The Middle-Upper Paleolithic Transition in Israel: Technological Analysis 9781841713571, 9781407326412
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English Pages [208] Year 2004
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Table of contents :
Front Cover
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Table of Contents
Abstract
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER TWO: METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER THREE: RAQEFET
CHAPTER FOUR: EL WAD
CHAPTER FIVE: EMIREH
CHAPTER SIX: KEBARA
CHAPTER SEVEN: QAFZEH
CHAPTER EIGHT: KSAR AKIL
ERROR
Citation preview
The Middle-Upper Paleolithic Transition in Israel Technological analysis
Josette SareI
BAR International Series 1229 2004
Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 1229
The Middle-Upper Paleolithic Transition in Israel © Josette Sarel and the Publisher 2004 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9781841713571 paperback ISBN 9781407326412 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841713571 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by John and Erica Hedges in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 2004. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.
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AC KNO WLEDG MENTS l Iw ou ld l i ke t ot h ank P rof . A . R on en f o rh i s s ugge s t ion s a nd h e lp , a sw e l a sP rof . E . B oöda f o r i t s l s t w i l ingnes os h a r ew i th m eh i sk now ledge o nt h el i t h ic t e chno logy . sion t As p ec ia l n o te o fa pp rec ia t ion i s due t ol a te T am a rN oy , f o rg r an t ing u s t h e p e rm is ow o rk o n s t t h e m a te r ia l f r om t h e s i t e o fR aqef e t a nd f o r g i v ing u s a cces o h e r v a luab le n o te s . G ra t i tude i s sif sion e xp r e ssed t oH ava K a tz a nd I r i s Y os on f r om t h e I s rae l A n t iqu i t ie s A u tho r i ty , f o rt h e p e rm is l l t oe xam ine t h e m a te r ia l s t o r ed i nt h e R ockef e le r Mu seum , a sw e l a sN . A sh ton f o rp rov id ing m e l w i th f a c i l i t ie s t os t udy t h e K sa r A k i l c o lec t ion s a tt h e B r i t i sh Mu seum . T hank s a r e a l so d ue t oA . e s Ma rk s f o r t h e a u tho r iza t ion t o s e t h e a semb lage s f r om B ok e r T a ch t i t . Ib en ef i ted f r om l o ng sion d i scus s w i th my f r iend s C h r i s toph e D e lage , A nge la D av idzon a nd O had Z ackhe im w ho g ave m e t h e i r s uppo r t . A nge la D av idzon g av e m e h e lp i nt h e H eb rew t r an s la t ion o ft h e a b s t ra c t a nd 0 . t s ed t Z a ckhe im a dv i sed m e o nt h e s t a t i s t i ca l m a te r s . G ra t i tude i s al so e xp r es oN a than D ev i r f o rh i s s af Me l h e lp i nE ng l i sh . Iam g r a tef u lt oP au l ina S p ivak a nd As shu lam f o rt h e i rh e lp i nd raw ing t h e l i t h ic a r t if ac t s . s T h i sw o rk i s ded ica ted t om yp a r en t s w ho p rov ided m e i n va luab le a s i s tance , a nd t h i s w o rk w ou ld sy f h av e n ev e rb een a ccomp l i shed w i thou t t h e i r h e lp . Iowe ad eb t o fg r a t i tude f o rA xe l D aus o rh i s s. F l l k i ndnes ina ly , Ih ave o ne v e ry s p ec ia l t h ank st o my s i s te r sR eg ine , M iche le a nd L y s iane , a sw e l a st oI s aac F o r te f o r t h e i r h e lp a nd s uppo r t i nt h e c ou r se o ft h e l o ng t im e s pan Ic omp le ted t h i s w o rk .
CONTENT P age I I
A b s t rac t C hap te rO ne :
I n t roduc t ion
C hap te r Two :
Me thodo logy
1 1
C hap te rT h ree : R aqef e t : T he S i te L i th ic P roduc t ion f r om R aqef e t : T he C o r e s T he D eb i tage T he R e touched A r t if ac ts C hap te rF ou r :
C hap te rF ive :
C hap te r S i x :
E l Wad : T he S i te L i th ic P roduc t ion f r om E l Wad : T he C o re s T he B lank s T he R e touched A r t if ac ts
5 8 6 3 . 6 8 . 7 6
K eba ra E :T he S i te L i th ic P roduc t ion f r om K eba ra : T he C o r e s T he D eb i tage T he R e touched A r t if ac t s
9 6
C h ap te rE igh t : K sa rA k i l : T he S i te L i th ic P roduc t ion f r om K sa rA k i l : T he C or e s T he B lank s T he R e touched A r t if ac t s
C h ap te rT en :
5 6
Em i reh : T he S i te L i th ic P roduc t ion f r om Em i reh : T he C o r e s T he D eb i tage T he R e touched A r t if ac ts
C h ap te rS even : Q af zeh : T he S i te L i th ic P roduc t ion f r om Q af zeh : T he C o re s T he B lank s T he R e touched A r t if ac t s
C hap te rN ine :
3 0 4 0 4 5
7 8 8 4 . 8 8
9 8 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 06 1 08 13 18 1 29 1 31 1 41 1 47
B oke rT ach t i t : T he S i te L i th ic P roduc t ion f r om B oke rT ach t i t : T he C o r e s T he D eb i tage T he R e touched A r t if ac t s
. 1 5 1
C ompa r ison B e tween t h eA ssemb lages T he S t a t i s t ics T e s ts R esu l ts
1 59 1 62
1
1 52 1 54 1 57
s emb T he T h ree G roup so f As lages
. 1 64
s emb C hap te rE leven : A dd i t iona lT ran s i t iona l As lage s
1 6 8
C hap te r Twe lve : T he R e la t ion b e tween t h e T ran s i t iona l a nd t h eL evan t ine A u r ignac ian Ai nN or the rn I s rae l
1 7 1
sion a C hap te rT h i r teen : D i scus nd C onc lus ion s
1 7 3
B ib l iog raphy
1 81
L i s to fF igu re s
1 8 9
L is to fT ab les
1 89
L i s to fP l a tes
1 94
A ppend ix : P e rcen tage su sed i nF igu res 6 12 .
1 96
I
ABSTRACT
T h is w o rk i sa n a t temp t t o e xam ine t h e p rob lem o f v a l id i ty i n t h e M idd le -Uppe r P a leo l i th ic t r an s i t iona l i n du s t ry i nN o r th e rn I s rae l . A s i th a s g en e ra l ly b een a ccep ted t h a t n o M idd le -Uppe r P a l eo l i th ic t r an s i t ion o ccur red i nN or th e rn I s ra e l , a nd t h a t t h e t r an s i t iona l i n du s t ry a s d ef ined b y rod ( G ar 1951) h ad b een d e r ived f r om m ixed l a ye r s ( Ba r -Yosef a nd V ande rmee r sch , 1 972 ) , t h e N o r th e rn t r an s i t iona l i n du s t r ie s w e r e t h e r ef o r e c on s ide r ed f o r t h r ee d ecade s t o b e i re levan t f o r a n a ly s i s ( Kuhn e t a l . 1 999 : 5 07 ) . N eve r th e les s, t h e s i gn if i can t n umbe r s o f N o r th e rn I s rae l i l l " t r an s i t iona l" s i t e s , y i e ld ing r i ch d epos i t s , a s w e l a s t h e r e cen t d i scove r ie s o f w e l s t ra t if ied t r an s i t iona l i n du s t r ies i nt h eL evan t , h ave l e du st or e con s ide rt h i s s uppo s i t ion . I fi ti sf o und t h a tt h e " e n igma t i c" a semb lage s f r om N o r th er nI s rae l d o i n deed s ha r e t h e s ame c u l tu ra l b a ckg round w i th s t h ea semb lage s wh ich h av e b een d e r iv ed f r om u nd i s tu rbed l a ye r s ( s uch a sa tK sa rA k i l XXV -XV I s i nL ebanon ) , t h ee x i s tence o ft h et r an s i t iona l i n du s t ry i nN o r the rn I s rae lw i l b ev a l ida ted . l W i th t h e a i d o ft h e t e chno log ica l a na ly s i s , w e h ave u nde r tak en t h e d e te rm ina t ion o ft h e r e duc t ion s t r a teg ie s a nd t h e m a in t o l t y pes u sed i nt h e d i f e r en t a semb lages . T o e va lua te t h e d eg r ee o f o f s s im i la r i t ie s a nd d i s im i la r i t ie s b e tween t h e a semb lages u nde r c on s ide ra t ion , w e h av e u sed t wo s s s a t i s t ic t e s t s : t h e . I MP C lu s te r A na ly s i s a nd t h e p r inc ipa l c omponen t s o n u n sca led o f t h e t m u l t iva r iab le a n a ly s i s .
I n c ompa r ing t h e " en igm a t ic" a semb lage s f r om N or th e rn I s rae l w i th t h ose d e r iv ing f r om s u nd i s tu rbed l a y e r s , o u r c ur t a r gum en t g i ve s much s uppor t t o t h e t h eo ry o f at r an s i t iona l ren p h enom enon i nN o r the rn I s rae l . B o th t h e No r the rn I s rae l ia nd K sa rA k i la semb lage sd emon s t ra te a s g r ea t d i ve r s i ty o fr e duc t ion s t ra teg ie sa nd p roduc t s . T hey h ave a l y i e lded a semb lage s w h ich s ha re l s a numbe r o f f e a tu re s , s u ch a s t h e a soc ia t ion b e tween U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade a nd L eva lo is s l p r oduc t s a nd s im i la r r e duc t ion s t ra teg ies . T hey e xh ib i t s im i la r r e duc t ion s t ra teg ies a nd p roduc t s . s v o N eve r th e les a r ia t ion s i nt h e a moun t o fc o r e c a tego r ie s , a r t if a c t s a nd t o l t y pes o ccu r b e tween s l m o s t o ft h em . S om e a semb lages a r e g ea red t owa rd t h ep roduc t ion o fL ev a lo i s f l ak e s wh i le o th e r s a r ea im ed t owa rd t h ep rodu c t ion o fb l ade sa nd b l ade le t s . A cco rd ing t o t h e s t a t i s t i ca l t e s t s c onduc ted , t h r ee g roup s e m e rge wh ich i s t ra te c hanges f r om lu M idd le t oU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t e chno logy , a nd m ay b ec or la ted t ot h r ee d i f e r en tp ha s es i n as cheme re f o f d eve lopm en t : G roup 1 , i n c lud ing l a te Mou s te r ian a semb lage s , i s c ha ra c te r ized b y t h e s o ccur ce o fU ppe r P a leo l i th ic f e a tu r e s ; G roup 3c on ta in s U ppe r P a leo l i th ic a semb lage s m a rked ren s b y t h e p e r s is ten ce o f s om e Mou s te r ian i t em s ; a nd G roup 2 i n c lude s t h e t r an s i t iona l a s emb lage s s m a rked b y b o th Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic c omponen t s . T ypo techno log ica l r e la t ion sh ips b e tween t h e l a te Mou s te r ian , t h e t r an s i t iona l a nd t h e E a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic , w h ich o ccu r i n N o r the rn I s rae l , d emon s t ra te a ni ns i tu e vo lu t iona ry d eve lopmen t . T h e r ef o re , i ti sp os le t ou se t h e sib t e rm " t ran s i t iona l" i n ag en e ra l s en se , t od ef ine t h e i n du s t r ie s , wh ich r e p re sen t d i f e r en t s t ep s i na f l o ng a u toch thonou sd eve lopm en ta lp roces s.
U s ing G i lead 's d ef in i t ion , t wo A hma r ian s i te s h ave b een r e po r ted f r om t h eN o r th o fI s rae l : K eba ra I Va nd I I ( Ba r -Yo sef a nd B e lf e r -Coh en , 1 996 ) , K eba r a E( Z if r , 1 975 ; 1 978 ) , Q af zeh 9 -7 ( Ron en fe a nd V ande rm ee r sch , 1 972 ) , a sw e l a sQ af zeh E (Ronen , 1 976 ) . T he K eba r a a nd Q af zeh a t r ibu t ion l t t o t h e Ahma r ian s em s p rob lema t ic , d ue t o t h e p re sence o f L eva lo i s c o re s a nd f l ake s i n t h e e l d eb i tage a nd t o lp roduc t s , w h ich a r et o ta ly a b sen t i n Ahma r ian a semb lage s f r om S ou ther nI s rae l . o l s T h e A hma r ian a ppea r s t ob e as pec ia l ized i n du s t ry , c ha rac te r ized b y l am ina r r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s , a nd e spec ia ly b y t h e a x i s f l ak ing l am ina r mode w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm , w h ich t e nd s t o b e l d om inan t o r e xc lus ive ( Dav idzon , P e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . T h e ref o r e , t h e A hma r ian i sa si ng le c u l tu ra l g roup r e p re sen t ing a n i n d igenou s p opu la t ion t h a t e xpanded i n to t h e a r id z one i n t h e S ou th e rn L evan t( Kaufm an , 1 988 ; 1 998 ) a nd wh ich d oe sn o to ccu ri n No r ther nI s rae l . T h e s i te o f B oke r T a ch t i t , w he r e t h e t e rm ina l p ha se e vo lved i n to t h e E a r ly Ahma r ian ( Ma rk s , I I
1 983a ) ,m ay s ugge s t a nu n i l inea rd eve lopmen to ft h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic i nS ou the rn I s rae l . T h i s s i te , w h ich i sc ha rac te r ized b y U ppe r P a leo l i th ic r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s , b l ade s d e ta ched b y t h e h a rd h amme r t e chn ique a nd L eva l lo i s l ike p o in t s , c anno t b e c or re la ted t o t h e No r the rn I s rae l a nd L ebanon t r an s i t ion . V e ry f ew a b so lu te d a te s a r e a va i lab le f o r t h e l a te Mou s te r ian a nd t h e t r an s i t iona l g r oup s f r om Nor th er nI s rae l a nd L ebanon . N eve r the l es s, t h e f ew a va i lab le d a te sp e rm i t u s t oe s t ima te t h e a ge o f t h et r an s i t ion ( G roup 2 )a nd I n i t ia lU ppe rP a leo l i th ic ( G roup 3 )b e tween c a . 4 5 k aa nd 3 6k a . B P .
C onc lu s ion Two c on tempo raneou s t r ad i t ion s o ccu r i nI s rae l : T he M idd le -Uppe rP a leo l i th ic t r an s i t ion e vo lv ing i n to a n e a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i nt h e N or th , a nd aS ou the rn t r an s i t ion d ef ined b y Mon iga l a s a n I n i t ia lU ppe rP a leo l i th ic , wh ich e vo lv es i n to t h eA hma r ian i nt h e S ou th .
I V
CHAPTER ONE
I NTRODUCT ION
T h i sw o rk a temp t s t oe xam ine t h e p rob lem o fv a l id i ty i nt h e M idd le -Uppe rP a leo l i th ic t r an s i t iona l t i n du s t ry i n N o r ther n I s rae l . A s i th a s g ene ra ly b een a ccep ted t h a t n o M idd le -Uppe r P a leo l i th ic l t r an s i t ion o ccur nN or the rn I s ra e l a nd t h a t t h e t r an s i t iona l i n du s t ry d ef ined b y G ar 1951) red i rod ( w a s d e r ived f r om m ixed l a ye r s ( Ba r -Yo sef a nd V ande rmee r sch , 1 972 ) , t h e N o r th e rn t r an s i t iona l i n du s t r i e s w e r e t h e r ef o r e c on s ide r ed t ob e i levan t f o ra na ly s i s ( Kuhn e ta l . 1 999 : 5 07 ) a nd w e r e , re f o rt h r ee d ecade s , t o ta ly d i sca rded f o rr e sea r ch . N eve r the les h e s i gn if ican t n umbe r s o fN or the rn l s, t I s r a e l i " t ran s i t iona l" s i tes y i e ld ing r i ch d epo s i t s a nd t h e r e cen t d i s cove r ies o f w e l s t ra t if ied l t r an s i t iona l i n du s t r ies i nt h eL evan th ave l e du st or e con s ide rt h i ss uppo s i t ion .
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F igu re 1 : T he Ma jo r L evan t ine Mou s te r ian a nd t h e M idd le -Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic T r an s i t iona l S i te s
1
s I fi ti sf o und t h a t• t h e " en igma t ic" a semb lage s f r om N o r ther n I s r ae l d o i n deed s ha r e t h e s ame s c u l tu ra l b a ckg round w i th t h e a semb lage s w h ich h ave b een d e r ived f r om u nd i s tu rbed l a y e r s , t h e l t r an s i t iona l i n dus t ry i nN o r the rn I s rae l w i l b e v a l ida ted . T o a ch i ev e t h i st a sk , w e h ave c onduc ted a d e ta i led t y po techno log ica l a na ly s i s o n as e r ie s o f L a te Mou s te r ian a nd /o r " t ran s i t iona l" l i t h ic s a semb lages f r om N o r the rn I s rae l , a nd h ave c ompa r ed t h em w i th t h eL ebanese a nd S ou th e rn I s rae l i i n du s t r ie s . We h ave a l so c on s ide r ed t h e r e po r t s o f n ew e xcava t ion s i n S y r ia a nd J o rdan , a nd sib e ndeavo r ed t oa na lyz et h ep os le c u l tu ra lr e la t ion sh ips b e tween t h em .
H ISTORY OF THE RESEARCH o T he e xcava t ion s o fU ppe r P a leo l i th ic s i te s i nt h e N ea r E a s t f i r s t t ok p l ace i nt h e m a jo rc aves a nd l r ock she l te r s i n G a l i lee , Moun t C a rm e l ( I s rae l ) a nd t h e J udean D e se r t , a s w e l a s i nt h e Wad i rod a l A n te l ia s ( Lebanon ) a nd Y ab rud ( Sy r ia ) . G ar nd N euv i le f i r s t e s tab l i shed as i x -pha s e s equen ce , l rod 1 s how ing au n i l inea rL evan t in e U ppe rP a laeo l i th ic d eve lopmen t ( Neuv i le 1 934 ; G ar 9 51 , 1 954 ) l ( Tab le I . 1) . T h i s s equen ce b eg in sw i th a" t ran s i t iona lp ha se " f r om t h e Mou s te r ian ( c a led " Pha se I " l rod l l b yN euv i le a nd " Em i ran" b yG ar )w h ich t e chno log i ca ly e xh ib i t sb o th t h eL eva lo i sm e thod a nd rod i p un ched b l ade s . T he k ey s i te sw e re e t -Tabban B , Q af zeh E and E l - Wad F .L a te r , G ar n c luded i n rod 1 t h i s p ha se Y ab rud I l a y e r 7 ,a nd A bu H a lka l a ye r s I Ve IVf i nL ebanon ( Gar 954 ) . P ha se I ron p c on ta in s t h ick r e touched b l ade s , C ha te lper o in t s a nd af ew F on t -Yve s p o in t s ( l a te rn amed E l l Wad p o in t s ) a nd i sc ha rac te r ized b y t h e l a ck o f Em i ran p o in t a nd L eva lo i s m e thod s . T h is p ha s e w a s n o t i d en t if ied i n Moun t C a rme l ; t h e ma in s i te s w e re E rq e l -Ahma r Fa nd Q af z eh D . T he l o f o low ing P ha se s I I a nd I V ( An te l ian ) a r e m a rked b y a n a ccen tua t ion o fA u r ignac ian t o l t y pe s , s w i th al o so fb l ade t e chno logy . T he d i v i s ion o ft h e se t wo p ha se s i s ba sed u pon t h e f r equency o fE l Wad p o in t s , w h ich a r e m o r e s i gn if ican t i nP ha se I I . T he se t wo p ha se s , wh ich r e p r e sen t t h e " ea r ly l rod ( a nd l a te A u r ignac ian s t age s" , w e re l a te rc a led " Lowe ra nd U ppe rA n te l ian" b y G ar 1 957 ) a f te r t h e s i te s i n Wad i An te l ia s i nL ebanon , wh ich i n c lude A b r i A n te l ia sa nd K sa r Ak i l . T h e k ey s i te so f P ha se I I w e r e E rq e l -Ahma r D , Q af zeh C a nd e l - Wad E , wh i le t h ose o fP ha se I V w e r e E rq e l red t Ahma r Ba nd E l - Wad D . P ha se V , r e f er oa s" A t l i t ian" , i s ma rked b yt h ep re sen ce o fp o lyhed ra l l a nd t r unca ted b u r in s w i th f ew c a r ina ted e nd sc rape r s , a s w e l a s b y t h e f i r s t a ppea r an ce o f t h e m ic ro l i th s . I t is a l o ca l e n t i ty n o t f ound i nL ebanon a nd S y r ia . T h i sp ha se w a s i d en t if i ed a tE l - Wad Ca nd E l -Kh iam E .T he " K eba ran " P ha se V I i n c lude sn ume rou s t r un ca ted a nd p o in ted b l ade le t s , a s l w e l a s e nd sc rape r s a nd v a r iou s m ic ro l i th s . T he k ey s i te s w e r e K eba ra C a nd E l -Kh i am D . T h i s l i p ha se i s re ga rded t oday a sE p ipa leo l i th ic , e xcep tb yI .G i lead , w ho s ugges t s " l ump ing a n du s t r ie s p r io rt ot h eN a tuf ian a sl a te U ppe rP a leo l i th ic " ( G i lead 1 99 1 , p1 32 -133 ) . L a te r , C ope land ( 1975 ; 1 976 )e s tab l i shed ar ough ly s im i la rs t ra t ig r aphy b a sed u pon t h es e quence o f K sa r A k i l . S h e p os i ted t h e e x is ten ce o f aN or ther na nd S ou the rn f a c ie s o ft h e t r an s i t ion a l " Em i r an p ha se" , a nd r e cogn ized t wo p ha se s o f t h e M idd le -Uppe r P a leo l i th ic t r an s i t ion : P ha se A i s o l c ha rac te r ized b y U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o l t y pes m ade o n L eva lo i s b l ank s a nd b y t h e c hamf e r ed l p i ece s , w h i le i nP ha se B , b o th t h e L eva lo i s p roduc t s a nd t h e c hamf e red p i eces d ec l ine ; t h e e nd l s c rape r s a nd t h e r e touched b l ades , h oweve r , i n c rea se . T he t h r ee f o low ing p ha se s a r e L evan t in e A u r igna c ian p ha se s wh ich i n c lude b u r in s , e l Wad p o in t s , f l a t -f aced c a r ina ted b u r in s a nd c a r ina ted a nd n o sed s c rape r s . T he d i scove r ie s o fU ppe r P a leo l i th ic o pen -a i r s i t e s i nt h e n ow -a r id p a r t s o ft h e S ou th er n L evan t . t h roughou t t h e l a s t t h ree d ecades , i e . i nI s rae l ( Negev ) , E gyp t ( S ina i ) , a nd J o rdan , a nd t h e r e e xam ina t ion o f c e r ta in o l d m a te r ia l s , h a s l e d t o t h e g en e ra l c onc lu s ion t h a t t h e u n i l inea r l rod h e vo lu t iona ry s equen ce p ropo sed b y N euv i le a nd G ar a s n o b a s i s i n a n h i s to r i c r e a l i ty ( Ba r ring 1 Y osef 1 980 ; Ma rk s a nd F er 988 ; B e rgman 1 987 ) . T h e v a r iab i l i ty o ft h e i n du s t r ie si nt h e e n t i r e l f L evan t , a sw e l a s t h e d i f icu l t ies i ni n co rpo ra t ing n ew d a ta i n to t h e o l d c h rono log i ca l s e quen ce s , h av e p u shed t h e r e sea rch e r s t o r e p la ce i t wi th an ew s equence . " Bo th s t ra t ig raph ic s e quence a nd s r ad iom e t r ic d a t ing o fa semb lage s r e f u te t h e u n i l inea r d eve lopm en t o ft e chn ica l a nd t y po log i ca l ring 1 l c ha rac te r s " ( Ma rk s a nd F er 988 : 6 5 ) . A t p r e sen t , t wo d i s t in c t p a r t ia ly s ynch ronou s U ppe r 2
P a l eo l i th ic t r ad i t ion s t h a t d i f e r i n b o th t e chno logy a nd t y po logy h ave b een p os tu la ted : T he f A hma r ian a nd t h e L evan t in e A u r ignac ian ( G i lead , 1 98 1 ; Ma rk s , 1 981) . T he A hma r ian i s c h a rac te r ized b y b l ade o r ien ted t e chno logy , u t i l iz ing c r es ted b l ade s f o rc o re p r epa ra t ion , c o r e e dge a b r a s ion a nd ac o r e t a b le t t e chn ique f o r p l a tf o rm m a in tenan ce a nd r e juvena t ion , wh e r ea s i n t h e L evan t ine A u r igna c ian , t h e c o re r e duc t ion s t ra teg ies i n c luded b o th a n i la r f l ake p roduc ing regu s t r a tegy a nd ah eavy b l ade p roduc t ion s t ra tegy ( G i lead 1 981 ; 1 99 1 ; Ma rk sa nd F er 988 ) . ring 1 T ab le 1 . 1 :T he S equence o ft h eL evan t ine U ppe rP a leo l i th ic ( a f te rB a r -Yo s ef 1 970 ; C ope land 1 975 ; G i lead , 1 989 ) P h a se s T oo ls S i te s K s a rA k i l L eve ls 1 4 V I . K eba ran N ume rous t r unca ted a nd p o in ted b l ad e le ts K eba r aB ,H ayon im C , N aha l O ren 9
K eba ran
V .A t l i t ian
P o lyed ra la nd t r unca ted b u r in s , f ew c a r ina ted s c r ape r s , m ic ro l i th s
E lK h iam E ,E l Wad C ,N aha lE in G ev I ,N ah a l O ren B 7 ,Y ab rud 1 ,2
I V . U ppe r A n t e l ian
T h ick n o sed s c r ape r s , b u r in s ,r e touched b l ade s a nd e l Wad b l ade s
E lK h iam F ,E rq e lA hma rB , E l Wad D , K eba ra D ,H ayon im D , S ef un im C , D
I I .L owe r
C a r ina ted a nd t h ick n o s ed s c r ape r s , f r equency o fe l Wad p o in ts ,p o in ted b l ade s
E rq e lA hma rD ; E l Wad E ,K eba ra E , Y ab rud I ,6
1 3 11 1 0
P o in ted B lade s ,e nd -sc rape r s ,b u r in s ,a nd n o Em i reh p o in t s . Em i reh p o in ts a nd d ive r se p o in t s , e nd -s c r ape r s , l o b u r in s ,L eva lo is t o ls , L am ina r f l ake sa nd r e touched b l ade s .
E r q e lA hma rE ,F ;Q af zeh D , Y abr ud I ,6 E l Wad F ,E t -Tabban B , Em i reh , Q af zeh E ,Y ab rud I ,7 ,
2 0 15
L evan t ine A u r ignac ian A P ha se B
2 5 -2 1
P ha se A
A n t e l ian I . I .Em i ran
7 -6
K s a rA k i l P hase s
9 -8
L evan t ine A u r ignac ian C L evan t ine A u r ignac ian B
T he T rans i t iona l' ,W iw i : ), T h et r an s i t iona l i n du s t ry o r ig ina l ly d esc r ibed b yN euv i l le ( 1934 ) w a s d ef ined b y D . G ar rod ( 1955 ) o n t h e b a s i s o fa s semb lage s f r om t h e Em i reh ( Ga l i lee ) a nd E l Wad c ave s ( Ca rme l ) i nI s rae l , a nd f r om t h e A bu H a lka c ave i n L ebanon . I ti sv i ewed a s t h e f i r s t p ha se i n t h e u n i l inea r U ppe r P a l eo l i th ic d eve lopmen t . G ar rod p o in ted t ot h em ix ed c ha rac te ro ft h i s i n du s t ry , w h ich i s ma rked b y t h e a s soc ia t ion o f A u r ignac ian a nd L eva l lo i s - Mou s te r ian t y pe s , a s w e l l a s b y b l ade -o r ien ted t e chno logy . T h e a s semb lage s a r e c ha rac te r ized b y t h e L eva l lo i s m e thod f o r p roduc ing Mou s te r ian t o o l s , a nd b y s om e e l onga ted b l ank s , o n w h ich A u r ignac ian t o o l s w e r e m ade . T he se t r an s i t iona l e l emen ts d emon s t ra te a d eve lopm en ta l s equence f r om t h e M idd le P a leo l i th ic t o t h e U ppe r P a l eo l i th ic ( Gar rod , 1 955 , 1 962 ) . L a te r , C ope land r e f o rmu la ted G ar rod 's c oncep t a nd d e f ined t h e t r an s i t ion a sa n i n du s t ry c ompo sed o fU ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o o l t y pes p roduced o n M idd le P a leo l i th ic b l ank s( Cope land , 1 975 ) . T h e " f os si l t y pe " o ft h i s i n du s t ry i st h e Em i reh p o in t , t y po log i ca l ly r e la ted t ot h e L eva l lo i st r iangu la rp o in t st h inned a tt h e b a s e b yb i f ac ia l r e touch . T h e a s semb lage s c on ta in a h i gh f r equency o f t r i angu la r a nd n ar row , p o in ted f l ake s , a s w e l l a s F on t -Yv es p o in ts ( E l - Wad p o in t s ) , e nd sc rape r s o nb l ade s a nd f l ake s , b u r in s a nd r e touched b l ades a nd f l akes , al a rge n umbe r o fw h ich a r eo ft h eL eva l lo i st y pe . A t f i r s t , t h e t h eo ry o ft h e M idd le -Uppe r P a leo l i th ic t r an s i t ion w a s r e f u ted . S t eke l i s n o ted t h a t t h e Em i reh p o in t c ou ld n o t b e t h e " t ype f o s s i l " , d ue t o i t s p r e sence i n t h e Mou s te r ian l e ve l s o f S hubbab iq ( B inf o rd , 1 966 ) a nd i n t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l e ve l s o f S ef un im ( 196 1) a nd K eba r a ( S t eke l is , 1 956 ; S ch ick a nd S t eke l i s , 1 977 ) . T he m ixed c ha rac te r o f t h e Em i ran h a s r a i sed t h e q u e s t ion o fi t s c r ed ib i l i ty . I t ha s b een s ugges ted t h a t e r o s ion a nd m a jo r k a r s t ic a c t iv i t ie s a tt h e e nd o f t h e Mous te r ian h ad d i s tu rbed t h e a r cheo log ica l b ed s i n N o r ther n I s rae l , a nd w e r e t hu s s r e spon s ib le f o r t h e se m ixed a semb lage s ( Ba r -Yo sef a nd V ande rmee r sch , 1 972 ) . T oday , s cho la r s a r ew e l l a wa r e o fc ave f o rm a t ion p roces se s , a nd mo re a t ten t ion i sp a id t ot h e g eo log i ca lc on tex t s o f s t h e a r cheo log ica l r e co rd . T he s t ud ies o fs ed imen t s a nd m ine ra l a semb lage s i nt h e H ayon im a nd K eba ra c ave s (We ine re ta l . 1 995 ; G o ldbe rg a nd B a r -Yosef 1 998 ) h ave r e vea led t h e c omp lex i ty o f se s i t ef o rma t ion a nd p o s t -depo s i t iona lp roces sw i th in c av es , ap henom enon w h ich m ay s i gn if ican t ly ses a l c i n f luen ce t h e a r chaeo log ica l l a y e r s . A n th ropogen i c , g eogen i c a nd b i ogen ic p roces r ea apab le o fd i sp lac ing a r t if a c t s t ov a ry ing e x ten t s ( Go ldbe rg a nd B a r -Yosef 1 998 ) ; t h i s t e nd s t os uppor t t h e s se p o s tu la te t h a t t h e " t ran s i t iona l" a semb lage s i nN o r th e rn I s rae l a r e t h e o u tcom e o fs u ch p roces s s, t s ( Ba r -Yosef a nd V ande rmee r sch 1 972 ) . N eve r the les r an s i t iona l a semb lage s w e r e u ncov e r ed i n 3
s i te s w he r e n o s i gn if i can t d i s tu rbance s w e r e r e po r ted , s u ch a sa tK sa r A k i l i nL ebanon ( Cope land , 1 975 ) a nd a tB oke rT ach t i t i nS ou th e rn I s rae l ( Ma rk s , 1 976 -77 ) , a nd h ave r e so lved t h e p r ob lem o f t h e c r ed ib i l i ty o ft h e t r an s i t ion , w h ich i sn ow c on s ide r ed t o b e a n i n dependen t i n du s t ry ( Ma rk s , 1 983b ; V o lkman a nd K aufman , 1 983 ) . Mo r e r e cen t ly , i n du s t r i es i nt h e t r an s i t iona l s t r a t ig raph ic c on tex t h ave b een d ocum en ted a tt h e i n te rm ed ia t e l e ve l s o f Umm e lT l e l i nt h e E l K owm b as in i n l No r thea s t S y r ia ( Bo& la a nd Muh esen , 1 993 ) , a sw e l a sa tt h e T or S adaf r o ck she l te r i n Wad i H a sa l i n J o rdan ( Co inman a nd F ox , 2 000 ) . I ti sn ow g en e ra ly a ccep ted t h a t t h e t r an s i t ion a l i n du s t ry l o ccu r s i nw ide ly d i s t r ibu ted a r ea s i nt h e L evan t , a l though i t s p r e sence i n No r the rn I s r a e l i ss t i l c on te s ted ( Kuhn , 1 999 : 5 07 ) . l s T he p r e s en ce o fw e l -s t ra t if i ed t r an s i t iona l a semb lage s i nt h e L evan t l e ad s u s t or a ise d oub t s a st o se t h e e x ten t a nd t h e i mpa c t o f p os t -depo s i t iona l p roces s i n t h e c ave s o f No r th e rn I s r a e l . I ti s sib red w p os le t h a te r os iona l e ven t sa nd k a r s t i c a c t iv i t ie so ccur i th in t h e" t ran s i t iona l" l a y e r s ,a nd n o t s b e tween t h e Mou s te r ian a nd t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic h o r izon s . T hus , t h e a semb lage s e xh ib i t ing b o th l sa L eva lo i s p roduc t s a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic type b l ade s a r e n o t n eces r i ly t h e r e su l t o fm echan ica l a dm ix tu r e s , b u t r a the r m ay t e s t if y t o t h e e x i s t en ce o f t h e " t ran s i t iona l" p ha se , a s p r ev iou s ly rod a l p e rce ived b y G ar nd N euv i le . D ue t o t h e a b sen ce o f d e ta i led r e por ts o n s i te f o rma t ion se sib s p roces s i n t h e m a jo r N o r thern I s rae l i c aves , i ti si mpos le t o a sume t h a t t h e t r an s i t ion a l s s a semb lage s p r e sen ted h e r e in a r e a b so lu te ly i n va l id . B ef o r e d i sca rd ing t h e a semb lages , i ti s s l o e sen t ia l t o c a ref u ly e xam ine t h em . I ft h ey d i sp lay c ompa r ab le r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s a nd t o l p roduc t sw i th t h o se wh ich h ave b een d e r ived f r om u nd i s tu rbed l a ye r s ( s uch a sK sa rA k i l XXV -XV I l sib i nL ebanon ) , i tw i lb ep os le t os ugge s tt h a tt h ey s ha r et h e s ame c u l tu ra l b ackg round ,a nd t h e r eby rence o t ov a l ida te t h eo ccur ft h et r an s i t iona l i n du s t ry i nN or th er nI s rae l . s T he t r an s i t iona l a semb lage sd emon s t ra te s t rong v a r iab i l i ty i nt h e i rc ompos i t ion , p a r t icu la r ly b yt h e p r e sence i nL ebanon o fc hamf e r ed p i ece s ( Abu H a lka , K sa r A k i l ) w h ich a r e s c a r ce o ra b sen t i n rence o sion i I s rae l( Be rgman , 1 988 ) , a nd b yt h e o ccur ft h e s of th amm e rt e chn ique i nd i r ec t p e r cus n l K sa r A k i l ( Be rgman 1 988 ) , t o ta ly a b sen t i nB oke r T ach t i t ( whe r e t h e h a rd h amme r t e chn ique i s e xc lu s ive ly u sed ) ( Ma rk s , 1 983a ) . T he v a r iab i l i ty o ft h e t r an s i t ion m ay s ugge s t t h e e x i s tence o f r eg ion a lf a c ies o ft h et r an s i t ion . rod h G ar a s s ugge s ted a n i ns i tu e vo lu t iona ry d eve lopm en t f r om t h e l a te M idd le P a leo l i th ic t o t h e rod 1 s l sa E a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic ( Gar 957 : 4 42 ) . T o v e r if yt h is a se r t ion , i tw i l b e n eces ry t od ef in e t h e t e chno log i ca l a nd t y po log ica l r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween t h e L a te Mou s te r ian , t h e t r an s i t iona l a nd s t h eU ppe rP a leo l i th ic a semb lage s( Ahma r ian o r /and L evan t ine A u r ignac ian ) .
T he U ppe rP a l eo l i th ic I ndus t r i e s T he A hmar ian l red t l T he A hma r ian i n du s t ry w a s i n i t ia ly r e f er o a s U ppe r P a leo l i th ic I I ( Neuv i le , 1 934 ) o r rod A n te l ian ( Gar , 1 962 ) , l a te r b e ing d ef ined b y G i lead ( 1981 , 1 99 1) a nd Ma rk s ( 1981 ) a s ab l ad e a nd b l ade le tp roduc t ion d e ta ched f r om U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade a nd b l ade le t c o re s , r e juv ena ted v e ry o f ten b yt h e r emova l o fc o r e t a b le t s . T he b l ade -b lade le tt oo l s a lway s e xceed 5 0% o ft h eb l ank s ; t h e l e nd sc rape r s a nd t h e b u r in s r a r e ly e xceed 2 0% , a nd t h e Au r igna c ian t y pe s a r e v i r tua ly a b sen t . E l Wad p o in t s o n c u rved o r t w i s ted b l ade le t b l ank s , s haped b y a b rup t o r s em i -ab rup t r e touched , a r e w e l l r e p re sen ted ( Cope land a nd H ou r s , 1 97 1) . F o r P h i l l ip s , t h e A hma r ian i n dus t ry i sc ha rac te r ized sic s b yt h e c l as of th amme rb l ade /b lade le t t e chno logy , a nd e xh ib i ts E l Wad p o in t s a nd aw ide r ang e o fb u r in a nd s c rape rt ypes , m o s t o f wh ich a r e m ade o n l a rge b l ade s ( Ph i l l ip s , 1 988 ) . T h e Ahma r ian i n du s t r ie sa r er e po r ted i nt h e l i t e ra tu re i nt h eN o r ther nL evan t , s u ch a si nt h eJ udean D e s er ta tE rq e l ro Ahma rD , a tE lQ u se i rD , a nd a t Ma sa raq e lN a 'a j ( Per t , 1 955 ) ; t h ey a r ea l so w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted i n t h e N egev a tB oke r A , D , a nd a tB oke r BE ; ( Ma rk s , 1 981 ; J one s e ta l , 1 983 ) . T hey a l so a ppea r i n l t h e S in a i ( Abu N o sh ra , Q ade sh B a rnea ) ( Ph i l ips , 1 988 ; G i lead , 1 981) a nd J o rdan ( Hen ry , 1 997 ; ry C o inman , 1 998 ; C o inman a nd H en ry , 1 995 ; K er , 2 000 ) a nd p r obab ly a l so i nS y r ia ( P loux , 1 998 ) . e l A cco rd ing t o G i lead ( 1981) a nd Ma rk s ( 1 981) i ts em s p r ef e rab le t o l ump a l t h e b l ade /b lade le t 4
i n du s t r ies i n to t h e A hma r ian t r ad i t ion , b ecau se t h ey s how s im i la r t r end s o ve r al ong p e r iod . T h is w ou ld i n c lude l o ca lo rt empora lg roups ( " cu l tu re s " ) , s uch a st h eL agaman ( G i lead 1 991 : 1 25 ) . T h e r ad ioca rbon d a te s f r om t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l a ye r s o f t h e K eba ra c ave p rov ide n ew a ge e s t ima te s f o r t h e e a r ly Ahma r ian ( Ba r Y osef e ta l , 1 995 ) . T he o l de s t a semb lage s c om e f r om t h e s K eba ra u n i t I V i nn o r th er nI s rae l , d a ted t o4 3 /42 .000 B P , a nd i nt h e S ou th , t oc a . 3 8 .000 B .P f r om B oke r A , (Ma rk s , 1 983a ) a nd A bu Nosh ra I ( Ph i l ips a nd G ladf e l te r , 1 989 ) . T he A hma r ian l c omp lex a ppea r ed c a 8 / 10 .000 y ea r s e a r l ie r t h an t h e L evan t ine A u r ignac ian i n n o r ther n I s rae l ( K eba ra ) ( Ba r Y osef e ta l . , 1 996 ) a nd i nL ebanon ( K sa r Ak i l V I : 3 2 .000 B P ) ( Me la r s a nd T ix ie r , l 1 9 89 ) . T he L evan t ine A u r ignac ian , o n t h e o the r h and , o ve r lapped t h e A hma r ian f r om t h e N egev a nd S ina i f o r a t l e a s t s eve ra l m i lenn ia ( G i lead , 1 989a ) . T he A hma r ian a ppea r s t o r e p re sen t a n l i n d igenou s p opu la t ion t h a t e xpanded i n to t h e a r id z one . T he a ppa r en t u n i l inea r d eve lopmen t o ft h e A hma r ian i n S ou ther n I s ra e l i ss uppo r ted b y t h e N egev s i te o fB oke r T ach t i t , whe r e t h e t e rm ina l p h a ses o ft h e L evan t ine Mou s te r ian ( c a led t e rm ina l L evan t ine Mou s te r ian b y Mon iga l 2 00 1 :17 ) l e vo lved i n to t h eE a r ly A hma r ian ( Boke rT ach t i t I V ) ( Ma rk s , 1 983a ) . T h ev a r iab i l i ty b e tween t h e se i ndu s t r ies i ss t rong , a nd r evea ls t he a mb igu i ty i nt h e d ef in i t ion o ft h e A hma r ian . T he u ppe rl e ve l( 4 ) o fB oke rT ach t i t i s re la ted t ot h eA hma r ian ,d esp i te t h ep r eponde ran t u s e o f t h e h a rd h amme r t e chn ique . Moreove r , an umbe r o f U ppe r P a leo l i th ic a semb lages s u n cove red i nt h e S ou the rn L evan t , s uch a sJ ebe l H ume ima ( J 412 ) h ave b een c l a ss if i ed b y s om e a s L evan t ine Au r igna c ian , a nd b yo the r sa s Ahma r ian ( Ker ,2 000 ) . ry
T he L evan t ine A ur ignac ian T h e t e rm " Levan t ine A u r ignac ian" w a s o r ig ina ly p roposed b y R . N euv i le ( 1934 ) , t h en l l s u b sequen t ly c a led L owe r a nd U ppe r An te l ian b y D . G ar 1951) . L a te r , C ope land d iv ided i ta t l rod ( K sa r Ak i l b e tween P ha ses A , Ba nd C ( 1975 ) . L evan t ine A u r ignac ian A , r e cogn ized a tK sa r Ak i l 1 3 11 , h a sb een d ef ined a s ab l ade i n du s t ry w i th c a r ina ted a nd n osed s c rape r s . I t ha sb een v i ewed a s al o ca ly i s o la ted p henomenon , s i nce i tw a s k nown o n ly i nL ebanon ( G i lead , 1 981 ; Ma rk s , 1 981) . l H oweve r , t h is p ha se h a s r e cen t ly b een r epo r ted f r om K eba ra c ave ( un i ts I a nd I )a nd h a s b een d a ted t o3 6 -32 .000 B P ( Ba r Y o sef a nd B e lf e r -Cohen , 1 993 ; B a r Y o sef e ta l , 1 996 ) . T he L evan t ine A u r ignac ian C c on ta in s a semb lage s c ha rac te r ized b y f l ake o r ien ted t e chno logy a nd m a rked b y a s g r ea tp reponderance o fb u r in so nt a bu la rf l in t , b acked b l ades a nd s t eep s c rape r s( E l Wad C ) , h av ing p r ev iou s ly b een d es igna ted a s A t l i t ian b y G ar Pha se V ) , ( Gar nd B a te 1 937 , N euv i le rod ( rod a l 1 9 51) . T hese a semb lage s a r ev i ewed a st h ec u lm ina t ion o f au n i l inea rA u r ignac ian d eve lopmen to f s t h ep r e sence o fc e r ta in A u r ignac ian t oo lt ype s , s uch a sc a r ina ted s c rape r s . L evan t ine A u r ignac ian B p r ov ided l i th ic a semb lages c ha rac te r ized b y f l ake -o r ien ted t e chno logy f o rt h ep roduc t ion o fb l ank s , s w h i le t h et oo l sa r em anuf ac tu red f r om b l ades a nd f l akes i nt h e s ame p ropor t ion . T he t l sc on s i s to f oo n ume rou s c a r ina ted a nd n o sed s c rape r s . T he w ide sp read L evan t ine Au r ignac ian B i n dus t r ies a r e f o und p r inc ipa ly w i th in t h e Med i ter ood lands , a nd f i r s t a ppea r i n Nor ther n I s rae l a r ound l ranean w 3 2 .000 B .P . ( Hayon im D ) a nd i nL ebanon ( K sa r A k i l 8 -7 , An te l ia s I I IV ) ; i ti sk nown i nS y r ia ( Umm E l T le l , Y ab rud I ) a nd i nJ o rdan ( To r H ama r ) . I ti so n ly a round c a . 2 6 .000 B .P . t h a t t h e L evan t ine Au r ignac ian i sr epor ted i nt h e C en t ra l N egev ( Boke r BE I ; Ma rk s , 1 983a ) , a nd l a te r a r ound c a 2 2 .000 B .P . a tB oke r Ca nd 1 7 .000 B .P . a tE in A quev D 31 . F o low ing G ar 1951 , l rod ( 1 957 ) , G i lead h a s s ugge s ted t h a t t h e L evan t ine A u r ignac ian r ep resen t s a n i n tru s ive p opu la t ion i n t h eN ea rE a s t , wh i ch p robab ly o r ig ina ted i nt h e B a lkan s( G i lead 1 99 1) . T h e v a r iab i l i ty b e tween t h e L evan t ine A u r ignac ian B a semb lages i s q u i te s t rong . G i lead h as s d i s t ingu i shed t wo c u l tu ra l u n i t s w i th in t h i s t r ad i t ion ( 1981) . T he L evan t ine A u r ignac ian o f t h e Med i ter one , wh ich p r eva i led b e tween 3 2 .000 a nd 2 2 .000 B P ( K sa r Ak i l 8 -6 , K eba ra D , E l ranean z Wad D a nd H ayon im D ) , c ha rac te r ized b y v e ry f ew b l ades a nd r e la t ive ly n ume rou s A u r ignac ian e nd sc rape rs a nd b l ade s . A no the r p os le c u l tu ra l u n i t o ccu r s i nt h e N egev ( A rkov , D 26 , D 27A , sib R ama t Ma t red , H a r H o re sha I ) . I td i f e r s f r om t h e p rev ious u n i t i nh av ing f ew r e a l A u r ignac ian f l emen t s , a nd p robab ly c ame l a te r ( G i lead 1 99 1) . F o low ing G i lead ' s d ef in i t ion o ft h e L evan t ine e l A u r ignac ian e n t i t ie s , B e lf e r -Cohen c onc lude s t h a t " I t c an b e o b se rved t ha t t h e r e a r e m a jo r d i f e r ence s i n t h e t e chno log ica l a s w e l a s t ypo log ica l a spec ts o f t h e s o c a led L evan t ine f l l 5
s f A u r ignac ian a semb lages f r om t h e s ou th a s c ompa red t o t ho s e f r om t h e n or th . T h e d i f e ren ce s s f b e tween t h e No r the rn a nd S ou the rn a semb lage s c an b e e xp la ined b y ad i f e ren t ia l e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h e i mmed ia te e nv i ronmen t" ( Be lf e r -Cohen 1 996 : 2 50 ) . Mo re r e cen t ly , a f te r ar e -eva lua t ion o ft h e s l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l i th ic a semb lage o f J ebe l H um e ima ( J 4 12 ) i n S ou th -we s t J o rdan ( i n i t ia ly ry s i d en t if i ed a s L evan t ine A u r ignac ian ) , K er ugge s t s t h a t " t he L evan t ine A u r ignac ian w a s a bsen t ry t h rough m uch o ft h eU ppe rP a leo l i th ic i nt h e S ou th e rn L evan t" ( K er , 2 000 : 4 3 ) .
CURRENT PROBLEMS I NHERENT TO THE CO -EX IST ING T RADIT ION MODELS f A cco rd ing t ot h e G i lead 's d ef in i t ion s , t wo d i f e r en tt r ad i t ion s t h e r ef o r e c o -ex is ted b o th i nN o r the rn a nd S ou ther nI s rae l : al o ca l i n du s t ry ( The A hma r ian ) a nd a n i n t ru s ive i n du s t ry a ppea r ing l a te r f r om C en t ra l E u rope ( The L evan t in e A u r igna c ian ) . H oweve r , t h e v a r iab i l i ty b e tween t h e a s emb lage s i s s s t rong a nd r a i ses t h e p rob lem o f t h e r e cogn i t ion o f t h e Ahma r ian a nd L evan t ine A u r ignac ian i n du s t r i e s . B e lf e r -Cohen h a s p o in ted o u t t h e c onf u s ion wh ich a r i se s when o ne t r i es t oi n co rpo ra t e a ny U ppe r P a leo l i th ic a semb lage i n to t h e m ode l o ft h e t wo c o -ex i s t ing t r ad i t ion s c omp i led b y s G i lead ( Be lf e r -Cohen a nd B a r -Yosef , 1 999 :128 ) . T he s i te s i nS ou the rn J o rdan e x cava t ed b y H en ry ( Co inman a nd H en ry 1 995 ) i s t ra te t h i s c onf us ion . J ebe l H um e ima ( J 412 ) a nd T o r F awa z ( J 403 ) , lu d e s c r ibed a s L evan t in e A u r ignac ian s i te s , v a ry t e chno log i ca ly a nd t y po log ica ly f r om t h e l l L evan t in e A u r ignac ian d ef ined b y G i lead ; o th e r a semb lage s s u ch a sT o r H ama r ( J 4 13 ) , c l a ss if ied s a sA hma r ian b yt h e e xcava to r s , r e vea lt h e l a ck o fs ome i mpor tan t A hma r ian f e a tu re s ( Co inman a nd H en ry 1 995 : 1 79 181) . T or e so lve t h ep rob lem o fc l as sif ica t ion , H en ry a nd C o inman h av e t h e i ro wn d ef in i t ion o ft h e Ahma r ian a nd L evan t ine A u r igna c ian , wh ich d i f e r f r om t h ose d ef ined b y G i lead . f T he se t wo t r ad i t ion s a r e d om ina ted b y e nd sc rape r s a nd b u r in s , b u t i nt h e L evan t ine A u r ignac ian a s semb lage s t h e se t oo l s a r e m anuf a c tu r ed o n t h ick b l ade s ; t h e A hma r ian a s semb lages a r e c ha rac te r ized b y t h e E l - Wad p o in t s a sw e l l a sb y b l ade le t c ompon en t s ( Co inman a nd H en ry 1 995 : 3 7 ) . A cco rd ing t o K er ry , "much o ft h e v a r iab i l i ty a nd t a xonom ic i d en t if ica t ion o ccu r r ing i nt h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic o f S ou ther n L evan t m ay n o t c l ea r ly i lu s t ra te t h e Ahma r ian -Au r ignac ian d i cho tomy" ( K er ry 2 000 : 4 3 ) . Mo r eove r , T he r e i s today ac on t rove r sy r e ga rd ing t h ep r e sen ce o ft h e L evan t in e A u r ignac ian i nS ou ther n L evan t . A s B e lf e r -Cohen s ugge s ts , i ti sp os sib le t h a t u nda ted a s semb lage s c on s ide red L evan t in e A u r igna c ian m ay b e r e la ted t ot h e E p ipa leo l i th ic , e s p ec ia l ly t o R amon ian , d ue t o t h e m ic ro l i th ic p roduc t ion ( Be lf e r -Cohen 1 996 ) . B e lf e r -Coh en p ropo se s n o t t o l ump a h e A hma r ian a semb lage s t oge the r , c on s ide r ing t h e s t rong v a r iab i l i ty a mong t h e l t s A hma r ian e xp r es nt h e L agaman o fN o r th e rn S ina i ; r a the r , s he s ugge s t s t h a t t h e A hma r ian i sa sed i w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted i n dus t ry i nt h eL evan t . I nd eed , i ta ppea r s i nt h e S ou th e rn a nd E a s t e rn p a r ts o ft h e L evan t , a sw e la si nN o r ther nI s rae l , i nt h e K eba r a C ave l a ye rE (o ld e xcava t ion s ) a nd U n i ts I I a nd l I Vo ft h en ew e xcava t ion s( Ba r -Yosef e ta l . 1 996 ) . T he A hma r ian a l so a ppea r s i nt h e Q af zeh C av e , i nl a y e r Eo ft h e o ld e xcava t ion s ( Gar 954 ) a nd l a ye r s 9 -7 i nt h e n ew e xcava t ion s ( Ronen a nd rod 1 V ande rm ee r sch 1 972 ) ( Be lf e r -Cohen a nd B a r -Yo sef , 1 999 : 1 26 ) . C on s ide r ing t h e p rob l em o ft h e d ef in i t ion o ft h e Ahma r ian , wha t a r e t h e c ommon f e a tu re s b e tween a l t h e s o -ca led A hma r ian l l a semb lages u ncove r ed f r om t h e se d i f e r en ta r ea s? s f A s r e v ea led i nt h e r e cen t e x cava t ion s i nJ o rdan , t h e b a s ic c r i te r ia u sed f o r c l as y ing a semb lage s sif s i n to t h eL evan t ine A u r igna c ian a nd t h eA hma r ian t r ad i t ion sa r em os to f t en i n adequa te . Ma jo r p rob lem s a f f ec t t h e t wo m ode l s o f t h e L evan t in e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic ( t h e u n i l inea r d eve lopm en ta l mode la nd t h e t wo c on tempo r aneou st r ad i t ion s m ode l ) . T h i s q ue s t ion st h ep e r t inen ce rod a l o f t h e se m ode l s . I s t h e u n i l inea r e vo lu t iona ry s equence o f G ar nd N euv i le e xa c t? I f t h e " t ran s i t iona l" i n du s t ry h e ra ld s t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic , d oe s i t evo lve i n to t h e A hma r ian o r i n to t h e L evan t in e A u r ignac ian t r ad i t ion? I st h e t wo c o -ex is t ing t r ad i t ion s mode l p r ef e rab le? O r , a r e w e w i tnes o r e c omp lex mu l t id i r ec t iona l e vo lu t ion i nw h ich d i f e r en t c u l tu ra l g roup s e vo lved? sing am f Wha ta r et h e se d i f e ren tc u l tu ra l g roup s? f
6
THE PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH l t I n t h i s s t udy , w e s ha l f i r s t a temp t t o e xam ine t h e p rob lem o f t h e v a l id i ty i n t h e t r an s i t iona l i n du s t r ie s i nN o r th e rn I s ra e l , a nd s e cond ly , t o e s tab l i sh ar e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h em a nd t h e l a te M idd le a nd E a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic , i no rde r t ov e r if y t h e u n i l inea r d eve lopmen ta l m ode l d ef ined rod ( b yG ar 1951 ; 1 954 ) . T o t h i s e nd , d e ta i led t y po techno log ica l s t ud ies h ave b een c onduc ted o n as e r ies o f l i t h ic s l a s emb lages o f Nor th e rn I s rae l i s i te s , b o th f r om t h e o l d a nd t h e r e cen t e xcava t ion s , a sw e l a sf r om t h e t r an s i t iona l s i tes o f K sa r A k i l i n L ebanon a nd B oke r T ach t i t i n S ou th e rn I s rae l , wh e r e n o s i gn if i can t d i s tu rbance s w e r e r e por ted . We c ompa r ed t h e r e su l t s , a nd a l so e xam ined s om e s a semb lage s f r om t h eL a te Mou s te r ian a nd f r om t h e E a r ly U ppe rP a leo l i th ic ( Ahma r ian ) .
EVALUAT ION OF THE S ITES UNDER CONS IDERAT ION ( F igure 1 : Map o ft h eS i te s ) : THE T RANS IT IONAL S ITES s F o r e a ch a semb lage u nde rc on s ide ra t ion , w e d ef in e t h e m a in c o re r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s u sed i nt h e o l p roduc t ion o ft h e b l ank s a nd t h e m a in t o l t y pes . We s ha l p r e sen t t h e q ua l i ta t iv e a nd q uan t i ta t ive s l d a ta . Ac on s ide rab le p a r to ft h ea semb lage sd e r ive f r om o l dc o lec t ion s . Mo s to ft h e e xcava to r sd i d se n o t e xam ine i nd e ta i lt h e i n f luence o fp o s t -depo s i t iona lp roces s o nt h e a r cheo log ica l l a ye r s w he r e s e l t h e se a semb lages w e r e u n cove r ed ; i ts em s t h a t s ome r e sea rche r s c o lec ted o n ly ap or t ion o ft h e s m a te r ia l s d u r ing t h e i rr e spec t iv e e xcava t ion s , s uch a s i nt h e a semb lage o fK eba ra E . F u r th e rmo r e , t h e s t ra t ig raph ica l p rov enan ce o fs om e s amp le s u sed h e r e in i su nc lea r ( s uch a s t h o se o fE l Wad ) . sib T hu s , i ti sp os le t o c on jec tu re t h a t t h e f r equen c ies o ft h e c a tego r ie s o fp roduc t s a r e s om ehow a pp rox ima te , a nd c on sequen t ly , t h a t t h e se f r equen c ies s hou ld b e t r ea ted a s r e f lec t ing t h e g ene ra l s t e ndenc ie s i nt h ec ompos i t ion o ft h e a semb lage s s l I n o rde r t o e va lua te t h e i n teg r i ty o f t h e e n igma t ic t r an s i t iona l a semb lage s , w e s h a l s e lec t t h e s l a semb lages d e r ived f r om t h e o l d c o lec t ion s ( s uch a s Em i r eh , K eba ra E , E l Wad G -F a nd Q af zeh s I Il F -D ) , t h e a semb lage s f r om m o re r e cen t e x cava t ion s ( s uch R aqef e t VI IV ) , a nd l a s t ly , s ha l a l so s s s e lec ted t hose a semb lage s w h ich h ave b een d e r ived f r om m o r e o r l e s u nd i s tu rbed l a ye r s , s uch a s I I a l B oke rT ach t i tI -I nd K sa rA k i l XXV -XV I . We s ha l a l so c ompa re t h er e su l t s o fo u ra na ly s i sw i th t h o se f r om t h e n ew e xcava t ion s i nJ o rdan a nd S y r ia , w he re n o s t ra t ig raph ic u nconf o rm i ty w a s r e po r ted .
T he Nor thern I s rae l iS i t e s As i gn if ican t n umbe r o fP a leo l i th ic s i tes y i e ld ing r i ch d epos i t s w e re u n cove red i nN o r the rn I s ra e l , n ame ly i n Moun t C a rm e l a nd t h e G a l i lee . We f o cu s t h e a na ly s i s o ft h e l i t h ic m a te r ia l o n t h i s a r ea b ecau s e o ft h e l o ng s equence o fa r cheo log ica l l a y e r st h ey d i sp lay , wh ich m o s to f ten i n c lude M idd le , " t ran s i t ion" a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic l a y e r s . R aqef e tC ave R aqef e t d i sp lay s i n du s t r ie s c on ta in ing b o th Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i mp lemen t s t h a t u nde r l ie L evan t ine A u r igna c ian l a y e r s( Noy , U npub l i shed R epo r t ) . We h ave d ec ided t oe xam ine t h e m a te r ia l o f t h is s i te b ecau se o f i t s l o ng M idd le , t r an s i t iona l a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic s equen ce o f l a ye r s , w h ich h ave y i e lded r i ch d epo s i t s . e T he c ave e xh ib i t s e v id en ce o f h eavy e r os iv e a c t iv i t ie s , wh ich s em t o h ave i nf luenced t h e f s a r cheo log ica l b ed s . I no rde rt od e te rm in e t h e e f ec t s o ft h e e r os ion u pon t h e l i t h ic a semb lage s , w e l l f w i l f i r s t s t udy t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f t h e L eva lo is a nd b l ade a r t if ac t s i n t h e d i f e r en t l a y e r s a nd l l s qua re s , a nd w i l e xam ine t h e d eg ree o fa b ra s ion o ft h e se a r t if ac t s . T h en , w e w i l u nde r take t h e s t e chno typo log ica la na ly s i so ft h e l i t h ic a semb lage s . 7
E l W ad C ave s rod t E l Wad a semb lage s w e re s e lec ted b y G ar od ef ine t h e t r an s i t iona l i n du s t ry ( 1955 ) . T he c av e rod a c omp r i se s al o ng s equen ce o fM idd le , " t ran s i t iona l" a nd U pp& P a leo l i th ic l a ye r s ( Gar nd B a te rod f 1 937 ) . G ar i r s t i n te rp re ted t h e s equence a s Mou s te r ian ( l ay e r G ) c ove r ed b y U ppe r P a leo l i th ic d epo s i t s ( l ay e r s F ,E , Da nd C ) . L a te r , s h e c hanged h e r i n te rp re ta t ion . B ecau se o ft h e m ix ed n a tu r e o ft h em a te r ia lo fl a y e r s Ga nd F ,a sw e la st h ep re sen ce o ft h e Em i reh p o in t , G ar s igned t h em l rod a s t o as i ng le c u l tu ra lu n i td ef ined a s" t ran s i t iona l" ( Gar 951) . D e sp i te t h e l a ck o fg eo log i ca l d a ta , rod 1 a nd o ft h e s u sp ic ion o f as i gn if i can t d i s tu rban ce i nt h ea r cheo log ica lb ed s , w e h ave e xam ined l i th ic s amp le s f r om E l Wad C ave G a nd F in o rde r t oe va lua te t h e p os le c u l tu r a l r e la t ion sh ip b e tween sib t h em a nd t h eo the ra semb lage s , i n c lud ing t ho se f r om r e cen te x cava t ion s . s Q af zeh C ave Q af z eh c ave a l so d i sp lay s a l o ng s equence o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l a ye r s ( Vande rmee r sch 1 98 1) .N euv i le a s igned L ay e rE to t h e Em i ran o fS t age Io ft h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic l s s equen ce b ecause o ft h ep r e sence o f Em i r eh p o in t s ; L ay e r Fw a sc on s ide red t ob e Mou s te r ian ,w h i le l a ye r Dw a sr e la ted t oS t age I of t h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic ( Neuv i le , 1 951) . L ay e r s 1 -7 f r om t h e n ew l e xcava t ion s w e r e a s igned t oU ppe r P a leo l i th ic S t age I( Ronen a nd V ande rmee r sch 1 972 ) , a nd a r e s p e rhap s c onnec ted t oN euv i le 's L aye rE . R ecen t ly , as t udy o ft h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic a semb lage so f l s Q af zeh h a sb een m ade ( Ba r -Yosef a nd B e lf e r -Cohen , 2 004 ) . We h ave e xam ined t h e l i t h ic m a te r ia l s f r om t h e o l d e xcava t ion s , a sw e l a s as amp le f r om L ay e r 9f r om t h e n ew e xcava t ion s , i no rde rt o l v e r if yi t sp os ly r e la t ion sh ip t ot h eo l ds equence . sib Em ireh C ave s T he Em i ran o rt r an s i t iona l i n du s t ry P ha se Iw a sd ef ined o nt h eb a s i so ft h ea semb lage f r om Em i reh rod 1 ( Gar 955 ) . T he Em i r eh c ave h a s r e vea led a "t ran s i t iona l" l a y e r c ove r ed b y s om e N eo l i th ic s r em a in s a nd r e cen t d epos i t s . Af te r t h e e xam ina t ion o f L ebanon a semb lage s y i e ld ing s im i la r rod d f e a tu re s , G ar ef ined t h e Em i ran a s a di s t in c t t r an s i t iona l l a ye r a nd c on s ide red t o b e at y pe rod se s t a t ion ( Gar , 1 955 ) . D ue t ot h e a b sence o fd e ta i led r e po r t s o nt h e s i te f o rma t ion p roces s , a nd sib l o fp os le k a r s t i c a c t iv i t ie s i n s ide t h e c ave , i t is g ene ra ly a ccep ted t h a t t h i s p a r t icu la r l a y e r w a s d i s tu rbed , a nd t h e r ef o r e c on ta ined a m ix tu r e o f t wo s e pa ra te i n du s t r ie s , Mou s te r ian a nd s A u r igna c ian . We h ave c ompa r ed t h e l i th ic a semb lage f r om Em i r eh w i th o the r s ( i n c lud ing t ho se f f r om r e cen te xcava t ion s ) , i no rde rt oo f e r ar e spon se t ot h is d i lemma . K ehara C ave T h i sc av e , w h ich h a sb een e xcava ted s eve ra l t ime s i s a k ey s i t e f o rd ef in ing t h ec u l tu ra l s equen ce o f l t h eU ppe rP a leo l i th ic i n No r the rn I s rae l . T he e x cava t ion sr e vea led U ppe rP a leo l i th ic ( Turv i le -Pe t r e rod 1 932 , G ar , 1 954 ) a nd Mou s te r ian l a y e r s ( Sch ick a nd S t eke l i s , 1 977 ) . Mo r e r e cen t ly , t h e s i te h a s b een r e -ex cava ted w i th g r ea te r s t ra t ig raph ic p r ec is ion ( Ba r -Yo sef e ta l , 1 992 ; 1 996 ; G o ldbe rg a nd B a r -Yo sef , 1 998 ) , d u r ing w h ich f ou r U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l e ve l s w e re d i s t ingu i shed o ve r ly ing t h e s I Mou s te r ian . U n i ts I I IV w e re a s igned t o t h e Ahma r ian , a nd U n i t s I I t o t h e L evan t in e l A u r igna c ian ( Ba r -Yo sef a nd B e lf e r -Cohen 1 996 ) . L ay e rE fr om T u rv i le -Pe t r e e xcava t ion s i n c lude s rod m b o th Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic p roduc t s . G ar en t ioned t h a t " The m a te r ia l f r om t h e rod Em i ran h o r izon u n recogn ized i n 1 931 m ay b e i n c luded i n l a ye r E " ( Gar , 1 954 : 1 60 ) . s, t fe N ev e r the les h is l a ye r w a s l a te r c on s ide red a s Ahma r ian ( Z if r 1 978 ; B e lf e r -Coh en a nd B a r I I Y osef 1 999 ) . T h e m a te r ia ls o f Un i ts V I a nd o fL ay e r Eh av e b een p r ev iou s ly e xam ined ( Sa r e l , l t 2 002 ) . A cco rd ing t oo u r r e su l t s , w e w i l a temp t t od ef ine t h e r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h em w i th t h e t r an s i t iona l i n du s t r ie s .
T he S ou thern I s rae l iS i te 8
B oke r T ach t i t O n ly o n e M idd le -Uppe rP a leo l i th ic t r an s i t iona l s i te w a su ncove red i nS ou th er nI s rae l( Ma rk s 1 983 ) . T h e s i te e xcava ted i n 1 975 a nd 1 980 , a nd h a s r evea led f ou ro ccupa t ion l a y e r s ( Ma rk s 1 977 , 1 983 ) . I I h L eve l s I -I av e b een r e la ted t o t h e t r an s i t ion , a nd l e ve l I V ( t h e u ppe rmo s t l a ye r ) t o t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic ( Ma rk s a nd K aufman , 1 983 ) . S y s tema t ic c o r e r e con s t ruc t ion h a s e nab led t h e d e te rm ina t ion o ft h e m a in r e du c t ion s t ra teg ie s emp loy ed i n t h e se f o u r l e ve l s . S ince t r an s i t iona l l i n du s t r ie s h ave b een r e cogn ized i nB oke r T ach t i t i nw e l s t ra t if i ed l a y e r s , w e h ave c ompa r ed t h e s m a in r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie su s ed i nt h i s s i t ew i th t h ose u n cove r ed i nt h eN o r th er na semb lages .
T he L ebanon S i te s We h ave c on s ide red t h e t r an s i t iona l i n du s t r ies o ft h r ee L ebanon s i te s l o ca ted i nt h e c oa s ta lp l a in i n l l l s t h e A n te l ia s R ive r V a ley , a nd s ha l c a r ef u ly e xam ine t h e K sa r A k i l a semb lage s i n o rde r t o sib e s tab l i sh ap os le c u l tu r a lr e la t ion sh ip w i th t h e No r the rn I s rae l i s i t e s . We h ave t a ken i n to a ccoun t I t h o se f r om A bu H a lka I Ve IVf a nd A n te l ia s V I -V , w h ich h ave b een r e la ted t ot h e p ha se Io fK sa r A k i l( Cope land , 1 975 , B e rgman 1 988 ) . K sar A k i l D i scove red i n 1 922 , t h e s i t e w a s e xcava ted i n 1 937 -38 b y J .D . D oh e r ty a nd t h en b y J . F . Ew ing , w ho e s tab l i shed a st ra t if ied s equen ce o f3 4 l e ve l s ( Ew ing 1 947 ; 1 949 ) ; i tw a s l a te r e x cava ted i n 1 969 -75 b y T ix ie r ( T ix ie r 1 974 ; T ix ie r a nd I n izan 1 98 1) . T he s i te o fK sa r A k i l r evea led 2 2 mo f a r chaeo log ica ld epo s i t s , b eg inn ing w i th Mou s te r ian l e ve l s a nd e nd ing w i th K eba ra s t ra ta ( Cope land l 1 975 ; 1 986 ) . K sa r Ak i ld ocumen t s ac l ea ra nd w e l -de f ined t e chno log ica l t r an s i t ion f r om aM idd le l P a l eo l i th ic L eva lo i s t e chno logy t oa n U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade o r ien ted t e chno logy , a nd s e rve s a sa r e f e r en ce s equence f o rt h e t r an s i t iona l i nt h e N o r th e rn L evan t . I t con ta in s i n ta c t s ed im en ta ry l a ye r s l e xh ib i t ing L eva lo i s f e a tu r e sa nd l am ina rb l ade s . We e xam ined l i th ic m a te r ia l f r om l a y e r s XXV -XV a nd c ompa red t h em t ot h o se f r om t h eN or th er nI s rae l is i tes . A bu H a lka l T h i s s i t e e xcava ted b y H a le r i n 1 932 -33 r e vea led s i x a r cheo log i ca l l a y e r s ( I -V I ) . At r an s i t iona l l s i n du s t ry e xh ib i t ing L eva lo i s f l ake s a soc ia ted t o e l onga ted t r iangu la r p o in t s , Em i reh p o in ts a nd l c hamf e r ed b l ad e s w e re u n cove r ed ( IVe a nd I V f ) i na n u nd i s tu rbed l a y e r o ve r s t e r i le s and ( Ha le r , rod d 1 946 ) . T h i s i n du s t ry , d ef ined a s al o ca l f a c ie s o f t h e Em i ran b y G ar emon s t ra te s s ome l s im i la r i t ie sw i th t h o se f r om K sa rA k i l P ha se I( Cope land 1 970 ) a sw e la sw i th t ho se f r om No r the rn r od 1 s l I s ra e l ( Gar 955 ; 1 957 ) . Af te r t h e d e s c r ip t ion o ft h e a semb lage s b y H a le r ( 1946 ) a nd A zou ry l t sib ( 1986 ) ,w e s ha la temp tt oe va lua te p os le r e la t ion sh ip w i th t h eN o r ther nI s rae l i s i te s . A n te l ia s T h i s s i t ee xcava ted b y Ew ing i n1 948 r e vea led s even a r cheo log ica l l a y e r s( Cope land , 1 970 ) . L ev e ls I V I -V , w h ich c on ta in s im i la r c omb ina t ion o fe l emen t s t h a t o ccu r a tK sa r A k i l P ha se I ,( Cope land s 1 970 ; 1 975 )m ay a l so d emon s t ra te s im i la r i t ie sw i th t h eN o r the rn I s rae l ia semb lage s .
T he S yr ian S i te Umm E l T l e l T he s i t e o f Umm e lT le l , l o ca ted i nt h eE l K own b a s in i n No r thea s t S y r ia ,h a sr evea led I n term ed ia te i n du s t r ie s i n t h e " t ran s i t iona l" s t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion , whe r ea s n o d r a s t ic s t ra t ig raph ica l u nconf o rm i ty h a s b een r e po r ted ( Bo& la a nd Muhe sen , 1 993 ) . T he e xcava to r s h ave d i s t ingu i shed a 9
s ucce ss ion o fM idd le , I n te rm ed ia te a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic ( Ahm a r ian a nd A u r igna c ian ) l a y e r s . A s e s s en i n t h e t r an s i t iona l I ndu s t ry o f N or the rn I s ra e l , t h e I n te rm ed ia te a semb lage s i n c lude b o th l l L eva lo i s a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic p roduc t s ( Bo& la , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . We s ha l t a ke i n to sib a ccoun tt h e se i n du s t r ies t oe va lua te p os le r e la t ion sh ips w i th t h e L ebane se a nd t h eI s ra e l is i te s .
T he J ordan S i te T or S adqf l We l s t ra t if ied t r an s i t iona l i n du s t r ie s a r e a l so d ocum en ted i nJ o rdan a tt h e T o r S adaf r o ck she l te r i n Wad i H a sa , wh e r et e chno log ica l c hanges i nr educ t ion s t ra teg ie s f r om t h e Mou s te r ian t ot h e e a r l ie s t t Ahma r ian b l ade t e chno logy a r e a te s ted . T h r ee o ccupa t ion l e v e l s h ave b een d i s t ingu i shed a tT o r S adaf , r e p r e sen t ing t wo t r an s i t iona l s t ages a nd t h e e a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic . U s ing t h e r e cen t r e po r t l t sib ( Co inman a nd F ox , 2 000 ) , w e s ha l a l so a temp t t oe va lua te p os le r e la t ion sh ips b e tw een t h e se i ndu s t r ie sw i th t h o se f r om t h e L ebane se a nd t h eI s rae l is i t es .
T he J ud ean D e ser tS i te s s T he a semb lage s e xh ib i t ing Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic w e re a l so r epor ted i n t h e J udean D e ser t , s u ch a s i nE t -Tabban C av e Ca nd B , S ahba B a nd E rq e lA hma r F and E . We e xam ined s b r ie f ly a semb lages f r om E t -Tabban a nd as amp le o fE rq e l Ahm a r F and E i no rde r t ov e r if y t h e c u l tu ra lr e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h em a nd t h et r an s i t iona ls i t e s f r om N o r the rn I s rae l .
THE L 4T E MIDDLE P ALAEOLITH IC S ITES s l rod a We h ave e xam ined t h e a semb lages o f Q af zeh F ( Neuv i le 1 951) , E l Wad G ( Gar nd B a te I I ( 1 937 ) a nd R a c ief e t VI Unpub l i shed r e po r t ) , c on s ide r ed t ob e Mou s te r ian b y t h e e xcav a to r s . T h e s r e cen t e xam ina t ion o ft h e L a te M idd le P a leo l i th ic a semb lage s f r om Amud b y H ov e r s ( Hove r s l sib 1 998 ) w i l p e rm i t u s t o e va lua te a p os le r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h em a nd t h e t r an s i t iona l s a semb lages .
THE UPPER P ALAEOL ITH IC S ITES sib I n o rde r t o v e r if y t h e p os le c on t inu i ty b e tween t h e t r an s i t iona l a nd t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i n s Nor the rn I s rae l , w eh ave e xam ined s ome a semb lage sf r om t h eA hma r ian .
s T he A hmar ian A semb lage s On ly t wo A hma r ian s i te s h ave b een r e por ted i nN o r ther nI s rae l : K eba ra a nd Q af zeh . We e xam ined l l t h e l i t h ic m a te r ia ls o fQ af zeh l a y e rDf r om t h e N euv i le e xcava t ion s ( 1951) , a sw e l a s as amp le o f L ay e r 9( Ronen a nd V ande rm ee r sch 1 972 ) f r om t h e r e cen t e x cava t ion s i n o rde r t o v e r if y t h e i r sib p os ly r e la t ion sh ip .
s emb T he L evan t ine Aur ignac ian As lage s I ( We b r ie f ly e xam ined t h e m a te r ia l f r om R a c ief e t I I -I Unpub l i shed r e po r t ) , d ef ined b y t h e s sib e xcava to r s a s L evan t ine A u r ignac ian a semb lage s , i n o rde r t o e va lua te t h e p os le c on t inu i ty b e tween t h em a nd t h eu nde r ly ing l a ye r s . 1 0
CHAPTER TWO METHODOLOGY
s I fw e m ay s u cceed i nd emon s t r a t ing t h a t t h e a semb lage s f r om N or th e rn I s rae l s ha re t h e s ame s c u l tu ra lb ackg round w i th t h e a semb lage s f r om t h e L evan t ( wh e r e n o s i gn if i can t d i s tu rban ces w e r e l ren r e po r ted ) ,w ew i lb ea b le t ov a l ida te t h eo ccur ce o ft h et r an s i t iona l i n du s t ry i nN o r the rn I s rae l . s e T h e q uan t i ta t iv e m e thod f o r d ef in ing a li t h ic a semb lage ( Bo rde s a nd B ou rgon , 1 951) s em s t o f s h av e s om e l im i ta t ion s , d ue t o t h e d i f e r ence s i n f r equen c ie s o ft oo l t y pe s b e tween a semb lage s , f f w h ich m ay r ef lec t d if e r en t s i te a c t iv i t ie s o r d i f e r en t e nv i ronmen t s ; t h e se d i f e r ences d o n o t sa n eces r i ly i n d ica te t h e e x i s ten ce o fd i s t in c t c u l tu ra l t r ad i t ion s . T h e c l ea r e s t c r i te r ion f o r d ef in ing t h e c u l tu ra l t r ad i t ion , h oweve r , l i e s b o th i nt h e d e te rm ina t ion o ft h e c o r e r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s t h a t l w e r e u sed i nt h e p roduc t ion o ft h e b l ank s , a sw e l a s i nt h e r e cogn i t ion o ft h e m a in t oo l t y pe s t h a t s o l c ompo se t h ea semb lage s . D u r ing t h ep e r iod o fp roduc t ion o ft h e t o l s , t h ek nappe ra lway s f o low s t h e w o rk ing s ch emes a nd t h e t e chn ica l r u les wh ich h e h a s l e a rned f r om h i s s oc ia l g roup . B y l l d e te rm in ing t h e r e duc t ion s t ra t eg ie st h a t c on s t i tu te a l t h e t e chn ica l s t ep s f o low s b yt h e k nappe r , i t sib o i s pos le t od ef ine t h e t e chn ica l t r ad i t ion i n he r en t t oh i s c u l tu ra l g roup . T he t o l s w e r e p roduced d u r ing t h e l a s t s equen ce s o ft h e r educ t ion s t ra teg ies , a nd r evea l t h e i n ten t ion o ft h e f l ak ing . T h e p r e sence o fs im i la rt o l si nd i f e r en ta semb lage sd oes n o tn eces r i ly i n d ica te t h a tt h ey b e longed t o o f s sa t h e s am e c u l tu ra l g roup , s e ing t h a t o ne t o l c an b e p roduced u s ing d i f e r en t r educ t ion s t ra teg ie s . e o f N on e th e le ss , i ft h e a semb lage sd o e xh ib i tt h e s ame r edu c t ion s t ra teg ie sa nd t h es am et o lt y pe s , w e s o m ay c onc lude t h a t t h ey s ha r e t h e s ame c u l tu ra l b ackg round . W i th t h e a i d o ft h e t e chno log ica l a nd t y po log ica l a na ly s i s , w e s ha l u nde r take t h e d e te rm ina t ion o ft h e r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s a nd t h e m a in l t o lt y pe su sed i nt h ed i f e r en ta semb lage s . o f s
T e chno log ica lA na ly s i s T h et e chno log ica la na ly s i s i s ba sed u pon t h ed e te rm ina t ion o ft h er e duc t ion s t ra teg ie st h a tc on s t i tu te a h e s t age s f o lowed b yt h e k nappe r( Boöda , 1 995 : 5 7 ) , a nd i n c lude t h ree p ha se s : 1 . The p ha se o f l t l n i t ia l iza t ion , w h ich i st h e i n i t ia l p r epa ra t ion o f an odu l e o r b l ock . T h i s p e rf o rmance c on ta in s t h e i t e chn ica l c r i te r ia wh ich e nab le t h e k nappe r t o o b ta in t h e d e s i r ed c o r e s . 2 . D u r ing t h e p ha se o f c onf igu ra t ion , t h e mo rpho techn ica l c r i te r ia ( c onvex i ty , n umbe r a nd l o ca l iza t ion o f t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s ) b ecom e i n teg ra ted i n to t h e c or e , r e su l t ing i n as e lec ted f l ak ing m e thod . T h i s p ha se p roduce s p rede te rm in ing b l ade s o rf l ak e s , w h ich p repa r et h e r emova l o ft h e d e s i red b l ank s . 3 . T he p ha se o fe xp lo i ta t ion p rodu ce st h ep r ede te rm ined b l ank s ,w h ich a r ef u r the rt r an sf o rm ed i n to t oo l s . l l sif l T h e L eva lo i s c o r e r e du c t ion s t ra teg ie s a nd t h e L eva lo i sc o r e s c l as ica t ion w i l b e d e te rm ined c l a co rd ing t o t h e d ef in i t ion o fB oa la ( Boa la , 1 986 ; 1 994 ; 1 995 ) . We s ha l e ndeavo r t od e te rm ine l t h e b l ade a nd t h e n on -Leva lo i s r e duc t ion m e thod s b y d esc r ib ing i nd e ta i l t h e c o r e s , t h e d eb i tage s t a nd b l ank p roduc t s . D u r ing ar e duc t ion p roces h e r aw m a te r ia l , t h e c o re , t h e l i t h ic w a s te a nd t h e f s e lec ted b l ank s a r e i n te rdependen t a nd r e la ted t o t h e se d i f e r en t t e chn ica l s t age s . E ach e l em en t l l e xh ib i t s t h e t e l ta le s i gn s o ft h e m anne r i nw h ich t h ey h ave b een r emoved , a s w e l a s t h e s c a r t p a ter n s i n d ica t ing t h e t y pe o fp roduc t s w h ich h ave b een d e ta ched b ef o re t h e i r r emova l . F rom a sib re se d e ta i led o b se rva t ion o fe a ch e l emen t , i ti sp os le t oc or la te t h em i nt h er e duc t ion p roces s . s s en T h e m e thod o fa na ly s i s c on s i s t s o ft h e a sesm t o ft h e d i a c r i t i ca l s chema s . I no b se rv ing t h e s c a r t p a te rn s o n t h e a r t if ac t s w i th r e ga rd t ot h e i r t empo ra l o rde r a nd o r ien ta t ion , w e m ay d e te rm ine t h e s s i p r eced ing r emova la nd a ses t sp o s i t ion i nt h e r e duc t ion s equen ce . T he g en e ra lo rgan iza t ion o ft h e f l ak ing ( pos i t ion a nd o r ien ta t ion o f t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a nd t h e s t r ik ing s u rf a ce s ) , c onvex i ty p r epa ra t ion s ( t h e manuf a c tu r ing o fc r e s t s , r emova l o fd ebo rdan t b l ade s ) a nd t h e u se o f s p ec if ic sif t e chn iques h av e b een t a ken i n to a ccoun t i nt h e c l as i ca t ion o ft h e c o r e s . T h e a na ly s i s o f s c a r t p a ter n so nt h ec o re sp e rm i tu st op r ed ic tt h e m o rpho logy o ft h e b l ank s d e r ived f r om t h em , a nd t h ey s a r ee xpec ted t ob e i na cco rdance w i th t h ed eb i tage a nd t oo lp roduc t sp r e sen t i nt h ea semb lage s . 1
F o r e a ch a s semb lage u nde r c on s ide ra t ion , w e w i l l d e te rm ine t h e r e duc t ion s t ra teg ies u s ed i nt h e m anuf ac tu r ing o ft h e b l ank s ( Leva l lo i s , n on L eva l lo is F l ake s , b l ade s r e duc t ion s t ra teg i e s m e thod s , e t c . ) , t h eb l ank t y pe s ( F lake , b l ade , b l ade le t , a nd o th e r s ) . We s ha l l a na lyz e t h e r e la t ion b e tween t h e t oo lt y pe sa nd b l ank t y pe s .
I .THE CORES C o re s r e cove r ed f r om a r cheo log ica l c on tex t s upp ly v a luab le i n f orma t ion a bou t t h e k n app ing m e thod s u s ed f o r t h e p roduc t ion o fb l ank s . T hey e xh ib i t s c a r p a t te rn s , w h ich p e rm i t u s t od i sce rn t h ee a r l ie rs t age so fr e duc t ion ; i ns ome c a se s , i ti s ev en p os sib le t od educe t h er e a son f o rw h ich t h ey w e re d i sca rded . A l l t h e c o re s h ave b een e xam ined f o r am u l t i tude o fa t t r ibu tes — t h e n umbe r o f p l a tf o rm s , t y pe o f p l a tf o rm s , p l a tf o rm p repa ra t ion , a nd c o re d im en s ion s . Ana ly s i s o f t h e c o re s i nd ica ted t h a tt h e re w a s av a r ie ty o fs t ra teg ie s .
1 .T he L eva lo i s Me thod s l T he d ef in i t ion o ft h e L eva l lo i s m e thod i s st i l lc on s ide r ed t ob e q u i te c on t rove r s ia l ( Van P ee r , 1 992 ; D ibb le a nd B a r -Yosef , 1 995 ) . A cco rd ing t o B o rde s , t h e L eva l lo i s m e thod i sa im ed t owa rd t h e mo rpho logy o ft h e d e s i r ed p roduc t s , a nd t h e p r ede te rm ined s haped i sa ta ined b y p r io r r emova l s t ( Bo rde s , 1 980 ) . F o r Bada , L eva lo i s f l ak ing i n vo lv es ap a r t i cu la r c oncep t ion o ft h e t r ea tm en t o f l t h e m a te r ie l ; i tf o low s ap a r t icu la rv o lume t r ic c oncep t ion o ft h ec o r et h a t c on s i s t so ft h ep r epa ra t ion l o ft wo a symme t r ic c onvex s u rf ace s d ef in ing ap l ane o fi n te r sec t ion ; o ne s e rve s a s s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm f r om w h ich t h e o the r ( t h e c o r e f l ak ing s u rf ace ) i sf l aked . E . B o& la i d en t if ied t wo m e thod s o f l ren e xp lo i ta t ion i nt h e L eva lo i s s y s tem : t h e P ref e r en t ia l a nd r e cur t m e thod s ( B ada , 1 986 ; 1 995 ) . l l F o low ing t h et h ink ing o fB o& la , w eh ave r e cogn ized s i xt y pe so fL eva lo i sc o re s . l 1 . A. P re f e r en t ia lL eva lo i sm e thod s l I n t h e p r ef e ren t ia l L eva lo i s m e thod , a si ng le f l ake i sm anuf a c tu r ed f r om e ach p r epa r ed f l ak ing s u rf ace , a nd i tr emove s m os t o ft h i s s u rf ace ( mo re t h an 5 0% ) . T h e c onvex s u rf ace s o ft h e c o r e a r e c r ea ted b yc en t r ipe ta lr emova l s , wh ich a r e r e spon s ib le f o rt h e m o rpho logy o ft h e p r ef e r en t ia l f l ake . I n s om e c a se s , t h e l a te r a l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined b y t h e d e ta chmen t o fd ebo rdan t f l ak e s f r om t h e l a t e ra lp a r to ft h ec o r e s . l 1 . A. a .P r ef eren t ia lQ uad rangu lar L eva lo i s C ore s l T h i s c o r e i su sed t op roduce o ne q uad rangu la ro ro vo id L eva lo i s f l ake f r om e ach p r epa r ed f l ak ing s u rf a ce . l 1 . A. b .L eva lo i sD eb i tage o f Pr ef e ren t ia l T r iangu lar F lak e l l ses s a l T h e se L eva lo i s c o re g ene ra ly p os tr i angu la r s hape . T he L eva lo i s s u rf ace i sd e s igned t o l l p rov ide a t r i angu la r L eva lo i s f l ake o r L eva lo i s p o in t . P r ede te rm in ing f l ake s a r e m os t o f ten d e tach ed f r om t wo s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . ren l 1 .B .R ecur tL eva lo i s Me thod s ren T he r e cur t f l ak ing m e thod i sa im ed a tt h e p roduc t ion o f as e r ie s o ff l ake s f r om e a ch p r epa red r emova l s u rf ace . T he l a te ra lc onvex i t ies a r e m a in ta in ed b yt h e u se o ft h e l a te ra l s i de so ft h e c o r e a s s l p ar t o ft h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm , a nd l e s o f ten b y t h e r emova l o f s ma l p r ede te rm in ing c en t r ipe ta l r emova l s . I n s ome c a ses , t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined o n o ne s i de b y t h e r emova l s o f
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ren l d ebo rdan t f l ake s , a nd o nt h e o th e rb ys em i -cen t r ipe ta l r emova ls . T h ree t y pe s o fR ecur t L eva lo is c o r e sh ave b een d ef ined b yB o& la ( 1 995 ) : ren l 1 . B. a .T he R ecur t U n ipo lar L eva lo i s Me thod T h e f l ake so r ig ina te f r om as i ng le r e s t r ic t ing p l a tf o rm , a nd t wo o rt h r ee s c a rr emova l sv i s ib le o nt h e l u ppe rs u rf ace i n d ica te au n ipo la rc onve rgen to rp a r a le lo rgan iza t ion o ft h ec o r e 's f l ak ing s u rf ace . ren l 1 .B .b .T he R ecur tB ipo lar L eva lo i s Me thod As e r ie s o fp rede te rm ined f l ak e s i sd e r ived f r om t wo o pposed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s ; t h e s c a r r emova ls l v i s ib le o n t h eu ppe rs u rf a ce o ft h ec o r e h ave p a ra le la nd o ppo sed d i r ec t ion s . ren l 1 . B. c .T he R ecur tC en t r ipe ta lL eva lo i s Me thod T h e c i r cumf e r ence o ft h e e n t i r e s u rf a ce i su sed a st h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm . F o re ach p r epa ra t ion o ft h e t c o r e , as e r ie s o fc en t r ipe ta l f l ak e s i s de tached . S eve ra l s c a rp a te rn s i n d ica te ac en t r ipe ta lu se o ft h e c o r e s u rf ace . l 1 .C . I nd e term ina t eL eva lo i sc ore s T he se a r e b roken o rb u rn t i t em s ,t h e f l ak ing m e thod o fw h ich c anno tb e d ef ined .
2 .T he U pper P a l eo l i th i cL am inar F lak ing f l B l ade d eb i tage h a s a ve ry d i f e r en t v o lume t r ic c oncep t ion c ompa r ed t o t h e L eva lo i s , s i nce t h e e n t i re v o lume o ft h e c o r e c an b e u sed , w i th aw ide c ho ice o ff l ak ing s u rf ace sa nd s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s e x i s t ing ( I n izan a nd a l , 1 999 ) . T he f l ak ing s u rf ace c an c ove r t h e e n t i r e p e r iphe ry o f ac o r e , o r b e row o c on cen t ra ted o n e i th e r t h e n ar r w ide p a r t o fi t .B lade c o r e s c an d i sp lay o ne o r t wo s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s , wh ich m ay b eo r ien ta ted i ns h if t ed -ax i so ri nt h e s ame a x i s . l We s ha l p r esen t h e r et h e m a in c a tego r ies o ft h e b l ade c o r e st h a t w e h ave d ef ined , a cco rd ing t ot h e l o ca t ion o f b o th t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a nd t h e r emova l s u rf ace o f t h e c o r e s ( F igu re 2 ) . When f l l f l ak ing a f ec t st h e l a te ra l , w ide s t p a r to ft h e c o r e , w e s ha l c a l i ta" l a te ra l -f lak ing c o r e" . Wh en i ti s rowe l l r e s t r ic ted t ot h e n ar s tp a r to ft h e c o re , w e s ha l c a l i ta n" ax is f lak ing c o r e" . L a s t ly , when t wo f l l s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o r ien ted o n d i f e r en t a x i s o ft h e c o re , w e s h a l c a l i t a " two , t w i s ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm sc o r e" . We h ave r e cogn ized e i gh tt y pes o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade c o re s . B l ade p roduc t ion d i sp lay s" Uppe rP a leo l i th ic" f e a tu re s i nt h ef l ak ing o rgan iza t ion o ft h ec o r e s , s uch a si nt h e c onvex i ty o fp r epa ra t ion s ( i . e . t h ep repa r a t ion o fc r e s t s , e dge a b ra s ion a nd r emova lo fc or e t a b le t s f o r p l a tf o rm m a in tenance a nd r e juvena t ion ) a nd t h e c ommon u se o f s of t s t on e o r s of t h amme r t e chn ique s . T h e i d en t if i ca t ion o f t h e se t e chn ique s i sb a sed u pon c r i te r ia d ef ined a f te r k napp ing e xpe r im en t s( Pe leg r in , 1 997 ) . 2 . A. S i ng le S t r ik ing P la tf orm B lad eC or e s : 2 .A . a .L a t era lF lak ing C or e w i th O ne S t r ik ing P la tf orm row a T he l a te ra l f l ak ing s t a r t s f r om t h e n ar x i s e dge a nd e x tend s t owa rd s t h e l a te ra l , w ide s t p a r t o f l t h ec o re ( F igu re 2 :2 A 1) . T h ed e tachmen to ft h e f i r s tb l ade i sf o lowed b yt h e r emova lo f as e r ies o f d ebo rdan t b l ades f r om t h e l a t e ra l p a r t o f t h e c o r e i n as em i ro ta t ing m o t ion ( d eb i tage s em i t o urnan t ) , a nd e a ch b l ade i sd e tached a tt h e e xpen se o ft h e l a s t s c a r r emova l . T h e i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i s mos t o f ten m a rked b y t h e s e lec t ion o ft h e b l ank c o re s , p r ef e rab ly f a sh ioned f r om t a bu la r s f l i n t , t h ick f l ake s o r f l a t n odu le s , a nd l e s s o f r om r ounded n odu les . T he e dge c ommon ly h a s sa n a tu ra l , d ihed ra l m o rpho logy , a s d o f l ake o r t a bu la r c o r e s . T hu s , c r e s t ing i su nneces ry a tt h e 1 3
b eg inn ing o f t h e ' f l ak ing . T he l a te ra l c onv ex i t ie s a r e g ene ra ly m a in ta ined b y t h e r emova l o f l d ebo rdan t b l ade s . I n s om e c a ses , t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm i sr e -m anaged a nd t h e c r e s ted b l ade i s p r epa red t h roughou tt h er e duc t ion s equences .
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F i gu re 2 :S chem a t i cI u s t r a t ion o fB l ad eC o r e s l
2 .A . b . Ax ia lF lak ing C ore w i th O ne S t r ik ing P la tf orm F l ak ing i sr e s t r ic ted t ot h e n ar x i s o ft h e c o r e , b u t m ay e x tend s om e t owa rd s t h e t wo l a te r a l row a s i de s ; t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm i sa lway s o r ien ted o n t h e s am e a x i s o ft h e c o re ( F igu r e 2 :2 B 1) . T hu s , t h e s pec if i c l o ca l iza t ion o ft h e p l a tf o rm , i nr e la t ion t ot h e a x i s , r ema in s u n changed t h roughou t t h e w ho le k napp ing p roces s f o r t h e l a te ra l f l ak ing c o r e , t h e a x ia l f l ak ing c o r e i sp r ef e rab ly s. A f a sh ioned f r om t a bu la r f l in t , t h ick f l ake s o r f l a t n odu le s , a nd l e s s o f r om r ounded n odu le s ; s t h e ref o r e , c r e s t ing i s no t a lway s n eces ry t os t a r tt h e f l ak ing . I ns om e c a se s , t h ep r epa r a t ion o fo n e sa o rt wo c r e s ted b l ade sp l ay s ar o le i nt h e i n i t ia l iza t ion p roces f ac o r e , a low ing f o rt h ec r ea t ion o f s o l ac onvex f l ak ing s u rf ace , f r om whe r e t h ef i r s tb l ade i s de ta ch ed . T h en , as e r ie so fb l ade si sr emoved f o low ing t h e s c a r l e f t b y t h e p r ev iou s d e tachmen t . I n s ome c a se s , t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm i sr e l m anaged a nd t h e c r e s ted b l ade i sp r epa r ed t h roughou tt h er e duc t ion s e quence s . 2 .A . c . Py ram ida lo rS em i -Py ram ida lC or e T he c o r e h a s ap y ram ida l s hape , a nd t h e b l ade s a r e p ee led o fa r ound t h e p e r iphe ry o ft h e c o r e . f Wh en t h er emova lo ft h eb l ade sa f ec t so n ly h a lf o ft h ep e r iphe ry o ft h ec o re , w es h a lc a l i tas em i f l l p y ram ida l c o re ( F igu re 2 :2 A3 ) . T h ep y ram ida lo rs em i -py ram ida lc o re sw e re mos to f t en f a sh ion ed f r om r ounded n odu le s o rb l ock s , w i th al a rge p l a tf o rm . B ack a nd /o rf r on t c r e s ted b l ade p r epa ra t ion i s probab ly n eces sa ry t os t a r t t h e p roduc t ion , a l though n o t r ace o fc r e s t ing r ema ined a f t e r t h e f i r s t s e r ies o ft h e b l ade d e ta chm en t s . I n s om e c a se s , t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm i ss e t u p b y f a ce t ing t h rough t h er emova l o f as e r ie so ff l ake s .
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t r ik ing P la tf orms O r ien ted o n t h eS ame A x i sB lad eC or e s : 2 . B. T wo O ppo sed .S T h e p roces fi n i t ia l iza t ion u sed t op roduce b l ade s i ss im i la rt ot h e p roces e sc r ibed w i th r e spec t s o s d t ot h e l a te ra l a nd a x i s f l ak ing c o re s w i th o n e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm . T h e m a in d i f e r ence c on ce rn s t h e f e xp lo i ta t ion p roces nt h e p r esen t i n s tan ce , o n e f l ak ing s u rf ace i sa l te rna te ly e xp lo i ted f r om t wo s. I o ppo s i te s t r ik ing p l a tf orm s . 2 .B .a .L a tera lF lak ing T wo o pposed , l a te ra l s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e o r ien ted o n t h e s ame a x i s c o re ( F igu r e 2 :2 B1) . T he l a te ra l f l ak ing s t a r t s f r om t h e n a row a x i s e dge a nd e x tend s t owa rd s t h e l a te ra l e dge o ft h e c o re , r w h ich i s alway st h e w ide s t p a r t . O n ly o ne s t r ik ing s u rf ace i s exp lo i ted , a nd t h e s e r ies o fb l ades a r e r emov ed a l te rna te ly f r om t h e t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . T h e c onvex i t ie s a r e s om e t im e s m a in ta ined b y t h e p r epa ra t ion o fc r e s ted b l ade s o r /and b y t h e r emova l o fd ebo rdan t b l ade s . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm sa r es om e t ime sr e -p repa r ed . 2 .B .h .A x i sF lak ing A n a x ia l f l ak ing c o re w i th t wo o pposed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s ( F igu r e 2 :2 B2 ) . F l ak ing i sr e s t r i c ted t o t h e n ar x i s o ft h e c o r e , b u t m ay e x tend al i t le t owa rd st h e t wo l a te ra l s i de s . T hu s , t h e s pec if ic row a t l o ca t ion o ft h ep l a tf o rm s , i nr e la t ion t ot h e a x i s , r ema in su n changed t h roughou tt h e who le k napp ing p r oces e r ie s o fb l ade s a r e r emoved a l ter n a te ly f r om t h e t wo o pposed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . T he s. A s c onv ex i t ie s a r e s om e t im e s m a in ta ined b y t h e c r ea t ion o fc r es ted b l ade s o r /and b y t h e r emova l o f d ebo rdan tb l ade s . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm sa r e s om e t ime sr e -p r epa red . 2 .C . T w i s ted O ppo sed P la tf orm B lad e C or e s Two f l ak ing s u rf a ce s a r e a l te rna te ly e xp lo i ted f r om t wo o ppo s i te s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . E a ch f l ak ing s u rf a ce i sc on s ide r ed s e pa r a te ly i nt h e r e duc t ion p roces ne p l a tf o rm i su sed u n t i l s om e m a jo r s. O s t ruc tu ra l p rob lem i se n coun te r ed ( h inge f r a c tu r e ) o r u n t i l t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ies a r e d r a s t ica ly l r e duced . T hen ,t h ec o r e i st u rned u p s ide d own a nd an ew p l a tf o rm i s cr ea ted . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm m ove s b ack a nd f o r th o v e rh a lf o ft h e c o re s i na n a l te rna t ive f a sh ion i no rde rt op roduce t h e s e r ie s o fb l ade s . T h e s t r ik ing s u rf a ce i st h u s d i v ided i n to t wo f l ak ing d i r ec t ion s , f a c i l i ta t ing t h e c o re e xp lo i ta t ion . R ounded n odu les o r b l ock s a r e t h e r aw m a te r ia l s g en e ra ly s e lec ted f o r t h e t w i s ted l o ppo sed p l a tf o rm s b l ade c o r e s . T he i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i sm a rk ed b yt h e p roduc t ion o fo ne o rt wo c r e s ted b l ades . 2 .C .a .A x ia lF lak ing , a so ppo sed t oL a tera lF lak ing T h e s t r ik ing s u rf ace i s d i v ided i n to t wo u nequa l f l ak ing s u rf a ce s t h a t h ave o ppo s i te f l ak ing d i r ec t ion s( F igu r e 2 :2 C 1) . T h ea x ia l f l ak ing s u rf ace i su sua ly t h e m a in o ne ,a si tc ove r sm o s to ft h e l r emova l s u rf ace , a nd t h e l a te ra l f l ak ing s u rf ace i sr e s t r ic ted t o as ma lp a r to ft h e s t r ik ing s u rf ace . A l s e r i e s o ft wo o rt h r ee b l ade s a r e r emoved a l te rna t ive ly f r om t h e se t wo o ppos i te s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . T he se t wo f l ak ing s u rf ace s m a in ta in l a te ra l a nd d i s ta l c onvex i t ies , p e rm i t ing m o re e ff ic ien t b l ade t p r oduc t ion . 2 .C . h .B i -d i rec t iona la so ppo sed t oL a tera lF lak ing T he r emova l s u rf a ce i sd i v ided i n to t wo e qua l p o r t ion s p os ppo sed f l ak ing d i r ec t ion s ses sing o ( F igu r e 2 :2 C2 ) . T he t wo f l ak ing s u rf a ces m a in ta in l a te ra l a nd d i s ta l c onvex i t ies , e nab l ing am o r e e ff i c ien t f o rm o fb l ade p roduc t ion . As e r ies o ft wo o rt h r ee b l ade sw e r e r emoved a l te rna t ive ly f r om t h e se t wo o ppo s i te s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . 2 .D :I nd e term ina te B lad e C ore 1 5
T he se a r e b r oken o rb u rn t i t em s f o rw h ich t h e f l ak ing m e thod c anno t b e d ef ined .
3 . Non -Leva l lo i sF lake D eb i tage S om e n on -Leva l lo is f l ake c o r e s a r e a l so p r e sen t i nt h e d i f f e r en t a s semb lage s o f No r th er n I s rae l . T he r e i sn o c r e s ted b l ade p r epa ra t ion , a nd t h e n a tu ra l c onv ex i t ie s o fn odu les ( mos t ly s h o r t ) a r e t a ken i n to a ccoun t t o p roduce s om e f l ake s . F ou r c a tego r ie s h ave b een d i s t ingu i sh ed i n t h e s a semb lages . feren 3 .A . T he U nd if t ia ted S t r ik ing P la tf orm C or e s l fe C on t ra ry t ot h e L eva lo i s a nd d i sco id c on cep t ion s , t h eu nd if r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e i sn o t c on ce ived a s t wo s e can t s u rf a ce s d ef in ing a p l ane o f i n te r sec t ion , a nd t h e g ene r a l f l ak ing o rgan iza t ion i sn o t b a sed o nt h e e xp lo i ta t ion o fv o lume , b u t r a th e ro fs u rf ace s i n ar a ndom f a sh ion . T h i s c o r e r evea ls n o s p ec if ic f l ak ing o rgan iza t ion . T h e e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h ese c o r e s e n coun te r s l s o v a r iou s s i tua t ion s a nd o ppo r tun i t ie s a l a l ong t h e p roces fr e duc t ion . T he n a tu ra l c onv ex i t ie s o f c t h en odu le s( mo s t ly s ho r t )a r et a ken i n to a coun tt op roduce s om e f l ak e s ,d e tached f r om o ne ,t wo o r mu l t ip le p l a tf o rm s . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a nd t h e s t r ik ing s u rf a ce s c an b e i n ve r ted w i th in a n o pe ra t iona l s equence . T h e r e i s no t r ace o fc r e s t p r epa ra t ion o ro fc o r e t a b le t d e tachmen t . When t h e sa r e -managemen to ft h ec onvex i t ie sb ecam en eces ry , t h e se c o r e sw e re d i s ca rded . 3 .B . T he C ore s -on F lake l S om e f l akes h ave b een u sed a s c o re s ; t h ey d i sp lay s c a r s o fs ma l f l ake r emova l s o n t h e i r l owe r s u rf ace s . S om e o ft h em e xh ib i t t r unca t ion o n t h e d i s ta l o rp rox ima l e nd s , t h e t r unca t ion p r eced ing l t h er emova lo ft h e s ma l f l ak e s . T h i s t r un ca t ion c r ea tes as t r ik ing p l a tf orm f o r f l ak e r emov a l s , a nd i t i sm os t o f ten s i tua ted o nt h e d i s ta l o r l a te ra l e dges o ft h e f l ake s . T h e se c o r e s m ay b e c on s ide red t o b e N ah r I b rah im c o re s a cco rd ing t ot h e d ef in i t ion o fS o leck i R .L . a nd S o leck i R .S . ( 1970 ) , e xcep t t h a t i nm os tc a se s , t h e r e i s no f a ce ted p r epa ra t ion o f as t r ik ing p l a tf o rm . Mo s to ft h e c o r e s -on f l ak e s o l h ave b een m anuf ac tu red a s t o l s a tt h e e nd o ft h e i r e xp lo i ta t ion ; t h ey g ene ra ly e xh ib i t n o tche s , e d en t icu la te so rr e touch . I ts em st h a t mo s to ft h em h ave b een u sed b o th a sc o re sa nd t oo l sT he N ah r o I b rah im p i ece s h ave s om e t im e s b een d ef ined e xc lu s ive ly a st o l s ( Bou rgu ignon , 1 998 ) . T he r e cen t t e chno -f unc t iona l a na ly s i so ft h eN ah r Ib rah im f r om Umm e lT le l i nS y r ia ( V I3a ' a nd V I3b ' l a y e r s ) s ugge s ts at e chn ica l mode o fh a f t ing ( P r imau l t , 2 000 ) . l 3 .C . T he p seudo -Leva lo i s C or e s l e T he se c o r e sa r ec onf o rmed t oB o rde s 's d ef in i t ion o fL eva lo i sc o r e s , s e ing a sh ow t h ey e xh ib i to n e l l o r t wo m o rpho log ica ly L eva lo i s f l ake s c a r s o n o ne f l ak ing s u rf ace , a nd b ecau se t h e i r s t r ik ing s, t l p l a tf o rm s a r e m os t ly f a ce ted ; n eve r the les h ey a r e n o t L eva lo i s c o r e s a cco rd ing t ot h e d ef in i t ion o fB oe c la , b ecau se t h e r e i sn o t a ny p r epa ra t ion o ft wo a symm e t r ic c onvex s u rf ace s wh ich d ef ine a p l an e o fi n te r sec t ion . 3 .D . T he D i sco id C ore s l A s f o r t h e L eva lo is c o r e s i nt h e c oncep t ion o ft h e d i sco id , t h e v o lume o ft h e c o re i sc on ce ived a s t wo a symme t r ica l s e can t s u rf ace s c o r e s , t h e i n te r sec t ion d ef in ing ap l ane o fi n te r sec t ion . H oweve r , l i nt h e d i sco id c on cep t ion , t h e t wo s u rf ace s a r e n o t h i e ra rch ica ly r e la ted . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a nd t h e f l ak ing s u rf ace c an b e i n v e r ted w i th in as i ng le o pe ra t iona l s e quence ( B ada , 1 995 : 6 1 ) .
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I . THE DEB ITAGE P RODUCTS T h e m o rpho logy o f as t on e a r t if a c t i sa lway s t h e r e su l t o ft e chn ica l o pe ra t ion s u nder tak en b y t h e se k nappe r d u r ing c o r e r e du c t ion p roces s , i n o rde r t o o b ta in c on t ro l o f t h e m o rpho logy o f i t s t p r oduc t ion ; i tb ea r s mo rpho techn ica l a t r ibu te s , s uch a st h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm t y pe s , t h e d o r sa l f a ce t l p a te rn s , a nd t h e g en e ra l s h ape a nd s i ze o ft h e b l ank s . T hey a r e a l so t h et e l ta le s i gn so ft h e m ann e r t i n wh ich t h ey h av eb een r emoved . T h eb u tm ay i n d ica te t h e t e chn ique u sed i ni t sd e ta chmen to ft h e sion b l ank ( h a rd h amme r i nd i r ec t p e r cus ; s of t s t on e h amme r i nd i r ec t o rt a ngen t ia l p e r cu ss ion a nd s of t h amme r i nt a ngen t ia l m o t ion ) . Ad e ta i led a na ly s i s o ft h e b l ank s m ay i n d ica te w h ich m e thod w a su sed t op roduce t h em . s I nt h e t r an s i t iona l a semb lages o fN o r the rn I s rae l , t h e b l ank s w e r e o b ta ined b y t h e u t i l iza t ion o fa t v a r ie ty o fr educ t ion s t ra teg i e s , wh ich m ay b e d ef ined b yt h e s c a rp a te rn so nc o r e 's f l ak ing s u rf ace . t T h e d e te rm ina t ion o ft h e m o rpho techn ica l a t r ibu te s o ft h e c o r e s p e rm i t s u s t o d educe t h e m a in l l c h a ra c te r i s t ics o ft h e L eva lo is f l ake s , t h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s a nd t h e b l ade s . T he a na ly s i s o fs c a r t p a te rn s o n t h e c o re s e nab les t h e p r ed ic t ion o ft h e m o rpho logy o ft h e b l ank s d e r ived f r om t h em ; t h ey a r e e xpec ted t o b e i n a cco rdan ce w i th t h e d eb i tage a nd t h e t oo l p roduc t s p r e sen t i n t h e s t f s a semb lage s . A cco rd ing t ot h e s c a r p a te rn s o n t h e d i f e r en t c o r e t y pes f o r e ach a semb lage , w e l s h a le ndeavou rt od e te rm ine t h em o rpho logy o ft h eb l ank s .
l R e cogn i t ion o ft h eL eva lo i s F l ake s f l sed m T he d i f icu l ty i n i d en t if y ing a L eva lo i s p roduc t h a s b een d i scus a in ly i n t h e l i t e ra tu r e ( Cope land , 1 981 ; B oeda , 1 988 ; 1 990 ; 1 994 ; 1 995 ; V an P ee r 1 992 ; B a r -Yo sef a nd D ibb le , 1 995 ) . l B o rde sh a sd e f ined aL eva lo i s f l ak ea s a" f lake w ho se f o rm i sp r ede te rm ined b ys pec ia lp r epa ra t ion o ft h e c o re b ef o r e t h e r emova l o ft h i s f l ake" ( 196 1 : 1 4 ) . I nB o rde s 's d ef in i t ion , t h e p r epa ra t ion o f l t h e c o re s c once rn s i t s u ppe r s u rf a ce a nd n o t i t s e n t i r e v o lume . T he c l a ss if i ca t ion o fa Leva lo i s t p r oduc t w a s o f ten r e la ted t oi t s p hy s ica l c r i te r ia ( s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm t y pes a nd d o r sa l f a ce p a ter n s ) l se r a th e r t h an d e r iv ing f r om c l ea r L eva lo i s t e chno log ica l p roces s ( Bo rde s , 1 96 1 ; 1 980 ) . T h i s l s i tua t ion e ngende r s amb igu i ty , s i n ce af l ake w i th L eva lo i s m orpho logy m ay a l so b e d e r ived f r om l n on -Leva lo i s r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s ( Cope land , 1 981 ; B oeda , 1 988 ; 1 995 ) , a nd i n ve r se ly , f r om a l l L eva lo i s f l ake w h ich d oe s n o t e xh ib i t t h e t y p ica l L eva lo i s m o rpho techn ica l c ha ra c te r i s t ics a s t d ef ined b y B o rde s ( 196 1) . ( Th e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm t y pe s , t h e d o r sa l f a ce p a te rn s , a nd t h e s hape a nd sif l s i ze o ft h eb l ank sm ay b ec l as i ed i n to t h en on -Leva lo i sb l ank s . ) ses i l B oeda , w ho e xp la ined t h e t e chno log i ca l p roces n vo lved i ne ach L eva lo i s m e thod , p o in ted o u t l l t h e g r ea t v a r iab i l i ty i nt h e m o rpho logy o ft h e L eva lo i s p roduc t s . F o r e ach L eva lo i s m e thod , h e l d ef ined c r i te r ia w h ich p e rm i t t h e r e cogn i t ion o fL eva lo i s f l ake s . H e d i s t ingu i shed t h e mo rpho logy o ft h e p r ede te rm ined b l ank s , wh ich a lway s d i sp lay i nt h e i r u ppe r s u rf a ce t h e t e chn ica l c r i te r ia o f t p r ede te rm ina t ion ( c onvex i ty o r s c a r p a te rn s o f t h e p r ede te rm in ing f l ake s ) . U s ing B oeda 's l l d ef in i t ion , w e i d en t if y L eva lo i s f l ake s a cco rd ing t o t h e L eva lo i s c o r e t y pes f ound i n t h e s l a s emb lage s ( Boeda , 1 995 ) . AL eva lo i s p r ef e ren t ia l f l ake a lway s e xh ib i t s i ni t su ppe rmos t s u r f ace t ren t h e s c a r p a ter n s o ft h e s e can t p r ede te rm in ing f l ake s . F rom t h e r e cur t m e thod s , u n ipo la r a nd b i po la r , B oöda h a sd ef ined t h r ee t y pe so fb l ank s , a l so f o rt h eu n ipo la rc onve rgen t . H e i d en t if ied t wo l t y pe s o fc en t r ipe ta l L eva lo i s f l ake s ( Boeda , 1 986 ; 1 995 ) . We u sed t h ese t y pe s a s ab a s is f o r t h e l l sica r e cogn i t ion o fL eva lo i s p roduc t s . We a l so r e f e r t ot h e L eva lo i s f l akes a st h o se w i th t h e c l as l l L eva lo i s mo rpho logy d ef ined b yB o rde s( 196 1) . l T he N on -Leva lo i sF lak e s l T h e t e rm " non -Leva lo i s" i n c lude s t h e a r t if ac t s w h ich a ppea r t o n o t h ave b een p roduced b y t h e l l L eva lo i sm e thod s . T hey a r ed ef ined u n iqu e ly o nt h eb a s i so ft h e i rn on -Leva lo i sc ha rac te r i s t ic s . T he B lad e sa nd B lad e le t s T h e b l ade i s ab l ank w i th a l e ng th t w i ce o r g r ea te r t h an i t s w id th ( Bo rde s , 1 96 1) . T hey a r e l i n ten t iona l e nd p roduc t sa nd d e r ived f r om b l ade / le tr e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s . Ab l ade le t i s a s ma l b l ade 1 7
w i th aw id th l e s se r t h an 1 2mm . L a rge b l ade s w e re u ncove red i nt h e t r an s i t iona l a s semb lages , a nd e xh ib i t l a rge w id th s e xceed ing 3 0mm .
I I . THE R ETOUCHED P RODUCTS T he f o l low ing a na ly s i s o f t h e r e touched p roduce s u nde r take s , i nt h e f i r s t p l ace , t o p r e sen t t h e t y po log ica l c ompos i t ion o ft h e d i f f e ren t a s semb lage s , a nd s e cond ly , t o e xam ine t h e i n te r ac t ion s b e tween t h es e lec ted b l ank sa nd t h et oo lt y pe s .
1 . T ypo log i ca lC ompo s i t ion o ft h eA s semb lage s T he t y po log i ca l a na ly s i s i s b a sed u pon t h e r e cogn i t ion o f t h e ma in t oo l s t h a t c ompose a n s o s a semb lage . We p ropo se ag ene ra l l i s t o ft h e t o l t y pes r e cogn iz ed i nt h e t r an s i t iona l a semb lage s l o fN o r the rn I s rae l , b a sed m a in ly u pon t h et y pe l i s t se s tab l ished b yB o rde s( 196 1) ,b yD . S onnev i le B o rde sa nd J . Per ro t( 1953 , 1 954 ) ,b yF .H ou r s( 1974 )a nd b yB a r -Yosef ( 1970 ) . 1 .T he L eva l lo i sP o in t s T he L eva l lo i s p o in t i sa lway s d e r ived f r om L eva l lo i s r educ t ion s t ra teg ies ; i ti sa pr ed e te rm ined t r iangu la r L eva l lo i s f l ake . When ap o in t e xh ib i t s L eva l lo i s mo rpho logy b u t i sr emoved f r om n on L eva l lo i s c o r e s , w e c a l l i ta" Leva l lo is l i ke p o in t" o r a" po in t o f L eva l lo is m o rpho logy " . T h e e l onga ted L eva l lo i s p o in t i sd e r ived f r om L eva l lo i s b l ade c o r e s . T h e L eva l lo i s p o in t s e xh ib i t a t r iangu la r s hape w i th ap o in t a tt h e d i s ta l e nd . Mos t o ft h em e xh ib i t p a r t ia l o r c omp le te r e touch i n o ne o rt wo e dges , wh ich m ay b es em i -ab rup t , a b rup t , a l te rna te , a l ter n an t , i n v e r se o rf i ne r e touch . 2 .T he Mou s ter ian P o in t s l T h i s c a tego ry i n c ludes t r i angu la r o r s ub t r iangu la r p o in t s , m anuf a c tu r ed b yr e touch f r om L eva lo i s l o r n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s . T he se p o in t s e xh ib i t m o s t ly s em i -ab rup t o r a b rup t r e tou ch , b u t t h e a l te rnan t , a l ter na te o ri n ve r se a l so a ppea r . 3 .T he Em i reh P o in t s rod d G ar ef ined t h e Em i r eh p o in ta s" at r iangu la rf l ake w h ich h a st h eb u lba re nd t h inned b yc h ipp ing o nb o th f a ce s , t h et h inn ing r e touch b e ing a lway sd i r ec ted f r om t h eb a se o ft h e f l ake a nd n eve r f r om rod t h e l a te r a l e dge s" ( Gar , 1 951 : 1 21) . L a te r , B o rde s ( 196 1) v i ewed t h e Em i reh p o in t a s a re a l l s, i e f L eva lo i s p o in t . N eve r the les ts em s t h a t t h e Em i reh p o in t s w e r e p roduced u s ing d i f e r en t l l r educ t ion s t ra teg ie s , s uch a sL eva lo i s , L eva lo i sb l ade o rU ppe rP a leo l i th ic . 4. T he S id e -scraper s T h i s g roup i n c lude s f l ake s o r b l ade s w i th w o rk ing e dge s m ade b y a brup t , s em i -ab rup t o r s s c a la r if o rm r e touch . We f i nd i nt h e a semb lages o fN o r the rn I s ra e lc onvex , c onve rgen t , d oub le , a nd & je t6 s i de -sc rape r s . t 5 .T he R ac le te s T h is g roup i n c lude st h in f l ake so rl a rge b l ade sw i th c omp le te s em i -ab rup to rf l a tr e touch . 6 .T he N o tche sa nd D en t icu la te s o l T he se t o l s i n c lude a lt y pe so fn o tch es a nd d en t icu la te sm ade o n f l akes o rb l ade / le t s . 1 8
7 .T he R e touched F lak e s T h e r e touched f l ake s o ccu r i n av a r ie ty o f f o rm s , a nd d i sp lay c on s ide rab le v a r ia t ion a s t o t h e l o ca l iza t ion a nd t h e t ype o fr e touch ; i tc an b e p a r t ia l , i la r , s em i -ab rup t o rf i ne r e touch s i tua ted regu i n one o rt wo e dge s . 8 .T he R e touched a nd B ack ed B lad e / le t s e A ss en i nt h ep r ev iou st oo l s ,t h e r e touch ed a nd b acked B lade / le t so ccu ri n av a r ie ty o ff o rm s . T hey s h ow p a r t ia l , i regu la r s em i -ab rup t , f i ne , a l terna te o r b acked r e tou che s i no ne o r t wo e dge s . We c on s ide rt h em a sb l ade sa nd b l ank sw i th am in imum w id th o f1 0 mm . 9 .T he P o in ted B lad e / le t s l A l k i nd s o fb l ade s a nd b l ade le t s w i th ap o in t a to ne e nd f o rm ed b yc omp le te o rp a r t ia l r e touch o n l o n e o r b o th e dge s , a s w e l a s b y ac omb ina t ion o fo b l ique t r un ca t ion a nd r e touch c an b e d i rec t , i n v e r se o r b ack ed r e tou ch . I n t h i s c a tego ry , t h e e l Wad p o in t i sd ef ined a s " b lade o r b l ade le t r e touch ed o nb o th s i de so ft h et i p , f r equen t ly w i th c omp le te o rp a r t ia lr e touch o no ne o rb o th e dge s" l ( Ba r -Yosef , 1 970 : 2 02 -223 ) . Mo s t o f t en , t h e se p o in t s a r e f o rm ed b y p a r t ia ly a l te rna te r e touch ; o n o n e e dge , t h e r e touch r un s o n t h e who le l e ng th o ft h e b l ade , a nd o n t h e s e cond s i de , t h e a l te rna te r e touch s i tua ted a tt h e e nd o ft h e b l ad e f o rm st h et i p p o in t . 1 0 . T he B ur ins T h i sg roup i n c ludes t oo l sw ho se e dge i sc r ea ted b yt h e i n te r sec t ion o ft wo f a ce t s . Among t h em , w e h av e r e cogn ized t h e d i hed r a l b u r in s ( s t ra igh t o r & je te ) m ade b y o pposed f a ce t s , t h e a ng le b u r in s l o w i th o n e s i de p a ra le l t ot h e l o ng i tud ina la x i so ft h et o l ,t h eb u r in so nt r unca t ion ( c oncav e , c onv ex , o b l ique o r s t ra igh t ) , t h e t r an sve r sa l b u r in s m ade b y f a ce t s , w h ich a r e p e rpend icu la r t o t h e o l o ng i tud ina l a x i s o ft h e t o l s ; t h e b u r in o n b r eak ; t h e c a r ina ted b u r in f o rm ed b y m any r emova l s o f b l ade le t s , a nd t h ed oub le o rm u l t ip le b u r in s , w h ich c omb ine t wo o rm o r eb u r in t y pe s . 1 . T he E nd scrape r s T h i s g roup c on ta in s f l ake s o rb l ade / le t s s how ing c onvex r e touch a tt h e d i s ta l o r p rox ima l e nd s . I t i n c ludes d oub le e nd sc rape r s t h a t h av e t wo o ppos ed c onvex r e touch e dge s ; c a r ina ted e nd -sc rape r s l m ade o n t h ick b l ank s w i th av e ry s t eep r e touch , g en e r a ly f o rm ed b y b l ade le t r emova l s ; r ounded l e nd sc rape r sw i th r e touch r unn ing a l a l ong t h e c i rcum f e r en ce o ft h e t oo l , w i th t h e e xcep t ion o ft h e l a s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ; c i r cu la r e nd sc rape r s w h ich h ave w o rk ing e dge s a r ound t h e c i r cumf e r en ce o f t h eb l ank , i n c lud ing t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ; s hou lde r ed e nd -sc rape r sw i th o ne c oncavo -convex e dge s , a nd t h e n osed e nd sc rape r s h ave d oub le s hou lde r ed w o rk ing e dge s . T h i s g roup a l so c on ta in s n uc le if o rm e nd sc rape r s ,w h ich a r e m anuf a c tu r ed o nc o r e s . 1 2 . T he P erf ora tor s l k T h i s c a tego ry i n c ludes a i nd o fp e rf o ra to r s m anuf ac tu r ed o n f l ake s , b l ades o r b l ade le t s . T hey l l e xh ib i t as ma lp o in t f o rm ed b yb i la te ra lr e touch , a sw e la sb y ac omb ina t ion o fn o tch ,t r unca t ion o r r e touch . T h e b o r e s m anuf a c tu red b y b i la te ra l b acked r e touch a r e r a r e i n t h e t r an s i t iona l s a s emb lages . 1 3 . T he T runca ted P iece s T h i s g roup i n c lude s t h e f l ake s , t h e b l ade s a nd t h e b l ade le t s w i th a t r un ca t ion a t t h e d i s ta l o r p r ox ima le nd s m ade b ya b rup tr e touch . T he t r unca t ion m ay b e s t ra igh to ro b l ique . 1 9
1 4 . T he K n ive s T h i sg roup i n c lude sf l ake so rl a rge b l ade s ,w i th o ne n a tu ra lo ra b rup t r e touch ed e dge o ppo sed t ot h e c u t ing e dge . We d i s t ingu i shed t h e n a tu ra ly c u rved o r s t ra igh t b a ck k n ive s , a nd t h e s t ra igh t o r t l c u rved a b rup tr e touch k n ives . 1 5 . T he C ompo s i te T oo l s o T h is g roup c on ta in sb l ade / le t so rf l ake s s how ing t h ec omb ina t ion o nt wo o rm o r e t o ls . 1 6 . T he C hamf e red P iece s l T he c hamf e red p i ece c on s is t s o f ap a r t ia ly b acked p i ece s how ing at r an sve r sa l b l ow o n i t se nd . I t s a ppea r s i n f requen t ly i ns om e a semb lage so fN or the rn I s rae l . 1 7 . V ar ia regu T he r e a r e n odu le s , c o r e s o r u nde te rm ined b l ank s w i th p a r t ia l , i la r , s em i -ab rup t o r f i ne l r e touch e s , a sw e la su ndef ined w o rked p i ece s .
2 . Ana ly s i so ft h eB lank s l re We w i l f o cu s o u r a na ly s is o n e s tab l ish ing t h e c or la t ion b e tween t h e r e duc t ion s t r a teg ie s a nd t h e s b l ank t y pe s , a nd b e tween t h e b l ank t y pe s a nd t h e t oo l c a tego r ie s . F o r e ach a s emb lage u nde r l c on s ide ra t ion , w e w i l d e te rm ine t h e r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s u sed i nt h e m anuf a c tu r ing o ft h e b l ank s l l ( Leva lo i s , n on L eva lo i s F l ake s , b l ade r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s m e thod s , e t c . ) a nd t h e b l ank t y pe s l t ( F lake , b l ade , b l ade le t , o th e r ) . A l o ft h e b l ank s w e r e e xam in ed f o r amu l t i tude o fa t r ibu te s : t h e t t g en e ra l m o rpho logy , t h e s c a r p a te rn o n t h e i r u ppe r s u rf ace , t h e t y pe o fb u t s , a nd t h e p e r cen tage a nd l o ca l iza t ion o ft h ec o r tex a nd t h e i rd im en s ion s .
I V . THE CALCULAT ION OF THE F REQUENC IES O F THE CORE TYPES , B LANKS AND TOOLS l s T he q uan t i ta t ive a na ly s i sw i lb eu sed i no rde rt od ef ine t h ec ha r ac te r i s t ic so ft h e l i th ic a s emb lage s . s l F o r e a ch a semb lage , w e w i l g ive t h e f r equenc ie s o ft h e c o r e t y pe s , t h e a r t if ac t s t y pe s , t h e b l ank t o sed i a t r ibu te s a nd t h e t o l t y pes . B ecau se o f t h e p rob lem o f i mp r ec i s ion d i scus nt h e p r ev iou s c hap te r , t h e se f r equen c ie s s hou ld b e c on s ide red a s r e f lec t ing t h e g ene ra l t e nden c ie s o f t h e se s a semb lages .
V . THE S TAST IST ICAL ANALYS IS s s T o e va lua te t h ed eg ree o fs im i la r i t ie sa nd d i s im i la r i t ie sb e tween t h ea semb lage su nde r l c on s ide ra t ion , w e s ha l u se t wo s t a t i s t i c t e s t s : t h e J MP C lu s te r A na ly s i s a nd t h e p r in c ipa lu n sca led c ompon en t s o ft h e m u l t iva r iab le a na ly s i s . B y d ef in i t ion " c lu s t e r ing" i st h e t e chn ique o fg roup ing s an l r ow s t o ge the r t h a t s ha r e s im i la r v a lue s a c ros umbe r o f v a r iab les . We s ha l u se h e re t h e h i e ra r ch ica l c l u s te r ing m e thod , w h ich c omb ines r ow s i n ah i e ra r ch ica l s equence p or t ray ed a s at r ee l d i ag r am , f o lowed b y ap l o t o ft h e d i s tances b e tween t h e c l u s te r s . T he w a rd 's m in imum v a r iance m e thod u se s t h e d i s tance b e tween t wo c l u s te r s a s t h e A nova s um o f s qua r e s b e tw een t h e t wo l t c l u s te r sa dded u p o ve ra h e v a r iab le s . r e n a mu Mu l t iva r ia te A na ly s i s g i ves t h e c o r e la t ion b e twe l t ip le o f v a r iab le s . T h e p r inc ipa l c omponen t s i sa te chn ique w h ich t a ke s l i nea r c omb ina t ion s o f t h e o r ig ina l v a r iab le s i n s uch a 2 0
f a sh ion t h a t t h e f i r s t p r in c ipa l c omponen t h a s m ax imum v a r ia t ion , t h e s e cond p r inc ipa l c omponen t h a s t h e n ex t h i ghe s t v a r ia t ion ( s ub jec t t ob e ing o r thogona l t o t h e f i r s t ) , a nd s o o n . T h e p r inc ipa l c ompon en t s umma r ize s t h e v a r ia t ion o ft h e s pec if ied Y v a r iab le s w i th p r inc ipa l c omponen t s . T he p r in c ipa lc ompon en t sa r ed e r ived f r om t h eu n s ca led d a ta .
2 1
CHAPTER THREE
RAQEFET
THE S ITE T he c ave i ss i tua ted o n aw e s te r ly -f ac ing c l if nt h e N aha l R aq ef e t o f Moun t C a rm e l , I s rae l , a t f i a bou to n ek i lom e te rn or thwe s to ft h ej unc t ion w i th N aha l Y oqn 'eam , w h ich s i t sa t2 70 m a bove s e a l e ve l . T he v a ley f l oo r l a y s a pp rox ima te ly 1 50 m b e low t h e c ave e n t rance . T he r e i s an a row r o ck l r t e race i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e s i te . r D r . T ama r N oy ( I s rae l Mu seum , J e rusa lem , I s rae l ) a nd P rof . E r i c H igg s ( Camb r idge U n ive r s i ty , E ng land ) c onduc ted t h e f i r s t e x cava t ion s i nt h e c ave b e tween 1 970 a nd 1 972 . D ue t oh e ru n t ime ly d ea th i n1 997 , N oy w a s n o t a b le t oc omp le te h e r a na ly se s o ft h e m a te r ia l . N eve r the les e ta i led s, ad u npub l i shed r e po r to nt h ee xcava t ion s i s ava i lab le , a nd i s used i nt h ep r e sen t s t udy ( Noy a nd H igg s , u npub l i shed r e po r t ) . T he k a r s t ic c ave c on s is t s o f al o ng c hambe ra bou t4 5 ml o ng a nd 1 7 mw ide . T h i sc hambe r l e ad s t o ar e a rc hambe r , t h e d imen s ion s o fw h ich a r e a bou t 8x 13 m ( F igu r e 3 ) . T he c ave h a s b en e roded e f r om av e r t ica lj o in ta nd t h e r e i s ac h imney i nt h er e a rc hambe rt h a tb r eak st h rough t ot h es u rf ace . A l a rge r o ck -f a lh a sb l ocked o f much o ft h e l i gh t i nt h er e a rh a lf o ft h es i te . l f P LAN O F CAVE
1
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SECT ION C6D 5 -2 . 1 S ECT ION B -G 1 9 -20 EXCAVATED 1 970
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F igure 3 :P lan o ft he R agef e tE xcava t ion s( Af ter Noy a nd H igg s , U npub l i shed R epor t )
T he s i te e x tend s o ve r a m ax imum a r ea o f s om e 5 00 m2.I n h i s r e por t , N oy m en t ion ed t h a t t h e l d epos i t sa r e s ha lowe s ta tt h ee n t rance . T he f l oo rr em a in sh o r izon ta l f o rt h e f i r s tt e nm e te r s , b u tt h en f d rop s o fs t eep ly ; t h e e xcava to r s d i d n o t p rec i se t h e d ep th o ft h i s d ec l ine . A s upe rf i c ia l s k in o f c e ram ic d epos i t sa nd g oa td ung c ove r st h ec ave f l oo r . T he e x cava t ion s h ave b een l a rge ly c onf ined t ot h e f r on t c hambe r , a nd h ave b een d i v ided i n to t h r ee a r ea s ( B -G 1 8 -23 , A -H 7 17 a nd J -M 2 4 -28 ) . T h r ee o t he r s qua r e s ( G -H 1 0 -13 ) a r e s h own o n t h e p l an o ft h e c ave , b u t n o i n d ica t ion w a s r e po r ted i nt h e a va i lab le n o te s a nd n o m a te r ia l f r om t h e s e s qua re s w a s f ound . Two s e c t ion s f r om t h e c onnec ted a r ea s w e r e d r awn ( F igu re s 4 and 5 ) , o ne o f l w h ich w a s p o r t ray ed s chema t ica ly ( s ec t ion C -D 5 23 ) . A s t h ey w e re u nab le t o e s tab l i sh re s t ra t ig raph ic c or la t ion s b e tween t h e se a r ea s , t h e e xcava to r s d ec ided t o d e s igna te i n dependen t l a ye rn umbe rs y s tem f o re ach a r ea . 2 2
S TRAT IGRAPHY T h e t h r ee a r ea s i n d ica te N eo l i th ic , N a tuf ian a nd K eba r ian o ccupa t ion s , b u t o n ly t h e s qua re s C -D 1 8 -20 a nd E -F 1 8 19 f r om t h e a r ea ( B -G 1 8 -23 ) r e vea led Mou s te r ian , T ran s i t iona l a nd U ppe r l P a leo l i th ic l a ye r s . T h e t r ench ( B -G 1 8 -23 ) , w h ich w a s p a r t ia ly e xcava ted d own t ot h e b ed rock , r e v ea led f ou r Mou s te r ian a nd T ran s i t iona l l a ye r s 4 0 -50 c m t h ick , c on ta in ing Mou s te r ian s i mp lemen t s a soc ia ted w i th a b l ade -o r ien ted t e chno logy . T he se l a y e r s u nde r l ie t wo U ppe r t P a l eo l i th ic l a y e r s wh ich h ave b een a t r ibu ted t ot h eL evan t ine A u r igna c ian b yt h ee x cava to r so nt h e o b a s i so ft h ep r esence o ft y p ica lA u r ignac ian t o l s( no sed , s hou lde red a nd c a r ina ted s c rape r s )a nd b y l l t h ea b sence o fL eva lo i s i mp lemen t s . We s ha lp r esen th e r et h e s t ra t ig raphy o ft h i sa r ea a sd e sc r ibed b yN oy a nd H igg s i ni t se n t i r e ty . 1 .A rea B -G 1 8 -23 ( F igure sI V -V :R e spec t ive ly s e c t ions B -G 1 9 -20 a nd C -D 5 -23 ) I n t h e i r r e po r t , t h e e xcava to r s i n d ica ted t h a t t h e b ed rock w a s r e ached i n a r ea B -G 1 8 -23 , a nd l e s pec ia ly i nC -G 1 8 19 . H oweve r , b ed rock i s no t i n d ica ted o nt h e s e c t ion B -G 1 9 -20 , w h ich mos t l i k e ly w a s d r awn u p i n 1 971 a nd d id n o t i n c luded t h e e xcava t ion s o f1 972 . T he r ef o r e , t h e b a se o f sib t t h e l owe r l a y e r s a ppea r st ob e d eepe rt h an s hown i nt h e s e c t ion , p os ly a ta in ing ad ep th o fs even m e te r s .
