A Gazetteer of Archaeological Sites in Lesbos 9780860548041, 9781407349299

Table of contents :
Cover
Copyright
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS AND SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
INTRODUCTION
GAZETTEER OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN LESBOS
Appendix I: EPIGRAPHICALLY-ATTESTED SITES IN LESBOS
Appendix II: THE LESBIAN STYLE OF POLYGONAL MASONRY
ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF SITES
CHRONOLOGICAL INDEX OF SITES
FIGURES

Citation preview

A Gazetteer of Archaeological Sites in Lesbos Nigel Spencer

BAR International Series· 623 1995

Published in 2019 by BAR Publishing, Oxford BAR International Series 623 A Gazetteer of Archaeological Sites in Lesbos © Nigel Spencer and the Publisher 1995 The author’s moral rights under the 1988 UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act are hereby expressly asserted. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be copied, reproduced, stored, sold, distributed, scanned, saved in any form of digital format or transmitted in any form digitally, without the written permission of the Publisher. ISBN 9780860548041 paperback ISBN 9781407349299 e-book DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9780860548041 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library This book is available at www.barpublishing.com BAR Publishing is the trading name of British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd. British Archaeological Reports was first incorporated in 1974 to publish the BAR Series, International and British. In 1992 Hadrian Books Ltd became part of the BAR group. This volume was originally published by Tempvs Reparatvm in conjunction with British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd / Hadrian Books Ltd, the Series principal publisher, in 1995. This present volume is published by BAR Publishing, 2019.

BAR

PUBLISHING BAR titles are available from:

E MAIL P HONE F AX

BAR Publishing 122 Banbury Rd, Oxford, OX2 7BP, UK [email protected] +44 (0)1865 310431 +44 (0)1865 316916 www.barpublishing.com

T o m yp ar en t s

TABLE OF CONTENTS

A cknow ledgemen ts

i

Abb rev ia t ions a nd S e lec t B ib l iog raphy

i v

L is t

v i i i

o f

I l lus tra t ions

C hap t e r 1 :

I n t roduc t ion 1 . 1 : P rev iou s a r chaeo log ica l r e sea r ch i n L e sbo s 1 . 2 : T he a im a nd c on ten t s o f t h e v o lume

1 1 2

C hap te r2 :

Gaze t tee r o f A r chaeo log ica l S i te s i n L esbos 2 . 1 : K ey 2 . 2 : S i te G aze t teer

4 4 4

A ppend ix 1 :

E p ig raph ica l ly -a t tes ted s i tes i n L esbos 1 . 1 : I n t roduc t ion 1 . 2 : S i te G aze t teer

5 1 5 1 5 1

A ppend ix 2 :

T he L e sb ian s t y le o f p o lygona l ma son ry 2 . 1 : I n t roduc t ion 2 . 2 : T he L esb ian m a son ry w a l l s o ft h e t owe r s a nd e nc lo su r e s 2 . 3 : T he L e sb ian m a son ry w al sa tt h ep o l i sc en t r e sa nd a tK loped i 2 . 4 : P rob lem s o f s equence i nt h e L e sb ian m a son ry w a l l s 2 . 5 : T he d a t ing o f L e sb ian m a son ry w a l l s i n L e sbo s

5 3 5 3 5 6 5 8 6 0 6 1

I nd ice s :

I nd ex 1 : I ndex 2 :

6 5 6 8

A lphabe t ica l I ndex o f S i tes C h rono log ica l I ndex o f S i te s

F igu res

a t e nd

1

ACKNO WLEDGE MENTS T he i n i t ia l r e sea rch f o rt h i s v o lume w a sc a r r ied o u td u r ing at h r ee -yea rB r i t i sh A cademy Ma jo r S t a te S t uden t sh ip i nt h e D epa r tmen to fC la s s ic sa tK ing 's C olege L ondon ( 1 988 -1991 )w he r em yd o c to r a lt h e s i s ( A s ty a nd c hora i nE a r ly L e sbo s ) w a sc omp le t ed i n1 993 . F o rh e lp a nd g u idance w i th t h et h e s i s t h ank sa r ed ue t om y s upe r v i so rP ro f . J ohn B a r ron a nd t o P ro f . S u san A lcock . S ub sequen t w o rk w a s c on t inued f i r s t d u r ing my y ea r a sR e sea r ch O f f ice r f o r t h e P y lo s R eg iona l A r chaeo log i ca l P ro je c t a tR ead ing U n ive r s i ty ( 1 991 -1992 ) , a nd t h en ( f rom 1 993 ) a s aB r i t i sh A cademy P o s tdo c to ra l R e sea r ch F elow ( g ene rou s ly f u nd ed b yS wan H e l len i c /P&O )a tt h eI n s t i tu te o fA r chaeo logy ,O x fo rd . A dd i t iona lf u nd ing w a s o f f e red b y t h e D ove r F und o f t h e H e l len ic S oc ie ty ( i n 1 993 ) i no rde r t os t udy a spe c t s o ft h e i s land 's e p ig raphy ( p r es en ted h e r ei nA ppend ix 1 ) . Ia mg r a te fu lt ob o th K ing 's C o l lege a nd t h eB r i t i sh A cad emy f o ra l low ing m es t udy l e ave t oc on t inue m y r e sea r ch i nA then s f r om Ma r ch 1 989 -Ap r i l 1 991 . T h i s a l lowed m e t ou se t h e e xce l len tf a c i l i t ie s a tt h e B r i t i sh S choo li nA then sa nd t oh ave a c ce s st ot h ec o l lec t ion si nt h eo t he rf o r e ign s c hoo l si nA then sa sw el . F o ri lu s t ra t ive m a te r ia li nt h i sv o lume g r a te f u lt h ank sa r ed ue t ot h ef o l low ing b od ie sa nd i n d iv idua l s . F ig . 1w a sd r awn b yP am S chau s . F ig s . 1 6a nd 2 8 w e r er e p rodu ced b yp e rm i s s ion o fD r . Ma id sA x io t i s ,f i g . 1 7c ou r te sy o fP ro f . D r . H an sG ün te r B uchho lz , f i g s . 1 8 a nd 3 1 a r e f r om t h e W in i f red L amb a r ch ive o ft h e B r i t i sh S choo l a tA then s , a nd f i g . 3 0 r e p roduced b yp e rm i s s ion f r om V e r lag P h i l ipp v on Z abe rn ( Ma inz ) . T he p ho tog raph ic w o rk f o rf i g s . 1 6 -32 w a sc a r r ied o u t b yB ob W i lk in sa nd J enn ie L owe a tt h eI n s t i tu te o fA r chaeo logy i nO x fo rd . I nL e sbo s ap e rm i tt ov i s i tk nown a r cha eo log ica l s i te s a nd s t udy t o pog r aph ica lp r ob lems w a sg r an ted i n1 990 b y M r s .A . A r chon t idou -A rgy r i ,E pho ro ft h e 1 0 th E pho r e ia o fP r eh i s to r i ca nd C la s s ica lA n t iqu i t ie s . Iw ou ld l i ke t oa cknow ledge t h e c oope ra t ion o fM r s .A r chon t idou -A rgy r ia nd M r s .L il ian A che i la r a ,b o th f o ra low ing m et oc a r ry o u t my w o rk a nd a l so f o r m any s t imu la t ing c onve r sa t ion sc once rn ing t h ea r chaeo logy o ft h ei s land . O ft h ea r chaeo log i ca ls e rv ice t e am b a sed i nt h e i s land ,t h ank sa r ea l so d ue t ot h ef olow ing f o ra l t h e i ri n fo rma t ion a nd a dv ice :E len iB ombou la id i n Me thymna , B a s i le io s K a la i tz i sa t Me s sa , K o s ta s S apka s a tK lop ed ia nd S ophok l i sR oumel io t i sa tS ka la E re sou . T o M r . K a la i tz i s Imu s t g i ve s pe c ia lt h ank sf o rr e ad i ly p u t t ing a tm yd i spo sa lh i sc on s ide rab le k now ledge o fm any s i te si nt h ei s land . I n a dd i t ion t ot h e se p eop le , o t he r s i nt h e i s land h ave g i ven g r ea t a s s i s tance t ot h e c omp le t ion o ft h e w o rk . F o remo s t a mong t h e se i sD r . Ma id s A x io t i s w ho d i scu ss ed d e ta i l s o fh i s e x ten s ive a nd t h o rough s u rvey w o rk i nt h e i s land a nd g ene rous ly a l lowed m e t o r ep roduce i lu s t ra t ions f r om h i s o wn s t udy o f t h e i s land 's h i s to ry a nd a r chaeo logy C U E -p r raT A P rag T r , A e la / 30 . D u r ing m y r e sea r ch Ih ave a l so b enef i t ted f r om u se fu l d i scu s s ion s w i th M r . M i l t i s P a ra skeua id i s , ad i s t ingu i shed s c ho la ro ft h ei s land 's a r chaeo logy . D ebo rah R u s c i l lo h e lped i nt h ec omp le t ion o ft h ew o rk b y c heck ing s pec i f ic p o in t s i nl o ca l n ew spape r s a nd o t he r w o rk s i n My t i lene l i b ra ry d u r ing 1 994 -1995 . M icha i l i s B a th rokou l i s ,t h ef o rme rm ayo ro fS ka lo cho r i ,f u rn i shed m ew i th m uch l o ca ls ou r ce m a te r ia lf o rt h ea r ea o fS ka locho r i ,a nd M r . S tamo s S t ephanou i n My t i lene k i nd ly s howed t om e h i s e x ten s ive c o l le c t ion o f c a s t s o f A r cha ic a nd C la s s ica l My t i lenean c o in s . Iw ou ld a l so l i ke t op u t o n r e co rd t h e e x t r eme k i ndne s s s hown t om e b y m any v i l lage r s d u r ing m y n ume rou s v i s i t s t oL e sbo s w h ich m ean t t h a t v i s i t s t os i te s o t he rw i se d i ff i cu l t t or e a ch w i th p ub l ic t r an spo r t ( s uch a s a n c ien tA nü s sa )w e r em ade b o th e a s ie ra nd m uch m o r ee n joyab le . S i nce re t h ank sa r ed ue t ot h ew ho l eC anad ian t e am i n vo lved i nt h ee xcava t ion si n My t i lene t own f r om 1 989 o nwa rd su nd e r t h ed i rec to r sh ip o fP ro f . H ec to rW il iam s ( Un ive r s i ty o fB r i t i sh C o lumb ia ) . B o th h ea nd P ro f . C a ro l ine W i l l iams a lway s m ade a va i lab le t om e t h e i r f i nd s w i th in t h e i s land , p u t t ing t h e i r g r ea t k now ledge o ft h e a r chaeo logy o fL e sbo s a tm y d i spo sa l . It h ank t h em e sp e c ia l ly f o rt h ef r eedom t ol o ok a tu npub l i shed f i nd sf r om t h e i re xcava t ion sa nd r e ad r epo r t so f t h e i r w o rk i na dvance o fp ubl i ca t ion . P ro f . H e c to r W i l l iam s a l so o f f e r ed t r an s la t ion s f o r T u rk i sh w o rd s . P ro f . G e r ry S chau s ( W i l f r id L au r ie rU n ive r s i ty ) g ene rou s ly s ha r ed h i s d e ta i led k now ledge o ft h e w e s tp a r to ft h e i s land . Ia m a l so g r a te f u lt oD r .G ran tH ead ( W i l f r id L au r ie rU n ive r s i ty )f o rm any u s e fu ld i s cu s s ion so n t h eg eo logy a nd t o pog raphy o ft h e v a l ley o fE r eso s . D r . Ma ch ie l K ie l ( U t r e ch tU n ive r s i ty ) k i nd ly d i scu s sed d e ta i l s o fh i s r e sea r ch i n to L e sbo s d u r ing t h e T ou rkok ra t ia a nd c ommun ica ted t om et h ev i ew so fD r . D im i t s i sN . K a r id i s ( A then sP o ly techn i c U n ive r s i ty )a nd D r . D r . H edda R e ind l -K ie lo nt h es ame p e r iod o fh i s to ry . P ro f . D r . Wo l f gang S ch ie r ing a nd M r . F ede r ico U t i l i ( Un ive r s i ty o f Mannhe im ) p rov ided i n fo rma t ion r e ga rd ing t h e e x cava t ions o f J ohanne s B oeh lau a tP y r rha . Ia m a l so v e ry g r a t efu l t oP ro f . D r . S ch ie r ing , Mr . U t i l i a nd C h r i s to f B oeh r inge r ( Gö t t ingen A r chaeo log ica l I n s t i tu te ) f o rp rov id ing m e w i th s l ide s o fu npub l i shed m a te r ia l f r om B oeh lau 's e xcava t ion s , n ow s t o red i nG ö t t ingen ,a nd f o re xam in ing t h eG ö t t ingen a r ch ive so n m y b eha l f . P ro f . D r . K . F i t t schen a t t h eG e rman A r cha eo log ica lI n s t i tu te ( DA I )k i nd ly g r an ted m ep e rm i s s ion t oe xam ine t h es he rd c o l le c t ion o fm a te r ia lf r om t h ei s land a nd D r . Ma r t in K r eeb s upe rv is ed m yv i s i ti n Ma r ch -Ap r i l 1 995 ,p a t ien t ly a n swe r ing a ny q ue s t ion sw h ich a r o se . Im u s ta l so t h ank t h e B r i t i sh S choo l a tA then s f o ra low ing a c ce s s t ot h ea r ch ive o fu npub l i shed m a te r ia l f r om W in i f red L amb 's e xcava t ion sa tT he rm i ,A n t i s sa a nd Me thymna . O ft h es t a f fa nd f o rme rs t uden t sa tt h eB r i t i sh S choo lw i th w hom I d i scu s sed p a r t icu la r p o in t s , It h ank D r . J an S ande r s ( D i re c to r , B eave r C o l lege ) , D r . G uy S ande r s ( f o rme r A ss i s tan t

1

D i r ec to r ) ,D r .L in F oxha l l ( Le ice s te rU n ive r s i ty ) ,D r .G raham S h ip ley ( Le ice s te rU n ive r s i ty ) ,M r . R i cha rd C a tl ing ( Ox fo rd U n ive r s i ty ) , D r . E r ic I v i son ( Dumba r ton O ak s ) , M r . G raham J oyne r ( M cQua r i e U n ive r s i ty ) , D r . J ane F ranc i s ( Conco rd ia U n ive r s i ty ) , D r . P h i l ip B ake r ( Br igh ton U n ive r s i ty ) , M i s s . C a the r ine D ye r ( London U n ive r s i ty ) a nd D r . Y ap rak E ran ( Br i t i sh I n s t i tu te o fA r chaeo logy a tA nka r a ) . D r . S u san S he r r a t t( A shmo lean Mus eum ,O x fo rd ) a nd M r . Me rvyn P opham ( Ox fo rd U n ive r s i ty ) h e lp ed c l a r i fy t h ep r ec i se n a tu r eo ft h eM idd le B ronze A ge p o t te ry f r om P e rama ( s i te 5 4 ) . B o th M r . C ha r le s Wa tk inson ( Oxbow B ook s ) a nd a l so m y m o the r k i nd ly r e ad t h rough t h e m anus cr ip t a ts ho r t n o t ice a nd m ade n ume rou sp e r cep t ive c ommen t sw h ich i mp roved t h et e x ti mmea su rab ly . T hank s a r e d ue t oD r . R icha rd J one s( f o rme rD i re c to ro ft h eF i t ch L abo ra to r y ) f o ra ni n t roduc t ion t ot h ep o t te ry s t o red i n t h es h e rd a r ch ive o ft h el a bo ra to r ya nd a l so t oD r .I a n Wh i tb read ( D i r e c to ro ft h eF i t ch L abo ra to ry )a nd D r . S a rah V aughan f o ri n fo rma t ion o nt h e g eo logy a nd p e t ro logy o fL e sbo s . F i na l ly , Iw ou ld h ave g a ined h a rd ly a ny o ft h e i n fo rma t ion w h ich Id i d i nL e sbo s w i thou t ab a s ic u nde r s tand ing o ft h e m odem G r eek l a nguage . F o rt h e l a t t e r Ih ave t ot h ank t h ee t e rna l p a t ience o fm y t e a che r s M i s s . L i l ian P hana r a a nd h e r m o the rM r s .P anag io ta P hana ra .

I n s t i tu te o fA r chaeo logy ,O x fo rd . J une 1 995 .

1 1

ABBREV IATIONS AND S ELECT B IBLIOGRAPHY T he a bb rev ia t ion s u sed t h roughou tt h e t e x t ( i nc lud ing t h ea ppend i ce s ) f o rj o u rna l sa nd s e r ie sa r e g i ven h e re t o ge the rw i th t h o se e mp loyed f o rs pe c if i cb ook sa nd a r t i c le st ow h ich r e f e r en ce i sm ade o nm o r e t h an o ne o cca s ion . T h i s s e cond p a r to f t h ea bb r ev ia t ion s l i s ta l so s e r ve sa s as e lec tb i b l iog raphy f o rt h ev o lume . A bb r ev ia t ion so ft h en ame sa nd w o rk so fa nc ien t a u tho r sc o r re spond t ot h o se l i s ted i nt h e i n t roduc t ion t oL SJ .

J ourna ls /Ser ies AA AAA A r chDe l t AE A JA AK AM A nnua r io AR BCH B SA B Z G IG EMC E rgon I G i s t. M i t t . J HS K l io L e sb iaka L SJ

A r chäo log i s che A nz e ige r A then s A nna l so fA r cha eo logy ( A pxa xoXoy tKä d t v c iXoc ra

A er ivi t . )v )

'A pxa toXo rKöv AEÄTiOV A pxa toXo rK i ) ' Ee l L Ep ig

Ame r i can J ou rna lo fA r cha eo logy A n t ike K un s t M i t te i lungen d e sD eu t s chen A r chäo log is chen I n s t i t u t s ,A then i s che A b te i lung A nnua r io d e l la S cuo la a r cheo log ica d iA tene ed e l le M i s s ion ii t al iane i nO r ien te A r cha eo log i ca lR epo r t s( s upp lemen tt oJ HS ) B ule t in d eC o r r e spond an ce H elen ique A nnua lo ft h eB r i t i sh S choo la tA then s B yzan t in i s che Z e i tung B o e ckh ,A .( e d . ) ,C orpu sI n s cr ip t ion u mG r ae car um ( Be rl in :O ff i c ina A cadem ica , 1 828 -77 ) E cho sd um onde c l a s s ique . C la s s ica lV iew s " Epyov T f ig

PAA P AE RE T APA

A pxa toXoyud is .

ETa tpdag

I n s c r ip t ione sG ra e ca e( Be r l in 1 8 73 ) I s tanbu le rM i t te i lungen J ou rna lo fH e l len ic S t ud i e s K i lo . B e i t räge z u ra l ten G e s ch i ch t e äEÄ T COV

Tf i g -

' E Ta tpc iag A Eaß taKC iv ME X e r i 3v

L iddel , H . G . , S co t t , R . ( e d s . ) , AG reek -Eng l i sh L ex icon ( r ev . e d .J one s , H . S . ; s upp . ,O x fo rd , 1 968 ) . p aKT tKö t Tf i g AKa iST )p .iag I l paKT IKä Tf lg E V Mh ivong

AOT IV6 3V

A pxa toXo rKf ig

' E Ta tpc iag

P au ly -W i s sowa ,R ea l -En cyc lopäd ie d e rk l a s s i s chen A l te r tum sw i ss en s cha f t( S tu t tga r t , 1 894 ) T ransa c t ion so ft h e Ame r ican P h i lo log ica lA s so c ia t ion

S pec ia l a bbrev ia t ions a nd S e lec t B ib l iography A che i la r aa nd A r chon t idou A rgy r i , 1 986 A che i la r aa nd A r chon t idou A rgy r i , 1 987 A d am A ke r s t röm I / I I A ku rga l A l ip ran t i s , 1 972 A l ip ran t i s , 1 973 A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 986 -87 A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 988 A up e r t A x io t i s , 1 99 1a

L .A che i la ra a nd A . A r chon t idou A rgy r i , ` Xpov t io i E c t )opc iag n po t iaTop tw i iv K a i . K Xac r tKu iv a pxa tont rum,' ,A rchDe l t4 1 ( 1 986 ) , C h ron ika 1 96 2 12 L .A che i la ra a nd A . A r chon t idou A rgy r i , ` Xpov tK c i O opci ag TpOiC rTOptK4 . 1V K a i . K Xac ru c c i iv a pxa toTt rwV ,A rchDe l t4 2 ( 1 987 ) ,C h ron ika 4 74 -8 9 J .P .A dam ,l 'A r ch i t ec tur em i l i ta i r eg r ecqu e( P a r i s , 1 982 ) A .A ke r s t röm ,D ie a r ch i tek ton i s chen T er rako t t en K le ina s iens ( Lund , 1 966 ) 2v o l s . E .A ku rga l ,A l t -Smy rna , 1 :W ohn s ch ich t en u nd A thena t empe l( Anka ra , 1 983 ) T h . C h . A l ip ran t i s , Sulavnvd , g caa t c ov IKc i K a i v Eü lTE p a µ vm ic ia v l ic rwv A tya iou ' ,A rchDe l t 2 7 ( 1 972 ) , C h ron ika 6 16 -1 7 T h . C h . A l ip ran t i s , Sulav ruc i , p . Ec ra tow tKo i K cà v €6 3 rc p a l i vrwc ia vij a v A tya iou ' ,A rchDe l t 2 8 ( 1 973 ) , C h ron ika 56 -57 A . A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , ` Xpo inK o i 0 0pEiag a pxa tont rwv i o us - 1 986 -1987 ' , L e sb iaka 1 2( 1 989 ) ,5 6 -76 A . A r chon t idou A rgy r i , ` Xpovo c c i K EeOpE{ag T r po t iaTop tK c jv K a i . K X0 (01KG SV a pxa toTr i rwV ,A rchDe l t4 3 ( 1 988 ) ,4 51 -6 9 P .A up e r t , ` Ch ron ique d e sf o u ile se td e couve r t e sa r cheo log ique se nG re ce e n 1 9 75 ' , BCH 1 00 ( 1 976 ) , 5 91 -745 M . Ax io t is , " Eva c i yvwaTo o xup6 T r ig a pxa iag M i jOu ,A rc h a io log ia 3 8 ( 1 991 ) ,7 5 -77 '

i v

A x io t i s , 1 99 l b A x io t i s , 1 992 V I I A x io t i s , 1 994

M . A x io t i s , ' N i ta va T r pa to-T op tK i i e ga r l a T T ) A ga ß o ' ,A rcha io log ia 4 0( 1991 ) , 7 9 -80 M . A x io t i s , I T cp r rard vrag 7 7A efo l io ( My t i lene , 1 992 ) 2v o l s . M . A x io t i s , ' lgTp tva am 1 . e .v c ip ta a nd T r iv K aTcpya c r ia T gEXLCig C rTT I M OO ,A rcha io log ia 5 1 ( 1 994 ) , 3 1 -34 G . B a s iako s , "Ep euva ra c pyaar r ip ta ap . c l )opg c ov ' ,A rchDe l t4 1 ( 1 986 ) , C h ron ika 2 07 -10 N .P .B ayne ,T he g r ey w ar e so fn or th -we s tA na to l ia i nt h em idd le a nd l a t eB ron ze A ge a nd t h ee ar ly I r on A ge a nd t h e i rr e la t ion t ot h ee ar ly G r eek s e t t l em en t s( D i s s . U n ive r s i ty o fO x fo rd , 1 963 ) P .P .B e tancou r t ,T he A eo l ic s t y le i na rch i te c tur e ( P r ince ton , 1 977 ) B r i t i sh S choo la tA then s H . -G . B u chho lz , Me thymna ( Ma inz , 1 975 ) H .W . C a t l ing , ' A r chaeo logy i nG r ee ce , 1 976 -77 ' ,A R 2 4 ( 1 978 ) , 3 69 S .C ha r i ton id i s , '' A pxam STAT Eg K a t i v rwE ia v l iawv A tya {o u -M uTa r iv r i ' , A r chDe l t 1 6( 1 960 ) ,C h ron ika 2 35 -43 S .C ha r i ton id i s , '' A vaaKa c t )a l . M unk r iv r ig ' , PAE ( 1 96 1 ) , 2 07 -14 S .C ha r i ton id i s , ` MuT th ivi ' ,E rgon ( 1 96 1 ) ,2 11 -15 S .C ha r i ton id i s , '' A pxa t6T T ITEg K a i . p r rw .E ia v i lawv A iya iou •A ' A gaßog ' , A r chDe l t 1 7( 1 96 1 -62 ) ,C h ron ika 2 6 1 -65 S .C ha r i ton id i s , "A v o taKa0 ) M uT i .X i ivis • ' ,P AE ( 1 962 ) , 1 34 -41 S .C ha r i ton id i s , ` Munk r iv r i ' ,E rgon ( 1 962 ) , 1 55 -59 S .C ha r i ton id is , "A va c rKa c t Y r j M uTa T ivng ' ,P AE ( 1 963 ) , 1 58 -59 S .C ha r i ton id i s , ` MuTa l ivi ' ,E rgon ( 1 963 ) , 1 57 -59 S .C ha r i ton id i s , '' A pxa t6TATEg K a i . t i vi ' Ida w r ia c av A i .ya io u •M ur .X . r iv r i ' , A r chDe l t 1 8( 1 963 ) ,C h ron ika 2 66 -72 S .C ha r i ton id i s , "Apxa tdr r y res K a t p y iwc ia v r ia ow A iya iou • A gaßog ' ,A rchDe l t 1 9( 1 964 ) ,C h ron ika 3 96 -400 S .C ha r i ton id i s , '' A px ca6TATEg K a i . 1 . u r r ip tda v r ia cw A lya iou •M UTI MIrff, A rchDe l t2 0( 1 965 ) ,C h ron ika 4 88 -95 S .C ha r i ton id i s , S ulavnva i . K ) c r ic r {a l . T r Ig A gaßou ' i nX ap tar r i p tov c i s ' Avaaraga t ov K . ' O pA c i v6 ov ( A then s , 1 966 ) , v o l . B , 7 2 -77 S .C ha r i ton id i s , I laX toxp taT tao .K i i T oroypa (ga T f ig A gaßo u ' ,A rchDe l t2 3 ( 1 968 ) , Me le t ima ta 1 0 -69 S .C ha r i ton id i s , ' A i i r r typa c pa i T e s - AE WOU - Z upr r A ewpa ( A then s , 1 968 ) D . C ha t z i , "A pxa t6T r IT Eg K a t p y rwE ia w r iauw A iya to u ' ,A rchDe l t2 6( 1971 ) , C h ron ika 4 48 -58 D . C ha t z i , '' A pxa t6TATEs • K a i . l i vi µ E ta v im ov A iya (o u ' ,A rchDe l t2 7 ( 1972 ) , C h ron ika 5 79 -99 D . C ha t z i , '' A pxa ldr r y r Es . K a t i t v r i lm ia v ic ruw A iya io u ' ,A rchDe l t2 8 ( 1 973 ) , C h ron ika 5 07 -20 I .S .C ha t z i ioannou , ` T . 5 ' P u ) i ia iKb apaywydo M tn-I A -0 1 1g ' ,L e sb iaka 9( 1 985 ) , 1 53 -62 J .F .C he r ry e ta l . ,L and s cape a r cha eo logy a sl o ng term h i s to ry :n or the rn K eo si nt h e C yc lad ic i s land sf r om e a r l ie s ts e t t l emen tu n t i lm od ern t i me s( Lo sA nge le s , 1 991 ) A .C onze ,Re i s ea u fd e rI n s e lL e sbo s( Hanove r , 1 865 ) D eu t s che sA r chäo log i s che sI n s t i tu t G .D aux , ` Ch ron ique d e sf o u ile se td 6 couve r te sa r ch6o log ique se nG r ece e n 1 959 ' , BCH 8 4 ( 1 960 ) ,6 17 -868 GD aux , Th ron ique d e sf o u ile se td e , couve r te sa r che .o log ique se nG r e ce e n 1 961 ' , BCH 8 6( 1 962 ) ,6 29 -974 A .D e l6age ,L aC ap i ta t ion d uB a s -Emp i r e( P a r i s , 1 945 ) D . E uange l id i s , '' A vaaKa c t )a i . K a p E uva t vA ga N ' ,A rchDe l t 9( 1 924 -25 ) s upp . ,4 1 -54 D . E uange l id i s '' A vaaKa i in .Ka l gp c uva t v A 6134) % PAE ( 1 925 -26 ) , 1 47 -56 D . E uange l id i s , '' A vaaKa l )a l . vA ga r W ,P AE ( 1 927 ) , 5 7 -59 D . E uange l id i s , "A vaaKa c t •a l K a i . e i t pxa ia K MU T I . Xl i V TW ,A r chDe l t 1 ( 1 927 -28 ) s upp . , 1 4 -22 D . E uange l id i s , "A vaaKa c > i ) K Xo r r€6 1 1g A gaßou ' ,P AE ( 1 928 ) , 1 26 -37 K .F age r s t röm ,G r eek i r on a ge a r ch i te c tu r e :d ev e lopm en t st h rough c hang ing t i me s ( S IMA 8 1 ;G ö t ebo rg , 1 988 ) E .B .F r ench , ' A r chaeo logy i nG r ee ce , 1 992 -93 ' ,A R 3 9( 1 993 ) ,3 81 E .B .F r ench , ' A r chaeo logy i nG r eece , 1 993 -94 ' ,A R4 0( 1 994 ) ,3 84 D . H . F r en ch ,A na to l ia a nd t h eA egean i nt h e t h ird m i l l en ium BC ( D i s s . U n iv .o f C amb r idge , 1 968 ) 2v o l s . P .G r een , ` Longu s ,A n t iphon a nd t h et o pog raphy o fL e sbo s ' ,J HS 1 02 ( 1 982 ) , 2 10 14 M . S .F .H ood , ' A r chaeo logy i nG re e ce , 1 960 -61 ' ,A R 7( 1 96 1 ) , 3 35 '

B a s iako s B ayn e

B e tan cou r t B SA B u chho l z C a t l ing C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 C ha r i ton id i s , 1 96 1a C ha r i ton id i s , 1 96 1b C ha r i ton id i s , 1 96 1-62 C ha r i ton id i s , C ha r i ton id i s , C ha r i ton id i s , C ha r i ton id i s , C ha r i ton id i s ,

1 962a 1 962b 1 963a 1 963b 1 963c

C ha r i ton id i s , 1 964 C ha r i ton id i s , 1 965 C ha r i ton id i s , 1 966 C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968b C ha t z i , 1 971 C ha tz i , 1 972 C ha t z i , 1 973 C ha tz i ioannou C he r r ye ta l . C on ze DA I D aux , 1 960 D aux , 1 962 D d l eage E uange l id i s , 1 924 -25 E uangel id i s , 1 925 -26 E uange l id i s , 1 927 E uange l id i s , 1 927 -28 E uange l id i s , 1 928 F age r s t röm F r en ch , 1 993 F r ench , 1 994 F r en ch V I I G r e en H ood

V

I a kobo s

I a kobo s , ' Tä r pj y ra p . v rwc ia T r ig x p tar tanK i ls . X a l-p c iag . E t c Till Ag0430V % L e sb iaka 3( 1 959 ) ,3 1 -40 R .K o ldewey ,D i ea n t ik en B aur e s t ed er I n se lL e sbo s( Be rl in , 1 890 ) P .I .K on tel i s , 0 kdo µos o ptkpds M eo drolT0g AE C4 30t 1 t o rropt a , Aao ypac in K4 ( A then s , 1 985 ) G . D . K on t i s , A cof it akö T rO MIT TTU X0 ( A then s , 1 973 ) G . D . K on t i s , A g opo s • K a i r j pucpacrt artt a) rijs rcpto xi? ( A then s , 1 978 ) B . K ouma r e la s , ` E . Exa c r l igva a px« {« ° me ,A iga ion ( 2 4 /4 /89 ) ,4 B .K ouma r e la s , ' To o x up6 TOU e on c r ,T aN ea t o n S ka lochor i ton ( J anua ry June 1 989 ) , 3 B . K ouma r e la s , ` Apxa (a o xupd UTOV rIp04)1iTi1 H X {a E KaXoxwp {ou ' ,T aN ea t o n S ka lochor i ton ( J anua ry June 1 989 ) ,3 B . K ouma r e la s , "Ay maro t r t ipyo t K a t r Ep t 1 36Xo t r ls • a pxo t {ag E p Eao tr , A r cha io log ia 5 4( 1 995 ) ,4 1 -46 W . I amb , ' An t i s sa ' ,B SA 3 1 ( 1 930 -31 ) , 1 66 -78 W . L amb , ' An t i s sa ' ,B SA 3 2 ( 1 931 -32 ) ,4 1 -67 W .L amb , ' G r ey w a r e sf r om L e sbo s ' ,J HS 5 2( 1 932 ) , 1 12 W .L amb ,E xcava t ions a tT h e rm ii nL e sbo s( Camb r idge , 1 936 ) G . T h .L a ska r i s , ` Tä X E {4 saya T f ic i p xda s • E pEao 0 ' ,L e sb iaka 3( 1 960 ) , 6 7 -74 A .W .L aw r en ce ,G r eek a im si nf or t if ica t ion ( Ox fo rd , 1 9 79 ) . E .L obe la nd D .P age ( e d s . ) ,P oe ta rum L e sb iorum F ragm en ta ( Ox fo rd , 1 955 ) . D .P . Man tzu rane s ,' . . . ( 1 )0.0 1 .gVa TOTTOVÜllta K T O c i px odo u K r ri l ta i-o Xoy {o u T r ig A gaßou ' ,B Z4 4 ( 1 951 ) ,4 10 -12 . H .J . Ma son , ` Longu sa nd t h et o pog r aphy o fL e sbo s ' , T APA 1 09 ( 1 979 ) , 1 49 -63 H .J . Ma son , ' My t i lene a nd Me thymna :q ua r r e l s ,b o rd e r sa nd t opog raphy ' , EMC 3 7 ( 1 993 ) ,2 25 -50 R .J .0 . M i l la r , My t i lene 1 990 E x cava t ion R epor t -E pano S ka la S i t e ( MS , 1 990 ) R .M i l la ra nd H .W i ll iam s , ' T he R oma n q ua r ry a t Mona , My t i lene ' , EMC 3 7 ( 1 993 ) , 2 11 -23 R .M i l la ra nd H .W i l l iam s , ' Mo na q ua r ry s u r vey ,L e sbo s , 1 993 ' , EMC 3 8( 1 994 ) , 2 35 -43 I .Mou tzou r i s , ` MEc rawy tka K c iaTpa T f ic A go-ß o u ' ,L e sb iaka 4( 1 962 ) , 5 0 -68 I . Mou t zou r i s , ' AyaXX tavo i . a l µ ova l A E wC i .yog K a i . M upo lv t ( 1 3 1-t aa r ig K aXXov r ig ' ,L e sb iaka 6( 1 973 ) ,9 2 -104 I .Mou tzour i s , K aXXoy r i K a { T a x c up td My t i l in i 2( 1 983 ) , 1 7 -31 C .T .N ew ton ,T rave l sa nd d i scov er ie si nt h eL evan t( London , 1 865 ) , 2v o l s . A . K . O r lando s , S ucavnv i l 1 6 (v r i . I l aX toxp taT tay tKa l f i ao tX tKa i . A g eou ' ,F AA 3( 1 928 ) , 3 22 -30 A . K . O r lando s , ' A i r aX toxp t c y r tay tKa l p aa r .X 1Ka i . T r ig A gaßou ' ,A rchDe l t 1 2 ( 1 929 ) , 1 72 A . K . O r lando s , ' A px c iov ro3v BuCavrt v63v 14 mui da w r c EÄÄ d5os ( A then s , 1 937 ) v o l . 3 A . K . O r lando s , H euA dure yos rail atoxpt art a vt xr) ß acriAt ki i ri js M eo oyet aKi ls Aexcivr is • ( A thens , 1 952 -54 ) D .L .P age ,S appho a nd A lcaeu s :a ni n t roduc t ion t ot h es t ud yo fa nc ien tL e sb ian p oe t ry ( Oxf o rd , 1 9 55 ) I .P .P apazog lou , Iorropfa rijs• Epgo ou ( A then s , 1 981 ) S .P a ra skeua id i s , "0 6o trop tKs • g a c ia c tg ' ,T achyd romo s 2 6 /9 /29 S .P a ra skeua id i s , "0 6o t r rop tK g Z r l i . tE t u 5a E ts . ' ,T achyd romo s2 9 /9 /29 M .P a ra skeua id i s , ' P y r rha a u fL e sbo s ' , RE 2 4 ( S tu t tga r t , 1 963 ) , 1 403 -20 M . P a ra skeua id i s , S gEc d t pxa toXoy tK4 - v 6 E {ZE tg y x a t TIi A gaßo ' ,L e sb iaka 5 ( 1 966 ) , 1 98 -219 M . P a r a skeua id i s , ' ET T{IIETpOLP ß t ßX toyp o R t y l .Ka t c i pxa toyvug r iag • T f ic r Ep toX i lS A y {ag T r apaaK Euf i s • A gaßo u ' i nK . Mak i s to s , XEÄÄti6a ri ls • A y(as I lapac rx cut i .s A gc rf 3ou ( A then s , 1 970 ) , 2 41 -76 M .P a ra skeua id i s , ' L e sbo s ' i nR .S t ilwe l l( e d . ) ,T he P r ince ton e ncy c loped ia o f C la s s ica ls i t es ( P r in ce ton , 1 976 ) , 5 02 -03 M . P a r a skeua id i s , ' 0 u po laTop tK6 s • o i K tag6g TOO X64)0U F l poe c r ir g ' H X {a A y {ag I l apaaK Eu r ig M O W ,L e sb iaka 7( 1 978 ) , 1 6 1 -81 G . L .P a ra sk eua id i s , M av5apci6os A g eou ( The s sa lon ik i , 1 987 ) A .P a r ien t e , ` Ch ron ique d e sf o u i l l e se td 6 couve r t e sa r ch6o log ique se nG r&e e n 1 992 ' , BCH 17 ( 1 993 ) ,7 57 -9 13 H .G . G . P ayne , ' A r ch aeo logy i nG r eece , 1 9 30 -1931 ' ,J HS 5 1 ( 1 931 ) , 1 84 -2 10 H .G . G . P ayne , ' A r cha eo logy i nG r eece , 1 931 -2 ' ,J HS 5 2 ( 1 932 ) , 2 36 -55 H . G . G .P ayne , ' A r cha eo logy i nG r eece , 1 932 -1933 ' ,J HS 5 3( 1 933 ) ,2 66 -99 B .C h . P e t rako s , ' A vauKa c t . i l TOO va00 T C )v Mgawy A gaßou ' ,P AE ( 1 967 ) , 9 6 1 02 ,

K o ldewey K on te l l i s

-

K on t i s , 1 973 K on t i s , 1 978 K ouma re la s , 1 989a K ouma re la s , 1 989b K ouma re la s , 1 989c K ouma r e la s , 1 995 L amb , 1 9 30 -31 L amb , 1 9 31 -32 L amb , 1 932 L amb , 1 936 L a ska r i s L aw r en c e L obe l -Page Man tzu r ane s M a son , 1 9 79 Ma son , 1 993 M i l la r M i l la ra nd W il iam s , 1 993 M i l la ra nd W il iams , 1 994 Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 Mou tzou r i s , 1 973 Mou tzou r i s , 1 983 N ew ton I / I I O r lando s , 1 928 O r lando s , 1 929 O r lando s , 1 9 37 O r lando s , 1 952 -54

P ap a zog lou P a r a skeua id i s , P a r a skeua id i s , P a r a sk eua id i s , P a ra skeua id i s ,

P a ra skeua id i s , 1 970

.

I

'

'

-

-

-

-

e

2 6 / 9 / 29 2 9 /9 /29 1 963 1 966

-

-

-

P age

-

'

-

-

-

P a ra sk eua id i s , 1 976 P a ra sk eua id i s , 1 978 P a r a sk eua id i s , 1 987 P a r ien te P ayne , 1 931 P ayne , 1 932 P ayne , 1 933 P e t rako s , 1 967a

-

-

v i

P e t r ako s , 1 967b P e t r ako s , 1 967c P e t r ako s , 1 968a P e t r ako s , 1 968b P o co ck e R ou se S chau sa nd S p ence r S p ence r , 1 994

S p ence r , 1 995

S ch ie r ing S c ra n ton S o t i r iou T ax i s T ou cha i s , 1 977 T ou cha i s , 1 985 W i l l iam sa nd P a rke r W il iams a nd W i l l iams , 1 985 W il iams a nd W i l l iam s , 1 986 W i l l iams a nd W i l l iam s , 1 987 W i l l iams a nd W i l l iam s , 1 988 W il iams a nd W i l l iams , 1 989 W il iams a nd W i l l iams , 1 990 W il iams a nd W i l l iams , 1 991 W in te r W i ed e

B .C h .P e t r ako s , ` Mgaa A gaßo u ' ,E rgon ( 1 967 ) ,7 2 -75 B .C h . P e t rako s , A pxa td r r y rEs • K a l v il ic ia V T i C JWV A iya tou • A rchDe l t2 2( 1 967 ) ,C h ron ika 4 45 -62 B .C h . P e t rako s , A vaaKa (0 1 T OO v ao0 1 6 ) V M g C rWV A g c rßou ' ,P AE ( 1 968 ) , 8 4 -86 B .C h .P e t r ako s , ` Mgaa A gaßo u ' ,E rgon ( 1 968 ) , 8 0 -82 R .P o co cke , Ad e s cr ip t ion o ft h eE a s t ,a nd s om eo t he rc oun t r ie s ( London , 1 745 ) ,v o l . 1 . 2 W . H . D . R ou s e , ' L e sbo s ' ,B SA 2( 1 895 -96 ) , 1 45 -54 G . P .S chau sa nd N . S pence r , ' No te so n t h e t o pog r aphy o fE r e so s ' ,A JA 9 8( 1 994 ) , 4 11 -30 N .S p ence r ,' Towe r sa nd e nc lo su r e so fL e sb ian m a son ry i nL e sbo s :r u ra li n ve s tmen ti n t h ec hora o fA r cha ic p o le i s ' i nP .N .D oukel i sa nd L .G . Mendon i( e d s . ) ,S t ruc tu r es r u ra le sa nd s o c its a n t iqu es :A c t e sd uC o l loqu ed eC o if ou ( 1 4 -16 m a i1 992 ) ,( Anna le s L i te ra i re sd el ' Un ive r s i t6 d eB e san con ,5 0 8 ;P a r i s , 1 994 ) ,2 07 -13 N .S p ence r ,' Mu l t i -d imen s iona lg r oup d ef in i t ion i nt h el a nd s cap eo fr u ra lG r eece ' i nN . S p en ce r( e d . ) ,T ime ,t r ad i t ion a nd s o c ie ty i nG r e ek a r cha eo log y :b r idg ing t h e ` G r ea t D iv id e ' ( London , 1 995 ) ,2 8 -42 W . S ch ie r ing , ' P y r rha a u fL e sbo s ' ,A A ( 1 989 ) , 39 -77 R .L .S c ran ton ,G r eek W a l l s( Camb r idge [ Ma s s . ] , 1 94 1 ) G . A . S o t i r iou , ' A i T r aXa toxp tanav tKa l ß a c r IXo ca l E XXd6oc ' , AE ( 1929 ) , 1 6 1 -248 S .G . T ax i s , Z uv onru c i f arop t(a Kai r o r roypa cga r ic A e of iou ( Ca i ro , 1 909 [ r ep r in ted My t i lene , 1 994 ] ) G .T ou cha i s , ` Ch ron ique d e sf o u ile se td 6 couve r te sa r ch6o log ique se nG re ce e n 1 976 ' , BCH 1 0 1 ( 1 977 ) ,5 13 -706 G .T oucha i s , Th ron ique d e sf o u ile se td 6 couve r te sa r ch6o log ique se nG r ece e n 1 984 ' , BCH 1 09 ( 1 985 ) ,7 59 -862 H .W i ll iam sa nd R .J .P a rke r , ' Af r agmen to f aD io c le t ian ic t a xa s se s smen tf r om My t i lene ' , ( f o r thcom ing i n EMC 1 995 ) . H . a nd C .W i ll iam s , ' Excava t ion s o n t h e a c ropo l i so f My t i lene , 1 984 ' , EMC 2 9 N .S . 4( 1 985 ) ,2 25 -33 H . a nd C .W i ll iam s , ' Ex cava t ion so n t h e a c ropo l i so f My t i lene , 1 985 ' , EMC 3 0N .S . 5( 1 986 ) , 1 4 1 -54 H . a nd C .W i l l iam s , ' Excava t ion sa t My t i lene ( Le sbo s ) , 1 986 ' , EMC 3 1 N .S . 6 ( 1 987 ) ,2 47 -62 H .a nd C .W i l l iam s , ' Excava t ion sa t My t i lene ( Le sbo s ) , 1 987 ' , EMC 3 2N .S . 7 ( 1 988 ) , 1 35 -49 H . a nd C .W i l l iam s , ' Excava t ion sa t My t i lene , 1 988 ' , EMC 3 N .S . 8( 1 989 ) , 1 67 -81 H . a nd C .W i l l iam s , ' E xcava t ion sa t My t i lene , 1 989 ' , EMC 3 4 N .S . 9( 1 990 ) , 1 8 1 -93 H . a nd C .W i l l iam s , ' Ex cava t ion sa t My t i lene , 1 990 ' , EMC 3 5 N .S . 1 0( 1991 ) , 1 75 9 1 F .E .W in te r ,G r eek F or t i f ica t ions ( London , 1 971 ) W . Wred e ,A t t i sch e Maue rn ( A then s , 1 933 ) .

v i i

L IST OF I LLUSTRATIONS F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re

1 : 2 : 3 : 4 : 5 : 6 : 7 : 8 : 9 : 1 0 : 1 : 1 2 : 1 3 : 1 4 : 1 5 : 1 6 : 1 7 :

F i gu re 3 1 : F igu re 3 2 :

C on tou rm ap o fL e sbo s . ( Pam S chau s . ) D i s t r ibu t ion o fN eo l i th ic s i te s . ( N ige l S p en ce r . ) D i s t r ibu t ion o fE a r ly B ronze A ge s i t e s . ( N ige lS p ence r . ) D i s t r ibu t ion o fM idd le B ronze A ge s i t e s . ( N ige lS p ence r . ) D i s t r ibu t ion o fL a te B ronze A ge s i t e s . ( N ige lS pence r . ) D i s t r ibu t ion o fP ro togeome t r i c s i te s . ( N ige l S p ence r . ) D i s t r ibu t ion o fG eome t r i c s i t e s . ( N ige lS p ence r . ) D i s t r ibu t ion o fA r cha i c s i t e s . ( N ige lS p ence r . ) D i s t r ibu t ion o fC la s s ica l s i t e s . ( N ige lS p ence r . ) D i s t r ibu t ion o fH e l len i s t i c s i te s . ( N ige lS pen ce r . ) D i s t r ibu t ion o fR oman s i te s . ( N ige l S p ence r . ) D i s t r ibu t ion o fB yzan t ine s i t e s . ( N ige l S pence r . ) D i s t r ibu t ion o fV ene t ian s i te s . ( N ige lS p ence r . ) D i s t r ibu t ion o fT u rk i sh s i t e s . ( N ige l S p ence r . ) D i s t r ibu t ion o fe p ig r aph ica l ly -a t te s ted s i t e s . ( N ige lS pen ce r . ) L e sb ian m a son ry w a l la tS e I le s . ( Ax io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 77 . ) R ep rodu ced b yk i nd p e rm i s s ion o fD r . M .A x io t i s . L a rge -s ca le L e sb ian m a son ry w a l la t Me thymna . ( Buchho l z ,p l . 5c . ) R ep rodu ced b yk i nd p e rm i s s ion o fP ro f . D r . H . -G .B u chho lz . D e ta i lo fL e sb ian m a son ry w a l lo nt h ea c ropol i sa tA n t i s sa . ( BSA W .L amb a r ch iv e . ) D e ta i lo fL e sb ian m a son ry w a l la tA po th ik i . ( Ko ldewey ,p l . 1 5 .4 . ) D e ta i lo fL e sb ian m a son ry w a l la tt h eD rakou P id ima . ( Kon t i s , 1 973 ,f i g . 3 2 [ P 5 8 ] . ) D e ta i lo fL e sb ian m a son ry w a l la tA r i sbe ( Pa la ioka s t ro ) . ( Ko ldewey ,p l . 1 4 . 5 . ) B lo ck f r om L e sb ian m a son r y w a l lo nt h ea c ropol i sa tE r eso s . ( S c ran ton ,f i g . 5[ p . 2 9 ] . ) N a tu ra l ly c u rved b l o ck h av ing f a len f r om t h ea c ropol i sa tE r eso s . T he L e sb ian m a son ry s t r uc tu re a tA po th ik if r om ad i s tan ce . ( Ko ld ewey ,p l . 1 5 . 3 . ) T he L e sb ian m a son ry w a l la tX i roka s t r i n i . ( S c ran ton , f i g . 4[ p . 2 6 ] . ) L e sb ian m a son ry w a l la t Maka ra e xh ib i t ing s qua r ed c o r ne rb l o ck s . ( Ko ldewey ,P . 8 7 . ) L e sb ian m a son ry w a l la tX i roka s t r in ie xh ib i t ing s qua r ed c o r ne rb l o ck s . ( Ko ldewey ,p l . 1 4 .6 7 . ) D e ta i lo ft h e t e r race w a l la tA po th ik i . ( Ax io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 24 . ) R ep roduced b yk i nd p e rm is s ion o fD r .M . A x io t i s . E leva t ion o fL e sb ian m a son ry w a l lo n t h e s o u th s i de o ft h ea c ropo l i sa tA n t i s sa . ( Lamb , 1 930 -31 ,f i g . 4[ p . 1 73 ] . ) S ma l l -s ca le L e sb ian m a son r yw a l ln ea rt h eh a rbou ra t Me thymna . ( Bu chho lz ,p l . 5b . ) R ep rodu ced b yk i nd p e rm i s s ion o fV e r lag P h il ipp v on Z ab e rn ( Ma inz ) . A n t i s sa ,L e sb ian m a son ry w a l lo ft h es e cond a p s ida lb u i ld ing . ( BSA W .L amb a r ch ive . ) L e sb ian m a son ry w a l la t My t i lene . ( Kon t i s , 1 973 ,f i g .4 1 [ p . 7 6 ] . )

F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re F igu re

1 8 : 1 9 : 2 0 : 2 1 : 2 2 : 2 3 : 2 4 : 2 5 : 2 6 : 2 7 : 2 8 :

I n d ex 1 : I n d ex 2 :

A lphabe t i ca lI n dex o fS i t e s . C h rono log ica lI ndex o fS i te s .

F igu re 2 9 : F igu re 3 0 :

v i i i

C hap ter 1

I NTRODUCTION 1 . 1 P rev ious a rchaeo log ica l r e search i n L esbos

L a te ri nt h es ame d ecad eW in i f red L amb b egan h e rw o rk i n t h e i s land w h ich , f r om 1 928 -1933 , f o cused u pon t h re e s i te s , A n t i s sa , T he rm i a nd ( b r ief ly ) Me thymna . S ince L amb 's m a in o b je c t ive i nc om ing t ow o rk i nL e sbo s h ad b e en t of i nd a nd e xam ine i nd e ta i l as i te ' wh ich w ou ld t h row l i gh to ni t s[ L e sbo s] e a r ly c u l tu r ea nd p rov ide al i nk b e tween G r ee ce a nd A na to l ia ' ,5 L amb s oon a bandoned Me thymna a f te r ab r ie f t r ia l e xcava t ion ,6 a nd a f te r t h ree s e a son sa tA n t i s sa7 mo re t i me w a sd evo ted t ot h es t udy a nd p ubl i ca t ion o fT he rm i8 w h i ch c l ea r ly w a so fa ne a r l ie rd a t e t h an n ea r ly a l lt h em a te r ia la te i the ro ft h eo t he rt wo s i te s .9 L amb 's e xcava t ion s a tT he rm i e s tabl i shed i ta so ne o ft h e mo s t i mpo r tan t e a r ly B ronze A ge s e t t lemen t s i n t h e n o r thea s t A egean , b u t t h e o u tb reak o f t h e S econd Wo r ld Wa r m ean t t h a t t h i s i n te re s t i n t h e i s land ( a nd i t s c l ea r s i gn if i cance )c ou ld n o tb ef olowed u pi mmed ia te ly .

L e sbo s , t h e t h i rd l a rge s t i s land i n t h e A egean S ea a f te r C r e t ea nd E ubo ia ,l i e si n ap a r t icu la r ly s i gn i f ican tl o ca t ion , a ti t sn ea re s tp o in to n ly 1 2l a ns a c ro s s an a r row s t ra i tf r om t h e c oa s t l ine o f A na to l ia a nd o n t h e r ou te n o r thwa rd s t owa rd st h eH e l le spon ta nd t h eB lack S ea ( f ig . 1 ,i n s e t ) . I n s u ch ap o s i t ion , t h e i s land h a s s e r ved a s ab r idge b e tween t h e A egean a nd A na to l ia f r om N eo l i th i c t i me s u n t i l t h e t wen t ie th c en tury , i n d i f f e ren t p e r iod s o f i t s h i s to ry f o rm ing e i the rt h ee a s t e rnmo s tl i m i to fa n A egean p o l i t ica l u n i t o r a l terna t ive ly t h e w e s te rn o u tpo s t o f a n A s ian e mp i re . G iven t h i s s i gn i f icance , i ti su n fo r tuna te t h a t d i s cu s s ion s o ft h e i s land 's a r chaeo logy h ave n o t b een n ume rou s , a nd t h a t t h e re a r e s t i l l n o a cce s s ib le a nd u p to -da te s t ud ie s w h ich c an g u ide a nyone w i sh ing t op u r sue r e sea r ch i n to t h e i s land . I n deed ,a l though i th a s l o ng b een r e cogn i sed f r om l i t e r a ry s ou r ce s t h a ti nc e r ta in p e r iod s o fa n t iqu i ty L e sbo s w a s o ne o f t h e l e ad ing E a s t G reek s t a te s , t h e w ea l th o f l i t e ra ry i n fo rma t ion a bou t t h e i s land ( e spec ia l ly i n t h e A r cha ic p e r iod ) h a sc on t inua l ly d r awn a t ten t ion a way f r om t h e i t s a r chaeo logy .1 A r chaeo log ica l ly t h e i s land h a s b e come a' g r ey a r ea ' o ft h e A egean , a nd s i nce t h e i n i t ia l s u rvey s o f t h e a r chaeo log ica l r ema in s i nt h e n i ne teen th c en tur y ( by C onze ,2 K iepen a nd K o ldewey 3) ,t h e s ma l l n umbe ro ff i e ldwo rk r e po r t sw h ich h ave a pp ea red h av eb een b r ie fa nd p r e l im ina ry .

