult o f t he s mall s ize o f t he r aw m aterial t hat f orced t he K lithi k nappers t o s trike c loser t o t he p latform e dge). T he o ther d ifference b etween t he t wo f lake a ssemblages i s t hat t hose a t K lithi r arely h ave f acetted p roximal p arts, w hile t he K astritsa o nes a re m ore o ften f acetted a s a r esult o f t he d ifferent f laking t echnique. K lithi b lades a lso h ave s maller b utts t han t he K astritsa o nes, n o f acetted p roximal p arts a nd m ore p ointed d istal e nds. T he b ladelets a lso h ave s maller b utts a t K lithi, a nd i nclude m ore e xamples w ith p ointed d istal e nds. T he K astritsa b ladelets p resent a w ider r ange o f b utt t ypes, d ue t o m ore e laborate p latform r ejuvenation a nd c ore m aintenance. T he l arge n umber o f c rushed b utts o n t he d ebitage f rom K lithi p rovides a nother d emonstration o f t he b rittleness o f t he r aw m aterial. T his l ast f eature w as a lso r eplicated e xperimentally w hile u sing V oidomatis f lint. T he K lithi s ample y ielded m ore f lake c ores t han s tratum 1 a t K astritsa , w hile t he c ores a t t he f ormer s ite h ave m ore t han o ne p latforms a nd a re o ften f laked a t b idirectional a xes. L ittle p latform e dge a brasion a nd c ore m aintenance w ere u sed a t K lithi. I n b rief , t he t wo s ites e mploy d ifferent f laking t echniques, w ith K lithi a iming t o p roduce a s m any l ong p ieces a s p ossible, a nd K astritsa s howing a t endency t o p roduce a s m any p ieces a s p ossible a nd n ot n ecessarily a lways a long t he l onger a xis o f t he n odule. C resting i s a lso m ore c ommonly e mployed a t K astritsa t han a t K lithi. W hile b lades a re t he f avorite b lank a t K lithi, s tratum 1 a t K astritsa s hows a n e qual p reference f or f lakes a nd b lades. T he b ladelet b lanks a t b oth s ites a re m ostly n on-primary , s traight, w ith u nidirectional d orsal s cars a nd f ew d orsal r idges.

M icroburins a re m ore c ommon a t s tratum 1 t han a t K lithi, a lthough i n b oth s ites t hey a re u sed f or t he p roduction o f n on-geometric m icroliths. I ntentional b reakage i s m ore e vident a t K lithi t han a t s tratum 1 , K astritsa . T he t ool i nventories p resent b oth s imilarities a nd d ifferences . T he c ommon t ypes a re e nd-scrapers ( both s imple a nd o n r etouched b lanks), e nd-scraper/truncations, t runcations, n otched a nd d ufour b ladelets, b ladelets w ith s emi-abrupt r etouch a nd s ide-scrapers. B urins a re p resent a t b oth s ites ( more s o a t K astritsa) b ut d ihedral t ypes a re p refered a t K lithi, w hile t he o pposite i s t rue f or K astritsa . T here a re n o g ravette p oints, a urignacian b lades, g eometric m icroliths , a nd n o p ieces w ith c ontinuous b ilateral r etouch ( a t ype a bsent i n t he w hole o f t he K astritsa s equence). S houldered p oints a nd p ieces, p resent a t K astritsa , a re p ractically a bsent f rom t he K lithi t ool i nventory , w hile m icropiercers a nd p iercers w ere a bsent f rom t he K lithi s ample ( although r ecovered f rom o ther a reas o f t he s ite). M icrogravettes a re a bsent f rom K lithi , a long w ith b ladelets w ith i nverse r etouch , w hile d enticulate b ladelets, r are a t K lithi, a re a bsent f rom s tratum 1 . B oth t ool i nventories a re d ominated b y b ladelet t ools ( c . 6 56 6% ), w ith b acked b ladelets o ccupying 5 0% o f t he t otal c ounts. K lithi h as a n e nd-scraper i ndex o f 1 4 .5, m uch b igger t han t hat o f t he b urins a t 3 .6 , w hile t he r everse i s t he c ase f or K astritsa ( 3 .1 f or t he e nds cra p ers a nd 9 .1 f or t he b urins). S ide s crapers a re a lso m ore p oorly r epresented a t K astritsa ( 2 .5) t han a t K lithi ( 5.4). T he b acked b ladelet t ypes a re d ominated b y u nilaterally b acked b ladelets, f ollowed b y t runcated/bitruncated t ypes a nd b acked b ladelets w ith o pposed r etouch . K lithi h as m ore b acked b ladelets w ith i nversely r etouched e nds a nd l ess p ointed/bipointed e xamples o f u nilaterally b acked b ladelets t han K astritsa . B ilaterally b acked b ladelets a re r are a t b oth s ites . K astritsa h as y ielded m ore t otally o r p artially r etouched p ieces t han K lithi . B oth s ites h ave p roduced s everal o rganic a rtifacts a nd s pecialized f aunal c ollections, a lthough t his s pecialization i s m ore p rominent a t K lithi t hat a t K astritsa . T he p resent w ork c annot s uggest a d efinite a nswer t o t he q uestion o f c omparing t he t wo s ites, b ecause t he s ample f rom K lithi, b eing s mall , i s n ot n ecessarily r epresentative o f t he c omplete t ool i nventory f rom t he s ite. T he c omparisons o f t he t ool i nventories m ust a wait t he f orthcoming p ublication o f t he i ndustries f rom K lithi . N evertheless, t his p ilot s ample d id s how t hat t he r aw m aterial r equires s pecial f laking p rocedures t hat r esult i n d ebitage d ifferent f rom t hat r ecovered a t K astritsa , s tratum 1 . I t c an b e s afely s aid , t hough , t hat t he t wo s ites a re c loser t o e ach o ther t han t o A sprochaliko.