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F igure 4 :R agef e t : S ec t ion 1C l 1 9 /20 ( Af ter N oy a nd H igg s , I npub l i shed R epor t )
T h e s t ra t ig raph ic s equence o ft h e a r ea B -G 1 8 -23 a s e s tab l ished b y N oy a nd H igg s i n c ludes t h e l t f o low ing l a ye r s , f r om b o tom t ot op : I I: T t l L ayer VI h ee a r l ie s t d epo s i ta te s t ing t oe v idence o fh uman o ccupa t ion w a s ab r igh ty e low -g ray b r ecc iaed s k in f ound n o d eepe rt h an 2 0 c m a nd c ove r ing t h e b ed rock i nB -D 1 8 19 a nd i nF -G 1 9 . T h e se t wo a r ea s c on ta ined f r esh Mou s te r ian i mp lemen t s . I n C -D 2 0 t h e b ed rock s h e lve s v e ry s t eep ly t owa rd s t h e b ack o f t h e c ave a nd w a s c ove r ed b y s t e r i le f i ne r e d s and u p t o 3 0 c m i n t h icknes n E 18 , w e f ound s t e r i le b r ecc ia ( Laye r I X ) e xcep t f o r s ma l f i su r es c on ta in ing f ew s. I l s a r t if ac t sf r om a bove d epo s i t s . L ayer V I : T h i s 1 0 15 c mo ft h icknes ich o ccu r s i nC -G 1 8 -20 i s abs en t o rt h in a tp o in t s w h e r e I s wh b ed rock i s rs ing . T h e f o low ing d epo s i t c on s i s t s a lmo s te n t i re ly o ff l in t a r t if a c t s , w i th t h e p r e sence i l 2 3
o fo n ly av e ry s pa r se m a t r ix o ff i ne g r ay s i l t . Wh i le af ew o ft h e f l in ts a r e f r e sh , t h e m a jo r i ty s how s v a ry ing d eg ree s o fw a te r w o rk a b r a s ion . T h e d epos i t l i e s d eepe s t i nt h e c av i t ie s o ft h e u nde r ly ing l b ed rock , e spec ia ly i n D -E 1 9 a nd 2 0 . T h e a ccumu la t ive e v iden ce s ugge s t s t h a t t h e d epos i t s c on ta in ing t h e se a r t if ac t s h ave b een s cou r ced b y w a te r , w h ich r emoved t h e s o i l m a t r ix a nd l e f tt h e l h eav ie r f l in ts . A s ar e su l t o ff u r th e r w a te r a c t ion , t h e se a r t if ac t s h ave b een m echan ica ly a b raded l r a ga in s t e ach o the r wh i le f r esh ma te r ia l w a s s t i l b e ing c a r ied i nf r om t h e s i de s . T h i s d epo s i t h a s a c a rbon d a te o f3 4 .600 + - 1 . 900 B .P . a nd c on ta in s a r t if ac t st h a t t y p if yt h e l a te Mou s te r ian a nd E a r ly U ppe rP a leo l i th ic . L aye r V I : T h is l a y e ri s a h eav i ly b r ecc ia te l i gh tg r ay s i l tc on ta in ing l am inae o fg r i t . I t is 510 c m s i n s i s i l t h icknes n BCD s qua r es a nd e xceed s 1 5 cm o ft h ickn es nF G . I t al so c on ta in s l e n se so fp a r t ia ly I a b raded a r t if ac t s a t i t s b a se , b u t t h e m a jo r i ty i sf r e sh . I ts i t s d i r ec t ly o ve r l a ye r V I a nd c ou ld sib p os ly r e p re sen t af i na l s t age i n i t s d epos i t ion . I t s u ppe r s u rf ace i ss c u lp tu red b y m eande r ing row r unne l s , w h ich m igh t r e su l t f r om w a te r s c ou r ing o r a n ima l b ur ing . T h is l a y e r c on ta in s Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic a r t if a c t s . L ayer V :T h i s l a ye r i sc omposed a lmos t e n t i re ly o fs t e r i le r e d -b rown s o i l , w h ich i sl i m i ted t oE -G rup 1 9 . I t s u ppe r l im i t i sd e f ined b y a 12 mm t h ick " a sh " l i ne , w h ich r un s i n ter ted o ve r i t se n t i r e s u rf ace . T h i s l a ye rc on ta in s f ew Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic a r t if ac t s . L ayer I V : T h i s l a y e r w a s s ubd iv ided i n to 4u n i t s ( a -d ) e a ch o fw h ich w a s s e pa ra ted b y ad a rk s o i l s. T b and o f 1 2 c m o ft h icknes he se b and s m igh t b e e xp la ined a so ccupa t iona l h o r izon s ; h oweve r , a bundan tc ha r coa la nd a r t if ac t sw e r ea l so r e cove r ed f r om t h eo r ange -b rown s o i ll y ing b e tween t h e se d a rke ru n i t s . Ac a rbon d a te o f3 3 .810 + - 1 740 B .P . w a s o b ta in ed f r om I Vd ( t he l owe s t l e ve l ) . T he e xcava to r s d ef ined t h i s i n du s t ry a s " T ran s i t iona l" , i ti n c ludes Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic e l emen t s . l L ay er I I : T h i s l a ye r c on s is t s o f ah eav i ly b r ecc ia ted y e low -g ray d epo s i t c on ta in ing f i ne s and l am ina t ion ss p l i t b y 2d a rk ish b and s i nC -D 1 9 -20 . A tt h eb a se o ft h i s l a ye ri nB -C 1 8 -20 w a s f ound s f I I ah ea r th d epo s i tv a ry ing i nt h ickn es r om 1 5 c m( Ib ) . Ac a rbon d a te i d en t ica lt ot h a to fI V dw a s 3 s t a ken f r om t h e b a se o ft h i s l a ye r ( 3 .810 + o r -1 740 B .P ) . T he i n du s t ry w a s a s ign ed t oM idd le A u r ignac ian . L ayer I : T h is l a ye r i sm ade u p o f al i gh t g ray b r ecc ia ted d epo s i t d i v ided b yt h i r teen t of i f teen 1 3 rows mm t h ick " a sh " l am inae . T h e c on ten t s o ft h e l a rge a n ima l b ur , w h ich c u t e x tens ive ly i n to t h i s f l a ye r , w e re e a s i ly s epa ra ted o na ccoun to ft h e d i f e ren ce s o fc o lo ra nd t e x tu re . T h i s l a y e rc on ta ined a n i n du s t ry o ft h eU ppe rA u r ignac ian . L ayer I :T h i s l a ye r i s as i lve r -g ray , f i rm ly b r ecc ia ted l e ve l . I t s s u rf a ce h a s b een h i gh ly c ompac ted l b y t h e l a rge r o ck f a l f r om t h e n or th s i de o ft h e c ave . L ay e r Ic on ta in s r em a in s f r om t h e K eba ran . Two c a rbon d a te s w e r e o b ta ined ; t h e e a r l ies t o n e ( 1 8 .9 10 +— 30 B .P . ) d e r ived f r om D 20 a nd t h e l a te r( 1 5 .460 + —2 00 B .P . )f r om E 19 . P i t L( F igu re 5 ) : T he s ucceed ing d epo s i t s a r e c on ta ined i n ac omp lex o fi n t ru s ion s o fw h ich t h e l l e a r l ie s t i s Pi tL .T h i sp i t f o rm s ag u ly a tl e a s t 2x 1. 5 mi nt h e a r ea a l ong t h e n o r th w a lo ft h e c av e . I l I tc u t s t h rough l a y e r s I I a nd c on ta in s ag ray -b rown f i l w i th f i ne a sh l e n ses . Ac a rbon d a te o f s 1 0 .980 +—2 60 B .P . w a s m ade o n ab one s amp le . T h i s l e ve l c on ta in s aN a tuf ian a semb lage . Two sib l l l a rge s t one s , p os ly c on tempo ra ry w i th P i t L ,h ave b een s unk v e r t i ca ly i n to s ma lp i t sc u t i n to t h e s u rf ace o fL ay e rI . T he n ex t d epos i ts ( A -K ) a r e n o t r epo r ted i nt h e f i gu re s . D epo s i t Kc on ta in s m a te r ia l d e r ived f r om p i t L .D epo s i t Ji s heav i ly b r ecc ia ted a nd i s almo s tc omp le te ly v o id o fa r t if a c t s . D epo s i t Hi s al a rge p i tc omp lex w h ich c ove r sm uch o fC -D 2 0 -22 a nd c on ta in sP PNA m a te r ia l . As e r ie so fs e ven ( G -A ) l B ronze A ge a nd l a te rp i tc omp lexe s f o low ,t wo o fw h ich ( Ga nd C )c u tt h rough t ot h eb ed rock .
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LONG ITUD INAL S ECTION CERAM IC DEPOS ITS
F igure 5 :R agef e t : S ec t ion C 1 3 0 /23 ( Af ter N oy a nd H igg s , U npub l i shed R epor t )
T h e s t ra t ig raphy o fR aqef e t i st r emendou s i ni t s c omp lex i ty . T h e c ave e xh ib i t s e v iden ce o fh eavy e r o s ive a c t iv i ty ; s e ve ra l p i t s c u t t h rough t h e a r cheo log i ca l b ed s , a nd t h e b ur s p r e sen t i ns ome row s q ua r e s s em t oh ave i n f lu en ced t h e c ompo s i t ion o ft h e l a ye r s . I na l l a ye r s t h e r e i sb u rn t m a te r ia l . e l T h em a jo r i ty o ff l i n t s how sv a ry ing d eg r ee so fa b ra s ion , a nd i ns om e s qua res ( e spec ia ly i nD -E / 19 l 2 0 ) c on cen t ra t ion s o fl i t h ic m a te r ia l o ccu r . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a t w a te r a s w e l a s b ur ing r oden t s l row h av ec aused s om ed i sp la cemen t s .
THE EFFECT OF E ROS ION ON THE ART IFACTS I NR AQEFET l se I ti sg ene ra ly v i ewed t h a t p os t -depo s i t iona l p roces s w i th in t h e N o r ther n I s rae l i c ave s h ave s i gn if ican t ly i n f luen ced t h e a r cheo log ica l l a y e r s . T he m ixed n a tu r e o ft h e T ran s i t iona l i n du s t r ies , l w h ich e xh ib i t b o th L eva lo i s f l ake sa nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade s , a r e r e ga rded a st h e c on sequ ences se s rec l o ft h e se p roces s . I ft h i s a se r t ion i sc or t , t h e f r equenc ies o ft h e L eva lo i s p r oduc t s s hou ld b e h i ghe r i nt h e l owe r l a y e r s t h an t h a t o ft h e b l ade s , w h ich s hou ld i n c r ea se i nt h e u ppe r l a y e r s ; t h e l f d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e L eva lo i s f l ak e s a nd t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade s s hou ld a l so b e d i f e r en t i n e s q ua r e s , s e ing a s h ow t h ey m oved a t r a ndom b y k a r s t ic a c t iv i t ie s a f te r t h e i r i n i t ia l d epos i t s . t f Mo r eove r , t h e w a te r , w h ich d r a ined t h e a r t if a c t s f r om t op t ob o tom , s hou ld h ave a f ec ted mos t ly l s t h e L eva lo i s a r t if ac t s p l aced o n t h e l owe r l a ye r s , a nd l e s s o t h e b l ade s . T he r ef o r e , i ft h e p os t se d epo s i t iona l p roces s a r e t h e c on sequen ce o ft h e se m ixed i n du s t r ies , w e m ay s uppose t h a t t h e l L eva lo i sp rodu c t ss hou ld e xh ib i t ah i gh d eg r ee o fe ros ion i nc ompa r i son t ot h eb l ade s . sib s T h i s f i r s t s uppo s i t ion d oe s n o t e x c lude t h e p os i l i ty t h a t t h e se a semb lage s b e long t o t h e sib red w T r an s i t iona lp ha se . I t isa l so p os le t h a tt h ee ven t so fe r o s ion a nd k a r s t i c a c t iv i t ie so ccur i th in t h e Mou s te r ian o r /and t h e " T ran s i t iona l" l a y e r s a nd n o t b e tween t h e Mou s te r ian a nd t h e U ppe r s P a l eo l i th ic l a y e r s . I ndeed , i ft h e " T ran s i t iona l" a semb lage s a r e n o t t h e r e su l t o f m echan ica l l a dm ix tu re , w e m ay c on jec tu r e t h a tt h e L eva lo i s a nd b l ade p roduc t s h ave r e ce ived s ame t r ea tm en t ; f t h ey a r e a f ec ted b y e r o s ion a nd k a r s t i c a c t iv i t ie s a tt h e s am e d eg ree , a nd s hou ld e xh ib i t s im i la r l f r equen c ie so ff r e sh a nd r o l ed a r t if ac t s . l l T h e f o low ing a na ly s i su nde r take s , i nt h e f i r s t p l ace , t op r e sen tt h ed i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e L eva lo i s a nd f B lade a r t if ac t s i nt h e d i f e r en t l a y e r s a nd s qua r e s , a nd s e cond ly t oe xam ine t h e d eg ree o fa b ra s ion o ft h e se a r t if ac t s .
l fe 1 .T he D i s t r ibu t ion o f Leva lo i sa nd B lad eA r t if ac t s i nt h eD if ren tL ayer s T he Mou s te r ian a nd T ran s i t iona l l a y e r s o ccu r i n s qua r es C -D 1 8 -20 a nd E -F 1 8 19 a nd c on ta in a pp rox ima te ly 7 600 s t on e a r t if a c t s . T h e m a te r ia l i sn o t d i s t r ibu ted i nt h e s ame f r equenc ie s a mong I t h e l a ye r s a nd s qua r e s ; c a . 8 5% o ft h e a r t if a c t s c ame f r om L aye r s V I -V I w h i le L ay e r V( wh ich i s 2 5
I I, w ses se a lmo s t s t e r i le ) c on ta in s o n ly 1 % o ft h e m a te r ia l . T he m a te r ia l o fL aye r VI h ich p os s o n ly 3 55 a r t if ac t s , i sm a in ly c on cen t ra ted i nE -F 19 ( 76 .1 % ) ( Tab le 1 1 .3 ) T h e a r t if ac t s f r om t h e o th e r I l a ye r s a r e s pa r se i nC -D 1 8 -20 . L aye rV I c on ta in s a r ound 3 500 s t on e p i ece s , a r ound 5 0% o ft h em b e ing f ound i n D 20 ( Tab le 1 1 .4 ) . S i gn if ican t f r equen c ies o f m a te r ia l a ppea r i n C 20 a nd E -F 19 , w h i le f ew p i eces a r e s pa r se i nt h e C -D 18 . We d i d n o t f i nd m a te r ia l f r om D 19 . L aye r V I c on ta in s a round 3 000 a r t if a c t s o fw h ich c a . 5 0% d e r ive f r om D 20 ( Tab le 1 1 .5 ) . T h e m a te r ia l a l so a ppea r s i n e r e la t iv e ly s i gn if ican t a moun t s i nD 18 19 a nd E -F 19 , b u t s em s a b sen t i nS qua r e s C 18 -C20 . T h e a lmos ts t e r i le l a ye rVi s li m i ted t oE -G 1 9 , i nw h ich w e f ound o n ly 1 06 a r t if ac t s . L ay e rI Vo ccu r s i n C -D 1 8 -20 . I ti sa l so p os le t h a t t h i s l a ye r w a s p r e sen t i nF -G 1 9 -20 , a nd t h a t n o m a t e r ia l w a s sib f ound f r om t h is a r ea . T h i s l a ye rc on ta in s 7 0 1 p i ece s , m a in ly c on cen t ra ted i nC -D 2 0 , w i th c a . 6 5% ( Tab le 1 1 .6 ) . B o th L eva lo i s f l ake s a nd b l ade s a r e p re sen t i ne ach s qua re o fa ft h e l a y e r s ( Tab le I I .1) . T he l l o f r equen cy o f t h e L eva lo i s f l akes t e nd s t o d ec r ea se f r om b o tom t o t o p . I nve r se ly , t h e b l ade s l t i n c r ea se g r adua ly . N eve r th e les ne ach l a ye r , t h e r e la t ive p ropo r t ion s o ft h e L eva lo i s , b l ade a nd l s, i l o the rf l ak es r em a in m o r eo rl e sc on s i s ten t i nt h ed i f e ren t s qua r e s . s f T he r e la t ive p ropo r t ion so ft h e L eva lo i s a nd t h eb l ade s a mong t h et o l s i nt h e l a ye r s VI IV d i f e r l o I If f r om t h e f r equenc ie s o fa ft h e a r t if ac t s . T he p e r cen tage s o fL eva lo i s a nd b l ade t o l s r ema in l o l o m o re o r l e s c on s tan t i n t h e t h ree u ppe r l a ye r s ( VI I a nd I V ) . I n L aye r VI h e L eva lo i s s I-V I I, t l p roduc t so u tnumbe rt h eb l ade s( Tab le 1 1 .2 ) .
Conc lus ion o ft he D is tr ibut ion o ft he Ar t ifac ts
T he d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e m a te r ia l i n d ica te s l o ca l c on cen t ra t ion o fh uman o ccupa t ion i ne a ch l a ye r . T he b l ade st e nd t ob e m o r e r e p r e sen ted i nt h eu ppe rl a ye r s a tt h e e xpen se o ft h e L eva lo i sp roduc t s , l w h ich d ec r ease f r om b o tom t ot op . t T ab le HU : F requenc ie so fa l lA r t if ac t s i nt h ed i f f e ren tL aye r so fR aqef e t A r t i fac ts
R aqe fe tV I I I
A B C D
N =355 2 4 .0% 1 9 .7% 3 1 .2% 2 4 .8%
R aqe fe tV I I
R aqe fe tV I
N =3026 1 6 .9% 2 1 .8% 3 9 .4% 2 1 .8%
R aqe fe tV ( A lmos ts t e r i le ) N = 106 1 0 .4% 3 4 .0% 3 4 .9% 2 0 .7%
N =943 1 4 .3% 2 4 .5% 3 4 .4% 2 6 .7%
R aqe fe t I V
T o ta l
N =70 1 1 0 .7% 3 0 .4% 3 8 .1 % 2 0 .8%
N =5475 1 5 .8% 2 3 .7% 3 7 .5% 2 3 .0%
l A : L eva lo is F lakes , B : B lade sa nd C : O the rf l ake s D : C o re T r i mm ing E lemen t sa nd D eb r is
T ab le 1 1 .2 : F requen c ie so fB lank T oo lC a tego r ie s i nt h ed i f f e ren tL aye r s o fR aqef e t T oo ls
A B C D
R aqe fe t I I V I N =209 3 8 .8% 2 8 .2% 3 1 .1 % 1 . 9%
R aqe fe t I V I N = 190 1 2 6 .0% 3 0 .5% 4 1 .1 % 2 . 1%
R aqe fe tV ( a lmos t s t e r i le ) N =37 2 7 .0% 2 4 .3% 4 8 .6% 0 . 0%
R aqe fe t V I N =670 2 4 .6% 3 6 .0% 3 7 .5% 1 . 9%
R aqe fe t I V N =276 2 4 .3% 3 5 .1 % 3 7 .3% 3 . 3%
l A : L eva lo is F lake st oo ls , B : B lade t oo ls , C : O the r f l ake t oo ls a nd D : T oo ls o n o t he rb l anks
T ab le 1 1 .3 : F requenc ie so fL eva l lo i sF l ake s , B lade s , a nd O the rF l ake s i nt h e S qua re s o fL aye r VI I I L aye rV I I I A r t i fac ts A B C
F 19 N = 199 3 2 .7% 2 6 .6% 4 0 .7%
E 19 N =59 3 0 .5% 2 5 .4% 4 4 .1 %
A l l S qua res N =267 3 1 .8% 2 6 .2% 4 1 .9%
l A : L eva lo is a nd Mous te r ian F lake s , B : B lades a nd C : O the rf l akes
T ab le 1 1 .4 : F requenc ie so fL eva l lo is f l ake s , B lade s , a nd O the rF l ake s i nt h eS qua re so fL aye rV I I L aye rV I I D 20 C 20 N =520 N = 158 1 A r t i fac ts A 2 6 .1 % 2 0 .1 % 2 8 .7% B 2 3 .3% 5 0 .6% 5 1 .2% C l A :L ev a lo is a nd Mou s t e r ian F l ake s ,B :B lade sa nd C :O the r f l ake s
2 6
E 19 N =228 2 0 .6% 2 9 .8% 4 9 .6%
A l l S qua re s N =2366 2 1 .6% 2 7 .9% 5 0 .5%
T ab le 1 1 .5 : F iequenc ie so fL eva l lo i sf l ake s , B lade s , a nd O the rF l ake s i nt h eS qua re so fL aye rV I L aye rV I D 18 A r t i fac ts N =3 10 A 2 1 .0% B 3 0 .7% 4 8 .1 % C , l A :L ev a lo i sa nd Mou s t e r ian F l ake s ,B :B lade sa nd C :
D 20 N =499 1 8 .8% 3 4 .5% 4 6 .7% O the rf l ake s
E 19 N = 116 1 7 .2% 3 7 .1 % 4 5 .7%
l A l S qua res N =943 1 9 .5% 3 3 .4% 4 7 .1 %
T ab le 1 1 .6 : F requenc ie so fL eva l lo i sf l ake s , B lade s , a nd O the rF l ake s i nt h eS qua re s o fL aye rI V L aye r I V A r t i fac ts A B C
C 18 N =60 1 3 .3% 4 0 .0% 4 6 .7%
C 20 N =218 1 4 .2% 3 4 .4% 5 1 .4%
D 20 N = 170 1 2 .3% 3 1 .8% 5 5 .9%
l A l S qua re s N =544 1 3 .5% 3 8 .4% 4 8 .1 %
l A : L eva lo is a nd Mou s te r ian F lake s , B : B lades a nd C : O ther f l ake s
2 .T he D eg ree o fA r t if ac tA bra s ion I no rde rt od e te rm ina te t h e e f ec t s o fe r os ion u pon t h e a r t if ac t s f ound i nR aqef e t , t h e m a te r ia l h a s f b en d i v ided i n to t h r ee c a tego r ies o fa b ras ion : e A .H eav i ly r o led m a te r ia l . T h ea r t if ac t sa r er ounded a nd t h e s c a rr emova l sa r en o tv i s ib le . l B . A b r aded m a te r ia l w i th s t rong p a t ina t ion , b u t t h e m a te r ia l i sn o t r ounded a nd t h e s c a r r emova ls a r e s t i l l c l ea r .
npa t ina ted m a te r ia l . C . F resh , u F o r t h e p u rpo se s o ft h i s a na ly s i s , w e h ave c on s ide r ed t h e f r equency o f e ach a b r a s ion g r oup i n f d i f e r en ts qua re s f r om e a ch l e ve l . l B o th f r esh a nd r o led i mp lem en t sa r ep re sen t i ne ach s qua r eo fe v e ry o ne o ft h e l a y e r s( Tab le 1 1 .7 ) . T h e a moun t o ft h e t h r ee t y pe s c hange s f r om o ne l a y e r t ot h e n ex t , w h i le t h e p e r cen tage o ff r e sh t I I, c i mp lemen t st e nd st oi n c r ea se f r om b o tom t ot o p ( 1 7 .6% i nl a ye r VI a . 4 7 .5 % i nl a ye rV I a nd c a . I I 6 1 .2% i nl a ye rV ) . T he A u r ignac ian l a ye r s( Ia nd I ) c on ta in o n ly f r e sh m a te r ia l . I I L ay er VI l T h e f r equen c ie s o ft h e r o led , a b raded a nd f r e sh m a te r ia l i nt h e s qua r e s E l 9a nd F 19 r ema in m o r e s I I ( l o rl e s c on s tan t w i th in l a y e r VI Tab le 1 1 .8 ) . T he r e la t ive p ropo r t ion s o ft h e r o led , a b raded a nd l f r e sh m a te r ia l sb e tween t h eL am ina ra nd L eva lo i sp roduc ts d o n o t c hange s i gn if i can t ly w i th in l a ye r I I ( VI Tab le 1 1 .9 ) . I L ayer V I l T h e f r equenc ie s o ft h e r o l ed , a b raded a nd f r e sh m a t e r ia l s d o n o t v a ry s i gn if ican t ly b e tween t h e s q ua r e s , e xcep t f o r D 20 . T h i s s qua r e , wh ich i n c ludes a l a rge q uan t i ty o f t h e m a te r ia l ( 60 .5% ) , l l c on ta in s h i ghe r f r equenc ies o fr o led a r t if a c t s ( Tab le I I .10 ) . T he r e la t ive p ropo r t ion s o ft h e r o led , l a b r aded a nd t h e f r e sh m a te r ia l s b e tween t h e L am ina r a nd L eva lo i s p roduc t s d o n o t c hange I s i gn if i can t ly w i th in l a ye rV I ( Tab le I I .11) . L ayer V I l T h e f r equenc ie s o ft h e r o l ed , a b raded a nd f r e sh m a te r ia l s d o n o t d if e r s i gn if ican t ly b e tween t h e l s qua r e s o fl a y e r V I , e xcep t f o r t h e p ropor t ion o ft h e r o led m a te r ia l , wh ich i sl owe r i nD 20 ( Tab le 1 l . 12 ) . A s i nt h e l owe r l a y e r s , t h e r e la t ive p ropo r t ion o ft h e r o led , a b raded a nd f r e sh m a te r ia l s l b e tween t h e L am ina r a nd L eva lo i s p roduc t s d o n o t c hange s i gn if ican t ly w i th in l a ye r V I ( Tab le 1 . 13 ) . L ayer V D u e t ot h e s c an t p r e sence o fm a te r ia ls i nl a ye rV , t h e e xcava to r s h ave b een l e ad t od e sc r ibe i ta sa s t e r i le l a ye r . I nt h i s l a y e r w e f ound o n ly 1 06 a r t if a c t s , 8 4 o fw h ich a r e f l ake s a nd b l ade s . T he se f p r oduc t s , w h ich p robab ly a r e i n t ru s ive , s how d i f e r en t d eg ree s o fp r e se rva t ion f r om t h e r e s t o ft h e
2 7
ma te r ia l . N eve r the les h e p ropor t ion o f t he f r esh b l ades i sh i ghe r t h an t h a t o f t h e f l ak e s a nd s, t r ep r e sen t s 5 0% ( Tab le 1 1 .14 ) . L aye rI V T he l a ye r I V s how s f r equen c ies o f f r e sh m a te r ia l h i gh e r t h an t h e l owe r l a ye r s . T h e r e la t iv e l p ropor t ion o ft h e r o led , a b raded a nd f r e sh m a t e r ia l v a r ie s b e tween t h e s qua res o fl a y e r I V ; t h e l m a te r ia l i sf r e she r i nD 20 ( Tab le 1 1 .15 ) . T he r e la t ive p ropo r t ion s o ft h e r o led , a b raded a nd f r esh 1 .16 ) . l m a te r ia l sb e tween t h eL am ina ra nd L eva lo i sp roduc ts t e nd t oc h ange w i th in l a ye rI V ( Tab le 1 i th t h e a r t if ac t s f o und i nl a ye r V , t h e p ropo r t ion o ft h e r o l led b l ade s i sl owe r t h an t h a t o ft h e A s w f l ake s . T ab le 1 1 .7 : D eg ree o fA r t if ac t* A b ra s ion i nt h eL aye r so fR aqef e t L i th ic A r t i fac ts
l H eav i ly r o led ma te r ia l A b raded ma te r ia l F resh ma te r ia l
R aqe fe t I I V I
R aqe fe t I V I
N =295
N =2612
1 8 .3% 6 4 .1 % 1 7 .6%
2 8 .1 % 5 2 .0%
R aqe fe t V I N = 1045 1 5 .8 % 3 6 .7 % 4 7 .5%
1 9 .8%
R aqe fe t V
R aqe fe t I V
T o ta l
N = 8 5 1 7 .0%
N =609
N =4646
6 . 2% 3 2 .5% 6 1 .2%
2 1 .7% 4 6 .6%
3 9 .8% 4 3 .2 %
3 1 .8%
T ab le 1 1 .8 : D eg ree o fA r t if ac t* A b ra s ion i nt h eS qua re s o fL aye r VI I I L aye rV I I I A r t i fac ts A B C
l A l S qua res N =295 1 2 .5% 7 0 .2% 1 7 .3%
F 19 N =233 1 3 .3% 6 9 .5% 1 7 .2%
E 19 N =62 9 .7% 7 2 .6% 1 7 .7%
A :H eav i ly R o l led , B : A b raded a nd C :F re sh m a te r ia l ; * The a r t if ac t s i n c lud ea l p i ece se xcep tt h ed ebr is
T ab le 1 1 .9 : D eg ree o fA b ras ion o ft h eL eva l lo i s , B lade s a nd O the rB lank s i nL aye r VI I I L aye r V I I I A r t i fac ts A B
C
L eva l lo is N =85 1 8 .8% 7 2 .9% 8 . 2%
O the rs N = 112 9 . 8% 7 1 .4% 1 8 .8%
B lades N =70 1 0 .0% 6 4 .3% 2 5 .7%
A l l S qua res N =267 1 2 .7% 7 0 .0% 1 7 .2%
A : H eav i ly R o l led ,B : A b raded a nd C : F re sh m a t e r ia l ; * The a r t if ac t si n c lude t h et o o ls a nd t h ed eb i tage
T ab le I I .10 : D eg r ee o fA r t if ac t* A b ra s ion i nt h eS qua re s o fL aye rV I I L aye rV I I A r t i fac ts
A B C
C 20 N =520 1 0 .6% 6 1 .9% 2 7 .5%
D 20 N = 1581 3 6 .9% 4 7 .3% 1 5 .7%
E 19 N =228 9 . 6% 6 1 .0% 2 9 .4%
A l l S qua re s N =26 12 2 8 .1 % 5 2 .0% 1 9 .8%
A :H eav i ly R o l led , B :A b raded a nd C :F re sh ma te r ia l ; * The a r t if ac t si n c lude a l p i eces e xcep tt h ed eb r i s
T ab le 1 1 . 1 1:D eg r ee o fA bra s ion o ft h eL eva l lo i s , B lade s a nd O the rB lank s* i nL aye rV I I L aye rV I I A r t i fac ts A B C
L eva l lo is N =511 2 .5% 2 5 1 .5% 2 6 .0%
O the rs
B lades N =66 1 2 1 .2% 5 4 .3% 2 4 .5%
N = 1194 3 4 .4% 5 0 .3% 1 5 .3%
A l S qua res l N =2366 2 8 .1 % 5 1 .7% 2 0 .2%
A : H eav i ly R o l led , B : A b raded a nd C : F r e sh m a te r ia l ; * The a r t if ac t si n c lud et h et o o ls a nd t h ed eb i tag e
T ab le 1 1 .12 : D eg r ee o fA r t if ac t* A b ras ion i nt h e S qua re s o fL aye rV I L aye rV I A r t i fac ts A B C
D 18 N =3 10 1 7 .1 % 3 9 .0% 4 3 .9%
D 20
E 19 N = 116 1 8 .1 % 4 2 .2%
N =499 .8% 1 3 3 .7%
A l l S qua res N = 1045 1 5 .8% 3 6 .7%
4 7 .5% 3 9 .7% 5 4 .5% A :H eav i ly R o l led , B :A b raded a nd C :F r esh m a te r ia l ; * The a r t if ac t s i n c lude a l p i eces e xcep tt h ed ebr is
T ab le 1 1 .13 : D eg ree o fA b ra s ion o ft h eL eva l lo i s , B lade s a nd O the r B lank s* i nL aye rV I L aye r V I A r t i fac ts A B
C
L eva l lo is N =184
O the rs N =444
B lades N =315
A l l S qua re s N =943
1 3 .6%
1 4 .0%
1 5 .3%
1 4 .5%
3 7 .0% 4 9 .5%
3 3 .7% 5 2 .4%
3 8 .3% 4 6 .4%
3 6 .5% 4 9 .0%
A : Il eav i ly R o l led , B :A b raded a nd C : F r e sh m a te r ia l ; * The a r t if ac t s i n c lud et h et o o ls a nd t h ed eb i tage
2 8
T ab le 1 1 .14 : D eg ree o fA b ra s ion o ft h eL eva l lo i s , B l ade s a nd O the rB lank s* L aye rV L aye rV A r t i fac ts A B C
B l ades N =36 8 . 3% 4 1 .7% 5 0 .0%
L eva l lo is N = 11 2 7 .3% 3 6 .4% 3 6 .4%
O the rs N =38 2 3 .7% 3 6 .8% 3 9 .5%
A l l S qua res N =85 1 7 .6% 3 8 .8% 4 3 .5%
l A : H eav i ly R o led , B : A b raded a nd C : F resh ma te r ia l ; * The a r t if ac t s i n c lude t he t oo ls a nd t h e d eb i tage
T ab le 1 1 .15 : D eg r ee o fA r t if ac t* A bras ion i nt h eS qua re s o fL aye rI V L aye r I V A r t i fac ts A B C
0 20 N =244 8 . 2% 3 9 .7% 5 2 .0%
C 18 N =67 1 0 .5% 3 1 .3% 5 8 .2%
D 20 N = 190 3 . 2% 2 0 .5% 7 6 .3%
l S A qua res N =609 6 . 2% 3 2 .5% 6 1 .2%
l l A : H eav i ly R o led , B : A braded a nd C :F re sh ma ter ia l ; * The a r t if ac t s i nc lude a l p ieces e xcep tt he d eb r is
T ab le 1 1 .16 : D eg ree o fA b ra s ion o ft h eL eva l lo i s , B lade s a nd o t he rB lank s* i nL aye rI V L aye r I V A r t i fac ts A B C
L eva l lo is N =75 1 0 .7% 4 1 .3% 4 8 .0%
B l ades N =213 1 . 4% 3 3 .3% 6 5 .3%
O the rs N =267 1 0 .5% 2 9 .6% 5 9 .9%
A l l S qua res N =555 7 . 0% 3 2 .6% 6 0 .4%
l A : H eav i ly R o led , B : A braded a nd C : F resh ma te r ia l ; * The a r t if ac t s i nc lude t h et oo ls a nd t h e d eb i tage p roduc ts
C onc lus ion o ft he Ana lys is o ft he D egree o f Ar t ifac t Abras ion
B o th f r esh a nd r o l led i mp lemen t s a r e p re sen t i n e a ch s qua r e o f a l l o f t h e l a ye r s , b u t t h e i r p ropo r t ion s v a ry v e r t ica l ly ; t h e m a te r ia l i s l e ss f r e sh i n t h e t wo l owe r l a y e r s . T he r e la t ive p r opo r t ion s o ft h e t h r ee p r e se rva t ion c a tego r ie s d o n o t c hange m uch w i th in e a ch l a ye r , e xcep t f o r t h e s qua r e D 20 o fl a y e rV I I , w h i ch i s mo r e r o l led w h en c ompa red w i th t h e m a te r ia l f r om t h e o th e r s qua r e s o ft h e s ame l a y e r , a nd i n c lude s l a rge q uan t i t ie s o fa r t if ac t s . T h e r ef o r e , i t se em s t h a t t h e d i s tu rbance i s m os tp ronoun ced i nt h e l owe rl a y e r s , e spec ia l ly i nD 20 . ropor t ions o f t h e t h ree T h e m o r e n o tewor thy e l emen t i n t h i s e qua t ion i s t h a t t h e r e la t ive p p r e se rva t ion c a tego r ie s b e tween t h e L am ina r a nd L eva lo i s p roduc t s d o n o t c hange s i gn if ican t ly l w i th in t h e t h r ee l owe r l a ye r s ; t h ey h ave mo r e o r l e s c ompa rab le p e r cen tage s . N eve r th e les h e s s, t b l ades o ft h eu ppe rL ay e r( IV )a r es t i l f r eshe rt h an t h e f l ake s . l A cco rd ing t o t h e se r e su l t s , p os t -depo s i t iona l p roces s a nd i n t ru s ion s f r om u ppe r l a y e r s h ave se p robab ly a f ec ted t h e c ompos i t ion o ft h e l a y e r s . N eve r the les i nce t h e d eg ree o ft h e a b ra s ion i s f s, s s im i la r i nb o th t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l am ina r a nd L eva lo i s p roduc t s , a nd s i n ce t h e d i s t r ibu t ion o f l t h eM idd le a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic t y pe i mp lemen t sr ema in m o re o rl e sc on s tan t i nm os t s qua r es a nd s l a y e r s , i ti s mo s t p os le t h a t t h e L eva lo i s f l ake s a nd t h e b l ade s d e r ived f r om t h e s ame l a y e r s . sib l D e sp i te t h e l a ck o fg eo log i ca l d a ta , w e m ay s uppo se t h a t t h e e r os ion a nd k a r s t ic a c t iv i t ie s h ave o ccur u r ing t h e l a te Mou s te r ian o r /and " T ran s i t iona l" p ha se i nR aqef e t . red d T ab le 1 1 .17 : F requenc ie so fT oo l s , D eb i tage a nd C o re s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t A r t i fac ts T oo ls * D eb i tage C o res T o ta l
I I R aqe fe tV I N umbe r % 2 15 6 0 .6 1 25 3 5 .2 1 5 4 .2 3 55 6 .5
I R aqe fe tV I N umbe r % 1 933 6 3 .9 9 70 3 2 .1 1 23 4 . 1 5 3 026 5 .3
R aqe fe tV I N umbe r % 6 8 1 5 2 .9 5 53 4 3 .0 5 3 4 . 1 1 287 2 3 .5
R aqe fe tI V N umbe r % 3 13 3 8 .8 4 74 5 8 .7 2 0 2 . 5 8 07 1 4 .7
T o ta l N umbe r % 3 142 5 7 .4 2 122 3 8 .7 2 11 3 . 9 5 475 1 00 .0
* The t oo ls o n c o res a r ec a lcu la ted w i th t h e t oo ls .
L ITH IC PRODUCTION T he l a yer s VI I IIV o fR aqef e t e xh ib i t h i gh f r equen c ie s o ft oo l s , e s pec ia l ly i nt h e t wo l owe r l a y e r s ,
w i th c a . 6 0% . T he r e i sl e s s d eb i tage , e xcep t f o r i nt h e u ppe r l a y e r , whe r e t h e d eb i tage o u tnumbe r s t h e t o o l s ( Tab le 1 1 .17 ) . L ay e r s VI I IIV a r e c ha rac te r ized b y t h e p r e sence o fL eva l lo i s a nd U ppe r P a l eo l i th ic b l ade s , a sw e l l a sb y n on -Leva l lo i s f l ake r e duc t ion s t r a teg ie s ( Tab le 1 1 .18 ) . T h e m inu te n umbe r o fa r t if ac ts f r om L aye r V , w h ich i sa lmos t s t e r i le , h a s n o t b e t a ken i n to a ccoun t i nt h e 2 9
a na ly se s o ft h e c o res ( Ip i ece ) , t h e t o o l s ( 37 p i ece s ) a nd t h e d eb i tage ( 47 p i eces ) . We c ons ide ro n ly f our Mous te r ian a nd /o rT ran s i t iona l l a ye r s ( V I I I , V I I , V I a nd I V ) . T ab le 1 1 . 18 : F requenc ie s o fT ype s o fA r t if ac ts ( Too ls a nd D eb i tage ) i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t B lanks l L eva lo is F lakes P r ima ry F lakes O the r F l akes L a rge B lades B lades B lade le ts T echn ica l P ieces C o res D eb r is ( ch ips , c hunks ) D ive rs T o ta l
R aqe fe tV I I I N umbe r % 8 5 2 4 .0 2 7 7 .6 8 5 2 3 .9 2 0 4 7 3 7 2 1
5 .6 1 3 .3 0 .8 2 .0 5 .9
6 0 0 3 55
1 6 .9 0 .0 1 00 .0
R aqe fe tV I I N umbe r % 5 11 1 6 .9 1 49 4 .9 1 045 3 4 .5 1 90 6 .3 4 24 1 4 .0 4 7 1 . 6 5 8 1 . 9 1 55 5 . 1 4 14 1 3 .7 3 1 3 . 1 3 026 1 00 .0
R aqe fe tV I N umbe r % 1 4 .3 1 84 5 6 4 .3 3 88 3 0 .1 6 2 4 .8 2 27 1 7 .6 2 6 2 .0 2 9 2 .2 6 4 5 .0 2 42 1 8 .8 9 0 .7
R aqe fe t I V N umbe r % 8 6 1 0 .6 4 0 5 .0 2 64 3 2 .7 1 1 . 4 1 85 2 4 .3 5 3 6 .6 3 .7 3 0 2 4 3 .0 1 10 1 3 .6 4 0 .5
1 287
8 07
9 .9 9
1 00 .0
T o ta l N umbe r ° A 8 66 1 5 .8 2 72 5 . 0 1 782 3 2 .5 2 83 5 . 2 1 6 .1 8 82 2 . 4 1 30 1 24 2 . 3 2 64 4 . 8 8 26 1 5 .1 4 6 0 . 8 5 475 1 00 .0
I . R A W MATER IAL f T he re i sn o s i gn if ican t d i f e rence i n t h e c a tego r ie s o f r aw m a te r ia l f r om t h e Mou s te r ian a nd /o r T ran s i t iona l l a ye r s . T he r aw m a te r ia l , w h ich p r edom ina tes i nt h i s i n dus t ry , m os t o f ten o ccu r s i nt h e l l f o rm o fs ma l , r ounded n odu les o fC enoman ian f l in t , w h ich v a ry i nc o lo r f r om y e low i sh t og ray i sh l g reen , a nd a r e p resen t i np r ima ry c on tex t a round t h e s i te . T he se n odu les g ene ra ly d o n o t e xceed 8 0 row p mm . S ome t a bu la r f l in t , n ar ebb les a nd l a rge c her ty f l i n t b l ocks w e re a l so u sed i n t h e l m anuf ac tu r ing o ft oo l s . T hese b l ock s o fy e low i sh -g reen c o lo r w i th r ed v e in s o fE ocene f l in t a r e a l so l o ca l ( De lage , P e r sona l C ommun ica t ion ) . T he s e lec ted r aw m a te r ia ls c hange i nt h e A u r ignac ian l a ye r s . T he t i ny , r ounded C enoman ian f l in t , w h ich c on s t i tu te s t h e m os t s e lec ted r aw m a te r ia l o ft h e Mou s te r ian a nd /o r T ran s i t iona l l a ye r s , i su t i l ized l e ss i nt h e A u r ignac ian l a ye r s , w he re t h e l a rg e E ocene b l ock sa r et h e f i r s t t ob ee mp loyed .
I . THE CORES f T he f ou r l a ye r s o fR aqef e t m an if es t 2 64 d i f e ren t c or es , w h ich f o rm l ow p e rcen tage s i ne a ch l a ye r . s l l T he a semb lage s a r e c ha rac te r ized b y L eva lo is a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ades a nd n on -Leva lo is l t f l ake s r e duc t ion s t ra teg ies ( Tab le 1 .19 ) . I n a h ese l a ye r s , t h e b l ade c o res a r e d om inan t . T he I I-V f r equenc ies o ft h e b l ade c o res , wh ich r ema in m o re o r l e ss c ons tan t i nL aye rs VI I , i n c rea se i n l l l L aye rI V , wh i le t h e L eva lo is c o re sd ec rea se . T he n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o re sa r ew e l r e p re sen ted . I n l l a l t h e l a ye r s , t h e b l ade c o res o u tnumbe r t h e L eva lo is c o re s . S ome c o res a r e b urn t , b roken o r c omp le te ly a b raded a nd t h e f l ak ing m e thod c anno t b e d ef ined . T ab le 1 1 .19 : F requenc ie s o fL eva l lo is , L am ina ra nd n on -Leva l lo i s C o re s i nt h e L aye r s o fR aqef e t C o res 1 2 3 4 T o ta l
R aqe fe tV I I I N umbe r % 3 7 3 .3 9 4 2 .9 5 2 3 .8 0 0 .0 2 1 1 00 .0
R aqe fe tV I I N umbe r % 3 7 2 3 .9 4 0 .0 6 2 4 7 3 0 .3 5 .8 9 1 55 1 00 .0
R aqe fe tV I N umbe r ° A 2 1 3 2 .8 2 6 4 0 .6 1 3 2 0 .3 4 6 . 2 9 6 4 9 .9
R aqe fe t I V N umbe r % 1 2 .5 3 1 5 6 2 .5 5 2 0 .8 4 .2 1 2 4 1 00 .0
T o ta l N umbe r % 6 8 2 5 .8 12 4 2 .4 7 0 2 6 .5 1 4 5 . 3 2 64 1 00 .0
l l 1 :L eva lo is C o res , 2 : Non -Leva lo is B lade Co res , 3 :F lake C o res , 4 : U ndef ined Co res
1L eva l lo i s me thod s T he L eva l lo is c o re s a r e w e l l r e p re sen ted i nt h e f ou r l owe r l a ye r s o f R aqef e t . Sma l l n odu les o r b l ocks h ave b een u sed a s r aw m a te r ia ls . T he c o re s a r e m os t o f ten s ma l l a nd e xhau s ted , s ome t ime s b e ing r e -used a st oo ls a tt h e e nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion . I n t h e se a s semb lages , w e r e cogn ize s i x g roup s o f L eva l lo is c o re s ( Tab le 1 1 .20 ) . T he p r ef e ren t ia l a nd r e cur ren t c o r e r educ t ion m odes o ccu r i na l l o ft h e a s semb lage s . O u t o ft h e r e cur ren t m ode s , t h e 3 0
m o s t ly c onve rgen t u n ipo la r , a nd c en t r ipe ta l r e duc t ion s t ra teg ies d om ina ted . T he r e a r e n o L am ina r l s L eva lo i sc o r e si nt h ea semb lage so fR aqef e t . T ab le 1 .20 : F requenc ie so fL eva l lo i sC o re T ype s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t C o res 1 A 1 1 A2 1 B1 1 B2 1 B3 1 C
T o ta l
R aqe fe tV I I I N umbe r % 1 1 4 .3 0 . 0 0 3 4 2 .9 0 0 . 0 3 4 2 .9 0 . 0 0 7 1 00 .1
R aqe fe tV I I N umbe r % 8 2 1 .6 1 2 .7 1 9 5 1 .3 2 5 . 4 6 1 6 .2 1 2 . 7 3 7 9 .9 9
R aqe fe tV I N umbe r % 5 2 3 .8 0 0 .0 8 3 8 .1 9 .5 2 5 2 3 .8 1 4 .8 2 1 1 00 .0
R aqe fe t I V N umbe r % 3 1 3 .3 0 0 . 0 2 6 .6 6 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 9 .9 9
T o ta l N umbe r % 2 1 5 2 .1 1 1 . 5 3 2 4 7 .1 4 5 . 9 1 4 2 0 .6 2 2 .9 6 8 1 00 .1
I A: P ref e ren t ia l Q uad r angu la rF l ake C o r e , 1 A 2 : P re f e r en t ia lT r iangu la rF lake C o r e , 1 B IR ecur ren t U n ipo la rC o re , 1B 2 : R ecur ren t B ipo la rC o re , 1 B3 :R ecur ren t C en t r ipe ta lC o re , I C : N on -def ined C o re
1 . A : T he P ref e ren t ia lL eva l lo i s C ore s : T h e p ref e ren t ia l L eva l lo i s m e thod i sw e l l r e p resen ted a mong t h e L eva l lo i s c o re s a nd t e nd s t o i n c r ea se f r om b o t tom t ot o p . O u t o ft h e p r ef e ren t ia l L eva l lo i s c o re s , t h e p r ef e r en t ia l q uad rangu la r f l ake c o re s a r e t h e m a in g roup , w h i le p r ef e ren t ia l t r iangu la r f l ake c o r e s a r e p oo r ly r e p re sen ted . Sma l l n odu le s o r b l ock s h ave b een u sed a sr aw m a te r ia l s ; i no ne c a se , t h e c o r e i so n f l ake . T h e se l c o r e sa r es m a la nd e xhau s ted ( Tab le 1 1 .21 ) . 1 . A1 : T he Q uad rangu lar P ref eren t ia lF lake C or e s ounded o r q uad rangu la r i ns h ape ; t we lv e o f T he f i f teen q uad rangu la r p r ef e r en t ia l f l ake c o re s a r e r t h em a r e t o ta ly e xhau s ted , e i gh t o f wh ich a r e f l a t . Two h ave b een a bandoned a f t e rt h e r emova l o f l t h e d i s ta l o r l a te ra l c onv ex i t ie s , w h ich o ccur u r ing t h e r educ t ion p roces h e se c o re s e xh ib i t red d s. T o n e s c a rr emova l c ov e r ing m os t o ft h e f l ak ing s u rf ace ( t he l a s t r emova l l e ng th s r a nge b e tween 5 1 mm a nd 2 2 mm a nd t h e w id th s b e tween 3 8 a nd 2 3 mm ) . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e m os t o f t en f a ce ted , w h i le t h e d ihed ra l c o r e s a r e p oo r ly r e p r e sen ted ( Tab le 1 1 .22 ) . G ene ra ly s peak ing , t h e l l owe rp a r to ft h e c o re s i ss l igh t ly c onv ex a nd c o r t ica l( 1) b u t s om e e xh ib i ts e can tr emova l s ca r s( 3 ) 1 a nd o n e c on ta in s a con ic b a s i s f o rm ed b y p e r iphe ra l r emova l s . T h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m o s t o f ten m a in ta ined b y t h e d e tachm en t o fd ebo rdan t f l ake s f r om t h e l a te ra l p a r t s o ft h e c o re s a nd b y s ome s e can t r emova l s i n t h e d i s ta l o r l a te ra l p a r t s ( 6 ) . S i x c o re s e xh ib i t s e can t s c a r r emova ls i n d ica t ing a cen t r ipe ta l p r epa ra t ion o ft h e c o re , w h i le f o r s even c o r e s t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined o n o ne s i de b y t h e d e tachm en t o fd ebo rdan t f l akes , a nd o n t h e o the r s i de b y s em i c en t r ipe ta lr emova l . Two c o re sh ave b een m anuf ac tu red a st o l sa tt h e e nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion , a nd o h av e b een r e touched o no ne e dge .
1 . A2 : T he T r iangu lar P ref eren t ia lF lake C ore s T he p r ef e r en t ia lT r iangu la rf l ake c o r e i so b long o rt r iangu la r i ns hape a nd s how so ne t r i angu la rs c a r p a te rn , w h ich c ov e r s m os t o ft h e f l ak ing s u rf ace ( t he l a s t r emova l l e ng th i s 42 mm a nd t h e w id th t b e tween 3 4 mm ) ; i t is e xhau s ted a nd f l a t . T h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm i sf a ce ted . T h e l owe r p a r t o ft h e t c ores i sc onv ex , f o rm ed b y p r ede te rm in ing r emova l s . T he l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined b y t h e ar ts o ft h e c o r e s a nd b y s om e s e can t r emova l s i n d e ta chmen t o fd ebo rdan t f l ake s f r om t h e l a te ra l p t h ed i s ta lo rl a te ra lp a r t s . 1 .B : T he R ecur tL eva lo i s C or e s ren l r e a lway s d om inan t i n t h ese l a ye r s , b u t d ec r ea se s l igh t ly f r om T he r e cur t L eva lo i s c o r e s a ren l b o tom t o t op ( Tab le 1 1 .20 ) . O u t o ft h e se r e cur t L eva lo i s c o r e s , t h e r e cur t u n ipo la r c o r e s t ren l ren ( 1B1) a r e t h em a in c o r et y pe . T h er e cur tb i po la rc o r e s( 1B2 ) a r ep oo r ly r e p r e sen ted i nl a ye r sV I ren I a nd V I . T he r e cur t c en t r ipe ta lc o r e s ( 1B3 ) v a ry i nt h et h ree l owe r l a y e r s a nd a r e n o t r e p r e sen ted ren a ta nl a y e rI V . l i
3 1
2
,-
7
0 1
3 ern = Im um i
4
3
6
ren l P la te I : Fl ake c o r e t y pes f r om R agef e t : 1 :R ecur t c onve rgen t L eva lo is u n ipo la r c o r e ( l ay e r I ren l I ren l V I ) ; 2 :R ecur tL eva lo is b i po la rc o re ( l ay e rV I ) ; 3 :R ecur tc e n t r ipe ta l L eva lo is c o re ( l ay e r I I) l I I) VI ; 4 : P seudo -Leva lo is c o re ( l ay e r VI ; 5 6 : C o res o n F l ake ( l ay e r s V I , I V ) ; 7 : f U nd if e ren t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re ( l ay e rI V )
1 . B1 : T he R ecur ren t U n ipo lar L eva l lo i s C or e s T he t h i r ty two R ecur ren t U n ipo la rL eva l lo i s c o r e su n cove r ed i nt h e f ou r l owe r l a y e r s c on s t i tu te t h e ma in c a tego ry o ft h e L eva l lo is c o r e s . T en a r e r e cur ren t u n ipo la rc onve rgen t c o re s ( P la te I :1 ) . T he d i sca rd ed c o r e s a r e s ma l l ( Tab le 1 1 .2 1) . T he se c o r es p os ses s o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm , a nd m o s t o f t h em b ea r f a ce ted p r epa ra t ion ( Tab le 1 1 .22 ) . Two h ave d ihed r a l s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s , o ne i sc o r t ica l a nd a no th e r i su ndef ined . T hey a r e t r iangu la r ( 4 c o r e s ) , q uad rangu la r ( 12 c o re s ) o r r ounded ( 16 c or e s ) i ns hape ; mo s t o ft h em a r e e xhau s ted a nd f l a t . T hey e xh ib i t b e tween t wo a nd f o u r s c a r r emova l s o n t h e u ppe r s u rf ace o ft h e c o r e s , w i th a n a ve rage o f2 . 7 ; ( t he l a s t r emova l l e ng th s r ange b e twe en 4 8 mm a nd 1 8 mm a nd t h e w id th s b e tween 3 7 mm a nd 1 4 mm ) . Mos t o ft h e r e cur ren t u n ipo la r c onve rgen t c o re s m an if e s t t r iangu la r s c a r p a t te rn s ( 8c o re s ) ; t h e o the r c o r e s b ea r r ounded s ca r p a t ter n s . Twe lv e c o r e s c on ta in an a tu ra l ly l owe r , s l igh t ly c onvex s u rf ace , e l even s how s e can t r emova l s c a r s o n t h e l owe r s u rf a ce w i th s ome c o r t ica l p a r t s , o n e h a s a con ic b a s i s f o rm ed b y r emova l o fs ome p r ede te rm in ing f l ake s f r om t h e p e r iphe ry , wh i le e i gh t e xh ib i t o ne o rt wo r emova l f s ca r s o n t h e i r l owe r s u rf ace s . F o r t wen ty -seven d i f e ren t c o r e s , t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined b y t h e d e tachm en t o f d ebo rdan t f l ake s f r om t h e l a t e ra l p a r t s , a nd b y s om e s e can t r emova l s o nt h e d i s ta l o r l a te ra l p a r t s . F o rt wo c o r e s , t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined o n o ne s i de b y t h e d e ta chmen t o fd ebo rdan t f l ake s , a nd o n t h e o th e r s i de , b y s em i -cen t r ipe ta l r emova l ( P la te I :1 ) ; t wo a r e u nde te rm ined t y pe s o rb roken . E igh t c o re s h ave b een m anuf ac tu red a st oo l s a t t h e e nd o ft h e i r e xp lo i ta t ion . Af te r t h e r emova l o fo ne o r t wo t h in f l akes f r om t h e i r l owe r p a r t s ,
3 2
t h r ee c o re s h ave b een t u rned i n to s i de sc rape r s , o ne i n to r a c le t te , o ne s c r ape r /den t icu la te , o ne i n to a ng le d i h ed ra lb u r in a nd t wo i n to r e touch ed p i ece s .
i n to
a n
e nd -
1 .B2 : T he R ecur ren tB ipo lar L eva l lo i s C ore s F ou rR ecur ren t B ipo la rL eva l lo i sc o r e s a r e u n cove r ed i nl a y e r s VI I IIV ( P la te I : 2) . T hey a r e s ma l l a nd e xhau s ted ( Tab le 1 1 .2 1) . T h e se c o re s e xh ib i t t wo f a ce ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o re s , a nd t wo o r f o u r o pposed s c a r r emova l s . T h ese c o re s a r e m os t o f ten q uad rangu la r i n s hape . O ne c o re h a s a n a tu ra ly l owe r , s l igh t ly c onvex s u rf ace , t wo s how s e can tr emova l s c a r so nt h e i rl owe rs u rf ace sw i th l s ome c or t ica l p a r t s , a nd o n eb ea r s o ne r emova l s c a ro n i t s l owe rs u rf a ce . T h e l a te ra lc onvex i t ie sa r e m a in ta ined b yt h e d e tachm en t o fo ppo sed d ebo rdan t f l akes f r om t h e l a te ra l p a r t s o ft h e c o re s . O ne o c o r e h a s b een m anuf ac tu r ed a s at o la tt h e e nd o fi t s e xp lo i ta t ion . Af te rt h e r emova l o fo ne o rt wo t h in f l ake s f r om i t sl owe rp a r t ,t h ec o r eh a sb een t ur n ed i n to as i de -sc rape r . ren l 1 . B3 : T he R ecur tC en t r ipe ta lL eva lo i s C ore s ren l T h e f ou r teen R ecur t C en t r ipe ta l L eva lo i s c o r e s p r e sen t i nt h e f ou r l owe r l a ye r s ( P la te I :3 )a r e l l s m a l a nd e xhau s ted ( Tab le 1 1 .2 1) . T h es ec o r e se xh ib i tt h ree o rf ou rs ma l c en t r ipe ta l s c a rr emova ls o n t h e i r u ppe r s u rf a ce s . T h ese c o r e s a r e m os t o f ten r ounded o r q uad rangu la r i ns hape . F ive c o r e s l l h av e an a tu ra ly s l igh t ly c onv ex l owe rs u rf ace , f i ve b ea rs om e s ma l s e can t r emova l s c a r sa nd h ave s ome c o r t ica l p a r t s , o ne c o r e s how s ac on ic b a s i s f o rm ed b y t h e r emova l o fp r ede te rm in ing f l akes f r om t h ep e r iphe ry , a nd t h r ee m an if e s to n e o rt wo r emova l s c a r s o nt h e i r l owe rs u rf ace s . A cco rd ing t o t h e o r ien ta t ion o f s om e s c a r r emova l s , i ti sl i ke ly t h a t s om e r e cur t c onve rgen t u n ipo la r ren L eva lo i s c o re s w e r e f u r th e r r e duced b y m ean s o fa cen t r ipe ta l m e thod t owa rd t h e e nd o f t h e i r l e xp lo i ta t ion . T h r ee c o re s h ave b een m anuf ac tu r ed a st oo l sa tt h ee nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion . Af t e rt h e urned i n to r emova l o f o ne o r t wo t h in f l ake s f r om t h e i r l owe r p a r ts , t wo c o r e s h ave b een t d en t icu la te a nd o n eh a sb een t u rn ed i n to ar e tou ched p i ece . 1 .C : T he N on -d ef ined C ore s Two L eva l lo is c o res i nl a ye rV I I a r eb r ok en o r b urn t a nd t h e ir f l ak ing m e thod c anno t b e d ef ined . fe l T ab le 1 1 .21 : D imen s ion so fD if ren tC a tego r ie s o ft h eL eva lo i s C o re s* T rans i t iona l L eve ls P re fe ren t ia l R ecur t U n ipo la r ren R ecur t B ipo la r ren R ecur t Cen t r ipe ta l ren
N umbe r * o f C o re s 1 5 3 0 4 1 4
2
1 X 4 8 .9 4 5 .6 5 3 .7 4 7 .1
s . d .
X 4 5 .1 4 2 .6 3 8 .5 4 1 .8
6. 8 7 .7 3 .6 6 .5
3 X 1 7 .8 1 9 .1 1 7 .5 1 8 .9
s . d . 7 . 1 7 .8 6 .9 5 .8
s . d . 5 .5 4 .7 5 .6 4 .3
1 :L eng th ; 2 :W id th ; 3 :T h icknes s *Mea su remen t sa r ef o rc omp le te p i eces o n ly ( i n mm ) .
T ab le 1 1 .22 : T ype so fS t r ik ing P l a tf o rm o ft h eL eva l lo is C o re s i nt h eL aye r s o fR a c ief e t L eva l lo is C o res F ace ted D ihed ra l P la in C o r t ica l U nde te rm ined
R age fe tV I I I N =7
Ra ge fe tV I I N =37
R a c ie fe tV I N =21
8 5 .7% 1 4 .3%
8 3 .4% 5 . 4% 2 . 7% 2 . 7% 5 . 4%
8 5 .7% 9 .5% 4 .8% 0 .0% 0 .0%
0 . 0% 0 . 0% 0 . 0%
T o ta l N =68 8 5 .3% 7 . 4%
R a c ie fe t I V N =3 1 00 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0%
2 .9% 1 . 5% 2 .9%
T ab le VI I I.23 : D imen s ion so ft h eL a s tR emoved S ca r so nt h eL eva l lo i s C o re s* T rans i t iona l L eve ls P re fe ren t ia l R ecur t U n ipo la r ren R ecur t B ipo la r ren R ecur t Cen t r ipe ta l ren
N umbe r * o f C o res 1 5 2 8 4 1 3
2
1 X 3 7 .3 3 1 .6 2 9 .3 2 4 .1
s . d . 8 . 6 7 . 9 6 .6 3 .6
X 3 1 .5 2 6 .5 2 8 .7 2 .2 2
1 :L eng th , 2 :W id th *Mea su r emen t sa r eo n ly f o rc o re sw i th o bse rvab le s c a rp a t t e rn s( i n mm ) .
3 3
s . d . 4 .5 5 . 0 6 .0 5 . 5
C onc lus ions o ft h e L eva l lo is c ore s T he c o re s a r e g ene ra l ly o n b l ock s , s m a l l n odu le s o r p ebb le s ; o n ly t h r ee c o re s a r e o n f l akes . T h e p r esence o fs om e b l ank s , w h ich e xh ib i t s i gn if i can t s i ze s ( g rea t e r t h an 8 0 mm ) , s ugge s t s t h e u se o f s ome r e la t iv e ly l a rge n odu le s ; h oweve r , t h e i n i t ia l s i ze o fs uch b l ock s c anno t b e d educed . Mos t o f t h ec o re sa r e r ounded o rq uad rangu la ri ns hape . A lmo s t 7 0% e xh ib i t s l igh t ly c o r t i ca l , l i gh t ly c onv ex l owe r s u rf ace s , c a . 2 5% s how s e can tr emova l s c a r so nt h e l owe rs u rf ace a nd 5% h av e ac on ic l owe r l p a r t f o rm ed b y p e r iphe ra l r emova l s . T h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e g ene ra ly p repa r ed a nd m os t o f t en f a ce ted ( Tab le 1 1 .22 ) . F o rc a . 6 2% o ft h e c o r e s , l a te r a l a nd d i s ta l c onvex i t ie s a r e e s tab l i sh ed b yt h e r emova l o fd ebo rdan t f l ake s w i th s om e s e can t r emova l s i nt h e i r d i s ta l p a r t s ; f o r c a . 3 0% , t h i s h a s l b een a ch ieved b y r emov ing s ma l c en t r ipe ta l f l ake s f r om t h e p e r iphe ry o ft h e e xp lo i ta t ion s u rf ace . F o r c a . 8% o ft h e c o re s , o n e l a te ra l s i de e xh ib i t s s c a r s o fs em i -pe r iphe ra l r emova l wh i le t h e o th e r l t b ea r s d ebo rdan t f l ake r emova l s . Mos t o ft h e L eva lo i s c o re s b ea rt h e p a te rn s o ft h e u n ipo la r mode o f r educ t ion . P robab ly t wo m ode s o f r e duc t ion h ave b een e xp lo i ted o n s om e c o re s a l ong t h e i r s; i r e duc t ion p roces ti sl i ke ly t h a t s om e c o r e s h ad b een p r ev iou s ly u sed a s u n ipo la r c onve rgen t c o re s , a nd i nt h e i rl a s tp ha s eo fe xp lo i ta t ion ,w e re t h en u sed a sc en t r ipe ta lc o r e s . l s ren T he d imens ion so f mo s to ft h ec o re sa r e s m a l ; t h ey a r em o r e o rl e ss im i la r , e xc lud ing t h er e cur t b i po la r c o r e s , w h ich t e nd t ob e s l igh t ly l a rg e r . T h e h i gh n umbe r o fs c a r s o n t h e u ppe r s u rf ace s o f l l l t h e L eva lo i sc o r e s i n d ica t e sa n i n ten s ive e xp lo i ta t ion . T he l a s tf l ake sr emoved w e r e g en e r a ly s ma l i ns i ze ( Tab le 1 1 .23 ) . T he p r ef e r en t ia l c o r e s e xh ib i t s c a r s i n d ica t ing l a rge rd imen s ion s c ompa red t o ren t ho se o ft h er e cur t mode s . l T he L eva lo i sc o re sw e r e m o s to f t en a bandoned a f te re xh aus t iv ee xp lo i ta t ion wh en t h e i rl e ng th sa nd l w id th s b ecame s ma l i nv a lue o rw hen t h e r e -managem en t o ft h e c o r e s m ade i tn ece ssa ry t od e ta ch red d b l ank s . I ns om e c a ses , c o r e sw e r e d i sca rded b ecau se o fh i nge f r ac tu r e st h a t h ad o ccur u r ing t h e t l a s t a temp t t o d e tach a f l ake . When t h e d imens ion s o f t h e c o r e s w e re i n adequa te f o r f u r th e r o r emova l s , t h ey w e re a bandoned . H oweve r , 2 0 .6% o ft h e se c o r e s h ave b een r e -u sed a st o l s a tt h e e nd o f t h e i r e xp lo i ta t ion ; m os t o f t h em h ave b een m anuf ac tu red a s s c rape r s , d en t i cu la te o r se l r e touched p i ece s . D u r ing t h e se p roces s , t h e L eva lo i s f l ak ing i s no l o nge rp u r sued a nd m os to ft h e o c o r e s h ave l o s t t h e i r c onvex i t ie s . B ef o r e t u rn ing t h em i n to t o l s , o ne o rt wo r emova l s a r ed e tach ed rec f r om t h e l owe rs u rf ace s i no rde rt og e tt h ec or ta ng le f o rt h er e touch . T he i r i n ten s ive e xp lo i ta t ion o e a nd t h e r e -u t i l iza t ion t h e c o r e s i st o l s s em t oi n d ica te at r end w h ich u nde r l ines t h e e conom iz ing o fr aw m a te r ia l s .
2 .U pper P a leo l i th ic L am inar m e thod s I IT he L am ina r c o r e s u ncov e r ed i nt h e l a y e r s VI IV o f R a c ief e t d om ina te ( Tab le 1 1 .19 ) . S ev en s l am ina rc o r e c a tego r ie s h ave b een r e cogn ized i nt h ea s emb lage so fR aqef e t . 2 .A . S ing le S t r ik ing P la tf orm C ore s l 2 AI : T he l a te ra l f l ak ing c o re s w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a r e w e l r e p r e sen ted i nt h e t h r ee l owe r l r l a ye r s ( P la te I : 1 ) . T he f l ak ing s t a r ts f r om t h e n a tu ra ly n a row a x i s e dge a nd e x tend s t owa rd s t h e w ides t l a te ra l e dge . T he l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined b y t h e r emova l o fd ebo rdan t b l ade s . r Mo s t o ft h e se c o r e s a r e o n n a row p ebb le s , s om e a r e o n t a bu la r f l in t a nd o n ly o n e i so n r ounded n odu le s . E igh tc o re sm an if e s t ap r epa ra t ion o fo ne o rt wo c r e s t . l 2 A2 : T h e a x ia l f lak ing c o r e s w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm d om ina te i nt h e se a l l a ye r s . T h e f l ak ing i s row a mos t ly r e s t r ic ted t o t h e n ar x i s o ft h e c o r e . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm i sa lway s o r i en ted o n t h e r s ame a x i s o ft h e c o re . T he se c o r e s a r e m o s to f ten o n n a row p ebb le s , o n f l ake c o r e s o rt a bu la rf l i n t s a nd l e ss oo nr ounded n odu les . S om e o ft h em e xh ib i tt r a ce so fc r e s to nl a te ra lo rb ack s ide . 2 43 : T he P y ram ida l o r s em i -py ram ida l c o r e s a r e p oo r ly r e p re s en ted ; o n ly o ne c o re o ccu r s i nl a y e r f V I . T h i s c o r e i so n r ounded p ebb le a nd t h e r emova l o ft h e b l ade s m os t ly a f ec t s i t s p e r iphe ry , 3 4
g i v ing t h e g ene ra l p y r am id a l f o rm o ft h e c o re . T he l a te ra l c onv ex i t ie sa r e m a in ta ined b y d ebo r c lan t r emova l s .
3
5 P l a te I :B lades c o re t y pe s f r om R aqef e t : 1 : La te ra l f l ak ing c o re w i th s i ng le s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ( 2 :A 1) ( l ay e rV I ) ; 2 : A x ia l f l ak ing w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s ( 2 :B2 )( l ay e r VI I I) ; 3 :A x ia l f l ak ing b l ade c o re o n f l ak e ( 2 :B2 ) ( l ay e r VI I I) ; 4 : A x ia l f l ak ing b l ade c o re ( 2 : B 2 ) ( l ay e r V I ) ; 5 : Two t w is ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o re w i th a x ia l o ppo sed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ( 2 :C 1) ( l ay e r V I I ) ; 6 : Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o r e w i th a x ia l o ppo sed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ( 2 :C 1) ( l ay e rV I I ) .
2 .B : T wo O ppo sed S t r ik ing P la tf orm sO r ien ted o n t h eS ame A x i sB lad eC ore s 2 B1 : T he t wo o pposed , l a te ra l s t r ik ing -p la tf o rm s o r i en ted o n t h e s am e a x i s c o re s a r e p oo r ly s I I a r e p re sen ted i nt h e a semb lage s . O n ly t wo c o re s h av e b een u n cove red ( Lay e r s VI nd V I ) . T hey row p a r eo nn ar ebb le sa nd d o n o te xh ib i tt r ace so fc r e s t . l s 2 B2 : T he a x ia l f l ak ing w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s w e l o ccu r i nt h e a semb lage s row p ( P la te I : 2a nd 3 ) . T he c o r e s a r e m o s t o f ten o n n ar ebb le s ; s om e a r e o n f l ake c o r e s o rt a bu la r f l in t . 2 .C : T w i s ted O ppo sed P la tf orm sB lad eC ore s 2 C 1 : T he t wo t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o r e s w i th a x ia l f l ak ing ( a s o pposed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ) a r e l w e l r e p r e sen ted ( P la te I : 5 6 ) . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm i sd i v ided i n to t wo u nequa l o pposed f l ak ing row p s s u rf a ce s . T hese c o re s a r ep r oduced m os t ly o n l a rge b l ock s o rn ar ebb le s a nd l e s s oo nt a bu la r f l in t . S om eo ft h em e xh ib i tt r ace so fc r e s to nl a te ra lo rb ack s ide . 2 C2 : T he t wo t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o r e s , w i th b i -d i r ec t iona l o ppo s i te l a te r a l f l ak ing , a r e I p oo r ly r e p r e sen ted ( one c o r e ) i nl a y e rV I . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm i sd i v ided i n to t wo e qua l o ppo sed f l ak ing s u rf ace s . T h ec o r e i so nr ounded n odu le a nd d oe sn o te xh ib i tt r a ce so fc r es t . 2 D : U nd e term ined b l ad eC o re s
3 5
F ou r teen c o r es a r e b roken o rb urn ta nd t h e f l ak ing m e thod c anno t b ed ef ined . T ab le 1 1 .24 : F requenc ie s o fL am ina rC o re C a tego r ie s i nt h e L aye r s o fR a c ief e t T o ta l R ac ie fe t I V R age fe tV I R a c ie fe tV I I R a c ie fe tV I I I N umbe r % N umbe r % % N umbe r N umbe r N umbe r ` / ) 0 % 2 4 .1 2 7 4 2 6 .7 2 3 .1 1 .1 1 6 2 5 .8 6 1 2 A 1 3 1 .2 2 6 .7 3 5 4 2 0 8 3 0 .8 3 .3 3 2 .3 3 3 2 A2 0 . 9 1 0 .0 1 3 .8 0 0 0 . 0 o 0 .0 2 A3 1 . 8 2 0 .0 0 0 1 3 .8 1 .1 0 .0 1 2 B1 1 4 1 2 .5 1 6 .7 1 5 .4 .3 4 1 7 2 2 .2 2 2 B2 2 6 .8 3 0 2 3 .1 5 3 .3 3 2 7 .4 1 7 6 2 2 .2 2 2 01 0 . 9 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 0 1 1 . 6 0 .0 0 2 C2 1 . 8 6 .7 2 1 1 0 .0 1 . 6 0 0 .0 0 2 D 1 00 .0 12 1 1 00 .1 1 5 9 .9 1 00 .0 2 6 1 00 .0 9 6 2 9 T o ta l 2 A 1 : L a t e r a l F l ak ing c o re w i th o ne S t r ik ing -P la tf o rm ; 2 A2 : A x is -F lak ing c o re w i th o ne S t r ik ing -P la tf o rm ; 2 A3 : P y r am ida l o rs em i p y ram ida l C o re ; 2 B I : L a te r a l F l ak ing o n Two o ppo sed S t r ik ing -Pl a tf o rm s o r ien ted o n t h e s ame a x is ; 2 B2 : Two , o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm so r ien ted o nt h e s ame a x is c o re ; 2 C 1 : Two t w is ted o ppo s ed p l a tf o rm c o re ; w i th a x is f l ak ing o ppo sed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ; 2 C2 : Two t w is ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm w i th b i -d i rec t iona lo ppo s i te l a t e ra l f l ak ing ; 2 D : N on -de f ined B l ade C o re . C o res
T ab le 1 1 .25 : N umbe ro fS t r ik ing P l a tf o rm s o nt h eL am ina rC o r e s i nt h eL aye r so fR a c ief e t R age fe tV I I
R a c ie fe tV I I I
C o res
N umbe r 4
2 A 2 B 2 0 2 D T o ta l
3 2 0 9
% 4 .4 4 3 .3 3 2 .2 2 0 .0 9 .9 9
R a c ie fe t
R a c ie fe tV I
N umbe r % 5 9 .0 3 6 .5 1 7 2 7 .9 1 8 1 1 . 6 6 2 1 00 .0
N umbe r 1 5 5 6 0 2 6
% 5 7 .7 1 9 .2 2 3 .1 0 . 0 1 00 .0
T o ta l
I V
N umbe r % 5 6 .2 6 3 1 4 .3 1 6 2 7 .7 3 1 1 . 8 2 1 00 .0 12
N umbe r % 5 3 .3 8 1 6 .7 3 .3 3 5 6 .7 1 1 00 .0 1 5
2A : T he o ne S tr ik ing -P la tf orm C o re ; 2 B : T he t wo o pposed S tr ik ing -Pla tf o rms o r ien ted o n t h e s a me a x is ; 2 C1 : T he t wo o pposed S t r ik ing -P la tf o rms w i th Tw is ted -ax is ; 2D : Non -def ined B lade C o re .
T ab le 1 1 .26 : T vne s o fS t r ik ing P l a tf o rm s o ft h e B lade C o re s B lade C o res F ace ted D ihed ra l P la in C o r t ica l U nde te rm ined , c rushed
.1 % 1 .1 % 1
T o ta l N =112
R ac ie fe t I V N = 15 2 6 .7% 6 .7% 4 0 .0% 6 .7% 2 0 .0%
R a c le fe tV I N =26 2 6 .9% 3 . 8% 3 8 .5% 7 . 7% 2 3 .1 %
R age fe tV I I N =62 2 5 .8% 8 . 1% 4 0 .3% 3 . 2% 2 .5% 2
R a c ie fe tV I I I N =9 2 .2% 2 0 . 0% 4 .4% 4
2 5 .9% 6 . 2% 4 0 .2% 5 . 4% 2 .3% 2
T ab le 1 1 .27 : F requenc ie s o fA x ia l , L a te ra l a nd Tw i s ted F l ak ing B lade C o re s R a c ie fe t r N umbe 5 2 2 0 0 9
Co res A x is L a te ra l Tw is ted P y ram ida l U nde f ined T o ta l
V I I I % 5 5 .5 2 2 .2 2 .2 2 0 .0 0 .0 9 .9 9
R age fe t N r umbe 2 7 1 6 1 8 0 1 6 2
R a c ie fe t N r umbe 1 2 7 6 1 0 2 6
V I I % 4 3 .5 2 5 .8 2 9 .0 0 .0 1 . 6 9 .9 9
V I % 4 6 .1 2 6 .9 2 3 .1 3 . 8 0 . 0 9 .9 9
T o ta l N r umbe % 4 3 .7 4 9 2 9 2 5 .9 2 7 .7 3 1 1 0 . 9 1 . 8 2 1 00 .0 12
R ac ie fe t I V N r umbe ` / ) 0 3 3 .3 5 4 2 6 .7 5 3 .3 3 0 .0 0 6 .7 1 1 00 .0 1 5
2A : T he o ne S tr ik ing -P la tf o rm C ore ; 2B : T he t wo o pposed S tr ik ing -Pla tf orms o r ien ted o n t he s ame a x is ; 2C 1: T he t wo o pposed S t r ik ing -P la tf o rms w i th Tw is ted -ax is ; 2D : Non-def ined B lade Co re .
T ab le 1 1 .28 : T ype s o fB lank C o re s i nt h e L aye r s o fR aqef e t C o res
A x is L a te ra l Tw is ted P y ram ida l U nde f ined T o ta l
N a row r P ebb les N umbe r % 3 1 5 2 .5 1 8 3 0 .5 1 0 1 6 .9 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 5 9 5 2 .7
T abu la r F l in t N umbe r ` ) / 0 5 5 0 .0 3 3 0 .0 2 2 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 0 8 .9
F l ake C o res N umbe r 1 " / . 7 7 .8 7 2 2 .2 2 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 9 8 .0
R ounded N odu les N umbe r % 2 2 1 6 1 1 2 2
9 . 1 9 . 1 7 2 .7 4 .5 4 .5 1 9 .6
T o ta l
U nde f ined B lanks N umbe r % 4 4
3 .3 3 3 .3 3
3 0 1 1 2
2 5 .0 0 .0 8 .3 1 0 .7
N umbe r 4 9 2 9 3 1 1 2 12
T ab le 1 1 .29 : D imens ion s o ft h eD if fe ren t C o re C a tego r ie s T rans i t iona l L eve ls L a te ra l A x is P y ram ida l Tw is ted T o ta l
N umbe r " ' o f C o res 2 9 4 7 1 3 0 1 07
2
1 X 4 7 .9 5 1 .6 5 7 .0 5 9 .1 5 2 .7
s . d . 9 .0 .4 1 1 4 .1 1 2 .1
X 2 8 .5 2 8 .0 3 2 .0 3 .8 3 3 0 .0
s .d . 7 .5 6 .6 6 .8 6 .9
1 : L eng th ; 2 :W id th ; 3 :T h ickness *Measu remen t s a re f o r c omp le te p i eces o n ly ( i n m in ) .
3 6
X 2 9 .6 2 9 .9 2 5 .0 2 8 .6 2 9 .4
%
4 3 .7 2 5 .9 2 7 .7 0 . 9 1 . 8 1 00 .0
3 s . d . 9 .3 8 .4 6 .9 8 . 1
T ab le 1 1 .30 : D imen s ion so ft h eL a s tS ca rR emova ls* T rans i t iona l L eve ls L a te ra l A x is P y ram ida l Tw is ted T o ta l
N umbe r * o f C o res 1 8 3 0 1 1 7 6 6
2
1 X 3 8 .3 3 9 .5
s . d . 6 .5 1 0 .0
X 1 4 .6 1 4 .2
s . d . 3 .6 3 .7
5 2 .0 4 2 .3 4 0 .1
9 . 1 9 . 1
1 9 .0 1 3 .2 1 4 .1
3 .2 3 .5
I : 1 , eng th ; 2 :W id th ; *Measu re men t s a re f o r c o res w i th o bservab le s car p a te rns ( i n mm ) . t
C onc lus ions o ft he L am inar Core s
T h ea s semb lages a r ec ha ra c te r ized b yt h e d om inance o ft h eA x i s f lak ing f r om o n e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a nd b yt h et wo tw i s ted -s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s , w i th as i gn if i can t ly l owe rr e p re sen ta t ion o ft h e s ub p y r am ida l . I n b o th c a se s , w e f i nd a x ia l f l ak ing a so pposed t o al a te r a l f l ak ing c o r e , a nd t h e l a te ra l f l ak ing f r om o n e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re i sw e l l r e p re sen ted ( Tab le 1 1 .24 ) . T he B lade P roduc t ion f r om t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s d om ina te s i n L aye r VI I I a nd d ec r ea se s i nt h e u ppe r l a y e r s ( Tab le 1 1 .25 ) . O u t o ft h e l am ina r c o r e s , t h e t wo tw i s ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s c o r e s w i th a x i s f l ak ing ( a s o ppo sed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ) a r e w e l l r e p re sen ted ; t h e t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o r ien ted o n t h e s ame a x i s o ccu r ; t h e c o r e c an b e o n f l ak e , a nd i nt h is c a se t h e f l ak ing i s re s t r ic ted t ot h e s i de o f t h e f l ak e ( P la te I :3 ) . T h eb i -d i r ec t iona lo ppo s i te l a te ra l f l ak ing c o r e sa nd t h e l a te ra l f l ak ing o nt wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm sa r eo r ien ted o nt h e s ame a x i sa nd a r ep oo r ly r e p r e sen ted . s T h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o ft h e b l ade c o re s a r e m o s t ly p l a in o r f a ce ted a nd l e s d i hed ra l o r c o r t ica l ( Tab le 1 1 .26 ) . T he p oo rp r e se rva t ion o ft h e m a te r ia l i s th e c on sequen ce o ft h e s i gn if i can t f r equen cy o ft h eu nde te rm ined o rc r u sh ed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . f T h e r e i sn o s i gn if ican t d i f e r en ce i nt h e b l ade c o r e c a tego r ie s b e tween t h e f ou r l owe r l a ye r s ; t h e t e chno log ica lt r end sa mong t h em d on o tv a ry , e xcep tf o rt h e p r e sen ce o fo ne s em i -py ram ida lc o r e i n I l a y e r s V I , wh ich i sa b sen t i nL ay e r V I , a nd f o r t h e s i ng le s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s , w h ich s l igh t ly I r l d om ina te i nl a y e r s V I IV . We h ave c a r ied o u tt h e d e ta i led a na ly se s o fe ach c a tego ry o na l o ft h e s a s emb lages ( Tab le 1 1 .27 ) . ore b l ank s a nd t h e f l ak ing m e thod i sw or thy o f T he r e la t ion b e tween t h e m o rpho logy o f t h e c n o ta t ion . T he i n i t ia l iz ing p ha se i sm a rked b yt h e s e lec t ion o ft h e b l ank c o re s . R ounded n odu le s a r e l row p t h e r aw m a te r ia l s g ene ra ly s e lec ted f o rt h e t w i s ted -axe s f l ak ing c o re s , a nd n ar ebb le s , t a bu la r f l i n t o r t h ick f l ake s a r e m os t o f ten u sed f o r a x ia l o r l a te ra l f l ak ing ( Tab le 1 1 .28 ) . T he n a tu ra l l l c önvex i t ies o ft h ec o r e sa r em a in ly u sed a l t h roughou tt h e r e duc t ion s t ra tegy . B lank sw i th n a tu r a ly r row p n a row s i des ( s uch a s f l ak e s , t a bu la r f l in t o r n ar ebb le s ) a r e s e lec ted f o r a x ia l a nd l a te r a l f l ak ing b ecau se t h e i re dg es c ommon ly h ave an a tu ra l d ihed ra lm orpho logy a nd w h ich p e rm i ts t h em t oe a s i ly o b ta in as e r ie so fb l ade sw i thou tl a te ra lc onvex i t ies m anagem en t . B a ck a nd /o rf r on t c r e s ted sa b l ade p r epa ra t ion i s som e t imes n eces ry t os t a r tt h eb l ade p roduc t ion . R ounded p ebb le sa r e m os t ly u s ed f o rt w i s ted f l ak ing . T he i n i t ia l iz a t ion p ha se i sc ommon ly m a rked b yt h e p r epa ra t ion o fc r es t s , a nd t h en , t h e f l ak ing s u rf ace s a r e a l te rna te ly e xp lo i ted a nd m a in ta in t h e l a te ra l a nd d i s ta l c onvex i t ies b yd ebo rdan t b l ade r emova l s . T h i s e xp lo i ta t ion p e rm i t s am o r e e ff ic ien t s e r ie s o fb l ade p r oduc t ion . Twen ty sev en c o re s m an if e s t ap r epa ra t ion o f o ne c r es t ( 24 .1 % ) a nd t h i r teen a p r epa ra t ion o ft wo c r e s t s( 1 1. 6% ) . T h e f l ak ing s u rf ace s o ft h e l am ina r c o r e s e xh ib i t b e tween t h ree a nd e i gh t b l ade /b lade le t r emova l t s s c a r s . Mo s t o ft h em s how r e c tangu la r b l ade /b lade le t s c a rp a te rn s ( 96 c o r e s ) , a nd l e s s ot r iangu la r s c a r s hape s ( 9 ) . S even a r e u nde te rm ined . N ine teen c o r e s e xh ib i t t w i s ted b l ade /b lade le t s s c a r s . T he h i gh n umbe r o fs c a r r emova l s i n d ica te s a n i n ten s ive e xp lo i ta t ion . T he d imen s ion s o fc o r e s r ema in s I Im o r e o r l e s t h e s am e i nt h e l a y e r s VI IV . H oweve r , t h e t w is ted f l ak ing c o r e s a r e l e ng th ie r a nd w ide rt h an t h e a x i sa nd l a te ra lf l ak ing c o re s( Tab le 1 1 .29 ) . T h e l a s t f l ake s r emoved w e re m os to f t en l s ma l i ns i ze . T h e t w i s ted f l ak ing c o re s e xh ib i t s c a r s i n d ica t ing h i ghe r d im en s ion s c ompa r ed t o t h o se o f t h e a x i s a nd l a t e ra l f l ak ing c o r e s ( Tab le 1 1 .30 ) . T h e b l ade s c o r e s w e r e mos t o f ten l a bandoned a f te re xhau s ted e xp lo i ta t ion , o rw hen t h e i r l e ng th sa nd w id th sb e cam e s ma li nv a lue a nd sa w h en t h er e -managemen to ft h ec o re c onvex i t ie sa nd /o ra ng les w a sn eces ry . Mo s to f t en t h ey w e r e red d t d i sca rded b ecau se o fh i nge f r a c tu r e s ( 67 c o r e s ) t h a t h ad o ccur u r ing t h e p r ev iou s a temp t t o
3 7
d e ta ch a bl ade . F ive c o r e s w e r e r e -u sed a s t oo ls a tt h e e nd o ft h e i r e xp lo i ta t ion . O ne h a s b een manuf a c tu red a ss c rape ra nd f o u ra sd i h ed ra lb u r in so ra na ng le b u r in . l A cco rd ing t o t h e v i s ib le s c a r s o n t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a s w e l a s t h e o r ien ta t ion o ft h e b l ade r emova l s , i t se em s t h a t t h e p roduc t s w e r e m o r e f r equen t ly r emov ed b y s of t s t one h amm e r o r s of t h amme r i n at a ngen t ia l m o t ion . S even ty c o re s s how s om e a b ra s ion o n t h e o ve rhang ( 62 .5% ) t ( co rn iche ) a te s t ing t o ap r epa ra t ion o ft h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm . O n s om e c o r e s , t h e u se o fb o th h a rd s f a nd s of t s t one h amme r i sl i ke ly , a nd t h i s m ay b e a soc ia ted w i th d i f e r en t s equen ce s i n t h e r educ t ion s t ra tegy . sib T he g ene r a l m o rpho logy o fo n e e xhau s t ive b l ade c o r e f r om l a y e rV I , i n d ica te s p os ly t h a t a tf i r s t sib l i tw a s p os ly aL eva lo i s f l ake c o r e , l a te rb e ing e xp lo i ted a sa n a x i s f l ak ing b l ade c o r e w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s( 2B2 ) ( P la te I :4 ) . A st h e re i sn od oub le p a t ina o n i t ,i ti s mo s tp robab le l t h a tt h ek nappe r so fR aqef e tp roduced b o th L eva lo i sf l ake a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade s . l T ab le 1 .3 1:C a tego r ie so fn on -Leva lo i sF l ak eC o r e s T rans i t iona l L eve ls R a c ie fe t R a c ie fe t R a c ie fe t R a c ie fe t T o ta l
I V V I V I I V I I I
N umbe r o f C o res 5 1 3 4 7 5 7 0
3 A N umbe r % 0 0 0 .0 1 5 .4 2 1 4 1 9 .1 1 2 0 .0 1 7 2 4 .3
3 B N umbe r % 4 8 0 .0 1 0 7 6 .9 2 7 6 8 .1 3 6 0 .0 4 4 6 2 .9
3 0 N umbe r 1 1 6 1 9
% 2 0 .0 . 7 7 1 2 .8 2 0 .0 1 2 .9
3 A :N on -d if f e ren t ia ted S t r ik ing -P la tf o rm C o re s ,3 B :N ah rI b r ah im C o re s , 3 C :P seudo -Leva l lo is C o re s .
3 : T he O ther F lak ing Me thod s l l T he t e rm " non -Leva lo i s" r e g roup s a lt h e a r t if ac t s , w h ich a ppea rt on o t h ave b een p roduced b yt h e l f s L eva lo i sm e thod . S even ty o ft h e c o r e sp r e sen t i nt h e d i f e r en t a semb lage so ft h e f ou rl owe rl a ye r s l f a r e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o r e s . T h ree c a tego r ie s h ave b een d i s t ingu i shed i n to s eve r a l d i f e ren t l fe c a tego r ie s : t h ep seudo -Leva lo i sc o re s , t h e u nd if ren t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s a nd t h ec o re s o n f l ak e s( Tab le 1 1 .31) . fe 3 A : T he U nd if ren t ia ted S t r ik ing P la tf orm C ore s l a T he e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h e se c o r e s i s dependen t u pon v a r iou s s i tua t ion s a nd o ppo r tun i t ies a l ong t h e s o p roces f r e duc t ion . T he n a tu ra l c onvex i t ies o f n odu le s ( mos t ly s ho r t ) h ave b een t a ken i n to a ccoun t t o p roduce s om e f l ak e s . T h ey r e p re sen t i n s tance s o f f l ak ing a tr a ndom . S even teen n on f I Id i f e r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s a r ep re sen t i nL aye r s VI IV . Mo s to ft h em a r e s ph e r ica l a nd o r ig ina ted f r om r ounded p ebb le s ( P la te I :7 ) ; o ne i so n t a bu la r f l in t . F if teen c o re s e xh ib i t c o r tex . Mo s to ft h e se c o re sa r e v e ry c o r t ica l( Tab le 1 1 .32 ) . T h ec o r tex i s common ly s i tua ted o nt h e b as i so r o n t h e r e a r p a r t s . V a r iou s f l ake s h ave b een r a ndom ly d e ta ched f r om o ne , t wo o r m u l t ip l e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . F o rt e nc o re s ,t h ee xp lo i ta t ion c once rn so n ly o ne s u rf ace a nd t h ed e tachm en to fo ne , t wo , o rt h r ee f l ake s i sp os le b ecau se t h e n a tu ra l c onvex i t ie s a nd t h e a ng le f o rmed b y t h e i n te r sec t ion sib b e twe en t h e f l ak ing s u rf a ce a nd t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a r eo p t ima l . Among s tt h e se c o r e s , f o u re xh ib i t as e r ia lo ft wo o rt h r ee s c a rr emova ls o no ne s u rf ace ; e a ch s c a rl e av ing ac r i te r ion f o rt h er emova lo f t h e n ex t f l ak e . T h r ee c o r e s e xh ib i t o ne s c a rr emoved f r om o n e s i de o ft h e c o re whe r e an a tu ra l c r e s t h a sb een f o rm ed , wh ich e nab le st h eg u idance o fi t sd e tachm en t . F o rs i xc o re s , t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s b ecom e s t r ik ing s u rf a ce s , a nd i n ve r se ly , t h e s t r ik ing s u rf ace s b ecome a s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm . O ne e xhau s ted c o re h a sb een w o rked o ni t se n t i r ec i r cumf e r ence . sa Wh en t h e r e -m anagemen to ft h e c onvex i t ie sw a sn eces ry ( e i th e rd ue t oe xhau s t ive e xp lo i ta t ion o r ring d t t o h i nge f r ac tu r e o ccur u r ing t h e l a s t a temp t t od e ta ch af l ake ) t h e se c o re s w e r e d i sca rded . T he se c o re s s how e xhau s ted e xp lo i ta t ion , t h e i r d im en s ion s ( Tab le 1 1 .33 ) a nd t h e m ean s i ze o ft h e l s c a r sa r e s ma l ( Tab le 1 1 .34 ) .
3 8
3 B : T he C ore s -on f lak e l T he c o re s -on -f lake a r e t h e p redom inan t c a tego ry o ft h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o r e s ( Tab le 1 1 .3 1 ) . l F o r ty -f ou r f l ake s h ave b een u s ed a s c o r e s ; t h ey d i sp lay o ne , t wo , o r t h r ee s c a r s o f s ma l f l ake r emova l o n t h e i r v en t ra l s u rf ace s ( 3 .B ) ( P la te I :5 -6 ) . T h e se c o re s c an b e c on s ide red t o b e N ah r l I b rah im c o re s , i fw e f o low t h ee xamp le o fS o leck i ( 1970 ) . T h ese f l ak e sw e re d e tach ed u s ing o ne o r t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . T h e r e i sn o p r epa ra t ion o f as t r ik ing p l a tf o rm , e xcep t f o r o n e c o re o nt a bu la rf l in t . Mos to ft h em h av eb een m anuf ac tu red a st oo l sa tt h ee nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion . Mo s t o ft h e c o r e s -on -f lake a r e s e lec ted f r om p r ima ry o rc or t ica l f l ak e s ( Tab le 1 1 .35 ) . T he se f l ake s l g en e r a ly h ad o r ig ina ted f r om c o r t i ca ln odu le s ; o n e i so nt a bu la rf l in t . O ne c o r e i so n ac o r et a b le t . O na v e rage , t h e c o r e s -on -f lake a r e l a rge r ( Tab le 1 1 .33 )t h an t h e p opu la t ion o fw ho le f l ak es . ( Tab le 1 l 1 .50 ) . T he m ean s i ze o ft h es ca rr emova l si s fo rt h em o s tp a r t s m a l , r a re ly e x ceeded d imen s ion so f 4 0 mm ( Tab le 1 1 .34 ) . o Twen ty -f ive c o re s h ad b een u sed a s t o l s b ef o r e b e ing t u rned i n to c o re s , a nd s i x c o re s -on -f lak e e o o s em t oh av e b een manuf ac tu r ed a st o l s a f t e r h av ing b een u sed a sc o re s ( Tab le 1 1 .36 ) . T he t o l s o a r e s i de sc rape r s ( 3 5% ) , e nd -sc rape r s ( 10% ) , n o tch es a nd d en t icu la te ( 4 5% ) , a nd c o mpo s i te t o l s ( e nd -sc rape r /no tch o r d en t icu la te 1 0% ) . T h e i n ten s ive e xp lo i ta t ion o f t h ese c o re s a nd t h e r e o e u t i l iza t ion o f m o s t o f t h em a s t o l s s em t o i n d ica te a t r end t owa rd t h e e conom iz ing o f r aw m a te r ia l . l 3 C : T he p seudo -Leva lo i s C ore s l s N in ep seudo L eva lo i sc o re sa r ep r e sen t i nt h es ea semb lage s( P la te I :4 ) . T hey c onf o rm t oB o rd e s 's l e l l d ef in i t ion o fL eva lo i sc o re s , s e ing a sh ow t h ey e xh ib i to n eo rt wo m o rpho log i ca ly L eva lo i s f l ake s, t s c a r so no ne f l ak ing s u rf ace , a nd h ow t h e i rs t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e m o s t ly f a ce ted ; n eve r the les h ey l c a r e n o t L eva lo i s c o r e s a co rd ing t ot h e d ef in i t ion o fB o& la , b ecau se t h e r e i s no t a ny p r epa ra t ion o f t wo a symme t r i cc onvex s u rf ace sd ef in ing ap l ane o fi n te r sec t ion . O u to ft h e n i ne c o r e su ncove r ed i n I I l t h e l a y e r s V I IV t wo a r e o n t a bu la r f l in t , o ne o n f l ake a nd s i x o n s ma l n odu les o r b l ock s . T h e l p seudo -Leva lo i s c o re s h ave b een u t i l ized i n ten s ive ly ; t h ey w e re a bandoned when t h e i rd imen s ion s l b ecame s ma l i nv a lue ( Tab le 1 1 .33 ) . Two c o r e s e xh ib i t h i nge f r ac tu r e s . T he l a s t r emoved f l akes l l w e r e g ene ra ly s ma l i ns i ze ( Tab le 1 1 .34 ) . T h r ee o ft h e se c o r e s h ave b een r e -u sed a st oo l s a tt h e e nd o ft h e i r e xp lo i ta t ion . O ne h a s b een m anuf ac tu r ed a s d en t icu la te , o ne a s an o tch a nd o ne i sa o r e touched . B ef o r e t ur n ing t wo c o r e s i n to t o l s , r emova l s w e re d e tached f r om t h e l owe r s u rf ace i n rec o rde rt oo b ta in t h ec or ta ng le f o rt h er e touch . T h e i ri n ten s ive e xp lo i ta t ion a nd t h er e -u t i l iza t ion o f o e s ome o ft h e c o r e sa st o l ss em t oi n d ica te at r end t owa rd t h ee conom iz ing o fr aw m a te r ia l . T ab le 1 1 .32 : Amoun to fC o r tex o nt h eU nd if fe ren t ia ted S t r ik ing P l a tf o rm C o re s T rans i t iona l L eve ls R a c ie fe tV I R a c ie fe tV I I R ac ie fe tV I I I T o ta l
N umbe r o f C o res 2 1 4 1 1 7
0% N umbe r 0 1 0 1
% 0 .0 7 . 1 0 .0 5 .9
5t o3 0% umbe ° N r A 1 5 0 .0 3 2 1 .4 0 0 .0 4 2 3 .5
3 1 t o7 0% N r umbe ' / ) 0 1 5 0 .0 1 0 1 1 2
7 8 .6 1 00 .0 7 0 .6
T ab le 1 1 .33 : D imen s ion so ft h eN on -Leva l lo i s F l ake C o re s T rans i t iona l L eve ls fe U nd if ren t ia ted S t r ik ing P la t fo rm C o res o n f l ake P seudo -Leva lo is C o res l
N umbe r o f C o res 1 7 4 4 9
1 X 4 2 .1 4 5 .2 4 5 .0
2 s . d . 1 0 .7 5 . 8 1 0 .0
X 3 7 .8 3 8 .6 4 9 .6
3 s . d . 8 .4 6 .6 .6 1
X 2 6 .4 1 8 .4
s . d . 6 .5 4 .2 5 .5
1 8 .7
1 : L eng th ; 2 : Wid th ; 3 :T h ickness
T ab le 1 1 .34 : D imen s ion so ft h eL a s t removed S ca r so ft h en on -Leva l lo is F l ake C o re s T rans i t iona l L eve ls U nd if ren t ia ted S t r ik ing P la t fo rm fe C o res o n f l ake P seudo -Leva lo is C o res l
N umbe r o f C o res 1 7 3 9 9
W id th
L eng th X 2 8 .5 2 8 .0 3 5 .4
1 : L eng th ; 2 : Wid th ; 3 :T h ickness
3 9
s . d . 6 .4 6 .9 7 .9
X 2 1 .3 2 .3 2 3 0 .7
s . d . 3 .8 5 .8 6 .6
T ab le 1 1 .35 : C o re s o n P r ima ry , C o r t ica l a nd N on -co r t ica l F l ake s i nt h e L aye r s o fR aqef e t T rans i t iona l L eve ls R aqe fe t R a c ie fe t R aqe fe t R aqe fe t T o ta l
N umbe r o f C o res 4 1 0 2 7 3 4 4
I V V I I V I I I V I
P r ima ry f l akes N umbe r 1 % 2 5 0 .0 5 5 0 .0 4 1 2 4 .4 3 1 3 .3 4 5 .4 2 0
C o r t ica l F lakes N umbe r % 1 2 5 .0 3 3 0 .0 1 4 0 .7 3 1 3 .3 1 6 3 6 .4
N on -co r t ica l F lakes % N umbe r 1 2 5 .0 2 2 0 .0 1 4 .8 4 3 1 3 .3 1 8 .2 8
T ab le 1 1 .36 : F requenc ie s o fC o re s -on -F lake , w h ich H ave B een U sed a sT oo l s T rans i t iona l L eve ls R aqe fe t R age fe t R aqe fe t R aqe fe t T o ta l
N umbe r * o f Co res 4 1 0 2 7 3 4 4
I V V I I V I I I V I
T oo ls N umbe r 2 6 1 5 1 2 4
% 5 0 .0 6 0 .0 5 5 .5 3 3 .3 5 4 .5
R e touched f l akes N umbe r % 0 0 .0 2 2 0 .0 4 1 4 .8 1 3 3 .3 7 1 5 .9
N on -re touched N umbe r 2 2 8 1 1 3
% 5 0 .0 2 0 .0 2 9 .6 3 3 .3 2 9 .5
C onc lus ion o ft he n on -Leva l lo is F lake C ore s T he c o re s o fR aqef e t i n d ica te s eve ra l m ode s o fr e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s a mong t h e n on -Leva l lo is f l ake c ore s . N ah r Ib rah im c o re s , p seudo -Leva l lo is c o re s a nd u nd if fe r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf orm c o res o ccu r i nt h e a s semb lage s . R ounded p ebb le s w e re u sed f o r t h e u nd if fe ren t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s a nd t h e p seudo -Leva l lo is c ores ; a nd l a rge a nd t h ick f l akes w e re u t i l ized f o r N ah r I b rah im c o re s . T he c o re sa r e g ene ra l ly e xhaus ted a nd s ma l l . S ome o ft h em h ave b een m od if i ed i n to t o o l s a t t h e e nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion 4 :N on -def ined F lak ing Me thod s S om e c o re s a r e b roken , b u rn t o r v e ry a b raded a nd c anno t b e d ef ined a s b e long ing t oa ny g roup o f c o re s . T he s ca rp a t te rn s o nt h e c o re s ' s u rf aces c anno tb e i d en t if ied . T ab le 1 .37 : F requenc ie s o fn on -Re touched A r t if ac t s i nt h e L aye r s o fR aqef e t N on re touched b l anks L eva l lo is F lakes P r ima ry F lakes O the r F l akes B lades a nd B lade le ts T echn ica l p i eces C o res D ive rs T o ta l
R aqe fe tV I I I N umbe r % 4 5 .0 6 7 .5 4 1 5 1 .2 1 1 3 .8 3 .7 3 1 5 0 8 0
1 8 .8 0 .0 1 00 .0
R aqe fe tV I I N umbe r % 1 6 2 .4 5 3 7 . 8 3 54 5 2 .1 8 2 1 2 .1 4 8 7 . 1 1 23 1 8 .1 3 0 .4 9 6 79 9 .9
R aqe fe tV I N umbe r c k i 1 9 5 .2 2 3 6 .3 1 70 4 6 .7 7 4 2 0 .3 2 1 5 .8 5 3 1 4 .6 1 4 . 1 9 3 64 9 .9
R aqe fe t I V N umbe r % 9 2 .3 2 5 6 .5 4 1 .2 1 58 1 43 3 7 .2 2 5 6 .5 2 0 5 .2 4 1 . 0 3 84 9 9 .9
T o ta l N umbe r 4 8 1 07 7 23 3 10 9 7 2 11 1 1 507
% 3 . 2 7 . 1 4 8 .0 2 0 .6 6 .4 1 4 .0 0 .7 1 00 .0
I I . THE DEB ITAGE T he f r equenc ie s o f n on re touched a r t if ac ts a r e r e la t ive ly m inu te i n t h e t wo l owe r l a ye r s . T he l f r equenc ies t e nd t o i n c rease g radua ly i nt h e t wo u ppe r l a ye r s ( Tab le 1 1 .17 ) . T he f r equenc ie s o f l L eva lo is a nd b l ade s ( P la te V I : 9 10 ) among t h e d eb i tage p roduc ts i n t h e l a ye r s o f R aqef e t a r e r e la t ive ly l ow ( Tab le 1 1 .37 ) c ompa red t o t hose o f t h e t oo l s ( Tab le 1 1 .55 ) . T he s even ty -f ive b l ade le ts u ncove red i nR aqef e t r ep resen t 5 . 0% o ft h e t o ta l i ty o ft h e d eb i tage p i eces ( P la te V I : 1 0 ) . l T he n on -Leva lo i s f l akes ( p r ima ry a nd o the r f l akes ) a lway s d om ina te a mong t h e d eb i tage p roduc ts . e t A cco rd ing t o t h e se r e su l ts , i ts em s t h a t s pec ia l a ten t ion h as b een p a id t o t h e b l ades a nd t h e l o L eva lo is f l ake s , wh ich w e re m ore o f ten s e lec ted f o r a n e ven tua l t r ansf o rma t ion i n to t o l s . O u t o f t h e t e chn ica l p i eces , c r es ted b l ade s a nd b l ade le ts r e p re sen t 6 1 .9% , t h e c o re t a b le t s 1 2 .4% , t h e c o re t r imm ing e l emen t s2 3 .7% a nd t h e f r on ts o ft h e c o r e s2 . 1% . As t one a r t if ac t i sa lway s ar e su l t o ft e chn ica l o pe ra t ion s u nder taken b y t h e k nappe r d u r ing c o re r e duc t ion p roces tb ea r s m orpho techn ica l a t r ibu te s s uch a s t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm t y pe s , t h e s; i t d o r sa l f a ce p a te rn s ,a nd t h e s hape a nd s i ze o ft h e b l ank s . T he se m orpho techn ica l a t r ibu tes a r et h e t t r e su l t o fi n ten t iona l o pe ra t ion c onduc ted b y t h e k nappe r d u r ing c or e r e duc t ion p roces , i no rde r ses 4 0
t oo b ta in c on t ro l o ft h e m o rpho logy o fi t s p roduc t ion . F requen t ly , t h ey e nab le t h e a pp l ica t ion o f a ny s t one a r t if ac tt o as p ec if ic r e duc t ion s t ra tegy . t T h e a na ly se so fs c a rp a te rn so nt h ec o re se nab le st h ep r ed ic t ion o ft h em o rpho logy o ft h eb l ank s o d e r ived f r om t h em ;t h ey a r ee xpec ted t ob e i na cco rdan ce w i th t h e d eb i tage a nd t h et o lp roduc t s s p r e sen t i nt h ea semb lages . l T h e f o low ing i s an a na ly s i so ft h en on re touched c ompon en t s , i nr e ga rd t ot h e r e duc t ion s t ra teg i es d ef ined a cco rd ing t ot h ea n a ly s i so ft h ec o r e s .
1 .E xpec ted C harac te r i s t i c so ft he D eb i tage P roduc t s s I II n t h e a semb lage s o f R aqef e t VI IV , b l ank s w e re o b ta in ed b y t h e u t i l iza t ion o f av a r ie ty o f t f l ak ing m ode s , w h ich m ay b e o b se rved b y t h e s c a r p a te rn s o n t h e c o re 's f l ak ing s u rf ace . T he l l L eva lo i s m e thod s , t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade m e thod s a nd t h e n on -Leva lo i s m e thod s h av e l a l r eady b een d e l inea ted i nt h e p r ev iou s c hap te r ; a tp r e sen t , a f te rt h e a na ly s i s o ft h e c o re s , w e s ha l t a temp tt op r ed ic tt h em o rpho logy o ft h ed e r ived p rodu c t s . t sib A cco rd ing t ot h e m o rpho techn ica l a t r ibu te s o ft h e c o r e s , i ti s pos le t od educe t h e m o rpho logy l l l o ft h ec ha ra c te r i s t ic L eva lo i s , n on -Leva lo i sa nd l am ina rp roduc t sb yt h e f o low ing p r inc ip le s :
l T he L eva lo i sP roduc t s l s T h e L eva lo i s p roduc t s s hou ld b e m os t ly o vo id o r q uad rangu la r i n s hape a nd l e s t r iangu la r i n s hape . T he u n ipo la r c onve rgen t o r b i po la r m ode s o ff l ak ing t e nd t o r emove t r i angu la r f l ake s , i n ren ren l c on t ra s t t o t h e p r ef e r en t ia l , r e cur t c en t r ipe ta l o r r e cur t u n ipo la r m e thod s , w h ich g ene ra ly p e rm i t t h e d e ta chm en t o fo vo id o r q uad rangu la r f l ake s . I n t h e t r an s i t iona l l a ye r s o fR aqef e t , t h e l ren s b i po la r L eva lo i s a nd r e cur t u n ipo la r c onve rgen t c o r e s a r e l e s r e p re sen ted c ompa r ed t o t h e ren p r ef e r en t ia l , c en t r ipe ta l a nd r e cur t u n ipo la r c o r e s . T hu s , w e e xpec ted t o f i nd a con s ide rab le l f r equency o fo vo id o rq uad rangu la rs hape si n c luded i nt h e L eva lo i s f l ak e sp opu la t ion . l s T h e L eva lo i s f l ake s s hou ld b ea r f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s , a nd l e s f r equen t ly d i hed ra l o r p l a in l s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s ( Tab le 1 1 .22 ) . F u r the rmo r e , t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o fL eva lo i s c o r e s s how m o r e o f ten f a ce ted p r epa ra t ion t h an d i hed ra l o r p l a in p r epa ra t ion ( s ee t h e c hap te r o n t h e c o r e s ) . We l t s e xpec ted t of i nd L eva lo i s f l akes w i th u n ipo la ro ru n ipo la rc onve rgen t s c a rp a te rn s , l e sc en t r ipe ta l t t a nd e ven m o re r a re ly b i po la rs c a rp a te rn s .T h eu n ipo la rs c a rp a ter nf l ak e sm os to f t en r e su l ted f r om l t u n ipo la r L eva lo i s c o r e s , w i th t h e c onve rgen t s c a r p a ter n f l ake s b e ing a b le t o d e r iv e f r om t h e ren r e cur t c onve rgen t u n ipo la r o r c en t r ipe ta l c o r e s . O ne m ay p o in t o u t t h a t t h e u n ipo la r a nd l s c en t r ipe ta lL eva lo is c o re sa r et h em os t f r equen t i nt h e a s emb lage s . l S om e o ft h e L eva lo i s f l ak e s s hou ld e xh ib i t c or tex o n t h e i r l a te ra l p a r t s ; t h e d imen s ion s o ft h e l l p r ef e ren t ia l f l ake s s hou ld s l igh t ly b e l a rge r t h an t h o se o fo th e r L eva lo i s f l ake s a nd n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s( c ompa r eT ab le 1 1 .2 1 w i th 1 1 .32 a nd 1 1 .35 ) .
T he B lad eP roduc t s T he b l ade p roduc t s s hou ld b e f o rt h e m o s t p a r t r e c tangu la ra nd n o s o m uch t r iangu la r i ns hape ; w e a l so e xpec ted t of i nd t w i s ted b l ade s . A l so , t h e a x i s -f lak ing c o re sw i th o ne o rt wo s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s l g en e ra ly p e rm i t t h e d e tachm en t o fr e c tangu la r b l ades , b ecau se t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e a lway s o r ien ted o n t h e s am e a x e o ft h e c o r e . I n c on t ra s t , t h e u se o fp y ram ida l o r s em i -py r am ida l c o r e s p e rm i t s t h e p roduc t ion o ft r i angu la r o r s em i t r iangu la r b l ank s d ue t o t h e d i s ta l p a r t o ft h e c o re , rowe low f w h ich i s nar rt h an t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm . T he t wo t w i s ted o pposed p l a tf o rm c o r es a o rt h e r emova l o f v a r iou s b l ank s hape s . T r iangu la r , r e c tangu la r o r t w i s ted b l ank s c an b e d e r ived f r om f t h e se c o r e s a nd a r e r e la t ed t o d i f e r en t s t age s o f t h e r e duc t ion s equen ce s . B ecau se o ft h e l owe r rence o r e p r e sen ta t ion o ft h ep y ram ida lc o re sa nd t h e s i gn if i can to ccur ft h ea x i s f lak ing c o re sa mong 4 1
l p l t h e a opu la t ion o fa l t h e c o re s i nt h e f o u r l owe r l a y e r s o fR aqef e t , w e a l so e xpec ted t of i nd a o d om inance o ft h e r e c tangu la rb l ade sa mong t h eb l ade t o l sa nd d eb i tage . T he u n ipo la rb l ade c o r e s d om ina te a mong t h eb l ade c o re s . I nt h et w i s ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e ,t h e s t r ik ing s u rf ace i sd i v ided i n to t wo p a r t s , e ach o ne b e ing t r ea ted s epa ra te ly i n o ppo s i te f l ak ing t l d i r ec t ion s . T h e u n ipo la r s c a r p a te rn s o n b l ade s d e r ived f r om t h e u n ipo la r f l ak ing c o re s a sw e l a s t h e t w i s ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s . S ee ing a sh ow t h e se c o r e s d om ina te a tR aqef e t , w e e xpec ted t o t f i nd h i gh e rf r equen c ie so fb l ade sw i th u n ipo la rs c a rp a tern s . A cco rd ing t ot h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm o n b l ade c o r e s , t h e b l ade p roduc t s s hou ld b ea r p l a in o r f a ce ted b u t s , a nd l e s f r equen t ly d i hed ra l o r c o r t ica l b u t s ( Tab le 1 1 .26 ) ; w e a n t ic ipa ted t h e o ccur ce o f t s t ren b l ad e sw i th t r ace so fa b ra s ion o nt h e i rh anged e dge s . B ecau se o ft h e o ccur ft a bu la rf l in t a nd n ar ebb les a sr aw m a te r ia l , a sw e l a sd ue t ot h e rence o row p l r emova l s o fd ebo rdan t b l ade f o r m a in ta in ing t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s o fs om e c o re s , w e e xpec ted t o f i nd s ome b l ade sw i th c or t ica le dge s . S om e b l ade s h ave b een d e tached f r om t h ick f l ake s a nd s hou ld e xh ib i t t wo p e rpend i cu la r l owe r s u rf a ce s . We e xpec ted t of i nd s om eo ft h em i nt h ed eb i tage .
T he n on -Leva lo i sF lak eP roduc t s l T he n on -Leva lo i s f l akes d e r ived f r om s eve ra l c o re t y pe s : t h e n on -d if e ren t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf orm l f c o re s ,t h ec o r e so nf l akes a nd t h ep seudo -Leva lo i sc o r e s . l -A . T he f l akes r emoved f r om t h e n on -d if ren t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s s hou ld e xh ib i t p l a in fe b u t s , a st h e r e i s no t r a ce o fp r epa ra t ion o nt h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s . A l so , w e e xpec ted t of i nd a t s i gn if i can t f r equency o ff l ake s w i th c or tex o n t h e i r d o r sa l f a ce s o r l a te ra l e dges . T he i r d imen s ion s s hou ld b e s ma le rt h an t h ose o ft h e L eva lo i sp rodu c t s . l l -B . T h e f l ake s d e ta ched f r om t h e c o re -on f l ake s s hou ld h av e p l a in b u t s a nd t h e i r d im en s ion s t s hou ld b ec ompa rab le w i th t h o se d e r ived f r om t h en on -d if r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf orm c o r e s . fe -C . S om e f l ake so fL eva lo i s mo rpho logy c ou ld d e r ive f r om t h e p seudo -Leva lo i s c o re s . H oweve r , l l t h i s i sn o t p os le t o d i sce rn w i thou t i d en t if y ing t h e i r e xa c t o r ig in . T h e s e f l ake s h ave t h e s ame sib c ha ra c te r i s t ics a st h eL eva lo is f l ake s . l
2 .C harac ter i s t ic so ft he D eb i tage P roduc t s U ncove red i nt h eL ayer so fR agef e t T he Mo rpho logy o ft h eD eb i tage P roduc t s A sw ee xpec ted ,t h e L eva lo is f l ake sa r e m o r e o f ten o vo id i ns hape t h an t r i angu la ro rs ub t r iangu la r l ( Tab le 1 1 .38 ) . T he b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s b l ank s a r e m o r e o f ten r e c tangu la r t h an t r iangu la r o r s ub t r iangu la r ( Tab le 1 1 .39 ) . T he l owe r s u rf a ces o ft h e b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s a r e m os t o f ten s t r a igh t , c on cav eo rt w i s ted ( Tab le 1 1 .40 ) . S ev en b l ad e s ( t h ree f r om l a ye r VI ne f r om l a ye rV I ,o ne f r om I I, o I l a ye r V I a nd t wo f r om l a y e r I V ) b ea r t wo p e rpend icu la r l owe r s u rf ace s , i n d ica t ing t h a t t h ey h ave b een d e tached f r om t h ick f l ake s( 2 .3% o ft h eb l ades ) . T ab l e1 .38 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eL ev a lo i sF l ak e s i n th eL ay e r so fR aq ef e t l L eva l lo is F lakes Q uad rangu la r O vo id T r iangu la r , s ub t r iangu la r U nde te rm ined
R aqe fe tV I I I N =4 1 1 1 1
R aqe fe tV I I N = 12 3 5 2 2
R aqe fe tV I N = 10 1 6 2 1
R aqe fe t N =4 0 3 0 1
V
T o ta l N =30 5 1 5 5 5
T ab le 1 1 .39 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eB l ade sa nd B l ade le t si nt h eL ay e r so fR aqef e t B lade R ec tangu la r T r iangu la r , s ub t r iangu la r U nde te rm ined
R aqe fe tV I I I N = 11 7 2 .7% 9 . 1% 1 8 .2%
R aqe fe t V I I N =82 6 8 .2% 7 .3% 2 4 .4%
4 2
R aqe fe tV I N =74 7 4 .3% 1 2 .2% 1 3 .5%
R aqe fe t N =143
V
T o ta l N =310
6 9 .2% 1 3 .3% 1 7 .5%
7 0 .3% .3% 1 1 8 .4%
T ab le 1 1 .40 : L owe rF ace s o ft h eB lade s a nd B lade le t s i nt h eL aye r s o fR agef e t B lade
R age fe t V I I I N =11
S t ra igh t Tw is ted
2 7 .3% 1 8 .2 %
C oncave U nde te rm ined
4 5 .4 % 9 . 1%
R age fe tV I I N =82 5 0 .0% 1 4 .6% 2 3 .2% 1 2 .2%
R a c ie fe tV I N =74 4 7 .3% 1 6 .2% 2 9 .7% 6 . 8%
R ac ie fe t V N =143 4 1 .9%
T o ta l N =310
1 5 .4 %
4 .8% 4 1 5 .2 %
3 5 .0% 7 .7%
3 1 .0% 9 .0%
T he S car P a t ter n so n t h e U ppe rS urf ace o f th eD eb i tage T h e u n ipo la r a nd u n ipo la r c onve rgen t s c a r p a t te rn s d om ina te t h roughou t t h e L eva l lo i s f l ake s . T he c en t r ipe ta lo ccu r sa nd t h eb i po la r i s ab sen t o rp oo r ly r e p re sen ted i ne a ch a s semb lage ( Tab le 1 1 .4 1) . T h eu n ipo la rs c a rp a t te rn so nt h eu ppe rs u rf ace so ft h eb l ad e sa lway s f o rm t h e l a rge s tt y pe o fd o r sa l s c a rp a t te rn i nt h ew ho l eo ft h eb l ade p opu la t ion i nt h ea s semb lage so fR aqef e t( Tab l e1 1 .42 ) . T ab le 1 1 .4 1 :D o r sa l S ca rP a t te rn s o ft h eL eva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r so fR agef e t L eva l lo is F lakes U n ipo la r p a ra le l l U n ipo la r Conve rgen t C en t r ipe ta l B ipo la r
R age fe tV I I I N =4 1 2 0 1
R age fe tV I I N = 12 7 3 2 0
R a c ie fe tV I N = 10
R a c ie fe t V N =4
T o ta l N =30
2
3
1 3
3 5
1 0
0
0
9 7 1
T ab le 1 1 .42 : D o r sa lS ca rP a t te rn so ft h eB lade s i nt h eL aye r s o fR a e f e t B lade U n ipo la r B i po la r U nde te rm ined
I I R a c ie fe tV I N = 11 7 2 .7% 1 8 .2%
9 . 1%
I R a c ie fe tV I N =8 1* 7 5 .3% 1 3 .6% 1 .1 %
R a t ie fe tV I N =74 7 7 .0% 1 2 .2% 1 0 .8%
R a c ie fe t V N = 143 7 8 .3% 1 .8% 1 0 .4%
T o ta l N =309 7 7 .0% 1 2 .6% 1 0 .4%
*One i s ap r ima ry b lade a nd i sn o ti n c luded i nt he p ercen tage
T he B u t tt y pe so ft h eB lank s A sw e e xpec ted , t h e L eva l lo i s f l akes a r e c ha r ac te r ized b y ah i gh f r equen cy o ff a ce ted b u t t s a nd l e s s o f af r equency o fp l a in o r d i hed ra l b u t t s ( Tab le 1 1 .43 ) . G ene ra l ly s p eak ing , t h e se b u t t s m an if e s t p r onoun ced b u lb s , wh ich i n d ica te s t h a t t h e se f l ake s w e r e p robab ly d e ta ch ed b y h a rd h amme r t e chn ique . I nc on t ra s t t ot h e L eva l lo i s f l ake s , t h e n on -Leva l lo i s f l ak e s ( Tab le 1 1 .44 ) e xh ib i t ah i gh f r equen cy o fp l a in b u t sa nd al e se rp e r cen tage o ff a ce ted b u t s .T he n on -p repa r ed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm t s t t e nd s t o i n c rea se f r om b o t tom t ot o p . T h e s e b u t t s u sua l ly h ave p ronounced b u lb s i n d ica t ing t h a t t h ey w e r e p robab ly d e tach ed b y h a rd h amm e r . T he t e chn ique o fs of ts t on e h amme r f o rt h e r emova l o fs om e f l ake s m ay b e c on jec tu red w h en t h ey h ave t h in b u t sa nd f l a t b u lb s . T h e f r equen c ies o ft h e t t y pes o fb u t t sa mong t h e b l ade t oo l s( Tab le 1 1 .45 )d o n o td i f f e rs i gn if ican t ly f r om t h o se o ft h e n on L eva l lo i s f l akes , s u ch a st h e f a ce ted a nd p l a in b u t t s , w h ich d om ina te ; n eve r th e les s, t h e p e rcen tage o fb roken b u t t s i sh i gh a mong t h e b l ade s . T he o ccur ren ce o fb l ade s a nd b l ade le t s w i th s ma l l p l a in b u t t sa nd a b ra s ion o nt h e o ve rhang ( c orn iche ) ( Pe leg r in , 1 997 ) s e em st oi n d ica te t h a tt h e t e chn ique o fs of th amme rw a s s om e t ime su sed i nt h ep roduc t ion o fb l ade / le t s ( Tab le 1 1 .46 ) . N ev e r th e les s, t h e h a rd h amme r p e r cu ss ion w a s t h e p r eponde ran t t e chn ique u sed i n t h e p roduc t ion o f b l ades . Mo reove r , i ti sl i ke ly t h a t s of t s t on e o r h a rd h amme r t e chn ique s w e r e u sed t o d e tach t h e b l ades , t w h ich h ave l a rge p l a in , f a ce ted o rd i h ed ra lb u t s , s u ch a st h e f l ak e b l ank s . T ab le 1 1 .43 : T ype so fB u t to ft h eL eva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r s o fR agef e t L eva l lo is F lake s F ace ted D ihed ra l P la in C o r t ica l B roken U nde te rm ined
R a c ie fe tV I I I N =4 5 0 .0% 0 . 0% 2 5 .0% 0 . 0% 2 5 .0% 0 . 0%
R age fe tV I I N = 16 5 0 .0%
R a c ie fe tV I N =19
1 2 .5%
7 3 .7% 5 .3%
2 5 . 0% 0 .0%
1 0 .5% 5 .3%
0 .0% 1 2 .5%
0 .0% 5 .3%
4 3
R a c ie fe t V N =9 5 .6% 5 0 . 0% 2 2 .2% 1 .1 % .1 % 1 . 0% 0
T o ta l N =48 6 0 .4% 6 .3% 1 8 .7% 4 .2% 4 .2 % 6 .3%
T ab le 1 1 .44 :T ype so fB u t to ft h en on -Leva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t O the r F l akes F ace ted D i hed ra l P l a in C o r t ica l C rushed C oncave B roken U nde te rm ined
I R aqe fe tV I N =410 1 3 .7% 3 . 2% 4 4 .4% 1 0 .7% 7 . 8% 1 . 7% 1 6 .1 % 2 . 4%
I I R aqe fe tV I N =47 1 2 .8% 4 . 3% 4 8 .9% 1 0 .6% 0 . 0% 2 . 1% 1 4 .9% 6 . 4%
R aqe fe tV I N =193 1 2 .4% 1 . 0% 5 2 .3% 7 . 8% 4 .7% 0 . 0% 1 5 .5% 6 . 2%
R aqe fe t V N = 183 6 . 0% 2 . 2% 6 2 .3% 1 6 .4% 1 . 6% 0 .0% 9 . 3% 2 . 2%
T o ta l N =833 1 .6% 2 . 5% 5 0 .4% 1 .3% 5 . 3% 1 . 0% 1 4 .4% 3 . 5%
R aqe fe t I V N =143 4 . 2% 0 . 0% 4 8 .2% 1 5 .4% 2 . 8% 3 . 5% 2 3 .1 % 2 . 8%
T o ta l N =3 10 1 0 .0% 1 . 9% 4 2 .9% 9 . 0% 2 . 6% 3 . 5% 2 5 .8% 4 . 2%
T ab le 4 5 : T vne so fB u t to ft h eB lade s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t B l ades a nd B lade le ts F ace ted D i hed ra l P l a in L i nea r C o r t ica l C rushed B roken U nde te rm ined
I I R aqe fe tV I N = 11 1 8 .2% 9 . 1% 2 7 .3% 0 . 0% 9 . 1% 0 . 0% 2 7 .3% 9 . 1%
I R aqe fe tV I N =82 1 4 .6% 3 . 7% 3 1 .7% 3 . 7% 1 . 2% 7 . 3% 3 1 .7% 6 . 1%
R aqe fe tV I N =74 1 4 .9% 2 . 7% 4 7 .3% 4 .0% 2 . 7% 0 .0% 2 4 .3% 4 . 1%
T ab le 1 1 .46 : F requenc ie s o fb l ade / le t s w i th t r ace o fA b ras ion o nT he i rH anged E dge* B l ade
I I R aqe fe tV I N =2 1 8 .2%
L
I A b ras ion * The p e rcen tage i sf o rc omp le te b lade s o n ly
R aqe fe tV I I N =6 1 0 .7%
R aqe fe tV I N = 16 2 8 .6%
R aqe fe t V N =53 4 8 .2%
T o ta l N =79 3 4 .3%
C or tex T he o v e r r ep re sen ta t ion o fc o r tex o nt h ed eb i tage p roduc t s i sw o r thy o fn o ta t ion ;t h em a jo r i ty o ft h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake se xh ib i tc or tex o nt h e i rl a te ra le dge so ro nt h e i rd o r sa lf a ce s( Tab le I I .4 8 ) . T h e l p r ima ry f l akes ( 107 ) a nd p r ima ry b l ade ( 1 ) , w h ich e xh ib i t b e tween 9 0 a nd 1 00% o f c o r tex , l r ep r e sen t9 . 1% o ft h et o ta l i ty o ft h ed eb i tage ; t h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake sa nd b l ade sb ea r ing c o r tex a r e l s, t l s t a t i s t i ca ly s i gn if ican t ( Tab le s 1 1 .48 -49 ) . N ever the les h e L eva lo i s f l ake s t h a t b ea r c o r tex i nt h e s f ou ra semb lage s a r e i n f requen t ( Tab le 1 1 .47 ) . T he c o r tex i s mo s to f ten s i tua ted o nt h e l a te ra l s i de s l s sib o ft h e L eva lo i s f l akes a nd l e s s o o n t h e d o r sa l p a r t s . I ti sp os le t h a t t h e se f l ake s , w h ich a r e l mos t ly d ebo rdan t , w e re d e tach ed i no rde rt om a in ta in t h e l a te r a l c onv ex i t ie s o ft h e L eva lo i s c o re s . s T he c o r tex i s mo s t o f ten s i tua ted o n t h e l a te ra l s i de s o ft h e b l ade s , a nd l e s s o o n t h e d o r sa l p a r t s . T h e a na ly s i s o ft h e t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm s c o re s o n r ound ed n odu le s i n d ica te s t h a t m o s t o f ten t h e l a te ra lc onvex i t ies a r em a in ta ined b yd ebo rdan tb l ade r emova l s . o r tex Amoun to ft h eL eva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r so fR aqef e t T ab le 1 .47 :C L eva l lo is 0 % 1 30% 3 0 -90% 9 0 100%
R aqe fe tV I I I N =4 4 0 0 0
R aqe fe tV I I N = 16 1 4 1 0
R aqe fe tV I N = 19 1 7 1 1 0
R aqe fe t N =9 7 0 2 0
V
T o ta l N =48 3 9 5 4 0
T ab le 1 1 .48 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eP r ima ry a nd n on -Leva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t O the r F l akes 0 % 1 30% 3 0 -90% 9 0 -100%
I I R aqe fe tV I N =47 4 4 .7% 2 5 .5% 1 7 .0% 1 2 .8%
I R aqe fe tV I N =407 3 4 .9% 2 8 .3% 2 3 .8% 1 3 .0%
R aqe fe tV I N = 193 4 3 .5% 2 5 .9% 1 8 .6% 1 .9%
R aqe fe t V N = 183 3 8 .3% 2 6 .2% 2 0 .7% 1 3 .7%
T o ta l N =830 3 8 .2% 2 7 .1% 2 1 .8% 1 2 .9%
R aqe fe t V N = 143 6 4 .3% 1 8 .9% 1 6 .8% 0 . 0%
T o ta l N =3 10 5 9 .7% 2 2 .3% 1 7 .7% 0 . 3%
T ab le 1 1 .49 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eB lade s i nt h eL aye rs o fR aq ef e t B l ade s 0 % 1 30% 3 0 -90% 9 0 100%
I I R aqe fe tV I N = 11 4 5 .4% 1 8 .2% 3 6 .4% 0 . 0%
I R aqe fe tV I N =82 5 1 .2% 2 8 .0% 1 9 .5% 1 . 2%
4 4
R aqe fe tV I N =74 6 2 .2% 2 3 .0% 1 4 .9% 0 . 0%
T he C omp le te a nd B rok en n on -Re touched P iece s T h e h i gh p e r cen tage o f b r oken p i ece s m ay b e t h e r e su l t o f t h e r e la t ive ly p oo r p r e se rva t ion o f a r t if ac t s i nt h e f ou r l owe r l a y e r s o fR aqef e t ( Tab le 1 1 .50 ) . G roup 1( t he n on r e touch ed L eva lo is l f l ake s ) e xh ib i t s t h e h i ghe r p e r cen tage o f c omp le te a r t if ac t s i n o ppos i t ion t o g roup 2 ( t he n on r e tou ched b l ade s ) , w h ich h a s t h e l owe r f r equen cy o fc omp le te a r t if ac t s . T he m o rpho logy o ft h e f l rowe b l ank s m ay e xp la in t h e d i f e r en ce i np r e se rva t ion ; b ecau se t h e b l ade s a r e g en e r a ly n ar r a nd t h inne rt h an t h e f l ake s , t h ey a r e m o re e a s i ly b roken . S in ce t h e f r equen c ie s o fb roken n on re touched o red p i ece s a r e s im i la r t o t h o se o ft h e b roken t o l s , i t se em s t h a t m os t i n s tance s o fb r eak ing o ccur s b s s. I d u r ing p os t -depos i t iona l p roces yt a phonom ic a gen t s , a nd l e s s o d u r ing t h e r educ t ion p roces f t h i s w e r e n o t s o , t h e f r equency o fc omp le te t oo l s w ou ld b e h i ghe rt h an t h e c omp le te n on r e touch ed p i eces . T ab le 1 1 .50 : F requenc ie s o fC omp le te a nd B roken A r t if ac t sa mong t h eF ou rB lank T ype s T ype T ype T ype T ype T o ta l
B roken P ieces N umbe r % 1 5 3 2 .2 1 50 4 8 .4 3 8 .7 3 12 4 3 .3 4 2 4 0 .7 5 19
C omp le te P iece s N umbe r ° A 6 8 .8 3 3 5 1 .6 1 60 6 1 .3 5 09 5 61 5 5 7 57 5 9 .3
1 2 3 4
T o ta l 4 8 3 10 8 30 9 7 1 276
T ype 1 : M ou s te r ian a nd L eva l lo is f l akes , T ype 2 :B lade a nd b l ade le t s , T ype 3 :O the r F l ake sa nd T tpe 4 : CTE , c r es ted b l ades , c o r et a b le t s .
3 .S umma ty o ft h eD eb i tage P roduc t s T he R aqef e t a semb lage s e xh ib i t L eva lo i s f l ake s , l a rge b l ade s , b l ades a nd n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s i n s l l a a y e r s . A sw e e xpec t ed ,t h e m o rpho logy o ft h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s a nd b l ade sd e sc r ibed h e r e i s l l l i nl i ne w i th t h e f l ak ing m odes d ef ined f r om t h ec o re s ' a na ly s i s . T h e L eva lo i s f l ake sa r e mo r e o vo id l o rq uad rangu la rt h an t r iangu la r i ns hape ; t h ey m os t o f ten e xh ib i t u n ipo la r s c a rp a ter n s a nd f a ce ted t b u t s . T he n on re touched b l ades a r e g ene ra ly r e c tangu la r i ns hape ; t h ey l owe r s u rf ace sa r e s t ra igh t t l o r c on cave . T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e b l ade s s how s u n ipo la r s c a r p a te rn s a nd p l a in b u t s , a nd e xh ib i t t t c o r tex o nt h e d o r sa lo rl a te r a le dge s .
I V . THE RETOUCHED ART IFACTS l s T he f o low ing a na ly s i s o ft h e r e touched p i ece s i nR aqef e ta semb lage su nde r take s , i nt h e f i r s tp l ace , o t od e sc r ibe t h et o ls , a nd s e cond ly , t oe xam ine t h e i n te rac t ion s b e tween t h e s e lec ted b l ank s a nd t h e o t o lt y pes . T ab le 1 1 .51 T oo ls
A B C D
F requenc ie so fL eva l lo i s T oo l s , B lade T oo l s , a nd O the rF l ake T oo l s R aqe fe t I I V I N =209 3 8 .8% 2 8 .2% 3 1 .1 % 1 . 9%
R aqe fe t I V I N = 1901 2 6 .3% 3 0 .5% 4 1 .1 % 2 . 1%
R aqe fe t V I N =67 1 2 4 .6% 3 6 .0% 3 7 .5% 1 . 9%
R aqe fe tV ( a lmos ts t e r i le ) N =37 2 7 .0% 2 4 .3% 4 8 .6% 0 . 0%
R aqe fe t I V N =309 2 4 .9% 3 4 .3% 3 9 .2% 1 . 6%
eva l lo is f l ake t o o ls , B :B lade t o o ls ,C :N on -Leva l lo is f l ake t o o l s a nd D : U nde te rm ined A : L
I .T he T ypo log ica lC ompo s i t ion o ft he A s sen tb lage s T he f r equen c ie s o fr e touch ed a r t if ac t s a r eh i gh ( Tab le 1 7 ) b u t d ec r ea se i nt h e t wo u ppe rl a y e r s ( V I V ) . T he p e r cen tage o fL eva l lo i sp rodu c t sa nd b l ade t oo l sr ema in m o r e o rl e s sc on s tan ti nl a y e r sV I I V I a nd I V ( Tab le 1 1 .51) . F o r i n s tan ce , i nL ay e r VI I I, t h e L eva l lo i s p roduc t s o u tnumbe r t h e b l ade t o o l s .
4 5
o T he h omogene i ty o ft h e i n te rna l c ompo s i t ion o ft h e t o l -k i t s i sw o r thy o fn o ta t ion ( Tab le 1 1 .52 ) . s T he a semb lages o fR aqef e t a r e m a rked b y t h e p reponde rance o ft h e d en t icu la te a nd n o tch a nd b y l t h e r e touch ed f l akes . T he f r equen c ie s o fL eva lo i s a nd Mou s te r ian p o in t s , b u r in s , p e rf o r a to r s a nd s t r un ca ted p i eces a r e l ow . S eve r a lt y pe sa r er a r eo re v en a b sen t f r om t h ea semb lages ( e .g . ,k n if e a nd s, s f o b l ade p o in t ) . N eve r th e les ev e ra l d i f e r en ces m ay b e n o t iced , s u ch a st h e c ompos i te t o l s , wh ich t i n c r ea se r e gu la r ly f r om b o tom t ot op . T h e b l ade le t s a r e p oo r ly r e p r e sen ted a nd c on s i s t m a in ly o f r e touch ed p i ece s , e nd sc r ape r sa nd t r unca ted p i ece s . T ab le 1 1 .52 : F requenc ie s o ft h eT oo lC a tego r ie s i nt h eL aye r so fR aqef e t T oo ls _ L eva lo is P o in ts l Mous te r ian P o in ts Em i reh P o in ts S ide -sc rape rs R ac le tes t D en t icu la te , n o tches R e touched F lakes R e touched B lades P o in ted B lades B u r ins E nd -sc rape rs P e r fo ra to rs T runca ted p i eces K n ives C ompos i te t oo ls C ham fe red P ieces V a r ia T o ta l
R aqe fe tV I I I N umbe r % 1 0 4 .6 2 0 .9 0 5 1 8
0 .0 2 .3 8 .4
5 9 4 4 2 3 1 3 2 0 4 8 1 1 4 0 3 2 15
2 7 .4 2 0 .5 1 0 .7 0 .5 1 . 4 9 .3 1 .9 3 .7 0 .5 6 .5 0 .0 1 . 4 1 00 .0
R aqe fe tV I I N umbe r % 4 2 2 .2 1 0 0 .5 0 0 .0 1 52 7 .9 4 5 2 .3 4 55 2 3 .5 4 95 2 5 .6 2 05 1 0 .6 1 0 . 1 1 0 0 .5 1 83 9 .5 6 1 3 .2 6 9 3 .6 1 6 0 .8 1 50 7 .8 1 0 .0 3 8 2 .0 1 933100 .1
R aqe fe tV I N umbe r % 1 3 1 . 9 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 1 3 9 5 .7 3 8 5 . 6 1 45 2 1 .3 1 47 2 1 .5 9 1 4 .5 9 1 0 . 1 4 0 .6 5 0 7 . 3 1 9 2 . 8 2 5 4 8 9 0 7 6 82
3 . 7 0 .6 1 3 .1 0 .0 1 . 0 1 00 .1
R aqe fe t I V N umbe r % 4 1 . 3 1 0 .3 0 1 3 2 4 6 8 6 1 3 9 0 2 1 9 1 0 7 1 5 9 0 5 3 13
0 .0 4 . 1 7 . 7 2 1 .7 1 9 .5 1 2 .5 0 .0 0 .6 6 . 1 3 . 2 2 .2 0 .3 1 8 .8 0 .0 1 . 6 9 .9 9
T o ta l N umbe r % 6 9 . 2 2 1 4 0 . 4 1 . 0 0 2 09 6 . 7 1 25 4 .0 7 27 2 3 .1 7 47 2 3 .8 3 69 .7 1 3 0 . 1 1 9 0 . 6 2 72 8 . 7 9 4 3 . 0 1 09 3 . 5 2 0 . 7 2 3 12 9 . 9 1 . 0 0 5 3 1 . 7 3 143
1 00 .0
T he f r equenc ie s o ft h e m a in t oo l c a tego r ie s r ema in mo r e o r l e s s c on s tan t i nL ay e r s VI I IIV , w e s ha l ld e sc r ibe t h et oo lt y pe so fR aqef e tw i thou tt a k ing i n to a ccoun tt h e i rs t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion .
1 :T he L eva l lo i sP o in t s T he 6 9 L eva l lo i s p o in t s , w h ich r e p re sen t2 . 6% o ft h e t o o l s , a r e m os to f t en r e touched ( 9 1 .3% ) ; t h ey p re sen t s em i -abrup t ( 17 ) , a b rup t ( 8 ) , i n ve r se ( 1 2 ) , f i ne ( 10 ) , a l teman t ( 2 ) , d en t icu la te ( 5 ) o rp a r t ly r e touch ed ( 9 ) o n t h e i r l a te ra l e dge s ( P la te I I : 1 6 ) . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e m o s t ly f a ce ted ( 7 5 .4% ) , l e s s d i hed ra l ( 5 .8% ) o r c ru sh ed ( 4 .3% ) , a nd s om e a r e b roken ( 1 4 .5 % ) . T he s c a r p a t tern s v i s ib le o n t h e u ppe r s u rf a ce o ft h e se t oo l s s ugges t t h a t t h ey d e r ived m os t ly f r om t h e r e cur ren t l l l u n ipo la rc onve rgen t L eva lo i s c o re s . 1 3 L eva lo i s p o in t s a r e b roken ( 1 8 .8% ) . T h e L eva lo i s P o in t s ' l e ng th s v a r ied b e tween 3 4 a nd 7 8 mm , t h e i r w id th s b e tween 2 3 a nd 5 0 mm a nd t h e i r t h icknes se s s 5 0 .6 mm , a v e rage w id th 3 5 .9 mm a nd a ve rage b e tween 7 a nd 3 4 mm ; t h e i r a ve rage l e ng th i t h ickn es . 9 mm . s 9
2 .T he Mou s ter ian P o in t s T he 1 4 Mou s te r ian p o in t s , w h ich a ccoun t f o r0 . 4% o ft h e t oo l s , a r e c o mmon ly r e touch ed ( 8 5 .7% ) ; a sh a s b een s en w i th t h e L eva lo i sp o in t s , t h ey p re sen t s em i -ab rup to ra b rup tr e touch o nt h e l a te ra l e l e dge s ( 7 ) a nd i n ve r se o ra l te rna te ( 3 ) . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r eu sua ly f a ce ted , o ne i s cr u shed a nd l t wo a r e b roken . T he Mou s te r ian P o in t s ' l e ng th s r e ach ed v a lue s b e tween 3 7 a nd 5 1 mm , w id th s b e tween 3 2 a nd 4 4 mm a nd t h i cknes s b e tween 7 and 1 5 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s4 4 .5 mm , se a ve rage w id th 3 5 .0 mm a nd a ve rage t h ickn es . 9 mm . s 9
3 .T he Em i reh P o in t s
4 6
l O n e Em i r eh p o in tw a s f o und i nt h e l a ye r V I ; i ti s m anuf ac tu r ed o n n on -Leva lo i sb l ank s , o nb l ade s o rf l ake s ( P la te I I : 7 ) .
4 .T he S id e scraper s T h e 2 09 s i de sc rape r s f o rm 6 . 7% o ft h e t o o l s ( P la te I I : 8 10 ) . T he s i de sc rape r s a r e m anuf ac tu r ed l l o nL eva lo i s f l ake s ( 50 .7% ) , o np r ima ry f l ake s ( 5 .3% ) , o nn on -Leva lo i s f l ake s ( 3 2 .5% ) , o nb l ade s ( 5 .7% ) , o ro nc o r e sa f te rt h e i re xp lo i ta t ion a sc o r e s ( 5 .7% ) ( E igh t a r e o nc o r e -on f l akes a nd f ou ro n l l L eva lo i s c o re s ) . T he d en t icu la te s c rape r s ( 34 .9% ) a nd t h e d oub le s i de sc rape r s ( 12% ) a r e w e l l r e p re sen ted . O u t o f t h e L eva lo i s f l akes , t h e s imp le s c rape r s ( 32 .2% ) a nd t h e r e touched o r d en t icu la te s c rape r s ( 39 .5% ) d om ina te , t h e s i ng le c onvex s i de sc rape r s a ccoun t ing f o r 2 1 .7% ; t h e f c onve rgen t 1 . 9% a nd t h e o f se t ( d e le te ) 2 . 8% a r e r e p re sen ted i n much l owe r f r equen c ie s . 7 1 s i de s c r ape r s a r e b roken ( 34 .0% ) . T h e s i de -sc rape r s ' l e ng th s r e ached v a lue s b e tween 2 8 a nd 8 0 mm , se w id th sb e tween 1 8a nd 6 3 mm a nd t h ickn es sb e tween 6a nd 1 9 mm ; t h ea ve rage l e ng th o ft h e s i de s 1 s c rape r s i s4 5 .6 mm ,a ve rage w id th 3 1 .8 mm a nd a v e rage t h icknes 0 .0 mm .