I nde ed ,i tw a sn o tu n t i lt h i r ty -s ix y ea r sa f te rt h ep ubl i ca t ion o fL amb 's b ook o nT he rm it h a ta no the rm a jo rs t udy o ft h e i s land w a s p roduced ; L evang 's 1 972 w o rk o n R oman L e sbo s . 1° T he o n ly o t he r n o t i ce s o f n ew a r chaeo log i ca l f i nd s t oa pp ea r h ad b een t h e u s e fu l ( b u t e x t r eme ly b r ie f ) r e po r t so fC ha r i ton id i s , r e co rd ing t h e a n t iqu i t ie s w h ich h e d i scove red ( o r w h ich h ad b e en p o in ted o u t t o h im b y

5

I n t h e 1 920 s e xcava t ion s w e re c onduc ted a tt h e A rcha ic t emp le o f K loped i b y E uange l id i s , a nd d e sp i te t h e g r ea t s i gn if i cance o ft h e f i nd s ( c omp r i s ing t wo t emp le s s i de -by s i d e ,p robab ly b o th o fA r cha i cd a te ,t o ge the rw i th t r a ce so f e a r ly B ronze A ge r ema in sb e tween t h em ) o n ly t h re e s ho r t a r t ic le s w e re e ve r p roduced w h ich i n c luded n o d e ta i led c ommen t o n s t ra t igraphy o r t h e c e ram ic m a te r ia l r e cove r ed .4

L amb , 1 930 -31 ; L amb , 1 931-32 . 1 931 -33 a r e t h e p robab le d a te s f o r t h e w o rk c a r r ied o u t b y L amb a t A n t i s sa , b u t i ti s d i f f icu l t t o b e s u re b ecause o f t h e a mb iguou s d a t ing o f t h e r epo r t s . T he y ea r ly s umma r ie s o f f i e ldwo rk i n JHS i nd ica te t h a t t h r ee s e a son s o fw o rk w e re c onduc ted b e tween 1 930 -1933 , b u t s i nce t h e p ub l ica t ion ( i n b o th JHS a nd BSA) a r e d a ted ' 1930 -31 ' , ' 1931-32 ' o r ' 1932 -33 ' wh ich t h ree s ea sons w i th in t h i s s pan o f f ou r y ea r s t h e w o rk w a s c a r r ied o u t i n i s u nc lea r ; i n a dd i t ion t o t h e t wo a r t ic les i n B SA c i ted h e re s e e P ayne , 1 931 , 2 02 -03 ; i d . , 1 932 , 2 51 ; i d . , 1 933 , 2 84 -86 a nd f i g s . 1 0 -11 . 7

1 T he p rom inence o f L esbos ( e spec ia l ly My t i lene ) i n t h e A rcha ic p e r iod w a s r e cogn i sed e ven i ne a r ly a ccoun t s o fG reek h i s to ry . K . J .B e loch , G r iech ische G esch ich te ( S t ra sbou rg , 1 912 ) I ,2 18 -19 ( t he P en th i l ida i ) , 2 56 ( t he l i t e ra ry s ou rce s f o r t h e L e sb ian f ound ing o f A inos ) , 3 51 ( P i t tako s ' c on s t i tu t iona l r e fo rm s ) , 3 74 -75 a nd 3 88 ( t he t y rann ie s i nL e sbo s a nd t h e w a r f o r S ige ion ) . Unfo r tuna te ly n ea r ly a l l s ub sequen t w o rk s h ave l im i ted t h e i r d i scuss ions t o a lmo s t e xac t ly t h e s ame f ew h i s tor ica l e ven t s a nd g iven m in ima l c ons ide ra t ion t o a r chaeo logy . 2

C onze .

3

K o ldewey ( wh ich i n c lude s t h e c on t r ibu t ion f r om K iepe r t ) .

L amb , 1 936 , 1 .

On ly f ou r s umma ry r epo r t s ( r epea t ing t h e s ame f ew l i ne s ) w e re p ub l ished ; W . L amb , ' AoK tp .ac y r t io ) a K ao . r ) E is . M6Xußov T f is. A gaßou ' , A rchDe l t 1 ( 1927 -28 ) s upp . , 4 1-42 ; A . M . Woodwa rd , ' A rchaeo logy i nG reece 1 928 -1929 ' , JHS 4 9 ( 1929 ) , 2 23 ; Y . B 6qu ignon , Th ron ique d e s f ou i l les e t d 6couve r te s a r ch6o log ique s d ans l 'O r ien t H e l l6n ique 1 929 ' , BCH 5 3 ( 1929 ) , 5 30 ; G . K a ro , ' A rchäo log i sche F unde a u s d em J ah re 1 929 u nd d e r e r s ten H ä lf te v on 1 930 : G r iechen land u nd Dod ekane s ' , AA ( 1930 ) , 1 44 . 6

8

L amb , 1 936 .

T he ma te r ia l a t Me thymna w a s s o le ly o f I r on Age ( s pec if ica l ly G eome t r ic -Roman ) d a te , s ee t h e r epo r t s c i ted i n n .6 . A t A n t i s sa , af ew s he rd s f r om L amb 's e xcava t ion s w e re s a id t oh ave b een i d en t if ied s ub sequen t ly b y Me l laa r t a s b e ing o f T roy I t ype , b u t n ea r ly a l t h e m a te r ia l i so the rw i se o f l a te B ronze A ge d a te , s e e B uchho lz , 1 23 ( and f i g . 3 4 o n p . 1 22 ) . T he se e a r ly B ronze A ge s he rd s a r e s a id t o b e s t o red i n t h e I n s t i tu te o f A rchaeo logy i n L ondon b u t t h ey c ou ld n o t b e l o ca ted i n 1 990 a nd Me l laa r t ( pe r s . c omm . , 1 995 ) h a s s t a ted t h a t h e d oe s n o t r ememb e r t h em . 9

E uange l id i s , 1 924 -25 , 4 1-44 ; i d . , 1 927 ; i d . , 1 928 . T he n a tu re o f t h e e xcava t ion r epo r t s h a s m ean t t h a t t h e d a t ing o f t h e t wo t emp les f ound b y E uange l id i s h a s r e l ied l a rge ly o n Ä k e r s t röm 's s t udy o ft h e a r ch i tec tu ra l t e r raco t ta s ( s ee t h e e n t ry f o r K lop ed i i nt h e g aze t tee r a t# 111) .

4

1 0 R . L evang , S tud ies i n t he h i s tory o f L esbos U n ive r s i ty o f M inne so ta , 1 972 ) .

1

( D iss .

E rgon p e r iod i ca l s , 2°h a s l e d t os e r ious p rob lems i na ny a t temp t t os t udy t h e i s land 's a r chaeo logy . Many s i te s o f g r ea t s i gn if icance ( s uch a s t h e l a te N eo l i th i c a nd e a r ly B ronze Age s i te a t Kou r t i r , a pp rox ima te ly f i ve t imes l a rge r t h an T he rm i ) s t i l l h ave n o w ide sp r ead r e cogn i t ion ,2 1 a nd t h eo n ly p ubl i shed r e po r t s f o rt h e v a s tm a jo r i ty o fs i te sa r e t h o se b y l o ca l a u tho r s w h ich h ave a ppea red e i the r i nt h e i s land 's n ew spape r s ,2 p opu la r j ou rna l s ,2 3 o ra sp a r t o f m o re g ene ra l v i l lage h i s tor ie s .2 4 Many o f t h e se a r t ic le s a nd b ook s ( a nd e ven o ne o f t h e w o rk s c i ted a bove a s a ' ma jo r ' p ub l ica t ion 2 5 )a r e a lmo s t i mpos s ib le t of i nd i n l i b ra r ie s o u t s id e L e sbo s , a nd u nde r s tandab ly t h e re fo re t h e a r chaeo logy o ft h ei s land h a sb een p a s sed o ve rw hen ' p an A egean 'p h enomena i nd i f f e r en tp e r iod sh ave b e en d i s cus sed b y s c ho la r s .2 6

v i l lage r s ) f r om 1 960 -65 ;1 f i ve s ho r t a r t ic le s b y P e t rako s o n h i s e xcava t ions a t My t i lene a nd Me ss a i n 1 967 -68 ;1 2 a nd t h os e o f C ha t z i c once rn ing h e r b r ie f e x cava t ion s a t My t i lene , Me thymna , A n t i s sa , A r i sb e a nd A g io s P hoka s f r om 1 971 -73 .1 3 T h r ee m o r e s ub s tan t ia l w o rk s f o l lowed . I n 1 973 K on t i s p ub l i shed h i s f i r s t , p opu la r -s ty le b ook o n t h e i s land 's h i s to ry a nd a r chaeo logy .1 4 H oweve r , t h e a r chaeo log i ca l s e c t ion o ft h eb ook o f f e r ed l i t t le n ew m a te r ia l( e x cep tf o ra f ew p ho tog raph s ) ,s imp ly c omp r i s ing ac omp i la t ion o fd a ta f r om L amb 's e xcava t ion s a tT he rm i a nd A n t i s sa , t o ge the r w i th d es cr ip t ion so fo t he rf i nd sm ade b y K o ld ewey a nd t h e i s land 's a r chaeo log i ca le pho re ia . Two y ea r sl a te r , i n1 975 , B uchho lz p ub l i shed a d e ta i led s t udy o f t h e p o l is o f Me thymna .1 5 T he ma in b ody o f t h i s w o rk c on s i s t ed o f c a ta logue s o f f i nd s w h ich h ad b een m ade e i the r b y B u chho l z o rp r ev iou s ly r epo r ted , u s e f u l e spe c ia l ly f o rt h e d e ta i led l i s t s o f Me thymna 's c e ram ic s , p ro sopog r aph ica l a nd n um i sma t ic d a ta , a nd t h e c olec ted b i b l iog raph ie s f o r t h e i s land 's p reh i s to r ic s i tes . A nd i n 1 978 K on t is p ub l i shed h i s s e cond v o lume w h ich a t temp t ed ac omp le te s u r vey o f t h e i s land 's a nc ien t s i te s .1 6 A s w i th K on t i s ' f i r s t v o lume , h oweve r , t h e a r chaeo log ica l s t ud ie s w e r e o f l i t t le v a lue . Much o ft h e w o rk w a s h i gh ly d e r iva t ive f r om K o ldewey a nd L amb , t h e d e ta i l s g i ven f o re a ch s i t e w e r e e x t reme ly i n cons i s ten t , a nd ( mo s t s i gn if ican t ly ) n o m a te r ia lj u s t i f ica t ion w a sp rov ided i nt h e t e x t f o rm a rk ing s ome s i te s o n s e t t lemen t m ap s o fd i f f e ren t a r cha eo log ica l p e r iod s( s e et h eg aze t te e re n t r ie sf o rs i t e s# 46 ,# 80 ) .

1 . 2 T he a im a nd c on ten ts o f t he v o lu me T he m a in a im o f t h i s v o lume , t h e re fo re , i st ou t i l i se t h e c omp le t e c o rpus o f p ub l i shed d a ta ( i nc lud ing t h e l o ca l , l a rge ly u nu sed , s ou r ce s ) i no rde r t op r e sen t f i na l ly t oa w ide r a ud ience t h e c u r ren t e v idence f o r a l l t h e k nown a r chaeo log ica l s i te s i nt h e i s land .2 7 F o ro t he rr e g ion so f G ree ce s u ch w o rk s o fr e f e rence h ave l o ng b een a va i lab le a nd h ave g r ea t ly a i ded ( a nd s t imu la ted )w o rk i nt h o s ea r ea s b yo f e r ing s e cu re b a se sf o rs ub sequen tr e sea r ch .2 8

F rom 1 976 u n t i l 1 986 n o t as i ng le r epo r t o n t h e i s land a ppea red i na ny o ft h e t h ree p e r iod ica l s .

2 0

S i nce t h is l a s tb ook o fK on t i s , t h eo n ly n ew a r cha eo log ica l d a ta t ob e p ub l i shed h ave b een t h e y ea r ly r e po r t s o f t h e C anad ian S choo l 's e xcava t ion s a t My t i lene ( f rom 1 984 9 0 ) ,1 7 ab r ief c a ta logue o ff i nd s m ade i n1 986 -87 b y t h e i s land 's a r cha eo log i ca l s e rv ice ( p ub l i shed o r ig ina l ly i nt h e l o ca l L esb iaka p e r iod ica l a nd r e pea ted , w i th a f ew a dd i t ion s , i nt h e A rcha io log ikon D e l t ion ) ,1 8 a nd al a rge t wo -vo lume w o rk b y A x io t i s ( i n 1 992 ) .1 9 T he l a t te rw o rk i sp a r t icu la r ly i mp re s s ive i nr e sp ec to ft h e n umbe r o fn ew s i t e sd i s cove red ( e spe c ialy i nt h e moun ta inou sw e s tp a r to f t h ei s land ) ,t h e t h o roughne ss o ft h e f i e ldwo rk ,a nd a l so f o r t h ei mmens ed e ta i lo n v i l lage h i s to r ie sw h i ch i sp r e s en t ed .

A s u r face s ur vey w a s c onduc ted b y C ha t z i a t S ep temb e r 1 970 , b u t o n ly t h e b r ief e s t d e ta i l s o f h e r b een p ub l i shed a nd a ccess t o a l l h e r ma t e r ia l My t i lene i sd en ied . ( See t h e g aze t tee r e n t ry f o r # 91 .) 2 1

P a ra skeua id i s , 2 6 /9 /29 ; i d . , 2 9 /9 /29 ; K ouma re la s , 1 989a ; I d . , 1 989b ; i d . , 1 989c .

2 2

L a ska r is ; Mou tzour is 1 962 ; P a ra skeua id is , 1 966 ; Mou tzou r is , 1 973 ; P a ra skeua id is , 1 978 ; Mou tzou r i s , 1 983 ; A x io t i s , 1 991a ; i d . , 1 991b ; K ouma re las , 1 995 .

2 3

1 2 P e t rakos , 1 967a , 9 6 -102 a nd p l s . 7 4 -84 ; i d . , 1 967b , 7 2 -75 a nd f i g s . 7 3 -76 ; i d . , 1 967c , 4 45 -58 , 4 60 -62 , f i g s . 1 11 , 1 3 a nd p l s . 3 31-37a , 3 37y 338 ; i d . , 1 968a , 8 4 -86 a nd p l . 6 3 ; i d . , 1 968b , 8 0 -82 a nd f i g s . 8 4 -87 .

C ha tz i , 1 971 ; e ad . , 1 972 ; e ad . , 1 973 K on t i s , 1 973 .

1 5

B uchho lz .

1 6

K on t i s , 1 978 .

K on t i s , 1 973 .

O ne o ft h e f ew w o rk s b y an on -G reek s cho la r w h ich u t i l i sed s ome o ft h e l o ca l s ou rce m a te r ia l w a s t h a t o f Ma son , 1 993 .

2 7

W i l l iams a nd W i l l iams , 1 985 ; i d . , 1 986 ; i d . , 1 987 ; i d . , 1 988 ; i d . , 1 989 ; i d . , 1 990 ; i d . , 1 991 . 1 7

R eg ions w he re t opograph ica l s t ud ies a nd g aze t tee r s o f a nc ien t s i te s h ave h ad l ong h i s to r ies i n c lude Me los : D . MacKenz ie , ' Anc ien t s i te s i n Me lo s ' , B SA 3 ( 1896 -97 ) , 7 18 8 , l a t e r b u i l t u pon i nC . R enf rew a nd M . Wag s ta f f ( e d s . ) , A n i s land p o l i ty : t h e a rchaeo logy o f e xp lo i ta t ion i n Me los ( Camb r idge , 1 982 ) , P a r t I( Chap te r s 2 -6 ) , 9 -71; Messen ia : W . A . McDona ld a nd R . Hope -S imp son , ' P reh is to r ic 2 8

1 8 A che i la ra a nd A rchon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 986 ; A rchon t idou A rgy r i , 1 986 -87 ; A che i la ra a nd A rchon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 987 . A r epo r t o n t h e e pho re ia 's 1 988 w o rk h a s a pp ea red r e cen t ly a l so , A rchon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 988 . 1 9

K on t e l l i s ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 987 .

2 5

When a g az e t tee r o f B ronze A ge s i te s i n t h e A egean w a s p roduced ( a s l a te a s 1 979 ) , L e sbos w a s c on sp icuou s b y i t s c omp le te a b sence , d esp i te t h e a t ten t ion p a id t o t h e n ea rby i s land s o fS amo s , C h io s a nd P sa ra : R . H op e -S imp son a nd 0 . T . P . K . D ick inson , A g a ze t teer o f A egean c i v i l isa t ion i n t h e B ronze A ge , V o l . I : t h e ma in land a nd i s lands ( S I MA 5 2 ; G ö t ebo rg , 1 979 ) . T he o n ly d e ta i led t r ea tmen t o f t h e w ho le o f t h e i s land 's p reh i s to ry ( r a the r t h an a f ocus s o le ly u pon t h e w e l l -known s i te o fT he rm i ) h a s b een b y B uchho lz , 1 21-37 ; s e e a l so t h e r e cen t s ur vey b y J . L . D av is , ' Rev iew o f A egean P reh i s to ry I :t h e I s land s o f t h e A egean ' , A JA 9 6 ( 1992 ) , 7 24 . T he s im i la r l a ck o f c ommen t o n t h e a rchaeo logy o f t h e i s land i n t h e e a r ly I r on A ge a nd A rcha ic p e r iod s ( i n c on t ra s t t o t h e n ume rou s d i scu s s ion s o f t h e i s land 's h i s tory i nt h e s ame e r a s ) , i sc ommen t ed u pon i nN . S p ence r , ' Ea r ly L e sbo s b e tween E a s t a nd We s t : a" g rey a r ea" o f A egean a r chaeo logy ' , B SA 9 0 ( 1995) .

1 C ha r i ton id is , 1 960 ; i d . , 1 961a ; i d . , 1 961b ; i d . , 1 961-62 ; i d . , 1 962a ; i d . , 1 962b ; i d . , 1 963a ; i d . , 1 963b ; i d . , 1 963c ; i d . , 1 964 ; i d . , 1 965 .

1 4

2 4

2 6

T h i s l i m i t ed r e co rd o fp ub l ica t ion , e ven i nt e rm s o fb a s i c y ea r ly r e po r t si nt h eA r cha io log ikon D e l t ion ,P rak t ika a nd

1 3

K ou r t i r i n f i nd s h ave s t o red i n t h e s i te a t

A x io t is , 1 992 I I I .

2

T he c o r eo ft h eb ook i s ag a ze t tee ro fa l k nown s i t e s ,e a ch w i th i t so wn b i bl iog raphy . T h i s g aze t te e ri ss upp lemen ted b y t wo a pp end ice s , t h e f i r s t l i s t ing an umbe ro fa dd i t iona l s i t e s a t te s ted e p ig raph ica l ly i n ac o rpu s o fH e l len i s t ic a nd l a te R oman i n sc r ip t ion s ,a nd t h es e cond d i s cu s s ing i nm o r e d e ta i l t h e L e sb ian s t y le o fp o lygona l m a son ry w h ich i sa f e a tu r e o f an umbe ro ft h e s i te sp r e sen ted i nt h e g aze t tee r . A t t h e e nd o f t h e v o lume a r e t wo i n d ices f o r e a se o f r e f e r ence p rov id ing , r e spe c t ive ly , al i s t o f t h e s i te s i n a l phabe t ica l o rde r , a nd as umma ry o f t h e c h rono log ica l p e r iod s r e p r e sen ted a te a ch s i te . As e r ie s o f f i gu r e s t h en i l u s t ra te st h ed i s t r ibu t ion o fs i te sf r om t h eN eol i th i c t ot h e T ou rko l c ra t ia ( f ig s . 2 14 ) , t h e e p ig r aph ica l ly -a t te s ted s i te s ( f ig . 1 5 ) a nd s ome o ft h e w a l ls d i s cus sed i nA ppend ix 2 ( f igs . 1 6 -32 ) . F u tu re r e sea r ch i n t h e i s land w i l l u ndoub ted ly l e ad t o r e v i s ion s i nt h e i n fo rma t ion p r e sen ted h e re s i nce i th a s p roved d i f f icu l t t o c l a r ify t h e p re c ise n a tu re o f r ema in s r e po r ted a t s ome s i tes w h ich c ou ld n o t b e v i s i ted . F u r the rmo r e ,a si nm any o t he rr e g ion so fG ree ce , t h es t udy o f( e sp e c ia l ly c e ram ic )m a te r ia ld a t ing t ot h eB y zan t ine a nd T u rk i sh p e r iod s i ss t i l l a ta n e a r ly s t age , a nd i ti st ob e h oped t h a t t h e r epo r t s g i ven i n t h i s g a ze t tee r , w h ich s ome t imes h ave b een a b le t o l a be l s i te s s imp ly a s p o ss e s s ing m a te r ia l f r om t h e ' M idd le A ge s ' o r' M ed ieva l ' p e r iod s ,w i l lr e ce ive f u r the rd ef in i t ion i ns ub s equen ty ea r s . N ever the le s s , t h e i mpor tance o fe s tab l i sh ing f o r t h e f i r s t t i me a na c ce s s ib le d a taba se o fs i t e sf o rt h ei s land w h i ch c an a c t a s ag u ide t of u tu r e r e s ea r ch a nd f i e ldwo rk i sh a rd t o u nde re s t ima te , a nd i tw a s w i th t h i s m a in p u rpose t h a t t h e p r e s en tw o rk w a su nde r tak en .

h ab i ta t ion i n s ou thwe s te rn P e loponnese ' , AJA 6 5 ( 1961) , 2 21-60 ; i d . , ' Fu r ther e xp lo ra t ions i n s ou thwes tern P e loponnese ' , AJA 6 8 ( 1964 ) , 2 29 -45 ; i d . , ' Fur the r e xp lo ra t ion s i n s ou thwe s te rn P e loponne se ' , A JA 7 3 ( 1969 ) , 1 23 -77 ; W . A . McDona ld a nd G . R . R app ( J r . ) , T he M inneso ta Messen ia E xped i t ion : r econs truc t ing a B ronze Age e nv ironmen t (M inneapo l i s , 1 972 ) , 2 63 -322 a nd f i gs . 8 . 118 . 18 ; t h e Dodecanese : R . Hope -S imp son a nd J .F . L azenby , ' No te s f r om t h e D odecane se ' , B SA 5 7 ( 1962 ) , 1 54 -75 ; i d . , ' No tes f r om t he Dodecanese I ' , B SA 6 5 ( 1970 ) , 4 7 -77 ; L akon ia : H . Wa te rhou se a nd R . H ope -S imp son , ' P reh i s to r ic L akon ia : P a r t I ' , B SA 5 5 ( 1960 ) , 6 7 -107 ; i d . , ' P reh is to r ic L akon ia : P a r t I ' , B SA 5 6 ( 1961) , 14 -75 . Among t h e mo re r e cen t e xamp le s ( w i th s p ec ia l r e f e rence t ot h e e a s t e rn A egean ) , t h e re a r e w o rk s f o r b o th C h io s a nd S amos . Chios : E . Y a lou r i s , ' No tes o n t h e t opog raphy o f C h ios ' i n J .B oa rdman a nd C . E . V aphopou lou -R icha rd son ( e d s . ) , C h ios : ac onf e rence a t t he Home r ion i n C h ios , 1 984 ( Oxfo rd , 1 986 ) , 1 41-68 ; S amos : D . G . J .S h ip ley , A h i s tory o f S amos , 8 00 -188 BC ( Oxf o rd , 1 987 ) , 2 49 -66 ( a nd f o r t h e i s land 's p e raea , 2 66 -68 ) .

3

C hap t er 2

GAZETTEER OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL S ITES I N LESBOS 2 .1 Key

` MAge ' =s i te d a t ed b ys ou r ce st ot h e ' Med ieva l ' p e r iod o r t ot h e' M idd le A ge s ' . T u r . =T u rk i sh .1 BC =B e fo r eC h r i s t . AC =A f te rC h r i s t . C =C en tu ry . ( Whe r e t h e p e r iod t ow h ich t h e s i te d a te s i su nc lea r , t h i s s pa ce h a sb een l e f tb l ank [ ` — ' 1 ) .

T he e n t r ie sf o re a ch s i te a r eo r gan i sed a sf o l low s : ( a ) S i te n umbe r : T he c a ta logued s i te sa r en umbe r ed i no ne c on t inuou s s equence a st h ey a ppea ro n a l lt h e d i s t r ibu t ion m ap s( f ig s .2 14 ) . T he s equen ce b eg in so nt h ee a s tc oa s to f t h ei s land n ea r mode rn K om i ,c on t inu ing s ou th t ot h eG u l f o fG e ra a nd t h e Ma lea p romon to ry ( # 1-45 ) ,w e s to ve rt h e u p land sn ea rA g ia so sa nd a r ound t h eG u l fo fI C a l lon i( # 46 1 31 ) , w e s t t oE re so s a nd S ign ( # 132 -148 ) , e a s t a l ong t h e n or th c oa s t o f t h e i s land t o A n t i s sa ( # 149 -164 ) , s ou th a c ros s t h e h i gh land s o f t h e K ou rouk lo s moun ta in r a nge ( # 165 -189 ) ,n o r thea s tt o Me thymna ( # 190 -2 17 ) a nd a c ro s s t h e L epe tymno s r ange t ot h e e a s t c oa s t ( #218 -244 ) . A n a s te r i sk ( * )b e fo re t h e s i te n umbe rr e p re sen t s as i te w he re e xcava t ion sh ave b een c a r r ied o u t .

( f ) T he p robab le f u nc t ion o fe a ch s i te h a sb een c l a s s if i ed a s f o l low s : HA I 3 ( i ta t ion ) , CEM (e t e ry ) o rS P (ec ia l p u rpo se ) . T he l a t te r h a s b een a pp l ied t ot h o se s i te s w h i ch s e rved a n umb e r o f o t he r d i spa ra te f unc t ion s i n c lud ing c en t re s o f c u l tp r a c t ice ,f o r t if i ca t ion s ,q ua r r ie se t c . . ( g ) T he d e s c r ip t ion s o fe a ch s i te g i ven i n c lude d i rec t ion s f o r f i nd ing t h e s i te a nd a d e scr ip t ion o f t h e p re served r ema in s . D i re c t ion s a r e g i ven i na bb rev ia ted f o rm : n .= n o r th ,e . =e a s t ,s .= s ou th , w . =w e s t , n e . =n o r thea s t ,e ne . =e a s t -no r thea s t e t c . . U n le s s s t a ted o t he rw i se , d i s tance s g i ven a r e m ea su r ed a s t h e c r ow f l ies r a the r t h an a l ong e x i s t ing r o ad s .

( b ) T he s i te n ame i sg i ven i n t h e f o rm o f i t s t o ponym , f o l lowed b y t h e n ame o f t h e n ea re s t mode rn v i l lage i n p a r en the se s . I nt h e s pel ing o ft o ponym s ,t h ef o rm u sed i s t h a t w h ich i se mp loyed mo s t c ommon ly i nt h e p ub l i shed r epo r t s o ft h e s i te , a nd ( whe re a pp l i cab le ) an o te h a sb een a dded g i v ing a ny d i a lec ta l v a r ia t ions a l so f ound i n t h e p ub l ica t ion s . T hes ed i f f e r ence sa r ea ppa r en t mo s to f ten i n t o ponyms w h ich a r ed im inu t ive ss i nce t h el o ca lv e r s ion o f t h e A t t ic d im inu t ive f o rm s ` d ia 'r c iK ta ' i s` -€ X (X ) 1 . 14 X (Äh .a ' ( e g . s e e # 57 , # 212 ) . Whe re t h e l o ca t ion o f t h e a nc ien ts i te i sw i th in t h ea r ea o f amode rn s e t t lemen to n ly t h e l a t te r i sg i ven w i thou t a n a dd i t iona l t o ponym ( e g . f o r P amph i la [ # 17 ] , My t i lene [ # 27 ] , Me thymna [ # 2 17 ] e t c . ) .

( h ) B ib l iog r aphy . F u l lr e f e rence s a r ep rov ided f o rb ook s a nd a r t ic le sc i ted o n ly o n ce . Whe re aw o rk h a sb een c i t ed o n m o re t h an o ne o cca s ion , a na bb rev ia t ed f o rm h a s b een e mp loyed w h i ch c an b ef ound i nt h e s e lec tb ib l iog raphy a t t h eb eg inn ing o ft h ev o lume .

2 .2 S i te Gaze t teer 1 .P a l iochor i ( Kom i ) ; 7 58692 ; 2 20m , LR . -Byz . , ` MAge ' ; HAB , S P (? ) . A t t h e s po t k nown a s P a l iocho r i 1 . 3 km s n nw .f r om K om io nt h es l ope sb e low t h er oad t ot h ee . ,t h e r ema in so fa n o l ds e t t lemen ta r e a ppa ren tn ea r ac hap e l o f t h eP anag iouda . T he c hape li t se lf s t and sb e low al a rge o ak t r ee o n t h e w . b ank o f t h e T eneg ia s R ive r w i th t h e f ounda t ion s o f a n o lde r c hape l ( and s ome b roken a r ch i tec tu ra l B yz . m embra )b e s ide i t . T o t h e n .a nd e .o f t h ec hap e lt h es l op e s w . o ft h er i ve ra r ec ove red w i th t i l e s a nd s he rd s i n c lud ing LR . -Byz . ' c ombed ' w a re s a nd o t he r g l a zed s h e rd so f` MAge 'd a te . T he r i ve ra nd n ea rby s p r ing s p rov ide a s t rong w a te r s upp ly , a nd t h e r ema ins o f o ld t e r ra ce s s uppo r ted b y ' h e r r ing -bone ' s t one w a l l sc ove rt h e s l op e si n d ica t ing t h a tt h ea r ea w a so nce u nde rc u l t iva t ion . B ib l iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 55 -56 .

( c ) T he g r id r e f e rence sp rov ided a r et a ken f r om t h eB r i t i sh ' Aegean I s land s ' 1 :5 0 0 00 map s a nd a r e g i ven t o s i x f i gu r e sw he re i ti sp o s s ib le t ol o ca te t h es i te p r e c i se ly u pon t h em ap s ,o t he rw i se t of ou rf i gu re s w he re e i the rt h es i te i s v e ry l a rge o ri t se xa c tl o ca t ion i su nc lea r . ( d ) I f t h e e xac t l o ca t ion o f t h e s i te i s k nown a n a pp rox ima te h e igh t a bove s e a l e ve l i sg i ven . ( Whe r e t h e h e igh t a bove s ea leve l i sn o t k nown , t h i s s pa ce h a s b een l e f tb l ank [ ' -2 ] ) . ( e ) T he a bb rev ia t ion sf o rt h ed a t ing o fs i t e sa r ea sf o l low s : E =E a r ly . M =M idd le . L=L a te . N =N eol i th i c . BA . =B ronze A ge ( Myc . =Mycena ean , H =H elad ic ,M= M inoan ) . PG . =P ro togeome t r ic . G . =G eome t r i c . A . =A r cha ic . C . =C la s s ica l . HL . =H elen i s t ic . R . =R oman . B y z . =B yzan t ine . V en . =V ene t ian .

2 . P la t t ( Nee s K ydon ie s ) ; 8 06728 ; 6 0m , EBA . , B yz . , ` MAge ' , T u r . ; HAB , S P . T he r ema in s o f h ab i ta t ion a c t iv i ty a nd ar u ined ` MAge ' k a s t ro a r e p r e se rved o n t h e f l a t topp ed r i dge n amed P la t i , t h e n .e nd o fw h ich s t and s a bove t h e e .c oa s t o f t h e i s land 1 . 5 kms e .f r om N ee s K ydon ie s . T he s h ee rn .s l ope o ft h er i dge d rop ss ha rp ly t o t h e f e r t i le K ydona p l a in , a nd i ti so n t h i s n .e nd t h a t t h e 1 S i te s d e f ined a s ' Tun ' i nd ica te t h a t t h e p a r t icu la r s i te d a te s t o t h e p e r iod o f T u rk ish o ccupa t ion i n t he i s land ( 1462 -1912 ) r a the r t h an s i gn i fy ing a ny p a r t icu la r e t hn ic a f f i l ia t ion .

4

B ib l iog raphy ; T ax i s , 9 4 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 966 , 7 2 -73 , f i g . 1 a nd p l . V Ia ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 51 -52 a nd I ,p l . 3 1 ; Ma son , 1 993 ,2 44 -45 a nd n .8 6 .

r u ins a r e m o s t c l ea r ly v i s ib le . T he e a r l ie s t m a te r ia l , c oncen t ra ted o u t s ide t h ek a s t ro w a l l s t ot h e s e . , c omp r i se s E BA . s h e rd s a nd l i t h i cs i n c lud ing d a rk -g r ey T roy Is h e rd s , a nd a l so b r own a nd r e dE BA .p i e ce s( i nc lud ing s h e rd sf r om p i tho i a nd h o r izon ta l ly -p ie rced l u g h and le s ) . A x io t i s s u gge s ted t h a ts ome o ft h ef o unda t ion s v i s ib le a mong s tt h e ` MAge ' r u in sw e re t ob ea s so c ia ted w i th t h i sE BA .m a te r ia l a nd t h a t as i gn i f ican t E BA . s e t t lemen t h ad e x i s ted o n t h e h i l l . T he e nc lo su re w a l l o f t h e k a s t ro ( 1 .5 m t h ick ) i s p r e se rved u p t o 1m h i gh i n p l a ce s , e xh ib i t ing t h r ee e x t e r na lt owe r so nt h es .s i d e . I n s ide t h ew al i sac hap e lo f A g io s S py r idon , an umbe r o fb u i ld ing f o unda t ion s a nd a d en se s c a t te ro fs h e rd s( i n c lud ing ` MAge ' g l a z ed s h e rd s )a nd t i l e s . T h i s s he rd s c a t te r , t o ge the r w i th f u r the r s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s o u t s ide t h e w a l l t ot h e s .n ea r a no the r c hape l ( o f A g io s D im i t r io s ) , w e re t a ken b y A x io t i s t oi n d ica te t h a ta s e t t lemen th ad b een a s soc ia ted w i th t h ek a s t ro a tt h en .e nd o ft h ep l a teau . T he r ema in s o n t h e P la t i h i l l h ave b een e qua ted w i th t h e` Ka s t ro K ydon ion ' r e f e r r ed t ob yt r ave l le r st ot h ei s land d u r ing t h e V en . a nd T u r . p e r iod s2 a nd a l so l i s ted a s a v i l la ge ( `Kydona ' ) o ft h e 1 6C AC i n aM i t ropo l i tan c od ex . L o ca l t r ad i t ion s ugge s t s t h a tt h e s e t t lemen to fK ydona w a s a bandoned a tt h ee nd o ft h e 1 6C AC o ra tt h eb eg inn ing o f t h e 1 7C AC a f te ra ne a r thquak ea nd t h a ti t si n hab i tan t sf l ed a b road , e s tab l ish ing t h e s e t t lemen t o f s im i la r n ame ( 'Kydon iar , mode rn A yva l ik ) o ppo s i te i n A s ia M ino r ( wh i ch i ss a id t od a te f r om a pp rox ima te ly t h es ame p e r iod ) . B ib l iog raphy : K o ld ewey ,3 4 -35 ;T ax i s ,9 3 -94 ; Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 , 5 4 , 5 7 -58 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I ,1 49 -53 a nd I , p l . 3 1 ; Ma son , 1 993 , 2 44 -45 a nd n .8 9 .

4 . O rmos My s tegnon ( My s tegna ) ; 8 270 -8271 ; 1 0m ; R . (? ) , E Byz . , ` MAge ' ; HAB , CEM (? ) , S P . T o t h ee .o ft h em a in r o ad w h ich l e ad sf r om My t i lene n .t o My s tegna ,s i gn if ican t a nc ien tr ema in sa r es c a t te r ed o ve r al a rge a r ea o n t h es ho r e o ft h e b ay o f My s t egna c a . 1 . 5 kms s e . f r om t h e moder n v i l lage . S ome o f t h e r ema in s o n t h e s w . l i p o f t h e l ow r o cky p l a teau k nown a s P la t i w h ich l im i t s t h e b ay o f My s tegna t ot h en .( t he s .e nd o ft h eP l a t i r i dge r e f e r r ed t o i n# 2a bove )w e r ed a ted t ot h e ` 1 4Age ' p e r iod b yK o ldewey . A t t h e s .f o o to ft h i s h i l l ,a nd s t r e tch ing a l ong t h e s ho re o f t h e b ay , a r e e x tens ive t r a ces o f a nc ien t s e t t lemen t . K o ldewey c oun ted s ome 2 0 -30 m a rb le b l ock s i nt h i s a r ea w h ich a pp ea r ed t oc ome f r om d i f f e r en tb u i ld ings ( a nd w h i ch h es u gge s t ed h ad p robab ly h ad b een g a the red f r om d if e r en t l o ca t ion s ) . T he c hap e l o f A g io s G iann i s n ea r t h e s ho re p r e serve s t h e a p se o f a n EByz . b a s i l ica , a r ch i tec tu ra l f r agmen t s o fw h ich w e r e f ound b u i l t i n to t h e l a te r c hape l c on s t ru c ted o nt o pa nd a l so s c a t te red n ea rby . U nda ted s h e rd a nd t i l e d eb r i s c ove r c a . 1 . 5 h a . , i n c lud ing a s ca t te r o f s he rd s o n t h e n . -f a c ing s l ope s a l ong t h e s .e dge o ft h e b ay ( s ugge s ted b y K o ldewey t o r ep re sen t t h e s e t t lemen t 's c eme te ry ) . B ib l iog r aphy : K o ldewey , 3 -34 ; T ax i s , 9 4 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 963c , 2 72 ; i d . , 1 968a , 1 a nd p l . 3 ;K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 33 3 4 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 47 -48 a nd I ,p l . 3 0 . 5 .A g ia Ma r ina ( My s tegna ) ; 8 23704 ; 1 5m , E Byz . ; S P . I n o l ive g r ove s 2k ms t ot h e s e . o f t h e v ilage o f My s tegna , t wo o l d c hap e l s ( o ne i nr u ins ) s t and c l o se t o ge the r l ow d own o n t h e n .s l ope so ft h eK ran ie sh i l l . A tt h ec hape lo f A g ia Ma r ina ( t he n o r ther nmo s tc hape l )E Byz . a r ch i tec tu ra l m embra , t o ge the r w i th t h e s ub s tan t ia l w a l l s o f a n o l de r b u i ld ing v i s ib le u nde r t h e s .a nd w . w a l l s , i n d ica te t h e l o ca t ion o f a n E Byz . b a s i l i ca . Al a rge n umbe r o f o t he r a r ch i te c tu ra l p i e ce s f r om t h e b a s i l ica w e r e f ound a tt h e r u ined C h r i s to sc hape ln ea rby ( b u i l ti n1 921 ) t o ge the rw i th al a r ge s h e rd a nd t i l es c a t t e r ,w o rk ed b l o ck so fd a rk t r a chy te , a nd af u ne ra ry s t e le o fg r ey m a rb le . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 1 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I , 1 43 -44 a nd I ,p l . 2 9 .

3 . K a lamos ( Nee s K ydon ie s ) ; 7 972 ; ; B yz . , T u r . ; HAB , C EM , S P . T o t h e w . o f t h e k a s t ro o n t h e P l a t i h i l l ( # 2 ) t h e r ema in s o f a n e x ten s ive B yz . a nd T u r . s e t t lemen t a r e s p read t h rough t h en a r row v a l ley o ft h eK ydona R ive r ,a nd i tm ay b e t h e se r ema in s w h i ch a r e t ob e e qua ted w i th t h e T u r . v i l lage m en t ioned i nt h e 1 6C AC c odex ( a nd a l so i n e a r ly 1 7C O t toman s ou r ce s 3)r a the rt h an t h er ema in so nt h e P l a t ih i li t se lf ( s ee # 2 ) . B e s ide t h em od er nb r idge o ve rt h e r i ve r w h ich c a r r ie s t h e ma in My t i lene -Mandamado s r o ad s t and s at wo -s to rey T u r . h an i ,a nd ak a lde r im i l e ad s i n land ( w . ) a l ong t h e v a l ley b o t tom f r om t h e h an i t owa rd s N ee s K ydon ie s . A n e x ten s ive a r ea o ft h ev aley b a se c a .0 . 6k m s e . f r om t h e mode rn v i l lage i sc ove red w i th B yz . t i l e sa nd s h e rd s t o ge the r w i th b u i ld ing f ounda t ion s . An umbe r o f o l d w e l l s a r e a ppa ren t a l so . T he c hu rch o f t h e B yz . s e t t lemen t( d ed ica t ed t oA g io sN iko lao s )i sp r e se rved o nt h e n .s i d e o f t h e r i ve r b e s ide t h e k a lde r im i , c r o s s shap ed i n p l an ( s ugge s t ing aL Byz . d a te , s e e # 9 , # 176 , # 24 1 ) , w i th i t sw a l l so f mo r ta r ed t i l ea nd u nwo rk ed s t one sp r e se r ved u p t o 3m i nh e igh t . AT u r . g r aveya rd w a s f o und b eyond t h e c hu r ch a s t h e r o ad c l imb s u p t ot h e p l a t eau o n w h ich t h e m oder nv i l lage o fN ee sK ydon ie ss t and s .

6 . A g ios T hym ianos ( Therm i ) ; 8 07692 ; 2 00m ; C . (? ) ; HAB . C a . 2 . 5 kms n w . f r om mode rn T he rm i t h e D end ro s imon h i l lr i se s a bove t h eT eneg ia sR ive ro n t h e n . s i de o ft h e r o ad w h i ch l e ad s n w . t oP ig i . O n t h e s .l i p o f t h e h i l l top i st h e c hap e l o f A g io s T hym iano s , a nd i nt h e o l ive g r ove sa r ound t h ec hape l as c a t te ro ft i l e a nd p o t te ry s h e rd sa r ea s so c ia ted w i th c r ud e ly con s t ru c ted f ounda t ion so f b u i ld ings . T he p o t te ry s he rd s a r e mo s t ly g r ey w a re s . K on t i s d a ted t h e s i te t ot h e C . p e r iod o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e p o t te ry f i nd s . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 978 ,2 34 -35 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I ,1 6 1 . 7 . K arye s ( The rm i ) ; 8 15668 ; 1 80m ; E Byz . , LByz .fTu r . ; CEM , S P . C a . 1k m s w . f r om T he rm i , a tt h ep l a ce n amed K a r ye s , s t and s t h em ona s t e ry o fA g io sR apha e l , t h eo r ig in s o fw h i ch d a te b a ck t ot h e 1 3C AC w hen t h e mona s te ry w a s n amed K a rye s ( a nd w a s s o le ly f o r n uns ) . I n 1 959 , w hen f o unda t ion s w e r eb e ing l a id f o r an ew c hap e l , a r ch i tec tu ra l e l emen t so fa nE By z .b a s i l ica w e r eu n cove red ( a long w i th a t omb o fs im i la rd a te ) ,b u tn o s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s o fs u ch a n e a r ly p e r iod w e re f o und . T he o n ly f ounda t ions l o ca ted b e longed t o am uch l a te r L Byz . /po s t -Byz . c hu r ch d a t ed b y

2 B uonde lmon t i ( i n c a . 1 420 ) a nd P o rcacch i ( i n 1 576 ) b o th r e f e r t o as i t e i nt h i s a r ea a s ` C idonea ' .

I n a dd i t ion t ot h e e a r ly r e f e rence s t ot h e s i te b y t r avele r s a nd i nt h e 1 6C c odex n o ted a bove ( #2 a nd n o te 2 ) , O t toman s ou rce s r e co rd a v i l lage o f ` Kydon ia ' i n 1 602 , M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) . F o r t h e p rob lems o f e qua t ing t h e h i s to r ica l r e f e r ence s t o t h e s i te ( o r p oss ib ly s i tes ) o f K ydon ia w i th t h e a r chaeo log ica l r ema in s i n t h i s a r ea o f t h e i s land ( h e re , s i te s # 2 -3 ) s e e Ma son , 1 993 , 2 44 -45 . 3

5

p o t te ry a s soc ia ted w i th i t . A l so u n cove red d u r ing t h e e xcava t ion sw e re f i ve t omb so ft h em a r ty r se xecu t ed b yt h e T u rk i sh i n vade r s o n9 t h A p r i l 1 463 t o ge the rw i th a n o l d e r b u r ia lw h ich w a ss ugge s ted t ob et h a to ft h e 1 3C l e ade ro f t h eo r ig ina l mona s te ry . B ib l io _g raphy : T ax i s , 9 4 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 , 2 36 a nd p l . 2 08a , y ,6 ; D aux , 1 960 , 8 09 a nd f i g . 4 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 1 2 -13 , f i g . 2a nd p l s .4 -5 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 40 -41 .

o n ly b es e en o nt h ei n s ide o ft h ed ome a nd o nt h ee .s i de o f t h eb u i ld ing . B ib l iog raphy :T ax i s ,9 2 ;C ha r i ton id i s , 1 966 ,7 2a nd p l .I V ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 28 -30 a nd I ,p l . 2 3 . 1 0 . T re is A g io i ( Pamph i la ) ; 8 46664 ; 2 0m , EByz . , S P . C a . 1 . 8k m s n w . f r om P amph i la n ea rt h e h am le to fP y rgo i T he rm i s ac hap e ld ed ica ted t oT ax ia r ch i ss t and st ot h ew .o f t h e m a in r o ad . Af ew m e t re s t ot h e w . o ft h i s c hape l a r e t wo i k ono s ta se so ft h eP anag ia a nd A g io sT heodo ro s . T he f o rme r s t and s w i th in t h e a p se o f a much o l de r s t ruc tu re ( p robab ly t h er ema in so fa nE Byz . b a s il i ca ) . A l so , al a rge w a l l ( c o r re spond ing t o t h e s .w a l l o f t h e b a s i l ica ) o f mo r ta red t i l ea nd u nwo rk ed s t one r un se . -w .t ot h es .o ft h e P anag ia s h r ine ,s e pa ra t ing i tf r om t h ei k ono s ta s i so fA g io s T heodo ro s . S ca t te r ed a r ound t h es i te a r e an umbe ro fE By z . a r ch i t e c tu ra lp i e ce si n c lud ing u n f lu ted c o lumn sa nd c o lumn c ap i ta l s , a nd t h e c hape l o fT ax ia rch i s a l so i n co rpo ra te s a l a r ge n umbe ro fw o rk ed b l o ck s . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 25 a nd I ,p l . 2 2 .

* 8 . L ou t ra T herm i s ( The rm i ) ; 8 367 ; 1 0m ; C . , I LL . , R . , T u r . ; HAB (? ) , S P . A t t h e mou th o f t h e a l luv ia l c oa s ta l p l a in a bove w h ich ( t o t h e w . ) r i se s t h e mode rn v i l lage o f T he rm i , i st h e s ma l l s ka la s e t t lemen t ( a nd h a rbou r ) o f L ou t ra T he rm i s . T he l a t te r s t and s a tt h e p o in t w he r e t h e r o ad n .f r om My t i lene d i v ide st oh ead i n land t oT he rm i( c a . 1 . 5 bu s t ot h e w . ) o rc on t inue s n .t o My s tegna ( c a . 4k m t ot h e n . ) . T he re a r e h o t s p r ings n ea r t h e s ho re ( 4 9 °C ) a round w h ich t h e s e t t lemen t o f L ou t ra T he rm is s t i l l f o cu se s . I na n t iqu i ty w o r sh ip o fA r tem i s T he rm ia w a s c en t r ed o n t h i s w a te r s ou r ce , a nd v o t ive s f r om t h e c u l t d a te f r om t h e 5 C BC , w i th i n sc r ip t ion s f r om t h e C . /HL . -R . p e r iod s . A r ch i tec tu ra lm embra a nd t i l ef r agmen t so fv a ry ing d a te a r e s c a t te red o ve rt h ew ho le a r ea s u r round ing t h eT u rk i sh b a th ( ab u i ld ing l a te rc on s t ruc ted o nt h es p r ing st h ems e lve s )a nd a r ea ppa ren te spec ia l ly i nt h ef i e ld sa bove t ot h e w . w he re c o lumn b a se s a r e s t i l l v i s ib le i n s i tu . When a t r ia l e xcava t ion w a sc a r r ied o u tb enea th t h eT u r .b a th c omp lex4 a1 C AC b a th b u i ld ing w i th amo sa ic f l oo rw a sd i scove r ed t o ge the r w i th mo re s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s o f R . d a te . T he m agn if i cen t t wo -s to rey T u r . h o te l w i th e nc lo sed g a rden s , t h e` S a r -L i t za 'o r' Ye l low Wa te r 'P a la ce ( s o -ca l led a f t e rt h e c o lou ro ft h e s p r ingwa te r ) , w a sb u i l ti n1 903 a nd s t and si n r u in sb e s ide t h eT u rk i sh b a th sw h ich a r es t i l li nu se . I n1 971 C ha t z il o ca ted ap o s s ib le e x ten s ion o ft h ec u l t p l a ce ( o rp o ss ib ly o ne d i s t inc tf r om t h a ta tT he rm i )h a l fa n h ou rf u r the rn w . a tt h e s po tk nown a s ' T i s G e r a st oS e raf ( ` The h ouse o fG e ra ' )w he r eo rna te c u t t ing so n ar o ck f a ce w e r es ugge s ted t or e p re sen ta no pen -a i rs h r ine . B ib l iog raphy : N ew ton I ,6 0 -6 1 ; K o ldewey ,4 2 , 8 1 ; T ax i s , 9 3 ; G . D . K on t i s , "H O c tp .p .gvi A gaßos ' , My t i l in i 1 8 / 10 / 36 ; i d . , T achyd romos 1 8 / 10 / 36 ; B . G . K a l l ipol i t i s , AT T 6

Tf )

X aTpEio t

T f is

' ApTE i t i6og

* 11 . P yrgo i T herm is ( The rm i ) ; 8 49665 ; 5 m ; EBA . , MBA . ,L BA . ,R . ; HAB . C a . 2kms n .f r om t h e v i l lage o f P amph i la o nt h er o ad w h i ch l e ad sf r om My t i lene t oT he rm i a nd My s tegna i st h eh am le to fP y rgo i T he rm i s . T o t h ee . o ft h i sm a in r o ad ( wh ich r un s d i re c t ly t h rough t h e h am le t ) i nt h ef i e ld sb e s ide t h es ho re W in if red L amb e xcava ted a n e x t en s ive E BA . -LBA . s e t t lemen tf r om 1 929 -1933 s i ted o n w ha t i sn ow ah i gh s c a rp ( t he B ronze A ge c oa s t l ine w a s f u r the rt ot h ee .a nd h a sb een e r oded b yt h es e a ) . F ive m a in s t ra t ao fs e t t l emen ts pann ing t h et h i rd m ilenn ium BC w e r e d i s t ingu ished ; t h e s i te w a s t h en a bandoned a nd l a te r r e occup ied i nt h e MBA . -LBA . , a nd f r om t h e l a t te rp e r iod d a t ei mpo r ted Myc .w a r e s( o f LH I 1 1 1A d a t e ) ,l o ca lc op ie s o fs im i la rs t y le p o t te ry , a nd b ronze w eapon ry . T he o ve ra l l c e ram ic a s s emb lage i sv e ry s im i la r t ot h a t f ound b o th i n n w . A na to l ia ( a t T roy a nd Y o r tan ) a nd a l so a tt h e o t he r B ronze A ge s i te s i nL e sbo s o n b o th t h e e .c oa s t ( s i te s # 2 a nd # 238 ) a nd a r ound t h e G u l fo fK a l lon i ( s i te s# 84 ,# 88 , # 91 ,# 99 ,# 108 -09 ,# 111 -12 ,# 114 , # 116 ,# 131 ) . B a s iako sa l so r e po r ted f i nd ing as em i -c i r cu la rk i ln a nd R . m o sa i co nt h es ho r en ea rby . B ib l iog raphy : Ma in r e f e r en ce sa nd c omp a randa a r ec o l l e c t ed b yB uchho lz , 1 2 1 -23 , 1 33 , 1 35 -36 a nd f i g s .3 6 -37 ;s e ea l so L amb , 1 936 ; B ayne , 11-17 , f i g . 4 . 1 , 4 .V , 4 .X , 1 3 ; P a ra skeua id is , 1 976 , 5 03 ; C ha tz i 1 972 , 5 80 ; K on t i s , 1 978 ,2 02 -10 ; B a s iako s ,2 10 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 26 -28 .

cm )

L e sb iak es S e l id e s ( 1 950 ) ,2 06 -11 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 ,2 36 a nd p l . 2 08 f 3 ; i d . , 1 963c , 2 67 a nd p l . 3 08a , i d . , 1 965 ,4 93 , f i g . 7 ;i d . , 1 968b , 3 1 -32 ; C ha t z i , 1 971 , 4 57 a nd p l . 4 6 1a A upe r t , 6 97 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 35 -38 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 1 30 -34 ( a nd u nnumbe r ed p ho tog r aph P . 1 34 )a nd I ,p l .2 4 .