C onclusions T he p resent r esearch o n t he s tone i ndustries o f t he E pirus s ites h as r evealed t hat w e a re d ealing w ith a s equence r ather t han a s ingle c ultural p hase. A s e xpected , t he s ites h ave t heir o wn s pecial c haracter a nd d iffer e ither o n t echnological o r o n t ypological g rounds, o r b oth . T he s ite t hat p rovided t he m ost u seful i nformation w as t hat o f K astritsa . I t w ould b e e xtremely d esirable t o o btain C 14 d ates f or s tratum 3 , t hat h as y ielded v ery i nteresting i nformation o n t echnology , t ypology a nd s ite u se, a nd t hat f or t he t ime b eing c an o nly b e d ated r elatively , b eing b racketted b etween d ates o f 1 9.900+-370 B .P . f rom s tratum 5 a nd 1 2 .400 +210 B .P f rom s tratum 1 . T he d etailed c omparisons b etween t he i ndividual s ites a re p resented i n t he p revious p ages. T rying t o e stablish a c omparative b asis w ith s ites f rom t he r est o f G reece i s v ery d ifficult. P rehistoric, a nd e specially p alaeolithic , a rchaeology h as b y n ow r ealized t hat s ites h ave t heir o wn i ndividual c haracter , p roduced b y c ircumstances p articular t o e ach s ite ( raw m aterial, f unction , l ocation , e tc); r elying e xclusively o n t ypology m ay b e m isleading , a s i t o ffers a " flat" v iew o f t he s ites c oncerned . T he c ombination o f t echnological a nd t ypological o bservations, o n t he o ther h and , e nlarges t he a rchaeologist 's v iew p oint a nd o ffers a m ulti-dimensional a spect o f t he i ndustries. T he d etailed t ype-list e mployed i n t he a nalysis o f t he E pirus m aterial p roved u seful f or t he c omparisons b etween t he s ites. A lthough b ased o n t he c urrent u pper p alaeolithic t ype-list, i t p resents p articularities t hat c omplicate c omparisons w ith w ider g eographical a reas, e specially i n c ases w here d ifferent t ypological a pproaches h ave b een f ollowed . T o i llustrate t he d ifficulty i n s uch c omparisons, t he e xample o f F ranchthi i s v ery u seful. F ranchthi i s s ituated i n t he A rgolid ( Peloponnese) a nd t he e xcavations t here b rought t o l ight a s equence r anging f orm t he U pper P alaeolithic t o t he N eolithic. D r. C . P erles c onducted a n e xhaustive a nalysis o f t he F ranchthi s tone a ssemblages. A t t he s ame t ime s he e xamined s amples f rom A sprochaliko a nd K astritsa t o f orm a p ersonal v iew o f t he a ssemblages f rom t hose s ites. I t m ust b e r emembered t hat P erles a nd t he a uthor h ad n ot c ommunicated d uring t he c ourse o f t his s tudy a nd h ad f ollowed v arying a pproaches. T here a re d ifferences i n t he t ype l ists e mployed a t t he t wo d ifferent s tudies, a s w ell. T he F ranchthi s equence, a ccording t o P erles , s tarts r oughly ( in t he l ack o f C 14 d ates) i n t he p eriod b etween 3 0-20 .000 y ears B .P . w ith a s poradic o ccupation o f t he s ite a nd p resents a h iatus o f s everal t housand y ears until t he 1 3th m illennium- w hen i t i s r esumed ( Perles, 1 985, 3 0). T his h iatus c oincides w ith t he l ongest p art o f t he o ccupation a t K astritsa. T he o ldest p art o f t he F ranchthi s equence c overs t he p eriod r epresented b y t he A sprochaliko s ample i ncluded i n t his t hesis. A ccording t o P erles, F ranchthi p hase I ( called A urignacian ) i s a bsent