3
6
4
7
5
9 0
1 0
3cm
P l a te I :T oo ls f r om R aqef e t : 1 6 : L eva l lo is P o in t s( l ay e r s VI I I-V I ) ; 7 : Em ireh P o in t( l ay e rV I ) ; 8 10 : S ide sc rape r s( l ay e r sV I I -V I )
5 .T he R ac le t te s T h e 1 25 r a c le t tes p r e sen ti nt h e f o u rl owe rl a ye r sa ccoun tf o r4 . 0% o fa l lo ft h et o o l s( P la te I V : 1 2 ) . O u to ft h er a c le t te s ,4 0 .8% a r em anuf a c tu red o nL eva l lo i s f l ake s , 1 3 .6% a r eo np r ima ry f l ake s ,4 0% a r e o n n on -Leva l lo i s f l ake s , a nd 4 . 8% a r e o n b l ade s . O ne t oo l i so n aL eva l lo i s c o re . 3 9 r a c le t te s a r e b roken ( 3 1 .2% ) . T he r a c le t te s ' l e ng th s v a ry f r om 1 8 t o7 8 mm , t h e i rw id th s b e tween 1 6 a nd 4 9
4 7
mm a nd t h e i rt h icknes se sb e tween 3a nd 1 6 mm ;t h ea ve rage l e ng th i s4 1 .1 mm , a ve rage w id th 3 1 .2 mm , a nd t h ea ve rage t h icknes s 8 . 3 mm .
6 .N o tche sa nd D en t icu la te T he n o tch e sa nd d en t icu la te a r ev e ry w e l lr e p r e sen ted a mong t h ea s semb lage sw i th 7 27 t o o l s , wh ich f o rm 2 3 .1 % ,4 09 a r en o tche sa nd 3 18 a r ed en t icu la te p i eces ( P la te I V : 3 -4 ) . Mo s to ft h em h ave b een l m anuf a c tu r ed o n f l akes ( 56 .7% ) . W i th t h e se , 2 1 .4% a r e m anuf a c tu r ed o nL eva lo i s f l ak es , 5 . 4% o n l s p r ima ry f l ake s , a nd 5 2 .9% o n n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s . T h e n o tch e s a nd d en t icu la te s a r e l e s r e p r e sen ted o n b l ade s ( 39 .1 % ) a nd i sr a re o n b l ade le t s ( 0 .8% ) . S i x teen t oo l s a r e o n c o r e s ( two a r e l o n L eva lo i s c o re s , t we lve o n c o r e s o n f l ake s a nd t wo o n o th e r f l ake c o re t y pe s ) a nd n i ne a r e o n c o re t r imm ing e l emen t s o r d i v e r s . E igh t a r e o n m anuf ac tu red o n c r e s t b l ade ( 6 n o tch e s a nd 2 d en t icu la te ) , a nd o n e i s a d en t icu la te o n af r agmen to ft a bu la r f l i n t . Among t h e 3 18 d en t i cu la te , 1 23 a r e b roken p i ece s ( 3 8 .7% ) . N in e ty -seven d en t icu la te a r e r e tou ch ed , f i ve i n ve r se r e tou ch , 2 5 l a l teman tr e touch , 1 2 s em i -ab rup t , 1 0a b rup t r e touch , 3 5 f i ne r e touch , 1 0p a r t ia ly r e tou ch ;a nd e i gh t a r e d oub le d en t i cu la te ( P la te I V : 5 6 ) . T h e i r l e ng th sr e ach b e tween 2 4 a nd 9 7 mm , w id th s b e tween se 1 2 a nd 5 1 mm a nd t h icknes sb e tween 4a nd 3 1 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s4 7 .0 mm , a v e r age w id th s 1 l t 3 0 .0 mm a nd a ve rage t h icknes 0 .3 mm . O u t o fa h e4 09 n o tch e s , 1 59 a r e b roken ( 3 8 .9% ) . F iv e a r e i n v e r se n o tche s , f i ve a r e mu l t ip le r e touched n o tch e s a nd 1 36 a r e r e touch ed . N ine teen d i sp lay i n ve r se r e touch , 2 4 a l teman t r e touch , 2 8 s em i -ab rup t , 5a brup t r e touch , 4 3 f i ne r e tou ch a nd 1 7 l p a r t ia ly r e touch n o tch es . T h e i r l e ng th sv a ry b e tween 1 9a nd 8 9 mm , w id th sb e tween 1 3a nd 5 5 mm se a nd t h icknes sb e tween 4a nd 2 3 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s4 4 .5 mm , a ve rage w id th 2 9 .9 mm a nd s 9 a ve rage t h icknes . 9 mm .
7 .T he R e touched F lak e s l T he r e tou ched f l ake s a r e t h e d om inan t t oo l type w i th 7 47 , wh ich f o rm 2 3 .8% o fa l o ft h e t oo l s l ( P la te I V : 8 10 ) . Among t h em , 2 6 .4% a r e L eva lo i s f l ake s , 4 . 1% a r e p r ima ry f l ake s a nd 6 9 .2 % a r e l n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s . A round 2 7% a r e c o r t ica l f l ake s . 3 22 f l ake s p r esen t af i ne r e tou ch o n t h e l a te ra l e dges ( 4 3 .1 % ) , 16 a b rup t r e touch ( 1 5 .5% ) , 1 37 s em i -ab rup t r e touch ( 1 8 .3 % ) , 7 i n ve r se r e touch ( 1 0 .3 % ) , 7 4 a l teman t r e touch ( 9 .9% ) a nd 2 1 p a r t ia l r e tou ch ( 2 .8% ) . Among t h e r e touch ed f l ake s , 3 09 o ft h e se a r e b roken ( 4 1 .4% ) . T h e r e touch ed f l ake s ' l e ng th s r e ach b e tween 2 1 a nd 9 7 mm , w id th s b e tween 1 6 a nd 5 5 mm a nd t h ickn e ss es b e tween 5a nd 2 1 mm ; t h e a ve rag e l e ng th i s s 9 4 2 .3 mm , a ve rage w id th 3 0 .6 mm a nd a ve rage t h icknes . 5 mm .
8 .T he R e touched B lade sa nd B lad e le t s o T he 3 66 r e touch ed b l ades a nd b l ade le t s a ccoun t f o r 1 .6% o ft h e t o l s . T he 3 43 b l ad es r e p resen t l t 1 0 .9% a nd t h e 2 3 b l ade le t s a ccoun t f o r 0 . 7% o fa h e t oo l s . Among t h e b l ade s , 2 07 a r e b roken ( 60 .3 % ) ( 1 35 a r ep rox ima l f r agmen t s , 3 5 a r ed i s ta l f r agmen t sa nd 3 7 a r e m ed ia l f r agmen t s ) . F o rt h e b l ade s3 . 8% a r eb ack b l ade s( P la te I V : 1 ) , f ou ro fw h ich a r ec u rved ;4 5 .8% o fb l ade sp r e s en t af i ne r e touch o n t h e l a te ra l e dge s , 8 . 2% a b rup t r e touch , 1 6 .3 % s em i -ab rup t r e tou ch , 4 . 4% i n ve r se r e touch , 1 .4% a l teman t r e touch ( P la te I V : 7 ) a nd 1 0 .2% p a r t ia l r e touch . T he r e touch ed b l ade s ' se l e ng th s r e ach v a lue s b e tween 2 5 a nd 18 mm , w id th s b e tween 1 2 a nd 3 2 mm a nd t h icknes s b e tween 3 a nd 1 6 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s5 2 .9 mm , a ve rage w id th 2 1 .3 mm a nd a ve rage s 8 t h ickn es . 9 mm . O u t o ft h e b l ade le t s , e l even a r e b roken ( s ix a r e p rox ima l f r agmen t s , t h r ee d i s ta l f r agm en t s a nd o ne i s a m ed ia l f r agm en t ) . E igh tb l ade le t sp re sen t af i ne r e touch o nt h e l a te ra le dge s , o ne p r e sen ts a n a b rup t r e touch , f ou r s em i -ab rup t r e touch , t h r ee i n ve r se r e touch , f ou r a l te man t r e touch ,w h i le t h ree p r e sen tp a r t ia lr e touch . T he l e ng th so ft h e r e touched b l ade le t sr e ach b e tween 2 6 se a nd 4 2 mm , t h e i r w id th s b e tween 8a nd 1 0 mm a nd t h e i r t h icknes s b e tween 3 a nd 6mm , t h e s 4 a ve rage l e ng th b e ing i s3 3 .2 mm , a ve rage w id th 9 . 6 mm a nd a ve rage t h i ckn es . 4 mm . 4 8
9 .T he P o in ted B lade s c T h e t h r ee p o in ted b l ade s a coun t f o r 0 . 1% o ft h e t oo l s , t wo o fw h ich m ay b e c on s ide r ed E l Wad p o in t s( P la te I V : 1 2 ) .
1 0 . T he B ur in s l t o l T he 1 9 b u r in s f o rm 0 . 6% o fa h e t o l s . Two a r e m anuf a c tu r ed o n L eva lo i s f l ake , n i ne b u r in s o n l n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s ( P la te V I : 1 ) , t wo o n b l ade s ( P la te V I : 2 ) , a nd s i x a r e o n c o re s ( 1 o n a l L eva lo i sc o r e , 1c o r eo nf l ake a nd 4o nb l ade c o re s ) . S even a r ed i hed ra lb u r in s , s even a ng le b u r in s , f o u r t r unca ted b u r in s ( 1o b l ique a nd 1c oncave ) , a nd o n e i st r an sve r sa l b u r in . F ou r o ft h e se b u r in s a r e b roken ( 2 1 .1 % ) . T he b u r in s ' l e ng th s r e ach b e tween 2 5 a nd 7 7 mm , w id th s b e tween 1 2 a nd 4 5 se mm a nd t h ickn es s b e tween 5a nd 3 3 mm , t h e a ve rage l e ng th b e ing 5 2 .9 mm , a v e rage w id th 3 .4 s 1 mm a nd a ve rage t h icknes 6 .4 mm .
1
4 3
5
0 o I mm o m
3 cm = im m um l
_ 9
T rc
1 1
1 2
10 P l a te I V : T oo ls f r om R agef e t : 1 2 : R ac le t te s ( l ay e r s V I I -V I ) ; 3 -4 : N o tche s o n r e touched b l ade s ( l ay e r s V I ) ; 5 6 : l I D en t icu la ted b l ades ( l ay e r V I ) ; 7 :R e touched b l ade ; 8 10 : R e touched L eva lo is f l akes ( l ay e r s V I IV ) ; 1 : B acked b l ade ; 1 2 :P o in ted b l ad e( V I )
1 . T he E nd scraper s T he 2 72 e nd -sc rape r su n cov e r ed i nt h e f ou ra s semb lage s a c coun t f o r 8 . 7% o ft h e t o o l s . T hese t o o l s a r e m anuf ac tu r ed o n L eva l lo i s f l akes ( 17 .6% ) ( P la te V : 1 ) , o n p r im a ry f l ake s ( 1 1 .4% ) ( P la te V : 6 ) , 4 9
o n n on -Leva lo i s f l ak es ( 3 2 .7% ) ( P la te V : 4a nd 7 ) , o n b l ade s o r b l ade le t s ( 6 o f wh ich a r e b ack l b l ades ) ( 3 4 .9% ) ( P la te V : 2 ,3 and 5 ) . S ix a r e o n c o r e s ( one i so n b l ade c o re , a nd 5 ar e o n f l ake c o re s ) a nd t h ree a r eo nc o re t r imm ing e l em en t s ( on e i s on ac o r et a b l e ta nd t wo a r eo nc r e s tb l ades ) . T he p r e sence o fs om e e nd sc rape r s o fA u r ignac ian t y pe s i sw o r thy o fn o ta t ion ; t h ree a r e c a r ina ted e nd sc r ape r s a nd t wo a r e n o sed -end sc rape r s . T en t o l s a r e d oub le e nd sc rape r s , f o u r teen a r e o r ounded e nd -sc rape r s , t h r ee a r e c a r ina ted e nd sc rape r s a nd t wo a r e n o sed e nd sc rape r s . T h e e nd s c rape r s a r e o n n on re touch ed f l ake s o r b l ade s ( 4 5 .6% ) ; o r p r e sen t a fi ne r e touch o n t h e l a te ra l e dge s ( 1 2 .1 % ) , a n a b rup t r e touch ( 3 .7% ) , as em i -ab rup t r e touch ( 1 8 .8% ) , a n i n ve r se ( 2 .2% ) , o r a l te rnan t r e touch ( 7 .0% ) . S ev en ty o f t h e se e nd -sc rape r s a r e b r ok en ( 2 5 .7% ) . T he e nd sc rape r s ' se l e ng th s r e ach v a lue s b e tween 1 8 a nd 14 mm , w id th s b e tween 1 3 a nd 5 8 mm a nd t h icknes s b e tween 5 a nd 3 8 mm ; t h e i r a ve rage l e ng th i s4 0 .6 mm , a v e rage w id th 2 9 .3 mm a nd a ve rage s 1 t h icknes 0 .9 mm .
1 2 . T he P erf ora tor s T he 9 4 p e rf o ra to r su n cove r ed i nt h e f ou ra semb lage sa ccoun t f o r3 . 0% o ft h e t oo l s ( P la te V I : 3 5 ) . s T hey a r e m anuf a c tu r ed o n L eva lo i s f l ake s ( 24 .7% ) , o n p r ima ry f l akes ( 9 .6% ) , o n n on -Leva lo i s l l f l ake s ( 2 6 .6% ) , o n b l ade s o r b l ade le t s ( 37 .2% ) , o r o n c o r e t r imm ing e l emen t s ( 2 .1 % ) ( On e p e rf o ra to r i so nc o r e t a b le t a nd o n e o nc r e s t b l ade ) . T he p e rf o ra to r s a r e o n n on r e touched f l akes o r b l ade s ( 5 7 .4% ) ; o r p r e sen t af i ne r e touch o n t h e l a te ra l e dge s ( 6 .4% ) , a n a b rup t r e touch ( 8 .5 % ) , a s em i -ab rup tr e touch ( 1 3 .8% ) ,a n i n ve r se ( 6 .4% ) , o ra l te rnan tr e touch ( 7 .4% ) . T h i r ty two p e r f o ra to r s a r eb roken ( 34 .0% ) . T he p e rf o ra to r s ' l e ng th sr e ach b e tween 2 2 a nd 8 3 mm , t h e i rw id th sb e tween 1 4 se a nd 3 5 mm , a nd t h e i r t h icknes s b e tween 6a nd 1 8 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s4 1 .1 mm , a ve rage s 1 w id th 2 6 .4 mm a nd a ve rage t h ickn es 0 .6 mm .
1 3 . T he T runca ted P iece s s l o T he 1 09 t r unca ted p i ece s u n cove r ed i nt h e a semb lages a ccoun t f o r 3 . 5% o fa l t h e t o l s . T he se l p i ece sa r e m anuf ac tu r ed o nL eva lo i s f l ake s ( 3 .6% ) ( P la te V : 8 ) , o np r ima ry f l akes ( 0 .9% ) , o nn on l L eva lo i s f l ake s ( 1 5 .6% ) , o nb l ade s a nd b l ade le t s ( 7 8 .9% ) ( P la te V : 9 ) , a nd o n e c r e s t b l ade ( 0 .9% ) . o O ne t o l i sa doub le t r un ca t ion , n i ne a r e o b l ique t r unca t ion s , o n e i s ac on cave t r unca t ion wh i le a no the r i s a t r unca t ion o n ab r oken p i ece . Mos t o ft h e t r unca ted p i ece s a r e o n n on r e tou ched f l ake s s 1 o r b l ad e s ( 56 .8% ) , a nd l e s p r e sen t af i ne r e tou ch o n t h e l a te ra l e dges ( 1 .0% ) , an i n e a b rup t r e touch ( 8 .% ) , as em i -abrup tr e touch ( 12 .8% ) ,a ni n ve r se ( 3 .7% ) ,o ra l te rnan tr e touch ( 7 .3% ) . F o r ty o ne t r unca ted p i ece s a r e b rok en ( 3 7 .6% ) . T he t r un ca ted p i ece s ' l e ng th s v a ry f r om 2 1 t o 5 9 mm , se w id th s b e tween 1 5 a nd 3 6 mm a nd t h icknes s b e tween 5a nd 1 8 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s3 7 .7 s 8 mm , a ve rage w id th 2 2 .4 mm a nd a v e rage t h icknes . 3 mm .
1 4 . T he K n ive s s T he 2 2 k n ives h ave b een u n cove r ed i nt h e se a semb lage sa ccoun tf o r0 . 7% o ft h et oo l s ( P l a te V I : 7 l l 8 ) . E l ev en a r e m anuf a c tu r ed o n L eva lo i s f l ake s , s e ven a r e o n n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s , t h r ee a r e o n b l ades o r b l ade le t s , a nd o n e i so n ac r e s t b l ade . S i x teen a r e b a ck k n ive s a nd o ne i s ac u rved b a ck k n if e . F ou r teen k n ive s a r e o n n on r e touch ed f l ake s o r b l ade s , w h i le e i gh t k n ive s p r es en t af i ne t r e touch o nt h ec u t ing e dge . F ou rk n ive s a r e b roken ( 1 8 .2% ) . T he k n ives ' l e ng th s r e ach b e tween 4 7 se a nd 9 3 mm , w id th s b e tween 2 0 a nd 4 2 mm a nd t h icknes s b e tween 7 and 1 9 mm , t h e a ve rage s 1 l e ng th b e ing 6 2 .1 mm , a ve rage w id th 3 1 .5 mm a nd a v e rage t h icknes 2 .4 mm .
5 0
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P l a te V : T oo ls f r om R a c ief e t : 1 7 : E nd sc rape r s o n f l ake s a nd b l ades ( l ay e r s VI I I-V I ) ; 8 : T runca t ion o n L eva l lo is f l ake ( l ay e r V I ) ; 9 :T runca t ion o n r e touched b l ade ( l aye r V i i ) ; 1 0 11 : C ompo s i te t o o l s ( t runca t ion /no tch a nd d en t icu la te o n b l ade s ( l aye r s V I I -V I ) ; 1 2 : C hamf e red p i ece ( l ay e rV I I )
1 5 . T he C ompo s i te T oo l s o s o T h e 3 12 c ompo s i te t o l s u ncove r ed i nt h e f ou r a semb lage s a ccoun t f o r 1 0 .0% o ft h e t o l s . T hey l l a r e m anuf a c tu r ed o n L eva lo i s f l ak e s ( 4 3 .8% ) , o n p r ima ry f l ake s ( 8 .3% ) , o n n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s l ( 1 8 .8% ) , o n b l ade s o rb l ade le t s ( 27 .8% ) , o n L eva lo i s c o r e ( 0 .3% ) a nd o n c o re t r imm ing e l em en t s ( on e i so n c o r e t a b le t , o ne i sc r e s t f l ake a nd o ne i so n f r agmen t o fb l ock ) . O u t o ft h e 1 36 t oo l s l m anuf ac tu red o n t h e L eva lo i s f l ake s , t h e r e a r e 3 9 s i de s c rape r s /no tche s o r d en t icu la te , f i ve s i de t s c r ape r s / t runca t ion , s even s i de sc rape r s /pe rf o ra to r s , s even r a c le te s /no tch e s , t h r ee t t t t r a c l e te s /pe rf o r a to r s , o ne r a c le te / t runca t ion , s i x r a c le te s /den t icu la te , f ou r r a c le te s /end sc rape r s , t h i r ty -f ive e nd -sc rape r s /no tche s o r d en t icu la te , f i ve e nd sc rape r s /pe rf o r a to r s , s i x t r un ca t ion s /den t icu la te ( P la te V : 1 ) , t h r ee p e rf o ra to r s /den t icu la te ( P la te V I : 6 ) , t wo n o t ch e s / t runca t ion ( P la te V : 1 0 ) , f i ve p e rf o ra to r s /no tche s , o n e b a ck k n if e / t run ca t ion , o n e b a ck k n if e /no tch , o ne b ack k n if e /pe rf o ra to r , o ne p e rf o ra to r / t runca t ion /den t icu la te , t wo p e rf o r a to r s / s ide t o s c r ape r s /den t i cu la te , a nd t wo p e rf o ra to r s / rac le te s /no tch e s . O u t o ft h e 2 6 t o l s o n P r ima ry f l ake s , w e h ave f ound t h r ee s i de sc rape r /no tche s o r d en t icu la te , o n e s i de sc rape r /pe rf o ra to r , f ou r t t r a c l e te s /no tch e s o r d en t i cu la te , o n e r a c le te / end sc rape r , e l even e nd -sc rape r s /no tche s o r d en t icu la te , t wo e nd sc rape r s /pe rf o ra to r s , t wo p e rf o ra to r s /den t icu la te , a nd t wo b u r in s /no tch e s ( one o i so nt r unca t ion a nd o n e i st r an sve r sa lb u r in ) . Among t h e se 5 9t o l sw h ich h ave b een c on s t ruc ted o n l n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s , w e h ave f ound t e n s i de -sc r ape r s /no tche s o r d en t icu la te , t wo s i de t s c r ape r s / t runca t ion , f o u rs i d e -sc rape r s /pe rf o ra to r s , f i ve r a c le te /no tch e so rd en t icu la te , e i gh teen e nd s c r ape r s /no tch e s o r d en t i cu la te , t h r ee e nd -sc rape r s /pe rf o ra to r s , f i ve t r unca t ion s /den t i cu la te , s even 5 1
p e rf o ra to r s /den t icu la te o rn o tch e s , o n e p e rf o r a to r /ob l ique t r unca t ion , o ne b ack k n if e / t runca ted , o n e b ack k n if e /no tch , o ne a ng le b u r in /no tch , a nd o ne p e rf o ra to r / s id e sc r ape r /den t icu la te . O u t o ft h e 8 7 t o l s o n b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s , t h e r e a r e s even s i de -sc rape r s /no tch e s o r d en t icu la te , o ne s i de o s c rape r / trunca t ion , o n e s i de -sc rape r /pe rf o ra to r , o n e r a c le te /pe rf o r a to r , t wo r a c le te s / tr un ca t ion , o n e t t r a c le te /den t icu la te , n i n e e nd sc rape r s /no tch e s , o n e e nd s c rape r / t runca t ion , n i ne te nd t en e s c rape r s /den t icu la te ( 2 b l ade le t s ) , t wen ty -n ine t r unca t ion s /den t i cu la te o r n o tche s ( 1 b l ade le t ) , t we lve p e rf o ra to r s /den t icu la te o r n o tch e s ( 1 b l ad e le t ) , o ne b ack k n if e /pe rf o ra to r , o ne b ack k n if e /end sc rape r , o ne p e rf o ra to r / t runca t ion /den t i cu la te , o n ee nd sc rape r /den t i cu la te / trun ca t ion . T he c ompo s i te t oo lo nt h e L eva lo i sc o r e i sa ne nd -sc rape r /den t i cu la te . T h et h ree t oo l so nc o r et r imm ing l l emen t s o rb l ock a r e o n e t r unca t ion /aw l o n c r e s t b l ade , o ne e nd sc rape r /den t icu la te o nc o re t a b l e t e a nd o n e s i de sc rape r /bu r in o n b l ock . E igh ty -on e c ompos i te too l s a r e b roken ( 26 .0% ) . T he e nd s c rape r s ' l e ng th s v a ry b e tween 2 5 a nd 8 3 mm , w id th s b e tween 1 a nd 6 3 mm a nd t h ickness e s b e tween 5 a nd 2 0 mm ; t h e i r a ve rage l e ng th i s4 5 .8 mm , a v e rage w id th 3 0 .2 mm a nd a ve rage t h icknes . 7 mm . s 9
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P l a te V I : T oo ls f r om R aqef e t : 1 2 : B u r in s( l ay e r sV I I -V I ) ; 3 5 : P e rf o ra to r s o n b l ade a nd f l ake ( l ay e r V I I ) ; 6 : C ompo s i te t o o l ( p e rf o ra to r /den t icu la te ) o n f l ake ; 7 8 : B ack k n ives o n l a rg e b l ades ( l ay e r s I V , V I ) ; 9 11 : B lade sa nd b l ad e le t( l ay e r s I V , V I I , V I )
1 6 . T he S pec ia lT oo l s I O ne c hamf e r ed f l ake w a su ncove r ed i nl a ye rV I ( P la te V : 1 2 ) .
1 7 . D ive r s o T he d i ve r sc on s i s t o f5 3 r e touched i t em s , w h ich a ccoun t f o r 1 . 7% o ft h e t o l s . E leven c o r e s , e l ev en c o r e t r imm ing e l emen t s a nd t h i r ty -one b u rn to rb r oken u nde te rm ined p i ece s c ompose t h i sc a tegory . 5 2
l our o f O u t o fa l t h e c o r e t r imm ing e l emen t s , t h e r e a r e f ou r c o r e t a b le t s a nd s even c r e s t b l ade s , f w h ich a r eb roken . T hey p r e sen tf i ne o rs em i -ab rup tr e touch o nt h e l a te ra le dge s .
2 .B lank s Ana l y s i s T h e s e lec t ion o f b l ank s f o r t o l s d epend s o n s eve ra l d i f e r en t f a c to r s : t h e a va i lab i l i ty o f r aw o f m a te r ia l , t h e d e s i r ed t oo l t y pe s a nd t h e t r ad i t iona l m ode o fr e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s u sed i nt h e c u l tu ra l g r oup , e t c . I nt h ea semb lage so fR aqef e t , d i f e r en tb l ank t y pe sh ave b een s e lec ted i nt h ep roduc t ion s f o ft o l s , s uch a sL eva lo i s f l ak e s , p r ima ry f l ake s , n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s , b l ade s , i na dd i t ion t os ome o l l c o r e s a nd c o r e t r imm ing e l em en t s . L eva lo i s f l ake s a r e v i ewed a s b e ing t y p ica ly Mou s te r ian l l ( Bo rde s , 1 96 1) w h i le t h eU ppe rP a l eo l i th ic B lade sd om ina te i n Ahma r ian i n du s t r ie s( G i lead , 1 981) . As i gn if i can t p e r cen tage o f t h e a r t if ac t s w a s m anuf a c tu red a s t o l s ( Tab le 1 1 .53 ) . Among t h e o p r oduced b l ank s , s ome o ft h em h ave b een p r ef e rab ly u sed . T h e d i f e r en ce b e tween t h ep ropor t ion s f o ft h e L eva lo i s t oo l s w i th t h o se o fn on re touch ed L eva lo i s f l ak es a sw e l a st h e f r equen cy o ft h e l l l b l ade t oo l s w i th t h ose o f n on r e touch ed b l ade s s ugge s t t h a t s pec ia l a ten t ion w a s p a id t o t h e t L eva lo i s a nd b l ade s b l ank s i nt h e m anuf ac tu r ing o ft o l s . S om e b l ank s w e r e r andom ly u sed , s u ch l o a sc o re so rc o r et r imm ing e l em en t s . T ab le 1 1 .53 : F re c iuenc ie so ft h eR e touched a nd n on -Re touched A r t if ac t s Deb i tage N umbe r
T oo ls
P ieces
N umbe r
%
T o ta l c y .
N umbe r %
L eva lo is F lakes l
8 18
9 4 .5
4 8
5 .5
8 66
1 00 .0
P r ima ry F lakes
1 65
6 0 .7
1 07
3 9 .3
2 72
1 00 .0
7 23
4 0 .6
1 782
2 3 .9
1 295
O the r F lakes
1 059
B lades a nd B lade le ts
9 85
7 6 .1
3 10
CTE
2 7
2 1 .8
9 7
Co res
5 3
2 0 .1
2 11
0
0 .0
8 26
3 6
7 6 .1
1
2 3 .9
Deb r is ( ch ips , c hunks ) D ive rs T o ta l
3 143
5 9 .4
5 7 .4
2 333
1 00 .0 1 00 .0
1 24
1 00 .0
7 9 .9
2 64
1 00 .0
1 00 .0
8 26
1 00 .0
4 6
1 00 .0
7 8 .2
4 2 .6
5 476
1 00 .0
A cco rd ing t ot h e t y pe l i s t s ( Bo rde s , 1 96 1 , H ou r s , 1 974 ) , s om e t oo l s a r e t y p ica l ly Mou s te r ian s uch a st h e d en t icu la te , n o tch e s , s i de sc rape r s , r a c le t te s a nd p o in t s , w h i le o the r s a ppea r mo r e f r equen t ly i n U ppe r P a leo l i th ic a s semb lage s , s u ch a s t h e e nd sc rape r s , b u r in s , p e rf o ra to r s a nd r e touch ed b l ades . I n o rde r t od e te rm ine t h e c or re la t ion b e tween t oo l s t y pe s a nd b l ank s , w e h ave g rouped a l l t h e t o o l p opu la t ion i n to f o u rt y pes : t h e L eva l lo i s B lank s w e r e c l as sif ied i nT ype 1 ,t h e B lade t oo l s i nT ype 2 ,t h en on -Leva l lo i sf l ake s i nT ype 3a nd t h eo th e rt o o lb l ank si nT ype 4( Tab le 1 1 .55 ) . A l l f ou r t y pe s o ccu r i nm o re o r l e s s t h e s ame f r equen c ie s i nt h e d i f f e r en t a s semb lage s , e xcep t f o r t y pe 1 ,w h ich t e nd s t ob e s l igh t ly h i gh e r i nL ay e r VI I I a nd d ec r ea se s g r adua l ly f r om b o t tom t ot o p ( Tab le 1 1 .54 ) . T he r e i sn o s i gn if ican t d i f f e rence a mong t h e f ou r l a y e r s o f R aqef e t . S ince t h e t e chno log ica lt r end sb e tween t h em d o n o t v a ry , w e c a r r ied o u t d e ta i led a na ly ses o fe ach b l ank t y pe a nd o fe ach t o o l c a tego ry w h i le t a k ing i n to a ccoun t t h e e n semb le o ft h e f o u r l a ye r s . T he L eva l lo is b l ank s t y pe 1 ,t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ank s t y pe 2 a nd t h e n on -Leva l lo i s f l ake s t y pe 3 ar e w e l l r e p re sen ted a mong t h e se a s semb lage s . T he r e i sn o s i gn if ican t d i f f e r en ce a mong t h e t oo l s o ft h ese f o u rt y pe s . T he R e touch ed p i ece s , t h en o tch e sa nd d en t icu la te a r ew i thou te x cep t ion d om inan tu pon t h em . T h e b l ade b l ank s a r e n o t p r ef e rab ly s e lec ted f o r t h e m anuf ac tu r ing o f t y p ica l Upper P a leo l i th ic t o l s s u ch a st h e b u r in s , a w ls a nd e nd -sc rape r s , w h ich a ppea r i n mo r e o r l e s t h e s ame o s p e r cen tage o nt h e f l ake s . N ev e r th e les h et r unca ted p i ece s a r e m os t ly m ade o nb l ade s . T he t y p ica l s, t Mou s te r ian t oo l s , s uch a ss i de sc rape r s , r a c le te sa nd p o in t s a r e m o re r e p r e sen ted i nT ype 1t h an i n t T ype 2 , b u t t h ey a r e a l so r e p re sen ted i n T ype s 3a nd 4 . T he d en t i cu la te a nd n o tche s a r e m anuf ac tu red o n b o th f l ak e s a nd b l ade s . F o ro the rt o lc a tego r ies , t h e r e i sn op a r t i cu la rs e lec t ion i n o ype . T he b l ade le t s a r e p oo r ly r e p resen ted ; t h ey a ccoun t f o r 1 . 8% o ft h e t oo l s a nd c on s i s t t h e b l ank t m a in ly o fr e touch ed p i eces ,e nd sc rape r sa nd t r unca ted p i eces . F o rt h e mos t p a r t , L eva lo i s b l ank s a r e s e lec ted f o rt h e m anuf a c tu r ing o ft h e Mou s te r ian t o l s a nd l o l e s s o f o rt h e p roduc t ion o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t o l s . T h e b l ade b l ank s a r e f i r s t s e lec ted t op roduce s o t y p ica lU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t o l s( Tab le 1 1 .56 ) . o
5 3
5 3 c o re s h ave b een m od if ied a s t oo l s , m os t o ft h em a tt h e e nd o ft h e i r e xp lo i ta t ion . T h e se c ore s l o a ccoun t f o r 2 0% o fa ft h e c o re s ' p opu la t ion . T he m o rpho logy o ft h e c o re s p l ay s am a jo r r o le i n l t h e m anuf ac tu r ing o ft oo l s . T he b u r ins o n c o re s a r e g ene ra ly m ade o n b l ade c o re s b ecau se t h ey h ave a n a tu ra l d ihed ra l e dge , w h ich p e rm i ts t h em t o e a s i ly o b ta in a n e ff ic ien t b u r in . F o r t h e L eva lo i sc o res , i ti st h e l a te ra le dges t h a ta r e r e touched i n to t o l s , b ecause i ti s a mo r e e ff i c ien t p a r t l o t o b e u s ed a s at oo l . T he m od if ica t ion i nt oo l s o ccu r s g ene ra ly a f t e r t h e r emova l o fo ne o r t wo l f l ake s f r om t h e l owe r s u rf ace , i no rde r t o g e t t h e c or t a ng le f o r t h e r e touch . Mos t o ft h e f l ake rec c o re s h ave b een u sed a st oo l s b ef o r e b e ing t u rned i n to c o res . T ho se , w h ich w e re m anuf a c tu red a s t l sa f t e rb e ing u sed a sc o res , w e re t r ea ted s imp ly a sf l akes . oo T ab le 1 1 .54 : F requenc ie s o ft h e F ou rB lank T ype s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t T oo ls T ype T ype T ype T ype
1 2 3 4
T o ta l T yp e
R aqe fe tV I I I r N umbe % 8 1 3 7 .7 5 9 2 7 .4
R aqe fe tV I I
R aqe fe tV I N r % umbe 1 65 2 4 .2 2 41 3 5 .3 2 51 3 6 .8 6 5 3 0 .2 1 0 4 .6 2 5 3 .7 9 2 15 9 .9 9 1 933 9 .9 6 82 1 00 .0 l 1 :T oo ls o nL eva lo is f l akes , T ype 2 :T oo ls o n B l ade / le t s T ype 3 :T oo l so n F l ake sa nd N r % umbe 4 95 2 5 .6 5 79 2 9 .9 7 87 4 0 .7 7 2 3 . 7
R aqe fe t I V T o ta l N umbe ` ) / 0 umbe r % N r 7 7 2 4 .6 8 18 2 6 .0 3 1 06 3 .9 9 85 3 1 .3 1 21 3 8 .7 1 224 3 9 .0 16 9 2 .9 3 .7 3 13 1 00 .1 3 143 1 00 .0 T ype 4 :T oo ls o nc o r e so ro n o t he rp i ece s .
T ab le 1 1 .55 : F requenc ie s o ft h eT oo l sa mong t h e F ou rB lank T ype s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t B lank G roups T oo ls l L eva lo is P o in ts Em i reh P o in ts S ide -sc rape rs t R ac le tes D en t icu la te , n o tches R e touched P ieces B u r ins E nd -sc rape rs P e r fo ra to rs T runca ted p i eces K n ives C ompos i te t oo ls S pec ia l t oo ls T o ta l %
T ype 1 N umbe r % 8 3 1 0 .1 0 0 .0 1 06 1 3 .0 5 1 6 .2 1 55 1 8 .9 1 99 2 4 .3 2 0 .2 4 8 5 .9 2 3 2 .8 4 0 .5 1 1 . 3 1 36 1 6 .6 0 0 .0 9 8 18 9 .9 2 6 .0%
T ype 2 ) / 0 N umbe r ` 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 2 1 . 2 6 0 .6 2 90 2 9 .4 3 69 3 7 .5 2 0 .2 9 5 9 .6 3 5 3 .6 8 6 8 .7
T ype 3 N umbe r % 0 0 .0 1 0 . 1 7 9 6 .4 6 7 5 .5 2 57 2 1 .0 4 5 48 4 .7 9 0 .7 1 20 9 .8
3 0 .3 8 7 8 .8 0 0 .0 9 9 85 9 .9 3 1 .3%
7 0 .6 8 5 6 .9 0 0 .0 1 224 1 00 .0 3 9 .0%
3 4 1 8
T ype 4 N umbe r % 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 2 1 0 .3 1 0 .9 2 5 2 1 .6 5 3 4 5 .6 6 5 .2 9 7 .8 2 1 . 7 1 0 .9 1 0 .9 4 3 .4 1 0 .9 16 1 00 .1 3 . 7%
2 .8 1 . 5
T o ta l N umbe r % 8 3 3 . 0 1 0 .0 2 09 6 .7 1 25 4 .0 7 27 2 3 .1 169 3 7 .2 1 9 0 .6 2 72 8 .7 9 4 3 .0 1 09 3 .5 2 2 0 . 7 3 12 9 .9 1 0 .0 3 143 1 00 .0 1 00 .0%
l T ype 1 : Too ls o n L eva lo is f l ake s , T ype 2 :T oo ls o n B l ade a nd h l ade le t s , T ype 3 :T oo ls o n o t he r F l akes a nd T ype 4 :T oo ls o n C TE , c o r e sa nd f r agmen ta ry p i ece s .
T ab le 1 1 .56 : F requenc ie s o f Mou s te r ian a nd B lade T oo l s a mong t h e L eva l lo is a nd B lade B lank s L eva l lo is B lanks N umbe r % Mous te r ian T oo ls U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo ls T o ta l
3 95 7 7 4 72
B lade B lanks N u mbe r % 7 7 2 6 .1 2 18 7 3 .9 2 95 1 00 .0
8 3 .7 1 6 .3 1 00 .0
T ab le 1 1 .57 : D imen s ion s o ft h eC omp le te B lade T oo ls* i nt h eL aye r so fR aqef e t T rans i t iona l L eve ls R a c ie fe t 1 I V R a c ie fe tV I I R aqe fe tV I I I R aqe fe tV I
N umbe r * O fT oo ls
X
1
5 8 6 6 10 3 0
5 1 .8 5 3 .1 5 6 .3 5 8 .4
2 s . d . 2 1 .8 1 7 .7 1 4 .4 1 2 .8
X 2 1 .1 2 1 .2 2 4 .4 2 4 .7
3 s . d . 7 .2 5 .4 6 . 1 4 .7
X 8 .3 9 . 1 1 0 .9 1 3 .0
s . d . 3 . 4 3 .5 3 . 6 2 .5
I : L eng th ; 2 :W id th ; 3 :T h ickness *Measu remen t s a re f o r c omp le te p ieces o n ly ( i n mm ) .
S i ze o ft h eB lade s l T he m ean d imen s ion s o f t h e r e touched p i eces a r e t h e g rea te s t o u t o f a l t h e p opu la t ion o f t h e l a r t if ac ts . T h is s ugge s ts t h a t t h e l a rge r a r t if ac t s w e re g ene ra ly s e lec ted t o b e mod if ied i n to t oo l s . s) o T he m ean d imen s ion s ( l eng th , w id th a nd t h icknes ft h e b l ade s d ec rea se s i gn if ican t ly t h roughou t t ime ( Tab le 1 1 .57 ) .
5 4
V . CONCLUS ION ON RAQEFET T h e R aqef e t c av e e xh ib i t s f ou r a semb lages , w h ich a r e c ha rac te r ized b y L eva lo i s a nd b l ade s l i mp lem en t s . P o s t -depos i t iona lp roces s , w h ich p robab ly o ccur u r ing t h e Mou s te r ian a nd /o rt h e se red d T ran s i t iona lp ha se s i nR aq ef e t , h ave s omehow a f ec ted t h e c ompo s i t ion o ft h e l a y e r s . N eve r th e les f s, a co rd ing t ot h e d eg r ee o fp r eserva t ion o ft h e L am ina r a nd L eva lo i s p roduc t s ( a s w e l a s b y t h e c l l d i s t r ibu t ion o ft h e m a te r ia l , wh ich r ema in s mo re o r l e s c on s tan t i nm o s t s qua r e s a nd l a y e r s ) i t s s em st h a tt h eL eva lo i sf l ake sa nd t h eb l ade sd e r iv ed f r om t h e s ame l a y e r s . e l T h e a na ly s i s o f t h e c o r e s o f R aqef e t VI IV i n d ica te s t h e u se o f s eve ra l m ode s o f r edu c t ion I Is t r a teg ie s a mong t h e L eva lo i s c o r e s , t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade c o r e s a nd t h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake l l c o r e s . I nt h eu ppe rl a ye r ,t h eb l ade c o r es t e nd t oi n c r ea se a tt h ee xpen s eo ft h eL eva lo i sc o re s . I na l l t h e se l a y e r s , t h eb l ade c o r e sd om ina te ; t h e L eva lo i sc o r e s a nd f l ake c o re s a r ew e lr e p r e sen ted . F o r l l t h eL eva lo i sc o re s , p r ef e r en t ia la nd r e cur tL eva lo i s m e thod sa r ee mp loy ed f o rt h ep roduc t ion o f l ren l L eva lo i s b l ank s ; t h eu n ipo la rc o re r e du c t ion m ode sd om ina te i na l l a ye r s , a nd t h eb i po la rc o re sa r e l l a b sen to rp oo r ly r e p re sen t ed . T he q uad rangu la rp r ef e r en t ia l f l ake c o re sa nd t h e c en t r ipe ta lc o r e s a r e s i gn if ican t among t h eL eva lo i sc o r e s . l T h e l a te ra l f l ak ing c o r e s , t h e a x i s -f lak ing c o r e s a nd t h e t w i s ted -oppo sed p l a tf o rm c o r e s a r e s i gn if ican t a mong t h e l am ina r c o r e s . N ah r Ib rah im c o r e s , p seudo -Leva lo i s c o re s a nd l u nd if r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s a l so o ccu r i nt h e se a semb lage s . T he L eva lo i s a nd b l ade fe s l c o r e sa r eg ene ra ly e xh au s ted , s ev e ra lo ft h em h av ing b een r e -u sed a st o l s . l o T h e f ou ra semb lage se xh ib i t s eve r a lt y pe s o fr aw m a te r ia l s s u ch a sn ar ebb les , t a bu la rf l i n t o r s row p r ounded n odu le s . S om e t h i ck f l ake s w e r e a l so u sed a sc o r e s . T h e L eva lo i s c o r e s a r e m o s t o f t en o n l n odu les . T he se r aw m a t e r ia ls w e r e a l so u sed f o r t h e L am ina r c o r e s , b u t t h e t a bu la r f l in t o r n ar row p ebb les h ave b o th b een s e lec ted f o r l am ina r p roduc t ion s . T h e r e la t ion b e tween t h e m o rpho logy o f t h e c o re b l ank s a nd t h e f l ak ing m e thod s i se v iden t f o r t h e L am ina r c o re s , w he re r ounded n odu le s w e r e t h e s e lec ted r aw m a te r ia l s f o r t h e t w i s ted -ax i s f l ak ing m ode s , a nd t h e n ar ebb le s o r row p t a bu la r f l in t w e r e u sed f o r l a te ra l o r a x i s f l ak ing . R ounded p ebb le s w e r e u sed f o r t h e u nd if fe r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s a nd t h e p seudo -Leva l lo i s c o r e s ; a nd l a rge a nd t h ick f l ake s w e r eu t i l ized f o rN ah rI b rah im c o r e s . l l l T h e c o r e s a r e g en e ra ly e xhau s ted a nd s ma l . S ome l am ina r a nd L eva lo i s c o re s w e r e d i sca rded red d t l b ecau se o fh i nge f r ac tu r e s t h a t o ccur u r ing t h e l a s t a temp t t od e tach ab l ank . T he L eva lo i s , l o N ah r I b rah im a nd p seudo -Leva lo i s c o r e s , wh ich h ave b een m od if ied i n to t o l s a tt h e e nd o ft h e i r o e xp lo i ta t ion , a r e s i gn if i can t , w h i le al ow p e r cen tage o fl am ina rc o r es h a sb een u sed a st o l s . s l l T he R aqef e t a semb lage s e xh ib i t L eva lo i s f l ake s , l a rge b l ade s , b l ade s a nd n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s i n l l l a a ye r s . A sw ee xpec t ed , t h e m o rpho logy o ft h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ak e s a nd b l ade sd e sc r ibed h e r e i s l i nl i ne w i th t h e f l ak ing m odes d ef ined f r om t h e c o r e s ' a na ly s i s . T h e L eva lo i s f l ake s a r e m os t ly q uad rangu la r i ns hape , b ea r f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s , a nd s how u n ipo la r o r u n ipo la r c onv e rgen t t s c a r p a te rn s . T he n on r e touched b l ade s a r e mos t ly r e c tangu la r , o f t en t w i s ted , b ea r u n ipo la r s c a r t p a te rn s a nd s how p l a in o r f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . S om e o ft h em e xh ib i t t r ace s o fa b ra s ion o n t h e i rh anged e dge s . s o T he R aqef e t a semb lage s d emon s t ra t e h i gh f r equen c ies o fr e touched t o l s . T hey a r e m a rk ed b y b o th M idd le P a leo l i th ic a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic t oo l s . T he r e touch ed f l ak es o rb l ade s , d en t icu la te a nd n o tch es c on s t i tu te t h em a in t oo lt y pe s , w h i le t h e b u r in s , k n ive s ,p e rf o ra to r sa nd t r un ca ted p i ece sa r e s s l l l e sr e p r e sen ted . T he f ou ra semb lage s r e vea l h igh p e r cen tage so fL eva lo i s b l ank s a sw e l a sb l ade l b l ank s . F o r t h e mo s t p a r t , L eva lo i s b l ank s a r e s e lec ted f o r t h e m anuf ac tu r ing o ft h e Mou s te r ian o s o t o l s a nd l e s s o f o rt h ep roduc t ion o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t o l s . T he b l ade b l ank s a r e f i r s t s e lec ted t o o p roduce t y p ica lU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t o l s . l f T h e r ef o r e , a tR aqef e t , a tl e a s tt wo r a d ica ly d i f e ren t c o r er educ t ion s t ra teg ie sw e r eu sed t op roduce f o b l ank s f o r d i f e r en t s e t s o fr e touched t o ls . T he s i gn if ican t p e r cen tage o fr e touched a r t if ac t s , t h e e p r ima ry a nd c or t ica l f l ake s a nd b l ade s a mong t h e b l ank s , a nd t h e u t i l iza t ion o fc o r e s a st oo l s s em l t oi n d ica te at r end f o rt h er a ndom u se o fa lt y pes o fr aw m a te r ia l
5 5
CHAPTER F OUR EL W AD
THE S ITE T he c av eo fE l - Wad i s lo ca ted i n Wad ie l - Mugha ra , Moun tC a rm e l . I tc on s i s t s o fa no u t e ra nd i nn e r c hambe r ( Ia nd I ) a nd a lo ng c or r o f7 1 m ( c hambe r s I I -V I ) ( Gar nd B a te , 1 937 ) . T he rido rod a e n t rance t o t h e c ave i s aw e l -f o rm ed a r chway f a c ing NW , f l anked b y t wo e l ip t i ca l n a tu ra l l l h e w indow s . I mm ed ia te ly i n s ide t h e e n t ran ce i s al a rge i egu la rc hambe r( I ) m ea su r ing 1 5x 10 m2.T r i ne rc hambe rI ,w h ich m ea su res 1 0x8 m o pen s d i r ec t ly o u to fc h ambe r Io ni t s s ou th -ea s te rn s i d e . n I nf r on t o ft h e c av e t h e r e i s a s ma l t e race . O u ts ide t h e c ave i s al a rg e t a lu s o fa r ound 5 m , wh ich l r f a ls s t eep ly a way t h et e race t owa rd st h ep l a in . l r I n t h e a u tumn o f 1 928 M r . L ambe r t u nde r took f i v e s ound ing s a tt h e Mugha r e t e l Wad i no rde r t o e va lua te t h e s i te , t h r ee t h a t t ok p l ace i n s ide t h e c ave a nd t wo o n t h e t e race . L ambe r t d i d n o t o r e xcava te b e low t h e N a tuf ian l a y e r , b u t h e d id m ake i mpo r tan t d i scove r ie s t h a t p e rm i t t h e r e cogn i t ion o fE l Wad a s a n a r chaeo log ica ly i mpo r tan t s i te , e spec ia ly f o r t h e N a tuf ian c u l tu r e l l (We in s te in -Ev ron , 1 998 ) . F u r the re x cava t ion s w e r e c a r ied o u t b yG ar 1929 1933 ) , b o th i n s ide r rod ( t h e c av ea nd o nt h et e race . C hambe r s Ia nd I h av e b een d ug d own t ot h eb ed rock , w h i le c hambe r r I h a s b een p a r t ia ly e xcava ted a nd c hambe r I V h a s b een s ounded ; t h es e a l r evea led a n i mpor tan t I l l s ucces f l a y e r s . N eve r the les o c omp le te s e quence o f Mou s te r ian , U ppe r P a l eo l i th ic a nd sion o s, n N a tuf ian l a ye r s w a s f o und i na ny o n e s e c t ion , a st h e a r chaeo log ica l l a ye r s a r e u nequa ly d i s t r ibu ted l i nt h e c ave . T he Mou s te r ian ( Laye rG ) , w h ich w a su n cove r ed i nC hambe r Ia nd i nd eep d ep r e ss ion s , a nd t h eU ppe rP a leo l i th ic ( Laye rF )t h a tl i e si nc hambe r s Ia nd I have al im i ted e x ten s ion c ompa r ed t o t h e a bove l a y e r s ( Map o ft h e C ave : G ar nd B a te 1 937 ; We in s te in -Ev ron 1 998 : 2 1) . I n t h e rod a y ea r s 1 980 -81 l im i ted e xcava t ion s o n t h e T er e r e c onduc ted b y F . V a la a nd 0 .Ba r -Yo sef race w l ( Va la e ta l , 1 986 ) , w hose a im i tw a st ov e r if yt h e s t r a t ig raphy o ft h e N a tuf ian l a y e r s a sd ef ined b y l G ar . T he c av ew a sr e -ex cava ted i n1 988 -89 b y M . E v ron - We in s te in , who u ncove red ar i ch E a r ly rod N a tuf ian l a ye r i nC hambe rI I (We in s te in -Ev ron , 1 998 ) . S i nce 1 994 , n ew e xcava t ion so nt h et e ra ce r a r e c ondu c ted b yM . We in s te in -Ev ron a nd D .Kaufman a nd a r ec on cen t ra ted o nt h eN a tuf i an l a ye r s .
S TRAT IGRAPHY T he s t ra t ig raph ic s equence e s tab l i shed b y G ar e vea led s e ven a r chaeo log ica l h o r izon s a s t h e rod r f o low ing : l L ayer A d a te sf r om B ronze a ge t or e cen tt im e . L ayer B d i v ided i n to s ub lay e r sB 1 U ppe rN a tuf ian a nd B 2 L owe rN a tuf ian . L ayer CA t l i t ian w a sf ound a tt h ee n t ran ce o fC hambe rI I a nd i nt h e i n e rp a r to fC hambe rI . n L ayer D i sd i v ided i n to t wo s ub laye r s : D1 -D2 M idd le A u r ignac ian . L aye r Dw a s a b sen t f r om t h e T er nd t h em a in p a r to fC hambe rI ,b u tw a sp r e sen t i nC hambe rI . race a L ayer E i s M idd le A u r ignac ian . L ayer F i sd i v ided i n to s ub lay e r s F1L owe r A u r igna c ian a nd F 2 U ppe r L eva lo i so - Mou s te r ian . l T h i s l a y e r w a s f ound i nC hambe r s Ia nd I . I n C hambe r I , th i s l a y e r c on s i s ts o f av a s t n umbe r o f f l in t f l ake s a nd i mp lemen t s , f o rm ing ab ed w i th a n a ve rage t h icknes f0 . 10 m . T h e s ou th -we s te rn s o a r ea b e low t h e b a se o f Ey i e lded az one o fr e d i sh e a r th , 0 . 50 m i nt h icknes s, wh ich c on ta in ed b o th A u r igna c ian a nd L eva l lo i so - Mou s te r ian f l in t s . L ayer G w a sc l as sif i ed a sU ppe rL eva l lo i so - Mou s te r i an . rod f l G ar i r s t i n te rp re ted t h e s equence a s t h e f o low ing : Mou s te r ian ( l ay e r G ) c ove red b y U ppe r s P a leo l i th ic d epo s i t s ( l aye r s F ,E , Da nd C ) . L a te r , s h ec hanged h e ri n te rp re ta t ion a nd a s igned l a ye r s rod a rod Ga nd Ft o as i ng le c u l tu ra l u n i t d ef ined a s a" t ran s i t iona l" i n du s t ry ( Gar nd B a te 1 937 ; G ar s l 1 951 :12 1130 ) . T h i sa semb lage c on s i s t s o fb l ades a nd L eva lo i s p roduc t s , w i th t h e p r e sence o ft h e 5 6
Em i r eh p o in t . D ue t ot h ev a r ied n a tu r eo ft h ea s semb lage so fE l Wad G a nd F ,m o s tp re sen t s cho la r s s u spec tt h a tt h e se l a ye r sw e r ed i s tu rbed a st h er e su l to fe r os ion a nd k a r s t i ca c t iv i t ie so ccur ring i nt h e N o r th e rn I s rae l i c ave s a tt h e o n se t o ft h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic ( Ba r -Yosef a nd V ande rmee r sch , 1 972 ) . N ev e r th e les s, a sw e m en t ioned c on ce rn ing t h e o the ra s semb lage s wh ich y i e lded b o th L eva l lo i s a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic a r t if a c t s f r om N o r the rn I s rae l i c ave s , i ti s p os sib le t h a t p os t -depo s i t iona l p r oces se s o ccur red w i th in t h e " t ran s i t iona l" l a y e r s a nd n o t b e tween t h e Mou s te r ian a nd t h e U ppe r P a l eo l i th ic h o r izon s . T h e r ef o r e , t h e a s s emb lage s o fE l Wad Fa nd G a r e n o t n ece ssa ry t h e r e su l t o f m echan ica l a dm ix tu re s , b u tc ou ld r a th e rt e s t if yt ot h e e x i s ten ce o f as epa ra te c u l tu ra le n t i ty . D ue t o t h e l a ck o fg eo log ica l d a ta , i ti sn o t c ur ren t ly p os sib le t od ef ine t h e e x ten t a nd i mpac t o ft h e p o s t d epo s i t iona l p roces se s i n t h e E l Wad c ave . F u r the r e xcava t ion s i n s ide t h e c ave w i th g r ea te r s t ra t ig raph ic p r ec i s ion a r e n eces sa ry t o v e r if y t h e h ypo th e s i s o f am ixed l a ye r ; h oweve r , w e d i d m anage t os t udy t h e g en e ra l c ompos i t ion o ft h e a s semb lage so fE l Wad Fa nd G i no rde rt od ef ine t h ep os sib le c u l tu ra l r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h em a nd t h e o th e rN o r th e rn I s rae l i i n du s t r ies , a sw e l l a s b e tween t h ea s semb lage so fK sa r Ak i l XX I -X IV ,w h e r e n o s i gn if ican td i s tu rbances w e r er e po r ted . G ar rod 's t y po log ica la na ly s i so ft h em a te r ia l f r om E l Wad F 2a nd G i s sho r t ly s umma r ized i nT ab le I V . 1 . T he t o ta lc o l lec t ion i n c lude s 1 056 i mp lem en t s f ound i nL ay e rF 2 a nd 1 499 wh ich w e r e f ound i nL aye rG . T he a s semb lage sa r ec ha rac te r ized b yt h e a s soc ia t ion o fL eva l lo is a nd b l ade b l ank s ; t h e m a in t oo lt ype sd ef ined b yG ar rod a r et h e s i de -sc rape r sa nd t h eL eva l lo i sp o in t s . T h e m a te r ia l f r om E l - Wad i ss t o r ed i nd i f f e r en t mu seum s a l l o ve r t h e w o r ld . F o r t h i s s t udy , 5 00 i mp lemen t s f r om t h e R ockef e l le r Mu seum i nJ e ru sa lem w e r e r a ndom ly e xam ined . Two s amp les , e a ch o f2 50 a r t if a c t sc on ta in ing c o r e s ,t o o l sa nd d eb i tage p roduc t s ,w e r et a ken f r om E l Wad F ,G . T h e m a te r ia l f r om E l Wad G w a s u ncove red i nt h ree d i f f e r en t p l a ces i nt h e c ave , i nt h e n o r th e a s te rn a nd s ou th -we s te rn a l cove sa nd i nt h ep i t o fc hambe r I( Gar rod a nd B a te , 1 937 ) . T he e xac t p rov enance o ft h e s amp le f r om E l Wad G i su nknown . T h e s e cond s amp le d e r iv ed f r om E l Wad F 2 , b u tt h e p r e sence o ft h e s i gn if i can tn umbe ro fb l ade s i nt h i sa s semb lage , w h ich w e r e n o tr e po r ted b y G ar rod a nd B a te ( 1937 ) , s ugge s t s ap os sib le a dm ix tu r e w i th t h e m a te r ia l f r om t h e u nde r ly ing s ub l a y e r F l . S ince t h e p rovenance o ft h e s amp le s f r om E l Wad Fa nd G i su n ce r ta in , w e s ha l l p r e sen t h e r et h e m a in r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie su sed a sw e l l a st h e b l ank a nd t o o lt y pe s . T he f r equenc ie s o fe ach c a tegory o f p roduc t s h ave t o b e c on s ide r ed w i th s om e l i m i ta t ion s , i . e . d emon s t ra t ing o n ly t h e g en e ra lc ompos i t ion o ft h ea s semb lage s . T ab le I V .1 : Numbe ro fT oo l sa nd D eb i tage T ype s ( A cco rd ing t o( i ar rod a nd B a te , 1 937 ) E L WAD T oo ls P o in ts R ac lo i rs E nd -sc rape rs S teep -sc rape rs N o tches F lakes S quamous F lakes B u r ins C h ise ls C hoppe r H and -axe V a r ious T o ta l
E l Wad G * N umbe r 9 9 1 84 7 3 6 0 5 2
E l Wad F 2 N umbe r 7 3 1 24
2 6 8
D eb i tage C o res L eva lo is F l akes l F lakes F lake -b lades F lake a nd b l ades I n t rus ive f r om B
5 1 4 4 3 56
2 0 2 51
E l Wad F 2 N umbe r 3 00 2 19 2 86
E l Wad G N umbe r 3 17 4 02
4 18 6
143
8 05
* The m a t e r ia l o fE l Wad U p resen t i nt he t a b le i st h a to ft h e NE . a nd SW .a l coves a nd p i t .
T ab le I V .2 :N umbe ro fT oo l s , D eb i tage a nd C o re s F ound i nt h e S amp le so fE l Wad Fa nd G E L WAD A r t i fac ts T oo ls D eb i tage C o res T o ta l
E l Wad G N umbe r
E l Wad F N umbe r 1 36 4 4 7 0 2 50
1 39 6 1 5 0 * 2 50
* T h r e ec o res h ave b een s e conda r i yu sed a st o o ls .
5 7
T o ta l N umbe r 2 75 1 05 1 20 5 00
T ab le I V .3 :N umbe ro fA l lA r t if ac t s( Too l sa nd n on -Re touched P i e ce s ) E l Wad F N umbe r
E l Wad G N umbe r
T o ta l N umbe r
l L eva lo is F lakes l L eva lo is B lades
9 5 3
1 00 1 5
1 95 1 8
L a rge B lades P r ima ry F lakes O the r F lakes
2 0 2 3 9
B lades B lade le ts
1 5 2 2 0 4 1 4
CTE C o res
0 7 0
1 5 0 2 50
3 5 4 5 9 6 8 7 1 1 20
E L WAD A r t i fac ts B lanks
T o ta l
2 0 3
2 50
5 00
L ITH IC PRODUCT ION s o roduc ts a nd c o r e s T he a semb lage s o fE l Wad Fa nd G e xh ib i t h i gh f r equen c ie s o ft o l s , d eb i tage p ( Tab le I V .2 ) . T hey a r e c ha ra c te r ized b y t h e p r e sence o fL eva l lo i s a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ades , a s w e l l a sb yn on -Leva l lo i s f l ake r e duc t ion s t ra teg ies ( Tab le I V .3 ) .
I .RA W MATER IAL T he p r edom inan t r aw m a te r ia l i nt h e se a s semb lage s o ccu r s i nt h e f o rm o fm ed ium o rs ma l l n odu la r f l in t o fl o ca l o r ig in , a nd l e s s f r equen t ly o n l a rge n odu le s o rp ebb le s . A l l o ft h e se w e r e u s ed f o rt h e p rodu c t ion o fb o th L eva l lo i s a nd l am ina r b l ank s . Ac er ta in n umbe ro fa b raded f l in t s w e r e f o und i n t h e se a s semb lage s , a sw e l l a s af ew r o l led a r t if a c t s ; t h i s p henom enon may b e d ue t ot h e a c t ion o f w a te ri nt h eb a ck o ft h ec ave .
I . THE CORES T he a s semb lage s o f E l Wad a r e c ha rac te r ized b y L eva l lo i s , n on -Leva l lo i s f l ake a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s . D e sp i te t h e o ccur rence o fL eva l lo i s b l ade s , i t se em s t h a t n o L eva l lo i s b l ade c o r e a ppea r s i nt h e a s semb lage . T h e f r equen c ie s o ft h e L eva l lo i s c o re s a nd t h e l am ina rc o r es a r ew e l lr e p re sen ted . T h e n on -Leva l lo i s f l ake c o r e sa r e l e ss s i gn if i can t( Tab l e I V .4 ) .
1 .L eva l lo i s me thod s T he 9 7 L eva l lo i sc o r e su n cov e r ed i nt h e a s semb lage sc on s t i tu te t h em a in c o re c a tego r ie s , e s pec ia l ly i nl a y e r G . Sma l l p ebb le s o r l a rge n odu le s h ave b een u sed a s r aw m a te r ia l s . T h e a s semb lage s a r e c ha rac te r ized b y ag r ea t v a r ie ty o fL eva l lo i sc o r e s , s i n ce p r ef e r en t ia l ,r e cur ren tu n ipo la r , b i po la ra nd c en t r ipe ta l a r e a l l r e p resen ted ; h oweve r , t h e d om inan ce o f t h e r e cur ren t u n ipo la r a s w e l l a s c en t r ipe ta l L eva l lo i s r e duc t ion m odes c on s t i tu te t h e m a in L eva l lo i s c o r e c a tego r ies ( Tab le I V .5 ) . F o rt h e m os tp a r t ,t h e s e c o r e s a r e s ma l l a nd e xhau s ted , s om e t im e s b e ing r e -used a st o o ls a tt h e e nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion . l 1 . A : T he P r ef e ren t ia lL eva lo i s C ore s l rod 1 Twen ty p r ef e r en t ia l L eva lo i s c o r e sh ave b een u ncov e r ed i nE l Wad Fa nd G ( Gar 95 1 ,P l a te I : l 7a nd 8 ) ; s ma l p ebb le s ( 16 ) o r b l ock s ( 3 ) h ave b een u sed a s t h e r aw m a te r ia l s . O u t o f t h e l p r ef e ren t ia l L eva lo i s c o re s , t h e p r ef e r en t ia l q uad rangu la r f l ake c o r e s a r e t h e m a in g roup , w h i le t h e l p r ef e ren t ia l t r iangu la r f l ak e c o r e s a r e p oo r ly r e p re sen ted . T h e se c o r e s a r e mos t ly s ma l a nd e xhau s ted ( Tab le I V .6 ) .
5 8
1 . A1 : T he Q uad rangu lar P ref eren t ia lF lak e C or e s T he n i ne teen q uad rangu la r p r ef e r en t ia l f l ak e c o r e s a r e r ounded o r q uad rangu la r i ns hape ; m o s t o f red d t t h em a r e e xhau s ted a nd s om e man if e s t h i nge f r ac tu r e s , w h ic h o ccur u r ing t h e l a s t a temp t t o d e tach af l ake . T h e q uad rangu la r p r ef e r en t ia l c o r e s e xh ib i t as i ng le s c a r r emova l c ove r ing m os t o f t h e f l ak ing s u rf a ce ( Tab le I V .7 ) . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e m os to f ten f a ce ted ( 1 3 ) ; t h ed i hed ra l ( 4 ) s a nd p l a in ( 2 ) a r e l e s r e p r e sen ted . T h e l owe r p a r t o ft h e c o re s i sm o s t o f t en s l igh t ly c onvex a nd c or t i ca l ( 9 ) ; h oweve r , t h r ee e xh ib i t s e can t r emova l s c a r s , w h i le f i ve h ave ac on ic b a s i s f o rm ed b y p e r iphe ra l r emova l s . Two m an if e s t s c a r s o f o ne o r t wo f l ake s o n t h e i r l owe r s u rf ace , w h ich red a l l o ccur f te rt h ey h ad b een u sed a sL eva lo i s c o r e s . T h i s s e cond u t i l iza t ion o ft h e L eva lo i s c o re s e s h a sb een s en i no the ra semb lage s , s u ch a s i nR aqef e t , Em i reh a nd K eba ra . T h e c o re se xh ib i t m o s t 1 o f ten s e can t s c a r r emova l s , wh ich i n d ica te ac en t r ipe ta l p r epa ra t ion ( 1) ; i no ne c a se , t h e l a te ra l c onv ex i t ie sa r e m a in ta ined b yt h ed e ta chmen to fd ebo rdan tf l ake s f r om t h e l a te ra ls i de s ; s even c o r e s e xh ib i to no ne s i de r emova l so fd ebo rdan tf l ake s , a nd o nt h eo th e r , s em i -cen t r ipe ta lr emova l s c a r s . 1 . A2 : T he T r iangu lar P ref e ren t ia lF lak eC or e s T he p r ef e r en t ia l T r iangu la r f l ake c o r e i sr ough ly t r i angu la r i ns hape a nd e xh ib i t s at r i angu la r s c a r t p a te rn . T h is c o r e i se xhau s ted , a nd t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm i sf a ce ted . T h e l owe r p a r t o ft h e c o r e i s c onv ex , h av ing b een f o rm ed b yp r ede te rm in ing r emova l s . T h e l a te ra lc onv ex i t ies a r em a in ta ined o n o ne l a te ra ls i de b yt h ed e ta chmen to fd ebo rdan tf l ake sa nd o nt h eo th e rb ys e can t r emova l s . ren l LB : T he R ecur tL eva lo i s C ore s ren l T he r e cur t L eva lo i s c o r e s a r e a lway s d om inan t i nt h e se l a y e r s ( Tab le I V .5 ) . O u t o ft h e se , t h e ren ren ren r e cur t u n ipo la r c o r e s a nd t h e r e cur t c en t r ipe ta l c o r e s d om ina te , w h i le t h e r e cur t b i po la r s c o r e sa r e l e sr e p r esen ted . ren l 1 .B1 : T he R ecur t U n ipo lar L eva lo i s C or e s ren l I ren O u t o f t h e t h i r ty two r e cur t u n ipo la r L eva lo i s c o re s ( P la te V I : 1 ) , e l even a r e r e cur t l c onv e rgen t . S om ec o r e s a r et o ta ly e xhau s ted ( 7 ) w h i le o t he r se xh ib i t h i nge f r a c tu r e s o nt h e i ru ppe r l l ses s o s u rf a ces ( 8 ) . T he d i sca rded c o re sa r e g ene ra ly s ma l( Tab le I V .6 ) . T he se c o r e sp os ne s t r ik ing s p l a tf o rm , a nd m o s t o ft h em b ea r f a ce ted p r epa ra t ion ( 27 ) , l e s d i hed ra l s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s ( 3 ) o r p l a in o n es ( 1 ) , w h i le o n e i s undef ined . T h es e c o r e s a r e q uad rangu la ro rr ounded i ns hape . S om e o f t h em a r e e xhau s ted ( 9 ) a nd o the r s e xh ib i t h i nge f r ac tu r e s o n t h e i r u ppe r s u rf ace ( 8 ) . T he c o re s l e xh ib i t b e tween t wo a nd f o u r s ma l s c a r r emova ls o n t h e u ppe r s u rf ace o ft h e c o r e s ( Tab le I V .7 ) . ren t Mo s t o ft h e r e cur t u n ipo la r c o r e s e xh ib i t q uad rangu la r o r r ounded s c a r p a te rn s ( 2 1) ; t h e o th e r t t c o r e s b ea r t r iangu la r s c a r p a ter n s ( 9 ) o r u nde te rm ined s c a r p a ter n s ( 2 ) . S i x teen c o r e s h ave a s l igh t ly c onvex n a tu ra l l owe r s u rf ace ; t we lv e o ft h em e xh ib i t s e can t r emova l s c a r s o n t h e l owe r s u rf ace w i th s om e c or t ica l p a r t s ; t wo h ave ac on ic b a s i s f o rm ed b y p e r iphe ra l r emova l s , a nd t wo l e xh ib i t r emova l s c a r s o nt h e i r l owe rs u rf a ce , p robab ly d e ta ch ed a f te rt h e i re xp lo i ta t ion a sL eva lo i s c or e s . F o r t wen ty sev en c o r e s , t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined b y t h e d e tachm en t o f d ebo rdan t f l ake s f r om t h e l a te ra l p a r t s , a nd b y s om e s e can t r emova l s i nt h e d i s ta l o r l a te ra l p a r t s , w h i le f o r f i ve o th e r c o r e s t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t i es a r e m a in ta ined o n o ne s i de b y t h e d e tachm en t o f d ebo rdan tf l ake sa nd o nt h eo t he rb ys em i -cen t r ipe ta lr emova l . ren l 1 .B2 : T he R ecur tB ipo lar L eva lo i s C ore s ren I O u t o ft h e e l even r e cur t b i po la r c o r e s ( P la te V I : 2 ) , s even a r e e xhau s t ed ( Tab le I V .6 ) . T h e se c o r e s e xh ib i t t wo f a ce ted o pposed p l a tf o rm c o r e s , a nd b ea r t wo t o f i ve o pposed s c a r r emova l s ( Tab le I V .7 ) . T h e se c o r e s a r e mo s t o f ten q uad rangu la r o r r e c tang le i ns hape . S even c o r e s h ave a l n a tu ra ly l owe r , s l igh t ly c onvex s u rf a ce , w h i le t wo h ave c on ic b a se s f o rm ed b yp e r iph e ra l r emova ls a nd t wo e xh ib i t r emova l s c a r s o n t h e i r l owe r s u rf aces , w h ich w e r e p robab ly d e tach ed a f te r t h e i r 5 9
e xp lo i ta t ion a s L eva lo i s c o re s . I n s i x c a ses , t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ies h ave b een m a in ta ined b y t h e l d e tachmen t o fo pposed d ebo rdan t f l akes f r om t h e l a te ra l p a r t s o ft h e c o re s , a nd b y s ome s e can t r emova ls i nt h e d i s ta l o r l a te ra l p a r ts , w h i le f o r f i ve o the r c o re s , t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s h ave b een m a in ta ined o no ne s i de b yt h ed e tachmen to fd ebo rdan t f l akes , a nd o nt h e o ther , b ys em i -cen t r ipe ta l r emova l . O ne c ore h a s b een m anuf ac tu red a s at o la tt h e e nd o fi t se xp lo i ta t ion . A f te rt h e r emova l o o fs ome t h in f l akes f r om i t sl owe rp a r t ,t h i sc o re h a sb een t u rned i n to as i de -scrape r . T ab le I V .4 : F requen c ie s o fL eva l lo is , L am ina ra nd n on -Leva l lo i s C o re s E L WAD C o res l L eva lo is C o res l N on -Leva lo is B lade C o res N on -Leva lo is F l ake C o res l T o ta l
E l Wad G N umbe r % 4 8 9 6 .0 2 4 .0 0 0 . 0 5 0 1 00 .0
E l Wad F % N umbe r 4 9 7 0 .0 1 9 2 7 .1 2 2 .9 7 0 1 00 .0
T o ta l N umbe r 9 7 2 1
% 8 2 .2 1 7 .8
0 18
0 .0 1 00 .0
T ab le I V .5 : F requenc ie s o fL eva l lo is C o re T ype s i nt h e L aye r so fE l Wad E l Wad L eva l lo is C o res
E l Wad F N umbe r %
E l Wad G N umbe r %
P re fe ren t ia l Q uad rangu la r Co res P re fe ren t ia l T r iangu la rC o res R ecur t U n ipo la r C o res ren R ecur t B ipo la r C o res ren R ecur t C en t r ipe ta l C o res r en U nde te rm ined L eva lo is C o res l T o ta l
9 1 1 9 5 1 4 1 4 9
1 0 0 1 3
2 0 .9 0 . 0 2 7 .1
6 1 7 2 4 8
1 2 .5 3 5 .4 4 .2 1 00 .1
1 8 .4 2 .0 3 8 .8 1 0 .2 2 8 .6 2 .0 1 00 .0
T o ta l N umbe r ° A 1 0 1 9 .6 1 1 . 0 3 2 3 .0 3 .3 1 1 3 1 3 2 .0 3 3 . 1 9 7 1 00 .0
T ab le I V .6 : D imen s ion s o ft h eC omp le te L eva l lo i s C o re s* E l Wad P re fe ren t ia l c o res R ecur t u n ipo la r ren R ecur t B ipo la r ren R ecur t C en t r ipe ta l ren T o ta l
N umbe r * o fC o res 1 8 3 1 1 0 3 1 9 0
2
1 X 5 2 .6 5 2 .1 5 3 .8 5 2 .0 5 3 .5
X
s . d . 5 .6 8 .4 6 .9 8 .5 9 . 2
5 2 .1 5 .5 5 5 8 .4 5 1 .7 5 2 .7
3 X 1 8 .9 1 9 .7 2 .3 2 2 0 .8 2 0 .2
s . d . 8 . 2 9 .9 8 . 3 9 . 7 8 . 2
s . d . 6 .4 5 .2 6 .9 8 .2 6 .7
1 : L eng th ; 2 : W id th ; 3 :T h ickness *Measu remen ts i n mm a r e f o r c omp le te p ieces o n ly .
T ab le I V .7 : D imen s ion s o ft h e L a s t R emoved S ca ro nt he L ev a l lo is C o re s* E l Wad F ,G
N umbe r * o f C o res 1
2
1 X 4 1 .3
. P re fe ren t ia l R ecur t U n ipo la r r en 2 0 3 9 .5 R ecur t B ipo la r 7 3 2 .1 r en R ecur t C en t r ipe ta l 2 2 8 .7 ren 2 T o ta l 3 5 .4 6 0 I :L eng th , 2 :W id th * Mea su remen ts i n mm a r eo n ly t b rc o r e s
s . d . 7 .4 1 0 .0 5 .9 6 .7 9 .0 w i th o bs er vab le s c a rp a te rn s . t
X 4 0 .8 3 5 .6 2 9 .4 2 9 .0 3 .8 3
s . d . 7 .4 6 .2 4 .7 7 .8 7 .2
2 .U pper P a leo l i th ic L am inar Me thod s s T he L am ina r c o re s r e p re sen t l ow f r equenc ies i nt h e a semb lages o fE l Wad F and G c ompa r ed t o l t hose o ft h e L eva lo is c o re s ( Tab le I V .4 ) . A s r e cogn ized i nR aqef e t , t h e l a te ra l , a x ia l a nd t w i s ted b l ade c o r e sc on s t i tu te t h e m a in l am ina rc o re t y pes o fE l Wad F .S even l am ina rc o re c a tego r ie s h ave b een r e cogn ized i nt h ea semb lages o fE l Wad G , F( Tab le I V .8 ) : s 2 A1 : T he l a te ra l f l ak ing c o r e s w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf orm ( 3c o re s ) a ccoun t f o r 1 5 .8% o fE l Wad F rod 1 r ( Gar 9 51 , P l a te I : 5 ) . O ne i so n ar ounded b l ock a nd t wo a r e o n n a row p ebb le s . O ne h as a n a tu ra l d i hed ra l m orpho logy , wh ich p e rm i ts t h e d e tachmen to fb l ade / le t s w i thou t t h e p r epa r a t ion o f ac r e s ted b l ade . Two c o res e xh ib i tt r ace so fc r es tp r epa ra t ion o nt h e i rf r on ta l s i de . 2 A2 : T he a x ia l -f lak ing c o r e s w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf orm ( 2 c o r e s ) f o rm 1 0 .5 % o ft h e l am ina r c ores I row p o fE l Wad F (P la te V I : 5 ) . T hey a ppea r o n n ar ebb les a nd e xh ib i t t r aces o fc r e s t o n l a tera l b acks ide .
6 0
2 A3 : T he s em i -py ram ida l c o re i sp oo r ly r e p resen ted i nE l Wad F ,w i th o ne c o re . T h i s c o r e i so n r o unded p ebb le a nd t h e r emova l o f t h e b l ade s m o s t ly a f ec t s i t s p e r iphe ry , g i v ing t h e g ene r a l f p y ram ida l f o rm o ft h e c o re . S om e s ma lt r ace so ff l ak e r emova l so n o n e l a te ra ls i de s ugge s tt h a tt h e l n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se w a s s t a r ted b yt h e p r epa ra t ion o fo ne c r e s t . T h i s c o r e e v idence s t h e r emova l o f i s m a l b l ade le ts f r om t h e b a se f o rt h e p u rpose o fm a in ta in ing i t s g ene ra l m o rpho logy , e s pec ia ly a t l l t h ec on ic e nd . T he l a te ra lc onvex i t ie sa r e m a in ta ined b yd ebo rdan tr emova l s .
3 2
7 "-
6 4
5 0 3e r n lo n == m umm i
P l a te V I I : C o r e t y pe s f r om E l Wad : 1 : R ecur ren t L eva l lo is u n ipo la rc o r e ( l ay e rF ) ; 2 :R ecur ren t b i po la rL eva l lo is c o re ( l ay e r F ) ; 3 4 : R ecur t c en t r ipe ta l L eva lo i s c o r e ( l ay e r s G , F ) ; 5 :A x ia l b l ade c o r e w i th s i ng le s t r ik ing ren l p l a tf o rm ( 2 .A2 ) ( l ay e r F ) ; 6 : Two o ppo sed t w is ted p l a tf o rm b l ade c o re w i th a x ia l f l ak ing o ppo sed t o l a te ra l f l ak ing ( 2 .C 1 )( l ay e rF )
2 B1 : T he l a te ra l f l ak ing c o r e w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o r ien ted o n t h e s am e a x is i s o taly a b sen t . tl 2 B2 : T h e a x ia l f l ak ing c o r e s w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s a r e w e l r e p r e sen ted i nE l l Wad F ( Gar 951 , P l a te I : 1 0 ) . T h r ee a r e o n n ar ebb le s , o ne i so n ar ounded n odu le a nd r od 1 row p o n e i so n t a bu la r f l in t . T h e l a te r c o re d oe s n o t s how a ny t r a ce o fp r epa ra t ion o f ac r e s t , s i n ce i t s t f o rm p e rm i t s t h e d e tachmen t o fb l ade s w i thou t a ny c r e s t p r epa ra t ion . A cco rd ing t o t h e t r a ce s o f f l ak e r emova l s o n t h e l a te ra l s i de s o ft wo o th e r c o r e s , i ts em s t h a t t h e f l ak ing s t a r ted a f te r a e p r epa ra t ion o f ac r e s t i nf r on to ft h ec o r e s ; a no the rc o re e xh ib i ts ac r e s to ni t sb ack s ide . 2 C 1 : Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf orm c o r e s w i th a x ia l f l ak ing a so pposed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing d om ina te i nt h ea semb lage o fE lw ad F . Two o ft h e se c o re sh ave b een u ncove red i nt h e s amp le o fE l Wad G . s T he se c o r e s a r e p rodu ced m o s t ly o n l a rge b l ock s ( 5 ) a nd l e s s o o n n a row p ebb le s ( 2 ) . T he s r n t ia l iza t ion p ha se o ft h e se c o r e s i s m os t o f ten m a rked b yt h e p r epa ra t ion o fl a te ra l , f r on ta l o rb a ck i 6 1
I c r es t s , a s s ugges t t h e t r ace s o ff l ake r emova ls o n t h e l a te ra l b acked o r f r on ta l s i des ( P la te V I : 6 , rod 1 G ar 951 , P l a te I : 4a nd 6 ) . 2C2 : Two t w is ted o pposed p l a tf o rm c o re s w i th b i -d i rec t iona l o pposed l a te ra l f l ak ing a r e p oor ly r r epre sen ted , w i th o ne c o re . T h i sc o re i so n an a row p ebb le , a nd e xh ib i ts ac r es t i ni t sb acked s i de .
C onc lus ions o n t he L am inar C ore s s T he a semb lage o fE l Wad F ( Tab le I V .8 ) i sc ha rac te r ized b y t h e d om inance o ft h e t wo tw is ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s , b yt h e s i gn if ican tr ep re sen ta t ion o ft h e a x ia l f l ak ing c o res f r om t wo s t r ik ing p l a tf orm s , b y l e s l a te ra l c o re s a nd a x ia l -f l ak ing c o res f r om o n e s t r ik ing p l a tf orm ( 10 .5% ) , a s w e l s l a s b y al ow f r equency o f p y ram ida l c o res . T he B lade P roduc t ion f r om t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf orm sd om ina tes i nt h ea semb lage . s T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o ft h e b l ade c o re s a r e m os t ly p l a in o r f a ce ted , a nd l e s d ihed r a l o rc or t ica l s ( Tab le I V .9 ) . F o rt h e m os t p a r t , n ar ebb les a s w e l a s r ounded n odu les h ave b een u s ed i nt h e row p l p roduc t ion o fb l ade s , wh i le t a bu la r f l in t i sn o t u t i l ized i na ny q uan t i ty w or thy o fm en t ion ( Tab le I V .10 ) . I no ne c ase , a n e xhaus t ive c o re h as b een u sed f o rt h e d e tachmen t o fb o th p seudo L eva lo is l f l ake a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ades . I t exh ib i ts b o th af l ake r emova l s c a ro n i t su ppe rp a r ta nd b l ades r emova l s c a r s o n o ne s i de , wh ich i sd e tached f r om t wo o pposed s t r ik ing p l a tf orm s ( Gar 951 , rod 1 P l a te I If i gu re 1 ) . T ab le I V .8 : F requen c ie s o fL am ina rC o re C a tego r ie s i nt h eL aye r s o fE l Wad 2 A 1 : L a te ra l F lak ing c o re w i th o ne S t r ik ing -P la t fo rm 2 A2 : A x ia l -F lak ing c o re w i th o ne S t r ik ing -P la t fo rm 2 A3 : P y ram ida l o rs em i -py ram ida l C o re 2 61 : L a te ra l F lak ing o n Two o pposed S t r ik ing -Pla t fo rms 2 62 : A x ia l -F lak ing c o re w i th t wo o pposed S t r ik ing -P la t fo rms 2 C1 : Two t w is ted o pposed p l a t fo rm c o res , l a te ra l /ax is f l ak ing 2 C2 : Two t w is ted o pposed p l a t fo rm ,t wo o pposed l a te ra l f l ak ing
7 1
0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
3 6 .8 5 .3
1 9
T o ta l
T ab le I V .9 : T
E l Wad G N umbe r
E l Wad F N umbe r % 3 1 5 .8 2 1 0 .5 1 5 .3 0 0 .0 5 2 6 .3
L am ina r C o res
1 00 .0
e so fS t r ik in t P l a tf o rm s o ft h e B lade C o re s E l Wad F ,G N =21 1 9 .0% 1 4 .3% 5 2 .4% 4 . 8% 9 . 5%
B lade C o res F ace ted D ihed ra l P la in C o r t ica l U nde te rm ined , c rushed
T ab le I V .10 : T vn e so fB lank C o re s C o res
A x is L a te ra l P y ram ida l Tw is ted T o ta l
N a row r P ebb les N umbe r 5 2 0 3 1 0
R ounded N odu les N umbe r 1 0 1
F l ake C o re N umbe r
T abu la r F l in t N umbe r 1 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1
5 7
T o ta l
U nde f ined B lanks N umbe r 0 0 0 1 1
N umbe r % 7 3 .3 3 3 1 4 .3 1 4 .8 1 0 4 7 .6 2 1 1 00 .0
T ab le I V .1 1 : Dimens ion s o ft h eC omp le te B lade C o re s A x ia l F l ak ing L a te ra l F l ak ing P y ram ida l Tw is ted T o ta l
N umbe r o f C o res 7 3 1 1 0 2 1
2
1 X 5 3 .9 5 3 .7 5 4 .0 6 .5 6 5 9 .9
X 3 0 .6 3 8 .8 3 4 .0 3 4 ,3 3 .6 3
s . d . .5 1 .4 1 1 4 .5 1 3 .7
1 : L eng th ; 2 : Wid th ; 3 :T h ickness ( i n m e .
6 2
s . d . 6 .9 7 . 5 1 0 .1 8 .4
3 s . d . .4 1 3 5 .4 2 4 .7 8 . 6 2 3 .0 1 4 .1 3 0 .0 .8 1 3 0 .9 X
T ab le I V . 12 : D im en s ion so ft h eL a s t S c a rR emov a l s*on t h eB l ade C o r e s E l Wad L a te ra l A x is P y ram ida l Tw is ted T o ta l
N umbe r * o f C o res 2 6 1 7 1 7
2
1 X 5 3 .5 5 0 .8 4 7 .0 4 7 .6 4 9 .4
s . d . 4 .9 6 .6
5 . 8 5 . 8
X 1 3 .5 1 3 .4 1 .0 1 5 .0
1 4 .0
s . d . 0 .7 3 .0 3 .3 2 .9
1 :L eng th ;2 :W id th ; * Mea su r emen t sa r ef o rc o res w i th o bse rvab le s c a rp a t te rn s( i n mm ) .
A s h a s b een s e en i nt h e R aqef e t a s semb lage s , t h e r e la t ion b e tween t h e m o rpho logy o ft h e c o re b l ank s a nd t h e f l ak ing m e thod i nE l Wad F is w or thy o fn o ta t ion . R ounded o r l a rge b l ock s a r e t h e r aw m a te r ia l s g ene ra l ly s e lec ted f o r t h e t w i s ted -ax ia l f l ak ing c o r e s , w h i le t a bu la r f l in t o r n ar row p ebb le sa r e mo s to f ten u sed f o rl a te ra l f l ak ing a nd a x ia l f l ak ing . T he n a tu ra lc onvex i t ies o ft h ec o re s l l row s a r e m a in ly u sed a l t h roughou t t h e r e duc t ion s t ra tegy . B lank s w i th n a tu ra ly n ar i de s ( s uch a s r n a row p ebb le s o rt a bu la r f l i n t ) a r e s e lec ted f o r l a te ra l f l ak ing o r a x ia l f l ak ing , d ue t ot h e f a c t t h a t t h e i re dge s e ach h ave an a tu ra l d i hed ra l m o rpho logy w h ich p e rm i t st h em t oe a s i ly o b ta in as e r ie so f b l ade s w i thou t l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s m anagemen t . T he i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i sc ommon ly c ha rac te r ized l b y t h e p r epa ra t ion o fc r e s t s , f o lowed b y t h e a l te rna te e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h e f l ak ing s u rf ace s , wh ich l m a in ta in t h e l a t e ra l a nd d i s ta l c onvex i t ies b y d ebo rdan t b l ade r emova l s . T h is e xp lo i ta t ion a low s a f m o r e e f ic ien t s e r ie s o fb l ade p roduc t ion . Among t h e t wen ty -one b l ade c o re s , n i ne c o r e s s how a p r epa ra t ion o fo ne c r e s t a nd t h r ee s how ap r epa ra t ion o ft wo c r e s ts . T h e r emova l s u rf ace s o ft h e c o re s f r om E l Wad e xh ib i t b e tween t h r ee a nd e i gh t b l ade /b lade le t r emova l s c a r s . T h e h i gh n umbe ro fs c a r r emova l s i n d ica te s a n i n ten s ive e xp lo i ta t ion . T h e m a jo r i ty t o f t h em s how s r e c tangu la r b l ade /b lade le t s c a r p a te rn s ( n ine teen c o r e s ) , w he r ea s f ew s how t r i angu la rs c a rs h ape s( two c o r e s ) . T h e c o r es h ave b een d i sca rded w hen t h e i r l e ng th s r e ached b e tween 4 1-99 mm . a nd t h e i r w id th s b e tween 2 1-53 mm . T h e t w i s ted f l ak ing c o r e s a r e l e ng th ie r t h an t h e a x i s a nd l a te ra l f l ak ing c o re s ( Tab le I V .11) . T h e l a s t f l ake s r emov ed w e r e r e la t iv e ly s i gn if ican t i ns i ze c ompa r ed t ot h ose f r om R aqef e t , t h e i r l e ng th s m ea su r ing b e tween 3 9 -60 mm a nd t h e i r w id th s b e tween 9 -20 mm ( Tab le I V .12 ) . A cco rd ing t o t h e v i s ib le s c a r s o n t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a nd t h e o r ien ta t ion o ft h e b l ade r emova l s , i t se em s t h a t t h e p roduc t s w e re m o r e f r equen t ly r emoved b y t h e t e chn ique o fs of t s t one h amme ro r s of th amme r , e x ecu ted i n at angen t ia l m o t ion . E l ev en c o r e s s how s om e a b ra s ion o n t h e t o v e rhang ( c orn iche ) , a te s t ing t o ap r epa ra t ion o ft h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm . O n s om e c o r e s , t h e u se o f s f b o th h a rd a nd s o f t s t one h amme ri s li ke ly , a nd m ay t h e r ef o re b e a soc ia ted w i th d i f e r en t s equence s i nt h e r educ t ion s t ra tegy . T he b l ade c o r e s w e r e m os t o f ten a bandoned a f te r as e r ie s o f b l ade r emova ls i n wh ich t h e r e -managemen t o ft h e c or e c onvex i t ie s a nd /o ra ng le w a s n ece ssa ry . S om e o f red d t h em w e r e d i sca rded b ecau se o f h i nge f r ac tu re s ( e igh t c o re s ) t h a t h ad o ccur u r ing t h e l a s t t a temp tt od e tach ab l ade .
3 :T he O ther F lak ing Me thod s l O n ly t wo n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s c o r es w e re u ncove red i nt h e s amp le f r om E l Wad F ;t h ey a r ed i sco id c o r e s . T he se c o r e s a r e o n r ounded p ebb le s ; t h ey e xh ib i t p l a in s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . T he l e ng th s v a ry b e tween 3 7 -7 1 mm a nd t h e w id th s b e tween 3 0 -45 mm . T h e l a s t r emova l l e ng th s r a nge b e tween 2 0 2 3 mm a nd t h ew id th sb e tween 2 0 -24 mm .
I I . THE BLANKS ren 4 D u e t o t h e l ow o ccur ce o fd eb i tage p roduc t s i nt h e s amp le s o fE l Wad F a nd G ( 4 a nd 6 5 l l o a r t if ac t s , r e spec t ive ly ) , w e s h a l t a k e i n to a ccoun t t h e d eb i tage a s w e l a st h e t o l p rodu c t s f o r t h e d e ta i la na ly s i so fe a ch c a tego ry o fb l ank . s l T h e a semb lage s o f E l Wad F a nd G e xh ib i t h i gh f r equen c ies o f L eva lo i s f l ake s w h i le t h e rence o o ccur fb l ade s i sn o t s o h i gh ( Tab le I V .13 ) . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s u sed 6 3
w e r e a imed t owa rd t h e p u rpose o ft h e p roduc t ion o fm o r e f l ake s ( e spec ia l ly L eva l lo i s f l akes ) t h an b l ades . O n ly af ew b l ade le t s a r e p r e sen t i nE l Wad G a nd Fa nd a c coun t r e spec t ive ly f o r 1 . 2% a nd 1 . 6% o ft h e a s semb lage s . O u t o f a l t h e b l ade s , t h i r ty -f ive b ea r l a rge d imen s ion s , t h e i r l e ng th s r e ach ing b e tween 7 0 a nd 1 36 mm . We h ave f ound o n e c r e s ted b l ade i nE l Wad G ; a nd o n e c r es ted rod b l ade , w h ich d e r ived f r om E l Wad F , h a s b een p r e sen ted i n ad r aw ing i nt h e r e por t o f G ar rod 1 ( Gar 951 , P l a te I : 3 ) . l o T he f o low ing i sa n a na ly s i s o ft h e t o l s a nd u n r e touched c ompon en t s i nr e ga rd t ot h e r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie st h a th ave b een d ef ined a ccord ing t ot h ea na ly s i so ft h ec o r e s . t T he a na ly se s o ft h e s c a r p a te rn s o n t h e c o r e s e nab le u s t o p r ed ic t t h e mo rpho logy o ft h e b l ank s c o d e r ived f r om t h em . T h e se a r e e xpec ted t o b e i na co rdance w i th t h e d eb i tage a nd t o l p roduc t s s p resen t i nt h ea semb lage s .
1 .E xpec t ed C harac t er i s t ic so ft h eB lank s I nt h e a s semb lages o fE l Wad ( a s h a s s e en i nt h e i n du s t r ie s o fR aqef e t ) b l ank s h ave b e en o b ta in ed t h rough t h e u se o f av a r ie ty o ff l ak ing m ode s , wh ich m ay b e o b se rved b y t h e s c a r p a t te rn s o n t h e c o re 's f l ak ing s u rf ace . T h e L eva l lo i sm e thod s , U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade m e thod sa nd d i sco id me thod h ave b een r e cogn ized a nd d esc r ibed i nt h e l a s t c hap te r . A t t h e p r e sen t , w e s ha l l a t temp t t op red i c t t h e m o rpho logy o ft h ed e r ived p roduc t s .
T he L eva lo i sP roduc t s l T he L eva lo i s p roduc t s s hou ld b e m o re o vo id o rq uad rangu la r i ns h ape t h an t r iangu la r , a nd s hou ld l b ea r f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . We e xpec ted t o f i nd L eva lo i s f l ak e s w i th c en t r ipe ta l , u n ipo la r o r l u n ipo la r c onve rgen t s c a r p a te rn s , a s t h e u n ipo la r a nd c en t r ipe ta l L eva lo i s c o r e s a r e t h e mo s t t l f r equen t i nt h ese a semb lage s . We a n t i c ipa ted t h e o ccur fL eva lo is f l ak es w i th c o r tex o n s rence o l t h e i r l a te ra l p a r ts , s i n ce t h e c onvex i t ie s o f t h e L eva lo i s c o r e s a r e m os t o f ten m a in ta ined b y l d ebo rdan t f l ake r emova l s .
T he B lade P roduc t s T he b l ade p roduc t s s hou ld f o rt h e m os tp a r t b e r e c tangu la ra nd n o t s o much t r iangu la r i ns hape , a s p y ram ida l c o r e s a r e i nl ow f r equen c ies i nE l Wad F .S ee ing a s h ow t h e t w i s ted -s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s d om ina te a nd t h eu n ipo la rc o r e s a r e w e lr e p r e sen ted a tE l Wad , w e a l so e xpec ted t od i scov e r l h igh f r equenc ie s o fb l ade s w i th u n ipo la r s c a r p a te rn s . A cco rd ing t ot h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm o n t h e t b l ade c o re s , t h e b l ade p roduc t s s hou ld b ea r f r equen t ly p l a in b u t s , a nd l e s f r equen t ly f a ce ted , t s d ih ed r a l o r c or t ica l b u t s ( Tab le I V .9 ) ; w e a n t ic ipa te t h e o ccur f b l ade s w i th t r ace s o f t rence o a b ra s ion o nt h e i r h anged e dge s . D ue t ot h e o ccur ce o fn ar ebb le s a sr aw m a te r ia l s , a s w e l ren row p l a sb ecau se o ft h e r emova lo fd ebo rdan tb l ade s f o rm a in ta in ing t h el a te ra lc onvex i t ie so fs om e c o r e s , w ee xpec ted t of i nd b l ade sw i th c o r t ica le dge s . T ab le I V .13 : F requenc ie so fD eb i tage a nd T oo l P roduc ts i nt h eL aye r s o fE l Wad D eb i tage a nd T oo ls L eva lo is F lakes l L eva lo is B lades l P r ima ry F lakes O the r F l akes L a rge B lades B lades a nd B lade le ts CTE T o ta l
E l Wad G N umbe r % 1 00 5 0 .0 1 5 7 .5 2 1 . 0 3 9 1 9 .5 2 0 1 0 .0 2 3 .5 1 1 0 . 5 1 00 .0 2 00
E l Wad F N umbe r ° A 9 5 5 2 .8 3 1 . 7 0 .5 1 .7 1 2 1 8 . 3 1 5 2 5 .0 4 5 0 0 .0 1 00 .0 1 80
6 4
T o ta l N umbe r ` / ) 0 1 95 5 1 .3 4 . 7 1 8 3 0 . 8 3 0 7 . 9 3 5 9 . 2 6 8 1 7 .9 1 0 . 3 3 80 1 00 .0
l T he n on L eva lo i sF lak eP roduc t s l 3 .T he n on -Leva lo i s f l ake sh av e p robab ly b een d e r ived f r om s eve ra lc o r e t y pe s , b u t w e f ound o n ly t wo d i sco id c o r e s i no u r s amp le s . T he f l ake s r emoved f r om t h e d i sco id c o re s s hou ld e xh ib i t p l a in t l l b u t s ,a nd t h e i rd imen s ion ss hou ld b e s ma le rt h an t ho se o ft h e L eva lo i sp rodu c t s .
2 .C harac te r i s t i co ft h eB lank s o f El Wad F , G T he Morpho logy o f th eB lank s l A s e xpec ted , t h e L eva lo i s f l ake s a r e mo r e o f ten o vo id t h an t r i angu la r o r s ub t r iangu la r i ns hape ( Tab le I V .14 ) . T he b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s b l ank s a r e m o r e o f t en r e c tangu la r t h an t r iangu la r o r s ub s es s s t r i angu la r ( Tab le I V .15 ) . T h e b l ade / le t s m os t ly p os t ra igh t l owe r o r c oncav e l owe r s u rf aces ; s t h et w i s ted b l ade / le t sa r e l e sr e p re sen ted ( Tab l eI V .16 ) .
t T he S car P a tern o n t h e U ppe rS urf ace o ft h eB lank s t l T he u n ipo la r a nd u n ipo la r c onve rgen t s c a r p a ter n s d om ina te a mong t h e L eva lo i s f l ake s ; t h e s c en t r ipe ta l i s s i gn if ican t i n q uan t i ty , w he rea s t h e b i po la r i s l e s r e p r e sen ted i n t h e se t wo s t a semb lages ( Tab le I V .17 ) . T h e u n ipo la r s c a r p a te rn o n t h e u ppe r s u rf ace o f t h e b l ade s a nd t b l ade le t s a lway s f o rm st h e l a rge s t t y pe o fd o r sa l s c a rp a ter ni nt h e e n t i r e b l ade p opu la t ion a nd t h e s b i po la r i s le sr e p re sen ted ( Tab le I V .18 ) . T ab le I V .14 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eL eva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r so fE l Wad L eva l lo is f l akes Q uad rangu la r O vo id T r iangu la r , s ub t r iangu la r U nde te rm ined T o ta l
N umbe r 2 5 3 8 2 6 6 9 5
E l Wad F %
N umbe r 2 2 4 4
2 6 .3 4 0 .0 2 7 .4 6 .3
2 9 5 1 00
1 00 .0
E l Wag G % 2 .0 2 4 .0 4 2 9 .0 5 .0 1 00 .0
T o ta l N umbe r 4 7 8 2 5 5 1
° / , 2 4 .1 4 2 .1 2 8 .2 5 .6
1 95
1 00 .0
T ab le I V .15 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eB lade s a nd B lade le t s i nt h eL aye r s o fE l Wad B lade a nd B lade le ts Rec tangu la r
N umbe r 4 5
T r iangu la r , s ub t r iangu la r U nde te rm ined
1 4 4
T o ta l
6 3
E l Wad F % 7 1 .4 2 2 .2 6 .3 9 .9 9
E l Wag G N umbe r % 4 0 6 9 .0 1 3 5 5 8
2 2 .4 8 .6 1 00 .0
T o ta l N umbe r 8 5
% 7 0 .2 2 2 .3 7 .4
2 7 9
9 .9 9
1 21
T ab le I V .16 : T v ie so fL owe rF ace so ft h eB lade s i nt h eL aye r so fE l Wad N umbe r 3 7
% 5 8 .7
3 0
C oncave U nde te rm ined
5 1 8 3
7 .9 2 8 .6 4 .8
5 1 9 4
T o ta l
6 3
1 00 .0
5 8
S t ra igh t Tw is ted
T o ta l
E l Wad G
E l Wad F
B lade a nd B lade le ts
N umbe r 5 1 .7 8 .6 3 2 .8 6 .9 1 00 .0
N umbe r 6 7 1 0 3 7 7 1 21
% 5 .4 5 8 .3 3 0 .6 5 .8 1 00 .1
T ab le I V .17 : D o r sa lS ca rP a t te rn so ft h eL eva l lo is F l ake s i nt h eL aye r so fE l Wad E l Wad F
S ca rp a t te rn U n ipo la r p a ra le l l U n ipo la r Conve rgen t Cen t r ipe ta l B ipo la r U nde te rm ined T o ta l
N umbe r 2 2 5 0 1 7 5 9 5
T o ta l
E l Wad G N umbe r
% 2 3 .2
3 0 4 3 1 6 8 3
5 2 .6 .6 1 7 .4 5 .3 1 00 .1
1 00
6 5
% 3 0 .0 4 3 .0 1 6 .0 8 .0 3 .0 1 00 .0
N umbe r 5 2 9 3 2 7 1 5 8 1 95
% 2 6 .7 4 7 .7 1 3 .8 7 .8 4 . 1 1 00 .1
T ab le I V .18 : D o r sa l S ca rP a t te rn so ft h eB lade s i nt h eL aye r s o fE l Wad S ca rp a t te rn N umbe r
T o ta l
E l Wad G
E l Wad F " %
N u mbe r
%
%
N u mbe r
U n ipo la r
4 6
7 4 .2
4 4
7 5 .9
9 0
7 5 .0
B ipo la r
1 1
1 7 .7
1 0
1 7 .2
2 1
1 7 .5
U nde te rm ined T o ta l
6 2
4
8 . 1
5
5 8
1 00 .0
9
6 .9
1 20
1 00 .1
7 .5 1 00 .0
* One b l ade i s a p r ima ry b l ade
T he B u t tt y pe so ft h eB lank s A s w e e xpec ted t od i scove r , t h e L eva l lo i s f l akes a r e d i s t ingu i shed b y ah i gh f r equency o ff a ce ted b u t t s a nd l e s s s o b y af r equen cy o fp l a in o rd i h ed ra l b u t t s ( Tab l e I V .19 ) . T he se b u t t s g en e ra l ly h ave p ronoun ced b u lb s , wh ich i n d ica te s t h a t t h e f l akes w e r e p robab ly d e tached b y h a rd h amme r . T he f r equen c ie s o ft h e t y pe s o fb u t s a mong t h e b l ade s d i f e r s i gn if i can t ly t h rough t ime : t h e p l a in b u t s t f t d om ina te a mong t h e b l ade s o fE l Wad F ,w h i le t h e f a ce ted b u t s a r e t h e m os t f r equen t among t h e t b l ades o f E l Wad G ( Tab le I V .20 ) . T he o ccur ce o f s i gn if i can t p e r cen tage s o f b l ade s a nd ren b l ad e le t sw i th p l a in b u t sa nd a b ra s ion so nt h eo ve rhang , s em st oi n d ica te t h a tt h et e chn ique o fs of t t e s t on e h amme r o r s of t h amme r e xe cu ted i n at a ngen t ia l mo t ion w a s s om e t imes u s ed i n t h e i r p roduc t ion . B e t h is a si tm ay , t h e s i ze o ft h e b u t sa nd t h e o ccur ce o fp ronounced b u lb s i nm os t t ren c a se s( 69 .8% o ft h eb l ade s f r om E l Wad F ,a nd 7 4 .1 % f r om E l Wad G ) s ugge s tt h a tt h eb l ade sw e r e g ene ra ly d e tached u s ing t h et e chn ique o fh a rd s t one u t i l ized i n ad i r ec t m o t ion . A sh a sb een s en i n l e R aqef e t , t h e t e chn ique o fh a rd h amme r w a s t h e p r eponde ran t m e thod u sed i nt h e p roduc t ion o f b l ade s .
C or tex T he o v e r rep re sen ta t ion o fc o r tex o n f l ak e s p roduc t s i sw or thy o fn o ta t ion ( Tab le s I V .21-23 ) . T he ma jo r i ty o ft h e n on -Leva lo is f l ake s e xh ib i t sc o r tex o nt h e i rl a te r a l e dge s o ro nt h e i rd o r sa l f a ce s . I t l i s mo s t ly p robab le t h a t ap a r to ft h e se c o r t ica l f l ake sw a sd e tach ed d u r ing t h e i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se o r d u r ing t h e m a in tenance o ft h e b l ade c o r e s , s i n ce n ar o r t ica lp ebb le s c on s t i tu te t h e r aw ma te r ia l row c g ene ra ly s e lec ted f o r t h e m anuf a c tu r ing o f b l ade s a nd f l ake s . T he c or t i ca l L eva lo i s f l ake s a r e l l i n f r equen t i nt h e t wo a semb lages , c ompa r ed t o t h e n on -Leva lo i s c o r t ica l f l ake s , w h ich a lway s s l d om ina te . Mo s t o ft h e b l ade s b ea r n o c o r tex ( Tab le I V .23 ) . T he c o r tex i sg ene ra ly s i tua ted o n t h e l l a tera l s i de , a nd i ti sl i ke ly t h a t t h e se b l ade sp l ay ar o le i nt h e m a in tenance o fl a te ra lc onvex i t ies o f educ t ion p roces . t h e b l ad ec o re sd u r ing t h er ses T ab le I V .19 : T ype so fB u t ts o ft h eL eva l lo is F l ake s i nt h eL aye r so fE l Wad S t r ik ing P la t fo rm
E l Wad F N u mbe r
6 5 .3
D ihed ra l
6 2 1
P la in
1 7
F ace ted
Co r t ica l B roken U nde te rm ined T o ta l
0 1 4 9 5
T o ta l
E l Wad G N umbe r
%
%
N u mbe r
% 6 6 .7
6 8 .0 9 .0
1 30
.6 1
6 8 9
2 0
1 0 .3
1 7 .9
1 4
1 4 .0
3 1
1 5 .9
0 .0
1
1 . 0
3
4 .2
5
1 00 .0
1 00
1 .0 3 .0 5 .0 1 00 .0
1
0 .5
4
2 . 1
9 1 95
4 .6 1 00 .1
T ab le I V .20 : T ype so fB u t ts o ft h eB lade s i nt h eL aye r s o fE l Wad E l Wad F
S t r ik ing P la t fo rm N u mbe r F ace ted D ihed ra l P la in o r L i nea r
1 9 8 3 0
E l Wad G N umbe r
° A 3 0 .1
2 7
1 2 .7
6
4 7 .6
1 6
% 4 6 .6
T o ta l N u mbe r 4 3
% 3 5 .5
1 0 .3
1 4
1.6
2 7 .6
4 9
4 0 .5
1 3
1
0 .8
4 .8
0 5
0 .0
B roken
8 .6
6 .6
C rushed
1
1 . 6
2
3 .4
8 3
U nde te rm ined
1
1 . 6
2
3 .4
3
2 .5 1 00 .0
Co r t ica l
T o ta l
6 3
1 .6
5 8
1 00 .1
6 6
9 .9 9
1 21
2 .5
T ab le I V .21 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eL eva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r so fE l Wad E l Wad G N = 100 8 5 .0% . 1 4 .0% 1 . 0% 0 . 0%
E l Wad F N =95
C o r tex Amoun t
8 0 .0% 1 8 .9% 1 . 1% 0 .0%
0 % 1 30% 3 0 -90% 9 0 -100%
T o ta l N =195 8 2 .6 % 1 6 .4 % 1 . 0% 0 .0%
T ab le I V .22 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h en on -Leva l lo i sF l ake s i nt h eL aye r s o fE l Wad
0 9,
1 30% 3 0 -90 % 9 0 -100%
T o ta l N =63
E l Wad G N =41 4 1 .5% 2 9 .3% 2 4 .4% 4 . 9%
E l Wad F N =22 3 6 .4% 3 1 .8% 2 2 .7% 9 . 1%
C o r tex Amoun t
3 9 .7 % 3 0 .2 % 2 3 .8 % 6 .3%
T ab le I V .23 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h e B lade s i nt h eL aye r s o fE l Wad C o r tex Amoun t
E l Wad F N =63
E l Wad G N =58
6 6 .7% 2 2 .2 % 9 .5%
6 2 .1 % 3 1 .0% 6 .9%
1 . 6%
0 .0%
0% 1 30% 3 0 -90% 9 0 -100%
T o ta l N = 12 1 6 4 .5% 2 6 .4% 8 . 3% 0 . 8%
T ab le I V .24 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te L eva l lo i sF l ake s*
E l Wad F E l Wad G T o ta l
N umbe r * o ff l akes 8 5 8 3 1 68
1
3
2 s . d . 1 .3
X 5 9 .2 6 1 .1 6 0 .5
s . d . 1 0 .3 1 0 .4 1 0 .3
X
4 6 .1 4 5 .7 4 5 .8
1 4 .0 1 3 .3
X 1 0 .8
s .d . 3 .2 3 .4 3 .3
1 0 .6 1 0 .7
I : L eng th : 2 :W id th ; 3 :T h icknes s *Mea su remen t sa r e f o rc omp le te p ieces o n ly O n mm )
T ab le I V .25 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te n on -Leva l lo is F l ake s*
E l Wad F E l Vad G
N umbe r * o ff l akes
X
1 6 3 2
4 9 .1 5 1 .1
3
2
1
X 3 5 .7 3 7 .4
s . d . 1 2 .0 2 7 .1
s . d . 7 . 3 9 . 8
X 1 0 .7
s .d . 1 . 0 4 .7
1 .1
1 :L eng th ;2 :W id th ; 3 :T h ickn es s *Mea su remen t sa r e f o rc omp le te p i eces o n ly ( i n mm )
T ab le I V .26 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te L a rge B lades
E l Wad F E l Wad G
N umbe r * o ff l akes 1 8 2 5
2
1 s . d . 1 4 .6 1 6 .0
X 8 8 .9 9 0 .5
X 3 8 .0 4 0 .4
3
s . d . 5 . 6 9 . 1
X
s .d . 3 .7
1 .6 1 2 .2
3 .4
1 : L eng th ;2 :W id th ; 3 :T h icknes s *Measu r emen t sa r e f o rc omp le te p i ece so n ly ( i n mm )
T ab le I V .27 . D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te B lade s
E l Wad F
N umbe r * o ff l akes 3 7
E l Wad G
1 9
6 2 .5 6 3 .0
3
2
1 X
X
s . d . 1 0 .7 9 .6
2 1 .1
2 1 .6
s . d . 6 .6 5 .9
X 8 . 1 8 .3
s . d . 2 .9 1 . 8
s *Mea 1 :L eng th ;2 :W id th ; 3 :T h icknes su remen t sa r e f o rc omp le te p i eces o n ly ( i n m n i )
S i ze o ft h eB lank s l l T h eL eva lo i s f l akes e xh ib i t g r ea te rd im en s ion sw hen c ompa r ed t ot h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s ( Tab le s s I V .24 -25 ) . F if ty th r ee b l ad e so fl a rge s i ze so ccu ri nt h ea semb lage s ,p a r to f wh ich ( 3i nl a ye r Fa nd l 1 5 i n l a ye r G ) i so f L eva lo i s m o rpho logy . T he se l a rge b l ade s f o rm 4 3 .8 % o ft h e b l ade s . T he l e ng th s o ft h e l a rge b l ade s r a nge b e tween 7 0 136 mm ; t h e m ean l e ng th i s9 2 .5 mm . ( Tab le 1 V .26 ) . 7 -83 mm , wh i le t h e m ean l e ng th i s6 0 .5 mm . ( Tab le T h e l e ng th s o ft h e b l ade s r a nge b e tween 4 I V .27 ) .
6 7
3 .S ummary o ft h eB lank A na ly s i s T he p r e sence o fl a rge b l ade sa nd f l ake s , e spec ia ly L eva lo i sp i ece s , h a s m a rked t h e a s emb lage s o f l l s E l Wad . A s w e h ad e xpec ted , t h e m o rpho logy o ft h e f l ake s a nd b l ade s d e sc r ibed h e r e c o inc ide s w i th t h ef l ak ing m ode sd ef ined f r om t h ec o r es ' a na ly s i s , e xcep t f o rt h e L eva lo i sb l ade c o r e s , wh ich l a r e a b sen t i nE l Wad . We m ay c on jec tu r e t h a tt h e se b l ade s o fL eva lo i s m o rpho logy w e r ed e tach ed l f r om n on -Leva lo i s c o r e s , a nd p os ly f r om p y ram ida l o r b i po la r c o re s . T h e L eva lo i s f l akes a r e l sib l m o r e q uad rangu la r o r o vo id t h an t r iangu la r i n s hape , a nd e xh ib i t m o s t ly u n ipo la r o r u n ipo l a r c onve rgen t s c a rp a te rn s a nd f a ce ted b u t s . T he b l ade s a r e g ene ra ly r e c tangu la r i ns hap e , a nd t h e i r t t l l owe r s u rf ace s a r e mo s t o f ten s t ra igh t o r c on cav e a nd l e s t w i s ted . T hey e xh ib i t u n ipo la r s c a r s p a te rn s a nd p l a in o r f a ce ted b u t s . T he l a rge b l ades g ene ra ly b ea r p ronoun ced b u lb s , wh ich t t l s ugge s t s t h a t t h ey w e r e d e tached b y h a rd h amme r . H oweve r , s om e b l ade / le t s e xh ib i t t r ace s o f of t o r s of ts t one h amme rt e chn ique sf o rt h e i r a b ra s ion o nt h e i r h anged e dge s , s ugge s t ing t h e u se o fs r emova l .
I V . THE R ETOUCHED ART IFACTS
T he f o low ing a na ly s i s o ft h e r e touch ed p i ece s i nt h e E l Wad a semb lage u nde r tak e s f i r s t ly t o l s d e sc r ibe t h et o l s , a nd s e cond ly t oe xam ine t h e i n te ra c t ion sb e tween t h e s e lec ted b l ank sa nd t h et o l o o t y pes . T ab le I V .28 : F requenc ie so fL eva l lo i s , B lade , a nd n on -Leva l lo i s F l ake T oo l s i nE l Wad Fa nd G L eva lo is F lake T oo ls l L a rge b l ades B lades T oo ls N on -Leva lo is F l ake t oo ls l T oo ls o n c o res T o ta l
E l Wad G N umbe r % 8 2 5 9 .0 3 0 2 1 .6
E l Wad F
T oo ls
N umbe r 7 9 1 5 3 3 9 0 1 36
% 5 8 .1 .0 1 2 4 .3 6 .6 0 .0 1 00 .0
1 3 1
9 . 3 7 . 9
3 1 39
2 .2 1 00 .0
T o ta l N umbe r % 1 61 5 8 .5 4 5 1 6 .4 4 6 1 6 .7 2 0 7 . 3 3 . 1 1 2 75 1 00 .0
T ab le I V .29 : F requen c ie so fT oo lC a tego r ie s i nt h eL aye r s o fE l Wad T oo ls * L eva lo is P o in ts l Mous te r ian P o in ts S ide -sc rape rs R ac le tes t D en t icu la te , n o tches R e touched F lakes R e touched B lades B u r ins E nd -sc rape rs P e r fo ra to rs T runca ted p i eces K n ives C ompos i te T oo ls D ive rs T o ta l
E l Wad G N umbe r % 1 9 1 3 .7 5 3 .6 4 7 3 .8 3 3 2 .2 1 8 .0 2 5 9 6 .4 8 5 .8 1 0 .7 5 . 8 8 3 2 . 2 1 . 4 2 3 2 .2 3 . 6 5 0 . 7 1 1 00 .1 1 39
E l Wad F N umbe r % 1 8 1 3 .2 4 .4 6 2 8 2 0 .6 1 0 .7 2 6 .5 3 6 1 3 9 .6 9 .6 1 3 0 .7 1 3 .7 5 4 2 4 5 0 1 36
2 .9 1 . 5 2 .9 3 .7 0 .0 9 .9 9
T o ta l N umbe r 3 7 1 7 5 4 6 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 3 7 4 7 1 0 1 2 75
% 1 3 .5 4 . 0 2 7 .3 1 . 5 2 .2 2 8 . 0 7 . 6 0 . 7 4 . 7 2 . 5 1 . 5 2 . 5 3 . 6 0 . 4 1 00 .0
* The t o o ls o nc o re sh ave b een c oun ted w i th t h et o o ls
I .T he T ypo log ica lC ompo s i t ion o ft he A s semb lage s I nt h e s amp le st a ken f r om t h ea s semb lage so fE l Wad Fa l nd G , t h eL eva lo i st oo ls d om ina te a nd t h e o l o b l ade t o l s a r e w e l r e p r e sen ted ; t h e o the r f l ake t o l s a l so o ccu r i nl ow f r equenc ies , ( Tab le I V .28 ) . o f T he p e r cen tage s o ft h e t o l c a tego r ies d o n o t d i f e r s i gn if ican t ly i nt h e t wo l a y e r s ( Tab le I V .29 ) . s l T he a semb lage s o fE l Wad a r e c ha ra c te r ized b yt h e d om inance o ft h e s i de sc rape r s , a sw e l a s b y l n o tche s a nd d en t icu la te s . T h e f r equen c ie s o f L eva lo i s a nd Mou s te r ian p o in t s a nd t h e r e touch ed l nd t r unca ted p i e ce s a r e l ow p i ece s a r e s t a t i s t ica ly s i gn if ican t , w h i le t h e b u r in s , k n if e s , p e rf o ra to r s a i nt h e i ra moun t s , n o te x ceed ing 4% . 6 8
o f f S i n ce t h e f r equen c ies o ft h e t o l c a tego r ies d o n o t d i f e r s i gn if i can t ly i nt h e d i f e ren t l a y e r s , w e l o s h a l d esc r ibe t h e t o l t y pe s o f E l Wad F a nd G w i thou t t a k ing i n to a ccoun t t h e i r s t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion .
l 1 :T he L eva lo i sP o in t s l l O u t o ft h e 3 7 L eva lo i s p o in t s , w h ich r e p re sen t 1 3 .5% o ft h e t oo l s , 3 3 a r e f l ake L eva lo i s p o in t s I I: 1 l ( P la te VI 3 ) a nd f ou r a r e o f b l ade d imen s ion s . Twen ty -e igh t L eva lo i s p o in t s a r e r e touched o o o ( 7 5 .7% ) ; t h ey a r e s em i -ab rup t ( f ou rt o l s ) , a b rup t ( e igh t t o l s ) , f i ne ( t h ree t o l s ) , d en t icu la te ( n ine o o t o l s ) o rp a r t ly r e touched ( f ou rt o l s ) o nt h e l a te ra l e dge s . T h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e mo r e f a ce ted t ( 6 7 .6% ) t h an p l a in ( 1 8 .9% ) o rd i hed ra l ( 1 3 .5% ) . T h e s c a rp a te rn s v i s ib le o n t h e u ppe r s u rf ace s o f o ren t h e se t o l s s ugge s t t h a t t h ey w e r e p r ima r i ly d e r ived f r om t h e r e cur t u n ipo la r c onve rgen t l o t s L eva lo i s c o r e s ; m o s t o f t h e t o l s e xh ib i t u n ipo la r c onve rgen t s c a r p a te rn s ( 9 1 .9% ) , a nd l e s t l u n ipo la r s c a r p a ter n s ( 5 .4% ) , o r b i po la r o n b l ade d im en s ion ( 2 .7% ) . F ou r L eva lo i s p o in t s a r e l b r oken ( 10 .8% ) . T he L eva lo i s P o in t s ' l e ng th s r e ach v a lues b e tween 3 6 a nd 1 03 mm , w id th s se b e tween 2 9 a nd 5 3 mm a nd t h icknes s b e tween 6a nd 1 8 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s6 5 .0 mm , t h e s 1 a ve rage w id th 4 1 .2 mm , a nd a ve rage t h icknes 0 .3 mm .
2 .T he Mou s ter ian P o in t s l T h e 1 Mou s te r ian p o in t s , w h ich c oun t f o r 4 . 0% o fa l o ft h e t oo l s , a r e c ommon ly r e touch ed ( 9 ) rod a I l ( Gar nd B a te 1 937 , P l a te XXV I : 1 2 ) ; a so ccu r s w i th t h e L eva lo i s p o in t s , t h ey p r e sen t s em i l a b r up t o r a b rup t r e touch o n t h e l a te ra l e dges . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e u sua ly m o r e f a ce ted ( 8 ) t h an d i hed ra l ( 1 ) o r p l a in ( 2 ) . F ou r a r e c k je t i ) p o in t s . Two a r e b r oken . T h e Mou s te r ian P o in t s ' se l e ng th s r e a ch b e tween 5 2 a nd 8 5 mm , t h e i r w id th s b e tween 3 8 a nd 5 4 mm , a nd t h e i r t h icknes s b e tween 9 a nd 1 4 mm . T he i r a ve rage l e ng th i s6 8 .4 mm , a ve r age w id th 4 1 .4 mm a nd a ve rage s 1 t h i ckn es 0 .1 mm .
3 .T he Em ireh P o in t r s rod G a rod r e po r ted t h ep r e sen ce o ff i ve Em i r eh p o in t s i nt h e a semb lages o fe l Wad F l a nd G ( Gar I: 7 a nd B a t e 1 937 , P l a te s XXV I : 1 3 a nd XXVI 8 ) . We , h oweve r , d i d n o t f i nd t h em i nt h e s amp les t h a tw ee xam ined .
4 .T he S id e scrape r s o T he 7 5 s i de sc rape r s , w h i ch a ccoun t f o r 2 7 .3% o f t h e t oo l s , c on s t i tu te t h e d om inan t t o l type rod a I: 3 a ( Gar nd B a te 1 937 , P l a te XXVI nd 6 ; 1 951 : P l a te I V : 1 ) . F i f ty -f ou r s i de sc rape r s a r e l l m anuf a c tu r ed o nL eva lo i s f l ake s ( 72 .0% ) , s ev en o n b l ade o fL eva lo i s m o rpho logy ( 9 .3 % ) , f i ve o n l l a rge b l ade s ( 6 .7% ) , t wo o n p r ima ry f l ake s ( 2 .7% ) , f i v e a r e m ade o n n on -L eva lo i s f l ake t oo l s l ( 6 .7% ) , a nd t wo h ave b een p roduced o n L eva lo i s c o r e s ( 2 .7% ) . T he s imp le s c rape r s d om ina te l ( 4 5 .3% ) . T he d oub le s i d e -sc rape r s ( 2 8 .0% ) a nd t h e d en t icu la te s c rape r s ( 16 .0% ) a r e w e l r e p re sen ted ; t h e t r an sve r sa l s i de sc rape r s ( 4 .0% ) a nd t h e s i de sc r ape r s o n r e touch ed b l ank s ( 6 .7% ) a l so o ccu r . F ou r teen s i de s c rape r s a r e b roken ( 18 .7% ) . T he s i d e sc rape r s ' l e ng th s r e ach v a lue s se b e tween 4 2 a nd 8 9 mm , w id th s b e tween 3 5 a nd 7 0 mm a nd t h icknes s b e tween 7a nd 2 0 mm , t h e s 1 a ve rage l e ng th i s 65 .7 mm ,t h ea ve rage w id th 4 6 .9 mm a nd t h ea ve rage t h icknes .1 mm .
t 5 .T he R ac l e te s 6 9
T he f o u rr a c le te sf o und i nE l Wad Fa nd G a ccoun tf o r 1 . 5% o fa ft h et o ls ( P la te VI ) .T h ey t l o o I I: 4 a r e m anuf ac tu r ed o n L eva lo i s f l ake s . T he r a c le t e s ' l e ng th s v a ry f r om 5 8 t o 9 3 mm , t h e i r w id th s l t b e tween 4 0a nd 6 6 mm a nd t h e i rt h icknes sb e tween 7a nd 1 mm . T he a ve rage l e ng th i s6 8 .0 mm , se a ve rage w id th 5 6 .5 mm , a nd t h e a ve rage t h ickn es . 3 mm . s 8
6 .N o tche sa nd D en t icu la te T he 6 1 n o tch e s a nd d en t icu la te a ccoun t f o r2 2 .2% o ft h e t oo l s ( P la te VI ,s e a l so G ar 951 , I I: 5 e rod 1 P l a te I I : 2 3 ) ; s i x a r e n o tch e s ( 2 .2% o fa l t h e t o l s ) a nd 5 5 a r e d en t i cu la te p i ece s ( 20 . 1% ) . T h i r ty l o n o tche s a nd d en t icu la te s a r e m anuf ac tu r ed o n L eva lo i s f l ake s ( 4 9 .2% ) ; t wo a r e m anuf a c tu red o n l L eva lo i sb l ade ( 3 .3 % ) ; t e na r eo nl a rge b l ade s( 16 .4% ) ;t we lve a r eo nb l ade s( 19 .7% )a nd s e ven a r e l o nn on -Leva lo i s f l ake s ( 1 .5% ) . O u to fa lt h e n o tch es a nd d en t i cu la te s e l even a r eb rok en ( 18 .0% ) . l 1 l Twe lv e s how af i ne r e touch , t e n b ea r a n i n ve r se r e touch , e i gh t as em i -ab rup t r e touch a nd t wo a n a b rup t r e touch o n o n e l a te ra l e dge . T h e i r l e ng th s r e a ch b e tween 4 1 a nd 1 20 mm , t h e i r w id th s b e tween 1 2 a nd 5 4 mm , a nd t h e i r t h ickn es e tween 5a nd 2 1 mm . T he a ve rage l e ng th i s7 4 .7 ses b mm ,t h ea v e rage w id th 3 3 .7 mm a nd a ve rage t h ickn es 0 .9 mm . s 1
2 Z :5253)
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4 ` & 7 7 .' S i 'rk
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9 8
6
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1 0
P l a te VI I I: T oo ls f r om E l Wad : 1 2 : P o in te s L eva l lo i s ( l ay e rG ) ; 3 :P o in t e L eva l lo is ( l ay e rF ) ; 4 :R ac le t te ; 5 : D en t icu la te o n l a rge b l ade ( l ay e rG ) ; 6 :R e touched L eva l lo is f l ake ( l ay e r7 ) ; 7 :R e touched b l ade ( l ay e rG ) ; 8 : O b l ique t r unca t ion o n b l ade ( l ay e r G ) ; 9 : E nd sc rape r o n L eva l lo is f l ake ( l ay e r G ) ; 1 0 : P er f o ra to r o n r e touched L eva l lo is f l ake ( l ay e rG )
7 0
7 .T he R e touched F lak e s l o l I I T h e2 2r e touch ed f l ake s r e p re sen t 8 . 0% o fa lt h et o l s . E igh teen a r e L eva lo i s f l ak es ( P la te V I : 6 ) l a nd f ou r a r e n on -Leva lo i s f l ak es . E igh t p r e sen t af i ne r e touch o n t h e l a te ra l e dge s , o n e a n i n ve r se r e touch , wh i le t we lve p re sen ta na b rup to rs em i -ab rup tr e touch . S i xa r e b rok en . T h er e touch ed f l ake se l e ng th s r e ach b e tween 5 2 a nd 8 9 mm , t h e w id th s b e tween 3 2 a nd 5 0 mm a nd t h e t h icknes s b e tween 7 a nd 1 6 mm . T h e a v e r age l e ng th i s6 2 .3 mm , a ve rage w id th 4 3 .6 mm a nd a ve rage s 1 t h i cknes 0 .1 mm .
8 .T he R e touched B lad e s l I I: 7 e T h e 2 1 r e touched b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s a ccoun t f o r 7 . 6% o fa l o ft h e t oo l s ( P la te VI ,s e a l so rod 1 l G ar 951 , P l a te I I : 9 and P l a te I :1 0 ) . Two o ft h e se a r e L eva lo i s b l ade s . F ou r e xh ib i t l a rge d im en s ion s , t h e i r l e ng th s r a ng ing b e tween 7 2 100 mm a nd t h e i rw id th s b e tween 3 4 -50 mm . O u t o f l t a h e b l ade s , s e ven a r eb roken ( 9 .9% ) . Two a r e c u rv ed b ack b l ade s( 9 .5 % ) a nd o n e i s a b ack b l ade ( 4 .8% ) . N ine b l ade s p r e sen t af i ne r e touch o n t h e l a te ra l e dge s ( 4 2 .8% ) , f ou r p r e sen t s em i -ab rup t r e touch ( 19 .0% ) , t wo a b rup t r e touch ( 9 .5% ) , t wo i n v e r se r e tou ch ( 9 .5% ) a nd o ne p a r t ia l r e touch ( 4 .8% ) . T he l e ng th so ft h er e touch ed b l ade sa r e f r om 4 9t o 1 00 mm ,t h e i rw id th s f r om 1 t o5 0 mm , se a nd t h icknes s b e tween 5a nd 2 1 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s 69 .8 mm , a ve rage w id th 2 7 .8 mm a nd s 1 t h ea ve rage t h i cknes 0 .0 mm
9 .T he P o in ted B lad e s T he re i s no p o in ted b l ade i nE l Wad Fa nd G .
1 0 . T he B ur ins h e s amp le s o fE l Wad a nd a ccoun t f o r 0 . 7% o fa l o ft h e t oo l s l O n ly t wo b u r in s a r e p r e sen t i n.t ( Gar 951 , P l a te I I : 8 ) . O n e b u r in h a s b een m anuf a c tu red o n n on -Leva lo i s f l ake a nd o ne o n rod 1 l b l ade . T hey a r ed i hed ra lb u r in .
. T he E nd scrape r s I T h i r teen e nd sc r ape r s w e r e u ncove r ed i n t h e a semb lage s ; t h ey a coun t f o r 4 . 7% o f t h e t oo l s s c ( Gar nd B a te 1 937 , P l a te XXV I : 6 10 ; G ar 951 : P l a te I :1 4 15 a nd 1 7 ; P l a te I V : 1 ) . O ne rod a rod 1 t o l i s broken . T h r ee h ave b een a r e m anuf ac tu r ed o nL eva lo i s f l akes ( 2 3 .1 % ) ( P la te VI ) , w h i le o l I I: 9 o n e i so n L eva lo i s b l ade ( 4 .7% ) a nd n i ne a r e o n b l ades ( 69 .2% ) . O u t o fa ft h ese e nd sc rape r s , l l o o ne i s ad oub le e nd -sc rape r , t h ree a r e r ounded e nd sc rape r s , o n e i ss t eep o r c a r ina ted e nd -sc rape r a nd o ne i s nosed e nd sc rape r . T he e nd -sc rape r s ' l e ng th sr ange b e tween 4 1 a nd 7 9 mm , t h e i rw id th s b e tween 1 2 a nd 4 6 mm , a nd t h e i r t h icknes e tween 4 a nd 1 3 mm . T he a ve rage l e ng th i s5 7 .3 ses b mm , t h ea ve rage w id th 3 4 .7 mm a nd t h ea ve rage t h ickne ss 9 . 7 mm
1 2 . T he P erf ora tor s T h e s even p e rf o ra to r s a ccoun t f o r 2 . 5% o ft h e t oo l s . Two a r e m anuf a c tu r ed o n L eva lo i s f l akes l ( P la te VI 0 ; G ar 951 , P l a te I :4a nd 9 )a nd o n eo n an on -Leva lo i s f l ake , w h i le o ne h a sb een I I: 1 rod 1 l m anuf ac tu red o n al a rge b l ade a nd t h r ee o n b l ade s . O ne i sm ade o n an on -Leva lo i s f l ake . T h r ee l p e rf o ra to r s a r e o n n on -re touched b l ank s w h i le t h r ee p r esen t a n a b rup t o r s em i -ab rup t r e touch o n t h e l a te ra l e dge s . T he p e rf o ra to r s ' l e ng th s r a nge b e tween 5 3 a nd 9 3 mm , t h e i r w id th s b e tween 1 5 7 1
a nd 4 8 mm a nd t h e i r t h ickn es e tween 7a nd 1 2 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s6 8 .4 mm , a ve rage ses b w id th 3 2 .0 mm a nd a ve rage t h icknes . 0 mm . s 9
1 3 . T he T runca ted P iece s F ou rt r un ca ted p i ece sw e r eu n cov e r ed i nt h e se a semb lage s( P la te VI ) ; t h ey a ccoun tf o r 1 . 5% o f s I I: 8 t h et o ta l i ty o ft h et oo l s . T h e se t r un ca ted p i ece sh ave b een m anuf a c tu red o nb l ade . T h ree a r eo b l ique t r unca t ion s . Two p r e sen t as em i -ab rup t r e touch o n t h e l a te ra l e dge s . T h e t r unca ted p i ece s ' l e ng th s r e ach f r om 3 9 t o 7 2 mm , t h e i r w id th s f r om 1 2 t o3 4 mm , a nd t h e i r t h i cknes s b e tween 7a nd 1 0 se mm ;t h ea ve rage l e ng th i s 57 .0 mm , t h e a ve rage w id th 2 2 .0 mm a nd t h ea v e rage t h icknes . 5 mm . s 8
1 4 . T he K n ive s S even k n ives u n cove r ed i nt h e a semb lage s a ccoun t f o r 2 . 5% o fa l t h e t oo l s . Two a r e n a tu ra ly s l l c u rved b ack k n ive s . O ne h a s b een m anuf ac tu red o n L eva lo i s f l ake s , w h i le f i ve a r e m ade o n l a rge l b l ades a nd o n e o n an on -Leva lo i s f l ake . O n e i sb roken . T he k n ive s ' l e ng th s v a ry f r om 6 9 t o 1 36 l mm , t h e i r w id th s f r om 3 4 t o 6 8 mm , a nd t h e i r t h ickn es s b e tween 8 and 1 4 mm . T h e a ve rage se l e ng th i s 90 .6 mm , t h ea v e rage w id th 4 7 .2 mm , a nd t h e a ve rage t h icknes .8 mm . s 1
1 5 . T he C ompo s i te t o l s o T en c ompo s i te t o l s w e re u n cove r ed i nt h e a semb lage s ( Gar nd B a te 1 937 , P l a te XXVI ; o s rod a I: 5 G ar 951 , P l a te I :1 6 ) . , a nd a ccoun t f o r3 . 6% o ft h e e n t i r e ty o ft h e t oo l s . O ne o ft h e se i sb rok en . rod 1 T he c ompos i te t o l sc on s i s tm a in ly o fe nd -sc rape r s ( 3 ) o rs i de -sc r ape r s ( 4 ) a soc ia ted w i th n o tch o r o s d en t i cu la te . Two a r e t r unca ted /no tch o r d en t icu la te a nd o ne i sp e rf o ra to r /den t icu la te . F ive a r e m anuf a c tu red o n L eva lo i s f l ake s , w h i le t h r ee a r e o n l a rge b l ade a nd t wo a r e m ade o n b l ade s . T he l c ompo s i te t o l s ' l e ng th s m ea su r e b e tween 4 6 a nd 8 3 mm , t h e i r w id th s b e tween 1 9 a nd 7 0 mm , o w h i le t h e i r t h icknes s r e ach b e tween 8a nd 1 7 mm . T h e a ve rage l e ng th o ft h e c ompo s i te t oo l s i s se 6 .8 mm ;t h ea ve rage w id th i s 39 .1 mm a nd t h ea ve rage t h ickn es .2 mm 6 s 1
1 6 . T he C hamf e red P iece s T he r e i sn o c hamf e r ed p i ece i nE l Wad F ,G .
17 .D ive r s T he r e i sn od i ve r st o l i nt h e s amp le st h a t w e e xam ined . o
2 .B lank s Ana ly s i s As i gn if i can t p e r cen tage o ft h e a r t if ac t s f ound i nt h e se t wo s amp le s w a s m anuf ac tu r ed a st o l s ( c a . o ) . D if r en t b l ank s h ave b een u sed i nt h e p roduc t ion o ft o l s , s uch a sL eva lo i s f l ake s , b lade s , 5% fe o l n on -Leva lo i sf l ake sa nd c o r e s . l We h ave g rouped a ft h et o lp opu la t ion i n to f ou rt y pe s : t h eL eva lo i sb l ade a nd f l ake sb l ank s a r e l o o l c l as i ed i nT ype 1 ,t h e B lade t oo l s i nT ype 2 ,t h en on -Leva lo i s f l ake s i nT ype 3a nd t h eo ther t o l sif l o b l ank s i nT ype 4 ( Tab le I V .30 ) . T he L eva lo i s f l ak e t y pe 1d om ina te s , a l though t h e b l ade b l ank s l t y pe 2i sa l so w e lr e p re sen ted i nt h e se a semb lages . l s 7 2
T h e s i de -sc rape r s , n o tch e s a nd d en t i cu la te a ppea r i ne a ch t y pe , a l though i nd i f e r en t p ropo r t ion s f ( Tab le I V .31) . T ype 1c on ta in s as i gn if ican t amoun t o fs i de sc r ape r s a nd p o in t s ; t h e n o tch e s a nd d en t icu la te , a s w e l a st h e r e touched p i ece s , a r e a l s i gn if ican t i nt h e i r q uan t i t ie s . T ype 2 con s i s t s l l m a in ly o f n o tch ed a nd d en t i cu la te s a nd r e touch ed p i ece s , a l though t h e s i de sc rape r s a nd e nd s c r ape r s a r e a l so w e l r e p re sen ted . T he s i de scrape r s , n o tch e s a nd d en t i cu la t e a s w e l a s t h e l l r e touch ed p i ece s c on s t i tu te t h e m a in t o l t y pe s o fT ype 3 .T ype 4 is m a rked b y t h e d om inance o f o s i de sc rape r s . O u to ft h e n i ne ty -on e b l ade s f ound i nt h e se s amp le s , f o r ty -f ou ra r e l a rge b l ades . T h e f r equen c ie so f t h e b l ank c a tego r ie s a mong t h e l a rge b l ade s d i f e r s i gn if ican t ly w i th t h o se o ft h e s imp le b l ades f ( Tab le I V .32 ) . T h e l a rge b l ade s c omp r i se m a in ly s i de sc rape r s , n o tch e s a nd d en t icu la te s , r e touch ed p i ece s , k n ives a nd p o in t s , w h i le t h e s imp le b l ade s a r e c ha rac te r ized b y h i gh f r equenc ie s o fn o tch es a nd d en t i cu la te s , r e tou ch ed p i ece sa nd e nd -sc rape r s . T h ep e rf o ra to r sa nd t r unca ted p i ece sa r ea lmos t a b sen t among t h e l a rge b l ades b u t d o o ccu r among t h e s imp le b l ade s . A cco rd ing t ot h e se r e su l t s , i t e f o s em s t h a t t h e b l ank s h av e b een s e lec ted f o r t h e m od if ica t ion o fd i f e r en t t o l t y pe s i nr e ga rd s t o t h e i rs i ze o rs hape . l o F o r t h e mos t p a r t , L eva lo i s b l ank s w e re s e lec ted f o r t h e p roduc t ion o f Mou s te r ian t o l s , w he r e a s o l e se r q uan t i ty w a s c hosen f o r t h e p roduc t ion o fU ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o l s ( Tab le I V .33 ) . T h e b l ade o b l ank s w e r e c ho sen f o r t h e m anuf a c tu r ing o f Mou s te r ian t oo l s a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o l s . O u t o f l t o a h e b l ade s , t h e s imp le b l ade s w e r e f i r s t s e lec ted t o p rodu ced t y p ica l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o l s , l s o e s pec ia ly f o rt r un ca ted p i ece s , p e rf o r a to r sa nd e nd sc rape r s , a nd l e ss of o r Mou s te r ian t o l s( Tab le I V .34 ) . T ab le I V .30 : F requen c ie s o fF ou rB lank T ype s a mong t h eL aye r s o fE l Wad T oo ls T ype T ype T ype T ype T o ta l
1 2 3 4
E l Wad N umbe r 7 9 4 8 9 0 1 36
E l Wad G % N umbe r 5 9 .0 8 2 3 0 .9 4 3 7 . 9 1 2 . 2 3 1 00 .0 1 39
F % 5 8 .1 3 5 .3 6 . 6 0 . 0 1 00 .0
T o ta l N umbe r 1 61 9 1 2 0 3 2 75
% 5 8 .5 3 3 .1 7 . 3 1 . 1 1 00 .0
l T ype 1 :T oo ls o n L eva lo is b l anks , T ype 2 :T oo ls o n B lad e T ype 3 :T oo ls o n o t he rF lakes a nd T ype 4 :T oo ls o n c o res .