1 2 . G am i la ( Apha lona s ) ; 8 35638 ; 1 60m ; B yz . , ` MAge ' ; S P . O n t h e s .s l ope s o ft h e G am i la h i l l , 1 . 8 km s d ue w . f r om A pha lona s , A x io t i s n o t ed t h e r ema in s o f a n o lde r c hape l b e s ide t h e mode rn o ne o f A g io s T he rapon . A n umbe ro fa r ch i t ec tu ra lp i e ce s( i nc lud ing a nu n f lu ted m a rb le c o lumn a nd at h r e sho ld b lock o fr ed t r a chy te ) l i e o n t h e h i l l s lop en ea rby . B eyond t h ee .e nd o ft h e moder nb u i ld ing a r e t h e f ounda t ion s o f aB yz . c hape l c on s t ruc ted w i th u nwo rked s t one f r om w h ich A x io t i s s ugge s ted t h a t t h e m a rb le a nd I r a chy te m embra o r ig ina ted . A x io t is a l so n o ted ad ens e s c a t t e r o f ` MAge ' t i l e s a nd s he rd s e x t end ing f o r s ome d i s tance t ot h en . B ib l iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 15 -16 a nd I ,p l .2 0 .

9 . E pano P y rgo i ( The rm i ) ; 8 39669 ; 3 0m ; L Byz . ; S P . I n t h e h am le t o f E pano P y rgo i , 1km e se . f r om t h e m a in v i l lage o fT he rm i , ab ranch w . f r om t h em a in r o ad l e ad st o t h e L Byz . c hu r ch o f t h e P anag ia t i s T rou lo t i s ( now t h e p a r ish c hu r ch o ft h ec ommun i ty ) . I np l an t h ec hu r ch i si n t h e s hape o f ac ro s s , h a s ac i r cu la r d omed r oof , a nd i s c on s t ruc ted o f mo r ta red s t one a nd t i l e ( e xh ib i t ing m any a nc ien t b lo ck s b u i l t i n to i t s w a l l s , s ome o f w h ich c ome f r om t h en ea rby s h r ine o fA r tem i s ,# 8 ) . T he c hu r ch l a ck s m any f e a tu r e so fE Byz . s t ruc tu r e sa nd p robab ly d a te sf r om t h e 1 4C o r t h e 1 5C AC ( s ee # 3 , # 176 , # 241 ) . I n s id e t h e c hu r ch t h ew a l lp a in t ing s a r e n ow e x t reme ly f a in ta nd c an

1 3 . P a t ia ( Apha lona s ) ; 8 463 -846 4 ;;B yz . , ` MAge ' ,T u r . ; HAB . T o t h e n w . , w . a nd s w . o f t h e moder n v i l lage o f A pha lona s ,a ne x t en s ive a r ea i sc ove red w i th r ema in so ft h e p re ced ing B yz . a nd T u r . s e t t lemen t s w h ich c oa le sced t o

AT u r . v i l lage a tT he rm i ( o r I l ica ' ) i sa t te s ted i n O t toman s ou rc e s a s f a r b ack a s 1 602 , M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) . A n e a r l ie r O t toman c en su s l i s t f o r t h e i s land d a t ing f r om 1 521 i s p re se rved a l so , b u t a sy e t t h e re i sn o p ub l i shed a ccoun t o f t h e s e t t lemen t s l i s ted w i th in i t( i b id . ) . 4

6

B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 1 4 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 1 1 a nd I ,p l . 1 8 .

f o rm t h e mode rn v i l lage .5 T he n .p a r t o f t h e s i t e l i e s a r ound t wo o l dc hap e l s ,o ne k nown a s` Ag io i Omo log i t e s ' ( a t as po tc a l led K a to A lon ia6)a nd t h eo t he ra st h e` P anag ia t i n A nnenopou la ' t ot h e n w . a nd w . o ft h e mode rn v i lage r e spe c t ive ly . N ea r b o th c hap e ls A x io t is r e po r ted d en se s c a t te r so f` MAge ' s h e rd s ,t i l e sa nd r ubb le e x t end ing o ve ra s i gn i f ican t a r ea . C a . 0 . 4 km t ot h e s .o ft h e P anag ia i sa c hap e l o f A g io s G eo rg io s n ea r w h ich A x io t i s r e po r ted b u i ld ing f o unda t ions , w o rked b lo ck s ( i nc lud ing am a rb le s t a tue b a se ) , u n f lu ted c o lumns , as c a t te r o f B yz . t i l e a nd t wo p r e s s s tone so fT u r . t y pe . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 14 -15 a nd I , p l . 1 9 ; i d . , 1 994 ,f i g s . ä a nd Z .

1 7 . P amph i la ( v i l lage ) ; 8 65648 ; 1 0m ; C . /HL . , ` MAge ' ; HAB (? ) , CEM . A tP amph i la am a rb le f u ne ra ry s t a tue t t eo f af ema le f i gu r ew a sf o und i nt h eK a t sanou p l o t ,c ompa randa s ugge s t ing a4 C d a te . O the r s c a t te r ed w o rked b l ock s a nd i n s c r ip t ion s h ave b een r epo r t ed i nt h ea r ea , s ome o fw h ich h ad b e en b rough tf r om t h e s a nc tua ry o fA r tem i sa tT he rm i n ea rby ( # 8 ) . A x io t i s n o ted a l so t h a t a tt h e e .e dge o f t h e s e t t lemen t n ea r t h e s ho re a r ound t h e t wo s ma l l c hap e l s o f A g io s G iann i s a nd P anag iouda ( wh ich h ave b o th b een r e bu i l t r e cen t ly ) a r e s i gn if ican t s ca t te r s o f ` MAge ' c e ram i c s .7 B ib l iog raphy : E uange l id i s , 1 927 -28 , 1 8 -19 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 20 -21 a nd I p l . 1 8 .

1 4 . L aka ( Apha lona s ) ; 8 56634 ; 4 0m ; HL . , LR . , E Byz . , T u r . ; HAB . C a . 0 . 5 k m s e . f r om A pha lona s , t ot h e s .o f t h e m a in r oad w h ich l e ad s u p f r om P anag iouda t o A pha lona s ( a t as po t k nown a s L aka ) , t i l e s , s he rd s a nd s t ruc tu ra l r ema ins o f HL . , LR . a nd E Byz . d a te w e re u ncove r ed o n t h e s l ope so ve r look ing t h e Mor ia v a l ley . A n umbe r o f B yz . s he rd s w e re f ound o n t h e s ame h i l l s id e t o ge the r w i th w o rked b lock s o f t r achy te . N ea rby a r e s t re t che s o f ak a lder im i w h ich o nce f o rmed t h e m a in c ommun ica t ion r o u te b e tween Mo r ia a nd A pha lona s . B ib l iog raphy : A che i la ra a nd A r chon t idou -A rgyr i , 1 987 , 4 86 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 17 .

1 8 . A ugo A t s ingana s ( Mo r ia ) ; 8 34617 ; 1 20m ; R . , T u r . ; HAB , CEM , S P . T he r u in so fa n i s o la ted a nc ien tb u i ld ing w i th a n a s so c ia ted b u r ia l w e r e r epo r ted b y A x io t i s o n t h e h i l l n amed A ugo A t s ingana s c a . 1 . 9 kms w sw . f r om Mo r ia . T he h i l l r i se s t ot h e s .o f t h e r o ad w h ich l e ad s w . f r om Mo r ia t ot h es ho r eo ft h eG u l fo fG e ra n ea r af o un ta in a l so n amed A t s ingana s ( c on s t ruc ted i n 1 891) . O n t h e h i l l top A x io t i s d e sc r ib ed f ounda t ion s ( w i th t h e l i ne o ft h e s .w a l l c l ea r ly p r es e rved ) , ad en se s c a t te r o f t i l e s , b one s f r om ad i s tu rb ed t omb ,a nd p l a in w a r es h e rd sa mong w h i ch w a st h eh and le o f al amp d a t ing t oc a . 1 00 AD . A tt h e s .f oo to ft h e A ugo A t s ingana s h i l lo nt h e s ho re o ft h e G u l fo fG e ra ( b e s ide ar u ined c hape l o ft h eP anag ia Me lan i ) ,s t and s aT u r .b a th -hou se c en t r ed o n w a rm s p r ing s ( wh ich T ax i s t h ough t t oh ave R . f o unda t ion s ) . T he b a th h ou se ( o f s im i la r n a tu re t o t h e b a th a t T he rme l ia n ea r Mo r ia , # 23 ) i ss t i l l i nu se a nd c omp r i se s t wo l a rge w a te r c i s t er n sw i th d uc t s l e ad ing i n to t h ec i s te rn s f r om t h en .a nd f l ow ing s .i n to t h eG u l fo fG e ra . ) 3 ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey , 4 2 ; T ax i s , 9 0 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 7 21-22 , p l . 1 45 .

1 5 . K a tho ( Panag iouda ) ; 8 59639 ; ; T u r . ; HAB . C a . 0 . 3 k m w . f r om t h e v i l lage o fP anag iouda , at r a ck l e ave s t h e m a in r o ad a s i tl e ad s u p t ot h e v i l lage o f A pha lona s a nd r un s p a ra l le l t o t h e r oad ( t o i t s n . ) a l ong t h e s l ope s o ve r look ing t h e v a l ley o f t h e K a lam ia r i s R ive r a nd P amph i la . I nt h i s a r ea ( known a sK a tho )a r e t r a ce s o fo l d t e r r a ce sc ove r ing t h e h i l l s ide t o ge the r w i th f o unda t ion s o f h ou s e s ,p i le so fs t one sa nd w o rk ed b l o ck s . A s so c ia ted w i th t h e se r ema in si s ac on cen t ra t ion o ft i l ea nd g l azed s h e rd so f T u r .d a t e . L o ca lt r ad i t ion s ugge s t st h a tt h i ss e t t lemen tw a so ne o f t h o se f r om w h ich t h e mode rn v i l lage o f A pha lona s w a s f o rmed ( s ee a l so # 13 ) , a nd a l though t h i s s i te o f t h e T u r . p e r iod h ad b een a bandoned b y t h e 1 9C t h e a r ea w a s r e s e t t l ed b r ie f ly a f te rt h es e ve re e a r thquake i n1 867 . S t r e t che s o f ak a lde r im in ea rby a nd aT u r .f oun ta inhead b u i l to ve ro ne o f t h e m any w a te r s ou r ce s g i ve f u r the r e v idence f o r t h e e x i s tence o f af o rme rs e t t lemen t . B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s ,9 2 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 12 .

1 9 . S a l iakas ( Mo r ia ) ; 8 37604 ; 1 70m ; E BA . , ` MAge ' ; HAB . T he s t e ep r o cky h i l l n amed S al iaka sr i se sa bove t h e n .s ho re o f t h e G u l f o f G e ra c a . 2k ms s w . f r om Mo na . O n t h e p eak o ft h e h i l A x io t i s a nd K ophopou lo s r e po r ted a ne x ten s ive s c a t t e ro fE BA . m a te r ia li n c lud ing s h e rd sf r om e x t r eme ly c oa r se p o t te ry , p i tho i , b rown -bu rn i shed p i ece s , h and le s a nd ad en se s c a t te r o f l i t h ics ( i nc lud ing p i e ce s o f b l a ck s t one s im i la r t o t h a t f ound n ea r C hyd i ra [ # 180 ] ) . T he r e w e r e a l so f r agmen t s o ft r a chy te m il s tone s ( ar o ck n o t n a tu ra l ly o ccu r r ing i n t h e s e . o f t h e i s land ) a nd a n e sp e c ia l ly l a rge n umb e ro fs e a shel si n c lud ing c onche sa nd s c a l lop s . B e low t h e p eak t ot h e s e . a r e s t re t che s o f ak a lde r im i l e ad ing u pf r om t h em a in r o ad o n to t h eh i l 1 ,8 t wo f o un ta in s ( n ow d r y ) ,a nd as c a t te ro fs h e rd sa nd t i l e so f` MAge ' d a te . O ld t e r r a ce sa r ea ppa r en to nt h i ss e .s i de o ft h eh i l la nd o na l owe rp eak al a rge b l o ck f r om a no l ive -p re s sl i e sd i su sed . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 7 22 -23 ( a nd u nnumbe red p ho tog raph p .7 23 ) .

1 6 . K a lam iar is ( Panag iouda ) ; 8 64642 ; 1 0m ; E Byz . ; S P . A tt h en .e nd o ft h eP anag iouda v i lage n ea rt h eK a lam ia r i s R ive rs t and st h ec hape lo fA g io sG eo rg io sw h i ch e xh ib i t sa n umb e ro fs qua r ed b lo ck sa nd E Byz . a r ch i te c tu ra lm emb ra e i the rb u i l ti n to i t sw a l l so rc o l le c t ed t o ge the ra tt h ec hap e l . I n s ide t h e c hap e l C ha r i ton id i s n o ted t h e f o unda t ions o fa n a n c ien t s t ruc tu re c on s t ruc ted o fl a rge m a rb le b l o ck s w h ich f o rmed ar i gh t -ang led c o rne r . T he a r ch i te c tu ra l m embra w e re t h ough t t o h ave o r ig ina ted f r om t h is b u i ld ing ( p robab ly a nE Byz . b a s il i ca ) . S im i la rw o rked b l o ck s w e r e f o und a tt h en ea rby c hape lo fA g io sK on s tan t ino s ,p robab ly o r ig ina l ly f r om t h es ame b a s i l ica .

AT u r . v i l lage a t` Afa lona ' i sa t te s ted i nO t toman s ou rces a s f a r b ack a s 1 602 , M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c en su s o f t h e i s land , s ee n . 4a bove .

A s e t t lemen t h ere d u r ing t h e T u r . p er iod i s a t te s ted i n O t toman s ou rces a s e a r ly a s 1 602 , M . K ie l , p er s . c omm . ( 1995) . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c ensu s o f t h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove .

T he n ea rby t oponym o f Tpano /Apano Mon ia ' al i t t le w ay u p t h e h i l l i ss a id t o h ave b een f r om w he re t h e mode rn v i l lage o f A pha lona s t ook i t s n ame : f r om ` Anc ivw a X ( jv ta' , t o ` A c ¢o iXow ta ' , t o ` Aecauwas.' ,s e e A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 14 .

T h is i sp robab ly p a r t o f t h e s ame k a lde r im i w h ich i sa ppa ren t f u r the r e .n ea r t h e L emonos c h if t l ik ( #21) a nd w h ich c on t inues e . , e n te r ing t h e f o rme r w . g a te o f t h e c i ty o f My t i lene n ea r t h e a nc ien t t h ea t re .

7 5

6

8

7

2 0 . K amares ( Mona ) ; 8 52613 ; 5 0m ; R . ; S P . C a . 0 . 4 k m s .f r om t h e v i l lage o f Mona s t and s as e c t ion o f t h e R . a queduc t ( p robab ly o f 2 C AC d a te 9)w h ich c a r r ied w a te r d own f r om t h e a r ea o ft h e ( now d ra ined ) G r ea tL ake n ea r A g ia so s t o My t i lene ( s e e a l so # 22 ) . Twe lve c o lumn s a r e p r e ser ved s pann ing t h e v a l ley b o t tom w i th t h re e s e r ie s o f a r che s b e tween e ach p i e r ( o f w h ich g ene ra l ly o n ly t h e m idd le a r ch i sp r e se rved ) . T he c o lumn sa nd s pan so fe a ch a r ch a r e c on s truc ted o fg r ey m a rb le , w i th t h e s pan s o ft h e t o pa r ch c ompo s ed o f mo r ta red t i l e . B ib l i s l g raphy : N ew ton I ,5 8a nd p l . 3 ;K o ldewey ,6 6 -67 , 8 1 a nd p l . 2 9 .1 ; T ax i s , 9 0 -91 ; P a ra skeua id is , 1 976 , 5 02 -03 ; C ha tzüoannou ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 07 -08 . 2 1 . O u t za ( Mona ) ; 8 586 10 ; 1 50m ; E Byz . , ` MAge ' , Tu . ; HAB . A tt h ep l ace k nown a sO u t za 1k m s e . f r om Mona s t and t h ee x ten s ive r ema in s o f aTa r . ( a nd p o s s ib ly e a r l ie r B yz . ) s e t t lemen t . 1° T he a r ea i sk nown t oh ave b een t h e c h if t l ik o f a My t i lenean f am i ly n amed L emono s a nd a n umbe ro fr u in s v i s ib le t o day a t te s t t h e a g r icu l tu ra l c en t r e w h i ch o nce e x i s ted h e r e : ab u i ld ing w h ich h ou sed a n o l ive p r e s s , ap aved a l on i , as qua re c i s te rn ( u sed f o rt h es t o r age o f w ine ) , a nd al a rge n umb e r o f f ounda t ion s o fb u i ld ing s o f m o r ta red s t one a nd t i l e . N ea rby t ot h e s .a r e t h e r ema in s o fa n E Byz . b a s i l ica ( t he n . ,s .a nd e .w a l l sa r ep r es er ved t o ge the rw i th t h ea p se ) , a r ch i tec tu ra lp i e ce s f r om w h ich a r eb u i l ti n to t h ec hap e lo f A g io s G iann i s a nd ar u in k nown a s t h e ` P anag ia ' w h ich b o th s t and n ea rt h er ema in s o ft h ec h i f t l ik . Ad en s es c a t te r o f` MAge ' c e ram ic se x tend ing t ot h en e . a sf a ra s ac hap e l o f C h r i s to s ( whe re mo r e E Byz . e l emen t s a r e c o l le c ted ) i n d ica te s t h e e x ten t o f t h e s e t t lemen t a s soc ia ted w i th t h e c h i f t l ik . B e fo r et h ec u r ren tc hap e lo fC h r i s to sw a sb u i l tt h e a p se o fa no l de rs t ruc tu r ew a sv i s ib le . B ib l iog raphy : T ax is , 9 1 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 1 4 -15 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 08 -09 a nd I ,p l . 1 7 .

1 0 1-02 a nd I , p l . 1 5 ; P a r ien te , 8 70 ; F rench , 1 993 , 6 5 ; M i l la ra nd W i ll iam s , 1 993 ; i d . 1 994 . 2 3 . T herme l ia ( Mo na ) ; 8 69624 ; 5 0m ; Ta r . ; S P . A t t h e s . e dge o ft h e Mona p l a in ( 1k me .f r om t h ev i lage ) ,b e tween t h e f o rk i n t h e m a in r oad s w h ich l e ad e i the r n . f r om My t i lene a l ong t h e c oa s t t oP amph i la o r i n land ( w . ) t o Mona , s t and s ac hap e lo ft h eP anag ioud a( p a in ted y e l low ) . T he r u in so fa no l dT u r , b a th -hous e o f mo r ta red g r ey s t one s t and n ea rby , t h e ma in r oom b e ing r e c tangu la r w i th a n a r ched r oo f( a nd t wo a i r v en t s i nt h e c e i l ing ) . Al ow s i l l e x i s t s a r ound t h e w a l l o n t h r ee s i de s ( i ti sm i s s ing o n t h e n .s i de w he re t h e r ea r et wo o pen ings f o rw a te r -duc t s ) . T he m a in c i s t er n i sn ow f u l l o f e a r th b u t s e ems t oh ave h ad s t ep s l e ad ing d own i n to i tf r om t h e d oo r , a nd f r om t h e e x ten s ion o f t h e e .w a l l t owa rd s t h e s .i ts e ems t h a t a n e n t rance c hamb e r o fs ome s o r t o nce e x i s ted h e r e . I nt h e 1 9C K o ldewey r e f e r r ed t ob o th t h eb a th -hou s ea nd t h ew a rm s p r ing s a tt h e s po t1 ( t he s p r ing s s t i l l f l owed i n 1 905 ) . A x io t i s d r ew a c ompa r ison w i th t h e s im i la r Ta r . b a th h ou se a tT h e rma o n t h e n .s ho r eo ft h eG u l fo fG e ra ( # 18 ) . B ib l iog raphy ; K o ldewey , 8 1 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 02 . 2 4 . K ara -Tepe ( My t i lene ) ; 8 762 /8862 ; 3 0m ; BA . , C . /HL . ( ? ) , HAB (? ) , CEM . O n t h e p romon to ry o f K a ra T epe , c a . 2k i ns n nw . f r om My t i lene ( now u sed a s a m i l i ta ry f i r ing r a nge ) , C ha r i ton id i s d es cr ibed ac i s t -g rave o r ien ted e . -w . ( w i th t h e h ead o f t h e b ody a tt h e e .e nd ) w h i ch c on ta ined ab l a ck -g la zed b ow l a nd ap a i r o f i r on s c rape r s . T he l i d -s lab s o f t wo o t he r g r ave s w e re a l so a ppa r en t . A x io t i s r e po r ted as c a t te r o f BA . p o t te ry o n t h e p r omon to ry b u t g ave n o m o r e d e ta i l s o ft h e f i nd s ( o r t h e i r e xa c tl o ca t ion ) . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 , 2 36 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I , 4 60 . 2 5 . A g ios N iko laos ( Py rg i ) ; 8 56588 ; 1 20m ; A . , C . , HL . (? ) , B yz . ; HAB , CEM (? ) , S P . C a . 2 . 5 l c ms w sw . o f t h e t own o f My t i lene , o n as pu r o ve r look ing t h e G u l f o f G e ra ( b e twe en t h e v i l lage s o f K en t ron a nd P y rg i ) , s t and s t h ec hape lo fA g io sN iko lao s . O n t h e n . , n w . a nd s .s l op e s o f t h e h i l l a r e w o rked b l ock s t o ge the r w i th s i gns o f q ua r r y ing a c t iv i ty a nd as c a t t e ro fp l a in w a r es h e rd sa nd t i l e . O n t o p o ft h e h i l l b y t h e c hape l a r e t wo u nf lu t ed c o lumn s ( wh ich m ay h ave b een b rough t f r om My t i lene ) , a nd o t he r a r ch i t ec tu ra lm emb ra c an b es e en i n s ide t h ec hap e la l so . N ea r t h e c hape l , ac ave f a ce s w . t owa rd s t h e G u l fo f G e r a . T he m ou th o ft h e c ave i ss ma l l ( mea su r ing 0 . 4 mx 0 . 8 m ) b u t t h e w a l l s o pen o u t i n s ide t of o rm p robab ly t h e l a rge s tc ave i nL e sbo s w i th f i ve s e pa ra te c hamb e r s . I nt h e f i r s t c hambe r , t h e f l oo r w a s f o und s c a t te red w i th r o ck s , s h e rd s o fp o t te r y , c l ay p l aque s , h uman b one s , A . , C . a nd B yz . c o in s , a nd f i gu r ine s . T he d epo s i t s s e emed t ob e o f v o t ive n a tu re a nd t h e s h e rd s i n c luded b l ack f igu re , b l a ck g l a ze a nd g r ey w a re s . Ah oa rd o fA . b i l lon ( s i lve r a l loy ) a nd e l ec t rum c o in sw a sa l so f o und i nt h ec ave . T he f o rme r e xh ib i ted t wo f a c ing b oa r s ' h ead s o n t h e o bve r se a nd a n i n cuse s qua re o n t h e r e ve r se . A n umbe r o f e l e c t rum ' s ix th s ' w e r ea l so r e cove red a nd t h eo bve r se t y p e si n c luded w inged l i ons , aw inged b oa r , l i onhead s , ag r i f f in , t h e h ead o f ac a l f , r e p re sen ta t ions o f P an , A thena ( t he l a t te r o f O r ien ta l i s ing t y p e ) , aG o rgon , H e rak le s w i th t h e N emean l i on , a nd t h e t o r so o f ac a l f . T he B yz . c o in s w e re o f b r onze .

2 . K a to lakos ( Mo na ) 8 68623 ; 6 0m ; HL . , R . ; CEM , S P . C a 1k m e .f r om t h e v i lage o f Mo na i mmed ia te ly s .f r om t h e m a in r o ad ,a t ap o in t w he re i tb end s s .t oh ead t owa rd s My t i lene , l a rge e xcava t ed a r ea so n t h e h i l s ide i n d ica te t h e r ema in so fa n e x t en s ive m a rb le q ua r ry a t ap l a ce k nown a s K a to lako s . A nc ien t c u t t ing s a r e s t i l l v i s ib le o n al a rge n umbe r o f a nc ien t q ua r ry f a ce s ( s ome o f w h ich h ave c o l lap sed ) a nd i n t h e q ua r ry h und red s o f h a l f -f in ished c o lumns , c ap i ta l s , b a se s , b a s in s , a l ta r s a nd c u t b l o ck s a r e v i s ib le . I ts e em st h a tt h eq ua r ry w a se xhau s ted o fm a rb le a t t h et i me o fi t sa bandonmen ti nl a te a n t iqu i ty . S ec t ion s o f t h e R . a queduc t ( s ee # 20 ) w h i ch b r ough t w a t e r f r om t h e ( now d ra ined ) G r ea t L ake n ea r A g ia so s t o My t i lene a nd r a na bove t h eq ua r ry o n t h es ame h i l la r e s t i l l a ppa ren t . A n e mp ty ( po s s ib ly R . ) c i s t g r ave l i ned w i th l i me s tone b lo ck s l i e s b eyond t h e e .e dge o ft h e q ua r ry o n t h eh i l o ve r look ing t h em a in r o ad t o My t i lene . K on t is a dded t h a t i n t h e Mo na a r ea a n umb e r o f i n sc r ip t ion s o f HL . a nd R . d a te h ave b een f o und , t h e m a jo r i ty b e ing f u ne ra ry s t e la i . B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 9 1 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 1 4 ; i d . , 1 968b , n o . 8 5 ( p . 6 0 ) ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 38 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,

T he a queduc t i sp robab ly o fH ad r ian ic d a t e a tt h e e a r l ie s t w i th s ome l a te r r epa i r s , H . Wi ll iams , p e r s . c omm . ( 1994 ) .

9

1 0 A T u r . s e t t lemen t a t ' Mo na ' i sa t tes ted i n O t toman r e co rd s a se a r ly a s 1 602 , M . K ie l , p e rs . c omm . ( 1995 ) . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c ensu s o f t h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove .

1 H ence t h e t oponym f o r t h e a r ea , a l so k nown i n t h e 1 9C b y t h e a l te rna t ive d im inu t ive f o rm ` Thermak ia ' ( 'Oep v iK ta') .

8

B ib l iog raphy ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 965 ,4 9 1 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 42 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,7 24 a nd p l . 1 46 .

3 ;A che i la r aa nd A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 986 , 1 98 -200 ,f i g s . 2 5 , p l . 1 44 ; W i l l iams a nd W i l l iams , 1 986 , 1 41 -54 ; A che i la ra a nd A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 987 ,4 77 -81 ,f i g s .2 4 , p l s . 2 86 -90 ; W i l l iams a nd Wi l l iams , 1 987 , 2 47 -62 ; i d . , 1 988 , 1 35 -49 ; A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 988 , 4 54 -63 , f i g s . 4 1 , p l s . 2 70 f 3 -279 ; W i l l iams a nd W i ll iams , 1 989 , 1 67 -81 ; i d . , 1 990 , 1 8 1-93 ; i d . , 1 991 , 1 75 -91 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 9 6 9 ,4 60 , I ,p l s . 2 4 ; DA I s h e rd a r ch ive ` My t i l in i , K a s t ro ' , u npub l i shed .

2 6 . A no L a tome ia K our t z i ( A l iphan ta s ) ; 8 64587 ; 1 00m , C . ( ? ) ,L R . ; S P . O n t h ep l a t eau 0 . 3 k m w . f r om t h ev i lage o fA l iphan ta s ,b e fo re t h er o ad w h i ch l e ave s My t i lene t ot h e w . d e scend s t ot h e s ho re o f t h e G u l fo fG e ra , i s aq ua r ry a r ea k nown a s A no L a tome ia K ou r t z i b e tween t h e t wo t o ponym s ` P anag i 'a nd ` Ou tza ' . I nt h i sq ua r ry ing a r ea i r on t o o l s ,u nf in i shed c o lumn sa nd ah a l f comp le t ed ( C . ? )r e l ie f o f am a le f i gu re ( p robab ly H e rak le s ) w e re r e cove red , t e s t i fy ing t o t h e e x is tence o f a n a nc ien t q ua r ry . C ha r i ton id i s d a ted s ome o ft h e m a te r ia l t ot h e LR . p e r iod a l so . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 96 1-62 , 2 63 , f i g . 2a nd p l . 3 18 E 3 -6 ; D aux , 1 962 , 8 76 , f i g . 4 ;C ha r i ton id i s , 1 963c , 2 68 a nd p l . 3 086 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 7 23 ; M i l la r a nd W i l l iam s , 1 993 , f i g . 1 .

2 8 . L iman i t o u P y rg iou ( Py rg i ) ; 8 52577 ; O m ; HL ( ? ) , R . ; HAB ( ? ) , S P . O n t h e e .s ho re o ft h e G u l fo fG e ra , c a . 0 . 4 k m s w . f r om t h e h am le t o fP y rg i a nd 0 . 1 km s .f r om i t s s ma l lh a rbou r ,A x io t i sr e po r ted t h er ema in so fw a l l so nt h e b ea ch ( wh ich a l so e x tended b e low s e a l e ve l ) o f mo r ta red , u nwo rked s t one s c a .0 . 5 mt h ick ( Ax io t i s n o ted a tl e a s ts i x w a l l si n3 0m ) . N ea rby , i na dd i t ion t o ad en se t i l e s c a t te r , an umbe ro fw o rked b l o ck s w e re v i s ib le , a nd b e tween t wo o f t h e w a l l s A x io t i s a nd B a s iakos r epo r ted t r ace s o f a m o sa ic f l oo r . B o th s cho la r s a l so n o ted t h e r ema in s o f a n c ien t k i ln s n ea rby ( Ba s iako s c oun ted t wo , A x io t i s o n ly o ne ) , w h ich , t o ge the r w i th t h e a s so c ia ted b u i ld ing , w e re s ugge s ted t od a te t ot h eR .p e r iod . B a s iako s a l so d e s c r ibed a no the r c e ram ic p roduc t ion c en t r e i nt h e a r ea k nown a sT ax ia r ch i s , 2kms f u r the rn w . f r om t h eh am le to fP y rg i , w i th ma te r ia l w h ich d a ted t ot h e HL .o rR .p e r iod s . B ib l iog r aphy : B a s iako s ,2 09 ; H . W . C a t l ing , ' A r cha eo logy i nG ree ce , 1 986 -87 ' , AR 3 ( 1987 ) , 5 2 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 7 25 .

* 27 . My t i lene ( t own ) ; 8 858 , 8 859 , 8 860 , 8 958 ( f ind s s p r ead o ve ra l l f ou rs qua re s ) ; ;E BA . ,L BA . ,P G . , G . , A . , C . , Ht . , R . , B yz . , Y en . , T u r . ; HAB , CEM , S P . T he e a r l ie s tf i nd sr e p re sen ta t ive o fs e t t lemen ta c t iv i ty w i th in t h e a r ea o ft h e moder nt own a r eE BA . s h e rd sf o und i nt h ea r ea o ft h e Med ieva lk a s t ro . T r enche s l a id f o rt h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e n ew m u seum a l so l o ca ted Myc . s he rd s ( t he s p ec if i c d a t ing f o r t h i s m a te r ia l a wa i t s f u l l p ub l ica t ion ) . E a r l ie s t s t ruc tu ra l r ema ins a r e o f PG . d a te . T he A . t h rough R . p e r iod se xh ib i td ome s t ic s t ruc tu r e s , t h ec i ty w a l l ( f ig . 3 2 ) , a r ch i te c tu ra lm emb ra f r om p ub l i cb u i ld ing s , aR .b a th w i th mo sa ic f l oo r s ,a nd t omb f i nd s( i nc lud ing l a rge C . , HL . a nd R . c eme te r ie s ) . Many E Byz . a r ch i tec tu ra l e l emen t s h ave b een f ound . Af o r t re s s ( po s s ib ly b u i l t o r ig ina l ly i nt h e 1 3C )w a sc on s t ruc ted o nt h ea n c ien ta c ropo l i s ,r e bu i l t( a nd e x t ended )i n1 373 b y F rances co G a t te lu s io ( t he f o unde ro f t h eG enoe se d yna s ty w ho r u led t h ei s land f r om 1 355 -1462 ) . A f te rt h eT u r .c onque s to fL e sbo s ,l a rge n umbe r so fh ou se s a nd m o sque s w e re b u i l ti n s ide t h ec a s t le w a l l s ,a nd al a rge n umbe r o fT u r . r ema in s ( i nc lud ing mo sque s , b a th -hou se s a nd f o un ta in s )a r es t il v i s ib le t h roughou tt h et own . B ib l iog raphy ( ma in ) : K o ldewey , 3 12 , p l s . 1 3 ; R ou se , 1 47 -49 ; D . E uange l id i s , ` Aga r iou ' E T r typa 0 1 ' ,A rchDe l t 6( 1 920 -21 ) , 9 9 -114 ; i d . , 1 927 -28 , 1 4 -22 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 , 2 35 -36 , 2 39 -43 , p l s . 2 06a -E , 2 12 -136 , 2 14 ; i d . , 1 96 1a , 2 07 -14 , p l s . 1 68 -71 ; i d . , 1 961b , 2 11 -15 a nd f i g s . 2 28 -29 ; i d . , 1 961-62 , 2 61-63 , f i g . 1 , p l . 3 18a ; Mou t zou r i s , 1 962 ,5 3 , 5 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 962a , 1 34 -41 a nd p l s . 1 40 -42 ; i d . , 1 962b , 1 55 -59 a nd f i g s . 1 86 -90 ; B ayne , 1 24 ( a nd n .2 33 ) ,2 41-42 a nd f i g s . 1 7 .1 , 2 5B ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 963a , 1 58 -59 a nd p l . 1 41 ; i d . , 1 963b , 1 57 -59 a nd f i g s . 1 73 -74 ; i d . , 1 963c , 2 66 -67 a nd p l s . 3 06 -07 ; i d . , 1 964 , 3 96 9 7 a nd p l . 4 64 ( 3 , 6 ;i d . , 1 965 , 4 89 , p l s . 6 26 -27 ; P e t rako s , 1 967c , 4 45 -58 , 4 60 -62 , f i gs . 1 11 , 1 3 , p l s . 3 31 -37a , 37y -38 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 1 5 -20 , f i g s . 4 11 ,p l s . 6 r 3 -7 ; S .C ha r i ton id i s ,L .K ah i l a nd R . G inou e s ,L es m o sa ique s d e l am a i son d u Menand r e aMy t i l ene ( AK s upp . 6 ;B e rne , 1 970 ) ; I .T s ir ibako s , ' A pxa tör r y r Eg K a i i v ri l lE ia T 6 3v v r jawv A iya iou - A go-f 3 og ' , A rchDe l t 2 5 ( 1970 ) C h ron ika , 4 16 ; C ha tz i 1 971 , 4 48 -56 , p l s . 4 47 -58 ; e ad . , 1 972 , 5 79 -93 , p l s . 5 32 -42 ; e ad . , 1 973 , 5 07 -17 , p l s . 4 71 8 6 ; K on t i s , 1 973 , 1 8 a nd f i g . 1 2 ; A l ip ran t i s , 1 973 , 57 , p l s . 5 27 -29 ; I .T s i r ibako s , "A pxa tör ry reg K a i p Y rwE ia T (. 3 1 / v r jo-w v A iya iou - Ma p s . ', A rchDe l t2 9 ( 1 973 -74 ) C h ron ika , 8 55 -65 , p l s . 6 42 -44 ; B uchho lz , 1 23 , 1 33 , 1 36 ; B . C h . P e t rako s , ` Tö K c io rpov r ç MuT tX r jv i is i, A r chDe l t 3 1 ( 1976 ) Me le t ima ta , 1 52 -65 ; B e tancou r t , 8 7 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 11 -31 ; W i l l iam s a nd W i ll iams , 1 985 , 2 25 -

2 9 . B ig la ( Py rg i ) ; 8 58573 ; 3 0m , C ./HL . , LR . /Byz . ; HAB /SP (? ) . C a . 0 . 5 km s e . f r om P y rg i , A x io t i s r e po r ted a nc ien t r ema in s o n ar o cky s pu r k nown a s B ig la a bove a c hap e l o f A g ia Me lan i . T he s ma l l o u t c rop f a l l s s t eep ly t owa rd s t h e c oa s t , a nd o n t o p o f t h e s pu r t ot h e w . o f a mode rn m and r i i sa n a lmo s t s qua re f ounda t ion 5m x4 . 8 m . T he w a l l so ft h ef o unda t ion s( a s so c ia ted w i th w h i ch a r e s c a t t e r s o f t i l e ) a r e o f mo r ta red s ma l l , u nwo rked s t one s ( s ugge s t ing aLR . /Byz . d a te ) ,b u tt h ed en se s he rd s c a t t e ro n t h e s he e r w . s i de o f t h e s pu r i n c lude s p i ece s o f C . / 1 11 . . b l a ck -g la z ed w a r e s . K on t is s poke o f at owe r o f s im i la r mo r ta red s ma l l s t one s 0 . 6 k m n e . f r om P y rg i ' e . o f t h e p ub l ic r oad ' , b u t g ave n od imen s ion sa nd f a i led t om a rk t h es i te o nh i sm ap , s o i t s r e la t ionsh ip w i th ( a nd p oss ib le s im i la r i ty t o ) A x iot i s ' s i te i su nc lea r . B ib l iog r aphy ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 42 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,7 25 -26 a nd p l . 1 45 . 3 0 . L ake rda s ( Py rg i ) ; 8 64565 ; 5 m ; R . , EByz . ; CEM ( ? ) , S P . O n t h ee .c oa s t o ft h e G u l fo fG e ra , c a . 2kms s e . o f t h e v i lage o fP y rg i a nd 1km b e fo r e t h ej unc t ion w i th t h e t a rma ced r o ad f r om My t i lene t oL ou t ra , s t and s ac hape lo f C h r i s to s . T he c hape li sn ea rt h es ho re t ot h ew .o ft h er o ad f r om P y rg i , a nd af ew m e t re s t oi t s s .C ha r i ton id i s n o ted t h ea p se a nd a r ch i tec tu ra le l emen t so fa n EByz .b a s il i ca . A R . f u ne ra ry s t e le w a s b u i l t i n to t h e s .w a l l o f t h e c hap e l , w h i l s t i n s ide w a s aB yz . e p i s ty le w i th f l owe r a nd o the r c i r cu la rm o t i f si nr e l ie f . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 963c , 2 68 , 2 71 ; i d . , 1 968a , 2 4a nd f i g . 1 6 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,7 26 . 3 1 . P housa ( Ano C ha l ika s ) 8 75562 ; 3 40m ; ` MAge ' ; HAB . C a 1k m sw . f r om A no C ha l ika s , o n t h e w . s l ope s o ft h e P roph i t i s I l i a s h i l l , i sa n u p land p l a teau a tt h ep l a ce k nown a s P housa ( t he n ame o f t h e l owe r p eak o f t h e

9

P roph i t i s I l ia s h i l l ) . A t t h e n .e nd o f t h i s p l a teau ( whe r e t h e g r ound r i se s s l igh t ly ) , A x io t i sd e s cr ibed ad en se s c a t te r o f` MAge ' s h e rd sa nd t i l e ,a nd s t ruc tu ra lr ema in sa r ev i s ib le a tt h ep l a teau 's w .e dge . T he f i nd sw e r es ugge s t ed t ob et h e r ema in so f as e c luded ,s ma l lh ab i ta t ion s i t e . B ib l iogaphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,7 6 .

A x io t i sr e po r t ed t h et r ad i t ion t h a t am ona s t e ry o nce e x i s ted n ea rby a nd p r opo sed t h a tt h et wo n ea rby c hap e l s h ad o nce m a rked t h e p a r i sh l i m i t so f aL Byz . /Tu r . s e t t lemen t i nt h i s a r e a . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 2 0 -22 a nd f i g s . 1 2 -15 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,7 5 -76 a nd I ,p l . 7 .

3 2 . A g ios S pyr idon ( Ano C ha l ika s ) ; 8 89573 ; 6 0m ; C . , L R . , T u r . ; S P . T o t h e w . o ft h e r o ad w h ich l e ad s s .f r om My t i lene t owa rd sT ax ia r ch i s( t he i n land b r anch o ft h em a in r o ad a way f r om t h e c oa s t , s e e# 33 ) ,c a .0 . 7 k m d ue e .f r om t h e v i l lage o f A no C ha l ika s , s t and s ac hap e l o f A g io s S py r idon . N ea rby as ma l l , o l de r s h r ine ( o n ly 3m x3m ) o nce s t ood a bove t h e m ou th o f ac ave 4 0 mi nd ep th w i th in w h ich a ( now e xhaus ted ) s p r ing o nce f l owed . A no the r s ma l l s t r uc tu re o fT u r . d a te s t and s a bove t h e c ave w i th a n i n s cr ip t ion d a t ing i t s c on s t ruc t ion t o 1 791 . Two u nf lu ted c o lumn s a nd al a rge I o n i c b a se l i e n ea r t h e c ave 's m ou th , a nd as c a t te ro fs he rd sa nd t i l ec ove r st h ea r ea ( p o s s ib ly t h e r ema in s o fm o re a nc ien ta c t iv i ty ) . D u r ing t h ed i gg ing o fa c hanne lf o rt h es p r ingwa te r , aLR m a rb le r e l ie fs l ab o ft h r ee d anc ing m a iden sw a su nea r thed i n s cr ib ed w i th ad ed i ca t ion t ot h e N ymph s . As ph inx a nd am a rb le l i on ( t he l a t te ro f C .d a te )a r ea l so r e po r t ed . B ib l iography : C ha r i ton id is , 1 965 , 4 92 a nd p l . 6 29y ; A x io t is , 1 992 I ,7 9 a nd I ,p l . 8 .

* 35 .A g io s B a r tho loma io s ( Tax ia rch i s1 2 ) ;8 88548 ; 1 90m , LN . /EBA . , HAB ,C EM (? ) . H igh a bove t h ee .c oa s to ft h e i s land , o n t h e e .s l opes o f t h e Ama l i r a nge o f h i l ls , a r e l o ca t ed t h e v i l lage so fA g ia Ma r ina a nd T ax ia r ch i s . Ad i r t r o ad l e ave st h ev i l lage o fT a x ia r ch i sa nd h ead sw . ,c l imb ing e ven h i ghe ro ve rt h ee l eva t ed g r ound j u s tb e low t h es umm i t o ft h e Ama l i r a nge a nd s ub sequen t ly d e scend ing i n as w . d i re c t ion t ot h ev i l lage o fL ou t r a . A s t h er o ad a pp roa che s i t s h i ghe s t p o in t , c a . 1km w . o fT ax ia r ch i s , i tf o l low s t h e c on tou r s o f t h e S t robo la s h i l l a nd t h e re i s ad eep r a v ine i mmed ia t e ly t ot h en . T he c hap e lo fA g io sB a r tho loma io s i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le a c ro s st h i sr a v ine ,p e r ched h i gh o n ar o cky s pu r o f t h e P roph i t i s I l ia s h i l l . C a . 1 5 m b e low t h e c hape l , i nt h e s .f a ce o f t h e h i l l , i st h e s ma l l mou th o f a c ave ( mea su r ing 1 . 5 m x0 . 7 m ) . An o tewo r thy f e a tu re o f t h e t o pog raph i ca l l o ca t ion i st h a tt h e c ave p o s se s se s ar a r e v i ew o ve rb o th t h es ho r e s o ft h eG u l fo fG e ra t ot h e w . a nd a l so t h ee .s ho r e so ft h ei s land a nd T u rkey t ot h ee . ( S . ) P a ra skeua id i s d i scove red c omp le te h and -made LN . /EBA . v e s se l s i n t h e c ave ( wh ich h ave n eve r b een p ub l ished f u l ly ) , a nd l a te r K ouma re la s c o l lec ted a l a rge n umbe r o fs male r s h e rd s i nt h e f i r s t c hambe r o ft h e c ave w h i ch w e re a l so p r e sen ted t ot h e a r cha eo log ica l E pho re ia . C ha r i ton id i s s u gge s ted t h a t t h e l a rge p ropo r t ion o f w ho le v e s se l s r e p re sen ted a u se o f t h e c ave f o r b u r ia l , w h i l s t K on t i s a nd A x io t is t hough t t h a t t h e l a ck o f s ke le ta l r ema in sr a the rp o in ted t owa rd st h ei n te rp r e ta t ion o ft h es i te a s as h e l te r f o r s h ephe rd s . R ecen t ly ( 1 993 ) , e xcava t ion s h ave b een s t a r t ed b y t h e i s land 's a r chaeo log ica l E pho r e ia b u t s t i l la wa i tp ub l ica t ion . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 , 2 35 a nd p l s . 2 06g -07 ; B uchho lz , 1 22 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 10 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,8 9 a nd I ,p l . 1 .

3 . A k le id ios ( My t i lene ) ; 8 92575 ; 2 0m ; HL . ; CEM . I n S ep t emb e r 1 988 as mal HL .c eme te r yw a su ncove r ed a tt h e p l ace k nown a s A k le id io s , c a . 0 . 4 k m s e . f r om t h e C h ry soma lousa s ubu rb b eyond t h e s .e dge o ft h e t own o f My t i lene . T he t omb s w e re i n t h e p l o t o wned b y t h e K ama t so s f am i ly ,j u s t t ot h e s .o ft h ep o in tw he r e t h e m a in r oad s . f r om My t i lene f o rk s t o h ead e i the r i n land t o T ax ia r ch i s o ra l ong t h e c oa s t t owa rd s t h e a i rpo r t ( t he p l o t l i e sb e tween t h et wo b ranche so ft h em a in r o ad ) . T h e f i nd s a s so c ia ted w i th t wo t omb s w e re e spe c ia l ly r i ch . A x io t i s o n ly g i ve sd e ta i l so ft h ef i nd sf r om o ne o ft h e s et wo b u r ia l s ( c on ta ined i n as t one s a r cophagu s ) w h ich i n c luded ag o ld d i adem , t h e r ema in s o f g o ld -co lou r ed c l o th ing , h uman f i gu r ine s a nd as ma l l k n if e . T he o t he r g r ave s i nt h e p l o t ( t he n umbe r o f g raves i s n o t g i ven ) w e re p oo r b y c ompa r ison , a nd A x io t i s i n te rp r e ted t h e l a t t e r a st h o se o f k i n smen o rs l ave si nw ha th es aw a s a' f am i ly ' c eme te ry . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,7 8 . 3 4 . D yo A g io i ( Ano C ha l ikas ) ; 8 88563 ; 2 50m ; LR . , E Byz . (? ) , L Byz . /Tu r . ; CEM ( ? ) , S P . O n t h e e .s i de o ft h e P roph i t i s I l ia s h i l l , 1k m s e . f r om A no C ha l ika s , t h e r o ad w h ich l e ad s u ph i l l f r om t h e v i l lage e nd s b e s ide t wo c hape ls , o ne n amed T ax ia r ch is ( ' tou My r in tzou ' ) a nd a no the r d ed ica ted t o A g io s N iko lao s . T he l o ca t ion i s k nown a st h e ` Dyo A g io i ' . I n to t h e w a l la bove t h ed oo ro f t h eA g io sN iko lao sc hap e lh a sb een b u i l t af u ne ra ry s t e le o f L R .d a te . T he T ax ia r ch i sc hap e l i sv e ry o l d ,e xh ib i t ing w a l l s0 . 8 m i n t h ickne s s w i th m any c ou r ses o f t i l e i mmed ia te ly b e low t h er oo fa nd o ne s mal w indow i nt h en .w a l l ( whe r e av e ry w o rn w a l l -pa in t ing i s a l so j u s t s t i l l v i s ib le ) . A x io t i s c ompa r ed t h e w a l l -con s t r uc t ion t oc hap e ls o f t h e T u r . p er iod ( t he 1 7C AC ) , b u t t h e u s e o ft i l e i nt h e u pp e r c ou r se s i sa l so s im i la r t oB yz . e xamp le s . An umbe r o f E Byz . a r ch i tec tu ra l m embra a r e p r e sen t i n s ide t h e c hap e l ( i nc lud ing a n i n scr ibed a r ch d ed ica ted t o ' Ag io s P o lyka rpo s ' ) m any o f w h ich a r e b u i l t i n to i t s w a l l s . T he e x i s tence o ft h e se p i ece s l e d C ha r i ton id i s t os ugge s t t h a ta b a s i l ica o f s im i la r d a te mu s t h ave l a in i n t h e v i c in i ty .