252-

f rom A sprochaliko, w hile t he l atter c ould c orrespond t o p hases I I o r I II o f t he A rgolid s ite, b oth c haracterized b y s pecialized h unting t ool-kits ( op . c it., 4 20). T he p resent w ork s upports P erles ' t hesis t hat b acked b ladelets a ppear e arlier a t A sprochaliko t han a t F ranchthi, b ut h as r evealed a t t he s ame t ime t hat b ilaterally b acked b ladelets, a bsent f rom F ranchthi p hase I II, a re p resent i n A sprochaliko, w hile p ointed b acked b ladelets, p resent i n i ncreasing n umbers i n p hase I II, a re v ery r are a t t he E pirus s ite. T he C 14 d ate f or F ranchthi p hase I I i s l ater t han t he s ingle o ne a vailable f rom A sprochaliko. B esides, m icrogravettes a re p resent i n t he A sprochaliko s ample , a lthough i n s mall n umbers, w hile a bsent f rom p hase I I a t F ranchthi. A nother i nteresting p oint i s t he a ffluence o f t wisted b ladelets a t A sprochaliko, a f eature v ery p rominent i n t he A urignacian p hase I . T he r emaining f eatures o f t his p hase ( carinated a nd n osed s crapers, a bsence o f b acked p ieces) a re n ot p resent i n A sprochaliko. T he l atter s ite d iffers f rom t he p ublished a ccount o n t he T urkish s ite o f K arain ( Minzoni-Deroche e t a l., 1 985, 2 9-36), a s w ell. I n b rief , t he i ndustries f rom A sprochaliko a re d ifficult t o c ompare c onfidently t o t hose f rom o ther s ites, e specially s ince t he d ifferent r ectangles p rovided n on-homogeneous i nformation . I t i s s afe, t hough , t o s tate t hat t here a re n o f eatures o f v ery e arly U pper P alaeolithic c haracter , t hat i s A urignacian ( Kozlowski, 1 988 , 1 99-202) o r U luzzian ( in I taly ) ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983b, 3 0-33) a nd t hat t he A sprochaliko i ndustries a re s imilar t o G ravettian i ndustries f rom t he m editerranean a rea ( Gamble, 1 986, 2 00).

K astritsa i s e ven m ore d ifficult t o c ompare t o F ranchthi b ecause o f t he o ccupation h iatus a t t he l atter s ite. A m ajor d ifference , t hough , i s t he p ractical a bsence o f s houldered p oints f rom F ranchthi a nd t heir p resence i n t he u pper s trata o f t he f ormer s ite ( f irst a ppearance i n s tratum 5 , e stablished i n s tratum 3 a nd d eclining i n s tratum 1 ). A ccording t o P erles t here e xists a n e stablished s houldered p oint h orizon i n G reece, " confirmed b y f inds i n G rava a nd K ephalari" ( Perles, 1 985, 4 24) a nd f alling w ithin t he o ccupation h iatus b etween t he F ranchthi p hases I II a nd I V . B oth s ites l ack g eometric m icroliths, w hile t here i s n o c onnection b etween t he K astritsa s trata 1 , 3a nd 5 a nd t he F ranchthi p hase I V ( chronologically o ut o f t he K astritsa r ange) ( op. c it., 4 24). T he a uthor f ully s upports P erles ' c onclusion t hat K astritsa p ossesses a w ider r ange o f t ool t ypes a nd a b etter r epresentation o f e nd-scrapers, s ide-scrapers a nd b urins ( op . c it., 4 24), a nd w ould l ike t o r einforce i t b y s tating t hat K astritsa a lso p resents g reater v ariability i n b ladelet tool t ypes, w ith a n e mphasis o n t he b acked b ladelets.

T he p resent s tudy r evealed t he e xistence a t K astritsa o f a c omplicated s equence t hat n eeds t o b e e xamined c losely a nd i n g reater d etail. F or t he t ime b eing s uffice i t t o s ay t hat t he a uthor s upports t he s tatement t hat t he i ndustries d iscovered a t K astritsa a re o f E pigravettian c haracter , " similar t o t he E pi-gravettian i ndustries

w hich c haracterize t he I talian s equence f rom a bout 2 0 ,000 b p o nwards" ( Bailey e t a l., 1 983, 3 0) a nd f all w ithin t he t radition o f t he " Eastern M editerranean p rovince" ( Gamble, 1 986, 2 37).