T ab le I V .3 1 : Fre u en c ie s o ft h eT oo l s a mong t h eF ou rB lank T ype s B l ank G roups T oo ls l 'L eva lo is P o in ts S ide -sc rape rs t R ac le tes D en t icu la te , n o t ches R e touched P ieces B u r ins E nd -sc rape r s P e r fo ra to rs T runca ted p i eces K n ives C ompos i te t oo ls T o ta l
T ype 1 N umbe r % 4 4 2 7 .3 3 5 4 3 .5 4 2 . 5 3 0 1 8 .6 1 8 1 .2 0 0 . 0 3 1 . 9 2 1 . 2 0 0 . 0 1 0 . 6 5 3 . 1 1 61 5 8 .5
T ype 2 N umbe r % 4 4 .4 1 4 .3 1 3 0 0 .0 2 4 2 7 .5 2 4 .2 2 1 1 1 . 1 1 0 9 . 9 4 4 .4 4 3 . 3 5 5 . 5 5 5 . 5 3 .0 3 9 1
T ype 3 N umbe r % 0 0 . 0 6 3 0 .0 0 0 . 0 7 3 0 .0 4 1 5 .0 1 5 . 0 0 5 . 0 1 5 . 0 0 5 . 0 1 5 . 0 0 0 . 0 7 . 3 2 0
T ype 4 N umbe r % 0 0 . 0 6 2 6 .7 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 1 3 .3 0 0 . 0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 3 . 1 1
T o ta l N umbe r % 1 7 .5 4 8 2 7 .3 7 5 1 . 5 4 2 2 .2 6 1 1 6 .0 4 4 2 0 . 7 4 . 7 1 3 7 2 . 5 1 . 5 4 7 2 . 5 1 0 3 . 6 2 75 1 00 .0
T ype 1 :T oo ls o n L eva lo is b l ank s , T ype 2 :T oo ls o n B lade ,T ype 3 :T oo ls o n o the rF lakes a nd T ype 4 :T oo ls o n c o res . l
T ab le I V .32 : F requen c ie s o ft h eT oo l C a tego r ie s a mong t h eB lade s a nd L a rg eB lade s B l ank G roups T oo ls L eva lo is P o in ts l S ide -sc rape rs t R ac le tes D en t icu la te , n o tche s R e touched B lade s B u r ins E nd -sc rape r s P e r fo ra to rs T runca ted p i eces K n ives C ompos i te t oo ls T o ta l
B lades N umbe r % 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 2 6 .1 1 2 1 5 3 2 .6 1 2 . 2 2 1 .7 9 3 6 . 5 8 . 7 4 0 . 0 0 4 .3 2 1 00 .1 4 6
L a rge B lades N umbe r % 4 8 . 9 2 8 .9 1 3 0 0 . 0 2 6 .7 1 2 1 3 .3 6 0 0 . 0 1 2 . 2 2 . 2 1 0 . 0 0 1 5 .1 6 . 7 3 1 00 .0 4 5
T o ta l N umbe r % 4 . 4 4 1 3 1 4 .3 0 0 . 0 2 6 .4 2 4 2 3 .1 2 1 1 . 1 1 1 .0 1 0 4 . 4 4 4 . 4 4 5 5 . 5 5 5 . 5 1 00 .1 9 1
l G roup 1 :T oo ls o n L eva lo is b lanks , G roup 2 :T oo ls o n B lade , G roup 3 :T oo ls o n o the r F lakes a nd G roup 4 :T oo ls o n c o res .
7 3
T ab le I V .33 : F r equen c ie so f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a l eo l i th ic T oo l sa mong t h eL ev a lo i sa nd t h eB lade s l B lank c a tego r ies
B lade B lanks
L eva lo is B lanks l N umbe r
%
N umbe r 4 1
% 6 8 .3
U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo ls
1 32 5
9 6 .3 3 .7
1 9
3 1 .7
T o ta l
1 37
1 00 .0
6 0
1 00 .0
Mous te r ian Too ls
T ab le I V .34 : F r equenc ie s o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th i c T oo l s a mong t h e L a rg e B l ad e s a nd t h e B l ad e s L a rge B lades
B lank c a tego r ies
N umbe r Mous te r ian Too ls U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo ls T o ta l
%
S imp le B lades N umbe r c y o
2 9
9 3 .5
1 2
2
6 .5
1 7
5 8 .6
2 9
1 00 .0
2 8
1 00 .0
4 1 .4
V . CONCLUS ION OF E I WAD Fa nd G s T he s amp le s t a ken f r om t h e a semb lage s o fE l Wad F a nd G i n d ica te s ev e ra l mode s o fr e duc t ion l l s t ra teg ie s : L eva lo i s , U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade a nd N on -Leva lo i sf l ake m ode s . l s T he L eva lo i sc o r e s d om ina te , t h eb l ade c o r e s a r e l e s r e p re sen ted a nd t h e f l ake c o r e s o ccu ri no n ly e l s al ow p e r cen tage . A s s en i nt h eL eva lo is c o r e sf r om t h eR aqef e ta semb lage s , b o th t h ep r ef e ren t ia l ren l l ren a nd r e cur t L eva lo i s m e thod s a r e e mp loy ed f o rt h e p roduc t ion o fL eva lo i s b l ank s ; t h e r e cur t u n ipo la rc o re s d om ina te , t h e c en t r ipe ta l a nd p r ef e ren t ia l f l ake c o r e s a r e s i gn if i can t , a nd t h e b ipo la r l c o r e s a r e l e ss r e p re sen ted . D e sp i te t h e p r esen ce o fs om e m o rpho log ica l L eva lo i s b l ade s , t he re i s l n o t a ny L eva lo i s b l ade r e duc t ion s t ra tegy i nt h e se i n du s t r ie s , a st h ey h av e p robab ly b een d e r ived f r om p y ram ida l o r b i po la r b l ade c o re s . Among t h e l am ina r c o r e s , t h e t w i s ted -oppo sed p l a tf o rm s l c o r e s d om ina te , a l though t h e l a te ra l f l ak ing c o r e s a nd a x is f lak ing c o r e s a r e a l so w e l r e p resen ted . l fe N ah r Ib rah im c o re s , p seudo -Leva lo i s c o re s a nd u nd if r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s d o n o t l rence o o ccu r i nt h e s amp le s . T he n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o r e s a r e m a rk ed b yt h e o ccur fd i s co id c o r e s i n al ow f r equen cy . S eve ra l d i f e r en t t y pe s o fr aw m a te r ia l s h ave b een u sed i nt h e m anuf a c tu r ing o fb l ank s , s uch a s f r ounded n odu le s a nd n ar ebb les ; o ne t a bu la r f l in t a nd o n e f l ake c o re h ave a l so b een u sed a s row p b l ade c o re s . T h e r e la t ion b e tween t h e mo rpho logy o ft h e c o r e b l ank s a nd t h e f l ak ing m e thod s i s e v iden ced i nt h e l am ina rc o r e s , w he r e l a rge n odu le s w e r e t h e s e lec ted r aw m a te r ia l f o rt h et w is ted row p a x i sf l ak ing mode , a nd n ar ebb le s o rt a bu la rf l in tw e r eu sed f o rl a te ra lo ra x i sf l ak ing . P ebb le s . l red B o th L eva lo i s a nd b l ade c o r e s w e r e e xhau s ted o r d i sca rded d ue t o h inge f r ac tu re s t h a t o ccur t o d u r ing t h e l a s t a temp t t o d e tach ab l ank , a nd s om e o ft h em h av ing b een r e -u sed a s t o ls . T he l p r esence o f o ne e xhau s t ive c o re e xh ib i t ing b o th a L eva lo i s f l ake a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b lade s l r emova l s c a r s , a sw e l a st h e g en e ra l m o rpho logy o fs om e b l ade c o re s w h ich h ave p rob ab ly b een l u sed a tf i r s t a sL eva lo i s c o r e s , s ugge s t s t h a t t h e k nappe r s o fE l Wad ( a s t h ose f r om R aq ef e t ) h ave l p rodu ced b o th L eva lo i sf l ake a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade s . s l l T he E l Wad a semb lage s e xh ib i t L eva lo i s f l ake s , b l ade s a nd n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s . T h e d e ta i led a na ly s i s o ft h e b l ank s r ev ea l t h a t t h e l i t h ic r e du c t ion s t ra t eg ie s w e r e mo r e o f ten g ea r ed t owa rd t h e l p roduc t ion o fL eva lo i s f l ake s t h an t h e p roduc t ion o fb l ade s . F o r t h e m o s t p a r t , t h e m o rpho logy o f t h e d eb i tage a nd t oo lp roduc t sc o in c ide sw i th t h e f l ak ing m e thod sd ef ined f r om t h e c o re s ,e xc lud ing l l l t h e L eva lo i s b l ade c or e s , w h ich a r e t o ta ly a b sen t . T h e L eva lo i s f l ake s a r e mo r e q uad r angu la r o r t o vo id t h an t r iangu la r i ns hape , a nd e xh ib i t m o s t ly u n ipo la ro ru n ipo la rc onve rgen t s c a rp a te rn s a nd t l f a ce ted b u ts . T he b l ade sa r e g ene ra ly r e c tangu la r i ns hape , a nd t h e i rl owe rs u rf ace s a r e m os t o f ten s t t s t ra igh t o rc oncave a nd l e s t w i s ted . T hey e xh ib i t u n ipo la r s c a rp a te rn s a nd p l a in o r f a ce ted b u t s . l T he l a rge b l ade s g ene ra ly b ea rp ronounced b u lb s , w h ich s ugg e s t s t h a t t h ey w e re d e tached b y h a rd h amme r . H oweve r , s om e b l ade / le t s e xh ib i t t r a ce so fa b ra s ion o nt h e i rh anged e dge s , s ugg es t ing t h e u se o fs of to rs of ts t one h amme rt e chn ique sf o rt h e i rr emova l . s s T he a semb lage s o fE l Wad Fa nd G e xh ib i t m o re o r l e s s im i la r c ompo s i t ion s o ft oo l s a nd b l ank o o t o l s a nd a r e m a rked b y h i gh f r equen c ie s o f Mou s te r ian t o l s , s uch a s s i de sc rape r s , n o tch e s , l s o d en t icu la te s a nd L eva lo i s p o in t s ; f r equen c ie s a r e l e s f o r t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o l s , s uch a s 7 4
b u r in s , p e rf o ra to r s , t r unca t ed p i ece s a nd e nd sc rape r s . F o r t h e m o s t p a r t , L eva lo i s b l ank s a r e l s e lec ted f o r t h e m anuf a c tu r ing o ft h e Mou s te r ian t o l s a nd l e s s o f o r t h e p roduc t ion o fU ppe r o s P a l eo l i th ic t oo l s . T he b l ade b l ank s a r e f i r s t s e lec ted t op roduce t y p ica l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t oo l s . I n a dd i t ion , t h e m o rpho log ie sa nd s i ze o ft h e L eva l lo i sp i ece sa nd b l ade sp l ay ar o le i nt h es e lec t ion o f t h eb l ank sf o rd i f f e r en ts e t so ft h er e touch ed t o o l s . T he d e ta i led a na ly s i s o ft h e l i t h ic m a te r ia l h a s r e v ea led t e chno log i ca l a nd t y po log i ca l s im i la r i t ies s w i th t h e i n du s t r ies o f R aq ef e t . B o th t h e a semb lages o f E l Wad a nd R aq ef e t a r e m a rked b y a l r e la t ive ly h i gh f r equen cy o f L eva lo i s b l ank s , b y t h e u se o f t h e h a rd h amme r t e chn ique i n t h e d e tachm en to fb l ades , a nd b y al ow r e p r e sen ta t ion o fb l ade le t s .
7 5
CHAPTER F IVE .
EM IREH
THE S ITE l Em i reh C ave i s lo ca ted i nt h e R if tV a ley o fI s rae l 's L owe rG a l i lee r e g ion . T he Mughar e te l -Enü r eh f w l i es o n al i me s tone b l uf h ich f a ce s s ou th -ea s t , i s si tua ted s om e h und red m e te r st ot h e n o r th o ft h e r l s t ream a nd d om ina te s t h e s u round ing f l a t c oun t ry ( Tu rv i le -Pe t r e , 1 927 ) . I tc on s i s t s o f t h r ee l s ag ring i c on t iguou s " r ock sh e l te r s" o r s m a l c ave s w i th an a tu ra l p as e o ccur nt h e r e a r a r ea o ft h e m idd le c ave . rido Ap re l im ina ry i n ve s t iga t ion u nde r taken i n 1 923 r e vea led t h e p r e sence o fa na tu r a l c or r t h a t l o pened f r om t h e b ack , c on ta in ing m ixed a r t if a c t s a nd f i led n ea r ly t ot h e r oof w i th d eb r i s . A t f i ve m e te r s f r om t h e e n t rance , f r agmen t s o fw o rked f l in t s w e r e f ound l y ing o nt h e s u rf a ce . I n 1 925 , s i x l l l t r ench e s w e re d ug i nt wo s ma l c ave s a s w e l a s a tt h e e n t r ance ( Tu rv i le -Pe t re 1 927 , P l a te I ) . T rench A , r e ach ing ad ep th o f 10 c m , w a s e xcava ted d own t ot h e b ed rock a nd c on ta in s v a r iou s f l in t i mp lemen t s a nd q uan t i t ies o fb one s . T r en ches B a nd C , w h ich r e ach am ax imum d ep th o f5 0 cm , l i ke ly c on ta in m ixed o b jec t s , c he r ty i mp lemen t s a nd b one . T ren che s D , Ea nd F ,w h ich w e r e d ug o nt h es l ope l e ad ing u pt ot h ec av e ,a l so y i e lded f l i n t a nd b one s . race o l I nt h e l owe r d epos i t o nt h e T er u t s id e t h e m a in c ave a nd i nt h e f l oo ro ft h e s ha low s h e l te rt o l t t h e l ef t , as i ng le P a leo l i th ic l a ye r w a s d i scove red . T urv i le -Pe t r e p a id a ten t ion t o t h e f a c t t h a t l " t ypo log ica ly t h i s i n du s t ry c on ta in ed f o rm s a na logou st ot h e A u r ignac ian o fE u rope , t o ge the rw i th l l s ome o f ac ha rac te r i s t i ca ly Mou s te r ian t e chn ique" , a nd s t a ted a dd i t iona ly t h a t " t he se t wo t y p e s red i o ccur n t ima te ly m ing led , b o th i nf r on to ft h em a in c ave a nd i nt h e s h e l te ri na nu nd i s tu rbed a r ea l s t a te" ( Tu rv ile -Pe t r e , 1 927 : 6 ) . T he se d epo s i t s o fd ry , h omogeneou s , r a the r t ough c l ay r e s t ing o n s f b ed rock r a nge i nt h icknes r om 2 5 -70 c m ; t h e m agn i tude o ft h ee xcava t ion sw a sn o t i n d ica ted . T h e l rod ( i mp lemen t s f i r s t s t ud i ed b y T u rv i le -Pe t r e ( 1927 ) a nd l a te r b y G ar 1 955 ) d e r ived e i the r f r om t h e se t wo a r ea s , o r a r e e n t i re ly s im i la r i n f o rm a nd t e chn ique t o t h o se t h a t w e r e f o und t h e r e . l rod n A cco rd ing t oT u rv i le -Pe t r e a nd G ar , o n ly t h e i ne rp a r t o ft h e c en t ra l s h e l te r s howed e v iden ce t l o fd i s tu rban ce , a sp o te ry f r agmen t s f r om t h eE a r ly B ronze a ge w e re d i scov e r ed a lt h ew ay d own t o t h eb ed rock . I n ac a ta logue w h ich s umma r ize s t h e i mp lemen t s u n cove r ed f r om t h e Em i reh C ave ( 1927 ) , l o s T u rv i le -Pe t re p re sen ted t h e m a in t y pe s o ft o l s i nt h e a semb lage , w h ich c on s is ted o fp o in t s , s i d e o s c rape r s , e nd sc rape r s , n o sed s c rap e r s , c o r e sc rape r s a nd m ic ro l i th s . Two f r agmen t s o fb one t o l s l l w e r e d i scove r ed , a nd as ma l f r agmen t o f am ode rn h uman s ku l w a s f ound i nt h e P a leo l i th ic l a y e r i nf r on to ft h ec ave . s rod f B ecau se o ft h e a soc ia t ion o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t oo l s , G ar i r s t s u spec ted t h a t t h i s p a r t i cu la r l a y e r o f Em i r eh w a s d i s tu rbed , a nd t h e ref o r e c on ta in ed am ix tu r e o ft wo s epa r a te rence o s i n du s t r ie s , Mou s te r ian a nd A u r ignac ian . H oweve r , a f te r t h e o ccur f a semb lage s y i e ld ing s im i la r f e a tu r e s w e r e d i scov e red i nA bu H a lka a nd K sa r A k i l i nL ebanon , s h e w a s p e r suaded t o r e cogn iz e i ta s ad i s t inc t a r cheo log ica l l a y e r a nd t h u s t o c on s ide r t h e i n du s t ry o f Em i r eh a s at y pe rod s s t a t ion . G ar , w ho p ub l i shed t h e m a te r ia l , a s igned i tt o t h e " T ran s i t iona l" Em i ran i n du s t ry rod ( Gar , 1 955 ) . r od G ar 's t y po log ica l a na ly s i s o ft h e m a te r ia l f r om Em i r eh i ss ho r t ly s umma r ized i nT ab le V .1 . T h e t l s s l o ta lc o lec t ion i n c lude s 7 06 p i ece s . T h ea semb lage i s cha ra c te r ized b yt h ea soc ia t ion o fL eva lo i s r a nd b l ade / le t s b l ank s ; t h e m a in t oo l t y pe s d efmed b y G arod ( 1955 ) a r e t h e e nd sc rape r s , s i de s c rape r s , Mou s te r ian p o in t sa nd t h e r e touch b l ade / le t s , s om eo fw h ich a r ea ppo in ted b yr e touch s u ch rod w a s t h e F on t -Yve s p o in t s . T he mo s t i mpor tan t f e a tu r e d e sc r ibed b y G ar a s t h e p r esence o f si Em i reh p o in t s t h a t s h e c on s ide red t ob e t h e t y pe -f os l o ft h e Em i ran ; w e , h oweve r , d i d n o t f i nd s t h em i nt h ea semb lage . rod c G ar ompa red t h i s i n du s t ry o f Em i r eh w i th t ho se f r om e l - Wad F a nd A bu H a lka . S he n o t i ced o t h a t t h e t e chn iques a nd t o l t y pe s f r om e l - Wad c l o se ly r e s emb le t ho se f r om Em i r eh , d esp i te t h e 7 6
d i f f e ren tp ropor t ion so ft h e v a r ious t ypes . I ne l - Wad F ,t h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic e l emen t s f o rm 3 1% o f t h ew ho le , whe rea st h ey o n ly e qua l6 6% a t Em i reh . S h ec on c luded t h a t Em i reh s e em st or e p re sen ta r a the r more e vo lved s t age o fa n i n du s try wh ich m an if e s t s t h e s ame e s sen t ia l c ha rac te r i s t ics i nb o th s i te s ( Gar r od , 1 955 : 1 59 ) . F u r the rmo re , s he c ompa red t h e ma te r ia l g a the r ed f r om A bu H a lka I Ve a nd I Vf . i nL ebanon w i th t h e ma te r ia l f r om Em i reh a nd e l - Wad . S he p o s i ted t h a t t h e a s semb lage e xh ib i t s t oo m any e s sen t ia l f e a tu re s a l so p re sen t i nt h e I s rae l i s i tes t o n o t b e r ega rded a s c l ose ly r e la ted ; a cco rd ing t oG ar rod , i tc an b e c on s ide red ap os sib le r eg iona l f a c ie so ft h e Em i ran ( Gar rod , 1 955 : 1 59 -61) . T ab le V . 1 :F r equen c ie so ft h eT oo lT ype sa nd t h eD eb i tag eT ype s( af t e rG a r rod , 1 9 55 ) T oo ls Em i reh p o in ts L e Mous t ie r P o in ts
N umbe r 7
R ac lo i rs F l ake s c rape rs E nd -sc rape rs
5 2 3 1 6 2 9 3 9 8 3
S teep -sc rape rs N ibb le f l akes a nd b l ades
1 6 1 4
N o tches B u r ins R e touched f l akes
3 4 4
O the rs C hoppe r a nd c hopp ing t oo ls T o ta l
2 0 5 2 95
B ack -kn ives F on t -Yves P o in ts
2 .4 1 7 .7
D eb i tage C o res L eva lo is F lakes l
1 . 0 5 .4 9 .9 1 3 .2 2 7 .9
F l akes F l ake -b lades B lades B lade le ts B u r in s pa l l
%
N umbe r
5 .4 4 .8 1 . 0 1 . 4 1 . 4 6 . 8 1 . 7 1 00 .0
9 2 3 1 02 4 5 1 83 3 7 1 2
% 2 .2 5 .6 2 4 .8 1 0 .9 4 .5 4 9 .0 2 .9
4 11
9 .9 9
F or t h i s s t udy , 6 58 i mp lemen t s f r om t h e R ockef e l le r Museum , a sw e l l a s as ma l l s amp le f r om t h e I n s t i tu t d e P a l6 on to log ie H uma ine i nP a r is w e re e xam ined . T he a im o ft h i s s t udy i st op r e sen t t h e r educ t ion s t ra teg ie s u sed t o p roduce t h e t l s . We s ha l e xam ine t h e c o re s , t h e u n re touched oo l c o mponen ts a nd t h e t oo l s i n o rde r t o d ef ine t h e i n te rac t ion s b e tween t h e c a tego r ies a nd t h e r e duc t ion s t ra teg ies u sed .
L ITH IC PRODUCT ION T he T ran s i t iona l l a ye r i s cha rac te r ized b yt h e p r esence o fL eva lo i s a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ades a s l w e la sb yn on -Leva lo i s f l ake r educ t ion s t ra teg ie s ( Tab le V .2 ) . T he l a ye r so f Em i reh m an if es t h i gh l l f r equenc ies o fb o th t oo ls w i th c a . 4 9% a nd d eb i tage w i th c a . 4 6% ( Tab le V .3 ) . T ab le V .2 :F r e quen c ie so ft h eT oo l s ,t h en on -Re touched P i e ce sa nd t h eC o re s B lanks L eva lo is F lakes l L eva lo is B lades l P r ima ry F lakes O the r F lakes L a rge B lades B lades B lade le ts CTE C o res D eb r is ( ch ips , c hunks ) D ive rs T o ta l
N umbe r 8 8 1 3 1 8
% 1 3 .4 2 .0 2 .7
6 9 2 8 2 67 8 5 2 1 3 8 1 5 1 6 6 58
1 0 .5 4 .3 4 0 .6 1 2 .9 3 . 2 5 . 8 2 . 3 2 .4 1 00 .0
T ab le V .3 :F r e u en c ie so fT ype so fA r t if a c t s N umbe r 3 21 2 99 3 8 6 58
A r t i fac ts T oo ls D eb i tage C o res* T o ta l
* 7c o re sh ave b een s e conda r i ly u sed a st o o ls .
7 7
% 4 8 .7 4 5 .5 5 ,8 1 00 .0
I .RA W MATER IAL T he r aw m a te r ia l , w h ich p r edom ina te s i nt h is a semb lage , o ccu r s m os t o f ten i nt h e f o rm o fl a rge s n odu le so ff l in t o rc h e r ty f l i n t , v a ry ing i nc o lo rf r om y e low i sh t ob rown . S ome s ma le rp ebb le sa r e l l a l so p r e sen t i nt h is i n du s t ry . L a rge n odu le s o ff l in t w e r e t h e r aw m a te r ia l s o fp r ef e r ence u sed i nt h e m anuf a c tu r ing o f t h e b l ade s , a s w e r e t h e s ho r t r ounded n odu les e xp lo i ted i n t h e L eva lo i s l p roduc t ion . T he m a te r ia l i sf r e sh a nd i sm os t ly n on -pa t ined . A lso , t h e r e la t iv e ly g ood p re se rva t ion o f t h e a r t if ac ts i n Em i reh i s wo r thy o fn o ta t ion ( a s o ppo sed t ot h e m a te r ia l o fR aqef e t ) . B lade s , L eva lo i s l f l ake s a nd o th e r f l akes e xh ib i t t h e s ame s t a te s o ff r eshnes i th o n ly f ew p i ece s s l igh t ly p a t in ed s, w
. THE CORES I T he a semb lage o f Em i r eh c on ta in s 3 8 c o r e s , w h ich f o rm a s ma l p e r cen tage o f 5 . 8% . T h e s l a semb lage i sc ha ra c te r iz ed b y L eva lo i s f l akes , U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade s a nd n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s s l l r edu c t ion s t ra teg ie s( Tab le V .4 ) . D e sp i te t h eo ccur fL eva lo i sb l ade s ,n o L eva lo i s b l ade c o r e rence o l l a ppea r s i nt h e a semb lage . T he f r equenc ie s o ft h e L eva lo i s c o r e s ( 4 2 .1 % ) a nd t h e l am ina r c o r e s s l ( 47 .4% ) a r ew e lr e p re sen ted . T he n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o re sa r el e ss i gn if ican t ( 10 .5% ) . l l s
1L eva lo i sm e thod s l S ix teen L eva lo i sc o r e sh ave b een u n cove r ed i nt h ea semb lage o f Em i reh . P ebb le so rl a rge n odu le s l s h ave b een u sed a s r aw m a te r ia ls . T he a semb lage s a r e c ha r ac te r ized b y t h e d om inan ce o f t h e s r e cur t L eva lo i s c en t r ipe ta l r e duc t ion modes w i th t h e s i gn if ican t a b sen ce o fb ipo la r c o r es ; t h e ren l P ref e r en t ia la nd t h e r e cur tu n ipo la rL eva lo i sm e thod sa r ew e lr e p re sen ted . T he se c o re sa r e m o s t ren l l o f ten s ma la nd e xhau s ted , s om e t im e sb e ing r e -u s ed a st o l sa tt h ee nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion l o 1 . A : T he P r ef e ren t ia lL eva lo i s C ore s l Among t h e p r ef e r en t ia l L eva lo i s c o re s ( P la te I X : 1 ) , t h e p r ef e r en t ia l q uad rangu la r f l ake c o re s a r e l t h e m a in g roup ( 3c o r e s ) , w h i l ep r ef e r en t ia l t r iangu la r f l ake c o r e sa r ep oo r ly r e p re sen ted ( one c o re ) . T he se c o r e sa r ee xhau s ted . 1 . A1 : T he Q uad rangu lar P ref eren t ia lF lak eC or e s T he t h r ee q uad r angu la r p r ef e r en t ia l f l ake c o r e s a r e r ounded o r q uad rangu la r i n s hape , a nd a r e t l o ta ly e xhau s ted a nd f l a t . T he se c o r e s e xh ib i t o ne s c a r r emova l c ove r ing mos t o f t h e f l ak ing s u rf ace . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e w i thou t e x cep t ion f a ce ted , a nd t h e l owe r p a r t o ft h e c o r e s i s a lway s s l igh t ly c onvex a nd c o r t ica l . O ne c o r e e xh ib i t s s e can t s c a r r emova ls wh ich i n d ica te a c en t r ipe ta lp r epa ra t ion o ft h e c o re . I nt wo c o r e s , t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined o no ne s i d e b yt h ed e ta chmen t o fd ebo rdan t f l ake s , a nd o nt h e o t h e r , b ys em i -cen t r ipe ta lr emova l . O n ec o re h a s b een m anuf a c tu red a sd en t i cu la te a tt h ee nd o fi t se xp lo i ta t ion . 1 . A2 : T he T r iang u lar P ref eren t ia lF lak e C ore s T he p r ef e r en t ia l T r iangu la r f l ake c o re i st r iangu la r i ns hape a nd e xh ib i t s t r iangu la r s c a r p a te r n s ; t o ne h i nged f r ac tu r e c ove r s ap a r t o ft h e f l ak ing s u rf ace . T h is c o r e i se xhau s ted , a nd t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm i sf a ce ted . T he l owe r p a r t o f t h e c o r e s i s s l igh t ly c onvex , h av ing b een f o rmed b y p rede te rm in ing r emova l s . T he l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined i n o ne l a te ra l s i de b y t h e d e ta chm en to fd ebo rdan t f l ake sa nd o nt h eo the rb ys e can t r emova l s .
7 8
1 . 1 3 : T he R ecurren t L eva l lo i s C ore s
T he r e cur ren t L eva l lo i s c o r e s d om ina te . O u t o f t h e se r e cur ren t L eva l lo i s c o r e s , t h e r e cur ren t c en t r ipe ta lc o r e s a r e t h e m a in c o r et y pe ( 9 c o res ) ; t h e r e cur ren tu n ipo la rc o r e s a r e w e l l r e p re sen ted ( 3c o res ) ; a nd t h er e cur ren tb i po la rc o r e sa r et o ta l ly a b sen t . 1 .B1 : T he R ecur ren t U n ipo lar L eva l lo i s C ore s Among t h e t h r ee r e cur ren t u n ipo la r L eva l lo i s c o r e s , o n e i sr e cur ren t c onv e rgen t . T h e d i sca rded c o r e s a r e e xhau s ted ( Tab le V .6 ) . T he se c o r e s p os ses s o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf orm ; t wo b ea r f a ce ted p r epa ra t ion a nd o ne i su ndef ined . O n e c o re i st r i angu la r i ns hape a nd t wo o th e r s a r e r ounded . T he c o r e s e xh ib i t b e tween t wo a nd t h r ee s c a r r emova l s o n t h e u ppe r s u rf a ce o f t h e c o r e s ( t h e l a s t r emova l l e ng th s r ange b e tween 3 7 mm a nd 4 0 mm a nd t h e w id th s b e tween 2 6 mm a nd 3 2 mm ) . T he se c o r e s h av e as l igh t ly c onvex n a tu ra l l owe r s u rf ace ; t wo o ft h em e xh ib i t s e can t r emova l s c a r s o n t h e l owe r s u rf ace w i th s om e c o r t ica l p a r t s ( Gar 955 , 4 : M ) . F o r o ne c o r e , t h e l a te ra l rod 1 c onvex i t ies a r e m a in ta ined b yt h e d e ta chmen t o fd ebo rdan t f l akes f r om t h e l a te r a l p a r ts , w h i le f o r t wo o the rc o r e s , t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ies a r e m a in ta ined o n o ne s i de b yt h e d e tachm en t o fd ebo rdan t f l ake sa nd o nt h eo th e rb ys em i -cen t r ipe ta lr emova l . 1 .B3 : T he R ecur tC en t r ipe ta lL eva lo i s C ore s ren l P ebb le s o r l a rge b l ock s h av e b een u sed a sr aw m a te r ia l s ; o ne c o r e i so n f l ake . T he n i ne R ecur t ren C en t r ipe ta lL eva lo is c o r e su ncove r ed i n Em i reh c on s t i tu te t h e m a in c a tego ry o ft h e L eva lo i sc o r e s . l l T he se c o r e s a r e g ene r a ly e xhau s ted ( Tab le V .5 ) ; t h ey e xh ib i t t h r ee o r f ou r s m a l c en t r ipe ta l s c a r l l r emova l s o nt h e u ppe r s u rf a ce ( t h e l a s t r emova l l e ng th s r ange b e tween 2 0 mm a nd 4 8 mm a nd t h e w id th sb e tween 1 8a nd 4 2 mm ) . T h e se c o re sa r e mo s to f ten r ounded o rq uad rangu la ri ns hape ( P la te I X : 2 ,s e e a l so G ar rod 1 955 , F igu r e 4 :L ) . F ou rc o r e s h ave an a tu ra l s l igh t ly c onvex l owe r s u rf ace ; f ou r b ea r s om e s ma l l s e can t r emova l s c a r s a nd h ave s om e c o r t i ca l p a r t s , w h i le o n e c o r e s how s a c on i cb a s i s f o rm ed b yt h er emova lo fp r ede te rm in ing f l akes f r om t h ep e r iphe ry . A cco rd ing t o t h e o r ien ta t ion o fs ev e ra l s c a r r emova l s , i t is l i ke ly t h a t s om e r e cur ren t c onve rgen t u n ipo la r L eva l lo i s c o re s w e r e f u r th e rr e duced t h rough ac en t r ipe ta l m e thod t owa rd t h e e nd o ft h e i r e xp lo i ta t ion . O ne c o re h a sb een m anuf a c tu r ed a sd en t icu la te a tt h ee nd o fi t se xp lo i ta t ion .
Conc lus ions o ft he L eva lo is c ore s l
T he c o r e s a r e g ene ra ly o n l a rge b l ock s o r n odu le s ; o n e i so n f l ake . T h e p r e sen ce o fc o r e s , w h ich l a r e q u i te s i gn if ican t i ns i ze ( g rea te rt h an 8 0 mm ) , s ugge s t st h e u t i l iza t ion o fr e la t ive ly l a rge b l ock s ; t h e i n i t ia l s i ze o f s uch b l ock s c anno t , h oweve r , b e d educed . Mo s t o ft h e c o r e s a r e r ounded o r q uad rangu la ri ns hape . A lmos t 7 0% e xh ib i t s l igh t ly c o r t ica l , l i gh t ly c onvex l owe rs u rf ace s , c a . 5 0% m an if e s t s e can t r emova l s c a r s w i th c o r t ica l p a r t s o n t h e l owe r s u rf a ce , a nd 6% c on ta in a con ic l owe r p a r t wh i ch h a s b een f o rm ed b y p e r iph e ra l r emova l s . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e g en e ra ly l f a ce ted . T he l a te ra l a nd d i s ta l c onvex i t ie s a r e e s tab l i shed b y t h e r emova l o fc en t r ipe ta l r emova l s ( 62 .5% ) , b y d ebo rdan t f l ake r emova l s ( 6 .3 % ) , o r b y t h e c omb ina t ion o fb o th r emova l s o fs em i p e r iph e ra l f l ak e s f r om o n e l a te ra le dge a nd d ebo rdan t f l ak e r emova l s f r om t h e o t h e r( 3 1 .3% ) . Mo s t o ft h e L eva lo i s c o r e s b ea rt h e p a ter n s o ft h e u n ipo la r m ode o fr e duc t ion . Two m odes o fr e duc t ion l t h av e p robab ly b een e xp lo i ted o n s om e c o r e s d u r ing t h e i r r e duc t ion p roces s ; i ti sa l so l i ke ly t h a t se s om e c o re s h ad b een p r ev iou s ly u sed a s u n ipo la r c onve rgen t c o r e s , a nd i n t h e i r l a s t p ha se o f e xp lo i ta t ion h ad t h en b een u s ed a sc en t r ipe ta lc o re s . T he c o re s a r e g en e ra ly l a rge r i n d imen s ion t h an t h ose f r om R aqef e t . T h e d im en s ion s o f t h e l p r ef e ren t ia l c o re s t e nd t ob e s l igh t ly l a rge r c ompa r ed t ot h e d im en s ion s o ft h e o t h e r c o r e s ( Tab le V .5 ) . T he h igh n umbe r o fs c a r s o nt h e u ppe r s u rf ace s o ft h e L eva lo i s c o r e s i n d ica te s a n i n ten s ive l e xp lo i ta t ion . T h e p r ef e r en t ia l c o r e s e xh ib i t s c a r s w i th d imen s ion s t h a t a r e l a rge r i nc ompa r i son t o t ho se o ft h e r e cur t m ode s ( Tab le V .6 ) . I n s ome c a se s , c o r e s w e r e d i sca rd ed b ecau se o fh i nge ren 7 9
red d t f r ac tu r e s t h a t h ad o ccur u r ing t h e l a s ta temp t t od e tach af l ake . Two c o re s h ave b een r e -used a s t oo l sa tt h e e nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion , a nd h ave b een m anuf ac tu red a sd en t icu la te . .4 : F requenc ie s o fL eva l lo is , B lade a nd N on -Leva l lo i s F l ake C o re s T ab le V C o res l L eva lo is C o res l N on -Leva lo is B lade C o res F l akes C o res T o ta l
N umbe r 1 6 1 8 4 3 8
° A 4 2 .1 4 7 .4 1 0 .5 1 00 .0
T ab le V .5 : D imens ion s o ft h eC omp le te L eva l lo is C o re s* Em i reh
N umbe r * o fC o res 4 3 8 1 5
P re fe ren t ia l c o res R ecur t u n ipo la r ren R ecur t C en t r ipe ta l ren T o ta l
1 X 6 8 .5 5 7 .3 5 9 .8 6 1 .5
2 X
s . d . 1 3 .2 6 .0 1 4 .7 1 3 .1
6 1 .0 5 3 .7 5 3 .0 5 .1 5
3 s . d . 1 2 .0 1 0 .1 1 4 .9 1 3 .2
X 1 9 .0 2 3 .7 2 9 .3 2 5 .7
s . d . 5 .0 8 . 1 1 5 .4 1 2 .7
I : L eng th ; 2 :W id th ; 3 :T h icknes s *Mea su r emen t si n mm a r e f o rc omp le te p i eces o n ly .
T ab le V .6 : D imens ion s o ft h eL a s t R emoved S ca r so nt h eL eva l lo i s C o re s* Em i reh
N umbe r * o f C o res 3 2 5
P re fe ren t ia l ren R ecur t U n ipo la r ren R ecur t C en t r ipe ta l T o ta l
1 0
1 X 4 3 .0 3 7 .5 2 9 .4 3 5 .1
2 s . d . 1 4 .7 3 .5 1 .3 1 2 .1
X 3 6 .0 3 0 .5 2 5 .8 2 9 .8
1 : L eng th , 2 :W id th *Mea su r emen t s i n mm a r e o n ly f o rc o res w i th o bse rv ab le s c a rp a t tern s .
2 ,7 7:
1
6
3
0 I m om ic : ==
3cm m 1
P l a te I X : C o r e t y pe s f r om Em ireh : I :P r ef e r en t ia l L eva l lo is f l ake c o r e ; 2 :R ecur ren t c en t r ipe ta l L eva l lo is c o re ; 3 : S em i -py ram ida l b l ade c o re ( 2 .A3 ) ; 4 : A x ia l f l ak ing b l ade c o re w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rms ( 21 32 ) ; 5 6 : Two t w is ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm b l ade c o r e w i th f l ak ing o ppo sed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ( 2 .C 1) , 7 :L a te r a l f l ak ing c o re w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ( 2 .B 1)
8 0
s . d . 5 .0 6 .4 1 0 .5 9 .0
2 .U pper P a leo l i th ic L am inar Me thod s T h eL am ina rc o r e su ncove r ed i n Em i r eh d om ina te ( Tab le I V .4 ) . S even l am ina rc o r ec a tego r ies h ave b een r e cogn ized i nt h ea semb lage ( Tab le V .7 ) . s 2 . A . S i ng le S t r ik ing P la tf orm C ore s 2 A1 : T he l a te ra l f l ak ing c o re s( P la te I X : 7 ;G ar 955 : F i gu re 4 :N )w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a r e rod 1 w e l r e p r esen ted i nt h e a semb lage o f Em i r eh ( 3 c o r e s ) . O ne i so n t h ick f l ake a nd o ne o n t a bu la r l s f l i n t . T he i r e dge s h ave an a tu ra l d i h ed ra l m o rpho logy , wh ich p e rm i t s t h e d e tachmen t o fb l ade / le t s w i thou tp repa ra t ion o f ac r e s ted b l ad e . O ne c o re i s on h eavy b l ock b u ts how sn ot r ace o fc r e s t , s i nce i te xh ib i ts an a tu ra l d i hed r a l e dge f o rm ed b y as t ra igh t c o r t ica l l a te r a l e dge . S eve ra l s e r ie s o fb l ade d e ta chmen t s h ave b een d educed f r om t h e s c a rp a ter n . T he f l ak ing s t a r t s f r om t h e n a tu ra ly n ar t l row a x i se dge a nd e x tend st owa rd st h ew ide s t l a te ra le dge . T he l a te ra lc onv ex i t ie sa r em a in ta ined b yt h e r emova l o f d ebo rdan t b l ade s , s om e o ft h em e xh ib i t ing c or t ica l l a te ra l s i de s . O n e c o re h a s b een m anuf ac tu red a se nd sc rape ra nd b u r in a tt h ee nd o fi t se xp lo i ta t ion . T ab le V .7 : F requenc ie so fL am ina rC o re C a tego r ie s L am ina r C o res L a te ra l F lak ing c o re w i th o ne S t r ik ing -P la t fo rm A x ia l -F lak ing c o re w i th o ne S t r ik ing -P la t fo rm P y ram ida l o rs em i -py ram ida l C o re L a te ra l F lak ing o n Two o pposed S t r ik ing -Pla t fo rms Two , o pposed s t r ik ing p l a t fo rms o r ien ted o n t he s ame a x is Two t w is ted o pposed p l a t fo rm c o re ; w i th a x ia l f l ak ing o pposed t oL a te ra l F lak ing Two t w is ted o pposed p l a t fo rm c o re ; w i th b i -d i rec t iona l L a te ra l F lak ing T o ta l
N umbe r 3 2 3 0 3 6 1 1 8
% 1 6 .7 .1 1 1 6 .7 0 .0 1 6 .7 3 .3 3 5 .6 1 00 .0
2 A2 : T he a x ia l -f lak ing c o r e s w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm o ccu r ( 2 c o re s ) . T h e f l ak ing i sm o s t ly r e s t r ic ted t ot h e n ar x i s o ft h e c o r e , b u t m ay e x tend s om ewha t t owa rd s t h e t wo l a te ra l s i de s . row a T h es t r ik ing p l a tf o rm i s alway so r ien ted o nt h e s am ea x i s o ft h ec o re . O ne c o re i so n at h ick c o r t ica l f l ak e a nd a no th e r i so n ah eavy b l ock ; t h e l a te r e xh ib i t s t r ace s o fc r es t o n l a te r a l -back s ide . T he t c o r eo nf l ake h a s b een u sed a sb u r in a tt h ee nd o fi t se xp lo i ta t ion . 2 A3 : T he p y ram ida l ( 1c o r e ) o r s em i -py r am ida l c o r e s ( 2c o re s ) ( P la te I X : 3 )a r e w e l r e p re sen ted . l Two c o re sa r eo ns ma l p ebb les a nd o n e i so n af r agm en t o fb l ock . T h ey h av e ap y ram ida lo rs em i l p y r am ida l s hape , a nd t h e r emova l o ft h e b l ade s a f ec t sm os t ly t h ep e r iphe ry o ft h e c o r e . T he l a te ra l f c onv ex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined b y d ebo rdan t r emova l s . F o r o n ly o n e c o r e ac r e s t h a s b een p r epa red , w h ich p e rm i t s f l ak ing . Two c o r e s e v idence t h e r emova l o fs ma l b l ade s f r om t h e b a se i no rde r t o l m a in ta in i t sg ene ra lm o rpho logy , e s pec ia ly t h e c on ic b a s is . l
2 .B : T wo O ppo sed S t r ik ing P la tf orm s O r ien ted o n t h eS ame A x i sB lad eC ore s 2 B 1 : T he l a te r a l f l ak ing c o r e w i th t wo o pposed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o r ien ted o n t h e s am e a x i s i s tl o taly a bsen t . l 2 B2 : T he a x ia l f l ak ing c o re w i th t wo o pposed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s ( P la te I X : 4 ) a r e w e l row a r e p r e sen ted ( 3 c o r e s ) . F l ak ing i sm os t ly r e s t r ic ted t o t h e n ar x i s p a r t o ft h e c o r e . S e r ies o f b l ad e sa r er emoved a l ter n a te ly f r om t h e se s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s , wh ich a r ea lway so r ien ted o nt h e s ame e a x i so ft h ec o re . A cco rd ing t ot r ace so ff l ak e r emova l so nt h e l a te ra l s i de so ft wo c o re s , i ts em st h a t t h e f l ak ing s t a r ted a f te r ap r epa ra t ion o f ac r e s t i nf r on to ft h e c o r e . A tt h e e nd o fi t se xp lo i ta t ion , i t h a sb een u sed a sa ne nd sc rape r . 2 .C : T w i s ted O ppo sed P la t f brms B lad e C ore s
8 1
2 C 1 : Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o r e sw i th a x ia l f l ak ing a so ppo sed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ( P la te I X : s 5 -6 ) d om ina te i nt h e a semb lage o f Em i r eh ( 6 c o r e s ) . T he se c o r e s a r e p roduced mo s t ly o n l a rge b l ock s a nd t h e i n i t ia l ized p ha se i sm a rked b y t h e p r epa ra t ion o fl a te ra l , f r on ta l o r b a ck c r es t s . T h e s t r ik ing s u rf a ce i s d i v ided i n to t wo u nequa l f l ak ing s u rf ace s , wh ich h ave o ppo s i te f l ak ing l d i r ec t ion s . T he a x i s f l ak ing s u rf ace i su sua ly t h e m a in o ne , a s i tc ove r s m os t o f t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf orm . O ne c o r eh a sb een m anuf ac tu r ed a sa ne nd sc rape ra tt h ee nd o fi t se xp lo i ta t ion . 2C2 : Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o re s w i th b i -d i rec t iona l o pposed l a te ra l f l ak ing a r e p oo r ly e r e p re sen ted ( 1c o re ) . N o t r ace o f ap repa ra t ion o fc r e s t o ccu r so nt h e c o r e ; i ts em s t h a tt h e f l ak ing r l s t a r ted f r om t h en a row s i de o ft h eb l ock ,w h ich i s an a tu ra ly d i hed ra le dge .
C onc lus ions o ft h e L am inar c ore s s T he a semb lage s a r e c ha rac te r ized b yt h e d om inan ce o ft h e t wo tw i s ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c ore s , b y t h e s i gn if i can t r e p re sen ta t ion o ft h e l a te ra l f l ak ing c o re s f r om o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm , b y t h e s ub l p y ram ida l a s w e l a sb y t h e a x ia l -f lak ing c o r e s f r om t wo s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . T h e b l ade p roduc t ion s f r om t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm sd om ina te s i nt h ea semb lage . s T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o ft h e b l ade c o re s a r e m os t ly p l a in o r f a ce ted , a nd l e s d ihed r a l o r c o r t i ca l l ( Tab le V .8 ) . F o rt h em os tp a r t , l a rge b l ock s h av eb een u sed i nt h ep roduc t ion o fb l ade s ,w h i le s m a l p ebb le s , t h i ck f l ake s a nd t a bu la r f l in t h ave a l so b een u t i l ized ( Tab le V .9 ) . T he r e la t ion b e tween t h e mo rpho logy o ft h e c o re b l ank s a nd t h e f l ak ing m e thod i s wor thy o fn o ta t ion . L a rge b l ock s a r e t h e l r aw m a te r ia l s g en e r a ly s e lec t ed f o r t h e t w is ted -ax ia l f l ak ing c o r e s , w h i le t a bu la r f l i n t o r t h i ck l f l ak e sa r e m os to f ten u sed f o rl a te ra l f l ak ing a nd a x ia l f l ak ing . Sm a lp ebb le sa r e mos t ly s e lec ted f o r p y ram ida lc o r e s . l T he n a tu ra l c onvex i t ie s o ft h e c o r e s a r e m a in ly u sed a l t h roughou t t h e r educ t ion s t r a tegy . B lank s l row s w i th n a tu ra ly n ar i de s ( s uch a s f l ake s o r t a bu la r f l in t ) a r e c ho sen f o r l a te r a l f l ak ing o r a x i a l f l ak ing b ecau se t h e i r e dge s c ommon ly h av e n a tu r a l d i hed ra l m o rpho logy wh ich p e rm i t s t h em t o e a s i ly o b ta in a se r ie s o fb l ade s w i thou t l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s m anagemen t . F o r l a rge b l ock s , b a ck sa a nd /o r f r on t c r e s ted b l ade p r epa ra t ion i ss om e t im e s n eces ry t o s t a r t t h e b l ade p roduc t ion . T h e i l n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i s c ommon ly c ha rac te r ized b y t h e p r epa r a t ion o f c r es t s , f o lowed b y t h e a l te rna te e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h e f l ak ing s u rf ace s , w h ich m a in ta in t h e l a te ra l a nd d i s ta l c onv ex i t ie s b y low f d ebo rdan t b l ade r emova l s . T h i s e xp lo i ta t ion a s a mo re e f ic ien t s e r ie s o f b l ad e p roduc t ion . Among t h e c o re s o n l a rge b l ock s , f i ve c o r e s s how ap r epa ra t ion o fo n e c r es t( 27 .8% ) a nd t wo s how 1 ap r epa ra t ion o ft wo c r e s t s( 1 .1 % ) . T he r emova l s u rf ace s o fc o r e s f r om Em i r eh e xh ib i t b e tween f o u ra nd s even b l ade /b lad e le t r emova l t 1 s c a r s . T h e m a jo r i ty o ft h em s how s r e c tangu la rb l ade /b lade le t s c a rp a te rn s ( 1 c o re s ) , s e ve ra l s how t r iangu la r s c a r s hape s ( 5 ) , a nd t wo a r e u nde te rm ined . F ou r c o r e s e xh ib i t t w i s ted b l ade /b lade le t s s c a r s . T h eh i gh n umbe ro fs c a rr emova l s i n d ica te sa ni n ten s ive e xp lo i ta t ion . T he c o r e s a r e l a rge r t h an t h ose f r om R aqef e t ; t h ey h ave b een d i sca rded a s t h e i r l e ng th s r e ach ed v a lue sb e tween 3 1116 mm . T h et w i s ted f l ak ing c o r e sa r e mo r e l e ng thy a nd w ide rt h an t h e a x i sa nd l l a te ra l f l ak ing c o r e s . T he p y r am ida l c o re s a r e r e la t iv e ly s ma l , c o mpa red t ot h e d im en s ion s o ft h e o the r c o r e s ( Tab le V .10 ) . O n a ve rage , t h e l a s t r emoved f l ake s w e re mos t o f ten l a rg e r i n s i ze c ompa red t o t h e d im en s ion s o ft h e b l ade s c a r s o ft h e c o re s f r om R aqef e t . T h e a x i s f l ak ing c o r e s s, t e xh ib i ts c a r sw i th l a rge rs i ze s ; n eve r the les h e s t anda rd d ev ia t ion i sa l so h i gh ( Tab le V . 11) . A cco rd ing t ot h ev i s ib le s c a r s o nt h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a nd t h eo r ien ta t ion o ft h e b l ade r emova l s , i t e s em s t h a t t h e p rodu c t s w e r e m o re f r equen t ly r emov ed b y s o f t s t one h amme r o r s o f t h amme r i na 5 te t a ngen t ia l m o t ion . 1 0 c o r e s s how s ome a b ra s ion o nt h e o ve rhang ( 5 .6% ) ( c o rn iche ) , a s t ing t oa p repa ra t ion o ft h e s t r ik ing p l a tf orm . O n s om e c o r e s , t h e u se o fb o th h a rd a nd s of t s t on e h amme r i s s f l i ke ly , a nd m ay b ea soc ia ted w i th d i f e r en t s equen ce s i nt h e r e duc t ion s t ra tegy . l G ene r a ly s p eak ing , t h e c o r e s h ave l a rge d imen s ion s . T he b l ade c o r e s w e r e m o s t o f ten a bandon ed a f te r as e r ie s o fb l ade r emova l s i nw h ich t h e r e -managemen t o ft h e c o re c onvex i t ie s a nd /or a ng le sa w a s n eces ry . Mo s t o f ten t h ey w e r e d i sca rded b ecau se o fh i nge f r ac tu re s ( n ine c o r e s w h ich f o rm 8 2
red d t 5 0 .0% ) t h a t h ad o ccur u r ing t h e l a s t a temp t t o d e tach a bl ade ; t wo h ave b een a bandoned b ecau se o ft h ep oo rq ua l i ty o ft h er aw m a te r ia l , wh i ch c on ta in s i mpu r i t ie s . F ou rc o re sh ave b een r e u sed a st oo l sa tt h ee nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion ( 22 .2% ) . Two h av e b een m anuf a c tu red a se nd -sc rape r s , o o ne a sa na ng le b u r in , wh i le a no the ri sac ompos i te t o l( c a r ina ted b u r in /end -sc rape r ) . T ab le V .8 : T vne o fS t r ik ing P la tf o rm s o ft h eB lade C o re s B lade C o res
Em i reh
F ace ted D ihed ra l P la in
2 7 .8% .1 % 1 4 .4% 4
C o r t ica l U nde te rm ined , c rushed
5 .6% 1 .1 %
N -18
T ab le V .9 : T ype s o fB lank c o re s C o res
r ow N ar P ebb les N umbe r
T abu la r F l in t N umbe r
F lake C o res N umbe r
A x is L a te ra l
0 0
0 1
2 1
P y ram ida l Tw is ted T o ta l
2 0 2
0 0 1
0 0 3
L a rge B locks N umbe r 2 1 1 6 1 0
T o ta l
U nde f ined B lanks N umbe r 1 0
N umbe r 5 3 3 7
0 1 2
1 8
T ab le V .I 0 :D imen s ion s o ft h eC omp le te B lade C o re s A x ia l F lak ing L a te ra l F lak ing P y ram ida l Tw is ted T o ta l
X
3 7
7 8 .0 6 1 .6 4 0 .0 8 2 .3
1 8
7 0 .6
3 s .d .
2
1
N umbe r o f Co res 5 3
X
X
3 1 .3 5 7 .1
s . d . 7 . 1 1 2 .0 5 .7 1 8 .3
2 6 .8 2 3 .3 2 6 .0 4 5 .9
1 0 .4 1 7 .6
4 5 .8
1 6 .0
3 .5 3
1 5 .7
s .d . 3 1 .6 1 8 .0
3 8 .4 4 6 .3
5 .2 9 . 1 2 3 .6
9 .2 3 .2
1 : L eng th ; 2 : Wid th ; 3 :T h ickness ( i n mm ) .
T ab le V . 1 1 :D imens ion s o ft h e l a s t s c a rr emova l s* o ft h eB lade C o re s L a te ra l A x is P y ram ida l Tw is ted T o ta l
N umbe r * o f Co res 2 3 1 5 1
:L eng th ; 2 : Wid th ; *Mea su re men ts a re
2
1 X 6 1 .5 7 9 .0 3 8 .0 5 8 .4 6 2 .7
s . d . 9 .2 3 0 .1 1 7 .5 2 1 .5
X 2 1 .5 2 6 .0 9 .0 1 9 .0 2 0 .5
s . d . 4 .9 1 0 .4 6 .5 8 .0
f o rc o r e sw i t ho b s e r v ab l es c a rp a t t e r n s( i n mm ) .
3 : T he O ther F lak ing Me thod s F ou rn on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o r e sa r ep r e sen t i nt h ea semb lage o f Em i r eh . T h ree c a tego r ie sh ave b een l s d i s t ingu i shed : t h e u nd if r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e , t h e c o r e s o n f l ake s , a nd t h e p seudo fe L eva lo i sc o re . l 3 A : T he U nd if er en t ia ted S t r ik ing P la tf orm C ore s f T h i s c a tegory o fn on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o r e s i sp oo r ly r e p r e sen ted i nt h e a semb lage , w i th o n ly o ne l s l em en t . T h is c o r e i s as ma l r ounded p ebb le w h ich e xh ib i ts mu l t ip le s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a nd s c a r e l r emova l s t h a t h ave b een i n te r changed d u r ing t h e r e duc t ion p roces h i s c o re d oe s n o t b e long t oa s. T p r ec i se f l ak ing o rgan iza t ion ; t h e f l ake s h ave b een d e ta ch ed i n a n o ppo r tun i s t i c m anne r , w i thou t p r epa ra t ion o ft h ec onvex i t ie s . T h i sc o r e i s exhau s t ive a nd m an if e s t s s e ve ra lh i nge f r ac tu r e s . 3 B : T he C ore s -oni lake Two f l ake s h ave b een u sed a s c o r e s ; t h ey d i sp lay t wo o r f ou r s c a r s o fs ma l f l ake r emova l u pon l t h e i r v en t ra l s u rf ace s . T he c o r e s -on -f lake r e p re sen t 5 . 3% o ft h e c o r e s i nt h e i r e n t i r e ty . T he f l ak es h av e b een d e ta ch ed f r om o n e o pposed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm , w i thou t p r epa ra t ion o f as t r ik ing p l a tf o rm . 8 3
O ne c o re h a s b een m anuf ac tu red a s an o tch a tt h e e nd o fi t s e xp lo i ta t ion , wh i le a no the r c o r e -on f l ake w a s s e lec ted a mong p r ima ry f l ake s , t h e s e cond b ea r ing s om e c or tex o n t h e e dges . T he c o re s o n -f lake a r e o n a ve rage t h icke rt h an t h a t o ft h e p opu la t ion o ft h e w ho le f l akes . T h e m ean l e ng th o f l s a l u nb rok en f l ake s ( 58 .1 mm ) i sm o re o r l e s s im i la r t o t h a t o f ac omp le te c o re s -on -f l ake ( 5 9 .5 s, t mm ) . N ev e r the les h e c o r e s -on f lake s a r e o n a ve rage w ide r ( 46 mm ) a nd t h icke r ( 2 1 mm ) i n c ompa r i son t ot h ose o ft h eu nb roken f l ake s( r e spec t ive ly 4 2 .4 mm a nd 1 5 .5 mm ) l 3 C : T he p seudo -Leva lo i sc ore s l s O ne p seudo L eva lo i s c o r e i s p r e sen t i n t h e a semb lage o f Em i reh . I t e xh ib i t s o n e o r t wo l l m o rpho log i ca ly L eva lo i s f l ake s c a r s o n t h e f l ak ing s u rf ace , a nd t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm i sf a ce ted . l T h i s p seudo -Leva lo i s c o re e xh ib i t s t wo h inge f r ac tu r e so n t h e s t r ik ing s u rf ace , w h ich m ay e xp la in i t sa bandonm en t .
l C onc lus ion o ft he n on -Leva lo i sF lake C or e s l T he c o re s o f Em i r eh i n d ica te s eve ra l mode s o fr educ t ion s t ra teg ie s a mong t h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake l fe c o r e s , N ah r Ib rah im c o re s , p seudo -Leva lo i s c o r e s a nd u nd if r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s s l l o ccu r i nl ow p e r cen tage i nt h e a semb lages . T he se c o r e s a r e g en e ra ly e xhau s ted a nd s ma l . S om e o o ft h em h av eb een mod if ied i n to t o l sa tt h ee nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion .
I I . THE DEB ITAGE s T he a semb lage o f Em i r eh r ev ea led h i gh f r equenc ies o fn on r e touch ed a r t if a c t s ( Tab le V .3 ) , T h e rod 1 f r equen c ie s o f t h e b l ade / le t s ( Gar 955 , F igu r e 5 : G -H ) a mong t h e d eb i tage p roduc t s a r e l 1 p a r t icu la r ly h i gh , c ompa r ed t o t h ose o f t h e f l ake s ( Tab le V . 12 ) . T h e L eva lo i s f l akes ( 1) a nd l L eva lo i sb l ade s ( 3 ) a r e p oo r ly r e p re sen ted . Among t h e b l ade s , t wen ty -e igh tb ea r l a rge d imen s ion s , t h e i r l e ng th s r e ach ing b e tween 7 1 a nd 18 mm . Among t h e d eb i tage , w e h ave f ound n i n e teen l c r es ted b l ade s , t wo c o re t a b le t sa nd f i f teen b u r in s pa l s . t T he a na ly se s o fs c a r p a te rn s o n t h e c o r e s e nab le u s t op r ed i c t o ft h e m o rpho logy o ft h e b l ank s o d e r ived f r om t h em . T he se a r e e xpec ted t ob e i na cco rdan ce w i th t h e d eb i tage a nd t o l p rodu c t s s l p resen t i nt h e a semb lage s . T he f o low ing i s an a na ly s i s o ft h e u n r e touched c ompon en t s i nr e ga rd t ot h e r e du c t ion s t ra teg ie st h a th av e b een d ef ined a cco rd ing t ot h ea na ly s i so ft h ec o re s . T ab le V .12 : F requenc ie so fD eb i ta eC a tego r ie s Deb i tage N umbe r % 3 .7 1
Em i reh L eva lo is F lakes l L eva lo is B lades l P r ima ry F lakes O the r F lakes B lades a nd B lade le ts CTE D eb r is D ive rs T o ta l
3 3 2 1
1 . 0 1 . 0 7 .0
2 10 2 1 1 5 1 5 2 99
7 0 .2 7 .0 5 . 0 5 . 0 9 9 .9
1 .E xpec t ed C harac ter i s t ic so ft h eD eh i tage P roduc t s s I n t h e a semb lage o f Em i r eh , b l ank s h ave b een o b ta ined t h rough t h e u se o fa va r ie ty o f f l ak ing t m odes , w h ich m ay b e o b se rved b y t h e s c a r p a te rn s o n t h e c o r e 's f l ak ing s u rf ace . A t p r e sen t , w e l t s ha l u se t h e a na ly s is o ft h e c o r e s i n o rde r t o a temp t t o p r ed ic t t h e m o rpho logy o ft h e d e r iv ed l l p roduc t s f r om t h eL eva lo i s , n on -Leva lo i sa nd l am ina rc o re s . 8 4
l T he L eva lo i sP roduc t s l T he L eva lo i s p roduc t ss hou ld b e m o r e o vo id o rq uad rangu la ri ns hape t h an t r iangu la r ; t h ey s hou ld b ea r f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . We e xpec ted t o f i nd L eva l 'or s f l ake s w i th c en t r ipe ta l , u n ipo la r o r t l u n ipo la rc onv e rgen t s c a rp a ter n s . S om eo ft h eL eva lo i sf l ake ss hou ld e xh ib i tc o r tex o nt h e i rl a te ra l p a r t s .
T he B lad eP roduc t s T he b l ade p roduc t s s hou ld b e r e c tangu la r o r t r i angu la r i ns hape ; w e a l so s uppo sed t h a t w e w ou ld f i nd t w is ted b l ade s . S ee ing a s h ow t h e t w i s ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s a nd t h e u n ipo la r c o r e s d om ina te a t Em i r eh , w e a l so e xpec ted t o d i scove r h i gh f r equen c ies o fb l ade s w i th u n ipo la r s c a r t p a ter n s . A cco rd ing t o t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm o n t h e b l ade c o r e s , t h e b l ade p roduc t s s hou ld b ea r t t f r equen t ly p l a in o r f a ce ted b u t s , a nd l e ss f r equen t ly d i hed ra l o r c o r t ica l b u t s ; w e a n t i c ipa te t h e rence o ren o ccur fb l ades w i th t r ace so fa b ra s ion o nt h e i rh anged e dge s . D ue t ot h eo ccur ce o ft a bu la r row p l f l i n t a nd n ar ebb le s a sr aw m a te r ia l s , a sw e l a sb ecau se o ft h e r emova l s o fd ebo rdan t b l ade s f o r m a in ta in ing t h e l a te r a l c onvex i t ie s o f s om e c o r e s , w e e xpec ted t o f i nd b l ade s w i th c or t i ca l e dge s . F u r th e rmo r e ,w ee xpec ted t of i nd af ew b l ade sw i th t wo p e rpend icu la rl owe rs u rf a ce s , wh ich s ugge s t st h a tt h ey h ave b een d e tach ed f r om t h ick f l akes .
l T he n on -Leva lo i sF lak eP roduc t s l fe T he n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s h ave b een d e r iv ed f r om s eve ra l c o r e t y pe s : t h e n on -d if r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s ,t h ec o r e so nf l ake sa nd t h e l p seudo -Leva lo i sc o re s . fe -A . T he f l ake s r emov ed f r om t h e n on -d if ren t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s s hou ld e xh ib i t p l a in t b u t s , a s t h e r e i sn o t r ace o fp r epa ra t ion o n t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s . T he d imen s ion s o ft h e se l l f l ak e ss hou ld b es ma le rt h an t h o se o ft h e L eva lo is p roduc t s . t -B .T he f l ak e sd e tach ed f r om t h ec o r e -on f l ak e ss hou ld h av ep l a in b u t s . l l -C . S ome f l ake s o f L eva lo i s m o rpho logy c ou ld h ave b een d e r ived f r om t h e p seudo -Leva lo i s sib c o r e s . H oweve r , t h i s i sn o t p os le t o d e te rm ine w i thou t i d en t if y ing t h e i r e xa c t o r ig in s . T he se l f l ak e s h ave t h es ame c ha r a c te r i s t ic sa st h eL eva lo i s f l ake s .
h eD eb i tage P roduc t s 2 .C harac ter i s t ic so f .t Among t h e b l ade sa nd b l ade le t s , t h e r e a r e 1 50 n on r e touched b l ades , t h r ee o fL eva lo i s m o rpho logy l a nd 6 0 b l ade le t s ; 2 8 o ft h e se h ave l a rge d imen s ion s . T h r ee b l ade s e xh ib i t t wo p e rpend icu la r l owe r s u rf ace s , i n d ica t ing t h a tt h ey h ave b een d e ta ched f r om t h i ck f l ake s .
T he Morpho log yo f th eD eb i tage P roduc t s A sw a se xpec ted , t h e L eva lo i sf l ak es a r em o r e o f ten o vo id a nd q uad rangu la rt h an t r i angu la ro rs ub l t r i angu la r i ns hape ( Tab le V .13 ) . T he b l ade sa nd b l ade le t sb l ank sa r e b o th r e c tangu la ra nd t r i angu la r o r s ub t r iangu la r i n s h ape . Among t h e se b l ade s , t h e l a rge b l ade s a r e m o r e t r iangu la r o r s ub t r i angu la r i ns h ape t h an r e c tangu la r . T h e l owe r s u rf ace s o ft h e b l ades a nd b l ade le t s a r e m os t o f t en s t ra igh t , c oncave o rt w i s ted . T he b l ade / le t s m os t ly p os t ra igh t l owe r s u rf ace s , e ven t h ough t h e ses s s c on cave l owe r s u rf a ce s a sw e la st h e t w is ted b l ade / le t s a r e w e l r e p r e sen ted ( Tab le V .14 ) . Mos t o f l l t h e l a rge b l ade sa r e s t ra igh t ( 6 0 .7% ) , w i th t h en umbe ro ft w i s ted ( 14 .3% )o rc oncav e ( 1 7 .8% ) b e ing l e s . s 8 5
T ab le V .13 : Mo rph° lo
o ft h eF l ake sa nd B lade / le t s
F l ake s a nd B lade / le ts Q uad rangu la r R ec tangu la r O vo id T r iangu la r , s ub t r iangu la r U nde te rm ined
B lade / le ts N =210 0 . 0% 4 1 .9% 0 . 0% 4 7 .1 % 1 .0%
L eva l lo is * N = 14 2 8 .6% 1 4 .3% 3 5 .7% 2 1 .4% 0 . 0%
l l * The L eva lo is i t ems i n c lude t h e L eva lo is f l ake s a nd b lades
T ab le V .14 : T ype so fL owe rS u rf ace so ft h eB lade s a nd B lade le t s N =210 4 1 .4% 1 3 .3% 3 6 .2% 9 . 1%
B lade a nd B lade le ts S t ra igh t Tw is ted C oncave U nde te rm ined
T ab le V .15 : D o r sa l S ca rP a t te rn so ft h en on re touched L eva l lo is F l ake sa nd B lade s S ca rp a t te rn l U n ipo la rp a ra le l U n ipo la rC onve rgen t C en t r ipe ta l B i po la r U nde te rm ined
L eva l lo is * N = 14 3 5 .7% 3 5 .7% 2 1 .4% 7 . 1% 0 . 0%
B l ade / le ts N =210 8 1 .0% 8 . 6% 0 . 0% 7 . 6% 2 . 9%
l l * The L eva lo is t oo ls i n c lude t he L eva lo is f l akes a nd b lade s
T ab le V .16 : T ype so fB u t ts o ft h en on -Re touched A r t if ac t s S t r ik ing P la t fo rm F ace ted D ihed ra l P l a in P unc t i fo rm o rL i nea r C o r t ica l C rushed B roken U nde te rm ined
l L eva lo is * N = 14 5 7 .1 % 0 . 0% 2 8 .6% 0 . 0% 0 . 0% 0 . 0% 7 . 1% 7 . 1%
O the r F l akes N =24 4 . 2% 8 . 3% 4 5 .8% 0 . 0% 8 . 3% 8 . 3% 2 5 .0% 0 . 0%
B l ades N =210 1 .4% 0 . 0% 6 5 .7% 1 6 .9% 1 . 4% 0 . 0% 5 . 7% 0 . 0%
l l * The L eva lo is t oo ls i n c lude t h e L eva lo is f l akes a nd b lade s
T he S car P a t tern o n t h e U pper S urf ace o ft h eD eb i tage T he u n ipo la r a nd u n ipo la r c onve rgen t s c a r p a t te rn s d om ina te a mong t h e L eva l lo i s f l akes ( Tab le V .15 ) . T he c en t r ipe ta l i ss i gn if ican t i n q uan t i ty w he rea s t h e b i po la r i sp oor ly r e p re sen ted . T he u n ipo la r s c a rp a t te rn o n t h eu ppe r s u r f ace o ft h e b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s a lway s f o rm s t h e l a rge s t t y pe o fd o r sa ls c a rp a t te rn i nt h e e n t i re b l ade p opu la t ion ; a mong t h em , s om e e xh ib i t u n ipo la rc onve rgen t s ca rp a t te rn s , w h i le t h eb i po la ri s poo r ly r e p re sen ted . T he B u t tt y pe so ft h eB lank s y ah i gh f r equency o ff a ce ted b u t s a nd l e ss A s w ee xpec ted , t h e L eva l lo i s f l ake s a r e d i s t ingu i shed b t u t ts g en e r a l ly h ave p ronounced b u lbs , w h ich o fa fr equen cy o fp l a in b u t s ( Tab l e V .16 ) . T he se b t i n d ica te s t h a t t h e se f l akes w e r e p robab ly d e tached b l y h a rd h amme r . I n c on t ra s t t o t h e L eva lo is l t s f l ake s , t h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s m an if e s t ah i gh f r equency o fp l a in b u t s a nd al e se r f r equency o f t t l ses s p f a ce ted b u ts . T he se b u t s u sua ly p os ronoun ced b u lb s , t h a t w h ich i n d ica te s t h a t t h e se t p roduc t s w e r e p robab ly d e ta ched b y h a rd h amme r . S ome f l ak e s s how t h in b u ts a nd f l a t b u lbs , t s ugge s t ing t h eu se o fs of ts t one h amm e r . T he p l a in o rl i nea rb u t s d om ina te a mong t h eb l ade sw i th s l 8 2 .6% , t h e f a ce ted a r e l e s r e p r e sen ted w i th 1 .4% a nd t h e d i h ed ra l i s t o ta ly a b sen t . T he t f r equenc ie s o ft h e p l a in ( 5 3 .4% ) , f a ce ted ( 4 2 .9% ) a nd c o r t ica l b u t s ( 3 .4% ) a mong t h e l a rge b l ades f rence o l t d i f e r f r om t h ose o ft h e o t he rb l ade s . T he o ccur fb l ade sa nd b l ade le t s w i th s ma l p l a in b u ts e a nd a b ra s ion o nt h e o ve rhang ( c orn iche ) ( Pe leg r in , 1 997 ) , w h ich f o rm 7 8 .1 % o ft h ese b l ank s , s em s
8 6
t oi n d ica te t h a t t h e t e chn iqu e o fs of t h amme r o r s of t s t one h amm e r w a s t h e p r eponde ran t m e thod u sed i nt h ep roduc t ion o fb l ade / le t s .
C or tex T he o ve r rep re sen ta t ion o fc or tex o n d eb i tage p roduc t s i sw o r thy o fn o ta t ion ( Tab le V .17 ) . T he l m a jor i ty o ft h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s e xh ib i t s c or tex o n t h e i r l a te ra l e dge s o r o n t h e i r d o r sa l f a ce s . T he p r ima ry f l ake s ( 3 ) , w h ich e xh ib i t b e tween 9 0 a nd 1 00% o f c or tex , r e p r e sen t 7 . 9% o f t h e l l l L eva lo i sa nd n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s ; t h e f l ake sa nd b l ade sb ea r ing c o r tex a r e s t a t i s t ica ly s i gn if ican t . s l T he f r equen c ie s o f f l ake s t h a t b ea r c o r tex a r e l e s s i gn if ican t among t h e L eva lo i s b l ank s t h an l l a mong t h o se o ft h e o th e rf l ake s . T he c o r tex i sg ene ra ly s i tua ted o nt h e l a te ra ls i de so ft h e L eva lo is f l ake s . I ti sc on ce ivab le t h a t t h e se f l ake s , w h ich a r e m os t ly d ebo rdan t , w e r e d e ta ched f o r t h e l l p u rpose o f m a in ta in ing t h e l a te ra l c onv ex i t ie s o ft h e L eva lo i s c o re s . Among t h e n on -Leva lo is s f l ake s , t h e c o r tex i s mo s t o f ten s i tua ted o nt h e d o r sa l f l ake s ( c a .70% ) a nd l e s o n t h e l a te ra l s i de s . Among t h e 15 c or t ica l b l ade sa nd b l ade le t s ,t h o se wh ich b ea rc o r tex o nt h e i rd o r sa l f a ce sd om ina te w i th 5 6 .5% . T he b l ade sw h ich e xh ib i tc o r tex o nt h e i r l a te ra l s i de s f o rm 4 3 .5% ; i ti s li ke ly t h a tt h e se d ebo rdan t b l ade s p l ay ar o l e i nt h e m a in tenan ce o fl a te ra l c onvex i t ie s o ft h e b l ade c o re s d u r ing t h e se r e duc t ion p roces s .
S i ze o ft h ed eb i tage l l T he L eva lo i s f l ake s , t h e p r ima ry a nd n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s a nd t h e b l ade s m os t o f ten e xh ib i t l a rge d imen s ion sc ompa red t ot h ea r t if ac t so fR aqef e t( Tab le V .18 ) . T ab le V . 17 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h en on -Re touched A r t if ac t s L eva l lo is i t ems N = 14 7 8 .6% 1 4 .3% 7 . 1% 0 . 0%
T oo ls Co r tex Amoun t ( Po 1 -30% 3 0 -90 % 9 0 -100%
O the r F lakes
B lade / le ts
N =24
N =210
4 5 .8 %
4 5 .4 %
1 6 .7 %
1 8 .2 %
2 5 .0 %
3 6 .4 %
1 2 ,5 %
0 .0 %
T ab le V .18 : D imen s ion s o ft h eC omp le te L eva l lo i s F l ake s a nd B lade s* B lades a nd F lakes L eva l lo is F lakes L eva lo is B lades l P r ima ry F lakes N on -Leva l lo is F l akes L a rge B lades B lades B lade le ts
N umbe r * o ff l akes 1 0 3 3 1 7 1 5 1 02 4 0
3
2
1 X 7 6 .4
S .D 1 6 .4
9 1 .7
1.6
7 0 .0
2 .3 2
5 8 .1
1 2 .2
9 4 .4
1 3 .4
5 6 .6
9 .2
4 0 .1
9 .9
X 4 9 .4 3 5 .3 5 4 .0 4 2 .4 3 3 .9 1 6 .9 8 .7
S .D 1 3 .6
1 2 .8
3 .5
1 0 .3
1 . 2
2 1 .0
1 4 .3
2 . 1
9 . 1
1 5 .5
6 .0
7 .7
1 4 .8
7 . 1
3 .2 1 . 7
7 .0
1 .9
3 .6
1 .3
X
S .D 5 .4
1 : L eng th ; 2 : Wid th ; 3 :T h ickness *Measu remen t sa re f o r c omp le te p ieces o n ly ( i n mm ) .
T ab le V I .19 : F requen c ie so fL eva l lo i s T oo l s , B lade T oo ls , a nd F l ake T oo l s N =328 2 3 .8% 2 .7% 5 2 .1 % 1 8 .9% 2 . 1% 0 .3%
T oo ls L eva lo is F lake T oo ls l L eva lo is B lade T oo ls l B lade / le ts T oo ls N on -Leva lo is F l ake t oo ls l T oo l o n c o res D ive rs
3 .S umn ia ty o ft he D eb i tag e s T he Em i reh a semb lage e xh ib i t s s eve r a l f l ake s a nd b l ade s t y pe s . T he p r e sence o fl a rge b l ade s a nd l l s s w e h ad e xpec ted , t h e f l akes , e spec ia ly L eva lo i sp i ece s , h a s m a rked t h e a semb lage o f Em i reh . A l m o rpho logy o ft h e n on -L ev a lo i s f l ake sa nd b l ades d e sc r ibed h e re c o in c ide s w i th t h e f l ak ing m ode s 8 7
d ef ined f r om t h e c or e s ' a na ly s is ( ex cep t f o rt h e L eva lo i s b l ade c o r e s , wh ich a r e a bsen t i n Em i r eh ) . l We m ay c on jec tu re t h a t t h e se b l ade s o fL eva lo i s m o rpho logy w e r e d e tached f r om n on -Leva lo i s l l c o r e s , a nd p os ly f r om p y ram ida l c o r e s . T h e n on r e touched L eva lo i s f l akes a nd b l ades a r e m o r e sib l q uad rangu la ro ro vo id t h an t r iangu la r i ns hape ; t h ey e xh ib i t u n ipo la rs c a rp a te rn s a nd f a ce ted b u t s . t t T he n on re tou ched b l ade s a r e b o th t r i angu la r a nd r e c tangu la r i ns hape , a nd t h e i r l owe r s u rf a ce s a r e m os t o f ten s t ra igh t o r c oncave a nd l e s t w i s ted . T hey s how u n ipo la r s c a r p a te rn s a nd p l a in b u t s , s t t a nd m o s to ft h em e xh ib i tc or tex o nt h ed o r sa lo rl a te r a le dge s .
I V . THE R ETOUCHED ART IFACTS T he f o low ing a na ly s is o f t h e r e touched p i ece s i n t h e Em i r eh a semb lage u nde r take s f i r s t ly t o l s d e sc r ibe t h et o l s , a nd s e cond ly t oe xam ine t h e i n te rac t ion sb e tween t h e s e lec ted b l ank sa nd t h et o l o o t y pe s .
1 .T he T ypo log ica lC ompo s i t ion o ft he A semb lage s s T he f r equen cy o ft h e r e touched a r t if ac t s i ss t a t i s t ica ly s i gn if ican t ( Tab le V .2 ) . T h e b l ade / le t s t o l s l o d om ina te , a nd t h e L eva lo i s t o l s a r e w e l r e p re sen ted , e spec ia ly t h e L eva lo i s f l ake s t o l s . T he l o l l l o o th e rf l ake t oo l sa l so o ccu ri n ar e la t ive ly s i gn if i can tf r equen cy ( Tab le V .19 ) . T he a semb lage o f Em i r eh i s cha rac te r ized b yt h ed om inance o ft h e r e touch ed b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s , s a s w e l a s b y t h e e nd sc rape r s ( Tab le V .20 ) . T he f r equen c ies o fL eva lo i s a nd Mou s te r ian p o in t s l l a nd t h e s i de sc rape r s a r e s t a t i s t ica ly s i gn if i can t , w h i le t h e b u r in s , k n ive s , p e rf o ra to r s a nd t r unca t ed l p i eces a r e l ow i nt h e i r amoun t s ,n o te x ceed ing 3% . T ab le V .20 : F r equen c ie so ft h eT oo lC a tego r ie s T oo ls *
N umbe r % 4 6 6 2 6 2 7 3 6 6 1 5 9 8 2 1 0 6 3 2 8 1 3 28
L eva lo is P o in ts l Mous te r ian P o in ts S ide -sc rape rs D en t icu la te , n o tches R e touched F l akes R e touched B lades P o in ted B lades B u r ins E nd -sc rape r s P e r fo ra to r s T runca ted p i eces K n ives C ompo s i te T oo ls D ive rs T o ta l
1 4 .0 1 . 8 7 . 9 8 . 2 0 . 9 2 0 .1 4 .6 2 . 7 2 5 .0 3 . 1 1 . 8 0 . 9 8 . 6 0 . 3 9 9 .9
* The t o o ls o nc o re sh av eb e en c oun ted w i th t h e t oo ls
1 :T he L eva l lo i sP o in t O u t o ft h e 4 6 L eva l lo i s p o in t s , w h ich r e p r e sen t 1 4 .0% o ft h e t o o l s , f o r ty two a r e f l ake L eva l lo i s p o in t s ( 9 1 .3 % ) ( P la te X : 1 2 , 1 ; s e e a l so G ar rod 1 955 , F igu r e 5 :C ) , a nd f ou r a r e b l ade L eva l lo i s p o in t s ( P la te X : 1 3 ) ( 8 .7% ) . Mos t o ft h e L eva l lo is P o in t s a r e r e touched ( 84 .5% ) ; t h ey a r e s em i a b rup t ( 5 ) , a b rup t ( 1 5 ) , i n ve r se ( 1 ) , f i ne ( 2 ) , d en t icu la te ( 6 ) o r p a r t ly r e touched ( 10 ) o n t h e l a te r a l s e dge s . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e mo s t ly f a ce ted ( 5 4 .3 % ) , l e s p l a in ( 34 .8% ) o r d ihed ra l ( 2 .28% ) , t o a nd c o r t ica l ( 2 .2% ) o rb u rn t ( 6 .5% ) . T he s c a r p a ter n s v i s ib le o n t h e u ppe r s u rf aces o ft h ese t o l s ren l s ugge s t t h a t t h ey w e r e p r ima r i ly d e r iv ed f r om t h e r e cur t u n ipo la r c onve rgen t L eva lo i s c o r e s ; t 8 0 .4% e xh ib i t u n ipo la rc onve rgen t s c a rp a ter n s , 6 . 5% u n ipo la r , 8 . 7% c en t r ipe ta l , wh i le 4 . 3% s how t l l u nde te rm ined s c a rp a te rn s . T h ree L eva lo i sp o in t sa r eb roken ( 6 .5% ) . T he L eva lo i sP o in t s ' l e ng th s se r e ach v a lue s b e tween 3 9 a nd 9 5 mm , w id th sb e tween 1 9 a nd 5 6 mm a nd t h icknes sb e tween 5a nd 8 8
s 1 1 9 mm ; t h e a v e rage l e ng th i s6 7 .8 mm , t h e a ve rage w id th 4 0 . 1 mm , a nd t h e a ve rage t h icknes 0 .4 mm
2 .T he Mous ter ian P o in t s rod 1 o T he 6 M ou s te r ian p o in t s ( Gar 955 , F igu r e s 1 :C -G ) , wh ich c oun t f o r 1 . 8% o ft h e t o l s , a r e l c ommon ly r e touched ( 4 ) ; a s o ccu r s w i th t h e L eva lo i s p o in t s , t h ey p r e sen t s em i -ab rup t o r a b rup t l r e touch o nt h e l a te ra l e dges ( 2 ) a nd f i ne ( 1 ) o rp a r t ia l( 1 ) . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm sa r eu sua ly f a ce ted s ( 5 ) a nd l e s d i hed ra l ( 1 ) . T he Mou s te r ian P o in t s ' l e ng th s r e ach b e tween 4 9 a nd 8 9 mm , w id th s se b e tween 3 0a nd 5 4 mm , a nd t h ickn es sb e tween 8a nd 1 9 mm , t h e i ra v e rage l e ng th b e ing 7 3 .2 mm , s 1 a v e rage w id th 3 8 .2 mm a nd a ve rage t h icknes .7 mm .
3 .T he Em i reh P o in t s rod r rod 1 G ar e po r ted t h e p r e sen ce o ft h r ee Em i reh p o in t s ( Gar 955 , F i gu r e 1 :a b ) . H owev e r , w e d s i dn ' t f i nd t h em i nt h ea semb lage .
4 .T he S id e scrape r s rod 1 s c T h e2 6 s i de -sc rape r s ( Gar 955 , F i gu r e 2 :A -F ) f ound i nt h e a semb lage a coun t f o r7 . 9% o ft h e o l t o l s . F ou r teen s i de sc rape r s a r e m anuf ac tu r ed o n L eva lo i s f l akes ( 5 3 .9% ) , f ou ro np r ima ry f l ake s l o ( 1 5 .4% ) , f ou ra r e m ade o nn on -Leva lo i s f l ake t o l s( 1 5 .4% ) , a nd f ou ra r em ade o nb l ades ( 1 5 .4% ) . l T h e d oub le s i de sc rape r s a r e w e l r e p re sen ted w i th 2 6 .9% ; 1 9 .2% a r e d en t icu la te s c rape r s . A s f o r l t h e L eva lo i s f l akes , t h e s imp le s c rape r s ( 46 .2% ) a nd t h e r e touch ed o rd en t icu la te s c rape r s ( 5 3 .8% ) d om ina te , o n e o ft h em b e ing at r an sve r sa l s i de -sc rape r . F ou r s i de -sc rape r sa r e b roken ( 1 5 .4% ) . T he s i de sc rape r s ' l e ng th s r e ach v a lue s b e tween 4 3 a nd 19 mm , w id th s b e tween 3 0 a nd 9 2 mm a nd se t h i cknes s b e tween 8a nd 3 9 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s7 7 .6 mm , t h e a ve rage w id th 4 9 .9 mm a nd s 1 a v e rage t h ickn es 4 .7 mm .
t 5 .T he R ac le te s t s T h e r e i sn or a c le te i nt h e a s emb lag e .
6 .N o tche sa nd D en t icu la te rod 1 o T he 2 7 n o tch e s a nd d en t icu la te ( Gar 955 , F i gu re 4 :E -F ) a ccoun t f o r 8 . 2% o ft h e t o l s ; f i f teen l o a r e n o tche s ( 4 .6% o f a l t o l s ) a nd t we lve a r e d en t icu la te p i ece s ( 3 .7% ) . N in e n o tch e s a nd 3 l d en t icu la te a r e m anuf a c tu red o n f l ake s ( 3 .3% ) . O u t o ft h ese , s even a r e m anuf a c tu red o n L eva lo i s l f l ake s ( P la te X : 3 ) a nd t wo a r e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake ; 1 4 a r e o n b l ade s ( 4 8 .2% , ) o ne o f wh ich i so f l 1 L eva lo i s mo rpho logy ( P la te X : 5 ) . O n e i so n b l ade le t ( 3 .7% ) a nd t h r ee a r e o n c o r e s ( 1 . 1% ) . Among t h e t we lve d en t icu la te s , o n e i s broken ( 8 .3% ) . O ne s how s af i ne r e touched l a te ra l e dge a nd t h r ee a r e d oub l e d en t icu la te s . T he i r l e ng th s r e a ch b e tween 3 8 a nd 16 mm , t h e i rw id th sb e tween 1 4 a nd 6 7 mm , a nd t h e i rt h ickn es sb e tween 4a nd 2 0 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s 69 .6mm , t h e a ve rage se w id th 3 1 .8 mm a nd a v e rage t h ickn es s 9 . 7 mm . Among t h e f i f teen n o tch e s , t h r ee a r e b roken ( 2 0 .0% ) , t h r ee t o o l s s how f i ne r e tou ch o n o ne l a te ra l e dge a nd o n e h a s d oub le n o tche s . T he i r l e ng th s r e ach v a lues b e tween 3 7 a nd 1 06 mm , t h e i rw id th sb e tween 1 8 a nd 5 6 mm , a nd t h icknes se s b e tween 5 a nd 1 8 mm . T h e a ve rage l e ng th i s7 0 .1 mm , a ve rage w id th 4 1 .1 mm , a nd a v e rage t h icknes s 9 . 7 mm . 8 9
7 .T he R e touched F lak e s T he r e touch ed f l akes a r e p oo r ly r e p re sen ted i nt h e a semb lage o f Em i reh c ompa red t ot h e R agef e t s a semb lage s , w i th 0 . 9% . Two a r e L eva lo i s f l ake s a nd o ne i sm anuf ac tu red o n c o r t i ca l n on s l L eva lo i s f l ake . Two p re sen t af i ne r e touch o nt h e l a te ra l e dges a nd o ne p r esen t s a na b rup t r e touch . l T he r e touch ed f l ak e l e ng th s r e ach b e tween 6 6 a nd 8 6 mm , t h e w id th s b e tween 3 9 a nd 4 4 mm a nd t h ickn es s b e tween 6 a nd 1 6 mm ; t h e a ve r age l e ng th i s7 4 .3 mm , a ve rage w id th 4 1 .7 mm a nd se a ve rage t h icknes 2 .3 mm . s 1
1
" -,
3
8 7
9
1
1 2
,
0 3 cm i m a in == amm i
1 0
1 4 _ 13
F -5 iFaceted b u t t
P l a te X :T oo ls f r om Em i reh : 1 2 , 1 : L eva l lo is P o in t s ; 3 :N o tche s o n L eva l lo is f l ake ;4 :O b l ique t r unca t ion o n l a rge b l ade ; 5 :N o tch o n r e tou ch L eva l lo is b l ade ; 6 :B ack k n if e ; 7 :T runca ted b l ade ; 8 :P e rf o ra to r o n f l ake ; 9 : P o in ted b l ade ( E l Wad ) ; 1 0 : R e touched b l ade le t ; 1 2 : R e touched b l ade ; 1 3 : L eva l lo is P o in t o n b l ade ; 1 4 : P o in ted b l ade le t
9 0
8 .T he R e touched B lade sa nd B lade le t s rod 1 T he 6 6 r e touch ed b l ade sa nd b l ade le t s ( P la te X : 1 0 , 12 ; G ar 955 : F i gu r e 5 :F )a ccoun t f o r2 0 .1 % l o o fa l o ft h et oo l s . T he f i f ty b l ade s r e p r e sen t 1 5 .2% a nd t h e s i x teen b l ade le t s4 . 9% o ft h e t o ls . T en e xh ib i t l a rge d imen s ion s ,t h e i rl e ng th sr a ng ing b e tween 7 2 150 mm a nd t h e i rw id th sb e tween 3 1-65 l mm . O u t o fa l t h e b l ade s , o n e i s ab ack b l ade ( 2% ) , n i ne teen b l ade s p r e sen t af i ne r e touch o nt h e l a te ra l e dge s ( 3 8% ) , f i ve p r esen t a b rup t r e touch ( 10% ) , s i x s em i -ab rup t r e touch ( 1 2% ) , o ne i n v e r se r e touch ( 2% ) a nd e i gh teen p a r t ia l r e touch ( 36% ) . S even a r e b roken ( 14 .0% ) . T he l e ng th s o ft h e ses b r e touched b l ade sa r e f r om 4 2 t o 1 50 mm ,t h e i rw id th s f r om 1 t o6 5 mm ,a nd t h i cknes e tween 3 s 8 a nd 2 0 mm ; t h e a ve rag e l e ng th i s7 4 mm , a ve r age w id th 2 4 .3 mm a nd t h e a ve rage t h icknes . 1 mm . Among t h e s i x teen b l ade le t s , f o u r p re sen t af i ne r e touch o n t h e l a te ra l e dge s ( 2 5% ) , o n e a n a b rup t r e touch ( 6 .2% ) , t h r ee p r e sen t s em i -ab rup t r e touch ( 18 .8% ) , t wo p a r t ia l r e touch ( 12 .5 % ) , w h i le s i x a r e b ack b l ade le t s o rp a r t ia l b ack b l ade le t s , t h r ee o fw h ich a r e c u rved ( 3 7 .5% ) . T h r ee a r e b r oken ( 27 .3 % ) . T he r e tou ched b l ade le t s ' l e ng th s r e ach v a lues b e tween 2 2 a nd 4 9 mm , w id th s se b e tween 5a nd 1 0 mm , a nd t h icknes s b e tween 1 . 5 a nd 4 . 5 mm . T h e i ra ve rage l e ng th i s3 4 .5 mm , s 2 a ve rage w id th 8 . 1 mm a nd a ve rage t h ickn es . 9 mm .
9 .T he P o in ted B lad e / le t s rod 1 T he f i f teen p o in ted b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s ( P la te X : 9a nd 1 4 ; G ar 955 : F i gu r e 1 :M -0 ) a ccoun t s l f o r4 . 6% o fa l t h et oo l s . Among t h em 1 0 a r e p o in ted b l ade sw i th r e touch o n l a te ra l s i de s a nd 5a r e e l Wad P o in t s . Twe lve a r e m anuf a c tu red o n b l ade s a nd t wo o n b l ade le t s . F ou r a r e b r oken . T h e se p o in ted P o in ts ' l e ng th s v a ry f r om 3 8 t o7 1 mm , t h e i rw id th s f r om 7t o 1 6 mm a nd t h e i rt h icknes s b e tween 3 a nd 6 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s5 .7 mm , t h e a ve rage w id th 1 3 .3 mm a nd a ve rage s 4 t h icknes . 7 mm
1 0 . T he B ur ins rod 1 l o T he n i ne b u r in s ( Gar 955 , F i gu r e 4 : G -H ) a ccoun t f o r 2 . 7% o fa l o ft h e t o l s . T h ree b u r in s l h ave b een m anuf ac tu red o n n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s , t wo o n p r ima ry f l akes , t wo o n b l ade s , o ne o n a b l ade le t , a nd o ne o n ab l ade c o r e . T he r e a r e t h r ee a ng le b u r in s , o n e a ng le b u r in o n b r eak , o n e t r unca ted b u r in , t wo d oub le t r un ca ted b u r in s , a nd o ne t r an sve r sa l b u r in . T h r ee b u r in s a r e b roken . T he b u r in s ' l e ng th s r e ach b e tween 3 5 a nd 1 06 mm , t h e i r w id th s b e tween 2 4 a nd 4 9 mm a nd t h e i r se t h icknes s b e tween 4a nd 1 4 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s5 8 .2 mm , t h e a ve rage w id th 2 6 .8 mm a nd s 1 t h ea ve rage t h icknes 0 mm .
1 . T he E nd scrape r s rod 1 s E igh ty two e nd -s c rape r s ( Gar 955 : F i gu r e 3 :A -K ) w e r e u ncove r ed i nt h e a semb lage ; t h ey c l a coun t f o r 2 5% o ft h e t oo l s . Two h ave b een m anuf ac tu r ed o n L eva lo i s f l ake s ( 2 .4% ) , wh i le s i x l a r e o n p r ima ry f l akes ( 7 .3% ) , t wen ty -f ou r a r e o n n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s ( 29 .3% ) , f o r ty -e igh t a r e o n l b l ade s ( 46 ) o rb l ade le t s ( 2 ) ( 5 8 .5% ) , o n e o f wh ich i s a L eva lo i s b l ade . T h i r teen o ft h e se h ave l a rge l d im en s ion s b e tween 7 1 -95 mm . Two a r e o n b l ade c o re s ( 2 .4% ) . O u t o fa l o ft h ese e nd sc rape r s , o ne i s a d oub le e nd sc rape r ,e i gh t a r e r ounded e nd sc rape r s , t wo a r e s t eep o rc a r ina ted e nd sc rape r s a nd o ne i sn osed e nd sc rape r . S ix ty e nd -sc rape r s a r e o n n on -re touched f l ake s o r b l ade s ( 7 3 .2% ) , a nd t wen ty two e nd -sc r ape r s p r e sen t af i ne r e touch o nt h e i r l a te r a l e dge s ( 2 6 .8% ) . F if t een t oo l s a r e b r oken ( 1 8 .3% ) . T he e nd sc rape r s ' l e ng th s r a nge b e tween 3 6 a nd 9 5 mm , t h e i r w id th s b e tween 9 se a nd 6 6 mm , a nd t h e i r t h icknes s b e tween 4 a nd 3 0 mm . T he a ve rage l e ng th i s5 8 .1 mm , t h e s 1 a v e rage w id th 3 2 .4 mm a nd t h ea ve r ag e t h icknes 0 .5 mm .
9 1
1 2 . T he P e rf ora tor s o T he t e n p e rf o ra to r s ( P la te X : 8 ) a ccoun t f o r 3 . 0% o ft h e t o l s . O n e i sm anuf ac tu red o n an on l L eva lo i s f l ake ( 10% ) , w h i le s i x h ave b een m anuf ac tu red o n b l ad e s a nd t h r ee o n b l ade le t s ( 3 0% ) . o S ix p e rf o ra to r s a r eo nn on r e touched f l ake s o rb l ade s ( 60% ) ; f i ve t o l sp r e sen t af i ne r e tou ch o nt h e l a te ra le dges a nd o ne a n i n ve r se r e touch . T h r ee o fw h ich a r e b rok en . T he p e rf o ra to r s ' l e ng th sr a nge se b e tween 3 4 a nd 6 5 mm , t h e i rw id th s b e tween 9a nd 2 1 mm a nd t h e i r t h icknes s b e tween 3a nd 7 s 5 mm ; t h ea ve rage l e ng th i s 51 .1 mm , a ve rage w id th 1 4 .4 mm a nd a ve rage t h icknes . 0 mm .
1 3 . T he T r unca ted P iece s s c S ix t r unca ted p i ece sw e r e u n cove r ed i nt h e a semb lage ; t h ey a coun t f o r 1 . 8% o ft h e t o ta l i ty o ft h e l l t oo l s . O n e p i ece h a s b een m anuf ac tu r ed o n L eva lo i s f l akes , o n e o n aL eva lo i s b l ade a nd f o u r o n o b l ade s ( P la te X : 7 ) , t wo o f wh ich c on ta in l a rge d im en s ion s ( P la te X : 4 ) ( 8 3 .3 % ) . O n e t o l i sa d oub l et r unca t ion a nd t h eo th e ri sa no b l ique t r unca t ion . F ou rt r unca ted p i ece sa r eo nn on r e touched 6 f l ake s o rb l ade s ( 6 .7% ) , a nd t wo p r e sen t af i ne r e touch o nt h e l a te ra l e dge s ( 33 .3 % ) . O n e o ft h e se i sb roken . T he t r unca ted p i ece s ' l e ng th s r e ach f r om 4 2 t o 15 mm , t h e i rw id th s f r om 1 4 t o5 9 mm , se a nd t h e i rt h ickn es s b e tween 4a nd 1 9 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s6 4 .7 mm , t h e a ve rage w id th 2 9 .8 s 8 mm a nd t h ea ve rage t h icknes . 7 mm .
1 4 . T he K n ive s s l o T h r ee k n ive s ( P la te X : 6 ) u n cove r ed i nt h e a semb lage a ccoun t f o r 0 . 3% o fa l t h e t o l s . Two a r e l n a tu ra ly c u rved b ack k n ive s , o ne o f w h ich i sb roken . Two h ave b een m anuf ac tu r ed o n n on l L eva lo i s f l ake s , w h i le a no th e r h a s b een m anuf ac tu r ed o n al a rge b l ade . T h e k n ive s ' l e ng th s v a ry ses b f r om 7 6 t o9 1 mm , t h e i r w id th s f r om 4 5 t o 5 6 mm , a nd t h e i r t h ickn es e tween 1 5 a nd 2 0 mm . s 1 T he a ve rage l e ng th i s 82 .5 mm ,t h ea ve rage w id th 5 0 .3 mm , a nd t h ea ve rage t h icknes 7 .3 mm .
o 1 5 . T he C ompos i te t o l s o rod 1 Twen ty -e igh t c ompo s i te t o l s ( Gar 955 : F i gu r e 2 : La nd F i gu r e 4 : J )w e r e u n cove r ed i nt h e s l o a semb lage , a nd a ccoun t f o r 8 . 6% o f a l t h e t o ls . T h e c ompos i te t oo l s c on s is t m a in ly o f e nd s l s c rape r s a soc ia ted w i th n o tch o rd en t icu la te . T h r ee a r e m anuf a c tu red o n L eva lo i s f l ak es ( 1 0 .7% ) , l l o ne o n aL eva lo i s b l ade ( 3 .6% ) , t h r ee o n p r ima ry f l akes ( 10 .7% ) , e l even o n n on -Leva lo i s f l akes l ( 39 .3% ) , n i ne o n b l ade s o r b l ade le t s ( 3 2 .1 % ) , a nd o n e o n aL eva lo i s c o r e ( 3 .9% ) . F iv e o ft h ese o t oo l s a r e b rok en ( 1 7 .9% ) . T he c ompo s i te t o l s ' l e ng th s m ea su r e b e tween 3 4 a nd 1 06 mm , t h e i r ses r w id th s b e tween 9 and 6 6 mm , wh i le t h e i r t h icknes e a ch b e tween 3 a nd 4 0 mm ; t h e a ve rage o s l e ng th o ft h e c ompos i te t o l s i s6 8 .9 mm , t h e a ve rage w id th i s3 9 .0 mm a nd t h e a ve rage t h i cknes 1 3 .1 mm .
1 6 . T he C hamf ered P iece s s T he r e i sn o C hamf e r ed p i ece i nt h e a semb lage o f Em i r eh .
1 7 . D ive r s l O ne f r agmen t o fa n i n de te rm ina te b l ank i sp a r t ia ly r e touched .
9 2
2 .B lank s Ana l y s i s o A s i gn if i can t p e r cen tag e o f t h e a r t if ac t s w a s m anuf ac tu red a s t o l s ( Tab le V .22 ) . O u t o f t h e p r oduced b l ank s , s ome o ft h em h ave b een p r ef e rab ly u sed ; t h e d i spa r i ty b e tween t h ep ropo r t ion so f l l l t h e L eva lo i s f l ake t oo l s a nd L eva lo i s w i th t h o se o fn on r e touch ed L eva lo i s f l ak e s i sw o r thy o f l o o n o ta t ion , a sw e la st h e f r equency o ft h ep r ima ry f l ake t o l s( 8 3 .3 % )a nd o the rf l ak et o ls w i th t h ose t o fn on re touch ed p r ima ry f l ake s a nd o th e r f l ake s . T he se r e su l t s s ugge s t t h a t s p ec ia l a ten t ion w a s l o p a id t ot h e L eva lo i sa nd f l ake b l ank s i nt h ep rodu c t ion o ft o l s . T ab le V .21 : F requenc ie so ft h eF ou rB lank T ype s N umbe r 7 7 1 80
T oo ls T ype 1 T ype 2
% 2 3 .5 5 4 .9 1 9 .2 2 .4
6 3 8
T ype 3 T ype 4
9 9 .9
3 28
T o ta l
oo ls o n L eva l lo is f l ake s , T ype 2 :T oo ls o n B lade a nd b l ade le t T ype 1 :T ( 10 a r eo fL eva l lo is mo rpho logy ) , T ype 3 :T oo ls o n o t he rF l ake sa nd T ype 4 :T oo ls o n C TE o rc o res .
We h ave g rouped a l lo ft h et oo lp opu la t ion i n to f ou rt y pes : t h eL eva l lo i sb l ade a nd f l ak e sb l ank sa r e c l as sif ied i nT ype 1 , th eB lade t oo l s i nT ype 2 ,t h en on -Leva l lo i s f l ake s i nT ype 3a nd t h eo th e rt o o l b l ank s i n T ype 4 ( Tab le V .21) . T h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ank s T ype 2 d om ina te s , a l though t h e L eva l lo i s b l ank s T ype 1 a nd t h e n on -Leva l lo i s f l ake s T ype 3 a r e w e l l r e p r e sen ted i n t h e a s semb lage . T h ep o in t sa r ed om inan t i nT ype 1 , wh e r e s i de -sc rape r s , n o tche sa nd d en t icu la te o ccu r . T he r e touch ed p i ece s d om ina te i nT ype 2 ,a nd t h e e nd sc rape r s a r e a l so w e l l r e p re sen ted . T he e nd o s c r ape r s d om ina te i nT ype 3 ,w he r e t h e s i de sc rape r s a nd c ompos i te t o l s a l so o ccu r i ns i gn if ican t f r equen c ie s . T h e b l ade b l ank s a r e n o t p r ef e rab ly s e lec ted f o r t h e m anuf ac tu r ing o ft y p ica l U ppe r s P a l eo l i th ic t oo l s ( s u ch a st h e b u r in s , t r unca ted p i ece s a nd e nd sc rape r s ) , wh ich a ppea r m o re o rl e s s, t i nt h e s ame p e r cen tage o n t h e f l ake s . N eve r th e les h e p e rf o ra to r s a r e m os t ly p rodu ced o n b l ades . o T h e t y p ica l Mou s te r ian t o l s , s u ch a s s i de sc rape r s , p o in t s , n o tche s a nd d en t icu la te a r e m o re r e p r e sen ted i nT ype 1t h an i nT ype 2 ,b u ta r ea l so r e p r e sen ted i nT ype s 3a nd 4( Tab l eV .24 ) . l o l F o rt h e mos tp a r t , L eva lo i sb l ank sw e re s e lec ted f o rt h ep roduc t ion o f Mou s te r ian t o l s , e spec ia ly s f o rt h ep o in t s , a nd l e ss of o rt h ep rodu c t ion o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t oo l s( Tab le V .23 ) . B o th t h eb l ade l b l ank s a nd t h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s , wh ich e xh ib i t s im i la r a moun t s o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r l o P a l eo l i th ic t oo l s ,w e re i n i t ia ly s e lec ted t om anuf a c tu re t y p ica lU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t o l s . T ab le V .22 : F re c iuenc ie so fR e touched a nd t h en on re touched A r t if ac t s P ieces
T oo ls N umbe r 7 7 1 0
l L eva lo is F lakes l L eva lo is B lades P r ima ry F lakes O the r F lakes B lades
1 5 4 8 1 45
B lade le ts T echn ica l P ieces
2 5 0
C o res D ive rs D eb r is T o ta l
7 1 0 3 28
D eb i tage N umbe r
% 8 7 .5 7 6 .9 8 3 .3 6 9 .1 4 9 .3 2 9 .4 0 .0 1 8 .4
6 . 2 0 .0 5 2 .3
%
r o ta l N umbe r
8 8 1 3
1 3 3 2 1 1 50
1 2 .5 2 3 .1 1 6 .7 3 0 .9 5 0 .7
1 8 6 9 2 95
6 0 2 1
7 0 .6 1 00 .0
8 5 2 1
3 1 1 5 1 5 3 30
8 1 .6 9 3 .8 1 00 .0 4 7 .7
3 8 1 6 1 5 6 58
% 1 00 .0 1 00 .0 1 00 .0 1 00 .0 1 00 .0 1 00 .0 1 00 .0 1 00 .0 1 00 .0 1 00 .0 1 00 .0
T ab le V .23 : F requenc ie so f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo ls a mong t h e B lank T ype s B lank c a tego r ies Mous te r ian T oo ls U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo ls T o ta l
l L eva lo is B lanks Numbe r 6 9 3 7 2
B lade B lanks N umbe r
3 . ' / 9 5 .8 4 .2 1 00 .0
2 3 7 0 9 3
9 3
% 2 4 .7 7 5 .3 1 00 .0
O the r F lake B lanks N umbe r % 2 1 .7 1 0 7 8 .3 3 6 1 00 .0 4 6
T ab le V .24 : F requenc ie so fT oo lC a tego r ie sa mong t h e F ou rB lank T ype s B l ank G roups T oo ls l L eva lo is P o in ts S i de -sc rape rs D en t icu la te , n o tches R e touched P ieces P o in ted B l ade / le ts B u r ins E nd -sc rape rs P e r fo ra to r s T runca ted p i eces K n ives C ompos i te t oo ls D i ve rs T o ta l
T ype 2 N umbe r % 4 2 .2 4 2 .2 1 5 8 .3 3 6 .7 6 6 1 5 8 .3 1 . 7 2 3 5 2 6 .7 5 .0 9 2 .8 5 1 0 .6 5 .6 1 0 0 0 .0 1 80 5 4 .9
T ype 1 N umbe r % 4 8 6 2 .3 1 4 1 8 .2 7 9 . 1 2 2 . 6 0 . 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 3 2 .6 0 . 0 0 1 1 . 3 0 . 0 0 3 3 . 9 0 . 0 0 7 7 2 3 .5
T ype 3 N umbe r % 0 0 . 0 1 2 .7 8 2 3 . 2 1 1 . 6 0 . 0 0 5 7 . 9 4 7 .6 3 0 1 . 6 1 0 0 . 0 2 3 . 2 1 4 2 .2 2 0 0 . 0 1 9 .2 6 3
T ype 4 N umbe r % 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 3 3 7 .5 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 1 2 .5 2 2 5 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 . 0 1 1 2 .5 1 1 2 .5 8 2 . 4
T o ta l N umbe r % 1 5 .9 5 2 2 6 7 .9 2 7 8 .2 7 9 2 4 .1 5 1 . 5 9 2 .8 8 2 2 5 .0 1 0 3 .0 6 1 . 8 3 0 .9 2 8 8 .5 1 0 .3 9 3 28 9 .9
l l T ype 1 :T oo ls o n L eva lo is f l ake s , T ype 2 : T oo ls o n B lade a nd b lade le t ( 10 a r e o fL eva lo is mo rpho logy ) , T ype 3 : T oo ls o n o ther F lakes a nd T ype 4 :T oo ls o n CTE o rc o res .
V . CONCLUS ION O F EM IREH s l A l though t h e a semb lage o f Em i reh i s cha ra c te r i zed b y L eva lo i s a nd b l ade s i mp lemen t s , t h e l i th ic s m r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie sw e r en eve r th e les o s to f ten g ea red t owa rd t h ep roduc t ion o fb l ade sa nd l e ss s o l l o ff l ak e s . B o th L eva lo i s f l akes a nd b l ade s , b l ade s a nd n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s a r e i ns ame f r e sh s t a te s a nd h av er e ce ived m o s t ly t h e s ame p hy s ica lt r ea tmen t , a st h ey e xh ib i t mo r eo rl e st h e s am ep a t ina . T he a na ly ses o ft h e c o re s i n d ica te t h e u se o fs eve ra l m ode s o fr e duc t ion s t ra teg ies t h roughou t t h e l l L eva lo i s c o re s , t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade c o re s a nd t h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o re s . T h e b l ade l l s c o re s d om ina te , t h e L eva lo is c o r e sa r ew e lr e p r e sen ted , a nd t h e f l ake c o r e so ccu rl e s . D e sp i te t h e l l p r e sen ce o fs om e m o rpho log ica l L eva lo i s b l ade s , t h e r e i sn o L eva lo i s b l ade r e duc t ion s t ra tegy i n e l t h i s i n du s t ry . A s s en i nt h e L eva lo i s c o re s f r om R a c ief e t a nd E l Wad , b o th t h e p r ef e r en t ia l a nd ren l l r e cur t L eva lo i s m e thod s a r e e mp loy ed f o r t h e p roduc t ion o fL eva lo i s b l ank s : t h e c en t r ipe ta l ren c o r er e duc t ion m ode sd om ina te , t h e q uad rangu la rp r ef e r en t ia l f l ak e c o r es a nd t h e r e cur t u n ipo la r l c o r e s a r e s i gn if ican t , a l though t h e b i po la r c o r e s a r e t o ta ly a b sen t . Among t h e L am ina r c o res , t h e t w i s ted -oppo sed p l a tf o rm s c o re s d om ina te , t h e l a te ra l f l ak ing c o r e s a nd t h e p y ram ida l a nd a x i s l l fe f l ak ing c o r e s a r e w e l r e p r e sen ted . N ah r Ib rah im c o r e s , p seudo -Leva lo is c o r e sa nd u nd if r en t ia ted s s t r ik ing p l a tf orm c o r e s o ccu r i nl ow f r equen c ie s i nt h e a semb lage . S eve ra l t y pes o fr aw m a te r ia l l h av e b een u sed i nt h e m anuf ac tu r ing o f b l ank s , s u ch a s l a rge n odu les a nd s ma l p ebb le s ; s om e l t a bu la r f l in t a nd t h ick f l ake s h ave a l so b een u sed a sc o re s . T he L eva lo is c o re s a r e m os t o f ten o n e n odu le s . A s w e h av e s en i nR a c ief e t a nd E l Wad , t h e r e la t ion b e tween t h e m o rpho logy o ft h e c o r e b l ank s a nd t h e f l ak ing m e thod s i se v iden ced i nt h e l am ina r c o r e s , w he r e l a rge n odu le s w e r e t h e s e lec ted r aw m a te r ia l f o rt h e t w i s ted -ax i s f l ak ing m ode , a nd t h ick f l akes o rt a bu la r f l in t w e r e u sed fe f o r l a te ra l o r a x is f l ak ing . P ebb le s o r b l ock s w e re u sed f o r t h e u nd if r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm l c o r e s a nd t h e p seudo -Leva lo i s c o r e s , w he r ea s l a rge a nd t h ick f l ake s w e r e u sed f o r N ah r I b rah im l c o r e s . T he c o r e s a r e mo s t o f ten e xhau s ted a nd s ma l i nt h e i r d imen s ion s , b u t m os t o ft h e l am ina r l red d t a nd L eva lo i s c o r e s w e r e d i sca rded d ue t oh i nge f r ac tu re s t h a t o ccur u r ing t h e l a s t a temp t t o o d e ta ch ab l ank . S ome c o r e s w e re u sed a s t o l s a tt h e e nd o ft h e i r e xp lo i ta t ion . Among t h em , t h e l t oo l so nL eva lo i sc o r e sa nd o nb l ade c o r e sa r e s i gn if ican t . s T he Em i reh a semb lage e xh ib i t s s eve ra l f l ake s a nd b l ades t y pe s . T he p re sence o fl a rge b l ades a nd l l s f l ak e s , e spec ia ly L eva lo i s p i ece s , h a s m a rked t h e a semb lage o f Em i reh . A s w e h ad e xpec ted , t h e l mo rpho logy o ft h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake sa nd b l ades d e sc r ibed h e r ec o inc ide sw i th t h e f l ak ing mode s l d ef ined f r om t h e c o r e s ' a na ly s is ( excep t f o rt h e L eva lo is b l ad e c o r e s , wh ich a r e a bsen t i n Em i reh ) . l l We m ay c on jec tu r e t h a t t h e se b l ade s o fL eva lo is m o rpho logy w e r e d e tached f r om n on -Leva lo i s sib l c o r e s , a nd p os ly f r om p y ram ida l c o r e s . T h e n on r e touched L eva lo i s f l akes a nd b l ade s a r e mo r e t t q uad r angu la ro ro vo id t h an t r i angu la ri ns hape ; t h ey e xh ib i tu n ipo la rs c a rp a te rn sa nd f a ce ted b u t s . T he n on re touched b l ade s a r e b o th t r iangu la ra nd r e c tangu la r i ns h ape , a nd t h e i r l owe r s u rf ace s a r e s t t mo s t o f ten s t ra igh t o r c on cave a nd l e s t w i s ted . T hey s how u n ipo la r s c a r p a te rn s a nd p l a in b u ts , a nd m o s to ft h em e xh ib i tc o r tex o nt h ed o r sa lo rl a te ra le dge s . 9 4
o Em i r eh d emon s t ra te s ah i gh p e rcen tage o fr e touched t o l s ; f l ake b l ank sa nd b l ade b l ank s a r e a lmo s t l s e qua ly d i v ided . T he a semb lage i sc ha rac te r ized b y h i gh f r equen c ies o fr e touch ed b l ade s , e nd l s c rape r s , L eva lo i s a nd Mou s te r ian p o in t s , a nd b y al ow r e p r e sen ta t ion o f b u r in s , k n ive s , l p e rf o ra to r s , t r unca ted p i ece sa nd r e touched f l ake s . T he L eva lo i s b l ank s a r e m o s t ly s e lec ted f o rt h e s o m anuf a c tu r ing o ft h e p o in t s a nd l e s s o f o r t h e p roduc t ion o fU ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o l s ; t h e r e la t ive l f r equen c ie s o ft h e Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t oo l s a mong t h e b l ade s a nd n on -Leva lo is s l f l ake s a r e m o r e o r l e s s im i la r . B o th w e r e g ene ra ly c ho sen f o rt h e m anuf ac tu r ing o ft y p ica l U ppe r o s o P a leo l i th ic t o l sa nd l e ss of o rt h e Mou s te r ian t o l s . T he d e ta i led a na ly s i so ft h e l i t h ic m a te r ia lo f Em i reh h a sr e v ea led t h e s ame r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie sa nd o f t h e s ame t o l t y pe s a st h o se d e r iv ing f r om t h e i n du s t r ies o fR aqef e t a nd E l Wad , a l be i t i nd i f e r en t s p ropo r t ion s . I n c on t ra s t t o t h e R aqef e t a nd E l Wad a semb lage s , t h e i n du s t ry o f Em i r eh i s l c ha rac te r ized m o r e b y t h e p roduc t ion o f U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade s t h an b y L eva lo i s a nd n on l l l L eva lo is f l ake s , a sw e l a sb yt h e l ow r e p re sen ta t ion o fL eva lo is r e duc t ion s t r a teg ie s , t h e i n c rea se i nb l ade p rodu c t ion , a nd a l so b yt h e u se o ft h e s of th amme rt e chn ique a nd t h e r e la t ive ly s i gn if ican t s rod h e p e r cen tage o f b l ade le t s i n t h e a semb lage s . T h e r ef o r e , a s G ar a s s ugges ted , i ts em s t h a t Em i r eh r e p re sen t sa ne vo lved s t age o fa n i n du s t ry ,w h ich m an if e s t st h e s am ec ha r ac te r i s t i c s .
9 5
CHAPTER S IX KEBARA
THE S ITE Mugha r e t e l -K eba ra i ss i tua ted o nt h e w e s te rn e sca rpm en t o f Moun t C a rm e l , a ta bou t 1 3 km s ou th o f Wad i e l -M ugha ra , wh ich l i e s a pp rox ima te ly 6 0 -65 m a bove s e a l e ve l . T he k a r s t ic c ave c on s is t s o fa si ng le i regu la r c hambe r a bou t 2 6 m l o ng w i th amax imum w id th o f2 0 m ( Ba r -Yosef e ta l , r 1 996 : F igu re 1 ,p :2 98 ) . T he e n t rance t ot h ec ave f a ce sn or th -no r thwe s t , t h et e race i nf r on to fw h ich r i s cove red w i th r ockf a lt h a t h a s i t so r ig in s i na nc ien tc o lapses . l l S ince i t s d i scovery i n 1 927 b y S teke l i s , s eve ra l e xcava t ion s t h a t h ave b een c onduc ted o n t h e s i te h ave r evea led al o ng s t ra t ig raph ic s equen ce . K eba ra i sa thu s a key s i te f o r d ef in ing t h e c u l tu ra l s equence o ft h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic i nt h eL evan t . S t eke l i s c onduc ted t h e f i r s ts ound ing o nt h i ss i te i n 1 927 , a nd t h en G ar nd McCown i n 1 930 u nde r took a n a dd i t iona l s ound ing n ex t t o t h e c ave rod a e n t rance . F u r the r e xcava t ion s w e re c a r ied o u t i n 1 931 b y T u rv i le -Pe tr e , w ho u ncove red a ri ch r l E a r ly N a tuf ian h o r izon ( l aye r B ) , at h in u nde r ly ing K eba ran l a ye r ( l aye r C ) , a s w e l a s U ppe r l P a leo l i th ic l a ye r s ( Turv i le -Pe tre 1 932 ; G ar nd B a te 1 937 ) . L a te r , S t eke l i s ( 19511965 ) l r od a e xcava ted b o th U ppe ra nd M idd le P a leo l i th ic d epos i t s ( Gar 954 ) , ( Sch ick a nd S teke l is , 1 977 ) . rod 1 R ecen te xcava t ion sc onduc ted b ya nI s rae l ia nd F rench t e am , c oncen t ra ted o nt h e Mous te r ian l a yer s ( un i t sX IVV )a sw e la so nU ppe rP a leo l i th ic l a ye r s( un i t s I V I )( Ba r Yosef e ta l . 1 992 ) . l
S TRAT IGRAPHY ( Ba r -Yo sef e ta l , 1 996 : F i gu re 2 ,p :2 99 ) T he e xcava t ion s u nde r taken b y T u rv i le -Pe t re e x tended o ve r t h e e n t i r e s u rf ace o f t h e c ave a nd l c on s is t o f3 00 m2,w rod i th a n a ve rage d ep th o f 3m ( Gar , 1 954 :159 ) . T he s t ra t ig raph ic s equence l rod r f i r s t e s tab l ished b y T u rv i le -Pe t re a nd t h en d esc r ibed b y G ar evea led f i ve a r chaeo log ica l l h or izon s ,a se xp la ined b yt h e f o low ing : L ayer A d a tes f r om B ronze A ge t or e cen t . L ayer B ( up t o2 . 20m t h ick ) c on ta in s h ea r th a nd i sr i ch i nl i th ic a nd b ones a r t if ac ts ; i td a te s t ot h e E a r ly N a tuf ian . L ayer C ( 0 .20 -0 .30 t h ick ) c on ta in s aK eba ran i n dus t ry ( Uppe r P a leo l i th ic V I , a cco rd ing t o l N euv ile ) . L ayer D ( abou t 0 . 80m t h ick ) i sr e la ted t ot h e L evan t ine Au r ignac ian B o fC ope land ( Ba r -Yosef e t s rod a l , 1 996 ) ; i tw a s p rev iou s ly a s igned t oU ppe r P a leo l i th ic I V ( Gar , 1 954 ) . A lso , t h e i n du s t ry o f s l rod l a ye r Dh a s b een a soc ia ted w i th t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic I V o fN euv i le ( Gar , 1 954 ) . T he l a ye r s w er e d i v ided i n to t wo s ub layer s ( D1 a nd D 2 ) o n t h e b as is o ft h e amoun t o fs imp le e nd -sc rape r s , b acked p i eces a nd b u r in s . L ayer E ( a bou t 0 . 40 m t h ick ) n ea r t h e c ave e n t rance s l opes i nwa rd a nd c on ta in s t h e U pper P a leo l i th ic i n du s t ry , w h ich i sr e la ted t o L evan t ine A u r ignac ian A o fC ope land ( Ba r -Yosef e ta l , s l rod 1 1 996 ) , a l though i tw a s p r ev iou s ly a s igned t ot h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic I I o fN euv i le ( Gar 954 ) . s T h is l a y e r i sc ha rac te r ized b y e nd sc rape r s , e lw ad p o in ts a nd l e s s o b y b u r in . I n a dd i t ion t ot h e l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i mp lemen ts , l a ye r s Ea nd D c on ta in c ha rac te r i s t ica ly Mou s te r ian p i ece s s u ch a s l Mou s te r ian p o in ts , s i de -sc rape r s a nd L eva lo is f l akes , wh ich t end t o d ec rea se i nn umbe r t h rough t ime . S teke l i s e xpanded t h e e xcava t ion s ( 1951-65 ) a nd u ncove red t h e s ame U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l a ye r s i n l l t h e c en t ra l a r ea a s w e l a s a l ong t h e d r ip l ine n ea r t h e e n t rance a d jacen t t h e s ou the rn w a l . T he e xcava t ion s a l so r evea led i n s ide t h e c ave Mous te r ian l a ye r s c on ta in ing t h e s ke le ton o f a ch i ld ( Sch ick a nd S t eke l i s , 1 977 , A ren sbu rg , 1 977 ) . T he o b jec t ive o f S teke l i s w a s t o e s tab l i sh t h e K eba ran p os i t ion w i th in t h e c h rono log ica l s equence a tt h e s i te , a nd l a te r t oe n la rge t h e e xcava t ion o ft h e A u r ignac ian a nd Mous te r ian l a ye r s . S t eke l is e xcava ted i n s ide t h e c ave i n to t h e A u r igna c ian 9 6
a nd Mou s te r ian l a y e r s , r e a ch ing a m ax imum d ep th o f 8 . 5 m . H e d i s t ingu i shed a s u cces f sion o t h i r ty th r ee l e ve ls w i th in t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l a ye r s a nd t h e Mou s te r ian l a y e r , w i th a n i n te rmed ia te t r an s i t iona l l e v e l o fm ixed n a tu re , d i sce rn ib le a t ad ep th o fa bou t 6 . 5 m . A l though S t eke l i s w a s a wa r e t h a t t h e l a ye r s d i pped e a s twa rd t owa rd t h e r e a r w a l , h e d i d n o t a d ju s t h i s l d i gg ing t e chn ique s a cco rd ing ly , a s h e d ef ined h o r izon ta l l e ve l s . T hu s , i ti sp os le t h a t t h e sib I n te rm ed ia te l a ye r y i e lded am ix tu r e o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic m a te r ia l . H oweve r , i nt h e m a rg in s o ft h a t a r ea , u nm ix ed A u r ignac ian a nd Mou s te r ian s t ra ta w e re e xpo sed a td ep th s o f4 . 5 m a nd d ownwa rd ( Sch ick a nd S t eke l i s , 1 977 ) . T h e f l i n t a semb lages f r om t h e A u r igna c ian l a y e r s w e re s t ud ied b y Z if f e r , w ho d i v ided t h em i n to s t wo s ub laye r s ( D 1 a nd D 2 ) . T h is l a te r a semb lage y i e lded t y po log i ca l a nd t e chno log ica l t s s im i la r i t ie s , w i th l a y e r Ei nt h e T u rv i le -Pe t re e xcava t ion ( Z if r , 1 978 ) . I nD 1 , s imp le e nd sc rape r s l fe w e r e f ound t oo u tnumbe r t h e A u r igna c ian o n e s , a nd t h e b u r in s w e r e h i gh e r t h an i nD 2 . T he f l in t a s emb lage f r om l a ye r Ed i sp layed ap r edom inance o fs imp le e nd -s c rape r s a nd e l -wad p o in ts o ve r s A u r ignac ian e nd sc rape r sa nd b l ade s . T he e nd -sc rape r so u tnumbe rt h eb u r in s . T he a semb lage o f s e lec ted s qua r e s f r om l a ye r Ft h a t w a s s t ud ied b y S ch ick ( 1977 ) y i e lded t h e s a soc ia t ion o fU ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade s a nd L eva lo i s f l ake s ; Mou s te r ian t o l s s uch a s Mou s te r ian s l o p o in t s a nd s i de sc rape r s w e r e r e cov e r ed w i th s ome e nd sc rape r s , b u r in s a nd k n ive s . S ch ick s ugge s ted t h a tt h i sl a ye rb er e la ted t o 1t o 1 8a nd 1 9 i nt h eJ e l inek e xcava t ion sa tT abun . Mo re r e cen t ly , b e tween 1 982 a nd 1 990 , t h e s i te h a s b een r e -excava ted w i th g r ea te r s t ra t ig r aph ic p r e c i s ion b yt h e I s rae l i -F r ench t e am ( Ba r -Yo sef e ta l . 1 992 , 1 996 ; G o ldbe rg a nd B a r -Yo sef , 1 998 ) . T h e se e xcava t ion s h ave c on t r ibu ted t o t h e u nde r s tand ing o ft h e e me rgen ce o f m ode rn h uman s , p a r t i cu la r ly i n l i gh t o f t h e d i scove ry o f Mou s te r ian b u r ia l s . T h e s t ra t ig raphy o f K eba ra i sv e ry c omp lex , a s i no the r n o r ther nI s rae l i c ave s . T he d epo s i t s s how e v idence o fh eavy e r o s ive a c t iv i ty . S ev e ra l p i t s c u t t h rough t h e a r cheo log i ca l b ed s a nd t h e b ur s p r e sen t i ns ome s qua r es s em t o row e h av e i n f luen ced t h e c ompo s i t ion o ft h e l a y e r s ( Ba r -Yosef e ta l . , 1 996 ) . F u r th e rmo re , a ten t ion w a s t p a id t o t h e s i t e f o rma t ion p roces s a nd t h e g eo log ica l c on tex t s o f t h e a r cheo log i ca l r e co rd se ( Go ldbe rg a nd B a rY o sef , 1 998 ) . T h e e xcava to r s d i v ided t h e s t ra t ig raphy i n to an umbe r o fd i f e ren t g roup s o f l e ve l s t h a t r e f lec t a f d eg r ee o fv i sua l h omogene i ty ( Ba r -Yo sef e ta l , 1 996 : 3 00 ) . T h e e a r l ies t d epo s i t s e xpo sed i n n o r th er n a nd c en t ra l p a r t s o f t h e c av e ( un i t s XV -X IV ) w e r e d epo sed b yw a te r , p robab ly a soc ia ted w i th k a r s t ic a c t iv i t ie s . U n i ts XI oV I a r ec ha rac te r ized b y s I I t I t h e p r e sence o fa n th ropogen ic d epo s i t s w i th b ur ned h o r izon s , w i thou t e v iden ce o fe r o s ion o rw a te r f l ow ; n eve r th e les ronounced t i l t o ft h e l a ye r s i nt h e e a s ter n a nd n o r ther n p a r t s o ft h e c ave s, ap s ugge s t s a n i n c rea se i n h um id i ty i n U n i t V I , w h ich p e r s i s ted t h roughou t t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic p e r iod ( Un i t s I V I ) . T he r e cen t e x cava t ion s y i e lded h ea r th s , a she s , a n ima l b one s a nd l i th ic a r t if ac t s f r om t h e Mou s te r ian l a y e r s . L a rge c on cen t ra t ion s o fb ones a nd a r t if ac ts i nt h e c en te r o ft h e c ave a s t t o a behav io ra l p a ter n . T r iangu la r L eva lo i s f l akes o fT abun B t y pe m a rk t h e Mou s te r ian te t l i n du s t ry , wh ich d e r ived f r om r e cur t u n ipo la r L eva lo i s m e thod s ( Me ign en a nd B a r -Yosef , ren l 1 9 88a , 1 988b ; 1 99 1 ; 1 992 ) . R ad ioca rbon a nd T L d a t ing o ft h e Mou s te r ian s equence e s tab l i shes i t s a ge a tb e tween 6 4k aa nd 4 8 k a ( Ba r -Yo sef e ta l , 1 996 ) . D u r ing t h e r e cen t e xcava t ion s , t h r ee a r ea s r e vea led U ppe r P a leo l i th ic m a te r ia l d i v ided i n to f o u r u n i t s ( IV I ) . I nt h e a r ea o ft h e s ou th p rof i le ( Ba r -Yo sef e ta l , 1 996 : F i gu r e 3 ,p :3 0 1) a nd n ea r t h e c ave e n t rance , w h ich i s 8m l o ng a nd a bou t 3 m t h i ck a nd c on s t i tu te s o n ly ap a r t ia l s t ra t ig raph ic e x ten s ion o ft h e l a ye r se xpo sed i nt h ew e s te rn p rof i le s , r a d ioca rbon d a ted t o4 2k a -28 k a( Ba r -Yo sef a nd B e lf e r -Cohen , 1 996 ) . P r e l im ina ry a n a ly s i so ft h e m a te r ia l f r om t h e S ou the rn s e c t ion r e vea led t h a tt h e U ppe rp a r tc on ta in s U ppe r P a leo l i th ic a r t if ac t s . Two m a jo r g en e ra l ized s t r a t ig raph ic d i v i s ion s w e r e r e cogn ized i nt h is s e c t ion , wha t t h e e xcava to r s r e f er o a s A a nd B . E n semb le B c on ta in s m a in ly Mou s te r ian red t a s emb lage s a nd w a s s ubd iv ided i n to u n i ts V I , V I a nd V . E n semb le A , w h ich c omp r i sed Un i t s I , s I ,I I a nd I V , c on ta in sU pp e rP a leo l i th ic a semb lage s . T he m a in l i t h ic d i f e r en ce b e tween U n i t sI V I s f I a nd I I i st h a t t h e u ppe r u n i ts ( Ia nd I ) i n c lude a n i n du s t ry w i th e nd sc rape r s , r e touch ed I b l ade le t s a nd amode ra te A u r ignac ian i n dex ( b e tween 2 0 a nd 2 5 ) , w h e r ea s t h e l owe r a semb lage s s ( I a nd I V ) a r e c ha ra c te r ized b y al ow r e p r e sen ta t ion o ft y p ica l A u r ignac ian t oo l s ( 3 .7% -7 .3% , I 9 7
o r e spec t ive ly ) , w i th as i gn if ican t a moun t o fr e touch ed b l ade le t s a nd b l ade t o l s . A cco rd ing t o t h e s b l ade i n du s t ry t h a t c ha rac te r ize s t h i s a semb lage , R ad ioca rbon d a te s s ugges t t h a t U n i t I V d a ted t o 4 3 /42 k a a nd w a s d epos i ted a f te r ap e r iod d u r ing w h ich t h e c av e w a s a bandoned . T h e e xcava to r s p o in ted o u tt h e l a ck o ft h e Em i ran i n du s t ry i nK eba ra a nd s ugge s ted t h a ti tp o in ted t o ag ap b e tween Mou s te r ian a nd t h eE a r ly A hma r ian ( 1996 : 3 04 ) . s We p r e sen t h e re a samp le o f 1 37 i t em s o ft h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic a semb lage ( l ay e r E ) f r om t h e l s T u rv i le -Pe t r e e xcava t ion . T h i s a semb lage o f 4 69 i t em s w a s d iv ided i n 1 931 i n to t h r ee rod a pp rox ima te ly e qua l l o t s ( Gar , 1 954 :156 ) . I n a pr ev iou s e xam ina t ion , w e c on c lud e t h a t t h e s I I a semb lages o f K eba ra V I d emon s t ra te t y po log ica l a nd t e chno log ica l s im i la r i t ies w i th t h a t o f sib K eba ra E ( Sa re l , 2 002 ) . A s i tw a s s ugge s tb yB a r -Yo sef e ta l( 1 992 ) , i ti s hi gh ly p os le t h a tt h e se i n du s t r ie sa r er e la ted t ot h e s ame c u l tu ra le n t i ty .
L ITH IC PRODUCT ION l l T he s ma l n umbe r o fa r t if ac t s f r om t h e s amp le o fL ay e r E , a s w e l a s t h e s i gn if i can t q uan t i ty o f o s t o l s f ound i nt h e a semb lage a nd t h e a b sence o fd eb r i s , s ugge s tt h a to n ly ap or t ion o ft h e m a te r ia l l l w a sc o lec ted b yT u rv i le -Pe t r ed u r ing t h ee xcava t ion s( Tab le V I .1) . ren l K eba ra E is ma rked b yt h eo ccur ce o fL eva lo i s f l ake s , as i gn if i can t a moun to fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic l l b l ade s , a sw e la sb yn on -Leva lo i s f l ake s ( Tab le V I .2 ) . T ab le V IA : F requen c ie so fT oo l s , D eb i tage a nd C o re s i nK eba ra E K eba ra E N umbe r % 1 02 7 4 .4 8 1 2 . 8 2 3 1 6 .8 1 37 1 00 .0
A r t i fac ts T oo ls * D eb i tage C o res T o ta l
* The t oo ls o n c o res a re h e re c a lcu la ted w i th t h e c o res .
T ab le V I .2 : F requenc ie so fT ype s o fT oo l sa nd n on re touched A r t if ac ts K eba ra E N umbe r % 1 2 8 . 8 1 3 9 . 5 1 9 1 3 .9 1 5 1 0 .9 3 5 2 5 .6 1 5 1 0 .9 2 1 . 4 2 3 1 6 .8 0 0 .0 2 .2 3
B lanks L eva lo is F lakes l P r ima ry F lakes O the r F lakes L a rge B lades B lades B lade le ts T echn ica l P ieces
C o res ch ips , c hunks ) D eb r is ( D ive r s T o ta l
1 37
1 00 .0
I . RA W MATER IAL
T he r aw m a te r ia l , wh ich p r edom ina te s i nt h e se i n du s t r ies , o ccu r s m o s t o f ten i nt h e f o rm o fs ma l l n ar row p ebb le s o rr ounded n odu le s , v a ry ing i nc o lo r f r om g r ay t ob r own . T h e m a te r ia l i s gene ra l ly f r esh .
I . THE CORES T he a s semb lage o f K eba ra E i sc ha rac te r ized b y L eva l lo i s , U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ades a nd n on l L eva lo i sf l ake r educ t ion s t ra teg ie s( Tab le V I .3 ) .
9 8
T ab l eV I .3 :F r equen c ie so fL ev a lo i s , L am in a ra nd n on -Lev a lo i sC o r e s l l K eba ra N umbe r 1 2 1 1 0 2 3
C o res L eva lo is C o res l B lade C o res F l ake C o res U nde f ined C o res T o ta l
E % 4 .3 9 1 .3 4 .3 0 .0 9 .9 9
1L eva l lo i s me thod s O n ly o ne r e cur ren t U n ipo la r L eva l lo i s c o r e h a s b een f ound i nt h e s amp le ( P la te X I : 3 ) . T h i s c o re b ea r s p l a in s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ; i t ha s n a tu ra l ly l owe r s l igh t ly c onvex s u rf ace s . T he c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined b y t h e d e tachm en t o f d ebo rdan t f l ak e s f r om t h e l a te ra l p a r t s , a nd b y s om e s e can t r emova l s i nd i s ta lp a r t s .
2 .U ppe rP a leo l i th ic L am inar Me thod s Tw en ty -one L am ina r c o re s h ave b een f ound i nt h e s amp le ( Tab le V I .3 ) . We s h a l l g r oup t h em i n to t h eU ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade c o re sc a t ego r ie s( Tab le V I .4 ) : T ab l eV I .4 :F r e c iuen c ie so fL am in a rC o re C a t ego r ie s L am ina r Co res 2 A 1 : L a te ra l F lak ing c o re w i th o ne S t r ik ing -P la t fo rm 2 A2 : A x is -F lak ing c o re w i th o ne S t r ik ing -P la t fo rm 2 A3 : P y ram ida l o rs em i -py ram ida l C o re 2 B1 _ : L a te ra l F l ak ing o n Two o pposed S t r ik ing -Pla t fo rms 2 1 32 : Two , o pposed s t r ik ing p l a t fo rms o r ien ted o n t he s ame a x is c o re 2 C1 : Two t w is ted o pposed p l a t fo rm c o re ; w i th a x is f l ak ing o pposed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing 2 C2 : Two t w is ted o pposed p l a t fo rm w i th b i -d i rec t iona l o ppos i te l a te ra l f l ak ing 2 D : N on -de f ined B lade C o re T o ta l
K eba ra E N umbe r % 3 1 4 .3 5 2 3 .8 4 1 9 .0 0 2
0 .0 9 .5
5 0 2 2 1
2 3 .8 0 .0 9 .5 1 00 .1
l 2 . A . S i ng le s t r ik ing p la tf orm c ore sa re w e lr epr e sen ted a mong t h eb l ad ec ore s . I 2 A1 :L a te ra l f l ak ing c o r e s w i th o n e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm o ccu r s i gn if i can t ly ( P la te X I : 1 ) . T hey a r e row p m o s t ly o n n ar ebb le s t h an o n r ounded p ebb le s o r o n t h i ck f l ake s . T he i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i s m o s t o f ten m a rked b yt h ep r epa ra t ion o fo ne o rt wo c r e s t s . I 2 A2 : T he a x i s -f lak ing c o re w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm d om ina te s( P la te X I : 2 ) . l I 2 A3 : P y ram ida l o r s em i -py ram ida l c o r e s a r e w e l r e p re s en ted i nK eba ra E ( P la te X I : 3 ) . T he c o re h a s ap y ram ida l s hape . Mo s t o ft h e se c o re s d o n o t e xh ib i t t r a ce s o fc r e s t p r epa ra t ion . Two c o r e s s how o ne o rt wo r emova l s c a r s d e ta ch ed f r om t h e b a se s o ft h e c o re s ; t h e se r emova l sh ave s e rved t o s. m a in ta in t h ec on ic s hape o ft h ec o r e st h roughou tt h e i rr e duc t ion p roces 2 .B : T w o o ppo sed s t r ik ing p la tf orm so r ien ted o n t h es ame a x i sb l ade c ore sa l so o ccur . 2 81 : T h e l a te ra l f l ak ing c o re s w i th t wo o pposed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o r ien ted o n t h e s ame a x i s a r e s a b s en ti nt h ea semb lage . 2 B2 : A x ia l f l ak ing w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s o ccu r i nl ow f r equen cy . T hese c o r e s row p a r eo nn ar ebb le s . T he i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha s e i s mo s to f ten d i s t ingu i shed b yt h ep repa ra t ion o fo ne o rt wo c r e s ts . 2 .C : T w i s ted O ppo sed P la tf orms B lad e C ore s 9 9
2 .C : T he t w i s ted o pposed p l a tf o rm sb l ade c o re sd om ina te . Mos to ft h e se c o re sa r e m ade o nr ounded s row p l b l ock s a nd l e s s o o n n ar ebb le s o r o n t h ick f l ak es . O ne o r t wo c r e s ts a r e g ene ra ly m anuf ac tu red d u r ing t h ep r e l im ina ry p ha se , i no rde rt od e tach t h ef i r s tb l ade s . 2 C 1 : Two , t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o r e s w i th a x ia l f l ak ing ( a s o pposed t o l a te r a l f l ak ing ) r e p re sen t2 3 .8% o ft h e b l ade c o re s . 2 C '2 : Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o re s w i th b i -d i rec t iona l o ppo s i te l a te ra l f l ak ing a r e a b sen t i n t h e s amp le . 2 D : U nde te rm ined b l ade c o r e s : Two c o r e s a r e b roken o r b u rn t , a nd c on sequen t ly t h e f l ak ing m e thod c anno tb ed ef ined . I I A f te ra ne xam ina t ion o ft h eb l ade c o r es f r om K eba ra V I ,w ec on c luded t h a tt h e re i sn os i gn if i can t f f s d i f e r en ce b e tween t h e d i f e r en t a semb lage s o fK eba ra , e x cep t f o rt h e p r e sence o fs em i -py ram ida l c o re s i nK eba ra E ,w h ich a r ea bs en to rp oo r ly r e p re sen ted i no th e rl a y e r s( Sa re l , 2 002 ) .