3 6 . A g ia K y r iak i ( Ag ia Ma r ina ) ; 9 04536 ; 1 60m ; EByz . ; S P . C a . 0 . 7 k m s .f r om t h e v i l lage o fA g ia Ma r ina , a l ong t h et r a ck w h i ch l e ad ss .a nd t h en s e . a l ong t h ee .s i de o ft h e K ou te r ia nd Ama l i h i l l s , s t and s t h e c hape lo fA g ia K y r iak i j u s ts .o ft h ev i l lage c eme te r y . T he p r e sen tc hap e li sn ew ly b u i l t ( i n 1 979 ) , b u t u nde r al a rge o ak n ea rby a r e t h e r u in s o f a n EByz . b as i l ica . A x io t is r epo r ted a d ense c on cen t ra t ion o ft i l e s a nd s h e rd s a r ound t r a ce s o fb u i ld ing f o unda t ion s ,a nd al a rge n umbe ro fg r ey m a rb le a r ch i te c tu r a l b l o ck sf r om ab a s i l i ca ( i nc lud ing t h ree u nf lu t ed c o lumn s ) . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t is , 1 992 I ,9 1 a nd I ,p l . 1 . * 37 . A g ia E uprepe ia ( P l igon i ) ; 9 19547 ; 1 0m ; HL . /R . , E Byz . ; C EM , S P . A t t h e s e . c o rne r o ft h e l a rge e nc lo sed g a rden o f t h e ' L e sbo s B ea ch ' h o te l , c a . 4l a ns s .f r om My t i lene a l ong t h e c oa s t , i st h e s ma l l c hap e l o f A g ia E up r ep e ia . A round t h ec hap e l t h e f o unda t ion s o ft h eo l d e r s t ru c tu r e a r e v i s ib le ( wh ich d wa r ft h ee x i s t ing c hap e l ) ,a nd t h ei mmed ia t es u r round ing a r ea i sc ove red b y ad en s es c a t t e r o f l a te a n t ique c e ram ic s . An umb e r o f w o rked E Byz . b l o ck sa r e v i s ib le b u i l ti n to n ea rby s p i tak ia . T he a r ea w a s e xcava ted i n 1 931 b y E uange l id i s a nd r e vea led a n E Byz . b a s i l ica 2 6 .1 m i nl e ng th b y 1 7 m i n w id th . T he b u i ld ing w a sp a r to f ac omp lex w h i ch i n c luded

1 2

10

T he mode rn v i l lage i sk nown a l so b y t h e n ame o f K ag ian i .

ab ap t i s t ry b u i l t o n to t h e w . e nd o f t h e b a s i l ica , al o ng s t ruc tu re w h i ch E uangel id i st e rmed a' Ho t e l ' b u i l to n to t h e s .s i de o f t h e b a s i l ica , a nd a s epa ra te b u i ld ing w h ich i n c lud ed m a r ty r s ' g r ave s as ho r t d i s tance t ot h e s w . . T he e xcava t ion d a t ed t h ew ho le c omp lex t ot h eb eg inn ing o ft h e 5 C AC . N ea rby , t ot h e n w . o ft h e moder na i rpo r t r u nway a ta s po tk nown b y i t sT u r . n ame o f` Ha san A ga ' ,C ha r i ton id i s r e po r ted a na nc ien tf oun ta in -head ( s t i l lf l ow ing i n1 96 1 -62 ) c on s t ruc ted o fw e l l -f i t ted i s odom ic m a son ry ( p robab ly o f HL . /R .d a te ) . B ib liography : S o t ir iou , 1 90 ; D . E uange l id is , ` 1 1p c ,Y roßu Ov rtvi l pa tXua ) MuT tX T ivis ' ,A rchDe l t 1 3 ( 1930 -31) , 3 -33 a nd f i gs . 1 24 ; I akobos , 3 5 -36 ; C ha r i ton id is , 1 961 -62 , 2 63 a nd f i g . 3 ; i d . , 1 968a , 2 2 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,9 4 a nd I p l . 1 3 . * 38 . K a lam ies ( Ag ia Ma r ina ) ; 9 22536 ; 1 0m ; C . , HL . ,R . , E Byz . ; HAB (? ) , CEM , S P . C a . 6 . 5 k i r ks s .a l ong t h ec oa s t f r om My t i lene ,b e s ide t h e mode rn a i rpo r tr u nway ( t he l a t te r w a sc on s t ruc ted i n1 951 ) , as ma l lc hape lo fA g i aP a r a skeu i o nce s t ood a tt h es w .c o rne ro ft h es i t en ow o c cup ied b yt h e ` Ka lam ie s ' r e s tau ran t . When b u i ld ing w o rk f o rt h ea i rpo r t w a s t a k ing p l a ce , an umb e ro fi t ems o fg o ld j ewe l le ry a nd s i lve rh o ly r el i c s ,t o ge the rw i th g o ld a nd b r onze c o in s ,w e r e u ncove r ed 6 0 mt ot h e n .o ft h e c hap e l . T he r e w e r e f o u r g o ld c o ins a nd an umb e ro fb ronze i s sue so fP hok a s ( 602 1 0 AD ) , 2 8 g o ld c o in s o f H e rak l io s ( 6 13 -50 AD ) , a nd b r onze c o in so fJ u s t in ian a nd S oph ia ( 5 65 -66 AD ) . Ar e scue e xcava t ion c a r r ied o u t i n1 954 a tt h e s i t e o f t h e c hape l i t se lf r evea led a r ch i tec tu ra l r ema in s a nd f o unda t ion s o f s upe r impo sed s t r uc tu r e s d a t ing f r om C . t o E Byz . t i me s . T he E Byz . b a s i l ica ( wh i ch i n c luded t wo t omb s w i thou t g rave g ood s a nd ab ap t i s t ry ) w a s d a ted b y s ome o f t h e i n c ised monog rams o n t h e a r ch i tec tu ra l m embra t ot h e 6 C o r7 C AC . B enea th t h e b a s i l ica w e r e f o und o l de rr ema in s i n c lud ing ar oo fa n te f ix o ft h e5 C BC , a4 C BC D o r ic c ap i ta l ( a ssoc ia ted w i th s h e rd s o fs im i la r d a te ) , l a t e r HL . a nd R . s h e rd s , h ead s o fc l ay v o t ive s , p a r t s o f al amp ,a nd ac o in o fJ u s t in ian . A x io t i s a l so n o ted t h a t , t owa rd s t h e s .e nd o f t h e a i rpo r t r unway , c u l t iva t ion w o rk b rough t t ot h e s u r fa ce s h e rd sf r om C . /HL .b l a ck -g la zed v e s se l sa nd a mpho ra e ,a nd t h a t n ea r t h e m a in r oad w h ich r un sa l ong t h es ho r e i nt h i s a r ea an umbe ro fb u r ia l si ns t one s a r cophag i( o fs im i la rd a te t ot h es h e rd m a t e r ia l )w e r eu ncove r ed i n1 989 . B ib l iog raphy : A . K . B ab r i t sa s ,' ' A vac rKa 0 K pa n iyou Mu nX T iv r ig ' , PAE ( 1 954 ) , 3 17 -29 a nd f i g s . 1 15 ; M . S .F . H ood , ' A r chaeo logy i n G ree ce , 1 954 ' , JHS 7 5 ( 1 955 ) s upp . , 1 6 a nd p l . I g ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 2 2 a nd f i g . 1 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,9 4 -95 a nd I p l . 1 4 . 3 9 . My lo i ( Ag ia Ma r ina ) ; 9 10524 ; 3 00m ; C . /HL . , T un ; HAB (? ) , S P . O n t h e n .s pu r o f an a r row , r o cky v a l ley w h ich d e scend s t h e e .s i de o f t h e Ama l i h i l l , 2k m s s e . f r om A g ia Ma r ina ,s t and t h er ema in so fa na n c ien ts t r uc tu r e w i th a s soc ia ted C . /HL . p o t te ry i nt h e r e g ion k nown a s My lo i . Ap i le o f s t one s , t i l e s a nd p o t te ry r e p re sen t s t h e r ema in so f ar u ined , s ma l lb u i ld ing a nd a mong s tt h e s h e rd s w e re b l a ck -g lazed p i ece sa nd f r agmen t so fa mpho r ae . Two n ea rby c hape l s ( o f t h e P anag iouda a nd A g io s N iko lao s ) , l owe rd own t h e n .s pu ro ft h e v a l ley ,b o th e xh ib i t s qua r ed b l ock s b u i l t i n to t h e i r w a l l s w h ich m ay c ome f r om t h e b u i ld ing . T he v i ew f r om t h e s pu r o n w h i ch t h e r u ined s t r uc tu re s t and si ss p e c ta cu la r ,o v e rt h e w ho l ec oa s ta lp l a in w he re t h e mode rn a i rpo r t r unway n ow l i e s . A x io t i s s u gge s t ed t h a t t h e se r ema in s n ea rt o an umbe ro fa bundan t

w a te rs ou r ce s w e r e t h o se o f as ma l l s h r ine ( p e rhap s t ot h e N ymph s , s e ea l so # 32 ) . I nt h en a r row v a l ley i t s e lf a r et h er ema in s o f an umb e r o fT u r .w a t e rm i l l sa nd t r a ce so f aT u r .a queduc ts y s tem ( t he l a t te rc omp r i s ing m o r ta r ed s t one s e c t ion s ) , w e l l s u p t o 3m d e ep , a nd u nde rg round c hanne ls . T he s y s tem w a s b u i l t o r ig ina l ly i nt h e l a te 1 8C b y H asan P a sha It oi mp rove t h e w a te rs upp ly t o My t i lene a nd w a ss ubs equen t ly r emode l led i n1 822 t ot a ke i nt h ew a t e r sf r om a no the rn ea rby s p r ing . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,9 6 -97 ( a nd u nnumb e r ed p ho tog raph p .9 9 ) . 4 0 . K oukkak i ( Ag ia Ma r ina ) ; 9 32507 ; 2 0m ; HL . /R . ; CEM , S P ( ? ) . C a . 4 . 3 k ms s e . f r om A g ia Ma r ina , t ot h e w .o ft h em a in r o ad s .f r om My t i lene ( j u s tb e fo r et h ee nd o f t h et a rma ced s e c t ion ) , t h eo l dK ou t souk id i s H o te l s t and sa t as po tk nown a sK oukkak i . N ea rby , a tt h e w . e dge o ft h e n a r row c oa s ta lp l a in ,C ha r i ton id i sa nd A x io t i sb o th r e po r ted t h a t an umbe ro f( p o s s ib ly R . )r o ck cu tt omb s w e r el o ca ted ( n od e ta i l s o fa ny a s so c ia t ed f i nd s a r e g i ven ) t o ge the rw i th t h eu ppe rp a r to f af u ne r a ry monumen t( a l so u nda ted ) . A n i n sc r ibed HL . /R . f u ne ra ry s t e le i sb u i l t i n to t h e c hap e l o f A g io s I o ann i s c a . 0 . 3 k m t ot h e s e . , i mmed ia te ly w . o ft h e e nd o f t h e m a in r oad . A s so c ia ted w i th t h i s c hape l a r e e l emen t so fa no l de rs t r u c tu r e ; t h r ee u n f lu ted c o lumn so fr e d t r a chy te a nd c u tb l o ck sw i th h o le sf o rc l amp sa nd d owe l s . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 965 ,4 92 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,9 8 a nd I ,p l . 1 4 . 4 1 . ' A ja T sch if t l ik ' ( Ag ia Ma r ina ) ; 9 350 ; 2 0m ; A . /C . ; HAB ( ? ) ,S P . I n1 885 K o ldewey f ound av e ry l a rge a nc ien t s i te ( po s s ib ly as h r ine ) w i th h i gh q ua l i ty f i nd s i n c lud ing b l a ck f igu r e p o t te ry o n t h e n .s l op e o f ap ro tr ud ing s ma l l h i l lh a l fa nh ou rn .f r om t h ec hape lo fA g io sG eo rg io s ( s ee # 42 ) . B e s ide t h i s s c a t te r ,o n t h e h il n ea r t h e b ea ch , w e r e t h e r ema in s o fd e cay ing c oppe r -co lou red p i ece s o f m e ta l , s ugge s ted t o b e e i the r f r om v o t ive m e ta l c on ta ine r s o r f r agmen t so fw eapon s . B ibl iog r aphy : K o ldewey ,4 1 ,7 5 . 4 2 . A g ios G eorg ios ( Ag ia Ma r ina ) ;1 3 9 33489 ; 2 0m ; A . , C . ; HAB . N ea r t h e v e ry s e . t i p o f t h e i s land a tC ape Ma lea , l ow d own n ea rt h e s ho r e , s t and s t h e n ew ly r e -bu i l t c hape l o f A g io s G eo rg io s . A s ho r t d i s tance f r om t h i s c hap e l ,o nt h ec oa s t ,K on t i sr e po r ted as he rd a nd t i l es c a t te r r e p r es en ta t ive o f a' s ign if i can t ' s e t t lemen t . T he se s u r f a ce r ema in s i n c luded m a te r ia lo ft h e A . a nd C . p e r iod s . K on t i s p ropo sed t h a t t h e s i te f unc t ioned a s as ma l l f i sh ing c ommun i ty , b u t t h e g ood h a rbou r w h ich w ou ld b e n e ce s sa ry s e ems t ob el a ck ing ,a tl e a s ti n mode rn t i me s . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 39 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,9 8 . 4 3 . P anag ia t i s Ama l is ( Ag ia Ma r ina ) ; 9 04509 ; 4 00m ; B yz . ; S P . C a . 3 . 3 km s d ue s .f r om t h e v i l lage o f A g ia Ma r ina ( bu t c a . 4 . 4 k ms b y f o l low ing t h e s i nuou s t r ackway s ) , n ea r t h e s .e nd o f t h e l o ng r i dge top o f t h e 1 3 I t i s i mposs ib le t o k now whe ther t he s i te f ound b y K o ldewey n ea r t h e A g io s G eo rg io s c hape l ( he re c a ta logued a s # 41 ) a nd t h a t f ound b y K on t i s ( he re # 42 ) a r e o ne a nd t h e s ame . K on t i s m e re ly r e f e r s t o h i s l a rge s i te i n t h i s a r ea a s b e ing ' a s ho r t d i s tance f r om t h e c hap e l ' w h i l s t K o ldewey s t a te s t h a t t h e s i te a t ` A ja T sch if t l ik ' w a s ' ah a lf h ou r n o r th o f t h e c hape l o f A g io s G eo rg [ ios ] ' . B o th a r e s usp ic ious ly s im i la r i n t h e i r f i nd s , i n c lud ing A . a nd C . c e ram ic s , a nd t h e m e ta l f r agmen t s t o w h ich K o ldewey r e f e r s o n h i s v i s i t o f 2 2nd Ap r i l 1 885 ( Ko ldewey , 7 5 , e xcu r s ion 1 )c ou ld o f c ou r se h ave d i sappea red b y t h e t ime K on t i s t r ave r sed t h e a r ea n ea r ly ac en tu ry l a te r .

1 1

Ama l i h i l l s , s t and s a n o l d , n a r row c hape l k nown a s t h e ` P anag ia t i s Ama l i s ' . O nt h es i te t h e re a r ec l ea rt r a ce so fa m uch o l de r b u i ld ing : an umbe ro fw o rked b l o ck s o fB yz . d a te s c a t te red a r ound t h ep r e sen ts t ruc tu r ea nd b u i l ti n to t h e w a l l s ; t wo s ma l lI on ic c ap i ta l s ( f ound b yK o ldewey w h i ch h e s ugges ted p robab ly h ad c ome f r om t wo d i f f e ren t b u i ld ings ) ; a nd a d en se s c a t te r o f t i l e s a nd p l a in w a re p o t te ry s h e rd s . A rch i tec tu ra lm embra o fv e ry s im i la rn a tu re t ot h o se f ound b e s ide t h ec hape lw e re a l so n o ted b yA x io t i s i nt h e v i l lage o f A g ia Ma r ina a tt h e c hu r ch o f t h e s ame n ame ( G r id R ef . 9 04543 ) . A x io t is p ropo sed t h a t t h e se p i ece s , n ow i n t h e v i l lage , h ad b een r emoved f r om t h e c hap e l o ft h e P anag ia u s Ama l i s a nd t h a t t h e s i te o f t h e o r ig ina l B yz b u i ld ing w a s a tt h e l a t te r l o ca t ion , b u t i ti s i mpos s ib le t o o f fe r ad ef in i t ive j udgemen t w i thou t e xcava t ion . B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey , 4 1 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 2 2 n . 3 0 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,9 8 -99 ( a nd u nnumbe red p ho tog raph p . 7 0 ) a nd I p l . 1 . ( Fo r t h e a r ch i tec tu ra l p i e ce s a tA g ia Ma r ina t h ough t t oh ave b een r emoved f r om t h e s i te s e e A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,9 0 -91 a nd I ,p l . 1 ) . * 44 . T sesmedes ( Lou t r a ) ; 8 80515 ; 6 0m ; HL . (? ) , E Byz . ; S P . C a . 2 kms s .f r om L ou t ra , t h e r oad w h ich l e ad s t owa rd sA g io sE rmogen i sa nd C ha ram ida p a s se st h rough a n a r row v a l ley . I n t h i s v a l ley , a t t h e p l ace k nown a s T sesmedes ,1 4 as ma l l h am le t i sc en t red u pon a s t rong p e r enn ia ls p r ing ( t ot h ee .s i de o ft h er o ad ) . S l igh t ly t ot h e w .o ft h er o ad i sac hap e lo fT ax ia r ch i s ,a nd i tw a sn ea rh e r e ( p robab ly i n 1 932 1 5 )t h a tE uange l id i s u ncove r ed p a r to fa mo sa ic f l oo r a nd t h e f ounda t ion i n sc r ip t ion o f a n EByz . b a s i l ica . E Byz . a r ch i te c tu ra l p i e ce s f o rme r ly b e s id e t h e T ax ia r ch i s c hape l h ave n ow b een g a the red t o ge the ra tt h e r oofed s he l te r w h ich w a s s e t u p o ve r t h e mo sa ic . C ha r i ton id i s a nd A x io t i s a l so p ropo sed t h a t ab u i ld ing o f HL . d a te h ad o nce s t ood a tt h e s i te , b u to n ly o ne b l o ck i s p r e se rv ed . T ax is a nd C ha r i ton id is n o ted mo r e B yz . r ema in s ( i nc lud ing a no the rp o s s ib le b a s il i ca a nd g o ld B yz .c o in s )t o t h er i gh t ( w . ) o ft h e s ame r o ad t owa rd s A g io sE rmogen i s a nd C ha ram ida , c a . 1 km t o t h e s .o f T se smede s ( a t l o ca t ion s k nown a s ` Pa l io lou t ro ' a nd Tana K l i s ia ' ) , a nd a l so s t i l lf u r the rs . ,i mmed ia te ly s w .o ft h ec hape lo fA g io s S t y l iano s( G r id R e f . 8 88505 ) . B ib l iography : T ax i s , 8 9 ; O r lando s , 1 937 , 15 n . 1 ; I a kobo s , 1 959 , 3 6 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 96 1 -62 ,2 63 ; i d . , 1 963c , 2 71 a nd n .1 5 ; i d . , 1 965 ,4 89 a nd p l . 6 25y , i d . , 1 968a , 2 3 2 4 a nd p l s . 8 a -y , 9 a , y ;A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,7 30 -31 . * 45 . D ibo lon ( Ska la L ou t ron ) ; 8 652 ; ; C . , HL . , R . , B y z . ; HAB , CEM , S P . B r ie fe xcava t ion s i n 1 965 o n t h e s l ope s o f t h e D ibo lon ( ` Tw in P eaked ' ) h i l l , i mmed ia te ly n w . f r om t h e s e t t lemen t o f S ka la L ou t ron , d e tec ted aC . c eme te ry ( c omp r i s ing c i s tg r ave so fd i f f e r en to r ien ta t ion ) , s uppo r t ing T ax i s ' e a r l ie r r epo r to f s a rcophagu s b u r ia l s i n t h e s ame a r ea . A sso c ia t ed p o t t e ry o ft h e 1 965 e xcava t ion d a t ed t ot h e l a te 5 C a nd e a r ly 4 C BC , w h i l s t T ax i s a l so l i s t ed a mong s tt h ef i nd s' a nc ien tG reek c o in s ' . O nt h es t eep r o cky r i dge t ot h es e .o ft h e moder ns ka la , d ry r ubb le w a l l so fi r regu la rs t one sw e re r e po r ted a l so ,w i th w h ich w e re a s soc ia ted t i l ef r agmen t s . T he w a l l s l i eo nt h e

1 4 T he t oponym c omes f r om t h e T u rk ish w o rd ` T se sme s ' mean ing ' s p r ing ' . On t h e B r i t i sh A rmy Map t h e h am le t i s n amed ' Than° N e ro ' ( ` Bu r ied Wa te r ' ) . 1 5 T he c h rono log ica l d e ta i l s o fE uange l id i s ' e xp lo ra t ion o ft h e a r ea a r e u nc lea r , s ee C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 2 4 n .4 3 .

1 2

w . a nd s .s i de s o f t h e r i dge . K on t is p ropo sed t h a t t h e r ema in sd a ted t ot h e C .p e r iod , p o s s ib ly i nf luenced b y t h e d a te o f t h e n ea rby g rave s , b u t n o f i nd s t o s uppo r t t h i s s uppo s i t ion h ave b een r epo r ted . K on t i s a l so r epo r ted g ene ra ls u r f a ce s c a t t e r so f( ma in ly ) HL . a nd a l so R . s h e rd s a nd t i l e so ve rt h ew ho le s k a la a r ea . A t t h e s e . f oo t o f t h i s r o cky r i dge w e re t r a ce s o f a nc ien t q ua r ry w o rk ing ( f o r t h e g ood q ua l i ty l ime s tone ) . Wo rked b l o ck s ( i nc lud ing h a l f -ca r ved c o lumn s a nd EByz . a r ch i tec tu ra l membra) w e re f ound b e ing u sed a s c oun te rwe igh t s f o r l a unch ing s h ip s a tt h e h a rbou r , p i ece s w h ich w e re s a id t o h ave b een d redged f r om t h e s e a o r ig ina l ly a tT a r t i( s ee # 59 ) . O f f sho re t ot h e n w . ( b eyond t h e s t eep ' O ro s ' h i l l ) ,o n t h et i ny i s le tw he r e ac hape l o fA g io s I s ido ro s n ow s t and s ( G r id R e f .8 46537 ) ,C ha r i ton id i sd e s c r ib ed t h er ema in so fa s ma l lB yz .d e f en s ive e n c lo su re . B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 8 9 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 961 -62 , 2 63 ; i d . , 1 965 , 4 90 -91 , f i g s . 1 3 a nd p l s . 6 28y , 6 29a , K on t is , 1 978 , 2 41 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,7 28 . 4 6 . S ka la D ip iou ( Ka to T r i to s ) ; 7 89593 ; 5 m ; BA . , C . E Byz . ( ? ) , ` MAge ' (? ) ; HAB . A t t h e b a se o f t h e I pp io s p l a in ,o nt h en w . s ho r eo ft h eG u lf o fG e ra ,K o ld ewey a nd K on t i s b o th r e po r ted a nc ien t r ema ins a t S ka la D ip iou . K on t i sd a ted t h ef i nd st ot h e BA .a nd a l so i nd ica ted o nh i s m ap st h a tt h e r ew a sh ab i ta t ion a c t iv i ty i nt h ea r ea f r om t h e C . -EByz . p e r iod s , a l though n o m en t ion i sm ade o f f i nd s s pe c i f ica l ly d a t ed t ot h e se p e r iod s i nt h e t e x t . K o ldewey n o ted l i me -mo r ta r ed r u ined w a l l s n ea rt h e s ho r e w h ich h e t e n ta t ive ly s u gge s t ed w e r eo f` MAge ' d a te . B ib l iography : K o ldewey , 4 0 , 7 6 ; Kon t i s , 1 978 , 2 47 , n . 4 69 ,a nd f i g s . 2 1 -30 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,7 22 . 4 7 . A g io s G eo rg io s ( Ka to T r i to s ) ; 7 89584 ; Om ; HL . , R . ; HAB . O n t h e s ho re b e s ide t h ec hape l o fA g io s G eo rg io s , c a . 1 . 5 l c ms n e . o fK a to T r i to s , t h e r ema in s o f aHL . a nd R .h ab i ta t ion s i t ed a ted f r om t h e3 C BC -3C AC w e re n o t ed b y B a s ia l co s . T he m a jo r i ty o f t h e r ema in s a r e n ow i n unda ted , b u t s t i l l v i s ib le i s as he rd s ca t t e r c omp r i s ing f r agmen t so fa mpho ra e . B ibl iog r aphy :B a s iako s ,2 09 . 4 8 . P housa ( Mychou ) ; 7 74569 ; 1 00m ; HL . ; CE M . A x io t i s r e po r ted t h a t t ot h e n .o f t h e r oad l e ad ing w sw . f r om My chou l6 ( c a . 0 . 4 km f r om t h e v i l lage ) ag roup o f g r av e sw e r eu n cove r ed w h i ch i n c luded i d o l so f HL .d a te . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 99 . 4 9 . T ax iarch is ( Ka to T r i to s ) ; 7 78569 ; 1 00m , B yz . ; S P . C a . 0 . 2 km sw . f r om K a to T r i tos , o n ap la teau o ve r look ing t h e v i l lage , i st h e B yz . c hu r ch o fT ax ia r ch i s , t h er ema in ing p a r to f an ow d e se r ted mona s t e ry w h ich o nce s t ood o n t h e s po t b u t w a s d i s so lved b e fo re 1 600 AD . I n s ide t h e c hu r ch a r e f ad ing f r es coe s b ad ly i n n eed o f p ro tec t ion w h ich c l ea r ly h ave t wo p ha se s , t h e e a r l ie s t d a t ing f r om t h e e nd o ft h e 1 5C . T he f ounda t ion s o ft h e mona s te ry a r e s t i l l v i s ib le a r ound t h e c hu rch , a nd t h e t o ponym ` M e tochr w h ich i sa s soc ia ted w i th t h e a r ea i mmed ia t e ly e .o fK a to T r i to sp robab ly o r ig ina t e sf r om t h e m ona s t e ry 's f o rme re s ta te .

1 6 T he s ma l l v i l lage o f Mychou w a s T u rk ish b efo re t h e e xchange o f G reek a nd T u rk i sh p opu la t ions ( i n i t ia ted b y t h e T rea ty o fL au sanne i n 1 923 ) . I t s mo sque s ub sequen t ly b ecame ac hape l o f A g io s D im i t r io s a nd a l so s t i l l v i s ib le i s al a rge o l ive p re s s b u i l t i n 1 902 wh ich b e longed t o Mu s tapha B ey .

B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 9 9 ; I akobo s , "H t Epa g ovi l T ü lv TaZtapx6 3v dc K O lT ( 1 ) T ik rog ' ,L esb iaka 6( 1 973 ) , 5 21 a nd p l s . 1 9 ; A . P a r ien te , Th ron ique d e s f ou i l le s e t d 6 couve r te s a r ch6o log ique s e n Gr e ce e n 1 991 ' , BCH 16 ( 1 992 ) , 9 23 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 99 .

i n s i tu , a nd C onze 's c onc lu s ion w a s t h a t aR . v i l la o f A ugu s tan d a te h ad o nce s t ood o nt h es po t .K o ldewey a g r eed w i th C onze 's E R . d a t ing , b u tt h ough tt h a tt h eb u i ld ing h ad b een a ne l abo ra te f o un ta inhead f o rt h en ea rby s p r ing . O the r b l o ck s( p rob ab ly o r ig ina t ing f r om t h es i t e ) w e re n o ted b u i l t i n to l a te r s t ruc tu re s i n t h e n ea rby v i l lage s o f P apado s , P l akado s , Me s ag ro sa nd P a la iok ipo s . A ne a rl i e rc omponen tt ot h es i t ew a sr e p resen ted b yt h e s c u lp tu r e o f am a rb le l i on d a t ing t ot h e s e cond q ua r te ro f t h e4 C . A HL . w a l la nd a n u nda ted s a r cophagu s h ave a l so b een n o t ed ( e xac t p os i t ion n o t r e co rded ) , a nd b o th C ha r i ton id i s a nd A x io t i s s poke o f E Byz . a r ch i tec tu ra l m emb ra a tt h es i te t o ge the rw i th ` MAge ' a nd T u r .r ema in s ( i nc lud ing ar o ck -cu to l ive p r es s , p robab ly o fT u r .d a t e1 9 ) . K on t i ss ugge s t ed t h e re h ad o nce b een c u l ta c t iv i ty l i nked t o t h e s p r ing , a nd ac eme te ry n ea rby l i n ing t h e r oad w h ich a pp ro a ched i t . B ib l iog raphy : N ew ton I , 1 4 -15 ; C onz e ,5 1 -52 ; K o ldewey , 6 4 -65 , 7 6 a nd p l . 2 8 .18 -25 ; T ax is , 1 03 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 2 6 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 52 -54 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 89 -90 ( a nd u nnumbe r ed p ho tog raph p .6 90 ) ; i d . , 1 994 , 3 4a nd f i g . Z .

5 0 . Manosados ( Ka to T r i to s ) ; 7 84571 ; 6 0m ; E Byz . ( ? ) ; HAB , S P . C a . 0 . 5 k m s e . f r om K a to T r i to s , a tt h e p l ace k nown a s Mano sado s ,T ax i sn o ted t h ee x ten s iv er ema in so f a n a nc ien t s e t t lemen t ( i nc lud ing h ou se s , ab a th -hou se , f o un ta in s a nd c i s te rn s ) , o fw h ich o n ly t h e a p s e o f as i ng le b u i ld ing ( w i th l i t t le a s soc ia ted m a te r ia l ) w a s p r e se rved w hen C ha r i ton id i sv i s i ted t h es i t e . T he a bundance o fE Byz . m a te r ia lf o und i nt h ev i c in i ty ( i n c lud ing an umbe ro fp i e ce s d ur ing t h e r e nova t ion o f t h e P anag ia G a lou sa c hape l ) p e r suaded C ha r i ton id i s , h oweve r , t h a t t h e a p se w a s t h e r ema in ing p a r t o f a n EByz . b a s i l ica .1 7 D u r ing t h e r e nova t ion s o f t h e P anag ia c hape l , A x io t i s a l so n o ted t h e f i nd ing o f p a r t o f a n a nc ien t a l ta r w i th A io l ic c yma t ion d eco ra t ion ( t he d a te o fw h ich i su n c lea r ) a nd b o th A x io t i s a nd P e t r ako sd es c r ibed as ma l ls t a tue t te o f as e a t ed f i gu r eo f K yb e le 0 . 36 m i nh e igh t( t he h ead a nd h and so fw h ich w e r e m is s ing ) . B ib l iog raphy : T ax is , 9 9 -100 ; P e t rako s , 1 967c , 4 62 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 2 4 -25 ; A up e r t , 6 97 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 6 95 .

5 3 . A g ia P ara sk eu i ( Papado s ) ; 7 93526 ; 1 40m ; ` MAge ' ; S P . O n t h e h i l l o fA g ia P a ra skeu i , c a . 0 . 2 k m n w . f r om t h e v i l lage o f P apado s ( a bove t h e o l d G ymna s io o f t h e v i l lage ) , A x io t i s d e sc r ibed t h e r u ined t owe r s , s u r round ing w a l la nd c i s t e rn o f a` MAge ' k a s t ro . N of u r the rd e ta i l s ( o r i l u s t ra t ion s ) a r e g i ven a nd i ti su nc lea r w he the r t h e s i te s hou ld b ed a ted t ot h eB yz . ,Y en .o rT u r .p e r iod s . B ib l iog raphy : Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 , 5 6 -57 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I , 6 85 .

5 1 . P a l iokas tro ( Mesagro s ) ; 7 78532 ; 4 05m ; B yz . , ` MAge ' , T u r . ; HAB , S P . O n t h e p eak o ft h e s t eep ,r o cky h i l l k nown a s P a l ioka s t ro , c a . 1 . 5 kms n w . f r om Mesag ro s , a r e t h e e x ten s ive r u in s o f ak a s t ro s a id b y A x io t i s t od a te o r ig ina l ly t ot h e B yz . p e r iod a nd t oh ave b een t a ken b y C a t taneo i nc a . 1 300 AD . Ak a s t ro i nt h i s a r ea w a s s hown o n t h e maps o f L esbos d rawn b y B uond e lmon t ii n1 420 AD a nd Z ambe r t ii n1 485 AD . T he r u in s o n t h e h i l l top c omp r i se s e c t ion s o ft h e 2m t h ick o u te rw a l l s ( o f mo r ta red s mal s t one s ) w i th e x ter na l , s em i -c i r cu la rt owe r s o n t h e w . s i de ( whe re t h e g a t e i sa l so l o ca ted ) . I n s ide , al a rge w a te rc i s te rn i sa ppa r en tt o ge the r w i th t h e f ounda t ion s o fo t he rb u i ld ing s . A x io t i sd e s c r ibed as c a t te ro fg l a zed ` MAge ' s he rd so n t h e h i l l top , ac o in ( o f w h ich h e g i ve s n o d e ta i l s ) , a nd mo r e ` Byz . ' d eb r i s o n t h e l owe rs l op e s o ft h e h i l l . Mo r e Med ieva l r ema in s ( o fT u r . d a t e ) c an b e f ound n ea rby i nt h ev i l lage o f Me sag ro s i t se l f w he re aw el -p r e se r ved m o sque s t and s . B ib l iog raphy : N ew ton I , 1 3 ; T ax i s , 1 02 ; Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 , 5 4 , 5 6 -57 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 964 , 3 99 -400 a nd p l . 4 66a -y ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 6 91 . 5 2 . ` S t i Manna ' ( Papado s ) ; 7 90531 ; 1 70m , C . , HL . , ER . ; E Byz . , ` MAge ' , T u r . ; HAB (? ) , C EM , S P . A bove t h e w . e dge o ft h eP e rama p l a in ,a tt h ep l a ce k nown a s' Manna ' o r ` S t i Man (n )a '1 8 ( 0 .8 k m n w . o ft h e v i l lage o fP apado s ) , a n umbe ro fm a rb le b l o ck sw e r en o t ed b yt r avele r si nL e sbo s f r om t h e m id -n ine teen th c en tu ry o nwa rd s . N ew ton a nd C onze w e re t h e f i r s t t o c ommen t u pon t h em , t h e l a t t e r f i nd ing a n umbe r o f g r ey ma rb les s c a t te red o ve r t h e p rope r t ie s o fd i f f e r en t l a ndowne r s i nt h e a r ea , s ome v e ry f i ne ly w o rked a nd s i xo fs im i la rd imen s ion s . O ne w a ss t i l l

5 4 . C ha la t ses 2° ( Pe rama ) ; 8 352 ; ; MBA , L BA . , R . ; HAB , C EM . O n t h e w . c oa s t o ft h eG u l fo fG e ra , c a . 0 . 8 k m n . a l ong t h e c oa s t f r om modern P e rama , C ook d i scove r ed a MBA . -LBA . s i te w h ich w a s s ubs equen t ly r e v i s i t ed b yB ayne . C ook d e s cr ib ed ' a ne x ten s ive s t ra t i f ied p r eh i s to r ic s i t e o fa bou t t h ee nd o ft h e BA . al i t t le n .f r om P e rama o n t h e w . s ho re o ft h e G u l fo fG e ra ' w h i l s t B ayne a dd ed s ome t o pog raph ica l d e ta i l , s a y ing t h a t t h e s i t e w a s ' a n e x ten s ive l ow mound o n t h e w . s ho re o f t h e G u lf o f H ie ra ( Ge ra ) n ea r t h e n a r rows ' . T he p r ec ise l o ca t ion i s u nc lea rt o day ( i ti sp o s s ib le t h a tt h e mound h a s s i nce b een d e s t royed s i nce c u l t iva t ion i nt h e c oa s ta l p l a in i si n ten se ) . I fo ne t a ke st h e s e t wo r e po r t s i nu n i son ,h oweve r ,t h eo n ly p l a ce w he re t h e g u l f ' n a r row s ' t o t h e n . o f P e rama i s o ppo s i te t h e D ibo lon H i l l o f S ka la L ou t ron ( s ee # 45 a bove )i nt h ea r ea k nown a sC ha la t se s . T he a na ly se so fC ook a nd ( e spe c ia l ly )B ayne i n d ica ted t h a t t h e s i te i so f e x t reme i mpo r tance i n t e rm s o f t h e t r an s i t ion f r om t h e L BA . t ot h e E IA . i nL e sbo s s i nce t h e m a te r ia l c o l lec ted w a s o f LH I IB -C d a te w i th LH I IC p r eva i l ing ( p e r iod s s im i la rt ot h o se r e p r e sen ted a t Empo r io o n C h io s ) . B ayne s ugges ted t h a t t h e s i gn if ican t Myc . i nf luence o nt h ec e ram i c si n d i ca t ed t h a tt h i s s e t t lemen th ad 1 9 T he re i sd ocumen ta ry e v idence f r om t h e e a r ly t r avele r s w ho v i s i ted L e sbo s t h a t o l ive s h ad b een g rown i n l a rge n umbe r s i n t h i s a r ea d u r ing t h e T ou rkok ra t ia . T he Gu lf o f G e ra i s s pec if ica l ly n amed a s t h e r e g ion o f t h e i s land f r om w he re o i l w a s e xpo r ted t o E u ropean ma rke t s i n t h e e a r ly n ine teen th c en tury , a nd o i l w a s t h e l a rge s t o f t h e i s land 's e xpo r t t r ades f r om t h e m id -e igh teen th c en tu ry a t l e as t . S ee P . S . P a ra skeua id i s , o t n cp t u r f res ra n Aeoßo ( A then s 1 983 , 2 nd e d . ) , 6 2 , 9 7 -99 .

T he a l te rna t ive t oponym C ha lak ie s ( ' XaXaK ds -' ) i s a l so u sed f o r t h i s a r ea , s e e K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 50 . 2 0

1 3

b een c ompo sed o f ag r oup o fp oo rr e fugee sf r om m a in land G r ee ce f l ee ing t h ed e s t ruc t ion so f LH I IB . MBA ( M inoan s t y le 2 1 )b ow l sa nd m ug st o ge the rw i th L BA . s h e rd s( f rom t h ev i s i t so fC ook a nd B ayne )w e r eb r ough tb a ck t oA then s a nd a r en ow s t o r ed i nt h eB SA s h e rd a r ch ive . I nt h e s ame a r ea ,s l igh t ly n .f r om P e rama , K o ldewey , K on t i sa nd A x io t i sa l lr e po r ted an umbe ro fh i s to r i cs u r f a ce r ema in s . K o ldewey s aw s c a t t e r so fs h e rd sa nd t i l ea l ong t h e c oa s t l ine i nt h e r e g ion a nd w a s t o ld b y l o ca l i n hab i tan t s t h a tm any a r ch i te c tu ra lb l ock sh ad b een b u i l ti n to t h ew a l l s o f af a c to ry a tP e rama . K on t i s n o ted t h a t an umbe r o f ( ma in ly R . ) t omb s tone s a nd i n scr ip t ion s h ad a l so b een f o und i nt h i sa r ea ( i nc lud ing I G X I I .2 .484 ) ,w h i l s tA x io t i s s p oke o fs u r f a ce c e ram i cs c a t te r s ,f o unda t ion sa nd ak i ln .2 T he m a t e r ia lw a se qua ted b yK o ldewey a nd K on t i sw i th ` H ie ra ' o r ' ha ' , ac i ty i nL e sbo s p o s s ib ly r e f e r r ed t ob y A lka io s ( Lobe l -Page , D 11 .3 ; P age , 2 27 ) a nd w h i ch P l iny t h eE lde r s t a ted h ad b een a bandoned b e fo r e h i s o wn d ay ( P l in . HN . 5 . 39 .139 ) . b ib l iog raphy : C onze , 5 3 a nd p l . I a , 1 7 ; K o ldewey ,4 0 ,6 3 , 7 6 ;J .M .C ook , ' A r cha eo logy i nG reece 1 949 -50 ' ,J HS 7 1 ( 1 951) , 2 47 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 963c , 2 68 ; B ayne , 1 22 -25 , 1 39 -40 a nd f i gs . 1 4B -15A ; B uchho lz , 1 23 , 1 36 ; P a r a skeua id i s , 1 976 , 5 03 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 49 -50 ; A x io t i s , 1 9 92 I ,6 82 -83 ;B SA s h e rd a r ch ive P e rama ,u npubl i shed .

p l a in ( a t ap l a ce n amed Mona s t i rak i ) b rough t t o l i gh t s e c t ion s o fm o r ta red s c h i s t w a l l ing , p i tho i a nd p o t she rd s i n c lud ing g r ey w a re s a nd a n A t t i c l e ky tho s d a t ing t oc a . 5 00 B C( p rob ab ly f r om ad i s tu rbed t omb ) . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 964 , 3 96 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 50 5 1 ; A x io t i s , 1 9 92 I ,6 81 . 5 8 . K abouro l imn i ( Py rgo i ) ; 8 73472 ; 5 m ; ; HAB . O n t h e s .t i po ft h e K abou ro l imn i p romon to ry ,c a . 2l a ns s e . f r om t h ec o a s ta lh am le to fP y rgo i ,T ax i sn o ted a n ' a nc ien t ' c i s t e rn a nd A x io t i sd e s c r ib ed as i te w i th r ema in ss im i la rt o t h o se f o und a tm any p o in t sa r ound t h eG u l fo fG e ra ( wh ich h e l i s ted a s d a t ing t o t h e HL . , R . , ` MAge ' a nd T u r . p e r iods ) . N o s pec if ic d e ta i ls a r e g i ven , h oweve r , c oncer n ing t h e n a tu re o f t h e r ema ins o n t h e p romon to ry i t se l f . B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 1 0 1 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 80 -81 . 5 9 . T saph ( Ta r t i ) ; 8 32450 ; 4 0m ; C . , HL . , R . , E Byz . ; HAB , C EM , S P . A bove t h e e .e dge o ft h e s ma l l b ay a t T a r t i , i n t h e r e g ion n amed ` T saph ' , t h e r ema in s o f a n a nc ien t q ua r ry a r e v i s ib le , i n c lud ing t h e a nc ien t q ua r r y f a ce s , al a rge s po i l h eap a nd t h ree u nf in i shed c o lumn s . A x io t i s d a ted t h i s q ua r ry t o t h e 5 C BC a nd n o ted t h a t n ea rby ( no t f a r f r om t h e c hape l o f A g io i S a randa ) w e re m o r e t r a ce s o fa nc ien t q ua r ry ing a c t iv i ty . T he s c a t te ro f HL .a nd R .s h e rd sa nd t i l e s( c a . 0 . 4k m t ot h en . ) ,t o ge the r w i th a r o ck -cu t t omb , i n d ica te t h a t t h e re w a s a n a c company ing s ma l ls e t t lemen t . I tw a sf r om t h eq ua r ry a t T a r t it h a tt h eh a l f -wo rked c o lumn sa nd E Byz .a r ch i te c tu ra l m embra h ad o r ig ina ted w h ich w e re b e ing u sed a s c oun t e rwe igh t sa tS ka la L ou t ron ( s ee # 45 ) . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 963c ,2 69 a nd p l .3 08E -c ; i d . , 1 965 ,4 90 -92 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 55 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 80 .

5 . A g io s G eorg ios ( i s K ourkou ta s ( P e rama ) ; 8 29516 ; 1 0m ; E Byz . , L Byz . (? ) ; S P . C a . 1 . 2 k ms w sw . f r om P e rama , i mmed ia te ly s .o f t h e r oad f r om P e rama t o S kope lo s , t h e c hape l o f A g io s G eo rg io s h a s p a r t s o fa n e a rl i e rb u i ld ing s u rv iv ing a ti t s s w . c o rne r w h ich i n c lud e t h e f e a tu re o ff a l se e x te rna l w indow s ( e x t r eme ly r a r e i n L esbo s ) . Mo r e m a te r ia l f r om a n o l d e r s t ruc tu r e i sb u i l t i n to o t he rp a r t s o ft h e m ode rn c hape l , a nd a l l a r ound a r e s c a t te r s o fa nc ien t c e ram ic s . C o lumn c ap i ta l s a nd o t he r w indow e l emen t s s ugge s t a n E Byz . d a te f o r t h e e a r l ie r c en t re o f w o r sh ip b u t A x io t i s a l so p r opo sed t h a t al a t e r B yz .c hu r ch h ad e x i s ted a tt h es i t e . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 965 , 4 94 ; i d . , 1 968a , 2 7 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 82 . 5 6 . B rachon is i ( Py rgo i ) ; 8 65496 ; 3 m ; B yz . ; S P . O n t h e s ma l l B r a chon i s ir o ck a tt h e e n t r ance o ft h eG u l fo fG e ra , c a . 0 . 2k m o f f sho r ef r om t h e h am le to fP y rgo i , ag r oup o f r u in sh ave b een e qua ted w i th t h eB yz . Mona s te ry o fA r i s to i a te s ted i nt h e 1 2C AC . A x io t i sd e sc r ibed t h er ema in so fa c hu r ch a nd o t he r s t ruc tu re s , n o t ing a l so t h a t t h e w a te r s w h ich s e pa ra te t h ei s land f r om t h ew .c oa s to ft h e g u l fa r e s os h a l low t h a tt h ei s l e to nce m ay h ave b een l a rge r . B ib l iog r aphy . ,A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 81 . 5 7 . Monas t irak i2 3 ( Py rgo i ) ; 8 60488 ; 5 0m ; A . , HL . , R . ; HAB ,C EM .S w .f r om t h ec oa s ta lh am le to fP y rgo i ,o nt h e w .c oa s to ft h eG u lf o fG e ra ,i s as ma l lc oa s ta lp l a in w he r e t h e A u lona s R ive r e mp t ie s i n to t h e s e a . K on t i s r e po r ted s u r f a ce s h e rd s o f HL . a nd R . d a te i nt h e a r ea , a nd t h e c u t t ing o ft e r ra ce s o n t h ee . -f a c ing s l ope s t ot h e n .o ft h i s

6 0 . O s ios G r igor io s ( Skope lo s ) ; 8 13479 ; 1 30m ; HL . /R . , E Byz . , L Byz . ; S P . C a . 2 . 5 k ms s .f r om S kope lo s , a l ong t h em a in r o ad w h ich l e ad st oP l oma r i , ad i r tr o ad l e ave st h e m a in r o ad h ead ing s e .a nd l a te rd ue s .t ot h ec oa s ta lh am le t o fT a r t i . 2k m s a l ong t h i sd i r tr o ad i s ar i gh tt u rn w h ich l e ad s t ot h e r emo t e v a l ley i nw h ich t h e r u ined 1 3C B yz . mona s te ry o f O s ios G r igo r io s s t and s , n ea r ac hape l d ed i ca ted t ot h es ame s a in t . B o th a r el o ca ted n ea r as p r ing w h i ch g i ve st h e s po ta na bundan tw a te rs upp ly . Among s t t h e r u in s , C ha r i ton id i s r e po r ted t h e e .e nd o f ab u i ld ing ( p robab ly a n E Byz . b a s i l ica ) w h ich g ave i n d ica t ion s o f m any d i f f e r en t b u i ld ing p ha ses . E Byz . a r ch i tec tu ra l m embra w e re f o und n ea rby , a nd a n a nc ien t a l ta r w i th c owhead m o t i f s ( p robab ly o f HL . /R . d a te ) w a s b u i l t i n to t h ec hape l . B ib l iography : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 2 8 a nd p l . 1 0a ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 80 . 6 1 . K a s tr i ( P lag ia ) ; 7 95452 ; 1 50m ; B yz . ; S P . O n t h e h i l l k nown a sK a s t r i ,c a .4 . 5l a ns e .f r om P l ag ia ,2 4 ac hap e lo f A g io sG eo rg io s s t and sn ea rt h er ema in s o f as ma l lk a s t ro , s a id t ob eo fB yz .d a te b yK o ldewey ( who d e scr ibed ap i la r e xh ib i t ing aB yz .i n s c r ip t ion ` ArAOH TTXH '2 5 ) . A x io t i s a dded f ew d e ta i l s a bou t t h e s i te a pa r t f r om n o t ing t h a t a l a rge c i s ter n w a s i n co rpo ra ted i n to t h e c omp lex a nd t wo r e l ief s w e re f o und n ea r t h e c hape l ( wh ich h a s t h e f o unda t ion so fa no l de rc hape lu nd e rnea th i t ) .

2 1 T he n ea r ly c omp le te s mal o pen b ow l s a nd mug s o f c oa r se o range c l ay i nt h e B SA s he rd a r ch ive a r e p robab ly o f MM I I d a t e , S usan S he r ra t t , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) . 2 2 O the rk i ln s ( o f HL . a nd R . d a t e ) w e r e f ound e l sewhe re o n t h e g u l fo fG e ra a tA g ios G eo rg io s ( nea r K a to T r i to s , s e e s i te # 47 a bove ) , Ma rma ro ( t o t h e s ou th o fP e rama ) , S ka la L ou t ron , a nd T ax ia rch i s ( n ea r P y rg i , o n t h e n e . c oa s t ) , s e e B a s iakos , 2 09 .

2 4

K nown l o ca l ly a s ` Mona s t i re l i ' ( `Mova c m ip X 1 ') , s ee S ec t ion 2 . 1 ( b ) a tt h e b eg inn ing o f t h e c a ta logue .

2 5

T he o ve ra l l a r ea i sk nown a s ` Me t ia ' : s e e K o ldewey , 3 9 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 6 78 .

2 3

1 4

I G X I I .2 .485 .

B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey , 3 9 , 7 7 ; T ax i s , 1 0 1 ; Mou tzour i s , 1 962 ,6 8 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 78 . 6 2 . Y papan t i t o u C hr i s tou ( P lag ia ) ; 7 48457 ; 5 0m ; BA ( ? ) , LHL . , R . , E Byz . ; HAB , CEM , S P . O n t h e e .e dge o ft h e v i l lage o fP lag ia an umb e r o fa nc ien t r ema ins h ave b een r e po r t ed s i nce t h e 1 9C n ea rt h eY papan t i t o u C h r i s tou ,t h e c hape l a s so c ia ted w i th t h e v i l lage 's ma in c eme te ry . I n a dd i t ion t o as i gn i f ican t s c a t te r o fa nc ien t t i l e a nd s h e rd s ( wh ich K on t i s d a ted t ot h e LHL . a nd R . p e r iod s ) , C onze a nd K o ldewey n o ted an umbe ro fw o rked m a rb le b l o ck sa nd i n sc r ip t ions ( s ome , s u ch a s I G X I I .2 .488 , b u i l t i n to t h e c hape l i t se l f ) . Mo s to ft h e w o rked b l o ck sa nd i n s c r ip t ion s a r e o f R . d a te a nd c omp r i se a c o lumn c ap i ta l , u n f lu ted c o lumn d r ums , at omb s tone , s e c t ion s f r om ab l a ck m a rb le e xed r a ( who s ee nd s w e re i nt h e f o rm o fl i on s ' f e e t ) , a nd a r e l ief o f A r tem is . T he re a r e a l so a f ew E Byz . p i ece s i n c lud ing a n a r ch i tec tu ra l e l emen to f5 C AC d a t e . D u r ing t h e r e nova t ion o f t h e c hape l , T ax i s r epo r ted t h a t t h e r ema in so fa no l db a th -hou se ,t omb sa nd am o sa ic f l oo rh ad b een u ncove red i n s ide . N ea rby i n P loma r i ( G r id R e f . 7 245 ) , t h e s i ng le w o rn m a rb le b lo ck w i th a c yma t ion d eco ra t ion w h ich o nce l a y i nt h e d ockya rd m ay w e l l b e f r om t h e s i te a tP lag ia , a nd a l so n ea r t h e s ho re ( c a . 2km s e s e .f r om P loma r i ) ac ave i nt h es h ee rc l i f fa bove t h ec hap e l o fA g io sI s ido ro s ( G r id R e f . 7 40 441 ) w a ss a id b yT ax i s t o h ave h uman b u r ia lr ema in si n s ide ( p o s s ib ly o f BA d a te ) . B ib l iog raphy : N ew ton I , 1 2 ; C onze , 4 9 -51 a nd p l . XV I ; K o ldewey , 3 9 ; T ax i s , 1 09 -10 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 2 8 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 56 -57 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 69 -70 . 6 3 . G lyph ia ( D ro ta ) ; 6 45486 ; 5 m ; E Byz . ; HAB , C EM , S P . C a . 8k ms w nw . a l ong t h e a lmo s t i mp ene t r ab le c l i f f s w h ich f o rm t h e c oa s t l ine w . o f P loma r i , av er y s ma l l c oa s ta l p l a in h a s b een f o rmed w he re t h e P r iona s R ive r e mp t ie s i n to t h e s e a , 1k m s w . f r om t h e h am le t o fD ro ta . I n May 1 960 amono l i th ic , u nf lu ted c o lumn ( n ow b roken i n to t h r ee p i e ce s )w a s u ncove red d u r ing d i gg ing w o rk n ea r t h e c hape l o fA g io s I s ido ro s . T he c o lumn p robab ly c ame f r om a n E Byz . b a s il i ca , a nd i mmed ia te ly t ot h e w . o ft h e c hu r ch w e re t r ace s o f al a te a n t ique ( p robab ly E Byz . ) s e t t lemen ti n c lud ing a s so c ia ted t omb s . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 2 8 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 57 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 19 -20 . 6 4 . M i to i l ia ( Ka to S t au ro s ) ; 6 34516 ; 8 0m ; E BA . ; CEM . C a . 0 . 7 k m sw . f r om K a to S t au ro s ,2 6 o n t h e r oad w h ich l e ad sd own t h e B ou rko s g o rge t ot h e s .c oa s to ft h e i s land , A x io t i s d e scr ibed a n umbe r o f h i gh ly s i gn if i can t f i nd s w h ich w e re f ound a tt h ej unc t ion w i th at r a ck l e ad ing e . a l ong t h e M i to i l ia v a l ley t oA k ra s ion . P i tho i w i th b one s i n s ide w e re s a id t oh ave b e en d i s cove red an umb e ro fy ea r s a go , a nd m o re r e cen t ly f r agmen t so fm o re p i tho i( o fc oa r se r e d f a b r i c ) w e r e r e cove red t o ge the r w i th t h e b eaked n eck f r agmen t o f aj ug w i th c u taway s pou t ( s im i la r t o m any f o und a tY o r tan a nd T he rm i , c f . L amb , 1 936 , f i g . 2 6 .3 -4 ; p l . X I I .116 )a nd aw ho le E BA . v e s s e lw i th l i da nd b a s ea l so p a ra l le led a tT he rm i( i b id . : p l . XV I I .173 ) . T he r ew e r ea l so r e por t s o f b ronze i t ems i n c lud ing j ewe l le ry , b u t n one o f t h e se p i e ce sn ow s u r v ive . B ib l iog raphy ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 0 4a nd p l . 1 36 .

6 5 . Mesa R ongada ( Ano S t au ro s ) ; 6 35553 ; 3 10m ; ; HAB , CEM . A tt h e l o ca t ion k nown a s Mesa R ongada , c a . 2k m s nw . f r om A no S t au ro s , A x io t i sr e po r t ed as c a t te ro f g r ey w a r e s( wh i ch c ou ld d a te a ta ny t i me f r om t h e BA . -HL . p e r iod s ) o n t h e n .s l op e s o f ar o cky k no 1 12 7 t ot h ee .o ft h e r o ad w h ich l e ad s n .t o ac hape lo fA g ia K y r iak i . S t r e t che s o f ac r ude ly b u i l t w a l l ( p o s s ib ly p a r t o fa n e nc lo su re ) r un a c ro s s t h e s add le o ft h e k no l l n ea rby . A t t h e c hape l i t se l f ( a na r ea k nown a s` P a la io cho rr )a ni n s cr ip t ion o n am a rb le s t e le w a s f o und , a nd n ea rby w a s ar o ck -cu t t omb a nd a s c a t te ro fc e ram i c s( n od e ta i l so fw h i ch a r eg i ven ) . B ib l iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 05 -06 . 6 6 . A g ios B as i l is ( Ka to S t au ro s ) ; 6 58527 ; 8 0m ; LR . , T u r . ; CEM . C a . 2k ms e .f r om K a to S t au ro s , o n t h e n . s i de o f t h e r o ad t o Ambe l iko , s t and s ac hap e l o f A g io s B a s i l i s . N ea rt h i sc hap e lA x io t i sd e sc r ibed aLR .t i l e -g rave i n s ide w h ich w a s al amp o f 4 /5C AC d a te w i th a r e p r e sen ta t ion o f aw inged s ph inx . I n t h i s a r ea b e tween K a to S t au ro s a nd Ambe l iko , A x io t i ss t a ted a l so t h a tt h e re a r e an umbe ro fr ema in so ft h e T u r . p e r iod ( i nc lud ing m o r eg r ave s ) w i thou tg i v ing s pe c if i c d e ta i l s : ag r oup o ft omb s( p o s s ib ly T u r . ) w e r ef o und c a . 0 . 5 k m e .f r om K a to S t au ro s ( a pp rox ima te G r id R e f . 6 452 2 8 ) ; a no the r s i ng le t omb ( a long w i th mo re c u t t ings i n t h e b ed rock ) w a sl o ca ted as im i la r d i s tance f r om K a to S t au ro s t o t h e n . o f t h e Ambe l iko r oad i n t h e a r ea k nown a s S t rongy lo s ( a t o ponym w h ich d oe s n o t a ppea r o n t h e B r i t i sh A rmy m ap ) ; a nd y e t a no the r t omb w h ich h ad a s ma l lc e ram i cv e s s e li n s ide w a su ncove r ed b e s ide t h ec hape l o f A g io s G eo rg io s f u r the r n e . ( G r id R e f . 6 68531 ) . N ea r t h i sc hap e l o fA g io s G eo rg io s t h e r e a r e a l so s t re t che s o fa k a lde r im i w h ich p r e sumab ly i sp a r t o ft h e o l d r o ad u p t o Ambe l iko .2 9 B ib l iog r aphy ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 06 . 6 7 . K amb ia ( Ambe l iko ) ; 6 654 /6754 ; ; ER . /MR . , L R . , E Byz . (? ) ; HAB , CEM . T o t h e w . o f Ambe l iko , o n a p l a teau a bove t h e w . b ank o ft h er ema w h ich p o sse s se s t h e s ame n ame a st h ev i lage ,A x io t i sr epo r ted t h a t aLR . g r ave ( d a ted t ot h e 3 C -4C AC b y ac o in f ound w i th in i t ) w a s u ncove r ed w hen v i l lage r s w e re l e ve l l ing t h e a r ea f o r a s po r t s g r ound . Mo re g r aves w i thou t g rave g ood s w e re u ncove r ed l a te ri nt h es ame a r ea a nd 5 0 mf u r the rd ownh i l l , d u r ing t h el a y ing o f an ew r o ad ,s h e rd s( i nc lud ing f r agmen t s o f p i tho i , t e r ra s i g i la ta a nd p i ece s w i th y e l low g l aze ) t o ge the r w i th y e l low -g la zed t i l e s , w e r e l o ca ted . Wa l l s o f b u i ld ing s a nd f ounda t ions w e re a l so a ppa ren t , many c on s t r u c t ed w i th u nwo rked s t one sa nd s ugge s ted b yA x io t i s t ob eo fL R .o rE By z .d a te . B ib l iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 10 . 6 8 . A g ios C hr i s tophoro s ( Ambe l iko ) ; 6 76531 ; 4 50m ; ; S P . C a . 1 . 2 k ms s e . f r om Amb e l iko , a l ong t h e r oad s . t owa rd sA k ra s i , ak a lde r im i l e ad s s e . u p s lope t ot h e s ma l l c hap e l o fA g io s C h r i s topho ro s . N ea r t h i s c hape l A x io t i s r e po r ted al a rge m a rb le q ua r r y( t he d a t eo fw h ich i su nc lea r ) ,

T h i s k no l l m ay b e p a r t o f t h e h i l l c a l led A rby los w h ich A x io t i s s t a te s i st ob e f ound i n t h is a r ea , b u t h i s d e sc r ip t ion i s a mb iguous .