A PP ENDIX I O RGANIC R ESIDUE A NALYSIS T he f ind c omes f rom K astritsa , R 4, s tratum 3 . T he a rtefact i n q uestion i s t he p roximal f ragment o f a n u nretouched b ladelet ( fig . 3 7), s traight i n p rofile a nd o f t rapezoidal s ection . T he v entral s urface b ears a q uantity o f v ery d ry d ark s ubstance o f w axy a ppearance. T he d orsal s urface b ears o nly m inimal t races o f t he r esidue. A p ermit w as o btained b y t he M inistry o f C ulture t o t ransfer t he p iece t o L ondon a nd h ave t he r esidue a nalysed . T he a nalysis w as d one b y J . E vans o f t he N orth-East L ondon P olytechnic. T he e xtraction o f t he s ample f or a nalysis w as d one b y t he a nalyst h imself i n L ondon . A fter t he c ompletion o f t he a nalysis, J . E vans p resented t he a uthor w ith t he f ollowing , b rief , p reliminary , r eport: " The r esidue w as e xtracted s equentially w ith h exane, c hloroform , 2 -propanol a nd w ater. E ach e xtract w as e vaporated t o d ryness u nder r educed p ressure a nd a ny r esidues o btained w ere e xamined i nitially b y i nfrared s pectroscopy . T he e xtracts w ere a lso e xamined u sing v arious c hromatographic t echniques i nclud ing t hin-layer ( TLC), g as ( GLC) a nd h igh p erformance l iquid ( HPLC). A fter e xtraction t he s ample w as d ivided i nto t wo p ortions. O ne p ortion w as d igested w ith h ydrochloric a cid i n o rder t o r elease a mino a cids f rom a ny p roteinaceous m aterial p resent. T he s econd p ortion w as r efluxed w ith a lcoholic p otassium h ydroxide i n o rder t o d ecompose a ny " dried" o ils o r f ats p resent. T he r esults o f t hese i nvestigations i ndicated t he p resence o f a w ood r esin ( probably p ine) a nd t he d ye m adder. N o o ils, f ats, w axes o r p roteins w ere d etected . A s mall q uantity o f t he o riginal d eposit w as i gnited t o c onstant w eight i n o rder t o d etermine t he p roportion o f m ineral m atter p resent. Av alue o f a pproximately 4 0% w as o btained . E xamination o f t he s urface o f t he r esidue s howed n o a dhering m ineral m atter , c onsequently t he r esult o btained b y i gnition p robably r eflects a n a dditive t o t he w ood r esin i n o rder t o i mprove i ts a dhesive p roperties".

T hree a re t he m ajor p oints o f i nterest i n t his a nalysis: a ) t he p resence o f m adder, b ) t he p resence o f p ine r esin , a nd c ) a ddition t o b ) o f m ineral m atter.

t he

a ) M adder i s a w idely k nown d yestuff f ormed b y " anthraquinone d erivatives, a lso b ound a s g lycosides,.. I n t he r oot o f t he m adder p lant ( Rubia t inctoria L .) a m ixture o f s everal a nthraquinone d erivatives i s f ound . T he d yestuff i s p repared b y d rying a nd h eating t he r oots, w hich a re t hen g round a nd h eated w ith s ulphuric a cid . T he

s ugar i s s plit o ff , a nd s ome n oxious m atter r emoved . A fter w ashing a nd d rying , m adder i s r eady f or u se i n t he f orm o f a c hocolate b rown p owder" ( Diehl, 1 972, 2 4). " Madder... g rows i n t emperate r egions a nd h as, i n t he p ast, b een c ultivated i n l arge q uantities e verywhere i n E urope" ( op.cit., 2 4). T he a bove r econstruction o f t he p roduction o f r ed d ye f rom m adder r efers t o m odern t imes. T here i s n o p alynological i nformation i ndicating t he p resence o f m adder i n t he a rea d uring t he p alaeolithic o ccupation o f K astritsa. b ) A ccording t o B ottema " during z one V ( of t he I oannina I s ample) t ree g rowth w as.. . limited t o am inimum . T he a rea w as d ominated b y A rtemisia s teppe, w hile p robably b etween 7 00 a nd 9 00 m . a n arrow z one w ith o pen f orest o r s cattered t ree g roups o ccured" ( Bottema, 1 974, 1 17). A part f rom t his i nformation that w as l ater d oubted b y B iggs a nd W ebley ( 1971)- t here e xists n o o ther e vidence o n t he v egetation o f t he a rea a round K astritsa i n p alaeolithic t imes. c ) T he " mineral m atter" m entioned b y t he a nalyst c ould h ave t aken t he f orm o f c lay ( or d irt) a dded t o t he r esin i n o rder t o i mprove i ts p roperties ; t his i s a p ractice k nown t o p eople e xperimenting w ith p rimitive a dhesives a nd h as b een s hown t o h ave h appened i n l ater p rehistoric p eriods ( Stordeur, 1 988, 1 6).