C onc lus ions o n t he L am inar C ore s s T he a semb lage s a r e c ha ra c te r ized b yt h e d om inance o ft h e t wo tw i s ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r es a nd b y t h e s i gn if i can t amoun t o ft h e a x ia l -f lak ing c o r e s ( Tab le V I .4 ) . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o n t h e s b l ade c o re sa r e mo s t ly p l a in a nd l e sd i hed ra lo rc or t ica l , w h i le c o r e sw i th f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r ea b sen t i nt h es amp le ( Tab le V I .5 ) . T ab l eV I .5 :T ype so fS t r ik ing P l a tf o rm so ft h eB l ad eC o r e s B lade Co res
K eba ra E N umbe r % 0 0 .0% 2 9 .5% 1 6 7 6 .2% 2 9 . 5% 1 4 ,8%
F ace ted D ihed ra l P la in C o r t ica l U nde te rm ined , c r ushed
R ounded n odu les o r n ar ebb les h ave g ene ra ly b een s e lec ted f o r t h e p roduc t ion o f b l ade s , row p l w h i le t h e u t i l iza t ion o ft a bu la ro r f l ake i sp oo r ly r e p r e sen ted . A s h a s b een s en i nR aq ef e t , Em i reh e a nd E l Wad , t h e i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i sm a rk ed b y t h e s e lec t ion o ft h e b l ank c o re s , a nd t h e i r n a tu r a l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ly u sed t h roughou t t h e e n t i r e r educ t ion s t ra tegy . R ounded p ebb le s a r e mos t ly u sed f o r t w i s ted f l ak ing , w he r ea s n ar ebb le s , t h i ck f l ak e s o rt a bu la r f l i n t a r e m o s t o f ten u sed row p f o ra x ia lo rl a te ra l f l ak ing . B ack a nd /o r f r on t c r e s ted b l ade p r epa ra t ion i s s ome t im e s n eces ry t o c omm ence t h e b l ade sa p rodu c t ion o rt om a in ta in t h ec onvex i t ie so nt h ec o re s . T he f l ak ing s u rf ace so ft h e l am ina rc o r e se xh ib i t b e tween 3a nd 9b l ade /b lade le tr emova l s c a r s . T he h i gh n umbe r o fs c a r r emova l s i n d ica te s a n i n ten s ive e xp lo i ta t ion . Mo re o ft h em s how r e c tangu la r b l ade /b lade le t s c a rp a te rn st h an t r iangu la ro ru nde te rm ined s c a r s h ape s . Twen ty -f ou r c o r es e xh ib i t t t w i s ted b l ade /b lade le t s c a r s . T h e c o re s e xh ib i t s c a r s i n d ica t ing s im i la r d im en s ion s i nt h e d i f e ren t f c o r ec a tego r ie s . A s h a s b een s en i nt h e a semb lage s o f Em i reh , t h e v i s ib le s c a r s o n s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a nd t h e e s o r ien ta t ion o ft h e b l ade r emova l s s em t oi n d ica te t h a t t h e p rodu c t s w e r e m o re f r equen t ly r emoved e b y s of th amm e r m an ipu la ted i n at a ngen t ia l m o t ion . S ome c o re s ( 7 6 .2% ) s how t r ace o fa b ra s ion o n t h e o ve rhang ( c orn iche ) , a te s t ing t o ap r epa ra t ion o ft h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm . O n s ome c o re s , t h e u se t o fb o th h a rd a nd s of ts t on e h amme ri sl i ke ly , a nd m ay b e c onn e c ted w i th d i f e r en t s equ en ce s i nt h e f r e duc t ion s t ra tegy . T he b l ade c or e s w e r e m os t o f ten a bandoned f o low ing e xhau s t iv e e xp lo i ta t ion o r f o low ing h inge l l f r ac tu r e st h a to ccur u r ing t h e l a s ta temp tt od e tach ab l ade . red d t 1 00
3 :T he O ther F lak ing Me thod s O n e n on -Leva lo i s c o r e i sp r e sen t i nt h e s amp le o fK eba ra E , a nd s ugge s t t h e u t i l iza t ion o fo t he r l f l ak ing m e thod s . 3 B : T he C ore s -o nF lak e
O n e f l ake h a s b een u sed a sc o re ; i td i sp lay s s c a r s o ff l ake r emova l s o n i t sv en t ra l s u rf a ce . T he r e i s n op r epa ra t ion o f as t r ik ing p l a tf o rm . T h ec o r e -on f lak eh a sb een s e lec ted a mong c or t i ca l f l ake s .
I . THE DEB ITAGE I T h ef o low ing i sa na na ly s i so ft h eu n re touched c omponen t s , w i th r e ga rd t ot h er e du c t ion s t ra teg ies l d e f ined f r om t h e a na ly s i s o f t h e c o r e s . D ue t o t h e l ow o ccur ce o fd eb i tage p roduc t s i nt h e ren a semb lage o fK eba ra E ( 1 2 a r t if a c t s ) , w e d i d n o t t a k e i n to a ccoun t t h e p e rcen tage o ft h e d if e r en t s c a tego r ie s o fL eva lo i s , n on -Leva lo i s a nd b l ade / le t s . We p r ev iou s ly n o t iced t h e s im i la r i t ie s t h ey l l s h a r ew i th t ho se f r om K eba ra V I( Sa re l , 2 002 ) . I I T he a semb lage o f K eba ra E e xh ib i t s o ne L eva lo i s f l ake , t h r ee b l ade s , f ou r b l ade le t s , t wo n on s l L eva lo i s f l ake s a nd t wo c r e s ted b l ades i n t h e d eb i tage p roduc t s . O n e b l ade i so f L eva lo is l l m o rpho logy .
I V . THE RETOUCHED ART IFACTS T he f o low ing a na ly s i s o ft h e r e touch ed p i ece s i nt h e a semb lage s o fK eba ra u nder take s f i r s t ly t o l s d e s c r ibe t h et o l s , a nd s e cond ly t oe xam ine t h e i n te ra c t ion sb e tween t h e s e lec ted b l ank sa nd t h et o l o o t y pe s .
1 .T he T ypo log ica l C ompos i t ion ophe A ssemb lage s
e T he p e r cen tage o ft oo l s i nt h e s amp le o fK eba ra E i sh i gh ( Tab le V IA) ; i ts em st h a tt h e e x cava to r s s l l o h av ee sen t ia ly c o lec ted t h et o l sa mong t h ea r t if a c t sp r e sen to nt h es i te . T ab le V I .6 : F re u en c ie s o fF ou rB lank T ype s K eba ra E
T oo ls
N umbe r
%
T ype 1 :T oo ls o n L eva lo is f l akes l
1
1 0 .6
T ype 2 :T oo ls o n B lade a nd b l ade le ts
3 1
2 9 .8
T ype 3 :T oo ls o n o the r F lakes T ype 4 : Too ls o n CTE , c o res a nd f r agmen ta ry p i eces
5 8 4
5 .8 5 3 .8
T o ta l
1 04
1 00 .0
O u to ft h e t oo l s , t h e b l ade / le t s d om ina te a nd t h e L eva l lo i s t oo l so ccu r( Tab le V I .6 ) . We h ave f ound f i v e b l ade t o o l s o f L eva l lo i s mo rpho logy . D ue t o t h e a b sence o f L eva l lo i s b l ade c o r e s i n t h e a s s emb lages , i ti s mo s tp robab le t h a t t h ey h av e b een d e ta ched f r om p y ram ida l o rb i po la rc o r e s . T h e o t h e r f l ake t o o l s a l so a r e w e l l r e p resen ted i n t h e s amp le . T h e a s semb lage o f K eba ra E i s c ha ra c te r ized b yt h e p redom inance o ft h e r e touch ed a nd p o in ted b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s , a sw e l l a sb y t h e e nd -sc rape r s . T he f r equen c ies o ft h e s i de sc rape r s a r e s t a t i s t ica l ly s i gn if i can t , w h i le t h e k n ive s , p e r f o ra to r sa nd t r unca ted p i ece sa r e l ow i nt h e i ra moun t s( Tab le V I .7 ) .
1 01
T ab le V I .7 : F r equen c ie so fT oo lC a t ego r ie s K eba ra E
T oo ls
N umbe r 6
L eva lo is P o in ts l
% 5 .8
Mous te r ian P o in ts
0
0 .0
S ide -sc rape rs
1 3
1 2 .5
R ac le tes t
0
0 .0
Den t icu la te , n o tches
2
1 .9
R e touched F lakes
0
0 .0
R e touched B lade / le ts
1 4
1 3 .5
P o in ted B lade / le ts
1 5
1 4 .4
B ur ins
5
4 .8
3 2
3 0 .8
P e r fo ra to rs T runca ted p ieces
8
7 .7
0
0 .0
K n ives
0
0 .0
C ompos i te t oo ls
9
8 .7
D ive rs
0
0 .0
1 04
1 00 .1
E nd -sc rape rs
T o ta l
T he L eva l lo i sP o in t s T h e s i x L eva l lo i sp o in t s ( P la te XI I I: 3 )r e p re sen t5 . 8% o ft h et o o l so fK eba ra E .T hey a r em os to f t en r e touch ed ( 4 p o in t s ) ; t h ey p r esen t s em i -ab rup t ( 2 ) a nd a b rup t ( 2 ) o n t h e l a te ra l e dg e s . T he s c a r p a t te rn sv i s ib le o nt h e u ppe rs u rf a ce s o ft h e se t o o l s s ugge s t t h a tt h ey d e r ived f o rt h e m o s tp a r t f r om t h e r e cur ren t u n ipo la r c onve rgen t L eva l lo i s c o r e s . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e m os t ly f a ce ted o r d ihed ra l . T he L eva l lo i s P o in t s ' l e ng th s r e ach v a lue s b e tween 4 2 a nd 7 3 mm , w id th s b e tween 3 2 a nd 5 6 mm a nd t h icknes se s b e tween 8a nd 1 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s6 1 mm , t h e a v e r age w id th 4 1 .3mm , a nd t h ea ve rage t h icknes s 8 . 7 mm .
T he S id e -scraper s T he t h i r teen s i de sc rape r s ( P la te XI I I: 8 -9 , s e e a l so G ar rod 1 954 : F ig . I : 8a nd F ig . I I : 1 4 ) f o rm b e tween 1 2 .5% o ft h e t o o l s . T h r ee s i de -sc rape r s a r e m anuf ac tu r ed o nL eva l lo i s f l ake s ( 3 0 .8% ) , f i v e o n n on -Leva l lo i s f l ake t o o l s( 30 .8% ) ; wh i le f i ve a r em ade o n l a rge b l ade s( 38 .5 % ) . T he s imp le s i de s c rape r s a r e w e l l r e p r esen ted w i th 5 3 .8% , t h e r e touched a nd t h e d en t i cu la te f o rm 2 3% , t h e d oub le s i de sc rape r s 1 5 .4% , a nd t h e t r an sve r sa l 7 . 7% . O ne o ft h e s i de sc r ape r i s broken T h e s i de sc rape r s ' l e ng th s r e ach v a lue s b e tween 5 a nd 9 2 mm , w id th s b e tween 3 5 a nd 7 8 mm , a nd t h icknes se s b e tween 1 2 a nd 3 9 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s7 2 .4 mm , t h e a ve r age w id th 4 2 .5 mm a nd a ve rage t h ickn es s 1 9 .7 mm .
N o tche sa nd D en t icu la te s rod 1 Two n o tche s a nd d en t icu la te h av e b een f o und i nt h e a semb lage ( Gar 954 : F ig . I V : 1 2 ) ; a nd f o rm 1 . 9% o ft h et o o l s . O ne i s m anuf ac tu red o nf l ake a nd o ne o nb l ade le t .
T he R e touched B lad e sa nd B lad e le t s l s T he f ou r teen r e touch ed b l ade s ( 9 ) a nd b l ade le t s ( 3 ) a r e w e l r e p re sen ted i nt h e a s emb lage s o f rod 1 K eba ra E (P la te X IV : 9 ,G ar 9 54 : F i g . 1 : 7) ; t wo a r e m anuf a c tu r ed o n c r e s ted b l ad e s a nd f o rm l o 1 3 .5% o fa l o ft h e t o l s . O ne e xh ib i ts l a rge d imen s ion s . Two b l ade / le t s p r esen t af i n e r e touch o n t h e l a te ra le dge s ,t wo p r e sen t a b rup to rs em i -ab rup tr e touch a nd t h r ee e xh ib i tp a r t ia lr e tou ch ( 1 .6% ) . S ev en a r e b ack b l ade s , t wo o fw h ich a r e c u rved . O u t o ft h e e l ev en b l ade s , t h ree a r e b r oken . T h e l e ng th s o ft h e r e touch ed b l ade s v a ry f r om 4 2 t o8 0 mm , t h e i r w id th s f r om 1 t o2 4 mm , a nd t h e i r
1 02
ses b t h icknes e tween 3 a nd 1 5 mm , t h e i r a ve rage l e ng th b e ing 6 2 .8 mm , a ve rage w id th 1 7 .1 mm , a nd a ve rage t h ickness 7 . 1 mm .
2
3
6 4
F 5 23 g )
F ace ted b ut t
5 1
2
3
P l a te X I : C o res a nd T oo ls f r om K eba ra E : 1 :S em i -py ram ida l b l ade c o re ( 2 .A3 ) ; 2 :L a te ra l f l ak ing c o re w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ( 2 .A2 ) ; 3 : R ecur t u n ipo la r L eva lo is c o r e ; 4 : R e touched b l ade ; 5 : Mou s te r ian P o in t ; 6 : ren l P e rf o ra to r ; 7 :L eva lo is P o in t l
T he P o in ted B lad e / l e t s T he f i f teen p o in ted b l ade / le t s ( P la te X IV : 1 0 , G ar 954 : F ig . I :2 -5 ) f o rm 1 4 .4% o fa l t h e t oo l s . t rod 1 l T en a r e m anuf ac tu red o n b l ade s a nd f i ve o n b l ade le ts . S ix a r e p o in ted b y a b rup t r e touch a nd n i ne a r e e l Wad P o in ts . T he p o in ted b l ades ' l e ng th s v a ry f r om 4 3 t o 7 2 mm , t h e i r w id th s f r om 9 to 2 3 mm a nd t h e i r t h icknesse s b e tween 5a nd 1 0 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s5 3 .6 mm , t h e a ve rage w id th 1 4 .6 mm a nd a ve rage t h icknes . 5 mm . s 6 1 03
T he B ur in s T he f i ve b u r in s ( Gar rod 1 954 : F i g . I V : 3 ) f o rm r e la t ive ly l ow f r equen c ies ( 4 .8% o ft h e t o o l s ) . O n e b u r in h a s b een m anuf a c tu red o nn on -Leva l lo i s f l ake , o ne o n p r ima ry f l ake , t wo o n b l ade s , a nd o ne o n l a rge b l ade . T he r e i so ne a ng le b u r in b r eak , t wo t r unca ted b u r in , o ne d i h ed ra l b u r in , o n e d oub le b u r in a nd o ne t r an sve r sa l b u r in .
T he E nd -sc rape r s T he t h i r ty two e nd sc rape r s ( Gar 954 : F ig . I :9 17 ; F i g . I : 1 2 ) d om ina te i nt h e a semb lage rod 1 s ( 30 .8% ) . O ne t o l h a s b een m anuf a c tu red o n L eva lo i s f l ake ( 3 .1 % ) , wh i le e i gh t a r e o n p r ima ry o l f l ake s ( 2 5% ) , o n e o n c o re t a b le t ( 3 .1 % ) , e l even o n n on -Leva l lo i s f l ake s ( 3 5% ) , e l ev en o n b l ade s ( 37 .5% ) , t h ree o fw h ich h ave l a rge d imen s ion s . O u t o fa ft h e se e nd -sc rape r s , o n e i s ad oub le l o e nd sc rape r , f ou r a r e r ounded e nd sc rape r s , t wo a r e d en t icu la te e nd sc rape r s a nd t wo a r e s t eep o r c a r ina ted e nd sc rape r s . E igh teen e nd sc rape r s a r e o n n on re tou ch ed f l ake s o r b l ade s ( 5 6 .2% ) , a nd f i ve e nd sc rape r s p r e sen t af i ne r e touch o nt h e i r l a te ra l e dge s ( 1 5 .6% ) . T h ree t oo l s a r e b r oken . T h e e nd sc r ape r s ' l e ng th s r a nge b e tween 4 8 a nd 9 1 mm , t h e i rw id th s b e tween 1 4 a nd 5 2 mm , a nd t h e i r t h i ckn es s b e tween 7a nd 2 6 mm . T h e a ve rage l e ng th i s5 3 .3 mm , t h e a v e rage w id th 2 7 mm , a nd se t h ea v e rage t h ickn es s 9 . 3 mm .
T he P erf ora tor s T he e i gh t p e rf o ra to r s ( P la te X IV : 1 5 , G ar 954 : F i g . I : 1 2 ) u ncove r ed i n t h e a semb lage s r od 1 s a ccoun t f o r 7 . 7% i nK eba ra E . O ne i sm anuf ac tu red o n aL eva lo i s f l ake , w h i le f ou r h ave b een l m anuf ac tu r ed o n b l ade s , t wo o n b l ade le t s a nd o ne o n c r e s ted b l ade . O ne o ft h ese p os s l a rge ses se d im en s ion s ( al e ng th o f1 06 mm ) . T he p e rf o ra tor sa r e o nn on re touched f l ake s o rb l ade s , e x cep t f o r o ne ,w h i ch p re sen t s af i ne r e touch o no ne l a te ra le dge . T h r ee o ft h ep e rf o ra to r sa r eb roken .
T he C ompo s i te t o l s o N in e c ompos i te t o l s ( Gar 954 : F ig . I : 1 0 -12 ) d e r iv ed f r om K eba ra E ;t h ey f o rm 8 . 7% o ft h e o rod 1 t o l s . T he c ompos i te t o l s c on s i s t o f t h ree e nd -sc rape r s /bu r in s , t h ree e nd -sc rape r s /no tches o r o o d en t i cu la te s , o n e s i de sc rape r /bu r in , o ne k n if e / s ide sc rape r . F ou r a r e m anuf a c tu r ed o n n on L eva lo i s f l akes a nd f ou ro nb l ade s , o ne o f wh ich h a s l a rge d im en s ion s . l
2 .A na l y s i so ft h eB lank s We h av e g rouped t h e e n t i r e ty o ft h e t o l p opu la t ion i n to f ou rt y pe s : t h e L eva lo i s f l ake s b l ank s a r e o l c l as ied i nT ype 1 ,t h e B lade t oo l s i nT ype 2 ,t h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s i nT ype 3 ,a nd t h e o th e r sif l t o lb l ank s i nT ype 4( Tab le V I .6 ) . o T ab le V I .8 :F r equen c ie so f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th i cT oo l sa mong t h eL ev a lo i sa n dt h eB l ad e s l B lade B lank s
L eva l lo is B lank s Mou s t e r ian T oo ls U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo ls T o ta l
N umbe r 9 / 1
% 8 1 .8 1 8 .2 1 00 .0
Numbe r 5 2 9 3 4
% 1 4 .7 8 5 .3 1 00 .0
T he U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ank s T ype 2d om ina te , a l though t h e L eva l lo i s b l ank s T ype 1a nd t h e n on L eva l lo i s f l ake s T ype 3 a r e a l so w e l l r e p re sen ted . T ype 1 c omp r i ses a s i gn if ican t a moun t o f L eva l lo i s p o in t s a nd s i de -sc rape r s . T ype 2 con s i s t s m a in ly o fr e touched b l ades a nd b l ade le ts a nd 1 04
e nd sc rape r s . T h e e nd sc rape r s a nd s i de -sc rape r s c on s t i tu te t h e m a in t oo l t y pes o f T ype 3 . T he l o b l ade b l ank s w e r e i n i t ia ly s e lec ted t o m anuf a c tu r e m o r e t y p ica l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o l s t h an l Mou s te r ian t oo l s . F o r t h e m os t p a r t , L eva lo i s b l ank s w e r e s e lec ted f o r t h e p roduc t ion o f l s Mou s te r ian t oo l s( Tab le V I .8 ) , e spec ia ly f o rs i de -sc rape r sa nd p o in t s , a nd l e ss of o rt h ep roduc t ion o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t oo l s .
V . CONCLUS ION ON K EBARA E s l T h e a semb lages o f K eba r a Ei n d ica te s e ve ra l m ode s o f r e duc t ion s t ra teg ies : L eva lo i s , U ppe r l P a l eo l i th ic b l ade a nd N on -Leva lo i s f l ake m odes . Among t h e b l ade c o r e s , t h e t w i s ted -oppo sed s e p l a tf o rm c o re s d om ina te . N ah r Ib rah im c o r e s o ccu r i nl ow f r equenc ie s i nt h e a semb lage s . A s s en s i nt h ea semb lage so f Em i r eh , R aq ef e ta nd E l Wad ,t h er e la t ion b e tween t h e m o rpho logy o ft h ec o re b l ank s a nd t h e f l ak ing m e thod s i sm an if e s t f o r t h e b l ade c o r e s , i nw h ich r ounded n odu le s a r e t h e r s e lec ted r aw m a te r ia l f o rt h e t w i s ted -ax i s f l ak ing m ode s ; i n ve r se ly , n a row p ebb le s , t h ick f l ake s o r rence o t a bu la rf l in t w e r e m os to f ten u sed f o rl a te ra lo ra x is f l ak ing . T h eo ccur fb l ade / le t sw i th t r ace s o fa b ra s ion o n t h e i r h anged e dge s s ugge s t s t h e u t i l iza t ion o ft h e s o f t h amme r t e chn ique i nt h e p roduc t ion o f mo s tb l ade / le t s . f o T h e f r equenc ie s o ft h e d i f e r en t b l ank c a tego r ies i nt h e d eb i tage c ompa r ed t o t h o se i nt h e t o l s l s ugge s tt h a tt h e L eva lo i sa nd b l ade b l ank s w e r e p r ef e rab ly s e lec ted f o rt h e m anuf ac tu r ing o ft oo l s . l T he L eva lo i s b l ank s h ave m os t ly b een s e lec ted f o r t h e m anuf ac tu r ing o f Mou s te r ian t oo l s , w h i le l o t h eb l ade b l ank sw e r e i n i t ia ly s e lec ted t om anuf a c tu r et y p ica lU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t o l s . T he ref o r e , a s e s s h a s b een s en i nt h e a semb lages o fN or the rn I s rae l , t h e a semb lage s o fK eba ra E e xh ib i t a tl e a s t l f f t wo r ad ica ly d i f e r en t c o r e r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s , w h ich h ave p roduced b l ank s f o r d i f e r en t s e t s o f r e touch ed t oo ls . sib A s i tw a s s ugge s ted b y Z if f e r ( 1978 ) a nd l a te r b y B a r -Yosef , i ti sh i gh ly p os le t h a t t h e s I I a s emb lage s o fK eba ra V I a nd K eba ra E a r e r e la ted t o s am e c u l tu ra l e n t i ty ( Ba r -Yosef , e ta l . 1 992 ) . T he d e ta i led a na ly s i s o f t h e l i th ic m a te r ia l o f K eba ra E ( Sa r e l , 2 002 ) h a s r e vea led t e chno log i ca l a nd t y po log i ca l s im i la r i t ie s w i th t h e i n du s t r ie s o fN or the rn I s r ae l i s i t es , p a r t icu la r ly s w i th t h e i n du s t ry o f Em i r eh . F rom t h e b l ade i n dus t ry t h a t c ha rac te r ize s t h e a semb lage s o fK eba ra I I re I V I , B a r -Yosef m ake s t h e s ugge s t ion t h a t t h ey s hou ld b e c or la ted t ot h e A hma r ian ( Ba r -Yosef s, t a nd B e lf e r -Cohen , 1 996 ) . N eve r th e les h e i r s im i la r i t ies w i th K eba ra E a nd Em i r eh r a i se t h e s l p r ob lem o ft h e i ra s ignmen tt ot y p ica ly A hma r ian i n du s t r ies .
1 05
CHAPTER S EVEN QAFZEH
THE S ITE T he c ave o fQ af zeh i ss i tua ted o n t h e o u t sk i r t s o fN aza r e th , i nt h e s ou the rn f l ank s o ft h e G a l i lee l Moun ta in s . T he c ave o v e r look st h eV a ley o fE sd ra e lon . T he k a r s t ic c ave c on s i s t s o f al a rge , h igh v au l ted c hambe r w h ich m ea su r e s 2 1 m l o ng a nd 1 7 i n r w ide , w i th e n t rance f a c ing t owa rd st h e w es t . T h ec ave i s connec ted w i th t h et e ra ce ( 12 b y 1 5m )b y r ab road v e s t ibu le o fa bou t 4b y 5m . T he t e race a nd t h e v e s t ibu le a r e c ove r ed w i th a r ch aeo log i ca l s ed im en t s . l s N euv i le , a s i s ted b y S t eke l i s , c onduc ted t h e e xcava t ion s o ft h e s i t e d u r ing t h e y ea r s o f 1 934 -36 . n r T he e xcava t ion sw e r e l a rge ly c onf ined t ot h e i n e rc hambe ra nd t h e v e s t ibu le , wh i le t h et e race w a s r o n ly s ounded ( Map o ft h eC ave : V ande rmee r sch 1 98 1 : 2 3 ) . F u r the re xcava t ion sw e r e c a r i ed o u tb y n r V ande rmee r sch b o th i nt h e i ne rc hambe ra nd o nt h et e race .
S TRAT IGRAPHY l T he s t ra t ig raphy s equence e s tab l i shed b y N euv i le r e vea led 1 3 l a ye r s o ve r a6 . 5 m s e c t ion l s, t ( Neuv i le 's s t ra t ig raph ic s e c t ion s : V ande rm ee r sch 1 981 : 2 4 -25 ) . N ever the les h e m a te r ia l l r e cove r ed d u r ing t h e N euv i le ' s e x cava t ion s w a s n eve r d esc r ibed i nd e ta i l , a nd t h e e x cava to r o n ly l l e s tab l i shed t h e s t ra t ig raphy s equen ce a sf o lowed ( Neuv i le , 1 951) : L ayer s Aa nd B w e r ed a ted f r om t h eB ronze a ge t oh i s to r ica lt im e , L ayer C ,w h ich w a sp oo ri nf i nd s ,w a sr e la ted t ot h eU ppe rP a laeo l i th ic , l L ayer D c on ta in s , a cco rd ing t oN euv i le , S t age I of t h eU ppe rP a laeo l i th ic , L ayer E c on ta in s S tage I , L ayer Fw a sc on s ide r ed t ob e Mou s te r ian , l L aye r s G -H w e r er e la ted t ot h eU ppe rL eva lo i s ian , s l L ayer Iw a sa s igned t ot h e M idd le L eva lo is ian , l L aye r s La nd K w e r ed ef ined a sL owe rL eva lo i s ian , l T he l ow e s tL ayer ( A l )w a sa r cheo log ica ly s t e r i le l T he s t ra t ig raphy d ef ined b y N euv i le i sb a sed o n h i s i n te rp re ta t ion o ft h e u n i l inea r e vo lu t iona ry rod s equence o ft h eP a leo l i th ic . H ea dop ted G ar ' sc on cep ta cco rd ing t ow h ich t h er e la t iv ep ropo r t ion o fp o in t s t os c rape r s ( a s u sed a tT abun ) m ay b e emp loy ed f o r d i v id ing t h e s equence i n to L owe r , l M idd le a nd U ppe rL eva lo i s ian a nd Mou s te r ian . r sion o T he e xcava t ion s c a r i ed o u t b yV ande rmee r sch r evea led a n i mpo r tan t s ucces fl a ye r s b o th i n n r t h e i n e r c hambe r a nd o n t h e t e ra ce . D ue t ot h e d i ff icu l ty i ne s tab l i sh ing ap hy s ica l c onnec t ion r b e tween t h e c ave s ed im en t s a nd t h e t e ra ce d epos i t s , V ande rmee r sch d e sc r ibed t h e s t ra t ig raphy s epa ra te ly i ne ach a r ea . T he c ave s e quence c on s i s t so f1 5l a ye r s( Vande rm ee r sch , 1 981) . t F rom b o tom t ot op : s l L ayer s 1 5 -12 w e re a s igned t o t h e Mou s te r ian a nd w e re c onnec ted w i th N euv i le ' s U ppe r l L eva lo is ian ( Lay e r s Ga nd F ) ; s l L ayer s 1 -7 w e re a s igned t oU ppe r P a leo l i th ic s t age Ia nd a r e c onnec ted w i th N euv i le ' s L aye r E ; s r l L ayer 6i sa s igned t oU ppe rP a leo l i th ic s t age I and c o r e spond st oN euv i le 's L aye rD ; l L ayer 5i sa l so o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic a ge a nd i s as soc ia ted w i th N euv i le 's L aye rC . L ayer s4 1 a r eo fB ronze a ge a nd h i s to r ica ld a te . r s T he t e ra ce s equen ce c on s i s t s o f 2 4 l a y e r s a nd c on ta in s Mou s te r ian l i t h ic a semb lages , wh i le y i e ld ing n ot r ace o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic o ccupa t ion s . 1 06
l re N euv i le c or la ted L ay e rE to s t age Io ft h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic ( Em i ran ) b ecau se o ft h ep r e sence o f t h e Em i r eh P o in t s , a nd L ay e r Ft o Mou s te r ian . R on en ( who u nder took t h e s t udy o f t h e U ppe r l P a leo l i th ic s e r ie s ) s ugge s ted t h a t L ay e r F ,N euv i le ' s u ppe rmo s t Mou s te r ian , i sn o t p r e sen t i nt h e sib l n ew e xcava t ion s a nd t h a t i ti s pos le t h a t L ay e r 9d oe s n o t c o in c ide w i th N euv i le ' s s t age I . Th i s l a y e r h a s b een r e la ted t ot h e Ahma r ian ( Ron en a nd V ande rm ee r sch , 1 972 :19 1 ; B e lf e r -Coh en a nd B a r -Yosef , 1 999 ) . l s l T he f o low ing a na ly s i su nde r take st h ea semb lage so fN euv i le ' se xcava t ion s( Lay e r sF ,E and D ) a s l sib w e l a s as amp le f r om V ande rm ee r s ch ' s e xcava t ion s ( Lay e r 9 ) , i n o rde r t o v e r if y t h e p os le l c u l tu ra lr e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h em a nd t h eo th e r Nor the rn I s ra e l i i n du s t r i e s , a sw e la sw i th t h o se o f l l K sa r A k i l . T he se m a t e r ia l s a r e s t o r ed i n t h e R ock ef e le r Mu seum a s w e l a s i n t h e H eb r ew U n ive r s i ty i nJ e ru sa lem .
L ITH IC PRODUCT ION l T he l a ye r s F , Ea nd D a r e c ha rac te r ized b yt h e p re sen ce o fL eva lo i s a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade s , l l a s w e l a s b y n on -Leva lo i s f l ake r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s T h e m a te r ia l i sn o t d i s t r ibu ted i nt h e s am e 1 f r equen c ie s a mong t h e l a y e r s ; c a . 5 7% o ft h e a r t if a c t s c am e f r om L aye r s E( 12 1 p i ece s ) wh i le s L ay e r Dc on ta in s o n ly c a . 5% o ft h e m a te r ia l ( 9 1 p i ece s ) . T h e p auc i ty o fd eb r i s i nt h e a semb lage s l l o fN euv i le a sw e l a st h e s i gn if ican t q uan t i ty o ft oo l s f o und i nt h em ( c ompa r ed t ot h e q uan t i ty o f l l l I L ay e r9 )s ugge s tt h a tN euv i le d i dn o t c o lec tt h e a la r t if ac t s d u r ing t h e e x cava t ion s( Tab le V I .1) . T ab le V I I .1 : F requen c ie so fT oo l s , D eb i ta ea nd C o re s i nt h eL aye r so fQ af zeh A r t i fac ts
Q a fzeh F
T oo ls
N umbe r % 7 0 6 1 .4
D eb i tage C o res T o ta l
4 0 4 14
3 5 .1 3 .5 1 00 .0
Qa fzeh E N umbe r % 4 28 * 3 8 .2 6 44 5 7 .4 4 9 4 .4 1 00 .0 121
Qa fzeh D N umbe r % 3 9 4 2 .9 4 9 3 9 1
5 3 .8 3 .3 1 00 .0
Q a fzeh 9 N umbe r % 5 7 8 . 7 5 91 9 0 .2 7 . 1 1 6 55 1 00 .0
* The f o u rt o o ls o nc o re sa r eh e re c a lcu la ted w i th t h ec o re s .
O u t o fa l l o ft h e a r t if a c t s , t h e f r equen cy o fL eva l lo i s f l ake s ( P la te X I I : 1 ) d ec r ea se s d r a s t ica l ly f r om L aye r Ft oL aye r E( Tab le VI I I.2 ) . I nve r se ly , t h e b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s i n c r ea se f r om L ay e r F ( P la te X I I : 1 0 ) t oL aye r E( P la te X IV : 9 10 ) ; t h e b l ade le t s r a i se g r adua l ly f r om b o t tom t ot o p a nd a r e w e l l r e p re sen ted i nL ay e r D . T h e r e i sn o s i gn if i can t d i f f e ren ce i nt h e c ompos i t ion o fa r t if ac t t y pe s b e tween L ay e r s Ea nd D . N eve r th e les s, t h e a b sen ce o fL eva l lo i s e l emen t s a nd t h e s i gn if i can t n umbe ro fb l ade le t s , w h ich o u tnumbe rt h eb l ade s i nL ay e r9 ,a r ew o r thy o fn o ta t ion T ab le V I I .2 : F requenc ie so fA r t if ac tT ype s( Too l sa nd n on re touched P i ece s ) i nt h eL aye r so fQ af zeh B lanks L eva lo is F lakes l P r ima ry F lakes O the r F lakes L a rge B lades B lades B lade le ts T echn ica l P ieces C o res D eb r is D ive rs T o ta l
Q a fzeh F N umbe r % 5 6 4 9 .1 0 0 .0 1 9 1 6 .7 1 3 .4 1 2 0 1 7 .5 1 0 .9 1 0 .9 4 3 .5 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 00 .0 14
Qa fzeh E N umbe r ' Y o 3 4 3 .0 2 1 1 . 9 8 6 7 .7 5 0 4 .5 7 39 6 5 .9 9 0 8 .0 4 9 4 .4 4 9 4 .4 0 0 .0 3 0 .3 121 1 00 .1 1
Qa fzeh D N umbe r % 4 4 .4 0 0 .0 1 3 1 4 .3 2 2 .2 4 6 5 0 .5 1 4 1 5 .4 9 9 .9 3 3 .3 0 0 9 1
0 .0 0 .0 1 00 .0
Qa fzeh 9 N umbe r % 0 0 .0 2 0 3 . 1 1 06 1 6 .2 0 0 .0 1 6 .8 10 1 74 2 6 .6 1 4 2 . 1 7 . 1 1 20 3 .6 2 3 4 0 .6 6 55 1 00 .1
I .RA W MATER IAL T he r aw m a te r ia l , wh ich p r edom ina te s i nt h i s i n du s t ry , m os t o f ten o ccu r s i nt h e f o rm o f s ma l , l r ounded n odu les o fC enom an ian f l in t , w h ich v a ry i nc o lo r f r om b rown i sh -g r ey t oy e low i sh -g r een , l a nd a r e p re sen t i np r ima ry c on tex t a r ound t h e s i te . T abu la r f l i n t , n ar ebb le s a nd l a rge c he r ty row p 1 07
f l in t b l ock s w e r e a l so u sed i nt h e m anuf ac tu r ing o ft o o l s . T h e se y e l low i sh -g reen b l ock s w i th r e d v e in s o f E ocen e f l in t a r e a l so l o ca l , a nd c ome f r om S hef a r am r e g ion ( De lage , P e r sona l C ommun ica t ion ) . T h e m a te r ia l i sr e la t ive ly f r esh ; f ew p i ece s h ave s e conda ry p a t ina a nd s om e a r e b u rn t .
. THE CORES I T he l a y e r s o fQ af zeh m an if e s t d if e ren t c o r e s c a tego r ie s , wh ich f o rm l ow p e r cen tage s i ne a ch l a y e r ( Tab le V I .3 ) . L ay e r s Fa nd E ar e c ha rac te r ized b y L eva lo i s a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade sa nd n on I l L eva lo i s f l akes r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s , w h i le L ay e r Dh a sy i e lded o n ly b l ade c o re s . l T ab l eV I .3 :N umbe ro fL ev a lo i s , L am in a ra nd n on -Lev a lo i sC o r e si n th eL ay e r so fQ af zeh I l l C o res
L eva l lo is C o re s
Qa fzeh F N umbe r 2
Qa fzeh E N umbe r % 3 6 . 1
B lad e C o re s F lake C o re s
1 1
U ndef ined C o r e s
0
4 1
T o ta l
4
4 9
4 1
8 3 .7
8 . 2 2 . 0 1 00 .0
Qa fzeh D N umbe r
Q a fzeh 9 N umbe r
3
6
o o o
3
o
1
0 7
IL eva l lo i sm e thod s O n ly f i ve L eva l lo i s c o re s w e r e u ncove r ed i nL aye r s Fa nd E . Two t h ick f l ake s ( P la te X I I : 1 )a nd t h ree b l ock s o r p ebb le s h ave b een u sed a s r aw m a te r ia l s . T he c o re s a r e mos t o f ten s ma l l a nd e xhau s ted ; o ne h a sb een r e -u t i l ized a s at o o la tt h ee nd o fi t se xp lo i ta t ion . T he r e i sn o p ref e ren t ia l c o r e i n t h e se a s semb lage s ; n eve r the les s, t h e p re sen ce o f o ne o ve r sho t L eva l lo i s f l ake i nL aye r F , wh ich p r e sen t s as c a r o f aL eva l lo i s f l ake c ove r ing i t s u ppe r s u rf a ce ( P la te X I I : 2 ) , s ugge s t st h a t i tw a s d e r ived f r om ap r ef e r en t ia l L eva l lo i s c o r e a nd t h a tt h is r edu c t ion m ode w a sa l so u sed i nQ af zeh F .T he r e cur ren tc o re r e duc t ion m ode s a r et h e mos t f r equen t i nt h e se t wo a s semb lage s . T h e r ea r en oL am ina rL eva l lo i s C o r e s i nt h ea s semb lage so fQ af zeh . 1 .B : T he R ecur ren tL eva l lo i s C ore s O u t o ft h e se 5r e cur ren t L eva l lo i s c o r e s , t h e m os t ly c onve rgen t u n ipo la r c o re s ( 18 1) a r e t h e m a in c o r e t y pe ( 3 c o r e s i nQ af zeh E a nd o ne c or e i nQ af z eh F ) . T he r e cur ren t b i po la r c o r es ( 182 ) a r e t o ta l ly a b sen t a nd t h e r e cur ren t c en t r ipe ta l c o r e s ( 1B3 ) a r e p oo r ly r e p resen ted ( one c o r e i nQ af zeh F ) . 1 . B1 : T he R ecur ren t U n ipo lar L eva l lo i s C or e s T he f ou r R ecur ren t U n ipo la r L eva l lo i s c o r es u ncov e r ed i n L ay e r s Fa nd E c on s t i tu te t h e m a in c a tego ry o ft h e L eva l lo i s c o r e s . Two a r e r e cur ren t u n ipo la r c onve rgen t c o re s . Sma l l n odu l e s o r b l ock s h ave b een u sed a sr aw m a t e r ia ls , wh i le i no ne i n s tance t h e c o r e i s on t h ick f l ake ( P la te X I I : 1 ) . T h ed i sca rded c o r e sa r e s ma l l . T he se c o re sp os ses s o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm , a nd m o s to ft h em b ea r f a ce ted p r epa ra t ion ( 4c o re s ) . O n e h a s ap l a in s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm . T h ey a r e q uad rangu la r o r r ound ed i ns hape , a nd m os to ft h em a r e e xhau s ted . T h ey e xh ib i t b e tween t wo a nd f o u r s ca rr emova l s o nt h e u ppe r s u rf ace o ft h e c o r e s , w i th a n a ve rage s c a r r emova l o ft h r ee ; t h e l a s t f l ak e s r emoved w e re g en e ra l ly s ma l l i ns i ze . T he r e cur ren tu n ipo la rc onve rgen t c o r e s m an if es tt r iangu la rs c a rp a t ter n s( 2 c o re s ) w h i le t h e o the r c o r e s b ea r q uad r angu la r o r r ounded s c a r p a t te rn s . O ne c o r e o n f l ak e a nd c on ta in s an a tu ra l ly l owe r , s l igh t ly c onvex s u rf ace ; t wo c o re s s how s e can t r emova l s c a r s o n t h e l owe r s u rf a ce , w h i le o n e e xh ib i ts o ne o rt wo r emova l s c a r s o n i t s l owe r s u rf ace . O ne c o re h a s b e en m anuf ac tu red a sa na ng le b u r in a tt h ee nd o fi t se xp lo i ta t ion . 1 .B3 : T he R ecur ren tC en t r ipe ta lL eva l lo i s C ore s 1 08
O n ly o ne R ecur ren t C en t r ipe ta l L eva l lo is c o re w a s u ncove red i nL aye r F .T he c o re i so n at h ick f l ak e . T h i s c o re i s s ma l l a nd e xhau s t ed . I t exh ib i t s f o u r s ma l l c en t r ipe ta l s c a r r emova ls o n i t su ppe r s u rf a ce .
C onc lus ions o n t he L eva l lo i sC ore s T h e c o r e s a r e o n b l ock s o r s ma l l n odu le s ; t wo a r e o n f l ake s . T h e p r e sen ce o fo n e b l ank , w h ich e xh ib i t s s i gn if i can t s i ze s ( 70 mm ) , s ugge s t s t h e u se o fs om e r e la t iv e ly l a rge n odu le s . H oweve r , t h e i n i t ia l s i ze o fs u ch b l ock s c anno t b e d educed . Mo s t o ft h e c o re s a r e r ounded o r q uad rangu la r i n s hape . Mos t o ft h e L eva l lo i s c o r e s b ea rt h e p a t te rn s o ft h e u n ipo la r m ode o fr e duc t ion , wh i le o n ly o ne i sar e cur ren t c en t r ipe ta lL eva l lo i sc o r e . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e g ene ra l ly p r epa r ed a nd m os t o f t en f a ce ted . T he h i gh n umbe r o fs c a r s o n t h e u ppe r s u rf a ce s o ft h e L eva l lo is c o r e s i n d ica te s a n i n ten s ive e xp lo i ta t ion . T he L eva l lo i sc o r e sw e re m o s to f ten a bandoned a f te re xhau s t iv ee xp lo i ta t ion o r w h en t h e r e -m anagem en t o ft h e c o r e s m ade i tn eces sa ry t od e tach b l ank s . I n s om e c a se s , c o r e s w e r e d i sca rded b ecau se o fh i nge f r ac tu r e s t h a t h ad o ccur red d u r ing t h e l a s t a t temp t t o d e tach a f l ak e . I no ne i n s tance , t h ec o r eh a sb een r e -u sed a s at oo la tt h ee nd o fi t se xp lo i ta t ion .
2 .U pper P a l eo l i th ic L am inar m e thod s T he f i f ty -one l am ina r c o re s u n cove r ed i nQ af zeh d om ina te i nL aye r s E , Da nd 9 .E igh t g roup s o f I U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade c o r e sh ave b een r e cogn ized ( Tab le V I .4 ) : 2 .A . S i ng le S t r ik ing P la tf orm C ore s s 2 A1 : L a te ra l f l ak ing c o r e s w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a r e p oo r ly r e p re sen ted i nt h e a semb lage s o f Q af zeh . Two c o r e sh ave b een f o und i nL aye rE and o ne h a sb een u n cove r ed i nL aye rD . Two a r eo n r r ounded n odu les a nd o n e o n n a row p ebb le . Two c o re s e xh ib i t t r a ce s o fc r e s t p r epa ra t ion i nt h e t l a te r a l o r b a ck p a r t . S eve ra l s e r ie s o fb l ade d e ta chmen t s h ave b een d educed f r om t h e s c a r p a te rn . l row a T he f l ak ing s t a r t s f r om t h e n a tu ra ly n ar x i s e dge a nd e x tend s t owa rd st h e w ide s t l a te ra l e dge . l T he l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined b y t h e r emova l o fd ebo rdan t b l ade s ; t h ey g ene ra ly e xh ib i t c o r t ica l l a te ra l s i des . O ne c o r e h a s b een m anuf ac tu red a s ad i hed r a l b u r in a t t h e e nd o f i t s e xp lo i ta t ion T ab le V I .4 :T ype so fL am in a rC o r e si n th eL ay e r so fQ af z eh I C o re s
Q a fzeh D Q a f zeh 9 Q a f zeh F Q a fzeh E N umbe r N umbe r N umbe r N umbe r ' Y o 2 A 1 1 0 0 2 4 . 9 2 A2 1 2 3 9 2 2 .0 2 A3 0 5 1 2 .2 0 0 2 6 1 0 0 0 1 2 . 4 1 2 62 0 6 1 4 .6 0 1 2 C 1 0 1 8 4 3 .9 0 2 C2 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 2 D 1 0 0 0 . 0 0 , 1 4 1 1 00 .0 T o ta l 3 6 2 A 1 : L a te r a l F l ak ing c o re w i th o ne S t r ik ing -P la tf o rm ; 2 A2 : A x is -F a k ing c o re w i th o ne S t r ik ing -P la tf o rm ; 2 A3 : P y r am ida l o rs em i -py ram ida l C o r e ; 2 B 1 : L a te ra l F l ak ing o n Two o ppo sed S t r ik ing -Pl a tf o rm so r ien ted o n t h es ame a x is ; 2 B2 : Two , o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o r ien ted o n t h e s ame a x is c o re ; 2 C 1 : Two t w is t ed o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o re ; w i th a x is f l ak ing o ppo sed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ; 2 C2 : Two t w is ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm w i th b i -d irec t iona l o ppo s i te l a te ra l f l ak ing ; 2 D :N on -def ined B lade C o r e .
2 A2 : A x ia l -f lak ing c o r e s w i th o n e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a r e w e l l r e p re sen ted i nt h e a s semb lage s o f Q af zeh . On e c o r e h a s b een f o und i nQ af zeh F( P la te X I I : 4 ) , n i n e i nQ af zeh E ( wh ich f o rm 2 2% o f t h e b l ade c o re s ) , t wo i nQ af zeh D ( P la te XI I I: 1 ) , a nd t h r ee i nQ af zeh 9 .I nc on t ra s t t ot h e l a te ra l c o r e s ,t h e l a rge rp a r to ft h e se c o re s i so n n ar row p ebb le s( 4 ) , t a bu la rf l i n t ( 4 )o rt h ick f l ake s( 1 ) ,a nd l e s s s o o n r ounded p ebb le s ( 4 ) . Two h ave a n u nde te rm ined s hape ( Tab le V I I .6 ) . O n ly 4 c o re s 1 09
e xh ib i t t r a ce so fc r e s t o n l a te ra l -back s ide . O n e c o r e h a s b een m anuf ac tu r ed a sa ne nd sc rape ra tt h e e nd o fi t se xp lo i ta t ion . I I: 3 2 A3 : P y ram ida l o r s em i -py ram ida l c o re s a r e o n ly r e p r e sen ted i nL aye r E( P la te XI ) ( Tab le I I V I .4 ) . Mo s to ft h em a r e o nr ounded n odu le s( Tab le V I .6 ) . F o rt wo c o re s ,t h e i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i s d i s t ingu i shed b yt h ep r epa r a t ion o fo ne c r e s t . tr ik ing P la i j in -n is O r ien ted o n t h eS ame A x i sB lade C ore s 2 .B . T wo O ppo sed S 2 BI : Two o ppo sed , l a te ra l s t r ik ing -p la tf o rm s o r ien ted o n t h e s ame a x i s c o r e s a r e a lmo s t a b sen t ;
I o n ly o n e c o re h a s b een u n cove r ed i nL aye r E( Tab le V I .4 ) . T h i s c o r e i s on ar ounded n odu le a nd d oe sn o te xh ib i tt r ace s o fc r e s t . l 2 B2 : A x ia l f l ak ing w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s a r e w e l r e p resen ted ; o ne h a s b een I I: 2 row p f ound i nL ay e r 9a nd s i x i nL ay e r E( P la te XI ) . T he se c o r e s a r e o n n ar ebb le s ( 2 ) , t a bu la r I f l in t( 2 ) r ounded p ebb le s( 2 ) ,w h i le o ne h a sa nu nde te rm ined s hape ( Tab le V I .6 ) . Two c o r es e xh ib i t t r ace so fc r e s to nt h e l a te ra l -back s ide . O n e c o r e h as b een m anuf ac tu red a sb u r in o nt r un ca t ion a tt h e e nd o fi t se xp lo i ta t ion 2 .C . T w i s ted O ppo sed P la tf orms B lade C or e s 2 C 1 : Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf orm c o re s w i th a x ia l f l ak ing ( a s o pposed t o l a te ra l f l ak ing ) I I: 4 I d om ina te i nL ay e r E( P la te XI ) ; o ne h a s b een f ound i nL ay e r 9( Tab le V I .4 ) . T h e se c o re s a r e I p roduced m os t ly o n r ounded n odu le ( Tab le V I .6 ) . F o r e i gh t c o re s , t h e i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i s ma rked b yt h ep r epa ra t ion o fl a te ra l , f r on ta lo rb a ck c r e s t s . w i s ted o pposed p l a tf o rm c o re s w i th b i -d irec t iona l o ppos i te l a te ra l f l ak ing a r e t o ta l ly 2 (2 : Two t a bsen t i n th ea s semb lage so fQ af zeh . 2D : U nd e term ined b l ad e C ore s . is b urn t a nd t h e f l ak ing m e thod c anno tb e d ef ined . O ne c o re f r om L aye r9 T ab le V I I .5 : T ype so fS t r ik ing P l a tf o rm so n t h e L am ina rC o r e s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh Qa fzeh F N =1
Qa fzeh E N =41
F ace ted D ihed ra l P la in
1 0 0
3 1 .7% 1 2 .2 % 4 3 .9%
C o r t ica l U nde te rm ined
0 0
4 .9% 7 .3%
B lade C o res
Qa fzeh D N =3 0
Qa fzeh 9 N =6 0 0 5 1 6
0 3 0 3
T ab le V I I .6 : T ype so fB lank C o re s Qa fzeh
A x is L a te ra l Tw is ted P y ram ida l U nde f ined T o ta l
N ar r ow P ebb les N umbe r ' k 1 6 7 5 .0 1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 8
T abu la r F l in t
F lake C o res
Rounded Nodu les
U nde f ined B lanks
T o ta l
N umbe r ° A
N umbe r % 1 1 00 .0
N umbe r % 3 3 7 .5
N umbe r ` ) / . 2 2 4 3 .1 4 7 .8 1 9 3 7 .3 5 9 .8
1 5 .7
6 0 0 0
1 00 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0
0 6
0 .0 1 .8
0
0 .0
0 0
0 .0 0 .0
N umbe r ( % 6 2 1 .4 3 1 0 .7 1 5 5 3 .6 4 7 .8
0 1
0 .0 2 .0
0 2 8
0 3 1 1 8
0 .0 5 4 .9
0 .0 3 7 .5 1 2 .5 1 2 .5 1 5 .7
1 5 1
2 .0 1 00 .0
T ab le V I I .7 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te B lade C o r e s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh Qa fzeh F Q a fzeh E
5 .0 5 6 6 .0
Q a fzeh D Q a fzeh 9
3 6
5 5 .3 4 9 .8
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3
2
1
N umbe r * o f C o res 1 4 1
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s .d . 1 0 .6 1 3 .4 8 .8
1 : L eng th ; 2 : Wid th ; 3 :T h ickness ; Measure men ts a re i n mm
10
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s .d .
3 .0 3 3 5 .5
8 .7
2 9 .3 3 7 .0
8 .3 3 .9
X 1 7 .0 2 6 .8 3 0 .0 3 1 ,8
s . d . 7 .7 8 .7 9 .7
T ab le V I I .8 : D imen s ion so ft h eB lade C o re C a tego r ie s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh Q a fzeh E xcava t ions )
( Neuv i l le 's
A x is L a te ra l Tw is ted P y ram ida l T o ta l
N umbe r * o f C o res 1 8 4 1 8 5 4 5
1 X 6 6 .2 5 8 .7 6 7 .4 6 4 .4 6 6 .0
2 X
s . d . 1 0 .5 1 9 .6 1 0 .9 9 . 1 1 .0
3 s . d .
X
2 7 .6 3 7 .0
9 .9 4 .6
3 3 .4 2 .7 2
3 5 .1 4 5 .6 3 3 .4
6 .8 8 .0 9 .9
2 5 .4 3 6 .0 2 9 .7
s .d . 1 0 .0 4 .2 4 .9 1 2 .9 9 .3
1 : L eng th ;2 :W id th .3 :T h ickn es s; Mea su r emen t sa r e i n mm
T ab le Q a fzeh E xcava t ions ) A x is L a te ra l
D imens ions o ft h eL a s tS ca rR emova ls o nt h eB lade C o re s* ( Neuv i l le 's
Tw is ted P y ram ida l T o ta l
1
N umbe r " o f C o res 1 0 3
2 s . d . 5 .7 4 .4
X
8
3 9 .7 4 0 .5 4 0 .6
3
5 0 .0
4 .2 1 5 .1
2 4
4 2 .0
7 . 8
X
1 3 .5 1 3 .3 1 3 .4 1 5 .7 1 3 .8
s . d . 3 .4 2 .7 1 . 8 5 .5 3 . 1
1 : L eng th ;2 :W id th ; *Mea su r emen t sa r ef o rc o r es w i th o bse rvab le s ca rp a t te rn s( i n mm ) .
T ab le V 1 1 .10 : F r equen c ie s o fB lade C o re s w i th T race s o fA b ra s ion i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh Qa fzeh F N umbe r ° A 0 0 .0
Q a fzeh E N umbe r ° A 2 9 7 0 .7
Q a fzeh D % N umbe r 3 1 00 .0
Qa fzeh 9 N umbe r % 1 00 .0 5
C onc lus ions o n t he L am inar C ore s l s l S i n ce s ma l n umbe r so fb l ad ec o r e sw e re u n cov e r ed i nt h ea semb lages o fL ay e rF , Da nd 9 ,w ew i l c s o n ly t a ke i n to a coun t t h e c ompo s i t ion o fL aye r E , w h ich i n c luded 4 1 c o re s . T he a semb lage o f L ay e r E i sc ha ra c te r ized b y t h e d om inan ce o f t h e t wo tw i s ted -s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s , b y t h e s s i gn if i can t r ep re sen ta t ion o ft h e A x is f lak ing c o re s f r om o n e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm , a nd b y l e s o fa I r e p re sen ta t ion i nt h es ub -py ram ida l ( Tab le V I .4 ) . o t h e T h e B lade P roduc t ion f r om t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s d om ina te s i nL aye rE , c on t ra r i ly t u ppe r L aye r Da nd L aye r 9 ,w he r e t h e b l ade p rodu c t ion f r om o n e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s t e nds t o i n c r ea se . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o ft h e b l ade c o r e s i nL ay e r Ea r e m o re p l a in o r f a ce ted a nd l e s s d i h ed ra l o r c o r t i ca l ( Tab le V I .5 ) . I n c on t ra s t , t h e u ppe r L aye r Da nd L aye r 9h ave mo s t o f t en I y i e lded c o re sw i th p l a in s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . T he r e la t ion b e tween t h e m o rpho logy o ft h ec o re b l ank s a nd t h e f l ak ing m e thod i s w o r thy o f n o ta t ion : I n a h e l a y e r s , t h e i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i s l t c ha rac te r ized b y t h e s e le c t ion o ft h e b l ank c o r e s . R ounded n odu les a r e t h e r aw m a te r ia l s g ene ra ly l s e lec ted f o r t h e t w i s ted -axe s f l ak ing c o re s , wh i le n ar ebb le s , t a bu la r f l in t , o r t h i ck f l ake s a r e row p m o s t o f ten u sed f o r a x ia l o r l a te ra l f l ak ing ( Tab le V I .6 ) . T h e n a tu ra l c onvex i t ie s o ft h e c o r e s a r e I m a in ly u sed a h roughou t t h e r e duc t ion s t ra tegy . B lank s w i th n a tu ra ly n ar i de s ( s uch a s l t l row s f l ake s , t a bu la r f l i n t o rn ar ebb le s ) a r e s e lec ted f o ra x ia l f l ak ing b ecau se t h e i re dge s c ommon ly row p h av e an a tu ra l d i hed ra l m o rpho logy w h ich p e rm i ts t h em t oe a s i ly o b ta in as e r ie s o fb l ade s w i thou t l a te ra lc onvex i t ie s m anagemen t . T he i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i s som e t ime s m a rked b yt h ep r epa ra t ion o f b ack a nd /o r f r on t c r e s ted b l ade p r epa ra t ion , f o low ing w h ich t h e f l ak ing s u rf ace s a r e a l te rna te ly l e xp lo i ted a nd m a in ta in t h e l a te ra l a nd d i s ta l c onvex i t ie s b y d ebo rdan t b l ade r emova l s . T h i s e xp lo i ta t ion p e rm i t s am o r e e f ic ien t s e r ie s o f b l ade p roduc t ion . S even teen c o re s m an if es t a f p r epa ra t ion o fo n e c r e s t( 3 .3% ) a nd o n e s how s ap r epa ra t ion o ft wo c r e s t s( 2 .0% ) . T h i r ty -on e c o re s 3 d on o te xh ib i ta ny t r ace so f ac r e s t( 60 .8% ) a nd t wo a r eu nde t e rm ined . T he a ve rage l e ng th s how s at e nden cy f o r t h e d imen s ion s t o d ec r ea se f r om b o tom t o t o p ( Tab le t V I .7 ) . T he l a te r a l f l ak ing c o r e s t e nd t ob e s ma le r c ompa red t ot h e a x i s f l ak ing o rt w is ted f l ak ing I l c o r e s , a nd t h e a x i s f l ak ing c o r e s a r e n ar r t h an t h e o the r c o re s ( Tab le V I .8 ) . T he f l ak ing rowe I s u rf ace s o ft h e b l ade c o r e s e xh ib i t b e tween t h r ee a nd e i gh t b l ade /b lade le t r emova l s c a r s . Mo s t o f t h em s how r e c tangu la r b l ade /b lade le t s c a rp a ter n s ( 4 3 c o re s ) , a nd l e s s o o ft r iangu la r s c a r s hape s t s ( 6c o re s ) ; t wo a r eu nde te rm ined . T he l a s t f l ake s r emoved w e re m os t ly s ma l i ns i ze . T he p y ram ida l l c o r e s e xh ib i t s c a r s i n d ica t ing h i ghe r d imen s ion s w hen c ompa r ed t ot h ose o ft h e a x i s , t w i s ted a nd l a te ra l f l ak ing c o r e s ( Tab le V I .9 ) . A cco rd ing t ot h e v i s ib le s c a r s o nt h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s , a sw e l I l a s b y t h e o r ien ta t ion o f t h e b l ade r emova l s , i ts em s t h a t t h e p roduc t s w e re m o r e f r equen t ly e 11
r emov ed b y s of t s t one h amme ro r s of t h amme r i n at a ngen t ia l m o t ion . Twen ty -n ine c o r e s f r om t h e s a semb lage o fQ af zeh E ,t h ree c o r e s f r om Q af zeh D a nd f i ve f r om Q af zeh 9s how s om ea b ra s ion o n t I t h e o ve rhang ( c o rn iche ) a te s t ing t o ap r epa ra t ion o ft h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ( Tab le V I .10 ) . O n s ome s c o re s , t h e u se o f b o th h a rd a nd s of t s t on e h amme r i sl i ke ly , a nd t h i s m ay b e a soc i a ted w i th f d i f e r en t s equences i nt h e r e duc t ion s t ra tegy . T he b l ade c o r e s w e re m os t o f ten a bandoned a f te r e xhau s ted e xp lo i ta t ion , o r w hen t h e r e -managemen t o f t h e c o r e c onvex i t ie s a nd /o r a ng les w a s sa red d n eces ry . S om eb l ade c o r e sw e r e d i sca rded b ecau se o fh i nge f r a c tu r e st h a th ad o ccur u r ing t h e t o p rev iou sa temp tt od e tach ab l ade . T h ree c o re sw e re r e -u sed a st o l sa tt h ee nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion ( 4 .5% ) . O n eh a sb een m anuf a c tu red a sa ne nd sc r ape ra nd t wo a sb u r in s .
3 : T he O the rF lak ing Me thod s rence o l s T he o ccur fs om e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o r e s i nt h e a semb lages o fL aye r s Fa nd E s ugge s t s l fe t h e u t i l iza t ion o fo the r f l ak ing m e thod s , s u ch a s t h e p seudo -Leva lo i s c o re s , t h e u nd if ren t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e sa nd t h ec o r e so nf l akes . feren 3 A : T he U nd if t ia ted S t r ik ing P la tf orm C ore s fe s Two n on -d if ren t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s a r e p r e sen t i nt h e a semb lage o fQ af zeh E . T he se c o r e s o r ig ina ted f r om r ounded p ebb le s a nd e xh ib i t c or tex s i tua ted o nt h e b a s i s o r o n t h e r e a r p a r t s . No c r e s tp r epa ra t ion i s m an if es ted , s i nce t h e n a tu r a lc onvex i t ie so ft h e n odu le sh ave b een t a ken i n to a ccoun t t o p roduce s om e f l ake s . V a r iou s f l ake s h ave b een r a ndom ly d e tached f r om o n e , t wo o r mu l t ip le s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . 3 B : T he C ore s -on -f l ake O ne p r ima ry f l ake u n cove r ed i nQ af zeh F and t wo c o r t ica l f l ake s i nQ af zeh E a nd Q af z eh 9 have l b een u sed a s c o re s ; t h ey d i sp lay s b e tween o n e a nd t h ree s c a r s o f s ma l f l ake r emova l s o n t h e i r v en t ra l s u rf ace . T he se f l ake s w e r e d e tached u s ing o n e o r t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . T he e o p r ima ry f l ake c o re s em s t o h ave b een m anuf ac tu r ed a s ac ompo s i te t o l ( s ide -sc rape r a nd a ng le b u r in ) b ef o r eb e ing t u rned i n to ac o r e . l 3C : T he p seudo -Leva lo i s C ore s l s O ne p s eudo L eva lo i s c o r e i sp r e sen t i nt h e a semb lage o fQ af zeh E .T h is c o re , w h ich o r ig ina ted l ren f r om b l ock , i ss ma la nd e xhau s ted . I tm ay b e v i ewed a s ar e cur t u n ipo la rc o re .
l C onc lus ion o ft he N on -Leva lo i sF lake C ore s l T he n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o r es a r e e i the r p oo r ly r e p re sen ted o r c omp le te ly a b sen t . N ah r Ib rah im l fe l c o re s , p seudo -Leva lo i s c o r e s a nd u nd if r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s h ave a l b een r e cogn ized s i nt h e l owe ra semb lage so fQ af zeh .
4 :/ V on -d ef ined C ore s s l O ne c o r e f ound i nt h ea semb lage o fQ af zeh E i st o ta ly e xhau s ted a nd h a sb een m od if ied i n to b u r in a tt h ee nd o fi t se xp lo i ta t ion . I tc anno tb ed ef ined a sb e long ing t oa ny o ne g roup o fc o re s .
12
I I . THE BLANKS ren 1 D ue t ot h e l ow o ccur ce o ft h e p roduc t s i nt h e s amp les o fQ af zeh Fa nd D ( 14 a nd 9 1 a r t if ac t s , l l r e spec t ive ly ) , w e s ha l t a k e i n to a ccoun t t h e d eb i tage a s w e l a s t h e t oo l p roduc t s f o r t h e d e ta i l a na ly s i so fe a ch c a tego ry o fb l ank . T he r e a r e s i gn if i can t c hange s i n t h e c ompo s i t ion o f f l ake s a nd b l ade s t h roughou t t im e . T he l l p roduc t ion o fL eva lo i s f l ak es a nd l a rge b l ade s s t rong ly d ec r ea ses i nL aye r s E and D , a nd i st o ta ly I a bsen t i n L ay e r 9 , c on t ra ry t o t h e p roduc t ion o f t h e b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s ( Tab le V I .2 ) . T h e s s a s emb lage s o fQ af zeh E , Da nd 9e xh ib i t h i gh f r equenc ie s o fb l ade s a nd b l ade le t s a nd l e s s o o f f l ak e s . T h i s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e r e duc t ion s t ra t eg ie s u sed w e r e a imed t owa rd t h e p u rpo se o f t h e o p roduc t ion o f m o r e b l ad e / le t s t h an f l ake s . Among t h e d eb i tage a nd t o l p roduc t s , t h e b l ade le t s , l w h ich a r e a lmo s t a b sen t i nL aye r F ,i n c r ea se d r a s t ica ly t h roughou t t im e . Among t h e d eb i tage , w e h av e f ound o n e c r e s ted b l ade i nL aye r F ;t wo c o r e t a b le t s , t wo c o re t r imm ing e l em en t s a nd f o r ty f i ve c r e s ted b l ade s i nL ay e r E( P la te X IV : 1 ) ; e i gh t c r e s ted b l ade s a nd o n e c o r et r imm ing e l emen t i nL aye rD ; f ou rc o r et a b le t s , o n ec o r et r imm ing e l em en ta nd n i ne c r e s ted b l ades i nL aye r9 . t T he a na ly ses o fs c a r p a te rn s o n t h e c o re s e nab le s t h e p red i c t ion o ft h e m o rpho logy o ft h e b l ank s c o d e r iv ed f r om t h em ; t h ey a r e e xpec ted t ob e i na co rdance w i th t h e d eb i tage a nd t h e t o l p roduc t s s l o p r e sen t i nt h e a semb lage s . T he f o low ing i sa n a na ly s i s o ft h e d eb i tage a nd t o l c omponen t s , i n r e ga rd t ot h er e duc t ion s t ra teg ie sd ef ined a cco rd ing t ot h ea na ly s i so ft h ec o r e s .
1 . E xpec ted C harac te r i s t ic so ft h eB lank s s I nt h e a semb lage so fQ af zeh , b l ank sw e re o b ta ined b yt h eu t i l iza t ion o f av a r ie ty o ff l ak ing m ode s , t w h ich m ay b e o b se rved b yt h e s c a r p a te rn s o nt h e c o r e s ' f l ak ing s u rf a ce . Af te rt h e a na ly s i s o ft h e l t c o r e s , w e s ha la temp tt op r ed ic tt h e mo rpho logy o ft h ed e r ived p roduc t s . t sib A cco rd ing t ot h e m orpho techn ica l a t r ibu te s o ft h e c o r e s , i ti s pos le t od educe t h e m o rpho logy l l l o ft h ec ha ra c te r i s t ic L eva lo i s , n on -Leva lo i sa nd l am ina rp roduc t sb yt h e f o low ing p r in c ip le s :
l L eva lo i sP roduc t s l ren O n ly f i ve L eva lo i sc o r e sa r eu ncove r ed i nQ af zeh Fa nd E .D ue t ot h eh i gh f r equen c ie so fr e cur t l l u n ipo la r c o re s ( a s w e l a st h e p re sence o fL eva lo i s c en t r ipe ta l a nd q uad rangu la r p r ef e ren t ia l f l ake l ren m ode s ) w e c an e xpec tt of i nd o vo id o rq uad rangu la r L eva lo i s f l ake s . O u t o ft h e r e cur tu n ipo la r l c o r e s , t h e u n ipo la r c onve rg en t a r e w e l r e p re sen ted ; t h u s , w e e xpec t t oa l so f i nd t r i angu la r s hape s l l s a mong t h eL eva lo i s f l ake sp opu la t ion . T he L eva lo i s f l ake s s hou ld b ea rf a ce ted , a nd l e s f r equen t ly l d ihed ra l o r p l a in s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s , a s t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o fL eva lo i s c o r e s m os t o f ten s how I l f a ce ted p r epa ra t ion ( Tab le V I .5 ) . S in ce t h e u n ipo la r a nd c en t r ipe ta l L eva lo is c o r e s a r e t h e mo s t s l f r equen t i n t h e se a semb lages , w e e xpec t t o f i nd L eva lo i s f l ake s w i th c en t r ipe ta l , u n ipo la r o r t l t u n ipo la rc onv e rgen ts c a rp a te rn s , a nd r a r e ly , i fa ta l , b i po la rs c a rp a te rn s .
B lade P roduc t s ren We d educe t h a t t h e r e i sa n o ccur ce o f as i gn if ican t a moun t o f b l ade s , s i nce t h e b l ade c o r e s s d om ina te i nt h e a semb lage s o fQ af zeh E , Da nd 9 .D ue t ot h e r e la t iv e ly l ow r e p r e sen ta t ion o ft h e l rence o l p y ram ida l c o re s , a s w e l a s t h e s i gn if i can t o ccur f t h e a x i s -f lak ing c o r e s i n a l o f t h e s p opu la t ion o f c o r e s i n t h e a semb lage s o f Q af zeh , t h e b l ade p roduc t s w ou ld b e mo r e o f ten r e c tangu la r i n s hape t h an t r i angu la r ; w e a l so e xpec t t o f i nd t w i s ted b l ade s . T he u n ipo la r s c a r t p a ter n s o n b l ade s a l so d e r ived f r om t h e t w i s ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s , s i nce e a ch f l ak ing s u rf ace i s tr ea ted s epa r a te ly i na n o ppos i te f l ak ing d i rec t ion . A s t h e u n ipo la r a nd t h e t wo t w i s ted o pposed p l a tf o rm c o r e s a lway s d om ina te a t Q af zeh , w e e xpec t t o f i nd h i gh f r equenc ie s o f b l ade s w i th t u n ipo la rs ca rp a ter n s . T he f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o ft h e b l ade c o re s a r e a b sen t i nQ af zeh D a nd 13
9 and t h e p l a in s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s d om ina te . A cco rd ing t ot h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm o n t h e b l ade s c o r e s , t h e b l ade p roduc t s w ou ld t h e r ef o re b ea rp l a in a nd l e s f r equen t ly d i hed ra l o r f a ce ted s t r ik ing I ren p l a tf o rm s ( Tab le V I .9 ) ; w e a n t ic ipa te t h e o ccur ce o f b l ad es w i th t r a ce s o fa b ra s ion o n t h e i r h anged e dge s i nL aye r s E , Da nd 9 .S om e b l ade s h ave b een d e tach ed f r om t h ick f l ake s a nd s hou ld e xh ib i tt wo p e rpend icu la rl owe rs u rf ace s . We e xpec ted t of i nd s om e o ft h e se i nt h ed eb i tage .
l T he N on -Leva lo i sB lad eP roduc t s l fe T he n on -Leva lo i s f l akes d e r ived f r om s eve ra l c o re t y pes : t h e n on -d if ren t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm l c o r e s ,t h ec o r e so nf l akes a nd t h ep seudo -Leva lo i s c o re s . fe -A . T h e f l ake s r emoved f r om t h e n on -d if r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s s hou ld e xh ib i t p l a in t b u t s , a st h e r e i s no t r ace o fp r epa ra t ion o nt h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s . A l so , w e e xpec ted t of i nd a s i gn if ican tf r equency o ff l ake sw i th c o r tex o nt h e i rd o r sa l f a ce so rl a te ra le dge s . t -B . T h e f l ake s d e tached f r om t h e c o re -on f l akes s hou ld h av e p l a in b u t s a nd t h e i r d imen s ion s fe s hou ld b ec ompa rab le w i th t h ose d e r ived f r om t h e n on -d if r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r es . l l -C . S om e f l ake so fL eva lo i s mo rpho logy c ou ld d e r ive f r om t h ep seudo -L eva lo i s c o re s . H owev e r , sib t h i s i sn o t p os le t o d i s ce rn w i thou t i d en t if y ing t h e i r e xa c t o r ig in . T h e se f l ake s h ave t h e s am e l c ha ra c te r i s t i cs a st h eL eva lo is f l ake s .
2 .C harac t er i s t ic so ft he B lank s U ncover ed i nt h eL ayer so fQ af zeh
T he Morpho logy o ft h eB lank s l I I I: A sw ea n t i c ipa ted ,t h eL eva lo is f l ak es a r eo vo id o rq uad rangu la ri ns hape ( P la te X I : 1 , P l a te XI I 8 ) , b u t t h e t r iangu la r o r s ub t r iangu la r s hape a l so o ccu r s ( Tab le V I .11) . Among t h e 7 39 b l ade s s ( P la te X IV : 9 ) a nd 9 0 b l ade le t s ( P la te X IV : 1 0 ) p r e sen t i n t h e a semb lage o f Q af zeh E , w e l c on s ide r ed as amp le o f2 00 a r t if ac t s r a ndom ly s e lec ted . A sw e e xpec ted , i na lt h e l a y e r s t h eb l ad e s I a nd b l ade le t s b l ank s a r e m o re o f ten r e c tangu la r t h an t r iangu la r o r s ub t r iangu la r ( Tab le V I .12 ) . T he b l ade / le t s m o s t ly h av e s t ra igh t l owe r s u rf ace s , d esp i te t h e a dequa te r e p re s en ta t ion o f t h e I c on cav e l owe r s u rf ace s a nd t h e t w i s ted b l ade / le t s ( Tab le V I . 13 ) . S om e b l ade / le t s ( 1 2 o ft h e 2 00 s e lec ted b l ade / le t s f r om l a y e r Ea nd f ou r f r om l a ye r Da nd 9f r om L ay e r9 )b ea rt wo p e rpend icu la r l owe rs u rf ace s , s ugge s t ing t h a tt h ey h ave b een d e tached f r om t h ick f l akes .
T ab le V I I .11 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eL eva l lo i sF l ake s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh L eva l lo is F l akes Q uad rangu la r O vo id T r iangu la r , s ub t r iangu la r U nde te rm ined T o ta l
Q a fzeh F N umbe r % 9 1 6 .1 2 2 3 9 .3 2 3 4 1 .1 2 3 . 6 5 6 1 00 .1
Q a fzeh E N umbe r % 1 0 2 9 .4 1 3 3 8 .2 9 2 6 .5 2 5 . 9 3 4 1 00 .0
Q a fzeh D N umbe r 0 2 2 0 4
T ab le V I I .12 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eB lade s a nd B lade le t s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh B l ades a nd B lade le ts R ec tangu la r T r iangu la r , s ub t r iangu la r U nde te rm ined T o ta l
Q a fzeh F N umbe r % 2 2 6 4 .7 1 0 2 9 .4 2 5 . 9 3 4 1 00 .0
Q a fzeh E N umbe r % 1 23 6 1 .5 5 8 2 9 .0 1 7 9 . 5 2 00 1 00 .0
14
Q a fzeh D N umbe r % 3 9 6 2 .9 1 6 2 5 .8 1 7 .3 6 2 1 00 .0
Q a fzeh 9 N umbe r % 6 1 90 6 .9 2 6 3 2 .2 3 1 1 0 .9 2 84 1 00 .0
T ab le V I I .13 : T ype so fL owe rS u rf ace s o ft h eB lade s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh B lades a nd B lade le ts S t ra igh t Tw is ted Concave U nde te rm ined T o ta l
Qa fzeh F N umbe r % 1 6 4 1
9 7
1 .7 1
2 8
1 4 .0
3 2 .4
5 8
2 9 .0
2 4
4 8 .5
8 .8
1 7
8 .5
1 00 .0
2 00
1 00 .0
3 3 4
N umbe r
%
4 7 .1
Qa fzeh 9
Qa fzeh D
Qa fzeh E N umbe r
% 3 8 .7
8 2 2 8 6 2
N umbe r
%
9 2
3 2 .4
1 2 .9
4 4
1 5 .5
3 5 .5
1 25
4 .0 4
1 2 .9
2 3
8 . 1
1 00 .0
2 84
1 00 .0
T he S car P a t tern so nt h e U pper S urf ace o ft h eB lank s A s w e a n t ic ipa ted f r om t h e L eva l lo i s c o r e s a na ly s i s , t h e u n ipo la r a nd t h e u n ipo la r c onve rgen t s c a r p a t te rn s d om ina te t h roughou t t h e L eva l lo i s f l akes . T he c en t r ipe ta l o ccu r s l e s s a nd t h e b i po la r i s a b sen t o r p oo r ly r e p re sen ted i ne ach a s semb lage ( Tab le V I I .14 ) . A s w e f i gu red , t h e u n ipo la r s c a r p a t te rn so nt h eu ppe rs u rf ace so ft h eb l ade sa lway s f o rm t h e l a rge s tt y pe o fd o r sa l s c a rp a t te rn i nt h e e n t i re ty o ft h eb l ade p opu la t ion i nt h e a s s emb lages o fQ af zeh ( Tab le V I I .15 ) . T ab le V I I .14 : D o r sa l S ca rP a t te rn so ft h eL eva l lo i s F l ake s Qa fzeh E N umbe r %
Qa fzeh F N umbe r %
L eva l lo is F lakes
3 2 .3
1
1 5
4 4 .1
2
5
1 4 .7
1
1
2 .9
0
U n ipo lar P a ra l le l
1 4
2 5 .0
1
U n ipo la r Conve rgen t
3 0
5 3 .6
Cen t r ipe ta l
1 0
1 7 .9
1
1 .8
B ipo la r
1
U nde te rm ined
5 6
T o ta l
Qa fzeh D N umbe r
1 .8
2
5 .9
0
1 00 .1
3 4
9 9 .9
4
° A .
T ab le V I I .15 : D o r sa l o fS ca rP a t te rn so ft h e B lade s a nd B lade le t s N u mbe r U n ipo lar
2 7
1 44
7 2 .4
4 8
2 4 .1
B ipo la r
5
1 4 .7
2
5 .9
3 4
%
7 9 .4
U nde te rm ined T o ta l
N umbe r *
%
7 1 99
1 00 .0
Qa fzeh 9
Qa fzeh D
Qa fzeh E
Qa fzeh F
B lades a nd B lade le ts
N umbe r ° A 4 8 7 .4 7 1 2
1 9 .3
2
3 .5
6 2
1 00 .0
N umbe r* * 2 61
% 9 2 .9
8
2 .8
3 .2
1 2
4 .3
9 .9 9
2 81
1 00 .0
* One i sap r ima ry b l ade , *t h ree a r ep r ima ry b l ade s ;t h ey a r e n o t i n c luded i nt h e p e r cen tage
T he B u t tt y pe so ft h eB lank s A s w e e xpec ted , t h e L eva l lo i s f l ake s a r e c ha rac te r ized b y ah igh f r equen cy o ff a ce ted b u t t sa nd l e s s s o b y af r equen cy o fp l a in o r d i h ed ra l b u t t s i nL ay e r s F and E ( Tab le V I I .16 ) . I nc on t ra s t t ot h e L eva l lo i s f l ake s , t h e n on -Leva l lo i s f l ake s e xh ib i t ah i gh f r equency o f p l a in b u t t s a nd a l e s se r p e r cen tage o f f a ce ted b u t t s ( Tab le V I I .17 ) . T he t y pe s o f b u t t s o ft h e b l ades a nd b l ade le t s s how s e ve ra l v a r ia t ion s t h rough t im e : t h e n umbe r o ff a ce ted b u t t s s t rong ly d ec r ea se s i nL aye r s Ea nd D a nd a r e t o ta l ly a b sen t i nL ay e r9 .A tt h e c on t ra ry , t h e l i nea ra nd p un c t if o rm b u t t s i n c r ea se g r adua l ly i nL aye r D a nd s t rong ly i nL ay e r 9( Tab le V I I .18 ) . T he n umbe r o f b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s w i th a b ra s ion o nt h e o ve rhang s t rong ly i n c r ea se s i nL aye rE and g radua l ly c on t inue st or i se i nt h e u ppe r L aye r s . T he p r e sence o fl i nea r a nd p unc t if o rm b u t t s w i th t r ace s o fa b ra s ion o n t h e h anged e dge s s e em s t o i n d ica te t h a t t h e s of t h amm e r t e chn ique w a s u sed i n t h e p roduc t ion o f b l ade / le t s , p a r t icu la r ly i nL aye r 9( Tab le V I I .19 ) . T ab le V I I .16 : T ype so fB u t t so ft h eL eva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh N umbe r
Qa fzeh D N umbe r
6 1 .8
2
1 0 .7 1 9 .6
5 5
1 4 .7 1 4 .7
2
0
0 .0
1
2 .9
0
2
3 .6
1
2 .9
0
1 .8
1
2 .9
0
9 .9 9
4
3 6
D ihed ra l
6 1
Co r t ica l B roken U nde te rm ined
1
T o ta l
%
2 1
F ace ted P la in
Qa fzeh E N umbe r %
Qa fzeh F
L eva l lo is F lakes
5 6
6 4 .3
1 00 .1
15
3 4
0
T ab le V I I .17 : T ype so fB u t t s o ft h eP r ima ry F l ake s a nd t h en on -Leva l lo is F l ake s O the r F l akes F ace ted D ihed ra l P la in C o r t ica l B roken U nde te rm ined T o ta l
Qa fzeh F N umbe r % 2 1 1 4 0 0
1 0 .5 5 .3 7 3 .7 0 .0 0 .0
2 1 9
1 0 .5 1 00 .0
Q a fzeh E
Qa fzeh D N umbe r % 1 7 .7 0 0 .0
N umbe r % 4 4 . 1 2 3 . 1 6 8 7 0 .1 8 . 8 .2 9 9 .3 6 9 7
8 0 3 1 1 3
6 .2 1 00 .0
6 1 .5 0 .0 2 3 .1 7 .7 1 00 .0
Qa fzeh 9 N umbe r % 2 1 . 9 4 3 . 8 7 0 6 .0 6 1 2 .3 1 1 0 .4 1 7 6 . 6 1 06 1 00 .0
T ab le V I I .18 : T ype so fB u t ts o ft h eB lade s a nd B lade le t s i nt h eL aye r so fQ af zeh Qa fzeh F
B lades a nd B lade le ts F ace ted D ihed ra l P la in L i nea ro rp unc t i fo rm Co r t ica l B roken U nde te rm ined
N umbe r % 1 4 4 1 .2 1 2 .9 1 3 1 1
3 8 .2 2 .9 2 .9 5 .9 5 .9
2 2
9 .9 9
3 4
T o ta l
,
Qa fzeh D N umbe r % 1 .6 1 1 1 ,6 5 6 .5 3 5 1 7 .7 1 1 .6 1
Qa fzeh E N umbe r % 9 .5 1 9 2 1 .0 19 1 5 4
5 9 .5 1 2 .5 2 .0 1 2 .0 3 .5
2 4 7 2 00
9 4 6 2
1 00 .0
Oa fzeh 9 N umbe r % 0 . 0 0 0 .0
0 1 22 9 4 5
4 3 .0 3 .1 3 1 . 8
1 4 .5 6 .5
4 9 1 4
1 7 .2 4 .9
1 00 .0
2 84
1 00 .0
T ab le V I I .19 : P e rcen tage o fB lade sw i th T race o fA b ra s ion o n t h e i r II a nged E gdes* B lades a nd B lade le ts A b ras ion
Q a fzeh E N = 176 5 9 .7 %
Qa fzeh F N =32 6 .3%
Qa fzeh D N =53 6 9 .8%
Q a fzeh 9 N =235 7 5 .3%
s fo rc omp le te b l ade / le t so n ly * The p e rcen tage i
C or tex
T he f r equenc ie s o f f l ake s t h a t b ea r c o r tex i n t h e a s semb lage s o f Q af zeh a r e n o t s t a t i s t ica l ly s i gn if i can t among t h e L eva l lo i s b l ank s ( Tab le V I I .20 ) . N ev e r th e les s, t h e o ve r r ep r e sen ta t ion o f c o r tex o nt h en on -Leva l lo i sp roduc t si sw o r thy o fn o ta t ion ( Tab le V I I .21) . T ab le V I I .20 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eL eva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh Qa fzeh E N umbe r ` / ) 0 3 0 8 .2 8 3 .8 1
0% 1 30%
Qa fzeh F N umbe r % 4 6 8 2 .1 1 0 1 7 .9
3 0 -90% 9 0 -100
0 0
0 .0 0 .0
0 0
0 .0 0 .0
T o ta l
5 6
1 00 .0
3 4
1 00 .0
L eva l lo is F lakes
Qa fzeh D N r umbe 4 0 0 0 4
T ab le V I I .21 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eF lake s ( P r ima ry F l ake sa nd n on -Leva l lo i s F lake s ) O the r F lakes 0% 1 30% 3 0 -90% 9 0 -100% T o ta l
Qa fzeh F N umbe r % 9 4 7 .4
Qa fzeh E N umbe r % 4 5 4 6 .4
5 5 0
2 6 .3 2 6 .3 0 .0
1 8 1 3 2 1
1 8 .6 1 3 .4 2 1 .6
1 9
1 00 .0
9 7
1 00 .0
Qa fzeh D N umbe r % 8 6 1 .5 4 3 0 .8 1 7 .7 0 0 .0 1 3 1 00 .0
Q a fzeh 9 N umbe r % 3 8 3 0 .2 4 3 4 .9 4 2 4 1 9 .0 2 0 1 5 .9 1 26 1 00 .0
T ab le V I I .22 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eB lade s a nd B lade le ts i nt h eL aye r so fQ af zeh B lades a nd B lade le ts
Qa fzeh F ` ) / 0 N umbe r
( 1 ' , 1 30% 3 0 -90%
2 6 7 1
7 6 .5 2 0 .6 2 .9
9 0 -100% T o ta l
0 3 4
0 .0 1 00 .0
Qa fzeh E N umbe r % 1 03 5 1 .5 5 6 3 9
2 8 .0 1 9 .5
2 2 00
1 . 0 1 00 .0
Q a fzeh 9
Qa fzeh D N umbe r % 3 9 6 2 .9 1 4 2 .6 2 9 1 4 .5 0 0 .0
N umbe r % 2 01 7 0 .8 6 1 2 1 .4 1 9 6 . 7 3 . 1 1
6 2
2 84
1 00 .0
1 00 .0
T he p r ima ry f l ake s a r e s t a t i s t ica l ly s i gn if i can t i nQ af zeh E and i nL aye r9 .I t is probab le t h a t ap a r t o ft h e se c or t ica l o rp r ima ry f l ake s d e r ived f r om b l ade c o r e s , a st h ey h ave b een d e tached d u r ing t h e p r epa ra t ion o r m a in tenan ce o ft h e b l ad e c o r e s . T he o ccur rence o ff l ake s w i th p a ra l le l s c a rp a t te rn s o n t h e i r u ppe r s u rf ace s s uppor t s t h i s s ugge s t ion . T he f r equenc ie s o ft h e c o r t ica l b l ade s d i f f e r f r om t hose o f t h e n on -Leva l lo i s f l ake s s i nc e t h ey a r e l e s s r e p re sen t ed ( Tab l e V I I .22 ) . T he c o r tex i s 16
g en e ra ly s i tua ted o nt h e l a t e ra ls i de , a nd i ti s li k e ly t h a tt h e se b l ade sp l ay ar o le i nt h e m a in tenance l o fl a t e ra lc onvex i t ie so ft h eb l ade c o r e sd u r ing t h er e duc t ion p roces s . se
S i ze o ft h eb l ank s T h em ean d im en s ion so ft h e p roduc t st e nd t od ec r ea se s i gn if i can t ly t h roughou tt im e ( Tab le sV I .23 I 2 7 ) . T ab le V I .23 :D im en s ion so ft h eC om l e t eL ev a lo i sF l ak e s* I l 1 N umbe r * o ff l akes
L eva l lo is F l ake s Q a fzeh F Q a fzeh E Q a fzeh D
5 1 2 8
X 5 4 .9 5 1 .6
s . d . 1 0 .7 1 6 .0
4
4 7 .0
8 .3
3
2 s .d . 1 0 .1 1 5 .3 1 .7
X 4 2 .4 4 1 .0 3 3 .3
X 9 .9 1 0 .4
s .d . 2 .9 6 .8 1 . 9
8 .8
1 : L eng th ; 2 :W id th ; 3 :T h icknes s *Mea su remen t sa r e f o rc omp le te p i eces o n ly ( i n mm ) .
T ab le V I I .24 :D im en s ion so ft h eC omp le te n on -Lev a l lo i sF l ak e s* 3
2
1 X 6 1 .3 5 9 .1 5 1 .1
s . d . 1 6 .5 1 8 .7 8 .6
X 4 6 .6 4 2 .1 3 2 .3
s .d . 1 7 .4 1 .9 7 .0
X 1 3 .5 1 4 .1 1 2 .2
s . d . 4 .6
Q a fzeh E Q a fzeh D
N umbe r * o f F lakes 1 7 5 7 1 2
Q a fzeh 9
7 2
3 6 .6
9 .7
2 8 .4
6 .8
7 .7
4 . 1
N on -Leva l lo is F l ake s Q a fzeh F
1 .9 2 .3
I : L eng th ;2 :W id th ; 3 :T h ickn es s *Mea su remen t sa r e f o rc omp le te p i eces o n ly ( i n mm ) .
T ab le V I I .25 : D im en s ion so ft h eC omp le te L a rg eB l ad e s* Q a fzeh F
N umbe r * O fB lades 1 0
Q a fzeh E Q a fzeh D Q a fzeh 9
1 7 2 1
L a rge B lade s
s . d . 1 .3
8 6 .7
1 7 .9 7 .8
8 5 .5
3
2
1 X 8 9 .9
X 3 6 .3 3 2 .7 3 2 .0
s .d . 6 . 1 3 .5
X 1 .6
2 .8
7 .5 7 .0
3 6 .0
7 .0 7
s .d . 2 . 1 2 .2
1 0 .0
3 .5
1 : L eng th ;2 :W id th ; 3 :T h icknes s *Mea su remen t sa r e f o rc omp le te p i ece so n ly ( i n mm ) .
T ab le V I I .26 : D im en s ion so ft h eC omp le t eO th e rB l ade s* O the rB lades Q a fzeh Q a fzeh Q a fzeh Q a fzeh
F E D 9
N umbe r * O f B lades 2 0 1 00 4 9 6 5
3
2
1 X 6 0 .5 6 0 .9 5 9 .8 4 7 .8
s .d . 1 3 .2 1 7 .1 1 5 .2 1 3 .3
s .d .
X 2 2 .3 2 .2 2
5 . 1 6 . 1 5 .5 4 .4
1 7 .2 1 5 .7
X 8 .0 7 .9
s .d . 2 . 1 2 .9
5 . 8 4 .9
2 .3 2 . 1
1 : L eng th ; 2 : Wid th ; 3 :T h icknes s *Mea su remen t sa r e f o rc omp le te p i eces o n ly ( i n mm ) .
T ab le V I I .27 :D im en s ion so ft h eC omp le t eB l ad e le t s* B lade le ts Q a fzeh Q a fzeh Q a fzeh Q a fzeh
F E D 9
2 5 .0 4 3 .2
1 0 6 4
3 8 .0 3 2 .9
X
3
2
1
N umbe r * O f B lades 1 4 5
s . d . 9 .7 9 .0 8 .7
X 1 0 .0 9 .8 7 .5 8 .9
s .d .
X
3 . 1
5 . 0 4 .2
2 .9 2 .3
3 .3 3 . 1
s .d . 2 .5 1 .7 1 . 2
1 : L eng th ; 2 :W id th ; 3 :T h icknes s *Mea su remen t sa r e f o rc omp le te p i eces o n ly ( i n mm ) .
3 . Sun to t toy o ft h eB lank s A s w a s e xpec ted , t h e c ompo s i t ion o ft h e a s semb lage s a nd t h e m o rpho logy o ft h e n on -L eva l lo i s f l ak e s a nd b l ade s d esc r ibed h e r e c o in c ide w i th t h e f l ak ing m ode s d ef ined f r om t h e c o re s ' a na ly s i s . T h e a s semb lages o fQ af zeh m an if es t s i gn if ican t d i f f e ren ce s a mong t h e v a r iou s l a y e r s w i th r e spec t t ot h e r e p re sen ta t ion o ft h e L eva l lo i s f l ake s , b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s , a sw e l l a s i nt h e m o rpho logy o f t h e p roduc t s ( t oo l s a nd d eb i tage ) . T h e a s semb lage s o fQ af zeh F , Ea nd D e xh ib i t L eva l lo i s f l ake s , b l ades a nd o the r f l ake s , w h i le Q af zeh 9d oe s n o t y i e ld L eva l lo i sp roduc ts . T he L eva l lo i s f l ake sa nd b l ades a r e mos t ly r e p r esen t ed i nL aye rF ,a nd d ec r ea se s i gn if ican t ly i nt h e u ppe r l a y e r s o fE and D . T h e L eva l lo i s f l ak e sa r e o vo id o rq uad rangu la ra sw e l l a st r i angu la r i ns hape ; t h ey g en e ra l ly e xh ib i t 117
f a ce ted b u t s a nd s how m o r e u t t n ipo la r o r u n ipo la r c onve rgen t s c a r p a te rn s t h an c en t r ipe ta l o r t b i po la rp a te rn s . l A s w e a n t ic ipa ted f r om t h e c o re a na ly s i s , t h e b l ades a nd b l ade le t s i n c rea se d r a s t i ca ly i n t h e s a semb lage s o f Q af zeh E , D a nd 9 . T h e se b l ad e / le t s a r e m o r e o f ten r e c tangu la r i n s h ape t h an t r iangu la r ; t h e t r iangu la r b l ade s t e nd t od ec r ea se i nt h e L ay e r s Da nd 9 .A s w e t h ough t , t h e b l ade s t t e xh ib i t m os t ly u n ipo la r s c a r -pa te rn s , d e sp i te t h e f a c t t h a t t h e b i po la r s c a r p a te rn b l ade s t e nd t o t i n c rea se i n L ay e r s D a nd 9 ; t h e b l ade / le t s s how m os t ly p l a in o r l i nea r b u t s . T h e r e a r e s om e s i gn if ican t c hanges i nt h eb l ade / le t st h roughou tt im e : b l ade s w i th t w i s ted o rc oncave l owe rs u rf ace s t l l t e nd t oi n c r ea se i nL aye r s Da nd 9 ,f a ce ted b u t s d ec l ine d r a s t i ca ly i nL ay e r s Ea nd D a nd t o ta ly t d i sappea r i nL aye r 9 ,w h i le t h e p l a in , l i nea r a nd p un c t if o rm b u t s i n c r ea se i nt h e se l a y e r s . A s w e s e xpec ted t o f i nd i nt h e a semb lage s , s om e b l ade s e xh ib i t t wo p e rpend icu la r l owe r s u rf ace s , t h a t wh ich s ugges t s t h a t t h ey h ave b een d e tach ed f r om t h ick f l akes . T he m ean l e ng th s o ft h e b l ade / le t s l d ec rea se g r adua ly t h roughou t t ime ; t h e t r ace s o fa b ra s ion o n t h e i r h anged e dge s a l so r i se i nt h e u ppe rl e ve l s , s ugge s t ing t h eu se o ft h e s of th amm e rt e chn ique . l T he o ve r rep re sen ta t ion o fp r ima ry a nd c o r t ica l f l ake s among t h en on -Leva lo i s f l ake s s u gges t st h a t ap a r t o ft h em h a s b een d e tach ed d u r ing t h e i n i t ia l iza t ion p h a se o fc o r e p r epa ra t ion , o r p e rhap s d u r ing t h e m a in tenance o ft h e c onvex i t ies . I ti sm o s t p robab le t h a t t h ey w e re d e r ived f r om b l ad e c o r e s . e T he ref o r e , i ts em s t h a t t h e l i t h ic r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s a tQ af zeh E , Da nd 9h ad mo s t o f t en t h e a im s l o f m anuf a c tu r ing b l ade s a nd l e s s o o f f l akes , c on t ra r i ly t o L ay e r F , wh e re t h e L ev a lo i s f l ake p roduc t ion d om ina te s .
I V . THE R ETOUCHED ART IFACTS T he f o low ing a na ly s i so ft h e r e touched p i ece s i nQ af zeh a semb lage s u nde r take s , i nt h e f i r s t p l ace , l s t od e sc r ibe t h e t oo l s , a nd s e cond ly , t oe xam ine t h e i n te rac t ion s b e tween t h e s e lec t ed b l ank s a nd t h e t o lt ypes . o
s I .T he T ypo log ica lC ompo s i t ion o ft he A semb lage s l l T he L eva lo i s t oo l s d om ina te i nL aye r Fb u t d ec rea se d r as t ica ly i nL ay e r Ea nd f t t h ey a r e n o t a t l I o a l r e p r esen ted i n L aye r 9( Tab le V I .28 ) . I nv e r se ly , t h e b l ade a nd b l ade le t t o l s , i n c rea se l s i gn if ican t ly i nt h e u pp e r l a y e r s . We h av e f ound s om e b l ade t oo l s o fL eva lo i s m o rpho logy i nt h e l t wo l owe rl a y e r s( s even i nL ay e r Fa nd f i ve i nL aye rE ) . Due t ot h ea b sen ce o fL eva lo i sb l ade c o r e s s i nt h e a semb lage s , i ti sm o s t p robab le t h a t t h ey h ave b een d e ta ched f r om p y ram ida l o r b i po la r o c o re s . T h e o t he r f l ake t o l s a l so o ccu r i nr e la t iv e ly s i gn if ican t f r equen c ie s ; t h ey t e nd t oi n c r ea se i n L aye r s Da nd 9 . T ab le V I I .28 : F requenc ie so fL eva l lo i s T oo ls , B lade T oo l s , a nd F l ake T oo l s a nd O the rB lank T oo l s T oo ls
L eva l lo is t o o ls B lade / le tt o o ls N on -L eva lo is f l ake t o ls l o O the r sB l ank T oo ls T o ta l
Q a fzeh F N umbe r % 3 9 5 5 .7
Q a fzeh D
Q a fzeh E N umbe r 7
% 1 .6
N umbe r 2
%
5 . 1
Q a f zeh 9 N umbe r % 0 0 . 0
2 0
2 8 .6
3 62
8 3 .8
2 5
6 4 .1
4 3
7 5 .4
1 0
1 4 .3
4 5
1 0 .4
1 0
2 5 .6
1 3
2 2 .8
1 7 0
1 . 4
1 8
4 .2
1 00 .0
4 32
1 00 .0
2 3 9
5 . 1 9 9 .9
1 5 7
1 . 8 1 00 .0
T he t y po log ica l d i f f e rence s b e tween L ay e r F and t h e t h r ee o th e r l a y e r s a r e s t a t i s t ica l ly s i gn if ican t ( Tab le V I I .29 ) . L ay e r Fi sm a rked b y t h e d om inan ce o f t h e n o tch e s a nd d en t i cu la te s a nd t h e r e touched f l ake s a sw e l l a sb yt h e s i gn if ican t r e p re sen ta t ion o ft h e L eva l lo i s a nd Mou s te r ian p o in t s . N eve r the les s, t h et oo lt y pe so fQ af zeh E , Da nd 9a r em a rked b yt h e d ec l ine o fL eva l lo i sp o in t s a nd b yt h e p r edom inance o ft h e r e touched b l ade s , a sw e l la sb yt h e e nd sc rape r s . T he f r equ en c ie s o ft h e n o tche s a nd d en t icu la te s a r e s t a t is t ica l ly s i gn if ican t b u t d ec rea se i nL aye r 9 , w h i le t h e t r unca ted p i ece sa nd t h eb u r in sa r er e la t ive ly l ow i nt h e i r amoun t , e xcep t i nL aye r9 . 18
T ab le V I .29 :F r equ en c ie so fT oo lT ype si n th eL ay e r so fQ af z eh I T oo ls l L eva lo is P o in ts
M ous te r ian P o in ts Em i reh P o in ts S i de s c rape rs
Q a fzeh F N umbe r % 1 2 .9 9 4 .3 3 0 0 . 0 5 . 7 4
Q a fzeh E N umbe r % 1 0 . 2 0 0 . 0 2 0 . 5
1
1 . 4
1 0 1
2 1 .4 2 1 .4
5 0 2
.6 1 0 .5
1 24 3 6
2 8 .7 8 .3
3 1 1 00
T runca ted p i eces C ompos i te t oo ls C ham fe red P iece
1 5 1 5 7 0 6 2 3 1 4 0
7 .2 2 3 .1 8 .6 3 .5
D ive rs
0
R ac le tes t
D en t icu la te , n o tche s R e touched F l akes R e touched B lade / le ts P o in ted B lade / le ts B u r ins E nd s c rape rs P e r fo ra to rs
7 0
T o ta l
1 0 .0 0 .0 8 .6 2 .9 4 .3 1 . 4 5 .7 0 .0 0 .0 1 00 .0
3 7 1 5 2 0 1 2 4 32
2 .3 0 .2
4 .6 0 .2 0 .5 1 00 .0
Qa fzeh D N umbe r %
0
Q a fzeh 9 N umbe r % 0 .0 0 .0
0 .0 7 .7 0 .0 2 3 .1 5 . 1 3 0 .8 0 .0
0 0 0 0 0 4 2 2 0 3
2 .6 1 5 .4 5 . 1
8 1 5 1
5 .3 1 4 .0 2 6 .3 1 . 8
0 3
0 .0 7 .7
2 1
3 .5 1 . 7
0 1 3 9
0 .0 2 .6 1 00 .1
0 1
0 .0 1 . 8 1 00 .0
0 0 3 0 9 2 1 2 0 1 6 2
0 .0 0 .0
5 7
0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 7 .0 3 .5 3 5 .1
1 :T he L eva l lo i sP o in t s O u to ft h e t e nL eva l lo i sp o in t s , w h ich r e p re sen t 1 2 .9% o ft h et o o l s o fL ay e r Fa nd 0 . 2% o fL ay e rE ( P la t e XI I I: 6 ) , t h r ee a r e m o rpho log ica l ly L eva l lo i s b l ade s . T he L eva l lo i s p o in t s a r e m os t o f ten r e touch ed ( 8p o in t s ) ; t h ey p r e sen t s em i -ab rup t ( 2 ) , a brup t , ( 1 ) , i n ve r se ( 1 ) , a l te rnan t ( 1 ) , d en t icu la te ( 1 ) , o rp a r t ly r e touched ( 2 ) o n t h e l a te ra l e dge s . T h e s c a r p a t ter n s v i s ib le o n t h e u ppe r s u rf ace s o f t h e se t oo l s s ugges t t h a t t h ey d e r ived , f o r t h e mo s t p a r t , f r om t h e r e cur ren t u n ipo la r c onve rgen t L eva l lo i s c o re s . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e m o r e f a ce ted ( 7 ) t h an p l a in ( 2 ) o r b roken ( 1 ) . Two L eva l lo i s p o in t s a r e b roken . T he L eva l lo i s P o in t s ' l e ng th s r e ach v a lues b e tween 3 8 a nd 7 1 mm , w id th s b e tween 3 1 a nd 5 6 mm a nd t h icknes se s b e tween 8a nd 1 4 mm ; t h e a ve rage l e ng th i s5 8 .5 mm ,t h ea ve rage w id th 4 1 .1 mm ,a nd t h ea ve rage t h icknes s 1 0 .7 mm .
2 .T he Mou s ter ian P o in t s T h et h r ee Mou s te r ian p o in t s , w h ich a ccoun t f o r4 . 3% o ft h e t o o l s o fl a y e r F ,a r e u sua l ly r e touch ed ( 2 ) a nd p r e sen t s em i -ab rup to ra b rup tr e touch ( P la te X I I : 6 ) . O ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm i s fa ce ted , o ne i s d i h ed ra l a nd o ne i sc r u shed . T he Mou s te r ian P o in t s ' l e ng th s r e ach v a lues b e tween 4 0 a nd 6 2 mm , w id th s b e tween 2 3 a nd 3 7 mm a nd t h icknes se s b e tween 7a nd 1 2 mm ; t h e a ve r age l e ng th i s4 9 .7 mm ,a ve rage w id th 3 1 .7 mm a nd a ve rage t h icknes s 8 . 0 mm .
3 .T he Em ireh P o in t s T h et wo e l onga ted p o in t sf ound i nL ay e rE cou ld b ec on s ide red t ob e Em i r eh p o in t s , s i n ce r emova l s h av e b een s haped i n to t h ep rox ima l s i de o ft h ep o in t ( P la te X IV : 1 2 ) . T he d im en s ion so ft h e se t oo l s a sw e l a s t h e s c a r p a ter n s o fb l ade s v i s ib le o n t h e i r u ppe r s u rf ace s s ugge s t t h a t t h ey h ave b een l t d e ta ched f r om n on -Leva lo is b l ade c o r e s . T h e Em i reh P o in t s ' l e ng th s r e ached v a lue s b e tween 4 9 l a nd 6 2 mm , w id th s b e tween 2 7 a nd 2 9 mm w h i le t h e t h icknes s 7mm ; t h e a v e rage l e ng th i s5 5 .5 s i mm , a ve rage w id th 2 8 .0 mm a nd a ve rage t h ickn es . 0 mm . s 7
4 .T he S id e sc raper s T h e s even teen s i de sc rape r s a ccoun t f o rb e tween 2 . 3% a nd 7 . 7% o ft h e t o o l s o fl a y e r s F ,E and D . l T h e r e i sn o s i de sc rape ri nL aye r9 .O u to ft h em , f ou ra r e m anuf ac tu r ed o nL eva lo i s f l ak e s( 50 .7% ) I l o ( P la te X I : 9 ) , t wo o n p r ima ry f l ake s ( 5 .3 % ) , s i x a r e m ade o n n on -Leva lo i s f l ake t o l s ( 32 .5% ) 19
( P la te X IV : 3 ) ,o ne o nb l ad eo fL eva lo i s m o rpho logy ( 5 .7% ) ,t h ree a r eo n l a rge b l ade s( 1 7 .6% )a nd l o n e i so no the rb l ade ( 5 .7% ) . O u to ft h e se t oo l s , t h e s imp le s i de sc rape r s d om ina te w i th 5 8 .8 % , t h e r e touched a nd t h ed en t icu la te f o rm 1 7 .6% , t h ed oub le s i de sc rape r s 1 .8% ,t h e c onvex 5 . 7% a nd t h e c i r cu la r5 . 7% . T he s i de sc r ape r s ' l e ng th sr e ached v a lue s b e twe n 4 4a nd 8 1 mm , w id th sb e tween 2 4 a nd 4 9 mm a nd t h icknes s b e tween 6a nd 2 6 mm . T he a ve rage l e ng th o ft h e s i de s c r ape r s i s6 7 .5 se mm , a ve rage w id th 3 7 .3 mm a nd a v e rage t h icknes 2 .5 mm . s 1
5 .T he R ac le te s t O n ly t wo r a c le te sw e re u n cove red i nL ay e r s Fa nd E ;t h ey r e p r e sen tr e spec t ive ly 1 . 4% a nd 0 . 2% o f t t h e t o l s . O u t o ft h e r a c le te s , o ne i sm anuf a c tu r ed o n L eva lo is f l ake s a nd o ne o n b l ad e . On e i s o t l b roken . T h ec omp le te r a c le te s ' l e ng th m ea su re s6 0 mm , t h ew id th 4 5 mm a nd t h et h ickn es . t sl 0mm
2
5
9
e r I
10
0
S ::7 1
1 75 1 F ace ted b ut t
1
3 c m =:
=
1 1
P l a te X I I : C o res a nd T oo ls f r om Q af z eh F : 1 ;R ecur ren t u n ipo la r L eva l lo is c o re o n f l ake ; 2 .O ve r sho t L eva l lo is f l ake , w h ich h a s b een d e r ived f r om ap r ef e r en t ia l L eva l lo is c o r e ; 3 :E nd sc rape ro n b l ade ;4 . A x ia l f l ak ing c o r e w i th s i ng le s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ( 2 .A .2 ) ; 5 :R e touched b l ade ; 6 : Mou s ter ian P o in t ; 7 : B ur in o n c o r t ica l b l ade ; 8 :D en t icu la ted l a rg e b l ade ; 9 :S ide sc rape ro n L eva l lo is f l ake ; 1 0 : B lade ; 11 : L eva l lo is f l ake
6 .N o tche sa nd D en t icu la te l s T he s even ty -n ine n o tche s a nd d en t icu la te a r ew e l r e p re sen ted a mong t h e a semb lages o fQ af zeh F , s, t t Ea nd D ; t h ey f o rm b e tween 1 .6% a nd 2 3 .1 % . N ever the les h ey d ec rea se i n L ay e r 9a nd a ta in 1 20
7 . 0% o ft h e t oo l s . Among t h e f i f ty -one n o tch e s , e i gh t f ound i nL aye r s Fa nd E ar e m anuf a c tu red o n l I I: 7 l L eva lo is f l ake s ( 1 5 .7% ) ( P la te XI ) , t h r ee o n n on -Leva lo i s f l ak e s ( 5 .9% ) ; t h r ee a r e o n l a rge l b l ade s ( 5 .9% ) , o n e o fw h ich i so fL eva lo i s morpho logy , t h i r ty th r ee a r e o n b l ade s ( 64 .7% ) a nd t h r ee u ncove red i nL aye r s Ea nd 9 ar e o n b l ade le t s ( 5 .9% ) . Twen ty -f ive t oo l s s how f i ne , s em i a br up t o r a b rup t r e touched l a te ra l e dge s , a nd f i ve h ave i n ve r se n o tch e s . Among t h e t wen ty seven l d en t i cu la te s , t wo f o und i nL aye r s Fa nd E a r e m anuf ac tu r ed o n L eva lo i s f l ake s ( 7 .4% ) , o n e o n l 3 l p r im a ry f l ake ( 3 .7% ) , n i ne o n n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s ( 3 .3% ) ; t wo a r e o n l a rge b l ade o fL eva lo i s I m o rpho logy ( 7 .4% ) ( P la te X I : 8 ) a nd t h i r teen a r e o n b l ade s ( 4 8 .1 % ) . E igh t d en t icu la te s how i n v e r se , s em i -ab rup to ra b r up tr e touched , a nd o ne i s a d oub le d en t icu la te . Twen ty -e igh tn o tch e sa nd o d en t i cu la te a r eb rok en p i eces . T he l e ng th s o ft h e c omp le te t o l sr e ach b e tween 3 2 a nd 9 8 mm , t h e i r se w id th s b e tween 1 3 a nd 5 4 mm , a nd t h e i rt h icknes s b e tween 5a nd 2 5 mm . T h e a ve rage l e ng th i s s 9 5 8 .6 mm , a ve rage w id th 3 1 .2 mm , a nd a ve rage t h ickn es . 8 mm .
2 I
4
0 . 1 1
5
3e =m in in g
6 F ace ted b ut t
P la te XI I I: C o r e s a nd T oo ls f r om Q af zeh E a nd D : 1 :A x ia l b l ade c o re w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ( 2 .A2 ) ( l ay e r D ) ; 2 : A x ia l b l ade c o re w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rms ( 2 .B2 ) ( lay e r E ) ; 3 : P y ram ida l c o re ( 2 .A3 ) ( l ay e r E ) ; 4 : Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm b l ade c o r e ( 2 .C 1) ( l ay e r E ) ; 5 : R e touched L eva l lo is f l ake ( l aye r E ) ; 6 : L eva l lo is P o in t ( l ay e r D ) ; 7 :N o tche s o n L eva l lo is f l ake ( l ay e rE ) ; 8 :L eva l lo is f l ake ( l ay e rE )
7 .T he R e touched F lak e s T h e t wen ty -one r e touched f l ake s a r e p oo r ly r e p r esen ted i nt h e a semb lage s o fQ af zeh E , Da nd 9 s ( b e tween 0 . 5% a nd 5 . 1% ) , b u t t h ey d om ina te i n L aye r Fw i th 2 1 .4% o f t h e t o l s . F i f teen a r e o m anuf a c tu red o n L eva lo i s f l ake s ( 7 1 .4% ) ( P la te XI ) , w h i le s i x a r e m anuf a c tu red o n o t he r l I I: 5 1 21
f l ake s ( 2 8 .6% ) . Among t h e L eva lo i s f l ake s , f ou r p r e sen t af i ne r e touch o n t h e l a te ra l e dge s , t h r ee l a n a b rup t r e touch , s even as em i -ab rup t r e touch , a nd o n e h a s ap a r t ia l r e touch o n t h e l a te ra l e dge s . T he s i x n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s e xh ib i t i n ve r se r e touch ( 1 ) , s em i -ab rup t ( 2 ) , a b rup t ( 1 ) a nd p a r t ia l l r e touch ( 2 ) . F ou r a r e b roken . T he r e touch ed f l akes ' l e ng th s r e ach b e tween 3 2 a nd 8 1 mm , t h e w id th s b e tween 2 2 a nd 6 2 mm , a nd t h e i rt h icknes se s b e tween 6a nd 1 7 mm . T he a ve r age l e ng th i s 5 4 .5 mm ,a ve rage w id th 4 2 .8 mm a nd a ve rage t h ickn es s 1 0 .9 mm .
8 .T he R e touched B lade sa nd B lad e le t s T he 1 63 r e touched b l ade sa nd b l ade le t sd om ina te i nt h e a semb lage so fQ af zeh E ( P la t e X IV : 7 ) , D s a nd 9 ;t h ey f o rm b e tween 2 8 .7% a nd 3 5 .1 % o fa l t h e t o o l s , a l though t h ey r e p re sen ted o n ly 1 0 .0% i nL aye r F( P la te X I I : 5 ) . T h er e touched b l ad e le t s( 6t oo l s ) h av eb een f ound o n ly i nL ay e r9 . Among t h e b l ade s , f i ve u ncove r ed i nL aye r s Fa nd E a r e l a rge b l ade s , t wo o fw h ich a r e o fL eva l lo i s s hape . F if ty -on e t o l s a r e b ack b l ad es ( 32 .5% ) , e i gh to fw h ich a r e p a r t ia ly b a cked b l ade s a nd e i gh t o th e r s o l a r e c u rved b acked b l ade s . Twen ty s even b l ade sp r e sen t af i ne r e tou ch o n t h e l a te ra le dges ( 18 .5% ) , 1 4 p re sen t a brup t r e touch ( 8 .9% ) , 1 9 s em i -ab rup t r e touch ( 1 2 .1 % ) , 1 5 i n v e r se r e touch ( 9 .5 % ) 2 6 p a r t ia l r e touch ( 16 .6% ) , a nd f i ve a l te rnan t r e tou ch ( 3 .2% ) . Mos t o f t h e b l ade s a r e b r oken T he l e ng th so ft h e r e touch ed b l ade s a nd p o in ted b l ade s v a ry f r om 3 5 t o9 2 mm , t h e i rw id th s f r om 1 0t o 4 4 mm , a nd t h icknes se s b e tween f ou r a nd 1 5 mm ; t h e a ve r age l e ng th i s6 3 .1 mm , a v e r age w id th 1 9 .0 mm a nd t h e a v e rage t h icknes s 6 . 9 mm . O u to ft h e s i xb l ade le t s o fL ay e rD , o n e p r e sen t s af i ne r e touch o n t h e l a te ra l e dges , o ne a n a b rup t r e tou ch , t wo p r e s en t s em i -ab rup t r e touch a nd o n e i s p a r t ia lr e touch , wh i le o n e i s a b ack b l ade le t . T h r ee a r eb roken . T h ec omp le te r e touched a nd p o in ted b l ade le ts ' l e ng th s r e a ch v a lue s b e tween 1 7 a nd 3 1 mm , w id th s b e tween 6 a nd 9 mm , a nd t h ickn es s b e tween 2 a nd 4 mm . T he i r a v e rage l e ng th i s2 4 .3 mm , a ve rage w id th 7 . 3 mm a nd se a ve rage t h icknes . s 3mm
9 .T he P o in ted B lade / le t s T h i r ty -n ine p o in ted b l ade / le t s w e r e u n cove red i n L aye r s E( 3 6 ) ( P la te X IV : 8 ) a nd 9 ( 3 ) a nd r e p r esen ted r e spec t ive ly 8 . 3% a nd 5 . 3% o f a l t h e t oo l s . Among t h em , 1 5 a r e b rok en ( 34 .9% ) . l T h i r ty -f ou r a r e m anuf ac tu r ed o n b l ades a nd f i ve o n b l ade le t s . T h i r ty -on e a r e p o in ted b y a b rup t r e touch , t h r ee a r eb acked b l ade p o in ted b yr e touch ,a nd f i ve a r ee l Wad P o in t s .
1 0 . T he B ur in s T he f o r ty s ix b u r in s v a ry a mong t h e l a ye r s , b e tween 2 . 6% a nd 1 4 .0% o ft h e t oo l s . Two b u r in s a r e m anuf a c tu r ed o n p r ima ry f l akes . O ne w a s u ncove r ed i nL ay e r Ea nd o ne i nL aye r 9 ;s e ven b u r in s l a r e m ade o n n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s , o ne d e r ived f r om L aye r F ,t wo d e r ived f r om L aye r E ,o ne f r om l a ye r D( P la te X IV : 6 )a nd t h ree f r om L aye r 9 ;f ou r a r e p roduced o n l a rge b l ade s , o n e o fw h ich i s l o n L eva lo i s m orpho logy ; t h ese w e re f ound i n L ay e r E . t h i r ty -on e b u r in s a r e manuf ac tu red o n I b l ades , o f wh ich 4 t h r ee w e r e u ncove red i nL aye r F( P la te X I : 7 ) , s even teen i n L ay e r E , s i x i n L aye r D , a nd f ou r i nL ay e r9 .O ne b u r in i sm ade o nb l ade le t s a nd d e r ived f r om L aye rE , wh i le s i x l a r e o no t he rb l ank s( one o n ac o re t a b le t ,t h r ee o nc r e s ted b l ade , o n eo nL eva lo is c o re ,o ne o nb l ade o c o r e ) . O u to ft h e se t o ls , t h i r teen a r ed ihed ra lb u r in s , f ou r teen a ng le b u r in s , t we lve t r un ca ted b u r in s ( 1 o b l ique ) , t wo a r e o n b r eak a nd f i ve a r e t r an sve r sa l b u r in . O u t o ft h e b u r in s , t we lv e a r e b roken . se T he b u r in s ' l e ng th s r e a ch b e tween 2 6 a nd 7 8 mm , w id th s b e tween 1 6 a nd 4 1 mm a nd t h icknes s b e tween 6 and 2 7 mm , t h e a ve rage l e ng th b e ing 5 4 .2 mm , a v e rage w id th 3 0 .5 mm a nd a ve rage s 1 t h icknes 2 .4 mm .
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. T he E nd -scrape r s 1 T h e 1 40 e nd sc rape r s a r e p oo r ly r e p re sen ted i nt h e t o l s o fL ay e r F ,w i th 2 . 9% ; h oweve r , t h ey d o o f o rm s i gn if i can t f r equen c ie s i no th e r l a y e r s ( b e tween 1 5 .4% a nd 2 6 .3% ) . T he se t o l s h av e b een o m anuf ac tu red m o re o n b l ade s t h an f l ake s ( Tab le V I . 3 4 ) . Two t o l s u ncove r ed i nL aye r Fa r e I o m anuf a c tu red o n L eva lo i s f l ak e a nd o n l a rge b l ade ( P la te X I : 3 ) ; f i ve a r e o n p r ima ry f l ake s , t wo l I w e r e f ound i nL aye r Ea nd t h r ee i nL aye r9 ;t wen ty s ix a r e o nn on -Leva lo i s f l ake s , t wen ty two o f l w h i ch d e r ived f r om L ay e r E , o n e f r om L ay e r D( P la te X IV : 4 ) a nd t h ree f r om L ay e r 9 .S ix a r e m ade o n l a rge b l ade s a nd w e r e f ound i nL ay e r E ; s even ty -f ive a r e o n b l ade s ( t h r ee o f wh ich a r e b a ck b l ades ) , a mong wh i ch s i x ty two d e r ived f r om L aye r E( P la te X IV : 5 ) , f ou r f r om L ay e r Da nd s i x f r om L aye r 9 .T h r ee f o und i nL ay e r 9a r e o n b l ade le t s , w h i le s i x a r e o n o the r b l ank s ( f ive o n c r e s ted b l ade s a nd o n e o n b l ade c o r e ) . S i x a r e d oub le e nd -sc rape r s , t wo a r e r ounded e nd sc rape r s , s i x a r e c a r ina ted e nd sc r ape r s , o n e i s an o sed e nd -sc rape r , t wo a r e d en t icu la te s a nd s i x f ound i n L ay e r 9 ar e m ic ro e nd -s c rape r s . Mo s t o ft h e e nd -sc r ape r s a r e o n r e touched f l ak e s o r b l ade s . T he e nd sc rape r s ' l e ng th s r e a ch v a lue s b e tween 2 7 a nd 7 8 mm , w id th s b e tween 1 2 a nd 4 6 mm a nd t h i cknes e tween 6a nd 1 7 mm ; t h e i r a ve rage l e ng th i s5 7 .1 mm , a ve rage w id th 2 8 .4 mm a nd ses b a v e rage t h ickn es 0 .9 mm . s 1
2
1
3
;
1 0 I
8 0
3cm
P l a te X IV : T oo ls f r om Q af zeh E and D : 1 2 : Em ireh P o in t s( l ay e rE ) ; 3 :S ide sc rape ro n f l ake ( l ay e rE ) ;4 :E nd sc rape ro n c o r t ica l f l ake ( l aye rD ) ; 5 :E nd sc rape ro n b l ade ( l ay e r E ) ; 6 :B u r in s o n f l ake ( l ay e r D ) ; 7 8 : R e touched b l ade a nd P o in ted b l ade ( l ay e r D ) ; 9 : B lade ( l ay e rE ) ; 1 0 : B lade le t( l ay e rD ) ; 1 :C re s ted b l ade ( l ay e rE )
1 23
1 2 . T he P erf ora tor s o T he f o r ty th ree p e rf o ra to r s a r e n o t h i gh ly r e p re sen ted i nt h e t o l s o fQ af zeh F -D a nd Q af zeh 9 ; t h ey f o rm b e tween 1 . 8% a nd 8 . 6% . F ou r a r e m anuf ac tu red o n f l ake s , t h ree o f w h i ch a r e o n L eva l lo i s f l ake s . T he se t oo l s a r e u n cove r ed f r om L aye r s F (2 ) a nd E ( 2 ) ; t h i r ty -f ou rp e r f o ra to r s a r e m ade o n b l ade s , o fw h ich n i ne a r e b a ck ed o rp a r t ia l ly b acked b l ade s , wh i le o n ly o ne i so nb l ade le t . Among t h e se , o ne d e r ived f r om L ay e rF ,3 1 f r om L aye rE ,t wo f r om L aye r Da nd o n e f r om L aye r9 . F ou rt o o l sa r e m anuf a c tu r ed o nc r e s t ed b l ade s ; t h ey a r eu ncove r ed i nl a y e rE .T en t o o l sa r eb rok en . T he p e rf o ra to r s ' l e ng th s r e a ch b e tween 3 6 a nd 8 mm , t h e i r w id th s b e tween 1 2 a nd 3 7 mm , a nd t h e i rt h icknes se sb e tween 4a nd 1 4 mm ;t h e a ve r age l e ng th i s 62 .6 mm , a ve rage w id th 2 1 .2 mm a nd a ve rag et h icknes s 6 . 9 mm .
1 3 . T he T runca ted P iece s E igh teen t r unca ted p i ece s a r e u ncove r ed i nt h e a s semb lages o fQ af zeh F -D a nd Q af zeh 9 ;t h ey a r e a bsen t o r p oo r ly r e p re sen ted , a ccoun t ing f o r b e tween 0 . 0% a nd 3 . 5% o ft h e t oo l s . O n e p i ece i s m anuf a c tu r ed o n L eva l lo i s f l ake s a nd i su ncov e r ed i nL ay e r F ,w h i le t h e o the r s a r e p r oduced o n b l ades . E l even t oo l s a r e o b l ique t r un ca t ion s . F ive t o o l s a r e b roken . T he c omp le te t r un ca t ed p i ece s ' l e ng th s r e a ch f r om 5 1 t o6 6 mm , t h e i r w id th s f r om 1 2 t o3 9 mm , a nd t h e i r t h icknes se s b e tween 5 a nd 1 3 mm . T he i ra v e rage l e ng th i s 58 .8 mm , t h e a v e rage w id th 2 3 .4 mm a nd t h e a ve r age t h icknes s 7 . 6 mm .
1 4 . T he C ompo s i te T oo l s T he t wen ty -e igh t c ompos i te t oo l sa r e n o t h i gh ly r e p re sen ted i nt h ea semb lage s o fQ af z eh F -D a nd s Q af zeh 9 ;t h ey f o rm b e tween 1 . 7% a nd 7 . 7% . Two a r e m anuf a c tu red o n L eva lo i s f l ak e s , a nd a r e l u ncov e r ed i nL aye r F .E igh t a r e m ade o n n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s w h i le e i gh teen a r e o n b l ad e s , o ne o f l wh ich i s o n L eva lo i s m o rpho logy . T h ree p os a rg e d im en s ion s . O u t o f t h e t wo t o l s l ses s l o m anuf a c tu red o n t h e L eva lo i s f l ake s , t h e r e i s on e b u r in /end sc r ape r a nd o n e r a c le te /no tch . O u t o f l t t h e e i gh t t oo l s wh ich h ave b een p roduced o n n on -Leva lo i s f l akes , w e h ave f ound f ou r e nd l s c rape r s /no tche s o r d en t icu la te , o n e b u r in /pe rf o r a to r , o n e b u r in /end sc rape r , o ne b u r in /den t icu la te , a nd o ne m u l t ip le t o l k n if e /end sc rape r / t runca t ion . O u t o ft h e e i gh teen t o l s o n b l ad e s , f ou r a r e o o t h ree e nd sc rape r s /no tche s , o r d en t i cu la t e , o n e e nd sc rape r /pe rf o ra to r , t h r ee t r unca t ion /no tches o r d en t icu la te , t wo p e rf o ra to r /no tche so rd en t icu la te , o n e k n if e /end s c rape r , t wo b u r in s /no tch a nd f i ve e nd sc rape r s /bu r in s . E igh t c ompo s i te t o l s a r e b roken . T he e nd sc rape r s ' l e ng th s v a ry b e tween 3 5 o a nd 1 28 mm , w id th s b e tween 1 2 a nd 6 3 mm a nd t h icknes e tween 5a nd 2 6 mm ; t h e i r a ve rage ses b l e ng th i s 75 .4 mm , a ve rage w id th 3 4 .5 mm a nd a ve rage t h icknes .3 mm . s 1
1 5 . T he K n ive s T he r ea r en o k n ives i nt h ea semb lage so fQ af zeh s
1 6 . T he S pec ia l T oo l s O ne c hamf e r ed p i ece h a s b een u n cov e r ed i nt h e a semb lage o fL aye r E . I tc on s i s t s o f ap a r t ia ly s l b acked b l ade s how ing at r an sve r sa l s c a rr emova lo ni t sd i s ta le nd .
1 24
1 7 . D iver s
F ou r r e touched i t em s u ncove red i nL ay e r E , Da nd 9f o rm l ow p e rcen tage s a mong t h e t o o l s ; t h ey v a ry b e tween 0 . 5% a nd 2 . 6% . T h r ee c r e s ted b l ade / le t sa nd o n e c o r e t r imm ing e l em en t c ompo se t h i s c a tego ry . T h ey p r e sen t f i ne ( 1 ) o r s em i -ab rup t r e touch ( 2 ) o n t h e l a te ra l e dge s , wh i le o ne i sa p a r t ia l ly c r e s ted b l ade le t . O u t o f t h e se f ou r r e tou ched p i ece s , t wo a r e b roken . T he c omp le te r e touch ed i t em s ' l e ng th s r e a ch v a lue s b e tween 7 0 a nd 9 6 mm , w id th s b e tween 1 2 a nd 1 8 mm , a nd . T h e i r a v e rage l e ng th i s1 8 .4 mm , a verage w id th 1 5 .0 mm a nd ses b t h ickn es e tween 5a nd 8 mm a ve rage t h icknes . 5 mm s 6
2 . Ana lys i s o ft he B lanks
s f o I nt h e a semb lage s o fQ af zeh , d i f e r en t b l ank t y pe s h ave b een s e lec ted i nt h e p roduc t ion o ft o l s , l l s uch a sL eva lo i s f l akes , p r ima ry f l ake s , n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s , b l ades a nd b l ade le ts , i na dd i t ion t o re s om e c o re s a nd c o r e t r imm ing e l emen t s . I no rde r t od e te rm ine t h e c or la t ion b e tween t oo l s t y pe s l t o l a nd b l ank s , w e h ave g rouped a h e t o l p opu la t ion i n to f o u r t y pe s : t h e L eva lo i s B lank s w e r e sif l o c l as ied i nT ype 1 , th eB lade t oo l s i nT ype 2 ,t h en on -Leva lo i s f l ake s i nT ype 3a nd t h eo th e rt o l I f s b l ank s i nT ype 4 ( Tab le V I .30 ) . T he s e f ou r t y pe s s how v a r ia t ion s i nt h e d i f e r en t a semb lage s , l l e spec ia ly i nT ype 1 ,w h ich d om ina te s i nL ay e r Fa nd d ec r ea se s d ra s t i ca ly i nl a ye r E . S in ce t h e s r t e chno log ica l t r end s b e tween t h e a semb lage s o fF ,E -D a nd 9v a ry s i gn if ican t ly ; w e c a r ied o u t d e ta i led a na ly se s o fe ach b l ank t y pe a nd o fe a ch t oo l wh i le t a k ing i n to a ccoun t L aye r F ,L ay e r s E D , a nd L ay e r 9s epa ra te ly . 1 T ab l eV 1 .30 :F r equ en c ie so fF ou rB lank T ype s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh T oo ls T ype T ype T ype T ype T o ta l
1 2 3 4
Qa fzeh F N umbe r % 3 9 5 5 .7 2 8 .6 2 0 1 4 .3 1 0 1 . 4 1 7 0 1 00 .0
Qa fzeh D N umbe r % 2 5 . 1 6 4 .1 2 5 2 5 .6 1 0 5 . 1 2 9 .9 9 3 9
Qa fzeh E N umbe r % 1 .6 7 8 3 .8 3 62 1 0 .4 4 5 4 .2 1 8 1 00 .0 4 32
Qa fzeh 9 %
N umbe r
0 .0 7 5 .4 2 .8 2 1 . 8 1 00 .0
0 4 3 1 3
1 5 7
T ype 1 : Too ls o n L eva l lo is f l ake s , T ype 2 :T oo ls o n B lade a nd b l ade le t s , T ype 3 :T oo ls o n o t he r F l akes a nd T ype 4 : T oo ls o n C TE , c o res a nd f r agmen ta ry p i ece s .
T ab le V I I .31 : F requ n c ie so fT oo l sa mong t h eF ou rB lank T ype s i nQ af zeh F _e
B lank G roups T oo ls L eva l lo is P o in ts S ide -sc rape rs t R ac le tes D en t icu la te , n o tches R e touched P ieces B u r ins E nd -sc rape rs P e r fo ra to rs T runca ted p i eces C ompos i te t oo ls T o ta l
T ype 1 N umbe r % 1 0 2 5 .6 1 2 .6 1 2 .6 8 2 0 .5 1 2 3 0 .8 0 0 .0 2 5 . 1 2 5 . 1 1 2 .6 2 5 . 1 3 9 1 00 .0
T ype 2 N umbe r % 2 1 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 5 2 5 .0 7 3 5 .0 4 2 0 .0 0 0 .0 1 5 .0 0 0 .0 1 5 .0 2 0 1 00 .0
T ype 3
T ype 4
T o ta l
N umbe r %
N umbe r
0
0 .0
0
N umbe r % 1 2 1 7 .1
3
3 0 .0
0
4
0
0 . 0
0
1
1 .4
2
2 0 .0
0
1 5
2 1 .4
3 1
3 0 .0 1 0 .0
0 1
2 2
3 1 .4
6
8 .6
0 0 0 1 1 0
0 .0
0
2
2 .9
0 .0
0
3
0 .0
0
1
1 0 .0
0
4
4 .3 1 . 4 5 .7
1 00 .0
1
7 0
5 .7
1 00 .0
T ype 1 : Too ls o n L eva l lo is f l ake s , T ype 2 :T oo ls o n B lade a nd b l ade le t s . , T ype 3 :T oo ls o n o t he r F l ake s a nd T ype 4 : T oo l s o nC TE , c o re s a nd f r agmen ta ry p i ece s .
T ab le V I I .32 : F requenc ie s o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo l s a mong t h e L eva l lo i s , t h e B lade sa nd t h e Non -Leva l lo i sF l ake si nQ af zeh F B lank T ypes Mous te r ian T oo ls U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo ls T o ta l
B lade B lanks
L eva l lo is B lanks N umbe r % 2 0 8 0 .0 5 2 0 .0 1 00 .0 2 5
N umbe r
%
7
5 8 .3
5
4 1 7
1 2
1 00 .0
Non -Leva lo is F lakes l N umbe r 5 1 6
T he t o o l s o fQ af zeh F a ppea r i n d i f f e r en t f r equenc ie s a mong t h e t y pe s ( Tab le V I I .31) . T ype 1 c omp r i ses as i gn if ican t a moun t o fL eva l lo i s p o in t s , n o tche s a nd d en t icu la te a nd r e touch ed p i eces ; 1 25
T ype 2c on s is t s ma in ly o fn o tche s a nd d en t icu la te , r e touch ed p i ece s a nd b u r in s . T he s i de sc rape r s , n o tche s a nd d en t icu la te s a nd r e touch ed p i ece s c on s t i tu te t h e m a in t oo l t y pe s o f T ype 3 .B o th l l l L eva lo i s b l ank sa nd N on -Leva lo i s f l ake s w e re s e lec ted f o rt h ep roduc t ion o ft yp ica ly Mou s te r ian s 1 t oo l s , a nd l e s s o f o r t h e p roduc t ion o fU ppe r P a leo l i th ic t oo l s ( Tab le V 1 .32 ) . T he b l ade b l ank s o l w e r e c ho sen f o r t h e m anuf ac tu r ing o f Mou s te r ian t o l s a s w e l a sf o r t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t oo l s . o O u to ft h e b l ade s , t h e l a rge b l ade s w e r e f i r s t s e lec ted t op roduce t y p ica l Mou s te r ian t o l s , w h i le t h e o s o the r b l ade s w e re u sed f o r t h e m anuf ac tu r ing o ft y p ica l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o l s , a nd l e s s o f o r o I Mou s te r ian t o l s( Tab le V I .33 ) . T ab le V I I .33 : F requenc ie s o f Mous te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo l s among t h e L a rge B lade s a nd t h eO the rB lade si nQ af zeh F O the r B lade B lanks
L a rge B lade B lanks
B lank T ypes
N umbe r 6
Mous te r ian Too ls
%
umbe r N 1
) 0 ` / 8 5 .7
2 0 .0
Uppe rP a leo l i th ic Too ls
1
1 4 .3
4
8 0 .0
T o ta l
7
1 00 .0
5
1 00 .0
T he t o o l s o f Q af zeh E a nd D a l so a ppea r i n d i f f e r en t f r equ enc ie s a mong t h e g roup s . T ype 1 c omp r i se s o n ly n ine p i ece s , o fw h ich s i de -sc rape r sa nd r e touch ed p i eces d om ina te ; T ype 2c on s i s t s ma in ly o f r e touched p i ece s a nd e nd sc rape r s . T he e nd sc rape r s , n o tche s a nd d en t icu la te s a nd I l r e touched p i ece s c on s t i tu te t h e m a in t oo l t y pe s o fT ype 3 ( Tab le V I .34 ) . L eva lo i s b l ank s w e r e l o s s e lec ted f o r t h e p roduc t ion o ft y p ica ly Mou s te r ian t o l s , a nd l e s s o f o r t h e p roduc t ion o fU ppe r o l l P a leo l i th ic t o l s . B o th t h e b l ade b l ank s a nd t h e n on L eva lo i s f l ake s w e r e i n i t ia ly s e lec ted f o rt h e o s o m anuf a c tu r ing o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t o l s , a nd l e s s o f o rt h e p roduc t ion o f Mou s te r ian t o l s ( Tab le I V I .35 ) T ab le V I I .34 : F requen c ie so fT oo l s a mong t h eF ou rB lank T ype s i nQ af zeh E and D B lank G roups
T ype 1
T ype 2
T ype 3
T ype 4
T oo ls
N umbe r
N umbe r %
N umbe r %
N umbe r %
L eva lo is P o in ts l
0
1
0 .3
0
0 .0
0
0 .0
T o ta l N umbe r
` ) / 0
1
0 .2 0 .4
Em i reh P o in ts
0
2
0 .5
0
0 .0
0
0 .0
2
S ide -sc rape rs
3
6
1 .6
4
5 .7
0
0 .0
1 3
2 .8
R ac le tes t
0
1
0 .3
0 .0
0
0 .0
1
Den t icu la te . n o tches
2
4 3
.6 1
0 1 4
2 0 .0
0
0 .0
Re touched P ieces
3
1 24
3 .3 3
1 3
1 8 .6
3
1 5 .0
5 9 1 43
0 .2 1 2 .5
P o in ted b l ades
0
3 4
9 . 1
0
0 .0
2
1 0 .0
B u r ins
0
2 3
6 .2
4
5 .7
5
3 0 .4 7 .6
2 5 .0
3 6 3 2
7 .0
E nd -sc rape rs
0
7 2
1 9 .4
2 8
4 0 .0
6
3 0 .0
1 06
2 .5 2
P e r fo ra to rs
1
3 1
8 .3
3
4 .3
4
2 0 .0
8 .3
T runca ted p ieces
0
1 5
4 .0
0
0 .0
0
0 .0
3 9 1 5
Compos i te t oo ls
0
1 9
5 . 1
4
5 .7
0
0 .0
2 3
4 .9
C ham fe red P ieces
0
1
T o ta l
9
3 72
0 .3
0
0 .0
0
1 00 .0
7 0
1 00 .0
2 0
0 .0 1 00 .0
3 .2
1
0 .2 1 00 .0
4 71
T ype 1 : Too ls o n L eva l lo is f l ake s , T ype 2 :T oo ls o n B lade a nd b l ade le t s , T ype 3 :T oo ls o n o t he r F l ake s a nd T ype 4 : T oo l s o n C TE , c o res a nd f r agmen ta ry p i ece s .
T ab le V I I .35 : F requenc ie s o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo l s a mong t h e L eva l lo i s , t h e B lade sa nd t h e Non -Leva l lo i sF l ake si nQ af zeh E and D B lank T ypes Mous te r ian T oo ls
B lade B lanks
l L eva lo is B lanks N umbe r 5
N u mbe r
%
5 3
8 3 .3
° A 2 1 .4
F lake B lanks N u mbe r 1 8
%
3 4 .0
U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo ls
1
1 6 .7
1 95
7 8 .6
3 5
6 .0 6
T o ta l
6
1 00 .0
2 48
1 00 .0
5 3
1 00 .0
T he a s semb lage o fQ af zeh 9i sm os t o f ten a imed t owa rd t h e m anuf a c tu r ing o fb l ade s a nd b l ade le t s t oo l s , a nd l e s s s o o f f l ake t oo l s . Among t h e se t o o l s , t h e re i sn o L eva l lo i s b l ank . Q af zeh 9 i s c ha rac te r ized b y t h e h i gh p ropo r t ion o fU ppe r P a leo l i th ic t oo l s , a sw e l l a s b y t h e a b sen ce o ft h e m a in Mou s te r ian t oo l s . T ype 2c on s i s t s m a in ly o fr e touched p i ece s , e nd sc rape r s a nd b u r in s , w h i le e nd sc rape r s , b u r in s a nd r e tou ch ed p i ece s c on s t i tu te t h e m a in t oo l t y pe s o f T ype 3 ( Tab le V I I .36 ) . T he b l ade b l ank s a r ep r ef e rab ly s e lec ted f o rt h e m anuf a c tu r ing o ft y p ica lU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t o o l s ( Tab le V I I .37 ) . N eve r the les s, t h e b u r in s a nd e nd sc rape r s a r e a l so p roduced o n f l ake b l ank s , w h i le t h et r un ca ted p i ece sa nd t h ep e rf o ra to ra r em o s t ly m ade o nb l ade / le t s .