2 7

2 8 T he d e sc r ip t ion b y A x io t is d oe s n o t a l low a mo re a ccu ra t e p l ac ing o ft h e s i t e o n t h e B r i t i sh A rmy m ap .

I n t h e v i l lage o f Ambe l iko t h e r u in o f amosque a nd aT u r . t owe r i n d ica te a c t iv i ty d u r ing t h e T ou rkok ra t ia , a nd t h e v i l lage i s a l so r e fe r red t o i n aM i t ropo l i tan c odex o f 1 567 a s ` Ambe l ikon ' ( '' Ag r r atKo l iv ') . F o r t h e t owe r s ee T ax i s , 1 20 . 2 9

T he t wo v i l lage s i n t h i s a r ea l a be l led a s A no a nd K a to B ou rko s o n t h e 1 943 B r i t i sh A rmy map s a r e n ow k nown a s A no a nd K a to S tau ros , s e e A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 6 0 1 -04 . 2 6

1 5

f ounda t ion s o fb u i ld ing s , t omb s , p o t she rd s a nd t i l e s w e re a ppa ren t a nd t h a t d u r ing t h e n i gh t s i l ic i t d i gg ing w a s t a k ing p l a ce s e a r ch ing f o rh i dd en ' t r ea su re s ' . S ub sequen t ly , t h e c e ram ic m a te r ia l f r om t h e s i te w a s t r anspo r ted t o A g ia so s , b roken u p a nd u sed i nb u i ld ing w o rk , w h i l s t t h e f ounda t ion s a t P i t s i l ia w e re d e s t royed b y c u l t iva t ion . T omb s c ame t o l i gh t d u r ing r enova t ion o f t h e P anag ia c hap e li n1 935 ( n od a t ing f o rt h em h a sb een g i ven ) . K o lax ize l i s t hough t t h a t t h e B yz . a nd T u r . s i te c on s i s ted o ft wo s ma l lv ilage s ,A no P en th i l is c en t r ed u pon t h e P anag ia c hape l , a nd K a to P en th i l is c en t r ed o n t h e c hape lo fT ax ia r ch i s /A s t ra tgo s . I ti s mo r el i ke ly ,h oweve r , g i ven t h e s c a t t e ro fm a te r ia lb e tween t h et wo c hape l s s e en b y A x io t i s , t h a tt h e v i l lage w a s as i ng le o ne d e f ined a ti t s n . a nd s . e dge s b y t h e t wo c en t res o f wo r sh ip .3 ° K o lax ize l is a l so s ugge s ted t h a t t h e i n hab i tan t s o f b o th v i l lage sh ad t h en a bandoned t h es i te ,f o rm ing t h es e t t lemen t o fA g ia so sn ea rby ( a t te s ted f o rt h ef i r s tt i me i n1 567 a st h e v i l lage ` Ag ia S i on ' , "A y (a Z u k iv ' ) , ar e loca t ion w h ich h ad t a ken p l a ce i nt h e 1 5C a cco rd ing t oA x io t i s .3 1 B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 9 6 , 9 8 a nd n . 1 ;S .P . K o lax ize l i s ,

s t i l l w i th s qua r ed b lo ck s o f s t one l y ing b e s id e t h e q ua r ry f a c e s . B ib l io2 raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,6 12 . 6 9 . D ed eK ambou s ( Ambe l iko ) ; 6 955 ; ;T u r . ; CEM , S P . C a . 2 km s t o t h e w . o f O lympo s , i na n a r ea k nown a s K ambe ia ( o r ` Dede K ambou s ' , ` NTVTE K o i ) , A x io t i sr epo r ted w ha ts e em t ob et h er ema in so ft h eT ekke ( o r d e rv i sh c onven t ) o f I b rah im , am embe r o f t h e l i be ra l B ek ta sh i o rde r . T he c onven t i s a t te s ted i n O t toman a r ch ive sf r om t h e 1 7C u n t i lt h e 1 9C . A x io t i sd e sc r ibed as qua r eb u i ld ing o fd ry s t one ,m ade o fs ma l l s c h i s t b lock s w i thou t a ny j o in ing m a t e r ia l . T he o u t s ide d imen s ion s a r e 5 . 5 m x5 . 13 m , t h eo u t s ide h e igh t i s1 . 8 ma nd t h e w a l l s 0 . 75 m t h ick . T he e n t rance l i e s t o t h ee .( a l though n ot r a ce o ft h ed oo rr ema in s )a nd o nt h ew . s i de t h e re i s as ma l l w indow . A s ma l le r t wo -s to rey s t ruc tu re w h ich o nce s t ood i n s id e t h i s b u i ld ing m ay h ave b een t h er ema in so ft h el e ade r 's g r ave . S k lepa r i ss t a ted t h a t t h i si n ne rs t ruc tu re w a sd ed ica ted t oI b rah im a nd t h a ti th ad l i nk s a l so w i th t h e r e l ig iou s p ra c t i ce s ( i nc lud ing an ea rby c eme te ry )o ft h e moun ta in -dwe l l ing ` Yo ruk s ' w ho l i ved i n t h ef o r e s t so ft h ei s land . B ib l iog raphy : D . S k lepa r i s , ST 4VTE K c i i . u r rous ' ,L e sb iaka 6( 1 973 ) , 1 71 -77 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I , 7 19 ; M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1 995 ) .

e pno s -

K a i

i oropia

Ay(ao o u

r ic

v rf rou

Adaß0 1 . 1

( My t i lene 3 2 )I ,7 9 -80 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 60 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,7 16 a nd p l . 1 44 . 7 2 . K a s t e l l i ( Ag ia so s ) ; 7 21572 ; 4 00m ; B yz . ; S P . O n t h e h i l l n amed K a s te l l i , c a . 0 . 3 km w nw . f r om A g ia so s , a s ma l lk a s t ro ( o r ig ina l ly o fB yz . d a te ) i sc on s t ruc ted o nt h e p l a t eau o ft h e p eak o ft h e h i l l n ea r ac hap e l o fT ax ia r ch i s . S t re t che so f ak a lde r im ia r ev i s ib le o nt h es l ope sl e ad ing u p t ot h e k a s t ro ,a nd w i th in t h e mo r ta red s t one w a l l s a r e t h e r ema in s o f t wo c i s te rns ( on ly o ne o f w h ich i sn ow w e l l p r e se rved ) . A x io t i sd a ted t h es i te ( e spec ia l ly t h ee .s i de )t o t h e 9 10C AC a nd s t a ted t h a t e x tens ions b u i l t l a te r a r e r e f e r red t oi n1 3C s ou r ce s . B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 9 6 ; Mou t zou r is , 1 962 , 6 8 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,7 17 .

7 0 . X y lokas tro ( Ag ia so s ) ; 7 3521 7353 ; ; ` MAge ' ; S P . T o t h e w . o f t h e r oad w h ich l e ad s s .f r om A g ia so s t o Mega lo cho r i ,c a . 4kms s e . f r om A g ia so s ,a r et h er ema in s o f as ub s tan t ia l , i r regu la r -shaped e nc lo su re a tt h e l o ca t ion k nown a s X y loka s t ro . At u rn ing t ot h e w . o f t h e m a in r oad l e ad s t ot h ec hap e lo fA g io sP hanou r io sw h i ch s t and s b e s ide a( now d ry ) w e l l i n s ide t h e n .e dge o ft h ee nc lo su r e w a l l . I na dd i t ion t ot h i sn ew t r a ck , ak a lde r i rn ia pp roa che s t h ee nc lo su re f r om t h ee . S t r e t che so ft h ed ry s tone w a l l s a r ep r e se rved 2m i nh e igh ta nd a r e 2m t h ick ( c on s t ruc ted w i th t wo f a ce s o f l a rge r o u te r b lock s a nd ar ubb le f i l l ) . S ec t ions o f t h e n w . s i de o f t h e s t ruc tu re h ave b een d e s t royed b y r e cen t q ua r ry ing w o rk . A x io t i s g i ve s n o d e ta i l so fa s so c ia ted s he rd s c a t te r sb u td a te st h ek a s t ro t ot h e ` MAge 'p e r iod . T he v i ew f r om t h ek a s t ro i sp ano ram ic ,i n c lud ing b o th g u l f s ( Ge ra a nd K a l lon i ) , a nd i t s l o ca t ion i ss t ra teg ic i n w a t ch ing o ve rt h e m a in r ou te s n .f r om t h ea r ea o fP loma r i a nd Mega lo cho r it owa rd sA g ia so s . B ib l iog raphy : Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 ,6 8 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,7 19 ( a nd u nnumb e r ed p ho tog raph p .7 17 )a nd p l . 1 44 .

7 3 . K a r in i ( v i l lage ) ; 7 44609 ; 8 0m , HL . ; HAB , S P . O n t h e m a in r oad f r om My t i lene t o A g ia so s , t h e v i l lage o f K a r in il i e si na ne spe c ia l ly f e r t i le n a r row v a l ley ( po s se s s ing af r e shwa t e r s p r ing ) c a . 1k m w . f r om t h e e dge o f t h e I pp io s p l a in .3 K o ldewey n o t ed t h er ema in so fa n a nc ien t

S uch d ef in i t ion o f s e t t lemen t s w i th t h e l o ca t ion o f c hape l s o n t h e i r p e r iphe ry i sk nown e l sewhe re i n G reece d u r ing t h e Med ieva l p e r iod . 3 0

7 1 . P i t s i l ia ( Ag ia so s ) ; 7 39555 ; 5 00m ; B yz . , T u r . ; HAB , C EM . C a . 2 kms a l ong t h e r oad w h ich l e ave s A g ia so s h ead ing s .t o Mega lo cho r i ,o ne r e a che s t h e a r ea k nown a s P i t s i l ia ( o rP i tz i l ia ) , an a r row s pu rj u t t ing w . f r om t h er o ad a nd o ve r look ing t h e e .s l ope s o fO lympo s . T h i s t o ponym h a s t r ad i t iona l ly b een e qua ted w i th ` P en th i l i ' ( s ta ted b y S t ephanu s o fB yzan t ium t ob e ap o l l s o fL e sbo s , S t . B yz . s .v . ' i lEveixi i') a nd t h e reby a l so l i nked t o t h e ` P en th i l ida i ' , t h e a r i s toc ra t ic g enos o f A r cha ic My t i lene ( Lobe l -Page , D 17 .10 ,R l . i i .5 ; A r i s t . P o l . 1 3 11b .26 -30 ) . N o v i s i to r s t o t h e s po t , h oweve r , h ave e ve r g i ven r e po r t s o fr ema ins d a t ing f r om b efo r e t h e ` MAge ' p e r iod . K o lax ize l i s a nd K on t i s b o th s t a ted t h a tn oa nc ien tr ema in s w e r e v i s ib le . A x io t i s o n ly s aw f i ve u nd iagno s t ic m a rb le b l o ck s b u i l t i n to t h e t wo c hape l s w h ich s t and o n t h e s i te ( o fT ax ia r ch i s /A s t ra tgo s a nd t h e P anag ia ) , t o ge the rw i th a s c a t t e ro fB y z . /Tu r . t i l e sa nd s he rd si nt h ea r ea b e tween t h e t wo c hap e l s . I n1 86 1 ,h oweve r ,B ran iad i sr e po r ted t h a tt h e

1 6

T h i s t r ad i t ion o f r e loca t ion i n t h e P i t s i l ia /Ag ia sos a r ea d u r ing t h e T ou rko l c ra t ia i sn o t u n l ike ly i fo ne s uppor t s t h e h ypo thes is o f P a ra skeua id is t h a t o ne r e su l t o f t he T u rk ish a dm in i s t ra t ion o f t h e i s land f r om t h e 1 5C o nwa rd s w a s t h e a bandonmen t o f s ome s ma l l v i l lage s a nd l oca l ised s yno ik ismos i n to l a rge r l c omopo le is ' n ea rby . S ee P . S . P a ra skeua id is , . A Z .< 7 , A0 5 * Ka Td T7ì y Toup t coxpa r ia ( My t i lene , 1 991) , 1 8 . T he a r ch ives o f t h e O t toman a dm in is t ra t ion o f L e sbos d o i ndeed s ugge s t t h a t m any s ma l l v i l lage s o n L e sbo s w e re a bandoned , o r r e -g rouped i n to l a rger u n i t s , f r om a r ound 1 600 AD o nwa rd s , a l though o t he r s cho la r s h ave a t t r ibu ted t h i s c hange mo re t o t h e s p read o f o l ive t ree monocu l tu re t h an t o t h e e f f ec t s o f O t toman t a xa t ion ( D . M . K a r id i s a nd M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . [ 1995 1 ) . F o r t h e p o ss ib le d e r iva t ion o f t h e v i l lage n ame ` Ag ia so s ' f r om A g io s G r igo r io s o f A s so s , s e e R ou se , 1 51-54 . 3 1

N o d a t e i sg i ven f o r p ub l ica t ion , b u t V o l . Iw a s p ub l i shed i n 1 947 . 3 2

K on t is ( 1978 , 2 45) s ugge s ted t h a t t h e t opog raph ica l l o ca t ion o f t h e h am le t w a s t h e r e a son f o r i t s n ame , d e r iv ing K a r in i ( `Kap (v i i') f r om ` K r y r ivl ' ( ' foun ta in ' / 'sp r ing ' ) . 3 3

b u i ld ing c omp lex a tK a r in i ( wh i ch h ec a l led a' v ila ' ) ,w i th w a l l s o f s ma l l s t one s j o ined w i th m ud , 0 . 43 m t h ick . I n t h e c o rne r o fo ne r oom K o ldewey f o und aw el f i red b u f f v e s se l f i l led w i th c a . 1 00 b ronze c o in s . T he c ha ra c t e r o f t h e w ho le h oa rd w a s v e ry s im i la r a l though s ome o f t h e c o in s e xh ib i ted d i f f e ren t o bve r se a nd r eve r se t y pes . Among s t t h e se t yp e s t h e h ead o f A po l lo w a s c ommon , w i th a f ou r -s tr inged l y re o n t h e r e ve r se . S ome w e re i n sc r ib ed ` MYT I ' a nd t h e re w e r ea l so m onog ram so ne a ch s i d e' I N I Z I ' , ' e i ' . T he h oa rd d a ted t o t h e 3 C BC o r s l igh t ly l a te r . I n t h e v i c in i ty , T ax i s d e sc r ibed a n a n c ien t c i s te rn a nd K on t i s a l so n o ted t h e r ema in s o fq ua r r ie s , t h e m a jo r i ty o fw h ich w e re s a id t os how s i gn s o fw o rk ing i n a n t iqu i ty . B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey , 4 0 -41 ; T ax i s , 9 6 -97 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 45 .

5 8 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 64 -65 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 5 99 -600 a nd p l . 1 35 .

* 74 . A g io s P hoka s ( Br i sa ) ; 52493 ; 2 0m ; E BA . , LG . , A . , C . , I LL . , ER . , EByz . , MByz . ; HAB , S P . O n an a r row , i r r egu la r ly -shaped p romon to ry , 4 . 5 k ms sw . f r om B r i sa , s t and s t h e c hape lo fA g io sP hoka s w h i ch g i v e si t sn ame t o t h i s c oa s ta l l o ca t ion . S t ephanu so fB yzan t ium ( S t . B yz . s . V . Sp ia c t ' ) r e f e r s t ot h e p romon to ry , s a y ing t h a t t h e s i te w a s t h e f o cu s o f ac u l t t oD iony so s , t e s t imony w h i ch h a s b een b a cked u pb y aHL .( p robab ly 3 C )i n sc r ip t ion f o und a t t h e s i te d ed i ca ted t o` D iony so s B r i sagen i s ' ( IG X I I .2 .478 ) a nd a no the rn o ted b yT ax i sw h ich r e ad ' AI O NNHZ I Q t T Q t B AKXQ t ' ( n o ti nt h eI G c o l lec t ion ) . T he e a r l ie s t t r a ce s o f h ab i ta t ion a c t iv i ty w e re t h o se n o ted b y C ha tz i i n 1 972 o n b o th t h ed ownwa rd s l op e s .o f t h ep r omon to ry a nd a l ong i t s s .c ap e . S u r f a ce i n sp e c t ion i n t h i sa r e al o ca ted E BA . s h e rd s( o fc oa r se r e d /bu f ff a b r i c )a nd i n c i sed LG . g r ey w a re s . C a . 0 . 1 k m s e . f r om t h e m ode rn c hape l , as e r ie so fp o s s ib le f o unda t ion s e ncou raged C ha t z i t o c a r ry o u t at r ia l e xcava t ion . I n t h i s e xcava t ion a r e c tangu la r s t ruc tu re w a s u ncove red , s ugge s t ed t o b e a w a t ch towe r b y C ha tz i , c a . 1m b e low w h ich w e r e A. a nd C . s he rd s ( i nc lud ing a b lack -f igu re f r agmen t w i th a r e p re sen ta t ion o f S i leno s ) , g r ey w a re s a nd m o re E BA . m a t e r ia l . T h i s s equence ( a nd e sp ec ia l ly t h e p r e sence o f s t ra t if ied f i ne w a re p o t te ry ) s t rong ly s ugge s t s a n A . p r ede ce s so r o f t h e D iony so s c u l t w h ich t h e e p ig raph ica l e v id en ce t e s t if ie sf r om t h e HL .p e r iod ( s e ea bove ) . I nt h e ER . p e r iod as ma l l D o r ic i na n t i s t emp le w a s b u i l to nt h es i te ( t ho rough ly i n ve s t iga ted b yK o ldewey a f t e r a n i n i t ia l r epo r to ft h e p r e sence o fa n t iqu i t ie s b y N ew ton ) . A n E Byz . b a s i l ica w a s l a te r c on s t r uc ted n ea r t h e t emp le , i n to w h ich m any o f t h e D o r ic f r agmen t s w e re b u i l t , a nd t wo c o in s ( o ne o ft h e 6 C AC a nd a no the ro ft h e 1 0C AC ) i n d ica te l a te r MByz .a c t iv i ty a tt h es i t e . A t t h e e .s ho re o f t h e p romon to ry i nt h e 1 9C P o t t ie r a nd H auve t te -Be snau l t r epo r ted t h e r ema ins o f as i l ted -up g r an i t eh a rbou rm o le t o ge the rw i th o t he rw o rked b l o ck sa nd b roken c o lumn sl y ing s ubme rged . S ub s equen t ly T ax i sa nd , m uch m o re r e cen t ly , A x io t i s n o ted t h is a nc ien t h a rbou r m o le a l so , w h ich n ow u nde r l ie s t h e b l ock s o f t h e s ma l l ( mod e rn )h a rbou rc on s t ruc t ion . F u r the rmo r e ,t h es ho re n ea r t h e h a rbou r i sd en se ly s ca t te r ed w i th a n c ien t s h e rd s , a nd e v en m o re w e re f ound b e low t h e s u r f a ce r e cen t ly w hen f o unda t ion sw e r eb e ing d ug i nt h ea r ea . B ib l iography : N ew ton I , 1 2 -13 ; E . P o t t ie r a nd A . H auv e t te -Be snau l t , ' I ns c r ip t ion sd eL e sbo s ' ,B CH 4( 1 880 ) , 4 46 ; K o ldewey , 6 3 -64 a nd p l . 2 8 .1 -17 ; T ax i s , 19 ; J .D . Q u inn , ' Cap eP hoka s ,L e sbo s -s i t eo fa n a r cha ic s a nc tua ry f o rZ eu s ,H e ra a nd D iony su s ? ' ,A JA 6 5 ( 1 96 1) , 3 9 1 -93 a nd p l s . 1 28 -29 ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 963 , 1 4 18 -20 ; C ha t z i , 1 972 , 5 96 -99 , f i g . 1 4 a nd p l s . 5 48 -50 ; K on t i s , 1 973 , 8-91 ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 976 , 5 03 ; T oucha i s , 1 977 , 6 24 ; C a t l ing ,

1 7

7 5 . A ch i lop igado ( Br isa ) ; 58504 ; 1 5m ; LR . /EByz . (? ) ; HAB , CEM , S P . C a . 2 . 7 k m s sw . f r om mode rn B r i sa ( a nd c a . 1 . 5 km s w . f r om t h ec oa s ta l r e so r to fB a te ra ) ,j u s t b eyond t h eb r idge w h ich c r o s s e st h eA lm i ropo tamo sR ive r , i s ap l a ce k nown a sA ch i lop igado . T he s po tw a s l i nked b y Man tzou ran is t o t h e H ome r ic l e gend s o f t h e ( a l leged ly L e sb ian ) m a iden B r i sa t a ken b y A ch ile s ( Ho rn . / . 9 . 128 3 2 ) . O n t h e w . s i d e o f t h e m ou th o f t h e A lm i ropo tamo s R ive r t h e re i sa n ( o r ig ina l ly l a te 1 9C ) c hape l o f A g ia K a t e r in i r e bu i l t i n 1 940 n ea r as t one -headed w e l l . T ax i s h ad s e en a n c ien tr ema in sn ea rt h ec hap e l ,a nd mo re r e cen t ly t ot h ew . o fi tA x io t i sr epo r t ed w o rked m a rb le a nd t r a chy t e b l o ck s , al a rge s t one s a r cophagu sa nd ac o lumn . A no the r c o lumn w h ich n ow s t and so nt h es ho r ea tB a te ra a l so c ame f r om t h i s s po t . C ha r i ton id i sn o ted t h a tb e s ide t h e mod e rn c hape lo ld e r w a l l s w e re v i s ib le i n 1 968 w h ich h e a s c r ibed t o al a te a n t ique b a s i l i ca . T he b a s i l ica w a l l s w e r e s a id t ob e 0 . 5 m t h ick b yT se leka s , a nd i nt h en ex tf i e ld b e s ide t h e c hape l a p aved f l oo rw a su ncove r ed . C ha r i ton id i sp ropo s ed t h a tt h e a s so c ia ted f i nd s n ea rby , i n c lud ing a t omb ( po s s ib ly t h e s a r cophagu s d e s c r ibed b y A x io t i s ) f r om w h ich c ame a n umbe r o f l amp s n ow i n My t i lene m useum , w e re t h e r ema in so fa n ' e x ten s ive ' s e t t lemen to fs im i la rd a te ,a nd t h e d en se s c a t te ro ft i l e sa nd s h e rd sr e po r ted b yA x io t i sa l lo ve r t h ei mmed ia te a r ea s uppo r tt h i sh ypo the s is . B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 19 ; D . P . Man t zou ran i s , o f i r p er yres • O r cara c rr e fac ts • T631/ ` EÄÄr ivwv c rd A E W0( My t i lene , 1 949 ) ,2 8 ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 963 , 1 420 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 2 8 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 98 -99 . 7 6 . P a l iopy rgos ( Br i sa ) ; 5 652 ; ; BA . (? ) , Y en . ; HAB (? ) , S P . At r ack h ead ing w .j u s tb e fo r ec r o s s ing t h eb r idge a nd e n te r ing t h e v i l lage o f B r i sa l e ads ( i n c a . 1km ) t o t h e r ema in s o f aV en . t owe r s im i la r t ot h o se f ound a tP y rg i i n C h io s ( po s s ib ly t h e ` Ka s t ro o f B r i sa ' r e f e r red t ob y t h e e a r ly t r ave l le r L eg rand 3 4 ) . T he t owe r i ss qua re , i t s w a l l s c on s t r uc ted o fm o r ta r ed s ma l l s t one s 1 2 .6 m i nl e ng th a nd 2 . 1 m t h ick , a nd i n s ide a d i v id ing w a l l r un s f r om n . -s . c r ea t ing t wo r e c tangu la rr oom s . Ab a semen t( p o ss ib ly a l so s e r v ing a s ac i s ter n ) w a s d ug o u tb e low g round l e ve l . T he n . o u te r w a l l ( whe re t h e g a te o nce w a s ) h a s n ea r ly c omp le te ly c o l lap s ed ,b u tt h es .w a l ls t and st oc a . 1 5ma nd o n t h e o u te r w a l l i s as l ab w i th t h e G a t te lu s i c r e s t . A l l a r ound t h e t owe r A x io t i s r epo r ted s c a t te r s o f c e ram ics ( p o s s ib ly i n d ica t ing a n a s so c ia ted s e t t lemen t ) a nd t ot h ee . a no l ds t one -bu i l tw el m ay d a t et ot h es ame p e r iod . O n t h eh i lt ot h en .s t and s ac hap e lo fC h r i s to sa r ound w h ich A x io t i s d e sc r ibed w o rked b lock s a nd c e ram ics , p o s s ib ly i n c lud ing s ome o f BA .d a te , as c a t te ro fl i t h ic sa nd am i l l s tone . B ib l iography : T ax is , 18 -19 ; Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 , 5 5 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 5 93 -94 ( a nd u nnumbe r ed p ho tog raph p . 5 93 )a nd p l s . 1 3 3 -34 . 7 7 . B ry s i t o u D e l ig iann i ( Br i sa ) ; 553 ; ; EBA . , C . /HL . ; HAB . O n t h ew . s i de o ft h e t r a ck w h ich r un s a l ong t h ew . b ank o ft h e A lm i ropo tamo sR ive r ,o ppo s i te t h e Y en , t owe r ( # 76 ) , i s af o un ta in k nown a s t h e B ry s i t o u D e l ig iann i ( r epa i red b y t h e F o res t ry C omm i ss ion ) . A bove t h e f o un ta in i sas c a t t e ro fg r ey w a r e s( i nc lud ing p i e ce so fo p en 3 4 F o r t h i s h yp o the s i s , s e e M ou t zou r i s , 1 9 62 , 5 .

v e s se l s ) , s he rd s o f r ed p i tho i , b l ack -g lazed p i ece s a nd a m a s so ft i l e s( i nc lud ing o ne w ho le t i l e ) . A x io t i sa l so r e po r t ed f r om t h es ame l o ca t ion an umb e r o fp i e ce so fc r ude rp i tho i ,b u rn i shed s h e rd sa nd am i l l s tone , a lp robab ly t h er ema in so f EBA .a c t iv i ty a tt h es po t . B ibl iogr aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 94 -95 . 7 8 . S t rongy lo s ( Po l ichn i to s ) ; 5 53559 ; C . /HL . , B yz . , T u r . ; HAB , CEM , S P . C a . 1km s w . f r om P ol i chn i to sa tt h e w . f oo t o f t h e O xys h i l l a r e f ou r c hap e l s ( d ed ica ted t oA g ia Ma r ina , A g ia P a ra skeu i , A g ios G eo rg io s a nd A g io s C ha ra lambo s )a nd o t he rr u in sw h i ch a r et h er ema in s o ft h e B yz . v i l lage o f S t rongy lo s a t te s ted i nt e x t s f r om t h e l a t e 9 C -ea r ly 1 0C AC . C ha r i ton id i s d a t ed t h eA g io sG eo rg io s c hape l , w h ich h a s an umbe r o f ma rb le a nd t r a chy te a r ch i te c tu ra l b lock s i n s ide i t , t o t h e e a r ly T u r . p e r iod . U nde rt h e s .w a l l w e re f ound t omb s o fc h i ld r en , a nd o ve r t h ew ho le a r ea w e re as c a t t e ro fs h e rd sa nd t i l e s ,m il s tone s a nd an umb e ro fw o rked b l ock s( ad i su sed a l on ii sa ppa r en t b e s ide t h e c hape l o fA g ia Ma r ina ) . C o ins o ft h e 4 C BC a nd t h e6 C AC a r er e po r ted t oh ave b een f ound a tt h es i te . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 964 , 3 99 a nd f i g . 5( p . 4 00 ) ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 3 3 -34 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 5 86 -87 a nd P l . 1 32 ; Ma son , 1 993 ,2 37 a nd n .5 0 . 7 9 . T raper ia ( Po l ichn i to s ) ; 5 33551 ; 1 90m ; R . , B yz . ; HAB , CEM , S P . I mmed ia te ly s .o f t h e l a rge T ax ia r ch i s t i sT rape r ia sc hu r ch , 3 . 3 km s s w . f r om P o l ichn i to s ,a r et h e r u in s o f ac hape l o fA g io s D im i t r io s a mong s t ac l u s te ro f m and r ia a nd c e ram ic s ca t te r s . P i tho i s h e rd s w e r e f o und a mong s tt h o se n ea rt h e c hape l , a nd A x io t i s d e s c r ibed a l so t h er ema in so f as qua re s t ruc tu re ( p o s s ib ly at owe r ) ,R .t e r ra s i g i la ta a nd l a te rB yz .w a re s . E Byz .a r ch i te c tu ra lp i ece sa r e v i s ib le n ea rt h eT ax ia r ch i sc hu r ch . A round t h e ( now d e se r ted ) c hap e l o fA g ia P a ra skeu i c l o se b y t o t h e s . , a nd a l so n ea r t h e c hape l o f A g io s I s ido ro s0 . 5 km t ot h e n . ,t omb s h ave b een r e po r t ed b u tn o d e ta i l s g i ven . D u r ing t h el a y ing o ft r enche sn ea rt h el a t te r c hape l ,b u i ld ing f ounda t ion s w e re r e vea led , a nd t h e r e i sa t r ad i t ion t h a t amona s te ry o nce s t ood o nt h es i te . B ibl iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 84 -85 a nd p l . 1 32 . 8 0 . G arb ias ( Po l ichn i to s ) ; 4 74569 ; 8 m ; C . -EByz . (? ) , ` MAge ' ; HAB . O n t h e s ma l l i s land o f G a rb ia s a tt h e mou th o ft h e G u l fo fK a l lon i , r u in s w e re f i r s tn o ted i nt h e 1 8C . I nt h e 1 9C K o ldewey d e s c r ibed aw a l lo f` MAge 'd a t e a r ound t h eo u t s ide o ft h e i s land a nd s t a ted t h a t o n ly s ho r t s e c t ion s o fw a l l ing t ot h e s .a nd w . ( a nd s c a t t e r s o ft i l e s ) s e emed a nc ien t . K on t i s i n d i ca ted h ab i ta t ion a c t iv i ty f r om t h e C . -EByz . p e r iod s i n c lud ing s t ruc tu ra l r ema ins , b u tn o mo re d e ta i l s o f t h e se f i nd s w e re o f f e red b y A x io t is w ho m e r e ly r e p ea ted t h ee a r l ie rr e po r t s . B ib l iogr aphy : P o co cke , 1 9 ; Ko ldewey , 4 2 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , f i g s . 2 1-30 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 5 36 . 8 1 . B ougaz i ( Po l ichn i to s ) ; 4 99572 ; 1 40m ; C . /HL . ; HAB . C a . 6km s w . f r om P o l i chn i to s , o n t h ee .s i de o ft h er ema w h ich d escends t h e s . s l ope s o f t h e B ougaz i h i l l , K ophopou lo s n o ted t h er ema in so fb u i ld ing so nt wo l e ve l s a nd a s soc ia t ed r e ta in ing w a l l sa r ound w h i ch w e r eg r ey w a re a nd b l a ck -g laze s h e rd s ,a mpho ra h and le sa nd t i l e s . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 83 .

s e t t lemen t a c t iv i ty . T he r ema in s l i e n ea ra n o l d w e l l a nd r ock -cu t t r ough f o r a n ima l s l o ca ted o ve r as p r ing . F ounda t ion s o f b u i ld ings ( a nd p o s s ib ly t h e r ema in s o f k i ln s )a r ev i s ib le n ea rt h es ho re a mong s t am a s so ft i l e sa nd s h e rd si n c lud ing a mpho rae h and le sa nd b a se s ,a nd a l so L R . B yz . ' c omb ed ' w a re s . F u r the ri n land a r e s c a t t e r ed C . /HL . b l a ck -g lved s h e rd s ,g r ey w a r e sa nd R .t e r ra s i g i la ta . B ib l iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 82 . 8 3 . P er ibo la ( Po l ichn i to s ) ; 5 33581 ; 2 0m ; A . /C . , R . , E Byz . , ` MAge ' ; HAB , S P . I nt h e p rope r ty o f Mou taph i s a t t h e p l ace n amed P e r ibo la , 2 kms w sw . f r om S ka la P o l ichn i tou a nd i mmed ia te ly s .o f t h e p romon to ry o f C ha lak ie s ( s ee # 84 ) , t h e f l oo r o f a n EByz . b a s il i ca w a s u n cove r ed d u r ing c u l t iva t ion . I nt h es ame p l o t( a nd a l so i n t h e a d jo in ing p rope r t ies t o t h e n . a nd s w . ) w e re m any a r ch i t e c tu ra l m embra i n c lud ing u nf iu ted c o lumn s , c o lumn c ap i ta l s , a n i n sc r ib ed p l aque a nd o the r w o rked b lock s . Amongs t t h e se p i ece s t h e re w e re a l so e l emen t s f r om a n e a r ly 5 C BC I o n i co rde rb u i ld ing ( t he f ounda t ion so fw h i ch h ave n o tb een l o ca ted ) . A x io t i sr e po r t ed t h a t mo r ef i nd sm ade i nt h ea r ea h ave i n c lud ed ac o in o fT ib e r iu s I( 5 74 -82 AD ) , ` MAge ' s u r f a ce m a te r ia l ,a nd ( t ot h ew .o fP e r ibo la )s he rd so fR .d a t e . B ib l iog raphy : D aux , 1 960 , 8 09 a nd f i g . 3 ;C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 ,2 37 a nd p l s . 2 08c rT ,2 09E ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 966 ,2 03 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 3 2 -33 a nd p l s . 1 -13 ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 976 , 5 03 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 62 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I , 5 80 -81 . 8 4 . C ha lak ie s ( Po l ichn i to s ) ; 5 32589 ; 5 m ; LN . , EBA . , C . , R . ; HAB , CEM . O n at o ngue shaped p romon to ry b e ing e r oded b y t h e s e a( s im i la ri nf o rm t oK ou r t i r , # 91 ) , 2k ms w sw . f r om S ka la P o l ichn i tou , i s as ma l l , b u t e x t reme ly s i gn if ican t , p reh i s to r ic s i te a t t h e l o ca t ion k nown a s C ha lak ie s .3 5 A no l ds p i tak i s t and so n t o po ft h es i te n ea r t h e s e awa rd s i de o ft h ee rod ing s c a rp . R ecen tr e su r f a c ing a nd b ank ing o ft h er o ad w h ich p a s se so ve rt h ep romon to ry l e ad ing t ot h ec o a s ta lr e so r to fN yph ida f u r the rt ot h e s w . h a s s e r iou s ly d i s tu rbed t h e s t r a ta o fa nc ien t ma te r ia l o nce v i s ib le o nt h ee xpo sed s i de o ft h e s c a rp f a c ing t h e s e a ,a nd t h ec on s t ruc t ion o f an ew t wo s to rey h ou se c a . 2 0mt ot h e s .h a sl e dt of u r the rd i s tu rbance . T he s u r f a ce s c a t te ri ss a id t oc on s i s t o f b l a ck , r ed a nd b u f f s he rd s ( i nc lud ing s ome b u rn i shed p i ece s ) t o ge the r w i th a s ca t te r o f l i th ics , a nd C ha r i ton id i sd a ted t h em a te r ia lt ot h e LN .a nd E BA .p e r iod s ( c ompa rab le t ot h a tf r om A g io G a la i nn .C h io s ) . When a w e l l w a s d ug a tt h e s i te al a rge c l o sed v e s se l o f LN . d a te w a sf ound c omp le te ( t he p o ti sn ow o nd i sp lay i n My t i lene mu seum ) . LN . a nd E BA . s he rd s a nd l i th ic s f r om t h e s i te a r ea l so s t o red i nt h e DA Ii nA then s . R ema in so fl a te rd a te r e po r t ed a tC ha lak ie si n c lude C . m a rb le a r ch i tec tu ra l e l emen t s , aR . s a r cophagu s a nd 1 6 g r ave so fv a r iou sd a te s ( wh ich w e re n o tg i ven b y A x io t i s ) b u t w ou ld b e o fe x t reme s i gn i f i cance i fa ny b e long t ot h e LN . -EBA .s e t t lemen t . B ib l iog r aphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 ,2 37 a nd p l .2 09y ; H ood , 2 3 ; B uchho lz , 1 22 -23 ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 976 , 5 03 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 59 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I , 5 80 ; DA I a nd B SA s he rd a r ch ive sC ha lak ie s ,u npubl i shed . 8 5 . A ra ( Po l ichn i to s ) ; 5 659 /5660 ; ; C . (? ) , HL . , R . , EByz . ; HAB , CE M . I n t h e a r ea k nown a s A ra , i mmed ia te ly e .a nd n e . f r om S ka la P o l i chn i tou , a r e t h e r ema in s o f as e t t lemen t a nd a s so c ia ted c eme te ry o f l o ng

8 2 . L ou ta ( Po l ichn i to s ) ; 5 04587 ; 1 0m ; C . /HL . , R . , LR . B yz . ; HAB . I n t h e n a r row b ay o fL ou ta , 5 . 8 km s w nw . f r om P o l ichn i to s ( t he p romon to ry t o t h e e .i sk nown a s P e rama ) , A x io t i s n o ted s i gn if ican t t r aces o f a nc ien t

T he t oponym g i ven t ot h e s po t o r ig ina tes f r om t h e ma ss o f t i l e s a nd s he rd s v i s ib le .

3 5

1 8

d u ra t ion . A n umbe r o f EByz . a r ch i te c tu ra l p i e ce s a r e s c a t t e red i nt h e f i e ld s a tt h e n .f o o to ft h e h il i mmed ia te ly e .f r om t h e P o l ichn i to s -Ska la P o l ichn i tou r o ad b e s ide t h e s ka la s e t t lemen t , a nd d u r ing t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e r oad m o re s im i la r b roken p i ece s w e re u ncove red . Two R . t omb s tone sw e re f ound n ea rby ( IG X I I .2 ,4 89 -90 ) t o ge the r w i th t h e h ead o f a HL . f ema le i d o l a nd a4 C BC c o in . Wo rk ed b l ock s a nd c e ram ic d eb r i s f r om HL . a nd R . o ccupa t ion w e re d e sc r ibed b y C ha r i ton id i s , m any o f t h e f o rme r b u i l ti n to t h e c i s te rn i nt h e K a l l ia s p rope r ty , a nd a mo sa ic f l oo r w a s r epo r ted i n 1 938 i n t h e p lo t o f T heodo r e l l i sn ea rby ( n ol o nge rv i s ib le )w i th w o rked b l o ck s a nd m a rb le s . A x io t i s n o ted t omb s( wh ich h ed i dn o td a te )n ea rt h r ee c hap e l s t o t h e e .a nd n e . o f S ka la P o l ichn i tou : al a rge t r a chy te c off in b e s ide t h e c hape l o fC h r i s to s ( t h r ee o t he r s h ad o nce e x i s ted b u tw e r en ow d e s t royed ) ; ac ov e rs l ab f r om a no the rc o f f in ( a l so o f t r a chy te ) n e a r t h e A g io s G eo rg io s c hap e l ; a nd m o re u ndef ined t omb s a r ound ac hape l o ft h e P ana g ia . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 3 1 ; P a ra sk eua id is , 1 976 , 5 03 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 5 60 -61 a nd p l s . 1 24 -25 . 8 6 . A g ios l oann i s ( L i sbo n) ; 5 79594 ; 5 0m , HL . , R . ( ? ) , E Byz . , MByz . , Y en . , T u r . ; CEM , S P . A t t h e w a rm ( 6 9 ° ) s p r ing s b e s ide t h e c hape l o f A g io s I oann i s , c a . 1 . 5 k r n s w sw .f r om mode rn L i sbo n, i s aT u r . f o un ta in -head a nd t h e r ema in s o f aT u r . b a th -hou se , s ome o ft h e w a l l s p o s s ib ly d a t ing b a ck t o aR . p rede ce s so r .3 6 I n 1 959 , w hen a d ec i s ion w a st a ken t ob u i ld an ew c hape ls l igh t ly t ot h es w . o ft h eo l de ro ne , t h ef ounda t ion so fa n EByz .b a s i l i ca w e r e u ncove red . T he f l oo r o ft h eb a s il i ca w a s c on s t ru c ted w i th l a rge c l ay t i l e s , a nd a tt h e s w . c o rne r o ft h e s t ruc tu re a n E Byz . c i s t g r ave w i th 3s ke le ton s i n s ide w a s u ncove r ed ( 2 o f w h i ch w e re c h i ld ren ) . A r ch i te c tu ra l e l emen t s o f g r ey m a rb le f r om t h e b a s i l ica ( i nc lud ing f ou r D o r ic c o lumn c ap i ta l s ) a r e b u i l t i n to t h e n .p a r t o ft h e p e r ibo lo s a r ound t h e m ode rn c hape l a t t h e s i te a nd a l so i n to t h e o ld s c hoo lhous ei nt h ev i lage o fL i sbon . F rom t h e a r ea a r ound t h e s p r ings an umbe r o f c o in s h ave b een f o und , t wo o ft h e 3 C a nd 2 C BC ( o ne s how ing t h e t y pe k nown f r om My t i lene o f A po l lo a nd al y r e , t h e o t he rf r om S a rd i s ) ,f i ve o fB yz . d a t e( 4o ft h e 1 0C AC ,o ne o f t h e 1C AC ) , o ne o f t h e G a t te lu s i p e r iod , a nd aT u r . c o in o f1 687 AD . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 , 2 37 ; D aux , 1 960 , 8 09 ; P a ra sk eua id i s , 1 963 , 1 4 19 ; i d . , 1 966 ,2 12 -13 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 3 0 -31 a nd f i g . 1 7 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 62 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I ,5 63 -64 a nd p l . 1 26 . 8 7 . K aukara ( L i sbon) ; 5 80597 ; 5m ; A . , E Byz . ; C EM , S P . A t t h e p o in t w he re t h e r oad s f r om L i sbo nit oS ka la P o l ichn i tou a nd A g io s I oann i s t oS kamn ioud i c r o s s , 1 . 8 k m s w . f r om L i sbo n, i st h e c hape l o f ` P anag iouda t i s R ou t i s ' .3 7 I n to t h e u pp e rp a r to ft h e c hape l i sp a r t o fa n

O t toman r e cord s a t te s t aT u r . v i l lage a t ` L i svo r i ' i n 1 602 , M . K ie l , p e rs c omm . ( 1995 ) . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c en sus o f t h e i s land , s ee n . 4a bove . Mo re w a rm s pr ing s s a id t o h ave m ed ic ina l p rope r t ie s l i e c a . 1 . 5 l a n s e se . f r om P o l ichn i tos a t t h e p lace k nown a s ' The r m ' ( Gr id R e f . 5 79564 ) , s e e T ax i s , 16 . 3 6

T he e xac t l oca t ion o f t h is c hape l , a nd t h e t oponym ` Kauka ra ' , i s h a rd t o w o rk o u t s i nce n o s uch c hape l ( o r t oponym ) i sm a rked o n t h e d e ta i led m ap s o f e i the r t h e B r i t i sh A rmy o r A x io t i s , a nd t h e l a t te r m akes n o r e f e rence t o t h e c hape l o r t h e a l ta r d e sp i te e x tens ive r e sea rch i nt h e a r ea . T he 3 7

A .a l ta r ,c ompa red b y( M . )P a ra skeua id i s t ot h eA . K ro i so s a l ta ra tE phe so s . T he a l ta re xh ib i t s aL e sb ian c yma t ion ,i s c u rved a tt h e t o p , a nd h a s am ax imum l e ng th o f 0 . 48 m . K on t i s n o ted t h a t i nt h e a r ea o fK auka ra t h e re w e re a l so E Byz .r ema in sa nd ' e ven o l de r ' s h e rd s ,a dd ing t h a tt h el o ca l i n hab i tan t s i nt h ea r ea f r equen t ly u ncove rt omb s ( o fw h ich h eg ave n od e ta i l s ) . B ib l iog raphy : P a ra skeua id i s , 1 966 ,2 11 -12 ; i d . , 1 970 , 2 6 1 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 62 -63 . 8 . P roph i t is Was ( L i sbo n) ; 5 89590 ; 1 70m ; EBA . , MByz . , ` MAge ' ; HAB . O n t h e n .s i de o f t h e m a in r o ad f r om My t i lene t o P o l ichn i to s , c a . 1km sw . f r om t h e m oder n v i l lage o f L i sbo n, ad en se E BA . p o t te ry s c a t t e r c ove r s t h e t w in -peaked h i l o fP roph i t i s I l i a s ( a l so k nown a s` Ka tapy r go s ' ) . C ha r i ton id i sc ompa r ed t h em a te r ia la tt h e s i te t ot h a t v i s ib le a tC ha lak ie s ( #84 ) a nd K ou r t i r ( # 91 ) n ea rby . Ap a r t i cu la r ly h eavy c oncen t ra t ion w a sr e po r ted o n t h es add l eb e twe en t h et wo p eak s ,a nd A x io t i sf ound mu ch m a t e r ia l o n t h e t e r ra ce s o f t h e w . s l op e . I n a dd i t ion t o E BA . c e ram ic s , t h e d eb r i s o fl i t h ic p roduc t ion ( i nc lud ing s t one f l ake sa nd b roken b l ade s ) h a sb een r epo r t ed t o ge the r w i th s h e l l m idden s a nd t r a chy te m il s tone s . A round t h en . p eak w he re t h e ( r ecen t ly r e bu i l t ) c hape l s t ands , h ou se f o unda t ion sa nd s ome ` MAge ' s h e rd sa r ea ppa ren t ,a nd n ea r t h ec hape l aMByz .c o in ( d a t ed t o9 45 -959 AD )w a sf o und . A t t h e s .l i p o f t h e h i l l top , ao nce s ubs tan t ia l w a l l o f i regu la r ly s h aped a nde s i t eb l o ck sh a sn ow c olap sed d own t h e s l ope , b u t t h e se t r a ce s o f a n e nc lo su re s e em t o o i n sub s tan t ia l t oe qua te t h e s i te w i th t h e ( s t i l l u n loca ted ) ` Ka s t ro B a s i l ikon ' t ow h ich an umbe ro fe a r ly t r ave l le r s t o t h e i s land m ake r e f e rence ( Mou tzou r i s s ugge s ted t h a t t h i s K a s t ro w a s t ob e e qua ted w i th t h e s i t e o fa nc ien t P y r rha , s e e# 99 ) . B ib l iog r aphy : Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 , 5 4 ,5 8 -61 ; P a r a sk eua id i s , 1 963 , 1 419 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 965 , 4 89 -90 a nd p l . 6 28a ; B uchho l z , 1 22 -23 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 50 -51 . 8 9 . Damand r i ( Po l ichn i to s ) ; 5 97574 ; 1 60m , HL . /R . (? ) , B yz . (? ) , ` MAge ' , T u r . ; HAB , S P . C a . 3k r n s n e . f r om P o l ichn i to sa l ong t h em a in r o ad t oB a s i l ika ,j u s tb e fo re t h e t u rn ing l e f t ( n . ) t oL i sbo r i , as i gn i n d ica te s ar i gh tt u rn t o t h e Mona s te ry o fD amand r i . T he t e rm inu s a n t e q uem f o r t h em ona s te ry 's e x i s t ence i sac od ex o f1 567 ,a nd a c co rd ing t ot r ad i t ion i tw a s f ounded w hen t h e n ea rby mona s te ry o f A g io s G eo rg io s ( ' Pa la iomona s t i ra ' , w h ich l i e s c a . 1k m t o t h e s . ) w a s d i s so lved . T he Mona s tery o f D amand r i g r adua l ly d e c l ined i nn umbe r s ,h oweve r ,a nd i n1 863 t h e re w e r eo n ly f ou rm onk sr ema in ing . F rom 1 958 t h ec omp lex w a su sed a s ah ome f o rt h ei n f i rm ,b u tt h e mona s t e ry e ven l o s tt h i sf u nc t ion i n1 989 w hen t h eh ome w a sc l o sed . A tt h e m ona s te ry i t se l ft h e re a r e 1 8C w a l lp a in t ing si n t h ec hape lo ft h eP anag ia ,a nd i nt h ev i c in i ty o fD amand r ia n umbe r o f e a r ly mod e rn c hape ls a nd a nc ien t r ema ins s ugge s t t h a t t h e mona s te ry w a s t h e f o cus f o r s i gn if i can t h ab i ta t ion a nd r e l ig iou s a c t iv i ty , b o th i na n t iqu i ty a nd a l so l a t e rd u r ing t h eB yz . /Tu r .p e r iod su n t i le a r ly mode rn t i me s . O n t h er i dge t ot h en .o ft h e mona s t e ry a r e t h ef o unda t ion s o f a n o l d c hape l ( a t ap l a ce w o r sh ipped n ow a s A g io s G eo rg io s ) , w o rked m a rb le b lo ck s , u nf lu ted c o lumn s a nd a m a s s o f t i l e s a nd s he rd s o f ` MAge ' a nd l a te r d a te . C ha r i ton id i s a l so n o ted t h e l owe s t c ou r se o f a n a nc ien t e nc lo su r eo fl a rge b lo ck s ,s ome o fw h ich w e re c l ea r ly w e l l f i t ted t o ge the r . I nt h i s s ame a r ea t h re sh ing f l oo r s a nd t h e

g r id r e f e rence p rov id ed h e re g ive s t h e l o ca t ion o f t h e c ro ss r oad s d e sc r ibed b y P a ra sk eua id i s .

1 9

r ema in so fa no l ive p r e s sa r ea ppa ren t ,a nd s l igh t ly f u r the r n . f r om A g io s G eo rg io s a r e mo re w o rked b l ock s a nd s c a t te r ed c e ram ic s a r ound t h e c hape l s o fA g ia A na s ta s ia , A g io sB a s i l i s ,A g ia P a ra skeu ia nd A g ia Ma r ina . C lo se b y t o t h e e . a nd s e . o f t h e m ona s te ry , C ha r i ton id i sa nd A x io t i sn o t ed m o r ea nc ien tc omponen t st o t h e s i te . C ha r i ton id i s r e po r ted ' c lea r t r a ce s o fa n a nc ien t s e t t lemen t ' ( i nc lud ing w o rked b l o ck sa nd c a rv ing s o n t h e r o ck s ) t o t h e e .a round t h e c hap e l o f T ax ia r ch i s , a nd i mmed ia t e ly t ot h es w . o ft h em a in m ona s te ry c omp l ex ( a t as po tk nown a s My ropho re s ) A x io t i s d e sc r ibed r o ck -cu t n i ches a nd t h e f ounda t ion s o f as t ruc tu re ( po s s ib ly a f o r t if i ca t ion ) . B ib l iQg raphy : K o ldewey , 7 8 ; T ax i s , 17 -18 ; D aux , 1 960 , 8 08 a nd f i g . 2 ;P a ra skeua id i s , 1 963 , 1 4 19 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 965 ,4 90 a nd p l . 6 28 1 3 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 6 1 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 46 -49 a nd p l s . 1 23 -24 ;i d . , 1 994 ,f i g . E . 9 0 . A s tra tgos ( L isbo r i ) ; 5 75617 ; 1 0m ; E Byz . , L Byz . (? ) ; S P . C a . 2 . 7 k ms n w . f r om L i sbo r i , s l igh t ly t ot h e s .o f t h ec oa s tr o ad w h ich r u n s b e tween S ka la P o l ichn i tou a nd S kamn ioud i , t h ea p se o fa nE Byz . b a s i l ica i sp r e se rved a t t h en e .c o rne ro ft h e mode rn c hape lk nown l o ca l ly a sA g io s S t ra t i so r` A s t ra tgo s ' . A ne x t reme ly h eavy s c a t t e ro fs h e rd a nd t i l e( t he d a te o fw h ich i sn o tr e po r ted )l i e sf u r the rt ot h e n .i nt h es ame f i e ld . T h i ss po th a sb een a s soc ia ted w i th t h e Mona s te ry o f A rch i s t ra t igo s m en t ioned i n ap a tr ia r cha l d ocumen t o f 1 324 a nd s a id t o b e ' i n t h e v i c in i ty o f B a s i l ika ' ,t h er ema in so fw h ich h ave n eve rb een f o und . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 963c , 2 71 ; i d . , 1 968a , 3 1 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 64 -65 .

n umbe ro fs a r cophagu sl i d sa nd E Byz .a r ch i tec tu ra lb l o ck s . B u i l t i n to t h ec hape l i s ab l o ck b ea r ing t h e m onog ram o f Manue lP a la io logu s( t he Y en .r u le ro fL e sbo s , 1 391 -1425 ) w h i ch i ss a id t oh ave b een b rough tf r om t h et owe r . I nt h e a r ea a r ound t h et owe r ,a nd K ou r t i ri ng ene r a l , an umb e ro f o t he r( ma in ly n um i sma t ic )f i nd sh ave b een r e po r ted : as e a l o fP ope E ugen iu sI V ; ac o in o ft h e4 C BC ; a no the ro fc a . 1 00 B C ; 7o ft h e4 C AC ;o ne o ft h e9 C AC ;a no the ro ft h e 1C ; 7Y en c o in s ;a nd al e ad o ne o f1 5C d a t e . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 ,2 36 -37 a nd p l . 2 08 E ;G . D aux , Th ron ique d es f ou i l les e t d 6couve r tes a r ch6o log ique s e n G re ce e n 1 960 ' , BCH 8 5 ( 1 961 ) , 8 35 ; H ood , 2 2 -23 ; A . H . S . Megaw , ' A r chaeo logy i nG reece , 1 962 -63 ' ,A R 9( 1 963 ) ,2 9 ;P a r a skeua id i s , 1 963 , 1 4 19 ;i d . , 1 966 , 2 08 , 2 17 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 3 0 a nd p l . 1 0 ( 3 ; C ha tz i , 1 971 ,4 57 a nd p l . 4 61y ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 970 , 2 59 ; i d . , ' Ti c va r poßXr igaTa T i jc g pEuvas T c 3v r po iaTopu cCv o bao-p . 6 3v T f is Ago l 3ou ' , L esb iaka 6 ( 1 973 ) , 1 28 -29 , 1 3 1 ; B uchho lz , 1 22 -23 ; A upe r t , 6 97 ; H . W . C a t l ing , ' A r chaeo logy i n G r ee ce , 1 975 -76 ' , AR 2 2 ( 1 976 ) , 2 8 ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 976 , 5 02 -03 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 59 -60 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 5 65 -67 a nd p l . 1 26 ; F rench , 1 994 ,6 7 ;B SA s h e rd a r ch ive S kamn ioud i ,u npubl i shed .