T his l ack o f p ine g rowth i n t he i mmidiate v icinity o f t he s ite , c ombined w ith t he f act t hat t he s pecimen u nder q uestion i s u nique w ithin a t otal s ample o f c a . 1 8.000 a nalysed a rtifacts, s upports t he v iew t hat t he m anufacture o r u se o f s uch s ubstances a t K astritsa w as n ot a c ommon p ractice , b ut t hat i t r epresents a l imited o ccurrence. S till, t he f act r emains t hat t he m anufacture/use o f a dhesive f rom r esin c onsolidated b y t he a ddition o f m ineral m atter ( clay?) i n E pirus d uring t he t ime-span b etween 1 9.900+-370 b .p . a nd 1 3.400+-210 b .p. s eems a p ossible f act.

T he u se o f a dhesives h as b een d emonstrated f or t he M esolithic ( C lark , 1 980, 4 8) a nd l ater p eriods ( Stordeur, 1 980). T he u se o f a sphalt a s a dhesive h as N eolithic o f t he L evant ( B ar-Yosef , 1 988).

b een

r eported

f rom

t he

A s f ar a s t he p alaeolithic i s c oncerned , t he n umber o f k nown i dentified a dhesives i s s mall; t he r elatively r ecent p ractice o f m icroscopic i nspection o f s tone a rtefacts t ends t o i ncrease t he n umber o f r eported p romising c ases. L imestone-based m astic , s ometimes m etamorphosed b y b aking , h as b een f round o n m icroliths i n t he E pipalaeolithic o f s outhern L evant ( B ar-Yosef , 1 988 , 1 55).

I nvestigations a t t he c ave o f L ascaux b rought t o l ight a n umber o f b ladelets p reserving s ubstance, o riginally t hought t o b e o f o rganic n ature, a nd i nterpreted a s am eans o f h afting t he p ieces o n ah andle. T he r eddish c olour o f t he s ubstance w as a ttributed t o t he a ddition o f r ed o chre . U nfortunately , l aboratory a nalyses " failed t o d etect a ny t races o f o rganic e lements" ( Allain , 1 979, 1 00). T he L ascaux f inds b elong t o t he M agdalenian p eriod , a nd e specially t o t he 1 5th m illennium B .C . ( op. c it., 1 16). A b roken a ntler p oint w ith t wo b ladelets a ttached t o i t w as d iscovered i n P incevent ( Leroi-Gourhan , 1 983). T he b ladelets a re i nserted i n g rooves r unning a long t he l onger a xis o f t he p oint, o ne a t e ach s ide o f i t, a nd s ecured i n p osition b y a d ark s ubstance. N o c omments a re m ade o n t he n ature o f t he s ubstance. T he d ate o f t he P incevent f inds i s e stimated a t 1 1 t o 1 2.000 y ears B .C . S o, t he f ind f rom K astritsa s eems t o b e o ne o f t he e arliest k nown e xamples o f d iagnosed p rehistoric a dhesive. T he m ost i mportant c onclusion f rom t his w hole e xercise, i s t he f act t hat a rchaeological m aterial c an p rovide u s w ith a n u nlimited w ealth o f i nformation o n t he t echnology a nd , c onsequently , t he e conomy o f p ast h uman g roups. W ith t his i n m ind , e very e ffort s hould b e m ade f or s imilar f inds t o b e r ecognised d uring e xcavation , r ecorded s eparately ( the c ase o f P incevent i s a g ood e xample o f e laborate e xcavation t echniques a nd o f t he v alue o f e mploying e xperienced d iggers) a nd a nalysed a s s oon a s p ossible. I t a lso i llustrates t he i mportance c ooperation i n t he s tudy o f P rehistory .

o f

i nterdisciplinary

T he i nterpetation o f s uch f inds i s, a dmittedly , a h azarduous t ask . N evertheless, i t i s t he a uthor 's f irm o pinion t hat t hey s hould b e r eported a s s oon a s p ossible r ather t han s ilenced b y t he l ack o f c omparative i nformation .

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