1 26
I T ab le V I .36 :F r equ en c ie so fT oo l sa mong t h eF ou r B l an kT ype si n Qaf zeh 9 B l ank G roups T oo ls D en t icu la te , n o tches R e touched P ieces P o in ted b l ades B u r ins E nd -sc rape rs P er fo ra to rs T runca ted p ieces C ompos i te t oo ls T o ta l
T ype 2 N umbe r % 4 9 . 3 2 0 4 6 .5 3 7 . 0 4 9 . 3 9 2 0 .9 1 2 . 3 2 4 .7 0 0 .0 4 3 1 00 .0
T ype 3 N umbe r %
0 2
0
0 .0 1 5 .4
0 1
0 .0 3 0 .8 4 6 .1 0 .0 0 .0 7 .7
1 3
1 00 .0
4 6 0
T ype 4 N umbe r
T o ta l N umbe r
%
4 2 3
7 .0 4 0 .3
3 8 1 5
5 .3 1 4 .0 2 6 .3
0 0
1 2
1 .8 3 .5
0 1
1 5 7
1 .8 1 00 .0
0 1 0 0 0
T ype 2 :T oo ls o n B lade a nd b lade le t s ,T ype 3 :T oo ls o n o the rF lake s a nd T ype 4 :T oo ls o n CTE , c o res .
T ab le V I .37 : F r equen c ie s o fM ou s t e r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo l s a mong t h e B l ad e s a nd I t h eF l ak e si n Qaf z eh 9 F lake B lanks N umbe r
B lank t ypes
B lade B lanks N umbe r %
Mous te r ian T oo ls U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo ls T o ta l
4 2 4
1 4 .3 8 5 .7
9
2 8
1 00 .0
9
0
O ne L eva lo i s c o r e , f o u rb l ade c o r e sa nd o n eN ah rI b rah im c o re f r om L ay e rE ,h ave b een mod if ied l a st oo l s , mo s t o ft h em a tt h e e nd o ft h e i r e xp lo i ta t ion . T h e m orpho logy o ft h e c o re s p l ay s am a jo r r o le i nt h e m anuf ac tu r ing o ft oo l s . T h e b l ade c o re s a r e m anuf ac tu r ed a s b u r in s o r c a r ina ted e nd s c rape r s a tt h e e nd o ft h e i r e xp lo i ta t ion b ecau se t h ey h ave an a tu ra l d i hed ra l e dge , w h ich p e rm i t s t h em t o e a s i ly o b ta in t h e s e t o l t y pes . F o r t h e L eva lo i s c o re , i ti st h e l a te ra l e dge s t h a t a r e o l r e tou ched i n to t o l s ,b ecau se i ti sam o r ee ff ic ien tp a r tt ob eu sed a s at o l ; i th a sb een m od if i ed i n to o o b u r in o n t r unca t ion . O ne f l ake c o r e h a s b een u sed a s ac ompos i te t o l ( s ide sc rape r /ang le b u r in ) o b ef o r eb e ing t u rned i n to ac o re .
V . CONCLUS IONS ON QAFZEH T he L eva lo i s b l ank s a r e a lmo s t a lway s s e lec ted f o r t h e m anuf ac tu r ing o ft h e Mou s te r ian t o l s , a s l o w e l a s f o rt h e b l ade s a nd t h e p roduc t ion o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t oo l s . T he r ef o re , a sw e h av e a l ready l s en i nt h e a semb lage s o fN or th e rn I s ra e l , t h e a semb lage s o fQ af zeh e xh ib i t a tl e a s t t wo r a d ica ly e s s l d i f e ren t c o re r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s ,w h ich h ave p roduced b l ank s f o rd i f e r en t s e t so fr e touched t oo l s . f f T h e d e ta i led a na ly s i s o ft h e l i t h ic m a te r ia l h a s r e vea led t e chno log i ca l a nd t y po log ica l s im i la r i t ie s w i th t h eo the ri n du s t r ie so fN o r th e rn I s rae l i . T he c ompos i t ion o fL eva lo i s ,b l ade a nd n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o re s , b l ank sa nd t o ls , w h ich c hanges l l o i n th ed i f e ren t l a ye r sp o in t st ot h ee x i s t ence o ft h r ee c u l tu ra lp ha se s : f P ha se I( Lay e r F ) i sc ha ra c te r ized b y av a r ie ty o fr e duc t ion s t ra teg ies , w h ich c omp r i se L eva lo i s l c o r e s , U ppe r P a l eo l i th ic b l ade c o r e s a nd N ah r I b rah im c o re s . T h i s p ha se d emon s t ra te s s im i la r i t ie s w i th t h e a semb lages o fE l Wad G a nd Fa nd R aqef e t VI I . A s i nt h e se a semb lages , Q af zeh F s I I-V s d emon s t ra te s p r edom inan t Mou s te r ian m ode s o fp roduc t ion ; e xh ib i ts l ow p e r cen tage s o fb l ade le t s , a nd t h e b l ank s a r e m os t o f t en r emoved b y h a rd h amme r , a l though t h e u se o fs of t h amme r i sa l so e v idenced . T he f r equen c ie s o ft h e M idd le P a leo l i th ic t oo l s a r e l ow , e x cep t f o r t h e p r e sence o f s i gn if ican t amoun t s o f n o tche s a nd d en t i cu la te i n a h e a semb lage s . A s s en i n E l Wad a nd l t s e R aq ef e t , t h e p e r cen tage o fb u r in s , p e rf o ra to r s a nd t r un ca t ion s a r e r e la t ive ly l ow . T hu s , p rodu c t ion o f b o th L eva lo i s f l ake s a nd u ppe r P a l eo l i th ic b l ade s , a s w e l a s t h e u se o f t h e h a rd h amme r l l t e chn ique a nd t h e l ow p e r cen tage o fb l ade le t s , s em t ob e t h e p r inc ipa l c ha ra c te r i s t i cs o fQ af zeh F , e a nd c an b er e la ted t oE l Wad a nd R aqef e t . P ha se I ( Laye r s Ea nd D ) i sm o r e m a rked b y t h e p roduc t ion o fU ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ades t h an b y L eva lo i s a nd n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s , a nd a r e a l so m a rked b y t h e l ow r e p resen ta t ion o f L eva lo is l l l r e duc t ion s t ra teg i e s , t h e i n c r ea se i nb l ade p roduc t ion , t h e u se o ft h e s of th amme rt e chn ique a nd t h e r e la t ive ly s i gn if ican t p e r cen tage o fb l ade le t s i nt h e a semb lage s . T he m a in t o l t y pe s a r e t h e e nd s o s c rape r s a nd t h e r e tou ched b l ade / le t s , w h i le t h e b u r in s , t r unca ted p i ece s a nd p e rf o ra to r s a r e l e s o r s 1 27
l p oo r ly r e p re sen ted a nd t h e L eva lo i s p o in t s a lmos td i sappea r . T h i sp ha se r e p r e sen t s am o r e e vo lv ed s s t age , i nc ompa r i son t ot h eN or the rn I s rae l ia semb lage s . l P ha se I I ( Lay e r9 )i s ma rked b yt h ea b sence o fL eva lo i sp rodu c t s , b yt h e m anuf ac tu re o fb l ade a nd o l b l ade le t t o l s , b u t t h e f l ake t oo l s a r e a lway s w e l r e p re sen ted . T he r e touch ed b l ade / le t s , t h e e nd o s c rape r s a nd t h e b u r in s c on s t i tu te t h e m a in t o l t y pe s . T he m o rpho logy o ft h e b l ade / le t s e xh ib i ts t s eve ra l c hange s : t h e b l ade / le t s w h ich d i sp lay u n ipo la r s c a r p a te rn s a nd c oncave l owe r s u rf ace s l t i n c r ea se a sw e l a st ho se w i th p unc t if o rm b u t s . T h e t e chn ique o fs of th amme r i nt a ngen t ia l mo t ion s f i s almo s te xc lu s ive ly u sed . T h i s a semb lage d emon s t ra tes s i gn if i can tt e chno log ica ld i f e r ences w i th s l l t h eo th e rN o r th er nI s rae l ia s emb lages . D u et ot h ea b sence o fL eva lo i s i t em s , a sw e la st a k ing i n to s a ccoun tt h ed om inan ce o fb l ade a nd b l ade le t i n du s t ry t h a tc ha ra c te r izes t h ea semb lage o fQ af zeh 9 , re w e m ay c or la ted i tt ot h eU ppe rP a leo l i th ic c u l tu r e .
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CHAPTER E IGHT
KSAR AK IL
THE S ITE K sa rA k i l i s a r o ck she l te rs i tua ted i n Wad i A n te l ia s i nL ebanon , t h ec ave o fw h ich i s lo ca ted o nt h e n o r th w a l o ft h e v a ley o fA n te l ia s . T he s i te w a sd i scove r ed i n1 922 a nd s ub sequen t ly e xcava ted i n l l 1 937 -38 u nde r t h e d i r ec t ion o fJ .G . D ohe r ty f r om t h e B o s ton C o lege o f Mas chu se t s . I n 1 947 l sa t 4 8 , J .F . Ew ing u nde r took f u r th e re x cava t ion so ft h e s i te a nd e s tab l i sh ed as t ra t if i ed s equence o f3 7 l e ve l s( Ew ing , 1 947 ; 1 949 ) ; K sa rA k i lw a sl a te rw o rked o nf r om 1 969 -75 b yJ . Tix ie r( T ix ie r , 1 974 ; T ix ie ra nd I n izan , 1 981) . T he s i te w a sd i v ided i n to t wo -m e te rs qua r e sa nd r e v ea led 2 3 mo fa r chaeo log ica ld epos i t s ,t h ed ep th a t w h ich t h e u nde r ly ing r o ck w a s r e ach ed . O n t h e b a s i s o f c hange s i n t h e s ed imen t s , t h e se e xcava to r s d i s t ingu i shed l e ve l s r e p r e sen t ing a s ucces f M idd le , U ppe r a nd E p i -Pa leo l i th ic sion o o ccupa t ion s . T he M idd le t oU ppe r P a leo l i th ic t r an s i t iona l l e ve l s ( XXV -X IV ) , w h ich r e p r esen t t h e c en t ra l s e r ie s o f al o nge r s e quen ce , y i e lded a bou t 4m o f d epo s i t s , i n c lud ing b o th L eva lo i s l i mp lemen t sa nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ades .
S TRAT IGRAPHY T he s t ra t ig raphy o f t h e s i t e h a s b een d e sc r ibed b y Ew ing i na pr e l im ina ry n o te ( Ew ing , 1 947 ; S ec t ion o f Ew ing 's 1 947 -48 e xcava t ion s : N ewcom e r 1 972 : 7 ) . F ou r l a ye r -comp lexes w e r e f ound a t K sa rA k i l : C omp lex 1 ,t h a t r e ache s t e n m e te r s d eep , i sm ade u p o fs ma l a ngu la rs t on e s w i thou t a ny e v idence l o fw a te ra c t iv i ty , C omp lex 2 , wh i ch r e ach e s 1 5m e te r s , c on ta in ss t one sc em en ted w i th c a lc i te , C omp lex 3 ,e n coun te red a t ad ep th o f1 5m e te r s , c on s i s t so fb r ecc ia , C omp lex 4i sa no the rs t on ea nd c l ay c omp lex w h ich b eg in sa t ad ep th o f1 6 m e te r s . T he c l ay l a ye r s a soc ia ted w i th t h e t h r ee l owe r c omp lexe s i n d ica te i n c r ea sed h um id i ty i nt h e c ave , s a l though i nh i s p r e l im ina ry r e por t Ew ing d i d n o t m en t ion t h e o ccur ce o f as eve r e d i s tu rban ce ren c au sed b yn a tu ra la gen c ie s , a si th a sb een d e sc r ibed f o rt h eN o r th e rn I s rae l ic av e s . T he s t ra t ig raph ic p rob lem e xpo sed l a te r b y C ope land c on ce rn s s om e d i sc repan c ies n o ted i nt h e r e co rded l e ve l , o r s p i t d ep th s i nt h e v a r iou s s qua re s , t h a t m ay h ave b een c au sed b y u ndu la t ion s o r s l ope so ft h e l e ve ls ( Cope land , 1 986 : 8 ) . G iven t h e a b sence o fd e ta i led r e po r to ft h e s t ra t ig raphy o f t h e l owe r l e ve l s a tK sa r A k i l ( d e sp i te o ft h e d e sc r ip t ion m ade b y Mu rphy i n1 938 ) , i ti si mpos le sib t o a se r t t h a t t h e re w a s s i gn if i can t d i s tu rbance i n t h i s s i te , n o r t h a t p os le p o s t -depo s i t ion a l s sib p roces s w e r e r e spon s ib le f o rt h e m ixed c ha rac te ro ft h i s i n du s t ry . T he l o ng s equence o ft h e d ep th se o ff ou r t o f i ve m e te r s , w h ich c on ta in s L eva lo i s a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ank s , s uppor t s t h e t h eo ry l t h a t t h e " t ran s i t iona l" p ha se e x i s ted a tK sa r A k i l . E ven i f we s uppo se t h a t d epo s i t iona l p roces ses h av e o ccur , i ti sm o s t p robab le t h a t t h e i r i mpac ts a ec t o n ly p a r t s o ft h e " t ran s i t iona l" l e ve ls red f ( XXV -X IV ) a nd d o n o t e x tend t o a h e d epo s i t s i n t h e f i ve m e te r s o f d ep th . T he ref o re , t h e l t e x i s ten ce o fl e ve l s , wh ich c on ta in L eva lo i s i mp lemen t s a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade s , s em s t ob e l e m o s t p robab le . C ope land h a s d ef ined t h e t r an s i t iona l s equence o fK sa r A k i l a s a n i n du s t ry w h ich c on ta in s t yp ica l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t oo l -k i t s p rodu ced b y L eva lo i s m e thod s , a nd t h a t c an a l so b e l a soc ia ted t o t h e s pan o ft ime o ccur t ra t ig raph ica ly b e tween t h e L eva lo i so - Mou s te r ian a nd s ring s l l t h e A u r ignac ian l e ve l s ( Cope land , 1 986 : 1 2 ) . F o rC ope land , t h e " t r an s i t iona l" a spec t i s m an if e s ted u pon t h e a r t if ac t s , wh ich c on ta in t h e c omb ina t ion o fU ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o l s o n M idd le P a leo l i th ic o b l ank s( Cope land , 1 986 : 1 8 ) . T he m a te r ia l g a the r ed f r om t h e l e ve l s XXV -XV o fK sa r A k i l d u r ing t h e f i r s t s e a son o f 1 937 -38 o ta l s av e ry l a rge q uan t i ty o fa r t if a c t s a moun t ing t oa pp rox ima te ly t wo m i l ion p i ece s , c o mp r i s ing t l 1 29
c o r e s , d eb i tage a nd r e tou ch ed p i ece s d e r iv ed f r om t h e s qua r e s E 4 , F 3 a nd F 4 . T he m e thod s o f l e xcava t ion u sed d u r ing t h e f i r s t B os ton C o lege e xped i t ion w e re n ew , i n t roduc ing a s c ien t if ic sed t t e chn ique i n to t h e r e co rd ing o ft h e m a te r ia l , w h ich w a s p as h rough s i eve s . T h is m a te r ia l w a s t s t ud ied b y A zou ry a nd O hnuma ( Azou ry , 1 97 1 , 1 986 ; O hnuma 1 988 ) . A zou ry a t r ibu ted t h e s I I-VI I) t a semb lage so fl e v e l s XXV -X IV wh ich p r eceded t h eL evan t in eA u r ignac ian ( l eve l s XI ot h e t r an s i t iona l p ha se . T he se l e v e l s w e r e d i v ided i n to t wo s ub -pha ses ( Ia nd I ) o n t h e b a s i s o ft h e o v a r ia t ion o ft h e a moun t o ft o l s ( Cope land , 1 975 ; 1 986 ) . T he m a te r ia l f r om K sa r Ak i l h ave b een l a te r r e -exam ined b y B e rgman , who g i ve s at e chno typo log ica l d esc r ip t ion o f t h e i n du s t ry ( Be rgman , 1 988 ) . l P ha se I( l eve l s XXV -XX I ) o v e r l ies t h e Mous te r ian l e ve l s ( XXXV I -XXV I ) a nd c on ta in s L eva lo i s l f l a nd n on -Leva lo i s l am ina r p roduc t s . U s ing d i f e ren t c r i te ra f o r i d en t if y ing L eva lo i s c o r es a nd l ri I I I a L eva lo i s p roduc t s , B e rgman a nd G o r ing -Mor s s ugges t t h a t L eve l s XX I a nd XXI r e l c ha rac te r ized b y n on -Leva lo i s b l ade t e chno logy , w h ich u t i l ize s u n ipo la r f l ake s c o re s w i th f a ce ted ri o p l a tf o rm s ( Be rgman a nd G o r ing - Mor s , 1 987 :142 ) . T he m a in t o l t y pe s o fp hase Ia r e e l onga ted l t r iangu la r p o in t s , e nd -sc rape r s a nd c hamf e r ed b l ade s . T he L eva lo is p o in t s , s i de sc rape r s , n o tch e s a nd d en t icu la te a r e p oo r ly r e p re sen ted . A zou ry p l a ced t h is p h a se b e tween P ha se I A ( l eve l s XXV I XX I ) a nd P ha se I B ( l eve l s XX I ) a cco rd ing t o t h e v a r ia t ion i nt h e amoun t o fc hamf e r ed p i ece s , b u r in sa nd b acked p i ece s( Azou ry , 1 986 ) . P ha se I ( l eve l s XX -X IV ) u nde r l ies t h e A u r ignac ian l a y e r s f r om w h ich i ti ss epa ra ted b yt h e p oo r ly r e p re sen ted q uan t i ty o fa r t if ac t s i nl e ve l X IV . A zou ry d i v ided t h i sp ha se b e tween P ha se IA ( l eve l s I I c XX -X IX ) a nd P ha se IB ( l eve l s XV I -XV ) a co rd ing t ot h e p r e sence o r a b sence o fc e r ta in t oo l s s uch a s e l - Wad p o in t s ( Azou ry , 1 986 ) . P ha se IA m an if e s t s as im i la r d eb i tage w i th P ha se I , bu t t w i th ag r adua l i n c r ea se i np l a in a nd p unc t if o rm b u t s , ad i sappea rance o fc hamf e red p i ece s , b a cked o a nd p o in ted t o l s , e nd sc rape r s a nd f ew b u r in s . P ha se IB d emon s t ra te s t h e i n c rea se o f U ppe r t P a leo l i th ic m e thod s o fd eb i tage , a nd i n ve r se ly , a te s t s t ot h e v i r tua l a bsence o fM idd le P a leo l i th ic m e thod s : f o r i n s tance , t h e r e a r e n o p o in t s , n op o in te s äf ace p lane , n o e nd -s c rape r s a nd a lmos t n o b u r in s . A zou ry 's d e ta i led d esc r ip t ion o ft h e c on ten t s o fe ach l e ve l h a s s hown t h a t t h e t r an s i t ion t e s t if ies t o t t e chno log ica l c hange s t h roughou t t ime , i n wh i ch t h e i n c r ea se o fp unc t if o rm a nd l a te ra l b u t s i nt h e u ppe r l e v e l s w o rk s t ot h e d e t r imen t o ft h e f a ce ted o r d i hed ra l ; t h i s s ugge s t s t h e i n t roduc t ion o fa n ew t e chn ique o f k napped s t one , t h a t o ft h e p un ch b l ades ( A zou ry , 1 986 ) . Ohnuma , w ho l a te r s t ud ied t h e m a te r ia l o ft h ese l e ve ls , c onc luded a sA zou ry h ad t h a t " t he se l e ve l s r ep r esen t ac e r ta in l s t age o f a M idd le t o U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t e chno log ica l t r an s i t ion , i n w h ich L eva lo i s m e thod s o f l s, s f l ak ing s t i l i n f luenced t h e t e chno logy o f b l ade p roduc t ion" ( 1988 : 2 85 ) . N eve r th e les h e c on s ide r ed t h a t t h e t e chno log ica l c hange b e tween l e ve l s XXV t o X IV w a s mo s t p robab ly c on t inuou s a nd g r adua l . A s A zou ry h ad d one b ef o r e h e r , s h e g rouped t h e se l e ve l s i n to t wo s e t s ( l eve ls XXV , XX IV , XV a nd X IV w e re e xc luded b ecau se t h e q uan t i t ies o fm a te r ia lw e re t h ough tt o l I I f b e t oo s ma l ) : l e ve l s XX I t o XX I /XX a nd l e ve l s XX /X IX t o XV I ) . T he m os t p o ign an t d i f e r ence l b e tween A zou ry a nd O hnuma l i es i nt h e p rob lem o ft h e i d en t if ica t ion o ft h e L eva lo i s c o re s a nd l l l d eb i tage , e s pec ia ly L eva lo i s b l ade c o r e s a nd L eva lo i s b l ade s . Whe r ea s A zou ry d ef ined t h e l L eva lo i s b l ade c o r e s a cco rd ing t ot h e t y pe o ff a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a nd t h e a ng le b e tween t h e s c o re s u rf a ce s ( wh ich h a s t o b e l e s a cu te t h an t h a t o ft h e p r i sma t ic c o r e s ) ( 1986 : 8 2 ) , O hnuma l l r e s t r ic ted t h eu se o ft h et e rm " Leva lo i s" t oc o re se xh ib i t ing t h ef i na l s t age o ft h eL eva lo i sm e thod s l o ff l ak ing ( 1988 : 2 84 ) . A zou ry a l so d i s t ingu i shed L eva lo i s b l ade s f r om o th e rb l ade s b yt a k ing i n to a ccoun tt h ep r e sen ce o ra b sence o fa b ra s ion m a rk s a tt h e p rox ima le nds , l e ng th /w id th r a t io sa nd t h e s o l t h icknes ft h e b l ade s ( 1986 :88 ) , wh i le Ohnuma d ef ined L eva lo i sb l ade s a cco rd ing t ot h e i rd o r sa l t sica l s c a r p a te rn s , w h ich s t rong ly s ugge s t s t age s o ft h e " c las l L eva lo i s" p e r iod ( 1988 : 2 84 ) . T hu s , sif t l O hnuma c l as ied ap a r t o ft h e c o r e s a nd b l ade s , w h ich A zou ry h ad a t r ibu ted t ot h e L eva lo i s a s l n on -Leva lo i s . l F o rt h e p r e sen t s t udy , w e h ave e mp loy ed t h e L eva lo i s d ef in i t ion o fB oeda f o r t h e i d en t if ica t ion o f l t t h e L eva lo i sc o re s . A cco rd ing t ot h ed o r sa ls c a rp a te rn s ,t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm sa nd t h em o rpho logy f s t o ft h e c o r e s p r e sen t i nt h e d i f e ren t a semb lage s , w e h ave a temp ted t op r ed ic t t h e mo rpho logy o f l p roduc t s s u ch a s L eva lo i s f l akes a nd o t he r f l ake s a nd b l ade s , a s w e h ave a l ready d one f o r t h e s N or ther nI s rae l ia semb lage s . 1 30
D u e t o i t s l o ng s t ra t ig raph ic s equen ce , w h ich t e nd s t o s uppo r t t h e e x i s ten ce o ft h e t r an s i t iona l l e v e l s , K sa r Ak i l a ppea r s t o b e o n e o ft h e i mpor tan t s i te s f o r N ea r E a s te rn P a leo l i th ic s t ud ies , p a r t icu la r ly i nr ega rd t ot h eu nde r s tand ing o ft h e M idd le t oU ppe rP a leo l i th ic T ran s i t iona lp ha se so f t h i s r e g ion . I n o rde rt od i scus h e o ccur f" t ran s i t iona l" a semb lage s i nN o r ther n I s ra e l , w e s t rence o s h av e e xam ined t h e p os le c u l tu ra l r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween t h e se a semb lage s w i th t h ose f r om K sa r sib s A k i l . We c ompa red t h er educ t ion s t ra teg ie su sed a sw e la st h et o lt y pes . l o T he l i t h ic a semb lage a na ly zed i nt h i s s t udy i st h a to ft h e f i r s te xcava t ion o f1 937 -38 t h a t c omp r i sed s t h e t h r ee s qua re s o fE 4 , F 3 a nd F 4 , t h e m a te r ia l o f wh ich i sh ou sed i nt h e B r i t i sh Mu seum a t L ondon . B ecau se o ft h e l a rge q uan t i ty o fm a te r ia l a va i lab le , w e h ave c on s ide r ed s amp le s o f c a . 2 0% f r om t h e d eb i tage a nd t o l s a nd o fc a . 5 0% o ft h e c o re s f r om l e ve l s XXV -XV , wh ich h av e o b en r a ndom ly s e lec ted . e
L ITH IC PRODUCT ION T h e l e ve l s XXV -XV f r om K sa rA k i la r em a rked b yt h e p r e sen ce o fL eva lo i s a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic l b l ades a s w e l a s b y n on -Leva lo i s f l ak e r e du c t ion s t ra teg ie s . L eve l XXV c on s is t s o fo n ly o ne l l s qua re ( E4 ) a nd l e ve l s XX IV -XV I o ft wo s qua res ( E4 a nd F 4 ) , wh i le l e ve l s X I -XV c on s i s t o f I I I t h r ee s qua r e s ( E4 , F 4 a nd F 3 ) . T he m a te r ia l i ne ach l e ve l a nd s qua re a r e d i s t r ibu ted u nequa ly . l L ev e l s XXI nd p a r t i cu la r ly l e ve l XVI xh ib i t as i gn if i can t a moun t o fm a te r ia l , wh i le l e ve ls I, XX a I e XXV a nd XX IV c on ta in r e la t ive ly l ow a moun t so fm a te r ia l . T he f o low ing s e c t ion a temp t s f i r s t ly t od e l in ea te t h er e duc t ion s t ra teg i e sa nd t o l t y pe s r e cogn ized l t o i nt h e t r an s i t iona l l e ve l s o fK sa r A k i l , a nd s e cond ly , t oc ompa re t h e se r e su l t s w i th t h ose f r om t h e n o r the rn I s rae l i s i t e s .
I .RA W MATER IAL T he r aw m a te r ia l , wh ich p r edom ina te s i nt h i s i n du s t ry , o ccu r s m os t o f t en i nt h e f o rm o f s ma l l r o unded n odu les o r n ar ebb le s . S om e t a bu la r f l i n t , a s w e l a s l a rge c her ty f l in t b l ock s , w e re row p l a l so u sed i n t h e m anuf a c tu r ing o f t h e t o l s . T he m a te r ia l i sg ene ra ly f r esh ; f ew p i ece s h ave o l s e conda ry p a t ina ,a nd s ome a r eb u rn t .
. THE CORES I K sa r A k i l ( l eve l s XXV -XV ) i sc ha ra c te r ized b y L eva lo i s a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ades a nd n on l L eva lo i s f l ake s r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s( Tab le VI . I nm os t l a y e r s , t h e b l ade c o re sd om ina te , w h i le l I I.!) t h e L eva lo is c o r e s , a nd t h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ak e c o r e s a r e s om ewha t l e s r e p r e sen ted , e xcep t f o r i n l l s l e v e l XV , wh ich i s ma rked b yt h ed ec r ea se i nb l ade c o re s . T ab le VI I I.1 : F requenc ie s o fL eva l lo is , B l ade a nd n on -Leva l lo i s C o re s i nt h e l e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l C o res
l L eva lo is C o re s
B lade C o res
F l ake C o res
U ndef ined
X V X V I I X V I X VI I I X IX X X X X I
N umbe r % 2 1 4 ,3 5 7 .8 1 . 0 3 2 .3 1 4 . 1 6 1 . 1 1 5 .0 1
N umbe r % 2 1 4 .3 6 7 .2 4 3 2 59 8 9 .9 8 4 .1 3 7 7 3 .6 1 09 8 9 .5 8 5 1 7 8 5 .0 7 4 .5 1 05 9 7 7 9 .5 3 6 7 6 .6 1 7 7 7 .3 8 07 8 0 .3
N umbe r % 8 5 7 .1 1 1 7 .2 1 .7 5
N umbe r % 2 1 4 .3 5 7 .8 2 1 7 .3 3 6 .8 2 0 1 3 .5 7 .4 7 0 .0 0 5 3 .5 1 0 8 . 2 2 4 .3 0 .0 0 7 5 7 .5
XX I I XXI I I
2 0 9
1 4 .2 7 .4
XX IV
7
1 4 .9
XXV
4
T o ta l
5 9
1 8 .2 5 .9
1 3 1
3
6 .8
1 3 2 2 1 6 2 1 6 4
8 .8 2 . 1 1 0 .0 7 .8 4 .9 4 .3 4 .6 6 .4
T o ta l N umbe r 1 4 6 4 2 88 4 4 1 48 9 5 2 0 1 41 1 22 4 7 2 2 1 005
1 .L eva lo i s Me thod s l r F if ty -n in e L eva lo i s c o re s w e r e u n cove r ed i nt h e l e ve l s o f K sa r A k i l a ccoun t . R ound p ebb le s o l b l ock s h ave b een u sed a sr aw m a te r ia l . T he c o r e s a r e m os t o f t en s ma l a nd e xhau s ted , a nd i n s o me l c a se sr e -u sed a st o l sa tt h ee nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion . o f t he L eva lo i s u n ipo la r c o r e r e duc t ion T he a semb lage s a r e c ha r ac te r ized b y t h e d om inan ce o s l modes i na l t h e se l a ye r s , w i th as i gn if ican t ly l owe rr e p re sen ta t ion o fb i po la r c o r e r edu c t ion ( Tab le l T he p r ef e r en t ia la nd t h ec en t r ipe ta lL eva lo i sm e thod sa r ew e lr e p r e sen ted . l l T ab le VI I I.2 : F requenc ie s o fL eva l lo i s C o re T ype s i nt he l e ve l so fK sa r Ak i l C o res
1 B1 N umbe r %
1 A 1 N umbe r % 0
1 A2 N umbe r% 0
XV I XV I I
0 0
XVI I I X IX XX
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
XX I XX I I
0 4 2 0
0 0 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 2 4 3
1 7 .9 1
0 3 5 . 1
2 2 7 4 5 .8
XV
XXI I I XX IV XXV T o ta l %
1 B2 N umbe r % 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 B3 N umbe r 1
T o ta l %
N umbe r % 2 3 .4
3 2 0 5 1
5 3 1 6 1
0 3 2 1 0
0 1
1 2 0
0 1 1
9 7 4
7 .9 1
1 5 2 5 .4
8 .5 5 . 1 1 .7 1 0 .2 1 .7 1 .7 3 .9 3 1 5 .2 .9 1 6 .8
5 9 1 00 .1
IA l : P r ef e ren t ia l Q uad rangu la r F l ake C o re , 1 A2 : P ref e ren t ia l T r iangu la r F l ake C o r e , 1 9 1 : R ecur t U n ipo la r C o r e , 1 B2 : ren R e cur t B ipo la rC o re , 1 B3 : R e cur tC en t r ipe ta l C o re . ren ren
1 . A : T he P r ef eren t ia lL eva l lo i s C ore s T en p r ef e r en t ia l L eva l lo is c o r e s w e r e u ncov e r ed i nt h e a s semb lages i n t h e l owe r l e v e l s ( XXV XX I I ) .N ev e r the les s, o ne c o re , d e r ived f r om L eve l XVI I, h a sa ppea r ed i n ad raw ing i nt h eR epo r to f A zou ry ( Azou ry 8 6 , P l a te 8 6 n °2 ) a nd s ugge s t s t h e i r p r e sen ce i n l ow f r equenc ie s i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s . Sma l l n odu le s o r b l ock s h ave b een u sed a s r aw m a te r ia l ; i no ne i n s tance , t h e c o r e i so n a f l ake . T he se c o r e s a r e s ma l l a nd e xhau s ted ( Tab le VI I I.5 ) . Among t h e p r ef e r en t ia l L eva l lo i s c o r e s , t h e p r ef e r en t ia l q uad rangu la r f l ake c o re sa r et h e m a in g roup , w h i le t h ep r ef e ren t ia l T r iangu la r f l ake c o r e si nt h e se l a ye r sa r e l e ss r e p re sen ted . 1 . A1 : T he Q uad rangu lar P ref eren t ia lF lak e C or e s T he s e ven q uad rangu la r p r ef e r en t ia l f l ake c o re s e xh ib i t o n e s c a r r emova l c ove r ing m os t o f t h e f l ak ing s u rf ace , a nd a r e r ounded o r q uad rangu la r i ns hape . Two o ft h em a r e c omp le te ly e xhau s ted , a nd o ne i s af f ec ted b y ah i nge f r ac tu r e . T h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e m os to f ten f a ce ted ( 5c o re s ) , a nd s t h e d i h ed r a l ( 1 ) a nd p l a in s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s ( 1 ) a r e l e s r e p re sen ted . T he l owe r p a r t o ft h e l c o re s i s , g ene ra ly s peak ing , s l igh t ly c onvex a nd c or t ica l ( 5 ) b u t n eve r th e le ss , s om e d o e xh ib i t s e can t r emova l s c a r s ( 2 ) . T h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m os t ly m a in ta ined b y t h e d e ta chmen t o f d ebo rdan t f l ake s f r om t h e l a te ra l p a r t s o ft h e c o r e s , a nd b y s om e s e can t r emova l s i nt h e d i s ta l o r e l a te ra lp a r t . A s i th a sb een s en i ns eve ra l R aqef e t c o re s , o ne K sa rA k i l c o r e e xh ib i t s s c a rr emova l s red a l o n i t s l owe r s u rf ace , t h e d e tachm en t h av ing o ccur f te r i t s u se a s aL eva lo is c o r e . O n e c o re h a s b een m anuf ac tu red a s as i de sc rape ra tt h ee nd o fi t se xp lo i ta t ion . 1 . A2 : T he T r iangu lar P ref eren t ia lF lak eC ore s T he t h r ee p ref e r en t ia l t r iangu la r f l ake c o r e s a r e o b long o r t r i angu la r i n s hape a nd e xh ib i t o ne t t r iangu la rs c a rp a te rn , w h ich c ov e r s mo s t o ft h e f l ak ing s u rf ace ; t h ey a l so m an if e s t f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . Two c o re s e xh ib i t s e can t r emova l s c a r s o n t h e l owe r s u rf ace w i th s om e c o r t i ca l p a r t s ; ses se o ne p os s ac on ic b a s is f o rmed b y t h e r emova l o f s om e p r ede te rm in ing f l ak e s f r om t h e p e r iph e ry . I n t wo c o r es , t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined b y t h e d e tachmen t o fd ebo rdan t f l ake s f r om t h e l a te ra lp a r t so ft h ec o re sa nd b ys om e s e can tr emova l s i nt h ed i s ta lp a r t ; i no ne c o r e , 1 32
t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined o no ne s i de b yt h e d e tachm en t o fd ebo rdan t f l ake s a nd o nt h e l I: o t he rb y s em i -cen t r ipe ta l r emova l s ( P r ef e ren t ia l L eva lo i s F l ake c o r e s f r om l e ve l s XXV a nd XVI A zou ry 8 6 , P l a te 7n °2 a nd P l a te 8 6n '2 , r e spec t ive ly ) . ren l 1 .B : T he R ecur tL eva lo i sC ore s ren l l T he f o r ty -n ine r e cur t L eva lo is c o r e s a r e t h e d om inan t L eva lo i s c o r e t y pe i n t h e K sa r A k i l I I.2 ren 1 ren l a ye r s ( Tab le VI ) . Among t h em , t h e r e cur t u n ipo la r c o re s ( 1 31) d om ina te . T he r e cur t s I) b i po la r c o r e s ( 1B2 ) a r e l e s r e p re sen ted , a nd o ccu r m o s t ly i nt h e l owe r l e ve l s ( XX IV -XXI . T h e ren r e cur tc en t r ipe ta lc o r e s( 1B3 )t e nd t oi n c rea se i nt h eu ppe rl e ve l s . 1 .B1 : T he R ecur ren t Umpo lar L eva l lo i s C or e s ren l T he t wen ty seven r e cur t U n ipo la r L eva lo i s c o r e s u n cove r ed i nt h e l e ve l s XXV -XV c on s t i tu te t h e m a in c a tego ry o ft h e L eva l lo i s c o r e s . O ne c o re h a s b een m anuf a c tu r ed o n at h ick f l ake ; t h e l o the r s a r e o n b l ock s o r p ebb le s . T h e c o r es a r e g en e ra ly q uad rangu la r o r r ounded ( 2 4 c o r e s ) a nd r i n f requen t ly t r iangu la ri ns h ape ( 3c o r e s ) . S even c o re sa r er e cu ren tu n ipo la rc onv e rgen tc o re s , m o s t o f wh ich s how at r i angu la rs c a rp a t te rn ; t h e o the rc o r e sb ea rq uad r angu la ro rr ounded s c a rp a t te rn s . T he d i sca rded c o r es a r e s ma l l( Tab le VI I I.5 ) . T hey e xh ib i tb e tween t wo t of o u rs c a rr emova l so nt h e u ppe r s u rf ace o ft h e c o r e s . T he c o r e s h ave o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm , a nd m o s t o ft h em b ea r f a ce ted 1 1 p r epa ra t ion ( 8 5 .2% ) . T h r ee h ave d i hed ra l s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s ( 1 .1 % ) a nd t h r ee a r e p l a in ( 1 .1 % ) . l T h i r ty c o r e s h ave n a tu ra ly l owe r s l igh t ly c onvex s u rf a ce s , a nd e i gh t s how s e can t r emova l s c a r s o n ses s c t h e l owe r s u rf ace s w i th s om e c or t ica l p a r t s . Two p os on ic b a se s f o rm ed b y t h e r emova l o f s om e p r ede te rm in ing f l ak e s f r om t h e p e r iphe ry a nd f o u r e xh ib i t o n e o rt wo r emova l s c a r s o n t h e i r l owe r s u rf aces . I n t wen ty th r ee c o r e s , t h e l a te ra l c onv ex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined b y t h e d e tachmen t o f d ebo rdan t f l akes f r om t h e l a te ra lp a r t sa nd b y s ome s e can tr emova l s i nt h e d i s ta lo r l a te ra lp a r t s . I n t h ree c o re s , t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e ma in ta in ed o n o n e s i de b y t h e d e tachmen t o f d ebo rdan t f l ake s , a nd o nt h e o th e rs i de b y s em i -cen t r ipe ta lr emova l ; o ne i s an u nde te rm ined t y pe . Mo s to ft h e 7 c o re s a r e e xhau s ted ( 7 .7% ) . Two h ave b een m anuf a c tu r ed a st oo l sa tt h e e nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion ; o ne c o r e h a s b een t ur n ed i n to ac on cave s i de sc rape rw h i le t h e s e cond h a s b een t r an sf o rm ed i n to a ren l n o tched p i ece ( R ecur tu n ipo la r L eva lo i s F l ake c o r e s f r om L eve l s XXV a nd XX IV : A zou ry 8 6 , I P l a te 7n '4 , P l a te 1 7n ° 1 , r e spec t ive ly ; f r om L eve l XX I : O hnuma 1 988 , F i g . 2 0 n ° 1) . ren l 1 .B2 : T he R ecur tB ipo lar L eva lo i s C or e s ren l S even r e cur t B ipo la r L eva lo is c o r e s w e r e u n cove r ed i n K sa r A k i l ( l eve l s XXV -XV ) . T he se l c o r e s a r e g ene ra ly m anuf ac tu r ed o n b l ock s o r p ebb le s ; o ne c o re i s on at h ick f l ak e . Among t h em , l l I I.5 f ou ra r e e l onga ted L eva lo i sp o in t c o r e s . T h e se c o re sa r e s ma l a nd e xhau s ted ( Tab le VI ) . T h e se c or e s s how t wo o rt h r ee o ppo sed s c a rr emova ls . T h ese c o r e s a r e m o s to f ten q uad rangu la r i ns h ape . F ive c o re s e xh ib i t f a ce ted o pposed p l a tf o rm c o re s ; o ne h a s a pl a in s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm wh i le a n ses se a dd i t iona lo ne p os s ad i hed ra l . l F ive c o r e s h ave an a tu ra ly l owe r , s l igh t ly c onvex s u rf a ce , o n e c o r e s how s s e can t r emova l s c a r s o n t h e l owe r s u rf ace w i th s om e c o r t i ca lp a r t s , a nd o n e b ea r s as i ng le r emova l s c a ro ni t s l owe r s u rf a ce . T he l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e m a in ta ined b y t h e d e ta chm en t o fo pposed d ebo rdan t f l ake s f r om t h e ren l l a te ra l p a r ts o ft h e c o r e s ( Recur t b i po la r L eva lo i s F l ake c o r e s f r om L eve l s XX IV a nd XX I : A zou ry 8 6 , P l a te 1 7 n °2 -3 , P l a te 5 3 n ° 1 ; f r om L eve l XX I : O hnuma 1 988 , F i g . 3 2 n °3 ) . ren l 1 .B3 : T he R ecur tC en t r ipe ta lL eva lo i s C ore s ren l F if teen r e cur t C en t r ipe ta l L eva lo is c o re s w e r e u ncove r ed i nl e ve ls XXV -XV . T h e se c o r e s a r e l I I.5 l s ma la nd e xhau s ted ( Tab le VI ) . T h e se c o re se xh ib i tt h r ee t of i ve s ma lc en t r ipe ta ls c a rr emova ls o n t h e u ppe r s u rf ace . T he se c o re s a r e mo s t o f ten r ounded o r q uad rangu la r . S even c o r e s e xh ib i t f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s , w h i le f i ve h ave p l a in , t wo h ave d i hed ra l s a nd o ne i sa n u nde te rm ined s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm . S ix c o re ss how h i nge f r ac tu r e so nt h e i rf l ak ing s u rf ace s . 1 33
l l S ix o t he rc o r e s h ave an a tu ra ly , s l igh t ly c onvex l owe r s u rf ace , w h i le a no the r f i ve b ea rs om e s ma l s e can tr emova l s c a r sa nd c on ta in s om e c or t ica lp a r t s . F ou rc o r e ss how o ne o rt wo r emova l s c a r so n t h e i r l owe r s u rf ace . O ne c o r e s how s t wo l a rge r emova l s c a r s i ni t s l owe r p a r t , wh ich h a s b een o d e ta ch ed a f te ri t se xp lo i ta t ion a s ac o re . O ne c o r eh a sb een m anuf ac tu red i n to at o la tt h ee nd o fi t s ren l e xp lo i ta t ion , a nd e xh ib i t s i n ve r se r e touch o no n e l a te ra l s i de ( R ecur t c en t r ipe ta l L eva lo i s F l ake c o r e s f r om L eve l s X IX a nd XV : A zou ry 8 6 , P la te 7 2 n °2 , P l a te 9 1 n °3 ; a nd f r om L ev e l XX I : O hnuma 1 988 , F ig . 3 2 n °2 ) .
Conc lus ions o n t he L eva l lo is Cores
T he L eva l lo i s c o r e s o fK sa r A k i l a r e m o r e n ume rou s a nd v a r ied i nt h e l owe r l e ve l s o f XXV -XXI I, a nd c a . 7 0% o ft h e L eva l lo i s c o re s o ccu r i nl e ve l s XXV -XX I . T h ea s semb lages o fl e ve l s XXV -XV m an if e s t v a r ia t ion s a mong t h e p e r cen tage o f t h e c o re t y pe s ; t h e se v a r ia t ion s a r e p a r t i cu la r ly p ronoun ced w h en ac ompa r i son i sm ade b e tween l e ve l s XXV -XX I a nd XX -XV . T h e p r ef e r en t ia l c o r e s a nd t h e r e cur t b i po la r c o re s m o s t ly o ccu r i n t h e l ow e r l e ve l s ( XXV -XX I ) , w h i le t h e ren c en t r ipe ta lt e nd t oa ugmen t i nt h eu ppe rl e ve l s( XX -XV ) . T he L eva lo i s c o r e s o fK sa r A k i l XXV -XV a r e m o s t o f ten L eva lo i s f l ake c o r e s ; t h r ee e l onga ted l l L eva lo i s p o in t c o r e s a nd t wo L eva lo i s b l ade c o r e s h av ing b een d e r ived f r om L eva lo i s r e cur t l l l ren b i po la r c o r e s , o ccu r s i nt h e l owe r l e ve l s ( XXV -XXI . S om e L eva lo i s b l ade a nd L eva lo i s p o in t I) l l c o r e s h av e a ppea r ed i n ad r aw ing i nt h e r e po r t o fA zou ry ( s uch a s t ho se f r om L eve l s XXV a nd XX IV : A zou ry 8 6 , P l a te 6 n°2 , P l a te 1 6 n °3 , r e spec t ive ly ) . T h e L eva lo i s c o re s o fK sa r A k i l a r e l g ene ra ly o n s ma l b l ock s , n odu le s o rp ebb le s ; o n ly t h ree c o r e sa r eo n f l ake s . T he p r e sence o fs om e l l b l ank s , w h ich e xh ib i t s i gn if ican t s i ze s ( g r ea te r t h an 1 00 mm ) , s ugge s t s t h e u se o fs ome r e la t ive ly l a rge n odu le s ; h oweve r , t h e i n i t ia l s i ze o fs uch b l ock s c anno t b e d educed . Mos t o ft h e c o re s a r e r ounded o rq uad rangu la r i ns hape ( 90% ) . T he m a jo r i ty o ft h e c o r e s e xh ib i t s l igh t ly c or t ica l , l i gh t ly ses s a c onv ex l owe r s u rf a ce s ; o r s how s e can t r emova l s c a r s o n t h e l owe r s u rf ace ; a nd s om e p os c on i c l owe rp a r t f o rm ed b yp e r iphe ra lr emova l s . l s T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r e g ene ra ly p r epa r ed , m os t o f ten f a ce ted a nd l e s d i hed ra l o r p l a in ( Tab le I I.3 VI ) . T he l a te ra l a nd d i s ta l c onvex i t ies a r e m os t o f ten e s tab l i shed b y t h e r emova l o fd ebo rdan t f l ake s w i th s om e s e can t r emova ls i nt h e i r d i s ta l p a r t . F o r c a . 7% o f t h e c o re s , o n e l a te r a l s i de e xh ib i t s s c a r s o fs em i -pe r iph e ra l r emova l a nd t h e o t he r b ea r s d ebo rdan t f l ake r emova l s ; 5% a r e l t u nde te rm ined . Mo s t o ft h e L eva lo i s c o r e s b ea r t h e p a te rn s o ft h e u n ipo la r m ode o fr e du c t ion I I.2 ( Tab le VI ) . I ti sm o s t l i ke ly t h a t t wo m ode s o fr educ t ion h ave b een e xp lo i ted o n s om e c o re s s; o a l ong t h e i r r e duc t ion p roces n e m ay t h e ref o r e c on jec tu re t h a t s om e c o re s h ad b een p r ev iou s ly u sed a su n ipo la rc onve rgen tc o re sa nd i nt h e i rl a s tp ha se o fe xp lo i ta t ion h ad b een u sed a sc en t r ipe ta l c ores . T ab le VI I I.3 : T vDe so fS t r ik in2 P l a tf o rm s o ft h eL eva l lo is C o re s i nt h e l e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l C o res
F ace ted N umbe r %
X V X V I
1 3 1 1 3
5 0 .0 6 0 .0 3 .3 3 1 00 .0 5 0 .0
XX XX I XX I I I I XXI
0 0
0 .0 0 .0
0 1
1 7 7
8 5 .0 7 7 .8
2 1
0 .0 1 00 .0 1 0 .0 .1 1
XX IV XV X T o ta l
7 2 4 2
8 7 .5 5 0 .0 7 1 .2
0 1 8
0 .0 2 5 .0 1 3 .6
X V I I X VI I I X IX
P la in N umbe r ° A )
D ihed ra l N umbe r% 1 5 0 .0 0 0 .0 3 .3 3 1 0 0 .0 1 1 6 .7
0 1 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 0 1 8
0 .0 2 0 .0 3 .3 3 0 .0 3 .3 3 1 00 .0 0 .0 5 .0 .1 1 0 .0 2 5 .0 1 3 .6
U nde te rm ined N umbe r % 0 .0 0 1 2 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 .7
T o ta l N umbe r 2 5 3 1 6 1 1 2 0 9 7 4 5 9
T he c o r e s g ene ra l ly c on ta in s ma l l d imen s ion s ( Tab le VI I I.4 ) . T he a ve rage l e ng th ( 36 .2 -57 mm ) , w id th ( 3 6 .1-45 .3 mm ) a nd t h ickn es s ( 10 .5 -22 .0 mm ) s how v a r ia t ion s b e tween t h e l a y e r s , b u t t h e r e i s no t e nden cy f o rt h ed imen s ion st oi n c r ea se o rd ec r ea se f r om b o t tom t ot o p .T he s i zes o fL eva l lo i s c ores e xp lo i ted i nd i f e r en t m e thod s a r e q u i te s ma l ; t h ey r a re ly e xceed 5 0 mm . T he d imen s ion s o f f l 1 34
s ren t h e se c o r e s a r e m o re o r l e s s im i la r , e xcep t f o r t h e r e cur t c en t r ipe ta l c o r e s , w h ich t e nd t o b e l I I.5 l s l igh t ly s ma le r ( Tab le VI ) . T he h i gh n umbe r o fs c a r s o n t h e u ppe r s u rf ace s o fL eva lo i s c o r e s l l i n d ica te s a n i n ten s ive e xp lo i ta t ion . T he l a s t f l ake s r emoved w e r e g ene ra ly o fs ma l s i ze s ( Tab le I I.6 s t VI ) ; n ever the les h e p r ef e ren t ia l c o re s e xh ib i t s c a r s i n d ica t ing l a rge r d im en s ion s c ompa r ed t o ren t h o se o ft h er e cur t m ode s . T ab le VI I I.4 : D imens ion s o fC omp le te L eva l lo i s F l ake C o re s i nt h e l e ve ls o fK sa rA k i l N umbe r * O f C o res
X
XV
2
4 2 .5
XV I
5
XV I I
3
XVI I I
1
X IX
5
3 6 .2
XX
1
4 0 .0
XX I
1
4 6 .0
XX I I
1 9
5 2 .4
XXI I I
8
XX IV
Co res
1
2
3
X
s .d .
X
3 .5
3 8 .5
4 .9
4 5 .6
7 .2
4 2 .6
.6 1
1 0 .5 1 5 .4
2 .6
4 7 .0
1 3 .2
4 5 .3
7 .5
2 .0 2
7 .9
s .d .
4 1 .0
5 7 .0
0 .7
1 9 .0 7 .0
3 8 .2
3 .0
s .d .
1 4 .2
4 0 .0
3 .2
2 0 .0
4 0 .0
1 3 .0 5 . 1
4 5 .2
1.2
1 9 .2
4 6 .7
8 .5 4 .7
4 1 .2
5 .5
1 7 .0
1 .9
7
4 0 .7
4 .5
3 6 .1
4 .4
1 9 .3
4 .5
XXV
4
4 0 .8
6 .7
1 7 .8
5 7
4 6 .4
9 .6 8 .7
3 7 .3
T o ta l
4 1 .6
8 .8
1 7 .7
7 .6 4 .9
1 :L eng th ; 2W id th ; 3 :T h ickn es s *Mea su remen t sa r e f o rc omp le t ep i eces o n ly ( i n mm ) .
T ab le VI I I.5 : D imen s ion s o fL eva l lo i s C o re T ype s i nt h e l e ve l so fK sa r Ak i l K sar A k i l
N umbe r * o f Co res
1 X
2 s .d .
3
X
s .d .
X
s .d .
P re fe ren t ia l c o res
1 0
5 0 .2
1 0 .1
4 3 .2
7 .0
1 8 .9
2 .9
r en Recur t u n ipo la r
2 6
4 8 .0
8 .4
4 1 .7
1 0 .6
1 8 .1
5 .2
r en Recur t b ipo la r
6
4 6 .3
5 .8
3 5 .8
8 .6
1 6 .7
5 .4
r en Recur t Cen t r ipe ta l
1 4
4 1 .1
7 .5
4 0 .9
8 .0
1 6 .8
5 .5
1 :L eng th ;2 :W id th ;3 :T h icknes s *Measure ments a re f o r c omp le te p i eces o n ly ( i n mm ) .
T ab le VI I I.6 : D imen s ion s o ft h e L a s t R emoved S ca ro n t h eL eva l lo i s C o re s* K sar A k i l
2
1
N umbe r * o f Co res
X
s .d .
X
s .d .
P re fe ren t ia l
8
4 5 .0
1 0 .1
3 9 .6
6 .4
R ecur t Un ipo la r r en
1 8
2 8 .7
6 .7
2 1 .3
5 .4
R ecur t B ipo la r r en
5
3 2 .7
7 .3
2 3 .0
1 .8
R ecur t Cen t r ipe ta l r en
1 2
2 6 .5
5 .6
2 .7 2
6 .0
I :L eng th , 2 :W id th *Mea su r emen t sa r eo n ly f o rc o res w i th o bse rvab le s c a rp a t e rn s ( i n mm ) .
Mo s t o f t en , t h e L eva l lo i s c o re s w e re a bandoned a f te r a n e xhau s t ive e xp lo i ta t ion , t h a t i st o .s a y , w h en t h e i r l e ng th s a nd w id th s r e a ched s ma l l p ropo r t ion s . I n s om e c ases , c o r e s w e r e d i sca rded b ecau se o fh inge f r ac tu r e st h a t h ad o ccur red d u r ing t h ep rev iou sa t temp tt od e ta ch af l ake . When t h e d im en s ion so fc o re sw e r e i n adequa te f o rf u r the rr emova l , t h ey h ave b een a bandon ed . H oweve r , f o u r c o r e s h ave b een r e -u sed a s t oo l s a t t h e e nd o f t h e i r e xp lo i ta t ion ( 6 .7% ) a nd t wo h ave b een m anuf a c tu red a s s i de sc rape r s ( on e i s an o tch a nd t h e o t he r i s ar e touch ed p i ece ) . D u r ing t h is p roces s, t h e L eva l lo i s f l ak ing w a s n o l o nge r p u r sued a nd m os t o ft h e c o r e s l o s t t h e i r c onvex i t ie s . Two c o re s e xh ib i t o ne o rt wo r emova l s c a r s , d e ta ch ed f r om t h e l owe r s u rf ace s , a f te rt h ey h ad b een u sed a sL eva l lo i sc o re s .
2 .U ppe rP a leo l i th ic L am inar Me thod s T he 8 07 L am ina rc o re s d i sp layed a tt h e B r i t i sh Mu seum t h a t w e r e u ncove r ed i nl e ve l s XXV -XV o f l K sa rA k i l d om ina te a st h ey r e p re sen t 8 0 .3 % o ft h e c o re s i nt h e i rt o ta l i ty . We s ha l g roup t h em i n to t h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade c o r e c a tego r ie s( Tab le VI I I.7 ) : 2 . A . S i ng le S t r ik ing P la tf orm C ore s s, t T he s i ng le s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re sd om ina te ; n eve r the les h ey t e nd t od ec rea s e i n th eu ppe rl e ve l s .
1 35
2 A1 : T he l a te ra lf l ak ing c o r e sw i th o n e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a r e w e lr e p r e sen ted a mong t h ec o re so fa l l t h e l e ve l s . T h e se c o re sa r e m o s t ly o nr ounded p ebb les o rb l ock sa nd l e ss oo nn ar ebb les o ro n s row p t h ick f l akes ( Tab le VI ) . T he i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i sm os t o f t en d i s t ingu i shed b y t h e p r epa ra t ion I I.10 o f o ne o r t wo c r e s t s . S om e l a te ra l f l ak ing b l ade c o re s w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm h ave b een p r e sen ted i n ad raw ing i nt h e r e po r t o fA zou ry , ( s uch a st hose f r om L eve l s XX I , XX I a nd XV I : I I I I A zou ry 8 6 , P l a te 2 7 n ° 1 , P l a te 5 4 n °2 , P l a te 7 6 n ° 1 , r e spec t iv e ly ) , a nd i nt h e r e po r t o fO hnuma ( s uch a st h o se f r om L eve l XX I : O hnuma 1 988 , F ig . 2 1 n °3 ) . I 2 A2 : T h e a x ia l -f lak ing c o re s w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a r e w e l r e p r e sen ted i na l t h e l e ve l s . I n l l c on t ra s tt ot h e l a te ra l c o r e s , t h e l a rge rp a r t o ft h e se c o r es i so n n ar ebb le s a nd o nt h ick f l ake s , row p a nd l e s o nr ounded p ebb le s ( Tab le VI ) ( Ax ia l -f lak ing b l ade c o r e s w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm , s I I.10 f r om L eve l s XX : A zou ry 8 6 , P l a te 6 5 n °2 ; a nd f r om L eve l s XX I , XX a nd XXV I : Ohnuma 1 988 , I I I F ig . 2 2n °2 ;F ig .40 n °4 a nd F ig . 5 n ° 3 ,r e spec t ive ly ) . T ab l e C o re X V X V I I X V I I I X VI X IX X X X X I X I X I XXI I I X IV X XV X T o ta l
2 A 1 N o . %
T vne so fL am in a rC o r e si n th el e ve l so fK sa rA k i l N o . 1 1 0 4 8 9 2 5 2 4 8 3 0 3 4 9 5 2 03
2 A 2 %
N o .
2 A3 %
2 62 % N o . 1 .6 5 1 2 .4 3 2 1 5 . 4 2 2 1 . 8 2 2 . 4
4 .7 2 2 3 .3 1 2 2 7 .9 4 1 . 5 2 7 .8 1 8 .5 7 2 2 4 .3 3 8 . 1 8 2 1 .7 4 3 . 7 2 2 .9 3 2 .1 3 5 2 8 .2 4 4 .7 4 7 .1 4 0 2 1 4 7 .1 .8 3 5 .3 6 2 0 .5 2 8 .6 3 2 3 2 2 4 2 .9 6 3 5 .1 1 8 1 8 .6 2 1 2 1 .6 2 .2 2 2 5 .0 8 2 9 2 5 .0 1 4 2 2 9 .4 3 .5 4 2 3 .5 5 5 2 5 .2 8 1 1 0 .0 2 31 2 8 .6 a te ra l F l ak ing c o res w i th o ne S t r ik ing -P la tf o rm ; 2A 1 : L
1 . 9 6 . 2 5 . 6 5 . 9 6 . 8
N o .
2 C1 %
9 8 4 1 0 2 7 1 0
2 0 .9 3 2 .4 2 7 .0 2 4 .8 1 .8
1 1 2 5 3 1 71
1 0 .5 1 2 .4 1 3 .9 1 7 .6 2 1 .2
N o .
2 C2 ) / 0 `
N o .
2 D %
4 1 7 5 1 5 5 1 5 5 1
9 . 3 6 . 7 1 3 .5 1 3 .8 5 . 9 5 . 9 4 . 8 5 . 2 2 . 8
1 2
2 . 3 0 . 8
1
0 .9
5 8
7 . 2
8
1 0 . 9 1 1 . 0 . 6 2 5 1 . 0
T o ta l N o . 2 4 3 2 59 3 7 1 09 8 5 1 7 1 05 9 7 3 6 1 7 8 07
2 A2 : A x is -F lak ing c o res w i th o ne S t r ik ing -P la tf o rm ; 2 A 3 : P y ram ida l o rs em i -py ram ida l c o re ; 2 B I : L a te r a l F lak ing o n Two o ppo sed S t r ik ing -Pla tf o rm s o r ien ted o n t h es ame a x is ; 2 B2 : Two o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rms o r ien ted o n t h e s ame a x is c o r e ; 2 C1 : Two t w is ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o re s w i th a x i s f l ak ing ( a s o ppo sed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ) ; 2 C2 : Two t w is ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rms w i th b i -d i r ec t iona l o ppo s i te l a te ra lf l ak ing ; 2 D :N on -def ined B lade c o re s .
2 A3 : P y ram ida l o r s em i -py ram ida l c o re s d ec rea se i n t h e u ppe r l e ve l s ( XX -XV ) ( Tab l e V I I I .7 ) . Mo s to ft h e se a r e o nr ounded p ebb le s o rb l ock s . T he c o r e h a s ap y ram ida l s hape . O ne o rt wo c r e s t s l a r e g ene ra ly m anuf ac tu r ed d u r ing t h ep r e l im ina ry p ha se , i no rde rt od e ta ch t h e f i r s t b l ade s . A s t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ies a r e c on s tan t ly m a in ta ined d u r ing t h e r edu c t ion s t ra tegy b y p e r iphe r a l r emova l s , t h e r e i sn o r e -managemen t o fc r e s t s d u r ing t h e r educ t ion s t ra tegy . ( Py ram ida l o r s em i -py ram ida l I I: O b l ade c o r e s f r om L eve l s XX I : A zou ry 8 6 , P la te 4 4 n °3 ; a nd f r om L eve l XXI hnuma 1 988 , F i g . 2 0 n °2 ) . 2 .B . T wo O ppo sed S t r ik ing P la tf orm s O r ien ted o n t h eS ame A x i sB lad e C ore s l t I I.7 T he se c o re sa r e p oo r ly r e p re sen ted , w i th 6 . 8% o fa h e c o re s( Tab le VI ) . 2 B1 : T he l a te ra l f l ak ing c o r e w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o r ien ted o n t h e s ame a x i s i s t l o ta ly a b sen t . s 2 B2 : A x ia l f l ak ing w i th t wo o pposed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s a r e l e s r e p r e sen ted t h an t h e a x ia l row p f l ak ing w i th o n e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s . Mos t o ft h e se c o re s a r e o n n ar ebb le s a nd o n t h i ck s I I.10 f l ak e s , a nd l e s o n r ounded p ebb le s ( Tab le VI ) ( Ax ia l -f lak ing b l ade c o res w i th t wo o ppo sed I s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm f r om L eve l s XX I a nd X IX : A zou ry 8 6 , P l a te 4 5 n °3 , P l a te 7 2 n °5 , r e spe c t ive ly ) . 2 .C . T w i s ted O ppo sed P la tf orm sB lade C or e s l T he se b l ade c o r e sa r ew e lr e p resen ted , a nd t e nd t oi n c r ea se i nt h eu ppe r l e ve l s ( X IX -XV I ) . Mo s to f l row p t h e se c o r e s a r e m ade o n r ounded b l ock s a nd o n ly as ma l p a r t i s on n ar ebb le s o rt h ick f l ake s 1 36
I I.10 ( Tab le VI ) . T he i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i sm os t ly c ha r ac te r ized b y t h e p r epa ra t ion o fo ne o r t wo c r e s t s l 2 C 1 : Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o re sw i th a x ia l f l ak ing o pposed t ol a te r a l f l ak ing a r eg ene ra ly l l I I.7 w e l r e p re sen ted i na l l a y e r s ( e x c lud ing l e ve l XX I ) ( Tab le VI ) ( Co re s f r om L eve l s XX a nd I I I I XV I : A zou ry 8 6 , P l a te 6 4 n °3 , P l a te 8 5 n °4 ; a nd f r om L eve l s XX , X IX , XV I a nd XV I : O hnuma 1 988 , F ig . 4 0n °3 ; F ig .50 n ° 3 a nd F ig . 5 6n ° 1 a nd 3 ,F ig . 6 2n ° 1 , r e spec t ive ly ) . s 2 C2 : Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o r e s w i th b i -d i r ec t iona l o ppos i te l a te ra l f l ak ing a r e l e s r e p r e sen ted ( Co r es f r om L eve l s XX a nd X IX : A zou ry P l a te 6 5 n °3 a nd P l a te 7 2n °4 , r e spec t ive ly ) . 2 D : U nd e term ined b l ad eC ore s . S om ec o r e sa r e b r oken o rb u rn t a nd t h e r ef o r et h e f l ak ing m e thod sc anno tb ed ef ined .
C onc lus ions o n t he L am inar C ore s s T he a semb lages a r e c ha ra c te r ized b y t h e d om inance o fl a te ra l f l ak ing f r om o n e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a nd b y t wo tw is ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s , w i th l e s o f ar e p r esen ta t ion i nt h e s ub -py ram ida l a nd l a x ia l f l ak ing f r om t wo s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . T h e a x ia l f l ak ing f r om o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e i s we l I I.7 r e p re sen ted ( Tab le VI ) . T he r e i s as i gn if ican t d if e r en ce b e tween t h e l owe r l e ve l s ( XXV -XX I ) l a nd t h e u ppe r l e ve ls ( XX -XV ) i nt h e amoun t o ft h e c a tego r ies o fb l ade c o r e s , e spec ia ly f o r t h e t p y ram ida lc o re sa nd t h e l a te ra l f l ak ing ( t he l a te r wh ich t e nd st od ec r ea se )a nd f o rt h et w i s ted c o re s , w h ich i n c rea se . A l so , t h e b l ade p roduc t ion f r om o n e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm l a rge ly d om ina te s i nt h e l owe r l a ye r s , a nd i td ec r ea se s s i gn if ican t ly i nt h eu ppe rl e ve l s( Tab le VI ) . I I.8 T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o ft h e b l ade c o re s a r e mos t ly p l a in o r f a ce ted , a nd l e s d i hed r a l o r c o r t ica l s ( Tab le VI ) . T h ep l a in s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm st e nd t oi n c r ea se i nt h eu ppe rl a y e r sa tt h ee xpen se o ft h e I I.9 f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm . R ounded b l ock so rp ebb le sh ave g ene ra ly b een u s ed f o rt h ep roduc t ion o f l b l ade s ; n ar ebb le s a nd t h ick f l ake s h ave a l so b een u sed , w h i le t h e u se o ft a bu la r f l i n t i s poo r ly row p r e p re sen ted ( Tab le VI ) . A s h a sb een s en i nN or th e rn I s rae l ia semb lage s , t h e r e la t ion b e tween I I.10 e s t h e m o rpho logy o ft h e c o re b l ank s a nd t h e f l ak ing m e thod i sw o r thy o fn o ta t ion : t h e i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i s ma rked b yt h e s e lec t ion o ft h eb l ank c o re s ; r ounded n odu le sa r et h er aw m a te r ia l sg en e ra ly l s e lec ted f o rt h e t w i s ted -axe s f l ak ing c o r es , a nd n ar ebb le s o rt h ick f l ake s a r e m o s t o f ten u sed row p f o r a x ia l o r l a te ra l f l ak ing . T he n a tu ra l c onvex i t ie s o ft h e c o r e s a r e ma in ly u sed t h roughou t t h e r e duc t ion s t ra tegy . B lank s w i th n a tu ra ly n a row s i d es ( s uch a s f l ake s , t a bu la r f l in t s o r n a row l r r p ebb le s ) a r e s e lec ted f o r a x ia l a nd l a te ra l f l ak ing b ecau se t h e i r e dge s c ommon ly p os a tu r a l ses s an d i h ed ra l mo rpho logy wh ich e a s i ly p e rm i t s t h e o b ta inm en t o ft h e s e r ies o fb l ade s w i thou t l a te r a l c onv ex i t ies m anagemen t . B a ck a nd /o r f r on t c r e s ted b l ade p r epa ra t ion i ss om e t ime s n eces ry t o sa s t a r t t h e b l ade p roduc t ion , e spec ia ly i n t h e c a se o f t h e r ounded b l ank s . T he i n i t ia l p ha se i s l c ommon ly c ha rac te r ized b y t h e p r epa ra t ion o fc r e s t s , f o lowed b y wh ich t h e f l ak ing s u rf ace s a r e l e xp lo i ted a l te rna te ly a nd m a in ta in t h e l a te ra l a nd d i s ta l c onvex i t ie s b y d ebo rdan t b l ade r emova l s . T h i s e xp lo i ta t ion p e rm i t s am o r e e ff i c ien t s e r ie s o fb l ade p roduc t ion . 3 7 .8% o ft h e c o r e s s how a p r epa ra t ion o fo ne c r e s ta nd 1 0 .8% m an if e s t ap r epa ra t ion o ft wo c r e s t s , w h i le 4 5 .2% d o n o te xh ib i t a ny t r a ce so fc r e s t s ; f i f ty c o r e sa r eu nde te rm ined . T he f l ak ing s u rf a ce s o ft h e c o re s o fK sa rA k i l e xh ib i t b e tween t wo a nd n i ne b l ade /b lade le t r emova l s c a r s . I n t h e l owe r l e ve l s ( XX I -XXV ) t h e b l ade c o r e s e xh ib i t r e c tangu la r b l ade /b lade le t p a te rn s t ( 56 .5% ) a sw e l a st r i angu la r s ca r s hape s ( 4 3 .5 % ) . S om e c o r e s w i th f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a nd l t r iangu la r s c a r p a te rn s e xh ib i t m orpho log ica ly e l onga ted L eva lo i sp o in t s o r L eva lo i s b l ade s . We t l l l h av e g rouped t h em w i th t h e u ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade c o r e s b ecau se t h ey h ave a pr i sma t i c f o rm ( wh ich d i f e r s t o ta ly f r om t h e v o lume t r ic c oncep t o ft h e L eva lo i s c o re s ) a s w e l a s d ue t o t h e f l l l o ccur fc r es t s i ns om eo ft h em . rence o I n t h e u ppe r l e ve l s ( XX -XV ) t h e r e i s a n i n c rea se i n b l ade c o re s w i th m o s t ly r e c tangu la r b l ade /b lade le t s c a rp a ter n s ( 8 2 .8% c o re s ) t ot h e d e t r im en t o ft h e c o r e s w i th t r i angu la r s c a r s hape s t 1 37
( 17 .2% ) . 1 60 c ores e xh ib i t t w is ted b l ade /b lade le ts s c a r s ( 19 .8 % ) . T he h igh n umbe ro fs c a rr emova ls i n d ica te sa n i n ten s ive e xp lo i ta t ion . T ab le V1 1.8 : N umbe ro fS t r ik in C o re N o . 1 2 4 1 24
XV XV I X V I I XVI I I X IX XX XX I I XX I XXI I I XX IV XXV
2 0 6 4 6 8 1 6 8 6 7 3 2 6 1 3 5 15
T o ta l
P l a tf o rm s o nt h e L am ina rC o re s i nt h e l e ve ls o fK sa rA k i l
N o . 1 5 3 2
° A 5 .8 5 4 7 .9 5 4 .1 5 8 .7 8 0 .0 9 4 .1 8 1 .9 7 5 .3 7 2 .3 7 6 .5 6 3 .8
N o .
° A
2 2 2
.6 1 1 2 .4 5 .4 1 . 8 2 .3
0 2
0 .0 1 . 9
6 3 1
6 .2 8 .6 5 .9
1 3 1 01 1 5 4 2 1 5 1 1 6 1 7 6 3
5 5
6 . 8
29 2
T o ta l N o . 2 4 3 2 59 3 7 1 09 8 5 1 7 1 05 9 7 3 6 1 7 8 07
2 D
2 C
2 E 3
2 A
N o .
%
1 2 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 8
3 0 .2 3 9 .0 4 0 .5 3 8 .5 1 7 .6 5 .9 1 5 .2 1 7 .5 1 7 .1 1 7 .6 2 8 .4
° A 2 .3 0 .8 0 .0 0 .9 0 .0 0 .0 0 .9 1 .0 2 .9 0 .0 1 . 0
2A : T he o ne S t r ik ing -P la tf orm Co re ; 2 B : T he t wo o pposed S t r ik ing -P la tf orms o r ien ted o n t he s a me a x is ; 2 C 1 : T he t wo o pposed S t r ik ing -P la tf orms w i th Tw is ted -ax is ; 2D : Non -de f ined B lade Co re .
T ab le VI I I.9 : T ype s o ft h e S t r ik ing P l a tf o rm s o ft h e B lade C o re s i nt h e l e ve ls o fK sa rA k i l F ace ted 1 1 8 .6 8 4 8 1 8 .5 9 2 4 .3 2 .9 2 2 5 2 1 2 4 .7 4 7 .1 8 5 2 .4 5 5 5 7 .7 5 6 2 4 6 .7 6 1 0 5 8 .8 3 2 .8 2 65
C o re s X V X V I X V I I XVI I I X IX XX XX I XX I I XXI I I IV XX XXV T o ta l
D ihed ra l 7 2 0 5 1 4 7 1 8 8 2 1 7 3
2 5 1 65 2 0 5 8 5 3 7 3 5 2 8 9 5 4 06
1 6 .3 7 .7 1 3 .5 1 2 .8 8 .2 5 .9 7 .6 8 .2 5 .6 5 .9 9 .0
P l a in 1 5 8 .1 6 3 .7 5 4 .1 5 3 .2 6 2 .3 4 1 .2 3 .3 3 2 8 .9 2 5 .0 2 9 .4 5 0 .3
C o r t ica l 1 7 1 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 1 7
T o t a l 2 4 3 2 59 3 7 1 09 8 5 1 7 1 05 9 7 3 6 1 7
U nde te rm ined 2 1 9 2 9 2 1 5 4 1 1 4 6
2 .3 2 .7 2 .7 2 .8 2 .3 0 .0 1 . 9 1 . 0 0 .0 0 .0 2 . 1
4 .7 7 .3 5 .4 8 .2 2 .3 5 .9 4 .8 4 . 1 2 .8 5 .9 5 . 7
8 07
T ab le VI I I.10 : T ype s o fB lank C o re s i nt h e l e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l C o res
A x is L a te ra l Tw is ted P y ram ida l U nde f ined T o ta l
N ar r ow P ebb les N umbe r % 6 7 4 6 .2 5 9 4 0 .7 1 8 1 2 .4 0 1 1 45
0 .0 0 .7 1 8 .0
F l ake C o res N umbe r % 7 3 6 7 .0 2 8 2 5 .7 7 6 .4 1 0 .9 0 0 .0 1 09 1 3 .5
T abu la r F l in t N umbe r ` ) / 0 5 6 2 .5 0 0 .0 3 3 7 .5 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 8 1 . 0%
R ounded B loc , P ebb les N umbe r % 8 4 1 8 .7 12 2 4 .9 1 1 80 4 0 .0 7 0 1 5 .6 4 0 . 9 4 50 5 .8 5
U nde f ined B lanks N umbe r % 2 9 3 0 .5 3 2 3 .7 3 2 1 2 .1 2 1 0 1 0 .5 3 3 .2 9 5 .8 1
T o ta l N umbe r % 2 58 3 2 .0 2 31 2 8 .6 29 2 8 .4 2 8 1 8 8 07
1 0 .0 1 . 0 1 00 .0
T he d imen s ions o ft h e c o re s r ema in m ore o r l e s s c on s tan t i na l l t h e l e ve l s . H oweve r , t h e t w i s ted f l ak ing c o res a r e l e ng th ie r t h an t h e p y ram ida l a nd l a te ra l c o re s , a nd t h e a x is f l ak ing c o re s a r e n ar r t h an t h e o the r c or es ( Tab le VI . T he l a s t f l akes r emoved w e re mos t o f ten o fs ma l rowe I I.11) l s i ze s . T he a x is f l ak ing c ore s e xh ib i t s c a r s i n d ica t ing h i ghe r d imen s ion s c ompa red t o t ho se o f p y ram ida la nd l a te ra l f l ak ing ( Tab le VI ) . I I.12 T ab le VI 11 : D I I. imens ion s o ft h e B lade C o re T ype s* K sa rA k i l L a te ra l A x is P y ram ida l Tw is ted T o ta l
N umbe r * o f C o res 2 30 2 58 8 1 29 2 8 06
2
1 X 4 8 .3 5 2 .3 4 7 .0 5 4 .1 5 1 .1
s . d . 1 0 .5 1 2 .1 1 0 .7 1 0 .8 .5 1
X 3 5 .5 3 0 .0 3 6 .3 3 6 .9 3 4 .2
s .d . 1 0 .3 9 .5 1 0 .4 8 .9 9 .8
X 2 3 .9 2 8 .1 2 8 .1 2 7 .3 2 7 .4
3 s . d . 7 .3 1 0 .4 8 .7 9 .9 9 .9
1 : L eng th ; 2 :W id th 3 :T h ickness *Measu remen t s a re f o r c omp le te p ieces o n ly ( i n mm ) .
T he v i s ib le s ca r s o nt h e s t r ik ing p l a tf orm s( a s w e l l a st h e o r ien ta t ion o ft h e b l ade r emova ls ) s e em t o i n d ica te t h a tt h e p roduc t s w e re m o re f r equen t ly r emoved b y as of ts t one h amme ro rh a rd h amme ri n t h e l owe r l e ve l s . 3 9 .9% o ft h e c o re s s how s om e a b ra s ion o n t h e o ve rhang ( corn iche ) w h ich a t te s ts t o ap r epa ra t ion o ft h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ( Tab le VI I I.13 ) ;t h e o ccur rence o fa b ra s ion o nt h e o ve rhang 1 38
t ends t o i n c r ea se f r om b o tom t o t o p , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e s of t h amme r t e chn ique i su s ed m o r e t
f r equen t ly i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s . O n s om e c o r e s , t h e u t i l iza t ion o fb o th ah a rd a nd s of t s t one h amm e r i s li ke ly , a nd m ay b ec onnec ted w i th d i f e ren t s equen ce s i nt h e r e duc t ion s t ra tegy . f T ab le V1 1 1.12 : D imen s ion so ft h eL a s t S ca rR emova l s* o ft h eB lade C o re s N umbe r * o f C o res 2 03 2 12 7 3 1 92 6 80
K sa rA k i l L a te ra l A x is P y ram ida l Tw is ted T o ta l
1 X 3 7 .8 4 0 .9 3 8 .2 3 9 .5 3 9 .4
2 X
s . d .
s . d .
1 0 .2
1 4 .5
4 .6
1.5
1 5 .3
4 .9
9 .7
1 3 .7
4 . 1
9 .4
1 4 .6
3 .3
1 0 .4
1 4 .7
4 .3
I : L eng th ; 2 :W id th ; *Mea su r emen ts a r e f o rc o res w i th o bse rvab le s ca rp a t terns ( i n mm ) .
T ab le VI I I. 1 3 : F requenc ie so fB lade C o re s w i th T r a ce so f Abra s ion o nT he i rH anged E dge s C o res N umbe r %
XXV 0 0 . 0
X X IV 3 8 . 3
I I XXI 5 5 . 2
I XX I 1 4 1 3 .3
X X I 3 1 7 .6
X X
X IX
1 9
5 5
2 .3 2
5 0 .5
I I X VI 2 0 5 4 .1
I X V I 1 80 6 9 .5
X V I
X \ /
2 3
0
3 22
5 3 .5
0 . 0
3 9 .9
T o ta l
T h e b l ade c o re s w e r e m o s t o f t en a bandon ed f o l low ing e xhau s t ive e xp lo i ta t ion a f te r w h ich t h e i r l e ng th s a nd w id th s b ecame s ma l l i nm ea su r em en t ( 2 1 .0% ) , o rw hen t h e r e -managem en t o ft h e c o r e c onvex i t ie s a nd /o ra ng le w a s n eces sa ry . Mo s to f ten t h ey w e r e d i sca rded b ecau se o fh i nge f r a c tu r e s ( 44 .8% )t h a t h ad o ccur red i nt h ep r ev iou s a t temp t t od e ta ch ab l ade . T h r ee c o r e sh ave b een r e -u sed a st oo l sa tt h ee nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion . O ne h a sb een m anuf a c tu r ed a s as c r ape r , a no th e ro nf l ake a s ad en t icu la te wh i le t h e l a s te xh ib i t sr e touch o ni t sl a te ra l s i de .
3 : T he O ther F lak ing Me thod s
S ix ty -f ou r n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o re s , w e re u ncove r ed i n l e ve l s XXV -XV , t h ey s ugges t t h e l u t i l iza t ion o fo th e rf l ak ing m e thod s i nt h e a semb lage s o fK sa rA k i l ( Tab le VI ) . T ot h i s e f ec t , s I I.14 f f ou r c a tego r ies h ave b een d i s t ingu i shed : T he p seudo -Leva lo i s c o r e s , t h e u nd if r en t ia ted s t r ik ing l fe p l a tf o rm c o re s , t h e c o r e s o n f l ake s a nd t h e d i sco id c o r e s . T he se c o re t y pes h ave b een r e cogn ized i n t h e N or ther n I s ra e l i a semb lage s ; h oweve r t h e d i sco id c o r e s , w h ich a r e p oo r ly r e p re sen ted i nt h e s l owe rl e ve l so fK sa rA k i l , a r ea b sen to rr a re i nN or ther nI s rae l it r an s i t iona l i n du s t r ie s . T ab le V I1 1 .14 : F requenc ie so fn on -Leva l lo i s F l ake C o re T ype s i nt h el e ve l so fK sa rA k i l Co res
3 A
3 1 3
3 C
3 D
N umbe r
N umbe r
N umbe r
N umbe r
XV
3
3
2
0
XV I
9
2
0
X V I I X VI I I
1
3
0 1
1
2
0
X IX
7
5
1
XX
2
0
0
T o ta l N umbe r 8 1 5 3 1 3 2 2 1 6
X I X
1 4
0 4
1
XX I I XXI I I
5
0
0
X X IV XV X
1 0
1
0
0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0
0
0
1
1
3 4
2 0
5 3 .1
3 1 .3
6 9 . 4
4 6 . 2
6 4 1 00 .0
T o ta l %
1
2
_
3A : Non -d if e ren t ia ted S t r ik ing -P la tf o rm C o re s , 3 B : N ah rI b rah im C o res , 3 C :P seudo -Leva lo is C o res , 3D : D isco id c o res . l
3 A : T he U nd if fe ren t ia ted S t r ik ing P la tf orm C ore s T he a s semb lage s o fl e ve ls XXV -XV c on ta in t h i r ty -f ou r n on -d if fe ren t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r es ( Tab le VI I I.14 ) . A cco rd ing t o t h e s c a r p a t ter n s o ft h e m a jo r i ty o ft h e se c o r e s , i t se em s t h a t t h ey w e r e a tf i r s t b l ade c o r e s , w h ich s ub sequen t ly w e r e u sed r a ndom ly a tt h ee nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion i n o rde r t op roduce f l ake s . T he se c o r e s a r e mo s t ly g l obu la r a nd o r ig ina ted f r om r ounded p ebb le s . I n g ene ra l , t h ey e xh ib i t c o r tex o nt h e b a s is o ro nt h e b ack p a r t s . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o ft h ese c o r e s s 1 a r e m os t ly p l a in ( 70 .6% ) a nd l e s d i hed ra l ( 1 7 .8% ) o r f a ce t ed ( 1 .8% ) . 5 8 .8% o ft h e c o re s s how 1 39
h i ng e f r a c tu r e s w h ich h av e t a ken p l ace d u r ing t h e l a s t a temp t t o d e tach a fl ake , a nd 1 7 .6% a r e t e xhau s t iv e . T h ed i sca rded c o r e sc on ta in s ma ld imen s ion s( Tab le VI ) . T he m ean s i ze o ft h e l a s t l I I.15 s c a r i ss ma l ( 2 7 .2 mm ) a nd t h e s c a r s r a r e ly e xceed 4 0 mm ( Tab l e VI ) ( Co r e f r om L eve l XX : l I I.16 O hnuma 1 988 , F ig . 4 1 n °3 ) . T ab le
D im en s ion so ft h eN on -L ev a lo i sF l ak eC o r e s l
3 A
X 4 3 .4
s . d . 7 .6
X 3 7 .7
3 B 3 C 3 D
2 0 6 4
4 6 .7 5 6 .7 5 9 .8
.1 1 8 .7 1 8 .8
4 1 .6 5 3 .8 4 8 .2
6 4
4 9 .9
1 0 .9
4 1 .3
T o ta l
3
2
1
N umbe r o f C o res 3 4
K sa rA k i l
9 . 1 2 0 .8
X 2 9 .9 2 0 .6 2 3 .3 3 9 .7
s .d . 7 .6 5 .7 5 .8 2 .5 2
1 0 .3
2 7 .5
9 .7
s .d . 7 .5 8 .5
1 : L eng th ; 2 : Wid th 3 :T h ickness
T ab le VI I I. 16 : D im en s ion so ft h eL a s t r emov ed S ca r so ft h en on -Lev a l lo i sF l ak eC o r e s K sa rA k i l 3 A 3 B 3 C 3 0 T o ta l
W id th
L eng th
N umbe r o f C o res 2 6
X 2 7 .2
s .d . 7 .2
X 2 0 .5
s .d . 1 . 4
1 6 5 3 5 0
2 3 .5 3 4 .0 3 6 .7 2 7 .0
4 .6 5 .5
1 6 .7 2 4 .6
6 .2 4 .9
1 5 .6 7 .9
1 9 .0 2 0 .1
5 .7 6 .4
I : L eng th ; 2 : Wid th , 3 :T h ickness
3 B : T he C ore s -On -F lak e Twen ty f l ake s h ave b een u sed a sc o r e s ; t h ey d i sp lay o ne , t wo o rt h r ee s c a r s o fs ma l f l ake r emova l l o n t h e i r v en t ra l s u rf ace ( 3 .B ) . T he c o r e s -on -f lake a r e w e l r e p r e sen ted among t h e n on -Leva lo i s l l f l ak ec o re s . T h ey t e nd t oi n c r ea se i nt h eu ppe rl a y e r so fK sa rA k i l( Tab le VI ) . I I.14 A cco rd ing t oS o leck i ( 1970 ) , t h e se c o r e s m ay b ec on s ide r ed t ob eN ah rI b rah im c o r e s . T he se f l ake s w e r e d e tach ed u s ing o ne o r t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s ; t h e m a jo r i ty c on ta in s at r un ca t ion , w h ich h a s p r eceded t h e r emova l o ft h e f l akes . T he s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o ft h es e c o r e s a r e g en e ra ly l n on -p r epa r ed ( 5% ) , t h e f a ce ted ( 3 5% ) a nd t h e d i hed ra l ( 10% ) b e ing l e s r e p re sen ted . S ome o f 5 s t h em h ave b een m anuf a c tu red a st o l s a tt h e e nd o ft h e i re xp lo i ta t ion : o ne a sa ne nd sc rape r , w h e re o a no th e rf ou re xh ib i t a b rup t r e touch o no ne l a te ra l s i de . Mos to ft h e c o r e s -on -f lake a r e s e lec ted f r om p r im a ry o rc or t i ca l f l ake s . 3 0% b ea r al a rge a moun t o fc or tex , a nd 4 5% a r e o n p r im a ry f l ake s . O n a v e r age , c o r e s -on -f lak es a r e w ide r a nd t h ick e r c ompa red t o t h e m ea su remen t s o f t h e u nb roken f l ake s( Tab le VI ) . T he m ean s i ze o ft h e l a s t s c a r i s gene ra ly s ma l a nd d oe s n o te x ceed 2 8 mm I I.15 l l ( Tab le VI )( Co r e f r om L eve l XX IV : O hnuma 1 988 , F ig . 8n °9 ) . I I.16 3 C : T he P seudo -Leva lo i s C or e s l S ix p seudo L eva lo i sc o re sa r ep r e sen t i nt h e se a semb lage s ( Tab le VI ) . O ne a ppea r so n at h ick l s I I.14 f l ake , w h i le t h e o the r s a r e o nb l ock s o rp ebb le s . T he se c o re s a r e s ma l a nd e xhau s ted . O ne c an b e l v i ewed a s ap r ef e ren t ia l f l ake c o re ; t h r ee a s r e cur t u n ipo la r c onve rgen t c o r e s ( wh i ch m an if es t ren p o in t s c a r p a te rn s o n t h e i r u ppe r p a r t s ) a nd t wo c an b e v i ewed a s c en t r ipe ta l c o r e s . F ou r c o r e s t e xh ib i t f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s , a nd t wo e xh ib i t p l a in s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s . T he l a te ra l c onvex i t ie s a r e c ommon ly m a in ta ined b y t h e d e tachmen t o fd ebo rdan t f l ak e s f r om t h e l a te ra l p a r t o ft h e c o r e s . T he d i sca rded c o r es c on ta in s ma l d im en s ion s( Tab le VI ) . l I I.15 3 D : D i sco id C ore s s I) F ou r d i sco id c o re s a r e p r e sen t i nt h e a semb lage s o ft h e l owe r l e ve l s ( XXV -XXI . T hey a r e o n b l ock s o r p ebb le s . Two c o r e s e xh ib i t p l a in s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s , o n e i sf a ce ted a nd o n e i sd i hed ra l . l T he s i ze o fp seudo L eva lo i s c o r e s a nd d i sco id c o re s a r e l a rge r t h an t h e c o r e s o n f l ake a nd t h e fe I I.15 u nd if r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s( Tab l e VI ) .
1 40
l C onc lus ion o ft he n on -Leva lo is F lake C or e s l T he n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o r e s a r e p oo r ly r e p r e sen ted ; t h ey i n c r ea se h eav i ly i n P ha se I I . N ah r l fe l I b rah im c o r e s , p seudo -Leva lo i s c o r e s a nd u nd if r en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s h av e a l b een s s, d r e cogn ized i nt h e a semb lag e s o fN o r th e rn I s rae l . N eve r th e les i sco id c o r e s , w h ich o ccu r i nt h e s fe a semb lage s o f P ha se I ,a r e tl o taly a b sen t . R ounded p ebb le s w e r e u sed f o r t h e u nd if r en t ia ted l s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s a nd t h e p seudo -Leva lo i s c o r e s , a nd p r im a ry o r c o r t ica l t h ick f l ake s w e r e l l u t i l ized f o rN ah rI b rah im c o r e s . T he c o r es a r e g ene ra ly e xhau s ted a nd c on ta in s ma ld im en s ion s .
4 . Non -Def ined C ore s 7 5 c o re s a r e b roken , b u rn t o r c omp le te ly c r u shed a nd c anno t b e d ef ined a s b e long ing t o a ny o ne t g r oup o fc o r e s . T h e s c a rp a te rn so nt h ec o r e s ' s u rf ace c anno tb ei d en t if i ed e i th e r .
I I . THE B LAN K S t T he a na ly se s o fs c a rp a te rn so nt h ec o r e sp e rm i t st h ep r ed ic t ion o ft h em o rpho logy o ft h e b l ank s o d e r ived f r om t h em , a st h ey a r ee xpec ted t ob e i na cco rdan ce w i th t h ed eb i tage a nd t o lp roduc t s s p r e sen t i nt h ea semb lage s . 1 . E xpec ted C harac ter i s t ic so ft h eB lank s s I nt h e a semb lage so fK sa rA k i l , t h e f l ake sa nd b l ade sw e re o b ta in ed t h rough t h eu se o f av a r ie ty o f t f l ak ing mode s ,t h ep a r t icu la r so fw h ich m ay b e o b served b yt h e s c a rp a ter n so nt h ec o r e 's f l ak ing l l s u rf ace . T he L eva lo i sm e thod s ,t h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade m e thod sa nd t h en on -Leva lo i s l f m e thod sh ave a l b een d e sc r ibed i nt h e l a s tc hap te r . A f te rh av ing o f e r ed a na na ly s i so ft h ec o re s , l t w e s ha ln ow a temp tt op red ic tt h e mo rpho logy o ft h ed e r iv ed p roduc t s .
l T he L eva lo i sP roduc t s l l T he L eva lo i s c o r es a r e p oo r ly r e p re sen ted i nl e ve l s XX I -XV , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e L eva lo i s f l ake s l s hou ld d ec rea se i n t h ese l e v e l s . T h e L eva lo i s f l ake p roduc ts w ou ld b e m os t ly r ounded o r s l s q uad rangu la r i n s hape a nd l e s t r iangu la r i n s hape , s i nce t h e b i po la r L eva lo i s c o r e s a r e l e s s ren r e p re sen ted i n t h e a semb lage s c ompa red t o t h e c en t r ipe ta l a nd r e cur t u n ipo la r . T hus , w e l e xpec ted t o f i nd a h igh f r equency o f o vo id o r q uad rangu la r s hape s a mong t h e L eva lo i s f l ak e l s p opu la t ion . T he L eva lo i s f l ak e s s hou ld b ea r f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a nd l e s f r equen t ly d i hed ra l l o r p l a in s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s , a s t h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o fL eva lo i s c o re s m o s t o f ten s how f a ce ted s I I.3 p r epa ra t ion a nd l e sd ihed ra lo rp l a in p repa ra t ion ( Tab le VI ) . l t s We e xpec ted t of i nd L eva lo i sf l ake sw i th u n ipo la ro ru n ipo la rc onv e rgen ts c a rp a ter n s , l e s s ow i th t t c en t r ipe ta l a nd r a re ly s o f o r b i po la r s c a r p a ter n s . T h e u n ipo la r s c a r p a te rn f l ake s m os t o f ten l t r e su l ted f r om u n ipo la r L eva lo i s c o r e s a nd t h e c onve rgen t s c a r p a te rn f l ake s m ay b e d e r ived f r om ren t t h e r e cur t c onve rgen t u n ipo la r o r c en t r ipe ta l c o r e s . I ti sf i t ing t o n o te t h a t t h e u n ipo la r a nd l s c en t r ipe ta lL eva lo is c o r e sa r et h em os t f r equen t i nt h ea semb lage so fK sa rA k i l . T he B lad eP roduc t s l We e xpec ted t of i nd as i gn if ican t a moun t o fb l ade s , s i nce t h e b l ade c o r e s r e p re sen t c a . 8 0% o fa l s t h ec o re s . T h eb l ade p roduc t sw ou ld b e mos t o f ten r e c tangu la ri ns hape a nd l e st r iangu la ri ns hape ; w e a l so e xpec ted t o f i nd t w i s ted b l ades . T he u n ipo la r b l ade c o r e s d om ina te ; w e e xpec t ed t o f i nd t h i gh f r equenc ie s o fb l ade s w i th u n ipo la r s c a r p a te rn s . T he f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o ft h e b l ade c o r e s d ec r ea se i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s o fK sa r A k i l , c on t ra ry t ot h e p l a in s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm . T h e b l ade 1 41
c o r e s w i th t r a ce s o f a b ra s ion o n t h e h anged e dge a l so i n c r ea se i n t h e u ppe r l e ve l s . T h e b l ade p roduc t s w ou ld t h e r ef o r e b ea r p l a in o r f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s , a nd l e s f r equen t ly d i hed ra l o r s c or t ica l s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s ; w e a n t ic ipa ted t h e o ccur ce o fb l ad e s w i th t r a ce s o fa b ra s ion o nt h e i r ren h anged e dge s , p a r t icu la r ly i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s . S om e b l ade s h ave b een d e tached f r om t h ick f l ak es a nd w ou ld t hu s e xh ib i t t wo p e rpend icu la r l owe r s u rf ace s . We e xpec ted t of i nd s om e o ft h e se i nt h e d eb i tage . T he n on -Leva lo i sF lak eP roduc t s l T he n on -Leva lo i s f l ak es w e r e d e r iv ed f r om s eve ra l d i f e r en t c o r e t y pe s : t h e n on -d if r en t ia ted l f fe s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s ,t h ec o r e so nf l ake s ,t h ep seudo -Leva lo i sc o r e sa nd t h ed i sco id c o r e s . l -A . T h e f l akes r emoved f r om t h e n on -d if ren t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s wou ld t h eo re t ica ly fe l e xh ib i t m os to f ten ap l a in b u t , a st h e r e i s no t r a ce o fp repa ra t ion o nt h e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s . We t e xpec ted t of i nd as i gn if ican t f r equen cy o ff l ake sw i th c o r tex o nt h e i rd o r sa l f a ce o rl a te ra le dge ,t h e d im en s ion s o f wh ich w ou ld b e s ma le rt h an t h ose o ft h e L eva lo i s p roduc t s . S om e o ft h em d e r iv ed l l f r om b l ade c o re s , w h ich w e r e s e conda r i ly u sed i na n e xhau s t ive m anne r t op roduce s m a l f l ak e s . l T he se f l ake s w ou ld e xh ib i t b l ade s c a rp a ter n so nt h e i r d o r sa l s u rf ace . We e xpec ted t of i nd t h em i n t t h ea s emb lage s . s -B . T h e f l ake s d e ta ched f r om t h e c o r e -on f l ake s w ou ld h ave m o s to f ten p l a in b u t s a nd f a ce ted a nd t l e s d i hed ra l p l a tf o rm s ; t h e i r d imen s ion s w ou ld b e c ompa rab le w i th t h ose d e r ived f r om t h e n on s d if e ren t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s . -C . S om e f l ak e s o f L eva lo i s mo rpho logy c ou ld b e d e r ived f r om t h e p seudo -Leva lo i s c o r e s . l l H oweve r , t h i s i sn o t p os le t o d e te rm ine w i thou t r ef i t ing t h e i r i d en t if y t o t h e i r e xa c t o r ig in s . sib t T he se f l ake s h ave t h es ame c ha rac te r i s t i c sa st h eL eva lo i s f l ak e s . l -D . F ou r d i s co id c o r e s h ave b een y i e lded f r om t h e l owe r l a y e r s . T he d e tached f l ake s s hou ld b ea r t h e s am e c ha rac te r i s t i c s a st h e o the r n on -Leva lo is f l ake c o re s ; a ga in , t h i s i sn o t p os le w i thou t l sib r ef i t ing t oi d en t if yt h e i re xac to r ig in . t T he f o low ing i sa n a na ly s i s o ft h e b l ade a nd f l ake c omponen t s r e ga rd ing t h e r educ t ion s t ra teg ie s l d ef ined a f te rt h ea na ly s is o ft h ec o r e s . 2 .C harac ter i s t ic so ft h eB lank s U ncovered i nK sar A k i l T he a semb lage s o fK sa rA k i l e xh ib i t h i gh f r equenc ie s o fb l ade sa nd b l ade le t s a nd l e s s oo ff l ak es s s ( Tab le VI ) ; t h u st h e r e duc t ion s t ra teg ies u sed w e re a im ed t owa rd t h ep u rpose o ft h ep roduc t ion I I.17 o fm o r e b l ades t h an f l ak e s . T h e re a r e s i gn if ican t c hange s i nt h e c ompo s i t ion o ff l ake s a nd b l ad es t h roughou t t im e . T he p roduc t ion o f L eva lo i s f l ake s a nd b l ade s s t rong ly d ec rea se s i nt h e u ppe r l l e ve l s ( XX -XV ) , c on t ra ry t ot h a to ft h eb l ade s . Among t h ed eb i tage a nd t oo lp roduc t s ,t h eb l ade le t s , w h ich r e p re sen t 7 . 2% . o f t h e b l ank s i n c r ea se d r a s t ica ly i n l e ve l s XX -XV I , whe re t h ey f o rm l b e tween 9 . 0% a nd 1 3 .8% , w h i le t h ey r e p r e sen t a re la t ive ly l ow p e r cen tage i n l e ve l s XXV -XX I ( b e tween 1 . 4% a nd 6 . 3% ) . L ev e l XV e xh ib i t s 5 . 4% o ft h eb l ade le t s . T ab le VI I I.17 : F requenc ie so fB lank T ype s i nt h el e ve ls o fK sa rA k i l D eb i tage a nd t oo ls X V XV I ) N I I X VI I I X IX XX I XX XX I I XXI I I IV XX XXV T o ta l
A N umbe r 5 4 7 4 3 3 2 8 1 07 2 5 2 6 1 9 2 31
% 5 .4 1 . 5 1 . 7 3 .5 2 .0 3 .7 8 .8 9 .8 1 0 .5 1 2 .4 .9 1 7 .4
B N umbe r 4 1 1 2 4 1 4 5 1 33 2 0 2 3 1 2 2 46
% 4 .3 0 .4 0 .2 1 . 7 2 .7 1 . 2 1 4 .1
C N umbe r % 1 6 1 7 .4 3 1 .8 1 14 1 2 6 .9 2 9 .6 3 4 1 4 .7 2 2
1 2 .2 8 . 4 1 0 .9
2 3 6 5 1 96 4 7 4 1
7 .5 7 .8
6 0 6 49
2 8 .0 2 0 .4 1 8 .0 1 9 .7 1 9 .5 3 7 .5 2 0 .7
D N umbe r % 7 1 .7 6 6 8 0 .5 2 11 2 77 6 5 .3 6 1 .7 7 1 7 8 .0 17 6 2 .2 5 1 5 3 .5 1 70 6 32 5 8 .1 1 37 5 7 .3 1 09 5 1 .9 3 9 .4 6 3 6 0 .6 1 904
E % N umbe r 1 1 . 0 1 5 5 .7 5 .9 2 5 4 3 .5 2 .7 4 4 4 .9 1 0 4 .4 2 0 1 . 8 1 0 4 .2 1 5 .2 6 3 .8 10 3 .5 1
T o ta l 9 2 2 62 4 24 15 1 50 8 2 3 18 1 088 2 39 2 10 1 60 3 140
A : L ev a l lo is F l ake sB :b l ade so fL eva l lo is mo rpho logy , C : N on -Leva l lo is f l ake s , D :o t he rB lade sa nd b l ade le t s ,a nd E :O the r s
1 42
T he Morpho log yo ft h eB lank s l s A s w e e xpec ted , t h e L eva lo is f l ake s a r e i n deed mos t o f ten o vo id i ns hape a nd l e s t r iangu la r o r 1.18 s ub t r iangu la r i ns hape ( Tab le V1 ) ( Azou ry 1 986 , P l a te 5 n°5 a nd 7 fr om L eve ls XXV ) . T he s b l ades a nd b l ade le ts b l ank s a r e m os t o f ten r e c tangu la r i ns hape a nd l e st r iangu la ro rs ub t r iangu la r I I.19 i ns hape ( Tab le VI ) . s, t T he b l ade / le t sm os t ly h ave s t ra igh t l owe rs u rf ace s ; n ever the les h ec oncave l owe r s u rf ace s a nd t h e l I I.20 t w i s ted b l ade / le t s a r e w e l r e p re sen ted ( Tab le VI ) . T he b l ade s w i th s t ra igh t l owe r s u rf ace t e nd I, t t od ec rea se t h rough t ime . S om e b l ade s ( one f r om l e ve l XV I , t h ree f r om l e ve l XVI wo f r om l e ve l I I X IX , o ne f r om l e ve l XX a nd t wo f r om l e ve l XX I ) b ea r t wo p erpend icu la r l owe r s u rf aces , i n d ica t ing t h a t t h ey h ave b een d e tached f r om t h ick f l akes ( 2 .3 % o ft h e b l ade s ) . T he b l ades w i th t w i s ted a nd c oncave l owe r s u rf aces a r e m o re n ume rou s i n t h e u ppe r l a ye r s . T hese b l ades a r e l g ene ra ly d e tached f r om l a te ra l f l ak ing c ores o r f r om t w is ted o pposed p l a tf o rm s b l ade c o res . I nt h e c hap te r c once rn ing t h e c o res , w e h ave s hown t h a t t h e t w i s ted o pposed p l a tf o rm c o re s t e nd t o I I.7 i n c rea se i nt h eu ppe rl e ve l s( Tab le VI ) ; t h e se r e su l ts e xp la in t h e i n c r ea se o ft w i s ted a nd c oncave b l ades . T ab le V I1 1.18 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eL eva l lo is F l ake s i nt h e l e ve ls o fK sa r A k i l D eb i tage a nd t oo ls X V X V I X V I I X VI I I X IX X X X I X X I X I XXI I I X IV X XV X T o ta l
Quad rangu la r N umbe r % 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 .4 6 3 1 2 9 .0 4 1 5 .4 1 9 .2 5 3 1 5 .8 5 7 2 4 .7
N umbe r 1 2 3 2 2 1 1 5 5 5 1 2 1 3 1 17
O vo id %
5 3 .6 5 1 .4 4 8 .0 5 0 .0 5 7 .9 5 0 .6
T r iangu la r N umbe r % 2 1 1 1 0 0 5 1 7 7 6 4 4 4
U nde te rm ined N umbe r % 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 7 . 1 4 3 .7 2 8 .0 2 7 .7 1 5 .3 1 3 5 .6
1 7 .9 1 5 .9 2 8 .0 2 3 .1 2 1 .1 1 9 .0
T o ta l 5 4 7 4 3 3 2 8 1 07 2 5 2 6 1 9 2 31
A : L eva lo is F lakes B : b lades o fL eva lo is morpho logy , C : Non-Leva lo is f l akes , D : o ther B lades a nd E : O ther s l l l
T ab le V I1 1.19 : Mo r pho logy o ft h eB lades i nt h el e ve l s o fK sa r A k i l D eb i tage a nd t oo ls X V X V I I X V I X VI I I X IX X X X I X X I X I XI X I I X IV X XV X T o ta l
R ec tangu la r N umbe r % 5 3 7 5 .7 1 77 8 3 .5 2 18 7 8 .4 6 0 8 2 .2 9 5 7 8 .5 4 2 8 0 .8 1 61 7 4 .9 7 .5 7 5 93 1 06 6 7 .5 9 3 7 0 .5 5 8 7 .3 7 7 .0 7 1 656
T r iangu la r N umbe r % 1 8 .6 1 3 1 .3 2 4 1 5 .5 4 3 1 0 1 3 .7 1 5 .7 1 9 8 1 5 .4 4 3 2 0 .0 1 44 1 8 .8 2 6 .7 4 2 2 1 .2 2 8 1 4 1 8 .7 3 88 1 8 .1
U nde te rm ined N umbe r % 4 5 .7 1 5 . 2 1 7 6 . 1 3 4 . 1 5 . 8 7 2 3 . 8 5 . 1 1 2 8 3 . 7 5 .7 9 8 .3 1 3 4 .0 1 06 5 . 0
T o ta l 7 0 2 12 2 78 7 3 1 21 5 2 2 15 7 65 1 57 1 32 7 5 2 150
A : L eva lo is F lakes B : b lades o fL eva lo is morpho logy , C : Non-Leva lo is f l akes , D : o ther B lades a nd E : O ther s l l l
T ab le VI I I.20 : T ype s o fL owe r s u rf ace s o ft h e B lade s a nd B lade le ts i nt h e l e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l D eb i tage a nd t oo ls X V X V I X V I I X VI I I X IX X X X I X X I X I XI X I I X IV X XV X T o ta l
S t ra igh t N umbe r % 3 8 5 4 .3 4 8 .1 1 02 4 7 .8 1 33 3 4 4 6 .6 6 1 5 0 .4 2 8 5 3 .8 1 20 5 .8 5 4 18 5 4 .6 9 1 5 8 .0 8 4 6 3 .6 4 5 8 .7 4 5 3 .6 153
Tw is ted N umbe r % 1 4 2 0 .0 3 4 1 6 .0 5 1 9 .8 5 1 5 2 0 .5 1 7 .4 2 1 8 3 0 9 7 2 0 1 8 1 2 3 24
1 5 .4 1 3 .9 1 2 .7 1 2 .7 1 3 .6 1 6 .0 1 5 .1
C oncave N umbe r 1 6 7 1 8 1 2 2 3 6 1 5 5 9 2 37 3 7 2 3 1 5 6 12
1 43
% 2 .9 2 3 .5 3 2 9 .1 3 0 .1 2 9 .7 2 8 .8 2 7 .4 3 1 .0 2 3 .6 1 7 .4 2 0 .0 2 8 .5
U nde te rm ined N umbe r % 2 2 .9 5 2 .4 9 3 .2 2 2 .7 3 2 .5 1 1 . 9 6 2 .8 1 . 7 1 3 9 7 4 6 1
5 . 7 5 .3 5 .3 2 .8
T o ta l 7 0 2 12 2 78 7 3 1 21 5 2 2 15 7 65 1 57 1 32 7 5 2 150
T ab le VI I I.2 1 : D o r sa l S ca rP a t te rn s o ft h eL eva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h e l e ve ls o fK sa rA k i l D eb i tage a nd t oo ls X V X V I X V I I X VI I I X IX X X X I X X I X I XI X I I X IV X XV X T o ta l
U n ipo la r C onve rgen t N umbe r % 2 2 4 2 2 1 3 9 .3 1 4 7 .7 5 1 1 0 4 0 .0 1 0 3 8 .5 4 2 .1 8 4 .6 4 1 03
U n ipo la r P a ra le l l N umbe r % 2 1 1 2 0 1 1 3 4 6 .4 3 5 .5 3 8 9 3 6 .0 4 2 .3 1 7 3 6 .8 8 5 3 6 .8
B i po la r
C en t r ipe ta l N umbe r 1 1 2 0 1 1 2 6 2
%
7 . 1 5 .6 8 .0 3 .8 1 0 .5 8 . 2
1 2 1 9
N umbe r 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 2 2 1 1 2
U nde te rm ined N umbe r 0 0
%
3 .6 5 .6 8 .0 7 .7 5 .3 5 . 2
0 0 0 0 1 6 2 2 1 1 3
T o ta l
% 5 4 7 4
3 .6 5 .6 8 .0 7 .7 5 .3 5 . 6
3 3 2 8 1 07 2 5 2 6 1 9 2 31
T ab le VI I I.22 : D o r sa l S ca rP a t te rn s o ft h eB lade / le t s i nt h e l e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l D eb i tage a nd t oo ls X V X V I I X V I I I X VI X IX X X X X I X I X I X I I XI X X IV X XV T o ta l
N umbe r 5 2 1 35 1 88 4 6 8 6 4 1 1 67 6 03 17 1 0 1 5 8 1 594
U n ipo la r ° A ) 7 4 .3 6 3 .7 6 7 .6 6 3 .0 7 1 .1 7 8 .8 7 7 .7 7 8 .8 7 4 .5 7 6 .5 7 7 .3 7 4 .1
N umbe r 1 6 7 2 8 4 2 4 3 1 8 3 8 1 23 3 0 2 2 1 4 4 62
B ipo la r % 2 2 .9 3 4 .0 3 0 .2 3 2 .8 2 5 .6 1 5 .4 1 7 .7 1 6 .1 1 9 .1 1 6 .7 1 8 .7 2 1 .5
T o ta l
U nde te rm ined N umbe r % 2 2 .9 5 2 .4 6 2 .2 3 4 . 1 4 3 .3 3 5 .8 4 .7 1 0 5 . 1 3 9 6 .4 1 0 9 3 9 4
7 0 2 12 2 78 7 3 1 21 5 2 2 15 7 65 1 57 1 32 7 5 2 150
6 .8 4 .0 4 .4
T he S car P a t tern o n t h e U pper S urf ace o ft h eD eb i tage T he u n ipo la r a nd u n ipo la r c onve rgen t s c a r p a t te rn s d om ina te a mong t h e L eva l lo is f l akes . T he c en t r ipe ta l a nd t h e b i po la r o ccu r l e s s o r a r e a b sen t i n d if f e ren t a s semb lages ( Tab le VI I I.21) . W i thou t e xcep t ion , t h e u n ipo la r s c a r p a t tern o n t h e u ppe r s u rf ace o ft h e b l ades f o rm s t h e l a rge s t t y pe o fd o r sa l s c a r p a t te rn i nt h e e n t i re b l ade p opu la t ion i nt h e a s semb lage s o fK sa r A k i l ( Tab le V I I I .22 ) T ab le VI I I.23 : T ype s o fB u t t s o ft h eL eva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h e l e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l D eb i tage a nd t oo ls X V X V I I X V I I I X VI X IX X X X X I X I X I X I I XI XX IV X XV T o ta l
F ace ted N umbe r % 5 3 3 4 3 3 1 7 6 0 .7 6 9 6 4 .5 1 4 5 6 .0 1 8 6 9 .2 1 2 6 3 .2 1 51 6 5 .4
D ihed ra l N umbe r % 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 4 .3 4 7 4 3 4 2 4
6 .5 1 6 .0 1 .5 2 1 .1 1 0 .4
P la in N umbe r
° A
0 1 1 0 0 0 3
1 0 .7 2 3 .4 2 0 .0 2 3 .0 1 5 .8 1 9 .0
2 5 5 6 3 4 4
B roken N umbe r % 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 .7 4 3 .7 4 .0 1 1 3 .8 0 0 .0 3 .9 9
U nde te rm ined N umbe r % 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 3
T o ta l 5 4 7 4 3
3 .6 1 . 9 4 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 . 3
3 2 8 1 07 2 5 2 6 1 9 2 31
T he B u t tt y pe so ft h eB lank s A s w e e xpec ted , t h e L eva l lo is f l akes a r e c ha rac te r ized b y ah igh f r equency o ff a ce ted b u t t s a nd l e ss o f af r equency o fp l a in o r d i hed ra l b u t ts ( Tab le VI I I.23 ) . T he se b u t ts h ave g ene ra l ly p ronounced b u lb , wh ich i n d ica tes t h a t t h e se f l akes w e re p robab ly d e tached b y t h e u se o f ah a rd h amme r . I n c on t ra s t t ot h e L eva l lo is f l akes , t h e n on -Leva l lo i s f l akes ( Tab le VI I I.24 ) s how ah igh f r equency o f p l a in b u t ts ; n eve r the les s, t h e p e r cen tage o ff a ce ted p l a tf orms r ema in s r e la t ive ly h igh . S ome f l akes e xh ib i t c or t ica l s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s , wh ich s ugge s t t h a t t h ey h ave b een d e tached d u r ing t h e i n i t ia l 1 44
p ha se o ft h e c ores , a nd m ay h ave b een d e r ived f r om b l ade c o res . T he f r equenc ies o ft h e t y pes o f t o I I.25 f b u t s a mong t h e b l ade t o l s ( Tab le VI ) d o n o t d i f e r s i gn i f ican t ly f r om t h o se o f t h e n on l t t L eva lo is f l ake s ( s uch a s t h e f a ce ted a nd p l a in b u t s ) , wh ich d om ina te . T he t y pe s o f b u t s s how t s eve ra l v a r ia t ion s t h rough t ime : t h e n umbe r o ff a ce ted a nd d ihed ra l b u t s t e nd s t o d ec rea se i nt h e I I u ppe r l a ye r s , wh i le t h e l i nea r a nd p unc t if o rm , w h ich a ppea r i nl e ve l XX I , i n c rea se s i gn if ican t ly i n I I t l e ve ls XV I -XV I . T h e p re sence o fl i nea ra nd p unc t if o rm b u ts w i th t r aces o fa b ra s ion o nt h e h anged e e dge s s em s t o i n d ica te t h a t t h e s of t h amme r t e chn ique w a s u sed i nt h e p roduc t ion o fb l ade / le ts , I I.26 p ar t icu la r ly i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s ( Tab le VI ) . I t is l i ke ly t h a t s of t s t on e o rh a rd h amme rt e chn iques t w e r eu sed t od e tach t hose , w h ich h ave l a rge p l a in , f a ce ted o rd i hed ra l b u t s , s uch a st h e f l ake b l ank s . T ab le VI I I.24 : T vDe so fB u t t s o ft h en on -Leva l lo is F lake s i nt h e l e ve l so fK sa rA k i l F ace ted N r umbe % 5 6 .3 9 4 5 .2 1 4
D eb i tage a nd t oos l X V X V I X V I I X VI I I X IX X X X I X X I X I XI X I I X IV X XV X T o ta l
1 5 .8 .8 1 1 3 .6 8 .7 2 1 .5 2 0 .4 1 7 .0 1 4 .6 3 0 .0 2 1 .0
1 8 4 3 2 1 4 4 0 8 6 1 8 1 36
T ab le VI I I.25 : T D eb i tage a nd T oo ls X V X V I X V I I X VI I I X IX X X X I X X I X I XI X I I X IV X XV X T o ta l
C o r t ica l N r umbe ` / ) 0 1 2 .5 2 1 3 .2 7 .9 9 4 .8 1 9 . 1 2 1 3 .0 3 7 .7 5 8 .2 1 6 4 8 .5 1 2 .2 5 .7 1 7 8 .9 5 8
P la in N r umbe % 3 1 8 .8 4 1 .9 1 3 5 7 .0 5 8 .8 6 8 .2 5 6 .5 5 8 .5 5 7 .1 6 3 .8 6 0 .9 4 6 .7 5 .8 5
6 5 2 0 1 5 1 3 3 8 12 3 0 2 5 2 8 3 62
T o ta l
U nde te rm ined N % umbe r 1 1 2 1 3 4 1 8 3 3 3 4 9
9 .6 5 .9 4 .5 1 3 .0 6 .2 9 .2 6 .4 7 .3 5 .0 7 .6
1 6 3 1 14 3 4 2 2 2 3 6 5 1 96 4 7 4 1 6 0 6 49
e so fB u t t s o ft h eB lade s a nd B lade le t s i nt h e l e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l D ihed ra l N % 5 7 . 1 1 0 4 .7 1 2 4 .3 3 4 . 1 9 .9 1 2 7 .7 4 1 0 .7 2 3 4 .8 1 90 2 4 0 2 5 .5 1 9 1 4 .4 1 7 .3 1 3 5 .4 31 1 3
F ace ted N % 5 .7 2 5 3 3 9 1 8 .4 2 4 8 .6 1 3 1 7 .8 2 8 1 5 6 1 77 3 6 4 7 2 9 4 85
D ihed ra l N r Y umbe ( o 1 9 .6 3 9 .6 1 .8 1 4 1 4 .5 8 .7 2 4 6 .2 1 0 5 . 1 4 .2 2 2 4 .8 4 6 .7 6 .8 4 4
2 3 .1 2 1 .1 2 6 .0 2 3 .1 2 .9 2 3 5 .6 3 8 .7 2 .6 2
P la in N % 1 7 2 4 .3 8 2 3 8 .7 1 03 3 7 .1 2 1 2 8 .8 5 4 5 .5 5 4 .2 2 3 4 1 08 5 0 .2 1 .3 3 16 4 6 2 3 9 .5 6 1 4 6 .2 2 8 3 7 .3 8 76 4 0 .7
P unc t i fo rm N % 8 .4 1 8 3 . 8 2 4 8 .6 9 . 6 7 1 . 7 2 3 5 . 8 1 . 4 3 1 . 8 1 4 2 . 5 4 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 7 3 3 . 4
L i nea r N % 6 8 .6 5 0 2 3 .4 2 .4 9 0 3 2 4 .7 1 8 1 3 .2 1 6 6 1 .5 2 .8 6 1 . 2 9 3 1 . 9 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 2 04 9 . 5
Co r t ica l N % 1 1 . 4 5 2 .4 5 . 4 1 5 4 . 1 3 1 . 7 2 2 3 .8 5 .6 1 2 1 6 2 . 1 1 . 9 3 2 1 . 5 2 .7 2 6 3 2 .9
T o ta l
U nde f ined N % .4 1 8 1 8 8 . 5 3 . 6 1 0 8 1 0 .9 5 . 0 6 3 5 . 8 3 . 3 7 4 3 5 . 6 5 . 7 9 3 2 . 3 4 .0 3 5 . 5 18 1
7 0 2 12 2 78 7 3 1 21 5 2 2 15 7 65 1 57 1 32 7 5 2 150
T ab le VI I I.26 : F requenc ie s o fB lade / le t s w i th T race s o fA b ra s ion o nT he i r H anged E dge s D eb i tage a nd t o ls o N umbe r %
XXV
XX IV
XX I I I
XX I I
XX I
XX
X IX
XV I I I
XV I I
XV I
XV
T o t a l
0 . 0 0
0 . 0 0
4 2 . 5
1 / 1 . 6
1 5 . 1
9 1 7 .3
2 5 2 0 .7
2 6 3 5 .6
14 4 1 .0
9 8 4 6 .2
2 1 3 0 .0
3 20 1 4 .9
T ab le VI I I.27 : C o r tex Amoun t o ft h eN on -Leva l lo is F l ake s i nt h e l e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l D eb i tage a nd t oo ls X V X V I X V I I X VI I I X IX X X X I X X I X I XI X I I X IV X XV X T o ta l
0% N umbe r 8 2 5 5 6 1 5 1 5 9 3 0 9 4 2 7 2 4 4 1 3 44
% 5 0 .0 8 0 .6 4 9 .1 4 .1 4 6 8 .2 3 9 .1 4 6 .1 4 8 .0 5 7 .4 5 8 .5 6 8 .3 5 3 .0
3 0 -90% N umbe r ( " / . 1 8 .8 3 2 6 .5 9 7 .9 2 6 .5 9 1 3 .6 3
1 30% N umbe r % 3 1 .2 5 9 .7 3 2 4 2 1 .1 4 .8 1 9 . 1 2 4 1 7 .4 1 6 .9 1 4 3 2 1 .9 1 4 .9 7 4 9 .8 .7 1 7 1 7 .6 14
6 1 0 2 3 8 5 5 8 3
2 6 .1 1 5 .4 .7 1 1 7 .0 1 2 .2 8 .3 1 2 .8
9 0 -100% N umbe r % 0 .0 0 1 3 . 2 2 5 2 1 .9 1 7 .6 6 2 9 . 1 1 7 .4 4 1 4 2 1 .5 1 8 .4 3 6 1 0 .6 5 1 9 .5 8 .7 1 7 1 6 .6 1 08
T o ta l 1 6 3 1 14 3 4 2 2 2 3 6 5 1 96 4 7 4 1 6 0 6 49
C or tex T he o ve r -rep resen ta t ion o f c o r tex o n t h e p roduc t s i sw or thy o f c ommen t ( Tab le VI ) . A I I.27 s i gn if ican t n umbe r o fn on -Leva lo is f l ake s e xh ib i t c o r tex o n t h e i r l a te ra l e dge s o r o n t h e i r d o r sa l l 1 45
f a ce s . T h e p r ima ry f l ake s a r e w e l r e p re sen ted s ugge s t ing t h a t k napp ing o ccur nt h e s i t e . I ti s l red i a l so p robab le t h a t ap a r t o ft h e se c o r t ica l o r p r ima ry f l ake s d e r ived f r om b l ade c o r e s , a st h ey h av e b een d e ta ch ed d u r ing t h e p r epa ra t ion o r m a in tenan ce o ft h e b l ade c o re s . T he o ccur ce o ff l ak e s ren w i th p a ra le l s c a rp a te rn so nt h e i ru ppe rs u rf ace s uppo r t st h i ss ügge s t ion . l t T ab le VI I I.28 : D imens ion so ft h eC omp le te L ev a l lo is F l ake si nt h e l e ve l so fK sa r Ak i l K sa rA k i l
N umbe r * o ff l akes 5 4 7 4
XV XV I I XV I
X VI I I X IX
2 3 2 6 9 9 2 2 2 5 1 6 2 31
XX
XX I XX I I XXI I I XX IV XXV T o ta l
1
2
3
X 4 9 .8 6 4 .0 4 7 .9 4 8 .8
s . d . 1 .5
3 6 .4
1 3 .4
4 2 .5
4 . 1
3 4 .7
5 .0
3 4 .3
4 9 .0 4 5 .3 5 2 .1 5 1 .5 5 6 .9 4 9 .3 4 .9 4
1 4 .1
3 6 .0
7 .4
3 1 .3
1 4 .3
3 1 .0
1 6 .6
3 .8 3
s .d . 9 .3 1 0 .4 4 .2 2 .2 1 2 .7 6 .0 7 .5 7 .5
1 7 .6
3 3 .4
1.6
1 0 .8
9 .4
3 8 .7
9 .7
5 .8
3 9 .7
1 2 .4 5 . 1
1 2 .4
2 .8
5 1 .3
1 2 .6
3 5 .0
8 . 1
1 0 .4
3 .2
X
X
s . d .
1.0
2 .4
1.0
3 .6
9 .7
1 . 5
9 .3
1 . 5
9 .0
1 . 4
8 .3
1 . 5
1.3
3 .2
1 0 .7
4 .5 4 .3 3 .0
1 :L eng th ; 2 :W id th ; 3 :T h icknes s *Measu remen t sa r e f o r c omp e t ep i eces o n ly ( i n mm ) .
T ab le VI I I.29 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te Non -Leva l lo is f l ake s i nt h e l e ve l so fK sa r A k i l* K sa rA k i l
1
N umbe r * o ff l akes
XV XV I XV I I
2 s . d .
X
3
X
s .d .
8 .9 1 4 .7 9 .9
1 6 2 8 1 08
4 7 .8
1 0 .9
3 4 .9
5 8 .0 4 6 .5
1 3 .8 8 .8
3 8 .6 3 7 .6
X VI I I
3 2
4 7 .2
8 . 1
3 6 .3
X IX
2 1
4 5 .8
1 0 .0
3 1 .6
X 1 0 .4
s . d . 5 .2
1 2 .2
5 .0
.3 1
4 .7
6 . 1 1 0 .7
1 3 .0
4 .6
9 .0
1 . 9
X X
2 2
4 7 .0
7 . 7
3 7 .6
7 . 9
1 3 .2
3 .9
XX I
6 1
5 1 .4
1 8 .2
3 8 .7
1 3 .1
8 .7
XX I I
1 88
4 9 .6
1 0 .6
3 6 .4
XXI I I
4 4
3 9 5 6
1 8 .6 1 .6 9 .0 .9 1
4 6 .4
X X IV X XV
5 6 .8 4 8 .0 4 4 .5 4 9 .2
1 4 .8 9 .4 1 2 .7
3 7 .0
9 . 5
1 0 .4
3 .3
3 3 .0
7 .2 1 0 .4
1 .6
2 .8
1.7
4 .5
T o ta l
6 15
3 7 .1
1 3 .5
2 .7
1 3 .2
4 .5
1 : L eng th ; 2 :W id th ; 3 :T h ickness *Measu remen t sa r e f o rc omp e t ep i eces o n ly ( i n mm ) .
T ab le VI I I.30 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te B lade s i nt h el e ve ls o fK sa r A k i l K sa rA k i l
1
N umbe r * o ff l akes X
2
3
X
s . d .
X
1 9 .5
6 .4
6 .9
3 . 1 3 .2
6 1
5 4 .0
s .d . .1 1
)N I XV I I XVI I I X IX XX XX I XX I I XXI I I XX IV
1 21 2 44 6 4 15 4 6 1 62 1 50 1 23 9 8
5 6 .3
1 .0
1 9 .1
5 .2
6 .7
5 4 .6
1 4 .2
1 8 .5
7 .5
6 .4
3 . 1
5 4 .8
9 .6
1 9 .4
5 .5
3 .0
5 6 .1
1 2 .4
1 9 .5
5 .5
6 .9 7 .2
2 .6
5 8 .3
1 7
2 1 .9
5 .7
8 .2
3 .4
5 7 .8
1 2 .7
2 1 .5
5 .8
8 .2
3 .9
5 7 .3 5 7 .2
1 7 .5
2 2 .0
5 .3
8 .3
3 .8
1 6 .4
2 1 .8
5 .8
7 .9
2 .6
5 6 .9
1 2 .5
2 2 .4
5 .9
8 .0
2 .6
X XV
5 5
5 7 .6
1 7 .3
2 2 .1
6 . 1
2 .7
1 239
5 7 .5
1 3 .2
2 0 .4
6 .4
9 .8 7 .4
XV
T o ta l
-
s . d .
3 .2
1 : L eng th ; 2 :W id th ; 3 :T h icknes s ( i n mm ) .
S i ze o ft h eB lank s T he m ean d imen s ion s o ft h e f l ake s s how s om e v a r ia t ion b e tween t h e l e ve l s , b u t t h e se d imen s ion s l l d on o tc hange s i gn if ican t ly t h roughou tt ime . T he L eva lo i s f l ake sa nd n on -Leva lo i s f l ake sa r em o s t l I I.28 l s o f ten o fs ma l d imen s ion s ( Tab le s VI -29 ) , b u t s om e l a rge L eva lo i s f l akes a ppea rn one the les s l i nt h e a semb lage s , e spec ia ly i nt h e l owe r l a ye r s . C on t ra ry t ot h e f l akes , t h e a ve rage d imen s ion so f t h e b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s s how s t h a t a va r ia t ion e x i s ts b e tween t h e l e ve l s . T he m ean w id th a nd s t t h icknes e nd t od ec rea se i nl e ve l s X IX -XV , s ugge s t ing t h e p roduc t ion o ft h in b l ades i nt h e u ppe r I I l a ye r s( Tab le V I .30 ) . 1 46
ununu 13 ,o ft he B lanks 3 .S
T h e a semb lage s o fK sa r A k i l e xh ib i t L eva lo i s f l ake s , b l ade s a nd o the r f l ake s i na l o ft h e l a y e r s . s l l A s w e e xpec ted t o f i nd , t h e c o mpo s i t ion o f t h e a semb lage s a nd t h e m o rpho logy o f t h e n on s L eva lo i s f l ak e s a nd b l ade s d e s c r ibed h e r e c o in c ide s w i th t h e f l ak ing m ode s d ef ined a cco rd ing t o l t h ec o r e s ' a na ly s i s . T h el i t h ic r e du c t ion s t ra teg ie sa tK sa rA k i l h ad m o s to f ten t h ea im o fm anuf ac tu r ing b l ade sa nd l e s s s o o f f l akes . T he a semb lage s o f K sa r A k i l m an if e s t s i gn if ican t d i f e r en ce s a mong t h e v a r iou s s f l e v e l s i n t h e r e p re sen ta t ion o f t h e L eva lo i s f l ake s , b l ades a nd b l ade le t s , a s w e l a s i n t h e l l m o rpho logy o ft h e p roduc t s ( t oo l sa nd d eb i tage ) . A s w ea n t i c ipa ted , t h e L eva lo i s f l ake s a nd b l ade s l a r em o s t ly r e p r e sen ted i nt h e l owe rl e ve l sa nd d ec r ea se s i gn if ican t ly i nt h eu ppe rl e ve l s . T h el ow r e p r e sen ta t ion o fL eva lo i sb l ade c o r e s i nt h e a semb lage s s ugge s tt h a tt h eL eva lo i sb l ades l s l w e r e mos t l i k e ly d e r iv ed f r om n on -Leva lo i s m e thod s , p a r t i cu la r ly f r om t wo o ppo sed p l a tf o rm s l o r ien ted o n t h e s ame a x i s o rp y ram ida l c o r e s , w h ich a r e l e s r e p r e sen ted i nt h e u ppe r l a ye r s . T he s o ccur fs om e b l ade c o re s w i th f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a nd L eva lo i s s c a r p a te rn s o nt h e i r rence o l t u ppe r s u rf a ce s c omb ined w i th c r e s t s o n t h e i r l a te ra l p a r t s s uppor t s t h i s a sump t ion . N eve r the les s s, s om e e l onga ted L eva lo i s p o in t s c o r e s w e r e f ound i nt h e l owe r l a y e r s ; t h ey d e r iv e f r om b i po la r l L eva lo i sc o re s . l T h eb l ade s a nd b l ade le t s i n c r ea se i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s ( XX -XV ) . I nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s , t h e o ccur rence o fp un c t if o rm a nd l i nea rb u t so nt h eb l ade s , w i th t r ace so fa b ra s ion o nt h e i rh anged e dge s , s ugge s t s t t h e u se o ft h e s of t h amme r i nt h e p roduc t ion o fm os t b l ade s . T he b l ade s e xh ib i t mo s t ly u n ipo la r s c a r -pa te rn sb u t t h eb i po la rs c a rp a ter nb l ades t e nd t oi n c r ea se i nt h eu ppe r l e ve l s . T h e r ea r e s ome t t s i gn if ican t c hanges i nt h eb l ade / le t st h roughou tt im e : b l ade sw i th t w i s ted o rc on cave l owe r s u rf ace s i n c r ea se ; f a ce ted , d ihed ra l a nd p l a in b u t s t e nd t od ec l ine i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s , w h i le t h e l i nea r a nd t p un c t if o rm b u t s a ppea r t o i n c r ea se i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s . T he m ean l e ng th o ft h e b l ade s d oe s n o t t c hange s i gn if i can t ly t h rough t im e . N ever th e les h e b l ade s a r e o n a ve rage n ar r a nd t h inne r i n s, t rowe t h e u ppe r l e v e l s ; t h e t r ace s o f a b ra s ion o n t h e i r h anged e dge s a l so r i se i n t h e u ppe r l e ve l s , s ugge s t ing t h eu se o ft h es of th amme rt e chn ique . S i gn if i can t c hange s o ccu r i nt h e c ompo s i t ion o ft h e a semb lage s t h rough t im e . A cco rd ing t ot h e se s r e su l t s , w e m ay p ropo se t h e e x i s tence o fc u l tu ra l p ha ses i nK sa r A k i l , a n i d ea , wh ich h a s b een s ugge s ted b yC ope land a nd f u r the rs uppo r ted b yA zou ry a nd O hnuma . B a sed o nt h e a na ly s i s o ft h e b l ank s , w e c an c on s ide rt h ee x i s ten ce o ft h ree c u l tu ra lp ha se sa tK sa rA k i l : P ha se I( l eve l s XXV -XX I ) i s ma rked b yt h e p roduc t ion o fL eva lo i s f l ake s , o t he r f l ake s a nd U ppe r l P a l eo l i th ic b l ades , i nw h ich b l ade le t sa r ep oo r ly r e p r e sen ted . T he b l ank sa r e m os to f t en r emoved b y h a rd h amme r . P ha se I ( l eve l s XX -XV I ) i sc ha rac te r ized b y f ew L eva lo i s f l ak e s a nd a n i n c r ea se i nt h e a moun t o f l b l ades a nd b l ade le t s , w h ich t e nd t ob et h in a nd n ar ompa r ed t ot h o se f r om t h e p r ev iou s p ha se . row c T hey a r e m a in ly d e tached b yt h eu se o ft h es of th amme rt e chn ique . P ha se I I ( l eve l XV ) i sm a rked b y a n i n c r ea se o ft h e f l ake p roduc t ion a tt h e e xpen se o ft h e b l ade s . T he m o rpho logy o ft h e b l ade / le t s e xh ib i t s s eve ra l c hange s : t h e b l ade s wh ich d i sp lay u n ipo la r s c a r p a te rn s a nd s t ra igh t l owe r s u rf ace s i n c r ea se ( a s w e l a s t h ose w i th f a ce ted , d ihed ra l p l a in a nd t l p un c t if o rm ) ; t h e b l ade / le t s w i th t r ace s o fa b ra s ion o nt h e i r h anged e dge s d ec rea se a nd t h e b l ade le t s d ec l ine . I ts em s t h a t p rodu c t sw i th s im i la rc ha ra c te r i s t i cs t ot h ose s en i nP ha se It e nd t or e appea r e e i nP ha se I I .
I V . THE R ETOUCHED ART IFACTS T h et y po logy a na ly s i so ft h e m a te r ia l s f r om t h e l e ve l s XXV -XV w a sp resen ted i nd e ta i l b yA zou ry ( 1 986 ) a nd O hnuma ( 1988 ) a nd w i l b e s hor t ly s umma r ize h e r e . T he r e i s no s i gn if ican td i f e r ence i n l f t h e i d en t if ica t ion o ft h e t o l t y pes b y t h e t wo d i f e r en t r e sea r che r s . N eve r the les h e c l as ica t ion o f s, t sif o ft h e b l ank c a tego r ie s i s mo r e p rob lema t ic , a ss hown i nt h e r e por t s o fA zou ry ( 1986 ) a nd O hnuma ( 1 988 ) , w ho d i scove r ed d i f e r en t a moun t s o f L eva lo i s b l ank s . F o r t h e b l ank s a na ly s i s , w e f l e x am ined r andom ly s amp le so ft oo l s i ne a ch l e ve l , t h er e su l t so f wh ich a r ep re sen ted h e r e . 1 47
l t o T he f o low ing e xp lana t ion a temp t s , i nt h e f i r s t p l a ce , t op re sen t f o r e a ch l e ve l t h e m a in t o l t y p e s sif I I.31) a a cco rd ing t o A zou ry 's c l as ica t ion ( Tab le VI nd s e cond ly , t o e xam ine t h e i n te rac t ion s o b e tween t h es e lec ted b l ank sa nd t h et o lt y pe s . T ab le VI I I.31 : F requenc ie so fT oo lC a tego r ie s i nt h el e ve ls o fK sa rA k i lA cco rd ing t oA zoury ( 1986 ) T oo ls C ham fe red E nd -sc rape rs B u r ins B acked p i eces T runca t ions N o tches /d en t . C ompos i te t oo ls R e touched b l ades O the rs T o ta l
XXV % 4 1 .0 2 9 .0 4 .0 0 . 0 1 .0 7 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 8 . 0 7 0
XX IV % 5 1 .0 7 . 0 1 3 .0 2 . 0 6 . 0 1 4 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 7 .0 15
X XI I I % 5 5 .0 1 .0 1 6 .0 4 .0 6 . 0 3 . 0 0 . 2 0 . 2 4 .6 5 49
X X I I % 1 8 .0 3 0 .0 2 9 .0 6 . 0 6 . 0 4 .0 2 . 0 1 . 0 4 .0 1 633
XX I % 0 . 3 3 9 .0 2 5 .0 1 0 .0 8 . 0 9 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 2 . 7 5 11
XX % 0 . 5 5 1 .0 1 0 .0 1 9 .0 8 . 0 4 . 0 1 . 0 2 . 0 4 .5 9 12
X IX % 0 . 2 5 6 .0 5 . 0 1 7 .0 7 . 0 4 . 0 2 . 0 4 . 0 4 . 8 5 78
X VI I I % 0 . 0 4 8 .0 1 . 0 2 9 .0 6 . 0 7 . 0 0 . 4 4 .0 4 .6 2 66
X V I I % 0 . 2 3 3 .0 1 . 5 3 3 .0 6 . 0 4 .0 0 . 4 1 6 .0 5 . 9 1 54 1
X V I % 0 . 0 3 0 .0 1 . 0 2 4 .0 1 5 .0 6 . 0 0 . 3 1 6 .0 7 . 7 3 49
X V % 0 . 0 1 6 .0 1 0 .0 1 7 .0 1 6 .0 2 7 .0 0 . 0 6 . 0 8 . 0 5 1
* These t oo ls a re o fL eva lo is morpho logy l
1 .T he T ypo log ica lC ompo s i t ion o ft he A s Aemb lage s ( Accord ing t oA zo t tu , T ab le V I1 1.31 ) A zou ry a s soc ia ted t h e a s semb lages o fK sa r A k i l w i th t h e T ran s i t iona l p ha se a nd d iv id ed t h em i n to P ha se s I A a nd I B a nd IA a nd IB a cco rd ing t ot h e v a r ia t ion i nt h e amoun t o fc hamf e r ed p i ece s , b u r in s , e nd sc rape r sa nd b a cked p i ece s . P ha se Is how s a n a s soc ia t ion o fs pec ia l ized M idd le P a leo l i th ic t e chn iques , w h ich a r e u sed t om ake b l ade -b lank s , e l onga ted L eva l lo i s t r iangu la r p o in t s , af ew f l ake s a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o o l-k i t s , s uch a sb u r in sa nd e nd sc rape r s . I I s l o P ha se I A : L eve l s XXV -XX I . T he a semb lage s e xh ib i t L eva lo i s f l akes a nd b l ade t o l s a nd n on l o L eva lo i s f l ake s a nd b l ad e t o l s . A zou ry c on s ide r ed t h a tt h et e chno logy o fl e ve l s XXV -XX a ppea r s t ob e t h a t o f as pec ia l ized L eva l lo i s , o n e w h ich i sc ha ra c te r ized b y t h e e l onga ted L eva l lo i s p o in t s t h a tw e r ed e tach ed f r om L eva l lo i sp o in tc o re s( Azou ry , 1 986 : p .8 1 ) . T he e l onga ted b l ank so fP h a se I al so w e re u sed t o p r oduce t o o l s , s u ch a s c hamf e red p i ece s . T he t oo l t y pe s c on s i s t o f t h e p redom inance o ft h e c hamf e r ed p i ece s ; t h e e nd -scrape r s a r e w e l l r e p re sen ted b u t t e nd t od ec rea s e ; t h e . n o tche s a nd d en t icu la te a nd t h e t r un ca ted p i ece s o ccu r l e s s a nd t h e b u r in s i n c r ea se . I n l e v e l s XX IV -XX I I I ,t h et oo lt y pe sa r e mo re v a r ied d ue t ot h ea dd i t ion o fp e rf o ra to r sa nd b ack ed b l ade s . rev ious p ha se : i ti sm a rk ed P ha se I B : L eve l s XX I I . T h i s p ha se s how s s e ve ra l d i f f e r ence s w i th t h e p b y t h e d ec l ine o fc hamf e r ed p i ece s , t h e s i gn if ican t r e p r e sen ta t ion o fb u r in s a nd t h e r i se i n b acked p i ece sa nd c ompos i te t o l s . H e re ,t h e m a in t o l i st h ee nd -sc rape r . o o P ha se I s how s as im i la r d eb i tage t o t h a t o f P ha se I ,b u t w i th a gr adua l i n c rea se i np l a in a nd p unc t if o rm b u t s ; i ts hou ld b e p o in ted o u tt h a t s ome t oo l s d ec l ine , s uch a st h e c hamf e r ed p i ece s o r t b u r in s .