* 91 . K our t ir ( L i sbo r i ) ; 5 88629 ; 5 m ; LN . , E BA . , MBA . , L BA . , G . , C . , R . , E -LByz . , Y en , T u r . ; HAB , C EM , S P . A t t h e c oa s ta l l o ca t ion k nown a s K ou r t i r , 3km s d ue n . f r om moder nL i sbo r i a nd a tt h e e .e dge o ft h e h am le t o f S kamn ioud i , l i e s p robab ly t h e m o s ti mpo r tan tp r eh i s to r ic s i te i nL e sbo s , a nd p o ten t ia l ly t h e m o s t i mpo r tan t i nt h e w ho le n e . A egean . At o ngue shaped p romon to ry , 5m i n h e igh t ,a nd n ow c ove red w i th af i e ld o fc e rea lc r op sa nd a s ma l l s p i tak i i sb e ing e r oded b y t h e s e a , a nd a l l o ve rt h e t o po ft h ep romon to ry a nd i nt h ee r od ing s c a rp as t ra t if i ed m a s s o f m a te r ia l i n c lud ing s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s i n d i ca t e s l o ng l iv ed s e t t lemen ta c t iv i ty d a t ing f r om t h e LN .p e r iod . As u r f a ce s u rvey w a sc a r r ied o u tb yC ha tz ia tt h es i t e i n 1 970 a nd at r i a l e xcava t ion i n 1 972 . I n t h e e r od ing s c a rp , c a . 0 . 3 k m i n l e ng th , C ha tz i c oun ted 3 s t ra ta o f s e t t lemen t( a tl e a s t )a s so c ia ted w i th w h i ch w e re LN .s h e rd s ( t he o n ly s i zeab le a s semb lage o fs u ch ad a t ei nL e sbo s ) ; a l a rge p ropo r t ion o f E BA . w a re s s im i la r t o t h o se f r om T he rm i ; an o t i n s ign i f ican t a moun t o f MBA . m a te r ia l ; L e sb ian r e da nd g r ey w a re s ;a nd l a rge n umb e r so fi mpo r t ed My c .s h e rd s . A l so r e cove r ed w a s ah uman s k e le ton ( p re c i se c on t ex tu nc lea r ) . T he s i ze o ft h e BA .s i t ew a se s t ima t ed b y K on t i st ob ef i ve t i me sa sl a rge a sT he rm i . G .s h e rd sw e r e n o t ed b y ( M . )P a ra skeua id i s , w h i l s tH ood , D aux , Megaw , C h r i s tomanos , P a ra skeua id is a nd A x io t is s poke o f s ubme rged h a rbou rw o rk sa nd b u i ld ing s .3 8 T o t h e s w . o ft h eN . -BA . s i t e , n ea r ac hap e lo fA g io s N iko lao s ,A x io t i sd e s c r ibed t h er u in so f at owe ro fm o r ta r ed s t one sw i th ad en s et i l es c a t te r ,a nd n ea rt h ec hape lw e re a

I n av i s i t t oK ou r t i r w i th P rof . J .C o leman o n 8 t h J une 1 973 ( r epo r ted i n t h e l o ca l p ape r D imokra tis o n 2 2 /6 /73) P a ra skeua id i s s t a ted t h a t C o leman h ad s wum a r ound o f f sho re f r om t h e s i te a nd d ef ined s ome o f t h e s ubme rged s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s a sb e ing o f LN . d a te . 3 8

2 0

9 2 . A spr es P e t re s ( L i sbo r i ) ; 5 95624 ; 5 m ; LR . ( ? ) ; HAB , C EM . C a . 2 . 5 k m s n .f r om L i sbo r i ( a nd 1k m s e . f r om K ou r t i r ,# 91 ) ,o n e i the rs i de o ft h er o ad w h ich r u ns a l ong t h ec oa s tf r om S k a la P ol i chn i tou n e . t oS ka la B a s i l ikon ,a d en se s c a t te ro fc e ram ic sw a sn o t ed b yA x io t i si nt h er e g ion k nown a st h e ` A sp r e sP e t r e s ' o r` L eukade s ' . T omb s ( t he d a t ing o fw h ich i su nc lea r )h ave b een u ncove r ed f r om t i me t ot i me i nt h ea r ea a nd c l ea ran ce c a i rn sa tf i e ld b ounda r ie s i n c lud el a rge s l ab sa nd w o rked b l o ck s . T h i s t o ponym r e ca l l s t h a t m en t ioned o n t h e LR . i n sc r ip t ion l i nk ed t ot h e t o ponym T emeno s ( t he XEUKT 1 t e CKTA iv TE s e eA ppend ix 1 ) . W i th r e ga rd t ot h i s a s soc ia t ion , i ti si n te re s t ing t h a t n ea rby a r e t h e l a rge s a l t p an s a tS ka la P o l ichn i tou , ar e sou rce w h i ch c ou ld w e l l h ave b een e xp lo i ted i na n t iqu i ty a nd g i ve st h et e rm ' wh i te c o a s t 'a dd ed m ean ing . B ib l iog r aphy : K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 61 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 69 . 9 3 . T emenos ( L i sbo r i ) ; 5 93618 ; 4 0m ; HL . , R . , B yz . , V en . ; HAB , S P ( ? ) . C a . 2k m sn .o fL i sbo r i ,a tt h en .f o o t o ft h eh i lk nown a sT emeno s , s t and s t h ec hape lo fA g io s I s ido ro sb e s ide a n o l d k a lde r im i l e ad ing t oL i sbo r i . T he t o ponym ` Temeno s ' i s k nown f r om t h e LR . c ensu s i n sc r ip t ion s a s so c ia t ed w i th ap i e ce o fc oa s t l ine k nown a s t h e` x EuK i i C r h TE ( s ee # 92 a nd A ppend ix 1 ) . N ew ton r e po r ted a nc ien t r ema in s a nd r e d -co lou red p o t te ry b e s ide t h e c hape l i n t h e 1 9C , a nd t o day t wo u nf lu ted c o lumn sa nd t h em a rb le b a se o f ap e r i r rhan t i r ion r ema in . An umbe ro fa nc ien tc o in s w e re f o und n ea rby : a My t i l enean o ne d a t ing f r om t h e2 C BC ,t h r ee R . ,o ne B yz . a nd o ne Y en . . D e sp i te t h e t o ponym a nd e p ig raph ica l e v id en ce ,h oweve r , t h e re i sn op roof y e tf o ra ny c en t r eo f w o r sh ip a tt h es i t ea l though K on t i sa s sumed t h a tt h i sm u s t b et h ec a se . • C lo se b yt ot h es . ,c on t iguou sw i th t h er ema in sa r ound A g io s I s ido ro s , i sa n a r ea k nown a sT uda ( a no the ro ft h e n ame so nt h eL R .c en su si n sc r ip t ion s ,s e eA ppend ix 1 )a nd an umbe ro fa nc ien tr ema in sh ave b e en n o ted h e re a r ound t h ec hap e lo fP h r ankokk l i s ia : HL . s h e rd s , B yz . c o in sa nd a l e ad s e a l o f t h e e nd o f t h e 1 2C ( o f t h e B yz . f am i ly K a taka lon ) . B ib l iog raphy : N ew ton I ,9 2 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 2 9 -30 ; K on t i s , 1 9 78 ,3 6 1 -62 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 67 -69 .

f ounda t ion s o f b u i ld ings a s so c ia ted w i th w h ich w a s a s c a t t e r o fr ubb le , t i l e s a nd s he rd s ( i nc lud ing p i ece s o fR . t e r ra s i g i la ta ) . Aw o rked m a rb le b l o ck f r om a n a nc ien t s t ruc tu re i sv i s ib le b u i l t i n to t h e m i l l -house w i th t wo c u t t ing s . T h i s a r ea a tt h e s .e dge o f t h e c oa s ta l p l a in i s k nown a sP a s tou rma s . B ib l iogr aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 71 .

9 4 . L ou t zas ( Ba s i l ika ) ; 6 08626 ; 2 0m ; R . , LR . (? ) , B yz . , ` MAge ' , T u r . ; HAB . O n t h e w . b ank o f t h e L ou tza s s t r eam , c a . 2 . 8 k ms n nw . f r om B a s i l ika a nd o n t h e s .s i d e o f t h e r oad w h ich r un s e . -w . p a ra l le l t ot h e s ho r e o f t h e g u l f ,a r et h er u in so f ac hap e ld ed i ca ted t oA g io sD im i t r io s . T he f i e ld sa l la r ound t h ec hape l( e spe c ia l ly t owa rd st h es e a ) a r ec ove r ed i n ad ens e s c a t te ro ft i l e sa nd s h e rd s i n c lud ing ` MAge ' g l a zed s he rd s , LR . -Byz . ' c ombed ' w a r e s a nd R . t e r ra s i g i la ta . Wo rk ed m a rb le b l o ck sa r ea ppa r en tn ea rt h e r u ined c hape lt o ge the rw i th l a rge s t one sf r om o l ive p r e s se s ( p robab ly o fT u r . d a te 3 9 ) .A x io t i s a l so r epo r ted t h a tB yz . c o in so ft h e7 C AC a nd 1 0C AC w e r ef ound n ea rby . B ib l iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 69 . 9 5 . P laka ( Ba s i l ika ) ; 6 163 ; ; C . /HL . , HAB . A t ap l a ce k nown a sP l aka ,c a . 3kms d ue n .f r om B a s i l ika o nt h ef l a t c oa s ta l p l a in n ea r t h e s ho r e , A x io t i s d e sc r ibed t i l e s a nd s h e rd si n c lud ing t h eb a s e so fa mpho rae t o ge the rw i th b l a ck a nd b rown -g lazed C . /HL .s h e rd s . B ibl iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 69 -70 . 9 6 . X iro ( Ach lade r i ) ; 6 24641 ; 1 0m ; A . , LR . -EByz . (? ) ; HAB , C EM , S P . O n t h e s ho re o ft h e G u lf o fK a l lon i , 2 . 5 t a ns w sw . f r om P y r rha , i st h e s ma l l b ay a nd h a rbou r o f S ka la B a s i l ikon t o w he re u n t i l r e cen t ly t h e m agne s i te m ined f u r the r i n land n ea r B a s i l ika w a s t r an spor ted a nd l o ad ed o n to s h ip s f o r e xpor t . 4° N ea rt h e s ho r e ,a t ap l a ce n amed X i ro , ac hance t omb f i nd w a s r epo r ted b y C ha r i ton id i s n ea r t h e c hap e l o fA g io s P au lo s . T he p o t te r y f r om t h e t omb i n c luded a b l ack -pa in ted p h ia le a nd a b ucche ro k an tha ro s ,t h el a t t e ro fw h i ch w a sc ompa r ed t ot h e 6 C BC i n sc r ib ed k an tha ro s f r om A n t i ssa ( Lamb , 1 930 -31 , p l . 2 8 .3 ) . A x io t i sr epo r ted t h a t as u r f a ce s c a t te ro fg r ey w a r e sa nd f o unda t ion so fb u i ld ing sa r ea l so a ppa r en to nt h ew . f a c ing s l op es t ot h e e .o ft h e s ma l lp l a in n ea rt h e s ho re ( p o s s ib ly t h es ame m a te r ia lr e po r ted i nt h e 1 9C b yK o ld ewey4 1 ) .O n t h e l ow r i dge ( 'Ga idou ro ra chr ) 5 mh i gh a nd c a . 0 . 3 k m t ot h e e . , s i x r o ck -cu t t omb s ( p robab ly o f LR . -EByz . d a te ) a nd f u r the rc u t t ing sa r ea l so v i s ib le . B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey , 3 9 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 964 , 3 98 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 63 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 70 -71 a nd p l . 1 27 . 9 7 . P a s tourma s( A ch lade r i ) ;6 31636 ; 3 0m ,R . ,T u r . ; HAB , S P . C a . 2 . 2 k ms s w . f r om A ch lad e r i i st h e Mak r i s t ream w h ich f l owed d own f r om t h e M i l c r i L imn i ( o r ' Sma l l L ake ' ) t o t h e s .a nd s u s ta ined t h e w a te r m i l l s o f t h e G eo rgan t in i s f am i ly b u i l t i n 1 850 ( s t i l l v i s ib le a s r u in s n ea rby4 2 ) .O n t h e e .s i de o ft h i s s t r eam , A x io t i sn o ted t h e

AT u r . s e t t lemen t i sa t te s ted i n O t toman r e co rd s n ea rby a t ` Vass i l ika ' i n 1 602 , M . K ie l , p ers . c omm . ( 1995 ) . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c en su s o f t h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove . 3 9

A l l t h e l o ad ing f a c i l i t ie s a nd l a nd ing s t ages o f t h i s o nce i mpo r tan t i ndus t ry ( wh ich s uppo r ted 5 0 f am i l ie s ) h ave n ow f a l l en i n to d i su se a nd s t and i nr u in s n ea r t h e s ho re . A s r ec en t ly a s 1 937 t h e B r i t i sh s umma ry o f t h e i s land 's i n du s t ry n o ted t h a t t h e m agne s i te m ined n ea r B a s i l ika w a s e x t reme ly s i gn i f ican t , f o rm ing t h e s o le m ine ra l e xpo r t o f t h e i s land ; s ee N ava l I n t e l l igence D iv i s ion , G reece : R eg iona l G eography ( London , 1 945 ) I I , 5 04 .

4 0

* 98 . A g ios D im i tr io s ( A ch lade r i ) ; 6 53652 ; 1 0m ; E Byz . ; S P . N ea r t h e s ho re , a tt h e n .f oo t o ft h e G en io to s h i l l ( o n t h es w . s i d eo ft h ea c ropo l i so fP y r rha ) ,a r e al a rge n umb e r o f m a rb le e l emen t s a nd t h e f o unda t ion s o f al a rge E Byz . b a s i l ica ( c omp r is ing a n ave a nd t wo f l ank ing a i s le s ) e x cava ted i np r el im ina ry f a sh ion i n1 939 b yt h e My t i lenean I a kobo s a nd l a te r p a r t ly p ub l i shed b y O r lando s . I ti s p robab ly t h i s b a s i l ica f r om w h ich c ome t h e a r ch i te c tu ra l m embra s e en b y K o ldewey a t t h e c hu rch o f A g io s D im i t r io s b e tween t h e a c ropo l i s o fP y r rha a nd t h e v i l lage o fA ch lade r i . T he a p se w a s w el p r e se rved a nd t h e e .w a l l ( wh i ch w a sc omp le t e ) m ea su r ed c a . 2 0m . I nt h em idd le o f t h e s .s i de ,p a r t so f amo sa ic f l oo rw i th g eome t r ic p a t te rn s w e r eu n cove r ed s ub s equen t ly . B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey , 2 8 ; I a kobo s , 3 7 -38 ; O r lando s 1 9 52 -54 ,4 03 -04 a nd f i g . 3 63 .3 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 2 9 n . 6 5 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 76 a nd p l . 1 28 . * 99 . P y r rha ( A ch lad e r i ) ;6 56654 ;7 7m ;E BA . (? ) , MBA . ( ? ) , L BA . , P G . , G . , A . , C . , HL . , R . , L Byz . /Tu r . ; HAB , C EM , S P . T he e a r l ie s t g r ey w a re s f ound o n t h e a c ropo l i s o f P y r rha b y B oeh lau d u r ing h i se xcava t ion s o f 1 906 -07 m ay d a te s e t t lemen t a c t iv i ty t h e re f r om t h e E BA . . B uchho lz w a s o f t h e o p in ion t h a t t h e L BA . w a s t h e mo s t s t rong ly r e p r e s en ted p ha se o ft h ep r eh i s to r ic p e r iod ( i nc lud ing al a rge n umbe r o fg r ey w a re s , c oa r se w a r e s a nd s ome LH I IA /B Mycena ean s he rd s ) . T he c eme te ry t o t h e s w . o f t h e a c ropo l i s ( a t t h e f oo t o ft h e G en io to s h i l l ) d a te s f r om t h e P G . p e r iod , a nd t h e e a r l ie s t s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s o n t h e a c ropol i sa r eo ft h e8 C . T he a c ropo l i sw a sw a l led f r om t h e A .p e r iod . A nA . b u i ld ing c omp lex ( po s s ib ly w i th ac en t r e o fw o r sh ip b e s ide i t )l i e so nt h ea c ropo l i s ,a nd a r ch i tec tu ra l m embra t o ge the r w i th t omb s o f A . , C . a nd HL . d a te a r e k nown a l so . T he h i s to r ica l ly -a t te s ted p roas te ion ( S t r . 1 3 .2 .4 ) w h ich s u rv ived P y r rha 's d e s t ruc t ion ( p robab ly b y t h e e a r thquake o f 2 31 BC ) s e ems t oh ave l a in o n t h e s . s l ope s o f t h e e a r l ie r a c ropo l i s ( whe re f ounda t ion s o f b u i ld ing sa r e a ppa ren tt o ge the r w i th ad en se c oncen t ra t ion o f HL . , R .a nd L Byz .fFu r . p o t te ry ) . Two k i ln s ( t he d a t ing o f w h i ch a r e u nc lea r ) w e re a l so f ound a tt h e f oo t o f t h e a c ropo l is a nd a LR . v i l lage d a t ing t o t h e r e ign o f D iok le t ian i sa te s ted e p ig raph ica l ly ( s e eA ppend ix 1 ) . Mou t zou r i s p ropo sed t h a t t h e h i l l o f a nc ien t P y r rha , w i th i t sl a te /po s t -an t ique p o t te ry , t o ok t h e n ame ' Ba s i l ika ' i nt h eB y z .p e r iod a nd w a st h es i te n amed b ye a r ly t r ave l le r s a s t h e ` Ka s t ro B a s i l ikon ' ( s ee a l so # 88 ) , af o r t if ied s e t t lemen t l a te r a bandoned w hen t h e i n land v i l lage o f B a s i l ika w a s f o unded c a . 7 kms sw . ( p robab ly i n t h e 1 5 / 16C ) .4 3 A x io t i s r e po r ted t h a t 0 . 6 km n e . f r om t h e a c ropo l i s i s a n o u t c rop o f t r achy te w h ich s howed s i gns o f a nc ien t q ua r r y ing a c t iv i ty ,b u to f f e red n of u r the rd e ta i l s . A s s uppo r t f o r t h i s t h e s i s Mou tzou r is ( 1962 , 6 0 ) n o t ed t h a t i n aM i t ropo l i tan c odex o f My t i lene d a t ing t o t h e 1 6C t h e re w e re t wo v i l lage s i nt h e a r ea w i th s im i la r n ame s , ' Ba s i l ika ' a nd ` Ba s i l ik io t i s ' . H i s i n terp re ta t ion o f t h is p henomenon w a s t h a t t h e c oa s ta l s i te o f P yr rha ( `Ba s i l ika 'rKa s t ro B a s i l ikon ' ) w a s s l ow ly b e ing a bandoned a nd t h e movemen t t ot h e i n land s i te o f m ode rn B a s i l ika ( ` Ba s i l ik io t i s ' ) h ad n o t b een c omp le ted .

4 3

K o ldewey , 3 9 , m e re ly s t a ted t h a t a nc ien t ma te r ia l w a s a ppa r en t ' s ou th o f P y r rha o n t h e b each ' .

4 1

T he w a t e r m i l l s a r e ma rked o n t h e B r i t i sh A rmy m ap n ea rby , G r id R ef . 6 26630 .

4 2

2 1

B ib l iog raphy ( ma in ) ; C onze , 4 4 -46 a nd p l s . I I , XV I .3 ; K o ldewey ,2 7 -29 a nd p l s . 1 -12 ;R ou se , 1 47 ;L amb , 1 932 , 1 12 a nd f i g s .4 . 1 ,4 . 7 a nd 4 . 12 ; Mou t zou r i s , 1 962 , 5 8 -6 1 ; B ayne ,2 45 -46 a nd f i g . 2 5D ;P a r a skeua id i s , 1 963 , 1 403 -16 , 1 418 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 964 , 3 98 ; P e t rako s , 1 967c , 4 59 , f i g . 1 2 a nd p l . 3 31; W . S ch ie r ing , ' Zwe ihunder t J ah re G ö t t inge r a r chäo log i sche S amm lungen ' , AA ( 1 967 ) ,4 32 3 3 a nd f i g . 2 8 ; H . Wa l te r , S amos V : F rühe s am ische G ef ä s s e , C h rono log ie u nd L and schaf s s t i l e o s tgr iech i scher G ef ä ss e ( Bonn , 1 968 ) , 1 28 a nd p l . 1 31 ; E . Wa l te r -Ka ryd i , Ä o l ische K uns t ( AK s upp . 7 ;O l ten , 1 970 ) , f i g s . 1 2 ( p . 4 ) ;P a r a skeua id i s , 1 970 ,2 62 ;B uchho lz , 1 23 , 1 33 , 1 36 ( a nd i nd ex s .v .P y r rha ) ; K on t i s , 1 973 , 2 0 -21 , f i g s . 1 6 -20 ; i d . , 1 978 , 3 46 -50 ; W . S ch ie r ing , T ie r f r ie ske s se l a u s P y r rha a uf L e sbo s ' , A nado lu 2 2 ( 1981 -83 ) , 2 01 -10 ; T oucha i s , 1 985 , 8 31 ; A che i la ra a nd A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 986 , 2 03 ; A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 986 -87 , 5 9 ; B a s iako s , 2 09 ; S ch ie r ing , 39 -77 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 5 73 -78 a nd p l s . 1 28 -30 .

o f a r t if i c ia l c u t t ing , p o s s ib ly a nc ien t , a nd t h a t 0 . 3 km t o t h e s e . o f t h e s p r ing w e re w o rked b lock s w h ich h e s ugge s ted t ob e a n a l ta r . As c a t te r o fC . a nd HL . s he rd s t o ge the rw i th s t ruc tu ra lr ema in s ( c omp r i s ing w a l l sm ad eo f s ma l l s t one sj o ined w i th mud ) l a y 0 . 4 km t ot h e w . o ft h e ' a l ta r ' . A x io t is a dded m o r e d e ta i l a nd d ef in i t ion t ot h e s i te , n o t ing t h a t c a . 0 . 2 km n . f r om t h e s pr ing , o n t h e l ow r o cky r i se i mmed ia te ly n .o f t h e r oad , t h e a p se o fa n o l d c hape l ,o t he rf o unda t ion s( i nc lud ing ap o ss ib le t owe r )a nd a s i gn if i can ts c a t te ro fs he rd sa nd t i l e( c omp r i s ing g r ey w a r e s , R . t e r ra s i g i la ta , LR . -Byz . ' c ombed ' w a re s , a nd g l azed ` MAge ' s he rd s ) w e re a ppa ren t , s t re t ch ing e .a s f a r a s a s ma l lc hape lo fA g io sN iko lao s . A x io t i s a l so s ugge s ted t h a t t h e t o ponym m ay b e t h a t r e f e r red t oi n ad e c ree o f t h e P a t r ia r cha l S ynod o f 1 331 w h ich s poke o f a' Mona s te ry o fA g io s G eo rg io s o fK ryo N e ro ' ,b u tt h ep r e c i se l o ca t ion o ft h e mona s te ry i su n c lea r . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 57 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 65 a nd I ,p l . 7 9 .

1 00 . T oka t ia ( Ach lade r i ) ; 6 67657 ; 1 0m ; E Byz . ; S P . A t t h e e dge o f t h e s ma l l p l a in t ot h e n e . o f a n c ien t P y r rha ( # 99 ) , n ea r t h e s t o rehou se i nt h e T souka lade l l i s p rope r ty , w a l lf ounda t ion sa nd w o rk ed b l o ck so fa na n c ien ts t ruc tu r e a r e p re se rved , p robab ly p a r t o f a n EByz . b a s i l ica . T he w o r sh ip o f A g io s N iko laos i s p rac t ised a t t h e s po t , a l though n o mode rn c hape l i s m en t ioned e i the r b y C ha r i ton id i s o r A x io t i s . Among s t t h e a nc ien t m a te r ia l a s soc ia ted w i th t h e r u in s i sp a r t o f a n E Byz . u nf iu ted c o lumn a nd ac o lumn c ap i ta l . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 2 9 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 5 78 .

4 4

* 103 . Messa ( A ch lade r i ) ; 6 75693 ; l m , A . , LC . -EHL . , EByz . , LByz . ; CEM , S P . A st h em a in r oad f r om My t i lene t o K a l lon i d e scend s f r om t h e p ine f o re s t c ove r ing t h e ` Py r rha ion O ro s ' i n to t h e A r i sbe p l a in ,c a . 1km b e fo r et h e t u rn ing s .t oA ch lade r i , at r a ck h ead s n .s e rv ing t h e s ma l l h am le to f Me s sa . T o t h ee .o ft h i s t r a ck ,a f te rc a . 0 . 5 k m , s ome t a l lp op la rt r ee s s t and b e s ide t h ef e nced e nc lo su r eo f t h e l a rge l a te -4C p seudo -d ip te ra l t emp le k nown a s t h e T emp le o f Me s sa .4 6 D u r ing K o ldewey 's e xcava t ion su nde rt h ee .e nd o ft h e 4 C t emp le , t wo r ows o fs ma l le rb l ock s w e r e f ound w h i ch w e r e t h e r ema in s o f a n e a r l ie r s t ruc tu re s ubsequen t ly e ncompa ssed w i th in t h e l a rge r LC . -EHL . b u i ld ing . T he d a te o ft h i s e a r l ie r s t ruc tu r e c ou ld n o tb e d e te rm ined . N o e a r l ie ra r ch i t ec tu ra l e l emen t s h ave e ve rb een f ound a tt h e s i te ( o rn ea rby ) ,b u tA . g r ave sw e re u ncove r ed b yP e t r ako s n .o ft h et emp le a nd A .f i ne w a re p o t te ry w a sl o ca ted i nt h e s ame s ea son n ea re r t o t h e c e l la w a l l s . A n o pen -a i r A . c en t r eo fw o r sh ip i sp o s s ib le e ven i fn ot emp le e x i s ted ( t he s i t e p robab ly r e p r e sen t s A lka io s" r4µ Evog 1 . 4ya Z Ovoy ' o ft h eL e sb ian s ,s e eL ob e l -Page ,G 1 .2 -3 ;P age , 1 61 -69 ) . O n t op o f t h e LC . -EHL . I on ic t emp le a n EByz . b a s i l ica w a s c on s t ruc ted , u s ing m any e l emen t s f r om t h e t emp le i t se l f ( e spe c ia l ly c o lumn d rum s ) i ni t s w a l l s . T he w a l l s o ft h eb a s il i ca s t il s t and t oc a . 1 . 5 m , i n c lud ing t h e a p se , a nd w o r sh ip t oT ax ia r ch i s s t il c on t inue s . C o lumn s , c o lumn b a s e sa nd r e l ie fp l aque sa r ea mong s tt h ef i nd sa tt h e s i te , a nd i n t h e s t one s u r f a ce o f t h e t emp le 's s t y loba te t omb sh ave b een h ewn ,p robab ly a l so o f EByz .d a t e . O the r f i nd s w h ich h ave b een made n ea r t h e t emp le i n c lude ak i ln a nd ah oa rd o f4 8 g o ld B yz c o in s d a ted t o 1 330 AD . B ib l iog raphy ( ma in ) : K o ldewey , 3 6 ,4 7 -61 a nd p l s . 1 8 -26 ; R ou se , 1 47 ; T ax i s , 1 25 ; O r landos , 1 937 , 1 29 n . 2 ; I a kobo s , 3 6 ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 963 , 1 418 ; P e t rako s , 1 967a , 9 6 -102 a nd p l s . 7 4 -84 ; i d . , 1 967b , 7 2 -75 a nd f i gs . 7 3 -76 ; i d . , 1 967c , 4 58 -59 ; i d . , 1 968a , 8 4 -86 a nd p l . 6 3 ; i d . , 1 968b , 8 0 -82 a nd f i g s . 8 4 -87 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a ,4 6 -49 , f i gs . 2 2 -26 a nd p l . 8 6 ; K on t i s , 1 973 , 8 7 -88 a nd f i g s . 4 9 5 0 ; i d . , 1 978 , 3 50 -57 , f i gs . 6 2 -63 ; H . P lomme r , ' The t emp le o f Me s sa i nL esbo s ' i nL . C a sson a nd M . P r ice ( e d s . ) , C o ins , c u l ture a nd h i s tory i n t h e a nc ien t w or ld

K on t i s ' t oponym f o r t h i s e nc lo su re w a s ` Ka loge ra ' , b u t t h i s n ame i si mp rec i se s i nce i ti sa pp l ied t o a l l t h e h i l l s o n t h e w . e dge o ft h e p ine f o re s t i nt h i s r eg ion .

T he l a te s t a na ly s i s o ft h e t emp le s ugge s ted ad a te o f3 40 -20 BC , s ee F . R um sche id U n te rsuchungen z ur k l e inas ia t ischen B auo rnamen t ik d e s He l len i smus ( Ma inz , 1 994 ) I , 4 3 .

1 01 . Mes in t z ik i( Ach lade r i ) ;6 667 ;2 5m , ` MAge ' ; HAB ( ? ) , S P (? ) . I n as ma l l c oa s ta l p l a in k nown a s Me s in tz i l c i ,4 4 2 km s n ne . f r om a nc ien t P y r rha t ot h e e .o f t h e m a in r oad a l ong t h e c oa s t f r om A ch lade r i t o Me s sa , s t and s as ma l l c hap e l o f A g io s N iko lao s . I n t h e v i c in i ty o ft h e c hape l b o th K on t i sa nd A x io t i sr e po r ted ad en se s c a t te ro ft i l e sa nd s he rd s b rough t t ol i gh t b y t h e r epea ted p lough ing o f t h e o l ive g rove s , i n c lud ing L e sb ian g r ey w a r e s ( wh ich c ou ld d a te f r om a ny t ime w i th in t h e BA . 1 IL . p e r iod s ) a nd ` MAge 's h e rd s . A round t h e l i p o ft h e p l a teau i mmed ia t e ly a bove t h e c hape l ( t o t h e s . ) i st h e e nc lo su re a nd i n ne r t owe r w h i ch K on t i s f i r s t d e sc r ibed ,4 5 c on s t ruc t ed o f l a rge , u nwo rked b lo ck s . A x io t i s a l so s t a t ed t h a tn ea rt ot h ec en t ra l ' t owe r ' s t ru c tu re ( f ounded o n t h eb ed ro ck )w e r e an umbe ro fl i gh t , s l a t e l ik e s t one s ,p robab ly t h er ema in so ft h et owe r 's r oo f . T he e nc lo su re w a s n o ted a sb e ing mo re s t rong ly d e f ended o n i t sn .s i de . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 57 -58 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 5 78 -79 . 1 02 . K ryo N e r i ( Ach lade r i ) ; 6 84685 ; 6 0m , C . , HL . , R . , LR . -Byz . , ` MAge ' ; HAB , S P . I mmed ia te ly s .o f t h e a spha l tr oad f r om My t i lene t oI C alon i ,0 . 9k ms e .f r om t h e T emp le o f Me s sa ( # 103 ) , i st h e s p r ing k nown a s ` K ryo N e r i ' , f r om w h ich t h e i mmed ia te s u r round ing a r ea i s n amed . K on t i sr epo r ted t h a tt h es p r ing i t se l fs howed s i gn s

` MEc rur rZiK t ' i st he T u rk i sh d im inu t ive o f ` Me s sa ' , al i nk w h ich p romp ted K on t is ( 1978 , 3 57 ) t o s ugge s t al i nk o f t h i s s i te t ot h e s h r ine a t Me s sa ( # 103 ) i na n t iqu i ty .

4 5

4 6

2 2

( De t ro i t , 1 981 ) , 1 77 -86 ; M . P f romme r , ' Beme rkungen z um T empe l v on Me s sa a u fL e sbo s ' ,/ s t .M i t t . 3 6( 1 986 ) , 7-94 a nd p l s . 2 3 -27 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 62 -64 a nd I ,p l s . 7 8 -79 ; F . R umsche id , U n tersuchungen z ur k l e inas ia t ischen B auor namen t ik d es H e l l en i smu s( Ma inz , 1 994 )I ,5 97 0a nd I , 4 3 ( whe re a f u l l l i s t o f r e f e rences t o t h e t emp le i s g i ven ) . 1 04 . C h if t l ik ( Ach lade r i ) ; 6 73699 ; 1 5m ; T u r . ; HAB . C a . 0 . 7 k m n w . f r om t h eT emp le a t Me s sa ( # 103 ) , b eyond t wo s p i tak ia , a r e t h e r ema in s o fa n e x ten s ive T u r . c h i f t l ik . A d en se s c a t t e ro ft i l ea nd s h e rd s( i nc lud ing p i tho sf r agmen t s ) i sv i s ib le , t o ge the r w i th t wo l a rge m i l l s tone s o f ar u ined o l ive p r e s sa nd t h er ema in so f ab a th -hous e . B ib l iog r aphy : T ax i s , 1 25 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 64 . * 105 . A g ios G eorg ios C ha l inadou ( Ag ia P a ra skeu i ) ; 6 83728 ; 7 0m ; E Byz . , ` MAge ' ; HAB , S P . F u r the re .f r om t h e T ax ia r ch is c hape l ( # 106 ) , a l ong t h e r oad f r om A g ia P a ra skeu it oK om ia nd P ig i ( i n t o ta lc a . 4k m s s e . f r om t h e v i l lage ) , a r e t h e r ema ins o f a n EByz . b a s i l ica n ow w o r sh ipped a s as h r ine t o A g io s G eo rg io s . O r lando s e xcava ted a nd r e s to red t h eb a s i l ica i nD e cembe r 1 937 ,a nd c on s ide red t h a tt h eb u i ld ing h ad b een t h ec en t ra lc hap e lo fa s ma l l mona s te ry w h ich o nce s t ood a tt h e s po t . P o s s ib le e v idence f o r t h e l a t t e r w a s f o und t ot h e s .o ft h e b a s i l ica w he r e t h e r ema in s o ft h e w a l l s o fc e l l s w e re v i s ib le . T he a s soc ia t ed a r ch i te c tu ra l f r agmen t sd a ted t h eb u i ld ing t ot h e s e cond h a l fo ft h e 6 C AC ( ac o in o f5 67 -68 AD w a s a l so f o und w i th in t h ec hap e l ) . I n t h e f i e ld s f u r the r t ot h e s . , t r a ce s o f f o unda t ion s , t i l e s a nd s he rd s ( i nc lud ing p i tho i ) o f ` MAge ' d a te g ave f u r the r i nd ica t ion o f h ab i ta t ion a c t iv i ty i nt h e i mmed ia te a r ea a r ound t h e t wo n ea rby c hap e l s o f t h e P anag ia a nd A g io s D im i t r io s ( bo th o f w h ich h ad E Byz . a r ch i te c tu ra l m embra f r om A g io sG eo rg io sa s so c ia ted w i th t h em ) . B ib l iog raphy : O r lando s , 1 937 , 15 -26 ; I a kobo s , 3 7 ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 963 , 1 417 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 5 2 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 59 -60 ( a nd u nnumbe red p ho tog r aph p . 3 59 )a nd I ,p l s . 7 6 -77 . 1 06 . T ax iarch is ( Ag ia P a ra skeu i ) ; 6 674 ; ; E Byz . ; S P . C a . 3k ms e s e . f r om A g ia P a rak seu i , o n t h e r oad w h ich l e ad s e ven tua l ly t oP ig i a nd K om i o n t h e e .c oa s t o f t h e i s land , i sa n o ld c hap e l o fT ax ia r ch i s . T he c hape l s t and s 0 . 1 k m b e low t h e r oad t ot h e s .a nd i sf o unded u pon t h e a ps eo fa n E Byz . b a s i l i ca . Al a rge n umbe ro fa r ch i tec tu ra l m embra f r om t h e b a s i l ica , i n c lud ing c o lumn c ap i ta l s a nd b as e s , a r e s c a t te red i n s ide a nd a r ound t h e mode rn c hape l t o ge the r w i th s ome p i e ces f r om t h e t emp le a t K loped i ( # 111 ) . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 5 1 -52 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 3 58 a nd I ,p l . 7 5 . 1 07 . A g ios D im i t r ios ( Ag ia P a ra skeu i ) 6 63754 ; 1 00m , T u r . ; HAB , S P . C a . 1 . 3 l u ns a l ong t h e r o ad e .f r om A g ia P a ra skeu i( wh ich l e ad se ven tua l ly t oN ee sK ydon ie so nt h e e .c oa s t o ft h e i s land ) s t and s ac hap e l o fA g io s D im i t r io s , b u i l t i n 1 874 . T he f r agmen t s o f a n e a r l ie r s t r uc tu re , i n c lud ing E Byz . a r ch i te c tu ra lm emb ra ,a r ev i s ib le b e s id et h e c hape l , a nd t h ese r u in s a r e t h ough tt ob e t h ep a r i sh c hu r ch o fa n A g io s D im i t r ios s e t t lemen t w h ich l a y i nt h e v i c in i ty o f t h e m ode rn v i l lage o f A g ia P a ra skeu i , r e f e r red t ob y G ab r ie l o f Me thymna i n 1 636 -41 .4 7 T he l o ca t ion o ft h e

o l ds e t t lemen ta s so c ia ted w i th t h ec hape li sp l a ced n ea rby a t ap l a ce k nown a sC ha la sma ta , w he r e t h e f i nd s i n c luded a n umb e ro fl a rge p i tho i . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 5 2 ; C ha tz i , 1 971 , 4 58 a nd p l . 4 6 16 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 58 . 1 08 . Mo syna ( Nap i ) ; 6 576 -6676 ; ; BA . (? ) ; HAB . O n t h e Mo syna h i l l , c a . 1 km s . f r om N ap i ( e xac t l o ca t ion u n spe c if ied ) ,A x io t i sr epo r ted t h a tm any y ea r sa go ap i tho s a nd t h re el a rge ( p o s s ib ly BA . )l i t h i cs w e re u n cove red d u r ing a g r i cu l tu ra l w o rk i nt h e p l o t o fC ha tz ig iann is . O ne s t one w a s g r ey /be ige i nc o lou r , 1 .5 c m x5 . 5 c m x . 4c m ( t he l a t te ri t st h ickne s s ) ,a nd t wo o t he r sw e r eo f a' h eavy ,b l a ck s t one ' ( p o s s ib ly o b s id ian ) , o ne 1 8 c m x6c m x 5c m a nd a no the r9 . 5 c m x5 . 5 c m x4c m . B ib l iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 49 . 1 09 . T ax ia rch i s t o u T rou lo t i s ( Nap i ) ; 6 477 ; ; BA . ( ? ) , E Byz . , HAB , S P . C a . 1 . 5 kms w . f r om N ap i , n ea r t h e c hape l o f T ax ia r ch i s t o u T rou lo t i s , K o ldewey f ound a n umbe ro fA io l ic c ap i ta l s a nd c o lumn d rums b rough tf r om K lop ed i , s uppo s ing t h e t emp le f r om w h i ch t h ey h ad c ome t ob e n ea rt h ec hape l i t se l f . K o ldewey a l so d i scove red t h e a pse a nd w a l ls o f a n E Byz . b a s i l ica n ea rby , a nd C ha r i ton id i sa nd A x io t i s n o ted a r ch i t ec tu ra l m embra b u i l t i n to t h ec hape li t se l f . Ac hap e lo fA g io sG eo rg io s ( 0 .2 k m t ot h es w . )a l so p r e se r ved E Byz .p i e ce sf r om t h eb a s il i ca . O n t h e h i l l o f T rou lo t i s , t o t h e n . o f t h e b a s i l ica , A x io t i s d e sc r ib ed as c a t te r o fl i t h ics a nd s he rd s w h i ch h e c on s id e r ed w e r er e p r e s en ta t ive o f BA .h ab i ta t ion a c t iv i ty . B ib l iography : K o ldewey , 4 4 -46 , p l . 1 6 .8 , 1 6 .15 ; T ax i s , 1 25 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 5 1 a nd p l . 2 5a -y ;K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 93 ;A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 48 -49 ( a nd u nnumbe red p ho tog raph s p p . 3 50 , 3 66 ) a nd I ,p l . 7 3 . 10 . A g ios T he rapon ( Nap i ) ; 6 31781 ; 8 0m ; E Byz . ; S P . A f t e rl e av ing A g ia P a r a skeu ia nd h ead ing n .o n t h er o ad t o N ap i , af o rk t o t h e l e f t a f te r c a . 0 . 75 km l e ad s n w . , r e a ch ing a f te rc a . 3k ms t h es i ng le -a r ched T u r . ( o rp o s s ib ly V en .4 8 )b r idge o ve r t h e T s ikn ia s R ive r a tK r ema s t i . A s w e l l a st h ee l emen t s f r om t h e t emp le a tK loped i b u i l t i n to t h e b r idge ( # 111 ) , t h e re a r e a l so a n umbe r o f E Byz . a r ch i te c tu r a lm embra i n co rpo ra t ed . J u s tb eyond t h eb r idge t ot h ew . o ft h e r i ve r , o n t h en .s i de o ft h er oad , i s an ew ly b u i l tc hap e lo fA g io sT he rapon . B e s id et h e mode rn c hap e l , h oweve r ,a r et h eo ve rg rown r ema in so fa nE Byz .b a s i l i ca o f w h ich t h e a p se , w a l l f ounda t ion s a nd d oo r j ambs a r e p r e s e r v ed . A l a rge n umbe r o f a r ch i tec tu ra l b lock s f r om t h e b a s i l ica ( a nd e ven af ew f r om t h e t emp le a tK lop ed i ) a r e s c a t te r ed i nt h ev i c in i ty t o ge th e rw i th ad en se c oncen t ra t ion o f t i l e s a nd s h e rds ( i nc lud ing al a rge n umbe r o f p i tho i ) . Mo r ep i ece so ft h eb a s il i ca ( i nc lud ing c o lumn c ap i ta l s )c an b e f o und a tt h e s h r ine o f A g io s S t a th i s , c a . 0 . 5 km w sw .

P a ra skeu i . F o r t h i s d a t ing o f t h e d e sc r ip t ion o fL e sbo s w r i t ten b y G ab r ie l o f Me thymna , s ee I .P houn tou l i s ( ed . ) , r aßp tt jÄ M ir rponoA(Tou Mne t iµv r 7s ; H ep typa p ) T rj s • A gopou ( A then s , 1 960 ) . T he d a te o f t h e o r ig ina l b r idge i s u nc lea r . Mak is tos s ugge s ted t h a t i th ad b een b u i l t b y t h e V ene t ian c ompany w h ich b egan t o e xp lo i t t h e a l um d epos i t s f u r the r n o r th n ea r S typs i ( l i te ra l ly ' A lum ') i n 1 437 . T o f ac i l i ta te t h is e xp lo i ta t ion a c ommun ica t ion s y s tem w a s e s tab l i shed t o l i nk t h e p roduc t ion c ent re b o th w i th o the r r eg ions o f t h e i s land a nd a l so o u ts ide ma rke t s , s ee A x io t is , 1 992 I , 3 47 ( and u nnumb e red p ho tog raph p . 3 48 ) .

4 8

A g ios D im i t r ios a nd G e rna ( # 114 ) w e re t wo e a r l ie r s e t t lemen ts w h ich c oa lesced t o f o rm t h e v i l lage o f A g ia

4 7

2 3

f r om t h e K rema s t ib r idge ,b e s ide as p r ing o n t h ee .s l op e s o ft h eP e t sopha sh i l l . B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 1 25 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 5 0 -51 a nd p l s .2 3 -24 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 45 -47 a nd H ,p l s .7 1 -72 . * 111 . K loped i ( Ag ia P a r ak seu i ) ; 6 24765 ; 1 00m , E BA . , LG . , A . , C . ( ? ) , HL . (? ) , R . ; HAB (? ) , CEM , S P . A t t h e l o ca t ion k nown a s K loped i , c a . 2 km s w nw . f r om A g ia P a ra skeu i a nd w . o f t h e P r in i b r idge o ve r t h e T s ikn ia s R ive r ,t h er ema in so ft wo t emp le ss t and o na ne .p l a teau o f t h e S kepa s to h i l l . A rch i tec tu ra l e l emen t s f r om t h e t emp le s , e spec ia l ly t h e d i s t inc t ive A io l ic c o lumn c ap i ta l s , w e re k nown t o K o ldewey ( s ee # 109 ) , b u t t h e p rec i se l o ca t ion o ft h e t emp le f r om w h ich t h ee l emen t sc ame w a s n o td i s cove r ed u n t i lt h e 1 920 s4 9 w hen t h ef i r s te xcava t ion s w e r eb egun b yE uange l id i s ,l a te rs upp lemen ted b yC ha t z i 's b r ief r e sump t ion i n1 972 . E uange l id is u ncove red a n A . p e r ip te ra l t emp le ( po s s ib ly d ed ica ted t oA po l lo N apa io s , s e e S t . B yz . s .v . Sc i Tun w i th a no the r s ma l le r ( p robab ly o lde r ) t emp le b e s ide i t . T ot h ee .o ft h et wo t emp le s ,C ha tz if ound t r a ce s o fa no the r s t ruc tu re ( po s s ib ly a n a l ta r ) t o ge the r w i th LG . b ucche ro p o t te ry . O n ly t h e s t y loba te o f t h e l a rge r ( p e r ip te r a l )t emp le w a sp r e s e rved w h en e xcava ted ,w i th t wo c o lumn b a se s i ns i tu i nt h e n w . c o rne r . I n s ide t h i s l a rge r t emp le w a s f ound as qua re s t ruc tu r eo fL e sb ian p o lygona l m a son ry ( a l so i n co rpo ra t ing i s odom ic b l o ck s ,s e eA ppend ix 2 , s e c t ions 2 . 3 -2 .5 ) , s ugge s ted b y b o th E uange l id i s a nd B e tancou r t t o b e e i the r t h e b a se o f ac u l t s t a tue o r t h e r ema in so fa no l de rs h r ine . R ega rd ing t he p rec ise d a t ing o f t h e t emp les , E uange l id i s u n for tuna te ly d evo ted a lmo s t n o s pa ce t ot h e a s soc ia ted c e ram ic s ,s t a t ing o n ly t h a tt h ep o t te ry s e emed t o i nd ica te c on t inua t ion o f t h e c u l t u n t i l t h e R . p er iod ( p re sumab ly m ean ing t h e re fo r et h a tC .a nd H E— s h e rd sw e re p re sen t a l so ) . D e sc r ip t ion s w e re o f f e r ed o f s ome s ma l l f i nd s : b ronze f i bu lae a nd ab ronze b uck le ( o fG . d a t e ) , a s ma l l b ronze v a se , a nd 5 C BC f ema le i d o ls . T he l a rge p e r ip te ra l t emp le w a s d a ted t o t h e l a te 6 C BC b y t h e f r agmen t s o f t h e t e r raco t ta s w h ich s u rv ived ( wh ich Ä ke r s t röm c onc luded h ad a l lc ome f r om t h es ame b u i ld ing ) . T he r ea r en oo t he rr ema in so ft h es upe r s t ru c tu r e ,s ugge s t ing t h a t i tw a s o f w ood . T he d a te o f t h e s ma l le r t emp le i s u nc lea r , m a in ly d ue t oi t s t h o rough d e s t ruc t ion . F rom i t s p l an , B e tancou r tp ropo sed ad a te i nt h e l a te 7 -6C BC ,b u t a sy e tt h e re i sn oe v idence t os uppo r tt h ec l a im so fK on t i s t h a t t h e re w e re ' t h ree o r mo re ' b u i ld ing p ha se s o fe i the r t emp le o r t h a t c u l t p ra c t ice a tt h e s i te d a te s b a ck t ot h e e a r ly f i r s tm i l lenn ium . Am uch e a r l ie rp ha se o fa c t iv i ty a tt h es i te w a sd e t e c t ed b e tween t h et wo t emp le sw he re E uange l id i su ncove red t h e s em i -c i r cu la r s e c t ion o f ab u i ld ing c on s t ruc ted o f s ma l l s t one si n s ide w h ich w a s aw ho le E BA .p yx i so fr e ddy -b la ck f a b r i c . C ha r i ton id i sa l so r epo r t ed b r ie f ly t h a tv e ry n ea rt ot h e t emp le s , a nd t ot h e n .a t as po t k nown a sP igad ia , t omb s w e r eu ncove red ( n od e ta i l sw e r eg i ven ) ,a nd C ha t z id e s c r ibed

T he e xac td a te w hen t h ee xcava t ion a tK loped iw a s s t a r ted i s u nc lea r f r om t h e p ub l i shed r epo r t s . E uange l id i s ( 1924 -25 , 4 1) s t a ted t h a t h e h ad b een s ea rch ing f o r t h e s i te o f t h e t emp le s i nce 1 919 a nd t h a t a f t e r f a i l ing t ol o ca te t h e t emp le n ea r t h e c hape l o fT ax ia rch i s t o u T rou lo t i s ( # 109 , w he re K o ldewey h ad p re sumed t h e t emp le l a y ) h e b egan t oe xam ine o t he r p o ss ib le l o ca t ion s . E uange l id i s om i t s t o s ay e xac t ly w hen t h e w o rk a t t h e c o r rec t l o ca t ion w a s b egun , h oweve r , a nd t h e f i r s t r epo r t i s s imp ly g rouped i n t h e s upp lemen t t o t h e A rchDe l l 1 924 -25 v o lume w h ich c ove r s w o rk c a r r ied o u tb e tween 1 922 -25 . 4 9

24

t h er ema in so f at r a chy te q ua r ry 2 0m inu te s t ot h e w . f r om w he re a tl e a s t s ome o f t h e m a te r ia l f o r t h e t emp le w a s h ewn . B ib l iography : K o ldewey , 1 890 , 4 4 -46 a nd p l . 1 6 ; E uange l id i s , 1 924 -25 ,4 1 -44 ; i d . , 1 927 , 5 7 -59 a nd f i g s . 1 3 ;i d . , 1 928 , 1 26 -37 , f i gs . 1 17 a nd p l . I ;B ayne , 2 46 -47 ; P a r a sk eua id i s , 1 963 , 1 417 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 965 ,4 92 a nd n . 1 3 ; Ä ke r s t röm I ,2 7 -33 a nd I , p l . 1 ; C ha tz i , 1 971 , 4 57 a nd p l . 4 60a -y ; H . W . C a l l ing , ' A rchaeo logy i n G ree ce , 1 971 -72 ' , AR 1 8 ( 1 972 ) , 2 0 ; D . C ha t z i , ` Ei6r jaE lg A EC FP OU ', A AA 5 ( 1972 ) , 4 3 -46 ; J . -P . M ichaud , Th ron ique d e s f ou ile s e td e , couve r te s a r ch6o log ique s e n G r ece e n 1 972 ' , BCH 9 7 ( 1 973 ) , 3 63 a nd f i gs . 2 33 -34 ; K on t i s , 1 973 , 4 5 -46 a nd f i gs . 2 5 -26 ; B uchho lz , 1 23 ; A upe r t , 6 97 a nd f i g . 2 67 ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 976 , 5 03 ; B e tancou r t , 8 2 -87 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 95 -99 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 3 43 -44 a nd I ,p l .7 0 . 12 . P roph i t is I l ias ( Ag ia P a ra skeu i ) ; 6 42759 ; 1 70m ; E BA . , MBA . , L BA . , A . , C . /HL . (? ) , LR . , ` MAge ' ; HAB , S P ( ? ) . A t t h e n w . e dge o fA g ia P a ra skeu i , t h e c hu rch o f t h e s ame n ame a nd t h e v ilage c eme te ry l i e a tt h e f oo t o f t h e s ma l l h i l l o n w h ich s t and s a n o ld c hap e l o fP roph i t i s I l ia s . K iepe r tf i r s tv i s i t ed t h eh i l l i n1 841 a nd b o th h ea nd K o ldewey s t a ted t h a tt h e re w e re s h e rd sa nd t i l e so nt h eh i l l w h ich w e re n o tm ode rn . K o ldewey a l so n o ted ap o lygona l w a l lo nt h es ame h i l l ' wh ich c ou ld b ea nc ien t ' ,b u tg ave n o m o r ed e t a i l s . I n 1 975 ( M . ) P a ra skeua id i s a nd I C a la i t z i s r e tu rned t o t h e s i te a nd p ub l i shed d e ta i l s o f al a rge n umbe r o fE BA . , MBA . , L BA . a nd LR . s he rd s , ac olec t ion o fl i th ic s , a nd a l so al o omwe igh t . T he a s semb lage w a s s im i lar i nn a tu r e t o t h a t a t K ou r t i r ( #91 ) , a nd t h e BA . ma ter ia l w a s e spe c ia l ly d ense o n t h e e . s l ope o f t h e h i l l f a c ing t h e v i l lage . A x io t i s a l so f ound ma ter ia l o f l a te r p e r iod s ( l a rge ly a r ound t h ep eak o ft h e h il ) i n c lud ing g r ey w a re s , b l a ck -pa in ted s h e rd sa nd g J azed s h e rd so f` MAge 'd a te t oa dd t o t h e BA . ( a nd a l so LR . ) ma te r ia l r epo r ted b y P a ra skeua id i s . O n t h e e .s l ope o ft h e h i l l , A x io t i s a dded t h a t i na s so c ia t ion w i th t h e c oncen t ra t ion o f BA . m a te r ia l e rod ing o u t o f t h e h i l l s lope w e re t h e f ounda t ions o f ( p rob ab ly BA . )h ou se so fs ma l l ,u nwo rked s t one s . B ibl iog raphy : K o ldewey ,3 5 ,8 1 ;P a ra skeua id i s , 1 978 , 1 6 1 8 1 ; G . T oucha is , ` Ch ron ique d e s f ou i l le s e td 6couve r te s a r ch6o log ique s e n G re ce e n 1 978 ' , BCH 1 03 ( 1979 ) ,5 96 ; M . P a ra skeua id i s , n po i cr rop tK6g ° t i c-L ap is - T O 1 1 X c i c t )ou l ipo s t sr jr n Ayias • I lapac rKEw r Ig Ago.f 3 ou' , T o B ima ( 16 /2 /79 ) ; A x io t is , 1 992 I ,3 40 -41 ;

B SA s h e rd a r ch ive P roph i t i sB ia s ,u npub l i shed . 13 . A g ia P ho t ia ( Ag ia P a ra skeu i ) ; 6 50733 ; 1 90m , C . /HL . ( ? ) ; S P . O n an a r row r i dge w h ich l i ne s t h ew . b ank o f t h e My lopo tamo s R ive r , c a . 2 km s s . f r om A g ia P a ra skeu i ,s t and s as ma l l ,n ew ly con s t ruc ted c hape lo fA g ia P ho t ia b u i l t i n s ide t h e r ema in s o fa n a nc ien t t owe r . T he f ounda t ion so ft h et owe rm ea su re 9m ( e . -w . ) x7m ( n . s . ) a nd w e r ed e s c r ibed b yA x io t i sa sh av ing c ou r sed p o lygona l m a son ry ( s ugge s t ing , t h e re fo r e , ac on s t ruc t ion d a te i nt h e C . o r HL .p e r iod s ) . O n t h e s .s i de o ft h et owe r ar e ta in ing w a l li sp r e se rved ,p o s s ib ly c on s t ruc ted t os uppo r tt h es ma l l p l a teau o n w h ich t h e t owe r w a s b u i l t . No a s soc ia ted c e ram ic s w e re m en t ioned b y A x io t i s . T he h i l l i so ne o f h i ghe s t p o in t s i nt h i s p a r t o f t h e p l a in , c ommand ing t h e p a s s e s i n land ( n . ) a l ong t h e My lopo tamo s R ive r f r om t h e h ead o ft h eg u l f . B ib l iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,32 a nd I ,p l .6 9 .