P ha se IA : L eve l s XX I -X IX . T h e L eva lo i s g roup r em a in s p reponde ran t . T he f a ce ted a nd d ihed r a l l b u t s a r e s t i l n ume rou s , b u t t h e p l a in a nd p unc t if o rm b u t s i n c r ea se . T h e t oo l s a r e m ade f i r s t ly o n t l t f l ake s , w h i le t h e u se o fe l onga ted L eva lo i s p o in t s d ec r ea ses . T h i s p ha se i sc ha rac te r ized b y ah i gh l i n dex o fe nd sc rape r s a nd ar a th e r l ow p e r cen tage o fb u r in s , a s w e l a s b y av i r tua l a bsence o f l c hamf e r ed p i ece s . T he b acked b l ade s i n c r ea se p a r t i cu la r ly ( t h e c u rved b acked b l ade s a nd t h e p a r t ia ly b a cked b l ade s ) , a sw e l a st h ec ompos i te t o l s . l l o P ha se J IB : L eve l s XV I -XV . T he L eva lo i s b l ank s d ec l ine , wh i le t h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ades w i th I I l p unc t if o rm a nd l i nea r b u t s d om ina te . T he e nd sc rape r s a r e t h e l a rges t g roup , b u t h ave s l igh t ly t l owe ri n dexe st h an i nP ha se IA ;t h eb acked p i ece s a r en ume rou sa nd t h eb u r in sa r ev i r tua ly a b sen t . l
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2 .B lank s Ana ly s i s I nt h e a semb lage so fK sa rA k i l , d i f e r en tb l ank t ype s h ave b een s e lec ted i nt h ep roduc t ion o ft o l s . s f o N ev e r the les h e l i th ic r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s a t K sa r A k i l w e re mo s t o f ten a im ed a t t h e s, t m anuf ac tu r ing o fb l ade s a nd l e s s o o ff l ake s ( Tab le V I1 ) . T he b l ade t o l s t e nd t o r i se i nt h e s 1.32 o u ppe r l a ye r s . T he L eva lo i s b l ank s d ec r ea se d r a s t ica ly i nt h e u ppe r l a y e r s ; a nd t h e n on -Leva lo is l l l f l ak e s i sw e l r e p re sen ted . T he o v e r r ep re sen ta t ion o fc or tex o nt h e f l ake t o l s i sw o r thy o fn o t ice : l o 8 9 f l ake s a r e p r ima ry f l ake s a nd 1 62 a r e c o r t ica l f l ake s . I ts em s t h a t p a r t o f t h em h av e b een e d e r ived f r om b l ade c o re s a nd w e r e d e tached d u r ing c o r e p r epa ra t ion o r m a in tenan ce . S om e t o l s o h av e b een m anuf a c tu red o n c r e s ted b l ades , c o r e t a b le t s , o r c o re t r imm ing e l emen t s a nd r e p r e sen t 2 . 1% o ft h et o l s . o T h eL eva lo i sb l ank sw e r em o s t ly u sed f o rt h ep roduc t ion o fe nd -sc rape r s , p o in t s , c hamf e r ed p i eces , l r e touched p i ece s a nd n o tch e s a nd d en t i cu la te ( Tab le V1 ) . T h e p o in t s , n o tch e s a nd d en t icu la te , 1 1.33 c hamf e r ed p i ece s , a nd s i de sc r ape r so ccu rm a in ly i nt h e l owe rl e ve l s , i nc on t ra s tt ot h ee nd sc rape r s a nd r e touched p i ece s wh ich c on t inue t ob ep roduced i nt h eu ppe rl e ve l s . T ab le VI I I.32 : F requen c ie so fL eva l lo i sT oo l s , B lade t oo l s , a nd O the rF l ake T oo l s T o ta l D B C A N umbe r % N umbe r % N umbe r % N umbe r % N umbe r% 3 1 1 3 . 2 7 1 .0 1 9 .4 2 6 . 4 2 6 X V 2 8 9 1 0 .1 6 6 . 7 7 2 9 X V I 2 8 0 .9 2 . 2 1 33 4 .5 4 1 3 0 .8 6 6 0 .9 I X V I 5 3 . 8 8 1 1 09 4 3 . 7 6 2 .4 3 1 .2 3 2 . 7 6 8 3 4 I I X VI 5 9 3 5 . 1 2 1 3 2 .0 4 0 6 7 .8 X IX 3 5 . 1 5 6 1 1 . 8 5 2 2 5 .4 2 3 9 .3 3 . 6 3 1 X X 2 93 1 . 0 3 0 .0 3 8 8 . 5 1 77 6 0 .4 8 X X I 2 5 7 32 6 0 . 8 4 50 6 1 .5 1 80 2 4 .6 X I X I 9 6 1 3 .1 1 05 2 3 .8 4 3 . 8 2 5 4 8 .6 2 5 X I I XI 2 3 .8 5 1 1 53 2 4 .8 3 2 . 0 7 2 4 7 .1 4 0 2 6 .1 3 8 X X IV 7 9 2 .8 2 6 2 1 4 1 9 .7 3 7 4 6 .8 3 6 .6 X XV 1 84 1 3 9 2 . 1 10 1 4 82 2 6 .2 1 2 17 .8 5 9 .8 T o ta l l l l A : L eva lo is F lake t oo ls , B : n on -Leva lo is B lade t oo ls , C : Non -Leva lo is f l ake t oo ls a nd D : O the r s ( t oo ls o n CTE ,
T oo ls
c r es ted b lade s , c o re t ab le t s )
T ab le VI I I.33 : Numbe ro fT oo lC a te t zo r ie s o nL eva l lo i s F l ak e s i nt h e l e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l T oo ls • L eva lo is P o in ts l M ous te r ian P o in t s S i de -sc rape rs D en t icu la te N o tches R e touched C ham fe red B u r ins E nd -sc rape r s P e r fo ra to r s T o ta l
X XV 2
1 1 3 1 6 1 4
X X IV 1 1 1 2 9 4 3 9 4 0
X I I XI 6 1 2 1 5 3 3 2 2 2 5
X I X I 1 8 3 1 8 6 7 2 5 4 2 3 1 9 6
XX I 4
X IX
I I X VI
I X V I
X V I 3
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
3
3
2
XX
1 2 1 2 5 9 1 2 5
X V 1
1 5
2
T o ta l 4 5 2 07 4 1 . 8 5 2 . 3 1 3 6 . 0 1 5 6 . 9 3 1 1 4 .3 3 3 1 5 .2 1 4 6 . 5 5 5 2 5 .3 2 0 . 9 2 17 9 9 .9
T he b l ade t o o l a s semb lage s o f l e ve l s XXV -XV c on s is t o f e nd sc rape r s , b u r in s , r e touch ed a nd p o in ted b l ade s , c hamf e r ed p i ece s ; a nd l e s s o f p o in t s ; n o tch ed a nd d en t icu la te , t r unca t ion a nd p e r f o ra to r s( Tab le VI I I.34 ) D ra s t ic c hange s i nt h e c ompos i t ion o ft h e t o o l so ccu ri nt h e se l e v e l s . A s h a s b een r ema rked b y A zou ry ( 1 986 ) , t h e d i sappea ran ce o fc hamf e r ed b l ade s i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s , t h e r i se o fr e tou ch ed a nd p o in ted b l ade s , e nd sc rape r s a nd t h e d ec r ea se o fp o in t o fm o rpho logy L eva l lo i sb u r in sa r ea l lq u i te s i gn if ican t . T h e L eva l lo is b l ank sa r e s e l ec ted b o th f o rt h e m anuf ac tu r ing o ft h e Mou s te r ian t oo l sa nd t h e U ppe r P a l eo l i th ic t o o l s ; n eve r th e les s, t h eb l ade b l ank s a r e s e lec ted f i r s tf o rt h ep roduc t ion o ft y p ica lU ppe r P a l eo l i th ic t oo l s( Tab le VI I I.35 )
1 49
T ab le VI I I.34 : F r equenc ie so fT oo lT ype s o nB lade s i nt h el e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l T oo ls l " Leva lo is "P o in ts " D en t icu la te N o tche s R e touched P o in ted b l ades B acked b l ades l P a r t ia ly B acked C ham fe red B u r ins E nd -sc rape rs T runca ted b l ades P e r fo ra to r s K n ives C ompos i te t oo ls T o ta l
X XV % 5 . 4 5 . 4 1 3 .5 2 . 7
3 5 .1 8 . 1 2 4 .3
5 . 4 3 7
X X IV % 5 . 6 9 . 7 9 . 7 1 . 4
4 0 .3 1 3 .9 1 .1 4 . 2 2 . 8 1 . 4 7 2
I I XXI % 2 . 0 3 . 9 5 . 9
3 . 9 3 7 .2 2 7 .4 9 . 8 5 . 9 2 . 0 2 . 0 5 1
I XX I % 3 . 1 0 . 7 3 . 8 6 . 0 1 . 8 4 .7 1 6 .4 3 5 .8 2 2 .9 1 . 3 0 . 7 0 . 2 2 . 7 4 50
X X I % 5 . 6 2 . 3 6 . 2 1 8 .6 4 .0 2 . 3 6 . 8 6 . 2 1 8 .1 2 0 .9 2 . 3 2 . 8
X X % 3 . 2 6 . 4 9 . 7 9 . 7 1 2 .9 9 . 7 3 8 .7 9 . 7
4 . 0 1 77
3 1
X IX % 5 . 0 2 . 5 2 . 5 1 2 .5 7 . 5 1 0 .0 1 2 .5 4 5 .0
2 . 5 4 0
I I X VI %
1 6 .2 1 . 5 8 . 8 2 6 .5
3 8 .2 1 . 5 5 . 9 1 . 5 6 8
I X V I % 1 . 2 1 . 2 2 . 5 1 9 .8 9 . 9 1 . 2 9 . 9 4 . 9 4 5 .7
X V I % 4 .2 4 .2 2 0 .8 9 .7 2 0 .8
3 . 7
2 . 8 2 2 .2 8 . 3 6 . 9
8 1
7 2
X V ° A ) 4 .5 9 . 1 1 8 .2 4 0 .9 4 .5 1 8 .2
4 .5
2 2
T o ta l 3 6 3 . 2 1 4 1 . 3 5 1 4 .6 1 34 1 2 .2 3 6 3 . 2 1 5 1 . 4 8 8 8 . 0 1 49 1 3 .5 2 3 1 2 1 .0 2 72 2 5 .0 2 6 2 . 4 2 3 2 . 1 2 0 . 2 2 2 4 . 2 10 1
l * These t oo ls a r eo fL eva lo is mo rpho logy
T ab le VI I I.35 : P e rcen tage o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo l s o nL eva l lo is a nd B lade B lank s _ . Mous te r ian T oo ls U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo ls T o ta l
'L eva l lo is B lanks N umbe r % 8 2 5 3 .6 7 1 4 6 .2 7 03 1 00 .0
B lade B lanks % N umbe r 1 2 .8 1 01 8 7 .2 6 91 1 00 .0 2 95
V . CONCLUS ION ON KSAR AK IL
L i th ic r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s a tK sa rA k i l w e re m o s t o f t en a imed t owa rd t h e m anuf ac tu r ing o fb l ad e s a nd l e ss oo ff l ake s ; p a r t o ft h em a ppea rt ob e n o m o r e t h an w a s te a nd w e r e d e tached d u r ing b l ade s c o r e p r epa ra t ion . T he a na ly s i s o ft h e c o r e s s i gna l s t h e u se o fs eve ra l m ode s o fr educ t ion s t ra teg ie s , w h ich o ccu r a mong t h e L eva lo i s c o re s , t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade c o re s a nd t h e n on -Leva lo i s l l f l ake c o r e s . T he m o rpho logy o ft h e d eb i tage a nd t o lp roduc t s p e rf ec t ly c o in c ides w i th t h e f l ak ing o m e thod s d ef ined a cco rd ing t o t h e c o r es . T he L eva lo i s b l ank s a r e s e lec ted f o r b o th t h e l m anuf ac tu r ing o f t h e Mou s te r ian t oo l s a nd t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t oo l s ; n eve r the les h e b l ade s, t b l ank s a r e f i r s t s e lec ted t op roduce t y p ica l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t oo l s . T h e c hamf e red p i eces , t h e e nd s s c rape r s , t h e b u r in s a nd b ack ed b l ade s c on s t i tu te t h e m a in t oo l t y pe so ft h e se a semb lages , b u tt h e i r amoun t sv a ry a cco rd ing t ot h e l e ve l s .
IL WITH THOSE FRO M V I . COMPAR ISON O F THE A SSE MBLAGES O F KSAR AK NORTHERN I SRAEL
s l T he a semb lages o fR aqef e t , Em i r eh , Q af zeh , E l Wad a nd K sa r A k i l a r e a l ma rked b y as im i la r o v a r ie ty o f r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s a nd t o l p roduc t s , a nd e xh ib i t t h e s ame c o re t y pes , d eb i tage a nd s l l t t oo l s . T he a soc ia t ion o f L eva lo i s p roduc t s a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade s c ha rac te r i ze a h e se s a semb lages . V a r ia t ion s i nt h e r e la t ive a moun t o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic c omponen t s s o ccu r b e tween t h e a semb lages . S om e i n du s t r ie s c omp r i se p r edom inan t Mou s te r ian i mp lemen t s , s w h i le o th e r s i n c lude mo s t ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i t em s . T he r ef o r e , t h e se a semb lage s , wh ich m an if e s t s l f s i e sen t ia ly t h e s ame c ha r ac te r i s t ic s , r e p re sen t d i f e r en t s t age s i n ad eve lopmen ta l p roces n wh ich f o t h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic c omponen t s i n c rea se . S om e d i f e r en ce s i nt h e c ompo s i t ion o ft h et o l s o ccu r , a nd m a rk t h e r e g iona lv a r iab i l i ty o ft h e se i n du s t r ies .
1 50
CHAPITRE NfNE BOKER TACHTIT
THE SITE Boker Tachtit is situated on the eastern side of Nahal Zin in the central Negev. The site was excavated in 1975 and 1980 (Marks 1977; 1983a). Four occupation layers have been observed. Levels I-III, which exhibit a strong homogeneity, have been associated with the "Transitional", while level rv (the uppermost layer) has been associated with the Upper Paleolithic (Marks and Kaufman, 1983). Systematic core reconstruction has enabled the excavators to determine the main reduction strategies employed in these four levels. They attest to a period of rapid technological change from a specialized Levallois-based core reduction strategy to a single platform core reduction strategy, while artifact morphology remained relatively the same (Volkman, 1983). Volkman suggests that this shift in the core reduction strategies from levels I to IV document the technological transition from Middle to Upper Paleolithic, at least for the Negev (Volkman, 1983, 128). The "Transitional" industries from Ksar Aki!, Northern Israel and Boker Tachtit are characterized both by Levallois implements and by Upper Paleolithic blades. Nevertheless, it is necessary to compare the reduction strategies used in the different assemblages as well as the lithic artifacts in order to define their possible cultural relationships. If the Levallois and blade flaking methods in the north (including Ksar Akil) as well as the lithic artifacts are similar to those from Boker Tachtit, we may conclude that the north and the south are culturally related, and that they belong to the same "Transitional" phase. On the other hand, if strong technological and/or typological differences between these industries exist, it will not be possible to correlate them to the same cultural entity. This chapter attempts in the first place to describe the main reduction strategies used at Boker Tachtit, and secondly, to compare them with those recovered in the northern assemblages. LITHIC PRODUCTION The assemblages of Boker Tachtit I-JV are characterized by both flakes and blades, by a low amount of tools as well as by high frequencies of debris and debitage (Table IX. l ) Table IX. I: Available Artifact Sample by Levels (According to Marks and Kaufman 1983) Artifacts Cores Debitaqe Tools Debris Total
Level I Number %
58 4096 89 5918 10161
0.6 40.3 0.9 58.2 100.0
Level II Number
% 0.9 42.1 1.2 55.8 100.0
196 8955 249 11882 21282
Level 111 Number %
34
2097 25 2596 4752
0.7 44.1 0.5 54.6 99.9
Level IV Number
52 4220 193 4594 9059
% 0.6 46.6 2.1 50.7 100.0
I. RAW MATERIAL There is no significant difference in the categories of raw material from Levels I-IV. The raw material, which predominates in this industry, occurs most often in the form of thin nodules. Tabular flint or large flakes are also selected in the production of blades. The material is generally fresh.
151
I . THE CORES rence o T he p e r cen tage o ft h e o ccur fc o r es i s ve ry l ow , r e su l t ing i na ne x t r em e ly h i gh b l ank t oc o r e s t sif r a t io ( l es h an 1 % o ft h e a r t if ac t s ) . T he c l as ica t ion o fc o r e t y pes e s tab l i shed b y V o lkman i s b a sed o n ar educ t ion s t ra tegy o ft h er e con s t ruc t ion s . L eve l I( t h e l owe rl e ve l )h a sr evea led 5 9c o r e s , l o fw h ich 2 6 h ave b een d ef ined a so pposed p l a tf o rm L eva lo i s p o in t s , 2 6 c o r e s a so ppo s ed p l a tf o rm b l ade c o r e s , f ou r a ss i ng le p l a tf o rm c o r e s a nd t h ree a su ndef ined . L eve l Ih a s y i e lded 3 4 o ppo sed l p l a tf o rm L eva lo i s p o in t c o r e s , 1 07 o pposed p l a tf o rm b l ade c o re s , 2 1 s i ng le p l a tf o rm c o r e s a nd 3 4 l u ndef ined . L ev e l I I c on ta in s 3o ppo sed p l a tf o rm L eva lo i sp o in t sc o re s , 1 9 c o re so ppo s ed p l a tf o rm b l ade c o r e s , e i gh t s i ng le p l a tf o rm c o r e s a nd t h ree u nde f ined . L ev e l I V i n c lude s t h r ee o pposed l p l a tf o rm L eva lo i sp o in t s c o r e s , 1 0 o pposed p l a tf o rm b l ade c o r e s , 3 5 s i ng le p l a tf orm c o r e s a nd o n e u ndef ined ( Vo lkman , 1 983 ) . T he c o re r e con s truc t ion s f r om t h e f ou r th l e ve ls d emon s t ra te t h a t t h e c o r e r e duc t ion s t ra teg i e s l c hange d rama t i ca ly t h roughou t t ime . T h i s c hange c on s i s ted o f as h if t f r om a h omogeneou s l L eva lo i s -ba sed t e chno logy ( l ev e l I ) t o ap e r iod o f ag r ea t h e te rogen e i ty a nd f l ex ib i l i ty i n l t e chno logy ( l eve l s Ia nd I I ) , a nd e nded w i th a no the rh omogenou s , y e t n on -Leva lo i s b a s ed s i ng le p l a tf o rm b l ade t e chno logy ( l ev e lI V ) ( Vo lkman , 1 983 : 1 28 ) .
l 1 .L eva lo i s me thod s l s T he L eva lo i s p o in t c o r e s t ra tegy , w h ich i sa soc ia ted w i th c r e s ted b l ade m anuf ac tu r ing , i n vo lv e s f ou r s t ep s : c or tex r emova l d u r ing t h e i n i t ia l c o re s hap ing , b l ade r emova l d u r ing t h e f i na l p o in t o f l c or e f o rma t ion , p l a tf o rm r e juvena t ion w h ich a l te rna te s w i th b l ade r emova l s , a nd f i na ly , p o in t l r emova l ( Ma rk s a nd K aufman , 1 983 : 7 1-72 ) . U s ing B o rde s 's d ef in i t ion o fL eva lo i s , Ma rk s a nd l K aufman s ugges tt h a t i nB oke rT a ch t i t " t h e b a s ic c o r er e du c t ion m e thod i s Leva lo i s , i na s much a s t h e r e a ppa r en t ly w a s ad e s i red e nd p rodu c t o fp red ic tab le s hape ; as hape p r ede te rm in ed b y p r io r s, t l r emova l s" ( Ma rk s a nd K aufman , 1 983 : 7 1 ) . N ever th e les h e se c o r e s d e sc r ibed a s L eva lo i s s how f t wo m a in d i f e rences i nr educ t ion s t ra teg ie s i nc ompa r i son t o t h o se u n cov e red i nt h e o the r s i t e s s t ud ied h e r e in : l s F i r s t ly , i n t h e N or th er n I s rae l i a nd K sa r A k i l L eva lo i s a semb lages , t h e o rgan iza t ion o f t h e l l L eva lo is d eb i tage a lway s f o low s ap a r t icu la r v o lume t r ic c oncep t o ft h e c o r e . T h e i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se p r epa re s t h e c o r e v o lume t h a t c on s i s t s o ft wo a symme t r ic c onvex s u rf ace st h a t d ef ine ap l ane l l o fi n te r sec t ion . I n o rde r t oc r ea te t h e c onv ex i t ie s t h a t w i l p e rm i t t h e d e ta chmen t o ft h e L eva lo i s b l ank ( s ) , t h e k nappe r r emoved d ebo rdan t f l akes o r c en t r ipe ta l p r ede te rm in ing f l akes , w h ich a r e a lway s s e can t t ot h e i n te r sec t ion p l ane , a r e r emoved f r om t h e l a te r a l a nd d i s ta l s i des o ft h e c o r e s s, i l I I, t ( Boöda , 1 986 ; 1 995 ) . N ev e r th e les nt h eL eva lo is c o r e s f r om B oke rT ach t i t I -I h e i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i sc ha rac te r ized b y t h e p roduc t ion o fo ne o r t wo c r e s t s s i tua ted o n t h e u ppe r a nd /o r l owe r s u rf ace s . T he p r ede te rm in ing f l ake s t h a t f o rm t h e c r e s t a r e n o t d e tach ed f r om t h e l a te ra l o r d i s ta l l s i de s , a sw e f i nd i nt h e N o r th e rn I s rae l i L eva lo i s c o r e s , b u t r a th e r f r om t h e u ppe r s i d e , a l ong t h e l ong a x is o ft h ec o r e . l S econd ly , i nt h e No r th e rn I s r ae l i a nd K sa r A k i l L eva lo i s c o r e s , t h e l a rge s u rf ace o ft h e c o r e i s l s e lec ted a s t h e f l ak ing s u rf ace . I n t h e L eva lo i s c o re s f r om B oke r T ach t i t , t h e f l ak ing s u rf a ce i s row s row a a lway s o n t h e n ar i de o ft h e c o re . B ecau se f l ak ing i sr e s t r i c ted t ot h e n ar x i s o ft h e c o r e sib a nd t h et wo s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s a r eo r ien ted o nt h e s ame a x i s , i ti sp os le t oc on s ide rt h em a sa x i s f l ak ing b l ade c o re sw i th t wo o ppo sed p l a tf o rm s . l l F o r B oöda , L eva lo i s f l ak ing f o low s ap a r t icu la rv o lum e t r ic c oncep t o ft h e c o re t h a t c on s i s t s o ft h e p repa ra t ion o ft wo a symme t r i c c onvex s u rf a ces d ef in ing ap l an e o f i n te r sec t ion . U s ing B o& la 's sib l d ef in i t ion , i ti sp os le t os ugge s tt h a tt h e r e i sn o L eva lo i sc o r ei nB oke rT a ch t i t .
1 52
2 .U ppe rP a leo l i th i cL am inar Me thod s l At o ta l o f3 42 c o re s w e r e r e cove red f r om B oke r T ach t i t ; w e s ha l e xam ine as amp le o f 1 95 c o r e s a nd c o r e r e con s truc t ion s o fB oke r T a ch t i t w h ich a r e h ou sed a tt h e I s rae l i A n t iqu i t ie s A u tho r i ty , l J e ru sa lem . T h e L am ina rc o re su n cove r ed i nL eve ls I IV o fB oke rT ach t i td om ina te . We s ha lg roup l t h em i n to t h e f o low ing U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade c o r ec a tego r ie s( Tab le I X .2 ) : T ab le I X .2 :F r equen c ie so fL am in a rC o r eT ype si n th eL eve l so fB ok e rT a ch t i t C o res 2 A 1 2 A2 2 A3 2 B2 2 C1 2 D T o ta l
L eve l 1 N umbe r % 1 6 . 7 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 1 2 8 0 .0 0 0 . 0 2 1 3 ,4 1 5 1 00 .1
L eve l N umbe r 0 1 0 7 8 2 1 2 1 03
I % 0 .0 1 0 .7 0 . 0 7 5 .7 1 . 9 1 .7 1 00 .0
l L eve l I N umbe r % 1 3 . 3 6 2 0 .0 0 0 .0 6 2 0 6 .7 1 3 .3 2 6 .7 3 0 1 00 .0
L eve l I V N umbe r % 7 1 4 .6 2 7 5 6 .2 4 8 .3 4 8 .3 2 4 .2 4 8 .3 9 4 8 9 .9
2 A 1 : L a te ra l F l ak ing c o res w i th o ne S t r ik ing -P la tf o rm ; 2 A2 : A x is -F lak ing c o res w i th o ne S t r ik ing -P la tf o rm ; 2 A3 : P y ram ida l o rs em i -py ram ida l c o r e ; 2 B2 : Two o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o r ien ted o nt h e s ame a x is c o r e ; 2 C1 : Two t w is ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o re sw i th a x i s f l ak ing ( a so ppo sed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ) ;2 D :N on -def ined B lade c o res .
2 . A . S i ng le S t r ik ing P la tf orm C ore s T h e s i ng le s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s a r e p oo r ly r e p re sen ted i nt h e l owe r l e ve l s , b u t i n c r ea se s t rong ly i nL eve l I V . I I, b 2 A1 : T he l a te ra l f l ak ing c o r e s w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a r e p oo r ly r e p re sen ted i nL eve l s I -I u t s i n c r ea se i nL eve l I V . T h e se c o r e s a r e m os t ly o n t h in n odu les , a nd l e s s o o n r ounded p ebb le s . I n t h r ee c a ses , t h e i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i sd i s t ingu i shed b y t h e p r epa ra t ion o fo ne o r t wo c r e s t s . Two e xh ib i t h i nge f r ac tu r e ( Ma rk s a nd K aufman 1 983 , F ig . 5 10a : l e ve l 2 ,F ig . 5 26b a nd 5 -27a -c : l e ve l 4 ) l 2 A2 : T h e a x ia l f lak ing c o r e s w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a r e t o ta ly a b sen t i nL eve l I ,b u t t e nd t o i n c r ea se i nL eve l s Ia nd I I a nd d om ina te i nL eve l I V . T he l a rge r p a r t o ft h e se c o re s i so n t h in s n odu le s ( 29 ) , a nd l e s s o o n r ounded p ebb le s ( 7 ) o ro n t h ick f l ake s ( 5 ) . T he i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se i s s ome t im es c ha ra c te r ized b y t h e p r epa ra t ion o fo ne o r t wo c r e s t s ( 6 c o r e s ) . F ou r teen c o re s e xh ib i t l h i nge f r ac tu re s ,t wo o fw h ich a r et o ta ly d amaged ( Ma rk sa nd K aufman 1 983 , F ig . 5 26a : l e ve l4 ) . l 2 A3 : P y ram ida l o r s em i -py ram ida l c o r e s a r e t o ta ly a bs en t i nt h e l owe r l e ve l s , b u t o ccu r i nL eve l I V . T h ree o ft h e se a r e o n r ounded p ebb le s o r b l ock s a nd o n e i so n t h ick f l ak e . T he c o re h a s a p y r am ida l s hape . O ne o rt wo c r e s t s h ave p robab ly b een m anuf a c tu r ed d u r ing t h e p r e l im ina ry p ha se s, s i n o rde r t o d e tach t h e f i r s t b l ade s ; n eve r the les i nce t h e l a te ra l c onvex i t ies a r e c on s tan t ly m a in ta ined d u r ing t h e r e duc t ion s t r a tegy b y p e r iphe ra l r emova l s , t h e r e i sn o r e -managemen t o f c r e s t s d u r ing t h e r e duc t ion s t ra tegy . Two s how h i nge f r a c tu r e o nt h e r emova l s u rf ace t h a t o ccur red d u r ing t h ep rev iou sa temp tt od e tach af l ake ( Ma rk sa nd K aufman 1 983 , F ig . 5 25b : l e ve l4 ) . t 2 . B . T wo O ppo sed S t r ik ing P la tf orm s O r ien ted o n t h eS ame A x i sB lad eC ore s T h et wo o pposed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o r i en ted o n t h e s ame a x i s b l ade c o re s s t rong ly d om ina te i nt h e t h r ee l owe r l e ve l s , b u t t e nd t o d ec rea se f r om b o tom t o t op . T hey r e p resen t ar e la t ive ly l ow t f r equency i nL eve lI V . 2 B 1 : T he l a te ra l f l ak ing c o r e w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o r ien ted o n t h e s ame a x is i s o taly a b sen t i nt h ec o r e so fB oke rT a ch t i t . tl 2 B2 : A x ia l f l ak ing w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s d om ina te s i nL eve l s I -I nd d ec l ine s I I a i nL eve l I V . Ap a r t o ft h e se c o r e s h a sp e rm i ted t h e d e ta chmen t o fp o in t s o fL eva lo i s mo rpho logy . t l 1 53
T he d e ta chmen to fp r ev iou sb l ade s f r om t h et wo o ppo s i te s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s f o rm s aY s c a rp a te rn , t w h ich p e rm i t s t h e r emova l o fe l onga ted p o in t s o fL eva lo i s m o rpho logy . Mos t o ft h e se c o res a r e l m ade o n t h in n odu le s a nd l e s s o o n r ounded p ebb les ; s ome a r e o n t h ick f l ake s . T he i n i t ia l iza t ion s p ha se i sg ene ra ly c ha rac te r ized b yt h e p roduc t ion o fo ne o rt wo c r e s t s( Ma rk s a nd K aufm an 1 983 , l F ig . 5 -2c -d a nd F i g . 5 3a , c e : l e ve l 1 ) . 2 .C . T w i s ted O ppo sed P la tf orm sB lade C or e s T he t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm b l ade c o r e s a r e p oo r ly r e p r esen ted i n t h e a semb lage s o f B oke r s T ach t i t 2 C 1 : Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o r e sw i th a x ia lf l ak ing ( a so pposed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ) : Mo s to f t h em a r e m ade o n t h in n odu les a nd l e s s o o n r ounded p ebb le s . Two c o r e s e xh ib i t h i ng e f r ac tu r e s ( Ma rk sa nd K aufman 1 983 , F ig . 5 3b a nd fL eve l 1 , Fig . 5 11c : l e ve l2 ) . 2 C2 : Two t w i s ted o pposed p l a tf o rm c o re s w i th b i -d i r ec t iona l o ppos i te l a te ra l f l ak ing a r e t o ta ly l a bsen t i nB oke rT a ch t i t . 2 D : U nd e term ined b lad eC ore s . S ome c o r e sa r eb roken o rb u rn ta nd t h e r ef o r et h ef l ak ing m e thod sc anno tb ed ef ined .
C onc lus ions o n t he L am inar C ore s T he a x ia l f l ak ing c o re s a lway s c on s t i tu te t h e m a in c o r e t y pes i nB oke r T a ch t i t I IV ; n ev e r the les s, t h e re i sa si gn if ican t d if e r en ce b e tween t h e l owe r l e ve l s ( I I ) a nd t h e u ppe r l e ve l ( IV ) i n t h e I I amoun t o ft h e c a tego r ie s o f b l ade c o re s . I n t h e t h r ee l owe r l e v e l s , t h e o pposed p l a tf o rm s c o r e s d om ina te , p a r t i cu la r ly t h et wo o pposed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm o r ien ted o nt h e s am e a x i sc o r e s . A l so , t oa l e se r d eg ree , t h e t w i s ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s c o re s w i th a x is f l ak ing ( a s o pposed t o l a te r a l f l ak ing ) s o ccu r . T h e u ppe rmos t l e ve l ( IV ) i n c lude s m os t ly t h e a x i s -f lak ing c o re s w i th o ne s i ng l e p l a tf o rm . T he p y ram ida l c o r ea l so o ccu r s . B lank s w i th n a tu ra ly n ar i de s ( s uch a s f l ake s o r t h in n odu les ) a r e s e lec ted f o r a x ia l f l ak ing l row s b ecau se t h e i r e dge s c ommon ly p os a tu ra l d i hed ra l m o rpho logy , w h ich e a s i ly p e rm i t s t h e ses s an o b ta inm en t o ft h e s e r ies o fb l ade s w i thou t l a te ra l c onvex i t ies m anagemen t . T h e f l ak ing s u rf ace i s g ene ra ly m a in ta ined b yd ebo rdan tb l ade r emova l s . l As i gn if ican t amoun to fc o r e se xh ib i t h inge f r ac tu r e so nt h e i ru ppe rs u rf ace s ; s om e c o r e sa r et o ta ly l d am aged ,t h i sp robab ly h av ing o ccur u r ing t h ea temp tt od e tach s om eb l ank s ; o th e r sh ave b een red d t a bandoned a f te rt h e f i r s tr emova l sb ecau se o fh i nge f r ac tu r e s . S om ec o r e se xh ib i t ap oo rk now ledge o fk napp ing . I ti sp os le t h a t t h e se c o r e s h ave b een u sed b y y ounge r l c nappe r s f o r l e a rn ing t h e sib m e thod so ff l ak ing .
I . THE DEB ITAGE I X .3 : F re u enc ie so fD eb i ta eP roduc t s i nt h eL eve l s o fB ake rT ach t i t T ab le I N umbe r
` ) / 0
N umbe r
L eve l I V
l L eve l I
L eve l I
L eve l I
Deb i tage
%
N umbe r
F lakes
2 066
4 9 .4
5 108
5 .6 5
1 047
B lades
% 4 9 .3
N umbe r
%
1 791
4 0 .6 4 9 .8
1 655
3 9 .5
2 595
2 8 .3
7 44
3 5 .1
2 197
CTE
1 36
3 .2
3 25
3 .5
8 9
4 .2
6 3
P r ima ry e l emen ts
3 28
7 .8
155 1
1 2 .6
2 42
1.4
3 62
8 .2
4 096
9 .9 9
9 183
1 00 .0
212 2
1 00 .0
413 4
1 00 .0
T o ta l
1 54
1 . 4
T he d eb i tage a nd t h e t y po logy a na ly s i s o ft h e m a te r ia l s f r om t h e l e ve l s I IV h a s b een p r e sen ted i n d e ta i l b yV o lkman a nd w i l l b e s hor t ly s umma r ize h e re . T he a s semb lages o fB oke rT ach t i t I -I I I a r e c ha ra c te r ized b y am a jo r i ty o f f l ake s , a l though b l ades s t i l l a ccoun t f o r as i gn if ican t n umbe r . N ev e r the les s, t h e c o re r e con s t ruc t ion s l e ad u s t o s ugge s t t h a t b l ade b l ank s w e r e a ppa r en t ly t h e o b jec t ive o ft h e f l ak ing . I nL eve lI Vt h eb l ade d om ina te ( Tab le I X .3 )
I .C harac ter is t ics o ft he Deb i tage P roduc t s U ncovered i n t he L aye r so f B oker T ach t i t
T he Morpho logy o f th eD eb i tage P roduc t s T he a semb lage s o fB oke r T ach t i t I IV d o n o t m an if e s t s i gn if i can t d i f e r ence s a mong t h e v a r iou s s f l e ve l s i nt h e mo rpho logy o ft h e b l ank s . T he m a in s t r ik ing d i f e r ence b e tween b l ade s a nd f l ake s i s f t h a t t h r ee q ua r te r s o ft h e b l ade s a r e r e c tangu la r o r s omehow t r iangu la r , w i th t h e g r ea te s t w id th a t t h e b a se , w h i le t h e f l ake s a r e g ene ra ly e xpand ing o r r e c tangu la r ( Tab le s I X .4 -5 ) . T h i s s u r e ly i s l r e la ted t ot h e s hape o ft h em a jo rf l ak ing s u rf ace f r om w h ich t h eb l ade sa r er emoved : h av ing p a ra le l l s i de s , t h e r e wou ld b e l i t le t e ndency f o rf o rce l i ne st oe xpand . F l ake s , p r ima ry e l emen t s , a nd c r e s ted t b l ade s e xh ib i t as i gn if i can t a moun t o fc an ted p i ece s , s ugge s t ing ar e la t ive ly u ncon t ro led f l ak ing l ( Ma rk sa nd K aufman , 1 983 : 7 4 -75 ) . T ab le I X . 4 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eF l ake s ( af te r Ma rk sa nd V o lkman , 1 983 ) F l akes R ec tangu la r , T r iangu la r O vo id C an ted E xpand ing O the r
L eve l I 3 2 .7% 8 . 9% 1 9 .2% 3 5 .6% 3 . 5%
L eve l l 2 8 .0% 1 7 .7% 2 1 .7% 2 3 .8% 4 . 9%
L eve l I l 2 5 .6% 7 . 5% 2 5 .8% 3 6 .7% 4 .2%
L eve l I V 3 6 .1 % 9 . 1% 1 3 .1 % 3 1 .0% 7 . 6%
T ab le I X .5 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eB lade s ( af t e r Ma rk sa nd V o lkm an , 1 983 ) B l ades R ec tangu la r , T r iangu la r O vo id C an ted E xpand ing O the r
L eve l I 7 4 .9% 1 . 5% 7 . 6% 1 5 .6% 0 . 4%
L eve l I 7 7 .7% 1 . 8% 5 . 1% 1 3 .2% 2 . 6%
l L eve l I 6 3 .7% 3 . 0% 1 .4% 2 1 .2% 0 . 8%
L eve l I V 7 6 .8% 1 . 8% 6 . 4% 1 3 .0% 2 . 1%
T he S car P a t tern so nt h e U pper S urf ace ( " the D eb i tage T he u n ipo la r s c a r p a t te rn s d om ina te t h roughou t t h e f l akes a nd i n c r ea se i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s . T he b i po la r i sl e s s r e p r e sen ted s ugge s t ing t h a t m o s t o ft h em h ave b een d e tached f r om s i ng le p l a tf o rm c o r er e du c t ion ( Tab le I X .6 ) . X .6 : D o r sa l s c a rP a t te rn so ft h eF l ake s ( af te r Ma rk s a nd V o lkman , 1 983 ) T ab l eI F l akes U n ipo la rp a ra l le l C hange o fo r ien ta t ion B i po la ra l ong a x is B i -d i rec t iona lc ro ssed R ad ia l N one U n iden t i f iab le
L eve l I 5 0 .2% 5 . 2% 1 0 .6% 2 0 .5% 3 . 5% 1 . 5% 6 . 1%
L eve l l 4 6 .5% 4 . 2% 1 7 .2% 1 6 .6% 2 . 9% 0 . 7% 1 .5%
L eve l I l 5 1 .5% 6 . 5% 1 3 .1 % 1 9 .6% 1 . 7% 2 . 2% 5 . 2%
L eve l I V 6 1 .3% 4 . 8% 8 . 1% 1 4 .6% 1 . 2% 2 . 0% 8 . 1%
T he b i po la r a nd b i -d i r ec t iona l c r os sed s c a r p a t ter n s o n t h e s u rf ace s o ft h e b l ade s o ft h e t wo l owe r l e ve l s a lway s f o rm t h e l a rge s t t y pe s o fd o r sa l s c a r p a t ter n s ; n eve r the les s, t h e u n ipo la r s c a rp a t ter n s w h ich d om ina te i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s i n d ica te t h a t t h e s i ng le p l a tf o rm c o r e r e duc t ion b ecomes t h e m a in m ode o ff l ak ing ( Tab le I X .7 ) .
1 55
T ab le I X .7 : Do r sa l S ca rP a t te rn so ft h eB lade s( a cco rd ing Ma rk sa nd V o lkman , 1 983 ) B lades U n ipo la rp a ra le l l C hange o fo r ien ta t ion B ipo la ra l ong a x is B i -d i rec t iona l c rossed R ad ia l N one U n iden t i f iab le
L eve l I 3 7 .3% 1 . 9% 3 7 .6% 1 3 .3% 0 . 8% 0 . 0% 9 . 2%
L eve l I 3 8 .1 % 0 . 9% 4 1 .7% 1 0 .5% 0 . 5% 0 . 1% 3 . 9%
L eve l I l 5 2 .3% 2 . 3% 2 7 .2% 1 3 .6% 0 . 8% 0 . 8% 3 . 0%
L eve l I V 7 5 .4% 0 . 8% 1 0 .4% 6 . 7% 0 . 4% 1 . 0% 5 . 4%
T he B u t tt y pe so ft h eB lank s As i gn if i can t a moun t o fe ach b l ank t y pe c on ta in s p ronoun ced b u lb s o r /and e xh ib i ts c ha ra c te r i s t i c i mpac t s c a r s , w h ich s ugge s t s t h e u se o ft h e h a rd h amme r t e chn ique ( Ma rk s a nd K aufman , 1 983 ) . T he f l ake s a r e c ha rac te r ized b y ah i gh f r equen cy o fu n -f ace ted b u t t s ( Tab le I X .8 ) . T he r e la t ive ly h igh n umbe r o ff l ake s w i th m u l t ip le f a ce ted p l a tf o rm s c an b e e xp la ined b y t h e l a rge n umbe r o f l s ( s ma l f l ake s r emoved d u r ing t h e p l a tf o rm r e juvena t ion p roces Ma rk s a nd K aufman , 1 983 : 7 4 ) . t f T he f r equen c ie s o ft h e t y pe s o fb u t s a mong t h e b l ade d o n o t d i f e r s i gn if ican t ly f r om t h o se o ft h e t f l ake s ; t h e u n -f a ce ted a nd t h e mu l t ip le f a ce ted b u t s d om ina te , w h i le t h e c or t ica l a nd t h e d i hed r a l t s b u t sa r e l e sr e p r e sen ted ( Tab le I X .9 ) . T he h i gh p e r cen tage o fm u l t if ace ted p l a tf o rm so nb l ades c an si b e e xp la ined b yt h eu se o ft h eh a rd h amme rt e chn ique , w h ich n eces ta te s f a ce ted s t r ik ing p l a tf orm s t oa d ju s t f o rp l a tf o rm o ve rhang . T he d om inan t f r equen c ie s o fu n -f ace ted b l ades i nL eve ls I and I V l s ugge s t s t h a t m any mus t h ave b een p roduced b y m e thod s o th e r t h an t h e " Leva lo i s p o in t m e thod " ( Ma rk sa nd K aufman , 1 983 :86 ) . T ab le I X .8 : T ype s o fB u t to ft h eF l ake s( a cco rd ing t o Ma rk s a nd V o lkman , 1 983 ) F l akes U n face ted D ihed ra lf a ce ted M u l t ip le f a ce ted C o r tex C rushed U n iden t i f iab le
L eve l I 3 8 .0% 1 0 .9% 1 7 .8% 1 0 .4% 1 9 .0% 3 . 9%
L eve l l 4 1 .6% 2 0 .5% 2 0 .2% 6 . 2% 1 0 .1 % 1 . 5%
L eve l I l 4 4 .2% 1 3 .2% 2 0 .3% 4 . 5% 1 5 .4% 2 . 5%
L eve l I V 5 2 .9% 1 3 .8% 1 6 .8% 9 . 3% 6 . 1% 1 . 1%
T ab le I X .9 : T ype so fB u t to ft h eB lade s ( af t e r Ma rk s a nd V o lkman , 1 983 ) B lades U n face ted D ihed ra lf a ce ted M u l t ip le f a ce ted C o r tex C rushed U n iden t i f iab le
L eve l I 3 0 .4% 8 . 7% 3 0 .0% 2 . 7% 2 6 .6% 1 . 5%
L eve l I 3 6 .7% 1 6 .0% 3 3 .1 % 2 . 3% 1 0 .2% 1 . 8%
L eve l I 2 2 .0% 1 .4% 3 1 .1 % 3 . 8% 2 5 .0% 6 . 8%
L eve l I V 4 4 .8% 1 .9% 3 1 .5% 2 . 8% 7 . 4% 1 . 7%
T ab le I X .10 : C o r tex Amoun to fF l ake s( a cco rd ing t o Ma rk sa nd V o lkman , 1 983 ) F l akes 0% 0% t o2 5% 2 5% t o5 0° / 0
L eve l I 5 3 .4% 3 4 .5% 1 2 .1 %
L eve l I l 5 7 .2% 2 6 .7% 1 6 .0%
L eve l I l 6 3 .0% 2 4 .3% 1 2 .6%
L eve l I V 5 .6% 5 3 0 .8% 1 3 .0%
T ab le I X .11 : C or tex Amoun to fB lade s( a cco rd ing t o Ma rk sa nd V o lkman , 1 983 ) B l ades 0% ) / 0t o2 5% 0` 2 5% t o5 0%
L eve l I 6 5 .4% 2 3 .2% .4% 1
L eve l l 6 0 .3% 2 4 .3% 1 5 .4%
L eve l I l 6 7 .4% 2 4 .2% 8 . 3%
L eve l I V 6 4 .8% 2 1 .2% 1 3 .7%
C or tex A s l igh t ly h i ghe r p e r cen tage o f b l ade s l a ck s a l c o r tex , c ompa r ed w i th t h o se o f f l ake s ( Tab le s l I X .10 11) , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e f l akes w e r e g ene ra ly d e ta ched f r om b l ade c o re s d u r ing t h e l ma in tenance o ft h e c onv ex i t ie s o r t h e i n i t ia l c o r e s hap ing , w h i le a le se r a moun t o fb l ades w a s s p roduced d u r ing t h i ss t ep . 1 56
2 .S ummary o ft he D eb i tage s l T he B oke r T ach t i t a semb lages e xh ib i t f l ake s , b l ades a nd c o re t r imm ing e l emen ts , a s w e l a s l l l a c r es ted b l ade s i na l l a ye r s . T he re a r e n o L eva lo is f l ake s a nd n o b l ade le ts a ta tB oke r T ach t i t I sion i I V a nd t h et e chn ique o fh a rd h amme rp e rcus se xc lu s ive ly u sed .
I V . THE RETOUCHED ART IFACTS T he t y po logy a na ly s is o f t h e m a te r ia l s f r om l e ve l s I IV w a s p r esen ted i n d e ta i l b y Ma rk s a nd l f K aufman ( 1983 ) a nd w i l b e s ho r t ly s umma r ized h e re . T he re i sn o s i gn if ican t d i f e rence i n t h e c ompos i t ion o ft h et oo lt y pe s i nt h ese l e ve ls . T ab le I X .12 : P e rcen tage o fT oo lT ype s i nE ach L eve l A cco rd ing t o Ma rk s a nd K aufman ( 1983 ) L eve l I
T oo ls L eva lo is P o in ts l N on -Leva lo is P o in ts l P o in t /B lades Em i reh P o in ts S i de -sc rape rs E nd -sc rape rs B u r ins N o tches , Den t icu la tes P e r fo ra to rs T runca ted p i eces R e touched p i eces C ompos i te T oo ls O the rs T o ta l
N umbe r 4 0 0 0 3 1 9 1 0 1 0 1 1 1
% 4 .9 4 0 .0 0 .0 3 .4 . 1 1 1 0 .1 .2 1 .2 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 1 2 .4
0 3 8 9
0 .0 3 .4 9 .9 9
L eve l N umbe r 4 7 0 0 1 9 4 3 1 5 4 4 9 1
I
2 2 9 3 1 0 2 49
0 .8 .6 1 1 . 2 4 .0 9 .9 9
% 1 8 .9 0 .0 0 .0 7 . 6 1 . 6 1 2 .4 2 1 .7 1 9 .7 0 .4
L eve l N umbe r 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 5 0 1 4 0 0 2 5
I l % 4 8 .0 0 .0 0 .0 4 .0 0 .0 0 .0 8 .0 2 0 .0 0 .0 4 .0 1 6 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 00 .0
L eve l I V N umbe r % 0 .0 0 7 1 3 6 .8 3 . 1 6 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 4 2 2 1 .8 1 8 9 .3 2 9 1 5 .0 0 0 .0 2 . 1 4 9 .8 1 9 1 0 .5 1 . 5 3 1 93 9 .9 9
1 .T he T ypo log ica lC ompos i t ion o ft he As s emb lage s ( Accord ing t o Mark sa nd K aufman ) T he t y po log ica l d i f f e rence s b e tween t h e l e ve l s I -I I I a r e s t a t i s t ica l ly s i gn if ican t ( Tab le I X .12 ) ; n eve r the les s, s eve ra l c ha rac te r is t ics s ha red b yt h e a s semb lages e me rge h e r e . A s ide f r om t h e n o tche s a nd d en t icu la te , t h et oo l su n cove red a r e v ery t y p ica lo ft h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic , s uch a st h e b u r ins a nd t h e e nd -scrape r s . Mo reove r , t h e p o in t s ( wh ich a r e o f L eva l lo i s m orpho logy a nd e xh ib i t h i gh p e r cen tage o f m u l t if ace ted b u t ts ) a r e o b ta ined u s ing a m ode o f d e tachmen t a nd a r e r a re i nt h e M idd le P a leo l i th ic a s semb lages , r e su l t ing f r om t wo b l ows f r om o ne e nd a nd t h e p o in t f r om t h e o the r e nd . T hey g ene ra l ly a r e m ade o n b l ades ( Ma rk s a nd K aufman , 1 983 : 7 9 ) . T he o ccur rence o f t h e Em i reh p o in ts i nt h e t h r ee l owe r l e ve ls i sw or thy o fn o ta t ion , s i nce t h ey a r e c on s ide red a s t h e f os si le d i rec teur o f t h e " T ran s i t iona l" . A l l a r e p roduced o n o pposed p l a tf o rm " Leva l lo i s p o in t s c ore s" a nd t e nd s t rong ly t owa rd b l ade p ropo r t ion s . Among t h e t oo ls o ft h e l e ve l 1 4 1 1 , n o tche s a nd d en t icu la te a ccoun t f o r as i gn if ican t p e rcen tage o ft o o l s ; t h e b u r in s o u tnumbe rt h e e nd -sc rape r s ; t h e t r unca ted p i ece sa nd t h e p e rf o ra to r s f o rm l ow f r equenc ies . T ab le I X . 13 : F requen c ie so fR e touched B lank sA cco rd ing t o Ma rk sa nd K aufman ( 1983 ) L eve l I N umbe r
B lanks F l akes B lades P r ima ry e l emen ts CTE C o res U nknown T o ta l
3 2 4 8 5 2 0 2 8 9
%
3 6 .0 5 3 .9 5 .6 2 .3 0 .0 2 .3 1 00 .0
L eve l I ) umbe ` / 0 N r 1 01 4 0 .6 8 9 2 0 1 8 1 1 0 2 49
3 5 .7 * 8 . 0 7 . 2 4 . 4 4 .0 9 9 .9
L eve l I l umbe N r 8 1 5 2 0 0 0 2 5
` ) / 0 3 2 .0 6 0 .0 8 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 1 00 .0
L eve l I V N umbe r 4 3 1 28 1 4 1 1 6 1 93
%
2 2 .3 6 6 .3 7 . 3 0 .5 0 .5 3 . 1 1 00 .0
I l *I the t oo ls o n b lades ( 35 .7 % ) a nd t he t oo ls o n c res ted b l ades a ccoun t f o r4 1 .8 % o fa l t oo ls
L eve l I V d i sp lay s s i gn if i can t d i f f er ences i nt h ec ompo s i t ion o ft h et oo l s . T he r e i sn o m o re L eva l lo is o r Em i reh p o in ts . P o in ts a r e t h e m os t c ommon t o o l , f o l lowed b y s c rape r s , w h ich o u tnumbe r t h e b ur ins a nd n o tches a nd d en t icu la te s . T he a b sence o f c a r ina ted e l emen ts o f t h e L evan t ine 1 57
l A u r ignac ian , a sw e l a so fb l ade le t sp o in t s o ft h e A hma r ian t r ad i t ion , l e ad t h e e xcava to r st os ugge s t o s t h a tt h i s t o l a semb lage m ay b e r e la ted t ot h e v e ry b eg inn ing o ft h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic ( Ma rk s a nd K aufman , 1 983 : 16 ) .
2 . Ana l y s i so f th eB lank s red i l O u to ft h ep roduced b l ank s , s om e h ave b een p r ef er nt h e i ru sage , s uch a st h ep o in t so fL eva lo is f mo rpho logy , wh ich a r e t h e d es i red e nd p roduc t s ; t h e d i f e ren ce b e tween t h e p ropo r t ion s o ft h e o b l ade t o l s w i th t h ose o ft h e n on re touched b l ade s i sw o r thy o fn o ta t ion . D e sp i te t h e d om inan ce o f o t h e f l ake s i nt h e d eb i tage , t h e s e lec t ion o fb l ank s f o rt o l m anuf ac tu r ing i sm os t o f ten t owa rd t h e I I, t b l ades . I n L eve l s I -I h e p e r cen tage s o ft h e b l ad e s a mong t h e d eb i tage p rodu c t s w e r e l e ss t h an o t t ho se o ft h e t o l s ( Tab le I X .13 ) . T h i s s ugges t st h a t s p ec ia l a ten t ion w a sp a id t ot h eb l ade b l ank s i n t h e m anuf a c tu r ing o ft oo l s . S ome c o r e s a nd c o re t r imm ing e l emen t s w e r e a l so u sed a sb l ank s . F o r o b l ades a nd f l ake s s e lec ted f o r t o l m anuf ac tu r ing , t h ey a r e o n t h e a ve rage c on s ide r ab ly l o nge r , s. w ide ra nd t h i cke rt h an t h ed eb i tage o ft h e s am ec l as
s C ompar i son b e tween t h e N or thern I s rae l , K sar A k i l a nd B oker T ach t i t a semb lage s l D e sp i te s ome e nd p roduc t s o f L eva lo i s m orpho logy ( s uch a s p o in t s ) , t h e c o r e s a nd c o r e l r e con s tru c t ion s i n d ica te t h a t t h e L eva lo i s r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s a r e a b sen t f r om t h e B ok e r T ach t i t s l a semb lage s . T he n on -Leva lo i s b l ade p roduc t ion d om ina te s , a nd t h e b l ade c o re s d emon s t ra te f s i gn if ican t d i f e ren ce s w i th t ho se o f N o r th e rn I s ra e l a nd K sa r A k i l . I n t h e N or ther n I s ra e l i s a semb lage s , t h e t w i s ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re s a r e m os t ly d om inan t , a nd t h e a x ia l f l ak ing c o re s l I I, a w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a r e a l so w e l r e p r esen ted . I n B oke r T ach t i t l e ve l s I -I x ia l f l ak ing b l ade c o r e s w i th o ppo sed p l a tf o rm s c on s t i tu te t h em a in c o r e c a tego ry , w h i le t h e a x ia l f l ak ing c o r e s s w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a r e l e s f r equen t . T he t w i s ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s c o r e s a r e r a re . T he s l N or the rn a semb lage s mo s t o f ten e xh ib i t L eva lo is f l ake s , b l ade s , b l ade le t s a nd o the r f l ake s , wh i le l l t h e r ea r en oL eva lo i s f l ake s , a nd n ob l ade le t sa ta l , a tB oke rT a ch t i t I IV . T h et e chn iques o fs of to r sion a l a t s s of t s t on e a nd h a rd h amme r p e r cus r e a t e s ted t o i nt h e N o r the rn a semb lage s ( i nc lud ing sion i K sa r A k i l ) , wh i le a tB oke r T ach t i t o n ly h a rd h amme r p e rcus su sed . T he r e touched a r t if a c t s d i sp lay s i gn if i can t d if e r ence s w i th t h ose o f t h e N o r ther n I s ra e l a nd K sa r A k i l a r t if ac t s , w he r e s l r e touched b l ade le t so ccu r i n mos t a semb lages . L eva lo i sp o in t s d om ina te i nB oke rT a ch t i t L eve l s I a nd I I , w h i le t h e b u r in s a r e t h e m a in t oo l . S i de -sc rape r s , p o in t s , d en t icu la te a nd n o tch e s a r e t h e o s m a in t o l c a tego r ie s i n t h e a semb lage s o f R aqef e t , Q af zeh F a nd E l Wad , w h i le r e touched b l ade / le t s a nd e nd sc rape r s a r e t h ose o fQ af zeh E , D , K sa r A k i l p ha se I a nd Em i r eh . A cco rd ing t o e t h e se r e su l t s , i ts em st h a tB oke rT a ch t i tb e long st o ad i s t in c tr e g iona lt r ad i t ion .
V . CONCLUS IONS ON BOKER TACHT IT s T he T ran s i t iona l a semb lages o f B oke r T ach t i t d emon s t ra te s i gn if i can t t e chno log ica l a nd f t y po log i ca ld i f e r ence sw i th t hose o fN o r the rn I s rae la nd K sa rA k i l . I I h T he i n du s t r ies f r om B oke r T ach t i t I -I ave b een c on s ide red a s " T ran s i t iona l" b y t h e e xcava to r , l s i nce t h ey d i sp lay b o th L eva lo i sa nd b l ade r e duc t ion s t ra teg ies ( Ma rk s , 1 983a ) . N eve r the l e ss , a sw e l h ave a l r eady s hown , t h e d ef in i t ion o f L eva lo is i sp rob lema t ic . U s ing B o& la 's d ef in i t ion o f l l L eva lo i s ,t h ec o re r e con s t ruc t ion sp e rm i tu st os ugge s tt h a tt h eL eva lo i sp o in t sd e r ived f r om U ppe r s s I I t P a leo l i th ic b l ade c o re s . T he r ef o re , t h e a s im i la t ion o ft h e a semb lage s o fB oke r T a ch t i t I -I ot h e rence o l " T ran s i t iona l" i s a r guab le . D oe s t h e o ccur f Em i reh p o in t s a nd p o in t s o f L eva lo i s t s m o rpho logy m a te re nough t om ake u sr e la te t h e se a semb lage st ot h e" T ran s i t iona l"? s I I a l E ven i f we s uppose t h a t t h e a semb lage s o fB oke r T a ch t i t L eve l s I -I r e a c tua ly r e la ted t o t h e f " T ran s i t ion a l" p ha se , w e m ay e xp la in t h e t e chno log ica l a nd t y po log ica l d i f e ren ces b e tween t h em w i th t h o se o fK sa r Ak i l ,w h ich w e r ea l so d ef ined a sT ran s i t iona l( Azou ry , 1 986 ; O hnuma , 1 988 ) . 1 58
CHAPTER T EN
COMPAR ISON B ET WEEN THE ASSE MBLAGES
B o th t h e N o r the rn I s rae l i a nd K sa r A k i l a semb lages d emon s t ra te a gr ea t d i ve r s i ty o f r e duc t ion s s t r a teg ies a nd p roduc t s . R aqef e t VI , Em i r eh , E l Wad F , K eba ra E , Q af zeh F ,E , D , a nd K sa r I I-V A k i l XXV -XV I , h ave y i e lded a semb lage s w h ich s ha r e an umbe r o f f e a tu r e s , s u ch a s t h e s a soc ia t ion b e tween U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade s , a nd L eva lo i s p roduc t s , a nd s im i la r r e duc t ion s l s t r a teg ies . T h e a na ly s i s o ft h e c o re s f r om t h e d i f e ren t a semb lages i n d ica te s t h e u se o ft h e s ame f s m odes o fr educ t ion s t ra teg i es a mong t h e L eva lo i s c o r e s , t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade c o re s a nd t h e l n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o r e s . I na h ese a semb lage s , t h e p r ef e r en t ia l a nd r e cur t u n ipo la r m e thod s l l t s ren a r e m a in ly u sed f o r t h e L eva lo i s m e thod s , w h e r e t h e q uad rangu la r p ref e r en t ia l f l ake c o re s o ccu r , l a nd t h e b ipo la r c o re s a r e l e s r e p re sen ted . B o th t h e t wo tw i s ted p l a tf o rm c o r e s w i th a x i s f l ak ing s o pposed t ol a te r a l f l ak ing , a nd t h ea x is f l ak ing c o r e sw i th o n e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm a r e f o rt h e mo s tp a r t d om inan t among t h e l am ina r c ore s . T h e s i ng le s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re w i th l a te ra l f l ak ing i s s i gn if i can t , a l though t h e p y ram ida l c o re s a r e l e s r e p r e sen ted . T h e L eva lo i s a nd b l ade c o r e s h ave s l g en e ra ly b een e xhau s ted , s e v e ra l o f t h em h av ing b een r e -u sed a s t oo l s . S ev e ra l t y pe s o f r aw l m a te r ia l s h ave b een u sed i nt h e m anuf a c tu r ing o fb l ank s , s u ch a s l a rge n odu le s a nd s ma l p ebb le s ; l s ome t a bu la r f l i n t a nd t h ick f l ake s h ave a l so b een u sed a s c o r e s . T he r e la t ion b e tween t h e m o rpho logy o ft h e c o re b l ank sa nd t h e f l ak ing m e thod s i s ev idenced i nt h e L am ina rc o re s , i n wh ich l a rge n odu les w e r e g ene ra ly t h e s e lec ted r aw m a te r ia l f o r t h e t w i s ted -ax is f l ak ing m ode , a nd i n l w h ich t h ick f l ake s o r t a bu la r f l i n t w e re u sed f o r l a te ra l o r a x i s f l ak ing . T he n on -Leva lo i s f l ake l c o r e s a r e l e s r e p r e sen ted i nt h e d i f e r en t a semb lage s . Among t h em t h e N ah r I b r ah im a nd t h e s f s u nd if ren t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o r e s d om ina te ; t h e p seudo -Leva lo i s c o re s a nd t h e d i sco id c o r e s fe l o ccu ri nl ow f r equenc ies . We h ave s hown t h e r educ t ion s t ra teg ie so ft h e d i f e r en t a semb lage sd ef ined b yc o r ea na ly s is t ob e f s i nt o ta la cco rdance w i th t h ed eb i tage a nd t o lp rodu c t s . L eva lo i s f l ake s , n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s , l a rge o l l b l ade s , b l ade s o f L eva lo i s m o rpho logy , a s w e l a s o the r b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s c ompose t h e l l a s emb lages . T he m o rpho log ies o ft h e e a ch t y pe o fa r t if ac t d o n o t v a ry c on s ide rab ly b e tween t h e se s i n du s t r ie s . T he L eva lo i s f l ake s t e nd t ob e m o r e o vo id a nd q uad rangu la r t h an t r i angu la r i ns hape , l a nd m an if e s t f a ce ted b u t s . T he l a rge b l ades , s ome o fw h ich a r e o fL eva lo i s m o rpho logy , e xh ib i t t l f a ce ted b u ts ; a nd h ave m os t o f t en b een d e tach ed f r om n on -Leva lo i s b l ade c o r e s u s ing t h e h a rd t l t e chn ique o fd e ta chm en t . T he b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s t e nd t ob e r e c tangu la r i ns hape ; w i th s t ra igh t o r c on cav e l owe rs u rf a ce s a nd d emon s t ra te m o s t o f t en p l a in o rl i nea rb u ts ; p a r t so ft h em s how st r ace s t o fa b ra s ion o n t h e i r h anged e dge s . T he se b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s h ave b een d e tach ed b y h a rd s t one h amme ri nd i rec tp e rcus , a nd s o f t s t on eh amme ro rs of th amm e ri n at a ngen t ia lp e r cus . sion sion T he a na ly s i s o ft h e b l ank s i n d ica tes ac l ose r e la t ion sh ip b e tween b l ank m o rpho logy a nd t h e t o l o t y pe s . T he L eva lo i s f l ake s , n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s a nd l a rge b l ade s ( l am ina r f l akes ) w e r e u sua ly l l l u s ed t op roduce t y p ica ly Mou s te r ian t o l s( s uch a ss i de sc rape r s , r a c le te s , p o in t s , d en t icu la te sa nd l o t r e touched f l ake s ) . N eve r th e l es h e b l ade t o l c ompon en t u sua ly c on s i s t s o f t y p ica ly U ppe r s, t o l l P a l eo l i th ic t oo l s , s uch a s r e touch ed b l ades , p o in ted b l ades , b u r in s , e nd sc rape r s , a nd s ome p e r f o ra to r s o r t r unca ted p i ece s ; t h e n o tch e s a nd d en t i cu la te s a r e a l so w e l r e p r e sen ted a mong t h e l b l ades . T he l am ina r p rodu c t s i n d ica te t h e u se o fb o th h a rd h amme r i nd i rec t m o t ion a nd s of t s t one o rs of th amme r s i nt a ngen t ia lm o t ion . T he r ef o r e , a l o f t h e a semb lage s e xh ib i t s im i la r r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s a nd p roduc t s , d e sp i te t h e l s v a r ia t ion s i nt h e a moun t o fc o r e c a tego r ie s , a r t if ac t s a nd t o l t y pes w h ich o ccu r b e tween mo s t o f o t h em . F o r i n s tan ce , i nQ af zeh F and E l w ad E a nd D , i nw h ich t h e l i t h ic r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s a r e g ea r ed t owa rd t h e p rodu c t ion o fL eva lo i s f l ake s , w h i le i n Em i r eh , Q af zeh D , E , a nd K sa r A k i l l XXV -XV I , t h e l i t h ic r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s a r e a imed t owa rd t h e p roduc t ion o fb l ade s a nd b l ade le t s . S om e a semb lage s r e vea led r e la t ive ly h i gh f r equen c ies o f Mou s te r ian t o l s , s uch a s E l Wad G , F , s o Q af zeh F a nd R aqef e t VI I , w h i le o t he r s a r e c ha rac te r ized m a in ly b y t h e p roduc t ion o fU ppe r I I-V 1 59
P a leo l i th ic t o o l s , s u ch a s Q af zeh E a nd D , a nd K sa r A k i l XX -XV I . S eve ra l a s semb lag e s e xh ib i t a s i gn if ican t p e r cen tage o fl a rge b l ade s ( E l Wad G a nd F ) w he r ea s o t he r s r e vea l am a jo r i ty o ft h in b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s ( Em i r eh a nd Q af zeh D a nd E ) . T h e w id th a nd t h icknes ft h e b l ad e sa r e mos t s o o f ten t h e r e su l t o f t h e t e chn ique o f t h e k napped s t one u sed . T he a semb lage s i n w h ich t h e s Mou s te r ian i mp lemen t sa r e d om inan tt e nd t oc on ta in m o r e l a rge rb l ade s , r emoved b y h a rd h amm e r i nd i r ec t p e r cus , w he r ea s t h e a semb lage sw h ich i n c lude ah i gh p roduc t ion o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic sion s i t em s t e nd t o e xh ib i t m o re t h inne r b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s , d e ta ch ed b y s of t h amme r i nt a ngen t ia l mo t ion . R eg iona l v a r iab i l i ty i sr ef l ec ted i n t h e p e rcen tage s o ft h e b u t t y pe s o f t h e b l ades a nd t b l ade le t s . K sa r Ak i l P ha se s Ia nd I a lway s d emon s t ra te s i gn if ican t f r equenc ies o f b l ade s w i th f a ce ted b u t s , w h i le t h e b l ade s w i th f a ce ted b u t s a r e l e s r e p re sen ted i nN or ther n I s ra e l . R eg iona l t t s v a r iab i l i ty i sa l so m a rked b y t h e o ccur n K sa r A k i l P ha s e Io f t h e c hamf e r ed p i ece i n rence i L ebanon ,w h ich i sa b sen to re x t rem e ly r a re i nI s rae l .
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T h e s i te sc on ta in ing as u cces fl a y e r s , m o s to f ten b ea rw i tnes ot e chno log ica la nd t y po log ica l sion o s t c hange st h roughou tt im e . I nE l Wad G a nd F ,f o re xamp le , i nR a c ief e t VI IV a nd K sa rA k i l XXV I IXV I , t h e b l ade p roduc t ion t e nd s t o i n c r ea se a tt h e e xpen se o ft h e L eva lo i s a nd t h e n on -L eva lo is l l f l ak e s( f igu re 6 ) . T he i n c r ea se i nt h ep roduc t ion o ft h eb l ade si sc on com i tan tt ot h er a i se i nt h eb l ade c o re s a nd t ot h e d ec rea se o ft h e L eva lo i s c o re s ( f igu r e 7 ) , a s w e l a s t ot h e g radua l r a i se i nt h e l l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t oo l s t h rough t im e a tt h e e xpen se o ft h e Mou s te r ian t oo l s ( f igu r e 8 ) . T he b l ade s a l so i s t ra te as h if t i nt h e t e chn ique o fd e tachmen tt h roughou tt im e ; t h e s of th amme r i nt a ngen t ia l lu m o t ion t e chn ique t e nd s t o r e p lace t h e h a rd h amm e r i nd i r ec t p e r cus . I n R aqef e t VI IV a nd sion I IK sa r A k i l XXV -XV I , t h e f r equen c ies o f b l ade s e xh ib i t ing p unc t if o rm a nd l i nea r b u t s i n c rea se t g r adua ly a tt h e e xpen se o ft h e f a ce ted a nd d i hed ra l b u t s ( f igu r e 9 ) , t h e c hange i nt h e b u t t y pes l t t b e ing c oncom i tan t t o t h e r a i se i nt h e f r equen c ie s o ft h e n ar nd t h in b l ades t h roughou t t ime row a ( f igu r e 1 0 ) . T he r ef o r e , t h e a semb lage s o fN or ther nI s rae l a nd K sa rA k i l i s t ra te c hange s i nl i t h ic t e chno logy s lu a nd t y po logy ; t h ey a r e m a rked b y a n i n c r ea se i nt h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i t em s a tt h e e xpen se o ft h e Mou s te r ian c omponen t s .
I .THE S TAT IST ICS T ESTS RESULTS I n o rde r t o e va lua te t h e d eg ree o fs im i la r i t ies a nd d i s im i la r i t ie s b e tween t h e a semb lage s u nde r s s c on s ide ra t ion , w e h ave u sed t wo d i f e ren t s t a t i s t ic t e s t s : t h e J MP C lu s te r A na ly s i s p or t r ay ed a s a f t r ee d i ag ram f o lowed b y ap l o t o ft h e d i s tances b e tween c l u s t e r s ( Dend rog ram ) , a nd t h e p r inc ipa l l u n sea led c omponen t s o f t h e mu l t iva r iab le a na ly s is , r e p re sen ted b y ad i s t r ibu t ion g r aph o f t h e a semb lages ( f igu r e 1 2 ) . T h i s l a te r s t a t i s t i ca l t e s t h a s a ranged t h e a semb lages i n al i nea r f a sh ion , s t r s f r om t h ose i nw h ich t h e Mou s te r ian c ha rac te r is t ic s d om ina te ( E l Wad G ) t ot hose w h ich c on ta in a m a jo r i ty o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic c ompon en t s( Qaf zeh E ) . F igure
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R agetet 1 ' j B oker T I B oker T II B oker T I •K ebara E • KA XXV a KA XX I II • KA XX I a KA XX I I • KA XX I a KA XV II a KA XV 1 I ▪ Em i r eh • KA XX IV a Qafzeh • KA X IX • KA XV I •O af z eh E
1 62
1 .T he JMP C lu s te rA na ly s i sR e su l t s Two m a jo r p a rame te r s , w h ich c ha rac te r ize t h e a semb lage s , h av e b een t a ken i n to a ccoun t f o r t h e s JMP c l u s te r a na ly s i s : F i r s t ly , t h e r e la t iv e p e r cen tage o ft h e L eva lo i s f l akes , n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s l l a nd b l ade s a mong t h e d eb i tage a nd t oo l p roduc t s , s e cond ly t h e a ve rage o ft h e Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic t oo l s . T he J MP c l u s te ra na ly s i sr e su l t s h ave p e rm i ted u s t od ef ine t h ree g roup s f r om t h e Nor the rn I s rae l i t a nd K sa rA k i l i n du s t r ie s , a sw e l a st oi s o la te t h e B oke rT ach t i t a semb lages ( f igu r e 1 ) a te s t ing t o l s t m any t e chno log ica l a nd t y po log ica l d i f e r en ce s b e tween t h e N o r the rn a nd t h e S ou the rn f a s emb lages . s T he a semb lage s o fE lw ad G , Fa nd Q af zeh Fh av e b een g rouped t oge th e rd ue t ot h e f a c tt h a tt h ey s d i sp lay ah i ghe rp e r cen tage o fb o th t h e L ev a lo i s p roduc t s a nd t h e Mou s te r ian t o l s . R a c i ef e t VI l o I II V , K eba ra E a nd K sa r A k i l XXV h ave b een i n c luded t oge the r b ecau se t h ey d emon s t ra te s im i la r i t ie s i nt h e i r r e la t ive p ropo r t ion s o ft h e L eva lo i s f l ake s , t h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s a nd t h e l l b l ad e s . K sa r -Ak i l XX IV -XV I , Em i reh a nd Q af zeh E a nd D a r e r e la ted b ecau se o ft h e r e la t ive ly h i gh p e r cen tage o fb l ade p rodu c t s a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic t oo l s , a sw e l a so ft h e l ow r e p r e sen ta t ion l o ft h eL eva lo i sf l ake s ,t h en on -Leva lo i sf l ake sp roduc t sa nd t h e Mou s te r ian t o l s . l l o
2 .T he P r inc ipa lU nsea l ed C omponen t so f the Mu l t i var iab le A na ly s i sR e su l t s I na dd i t ion t ot h et wo m a jo rp a rame te r s w h ich c om rpo se t h e a semb lage s ( t h e r e la t iv e p e rcen tage r r s o ft h e L eva lo i s , n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s a nd b l ade s ; a nd t h e a ve rage o ft h e Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r l l P a l eo l i th ic t oo l s ) , t h e r e la t iv e p ropor t ion o ft h e L eva lo i s , t h e b l ade a nd t h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake l l c o r e s , t h e r e la t ive a moun t o ft h e b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s , t h e t y pe s o f b l ade b u t s , a s w e l a s t h e t l a ve r age w id th a nd t h ickn es f t h e b l ade s h ave a l b een t a ken i n to a ccoun t f o r t h e p r inc ipa l s o l c ompon en t so nu n sea led t e s t . A lo ft h e se p a ram e te r si u s t ra te i nd e ta i lt h ea semb lages . l l s F igure 1 2 : Pr inc ipa l Unsca led Co mponents o ft he M ult ivar iab le Ana lys is 2 20
2 10 —
‚ch Q:af KA X : I X kn X‘ 'i
2 00
- K .A XXI KÄ sxx K A XXII x x" Qafteh p Kk
Av v r i - g e ,x 10
1 50 —
1 80 —
1 70
1 50 50
-1 00
1 00
1 50
T he J MP C lu s te rt e s t( f igu r e 1 ) , a nd t h ep r in c ipa lc ompon en t so nu n sea led t e s t( f igu re 1 2 : t h e S i te s D i s t r ibu t ion G raph ) , h ave i s o la ted t h e B oke r T ach t i t a s semb lages f r om t h e o th e r s , a nd h ave c l as sif ied t h e g roup s i nm o r e o rl e s s t h e s am e o rde r , b eg inn ing w i th E l Wad G ( wh ich c on ta in s t h e mos t s i gn if ican t Mou s te r ian t r end s ) , a nd e nd ing w i th Q af zeh E , ( wh ich i n c lude s t h e mo s t p ronoun ced U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t e ndenc ies ) . N ever th e l es s, t h e p r inc ipa l u n sea led c omponen t t e s t m an if e s t s s eve ra l d i f f e ren ce s i nt h e c ompo s i t ion o ft h e g roup s w h en c ompa r ed t ot h e JMP C lu s te r 1 63
t e s t r e su l t s : R a c ief e t VI I , f o re xamp le , i s in c luded w i th E l Wad Fa nd Q af zeh F ,a nd Em i reh a nd I I-V K eba ra E a ppea r i nt h e K sa r -Ak i l XX I -XV I a nd Q af zeh E a nd D g roup . A s w e m en t ion ed i nt h e I I c hap te r o n K eba ra , i ts em s t h a t o n ly ap o r t ion o ft h e m a te r ia l f r om L aye r Ew a s c o l e c ted b y t h e e l e xcava to r , a nd t h e ref o r e , t h a t t h e p e r cen tag e s o ft h e p roduc t t y pe s a r e b y n o m ean s t ob e t a ken a s c e r ta in . T h i sc au ses i t sd e s igna t ion t o ap a r t icu la rg roup t ob er a th e rp rob lema t ic . Af te rh av ing t a k en a l t h e p a rame te r s i n to a ccoun t , Em i reh , w h ich e xh ib i t s ah i gh p e r cen tage o f Mou s te r ian t o l s l o ( 46 .3 % ) a nd o fL eva lo i s c o r e s ( 42 .1 % ) , a sw e l a sb l ade s w i th r e la t ive ly l a rge w id th s ( 2 4 .3 mm ) , l l h a s b een n ow p l aced i nt h e m idd le g roup ( f igu r e 1 2 ) . T h e a semb lage s o fE l Wad F ,Q af zeh Fa nd s R agef e t VI I h ave h e r e b een g rouped t oge th e r b ecau se t h ey d i sp lay a pp rox ima te ly t h e s ame I I-V b l ade d imen s ion s a nd b l ade b u tt y pes . K sa rA k i l XXV -XX IV h av e b een p l aced b e tween t h e B oke r t T ach t i t a semb lage s a nd t h e K sa r -Ak i l XX I -XV I a nd Q af zeh E a nd D g roup . B oke r T a ch t i t I -I s I I I I a nd K sa r -Ak i l XXV -XX IV s how mo r e o r l e s t h e s ame b l ade b u t t y pe s . H oweve r , i nc on t ra s t t o s t K sa r A k i l XXV -XX IV , B oke rT ach t i t I ,I a nd I I d o n o t d i sp lay L eva lo i s p roduc t s , a nd c on ta in a l m a jo r i ty o f Mou s te r ian t o l s . A s ar e su l t ,t h ey h ave b een g rouped s e pa ra te ly . o T he se s t a t i s t ica l t e s t ss how s ome v a r ia t ion s i nt h eg roup so ft h ea semb lage s , wh ich s ugge s tt ha tt h e s s e lec t ion o ft h e p a ram e te r s h a s p l ay ed as ma l p a r t i ni n f luen c ing t h e c ompos i t ion o ft h e g roup s . l D e sp i te , t h e d i f e r ence s b e tween t h e se s t a t i s t ica l t e s t s , h oweve r , t h ree g roup s h ave e m e rged . T h ey f i s t ra te t h e t e chno log i ca l a nd t y po log i ca l c hange s f r om a semb lage s e xh ib i t ing d om inan t lu s Mou s te r ian c omponen t st ot h o se w h i ch d emon s t ra te m a jo rU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t e nden c ie s .
. THE THREE GROUPS OF ASSE MBLAGES I :
G roup 1 T he a semb lage s o f G roup 1 a r e m a rked b y t h e p r edom inan ce o f t h e Mou s te r ian modes o s f p roduc t ion a nd b y t h e o ccur ce o ft y p ica ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic f e a tu re s ( Tab le s X .1-5 ) . G roup 1 ren l i n c lud e st h ea semb lage sQ af zeh F ,E l Wad G a nd F ,a nd R a c ief e t VI I . s I I-V T ab le X .1 : F requenc ie so fA r t if ac tT ype s ( Too l s a nd n on -Re touched P i ece s ) i nG roup 1 A r t i fac ts L eva lo is F lakes l O the r F lakes L a rge B lades B lades B lade le ts T o ta l
E l Wad G N =199 1 00 4 1
5 0 .2 2 0 .6
3 5 2 0 3
1 7 .6 1 0 .1 1 . 5
1 99
1 00 .0
E l Wad F N = 180 9 5 5 2 .8 2 2 1 2 .2 1 8 1 0 .0 4 1 2 .8 2 4 2 . 2 1 80 1 00 .0
Q a fzeh F N = 109 5 6 5 1 .4 1 9 1 7 .4 1 3 1 .9 2 0 1 8 .3 1 0 . 9 1 09 9 9 .9
R a c ie fe tV I I I N =267 8 5 3 1 .8 12 4 1 .9 2 0 7 .5 4 7 1 7 .6 3 . 1 1 2 67 9 .9 9
R ade fe t V I I N =2366 5 11 1 194
2 1 .6 5 0 .5
1 90 4 24 4 7
8 .0 1 7 .9 2 .0
2 366
1 00 .0
R a c ie fe t V I N =943 1 84 1 9 .5 4 44 4 7 .1 6 2 2 27 2 6 9 43
6 .6 2 4 .1 2 .8 1 00 .1
T ab le X .2 : D imen s ion A ve rage o ft h eC omp le te B lade s i nG roup 1( i n mm ) B lades L eng th W id th T h ickness
E l Wad N =33 7 .6 7 3 2 .4 1 0 .2
G S .D . 9 .6 5 . 9 1 . 8
E l Wad N =32 7 5 .2 2 7 .9 1 0 .1
F S .D . 1 0 .7 6 . 6 2 . 9
Q a fzeh F N =30 S .D . 7 1 .5 1 3 .2 2 7 .2 5 . 1 9 .4 2 . 1
R ac ie fe tV I I I N =30 S .D . 5 8 .4 1 2 .8 2 4 .7 4 .7 1 3 .0 2 . 5
R aqe fe tV I I N = 110 S .D . 5 6 .3 1 4 .4 2 4 .4 6 . 1 3 . 6 1 0 .9
R a c ie fe tV I N =66 S .D . 1 7 .7 5 3 .1 5 .4 2 1 .2 3 .5 9 . 1
T ab le X .3 :F requenc ie so fB lade / le t sw i th T race s o fA b ra s ion o nT he i rH anged E dge s i nG roup 1 B lades a nd B lade le ts A b ras ion
E l Wad G N =58 1 2 .1 %
E l Wad F N =63 2 3 .8%
Q a fzeh F N =34 6 . 3%
1 64
I I R a c ie fe tV I N = 11 1 8 .2%
I R a c ie fe tV I N =82 1 0 .7%
R a c ie fe tV I N =74 2 8 .6%
T ab le X .4 : E re u enc ie so fT oo lT ype si nt h eA ssemb lage s i nG roup 1 T oo ls L eva lo is P o in ts l Em i reh P o in ts
_
Mous te r ian P o in ts S ide -sc rape rs , R ac le tes t D en t icu la te , n o tches R e touched F l akes R e touched B lades B u r ins E nd -sc rape rs P e r fo ra to rs T runca ted p i eces K n ives C ompos i te T oo ls D ive rs
E l Wad G N =139 1 3 .7% 0 . 0% * 3 . 6% 3 6 .0% 1 8 .0% 6 . 4% 5 . 8% 0 .7% 5 . 8% 2 . 2% 1 . 4% 2 . 2% 3 , 6% 0 . 7%
E l Wad F N =136 1 3 .2% 0 .0% * 4 .4% 2 1 .3% 2 6 .5% 9 .6% 9 .6%
Q a fzeh F N =70 1 2 .9% 0 . 0% 4 .3% 7 . 1% 2 1 ,4% 2 1 .4% 1 0 .0%
0 .7% 3 .7% 2 .9% 1 . 5% 2 .9% 3 .7% 0 .0%
8 . 6% 2 .9% 4 .3% 1 . 4% 0 .0% 5 . 7% 0 .0%
R age fe tV I I I N =215 4 .6% 0 .0% 0 .9% 1 0 .7% 2 7 .4% 2 0 .5% .2% 1 1 . 4% 9 .3% 1 . 9% 3 .7% 0 .5% 6 .5% 1 . 4%
R age fe tV I I N =1933 2 .2% 0 . 0% 0 . 5% 1 0 .2% 2 3 .5% 2 5 .6% 1 0 .6% 0 .5% 9 .5% 3 . 2% 3 . 6% 0 .8% 7 .8% 2 .0%
R age fe tV I N =682 1 . 9% 0 .9% 0 . 1% .3% 1 2 1 .3% 2 1 .6% 1 4 .6% 0 .6% 7 .3% 2 .8% 3 .7% 0 .6% 1 3 .1 % 1 . 0%
*Gar epo r ted t he p resence o f 2Em ireh p o in ts , h oweve rw e d id n o t f i nd t hem i nt hese a lages rod r ssemb
T ab le X .5 : F requenc ie so f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo l s among t h eF l ake s a nd B lade s i nG roup 1 E L WAD F ,G F l akes
S i tes T oo ls Mous te r ian T oo ls U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo ls T o ta l * The l a rge b l ade sa r e
N umbe r ° A 1 45 9 5 .4 7 4 .6 1 52 1 00 .0 n o t i n c lud ed h e re .
B lades * N umbe r % 1 2 2 5 .0 3 2 7 5 .0 4 8 1 00 .0
QAFZEH F F l akes N umbe r % 2 5 8 0 .6
_ B lades * N umbe r ` ) / 0 1 1 2 .5
6 3 1
7 8
1 9 .4 1 00 .0
8 7 .5 1 00 .0
RAQEFET V I -V I I B lades * F l akes N umbe r % N umbe r % 1 68 2 7 .9 7 22 7 5 .4 4 33 7 2 .0 2 36 2 4 .6 6 01 9 .9 9 9 58 1 00 .0
G roup 2
G roup 2i s ma rked b yt h ep roduc t ion o fb o th f l ak es a nd b l ades , a tt h e e xpen se o fL eva l lo i s m ode o f p roduc t ion ( Tab le s X .6 -10 ) . T he l a rge b l ade s a r e l e s s r e p resen ted . T he b l ade s t e nd t ob e n ar rowe r a nd t h inne r t h an t h ose f r om t h e p r ev iou s g roup . T h e d r a s t ic i n c r ea se i nt h e u se o ft h e s of th amm e r t e chn ique i nt a ngen t ia l m o t ion , c on com i tan tw i th t h e r i se o fb l ade le t s , i s wo r thy o fn o ta t ion . G roup s 2i n c lude st h ea semb lage so f Em i reh a nd K sa rA k i l XXV -XX IV . T ab le X .6 : F requenc ie so fT ype so fA r t if ac t s ( Too l s a nd n on -Re touched P i ece s ) i nG roup 2 A r t i fac ts
Em i reh
K sa rA k i l XXXV
R ac ie fe t I V N umbe r
N umbe r % 8 6 L eva lo is F lake 8 1 5 .5 l 8 3 04 8 9 1 5 .7 O the r F l ake 1 L a rge B lade * 2 9 5 . 1 1 85 2 7 4 8 .8 B lade 5 3 8 5 1 5 .0 B lade le t 39 5 68 1 00 .1 _6 T o ta l * The l a rge B lades i n c lude b l ad e so fL eva lo is m o r pho logy l
%
1 3 .5 4 7 .6 1 . 7 2 8 .9 8 .3 1 00 .0
N umbe r % 1 9 1 2 .3 6 0 3 9 .0 1 2 7 .8 6 1 3 9 .6 2 1 . 3 1 54
1 00 .0
K sa rA k i l XX IV N umbe r 2 6 4 1 2 3 1 06 3 1 99
%
1 3 .1 2 0 .6 .6 1 5 3 .3 1 . 5 1 00 .1
T ab le X .7 : D imen s ion A ve rage so ft h eC omp le te B lade T oo l s i nG roup 2( i na im ) B lades
Em i reh
L eng th W id th T h ickness
I \ 1 = 12 8 S .D . 1 4 .4 6 7 .7 2 4 .3 5 .9 8 . 1 2 .9
Ra qe fe t I V N =58 S .D . 5 1 .8 1 3 .9 2 1 .1 6 .6
K sa rA k i l XXV
K sa rA k i l XX IV
N =55 5 7 .6 2 .1 2
N =98 5 6 .9 2 .4 2
8 . 3
9 . 8
3 .8
S .D . 1 7 .3 6 . 1 2 . 1
8 . 0
S .D . 1 2 .5 5 .9 _ 2 .6
T ab le X .8 : F requenc ie so fB lade / le t sw i th T race s o fA b ra s ion o nT he i rH anged E dge s i nG roup 2 B lade / le ts
Em i reh
A b ras ion
N =210 7 8 .1 %
R age f et I V N =53
K sa rA k i l XXV
K sa rA k i l XX IV
N =75
4 8 .2%
0 .0%
N =132 0 . 0%
1 65
T ab le X .9 : F requenc ie s o fT oo l T ype s i nt h e A s semb lage o fG roup 2 T oo ls l L eva lo is P o in ts -Mous te r ian P o in ts S ide -sc rape rs , R ac le tes t -D en t icu la te , n o tches R e touched F l akes R e touched B lades P o in ted B lades R e touched I t ems B u r ins E nd -sc rape rs P e r fo ra to rs T runca ted p i eces K n ives C ompos i te T oo ls D ive rs
Em i reh N =328 1 4 .0% 1 . 8% 7 . 9% 8 . 2% 0 . 9% 2 3 .2% 1 . 5% 0 .0% 2 . 7%
R ac ie fe t I V N =313 1 . 3% 0 .3% .8% 1 2 1 .7% 1 9 .5% 1 2 .5% 0 . 0% 1 . 6% 0 . 2% 6 . 1% 3 . 2% 2 . 2% 0 . 3% 1 8 .8% 0 . 0%
K sa rA k i l *
XXV N =70
X IV X N =114
C ham fe red E nd -sc rape rs B u r ins B acked p i eces T runca t ions N o tches /d en t . C ompos i te t oo ls
4 1 .0% 2 9 .0%
5 1 .0% 7 . 0% 1 3 .0% 2 . 0% 6 . 0% 1 4 .0% 0 . 0% . 0% 0 7 . 0%
4 .0% 0 .0% .0% 1
R e touched b l ades O the rs
7 .0% 0 .0% 0 .0% 8 . 0%
2 5 .0% 3 . 1% 1 . 8% 0 . 9% 8 . 6% 0 . 3%
* The P e rcen tages o fT oo ls C a tego r ies i nK sa r Ak i l XXV -XX IV a re a cco rd ing t oA zoury ( 1986 )
T ab le X .10 : F requ c ie so f Mous te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo l sa mong t h e F l akes a nd B lade s o fG roup 2 _en RAQEFET I V F l akes N umbe r% 7 6 7 8 .4 2 1 2 1 .6 9 7100 .0
S i tes T oo ls
Mous te r ian T oo ls U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo ls T o ta l * The l a rg e b l ade sa r en o t i n c luded h e re .
EM IREh i B lades * N umbe r% 3 2 3 6 .8 5 6 3 .2 5 8 7100 .0
B lades * N umbe r% 1 0 7 . 7 1 20 9 2 .3 1 30100 .0
F l akes N umbe r% 7 9 6 8 ,1 3 7 3 1 .9 .0 16100
K SAR AK IL XXV -XX IV B lades * F l akes N umbe r% N umbe r% 1 5 2 8 .8 3 2 3 8 .1 3 7 7 1 .2 5 2 6 1 .4 5 2 1 00 .0 8 4100 .0
G roup 3 l l G roup 3 ( Tab les X .11-15 ) e xh ib i ts t e chno log ica ly a nd t ypo log ica ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic f e a tu r e s , l wh i le t e s t if y ing t ot h e p e r s is tence o fs om e Mou s te r ian c ha rac te r is t ic s ( Leva lo is c o re s a nd f l ak e s ) . l s r I n a l t h e a semb lages , t h e b l ade / le ts t e nd t o b e t h inne r a nd n a rowe r t h an t hose f r om t h e o th e r s g roups . T he a semb lages a r e m a rked b y t h e p reponde ran t u se o fs of t h amme r i nt a ngen t ia l m o t ion i n t h e d e tachmen t o f b o th f l ake s a nd b l ades . T he U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t oo l s d om ina te . G roup 3 s I I i n c ludes t h ea semb lages o fQ af zeh E , Da nd K sa rA k i l XX I -XV I . T ab le X .11 : F re u enc ie s o fT
e so fA r t if ac ts i nG roup 3
K sa r A k i l K sa r A k i l K sa r A k i l XX I XX I XX I N = 3 08 N = 7 8 N = 1 068 9 . 1 3 . 8 1 0 .0 L eva lo is 1 0 .9 l 2 1 .1 2 9 .5 2 0 .5 1 8 .3 O the r F l ake 1 2 .4 1 4 .6 1 . 3 L a rge B lade * 8 . 7 5 4 .2 4 8 .7 5 6 .4 B lade 5 .5 5 9 . 0 B lade le t 4 .4 6 .5 5 .0 * The l a rg e b l ades a l so i n c lude t h e b l ades o fL eva lo is m o rpho logy l
A r t i fac ts
K sa r A k i l XXI I I N = 2 29
K sa r A k i l X IX N = 1 46 2 . 1 1 5 .1 2 . 7 6 9 .9 1 0 .3
K sa r A k i l XVI I I N = 11
K sa r A k i l X V I I N = 3 99
3 ,6 3 0 .6 1 . 8
1 . 8 2 8 .6 0 . 2 5 .6 5 1 3 .8
5 3 .2 1 0 .8
K sa r A k i l XV I N = 2 47 1 . 6 1 2 .6 0 .4 7 2 .5 1 2 .9
Q a fzeh E N = 1 020 . 3 3 1 0 .5 4 . 9 7 2 .4 8 . 8
Q a fzeh D N = 7 9 5 . 1 1 6 .5 2 . 5 5 8 .2 1 7 .7
T ab le X .12 F requenc ie s o fB lade / le t s w i th T race s o fA b ra s ion o nT he i rH anged E dge s i nG roup 3 A r t i fac ts
A b ras ion
K sa r A k i l I I XXI N =157 2 .5%
K sa r A k i I XX I N =765 1 . 6%
K sa r A k i l XX I N =215 5 . 1%
K sa r A k i l XX N =52 1 7 .3%
K sa r A k i l X IX N =12 1 2 0 .7%
K sa r A k i l I I XVI N =73 3 5 .6%
K sa r A k i l I X V I N =278 4 1 .0%
K sa r A k i l X V I N =212 4 6 .2%
Q a fzeh E N = 176 5 9 .7%
Q a fzeh D N =53 6 9 .8%
T ab le X .13 : D imens ion* A ve rage s o ft h eC omp le te B lade s i nG roup 3 K sa r A k i l K sa r A k i l XX XX I N =46 s . d . N =162 s . d I \ 1 =123 s . d 1 5 1 5 7 .8 1 2 .7 5 8 .3 .7 7 .2 1 6 .4 2 2 2 1 .9 5 .7 2 1 .5 5 .8 1 .8 5 .8 2 2 .0 5 .3 .9 2 .6 3 7 8 . 2 3 . 4 8 . 3 3 . 8 8 .2 3 .9 1L eng th ,2 .W id th .3 ,a nd T h icknes D imens ions s * K sa r I I XXI
A k i l
K sa r A k i l X I X I N =150 s . d . 5 7 .3 1 7 .5
K sa r A k i l X IX N =115 s . d . 5 6 .1 1 2 .4 1 9 .5 5 .5 7 . 2 2 .6 a r e i n mm
1 66
K sa r A k i l I I X VI N =64 s . d . 5 4 .8 9 .6 1 9 .4 5 .5 6 . 9 3 .0
K sa r A k i l I X V I N =244 s . d . 5 4 .6 1 4 .2 1 8 .5 7 .5 6 . 4 3 . 1
K sa r A k i l X V I N =121 s .d . 5 6 .3 1 .0 1 9 .1 5 .2 6 .7 3 .2
Q a fzeh E
Q a fzeh D
N = 117 s . d 6 6 .8 1 7 .1 1 9 .7 6 . 1 7 . 1 2 .9
N =52 s . d . 5 9 .6 1 5 .2 1 5 .9 5 .5 5 . 8 2 .3
T ab le X .14 : F re u enc ie s o fT oo l T T oo ls ( acco rd ing t oA zou ry 1 986 ) C ham fe red E nd -sc rape rs B u r ins B acked p i eces T runca t ions N o tches /d en t . C ompos i te t oo ls R e touched b l ades O the rs T oo ls
K sa rA k i l XXI I I N =549 5 .0% 5 .0% 1 1 6 .0% 4 .0% 6 .0% 3 . 0% 0 . 2% 0 . 2% 4 .6%
K sa rA k i l XX I I N =1633 1 8 .0% 3 0 .0% 2 9 .0% 6 .0% 6 .0% 4 .0% 2 .0% 1 . 0% 4 .0%
e si nG rouD 3 K sa rA k i l X I X N =511 0 . 3%
K sa rA k i l XX N =912 0 . 5%
3 9 .0% 2 5 .0% 1 0 .0%
5 1 .0% 1 0 .0% 1 9 .0%
8 .0% 9 .0% 3 . 0% 3 . 0% 2 .7%
8 .0% 4 .0% 1 . 0% 2 .0% 4 .5%
K sa rA k i l X IX N =578 0 . 2% 5 6 .0% 5 . 0% 1 7 .0% 7 .0% 4 .0% 2 .0% 4 .0% 4 .8%
K sa rA k i l XVI I I N =266 0 .0% 4 8 .0% 1 . 0% 2 9 .0% 6 .0% 7 .0% 0 .4% 4 .0% 4 .6%
Q a fzeh E N =432 0 . 2% 0 . 5% 2 .3% 0 . 2% .6% 1 0 .5% 2 8 .7%
L eva lo is P o in ts l Em i reh P o in ts S i de -sc rape rs R ac le tes t D en t icu la te , n o tches R e touched F l akes R e touched B lade / le ts
8 .3% 7 .2% 2 3 .1 % 8 .6% 3 .5% 4 .6% 0 . 2% 0 .5%
P o in ted B lade / le ts B u r ins E nd -sc rape rs P e r fo ra to rs T runca ted p i eces C ompos i te t oo ls C ham fe red p i eces D ive rs
K sa rA k i l XV I I N =1541 0 . 2% 3 .0% 3 1 . 5% 3 .0% 3 6 .0% 4 .0% 0 .4% 1 6 .0% 5 . 9% Q a fzeh D N =39 0 . 0% 0 .0% 7 . 7% 0 . 0% 2 3 .1 % 5 . 1% 3 0 .8% 0 .0% 2 .6% 1 5 .4% 5 . 1% 0 . 0% 7 . 7% 0 . 0% 2 .6%
K sa rA k i l X V I N =349 0 . 0% 3 0 .0% 1 . 0% 2 4 .0% 1 5 .0% 6 . 0% 0 . 3% 1 6 .0% 7 . 7%
T ab le X .15 : F requ c ie s o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo l s a mong t h eF l ake s a nd B lade s i nG roup 3 _en S i tes T oo ls Mous te r ian T oo ls U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo ls T o ta l
QAFZEH E , D F l akes N umbe r % 2 3 3 9 .0 3 6 6 1 .0 5 9 1 00 .0
B lades * N umbe r % 5 3 1 5 .0 3 00 8 5 .0 3 53 1 00 .0
K SAR AK IL F l akes N umbe r % 1 21 4 3 .8
XXI I I I-XX B lades * N umbe r ° A 6 2 1 4 .6
1 55 2 76
3 64 4 26
5 6 .2 1 00 .0
8 5 .4 1 00 .0
K SAR AK IL F l akes N umbe r % 1 9 2 0 .0 7 6 8 0 .0 9 5 1 00 .0
XX -XV I B lades * N umbe r ` ) / 0 1 7 5 .9 2 73 9 4 .1 2 90 1 00 .0
I I . SU M MARY
T he s t a t i s t ica l t e s t r e su l t s d e mon s t ra te m a jo rt e chno log ica l a nd t y po log ica l d i f f e rences b e tween t h e a s semb lages o fB oke r T ach t i t I -I I I a nd t h ose f r om N or the rn I s rae l a nd K sa r A k i l ; a nd r evea l t h e e x is tence o ft h ree g roup s w h ich e xh ib i t t h e s ame modes o fr e duc t ion s t ra teg ies i nt h e L eva l lo i s , U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade a nd n on -Leva l lo is f l ake p roduc t ion . T he se t h ree g roups i l us t ra te t h ree d i f f e ren t p ha se s i n ad eve lopmen ta lp roces s i nw h ich t h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic m odes o fp roduc t ion a r e i n c r ea s ing ly a dop ted .
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CHAPTER E LEVEN
ADD IT IONAL TRANS IT IONAL ASSEMBLAGES
T ran s i t iona l I ndu s t r ie s t h a t e xh ib i t L eva lo i s f l ake s a soc ia ted w i th e l onga ted t r iangu la r p o in t s , l s Em i r eh p o in t s , c hamf e r ed b l ade s a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o l -k i t s ( b u r in s , e nd sc rape r s ) h av e b een o r e po r ted i nA bu H a lka I Ve a nd I Vf i nL ebanon i na n u nd i s tu rbed l a ye r u pon s t e r i le s and ( Ha le r , l 1 946 , A zou ry , 1 986 ) a sw e l a si nA n te l ia s WI -V ( Cope land , 1 970 ) ; t h ey a ppea rt ob e long t oK sa r l A k i l P ha se I( Cope land , 1 975 : 3 39 ) . T he s im i la r i t ie s t h ey s ha re w i th t h e K sa r A k i l a nd N o r the rn I s ra e l ia s emb lage sr e inf o r ce t h ev a l id i ty o ft h et r an s i t iona la semb lage s i n No r the rn I s rae l . s s T he s i t e o f Umm e l T le l , l o ca ted i n t h e E l K owm b a s in i n N o r th ea s t S y r ia , h a s r e v ea led I n te rm ed ia te i n du s t r i e s i nt h e" t ran s i t iona l" s t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion ,w h e r ea s n o d ra s t ic s t ra t ig r aph ica l u nconf o rm i ty h a s b een r e por ted . ( Bo& la a nd Muhe sen , 1 993 ) . T h e e x cava to r s h ave d i s t ingu i shed a s ucces fc a . 2 00 l e ve l s o f2 3 cm i nd ep th a nd c on ta in ing M idd le , I n te rm ed ia te a nd U ppe r sion o P a leo l i th ic ( Ahma r ian a nd A u r ignac ian ) l a y e r s . A s s en i nt h e t r an s i t iona l I ndu s try o fN o r the rn e I s rae l , t h e I n te rm ed ia te a semb lage s i n c lude b o th L eva lo i s a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic p roduc t s , t h a t s l w h ich s ugge s t s t h a t t h ey p os h e s am e c u l tu ra l b ackg round . T h e I n te rm ed ia te P a l eo l i th ic ses s t i n c lude s as ucces f s ma l l a ye r s , w h ich d emon s t ra te a s i gn if ican t c u l tu ra l s h if t . S eve ra l sion o l I n te rm ed ia te l a ye r s a te s t t o al am ina r s pec ia l iza t ion i nt h e i r p roduc t ion , s u ch a s L eva lo i s b l ade s t l e xc lu s ive ly a soc ia ted w i th U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade le t -o r ien ted t e chno logy ; o the r I n te rm ed ia te s l a ye r s , h oweve r , i n c lude L eva lo i s f l ake s . E nd -sc rape r s , b u r in s , n o tche s a nd r e tou ch ed p i eces l c on s t i tu te t h e m a in t o l t y pes o ft h e se I n t e rm ed ia te i n du s t r ie s . T h e I n te rmed ia te P a leo l i th ic l a ye r s o h av et h ep a r t i cu la r i ty t ob e f ound b e tween t y p ica ly U ppe rP a leo l i th ic i n du s t r ies w he r eo n ly l am ina r l c omponen t s h ave b een f o und , o r i ns om e c a se s , b e tween L eva lo i s i t em l a y e r s ( Bo& la , p e r sona l l c ommun ica t ion ) . T he t r an s i t iona l i n du s t r ie s a r e a l so d ocum en ted i nJ o rdan a tT o r S adaf r o ck she l te r i n Wad i H a sa , w he r e t e chno log ica l c hange s i nr e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s f r om t h e Mou s te r ian t ot h e e a r l ie s t A hma r ian b l ad e t e chno logy a r e a te s ted t o ( Co inman a nd F ox , 2 000 ) . T h r ee o ccupa t ion l e ve l s h av e b een t d i s t ingu i shed a t T o r S adaf , r e p r e sen t ing t wo t r an s i t iona l s t ages a nd t h e e a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic . S t ra tum I V i s re la ted t ot h e E a r ly T ran s i t iona l ; S t r a tum I I ( l owe r ) b e long st ot h e L a te T ran s i t iona l , wh i le S t ra ta I ,I a nd I I ( uppe r ) i s as soc ia ted w i th t h e E a r ly U ppe rP a leo l i th ic . T he c o re r e du c t ion s t ra teg i e s s how i mpo r tan t t e chno log ica l c hange s t h roughou t t im e . T he t r an s i t iona l a s semb lages c on ta in v e ry f ew c l a ss ica l L eva lo i s f l ake c o re s t h a t e xh ib i t f a ce t ing p l a tf o rm s a nd a su rp r i s ing l n umbe r o f L eva lo i s p roduc t s , a s w e l a s L eva lo i s l ike p roduc t s , b l ank s a nd t oo l s . T h e r e i sa l l l g en e ra l c hange f r om p r epa red c o r e s w i th m u l t i -f ace ted p l a tf o rm s t o c o r e s w i th n on -f ace ted p l a tf o rm s . D oub le p l a tf o rm c o r e s i n c r ea se i nt h e u ppe r l e ve l s . B lank p roduc t ion s how s as t eady l l d i rec t iona l c hange t h roughou tt h e t h r ee o ccupa t ion s , a sM idd le P a leo l i th ic L eva lo i s a nd L eva lo i s rowe l i ke b l ank s g i ve w ay t on ar rU ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s . T he u se o fa b ra s ion a l ong l l t h ee dge s o fp l a tf o rm s e x i s t s s po rad ica ly i nt h e T ran s i t iona l Bl e v e l s , a nd t h en i n c rea se s d r a s t ica ly i n t h e E a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l e ve l s ( Co inman a nd F ox , 2 000 : 1 29 ) . T he b l ank s a na ly s i s l d emon s t ra te s t h e i n c r ea se i nt h e p roduc t ion o fs ma le r b l ade le t d eb i tage a tt h e e xpen se o fl a rge r t b l ades ,w h i le f l ake p roduc t ion d ec rea se s . T he n on -f ace ted a nd p un c t if o rm b u t st e nd t od om ina te i n t h e u ppe r l e ve l s . A l though i nc o r e r e duc t ion t h e e mpha s i s i s pl a ced o n t h e h a rd h amme rt e chn ique o f r emova l d u r ing t h e t r an s i t iona l l e ve l s , t h e i n c r ea se i n t h e u se o f s of t h amme r i se v iden t s. T o l o o n ev e r th e les he t o l types a l so c hange . I n a l l e v e l s , p o in ted t o l s d om ina te t h e t o l -k i t s ; e nd s c rape r sa nd b u r in s a r e a l so s i gn if i can t i nn umbe r . I nt h e e a r l ie s t l e ve l s , p o in ted t oo l s a r e m ade u p l l t o fL eva lo i sp o in t s a nd p r edom inan t ly e l onga ted L eva lo i s b l ade p o in t s e xh ib i t ing f a ce ted b u t s . I n l t t h e t r an s i t iona l B l e ve l s t h e e l onga ted L eva lo i s l ike p o in t s s how l a rge , n on -f ace ted b u t s . T he l r e p la cemen t o ft h e L eva lo i s p o in tt y pes b yt h ee l - Wad p o in t m a rk s t h e m a in t y po log ica lc h ange i n t h e E a r l ie s tU ppe rP a leo l i th ic l e ve l s . 1 68
l T he L eva lo i s a nd l am ina r m e thod s o f k napp ing a r e n o t i n d ica ted i n d e ta i l i n t h e f i r s t r e po r t s, s ( Co inman a nd F ox , 2 000 ) . N ev e r th e les om e t e chno log ica l a nd t y po log ica l f e a tu re s i n t h e s T r an s i t iona l Aa nd B a semb lag es a tT o r S adaf c l ose ly r e semb le t h o se o fK sa rA k i lP ha se I ,K eba ra I I s V I a nd Em i reh , a nd t h e r ef o r ep e rm i t u st os ugge s tt h a tt h e se a semb lages s ha r e t h e s ame c u l tu ra l l b a ckg round . F o r a l t h em , t h e l i t h ic r educ t ion s t ra teg ies a r e a imed t owa rd t h e p roduc t ion o fb o th t f l ake s a nd b l ade s , t h e p l a in o rp unc t if o rm b u t sw h ich t e nd t oi n c r ea se a tt h e e xpen se o ft h e f a ce ted t t b u t s , a nd t h e u se o ft h e s of t h amm e r t e chn ique o fd e ta chmen t . T h e l a te r t e chn ique i n c r ea ses l d r a s t ica ly t h rough t im e , a sd o t h e b l ank s wh ich e xh ib i t t r ace so fa b ra s ion o nt h e i ro v e rhang e dge s . s O th e r f e a tu re s a r e c l o se r t ot h o se o fK sa r A k i l Ia nd Q af zeh E a nd D . T he a semb lage s o fT o r sica S adaf T ran s i t iona l Aa nd B , K sa rA k i l P ha s e Ia nd Q af zeh E and D a l so e xh ib i t v e ry f ew c l as l l s L eva lo i s c o r e s t h a t h ave b een a soc ia ted w i th t h e m a jo r i ty o fU ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade c o r e s ; f o r t i n s tance , t h e p l a in o r p unc t if o rm b u t s d om ina te , t h e u se o f t h e s of t h amme r t e chn ique o f d e ta chm en t i sp r eponde ra te , a nd t h e b l ank s e xh ib i t t r a ce s o fa b ras ion o nt h e i r o ve rhang e dge s ; t h e l b a cked b l ade s , t h e r e touch ed b l ade s t h e e nd sc rape r s c on s t i tu te t h e m a in t oo l t y pe s i n a l t h ese s a semb lages . e l T ak ing t h i s i n to a ccoun t , w e s e t h a t t h e t r an s i t ion i sw e l r e p r e sen ted i nt h e N ea r E a s t . T he l t s rence o t e chno log ica l a nd t y po log i ca l s im i la r i t ie s b e tween a h e se a semb lage s v a l ida te t h e o ccur f t h et r an s i t ion i nN or th e rn I s rae l . s s S i te s y i e ld ing t r an s i t iona l a semb lage s d e r iv ing f r om m o re o r l e s i n ta c t s ed im en ta ry l a ye r s h av e t b een r e cen t ly a te s ted t oi nw ide ly d i s t r ibu ted a r ea s i nE u rope a nd N o r the rn A s ia . I ns ou th -cen t ra l s T u rkey a tt h e Ü 9ag iz l i C ave , f o r e xamp le , l a y e r s G , Ha nd Ic on ta in a semb lage s t h a t h ave b een l r e cogn ized a s c ha ra c te r i s t i c o f b l ade m anuf ac tu r ing w h ich e xh ib i t s s om e f e a tu r e s o f L eva lo i s s m o rpho logy . K uhn p o in ted o u tt h e f a c t t h a t t h ey c l ose ly r e semb le t h ea semb lages f r om l a ye r XX I s a tK sa r A k i l . L aye r s Bt h rough B 4 a tÜ 9ag iz l i b ea r as t r ik ing r e semb lance t oa r t if a c t a semb lage s I l f r om l a y e r s XV I a nd XV I a tK sa r A k i l , w i th w e l d ev e loped p r i sma t i c b l ade t e chno logy p roduced r b y s of t h amme r . T he c u l tu ra l s equence a ppea r s t o c o r e spond t o l a te S t age 1t h rough S t age 2 at K sa r A k i l ( Kuhn e ta l , 2 00 1 : 7 642 ) . T he B ohun ic ian i nC en t ra l E u rope a tt h e e nd o ft h e M idd le l t P a l eo l i th ic s how s am ix tu r e o fL eva lo i s a nd b l ade p roduc t ion ( O te , 1 994 ) . I n t h e Uk ra ine a nd l C r imea s i te s , s u ch a s Mo lodova a nd K o ro levo , b l ade s r e la ted t ot h e L eva lo i s m odes o fk napp ing l h av e b een f ound ( I tv i lon , 1 995 ) . I nt h e A l ta i Moun ta in s o fS ibe r ia , t h e i n du s t r ie s o fK a ra -Bom l c ave l a ye r s 5a nd 6a l so a nd A r embov sky c on ta in t oo l b l ank s p roduced b y am ix tu r e o fL eva lo i s a nd p r i sma t ic b l ade c o r et e chno logy ( S i t l ivy -Escu tena i re e tS i t l ivy 1 996 ; V a s i l iev , 2 00 1) . T rend s t o t l am ina rd eb i tage i ns om e Mou s te r ian c omp lexe s a r e a l so a te s ted t oa tS hu iddongou ( l oca ted i nt h e s ou thwe s t o ft h e O rdos p l a teau i nI nn e r Mongo l ia i nC h ina ) , w he r e m o r e t h an 5 , 500 s t on e a r t if ac t s d a t ing b e tween c a . 3 8 k a . a nd 1 7 k a b y u r an ium S e r i e s m e thod h ave b een u n cove r ed . T he s t one l l a r t if ac t s c on s i s t o f b l ade c o r e s , L eva lo i s c o r e s , s c rape r s , L eva lo is p o in t s a nd d en t i cu la te s l m anuf ac tu red o nf l ake s , a sw e la se nd sc rape r s , r e touch ed b l ades a nd s om eb u r in s m anuf ac tu red o n b l ad e s ( B ran t ingham , 1 999 ) . s A s emb lage s c ha rac te r ized b y U ppe r P a leo l i th ic p roduc ts t h a t r e ta in M idd le P a leo l i th ic t r end s o ccu r i nw ide ly d i s t r ibu ted a r ea i nE u rope , i nN o r th e rn A s ia a nd i nt h e N ea r E a s t . T h e t r an s i t ion , t h e r ef o r e , a ppea r sa s ag ene r a lp henom enon , w h ich i n c lude st h eN o r ther nI s rae l i n du s t ry . T he s i te s o ft h e J udean D e se r t d emon s t ra te s i gn if ican t d if e r en ce s c ompa r ed t ot h o se o fN or th er n s I s ra e l , L ebanon , S y r ia a nd J o rdan . T h e a semb lage s e xh ib i t ing Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l w e r e a l so r e po r ted i n E t -Tabban C ave C , a nd a l so p e rhap s i nT abban B ( Neuv i le , 1 951) . T he l l m a te r ia l o fT abban c on ta in s as ma l n umbe ro fp i ece s , s om e s ma l s amp le so fw h ich w e re e xam ined a tt h e H eb r ew U n ive r s i ty o fJ e ru sa lem . T abban C c on ta in s ap r edom inan ce o f Mou s te r ian i t em s . l te ren l T he L eva lo i s r e duc t ion s t ra tegy i s at s ted t ob y t h e o ccur ce o fo ne L eva lo i s p r ef e r en t ia l f l ake l l l c o r e ( Neuv i le 1 951 : f i g 3 2 :10 ) , L eva lo i s p o in t s a nd f l ake s . A l though N euv i le m en t ioned t h a t t h e f l ake s d om ina te i nT abban C , h e r e po r ted t h e p r e sence o fs om e b l ade s t h a t w e d i d n o t f i nd t ob e l sib p r es en t i nt h e s amp le ( Neuv i le , 1 951 : 7 1) . D ue t ot h e a b sence o fl am ina rc o r e s , i ti s no tp os le t o l s p ec if y t h e m ode o f r e duc t ion u sed f o r t h e i r p roduc t ion ; t h ey m ay b e e i the r L eva lo i s b l ade s , 1 69
l am ina r -f lakes o r U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade s . S i de sc rape r s a nd L eva lo i s p o in ts c on s t i tu te t h e m a in l t oo l t y pe s , wh i le s om e b u r in s a nd e nd -sc rape r s a r e a l so r e p r e sen ted . I n c on t ra s t t o T abban C , T abban B ( wh ich i n c lude s m o re n ume rou s p i ece s ) , i s ma rk ed b y t h e p r eponde ran ce o f b l ad e c omponen t s i nt h e d eb i tage a nd t o lp roduc t s . T h e r e i s no c o re i nt h e s amp le , m ak ing i td i ff icu l tt o o d e te rm ine t h e r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s u sed . N euv i le d e s c r ibed t h e c o re s a s p r i sma t i c , s ma l a nd l l i regu la r ; i ts em s t h a t t h ey s hou ld b e d ef ined a sl am ina r c o re s . T h e t oo l k i t s a r e c ha r a c te r ized b y r e t h e d om inance o f U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o l s , i n c lud ing e nd s c rape r s , b u r in s , t r unca ted b l ade s , o r e touched b l ade s , b ack p o in t s ( d ef ined b y N euv i le a s C ha te lpe ron ian t y pe ) , a s w e l a sb y Em i r eh l l p o in t s . T h e t r an s i t iona l f e a tu re o f T abban B i sp rob lema t ic , s i nce n o L eva lo i s i t em a nd n o l Mou s te r ian t oo l s em t o b e p r e sen t . T h e p r e sen ce o f t h e o n e Em i reh p o in t s em s n o t t o b e a e e d e te rm in ing f e a tu re f o rd ef in ing t h is i n du s t ry a st r an s i t iona l ; t h e r ef o r e , E t -Tabban C m ay b e v i ewed a s a Mou s te r ian i n du s t ry a nd E t -Tabban B m ay b e r e la ted t o t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic . F u r th e r e xcava t ion sw i lb en eces ry i no rde rt os pec if yt h ee xa c tn a tu r eo ft h e se i n dus t r ie s . l sa T he Mou s te r ian a semb lage o fS ahba C c on ta in st y po techno log ica ls im i la r i t ie sw i th t h eA bu S if C , s whe r ea s S ahba B s em s t o b e a n U ppe r P a l eo l i th i c i n dus t ry ( Neuv i le , 1 951) . T he Mou s te r ian e l p o in t s , e l onga ted t r i angu la r A bu S i fp o in t s , c u rved p o in t s , s i de sc rape r s o n l a rge b l ade s a nd f ew b u r in s c on s t i tu te t h e t o l k i ts o fS ahba C . T he m a in t o l t y pe s o fS ahba B i n c lude s i de -sc rape r s , o o e nd s c rape r s , b u r in s a nd C ha te lper o in t s . D ue t o t h e a b sen ce o f L eva lo i s c o r e s i n t h e ron p l a semb lage s o fS ahba C a nd B , t h e u se o ft h e L eva lo i s m e thod s f o rt h ep roduc t ion o ft h e p o in t s i s s l d ub iou s . T hey m ay b e p roduced u s ing l am ina r c o re r e duc t ion s t ra teg i es , s uch a st h ose f r om B ok e r T ach ti t . A s i nt h e S ahba a semb lage s , t h e u se o ft h e L eva lo i s m e thod s i nt h e p roduc t ion o f f l akes a nd s l b l ades i sn o t a ta e r ta in i nt h e a semb lage s o fE rq e l Ahma r Fa nd E . D ue t ot h e a b sence o ft h e l c s Em i reh p o in ta sw e la st ot h eo ccur fs ma l r e touched p o in t s ,N euv i le r e la ted L aye r s Fa nd E l rence o l l t o s t age I o f t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic s equence ( Neuv i le , 1 951) . I ti s m os t p robab le t ha t t h e l t r an s i t iona l p ha se d ef ined i nN or the rn I s rae l , S y r ian a nd L ebanon i sn o t r e p re sen ted i nt h e J udean D e se r t . F u r th e rd e ta i led e xam ina t ion s o ft h e se i n du s t r ie sw i l b e n eces ry t or e f u te o rc onf i rm t h i s l sa s uppo s i t ion .
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CHAPTER TWELVE
THE RELAT ION BET WEEN THE TRANS IT IONAL AND THE L EVANT INE AUR IGNAC IAN I N NORTHERN I SRAEL
I ts em s t h a t m o s t o ft h e t r an s i t iona l l a y e r s f r om N o r ther n I s rae l a nd L ebanon a r e o ve r la id i n e s t r a t ig raphy b yL evan t in e A u r ignac ian l a y e r s . T h i s i s th ec a se f o rR a c ief e tI I -I eba ra u n i t s Ia nd I, K I( Ba r -Yo sef e ta l , 1 995 ; B a r -Yo sef a nd B e lf e r -Cohen , 1 996 ) , E l Wad D 1 , D 2 a nd E ( Gar nd rod a B a t e 1 937 : 4 4 -47 ) , K sa r A k i l ( Cope land , 1 975 ; A zou ry , 1 986 ; B e rgman , 1 987 ; 1 988 ) A n te l ia s ( Cope land 1 970 ) a nd A bu H a lka ( Ha le r , 1 946 ; A zou ry , 1 986 ) . Em i r eh h a s y i e lded a s i ng le l P a l eo l i th ic l a y e r , w h ich c o r e spond s t o t h e T ran s i t iona l l a y e r . T he k ey s i t e , w h ich h a s r e vea led a r l am ina ri n du s t ry w i thou tA u r ignac ian f e a tu r e so ve rt h et r an s i t iona l l a ye r , i s Q af zeh . T h ea na ly s i so f t h e s amp le o f Q af zeh 9 ( Ronen a nd V ande rmee r sch , 1 972 ; V ande rm ee r sch , 1 981) a tes t s t o t c on t inu i ty w i th t h et r an s i t iona l i n du s t ry . T he p r e sence o fa x i s f l ak ing c o re sw i th o ne o rt wo s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s , a s w e l a s t h ose w i th t wo t w i s ted o pposed p l a tf o rm c o r e s , t h e p r edom inance o fb l ade s l a nd b l ade le t s d e tached b y s of t h amme r i nt a ngen t ia l m o t ion , a nd t h e p reponde r ance o fr e touched b l ade s a nd e nd sc rape r s a mong t h e t oo l s h av e a een r e cogn ized i nt h e t r an s i t iona l G roup 3 .T h i s l b g r oup s how s t e chno log ica l d i f e r ences w i th t h e A hma r ian o fS ou th er n I s ra e l . Mo reov e r , t h e e xa c t f s t r a t ig raph ic p os i t ion o fl a y e r 9i nr e la t ion t oQ af zeh E a nd D i su n c lea r . T h e ref o re , i ts em st h a t i n e t h eN o r the rn I s rae la nd L ebanon , t h eL evan t ine A u r ignac ian r e p lace st h et r an s i t iona l i n du s t r ies . T he e a r l ie s t a semb lage s k nown i nN o r the rn I s rae l a tK eba ra I I ( Ba r -Yo sef e ta l , 1 995 ) a nd H ayon im s D( Be lf e r -Coh en a nd B a r -Yos ef , 1 988 ) a r ed a ted f r om a bou t3 6 ,000 B Pt o3 2 ,000 B P . I nt h e l i t e ra tu r e t h e L evan t in e A u r ignac ian i sc on s ide r ed t ob e a n i n tru s ive p opu la t ion i nt h e N ea r E a s t , p robab ly o r ig ina t ing i nt h e B a lkan s ( G i lead , 1 99 1) o r i nZ ag ros ( Koz low sk i a nd O te , 2 000 ) . t N ev er the les e r sona l e xam ina t ion o ft h e L evan t in e A u r igna c ian a semb lages o fR agef e t I I -I s, ap s I s ugge s t s s om e t e chno log ica l c on t inu i ty w i th t h e t r an s i t iona l . I n R a c ief e t VI o r e xamp le , t h e I I-I I, f b l ade c o r e s a lway s d om ina te a nd t h e b l ade m ode s o fp roduc t ion a r e s im i la r ; t h e a x i s f l ak ing c o r e s , t h e l a te ra l f l ak ing c o re s a nd t h e. t w i s ted f l ak ing c or e s h ave b een o b se rved b o th i nt r an s i t iona l a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l a y e r s , b u t t h e u n ipo la r c o r e s t e nd t o i n c r ea se i n t h e L evan t ine A u r ignac ian i n du s t r ie s . T he a x i s -f lak ing b l ade / le t c o r e s o n t h ick f l akes ( P la te 1 .3 ) , t a bu la r f l i n t ( P la te 1 .2 ) , o r n a row p ebb le s ( P la te 1 .6 ) o b se rved i n t h e t h ree g roup s t e nd t o r a i se ; t h ey c ha ra c te r ized t h e r L evan t ine A u r ignac ian b l ad er e duc t ion s t ra teg ie si nR a c ief e tI I I a nd K eba ra I I ( Sa re l , 2 002 ) . I Among t h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o r e s , t h e Mu l t ip le a nd n on -d if en t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s c o r e s l fer ( 3 .C ) d om ina te s . T he se c o r e s , w h ich o ccu r s po rad ica ly i n t h e t r an s i t iona l , t e nd t o i n c rea se l d r a s t ica ly i nt h e L evan t ine A u r ignac ian . T h e r e i sn o s i gn if ican td i f e r ence i nt h ec ompo s i t ion o ft h e l f b l ade t oo l k i ts o ft h e t r an s i t iona l a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l a ye r s . T hey u sua ly c on s i s t o fr e touched l b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s , a w l s , n o tch es a nd d en t i cu la te s , e nd sc rape r s , b u r in s a nd E l Wad -po in t s . A s i n G roup s 2a nd 3 ,t h e b l ade a nd b l ade le t t o l s a lway s d om ina te i nt h e A u r igna c ian l a ye r s , a l though o t h e A u r ignac ian t o l t y pes i n c r ea se , a s w e s e i n t h e e xamp le s o f t h e c a r ina ted a nd n o se e nd o e s c r ape r s a nd t h e c a r ina ted b u r in s . T he t e chno log ica ld i f e ren ce s b e tween t r an s i t iona l a nd L evan t ine f A u r ignac ian l a y e r s c once rn t h e m e thod o fk napped s t on e o ft h e n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o r e s . A lso , i n l R ag ef e t , t h e t r an s i t iona l a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l a y e r s e xh ib i t d i f e r en ces i nt h e s e lec t ion o fr aw f m a te r ia l s . T he E ocen e f l in t ( o fl o ca l o r ig in ) , o ccur nt h e f o rm o fl a rge b l ock w h ich h a s b een ring i u s ed l i t le i n t r an s i t iona l l a y e r s , p redom ina te s i n t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l a ye r s ( De lage , P e r sona l t C ommun ica t ion ) . A cco rd ing t o t h e se r e su l t s , i ts em s t h a t t h e r e i ss ome c on t inu i ty b e tween t h e e t r an s i t iona l a nd t h e L evan t in e A u r ignac ian . Af t e r h av ing e xam ined Mou s te r ian , t r an s i t iona l a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic m a te r ia l f r om Em i r eh , E l Wad a nd K eba ra , G ar e a ch ed t h e c on c lu s ion t h a t rod r " t he a soc ia t ion o f f l akes a nd b l ade s e l emen t s , w h ich m a rked t h e Em i ran ( a nd w h ich w a s s f o r e shadowed b yt h e o cca s iona l p r e sence o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic f o rm s i nt h e L eva l lo i so -Mou s te r ian ) d i d , i n f a c t , s u rv ive i n to t h e A u r ignac ian ; t h ough w i th t h e f l ake e l em en t v e ry g r ea t ly r e duced" ( 1 954 : 1 60 ) . 1 7 1
T h is s uppo r t st h eu t i l iza t ion o ft h et e rm " t ran s i t iona l" f o rd ef in ing t h e No r th e rn I s rae l ia nd L ebanon s a semb lage s . V a r iab i l i ty b e tween L evan t ine A u r ignac ian i n dus t r ie s i sq u i te s t rong ( G i l ead , 1 981) . l l T he L evan t in e A u r ignac ian w a s f i r s td ef ined b yN euv i le ( 1934 ) a nd s ub sequen t ly c a led L owe ra nd rod ( l U ppe r A n te l ian b y D . G ar 1951) ; f i na ly , i tw a s d i v ided b y C ope land ( 1975 ) a tK sa r Ak i l b e tween P ha ses A , Ba nd C . L evan t in e A u r ignac ian A i sc ha ra c te r i zed b y t h e d om inan ce o fb l ade l c ompon en t s , a sw e l a sb y e l - Wad p o in t s a nd f l a t -f aced c a r ina ted b u r in s , s u ch a s a tK sa r -Ak i l 1 3 1 . T h i s h a s b een v i ewed a s a lo ca l i s o la ted p h enom enon s i n ce i tw a s k nown o n ly i nL ebanon ( G i lead , 1 981 ; Ma rk s , 1 98 1) . Ap r e l im ina ry e xam ina t ion o ft h e l i t h ic m a te r ia l f r om t h e A u r ignac ian l a ye r s h a s b een u nde r taken b yZ if f e r ( 1976 ; 1 978a ; 1 987 ) . H e s ugges t s t h a t t h i s i n du s t ry i s an on l L eva lo i s f a c ie s a nd c on s i s t s o f mo re f l ake s t h an b l ade s . B o th t h e d i rec t h a rd h amme r a nd t h e s of t l o s h amm e r a nd p un ch t e chn ique w e r e u sed a ve r t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic a semb lages i nt h e c av e fe s, a p ( Z if r 1 978 : 8 2 -89 ) . N ever th e les r e l im ina ry o b se rva t ion p e rm i t s u s t o c onc lude t h a t t h e I a r edu c t ion s t ra teg ie so fR aqef e tI I -I r e m o r eo f t en g ea r ed t owa rd t h ep roduc t ion o fb l ade s , a nd t h e f l ake s w e r e m a in ly d e tach ed d u r ing t h e i n i t ia l iza t ion p ha se s o ft h e c o r e s . S in ce K eba r a I I a nd I h l R aqef e t I I -I ave y i e lded l am ina r i n du s t r ie s , i ti sm os t p robab le t h a t t h ey a r e t e chno log ica ly s r e la ted t ot h e L evan t in e A u r ignac ian A . P e r sona l o b se rva t ion o ft h e A u r igna c ian a s emb lage s o f S ef un im 1 0 -8 s ugge s t s s ome s im i la r i t ie s w i th R aqef e t T he b l ade mode s o f p roduc t ion d om ina te , a nd t h e m a in t o o l s a r e t h e e nd sc rape r s , a nd t h e b u r in s , w i th ag radua l i n c r ea s e i nt h e e l Wad p o in t s ( Ronen , 1 968 ; 1 984 ) . I ts e em s t h a t P ha se A i sw e l l r e p r e sen ted i nN o r the rn I s rae l . L evan t in e A u r ignac ian B o rP ha se s I I a nd I V o fN euv i l le , w h ich e xh ib i t s f ew b l ade s , a r e ma rk ed b y n ume rou sA u r ignac ian e nd -sc rape r sa nd b u r in s . H ayon im D , w h ich c on ta in s ad om inan t n umbe r o ff l ake s i nt h e d eb i tage , i sr e la ted t ot h i s p ha s e ( Be lf e r -Cohen a nd B a r -Yosef , 1 98 1) . L evan t in e l A u r ignac ian C o r P ha se V o fN euv i le i sc ha rac te r ized b y f l ake o r ien ted t e chno logy a nd i s ma rk ed s b y ag r ea tp r eponde rance o fp r i sma t ic b u r in sa nd c a r in a ted e nd sc r ape r s ; t h ea semb lage so fE l Wad re Ca r ec or la ted t ot h i sp ha se ( Be lf e r -Cohen a nd B a r -Yosef , 1 988 ; B e lf e r -Cohen , 1 996 ) . e sib Af te r t h e se o b se rva t ion s , i ts em s p os le t h a t t h e L evan t ine A u r ignac ian A h a s d eve loped o u t o f t h e t r an s i t iona l . F u r the r t e chno log ica l a na ly ses o ft h e m a in L evan t ine A u r ignac ian i n du s t r ies f r om No r th e rn I s rae l a nd L ebanon ( Hayon im D , K eba ra I I , E l Wad E , Da nd S ef un im 1 0 -8 , K sa r -Ak i l l 1 3 11) w i lp e rm i tt ov e r if yt h i sh ypo the s is .
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CHAPTER TH IRTEEN D ISCUSS ION AND CONCLUS IONS
1 .T he P rob lem o f In teg r i t yi nt h eA semb lage so fNor thern I s rae l s C ompa r ing t h e " en igma t ic" a s emb lage s f r om N o r the rn I s rae l w i th t h ose w h ich h av e b een d e r ived s f r om u nd i s tu rbed l a y e r s , o u r c ur t a r gum en t g i ves much s uppo r t t o t h e t h eo ry o f at r an s i t iona l ren p h enom enon i nN o r th e rn I s ra e l . K sa r A k i l i nL ebanon d ocum en t s ac l ea r a nd w e l -def ined t e chno log ica l t r an s i t ion f r om aM idd le l P a l eo l i th ic L eva lo i s t e chno logy t oa nU ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade o r ien ted t e chno logy , a nd s e rve s a sa l r e f e r en ce s equen ce f o r t h e t r an s i t iona l i nt h e N or th er n L evan t ( Be rgman , 1 988 ) . I tc on ta in s i n tac t s e d im en ta ry l a ye r s e xh ib i t ing L eva lo i s f e a tu r e s a nd l am ina r b l ade s s im i la r t ot h o se r e cogn ized i n l N o r th e rn I s rae l . T he t r an s i t iona l l a y e r s o fK sa r A k i l h ave b een d i v ided i n to P ha se I( l ay e r s XXV XX I ) a nd P ha se I ( l ay e r s XX -XV I ) ( Cope land , 1 975 ; 1 986 ) . L aye r s XXV -XX IV d emon s t ra te t e chno log ica ly s im i la r i t ie s t o G roup 2 o f t h e N or ther n I s rae l i a semb lage s . T he a r t if ac t l s a s emb lages a r e c ha r ac te r ized b y p roduc t s w h i ch u t i l ize L eva lo i s m e thod s , a s w e l a s b y n on s l l L eva lo i s f l ake s a nd b l ade mode s o f f l ak ing , w h ich i n vo lve t h e p r eponde ran t u se o f t h e h a rd l h amme r t e chn ique o fp e r cus a r ied o u t i n at a ngen t ia l m o t ion . T he m a jo r i ty o ft o l s m an if e s t sion c r o t y p ica l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic f o rm s . K sa r A k i l P ha se Ii sd i s t ingu i shed b y t h e p r e sence o fc hamf e red p i ece s , w h ich a r e r a r e o ra b sen t among t h ea semb lages o fN o r the rn I s rae l . L ay e r s XX I -XX Is ha r e s I I s im i la r i t ie s w i th G roup 3 ;i ti sm a rked b y ad r a s t ic d ec l ine i nt h e p roduc t ion o fL eva lo i s b l ank s , l a nd b y a con com i tan t i n c r ea se i n b l ade p roduc t ion , d e tach ed b y as of t h amme r t e chn ique i n a t a ngen t ia l m o t ion . T h e n umbe r o fb l ade c o r e s w i th s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s t h a t s how t r a ce s o fa b ra s ion i n c r ea se s , a s d o t h e b u t s o ft h e b l ank s w i th a b ra s ion o n t h e i r o ve rhang ing e dge s . D om inan t t oo l t f o rm s a r e e nd sc rape r s , r e touched b l ade s a nd p o in ted b l ades . T he s im i la r i ty i nr e duc t ion s t r a teg ie s , a sw e lt h e l i kenes h ich e x i s t sb e tween t h e c o mpo s i t ion o fa s emb lage sa tK sa rA k i l ( XXV -XV I ) l s w s a nd t h a t o f No r ther n I s rae l G roup s 2 and 3 , l e ad s u s t o c on jec tu r e t h a t t h ey s ha re s am e c u l tu ra l b ackg round . A s emb lage s i n c lud ing L eva lo i sa nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie sh ave b een u n cove r ed i n s l w id e ly d i s t r ibu ted a r ea i nt h e L evan t , i nb o th r o ck sh e l te r a nd o pen -a i r s i t e s , i nt h e " t ran s i t iona l" s t ra t ig raph ic p o s i t ion , w he r ea sn od r a s t i c s t ra t ig raph ica lu n conf o rm i ty h a sb een r e por ted . T hey h ave b een f ound i nK sa r A k i l ( Cope land , 1 975 ) , A n te l ia s V I -V ( Cope land , 1 975 ) , A bu H a lka I Ve -I Vf I i nL ebanon ( Ha le r , 1 946 , A zou ry , 1 986 ) , Umm e lT le l i nt h e e lK own B a s in i nS y r ia ( Bo& la e t l Muh e sen 1 993 ) a nd T o rS adaf i nt h e Wad i H a sa i nJ o rdan ( Co inman a nd F ox , 2 000 ) . T he r e duc t ion s t ra teg i es a nd t h e e nd p roduc t s d ef ined i n t h e se a semb lage s c l ose r e semb le t ho se o f N o r the rn s I s ra e l ; . t h ey s ha re s ame c u l tu ra l b ackg round . T he ref o r e t h e M idd le -Uppe r P a leo l i th ic t r an s i t ion a pp ea r sa s ag ene ra lp henom enon i nt h eN ea rE a s t .
2 .C harac ter i s t ic so ft he T rans i t iona lA semb lage si nt he N ear E a s t s T he T rans i t ion : AP e r iod o f Fluc tua t ion We h ave s en t h a t d u r ing M idd le -Uppe r P a leo l i th ic t r an s i t ion i nN o r the rn I s rae l a nd K sa r A k i l , e c hange s i nl i t h ic t e chno logy , a sw e l a s i nt oo l t y pe s , o ccur . T he se c hange s a r e m a rked b y b o th l red t h e i n t roduc t ion o ft h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade s a nd b l ade le t s a tt h e e xpen se o ft h e L eva lo i s f l akes l a nd b y n ew t e chn iques o f d e tachm en t . T h e t r an s i t iona l a semb lage s t h a t e xh ib i t s i gn if ican t s v a r ia t ion s i nt h e r e la t ive f r equenc ie s o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic c omponen t s h ave b een s ubd iv ided i n to t h r ee g roup s : G roup 1o fR aqef e t VI I , E l Wad G , Fa nd Q af zeh F d i sp lay a I I-V r e la t ive ly h i ghe r n umbe r o f Mou s te r ian f e a tu re s t h an o fb l ade i t em s . D ue t ot h e p r edom inance o f 1 73
sib s Mou s te r ian t e chno logy a nd t y po logy , i ti s pos le t or e la te t h e a semb lage s o fG roup 1t ot h e l a te Mou s te r ian . G roup 2 ,r e p r e sen ted b y Em i r eh , K eba ra E a nd K sa r A k i l XXV -XX IV , e xh ib i t s b o th l l F l ake s a nd b l ade s , a sw e l a s as i gn if ican t a moun t o fL eva lo i s c omponen t s . G roup 3o fQ af zeh E , I I D a nd K sa r A k i l XX I -XV I i sm a rked b y a ma jo r i ty o f b l ade s a nd b y a ve ry l ow q uan t i ty o f l L eva lo i s i t em s . T he s o f t h amm e r t e chn ique u sed i n at a ngen t i a l m o t ion t e nd s t or e p la ce t h e h a rd sion t h amme r t e chn ique i nd i r ec t p e r cus h a t w a s u sed i n G roup 1 ;t h e i n c r ea se i nt h e u s e o fs o f t s r h a mme rt e chn ique i sa soc ia ted t ot h ep roduc t ion o fr e la t ive ly n a row ,t h in b l ade / le t s . s s w T he a semb lage s o ft h et h r ee g roup s d emon s t ra te al o ng te rm d eve lopm en ta lp roces h ich h e ra ld s s, i re f t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic c u l tu r e . N eve r the les f th e t h ree g roup s c an b e c or la ted t ot h r ee d i f e r en t p ha ses i n as chem e o fd eve lopm en t , t h ee vo lu t iona ry m echan i sm i s no t l i nea r ; r a the r , i ti ss ub jec tt o s f l uc tua t ion . T hu s , s ome a semb lages e xh ib i t h i ghe r f r equenc ie s o f U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ades i n l I I I c ompa r i son t ot h e i rf o low ing l a ye r s , s uch a sQ af zeh E and D , a nd K sa rA k i lX IX , XV I a nd XV I . s l O the ra semb lage s e xh ib i t ah ighe rp e r cen tage o fL eva lo i sf l ak e st h an t h e l a ye rt h a tu nd e r l ie st h em sion o s uch a sK sa r A k i l XXV a nd XX IV . T he r e cen t e x cava t ion s a tU r = e lT le l r evea l as u cces f s t h in I n te rmed ia te l a y e r s wh ich c on ta in s i gn if ican tc hanges i nt h ec ompos i t ion o ft h ea s emb lage s . I n l s om e c a se s , t h e b l ade a nd b l ade le t -o r i en ted t e chno logy h ave b een f ound t o b e s t ra t ig raph ica ly l l o ca ted u nde r L eva lo i s f l ake r e duc t ion s t r a teg ie s ( B ada , p e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . T h e r ef o re , t h e l l r e p lacem en t o ft h e L eva lo i s r e duc t ion s t ra teg ies b y n on -Lev a lo i s mode s o fp roduc t ion a nd t h e a ugm en ta t ion i nt h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade c ompon en t s mu s t b e v i ewed a s ag ene ra l t e ndency i n t h ee vo lu t iona ry s c heme .
T he T ran s i t ion :A Loca lD eve lopmen t T he N ea rE a s t P a leo l i th ic i n du s t r ie sd emon s t ra te al o ng t r ad i t ion o fb l ade p roduc t ion t h roughou tt h e ren P a leo l i th ic . T h eo ccur ce o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic b l ade sd u r ing t h eM idd le P a leo l i th ic a tH ayon im E l a nd F( Me ignen , 1 998 ) a nd a tR o sh E in Mo r( Ma rk sa nd Mon iga l , 1 995 ) a sw e la sa tt h ee nd o ft h e l a te M idd le P a leo l i th ic a t Amud ( Hove r s , 1 998 ) , s ugge s t s a n i n s i tu e vo lu t iona ry d ev e lopmen t . rod n G ar o ted t h a t r e la t ion sh ip s b e tween t h e L a te M idd le P a leo l i th ic a nd t h e Em i ran e x i s t , " nou s s a s i s ton s e n P a le s t in e äu n e e vo lu t ion s u r p l ace d e s p r em ie r e s e t ape s d u P a leo l i th ique s upe r ieu r ä rod 1 42 p a r t i rd 'un p a leo l i th ique m oy en ät e ndance l am ina i r e " ( Gar 957 :4 ) . I t se em st h a tt h e U pp e r P a leo l i th ic t e chno logy h a s i n deed d eve loped o u t o f aL evan t in e M idd le P a leo l i th ic t e chno logy a nd n o t f r om a no the rM idd le -Pa leo l i th ic t e chno logy b a sed s om ewh e r e e l se , a sr e po r ted i nt h e l i t e ra tu r e ( Kuhn e ta l , 2 00 1 : 7 642 ) . T h e l i t h ic r e duc t ion s t ra t eg ie s r e cogn iz ed i nt h e t r an s i t ion f r om M idd le t o U ppe r P a l eo l i th ic i sn o t t h e r e su l t o f ar a p id a ccu l tu ra t ion , s i nce t h e r e i sn o r e p la cem en t o ft h e l l e L eva lo i s m e thod b y b l ade -o r ien ted t e chno logy . I nf a c t , t h e r e i s no r a d i ca l c hange a ta , s e ing a s l h ow t h e L eva lo i s m e thod s c on t inue t o b e u s ed t oge th e r w i th t h e l am ina r m e thod s . T h i s s h if t a ppea red l a te r , i n a n I n i t ia l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic , i n t h e E a r ly Ahma r ian o r i n t h e L evan t ine A u r igna c ian c on tex t s .