14 . G erna ( Ag ia P a ra skeu i ) ; 6 34738 ; 2 0m ; N . , E BA . , E Byz . , T u r . ; HAB , C EM , S P . O n t h e s .s l ope s a nd a tt h e s .f oo t o f t h e P ha ska r i h i l l , c a . 2 km s sw . f r om A g ia P a r a skeu i ,a r et h ee x ten s ive r ema in so ft h ev i l lage o fG er na a te s t ed i nt h eT ou rkok ra t ia . K a lde r im ia ,t h ep i e r so fa no l d b r idge , w el s , al a rge n umbe ro fb u i ld ing f o unda t ion s , f i ve c hape l s a nd d ense c e ram ic s c a t te r s m a rk t h e a r ea o f t h e v i l lage r e f e r red t o i n t h e L e imono s Mona s te ry r e co rd s ( # 119 ) f r om 1 578 a nd b y t h e Me thymnaean G ab r ie l i nh i s d e sc r ip t ion o f L e sbo s d a ted 1 636 -41 . " Amongs t t h e se r ema in s ,b e s ide ac hap e lo fT ax ia r ch i s ,i st h ea p s ea nd p a r t o ft h es .w a l lo fa nE Byz . b a s il i ca ,a nd a r ch i te c tu ra lp i ece s f r om t h eb u i ld ing a r ei n co rpo ra ted i n to an ea rby e nc lo su re w a l l . Mo re m a te r ia l f r om t h e b a s i l ica ( t oge the r w i th a t omb s tone ) i sa ppa ren t a tt h e c hape l o fA g io s A thana s io s t ot h e n e . . O the r e l emen t s w e r e m oved t ot h e c hap e l o f T ax ia r ch i si nt h ev i l lage o fA g ia P a ra skeu ii n1 856 . T he r ema in s o n t h e s .s l ope s o ft h e P ha ska r i h i l l a l so i n c lude af ew E BA . s h e rd s a sw e l l a st h e l a rge n umbe ro f ` MAge ' p i ece sa nd h ou se f ounda t ion s . A tt h es po tn ea rby k nown a s Thko l ide s ' as ma l lN .a xehead w a sf o und b e fo r e Wo r ld Wa rI t B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 1 23 ; C ha r i ton id is , 1 966 , 7 6 ; i d . , 1 968a , 4 9 -50 ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 978 , 1 66 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 32 -34 a nd I ,p l . 6 8 . 15 . A g ios G iann is ( A r i sb i ) ; 6 15728 ; 4 4m , E Byz . , ` MAge ' ; HAB , S P . As h r ine o fA g io s G iann i s s t and s o n t h el ow r i se ( k nown b yt h es h r ine 's u nabb rev ia t ed n amed o f A g io s I o ann i s5 1 )i nt h eP la in o fK a l lon i ,c a . 3k m s e s e . o f m ode rn A r i sb i t ot h es .o ft h em a in My t i lene -Kalon ir o ad . N ea rt h e s .e nd o ft h el ow r i dge , t h e a p se a nd a r ch i te c tu ra l m embra o fa n E Byz . b a s i l ica a r e v i s ib le , a nd o n t h e s w . s l op e o f t h e h i l l i s ad ense s c a t te r o f ` MAge ' t i l e s a nd s h e rd s . Ac i s te rn ( o fs im i la r ` MAge ' d a te ) l i e ss ome 3 0m t ot h en .o ft h es h r ine c on s t r uc ted o f mo r ta r ed t i l ea nd s t one a nd a n o l d w e l l s t and s a t t h e e .f oo t o f t h e h i l l n ea r a m and r i . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 963c , 2 71 ; i d . , 1 968a , 4 5 -46 a nd p l . 2 7a -p , 6 ;A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 29 a nd I ,p l . 6 8 . * 116 . P a la ioka s t ro ( A r isb i ) ; 6 05742 ; 4 0m ; E BA . , MBA . , A . , C . , HL . , R . , B yz ./Ven . (? ) , ` MAge ' ; HAB , S P . L eav ing t h e v i l lage o f A r i sb i o n t h e m a in r oad t owa rd s My t i lene , a f te r c a . 0 . 15 km at r a ck l e ave s t h e r oad t ot h e l e f t( a st h er o ad b end ss ha rp ly r i gh t )a nd h ead sn .t ot h el ow r o cky h i l l w h ich f o rms t h e a c ropo l i s o fa nc ien t A r i sbe o r P a la ioka s t ro . A r i sbe i sm en t ioned b y H e rodo to s ( Hd t . 1 . 151 .2 ) a so ne o ft h e s i x o r ig ina lp o le is o fL e sbo s , o ne w h ich h ad b een c onque red b y Me thymna b e fo re h i s t i me . T he s i te h a s b een k nown s i nce t h e 1 9C w hen C onze , K iep e r ta nd K o ldewey a l lv i s i t ed t h eh il ,a nd s ub sequen t ly t h e re h ave b een s u r f ace s urvey s b y B ayne , K on t i s a nd A x io t i st o ge the rw i th b r ie fe xcava t ion sb yC ha t z ii n1 972 . T he e a r l ie s t t r aces o f h ab i ta t ion a c t iv i ty o n t h e a c r opo l i sa r et h eE BA .a nd MBA .s h e rd sf ound i n as u r f a ce i n spe c t ion b y B ayne a nd d u r ing t h ee xcava t ion s o fC ha t z i .

S t re t che s o f av e ry s ub s tan t ia l 2 m w ide L esb ian ( p o lygona l ) m a son ry w a l l e nc i r c l ing t h e a c ropo l i s s t i l l e x i s t o n t h e e . , n .a nd w . s i de s o ft h e h i l l u p t o 1 . 5 mi n h e igh t ( s ee A ppend ix 2a nd f i g . 2 1 ) . I n s ide t h e e .p a r t o f t h i s w a l l , o n t h e p l a t eau o ft h e a c ropo l i s b e low t h e s ma l l k a s t ro ,a r et r a ce so fm any h ou se s . K o ldewey m app ed s ome o f t h e h ou se r ema ins i n t h e 1 9C w hen t h ey w e re b e t te r p r e se rved , a t w h ich t ime ` mega ron ' p lans c ou ld b e d e te rm ined . C ha t z i c ou ld n o t d e f ine t h e p e r iod t ow h ich e i the r t h e h ou se s o rt h e e nc lo su re w a l l b e longed i n 1 972 . C oa r se w a re p o t te ry ( r ed a nd g r ey w a re s )a r es c a t te red o ve r t h ew ho le a c ropo l i sa r ea . C ha t z ir e po r ted C .p o t te ry o nt h e w .a nd s .c heek so ft h ea c ropol i sa nd B ayne n o ted HL . a nd R . s h e rd s a l so .5 2 K o ldewey n o t ed t h a tm any o ft h e ` MAge ' r ema in s a t t h e s i te ( s a id t od a te f r om t h e 1C AC ) w e re o n t h e n w . s i de o f t h e a c ropo l i s ( whe re A x io t i s r epo r ted t h e f o unda t ion so f 5c hap e l s ) . T he f i r s tr e f e r ence t ot h ek a s t ro o n t o p o f t h e a c ropo l i s ( i n s ide w h ich a c i s te rn w a s c on s t r uc ted )i sm ade i n1 336 ,a g r ee ing w i th t h ea s se s smen t o f A x io t i s w ho c on s ide red p a r t s o ft h e w a l l s ( o f t i l e a nd m o r ta red s t one s )t ob eo fB yz .d a te . B o th t h ea c ropol i sa nd k a s t ro ( t he l o ca t ion o ft h e B yz . -Ven . s e t t lemen tk nown b y t h en ame ' Ka l lon i ' )w e re d e s t royed i n1 444 AD i na na t ta ck b y t h eT u r .r e negade B a l ta O g lou . Mo s to fi t s i n hab i tan t s w ho w e r e n o t k i l led o r c ap tu red i mmed ia te ly f l ed , b u t o t he r s s t ayed a tl e a s t u n t i l t h e s t a r t o f t h e 1 7C a tw h ich p o in t t h ey d i spe r sed t on ea rby v i l lage s . E ven b e fo re t h i s f i na l a bandonmen t , t h e h i l l w i th t h e r u ined k a s t ro h ad a l r eady a s sumed t h en ame o f` P a la ioka s t ro ' ( a tt h el a te s tb y t h e 1 6C s i nce t h i s i st h e n ame g i ven t o t h e a r ea i n t h e a r ch ive s o f t h e L e imono s Mona s te ry [ # 119 ] w h ich d a te f r om t h i sp e r iod ) .5 3 T he l o ca t ion o f t h e s i te 's c eme te r ie s i sn o t k nown , s i nce n o t as i ng le t omb h a s e ve rb een f ound i nt h e v i c in i ty o f t h e a c ropo l i s . K o ldewey d id n o te o n h i s map t wo s c a t t e r s o fa nc ien tt i l e a nd s he rd s t ot h e n .a nd n w . o ft h e a c ropo l i s r e spe c t ive ly , b u t h e g i ve s n od e ta i l s o fh i s f i nd s i nt h e t e x t , a nd t h e i n ten se c u l t iva t ion i nb o th t h e se a r ea s n ow m ake s i ti mpo s s ib le t o c o r robo ra te t h ese e a r l ie r r e po r t s . B ib l iog raphy : C onze ,4 1-43 a nd p l . I I ; K o ldewey , 2 9 -30 , 3 5 a nd p l s . 1 3 .1 , 1 4 .1-5 ; R ou se , 1 47 ; Mou tzour i s , 1 962 ,

When B ayne i n sp ec ted P a la ioka s t ro ( Bayne , 18 , 2 46 ) , h e w a s s o d i sappo in ted a tt h e l a ck o f o bv iou s ly A . ma te r ia l a nd t h e p redom inance o f EBA . , HL . a nd R . s he rd s t ha t h e e ven b egan t oq ues t ion w he the r t h e h il w a s , i nf a c t , a nc ien t A r i sbe . Af ew f r agmen t s o f A . g rey w a re s , h oweve r , t oge the r w i th t h e l a ck o f as u i tab le a l te rna t ive , l e d h im t oc onc lude t h a t t h i s s i te mu s t b e t h e a nc ien t a c ropo l i s . 5 2

L a te r , i n t h e m id -n ine teen th c en tu ry , N ew ton ( I I , 2 ) s t a ted t ha t t h e re w e re s even v i l lage s i n t he p la in l y ing c lose t oge the r : Daph ia , K e ram ia , P ap iana , S uma r ia , A chy rona ( mode rn K a l lon i ) , A rgenna a nd A g ios C o sma s ( o r T zuma l i ) , t h a t A chy rona w a s t h e mos t i mpor tan t , a nd t ha t t he n ame ` Ka l lon i ' w a s g i ven t o t h e w ho le g roup ( i n t h e s ame w ay t ha t t h e n ame ' Ge ra ' i sg i ven t oday t o a l t h e g roup o f v i l lage s a t t h e h ead o f t h e P e rama p l a in o n t h e Gu lf o f G e ra ) . A t t h e b eg inn ing o f t h e t wen t ie th c en tu ry , i n a dd i t ion t o A chy rona , T ax i s ( 120 -23 ) r ecorded Daph ia , S oumou r ia , T zouma i l i , A rg iana , K e ram i a nd P ap iana a s e x i s t ing v i l lage s , s t a t ing a l so t h a t o the r s w h ich h ad e x i s ted p rev iou s ly i n c luded P ha ranx ( # 117 ) , P hk io l ia , Ambe l io t i s , T r ian ta ( # 120 ) , A g io s L ep t i s a nd G e rna ( # 114 ) . O ft h e se 1 9C a nd 2 0C s e t t lemen t s , t h ree a r e a t tes ted much e a r l ie r i n t h e 1 602 O t toman r e co rd s f o r t h e i s land : ` Ke ram i ' , Pap ian i ' a nd ` Ayo K ozma ' , M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) . C once rn ing a n e a rl ie r 1 6C O t toman c ensu s o f t h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove . 5 3

5 0 I n G ab r ie l 's t e x t o f 1 636 -41 ( s ee n . 4 7 ) , t h e v i l lage o f G e rna w a s r e f e r red t o j o in t ly w i th A g ia P a ra skeu i a s i f a l o ca l i sed s yno ik i sm h ad t a ken p l ace b e tween t h e l a t e 1 6C a nd t h e 1 7C ( Ax io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 33 ) . T he v i l lage o f ` Aya P a ra skev i ' i sl i s ted a t a n e a r l ie r d a te a l so , i n t h e O t toman r e co rd s f o r 1 602 , M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c en su s o ft h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove . C ha r i ton id i s a l so c a l l s t h e s h r ine o n t op o f t h e h i l l A g io s I oann i s .

5 1

2 5

5 2 , 5 4 , 6 1 -63 ; B ayne , 2 46 ; P a ra skeua id is , 1 963 , 1 417 ; F rench I ,2 32 f i g . 2 9a , b i ; C ha tz i , 1 972 , 5 93 -95 a nd p l s . 5 43 -45 , 5 46a c rT , 5 47a ; K on t i s , 1 973 , 1 6 , 6 1 -62 a nd f i g . 3 5 ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 976 , 5 03 ; T oucha i s , 1 977 , 6 24 ; C a t l ing , 5 8 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 88 -91 ; Mou t zou r is , 1 983 , 2 2 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 25 -28 a nd I ,p l . 6 8 ; B SA s h e rd a r ch ive A r i sb i ,u npubl i shed . 17 . P haranx ( Daph ia ) 5 975 -5976 ; ; T u r . ; HAB . O n e i the rs i de o ft h em a in r o ad w h ich l e ad sn .f r om K a l lon it o P e t ra a nd Me thymna , c a . 1 . 5 km sn e . f r om D aph ia ,a r et h e r ema in so ft h ev i l lage o ft h eT u r .p e r iod a t t e s ted i na r ch iva l s ou r ce s a sP ha ranx . T he r ema in s a r e s c a t te r ed o n t h e s . s l ope so ft h eh il sw h i ch f o rm t h ee dge o ft h eK alon ip l a in ( whe r e t h e m a in r oad c l imb s s ha rp ly ) . T o t h e w . o f t h e r o ad , n ea r t h e r a v ine a f te r w h ich t h e v i l lage w a s n amed , s t and s a n i kono s ta s i s t o T ax ia r ch i s a mong s t ap i le o f r ubb le ,t h er ema in so ft h ep a r i sh c hu r ch o ft h eA r change lo i a t te s ted i nt h e 1 7C . E .f r om t h e r oad , t h e s l op e s n ea r t h e c hape lo fA g io sD im i t r io sa r ec ove r ed w i th t i l e sa nd s h e rd s o fT u r .d a te . T he v i l lage ( b ir thp lace o f A g io s I gna t io s o f A ga l l iano s ) i sf i r s t a t te s t ed i n 1 548 i nt h e a r ch ive s o ft h e L e imono s Mona s te ry ( # 119 ) a nd i n 1 636 -41 G ab r ie l o f Me thymna r e f e r r ed t ot h ev i lage ( s i tua ted ' o nt h es l op e ' )a s p o sse ss ing 2 5 C hr is t ian h ouseho ld s .5 4 Mou tzou r i s s ugge s ted t h a tt h es i te w a so ne o ft h o s ei nt h eK a l lon ia r ea a bandoned i nt h el a t e r1 7C . B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 1 23 ; Mou tzou r i s , 1 983 , 1 9 -20 , 2 5 2 6 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 21 . 18 . Mona s t i r i ( i s My r s in io t i s sa s ( Daph ia ) ; 5 86759 ; 3 0m ; B yz . , T u r . ; S P . O n t h e s l ope s w h ich l i m i t t h e K a l lon i P la in t ot h e n w . , c a . 1k m n .f r om D aph ia o n t h e w . s i d e o f t h e m a in K a l lon i -Me thymna h i ghway , s t and s t h e ( o r ig ina l ly B yz . ) mona s te ry o f My r s in io t i s sa f i r s t a t te s ted i n 1 331 AD ( t hen k nown a s ` My r s in i ' ) . A l though a bandoned i mmed ia te ly a f t e rt h eT u r . c onque s ti n1 462 ,3 5 t h e c hu r ch c on t inued t o f unc t ion a nd t h e s i te w a s r e e s tab l i shed a s amona s te ry i nt h e e a r ly 1 6C , c on t inu ing u n t i l t h ep r es en td ay d e sp i te as e r iou s f i r e i n1 862 a nd t h e d e s t ruc t ive e a r thquake o f1 867 . T he c omp lex o fb u i ld ing si n c lude s an umbe ro fc e l l s ,a w a t e r -m i l l , ac he e se -mak ing f a c to ry a nd t h ec hu r ch o ft h e P anag ia ( c omp r i s ing an ave a nd t wo f l ank ing a i s le s ) . F o ra l o ng p e r iod t h i sc hu r ch h ou sed t h e t omb o fA g io sI g na t io s w ho r e v ived t h e mona s te ry i nt h e 1 6C ( s ee # 117 ;t h et omb h a s n ow b een m oved t ot h e n ea rby L e imono s Mona s t e ry , # 119 ) . An umbe ro fo l d w e l l s a r e a ppa r en ta l so , f e db y a s p r ing o nt h eh i l l s lope n ea rt h em ona s te ry . B ib l iog raphy : N ew ton I , 3 -4 ; T ax i s , 1 22 a nd n . 3 ; Mou tzou r i s , 1 973 , 9 2 -104 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I ,3 22 -24 ( a nd u nnumb e r ed p ho tog raph p .3 23 ) . 19 . Mon i L e imonos ( Daph ia ) ; 5 64758 ; 1 50m ; B yz . , T u r . ; S P . T he l a rge c omp lex o ft h e L e imono s Mona s t e ry l i e s t ot h e s .o ft h e m a in r o ad f r om K a l lon i t oP h i l ia , c a . 2 . 2 k ms w nw . f r om D aph ia . T he o r ig ina l B yz . mona s te ry w a sa bandoned a f t e rt h eT u r .c onque s to ft h ei s land i n1 462 ,

5 4

b u t w a s r e v ived i n 1 526 a nd h a s c on t inued t ot h e p r e sen t d ay . I nt h e 1 6C a` Le imono s S choo l ' w a s f ounded i nt h e mona s te ry w h ich f l ou r i shed m uch l a te r i nt h e 1 9C . T he c u r r en tc hu r ch o ft h e A r change l M icha e l ( w i th an ave a nd t wo f l ank ing a i s le s ) d a te sf r om 1 795 b u ti n co rpo ra te sp a r t s o ft h eo l de r 1 6C s t ruc tu r e( s ome o ft h ew a l l p a in t ing sa l so d a te f r om t h e 1 6C ) . T h el a rge c omp lex o fb u i ld ing si n c lud e sa no l iv ep r e s s , c e l l s f o r t h e monk s a nd ac o l lec t ion o f manu sc r ip t s a nd v e s tmen t s n ow o n s how a s am useum ( w i th manu sc r ip t s d a t ing f r om t h e 9 C ) . F rom t h i s c en t ra l a r ea ak a lde r im i l e ad s s .t ot h e b u i ld ing s o ft h e m ona s te ry 's m e to ch i c a . 2 k m sa way a tt h es w . f o o to ft h eP a r then i s h i l l( s ee # 12 1 ) . B ib l iog raphy : N ew ton I , 3 5 ; K o ldewey , 8 3 ; T ax i s , 1 2 1 2 2 a nd n . 1( p . 1 2 1 ) , 1 40 ; A l ip ran t i s , 1 972 ,6 17 ; i d . , 1 973 , 57 ; Mou tzou r i s , 1 973 , 9 2 -104 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 69 -73 ( a nd u nnumbe r ed p ho tog raph p .3 70 )a nd I ,p l .8 0 . 1 20 . T r ian ta ( Ka l lon i ) ; 5 73731 ; 5 m ; C . , HL . , LR . -Byz . , T u r . ; HAB , CEM . A t t h e p l a ce k nown a sT r ian ta , c a . 2 k m ss w . f r om K a l lon i ,a r et h er ema in so f a` MAge ' v i l lage ( p robab ly o f B yz . o r ig in ) w h ich s u rv ived i n to t h e T ou rko l c ra t ia . T r ian ta i sa t te s ted i n t h e a r ch ives o f t h e L e imono s Mona s t e ry ( # 119 ) i nt h e 1 5C a nd w a s s t i l l i n e x i s t ence i n t h e 1 7C ( when t h e re w e re 2 0 C h r is t ian h ou seho ld s ) . T he v i l lage w a ss a id t oh ave o r ig ina l ly t a ken i t sn ame f r om t h e 3 0c hu r che sw h ich s t ood w i th in i t( s ome o f w h ich a r e s t i l l v i s ib le a sr u ins ) .5 6 T he d ens e s u r fa ce s c a t te ro fc e ram i cs a t te s t s t ot h eT u r . v i lage ,b u tt h e re a r e a l so o l de r c omponen t s t ot h e s i te . A5 C BC g r ave w a s d i scove r ed i n 1 964 , K on t i s s poke o f o the r C . a nd HL . t omb s ' o f ten ' b e ing f ound i nt h e a r ea , A x io t i s n o ted L R . B yz . ' c ombed ' w a r e s a nd ap re s s s tone , w h i l s t K o ldewey r e po r ted a na nc ien tw el w i th aB yz .i n sc r ip t ion . B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey , 3 5 ; T ax i s , 1 23 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 964 ,3 98 ; i d . , 1 968a ,4 4 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 94 ; Mou tzou r i s , 1 983 , 1 8 , 2 0 , 2 5 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 05 -06 ; i d . , 1 994 , f i g . ä 1 21 . P roph i t is I l ias ( Ke ram i ) ; 5 64722 ; 7 0m ; A . (? ) ; HAB /SP . T r a ce so fa n a nc ien te nc lo su r e s t and o n t h e h i l l o fP roph i t i sI l i a s , 3k m ss w . f r om K a l lon io n t h e n .s i de o f t h e P o tam ia R ive r . O n t h e o va l h i l l top , t h e t r ace s o f a s ub s tan t ia le nc lo su r ew a l lo fp o lygona lm a son ry a r ev i s ib le a r ound t h ec hap e l , w e l lp r ese r ved e spec ia l ly o n t h en .s i de w he re t wo e x te rna l t owe r s a r e a ppa ren t . A s c a t te r o f a mpho ra , p i tho s a nd o t he r s he rd s l i e o n t h e s l op e s b e low t h e s umm i to u t s ide t h e e nc lo su r e w a l l , a nd o n t h e p eak o f t h e h i l l a r e t r a ce s o f f ounda t ion s a nd a d ense s c a t te r o f c e ram i c s .5 7 T he p os i t ion o f t he e nc losu re i s s i gn if ican t t o pog raph ica l ly i nt h a t i ts t and s o n t h e n .s i de o ft h er i ve r v a l ley t h rough w h ich t h eP o tam ia R ive re n te r s t h eP l a in o f K a l lon i , o ppo s i t e t h e e nc lo su r e a tX i roka s t r in i t ot h e s .o f t h er i ve r( # 122 ) . T h i se nc lo su re m u s tb et h e ' f o r t ' r e f e r r ed A n a l te rna t ive h ypo the s i s f o r t h e o r ig in o f t h e v ilage n ame i st h a t i tm ay h ave b een l i nked t ot h e n umb e r o fs e r f s w o rk ing t h e v i l lage l a nd i n B yz . t ime s , s i nce a n umbe r o f s im i la r p l acename s a r e k nown , ` Ok to ' (T ighe ) , ' Ennea ' (N ine ' ) a nd ` Deka ' ( ` Ten ' ) , w h ich a r e s a id t oh ave o r ig ina ted i n as im i la r f a sh ion . S ee Mou tzou r i s , 1 983 , 2 5 . 5 6

F o r t h e d a t ing o fG ab r ie l 's t e x t , s e e n .4 7 .

I n t h e l a te r 1 5C t h e n ame o f t h e m ona s te ry i sr e co rded a s S tau rop ig iak i ' , b u t w i th t h e r e -e s tab l i sh ing o f t h e m ona s tery p rope r i n t h e e a r ly 1 6C t h e n ame My r s in io t i s sa w a s r e s to red ( t he l a t te r i sc l ea r f r om t h e t e s t imony o fG ab r ie l o f Me thymna [ i n 1 636 -41 , s ee n . 4 7 ] w ho k new t h e mona s te ry a s ' My r s in io t i sa ' ) , s e e A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 23 -24 . 5 5

2 6

B a s iako s , 2 09 , a l so r epo r ted t r ace s o f aR . s e t t lemen t i n t h i s a r ea ' 2k m s w . f r om S ka la K alon i s ' , o n t h e w . b ank o ft h e ' Ennea K ama re s ' r ema . T he r ema in s i n c luded p a r t s o f ak i ln ( p robab ly f o r a mpho ra p roduc t ion i n t h e v i ew o f B a s iako s ) , b u t i ti s i mposs ib le t o p l ace t h is s i te o n t h e m ap s o f t h e B r i t i sh A rmy o r A x io t i s . 5 7

t ob y K on t i s a sb e ing ' n ea r t o Me to ch i ' , n ame ly , t h e a r ea a r ound t h em e toch io ft h eL e imono s Mona s te ry ( wh i ch l i e s c a . 2k m sn .o ft h e P roph i t i s I l ia s s i te ) . A no the r n o tewo r thy f e a tu r e o f t h e h i l l r e co rded b y A x io t i s i st h a ta ti t s e .f oo t a r e t h e t r a ce s o fo l d ( po s s ib ly a n c ien t )q ua r ry w o rk ing . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 91 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 0 1 -02 a nd I ,p l . 6 5 .

P igado .5 8 A x io t i s a dded t h a t a tt h i s l a t te rl o ca t ion w e r e a l a rge n umbe r o f t h ick ( p robab ly B yz . /Tu r . ) t i l e s a nd p o t she rd s ( i nc lud ing p i e ce s o fp i tho i ) a nd a ga in t h e w ho le h i l l s id ew a sc ove r ed i no l d ,a bandon ed t e r r a ce s . B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey , 3 9 ( w i th s ke tch p l an ) , 8 8 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 14 -15 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 96 -98 a nd I , p l . 6 3 .

1 22 . X irokas tr in i ( Ke ram i ) ; 5 47716 ; 2 20m ; A . , HL . , B yz . , V en . ( ? ) , ` MAge ' , T u r . (? ) ; HAB , S P . T he h i gh r o cky o u t c rop o f X i ro l ca s t r in i r i s e s a bove t h e mode rn K a l lon i P a rako i la r o ad ,c a . 4k m s w . f r om K alon ia nd i mmed ia te ly s .o ft h e P o tam ia R ive r . A c ro s s t h e t o p o f t h e r i dge i sa c r o s s -wa l l , o r ig ina l ly o fL e sb ian p o lygona l m a son ry ( s ee A ppend ix 2 a nd f i gs . 2 5 , 2 7 ) , w i th l a te r ( p robab ly B yz . /Ven . )a dd i t ion sa bove t h ea nc ien tm a son ry c omp r i s ing m o r ta r ed t i l e a nd s t one c ou r se s a nd t wo e x t er na l t owe r s . T he w a l l i ss ome 8 0 ml o ng , 2 . 5 mt h i ck , a nd i t s i regu la r c ou r se i sd e te rm ined b y t h ed e s i re t ot a ke a dvan tage o ft h e n a tu ra l r o cky o u t c rop a tt h e t o p o f t h e h i l l w h ich g i ve s e x t ra h e igh t . A t t h e n .s i de o f t h e h i l l top t h e w a l l e nd s w hen t h e n a tu ra l r o ck o f f e r s p ro te c t ion . Ar e c tangu la r t owe r o fi s odom ic m a son ry 8 . 2 m x7 . 1 ms t and s 0 . 13 k m f u r the r u p f r om t h e c r o s s -wa l l a tt h e p eak o f t h e h i l lj u s t b eyond ac hape lo ft h eP anag ia . F rom t h e c en t ra l g a te i nt h e a n c ien t w al , ak a lde r im i l e ad su ph il t owa rd st h eP anag ia a nd t h e f o unda t ion s o fa n o l de rc hap e l t ot h e e .o fi tw h ich a r ep robab ly t h er ema in s o f t h e f o r t if ied ' X i roka s t ro Mona s te ry ' a t te s ted i n a P a t r ia r cha l S ynod o f 1 331 . K o ldewey a nd A x io t i s b o th n o ted a n e no rmou s n umb e r o f ` MAge ' s he rd s a nd t i l e s c a t te r ed a l lo ve rt h e h i l l top ( f rom b o th t h e m ona s te ry a nd a n a s so c ia ted s e t t lemen t ) a nd t h e l a t te r a l so r e po r t ed a n umbe r o f a nc ien t w o rked b lo ck s , s ome w i th h o le s f o r c l amp s . B yt h e 1 7C t h es e t t lemen tw h ich a c compan ied t h e m ona s te ry h ad b een a bandoned a nd o n ly t h e c hu r ch r ema in ed . B ib l iog r aphy ; C onze ,4 3 a nd p l . I ; K o ldewey , 3 0 -31 , 8 , p l s . 1 3 .2 , 1 4 .6 -7 ; R ou se , 1 47 ; T ax is , 1 21 ; Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 , 6 3 -64 ; K on t is , 1 978 , 3 12 -13 a nd f i g s . 5 3 -55 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 98 -300 ( a nd u nnumbe red p ho tog raph p . 3 02 ) a nd I ,p l s . 6 3 -64 ; S pence r , 1 994 ,2 10 a nd f i g s . 1 ,5 . 1 2 3 . P a la ioka s t ro I s sa s ( Pa rako i la ) ; 5 370 ; ; A . /C . (? ) , B yz ./Tu r . ; HAB , S P . C a . 2 . 5 k ms d ue n .f r om P a rako i la o n t h e l owe r e .s l ope s o f t h e m oun ta in n amed I s sa , i sa s ma l lp l a teau k nown a sP a la ioka s t ro ,n a tu ra l ly f o r t if i ed b y c l i f f s o n i t s s e . a nd e .s i des . A long t h e s w . l i p o f t h e p l a t eau i s as ub s tan t ia lw a l l 1 . 5 mt h ick c on s t ruc ted o ft wo o u t e rf a ce sa nd ar ubb le f i l l . As e to fs t a i r sh a sb e en c u ti n t h e s .e dge o ft h e c l i f ft oa l low a n e a sy a pp roa ch . O n t h e p l a teau i n s ide t h e w a l l i st h e c omp lex o fs ma l lr ooms f i r s t s e en b y K o ldewey ( w i th w a l l s c a . 0 . 8 mt h ick w h ich w e r e c on s t r u c ted i n ap o lygona lm a son ry s t y le ) . B o th K o ld ewey a nd A x io t is f e l t u nab le t o d a te t h e s t ruc tu re b y t h e a c company ing s h e rd a nd t i l es c a t te r( a l though K on t i sg ave a v ague r e po r t o fp o t te ry b e ing f o und f r om t i me t ot i me , t h e m a jo r i ty o fw h i ch w a s ' p re -He l len i s t i c ' ) . As e pa ra te l a rge , c i r cu la re nc lo su r e( w i th l a rge 2m t h ick w a l ls ) s t and sa tt h e s w . c o rne ro ft h e p l a teau , a nd t wo a l on ia o n t h e e .a nd w . s i de s i n d ica te t h a t t h is u p land a r ea w a s o nce u nde r c u l t iva t ion . T he l a t te r i sf u r the r i n d ica ted b y t h e l a rge n umbe r s o f t e r ra ce s o n t h e s u r round ing s l opes w h ich s u ppo r ted c e r ea lc r op su n t i lr e cen t ly . S l igh t ly t ot h e w . o f t h e P a la ioka s t ro s i t e , f u r the r u p t h e s l op es o f I s sa , K o ldewey n o ted t h e t e r ra ce s o f o l d v i neya rd s a nd a n o l d p re s s s tone a t as po t k nown a s

2 7

1 24 . K a s t re l l i ( Pa rako i la ) ; 5 31668 ; 2 0m ; ` MAge ' , T u r . ; HAB , CEM , S P . T he r u in s o f aT u r . s e t t lemen t w h ich p r e ceded mode rn P a rako i la5 9 a r e v i s ib le s .o ft h e p r e sen t d ay v i l lage , t ot h e e .o ft h e m a in A g ra -Ka l lon ir oad . O ne f o cu s o f t h e r ema ins i so n t h e r i se k nown a s K a s t re l l i w he re A x io t i s r epo r ted t h a t b e s ide a c hape l o f A g io s G eo rg io sw a s ad en se s c a t te ro f` MAge ' t i l e s ,p o t she rd sa nd f o unda t ion s o fo l d b u i ld ing s . A n a l on i i sp r e ser ved a tt h e n w . f o o t o ft h e l ow h i l l . N ea rby s t and s ar u ined m osque w i th i t s m ina r e t i n ta c t ( t he l owe r o f t wo mo sque s w h ich h ad e x i s ted i nt h e T u r . v i l lage ) , aT u r . c eme te ry , a nd a s ma l lb a th -bu i ld ing o fs im i la rd a te . Ak a lde r i rn i ,p r e s e rved f o r ac on s ide rab le d i s tance ,a pp roa che st h e se r ema in sf r om t h e n e . , p a s s ing o ve r at h ree -a r ched T u r . b r idge n ea r t h e m o squ e . B ib l iog r aphy : Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 , 5 , 6 4 -65 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 89 -90 a nd I ,p l .6 2 . 1 25 . N ipos ( Pa rako i la ) ; 5 25665 ; 1 30m ; C . /HL . ; HAB . O n t h e n a r row p eak o ft h e N ipo s h i l l , c a . 0 . 7 k m s w . f r om P a rako i la a nd e xac t ly o ppo s i te t h e r ema ins o f t h e T u r . mo sque ( # 124 ) , A x io t i s l o ca ted a s c a t te r o f b l a ck -g laze s h e rd s a nd g r ey w a re s , t o ge the r w i th f r agmen t s o fp i tho i a nd a mpho ra e . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 90 . 1 26 . A e tos ( Pa r ako i la ) ; 5 066 ; ;C . /HL . ; HAB /SP (? ) . O n ap l a teau o ft h e h i l l n amed A e to s , c a . 2 . 5 k ms w sw . f r om P a rako i la ,A x io t i s d e sc r ib ed t r a ce so fb u i ld ing f o unda t ion s a nd d e f en s ive w a l l s a s soc ia ted w i th w h ich w e re c e ram ics i n c lud ing b l ack -g la zed s he rd s . T h i s s i te i s n o t t o b e c on f u sed w i th t h a ta tB ig la a l so o n ah i l n amed A e to sn ea r A g r a( # 187 ) . B ib l iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 37 . 1 27 . C hon t ro B ig l i ( Ag ra ) ; 4 864 ; ; C . /HL . ; S P . A t t h e p l ace k nown a sC hon t ro B ig l i o n t h e s .s l ope so ft h e Ma la m oun ta in ,c a . 2 . 5 l a n s s e . f r om A g ra , A x io t i sd es c r ibed a n e x t en s iv ea r ea o fr u in s . Ag roup o fs ub s tan t ia l ,i regu la r ly s h aped w a l l ss u r round ar o cky o u t c rop o nt h ew . s i de o ft h e r ema w h i ch d e scend s t h e s .s i de o f t h e moun ta in , p a r t ly b u i l ti n to amode rn m and r i . T he w a l l sc r ea te ap l a t fo rm o n t h e o u t c rop , i n s ide w h ich c u t t ing s a r e a ppa ren t o n s ome r o ck s t o ge the rw i th s ma l l t e r ra ce w a l l s a nd f ounda t ion so f mo re s t ruc tu r e s , p e rhap s t h e r ema in s o f as ma l l r u ra l s h r ine . O ve rt h ew ho le a r ea as c a t t e ro fb l a ck -g lazed s h e rd s , g r ey w a r e s a nd t i l e s w e r e a ppa ren t , a nd aC . /HL . f ema le

5 8 T h i s t oponym ` P igado ' may b e t h e s po t n ea r P a rako i la w he r e R ou se s aw a nc ien t r ema in s , w h ich h e k new b y t h e n ame ` Pä leo -pä t i , o r t h e O ld W ine -p re ss ' ( Rou se , 1 47 ) . K o ldewey , 3 9 , a l so n o ted s im i la r t e r race w a l l s a nd p i ece s f r om p ress s t one s t o t h e n . o f P a rako i la , o ne o f t h e l a t te r e xh ib i t ing a i n sc r ib ed c r o s s o f B yz . d a te . Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 , 6 4 -65 , a l so s ugges ted t h a t t h e K a s t re l l i w a s w he re t h e k a s t ro o f Pa rach i la ' ( a t te s ted m ap o fL e sbo s p ub l i shed b y L eg rand ) s hou ld b e l o ca t ed . r ema in s a t K a s t re l l i a r e p os s ib ly t hose s poken o f b y 1 24 . 5 9

h i l l o f o n t h e T he se T ax i s ,

f i gu r ine h ead w a s f ound i n t h e l owe r s e c t ion o f t h e e n c lo su r e . S l igh t ly t ot h e s w . ,b u i l ti n to a no the rm and r i , i s t h e v o t ive s t e le o f t wo c a rved f oo tp r in t s ( k nown e l sewhe r e i nt h e r e g ion o fE re sos , s e e C onze , 3 2 -33 , p l . X I I I6 0 ) ,a nd A x io t i sa l so r e po r ted m o r ef o unda t ion st ot h e w .( w i th u nd iagno s t ic t i l e sa nd s h e rd si na s so c ia t ion ) . B ib l i c ig rzphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 28 -29 a nd p l .6 2 4 3 . 1 28 . L aped ia ( Ag ra ) ; 4 77644 ; 2 70m , H L . ; S P . C a . 2 . 5 t a n s s e . f r om A g ra , t o t h e w . o f t h e m a in r oad w h ich d e scend st ot h ec oa s t ,i st h eh i l lo fP roph i t i sI l i a sc r owned b ya no l dc hape lo ft h es ame n ame . O nt h ee .s l ope so ft h e h i l l , j u s t t o t h e w . o f t h e r oad , i st h e p l a ce k nown a s L aped ia w he re K o ld ewey n o ted t h er e c tangu la rb l o ck so fa t owe rn ea r am and r i ,w i th d imen s ion so f1 .04 m x9 . 2m . K o ldewey r e po r ted t h a t s ome b l o ck s h ad f a l len d own t h e s l ope a nd w e re b u i l t i n to ac hape l o fA g ia K y r iak i i na n a r ea k nown a s' Kud icha ' . F ive o ft h eb l o ck sa tt h ec hap e l ( f ou ro fw h ich f o rmed t h ed oo r -f rame )e xh ib i ted h o le sf o r c l amp s o n t h e i r e nd s , s ugge s t ing t oK o ldewey t h a t t h ey o nce f o rmed t h ew indow j amb so ft h et owe r . B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey ,6 2 ,8 7 a nd p l . 2 7 .6 ; R ou s e , 1 4 7 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 31 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 27 . 1 2 9 . L i s t i s ( P a r ako i la ) ; 5 063 /5163 ; ;C . ( ? ) ; HAB ( ? ) . O n t h e w . s i de o f t h e K oukmo s B ay , c a . 4k ms sw . f r om P a rako i la , A x io t i s d e sc r ib ed b u i ld ing f o unda t ion s a nd a c oncen t ra t ion o fs h e rd so n as ma l lp l a t eau w h ich d e s cend s s t eep ly t ot h em a in A g ra -Pa rako i la r o ad r u nn ing b e low i tt o t h e e . Amongs t t h e r u in s o n t h e p l a teau ( k nown a s L i s t i s ) ,A x io t i sd e sc r ibed aw a l lc a . 3m t h i ck a nd 2m h i gh ( h e g ave n o d e ta i l s r e ga rd ing i t s s t y le o f c on s t ruc t ion ) . K on t i sa l so m a rk st h i s s i t eo n h i s s e t t lemen tp a t t er n m ap s a sd a t ing t ot h eC .p e r iod b u to f f e red n od e s c r ip t ion o ff i nd s i nt h et e x t . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 978 , f i g s . 2 1 -22 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 5 36 -37 .

D e lph i ) l e dK o ldewey t os u gge s tt h a tt h e s t ru c tu r ew a sa n A . t emp le ,a nd t h e l a rge p l a t fo rm a nd r amp , t o ge the rw i th t h ec e ram i c sa s semb lage ( a nd e s pe c ia l ly t h el a rge f r agmen t s o fg l a zed t i l e s ) ,s e em c onc lu s ive s uppo r to ft h i sa s s e r t ion . K on t i s r e po r ted t h a t t h e r e w e re o t he r a nc ien t w a l l s h i ghe ru pt h es l ope sf r om t h em a in s t ruc tu r e i n c lud ing t h e f o unda t ion s o f h ou ses a nd a l so a t owe r o f i s odom ic m a son ry w h i ch w a t ched o ve rt h eb ay a nd t h ee n t rance t ot h e g u lf . S qua red b l ock s f r om t h i s t owe r w e r e f i r s t s e en b y K o ldewey b u i l ti n to am and r i al i t t le u p s lop ef r om t h el a rge p l a t fo rm , a nd h e w a s a l so o f n o d oub t t h a t b o th t h ese b l ock s , a nd s ome o the r s c a . 0 . 4 k m t o t h e n e . o f t h e m and r i ,w e r ef r om t h et owe r . T he s im i la ra nc ien ts qua r ed b l ock ss e en b yA x io t i sb u i l ti n to t h eP anag ia c hape lt ot h e s w .o ft h ep l a t fo rm p r e sumab ly a l so c ome f r om t h i st owe r , a nd n ea rt h i sc hap e lK o ldewey r e po r ted as c a t t e ro fa nc ien t t i l e s . R ega rd ing l a te ra c t iv i ty i nt h e a r ea , A x io t i s s poke o f ` MAge ' c e ram ic s n ea r t h e L e sb ian m a son ry s t ruc tu r e , a r e po r t w h i ch i so f l i t t le s u rp r i se g i ven t h e r ema ins o f k a lde r im ia w h i ch w e r et r a ced o ve rt h eh i l s id en ea rt h eb ay . B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey ,3 8 ,4 3 -44 ,6 2 ,8 7a nd p l . 1 5 .1 -4 ; R ou se , 1 47 ;B ayne ,2 47 ; K on t i s , 1 973 , 8 1 -82 a nd f i g s .4 5 4 6 ; i d . , 1 978 , 31 , 36 -38 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 34 -36 ( a nd u nnumbe red p ho tog raph p . 5 24 ) a nd p l s . 6 2 , 1 22 ; i d . , 1 994 , f i g . ä ; S chau s a nd S pence r , 4 16 -17 a nd f i gs . 2 4 ; B SA s h e rd a r ch ive A po th ik i ,u npub l i shed .

1 30 . A po th ik i ( Ag ra ) ; 4 96612 ; 1 5m ; A . , C . , HL . , R . , ` MAge ' ; HAB , S P . A t t h e s ma l l b ay o fA po th ik i , 6k m s s e . f r om A g ra a nd c a . 4k ms b y r o ad n .f r om Maka ra ( # 131) , al a rge r e c tangu la r s t ruc tu re ( o r ien ted n e . sw . ) s t and s o n t h e e .s l ope o f al ow r i dge a tt h e i n ne rmo s t ( n . ) s i de o ft h e b ay . T he m a in f e a tu r e o ft h e s t ruc tu r e i st h e m a s s ive t e r ra ce w a l l o f v e ry l a rge L e sb ian p o lygona l m a son ry b lock s ( known l o ca l ly a s ` Ka lok t i s to ' o r ` Rodo to i cho ' ,s e eA ppend ix 2a nd f i g s . 1 9 ,2 4 ,2 8 )5 8 mi n l e ng th a nd i np l ace s o ve r 5m h i gh w h ich f o rm s t h e s e . w a l l o f ar e c tangu la rp l a t fo rm 5 8 m x4 2 .2 m . K o ld ewey a nd K iepe r tv i s i ted t h e s i te i n1 841 ,a nd l a t e rt w ice i nt h e 1 8 80 s ,a nd t h e i rp l an i n d ica ted ar amp a tt h es w .e nd o ft h e s t ruc tu re ( a l so o fp o lygona l m a son ry ) l e ad ing u p t ot h e a r t if ic ia lp l a t fo rm c r ea ted b yt h et e r ra ce w a l l . D iv i s ion so f f o u ri n te rna lr o om sw e r em apped b yK o ld ewey ,t h el a s tt wo e x tend ing n e . b eyond t h ee nd o ft h et e r r ace w a l l . A no the r p o lygona l w a l l ( po s s ib ly p a r t o f a n a l ta r ) l a y c a . 4 0 m f u r the r t ot h e s w . d i re c t ly i n l i ne w i th t h e r amp o f t h e p l a t fo rm . Al a rge p r opo r t ion o ft h ep o t te ry f o und n ea ra nd u pon t h e p l a t fo rm i sf i ne w a re : b l a ck -f igu re a nd b l a ck -g la zed s h e rd s f r om t h e s i te a r e i nt h e a r ch ive s o ft h e B SA , a nd A x io t i s s poke o f HL . a nd R . m a t e r ia l t o ge the rw i th b l a ck g l a zed t i l e s . T he c o lo ssa l s c a le o ft h e t e r r ace w a l l ( v e ry s im i la r t o t h e t e r ra ce w a l l o f t h e t emp le o f A po l lo a t

T he i l us t ra t ion o f c a rved f e e t i nA x io t i s ( 1 992 I , p l . 6 23 ) i sm o s t s im i la r t ot h o se s hown i nC onze , p l . X I I I .1 . 6 0

2 8

1 3 1 . Makara ( Ag ra ) ; 4 658 /4758 ; 4 0m ; E BA . , L BA . , A . , C ( ? ) , H L . ,B yz . ,T u r . ; HAB ,C EM , S P . A round t h es ma l l c oa s ta l p l a in o f Maka ra a tt h e w . m ou th o f t h e G u lf o n K a l lon i , aw ho le s e r ie s o f r ema ins i n d ica te p ro longed h ab i ta t ion a c t iv i ty f r om t h e E BA . . S he rd s d a t ing t ot h e l a t te r p e r iod w e re d i s t ingu i shed b y F rench i n t h e B SA c o l lec t ion f r om t h e s i te , a nd o n t h e s e . a rm o f t h e b ay ( k nown a sK oukko s )C ha r i ton id i sn o ted 3l a rge c i s tt omb s c on s t ruc ted w i th m a s s ive c r ud e ly -wo rked s l ab sw h ich w e r e c ompa r ed w i th s im i la r LH I IC t omb so n P sa ra , C h io s ( a t Empo r io ) a nd a tE l eu s i s . T he t omb s s t and e i the r s i de o f t h e r o ad a si tt u rns s h a rp ly w . a tt h e mou th o ft h e p l a in , t o day a pp ea r ing a ss ma l l ,o pen t umul i . L owe r d own , o n al ow r i dge i mmed ia te ly w . o f t h e s e a sona lf l ow i nt h em idd le o ft h ev a l ley ,s t and so ne o ft h e t wo t owe r s o f i s odom ic m a son ry r e po r ted b y K o ldewey ( d imen s ion s 9m x9 . 34 m ) . O n t h i sw . s i de o ft h e v a l ley A x io t i s r e po r ted t h a t m o r e g r ave s t o ge the r w i th b u i ld ing f o unda t ion sa nd a na n c ien tw e l lw e r ed i s cove r ed p r ev iou s ly . K o ldewey 's o t he r i s odom ic m a son ry t owe r i sb u i l t i n to a m and r io nt h eh i l lw h ich o ve r look st h ev a l ley f r om t h ew . . O n ly t h en .w a l la nd p a r to ft h ew .w a l ls u rv ive ,t h ef o rme r b e ing 8 . 59 m i nl e ng th . As i gn if ican t s c a t te r o f s h e rd s ( i nc lud ing g r ey w a r e sa nd p i tho i )a r ev i s ib le n ea rby . Mo r er ema in sa r ea pp a r en tc a .0 . 2k mf u r the rn w .f r om t h i sm and r i ,i n c lud ing at owe ra nd a s so c ia t ed e nc lo su re o f p o lygona lm a son ry d e sc r ibed b yB ou tan ,K iepe r t ,N ew ton a nd K o ldewey i n t h e 1 9C a nd mo re r e cen t ly b y C ha r i ton id i s , K on t i s a nd A x io t is . T he p o lygona l w a l l s s e em t o h ave b een a l te r ed s i gn if ican t ly s i nce t h e 1 9C , h oweve r , a nd i ti sd i f f icu l t t or e conc i le a l l t h e se r e po r t s s p ann ing s ome 1 50 y ea r s . K iep e r tg ave t h em ea su remen t s o fs ome L e sb ian p o lygona lm a son ry w a l l si nt h ea r ea a sc a . 2 00 -250 f e e t( c a .6 6 -82 m ) i n an . -s . d i rec t ion ,a nd 7 0f e e t ( c a . 2 3 m )e . -w . ( s ee A pp end ix 2 ,s e c t ion 2 . 2a nd f i g . 2 6 ) ; N ew ton d e sc r ibed o ne w a l l a s6 0p ace s e . -w . a nd 1 4 f ti n h e igh t , w i th a no the r w a l l a tr i gh t a ng le s t ot h e f i r s t 4 9 p a ce sl o ng . T he e n c lo su re n o ted b yC ha r i ton id i s i n1 96 1 6 2 , h oweve r , w a s o n ly c a . 2 5 m x1 3 mw i th t h e r ema in s o f at owe r i n s ide , a nd o f t h is s t ruc tu re t o day o n ly t h e

e nc lo su re i s a ppa ren t ( o f a pp rox ima te ly t h e s ame d imen s ion s w h ich C ha r i ton id i s g i ve s ) w i th n ot r a ce o ft h i s i n ne rt owe r . T he c i s te rn o fp o lygona l m a son ry u ncove r ed i n 1 972 a nd r epor ted b y K on t i s a l so l i e s a mongs t t h i s g r oup o fr ema in so nt h ew . s i de o ft h ev a l ley . O n t h e r o cky r i dge w h ich f o rms t h ee .a rm o ft h e b ay ( k nown a s P i tho s ) , A x io t i s r e po r ted a n i regu la r s hap ed e nc lo su r e ( c a . 1 6 m i nd i ame t e r ) w i th s ub s tan t ia l 1 . 5 m t h i ck w a l l s p r e served i np l ace s u p t o 2m i nh e igh t . T he w a l ls , c r ude ly r ebu i l t i n p l a ce s , a ppea r t o u se a nc ien t b lo ck s a nd a r e b a sed o n f ounda t ion s f o rmed o ft wo l a rge o u te rf a ce s o fb lo ck s w i th a n i n ne r f i l l o fr ubb le . A 1m w ide g a t e i sa ppa ren t o n t h e n w . s i de a nd t r a ce s o f al e s s s ub s tan t ia li n ne rw a l la r ea ppa r en to nt h es .s i de . As c a t te r o fg r ey w a re s i sa s so c ia ted w i th t h e s t r uc tu re , w h ich m ay b ea no the r t owe rd e s igned t ow a t ch o ve rt h ee .s i de o ft h e b ay a nd t h ee n t rance t ot h eg u l f . T ra ce s o fl a te r( Byz . ) a nd e a r ly mode rn a c t iv i ty i nt h e a r ea a r e a l so a ppa ren t . F u r the rn .f r om t h e s po tk nown a s P i tho s , A x io t i sf ound w o rk ed b l o ck sa nd w a l l so f mo r ta r ed t i l ea nd s t one . I nt h e 1 9C A nagno s t i sr e po r ted w a te rm il s i n u se a t Maka ra ( wh ich a r e s t i l l v i s ib le t o day ) , w h i l s t A x io t i s n o ted d i su sed a l on ia i nt h e v a l ley t ot h e n .o ft h e m ode rn h am le t . T he e x t en s ive a r ea so ft e r ra c ing a l la r ound ( o b se rved f i r s tb y K o ldewey a nd s t i l la ppa r en tt o day ) a l so t e s t i f y t ot h e p rev iou s i n tense c u l t iva t ion i na n a r ea n ow d evo t ed n ea r ly e n t i r e ly t op a s tu rage . B ib l iog raphy ; N ew ton I ,1 0 1 a nd n .4 2 ; K o ldewey , 3 8 ,6 2 , 8 7 ( a nd u nnumbe red s ke t ch ) , p l . 2 7 .3 a nd 2 7 .5 ; R ou se , 1 47 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 , p l . 2 10a , 6 ;i d . , 1 961 -62 , 2 65 ; P a ra skeua id i s , 1 963 , 1 416 -17 ; F ren ch I ,2 32 f i g . 2 9a , b i ; B uchho lz , 1 23 -24 , 1 33 -34 , 1 36 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 33 -35 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 29 -34 ( a nd u nnumbe r ed p ho tog raph sp p . 5 32 , 5 37 ) a nd p l s . 6 2 ,6 2a , 1 22 ; F r ench , 1 994 , 6 7 ; S chau s a nd S p ence r , 4 15 -16 a nd n n . 2 6 -27 ; B SA s h e rd a r ch ive Mak a ra ,u npubl i shed . 1 32 . S e i s t r ia ( Me so topo s ) ;4 20624 ;4 0m ,E BA . , MBA . ( ? ) , E Byz . ; HAB , S P . A tt h en .e nd o ft h eP o da ra sv a l ley , 1 . 2 k m s s e . f r om Me so topo s , t h er ema in s o fa n E Byz . b a s il i ca a r ep r e se rved n ea r as h r ine o fA g io sE u s t ra t io sa tt h ep l a ce k nown a sS e i s t r ia . As p i tak i o n t h el ow s l ope s n ea rby h a s a n E Byz . a r ch i tec tu ra l b lock b u i l t i n to i t , a nd n ea r a n e ighbou r ing h u t a r e t h e r ema in s o f am o r ta r ed t i l e a nd s t one w a l l . A n a p se o fs im i la rc on s t ruc t ion l i e si nb u she s t ot h e e . ,a nd o t he r f ounda t ion sa nd s c a t te red a r ch i te c tu ra l b lo ck s ( o f l o ca l t r a chy te a nd m a rb le ) a r e v i s ib le n ea rby t o ge the r w i th c e ram ic s a nd f r agmen t s o f a nc ien t g l a s s . Mo r es im i la rw o rked b l o ck sa r ea ppa r en tb o th i nt h ev a l ley f u r the rt ot h e s .( a tt h e A g io s K y r iko s c hap e l ) a nd a l so i n t h ev i l lage o f Meso topo s i t se lf , s ome o ft h el a t t e rg a the r ed a t as ma l lm u seum a nd o t he r sb u i l ti n to t h eP anag ia c hu r ch i n t h e v i l lage . P robab ly a l l t h e p i e ce s c ome f r om t h e b a s il i ca a tS e i s t r ia . K on te l l i s a nd A x io t i s r e po r ted w ha t m ay b et h ea c company ing s e t t lemen ti mmed ia te ly t ot h ee . n ea rt h eP anag ia T rou lo t is h r ine ,w he r eh ou se f o unda t ion s , o l dc i s ter n sa nd w o rked b l o ck sw e r ea s so c ia ted w i th ad en se s c a t te ro fE Byz .c e ram i c si n c lud ing s h e rd sf r om p i tho i . A t P a l ia lona , n ea r t h e E Byz . b a s i l ica , EBA . ( a nd p o s s ib ly s ome MBA . ) c e ram ics , i n c lud ing t wo n ea r ly w ho le c l o sed v e s s e l sr em in i scen to fT he rm iC la s s Aw a re s , p i tho i f r agmen t s a nd s p ind le w ho r l s , w e r e f o und t o ge the r w i th al i t h ic s c a t t e ri nt h ep rop e r ty o fP apaba s i le io s . B ib l iog raphy ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 3 4 ; K on te l l i s , 6 3 -64 , 7 9 -81 ( a nd u nnumb e red i lu s t r a t ion p .7 9 ) ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 19 , 5 22 a nd p l . 1 2 1 .