R eg iona lF ac ie so fT rans i t ion i nt h eN ear E a s t s l T he t r an s i t iona l a semb lage so ft h eN ea rE a s t a r e c ha rac te r ized b y ag r ea t v a r ie ty o fb o th L eva lo i s l a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic m ode s o f p roduc t ion , a s w e l a s b y a va r ie ty o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r s, s f s P a leo l i th ic t oo l s . N eve r the les ome d i f e r ence s e x i s t b e tween t h em . T he a semb lage so fL ebanon I ( K sa r A k i l P ha se I ,A n te l ia s V I -V a nd A bu H a lka I Ve IV f ) a r e d i s t ingu i shed b y t h e p r e sen ce o f s c hamf e r ed p i ece s , r a r e o ra b sen t a mong t h e a semb lages o fN o r the rn I s rae l , S y r ia a nd J o rdan . T h e l l e l onga ted L eva lo i s l ik e p o in t s ( r emov ed b y n on -Leva lo i s r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s ) u s ing a h a rd l l h amme rt e chn ique o fd e ta chmen t a r e o n ly m a rg ina ly p re sen t a tK sa r A k i l P ha se I ; th ey a r e t o ta ly a bsen t i nN or the rn I s rae l a nd S y r ia , b u t a r e r e po r ted i nT o r S adaf ( Co inman a nd F ox , 2 000 ) . T h e s l a semb lage s o f Umm e lT l e l a r e m a rked b y b l ade p roduc t ion u s ing L eva lo i s r educ t ion s t ra teg i e s , 1 74
n on -ex i s ten t i nN o r th er nI s rae l , a l though t h ey a ppea r i nl ow f r equen c ies i nK sa r A k i l P has e I .T he v a r iab i l i ty b e tween t h e se a semb lage s s ugge s t sr e g iona l f a des o ft h et r an s i t ion . s
I n t ra a nd I n te r -g roup V ar iab i l i ty o ft h e T rans i t iona lo f N or thern I s rae l V a r ia t ion s i nt h e f r equ en c ie so fa r t if ac tc l as nd t o lt y pe so ccu ra mong t h e a semb lage so fe a ch ses a o s g r oup , a l though s im i la rt e nden c ie s i nt h e c ompos i t ion o ft h ea semb lage sa r e a te s t ed t oa nd p e rm i t s t u s t oa soc ia te t h em w i th t h e s ame c u l tu ra l e n t i ty . T he p roces s r e spon s ib le f o r t h e i n te r -g roup s se v a r iab i l i ty m ay b ee xp la ined b ys eve ra l f a c to r s ,a nd t h i sv a r iab i l i ty c an r e f lec to n -s i te a c t iv i t ies . I t is p os le t h a t d i f e r en t p opu la t ion s , s ha r ing t h e s am e c u l tu ra l b ackg round , h av e e vo lv ed sib f s imu l taneou s ly i nt h e s am e r e g ion d u r ing t h e t r an s i t ion . A s i te x i s t s i n Umm e lT ie ! , i t is p os le sib t h a te a ch Nor ther nI s rae l it r an s i t iona l s i te c on ta ined s u cces ft h in l a y e r sw i th d ep th sm ea su r ing sion o 2 3 c m , i n c lud ing o n eo rt wo s pec if i c r e duc t ion s t ra teg i es a te s t ing t ot h ep r e sen ce o fs eve ra lg roup s t l v ing i nt h e c ave e i the ra td i f e r en t m om en t s o ra l ter n a te ly . T he r e p lacemen t o ft h e L eva lo i s m ode i f l o fp r oduc t s b y l am ina r r e duc t ion s t ra teg i e s w a s n o t g r adua l , b u t r a th e r s ub jec t t of l uc tua t ion . T he v a r iab i l i ty i nt h e f r equen c ie s o ft h e Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic c omponen t s r e cogn ized i n e a ch g roup m ay a l so b e e xp la ined b yt h es e v a r ia t ion s i nt h e d eve lopm en ta l p roces s m en t ioned s. A e a r l ie r , t h e p e rcen tage s g i ven i nm o s t o ft h e t a b les p r e sen ted h e re in p e rm i t u s t op e r ce iv e t h e m a in s t y po log ica l a nd t e chno log i ca l t e ndenc ie s i nt h e c ompo s i t ion o fe ach a semb lage , a pp rox ima te a s s t h ey m ay b e . T h i s i mp re c i s ion c an p l ay ar o le i nt h e v a r iab i l i ty a mong t h ea semb lage sa nd mu s tb e t a k en i n to a ccoun t .
T he R e la t ion o f Blank T ype st oT oo lT ype si nt h eT ran s i t iona lI ndu s t r ie s rod d G ar e sc r ibed t h e Em i r an i n du s t ry a s a tr an s i t iona l i n du s t ry c omposed o fa mix tu r e o f b o th rod M idd le P a leo l i th ic a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t e chno logy ( Gar , 1 955 ) . L a te r , C ope land ( who w o rked rod o n t h e m a te r ia l s f r om A bu H a lka , A n te l ia s a nd K sa r A k i l ) r e f o rmu la ted G ar 's c on cep t o ft h e o t r an s i t iona l Em i ran . S he d ef ined i ta sa ni n du s t ry c ompo sed o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t o lt y pes m ade o n s, w M idd le P a leo l i th ic b l ank s( Cope land , 1 975 ) . N eve r th e les e h ave s hown t h a t i n mos t t r an s i t iona l s a s emb lages o ft h e t h r ee g roup s , t h e a n a ly s i s o ft h e b l ank s i n d ica te s ac l o se r e la t ion sh ip b e tween o l l l t h e i r m o rpho logy a nd t h e t o l t y pe s . T he L eva lo i s f l ake s a nd n on -Leva lo i s f l ake s w e re u sua ly l s l u sed t o p roduce t y p ica ly Mou s te r ian t oo l s , w h i le t h e b l ade t oo l a semb lage s u sua ly c on s i s t o f l o t y p i ca ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o l s . I n s om e c as es , s u ch a s i nK sa r A k i l P ha se I , t h e f l ake s w e re s e lec ted f o r t h e p roduc t ion o fb o th Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t oo l s , wh i le t h e b l ades w e r e l o rod p r ef e rab ly u sed f o r t h e m anuf ac tu r ing o f t y p ica ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o l s . T h e r ef o r e , G ar 's s c d e sc r ip t ion o ft h e t r an s i t iona l a semb lages i si nt o ta l a co rdance w i th o u r r e su l t s a nd h e r c oncep t t s c an b ea dm i ted . C ope land 's s ugge s t ion s , o nt h e o t he rh and , s hou ld b e r e s t r ic ted t ot h e a semb lage s o fK sa rA k i lP ha se I . T he t e chno log ica l c hanges , wh ich l e ad t o t h e r e p lacemen t o ft h e f l ake b l ank s b y t h e e l onga ted b l ade s , a r e c on com i tan t w i th t h e i n c r ea se i nU ppe r P a leo l i th ic t oo l t y pe s a nd i n vo lve ac hange i n t sib t h e l o ca l iza t ion o ft h e c u t ing e dge o nt h et oo l s . I t is m os tp os le t h a tt h et r an s i t ion p e r iod t e s t if ie s t t o ad r a s t ic t e chn ica l c hang e , wh e r e t h e m a in m an if e s ta t ion c on cer n s t h e l o ca l iza t ion o ft h e c u t ing e dg e o n t h e t oo l s , t h a t w h ich i mp l ie s as p ec if i c mod e o fh af t ing . T h e l a te ra l s i de s a r e n o m o r e t h e s e le c ted p a r t o f t h e b l ank s , b u t a r e r e p la ced b y t h e p rox ima l o r d i s ta l p a r t s ( Bo& la , P e r sona l l l c ommun ica t ion ) . T h i s i s we l i u s t ra ted i nt h e t h r ee G roup s . G roup 1i sm a rked b y t h e d om inance t o ff l ake p roduc t ion a nd Mou s te r ian t oo l s , w he r e t h e c u t ing e dges a r e s i tua ted m os t o f ten o n t h e l l a te r a l p a r ts , w h i le G roup 3i sc ha rac te r i zed b y t h e b l ade m ode o fk napp ing a s w e l a s b y U ppe r t P a leo l i th ic t oo l s , w i th i n c r ea se o fd i s ta l o r p rox ima l c u t ing e dge s . G roup 2s how s b o th f l ake a nd b l ad e p roduc t ion w i th a dr a s t i c d ec r ea se o f t h e Mou s te r ian t oo l s . T he r ef o r e , t h e s h if t f r om t h e M idd le t o t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i n N o r the rn I s ra e l w a s b o th t y po log i ca l a nd t e chno log ica l ; i t d emon s t ra te sc hange i nt h em ode so fh af t ing . 1 75
T he T erm " T rans i t ion" rod ( T he t e rm " t ran s i t iona l" p r ev iou s ly u sed b yG ar 1951) t od ef ine t h e i n du s t ry b e tween t h eM idd le P a leo l i th ic a nd t h eU ppe rP a leo l i th ic i s sub jec tt od eba te . S om e s cho la r su se t h et e rm " I n i t ia l Uppe r P a laeo l i th ic" , a si ta ppea r s t ob e an eu t ra l t e rm c ompa r ed w i th t h e t e rm " t ran s i t iona l p ha s e" , wh ich i mp l ie s ap hy logene t ic r e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h e Mou s te r ian a nd t h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic ( Kuhn e ta l . s 1 999 ) . O the r s u se t h e t e rm " I n te rm ed ia te P e r iod " , w h ich d oe s n o t r e la te t h e a semb lag e s t oe i th e r t h e M idd le o r t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic ( Bo& la a nd Muh esen 1 993 ) . T he t e rm " l a te Mou s ter ian " e l ( Mou s t& ien t a rd iß h a s b en emp loyed r e cen t ly d ue t ot h e L eva lo i s i mp lem en t s t h a t c h a rac te r ize t h i s i n du s t ry ( Bou rgu ignon 1 996 : 3 17 -336 ) . We h ave s hown t h a t t h e c hanges i nl i th ic t e chno logy s w a r e t h e r e su l t o f al o ng a u toch thonou s d eve lopm en ta l p roces h ich h e ra ld s t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic s l c u l tu r e , a nd h ave a l so d e te rm ined t h e t h r ee g roup s o f a semb lage s , w h ich i u s t ra te t h i s s. T sib d eve lopmen ta l p roces he ref o r e , i ti sp os le t o u se t h e t e rm " t ran s i t iona l" ( i . e . , r e p r e sen t ing f l d i f e ren ts t ep s i nt h ed ev e lopmen t )w h en g ene ra ly d ef in ing t h ei n du s t r ies o ft h et h ree g r oup s .
3 .T he R e la t ions b e tween t h eL a te L evan t ine M idd le P a leo l i th ic a nd t he T rans i t iona lI ndus t r ie s s T he N o r ther nI s rae l i a nd K sa r Ak i l XXV -XV I a semb lage s a r e c ha rac te r iz ed b y ag r ea t v a r ie ty o f l l l L eva lo i s , U ppe rP a leo l i th ic a nd n on -Leva lo i s f l ake m ode so fp roduc t ion a sw e l a sb y av a r ie ty o f l t oo l so fb o th Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic t y pes . T h i st r end c on s t i tu te sa sw e lt h e m a in f e a tu r e o ft h e l a te L evan t ine M idd le P a leo l i th ic i n du s t r ie s ( Hove r s , 1 998 ) . A s i nt h e t r an s i t iona l i n dus t r ie s , l l l t h ey c omp r i se aw ide r ange o fL eva lo i s m e thod s , a s w e l a s n on -Leva lo i s r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s , s ome o fw h ich e xh ib i t b l ade t e chno log ie s r e su l t ing i np r i sma t i c c o r e s , N ah r I b rah im a nd d i sco ida l t e chn iques ( Hove r s , 1 998 : 1 53 ) . R o sh E in Mo r ( Ma rk s a nd Mon iga l , 1 995 ) F a r 'ah I ( Hove r s , 1 997 ) a nd N aha lA qev i nt h eN egev ( Ma rk s , 1 993 ) , A in D if la i n Wad i H a sa ( C la rk e ta l . , 1 997 ) a nd T o r S ab iha a nd T o r F a ra j i nJ o rdan ( Hen ry 1 995 ) a r e c l ea r e xamp les o ft h e u se o ft h e se d i s t in c t r educ t ion s t ra teg ie s . I ti s m os tp robab le t h a t G roup 1r e p r e sen t s t h e l a s t s t age o ft h e L evan t ine Mou s te r ian , a ss ugge s ted sif s i nt h e f i r s tc l as i ca t ion o ft h e a semb lage so fE l Wad F , Ga nd Q af zeh F ,f i r s tr e la ted t ot h e Uppe r l rod a l L eva lo i so - Mou s te r ian ( Gar nd B a te , 1 937 ; N euv i le 1 951 ; V ande rmee r sch , 1 981) . T he s a semb lages o f Amud i nt h e U ppe rG a l i lee , N or ther nI s rae l( Hove r s , 1 998 )h ave b een r e la ted t ot h e l a s t s t ag e o ft h e L evan t in e Mou s te r ian d ue t o t h e i r t e chno typo log ica l c ha rac te r i s t ics . T hey w e r e l d ef ined a s " Tabun D type" ( J e l inek ; 1 982 :99 ) b ecau se o ft h e e l onga ted n a tu r e o f t h e L eva lo i s s l i t em s , a nd l a te r a s igned t ot h e " Tabun B type" d ue t ot h e u n ipo la r c onve rgen t L eva lo i s f l ak ing mode s o fp roduc t ion w h ich a r e i n ten s ive ly u sed ( Me ignen ; 1 995 ) . T he t e chno logy a nd t y po log ica l s c ha rac te r i s t ics o ft h e a semb lage s o f Amud C av e l a y e r s B l , B 2 a nd B 4 r e cen t ly d ef ined b y Hove r s l ( 1998 )d emon s t ra te c l ea rs im i la r i t ie sw i th t h o se o fG roup 1p r e s en ted a bove . B o th t h en on -Leva lo i s l t l b l ade t e chno log ie s a nd t h e L eva lo i s s y s tem o fp roduc t ion a r e a te s ted t o , a sw e l a s t h e f a c t t h a t s t h ey s ha r e t h e s ame t oo l -k i t s . H ove r s p o in ted o u t t h e g r ea t v a r iab i l i ty w i th in t h e a s emb lages o f Amud , w h ich a r e i n t ra a nd i n te r -va r iab i l i ty ( Hove r s , 1 998 : 1 52 ) . T he u se o fs eve ra l c o r e r e duc t ion red L l s equence s i n c lud ed t h e d i sco id m ode a nd N ah r Ib rah im c o re s . P ref er eva lo i s r educ t ion ren l ren l s t ra tegy , r e cur t u n id i rec t iona l c onv e rgen t L eva lo i s f l ak ing a nd r e cur t c en t r ipe ta l L eva lo i s s l l mode s a r e a soc ia ted t o t h e s o -ca led " p r i sma t ic c o r e s" w h i ch a r e n on -Leva lo i s b l ade c o r e s , l s ugge s ted b yt h ep r e sence o fn on -Leva lo i s b l ade sa nd r i dge b l ade s . A l so , i ti st r ue t h a t" t he r e la t ive red s s s t d om inan ce o f t h e s i ng le p r ef er equen ce v a r ie s a c ros t ra t ig raph ic u n i t s" wh ich a te s t s t o " sub t le t e chno log ica l c hanges f r om o ne p e r iod o fo ccupa t ion t oa no th e r" ( Hove r s 1 998 : 1 52 ) . A s s I I-V f ound i nt h e a semb lages o fR aqef e t VI I , E l Wad G , Fa nd Q af zeh F ,n o tche s a r et h ed om inan t l t oo lt y pe s i nl a ye rB l , f o lowed b yt h e Mou s te r ian g roup , w h ich c on s i s t sm a in ly o fs imp l e s c rape r s . o I n l a y e r s B 2 a nd B 4 , U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t o l s a r e mo re a bundan t . T he ref o r e , l a ye r s B 1 , B 2 a nd B 4 s e xh ib i t t e chno log i ca l a nd t y po log i ca l s im i la r i t ie s w i th t h e t r an s i t iona l a semb lage s o fG roup 1 ,a nd m ay b et h e r eby r e la ted t ot h e s am ec u l tu ra lg roup s .
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4 .T he A hmar ian i nN or thern I s rae l : AR e -eva lua t ion l l I n du s t r i e s c ha ra c te r ized b y n um e rou s r e touched a nd p o in ted b l ade / le t s , a sw e l a s b yt h e v i r tua ly a b sence o ft h e A u r ignac ian t y pe s ( G i lead 1 98 1 , 1 99 1) , a r e r e po r ted t oh ave b een f o und a bov e t h e t r an s i t ion l a ye r s a tB oke r T ach t i t ( Ma rk s , 1 983a ) ; t h ey a r e a l so w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted i nt h e N egev a t B oke r A , D , a nd a tB oke r BE ; ( Ma rk s , 1 981 ; J on e s e ta l , 1 983 ) a nd i nt h e S ina i ( Abu N o sh ra , l Q ade sh B a rnea ) ( Ph i l ip s , 1 988 ;G i lead , 1 981) . T hey o ccu ri nJ o rdan ( Hen ry , 1 997 ; C o inman , 1 998 ; ry C o inman a nd H en ry , 1 995 ; K er , 2 000 ) a nd p robab ly a l so i nS y r ia ( P loux , 1 998 ) . T he Ahma r ian l h a sb een w e l d ocum en ted i nt h eJ udean D e se r t a tE rq e lA hma rD , E lQ u se i r D , a nd a t Ma sa raq e l ro N a 'a j ( P er t , 1 955 ) . U s ing G i lead 's d ef in i t ion , t wo A hma r ian s i te s h av eb een r e po r ted i nt h eN or th o fI s rae l : K eba ra I V a nd I I ( Ba r -Yo sef a nd B e lf e r -Cohen , 1 996 ) , s u ch u s t h o se o b se rved b y R on en ( 1976 ) a nd f m en t ion ed b y B a r -Yosef a nd B e lf e r -Coh en ( 1999 ) K eba ra E ( Z if e r , 1 975 ; 1 978 ) , Q af zeh 9 -7 l ( Ron en a nd V and erm ee r sch , 1 972 ) , a sw e l a sQ af zeh E ( Ronen , 1 976 ) . T he K eba ra E ,a nd Q af zeh tr e l E at ibu t ion t ot h e A hma r ian s em s p rob lema t ic d ue t ot h e p r e sen ce o fL eva lo i s c o r e s a nd f l ake s l rence o l i nt h e d eb i tage a nd t oo l p roduc t s , a s w e l a s f r om t h e o ccur f n on -Leva lo i s f l ake c o r e s , tl s o taly a b sen t i nA hma r ian a semb lages f r om S ou th e rn I s rae l . B ecau se o ft h e i rs im i la r i t ie s w i th t h e t r an s i t iona l , K eba ra Ea nd Q af zeh E and D , h ave b een r e la ted t oG roup s 2a nd 3 .O n ly Q af zeh 9h a s l s, y i e lded U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade a nd b l ade le t i n du s t ry w i thou t L eva lo i s c omponen t s ; n eve r th e les t h e b u r in s a nd s c rape r s a ppea r i n r e la t ive ly h i gh f r equen c ie s ( r e spec t iv e ly 2 6 .3% a nd 1 4% ) , e c on t ra r i ly t o G i lead 's d ef in i t ion . T he ref o r e , i ts em s t h a t t h e A hma r ian a r e n o t p r e sen t i nt h is r e g ion . t ri Ar e cen t r ef i t ing p rog ram u nde r taken b y G o r ing - Mor s o n s om e E p ipa leo l i th ic a nd A hma r ian s ri I I, r a s emb lages f r om t h e N egev ( Go r ing - Mor s e ta l 1 998 ) , s uch a s N aha l N izzana XI e inf o r ces s o u r a se r t ion . T h e A hma r ian a ppea r s t o b e as p ec ia l ized i n du s t ry , c on t ra r i ly t o t h e t r an s i t iona l , m a rked b y a gr ea t v a r ie ty i nt h e m ode s o fb l ade p roduc t ion . T h e A hma r ian i sc ha rac te r ized b y l l am ina rr e duc t ion s t r a teg ie s , e spec ia ly b yt h e a x is f l ak ing l am ina rm ode w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm , w h i ch t e nd s t ob e d om inan t o re x c lu s ive . T h e r e touched b l ade s , t h e e l - Wad p o in t s , t h e b u r in s a nd t h e e nd sc rape r s c on s t i tu te t h e m a in t oo l t y pe s o f t h e A hma r ian ( Dav idzon , P e r sona l c ommun ica t ion ) . B oke r Ah a sy i e lded as im i la rc o re r e duc t ion s t ra tegy d esc r ibed a s" un id i r ec t iona l r t n a row s i ded b l ade c o re t e chn ique" b y Mon iga l ( 200 1 : 2 0 ) a te s t s t o al e v e l o f at e chno log i ca l s p e c if i c i ty o ft h e Ahma r ian . A bu N o sh ra I IV i nt h e S ou the rn S ina i h a sr evea led t h ep r e sence o ft h e l a x i s f l ak ing l am ina r m ode w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ( Ph i l ips 1 988 ; 1 99 1) . T hu s , i ti sm os t f p r obab le t h a t t h e A hma r ian r e p r e sen t s as pec ia l ized i n du s t ry , d i f e r en t f r om t h ose o f N o r the rn I s r a e l . T h e s i te o fB oke r T a ch t i t 4 , w h e re t h e t e rm ina l p ha se e vo lved i n to t h e E a r ly A hma r ian ( Ma rk s , 1 983a ) , s ugge s t s a n u n i l inea r d eve lopmen t o f t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i n S ou th e rn I s rae l . B oke r f T ach t i t 4i sc ha rac te r ized b yU ppe r P a leo l i th ic r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s ( wh ich h a rd ly d i f e r f r om t h ose o ft h e L evan t ine Mou s te r ian ) a nd a ppea r s a s a n I n i t ia l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic ( Mon iga l , 2 00 1 : 1 7 ) . " A row s ring a r e du c t ion o n an ar i ded n odu le w i th an a tu ra l c r es t" o ccur tB oke rT ach t i t 4r e p re sen t st h e a x i s f l ak ing c o r e f r om o n e s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm r e cogn ized i nt h e A hma r ian i n du s t r ie s . T hu s , i ti s mo s t p r obab le t h a tt h eA hma r ian o ft h e S ou th d eve loped d i r ec t ly f r om t h i s I n i t ia lU ppe rP a leo l i th ic . T he Ahma r ian i s , i n f a c t , as i ng le c u l tu r a l g roup a nd r e p r e sen t s a n i n d igenou s p opu la t ion t h a t e xpanded i n to t h e a r id z one i nt h e S ou the rn L evan t ( K aufman , 1 988 ; 1 998 ) a nd d oe s n o t o ccu r i n ring i N o r ther n I s rae l . I td eve loped o u t o f a n I n i t ia l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic o ccur n B oke r T ach t i t 4 . s F u r the r t e chno log ica l a na ly s i s o ft h e J udean D ese r t a nd J o rdan i na semb lages f r om t h e U ppe r l P a l eo l i th ic w i lp e rm i tu st oe s tab l i sh a ne ven tua lr e la t ion sh ip b e tween t h em a nd t h e Ahma r ian f r om S ou the rn I s rae la nd t h e S i na i .
5 .T he " T rans i t ion" i nS ou the rn I s rae l : B oker T ach t i t I I h e T h e i n du s t r ies o fB oke r T ach t i t I -I av e a l so b een c on s ide red t ob e t r an s i t iona l , s e ing a s t h ey l s, t d i sp lay b o th L eva lo i sa nd b l ade r e duc t ion s t ra teg ie s( Ma rk s , 1 983a ) .N eve r th e les h ed ef in i t ion o f 1 77
l l L eva lo i s i ss ub jec t t od eba te , b ecau se , a cco rd ing t oB o& la 's d ef in i t ion o fL eva lo i s ( Bo& la , 1 986 ; l l 1 995 ) t h e r e i sn o L eva lo i s p roduc t a t B oke r T a ch t i t . T he L eva lo i s p o in t a s d ef ined b y Ma rk s l ( 1983a ) d e r ived f r om n on -Leva lo i s r educ t ion s t ra teg ies . I n t h e l owe s t l e ve l s t h i s p o in t w a s l p roduced b y as p ec ia l ized o pposed p l a tf o rm b l ade c o re , i n wh ich L eva lo i s l ike p o in t s w e r e r emov ed a tt h e e nd o ft h e e xp lo i ta t ion o ft h e c o r e s ; i nt h e u ppe rmos t l e ve l ( l eve l4 ) , t h i sp o in t w a s o b ta in ed b yt h eu se o fp y ram ida l c o r e s . T h e se m ode s o fp roduc t ion w e r e n o t i d en t if ied i nN or the rn s l t I s rae l a semb lage s , n o r i nK sa r A k i l p ha se I ; t h ey w e r e s po r ad ica ly a te s ted t oi nK sa r A k i l Ib y l l t h e p r e sen ce o ff ou r b i po la r L eva lo i s e l onga ted p o in t s c o re s , a sw e l a sb y s om e b l ade c o re s w i th l l c r e s t s e xh ib i t ing L eva lo i s l ike b l ade s c a r s o n t h e i r u ppe r s u rf a ces . T he L eva lo i s r e duc t ion l s t ra teg i e sr e cogn ized i nN o r ther nI s rae l a nd K sa rA k i l XXV -XV I , a sw e la st h eu se o fs of th amm e r r t e chn ique c a r ied o u t i n at a ngen t ia l m o t ion , a r e u nknown i n B oke r T ach t i t . Mo r eove r , t h e f r e touched a r t if ac t s d i sp lay s i gn if ican t d i f e r ence s f r om t hose o ft h e N o r th e rn I s ra e l a nd K sa r A k i l l a r t if ac t s . L eva lo i s l ike p o in t s a nd b u r in sd om ina te i nB oke rT a ch t i t L eve l s Ia nd I I . S i de sc rape r s , o s p o in t s , d en t icu la te a nd n o tche s a r e t h e m a in t o l c a tegor ies i nt h e a semb lage s o fG roup 1 , wh i le o r e touch ed b l ade / le t sa nd e nd sc rape r sa r et h em a in t o lc a tego r ie so fG roup s 2a nd 3 . I t se em st h a tt h e i n du s t r ie so fB oke rT ach t i t ,w h ich a r ec ha ra c te r ized b yU ppe rP a l eo l i th ic r e duc t ion l s t ra teg ie s , b l ade s d e tached b yt h e h a rd h amme rt e chn ique a nd L eva lo i s l ike p o in t s , w e r ep roduced re b yo ne p a r t icu la rc u l tu ra lg roup e vo lv ing i nS ou th e rn I s rae la nd w e r e n o tc or la ted t ot h eN or ther n I s rae l a nd L ebanon t r an s i t ion . Mon iga l , w ho e xam ined t h e m a te r ia l f r om A in D if la R ock she l te r i n Wad i H a sa , J o rdan , s ugge s t s at e chno log i ca lr e la t ion sh ip w i th B oke rT ach t i t 1( Mon iga l ,2 001) . I ti s sib l a l so p os le t h a t t h e Wad i H a sa s i te s , wh ich a r e g eog raph ica ly c l ose t o t h e c en t ra l N egev , a r e l re c u l tu ra ly c or la ted t oB ok e rT ach t i t . T he i n du s t r ie s o fB ok e rT a ch t i t 1 4 w e r e f i r s t r e la ted t ot h et r an s i t iona l i n dus t r ies b y Ma rk s , d ue t o ren l l t h e o ccur ce o ft h e L eva lo i s l ik ep o in t s , a sw e l a sd ue t ot h ep r e sence o f Em i r eh p o in t s ( 1983a ) . sib T hu s , i ti sp os le t oc on s ide r i ta s aS ou th er nt r an s i t ion ( i no ppos i t ion t ot h e N o r the rn t r an s i t ion ) , l r t e chno log ica ly s p eak ing . H owev e r , B oke r T a ch t i t 1 is n ow c o re la ted t o t h e t e rm in a l M idd le sib P a leo l i th ic b y Mon iga l ( 200 1 : 1 6 ) , a nd f u r the rmo r e , i ti s al so p os le t ob e c on s ide r ed a sa n I n i t ia l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic s pec if ic t o S ou th er n I s ra e l , b ecau se o ft h e e xc lus ive U ppe r P a leo l i th ic m odes o f p roduc t ion . A s w e h ave p r ev iou s ly c on jec tu r ed , i t se em s t h a t B oke r T ach t i t , w h ich t e s t if ies t o a l d i s t in c t r e g iona l c u l tu re , i u s t ra te s t e chno log i ca lc hanges f r om t h e S ou th er nt r an s i t iona lo rf r om a n I n i t ia lU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t ot h eA hma r ian .
6 .A R e -eva lua t ion o ft h e Em i reh P o in t T he Em i reh p o in t h a s b een u n cove red i n w ide ly d i s t r ibu ted a r ea s i n at r an s i t iona l c on tex t i n No r th e rn I s rae l , s u ch a s a t Em i r eh , K eba ra D ( f rom S t eke l i s e xcava t ion , 1 954 ) , E l Wad G a nd F ( Gar , 1 955 ) , Q af zeh E ( Neuv i le , 1 934 ) a nd R aqef e t V I ; i t ha s a l so b een r e cogn ized a t A bu rod l H a lka I Ve a nd I Vf i nL ebanon ( Gar rod , 1 955 ) , a nd m o r e r e cen t ly a t Umm e lT ie ! , i nS y r ia ( Boa la , Muhe s en , 1 993 ; B ou rgu ignon , 1 998 ) . T h is p o in t w a sa l so u n cove red a tE t -Tabban B i nt h e J udean l l D ese r t i na n u ndef ined c u l tu ra l c on tex t ( Neuv i le , 1 951) , a s w e l a s i nt h e Mou s te r ian l a ye r s a t S hubbab iq ( B inf o rd , 1 96 1) . I ta l so a ppea r sa tB ok e rT a ch t i t( Ma rk s , 1 983a ) . rod d G ar ef ined t h e Em i r eh p o in ta s" at r iangu la rf l ake w h ich h a st h eb u lba re nd t h inn ed b yc h ipp ing o nb o th f a ce s , t h e t h inn ing r e touch b e ing a lway sd i r ec ted f r om t h eb a se o ft h e f l ake a nd n eve r f r om rod t h e l a te ra l e dge s" ( Gar , 1 951 : 1 2 1) . L a te r , B o rde s ( 196 1) v i ewed t h e Em i r eh p o in t a s ar e a l l s, i e f L eva lo i s p o in t . N eve r th e les ts em s t h a t t h e Em i reh p o in t s w e r e p roduced u s ing d i f e r en t l l r educ t ion s t ra teg ie s , s uch a sL eva lo i s , L eva lo i s b l ade o r U ppe r P a leo l i th ic r educ t ion s t ra teg ies . I n S hubbab iq , whe r e n o U ppe r P a leo l i th ic b l ade s t ra tegy w a s r e po r ted , t h i s p o in t w a s o b t a ined b y a l L eva lo i s m e thod o f k napp ing ( B inf o rd , 1 966 ) ; a t Umm e t T ie ! , t h e " Umm e l T ie !" p o in t l mo rpho log ica ly s im i la r t o t h e Em i r eh p o in t w a s p roduced b y t h e u n ipo la r c onv e rgen t b l ade l L eva lo i s m e thod ( Bou rgu ignon , 1 998 ) , c on t r a r i ly t ot h o se f r om B oke r T ach t i t d e tach ed f r om t wo o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o re so r ien ted o nt h e s ame a x i s( 2B 1 c o re t y pe ) . l rod ( s N euv i le ( 1934 , 1 951) a nd G ar 1955 ) c on s ide r ed t h e Em i r eh p o in t a s af o s i l t y pe o f t h e l t r an s i t ion . B inf o rd ( 1966 ) f ound t h i sp o in t i nt h e Mou s te r ian l a ye ra tS hubbab iq , a sw e la sS t eke l i s , 1 78
w ho d i scove red i ta tS ef un im ( 196 1) a nd a tK eba ra E and D ( S ch ick a nd S t eke l i s , 1 977 ) , s ugge s ted s t h a ti tc ou ld n o tb ev i ewed a s af o s i lt y pe o ft h et r an s i t ion . H oweve r , i nt h ep re s en t s t udy , w er e la te K eba ra E to t h et r an s i t iona l G roup 2 ,s ugge s t ing t h a t t h ey d e r ived f r om at r an s i t iona lc on tex t . O n ly o ne b roken Em i r eh p o in t w a s u n cove r ed i n t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic a t S ef un im ( S teke l i s , 1 96 1) , s sesm s en r e nde r ing d i ff i cu l t t h e a s ignm en t o ft h i s p o in t t o t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic . A r e as t o ft h e Em i r eh p o in t b yV o lkman a nd K aufman r a i se s ad oub t a st ot h e d e s igna t ion o ft h e Em i reh p o in t a t S hubbab iq t o t h e Mou s te r ian . " I n l i gh t o ft h e t e chno logy a t B oke r T ach t i t , t h i s m ay l e nd s ome d oub t a s t o t h e Em i ran s t a tu s o f t h e S hubbab iq p o in t s" (Vo lkman a nd K aufman , 1 983 : 4 5 ) . s, t N ev e r the les h e Em i reh p o in t i s almos t a b sen t i ns ome t r an s i t iona l s i te s , s u ch a si nR aqef e tw h e re sib o n ly o ne p o in tw a su n cov e r ed i nl a ye rV I ,a nd K sa rA k i lw i th o ne p os le p o in ti nl e ve l XXV . f T he Em i r eh p o in t , p roduced u s ing d i f e r en t r educ t ion s t ra teg ie s , h a s b een d i scov e r ed i nw ide ly d i s t r ibu ted a r ea s i nt h eN ea rE a s t . I t occu r s f r om t h e l a te Mou s te r ian ( G roup 1 )t ot h e I n i t ia l U ppe r l P a leo l i th ic ( G roup 3 ) i nN o r th e rn I s rae l , L ebanon a nd S y r ia , a s w e l a s d u r ing t h e I n i t ia l U ppe r e P a leo l i th ic i n S ou the rn I s ra e l . I td i sappea r s d u r ing t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic . C on sequen t ly , i ts em s t h a t t h e Em i r eh p o in t m ay b e v i ewed a s af o s s i l t y pe o ft h ese t h r ee g roup s . T h e e a r ly r e sea r ch e r s l rod w s N euv i le a nd G ar e r e n o t s o f a r f r om t r u th wh en t h ey a soc ia ted t h e Em i reh p o in t t o t h e t r an s i t iona l i n du s t ry ; V o lkman a nd K aufman made s am e c on c lu s ion . T hey " ma in ta in t h a t t h e s s Em i r eh p o in t c an b e p rof i tab ly u sed a s ag u ide f o s i l f o r a semb lage s u nde rgo ing t e chno log ica l t r an s i t ion" ( 1983 : 4 8 ) .
, r en t T rad i t ions 7 .S ou thern a nd N or thern I s rae l : T wo IV ji
I nN o r ther n I s rae l , c hange s f r om M idd le t o U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t e chno logy a r e t h e r e su l t o fa lo ng a u toch thonou sd eve lopm en ta lp roces s w e h ave s hown , N o r ther nI s rae lt r an s i t ion h a s d eve loped s. A o u to ft h eM idd le P a leo l i th ic , a ss ugge s ted b yt h eo ccur ce o fU ppe rP a leo l i th ic l am ina r mode s o f ren p roduc t ion i n aM idd le P a leo l i th ic c on tex t ( Hayon im E , F ; Me ignen , 1 998 ) , a s w e l a s i n l a te l L evan t ine Mou s te r ian o r G roup 1 ( Hov e r s , 1 998 ) . T h r ee g roup s o f a semb lage s h ave b een s d i s t ingu i shed , d i sc los ing t h r ee d i f e r en t p ha se s i n as cheme o fd eve lopm en ta l p roces s . We h av e f se u nde r l ined t h e i n t ra s i te s ' v a r iab i l i ty , w h ich p robab ly s ugge s t st h ep r esence o fs eve ra lg roup sl i v ing i n o ne s i te a t d i f e r en t m om en t s o r a l ter na te ly , a s i st h e c a se a t Umm e lT ie ! ( B ada , p e r sona l f c ommun ica t ion ) . T he i n t ra -g roup s v a r iab i l i ty i n d ica ted t h a t t h e s chem e o f d ev e lopmen t i sn o t a bso lu te ly l i nea r , b u t i s ra th e r s ub jec tt of l uc tua t ion . I nf a c t , t h e t h r ee g roup s a r e t h e m an if e s ta t ion o f ag ene ra l t r end i nt h e e vo lu t iona ry s ch eme , i nw h ich t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic m odes o fp roduc t ion a r e i n c r ea s ing ly a dop ted . f T he A hma r ian i n dus t r ie s f r om t h e S ou th d emon s t r a te s i gn if ican t t e chno log ica l d i f e r ences s c ompa red t o t h e N o r the rn I s rae l i a semb lage s . T h i s l e ad s u s t o s ugge s t t h a t t h e A hma r ian i n N or the rn I s rae l d oe s n o t e x i s t , a nd i s mo s t p robab ly l i nked t ot h e a r id e co log i ca l c ond i t ion s m os t p r eva len t i nt h e S ou th . C on sequen t ly , i nN o r ther n I s ra e l , t h e l a te M idd le P a leo l i th ic e vo lved i n to f t h e t r an s i t ion , w h ich d ev e loped i n to a n E a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic , d i f e ren t f r om t h e S ou th . S im i la r s l am ina r mode s o fp rodu c t ion o ccu r i nt h e L evan t in e A u r igna c ian P ha se A a semb lage s , s ugge s t ing sib a pos le r e la t ion b e tween t h em a nd t h e N or ther n I s rae l t r an s i t ion . F u r the r t y po techno log ica l l sa a na ly se so fL evan t ine A u r ignac ian I ndu s t r ie sw i lb e n eces ry t ov e r if yt h i ss uppo s i t ion . V e ry f ew a b so lu te d a te s a r ea va i lab le f o rt h e l a te Mou s te r ian a nd t r an s i t iona l g roup s f r om N o r ther n s I s ra e l a nd L ebanon . T h e a s emb lage so f Amud C ave l a ye r sB l , B 2 a nd B 4 , d a ted t oa bou t 6 5 -55 k a l ( Va lada s e ta l , 1 987 ; S chwa r cz e ta l . 1 989 ) , p rov ide a n a pp rox ima te d a te f o r t h e l a te Mou s te r ian . s c E x t rapo la t ion s b a sed o n a n a sump t ion o fc on s tan t r a te s o fs ed imen t a cumu la t ion r e su l t i na ge l e s t ima te so fb e tween 4 3 -50 k a f o rK sa rA k i l XXV ( Me la r sa nd T ix ie r , 1 989 ) . T he r a d ioca rbon d a te a tK eba ra Un i t I V p rov ide s a n a ge o f4 3 -42 k a . B P , w h i le t h e L evan t in e A u r ignac ian d epos i t s a t K eba ra Un i ts I a nd I ,w h ich o ve r lay t h i s p ha se , a r e d a ted t o 3 6 -32 k a B P . T he ref o re , t h e f ew a va i lab le d a te s p e rm i t u s t o e s t ima te t h e a ge o f t h e t r an s i t ion ( G roup 2 ) a nd t h e I n i t ia l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic ( Group 3 )b e tween c a . 4 5 k aa nd 3 6 k a . B P .
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e I nS ou th e rn I s rae l , c hange s f r om M idd le t oU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t e chno logy s em a l so t ob ea n i ns i tu f d eve lopm en t , b u t i t s how s s i gn if ican t d i f e rence . T he U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l am ina r m ode s o f p roduc t ion a r e p r e sen t i nM idd le P a leo l i th ic c on tex t a tR osh E in Mo r ( Ma rk s a nd Mon iga l , 1 995 ) . s B a sed o nt h e a na ly s i so fK sa r Ak i la nd B oke ra semb lages , Ma rk sa nd V o lkman ( 1983 , 1 988 ) h ave s ugge s ted t h a t t h e e a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l i th ic t e chno logy i st r aced b a ck t o t h e e a r ly L evan t ine Mou s te r ian . Mon iga l s ugges t s t h a t t h e r e i s no t e chno log ica l b r eak i nt h e E a r ly Ahma r ian f r om t h e row s e a r l ie rb l ade i n du s t r ie s i nS ou th er nI s rae l . T h e " un id i rec t iona ln ar i ded b l ade c o re t e chn ique" i s r e cogn ized b o th i nt h e E a r ly L evan t in e Mou s te r ian a nd i nB ok e rT ach t i t 4( Mon iga l , 2 00 1 : 2 0 ) ; w e e h ave s hown i tt ob e i n al ow r e p re sen ta t ion a tB oke rT a ch t i t 2a nd 3 .A s s en i nN o r th er nI s ra e l , i t e s em s t h a t t h e l am ina r m ode s o ff l ak ing k nown i nB oke r T a ch t i t h ave a l so d eve loped o u t o ft h e M idd le P a leo l i th ic . Mo r eov e r , B oke r T a ch t i t 1 4 t e s t if ie s t o a n u n i l inea r d eve lopmen t ( Ma rk s , 1 983a ) f r om a nI n i t ia lU ppe rP a leo l i th ic t ot h eA hma r ian i nS ou th e rn I s rae l( Mon iga l , 2 00 1) . B oke r T a ch t i t I , da ted t oa bou t 4 3 k a ( Ma rk s , 1 983a ) , p rov ide s a n a pp rox ima te d a te f o rt h e I n i t i a l s U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i nS ou th er n I s rae l . T he o lde s t Ahma r ian a s emb lage s i nS ou the rn I s ra e l a nd t h e l S ina i c om e f r om B ok e r A( Ma rk s , 1 983a ) a nd A bu N o sh ra I i nt h e S ina i ( Ph i l ips a nd G ladf e l te r , 1 989 )d a ted t o3 8 k aB P .
8 .C onc lus ion s t T he t y po techno log ica l a na ly se s o f t h e a semb lage s f r om N o r th e rn I s rae l h ave p e rm i ted u s t o ren v a l ida t et h eo ccur ce o f aM idd le -Uppe rP a leo l i th ic t r an s i t ion i nt h i sr eg ion . s lu T h r ee g roup s o fa semb lage s h ave b een r e cogn ized i nN o r th e rn I s rae l a nd L ebanon ; t h ey i s t ra te re v a r iou s c hange s f r om M idd le t o U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t e chno logy , a nd m ay b e c or la ted t o t h r ee f s. G d i f e r en t p ha se s i n ad eve lopm en ta l p roces roup 1 i s c ha rac te r ized b y t h e d om inance o f l ren Mou s te r ian c ompon en t s , a sw e la sb yt h eo ccur ce o fs eve ra lU ppe rP a leo l i th ic f e a tu re s . G roup 3 s c on ta in sU ppe rP a leo l i th ic a semb lage s m a rked b yt h e p e r s is ten ce o fs om e Mou s te r ian i t em s , w h i le s G roup 2i n c lude s t h e T ran s i t iona l a semb lage s m a rked b y b o th Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic c ompon en t s . T he B ok e r T a ch t i t 1 3 a nd t h e Ahma r ian i n du s t r ie s f r om S ou th er n I s rae l d emon s t ra te s i gn if i can t f s t e chno log ica l d i f e r ence s c ompa red t o t h e N or th e rn I s r ae l i a semb lages . I n f a c t , t wo c on tempo raneou s t r ad i t ion s o ccu r i nI s rae l ; 1 .I n t h e n or th , aM idd le -Uppe r P a leo l i th ic t r an s i t ion sib a nd a n I n i t ia l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic wh ich d eve lops i n to a n E a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic , p os ly t h e L evan t in e A u r igna c ian A . 2 .I nt h e s ou th , t h e re i s ap a r t i cu la r f o rm o ft r an s i t ion , wh ich a ppea r s a s sib a nI n i t ia lU ppe rP a leo l i th ic ( Mon iga l , 2 00 1) ,p os ly e vo lv ing i n to t h e Ahma r ian t r ad i t ion .
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B IBL IOGRAPHY
A ren sbu rg B 1 977 N ew U ppe r P a leo l i th ic R ema in s f r om I s rae l . I n B . A ren sbu rg a nd 0 . B a r Y o sef ( ed s . ) , Moshe S t eke l i s Memo r ia lV o lume ;p p2 08 -215 . I s rae lE xp lora t ion S oc ie ty .V o l1 3 A zou ry I . 1 971 A T echno log ica l a nd T ypo log ica l Ana ly s is o ft h e T ran s i t iona l a nd E a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l e ve l so fK sa rA k i la nd A bu H a lka . Unpub l i shed P h .D T h es i s , U n ive r s i ty o fL ondon A zou ry , I . 1 986 K sa r Ak i l , L ebanon . AT echno log ica la nd t ypo log ica l A na ly s i so ft h e T ran s i t iona la nd E a r ly U ppe r P a laeo l i th ic l e ve ls o fK sa r Ak i l a nd A bu H a lka , v o lume I :L eve ls XXV -XI : B a r I1 I n te rna t iona lS e r ie s2 89 ( i& i ) , Oxf o rd B a r -Yosef , 0 1 970 T he E p i -Pa leo l i th ic C u l tu r e so fP a les t ine . P h .D .The s i s , H eb rew U n ive r s i ty 1 980 P reh i s tory o ft h eL evan t .A nnua lR ev iew o fA n thropo logy 9 :1 0 1133 2 000 T he M idd le a nd E a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i n S ou thwe s t A s ia a nd N e ighbo r ing R eg ion s . I n B a r -Yo sef 0 . a nd P i lbeam D . ( eds . ) , T he G eog raphy o fN eander tha l s a nd Mod ern Humans i nE urope a nd t h eG rea ter Med i ter . P eabody Mu seum o fA rcheo logy a nd E thno logy : r anean 1 07 -156 C amb r idge , Mas a c h us e t , U SA . s s B a r Yosef O . , A rno ld M . , Me r c ie rN . , B e lf er -Cohen , G o lbe rg P . , H ous ley R . , L av i le H . , Me ignen l L . , V oge lJ .C . a nd V ande rm ee r sch B . 1 996 T he D a t ing o f t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic L aye r s , K eba ra C ave , Moun t C a rme l . J ourna l o f A rchaeo log ica lS c ience 2 3 /2 : 2 97 -306 . B a r -Yosef O . a nd B e lf e r -Cohen A . 1 993 T he L evan t ine A u r ignac ian : A n I n te r im R epor t . I nJ u ra j P avük ( e d . )A c te s d uX le C ong r i ' s l I n terna t iona l d e s S c ience s P ra i s tor ique s e t P ro toh i s tor ique s B ra t i s lava , 1 7 s ep temb re 1 991: 2 77 -282 . 1 996 Ano the r L ook a tt h e L evan t ine A u r igna c ian . I n P a lma d i C esno la A . , Mon te t - Wh i te A . ( ed s . ) , T he U pper P a leo l i th ic ( 6 ) -C o loqu ia X I -X I( 1 3 th C ong res n terna t iona l U n ion o f l I s, I P reh is tor ic a nd P ro toh i s tor ic S c ience s , F or l i , 1 996 ) : 1 39 -150 . F o r l i : A .B .A .C .O . 2 004 T he Q af zeh U ppe rP a laeo l i th ic As lages -7 0 y ea r s l a te r . E u ra s ian P reh is tory V o l 2( 1 ) s emb B a r -Yosef O . a nd V ande rmee r sch B . B a r -Yosef 0 . a nd V ande rmee r sch B . 1 972 T he S t ra t ig raph ica l a nd c u l tu ra l p rob lem so ft h ep as r om M idd le t oU ppe rP a leo l i th ic i n s age f P a les t in ian C ave s . I n F . B o rdes ( ed . ) , T he o r ig in o f H omo S ap ien s : 2 21-225 . P a r i s : UNESCO . B a r -Yosef 0 . , V andermee r sch B . , B e lf e r -Cohen A , G o ldbe rg P . , L av i le H . , Me ignen L . , R ak Y . , l S pe th J .D . ,T chemov E . , T i l ie rA .M . , a nd We ine rS . l 1 992 T he E xcava t ion s i nK eba ra C ave , Moun t C a rme l . C ur t A n th ropo logy 3 3 (5 ) : 4 97 -550 . ren B e lf er -Cohen A . 1 996 P rob lem s i nd ef in ing aP reh is to r ic C u l tu r e :A n E xamp le f r om t h e S ou ther n L evan t . I n M . O te ( ed . )N a ture e tC u l ture , C o loque d eL iege ( 1 3 -17 d gvembre 9 3 ) ERAUL : 2 54 -257 . t l B e lf e r -Cohen A . a nd B a rY o sef O . 1 981 T he A u r ignac ian a tH ayon im C ave . P a l or ien t 7 ( 2 ) : 1 9 -42 . 1 988 T he E a r ly U ppe rP a leo l i th ic i nt h eL evan t ine c aves . I nH of rJ .F .a nd Wo lf C . A . ( ed s ) , fecke T he E ar ly U pper P a leo l i th ic E v idence f rom E urope a nd t h e N ear E as t B a r I n ter na t iona l S e r ies 4 37 : 2 3 -41 O xf o rd . 1 999 T he L evan t ine A u r ignac ian : 6 0 y ea r s o fR e sea rch . I nD av ies W . a nd C ha r les R . ( ed s . )S tud ie s i nt h eP reh i s tor ic A rcheo logy o f th eN ear E as ta nd E urope : 19 134 O xbow B ook s . B e rgman C . A . 1 987 K sar A k i l , L ebanon . AT echno log ica la nd T ypo log ica lA na ly s i so ft h eL a te rP a leo l i th ic l e ve l s o f Ksar A k i l . V o l . I ,L eve l sX I -V I . O xf o rd , B a rI n ter n a t iona l S e r ies , 3 29 . I I 1 81
1 988 K sa rA k i la nd T he U ppe rP a leo l i th ic o ft h e L evan t . P akor ien t 1 4 : 2 01-209 . ri B e rgman C . A . a nd G o r ing - Mor sN . 1 987 C onf e rence : T he L evan t ine A u r ignac ian w i th s pec ia l r e f e rence t oK sa rA k i1 ,L ebanon Ma rch 2 7 -28 , 1 987 L ondon .P akor ien t1 3 ( 1 ) : 1 42 147 . B inf o rd S .R . 1 966 Me 'a ra t S hovakh ( Mugha re t e s S hubbab iq ) . I s rae lE xp lora t ion J ourna l V o l . 1 6 : 1 8 -32; 9 6 1 03 . Bada E . 1 986 Une a pp roche t e chno log ique d u c oncep t L eva lo is e tl ' evo lu t ion d e s on c hamp d ' app l ica t ion l —u ne e t ude d e t r o is g i semen t s s a l ien s e t w e ich se l ien s d u n o rd d e l aF rance . T hese d e a D oc tora t , P a r i sX -Nan ter . re 1 988 L e c on cep t l am ina i r e : R up tu r e e t f l ia t ion a vec l e c on cep t L eva lo i s i n O te M; ( ed . ) i l t L ' homme d e AW inder tha l , V o ln ° 8 :L a Mu ta t ion ERAUL 3 5 : 4 1-59 . 1 990 D e l as u rf ace a u v o lume . Ana ly se d e s c oncep t ion s d e d eb i tages L eva lo i s e tl am ina i res . I n l F a r izy C . ( e d . ) P ako l i th ique m oyen r ecen t e tP ar eo l i th ique s up& ieur a nc ien e n E urope . A c te d u c o loque i n te rna t iona l d e N emou r s , Memo i re s d u Mu see d e P reh i s to i r e d ' I le d e l F rance 3:6 3 -68 . 1 994 L ec oncep tL eva lo i s: V a r iab i l i te d e s m e thodes . Monog raph ie d u C RA n °9 , CNRS E d i t ion s , l P a r i s . 1 995 L eva lo i s : Av o lum e t r i c c on s truc t ion , m e thod s ,t e chn ique . I nH a ro ld L .D ibb le a nd O f e rB a r l Y osef ( e d s . ) . T he D ef in i t ion a nd I n te rp re ta t ion o f L eva lo i s T echno logy . Monog raph s i n l Wor ld A r chaeo logy n °23 : 4 1-68 . Mad i son : P reh i s tor ic P r es s. B oa la E .e t Muh esen S . 1 993 Umm E lT le l ( E l K owm , S y nc ) :E tude p re l im ina i re d es i n du s t r ies l i th iques d u P a leo l i th ique Moyen e tS upe r ieu r 1 991-1992 , C ah ie r sd e l ' Euph ra te 7 :4 7 -9 1 . B o rde s , F 1 955 L e P a leo l i th ique i n f e r ieu r e t m oy en d e . l a brud ( Sy nc ) e t l aq ues t ion d u P re -au r ignac ien . L 'An thropo log ie , v o l . 5 9 : 4 86 -507 1 96 1 T ypo log ie d uP a leo l i th ique a nc ien e t Moy en . D e lma s , B o rdeaux . 1 980 L ed eb i tage L eva lo i se ts e s v a r ian te s . B u le t in d el aS oc ié té P rA i s tor ique F ran(a i se 7: 4 5 l l 4 9 . B o rde s Fa nd B ou rgon M . 1 951 L ec omp lexe Mou s te r ien :Mou s te r ien , L eva lo is e tT aya c ien . L 'An thropo log ie 5 5 :1 23 . l B ou rgu ignon L . 1 996 U n Mou s te r ien t a rd if s u r l es i te d 'Um rn E l T l e l ( Bas 'E l Khowm , S y nc )? E xemp les d es sin d n i veaux IBa se ' e tI I2A ' . I n : C a rbone l E . a nd V aque ro M . ( ed s . ) : T he L as t N eander ta l s , l t h ef i r s tA na tom ica ly Modern H umans . C u l tura l C hange a nd Human E vo lu t ion : T he C r i s i s l a t4 0K a BP : 3 17 -336 . T ar : U n ive r s i ta t R ov i ra IV i rg i l i( LGV ) . ragona 1 998 L e s i n du s t r ies d u P a leo l i th ique I n te rm ed ia i res d 'Umm E lT le l: Nouveaux e l emen t s p ou r l e p as n t re l eP a leo l i th ique Moyen e tS upe r ieu r . P reh i s to i re d 'Ana to l ie , G enese d e d eux s age e mondes . ERAUL 8 5 : 7 09 -730 . L iege . B ran t ingham P . J . 1 999 A s t r ide t h e Mov iou s l i ne : L a te P l e i s tocene l i th ic t e chno log ica l v a r iab i l i ty i nN or th ea s t A s ia . P h . D . D ep t . o fA n th ropo logy , Un ive r s i ty o fA r izona , 2 68 p . C la rk G .A . , S chu lden re in J . ,D ona ldson M . , S chwa rcz H . , R ink J . ,a nd F i sh S . 1 997 C h ronos t ra t ig raph ic C on tex ts o fM idd le P a leo l i th ic H o r izon s a tt h e A in D if la R ock she l te r (WHS 6 34 ) , Wes t -Cen t ra l J o rdan . I n G ebe l H . , K af af i Z . a nd R o lef son G . ( e d s . ) T he l P r eh i s to ry o fJ ordan I : P er spec t ive sf rom 1 996 . B e r l in : E x O r ien t : 7 7 100 . ( S tud ies i n E a r ly N ea rE a s te rn P roduc t ion , S ubs is ten ce a nd E nv i ronmen tn °4 ) C o inman N . R . 1 998 T he U ppe r P a leo l i th ic o fJ o rdan . I nD .O . ( ed . ) : T he P r eh i s tor ic A rcheo logy o fJ ordan . B a r I n te rna t iona l S e r ies 7 05 : 3 9 -63 . O xf o rd . C o inman N . R . a nd H en ry D .O .
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1 995 T he U ppe r P a leo l i th ic S i tes . I n D .O . ( ed . ) T he P r eh i s tor ic C u l tura lE co logy a nd E vo lu t ion : I n s igh t sf rom S ou the rn J ordan . N ew Y ork :P lenum P re ss : 1 33 -214 C o inman N . R .a nd J . R. F ox . 2 000 T o rS adaf (WHNBS 8 ) : T he T ran s i t ion t ot h eU ppe rP a leo l i th ic . I n : C o inman N .R . ( ed . ) , T he A rchaeo log ica l o f t h e W ad i a l -H asa , W e s t -Cen tra l J ordan , V o lume 2 : E xcava t ions a t M idd le , U pper a nd E p ipa leo l i th ic s i te s : 1 23 -142 : A r izona S ta te U n ive r s i ty , A n th ropo log ica l R e sea r ch P ape r sN °52 . C ope land L . 1 970 T he E a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic f l in t m a te r ia l f r om l e ve ls V I -V , A n te l ias C ave , L ebanon . I B ery tus 1 9 : 9 9 143 . 1 975 T he M idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic o fL ebanon a nd S y r ia i nt h e l i gh t o fr e cen t r e sea r ch . I n : Wendo rf F . a nd Ma rk s A .E . ( ed s . ) , P rob lems i nP r eh i s to ry . N or th A f r ica a nd t h e L evan t : 3 17 -350 . D a la s : SMU P res l s. 1 976 T e rm ino log ica l C or la t ion s i nt h eE a r ly U ppe rP a l eo l i th ic o fL ebanon a nd S y r ia . I n Wendo rf re F .( ed ) . D eux i Me C o loque s ur l aT erm ino log ie d el aP rA i s to ire a uP roche O r ien t: 3 5 -48 . l I XC ong re sU ISPP ,N ice . 1 981 L eva lo i so rn on L eva lo i s ?R ef l ec t ions o ns ome T echn ica l fea ture so f H umma l , L eva lI A ( E l l l K own , S yr ia ) P ape rp re sen ted a tt h eC om i s ion V .T e rm ino log ia d el aP reh is to r ia d eC e r cano O r ien te X C ong reso U n ion I n te rna t iona ld eC ienca sP reh i s tor ica s yp ro toh i s to r i ca s , Mex ico : 1 27 . 1 986 I n t roduc t ion t o V o lume I .I n I .A zou ry ( au tho r ) K sa r Ak i l , L ebanon . AT echno log ica l a nd T ypo log ica l Ana ly s i so ft h eT ran s i t iona la nd E a r ly U ppe rP a leo l i th ic l e ve ls o fK sa rA k i la nd A bu H a lka . Vo lume I :L eve ls XXV -XI 24 . B a rI n te rna t iona l S e r ie s2 89 , O xf ord . I: 1 C ope land L and H ou r sF . 1 97 1 T he l a te r U ppe r P a leo l i th ic ma te r ia l f r om A n te l ia s C ave , L ebanon . L eve ls I V I . B e ry tus 2 0 : 5 7 -138 . D ibb le H . a nd B a r -Yosef O . ( e d s . ) 1 995 T he D ef in i t ion a nd I n te rp re ta t ion o f L eva lo is T echno logy . Monog raph s i n Wo r ld l A r chaeo logy n °23 . Mad ison : P reh is to r ic P res s. Ew ings , J .F . 1 947 P re l im ina ry n o te o n t h e e xcava t ion s a t t h e P a leo l i th ic S i te o f K sa r A k i l , R epub l ic o f L ebanon .A n t iqu i ty 2 1 , 1 86 -196 . . 1 949 K sa rA k i l i n1 948 .B ib l ica 2 9 : 2 72 -278 . G ar . rod D 1 951 A T ran s i t iona l I ndu s t ry f r om t h eb a se o ft h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic i nP a le s t ine a nd S y r ia . J ou rna l o ft h e R oya l An th ropo log ica l I n s t i tu te 8 1 : 1 2 1-30 . 1 954 E xcava t ions a t t h e Mugha re t K eba ra , Moun t C a rm e l , 1 931 : T he A u r ignac ian i n dus t r ies . P roceed ing so ft h eP reh is tor ic S oc ie ty 2 0( 2 ) : 1 55 192 . 1 955 T he Mugha re t E l Em i r eh i nt h e L owe rG a l i lee : T ype s t a t ion o ft h e Em i ran i n dus t ry . J ourna l o ft h eR oya l An th ropo log ica l I n s t i tu te 8 5 : 1 4 1162 . 1 957 N o te s s u rl eP a leo l i th ique S upe r ieu rd u Moyen O r ien t . B SPF 5 4 : 4 39 -446 . 1 962 A n Ou t l ine i nP l e i s tocene P reh i s to ry i nP a les t ine -Lebanon -Sy r ia . Q ua ternar ia 6 :5 4 1-546 . G ar . a nd B a te D . rod D 1 937 T he S tone A ge o f Moun t C a rm e l I . Excava t ion s a tt h e Wad i - Mugha ra . Oxf o rd : C la rendon P res s G i lead I . 1 9 81 U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo l a semb lages f r om t h eN egev a nd S ina i . I nJ . Cauv in a nd P .S an lav i le s l ( ed s . )P rA i s to ire d uL evan t: 3 31-342 . P a r i s: CNRS . 1 989a T he U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i nt h e S ou the rn L evan t : P e r iod iza t ion a nd T e rm ino logy . I n 0 . B a r Yosef a nd B . V ande rmee rsch ( ed s . ) " I nve s t iga t ions i nS ou th L evan t ine P reh i s tory : 2 31-254 . O xf o rd . B a rI n te rna t iona lS e r ie s4 97 . s 1 989b U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo l a semb lages f r om t h e N egev a nd S ina i . I n J . C auv in a nd P . l S an lav i le ( ed s . )P rM i s to ire d uL evan t: 3 31-342 . P a r i s : CNRS . 1 991 T he U ppe rP a leo l i th ic P e r iod i nt h e L evan t .J ourna lo fW or ld P reh i s tory 5 ( 2 ) : 1 05 -154 . 1 83
Go ldbe rg P .a nd B a r -Yosef O . , 1 998 S i te f o rma t ion p roces se s i nK eba ra a nd H ayon im c ave s a nd t h e i r s i gn if icance i nL evan t ine P reh i s to r ic c ave s . I n : Akazawa T . , A ok i K . a nd B a r -Yosef ( e d s . ) . N eander ta l s a nd Modern Humans i nW e s te rn A s ia : 1 07 125 . P l enum P ress . N ew Y o rk a nd L ondon . Go r ing - Mor ri sN . , Ma rde r0 . , D av idzon A . , a nd I b rah im F . 1 998 P u t t ing Hump ty t oge the r a ga in : p r e l im ina ry o bserva t ion s o n r e f i t t ing s t ud ie s i nt h e e a s te rn Med i ter ran ean . I n M i l l iken S . ( e d . ) T he o rgan i za t ion o fl i t h ic t e chno logy i nL a t e G lac ia l a nd E ar ly P o s tg lac ia lE urope . B a rI n te rna t iona l S e r ies 7 00 :149 -181 . O xf o rd . H a l le rJ . 1 946 N o te s d ep reh is to i r ep hen ic ienne : l ' ab r i d e A bou H a lka ( T r ipo l i ) , 1 94 -43 . B u l le t in d u Musie d eB eyrou th 6 : 20 . H en ry D .O . 1 995 T he M idd le P a leo l i th ic S i tes . I nH en ry D .O . ( e d . ) C u l tura lE co logy a nd E vo lu t ion I ns igh t s f rom S ou thern J ordan . P l enum P res s, N ew Y o rk a nd L ondon : 4 9 -84 . 1 997 C u l tu ra l a nd G eo log ic S ucces sion s o fM idd le a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic D epos i ts i nt h e J ebe l Q a lkha A rea o f S ou the rn J o rdan . I n G ebe l H . , K af a f i Z . a nd R o l lef son G . ( e d s . ) T he P reh i s to ry o fJ ordan I : P er spec t ive sf rom 1 996 . B e r l in : E x O r ien t : 7 7 100 . ( S tud ies i n E a r ly N ea rE a s te rn P roduc t ion , S ub s is tence a nd E nv i ronmen tn °4 ) H ie ta la H a nd Ma rk sA . 1 981 C hange i ns pa t ia l o rgan iza t ion a tt h e M idd le t o U ppe r P a leo l i th ic t r an s i t iona l s i t e o fB oke r T ach t i t , C en t ra l N egev , I s rae l . I n C auv in J .a nd S an lav i le P .( ed s . ) P reh is to i r e d u L evan t . l C h rono log ie e to rgan i sa t ion d e l ' espace d epu i s l e s o r ig ines j u squ 'au V I m i lena i re: 3 05 l 3 18 . L yon , Ma i son d e l 'O r ien t Med i tenaneen , 1 0 -14 j u in 1 980 . P a r is : E d i t ion s d u CNRS . ( Co loques i n te rna t ionaux d u CNRS ,n ° 5 98 ) l Hou r sF . 1 974 R ema rque s s u r l ' u t i l isa t ion d e s l i s tes types p ou r l ' e tude d u P a leo l i th ique S upe r ieu r e t d e l ' Ep ipa leo l i th ique d uL evan t . P aMor ien t2 ( 1 ) :3 18 . Hove r sE . 1 997 V a r iab i l i ty o fL evan t ine Mou s te r ian As lages a nd S e t lemen t P a te rn s : I mp l ica t ion s f o r s emb t t t h eD eve lopmen to f Human B ehav io r . P h . D is eb rew U n ive r s i ty . J e rusa lem s. H 1 998 T he L i th ic As lage s o f Amud C ave . I mp l ica t ion s f o r U nde r s tand ing t h e E nd o f t h e s emb Mou s te r ian i n t h e L evan t . I n A kazawa e t a l . ( ed s . ) N eander ta l s a nd Modern H uman i n W e s tern A s ia : 1 43 -163 . P l enum P res ew Y o rk . s, N I n izan M .L . , R edu ron -Ba l inge rM . , R oche H . a nd T ix ie rJ . l 1 999 T echno logy a nd T e rm ino logy o fk napped s t one . P reh is to i re d e l aP i er a i lee 5 .N an ter : re T l re CREP . J e l inek A .J . 1 982 T he M idd le P a leo l i th ic i nt h e S ou the rn L evan t , w i th c ommen t so nt h e a ppea rance o f mode rn H omo s ap ien s . I n : A . R onen ( e d . ) , T he T rans i t ion f rom L ow er t oM idd le P a leo l i th ic a nd t h e O r ig in o f M odern Man . BAR I n te rna t iona l S e r ies 1 51 , O xf o rd : 5 7 -104 . J one sM . , Ma rk sA .E . ,a nd K aufman D . 1 983 B oke r : t h e A r t if ac ts . I n A .E . Ma rk s ( e d . ) , P reh i s tor ya nd P a leo -env ironmen t s i nt h e C en t ra l N egev , I s rae l , V o l . I I : 2 83 -332 . D a la s : SMU P res l s. K aufman D . 1 988 L i th ic As lage a nd S e t lemen t P a te rn s o ft h e L a te U ppe rP a leo l i th ic o fI s rae l . M i tekuf a t s emb t t Haeven 2 1 : 7 19 . 1 998 Mea su r ing A r cheo log ica l D ive r s i ty : a n A pp l ica t ion o ft h e J ackn if e T echn ique . Amer ican A n t iqu i ty 6 3 : 7 3 -85 . K er .K . ry W 2 000 I n t ra -and I n te r -S i te V a r iab i l i ty w i th in t h e L evan t ine U ppe rP a leo l i th ic : E v idence f r om J ebe l H um e ima ( J 412 ) , S ou th -wes tJ o rdan : P roceed ing o ft h eP reh i s tor ic S oc ie ty 6 6 : 2 9 -46 . K oz lowsk iJ .K . a nd O te M . t 2 000 L af o rma t ion d e l 'Au r ignac ien e n E u rope . L 'An thropo log ie 1 04: 3 15 . K uhn S .L . , S t ine rM .C . a nd G u lec E . 1 84
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I n i t ia l U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i n s ou th -cen t ra l T u rkey a nd i t s r e g iona l c on tex t : a pre l im ina ry r e po r t :A n t iqu i ty 7 3 : 5 05 -517 . K uhn S .L . , S t ine rM .C . , R ee se D .S . a nd G u lec E . 2 00 1 O rnamen t s o ft h e e a r l ie s t U ppe r P a leo l i th ic : N ew i n s igh t s f r om t h e L evan t : PNAS v o l .98 n °13 , 7 64 1-7646 . Ma rk sA .E . 1 976 T e rm ino logy a nd C h rono logy o ft h e L evan t ine U ppe r P a leo l i th ic a s s en f r om t h e C en t ra l e N egev . I n : Wendorf F ( e d . ) . D eux i me c o loque s u r l aT e rm ino log ie d e l aP ra i s to i re d u l P roche O r ien t , 9 t hC ong . U . I .S .P .P . ,N ice , C o l . I I . l 1 9 77 P reh is to ry a nd P a leo -env i ronmen t i nt h e C en t ra l N egev , I s rae l . V o l I . T he A vda t /Aqev A rea . D epa r tmen to f An th ropo logy : D a la s : S ou thern Me thod i s t Un ive r s i ty P res l s. 1 981 T he U ppe r P a leo l i th ic o f t h e L evan t : S yn thes is . I n C auv in J .a nd S an lav i le P . ( e d s . ) l P rM is to ire d uL evan t . P a r i s , E d i t ion sd u CNRS: 3 69 -372 . 1 983a P reh is tory a nd P a leo -env i ronmen t i nt h e C en t ra l N egev , I s rae l . V o l I I . T he A vda t /Aqev A rea . D epa r tm en to f An th ropo logy : D a la s : S ou the rn Me thod i s t Un ive r s i ty P res l s. 1 983b T he M idd le t o U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T ran s i t ion i nt h e L evan t . I n Wendo rf F .a nd C lose A . E . ( ed s . ) , A dvances i n Wo r ld A r chaeo logy , V o l . I : 5 1-97 . N ew Y o rk : A cademy P res s. 1 993 T he E a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic : T he v i ew f r om t h e L evan t , 5 21 . I n K nech t H . e ta l( e d s . ) , B ef o re L a scaux : T he c omp lex r e co rd o ft h e E a r ly U ppe r P a leo l i th ic . B oca R a ton : CRC P res s. Ma rk sA . E .a nd F er .R . ring C 1 988 T he E a r ly U ppe rP a leo l i th ic o ft h e L evan t . I n "H of rJ .F . , Wo lf C . A . ( ed s ) . T he E ar ly fecke U pper P a leo l i th ic e v idence f rom E urope a nd t h e N ear E as t : 4 3 -72 . O xf o rd , B a r I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s4 37 . Ma rk sA .E . a nd K aufman D . 1 983 B ake rT ach t i t : T h e A r t if ac t s : C hap te r 5I n Ma rk s ( ed . ) P reh i s tory a nd P a leo -env i ronmen t i n t h e C en t ra l N egev , T he A vda t /Aqev A rea . V o l . I I : 6 9 -125 . D epa r tm en t o fA n th ropo logy : D a las : S ou ther n Me thod i s tU n ive r s i ty P res l s. Ma rk sA .E . a nd Mon iga lK . 1 995 Mode l ing t h e P roduc t ion o fe l onga ted b l ank s f r om t h e E a r ly L evan t in e Mou s te r ian a tR o sh E in Mo r . I n H a ro ld , D ibb le a nd B a r -Yosef ( ed s . ) .The D e f in i t ion a nd I n te rp re ta t ion o f L eva lo i s T echno logy . Monog raph s i n Wo r ld A rchaeo logy n '23 : 2 67 -277 . Mad i son : l P reh i s tor ic P res s. Ma rk sA . E .a nd V o lkman P . 1 983 C hang ing c o r e r educ t ion s t ra teg ies : A T echno log ica l s h if t f r om t h e M idd le t o t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i nt h e S ou the rn L evan t . I n : T r inkau s ( ed . ) . T he Mou s te r ian L egacy : H uman b i o c u l tu ra lc hange i nt h e U ppe rP l e i s tocen e : 1 3 -34 : BAR I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 1 64 . O xf o rd . 1 986 T he Mou s te r ian o fK sa rA k i l : L eve l s XXV IA t h rough XXV IB . P a l or ien t1 2 : 5 -20 . I I Me ignen L . 1 994 P a l&o l i th ique Mayen a u P roch e O r ien t : L e pMnom äne l am ina i re . A c tes d e l at ab le r onde " Le s i ndus tr ie s l am ina ire s a u P a l iv l i th ique Moyen . D os r d e d ocumen ta t ion sie a r c Mo log ique n ° 1 8 , CNRS . 1 995 L eva lo is L i th ic P roduc t ion S y s tem s i nt h e M idd le P a leo l i th ic o ft h e N ea rE a s t . T he C a se o f l t h e U n id i rec t iona l m e thod . I n T he D ef in i t ion a nd I n terpre ta t ion o fL eva lo i s V ar iab i l i ty . l H a ro ld L . D ibb le a nd O f e r B a r -Yosef ( e d s ) . Monog raph s i n Wo r ld A r chaeo logy n '23 , p p 3 6 1-379 . 1 996 " Les p r&n ice sd uP a l&M i th ique s up& ieu ra u P roche O r ien t " ;I nE .C a rbone la nd M . V aque ro l ( ed s . ) . T he L a s t N eander tha l s , t h e F ir s t A na tom ica ly Modern Humans : C u l tura l C hange l a nd Human E vo lu t ion : T he C r i s i sa t4 0K aB .F . , p p 1 07 -127 . T ar : U n ive r s i ta t R ov i ra ragona V i rg i l i . 1 998 H ayon im C ave l i th ic a semb lage i nt h e c on tex t o ft h e N ea r E a s te rn M idd le P a leo l i th ic . A s P re l im ina ry R epor t . I n :A kazawa T . , A ok i K . a nd B a r -Yosef ( ed s . ) . N eander ta l s a nd Modern Humans i nW e s tern A s ia: 1 65 180 . P l enum P res ew Y o rk a nd L ondon . s. N Me ignen L and B a r -Yosef 0 .
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1 988a K eba ra e tl eP a leo l i th ique d u Mon t C a rm e l ( I s rae l )P a lgvr ien t 1 4 /2: 1 23 -130 . 1 988b V a r iab i l i te t e chno log ique a u P roche O r ien t: L 'exemp le d e K eba ra . I n O te ( e d . ) L 'ho m r ne t d eN eander ta l , v o l . 4 ,L a T echn ique 8 1-95 . L iege: E tude se tR ech e r ches A r cheo log iques d e l ' Un ive r s i te d e L iege . 1 99 1 L es o u t i lage s l i th iques mou s te r ien s d e K eba ra ( f ou i le s 1 982 -1985 ) . P rem ie r s r e su l ta ts . I n l l B a r -Yosef a nd V ande rm ee r sch ( e d s . ) , L e s que le te d e Kaara d ans s on c on tex te t a rch&Vog ique . C ah ie r sd eP a leon to log ie ( Pa lean th ropo log ie ) ,E d i t ion sd u CNRS . 1 992 M idd le P a leo l i th ic l i th ic V a r iab i l i ty i nK eba ra C ave , Moun tC a rm e l , I s rae l . I nA ka zawa e ta l ( e d s . ) T he E vo lu t ion a nd D i sper sa l o f Mod ern Humans i n A s ia : 1 29 -148 . H oku sen sha , T okyo ( J apan ) Me la r sP .a nd T ix ie rJ . l 1 989 R ad ioca rbon -acce le ra to r d a t ing o fK sa r ' Aq i l ( Lebanon ) , a nd t h e c h rono logy o ft h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic S equence i nt h eN ea rE a s t .A n t iqu i ty 6 3 ( 241 ) :7 61-768 . Monce lA . M . 2 001 M idd le P a leo l i th ic B lade As lage s i n S ou thea s te rn F rance . T he Q ue s t ion o fT echn ica l s emb V a r iab i l i ty d u r ing t h e M idd le P a leo l i th ic a nd i t s Mean ing . I nD e rev ianko ( ed . ) : A rcheo logy , E thno logy a nd A n thropo logy o f E uras ia 2( 6 )3 7 -47 . Mon iga lK . 2 00 1 L owe ra nd M idd le P a leo l i th ic B lade I ndu s t r ie s a nd t h e D awn o ft h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i nt h e L evan t . I nD e rev ianko ( ed . ) : A rcheo logy ,E thno logy a nd A n thropo logy o fE ura s ia 1( 5 ) 1 2 4 . N euv i le R . l 1 934 L ep r eh i s tor ique d eP a les t ine . R evue B ib l ique 4 3 :2 37 -259 . 1 951 L e P a leo l i th ique e t l e Me so l i th ique d u D e se r t d e J udee . A r ch ives d e l ' I n s t i tu t d e P a leon to log ie Huma ine , Memo i re 2 4 . P a r i s . N ewcome rM . 1 972 A na ly s i s o fS er ies o f B u r in s f r om K sa r A k i l ( Lebanon ) P h . D . d i se r ta t ion , U n ive r s i ty o f s L ondon . Ohnuma K . 1 988 K sa r Ak i l , L ebanon . AT echno log ica l s t udy o ft h e E a r l ie r U ppe r P a leo l i th ic l e ve l s o fK sa r A k i lI I , l e ve l s XXV -X IV : BAR I n te rna t iona l s e r ie s ,4 26 . O xf o rd . O te M t 1 994 R ef lex ion s s u r l e s l ames a u P a leo l i th ique Moy en . I n R ev i lon S e t T uf e ds . ) L e s l freau ( I ndu s tr ie s l am ina ir e s a u P a l& , l i th ique Moyen , 1 87 19 1 . P a r i s CNRS . D os r d e l a sie d ocumen ta t ion a r cheo log ique n °18 . P e leg r in J . 1 997 L es t e chn iques d e d eb i tage l am ina i re a u T a rd ig lac ia i re :C r i te re s d e d iagnose e tq ue lques r e f lex ion s: 2 65 -280 . A c te s d e l aT ab le r onde , N emour s . Mgmo ire d u Mus e d eP ra is to ire d ' I le sd eF rance . P er tJ . ro 1 955 L e P a leo l i th ique s upe r ieu r d ' E l Q u se i r e td e Ma sa raq a n N a 'a j ( Pa les t ine ) . B SPF 5 2 : 4 93 5 06 . P h i l ips J . L . 1 988 T he U ppe rP a leo l i th ic o ft h e Wad iF e i ran , s ou the rn S ina i . P a l or ien t1 5 ( 2 ) :1 83 -200 . 1 99 1 E dge - Wea r , R ef i t ing , a nd C ha ines O pe ra to i re s : AC a se S tudy f r om S ina i . I n Me ignen ( ed . ) t 2 5A ns d 'E tude s T echno log ique se nP ra i s to ire: 3 05 -317 . V a lbonn e CNRS . 1 994 T he U ppe r P a leo l i th ic c h rono logy o ft h e L evan t a nd t h e N i le V a ley . I n B a rY o sef a nd K ra l ( e d s . ) : L a te Q ua ternary C hrono log y a nd P a laeoc l ima te s o ft h e E as tern Med i terranean : 1 69 -176 . T ucson R ad ioca rbon . P h i l ips J .L .a nd G ladf e l te rB . G . l 1 989 A s u rvey i nt h eu ppe r Wad iF e i ran b a s in , s ou the rn S ina i . P a leo r ien t 1 5( 2 ) : 13 122 . P loux S
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1 998 L e P a leo l i th ique S upe r ieu r d 'Umm e lT le l ( Bas 'E l K own , S y r ie ) : O b se rva t ion s sin d P re l im ina i res . C ah ie r d e L 'Euphra te 8 :2 7 -54 . E d i t ion s R eche rche s u r l e s C iv i l i sa t ion s , P a r i s . P r imau l t J . 2 000 L es N ah r Ib rah im d e sc ouches V I3a ' e tV I3b ' d 'Umm e lT le l ( Sy nc ) I nD e s c ompor temen t s t e chn ique sd ans l eP rM i s tor ique , A te l ie r2 0 :7 3 -90 . L abe thno . R ev i lon S l 1 995 T echno log ie d ud eb i tage l am ina i re a uP a leo l i th ique Moy en e nE u rope s ep ten t r iona le :e t a t d e l aq ues t ion .B u le t in d el aS oc ié té P rA i s tor ique F ranca i se , v o l .92 , n °4 :4 25 -443 . l R ev i lon Se tT uf . l freau A 1 994 L es I ndu s t r ies l am ina i re sa u P a leo l i th ique Moyen . P a r i s CNRS . D os rd e l ad ocum en ta t ion sie a r cheo log ique n ° 18 . R on en , A . 1 968 E xcava t ion s i n t h e C ave o f S ef un im ( I raq E l -Ba rud ) , M t C a rm e l . P re l im ina ry R epor t . Q uar tar 1 9 : 2 75 -288 . 1 976 T he U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i n Nor the rn I s rae l : Moun t C a rme l a nd G a l i lee : I n Wendo rf F .( ed . ) : D eux ieme c o loque s u r l at e rm ino log ie d e l ap r eh is to i re d u P roche -O r ien t : 1 53 186 . 9 t h l C ong . U . I .S .P .P . ,N i ce , C o l . I I . l 1 984 T he C ave o fS ef un im , Moun tC a rm e l , I s rae l .B ar . I n terna t iona lS er ie s2 30 . O xf o rd R on en A . a nd V ande rmee r sch 1 972 T he U ppe rP a leo l i th ic s equence i nt h eC ave o fQ af za ( I s rae l ) . Q ua ternar ia 1 6 : 1 89 -202 S a r e lJ . 2 002 T he M idd le /Uppe r P a leo l i th ic T ran s i t ion i n I s rae l : T echno log ica l A na ly s is . U npub l ished P h .D . T hes i s , U n ive r s i ty o fH a if a , I s rae l . S a re lJ . ,R onen A . a nd B o& la E , 2 000 I st h e re aT ran s i t iona l I ndu s t ry i nN o r thern i nN o r ther nI s rae l? I nV ishnya t sky L .B . (ed . )T he T i me o ft h e L as t N eander tha l s . S t ra tum P l us N ° 1 C u l tu ra l A n th ropo logy , S a in t -Pe te r sbu rg ( I nR us ) sian S a r e lJ . and R onen A . , 2 002 T he M idd le /Uppe r P a leo l i th ic T ran s i t ion i n Nor ther na nd S ou the rn I s rae l : AT echno log ica l C ompa r i son » .I n A . N . G o r ing - Mor s a nd A . B e lf e r -Cohen ( ed s . ) . Mo re T han Mee ts t h e ri E ye S tud ies o nU ppe rP a laeo l i th ic D ive r s i ty i nt h eN ea rE a s t . O xf o rd , O xbow P res s S ch ick T . a nd S t eke l i sM . 1 977 Mou s te r ian As lage s i nK eba ra C ave , Moun t C a rme l : I nE re tz I s rae l 1 3 ( Mosh e S teke l i s semb Memor ia l V o lume ) , A ren sbu rg B a nd B a r -Yosef 0 . ( ed s . ) 9 7 -149 . J e ru sa lem : I s rae l E xp lora t ion S oc ie ty . S chwa rcz H .P . , B uhay W . M . , G rün R . , V a ladas H . , T chemov E . , B a r -Yosef 0 . , a nd l V andermee r sch B . 1 989 E SR d a te s o ft h e N eander tha l s i te , K eba ra C ave , I s rae l . J ourna l o fA rchaeo log ica l S c ience 1 6 : 6 53 -659 . S i t l ivy -Escu tena i re C . e tS i t l ivy V . 1 996 V a r iab i l i te d e s t e chno log ies l am ina i res a van t l eP a leo l i th ique S upe r ieu r c l as an s l a sique d r eg ion d u L ac B a ika l ( S ibe r ie , R us ) E tude c omp le te d u m a ter ie l . A na ly se s c ompa ra t ives sie a vec l ' Eu rope o cc iden ta le . P reh i s to i re e u ropeenne ,v o l . 8:4 9 -96 . S o leck i R .L . a nd S o leck iR .S . 1 970 A n ew s e conda ry f l ak ing t e chn ique a tt h e N ah r I b rah im c ave s i te .Bu le t in d u Musg .e d e l B eyrou th 2 3 : 1 37 142 . S onn ev i le -Bo rdes D . e tP er tJ . l ro 1 953 L ex ique t y po log ique d uP a leo l i th ique s upe r ieu r . B .S .P .F . t om e4 9 1 954 L ex ique t y po log ique d uP a leo l i th ique s upe r ieu r . B .S .P .F . t ome 5 1 n °5 . S teke l i sM . 1 954 Nouve les f ou i les d an s l ag ro te d e K eba ra . C ron ica d e l I V C ong res n terna t iona l d e l l t so I C ienc ias p reh i s tor icas yp ro toh i s tor icas 4 :3 85 -389 . 1 956 Nouve les f ou i les d an sl ag ro te d e K eba ra . 4 th C ong . U .I .S .P .P . Mad r id : 3 85 -389 . l l t 1 87
l t l 1 96 1 I r aq E l -Bä rud , n ouve le g ro te p reh is tor ique a u Mon t C a rm e l . B u le t in o f t h e R e sear ch C ounc i lo f Is rae l . 1 0 G( 1 -2 ) : 3 02 -320 . T ix ie rJ . 1 974 F ou i l les K sa r' Aq i l , l i ban ( 1969 -1974 )P a l ivr ien t2 :1: 1 87 -192 . T ix ie rJ . and I n izan , M .L . 1 981 K sa r ' Aq i l , s t ra t ig raph ie e t e n semb le s l i th iques d an s l ep a leo l i th ique s upe r ieu r . F ou i les l 1 971-1975 . I n :C auv in J . , S an lav i le P . ( Ed ) , P rA i s to ire d u L evan t I : 3 53 -368 . P a r i s , l E d i t ion sd uC .N .R .S . T u rv i le -Pe tre F . l 1 927 R esea r ches i nP reh i s tor ic G a l i lee , 1 925 -26 . Ar epor t o n t h e G a l i lee S ku l . L ondon : B r i t i sh l S choo lo fA rchaeo logy i nJ e ru sa lem . 1 932 E xcava t ion s i nt h e Mugha re t e lK eba ra : J ou rna l o ft h e R oy a l A n th ropo log ica l I n s t i tu te 6 2 : 2 71-276 . V a la F .R . , B a r -Yosef 0 . , Sm i th P . ,T che r nov E .a nd D esse J . l 1 986 U nn ouveau s ondage s u rl a te ras 'E lO uad , I s rae l . P a l ivr ien t 1 2 / 1 :2 1-38 . r se d V a lada s H . , J o ron J . L . , V a lada s G . , A ren sbu rg B . , B a r -Yosef 0 . , B e lf e r -Cohen A . , G o ldberg P . , l l L av i le H . , Me ignen L . , R ak Y . ,T cher nov E . ,T i l ie rA .M . , V ande rm ee r sch B . l l 1 987 T he rmo lum ine scence d a te s f o r t h e N eander tha l b u r ia l s i t e a tK eba ra i nI s rae l . N a ture 30 : 1 59 -160 . V ande rmee r sch B . 1 981 L e s Hommes F os le sd eQ af zeh ( I sraä l ) C ah ie r sd eP a leon to log ie . E d i t ion sd u CNRS , P a r i s . si V an P ee rP . 1 992 T he L eva lo i s R educ t ion S t ra tegy Monog raph i n Wo r ld A r chaeo logy n ° 13 . P r eh is tory P r e ss l Mad i son . V a s i l iev S .A . 2 00 1 S om e r e su l ts o ft h eA l ta iP a leo l i th ic S tud ies a nd t h e i ri mpo r tance f o rS tone A ge A rcheo logy . I n D e r ev ianko ( ed . ) : A rcheo logy , E thno logy a nd A n thropo logy o fE uras ia 2 ( 6 ) 6 6 -77 . S ibe r ian B ran ch o f t h e R us cademy o f S c ien ce s : I n s t i tu te o f A r cheo logy a nd sian A E thnog raphy . S B RAS P res ib i r sk . s, Novos Vo lkman P . 1 983 B oke r T ach t i t : C o r e R econ s truc t ion : C hap te r 6I n Ma rk s ( ed . ) P reh is tory a nd P a leo e nv i ronmen t i nt h e C en t ra lN egev , T he A vda t /Aqev A r ea . V o l . I I : 1 27 -190 . D epa r tmen t o f An th ropo logy : D a la s : S ou the rn Me thod i s tU n ive r s i ty P res l s. V olunan P .M . a nd K aufman D . 1 983 A r e as t o ft h e Em i reh p o in t a s ap os le t ype f o s i l f o rt h e t e chno log ica l s h if t f r om s esm s en sib s t h e M idd le t o t h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i n t h e L evan t . I n T r inkau s E . ( ed . ) . T he Mou s te r ian L egacy : H uman B io -cu l tu ra l c hange i n t h e U ppe r P l e i s tocene : 3 5 -51 . BAR I n te rna t iona l S e r ie s 1 67 : O xf ord . We ine rS . , S ch ieg lS . , G o lbe rg P .a nd B a r -Yosef O . 1 995 M ine ra l A ssemb lage s i nK eba ra a nd H ayon im C aves , I s rae l : E xcava t ion S t ra teg ies , B on e P rese rva t ion , a nd Wood A sh R emnan ts I s rae lJ ou rna lo fC hem is t ry 3 5 :143 -154 . We in s te in -Ev ron M . 1 988 E a r ly N a tuf ian e l Wad R ev is i ted . E tude s e tR eche rche s a r cheo log iques d e l ' Un ive rs i te d e L iege 7 7 . Z if f e r , D 1 975 T ypo log ica l a nd t e chno log ica l m e t r ica l s t udy o f the A u r ignac ian l i th ic m a te r ia l i nt h ree c aves i n t h e Mon t C a rme l ( E l Wad , K eba ra a nd S ef un im ) . U npub l ished M .A . T he s is , H eb r ew Un ive r s i ty o fJ e rusa lem ( i nh eb rew ) . 1 976 T he l i th ic m a te r ia l o fR aqef e tC ave ( I s rae l ) w i th r ega rd t ot h e U ppe rP a leo l i th ic p rob lem s i n t h eL evan t . 9 th C ong . U .I .S .P .P . , N ice . R e sumes : 1 79 . 1 978a A r e -eva lua t ion o ft h e U ppe r P a leo l i th ic i n du s t r ies a tK eba ra C ave a nd t h e i r p l ace i nt h e A u r ignac ian c u l tu re o ft h eL evan t . P a l&v ien t4 :2 73 -293 . 1 978b T he u se o fT echno log ica l a nd Me t r ic D a ta i nt h e S tudy o ff ou rL evan t ine A u r ignac ian s i tes i nt h e Mon tC a rme l R eg ion : AP re l im ina ry S tudy . P a lg eor ien t4 :7 1-95 . 1 88
L IST OF F IGURES C hap ter I :I n troduc t ion F i gu re 1 : M ap o ft h e Ma jo rL evan t ine Mou s te r ian a nd t h e M idd le -Uppe rT ran s i t iona l S i te s
C hap ter I : Me thodo log y lu F i gu re 2 : S chema t ic i s t ra t ion s o fb l ade c o re c a tego r ie s : 2 .A l : L a te ra l c o re w i th s i ng le s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ; 2 :A2 : A x ia l c o re w i th s i ng le s t r ik ing p l a tfo rm ; 2 :A3 : P y ram ida l a nd s em i -py ram ida l c o re s ; 2 :B1 : L a te ra l , o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re o r ien ted o n t h e s ame a x i s ; 2 :B2 : O ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s o r ien ted o n t h e s am e a x i s c o re ; 2 :C 1:Tw i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o re w i th a x ia l o ppo sed t o l a te ra l f l ak ing ; 2 :C2 : Tw i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm w i th o ppo sed l a te ra lf l ak ing
C hap ter I I : L i th ic P roduc t ion f r om R aqef e t F i gu re 3 :P l an o ft h eR aqef e te xcava t ion s( af te rN oy a nd H igg su npub l i shed r e po r t ) . F i gu re 4 :S ec t ion B -G 1 9 /20 f r om R aqef e tC ave ( a f te rN oy a nd H igg su npub l ished r e po r t ) . F i gu re 5 :S ec t ion C -D 5 / 23 f r om R aqef e tC ave ( af t e rN oy a nd H igg su npub l ished r e po r t ) .
s C hap ter X : C ompar i son B e tween t h eA semb lage s F i gu re F igu re F ig u re F igu re F igu re F ig u re F i gu re
l fe 6 :P e rcen tage o fL eva lo i s , F l ake s , L a rge B lade s , B lade sa nd B lade le t s i nt h eD if ren t A ssemb lage s . t fe s 7 :P e rcen tage o fT ype so fB u t so ft h eB lade sa nd B lade le t s i nt h eD if ren tA semb lage s . fe s 8 :P e r cen tage o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo l si nt h eD if ren tA semb lage s . l fe ssemb 9 :P e rcen tage o fL eva lo is , F l ake sa nd B lade s C o re s i nt h eD if ren t A lage s . s A fe s 1 0 : W id th a nd T h icknes ve rage so ft h eB lade s i nt h eD if ren tA semb lage s . 1 : D end rog ram o ft h e JMP C lu s te rA na ly s i s 1 2 : P r inc ipa lU n sca led c omponen t so ft h e Mu l t iva r iab le a na ly s i s
L IST OF TABLES
C hap ter I :I n troduc t ion T ab le 1 . 1 : T he S equen ce o ft h e L evan t ine U ppe r P a leo l i th ic ( a f te r B a r -Yo sef 1 970 ; C ope land 1 975 ; G i lead , 1 989 ) C hap ter I I : R aqef e t T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le
l A f MA :F requenc ie so fa r t if ac t si nt h ed i f e ren tL aye r so fR aqef e t 1 f 1 .2 : F requenc ie so fB lank T oo lC a tego r ie s i nt h ed i f e ren tL aye r s o fR aqef e t 1 1 .3 : F requenc ie so fL eva l lo i s F l ake s , B lade s , a nd O the rF l ake s i nt h eS qua re s o fL aye r VI I I 1 l I 1 .4 : F requenc ie so fL eva lo i s f l ake s , B lade s , a nd O the r s F l ake s i nt h e S qua re s o fL aye rV I 1 l 1 .5 : F requenc ie so fL eva lo i sf l ake s , B lade s , a nd O the r s F l ake s i nt h eS qua re s o fL aye rV I 1 l 1 .6 : F requenc ie so fL eva lo i sf l ake s , B lade s , a nd O the r s F l ake s i nt h eS qua re so fL aye rI V 1 1 .7 : D eg ree o fA r t if ac tA b ra s ion i nt h eL aye r s o fR aq ef e t 1 I I 1 .8 : D eg ree o fA r t if ac tA b ra s ion i nt h eS qua re so fL aye r VI 1 l I I 1 .9 : D eg ree o fA b ra s ion o ft h eL eva lo i s , B lade sa nd O the rB lank s i nL aye r VI I I I .10 : D eg ree o fA r t if ac tA b ra s ion i nt h eS qua re so fL aye rV I I l I 1 .1 1 : D eg ree o fA b ra s ion o ft h eL eva lo i s , B lade sa nd O the rB lank s i nL aye rV I 1 1 .12 : D eg ree o fA r t if ac tA b ra s ion i nt h eS qua re s o fL aye rV I 1 l 1 .13 :D eg ree o fA b ra s ion o ft h eL eva lo is , B lade s a nd O the rB lank s i nL aye rV I
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T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le
1 1 .14 : D eg ree o fA bra s ion o ft h eL eva l lo i s , B lade s a nd O the rB lank s L aye rV 1 1 .15 : D eg ree o fA r t if ac tA b ra s ion i nt h eS qua re s o fL aye rI V 1 1 .16 : D eg ree o fA bra s ion o ft h eL eva l lo i s , B lade s a nd O the rB lank s i nL aye rI V 1 1 .17 :F requenc ie so fT oo l s , D eb i tage a nd C o re s i nt h eL aye r s O fR aqef e t 1 1 .18 : F requenc ie so fT ype so fA r t if ac t s( Too l sa nd D eb i tage ) i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t 1 1 .19 : F requenc ie so fL eva l lo i s , L am ina ra nd n on -Leva l lo i s C o r e s i nt h eL aye r so fR aqef e t 1 1 .20 :F requenc ie so fL eva l lo i sC o re T ype s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t 1 1 .21 : D imen s ion so ft h eD if f e ren tC a tego r ie s o ft h eL eva l lo i s C o re s 1 1 .22 :T ype so fS t r ik ing P l a tf o rm o ft h eL eva l lo is C o re s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aq ef e t 1 1 .23 :D imen s ion so ft h eL a s tR emoved S ca r s o nt h eL eva l lo is C o re s 1 1 .24 : F requenc ie so fL am ina rC o re C a tego r ie s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t 1 1 .25 : Numbe ro fS t r ik ing P l a tf o rm so nt h eL am ina rC o re s i nt h eL aye r so fR aqef e t 1 1 .26 :T ype so fS t r ik ing P l a tf o rm o ft h eB lade C o re s 1 1 .27 : F requenc ie so fA x ia l , L a te ra la nd Tw i s ted F lak ing B lade C o re s 1 1 .28 :T ype so fB lank C o re s i nt h eL aye r so fR aqef e t 1 1 .29 : D imen s ion so ft h eD if fe ren tC o re C a tego r ie s 1 1 .30 : D imen s ion so ft h eL a s tS ca rR emova l s 1 1 .3 1:C a tego r ie so fn on -Leva l lo is F l ake C o re s 1 1 .32 : Amoun to fC o r tex o nt h eU nd if fe ren t ia ted S t r ik ing P l a tf o rm C o re s 1 1 .33 : D imen s ion so ft h eN on -Leva l lo i sF l ake C o re s 1 1 .34 : D imen s ion so ft h eL a s t removed S ca r so ft h en on -Leva l lo i sF l ake C o re s 1 1 .35 : C o re s o nP r ima ry , C o r t ica la nd Non -co r t ica lF lake s i nt h eL aye r so fR aq ef e t 1 1 .36 : F requenc ie so fC o re s -on -F lake w h ich H ave B een U sed a sT oo l s 1 1 .37 : F requenc ie s o fn on -Re touched A r t if ac t s i nt h eL aye r so fR aqef e t 1 1 .38 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eL eva l lo i sF l ake s i nt h eL aye r so fR aqef e t 1 1 .39 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eB lade sa nd B lade le t si nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t 1 1 .40 :L owe rF ace so ft h eB lade sa nd B lade le t si nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t 1 1 .4 1 :D o r sa l S ca rP a t te rn so ft h eL eva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r so fR aqef e t 1 1 .42 : D o r sa l S ca rP a t te rn so ft h eB lade s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t 1 1 .43 : T ype so fB u t to ft h eL eva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r so fR aqe f e t 1 1 .44 :T ype so fB u t t so ft h e Non -Leva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r so fR aqef e t 1 1 .45 : T ype so fB u t t so ft h eB lade si nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t 1 1 .46 : F requenc ie so fb l ade / le t s w i th t r ace o fA b ra s ion o nT he i rH anged E dge 1 1 .47 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eL eva l lo i sF l ake s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t 1 1 .48 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eP r ima ry a nd n on -Leva l lo i s F l ake si nt h eL aye r so fR aqef e t 1 1 .49 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eB lade s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t 1 1 .50 : F requenc ie s o fC omp le te a nd B roken A r t if ac t sa mong t h eF ou rB lank T ype s 1 1 .51 : F requenc ie so fL eva l lo is T oo l s , B lade T oo l s , a nd O the rF l ake T oo l s 1 1 .52 :F requenc ie so ft h eT oo lC a tego r ie s i nt h eL aye r so fR aq ef e t 1 1 .53 : F requenc ie s o ft h eR e touched a nd n on -Re touched A r t if a c t s 1 1 .54 :F requenc ie so ft h eF ou rB lank T ype s i nt h eL aye r so fR aqe f e t 1 1 .55 : F requenc ie s o ft h eT oo l sa mong t h eF ou rB lank T ype s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t 1 1 .56 : F requenc ie so f Mou s te r ian a nd B lade T oo ls a mong t h eL eva l lo is a nd B lade B lank s 1 1 .57 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te B lade T oo l s i nt h eL aye r s o fR aqef e t
Chap ter I V : E l Wad T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le
I V . 1:N umbe ro fT oo l sa nd D eb i tage T ype s ( A cco rd ing t oG ar rod a nd B a te , 1 937 ) 1 V .2 :N umbe ro fT oo l s , D eb i tage a nd C o re sF ound i nt h eS amp le so fE l Wad Fa nd G I V .3 :N umbe ro fA l lA r t if ac t ( Too l sa nd Non re touched P iece s ) I V .4 :F requenc ie so fL eva l lo i s , L am ina ra nd n on -Leva l lo i s C o r e s I V .5 : F requen c ie so fL eva l lo is C o re T ype s i nt h eL aye r s o fE l Wad I V .6 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te L eva l lo i s C o re s I V .7 : D imen s ion so ft h eL a s tR emoved S ca ro nt h eL eva l lo i s C o re s I V .8 : F requen c ie so fL am ina rC o re C a tego r ie s i nt h eL aye r s o fE l Wad I V .9 :T ype so fS t r ik ing P l a tf o rm so ft h eB lade C o re s I V .10 : T ype so fB lank C o re s 1 90
T ab le I V .11 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te B lade C o re s T ab le I V .12 : D imen s ion so ft h eL a s t S ca rR emova l s o nt h eB lade C o re s T ab le I V .13 : F requenc ie so fD eb i tage a nd T oo lP roduc ts i nt h eL aye r s o fE l Wad l T ab le 1 \ 7 .14 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eL eva lo i sF l ake s i nt h eL ay e r so fE l Wad T ab le I V .15 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eB lade sa nd B lade le t si nt h eL aye r s o fE l Wad T ab le I V .16 : T ype so fL owe rF ace so ft h eB lade s i n th eL ay e r so fE l Wad t l T ab le I V .17 : Do r sa lS ca rP a te rn so ft h eL eva lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r so fE l Wad t T ab le I V .18 : Do r sa lS ca rP a te rn so ft h eB lade s i nt h eL aye r so fE l Wad t l T ab le I V .19 : T ype so fB u t so ft h eL eva lo i sF l ake s i nt h eL ay e r so fE l Wad t T ab le I V .20 : T ype so fB u t so ft h eB lade si nt h eL aye r s o fE l Wad l T ab le I V .21 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eL eva lo i sF l ake s i nt h eL aye r s o fE l Wad T ab le I V .22 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h en on -Leva l lo i sF l ake s i nt h eL aye r so fE l Wad T ab le I V .23 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eB lade s i nt h eL aye rs o fE l Wad T ab le I V .24 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te L eva l lo i sF lake s l T ab le I V .25 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te n on -Leva lo is F l ak e T ab le I V .26 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te L a rge B lades T ab le I V .27 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te B lade s T ab le I V .28 : F requenc ie so fL eva l lo i s , B lade s , a nd n on -Leva l lo i s F lake sT oo ls i nE l Wad Fa nd G T ab le I V .29 : F requen c ie so fT oo lC a tego r ie s i nt h eL aye r so fE l Wad T ab le I V .30 : F requen c ie so fF ou rB lank T ype sa mong t h eL aye r so fE l Wad T ab le I V .31 : F requen c ie so ft h eT oo l sa mong t h eF ou rB lank T ype s T ab le I V .32 : F requen c ie so ft h eT oo lC a tego r ie sa mong t h eB lade s a nd L a rge B lade s l T ab le I V .33 : F requenc ie so f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo ls a mong t h eL eva lo i s a nd t h eB lade s T ab le I V .34 : F requenc ie s o f t h e Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo ls among t h e L a rge B lade s a nd t h e B l ade s
C hap ter V : Em ireh rod T ab le V .1 : F requenc ie so ft h eT oo lT ype s a nd t h eD eb i tage T ype s ( a f te rG ar , 1 955 ) T ab le V .2 : F requenc ie so ft h eT oo l s ,t h en on -Re touched P i e ce s a nd t h eC o re s T ab le V .3 : F requenc ie so fT ype so fA r t if ac ts l l T ab le V .4 : F requenc ie s o fL eva lo i s , B lade a nd N on -Leva lo i s F l ake C o re s l T ab le V .5 : F requenc ie s o fL eva lo i sC o re T ype s l T ab le V .6 : D imen s ion so ft h eL a s t R emoved S ca r so nt h eL eva lo i s C o re s T ab le V .7 : F requenc ie s o fL am ina rC o re sC a tego r ie s T ab le V .8 : T ype s o fS t r ik ing P l a tf o rm so ft h eB lade C o re s T ab le V .9 :T ypes o fB lank C o re s T ab le V .10 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te B lade C o re s T ab le V .11 : D imen s ion so ft h eL a s t S ca rR emova l s o ft h eB lade C o re s T ab le V .12 : F requenc ie so fD eb i tage C a tego r ie s T ab le V .13 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eF l ake sa nd B lade / le t s T ab le V .14 : T ype s o fL owe rS u rf ace so ft h eB lade sa nd B lade le t s t l T ab le V .15 : D o r sa l S ca rP a ter n so ft h en on re touched L eva lo is F l ake s a nd B lade s t T ab le V .16 : T ype so fB u t so ft h en on -Re touched A r t if ac t s T ab le V .17 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h en on -Re touched A r t if ac t s l T ab le V .18 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te L eva lo i s F l ake sa nd B lade s l T ab le V .19 : F requenc ie so ft h eL eva lo i sT oo l s , B lade s T oo l s , a nd F l ake sT oo l s T ab le V .20 : F requenc ie so ft h eT oo lC a tego r ie s T ab le V .21 : F requenc ie so ft h eF ou rB lank T ype s T ab le V .22 : F requenc ie so fR e touched a nd t h en on re touched A r t if ac t s T ab le V .23 : F requenc ie so f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo l sa mong t h e B l ank s T ype s T ab le V .24 : F requenc ie so fT oo lC a tego r ie sa mong t h e F ou rB lank T ype s
C hap ter V I : K ebara E T ab le V IA : F requenc ie so fT oo l s , D eb i tage a nd C o re s i nK eba ra E
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T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le
V I .2 : V I .3 : V I .4 : V I .5 : V I .6 : V I .7 : V I .8 :
F requenc ies o fT ype s o fT oo l sa nd n on re touched A r t if ac t s l l F requenc ies o fL eva lo i s ,L am ina ra nd n on -Leva lo i s F l ake C o re s F requenc ie s o fL am ina rC o re C a tego r ie s T ype s o fS tr ik ing P l a tf o rm so ft h eB lade C o re s F requenc ies o fF ou rB lank T ype s F requenc ie s o fT oo l C a tego r ie s F requenc ie s o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo l s a mong t h eL eva l lo is a nd t h eB l ade s
Chap ter V I I : Qaf zeh I T ab le V I .! : F requenc ies o fT oo l s , D eb i tage a nd C o re s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh I T ab le V I .2 : F requenc ies o fA r t if ac tT ype s( Too l sa nd n on re touched P i e ce s ) i nt h eL aye r so fQ af zeh T ab le V I I .3 : Numbe ro fL eva l lo i s , L am in a ra nd n on -Leva l lo i s C o re s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh I T ab le V I .4 :T ype so fL am ina rC o re s i nt h eL aye r so fQ af zeh I T ab le V I .5 : T ype so fS t r ik ing P l a tf o rm so nt h eL am ina rC o re s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh T ab le V I I .6 :T ype s o fB lank C o re s T ab le V I I .7 : D imens ion s o ft h eC omp le te B lade C o re s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh T ab le V 1 1 .8 : D imens ion s o ft h eB lade C o re sC a tego r ie s i nt h eL aye r so fQ af zeh I T ab le V I .9 : D imens ion s o ft h eL as tS ca rR emova l so nt h eB lade C o re s I T ab le V I .10 : F requen c ie so fB lade C o re sw i th T race so fA b ra s ion i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh T ab le V I I .11 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eL eva l lo is F l ake s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh I T ab le V I .12 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eB lade sa nd B lade le t s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh I T ab le V I .13 : T ype so fL owe rS u rf ace so ft h eB lade s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh I t l T ab le V I .14 : Do r sa l S ca rP a te rn s o ft h eL eva lo i s F l ake s I t T ab le V I .15 : Do r sa l S ca rP a te rn so ft h eB lade s a nd B lade le t s I t l T ab le V I .16 : T ype so fB u ts o ft h eL eva lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh I t l T ab le V I .17 : T ype so fB u t so ft h eP r ima ry F l ake sa nd t h en on -Leva lo is F l ake s I t T ab le V I .18 : T ype so fB u ts o ft h eB lade sa nd B lade le t s i nt h eL aye r so fQ af zeh I T ab le V I .19 : P e r cen tage o fB lade s w i th T race so fA b ra s ion o nt h e i rH anged E dge s I l T ab le V I .20 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eL eva lo i s F l ake s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh I l T ab le V I .21 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eF l ake s( P r ima ry F l ake sa nd n on -Leva lo i sF l ake s ) I T ab le V I .22 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eB lade sa nd B lade le t si nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh I l T ab le V I .23 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te L eva lo i s F l ake s I l T ab le V I .24 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te n on -Leva lo is F l ake s I T ab le V I .25 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te L a rge B lades 1 T ab le V 1 .26 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te O the rB lades T ab le V I I .27 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te B lade le t s I l T ab le V I .28 : F requenc ie so fL eva lo i sT oo l s , B lade T oo l s , a nd F l ake T oo l sa nd O the rB lank T oo l s I T ab le V I .29 : F requen c ie so fT oo lT ype si nt h eL aye r so fQ af zeh 1 T ab le V 1 .30 : F requen c ie so fF ou rB lank T ype s i nt h eL aye r s o fQ af zeh I T ab le V I .31 : F requenc ie so fT oo l sa mong t h eF ou rB lank T ype s i nQ af zeh F I l T ab le V I .32 : F requenc ie s o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo l s a mong t h e L eva lo is , t h e B lade s a nd t h e Non -Leva l lo i sF l ake s i nQ af zeh F I T ab le V I .33 : F requen c ie s o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo l s a mong t h e L a rge B lade s a nd t h e B lade s i nQ af zeh F T ab le V I I .34 : F requen c ie so fT oo l s a mong t h eF ou rB lank T ype s i nQ af zeh E and D T ab le V I I .35 : F requen c ie s o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo l s a mong t h e L eva l lo is , t h e B lade s a nd t h e N on -Leva l lo i sF l ake s i nQ af zeh E and D T ab le V I I .36 : F requen c ie so fT oo l s among t h eF ou rB lank T ype s i nQ af zeh 9 T ab le V I I .37 : F requen c ie s o f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe r P a leo l i th ic T oo l s a mong t h e B lades a nd t h e F l ake s i n Q af zeh 9
C hap ter V I II : K sar A k i l T ab le V1 1 1.1 : F requen c ie so fL eva l lo i s , B lade a nd n on -Leva l lo i s C o re s i nt h e l e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.2 : F requen c ie so fL eva l lo i s C o re T ype s i nt h el e ve ls o fK sa rA k i l
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T ab le VI I I.3 : T ype so fS t r ik ing P l a tf o rm so ft h eL eva l lo i s C o re s i nt h e l e ve ls o fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.4 : D imens ion so fC omp le te L eva l lo i s F l ake C o re s i nt h e l e ve l so fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.5 : D imens ion so fL eva l lo i sC o re T ype s i nt h e l e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.6 : D imens ion so ft h eL a s tR emoved S ca ro nt h eL eva l lo i s C o re s T ab le VI I I.7 : T ype so fL am ina rC o re si nt h el e ve l so fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.8 :N umbe ro fS t r ik ing P l a tf o rm so nt h eL am ina rC o re s i nt h el e ve ls o fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.9 : T ype so ft h eS t r ik ing P l a tf o rm so ft h eB lade C o re s i nt h el e ve ls o fK sa r Ak i l T ab le VI I I.10 : T ype so fB lank C o r e si nt h e l e ve l so fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.11 : D imen s ion so ft h eB lade C o re T ype s T ab le VI I I.12 : D imen s ion so ft h eL a s tS ca rR emova ls o ft h eB lade C o r e s T ab le VI I I.13 : F requenc ie so fB lade C o re sw i th T race so fA b ra s ion o nT he i rH anged E dge s T ab le VI I I.14 : F requenc ie so fn on -Leva l lo i sF l ake C o re T ype s i nt h el e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.15 : D imen s ion so ft h en on -Leva l lo i s F l ake C o re s T ab le VI I I.16 : D imen s ion so ft h eL a s t removed S ca r so ft h en on -Leva l lo is F l ake C o re s T ab le VI I I.17 : F requenc ie so fB lank T ype si nt h el e ve ls o fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.18 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eL eva l lo i sF l ake s i nt h el e ve ls o fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.19 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eB lade si nt h el e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.20 : T ype so fL owe rs u rf ace so ft h eB lade / le t s i nt h el e ve l so fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.21 : D o r sa l S ca rP a t te rn so ft h eL eva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h el e ve l so fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.22 : D o r sa l S ca rP a t te rn so ft h eB lade / le t si nt h el e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.23 :T ype so fB u t t so ft h eL eva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h e l e ve l so fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.24 : T ype so fB u t t so ft h en on -Leva l lo i s F l ake si nt h el e ve l so fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.25 :T ype so fB u t t so ft h eB lade sa nd B lade le t s i nt h el e ve l so fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.26 :F requenc ie so fB lade / le t sw i th T race so fA b ra s ion o nT he i rH anged E dge s T ab le VI I I.27 : C o r tex Amoun to ft h eN on -Leva l lo is F l ake s i nt h el e ve l so fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.28 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te L eva l lo is F l ake s i nt h e l e ve l so fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.29 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te N on -Leva l lo i s f l ake s i nt h e l e ve l so fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.30 : D imen s ion so ft h eC omp le te B lade s i nt h el e ve ls o fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.31 : F requenc ie so fT oo l sC a tego r ie s i nt h el e ve l s o fK sa rA k i lA cco rd ing t oA zou ry ( 1986 ) T ab le VI I I.32 : F requenc ie so fL eva l lo i s , B lade T oo l s , a nd F l ake T oo l s i nt h eL eve l so fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.33 :N umbe ro fT oo lC a tego r ie so nL eva l lo i s F l ake s i nt h e l e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.34 : F requenc ie so fT oo lT ype so nB lade s i nt h el e ve l s o fK sa rA k i l T ab le VI I I.35 : F requenc ie so f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo l so nL eva l lo is a nd B lade B lank s
C hap ter I X : B oker T ach t i t T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le
I X .1 : A va i lab le A r t if ac tS amp le b yL eve l s ( Ac co rd ing t o Ma rk sa nd K aufman 1 983 ) I X .2 : F requenc ie so fL am ina rC o re T ype s i nt h eL eve l so fB oke rT ach t i t I X .3 : F requenc ie so fD eb i tage P roduc t si nt h eL eve l s o fB oke rT ach t i t I X .4 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eF l ake s( af t e r Ma rk sa nd V o lkman , 1 983 ) I X .5 : Mo rpho logy o ft h eB lade s( a f te r Ma rk sa nd V o lkman , 1 983 ) I X .6 : D o r sa l s c a rP a t te rn so ft h eF l ake s( af te r Ma rk s a nd V o lkman , 1 983 ) I X .7 : D o r sa l S ca rP a t te rn so ft h eB lade s( a cco rd ing Ma rk sa nd V o lkman , 1 983 ) I X .8 : T ype so fB u t t so ft h eF l ake s ( a cco rd ing t o Ma rk s a nd V o lkm an , 1 983 ) I X .9 :T ype so fB u t t so ft h eB lade s( a f te r Ma rk s a nd V o lkman , 1 983 ) I X .10 : C o r tex Amoun to fF l ake s( a cco rd ing t o Ma rk sa nd V o lkman , 1 983 ) I X .11 : C or tex Amoun to fB lade s( a cco rd ing t o Ma rk s a nd V o lkm an , 1 983 ) I X .12 : F requen c ie so fT oo lT ype s i nE ach L eve lA cco rd ing t o Ma rk sa nd K aufman ( 1 983 ) I X .13 : F requen c ie so fR e touched B lank sA cco rd ing t o Ma rk sa nd K aufman ( 1 983 )
C hap ter X : C ompar i son b e tween t h eA s semb lage s T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le
X .1 : X .2 : X .3 : X .4 :
F requenc ie so fA r t if ac tT ype s( Too l sa nd n on -Re touched P i e ce s ) i nG roup 1 D imen s ion A ve rage o ft h eC omp le te B lade s o fG roup 1( i n mm ) F requenc ie so fB lade / le t sw i th T race s o fA b ra s ion o nT he i rH anged E dge s i nG roup 1 F requenc ie so fT oo lT ype s i nt h eA lage s o fG roup 1 ssemb
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T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le T ab le
X .5 : F requenc ie so f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo l s i nt h eA semb lage o fG roup 1 s X .6 :F requenc ie so fT ype so fA r t if ac t s( Too l s a nd n on -Re touched P i ece s ) i nG roup 2 X .7 : D imen s ion A ve rage so ft h eC omp le te B lade T oo l so fG roup 2( i n mm ) X .8 : F requenc ie s o fB lade / le t sw i th T race s o fA bra s ion o nT he i rH anged E dge s i nG roup 2 X .9 : F requenc ie so fT oo lT ype si nt h eA semb lage o fG roup 2 s X .10 : F requenc ie so f Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo l sa mong t h eF l ake s a nd B lade s o fG roup 2 X .11 : F requenc ie so fT ype so fA r t if ac t si nG roup 3 X .12 : F requenc ie so fB lade / le t sw i th T race so f Ab ra s ion o nT he i rH anged E dge s i nG roup 3 X .13 : D imen s ion A ve rage so ft h eC omp le te B lade s i nG roup 3 X .14 : F requenc ie s o fT oo lT ype s i nG roup 3 X .15 : F requenc ie so f Mous te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo l sa mong t h eF l ake s a nd B lade s i nG roup 3
L IST OF P LATES P la te I :F l ake c o re t y pe s f r om R aqef e t : 1 :R ecur t c onve rgen t L eva lo i s u n ipo la r c o re f r om R aqef e t V I ; 2 : ren l I R ecur t L eva lo i sb i po la rc o re f r om R aqef e tV ren l I I ;3 :R ecur ren tc en t r ipe ta lL eva l lo i s c o re f r om R aqef e t VI I I; 4 : P seudo L eva l lo i s C o re f r om R aqef e t VI I I; 5 6 : C o re s o n F l ake f r om R aqef e t V I a nd I V , r e spec t ive ly ; 7 : Und if fe ren t ia ted s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm c o re f r om R aqef e t I V . P la te I : B lade c o re t y pe s f r om R aqef e t : 1 :L a te ra l f l ak ing c o re w i th s i ng le s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ( 2 : A l) f r om R aqef e t V I ; 2 : A x ia l f l ak ing c o re w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s ( 2 :B2 ) f r om R aqef e t VI I I; 3 :A x ia l f l ak ing b l ade c o re o nf l ake ( 2 :B2 )f r om R aqef e t VI I I; 4 :A x ia l f l ak ing b l ade c o re ( 2 :B2 ) o nL eva l lo is c o r e f r om R aqef e t V I ; 5 : Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o re w i th a x ia l o ppo sed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ( 2 .C1) f r om R aqef e t V I I ; 6 : Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm c o re w i th a x ia lo ppo sed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ( 2 .C1) f r om R aqef e tV I I . P la te I I : T oo l s f r om R aqef e t : 1 6 : L eva l lo i sP o in t s f r om R aqef e t VI I I-V I ; 7 : Em i reh P o in t f r om R aqef e tV I ; 8 1 0 : S ide sc rape r sf r om R aqef e tV I I -V I . P la te I V : T oo l s f r om R aqef e t : 1 2 : R ac le t te s f r om R aqef e t V I I -V I ; 3 4 : No tche s o n r e touched b l ade s f r om l a ye r s V I ; 5 -6 : D en t icu la ted b l ade s f r om R aqef e t V I ; 7 : R e touched b l ade f r om l a ye r V I , 8 10 : R e touched L eva l lo i sf l ake sf r om l a ye r sV I I IV ; 1 : B ack b l ade f r om l a ye rV I I ; 1 2 : P o in ted b l ade f r om l a ye rV I . P la te V : T oo l s f r om R aqef e t : 1 7 : E nd sc rape r s o n f l ake s a nd b l ade s f r om l a ye r s 8 :T run ca t ion o n L eva l lo i s f l ake f r om l a ye r V I ; 9 : T runca t ion o n r e touched b l ade f r om l a ye r V I I ; 1 0 11 : C ompo s i t e t oo ls ( t runca t ion /no tch a nd d en t icu la te )o nb l ade sf r om l a ye r sV I I -V I ; 1 2 : C ham f e red p i ece f r om l a ye r V I I . P la te V I : T oo l s f r om R aqef e t : 1 2 : B u r in s f r om l a ye r s V I I -V I ; 3 5 : P e rf o ra to r s o nb l ade a nd f l ake s f r om l a yer V I I ; 6 :C ompo s i te t oo l ( p e rf o ra to r /den t icu la te ) o n f l ake f r om l a ye r V I I ; 7 8 : B ack k n ive s o n l a rge b l ade f r om l a ye r sI Va nd V I ; 9 11 : B lade sa nd b l ade le t f r om l a ye r s I V , V I I a nd V I . P la te V I I : C o re t y pe s f r om E l Wad : 1 :R ecur ren t L eva l lo i s u n ipo la r c o re f r om E l Wad F ;2 :R ecur ren t b i po la r L eva l lo i sc o re f r om E l Wad F ;3 -4 : R ecur ren tc en t r ipe ta l L eva l lo i s c o re s f r om E l Wad G a nd F ,r e spec t ive ly ; 5 : A x ia l b l ade c o re w i th s i ng le s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ( 2 .A2 ) f r om E l Wad F ;6 :Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm b l ade c o re w i th a x ia lf l ak ing o ppo sed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ( 2 .C1) f r om E l Wad F . I I l l P la te V I : T oo l sf r om E l Wad : 1a nd 2 :P o in te L eva lo i s f r om E l Wad G ; 3 :P o in te L eva lo i s f r om E l Wad F ; 4 :R ac le t te f r om E l Wad G ; 5 :D en t icu la te o nl a rge b l ade f r om E l Wad G ; 6 :R e touched L eva l lo is f l ake f r om E l Wad F ;7 :R e touched b l ade f r om E l Wad G ; 8 :O b l ique t r unca t ion o nb l ade f r om E l Wad G ; 9 :E nd sc rape r o n l l L eva lo i sf l ake f r om E l Wad G ; 1 0 :P e rf o ra to ro nr e touched L eva lo i s f l ake f r om E l Wad G . P la te I X : C o re t y pe s f r om Em i reh : 1 :P ref e ren t ia l L eva l lo i s f l ake c o re ; 2 :R ecur ren t c en t r ipe ta l L eva l lo i s c o re ; 3 : S em i -py ram ida lb l ade c o re ;4 :A x ia l f l ak ing b l ade c o re w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s ( 2 :B2 ) ; 5a nd 6 : Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm b l ade c o re w i th a x ia l f l ak ing o ppo sed t ol a te ra l f l ak ing ( 2 .C1) ; 7 :L a te ra lf l ak ing c o re w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ( 2 .B1) l l P la te X : T oo l s f r om Em i reh : 1 2 a nd 1 : L eva lo i s P o in t ; 3 : No tche s o n L eva lo is f l ake ; 4 :O b l ique t r un ca t ion l o nl a rge b l ade ; 5 : No tch o nr e touched L eva lo is b l ade ; 6 :B ack k n if e ; 7 :T runca ted b l ade ; 8 :P e rf o ra to ro nf l ake ;
1 94
9 :P o in ted b l ade ( E l Wad ) ; 1 0 : R e touched b l ade le t ; 1 2 : R e touched b l ade ; 1 3 : L eva l lo is P o in t o n b l ade ; 1 4 : P o in ted b l ade le t P la te X I : C o re a nd T oo l s f r om K eba ra E : 1 : Sem i -py ram ida lb l ade c o re ( 2 .A 1) ; 2 :L a te ra l f l ak ing c o re w i th o ne s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ( 2 .A2 ) ; 3 :R ecur ren t u n ipo la r L eva l lo i s c o re ; 4 : R e touched b l ade ; 5 : Mou s te r ian P o in t ; 6 : P e rf o ra to r ; 7 :L eva l lo i sP o in t . P la te X I I : C o re sa nd T oo l sf r om Q af zeh F : 1 : Recur ren tu n ipo la rL eva l lo i s c o re o nf l ake ; 2 :O ve r sho t L eva l lo is f l ake , w h ich h a sb een d e r ived f r om ap ref e ren t ia l L eva l lo i s c o r e ; 3 :E nd -sc rape ro nb l ade ; 4 :A x ia l -f lak ing c o re w i th s i ng le s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ( 2 :A2 ) ; 5 : r e touched b l ade ; 6 :L eva l lo i s P o in t s ; 7 : B u r in o n c o r t ica l b l ade ; 8 : D en t icu la ted l a rge b l ade ;9 :S i de sc rape ro nL eva l lo i sf l ake ; 1 0 : B lade ; 1 : L eva l lo i s F lake . P la te X I I I : C o re s a nd T oo l s f r om Q af zeh E a nd D : 1 :A x ia l b l ade c o re w i th s i ng le s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm ( 2 .A2 ) f r om Q af zeh D ; 2 :A x ia l b l ade c o r e w i th t wo o ppo sed s t r ik ing p l a tf o rm s ( 2 .B2 ) f r om Q af zeh E ; 3 :P y ram ida l c o re ( 2 .A3 ) f r om Q af zeh E ; 4 : Two t w i s ted o ppo sed p l a tf o rm b l ade c o re ( 2 .C1) f r om Q af zeh E ; 5 :R e touched L eva l lo i sf l ake f r om Q af zeh E ;6 :L eva l lo i sP o in t f r om Q af zeh D ; 7 :N o tche s o nL eva l lo i s f l ake f r om Q af zeh E ; 8 :L eva l lo i s f l ake f r om Q af zeh E . P la te X IV : T oo l s f r om Q af zeh E a nd D : 1 2 : Em i reh P o in t s f r om Q af zeh E ; 3 : S ide -sc rape r o n f l ake f r om Q af zeh E ,4 :E nd sc rape ro nc o r t ica lf l ake f r om Q af zeh D ; 5 :E nd sc rape r o nb l ade f r om Q af zeh E ; 6 :B u r in o n f l ak e f r om Q af zeh D ; 7 8 : R e touched b l ade a nd P o in ted b l ade f r om Q af zeh D , 9 :B lade f r om Q af zeh E ; 1 0 : B lade le tf r om Q af zeh D ; 1 : C re s ted b l ade ( l aye rE )
1 95
APPEND IX l P e r cen tage su sed i nF igu r es 6 10 , a sw e l a si nF i gu r e 1 : D endrog ram o ft h e JMP C lus te rA na ly s is , a nd i nF igu re 1 2 : P r inc ipa l U nsea led c omponen t so ft h e Mu l t iva r iab le a na ly s is S ITES
l L eva lo is
F l ake s
B lade s
T o ta l
E l Wad G
5 0 .2
2 0 .6
2 9 .2
1 80
E l Wad F
5 2 .8
1 2 .2
3 5 .0
1 99
Qa f zeh F
5 1 .4
1 7 .4
3 1 .2
1 09
I I R aqef e t VI
3 1 .8
4 1 .9
2 6 .2
2 67 2 366
I R aqef e tV I
2 1 .6
5 0 .5
2 7 .9
R aqef e tV I
1 9 .5
4 7 . 1
3 3 .4
9 43
R aqef e t I V
1 3 .5
4 7 .6
3 9 .0
6 39
K eba r aE
1 .0
2 9 .4
5 9 .6
1 09
Em ireh
1 5 .5
1 5 .7
6 8 .8
5 68
K sa rA k i l XXV
1 2 .3
3 9 .0
4 8 .7
1 54
K sa rA k i l XX IV
1 3 .1
2 0 .6
6 6 .3
1 99
I I K sa rA k i l XX I
1 0 .9
2 0 .5
6 8 .6
2 29
I K sa rA k i l XX I
1 0
1 8 .3
7 1 .7
1 068
K sa rA k i l XX I
9 . 1
2 1 .1
6 9 .8
3 08
K sa rA k i l XX
3 . 8
2 9 .5
6 6 .7
7 8
K sa rA k i lX IX
2 . 1
1 5 .1
8 2 .8
1 46
K sa rA k i l XV I I I
3 . 6
3 0 .6
6 5 .7
11
K sa rA k i l XV I I
1 . 8
2 8 .6
6 9 .6
3 99
K sa rA k i l XV I
1 . 6
1 2 .6
8 5 .8
2 47
Q af zeh E
3 . 3
1 0 .5
8 6 .2
1 020
Q af zeh D
5 . 1
1 6 .5
7 8 .5
7 9
B oke rT a ch t i tI
0 . 0
5 .2
4 4 .8
3 80 1
B oke rT a ch t i tI
0 . 0
6 6 .0
3 4 .0
7 893
B oke rT ach t i t I I
0 . 0
5 8 .2
4 1 .8
1 8 14
f 2 .F r equenc ie so ft h e B lad e sa nd B lade le t s( Too ls a nd D eb i tag e ) i nt h eD if e r en tA ssemb lag e s ( P e rcen tag es u sed i nF igu r e 1 2 ) S ITES E l Wad F
B lade s
B lade le t s
Numbe r
9 3 .7
6 . 3
6 3 3 4
Q af zeh F
9 7 . 1
2 .9
I I R aqef e t VI
9 5 .7
4 . 3
7 0
I R aqef e t V I
9 2 .9
7 . 1
6 6 1
R aqef e t V I
9 2 .0
8 . 0
3 15
R aqef e t I V
7 8 .7
2 1 .3
2 49
K eba ra E
7 6 .9
2 3 . 1
6 5
Em ir eh
7 8 .2
2 1 .8
1 4 1
KA XXV
1 00 .0
0 .0
7 5
KA XX IV
9 7 .7
2 . 3
1 32
I I KA XX I
9 3 .0
7 . 0
1 57
I KA XX I
9 2 .9
7 . 1
7 64 2 15
KA XX I
9 0 .2
9 . 8
KA XX
8 3 .3
1 6 .7
5 2
KA X IX
8 4 .8
1 5 .2
1 2 1
I I KA XV I
7 8 .9
2 1 .1
7 3
I KA XV I
7 7 .3
2 2 .7
2 78 2 12
KA XV I
8 3 .6
1 6 .4
Q af z eh E
8 8 .0
1 2 .0
8 79
Q af z eh D
7 7 .4
2 2 .6
6 2
B oke rT I
1 00 .0
0 .0
1 655
B oke r TI
1 00 .0
0 .0
2 595
l B oke rT I l
1 00 .0
0 .0
7 44
1 96
l fe 3 .F r equenc ie so fL eva lo is C o r e s , B lade C o r e sa nd F l ake C o r e si nt h e D if ren tA s semb lage s ( Pe rc en tag eu sed i nF igu re s 7a nd 1 2 ) S ITES
l L eva lo is C o r e s
B lade s C o re s
Numbe r
F lake s C o re s
E l Wad G
9 6
4
0
5 0
E l Wad F
7 0
2 7 .1
2 .9
6 8
R aqef e t VI I I
3 3 .3
4 2 .9
2 3 .8
2 1
I R aq ef e tV I
2 5 .3
4 2 .5
3 2 .2
1 46
R aqef e tV I
3 5
4 3 .3
2 1 .7
6 0
R aq ef e t I V
1 3
6 5 .2
2 1 .7
2 3
K eba ra E
4 . 5
9 0 .9
4 . 5
2 2
Em i reh
4 2 . 1
4 7 .4
1 0 .5
3 8
KA XXV
1 8 .2
7 7 .3
4 . 1
2 2
KA XX IV
1 5 .6
8 0
4 . 4
4 5
I I KA XX I
8
8 6 .6
5 . 4
12
I KA XXI
1 4 .7
7 7 .2
8 . 1
1 36 2 0
KA XX I
5
8 5
2
KA XX
1 . 1
9 6 .6
2 . 3
8 8
KA X IX
4 . 7
8 5 .2
1 0 .2
1 28
I I KA XV I
2 . 4
9 0 .2
7 . 3
4 1
I KA XVI
1 . 1
9 7
1 . 9
2 67
KA XV I
8 . 5
7 2 .9
1 8 .6
5 9 4 8
Q af z eh E
6 . 2
8 5 .4
8 . 3
B oke rT I
0
1 00
0
1 5
B oke r T1
0
1 00
0
1 03
I I B oke r TI
0
1 00
0
3 0
o s 4 .F r equenc ies o ft h e Mou s te r ian a nd U ppe rP a leo l i th ic t o ls i nt h e D if e ren tA semb lag es ( Pe r cen tage u sed i nF igu r e s6 ,1a nd 1 2 ) S ITES
Mou s te r ian T oo ls
U ppe rP a leo l i th ic T oo ls
T o ta l
E l Wad G
8 7 .6
1 2 .4
13 1 0 1
E l Wad F
8 . 1
1 .9
Q af z eh F
7 1 .2
2 8 .8
6 6
I I R aqef e t VI
7 2 .3
2 7 .7
1 30
I R aqef e tV I
6 8 .5
3 1 .5
1 028
R aqef e tV I
7 0 .4
2 9 .4
3 35
R aqef e tI V
5 8 .8
4 1 .2
1 87
K eba ra E
2 5 .9
7 4 . 1
8 1
Em ir eh
4 6 .3
5 3 .7
2 27
KA XXV
1 3 .9
8 6 .1
3 6
KA XX IV
3 .3
6 6 .7
4 8
I I KA XX I
7 . 3
9 2 .7
2 2 1
I KA XXI
5 . 2
9 4 .8
1 260 4 95
KA XX I
9
9 1
KA XX
4 . 2
9 5 .8
8 65
KA X IX
4 . 3
9 5 .7
5 49
I I KA XV I
7 . 5
9 2 .5
2 55
I KA XV I
4 . 3
9 5 .7
1 446
KA XV I
6 . 5
9 3 .5
3 22
Q af z eh E
1 5 .7
8 4 .3
4 07
Q af zeh D
3 6 .4
6 3 .6
3 6
B oke rT I
7 0 .8
2 9 .2
7 2
B ake r TI
5 3 .2
4 6 .8
1 88
I I B oke r TI
8 5 .0
1 5 .0
2 0
1 97
l o s emb 5 .F r equenc ies o fL eva lo is T oo ls , F l ake t o ls a nd B lade T oo ls i nt h e D if f e r en t As lage s ( Pe r cen tag eu sed i nF igu re 1 2 ) S ITES
l L eva lo is
F lake s
B lad e s
Numbe r
E l Wad G
6 0 .3
8 . 1
3 1 .7
1 36
E l Wad F
5 8 .1
6 . 6
3 5 .3
1 36
Q af zeh F
5 6 .5
1 4 .5
2 8 .9
6 9
I I R aqef e t VI
3 9 .5
3 1 .7
2 8 .7
2 05
I R aqef e tV I
2 6 .6
4 2 .3
3 1 .2
1 86 1
R aqef e tV I
2 5 . 1
3 8 .2
3 5 .3
6 57
R aqef e tI V
2 5 .3
3 9 .8
3 4 .9
3 04
K eba r aE
1 .0
3 1 .0
5 8 .0
1 00
Em ireh
2 4 .1
1 9 .7
5 6 .2
3 20
KA XXV
1 8 .2
3 3 .8
4 8 . 1
7 7
KA XX IV
2 6 .7
2 5 .3
4 8 .0
1 50
I I KA XX I
2 4 .8
2 4 .8
5 0 .5
1 0 1
I KA XX I
1 3 .2
2 4 .8
6 2 .0
7 26
KA XX I
8 . 6
3 0 .3
6 1 .0
2 90
KA XX
3 .6
4 0 .0
5 6 .3
5 5
KA X IX
5 . 4
2 3 .2
7 1 .4
5 6
I I KA XV I
2 .9
3 2 .4
6 4 .8
1 05
I KA XV I
3 . 9
3 2 .3
6 3 .8
1 27
KA XV I
2 . 4
1 0 .8
8 6 .7
8 3
Q af z eh E
1 . 7
1 0 .9
8 7 .5
4 14
Q af zeh D
5 . 4
2 7 .0
6 7 .6
3 7
B oke rT I
0 . 0
4 0 .0
6 0 .0
8 0
B oke r TI
0 . 0
5 3 .2
4 6 .8
1 90
I I B oke r TI
0 . 0
3 4 .8
6 5 .2
2 3
t s 6 .F r equenc ie s o fT ype so fB u t s o ft h e B lade / le t s( Too ls a nd D eb i tage )i nt h e A semb lage s ( Pe rcen tag eu sed i nF igu re s 9a nd 1 2 ) F ace ted , D ihed ra l
P l a in
P unc t if o rm , L inea r
Numbe r
E l Wad G
6 7 .3
3 2 .7
0 . 0
4 9
E i Wad F
4 7 .4
5 0 .9
1 . 7
5 7
Q af zeh F
5 1 .7
4 4 .8
3 . 4
2 9
S ITES
I I R aqef e t VI
5 8 .4
3 8 .9
2 . 8
3 6
I R aqef e tV I
4 6 .0
4 6 .6
7 . 4
3 50
R aqef e tV I
3 5 .0
5 6 .0
9 . 0
1 34
R aqef e tI V
1 7 .4
5 9 .4
2 3 .2
1 38
Em ireh
1 2 .3
7 0 .8
1 6 .9
1 95
KA XXV
6 0 .0
4 0 .0
0 . 0
7 0
KA XX IV
5 2 .0
4 8 .0
0 . 0
1 27
I I KA XX I
5 2 .4
4 2 .8
4 . 8
1 45
I KA XX I
5 2 .0
4 4 .8
3 . 3
7 06
KA XX I
4 0 .3
5 5 . 1
4 . 6
1 96
KA XX
3 1 .9
4 8 .9
1 9 .1
4 7
KA X IX
3 5 .3
4 8 .7
1 5 .9
13
I I KA XV I
2 5 .8
3 3 .9
4 0 .3
6 2
I KA XV I
1 4 .2
4 0 .7
4 5 .1
2 53
KA XV I
2 5 .9
4 3 .4
3 0 .7
1 89 1 65
Q af zeh E
1 2 .7
7 2 . 1
1 5 .2
Q af zeh D
4 . 2
7 2 .9
2 2 .9
4 8
B oke rT I
6 6 .0
4 4 .0
0 . 0
1 82
B oke r TI
5 7 .4
4 2 .6
0 . 0
8 31
I I B oke r TI
6 3 .9
3 6 .1
0 . 0
8 5
1 98
7 .W id th a nd T h icknes ve r ag e so ft he B lade si nt h eD if e r en tA semb lage s s A f s ( Pe r cen tage u s ed i nF igu re s 1 0a nd 1 2 ) S ITES
W id th
T h icknes s
T o ta l
E l Wad G
3 2 .4
1 0 .2
3 3
E l Wad F
2 7 .9
1 0 .1
3 2
Q af zeh F
2 7 .2
9 . 4
3 0
R a c ief e t VI I I
2 4 .7
1 3 .0
3 0
R a c ief e tV I I
2 4 .4
1 0 .9
10 6 6
R a c ief e tV I
2 1 .2
9 . 1
R agef e tI V
2 1 .1
8 . 3
5 8
K eba r aE
1 8 .8
6 . 4
4 3
Em ireh
2 4 .3
8 . 1
1 28
KA XXV
2 .1 2
9 . 8
5 5
KA XX IV
2 .4 2
8 . 0
9 8
KA XX I I I
2 1 .8
7 . 9
1 23
KA XXI I
2 .0 2
8 . 3
1 50
KA XX I
2 1 .5
8 . 2
1 62
KA XX
2 1 .9
8 . 2
4 6 15
KA X IX
1 9 .5
7 . 2
KA XV I I I
1 9 .4
6 . 9
6 4
KA XV I I
1 8 .6
6 . 4
2 44
KA XV I
1 9 .1
6 . 7
1 2 1
Q af zeh E
1 9 .7
7 . 1
17
Q af zeh D
1 5 .9
5 . 8
5 2
B oke rT 1
2 0 .2
7 . 0
5 0
B oke r TI
1 8 .8
6 . 8
5 0
B oke r TI I I
1 8 .5
6 . 9
5 0