2 9

1 33 . T abar i ( Me so topo s ) ; 3 98610 ; 5 m ; BA . , HL . , ER . , ` MAge ' ; HAB , S P ( ? ) . A t t h e s ma l l c oa s ta l s e t t lemen t o f T aba r i , 2 . 5 km s sw . f r om Me so topo s , t r ace s o f o lde r h ab i ta t ion sa r ea ppa r en tt ot h ee .o ft h e mode rn h ou se sn ea r t h e s ho re . O ve r t h e w ho le a r ea A x io t i s a nd B a laban i s r e po r t ed s h e rd so f HL . ,E R .a nd ` MAge ' d a te i n c lud ing t wo l a rge p i tho i f ound n ea rt h e mou th o ft h e s e a sona l r i ve r i n t h e p l a in . Al a rge a l on i n ea rby i sc on s t r uc t ed o f a nc ien t s qua r ed b l ock so ft r a chy te e xh ib i t ing h o le sf o rc l amp s ,a nd many o t he r s im i la r p i ece s c an b e s e en b u i l t i n to t h e s p i tak ia n ea rt h es ho r e . A x io t i sa l so r epo r t ed t r a ce so f BA . s e t t lemen ti nt h ep l a in ,b u tg ave n od e ta i l s . B ib l iog r aphy ; K on te l l i s ,8 2 -84 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 18 -19 . 1 34 . K rou so s ( Ska la E resou ) ; 3 70610 ; 1 0m ; EBA . /MBA . , C . , HL . , LR . , B yz . ; HAB , CEM , S P . R ema in s o f at owe r c on s t ruct ed w i th i s odom i cb l o ck sw e re n o ted i nt h e 1 9C b y N ew ton a nd K o ldewey a tt h ew .e dge o ft h eK rou so sp l a in , 3 . 5 k ms s e . f r om S ka la E r e sou . T he t owe rm ea su re s 9 . 25 m x8 . 7 ma nd t o day s t and s t h r ee c ou r se s ( 1 -1 .5 m ) h i gh w i th al a rge n umbe ro fs qua r ed b l ock ss c a t te red a r ound a nd b u i l ti n to n ea rby s p i tak ia . F u r the rt ot h ee .i nt h ep l a in , ar u ined c hape ld ed ica t ed t oA g io s G eo rg io s e xh ib i t s mo r e a nc ien t s qua red b l ock s w i th c u t t ing s f o rc l amp s , a n u n f lu ted c o lumn a nd ad en se s c a t t e ro ft i l ea nd s h e rd s . A tt h i sc hape l( a l r eady r u ined a nd d e se r t ed i nt h e 1 9C ) ,N ew ton s aw ac o lumn i n sc r ibed w i th aLR . d ed ica t ion t oC on s tan t ine t h e G rea t a nd h i s s ons ( now i n t h e v i l lage o f Me so topo s ) t o ge the r w i th ' t he f ounda t ion s o f a n a nc ien t s t ruc tu re ' . P resumab ly t h e b l o ck s v i s ib le t o day b u i l t i n to t h e c hape l w e re s t il i ns i tu 1 50 y ea r sa go ,a nd t h i sw ho le a s semb lage m ay t h e r efo re b e t h e r ema in s o f as ma l l LR . b u i ld ing o fs im i la r d a te t ot h e i n s c r ip t ion . A x io t i sr e po r ted t h a tn ea rt h e se r ema in so nt h e e .s i de o ft h en a r row p l a in ,t h er ema in so f aB y z .c hape la nd a s so c ia ted c eme t e ry w e r el o ca ted b yB a laban i s . O the r b r ie fr epo r t s o ff i nd s i nt h e p l a in i n c lude t h e f o l low ing : a na mpho ra o f5 C AC d a te n ea rt h es ho re ; o t he r a mpho rae d a t ing t ot h e C . a nd HL . p e r iod s f r om t h e s ea n ea r C ape K opano s ( t he p romon to ry w h ich f o rm s t h e p l a in 's w . e dge ) ; a nd d u r ing d r i l l ing i nt h e p la in i n 1 984 , p o t te ry s im i la r t o t h a t f ound a t S e is t r ia ( #132 ) o f E BA . /MBA . d a te w a s l o ca ted 6 m b e low p r e sen t g round l e ve l . B ib l iog raphy : N ew ton I ,1 00 -01 ,K o ldewey ,6 2 , 8 7 a nd p l . 2 7 .4 ; K on t is , 1 978 , 3 33 ; Kon te l l is , 7 1-73 , 8 5 ; A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 986 -87 ,7 3 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 14 -15 a nd p l . 19 . * 135 . B ig la ( Ska la E r e sou ) ; 3 52638 ; 6 0m , A . , C . , Bt . , R . ,E Byz . ,Y en . ; HAB , CEM , S P . T he a c ropo l i so fa nc ien t E reso s i st h e r o cky h i l l n amed B ig la n ea r t h e s ho re , i mmed ia te ly s e . o ft h e moder ns e t t lemen to fS ka la E r e sou . H ab i ta t ion a c t iv i ty o n t h e h i l l i si nd ica ted f r om t h e A . t h rough t o t h e EByz . e r a s , i n c lud ing a R . h ypocaus t b u i ld ing a nd t h e r ema in s o fh ou se s f ound t e r ra ced o n t h e s t eep s l ope s ( o ne o f w h ich e xh ib i ted amo sa ic f l oo r v e ry s im i la r t ot h a t o f A g io s A nd rea s , s e e # 136 ) . T he re a r e t r a ce s o fa n A . L e sb ian p o lygona l m a son ry e nc lo su re w a l l a r ound t h e h i l l , i n c lud ing m ono l i th ic g a te j amb s o n t h e e . s i de ( s ee A pp end ix 2 ,s e c t ion s 2 . 1 , 2 . 3 a nd f i g . 2 2 ) a nd s t r e t che so fl a t e rC .a nd HL .i s odom i ca nd p seudo i sodom ic w a l l s . T he e a r l ie s t d a ted s u r f a ce p o t te ry f i nd s f r om t h e a c ropo l i s a r e A . , a nd o t he rs he rd s o fC . -R . d a te h ave b een r e po r ted b y t h e v a r iou s s c ho la r s w ho h ave v i s i ted t h e s i te s i nce t h e 1 9C . C . , HL . , a nd R . e p igraph ica l e v idence i s a l so p r e se rved , a nd m uch o f t h e m a te r ia l n ow h a s b een c ole c t ed t o ge the ra tt h es ma l lm us eum i nS ka la E re sou .

Ac ap i ta l f r om a n A . v o t ive c o lumn o r t emp le w a s f o und r e cen t ly o n t h e b ea ch t o t h e s .o f t h e a c ropo l i s ( p r e sumab ly i th ad f a l len f r om t h ea c ropol i s ' p e ak ) . 6 1 An E Byz . b a s i l ica m ay h ave s t ood a tt h e n w . f o o t o f t h e a c ropo l i sw he r ep a r to f ac u rved w a l ll i e sn ea r an umb e ro f r e u sed E Byz . a r ch i te c tu ra l p i e ce s n ow b u i l t i n to ah ou se ( a l though t h el a t te rc ou ld c once ivab ly h ave c ome f r om t h e A g io sA nd r ea sb a s i l i ca ,# 136 ) . T he a pp rox ima te l o ca t ion o f t h e t own c eme te r ie s i s g i ven b yC onze ,K o ld ewey a nd L a ska r i s ,w ho n o t ed t omb s t ot h en w . , n . ,e .a nd s e . o ft h ea c ropol i s . T he m a jo r i ty o f t h e se w e re u nd iagno s t ic s a r cophagu sb u r ia l s ,b u to ne w a s a n A . p i tho s b u r ia l u ncove red 0 . 15 k m n w . f r om B ig la . T he h a rbou ro ft h et own l a yt ot h es w .o ft h ea c ropol i s ,b u t t h es e ah a ss i nce r e g re ssed , ma sk ing t h eh a rbou r 's l o ca t ion . T he l a t te r w a s e l uc ida ted b y t h e f i nd ing o fa n i ns i tu R . b l ock w i th a l a rge moo r ing r i ng t o t h e n w . o f t h e a c ropo l i s ,n ow al o ng w ay f r om t h es e a . T he k a s t ro o nt h ep eak o ft h ea c ropo l i s( o fB yz .o r ig in ) i sa t t e s ted b y t r ave l le r s f r om t h e e a r ly 1 4C AC .6 2 I th a s b o th r o unded a nd r e c tangu la re x te rna lt owe r sa nd ac i s ter n d ug o u ti nt h ec en t r eo ft h eh i l l top . B ib l iog raphy ( ma in ) ; C onze , 2 7 -39 a nd p l s . I ,X I I -XV ; K o ldewey , 2 2 -26 a nd p l s . 8 10 ; R ou se , 1 47 ; T ax i s , 1 40 ; K . L ehmann -H a r t leben , D ie A n t iken H af en lagen d e s M i te lmeeres ( K l io s upp . 1 4 ; L e ipz ig , 1 923 ) , 7 6 -78 a nd p l an 1 3 ; E uange l id i s , 1 925 -26 , 1 54 -56 a nd f i gs . 6 -8 ; O r lando s , 1 929 , 4 2 a nd f i g . 4 5 ; G . D . K on t i s , ` Cap i te l lo E o l ico d i E r es so ' , A nnuar io 2 4 -26 ( 1 946 -48 ) , 2 5 -36 ; L a ska r i s ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 , 2 37 -39 a nd p l s . 2 09 , 5 , 2 10ß , 2 11a ; Mou tzou r is , 1 962 , 5 2 ; B ayne , 2 46 a nd f i g . 2 5E ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 963c , 2 69 a nd p l . 3 11 ; i d . , 1 964 , 3 97 -98 , f i g . 4a nd p l . 4 64y ; i d . , 1 968a , 3 4 -36 , 3 8 -39 ; K on t is , 1 973 , 1 9 -20 a nd f i g . 1 5 ; B e tancou r t , 8 8 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 24 -29 ; P apazog lou , 2 0 -42 ; A che i la ra a nd A r chon t idou A rgyr i , 1 986 , 2 00 -02 a nd f i g . 6 ; A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 986 -87 , 5 8 , 7 1 , 7 3 ; A che i la ra a nd A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 9 87 ,4 81 a nd f i g . 5 ;G .T oucha i s , ` Ch ron ique d e sf o u i l le s e td 6 couve r te sa r ch6o log ique se nG re ce e n 1 986 ' ,B CH 11 ( 1 987 ) , 5 59 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I , 5 03 -06 ( a nd u nnumbe r ed p ho tog raph p .5 07 ) a nd p l s . 15 -16 ; S chau s a nd S pence r , 4 2 1 -24 .

b a s i l i ca i n1 9 36 ,t h eo l de rB yz . c hape l s e rved s imp ly a sa ' mau so l eum 'f o rt h es a r cophagu so ft h es a in t . T he E Byz . b a s i l ica ( wh ich s t and s n ex t t ob o th t h e ' mauso leum 'a nd t h em ode rn c hu r ch )w a sf i r s tu ncove r ed i n 1 884 a nd 1 885 b y t h e m onk s o f t h e H yp s i lo a nd P i tha r i Mona s t e r ie sa nd s ub s equen t ly w a se xcava ted b yO r lando si n 1 928 . E xcava t ions r e vea led al a rge t wo s to rey b u i ld ing w i th an ave ,t wo a i s le s ,m o sa ic f l oo r sa nd l a rge n umbe r so f a r ch i t e c tu ra lp i e ce s . S ome s c ho la r sh ave d a ted t h eb a s il i ca t o t h e f i r s t h a lf o f t h e 5 C AC o n t h e s t r eng th o f a n i n s c r ip t ion f o und i nt h ee x cava t ion s ,6 3 b u ta no l d e rb a s il i ca u nde rnea th t h eo n ee xcava ted e qua l ly c ou ld b et h a tt ow h i ch t h ei n s c r ip t ion r e f e r s . B ib l iog raphy : C onze , 2 8 ; K o ldewey , 2 5 ; O r lando s , 1 928 , 3 25 -30 a nd f i g s . 4 -6 ; i d . 1 929 , 2 9 -41 , f i g s . 3 0 -34 a nd p l . I ; S o t i r iou , 1 88 -89 a nd f i g . 2 0 ; I a kobos , 3 3 -34 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 963c , 2 69 , f i g . 2a nd p l s . 3 09 -11 ; A . H . S . M egaw , ' A r chaeo logy i nG re ece , 1 963 -64 ' ,A R 1 0( 1 964 ) , 2 4 ;C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 3 6 -38 ,f i gs . 1 9 -20 a nd p l s . 1 4 -15 ; P apa zog lou , 8 1 -88 ;A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 00 -0 1 .

* 136 . A g ios A nd r ea s( Ska la E re sou ) ; 3 50640 ; 5 m ;E Byz . , L Byz . , T u r . ; C EM , S P . A t t h e n w . f oo t o ft h e B ig la h i l l w h i ch f o rmed t h ea c ropol i so fa n c ien tE re so s( # 135 )s t and t h e r ema ins o f a n E Byz . b a s i l ica d ed ica t ed t o A g io s A nd rea s . T rad i t ion c l a ims t h a t t h e w o r sh ip o f A g io s A nd r ea sb egan i n7 40 AD w hen B i shop A nd rea so fC r e te d i ed o n av oyage b a ck f r om as ynod i nC on s tan t inop le . T he s h ip c a r ry ing h im w a s f o r ced b y as t o rm t op u t i na t E r e so sw her eh ew a sb u r ied b e s id e al a rge b a s i l i ca a l r eady i n e x i s tence . As ma l l B yz . c hape l w a s f o unded a bove h i s g r ave a nd s ub sequen t ly b ecame t h ef o cu sf o rw o r sh ip a f te r t h eb a s i l ica f e l l i n to d i su se i nt h eL Byz . a nd T u r . p e r iod s . I tw a st h is s ma l lc hap e ld ed ica t ed t ot h es a in tw h i ch C onze r e po r ted i n 1 865 , a nd a f te r t h e c on s t ruc t ion o f t h e l a rge c hu r ch b es ide b o th t h e c hape l a nd t h e r ema ins o f t h e

S .R oumel io t i s , p e r s . c omm . ( 1990 ) . T he c ap i ta l i sn ow o n d i sp lay i n My t i lene mu seum .

* 137 . A phen t e l l i s ( Ska la E r e sou ) ; 37646 ; 1 0m ; E Byz . ; S P . C a . 1k m w . f r om S ka la E re sou t h e P roph i t i s I l i a s h i l l f o rm s t h e w . l i m i t o ft h e c oa s ta l p l a in , a nd a tt h e e . f o o to ft h i s h i l l O r lando s e xcava ted a n E Byz . b a s i l ica i n 1 928 i nt h ep l o to fA phen te l l i s . T he b a s i l i ca c omp r i sed a n ave a nd t wo f l ank ing a i s l e s( mea su r ing i nt o ta l3 .77 m x 1 9 .15 m ) w i th am o sa ic f l oo r p r es e rved i nt h e n ave , a nd w a sd a t ed b yE uange l id i s t ot h e s e cond q ua r te ro ft h e6 C AC o nt h ee v idence o fa ni n sc r ip t ion f o und i na s soc ia t ion , t o ge the rw i th t h es t y le o ft h em o sa ic .6 4 Al a rge n umbe ro f m a rb le a r ch i tec tu ra l m embra w e re e xcava t ed w i th t h e b u i ld ing . S ome o ft h e se p i ece s h ave n ow b een r emoved a nd a no the r p i e ce w a s r e used i n t h e h a l l o f t h e A g io s K on s tan t ino s c hu r ch i nE r eso s . N o tewo r thy s ma l l -f ind s i n c luded as ma l lb r onze a mpho r i sko s ( n ow i nt h em u seum a tS ka la E r e sou ) . B ib l iog raphy : O r lando s , 1 928 , 30 a nd f i g . 7 ;i d . 1 929 , 4 3 -71 , f i gs . 4 6 -79 a nd p l . I I ; S o t i r iou , 1 89 -90 , 2 37 a nd f i g s . 2 1 , 6 9 ; I a kobo s , 3 4 -35 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 3 8 ; G . Ma s to ropou lo s , ` AvaaKa f in ag E pya c r iEg ' ,A rchDe l t 3 7 ( 1 982 ) , 3 62 -65 a nd p l . 2 42 ; A . P a r ien te , Th ron ique d e s f o u i l le se td 6 couve r te s a r ch6o log ique s e n G rece e n 1 989 ' , BCH 14 ( 1 990 ) , 8 05 -06 ; P apazog lou , 8 8 -95 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 08 -09 . 1 38 . ' P la in o fE r e sos ' ( E re so s ) ; ;E BA . , A . , HL . ; C EM , S P . T h roughou t t h e p l a in o fE re so s an umbe r o f f i nd s h ave b een r e po r ted b y d i f f e r en t s c ho la r s w i thou t g i v ing p r e c i se l o ca t ion sf o rt h ef i nd spo t s . Ab u rn i shed E BA .b ody s h e rd f r om ` E reso s ' ( bu t a ppa ren t ly n o t f r om t h e C . a c ropo l i s , B ig la [ # 135 ] ) e x i s t si nt h e a r ch ive s o ft h eB SA . A l so , K o ldewey s ke tched s ome m a rb le a r ch i tec tura l m embra , g r ave s t e la i a nd t h r ee p i ece s o f s ma l l s t a tua ry f r om ' t he p l a in ' . L a rge D o r i cc o lumn d r um sw e re f o und i n s i tu n ea r A g io s A nd rea s ( # 136 ) i n 1 931 , a nd a t as po t n amed ` Kap a sou la ' n ea rS ka la E r e sou ( t he p r ec i se l o ca t ion o fw h i ch r ema in su n c lea r )a nc ien ta r ch i tec tu ra lp i ece sw e r e i n co rpo ra ted i nt h e m ode rn b u i ld ings , i n c lud ing aD o r ic c ap i ta l . Two r e l i e f so fK ybe le w e re a l so n o ted n o tf a rf r om

6 1

T he i n sc r ip t ion ( O r lando s , 1 929 , 3 8 [ i nsc r ip t ion 1 ] ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 5 00 ) m en t ions ab i shop I o ann is , e qua ted b y s ome s cho la r s w i th t h e b i shop o f t h e s ame n ame w ho r e p r e sen ted L e sbo s a tt h e S ynod o fE phe so s i n4 31 AD . 6 3

T he k a s t ro a tE re sos i so ne o f t h ose w h ich t h e P hocaean c ommande r D om in i l cos K a tan i s f a i led t oc ap tu re i nh i s a t tack o n L esbos i n 1 334 , a nd i ti sa l so r ep re sen ted o n t h e m ap o f B uonde lmon t i , w he re i ti ss hown a s h av ing f o u r t owe r s . S ee Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 , 5 2 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 5 05 . 6 2

3 0

C ha r i ton id i s ( 1968a , 3 8 a nd n . 9 2 ) p l aced t h e b as i l ica s l igh t ly e a r l ie r a tc a . 5 00 AD . 6 4

t h e a nc ien t a c ropo l i s ; o ne , i nl ow r el ie f , n ea r ac hap e l o f A g io sP au lo sn e . f r om t h ea c ropol i s ; t h eo t he ra tt h ec hap e l o f C h r i s to s , s pe c if ica l ly s a id t ob e a n ' e a r ly ' r e l ie f . A . a r ch i te c tu ra lr ema in sa ppa r en t ly l i ei nt h ep r iva te f i e ld sa nd e s t a t e s i nt h e p l a in , a nd t omb s w i th HL . f i ne w a r e p o t te ry w e r eo nce f o und b yE uange l id i s ' i nt h ep l a in ' . B ib l iog r aphy : K o ldewey , 2 6 ; E uange l id i s , 1 925 -26 , 1 56 ; L a ska r is , 7 1 ; F r ench I ,2 32 f i g . 2 9a , b i ; A rchon t idou A rgy r i , 1 986 -87 , 5 8 , 6 1 , 7 3 ; A che i la r a a nd A r chon t idou A rgy r i , 1 987 ,4 82 a nd p l . 2 90 3 ; P a r ien te , 8 72 ; B SA s he rd a r ch ive E r e so s ,u npub l i shed . 1 39 . T ho los ( E r e so s ) ; 35679 ; 1 00m ; R . ; HAB . C a . 1 . 5 k ms w . f r om E r e so s o n t h e r o ad t oS i gn, j u s t b e fo re t h e r o ad t u rn s s ha rp ly s . , as p r ing l i e s t ot h e l e f t( s . ) f r om t h e r o ad n ea r al a rge p l ane t r ee . T he a r ea i sk nown a sT ho lo s a f t e r t h e k no l l n ea rby . T h roughou t t h e o l ive g r ove i sa d en se s c a t te ro fs h e rd s i n c lud ing g r ey w a r e s ( wh ich c ou ld d a te t o a ny p o in t f r om t h e BA . -HL . p e r iod s ) , R . t e rra s i g i la ta a nd t i l e f r agmen t s . F ounda t ions o f an a r row s t r uc tu re a r e v i s ib le n ea rby t o ge the r w i th o t he r w o rked b l o ck s a nd a l on ia . T he s u r round ing a r ea a l so e xh ib i t s t h e r ema in so fo l d ,d i sused t e r ra c ing . B ib l iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 88 ; S chau s a nd S pence r , f i g . 1 . 1 40 . B l i t s i ( E re so s ) ; 3 14682 ; 4 0m , HL . ; S P . H ead ing e . i nt h ev a l ley o ft h eT s ich l ion ta sR ive ra l ong t h er o ad f r om S i g nit oE re so s , t h e r o ad c r o ss e s t h e r i ve r 3k m s w . f r om E r e so s ( a n o l de rr u ined b r idge s t and sb e s ide t h e n ew o ne ) . A s t h e r o ad c on t inue s t ot h e e . , s i xo l da l on ia s t and o n t h e l owe r s l ope s o f t h e B l i t s i h i l l t o t h e s .o f t h e r oad ( i nd ica t ing t h a tc u l t iva t ion w a s o n ce p ra c t i sed i nt h i s n ow b a r ren v a l ley ) . Among s t t h e se a l on ia a nd a s soc ia ted m and r ia a r et h e f o unda t ion so ft wo ( p robab ly HL . ) t owe r s o fi s odom ic m a son ry , a nd an umbe ro ft h e w el -cu tb l o ck s h ave b een r e -used i n mode rn s t ruc tu r es n ea rby . T he t h r e sho ld b l ock o ft h e l owe r t owe ri sb u i l ti n to t h em and r i w h i ch s t and s i nf r on to fi t . Ad en se s c a t te ro fu nd iagno s t ic p l a in s h e rd sa nd t i l e si sa s soc ia t ed w i th t h es t r uc tu r e s . B ibl iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 87 a nd p l s . 1 09 -10 . 1 4 1 . S p i l io s ( E r e so s ) 3 11687 ; 1 0m ; A ; HAB , S P . A t t h e n . e dge o f t h e T s ich l ion ta s p l a in , l ow d own o n t h e s . s l opes o f t h e C hamand rou la h i l l , ab ou s t rophedon i n s c r ip t ion ( p robab ly o f6 C d a te ) w a s f o und o n as t e le o f g r ey t r a chy te a t ap l a ce k nown a sS p il io s . T he s u r f a ce i s b ad ly d amaged a nd v e r y f ew w o rd s c an b e r e ad . F u r the r u p s lope o n t h e s ame h i l l ( t o t h e n . ) , K ouma r e la s n o ted a n e nc lo su r e o fl a rge u nwo rked s t one si n s ide w h ich w e r e t h e f ounda t ions o f h ou ses , o ne o f w h ich e xh ib i ted t h e ` mega ron ' p l an s e en o n t h e L e sbado s h i l l c l o seby ( # 144 ) . N oa s so c ia t ed f i nd sw e r er e po r t ed . As ho r t d i s tance t ot h e s w . , t h e n e ighbou r ing s pu r o f t h eC hamand rou la h i l ( k nown a sK op e t r i ) h a s t h er ema in s o f ar e c tangu la r s t ruc tu re 1 8 m x1 5 .5 m c ons t ruc ted w i th c ou r s ed p o lygona l m a son ry . T he s .a nd w . w a l l s a r eb e s t p r e se rved ( w id th 0 . 7 m ) a nd t h e b l o ck se xh ib i tc u t t ing s f o r c l amp s s t i l l w i th t r a ces o f l e ad i n s ide . Wa l l s c r ea t ing i n t er na l d i v i s ions a r e v i s ib le w i th in t h e o u t e r r e c tangu la r w a l l . B ib l iog r aphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 964 ,3 97 a nd f i g . 3 ;G . D aux , ` Ch ron ique d e s f o u i l le s e td 6 couve r t e s a r ch6o log ique s e n G rece e n 1 966 ' , BCH 9 1 ( 1967 ) , 7 4 1-42 a nd f i g . 4 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968b , n o . 1 35 ( p . 9 2 ) a nd p l . 4 63 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 32 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 87 a nd p l . 1 08 .

3 1

1 42 . Me lad ia ( E r e so s ) ; 3 29703 ; 4 0m ; HL . ; S P . A t t h e p l a ce k nown a s Me lad ia , c a . 3 . 5 k ms n w . f r om E r e so s i n t h eT s i ch l ion ta sv a l ley , ag r oup o fm and r ia b e s ide ac hape l o ft h eP anag ia i n co rpo ra te t h er ema in so f as qua re t owe ro f i s odom ic ma son ry , w i th s i des 1 .3 m i n l e ng th a nd p r e s e r ved u pt o1 . 6 mi nh e igh t . T he w . a nd s .s i de sa r e i n t h eb e s ts t a t eo fp r e ser va t ion , b u tt h eb l o ck s w h ich f o rmed t h eo t h e rs i de sh ave l a rge ly b een r emoved f o rb u i ld ing s t one w hen t h e m and r ia w e re c on s truc ted . N e i the r o ft h e b r ief r e po r t s c once rn ing t h e s i te g i ve d e ta i ls o f a ny a s so c ia ted c e ra rn ic s .6 5 B ib l iography ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 4 88 a nd p l . 1 09 ; K ouma r e la s , 1 995 , 4 4 , f i g . l a -b ( p p . 4 2 -43 ) a nd m ap ( p . 4 1 ) . 1 43 . S korda los ( S ign) ; 3 03677 ; 2 5m ; ; . B e s ide a c hape l o ft h e P anag ia , a tt h e w . f oo t o ft h e S ko rda lo s h i l l ( c a . 5k ms s e . f r om S ig n) , A x io t is d e scr ibed t h e f o unda t ion so f as t ru c tu re w h i ch h es t a ted t ob e at owe r ,b u t n o m ea su r emen t s o r a s so c ia ted f i nd s a r e g i ven t of u r the r d ef ine t h er ema in s . B ib l iog r aphy ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 87 a nd p l . 10 . 1 44 . L e sbados ( S igh ) ; 2 95684 ; 2 0m ; A . , HL . /R (? ) ; HAB , S P . C a .4 . 5 k m s s e . f r om S i gn, t h ec oa s tr oad f r om S i gn t u rn s i n land t owa rd sE re so si nt h ep l a in o ft h eT s ich l ion ta s R ive r . T he h i l l w h ich f o rms t h e n .b o rde r o f t h e p l a in i s k nown a sL e sbado s , a nd l ow d own o n i t s s .s l ope s a r e a c l u s te ro fa n c ien tb u i ld ing r ema ins . An ew ly b u i l tc hape l o ft h eP anag ia l i e si mmed ia te ly s .o ft h er o ad ,a nd o ppo s i te ( 2 0 ma bove t h er o ad ) al a rge w o rked s t one s t and s u p r igh t r ep re sen t ing o ne g a tepo s t o f as qua re e nc lo su re , t h e f ounda t ion s o f w h ich a r e v i s ib le t o t h e n . a nd e . ( c on s t ru c t ed i np o lygona l m a sonry ) . F u r the r u ph i l l t ot h e n .a r e t h e f o unda t ion s o f b u i ld ing s , i n c lud ing o ne o f t h e ` mega ron shape ' s t ruc tu r e s r epo r ted b y C ha r i ton id i s a nd K on t i s . A rou nd t h i sg r oup o fr ema in s i s ac oncen t ra t ion o f c e ram ic s i n c lud ing t i l e s ,b a se s o fa mpho rae a nd g r ey w a r e s h e rd s . T he n ea rby c hape lh a sr e used an umbe ro fa nc ien t b l o ck si n c lud ing d oo rj amb s a nd at h r e sho ld s l ab . A x io t i s a l so r e po r ted p i ece s o fu n f lu ted c o lumn s ( o f t r a chy t e a nd m a rb le ) , t h eb a se o f ap e r i r rhan t i r ion a nd ab lo ck p o s s ib ly f r om a na nc ien ta l ta r . B ib l iog raphy ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 964 , 3 97 a nd f i g . 3 ;K on t i s , 1 978 , 32 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 4 84 -85 ( a nd u nnumbe red p ho tog r aph p .4 86 )a nd p l s . 1 08 , 10 . 1 45 . P ha rkobna r ( S igh ) ; 2 970 ; ;A . (? ) ; HAB /SP (? ) . O n t h e h i l l n amed P ha rkobna r , c a . 2k ms s e . f r om S i gn a nd i mmed ia t e ly s e . o ft h e T u r . h an i ( # 146 ) , A x io t i s r e po r ted t h e r ema in s o f ar e c tangu la re nc lo su r e 1 5 .6 m x2 6 m , t h e w a l l s o f w h ich w e re s a id t o b e c on s t ruc ted o f L e sb ian p o lygona l m a son ry ( s ee A ppend ix 2 ) . No a s soc ia ted

Af u r the r t owe r i n t h i s a r ea w h ich i ti si mposs ib le t op l ace a c cu ra te ly o n am ap i sr epo r ted b y K ouma re la s a t ap lace k nown a s ' Bal i Mon ia ' o r ` Taph io s ' , ' c a . 1km f u r the r n o r th [ f rom t h e t owe r a t Me lad ia , # 142 ] ' . K ouma re la s r epor ted a t owe r m ea su r ing 1 0 x6 . 1 m , t h e n . w a l l o f w h ich h a s p seudo i s odom ic m a son ry p re se rved . T races o f h ou se f ounda t ion s a nd ag roup o f f i ve t omb s a r e a ppa ren t n ea rby a l so . S ee B . K ouma re la s , ' Evas • d yvwaTos • r t ipyos T T Is ' a pxo ciasE pgaou' , A io l ika N ea ( 19 /6 /94 ) , 1 5 ; i d . , 1 995 , 4 4 a nd f i g . 2 ( p . 4 3 ) . An umb e ro ft h e o the rr ema in s n o ted b y K ouma re la s i n t h e w e s t o f t h e i s land n ea r E re sos ( 1995 , 4 4 -45 a nd f i g s . 3 10 ) , c omp r is ing t owe r s a nd e nc losu res o f i s odom ic , c ou r sed p o lygona l a nd L esb ian p o lygona l m a sonry a r e i mpos s ib le t o l o ca te o n t h e m ap s o fe i the r t h e B r i t i sh A rmy o r A x io t i s . 6 5

c e ram ic s w e r e d es cr ibed , a nd i ti si mpo s s ib le t oe l uc ida t e t h e p r ec ise l o ca t ion o f t h e s t ruc tu r e f r om A x io t i s ' b r ie f r e po r t . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 83 -84 . 1 46 . P harkon ia s ( S ig r i ) ; 2 88708 ; 2 0m ; T u r . ; HAB . O n t h e c oa s ta l r oad w h ich p roceed s s .a nd t h en e .f r om S i g r i t o E r e so s , c a . 2k ms s e . f r om S i g r i , t h e r o ad b r idge s t h e s ma l lr a v ine o ft h eP ha rkon ia sR ive r ,a nd i mmed ia te ly s .o f t h e r i ve r t h e r u in s o f aT u r . h an i ( i nco rpo ra t ing a n o l d c hee se -fa c to ry ) s t and o n t h e e . s i de o f t h e r o ad . T he b u i ld ing i s al a rge s qua r e s t ru c tu r e w i th ah i gh w a l la r ound i t sc ou r tya rd , a nd i n s ide ac omp lex o fb u i ld ings i n c lud ing s t o r e room s a nd m and r ia f a ce i nwa rd s t owa rd s t h e c en t r a l b u i ld ing . Aw a te r s upp ly i sp rov ided b y an ea rby s p r ing . I nt h ew a l l s o ft h eh an i 's c ou r tya rd a r e an umbe ro fa n c ien t b l o ck s , s ome w i th c u t t ing s a nd d owe l h o le s , a nd A x io t i s d e s cr ibed f o unda t ion so fa no l de rs t r uc tu re b e s id et h eh an i , p o s s ib ly t h e s t r uc tu re f r om w h ich t h e a nc ien t b lo ck s h ad o r ig ina ted . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 83 . * 147 . Mega lon is i ( S igh ) ; 2 69722 ; 1 0m ; BA . ( ? ) , E Byz . , C EM , S P . O n t h e r o cky , s .p o in t o f t h e s ma l l i s le t 1 . 5 k m s w sw . f r om S igr i , K o ldewey w a s t h e f i r s t t or e po r t r u in s a t as po t k nown b y t h e T u rk s a s ' E sk i -K i l i s sa ' ( o r ' O ld C hu r ch ' ) . As ub sequen te xcava t ion c a r r ied o u ti nt h i s s ame a r ea i n 1 952 ( b e s ide a mode rn c hape l o f A g io s G eo rg io s ) r e vea led t h e r ema in s o fa n E Byz . b a s i l i ca . T he b a s i l ica w a s as ma l l s t ruc tur e , a lmo s t s qua re ( 1 0 .75 m x 1 0 .20 m ) . An umbe ro ft h e a r ch i te c tu ra l p i ece s o fm a rb le a nd t r a chy t ef o und d u r ing t h ee x cava t ion h ave b e en g a the r ed t o ge the ri n s ide t h ea p s e , i n c lud ing D o r ic a nd I o n i c c o lumn c ap i ta l s . A t t h e e .s i de o ft h eb a s il i ca at omb w a sl o ca t ed , c ove red b y t h in m a rb le s l ab s . O n t h i s s .e nd o ft h e i s le t , n ea r t h e b a s i l ica , A x io t i s n o ted a s ca t te r o f s he rd s ( i nc lud ing a mpho r ae b a s e s )a nd t i l e s . A l so o nt h ei s le tn ea rA g io sG eo rg io s ,R o land r e po r ted t wo s halow p i t s( one o ne i the rs i de o ft h ec hape l ) ' f ou rf e e t l o ng ,t wo f e e tw id ea nd t h r ee f e e td e ep ' . I n s ide e a ch p i tw a s as k e le ton ,

F ounda t ion s o f a no the r s t ruc tu re t ot h e w . o f t h e k a s t ro w e r e s e en b y A x io t i s( p e rhap sa n e a r l ie r f o r t i f i ca t ion ) , a nd 0 . 2 k m t ot h e n .t h e r ema in s o f a n E Byz . b a s i l ica w e re e x cava ted b y v i l lage r s . O f t h e l a t te r , t h e w a l l o ft h e a p se w a s p r e se rved u p t oc a . 1m i nh e igh t a nd a n a s so c ia ted g r oup o fr oom sw e re f o und b e s ide i t . C o lumn c ap i ta ls a nd a r ch i te c tu ra l p i e ce s w e re r e cove r ed i nt h e e xcava t ion , a nd A x io t i s r e po r t ed t h a t al a rge p i le o f w o rked b lock s , a r ch i te c tu ra l m embra , t i l e s a nd s h e rd s a r e v i s ib le n ea r t h e s i t e o f t h e b a s i l i ca t o day . T he c o lumn d rums a nd b a se w h i ch K o ldewey s aw t ot h ee .o ft h ek a s t ro i nt h e 1 9C m ay a l so h ave o r ig ina t ed f r om t h e b a s i l ica , a l though K o ldewey t h ough tt h ec o lumn b a se t ob e R . . T he w ho le s h o r eb e tween t h ek a s t ro a nd t h eb a s i l ica i s c ove r ed i nc e ram i c s i n c lud ing s h e rd s f r om p i tho i ,p o in ted b a sed a mpho r ae a nd t i l e s ( i nc lud ing s ome w i th aw h i t i sh g l a ze ) . I nt h e 1 9C ` MAge ' w a l l so f mo r ta red s t one w e r e a l so v i s ib le i nt h e s ame a r ea , a nd f u r the r n e . , o n t h e h i l l k nown a sA dama n ia ,A x io t is d e s cr ibed mo re f o unda t ion so f m o r ta red s ma l l s t one s , LR . -Byz . ' c ombed ' w a re s , p i tho i f r agmen t s , ` MAge ' g l a zed s h e rd sa nd m il s tone s . C a . 5 0 m t ot h ee .o ft h e t r a ck w h ich h ead s n .p a s t t h e k a s t ro a r e t h e p a r t s o fc l ay p i p e s t o ge the r w i th amo r ta red t i l e a nd s t one w a l l , s ugges ted b y A x io t i s t o b e t h e r ema ins o f a n a queduc t , a nd K o ldewey f o und e v idence o fa no the r w a t e r c hanne lr u nn ing a l o ng t h es ho r es .o ft h ek a s t ro . T he p o s t -an t ique k a s t ro a nd a s soc ia ted s e t t lemen t a t S i g r i h a s at e rm inu s a n te q ue rn o f t h e e a r ly 1 5C , s i nce B uonde lmon t ir e f e r st o ak a s t ro a t` S ecr i ' i nL e sbo s w h ich i sp robab ly t ob e e qua ted w i th t h a t a tS ig r i . O t toman r e co rd s a t te s t t o as e t t lemen t a tS i g r i i n 1 602 ,6 7 b u t s oon a f te rwa rd sb o th t h ek a s t ro a nd a ny a s so c ia ted s e t t lemen th ad b een r e duced a lmo s tt on o th ing ,w i th G ab r ie lo f Me thymna s t a t ing ( i n 1 636 -41 6 8 )t h a t t h e p l a ce ' wa s o nce a g r ea t t own ,b u tn ow o n ly f o unda t ion sr ema in i ns ome p l a ce s ' . B ib l iog raphy :C on ze ,2 5 -26 a nd p l s . I Ia ; K o ldewey ,3 7 -38 ; T ax i s , 1 39 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 , 2 38 a nd p l . 2 10y ; D aux , 1 960 , 8 09 ; Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 , 5 , 6 8 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 3 9 -40 , f i g . 2 1 a nd p l s . 14-17 ; K on t is , 1 978 , 3 38 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 78 -79 , a nd p l s . 1 04 -05 ; i d . , 1 994 , f i g .

s e a ted i n ac rouch ing p o s i t ion , t h e k nee s d r awn u p , b o th a rms c ro s sed a bove t h em a nd t h e h ead b owed d own t or e s t o n t h es e . O ne o ft h em w o re ab r a ce le t a nd t h ey a s sumed i tw a s aw oman b u t w hen t h ey t o uched i t ,i tc r umbed t od u s t a nd t h e r e w a s n o th ing t h ey c ou ld s a lvage o u to ft h eg r ave .

1 49 . ` Kusu -Mandrass i ' ( S ig r i ) ; 3 073 ; ; HL . , S P . K o ld ewey r e po r t ed t h e r ema in s o f at owe r o f i s odom ic m a son ry e .f r om S i gr i o n t h e h i l l o f ' Ku su - Mand ra s s i ' w h i ch w a sa lmo s td e s t royed e ven b y t h e t i me o fh i sv i s i ti n 1 885 . T he o n ly d e ta i l s o ft h e l o ca t ion w h ich h e g i ve s i n h i s m a in t e x ta r e t h a t t h e h i l l i sp a r to ft h e r i dge t ot h e w . o ft h e T s ich l ion ta s v a l ley , a nd t h a t t h e B ay o f S i gr i c ou ld b ew a tched f r om t h et owe r . T he c ompa s sb ea r ing sf r om t h e t owe rw h ich h ep r ov ide s i nh i s t r ave l d i a ry ( p . 8 5 ,j ou r ney # 47 ) n eed t ob e c o r rec ted ,6 9 b u t w hen t h i s i sd one t h ey p l a ce t h e t ow e ri na pp rox ima te ly t h e s ame p l ace a sK on t i s d o e s , n ea r t h e w . e dge o ft h e T s ich l ion ta s v aley a nd i na p l a ce w he r e av i ew t ot h es e ai sp o s s ib le . E ven i nt h e 1 9C m any o f t h e b l o ck s h ad b een r emoved f r om t h e s i te a nd

D e sp i te t h e i r p rox im i ty t ot h e c hap e l , t y po log ica l ly t h e se c r ouched b u r ia ls c anno t b e C hr i s t ian 6 a nd w ou ld s e em b e s t -p laced i n t h e BA . , b u t t h i s c an o n ly b e aw o rk ing h ypo the s i s s i nce n o c e ram ic s o r o t he r g r ave g ood s w e r e r e cov e r ed . B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey , 8 5 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 , 2 38 ; D aux , 1 960 , 8 08 ; B . R o land , L esbos : t h e p agan i s land ( Me lbou rne , 1 963 ) , 1 22 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 3 9 a nd p l . 1 6a ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,7 35 a nd p l . 1 0 5 . * 148 . P a l iokas tro ( S ig r i ) ; 2 86740 ; 1 0m ; R . (? ) , L R . -Byz . , V en . , ` MAge ' , T u r . ; HAB , S P . T he m ed ieva l k a s t ro a t S i g r i ( p robab ly o r ig ina l ly o fV en , d a te , s e e b e low ) s t and s o n t h e n .e nd o f t h e B ay o fS i gr i , c a . 1 . 5 k ms n .f r om t h e m ode rn s e t t lemen t ,a nd w a so r ig ina l ly e qua ted w i th a n c ien t A n t i s sa b y C onze ( am i s take l a te rc o r r ec t ed b y K o ldewey ) .

6 6

A .

E r ic I v i son , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) .

3 2

6 7 M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c en su s o ft h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove . 6 8

F o r t h i s d a t ing o f G ab r ie l 's t e x t , s e e n .4 7 .

T he b ea r ings w h ich a r e g i ven s ugge s t t h a t t h e c ompa s s w a s h e ld t h e w rong w ay u p s i nce t h e P a la ioka s t ro o f S igh ( # 148 ) i s s a id t o b e a t9 2° f r om t h e t owe r ( j e . e a s t ) a nd t h e H yp s i lo Mona s tery ( # 174 ) a t2 67 ° ( j e . w e s t ) w hen t h e o ppos i te mu s t b e t r ue . I ft h e b ea r ing s a r e a l t e red s o t h a t t h ey a r e t h e o ppo s i te o f w ha t K o ldewey r e co rds , t h en t h e t owe r w ou ld b e i n t h e s ame a r ea a s t h a t s u gge s ted b y K on t i s . 6 9

u sed t oc on s t ru c t am and r i n ea rby ,a nd t h e se w e r ep robab ly t h e s ame i s odom ic b l o ck s ( s ome w i th c u t t ing s f o rc l amp s ) s e en r e cen t ly b y K ouma re la s b u i l ti n to t wo m and r ia o n a h i l l n amed ` Chou rmad ia ' j u s ta bove ( i e . t ot h ee .o f ) S i gh ( t he p r ec i se l o ca t ion i su nc lea r ) . K o ldewey n o ted a mong t h e w o rked b l o ck s o ne w i th ac a rv ing o f ak an tha ro s s ty le v e ss e l i nl ow r e l ie f , 0 . 42 m i nl e ng th t h e t o po fw h ich h ad b e en b roken . B ib l iography : K o ldewey , 6 2 ( w i th u nnumbered i l u s t ra t ion ) , 8 5 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 30 ; K ouma re la s , 1 995 , 4 5 a nd m ap ( p .4 1 ) . 1 50 . P igado s ( S igh ) ; 3 072 ; ; ; HAB . O n t h e r i dge top k nown a s P igado s , c a . 2 kms e .f r om S i g r i , 7° A x io t i s n o ted t h a t s ome o f t h e c l us te r o f moder n w a l l s a r ound a m and r ia nd w e l lw e r eb a sed u pon a n c ien tf o unda t ion s . T he n ea rby w e l l f r om w h ich t h e a r ea t a ke s i t s n ame i s c on s tr uc ted o f a nc ien t b lo ck s , a nd mo r e f ounda t ion s o f r e c tangu la rr ooms a r ev i s ib le t ot h ee .a nd n .o ft h em and r i ( w i th w a l l s c a . 0 . 7 -0 .8 m t h ick ) . S ome o f t h e w a l l s a r e s a id t ob ec on s t ruc ted i n ap o lygona l s t y le o fm a son r y ,a nd a l l o ve r t h e p l a teau A x io t i s r epor ted a d en se s c a t te r o f c e ram ic s( b u tg ave n od e ta i l s ) . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 82 . 1 5 1 . O ik ia ( S igh ) ; 3 273 ; 2 00m , HL . ; S P . C a . 4k m s e ne . f r om S i gn, t ot h e s .o f t h e m a in r o ad f r om S i gh t o A n t i ssa , K o ldewey n o ted t h e r ema in s o f t wo t owe r s o f i s odom ic m a son ry a t ap l a ce n amed O ik ia ( o r ` S ta O ik ia ' ) . T he t owe r s s t and i n an a r row v a l ley w h ich r un s n . -s . , e ven tua l ly j o in ing t h a t o f t h e T s ich l ion ta s R ive r , a nd t h e refo re a r e l o ca ted o n a s i gn if ican t r ou te o f c ommun ica t ion i nt h e w . o ft h ei s land . T he f i r s t t owe r ( v i s ib le t o day o n ly a s f ounda t ions ) , s t and sc a . 0 . 3 k m s .o ft h e m a in r o ad o nt h ew . s l op eo ft h e v a l l ey ,a nd o n ly p a r t so ft h ee .a nd s .w a l l ss u r v iv e t o ge the r w i th t h en w . c o rne r( Ko ldewey g ave t h ed imen s ion s a s8 . 3 m x8 . 26 m , A x io t i s 9 m x7 m ) . I n ne rd i v id ing w a l l s o f s mal s t one sj o ined w i th c l ay w e re c l ea r e ra tt h et i me o ft h e v i s i t so fK o ldewey a nd K on t i st h an t h ey a r et o day . A x io t i s s aw al a rge b lo ck o n t h e s .s i de o ft h e s t ruc tu re w h ich h e s u gge s ted w a st h et h re sho ld f o rt h ed oo rway ( Ko ldewey a l so p l a ced t h ed oo rway o nt h es .s i de ) . C a . 0 . 4 k m s e . f r om t h e f i r s t t owe r , o n t h e f a c ing e . s i de o ft h e v a l ley , A x io t i s g ave ad e sc r ip t ion a nd p l an o f t h ec on fu s ing c l u s t e ro fw a l l sa nd b u i ld ing f o unda t ions p a r t o fw h i ch K o ldewey i n t e rp re ted a st h e t wo s i de so fa no the r t owe r ( n e i the r o fw h ich s e emed c omp le te ) . T he w a l l s o f i s odom ic m a son ry w h ich w e r e v i s ib le i nt h e 1 9C a r e s t i l l a ppa ren t , a si st h e l a rge t h re sho ld b l o ck b u i l t i n to a no the r s t ru c tu r e s l igh t ly t ot h e w . ( wh ich i t se l f o ve r l ie s as ma l l r e c tangu la r b u i ld ing ) . Mo re w o rk ed b l ock s h ave f a l len d own t h e s l opes n ea rby i n to t h e v a l ley f l oo r , w he re a s p r ing a nd a ( now d i sused ) t r ough f o r a n ima ls a l so i n co rpo ra te a n umbe r o f a nc ien t b lock s . N ea r t h e f o unda t ion s o n t h e e .s i de o ft h e v a l ley , a nd o n t h e v a l ley f l oo rb e tween t h e t wo t owe r s , A x io t i s r e po r t ed s c a t te r s o f c e ram i c sa nd ad i su sed a l on ib e s id ea no l dm and r i . B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey , 6 2 a nd p l . 2 7 .1-2 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 964 , 3 97 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 30 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 4 70 -71 , 4 74 ,a nd p l s . 1 03 -05 .

1 52 . P a l iochor ion ( S ig n) ; 3 05752 ; 2 0m ; ` MAge ' ; HAB . I n an a r row v a l ley t ot h e e .o f t h e l a rge c oa s ta l p l a in n . f r om S i gh , a t ap l a ce k nown a sP a l iocho r ion , an umb e ro f s e t t lemen t r ema in s a r e a ppa ren t n ea r ac hap e l o f A g ia P a ra sk eu i ( wh i ch w a s i nr u in s w hen K o ldewey v i s i ted t h e a r ea b u t s e ems n ow t o h ave b een r ebu i l t ) . K o ldewey r e po r ted a n t iqu i t ie s ( i nc lud ing as t one i n scr ib ed w i th a 1 4 c m h i gh ` 0 ' ) t o ge the r w i th ` MAge ' c e ram ics a nd w o rked b l ock sb u i l ti n to t h e r u ined c hape l . A x io t i s a l so s aw t h e se b l o ck si nt h ec hape la nd s poke o ff o unda t ion s o fb u i ld ings , t i l e sa nd s h e rd s( i nc lud ing p i tho i ) . B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey , 3 7 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 , 2 38 a nd p l . 2 116 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 16 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 80 a nd I , p l . 1 05 . 1 53 . A g ios N iko laos ( S ig n) ; 3 13762 ; 1 0m ; LR . -Byz . , L Byz . -Tu r . ; HAB , CEM , S P . O n t h e s .s i de o ft h e v a l ley t h rough w h i ch t h e T ap sa s R ive r f l ows , 4 kms n e . f r om S i gh ( a nd 1k m n e . f r om P a l iocho r ion ,# 152 ) ,t h ea p se a nd p a r t o f t h e n .w a l l o fa n E Byz . b a s i l ica a r e v i s ib le b e s ide t h en ew ly r e bu i l tc hape lo fA g io sN iko lao s . T he r ema inde r o ft h e b a s i l ica l i e s u nde r t h e moder nc hape l . T he b a s i l ica w a l l s a r ec on s tr uc ted o fm o r ta r ed t i l ea nd s t one , a nd a tt h e s i t e an umbe r o f m a rb le a r ch i tec tu ra l m embra ( i nc lud ing u nf lu ted c o lumn s a nd c o lumn c ap i ta l s ) r ema in . Af ew m e t r es t o t h e e . o f t h e c hape l a nd b a s i l ica i s a n o l d s p r inghead f r om w he r et h ew a t e rw a so nce c hanneled u s ing c l ay g u t te r ing ( wh i ch i ss t i l la ppa r en t ) . T he b a s il i ca n ea r t h e A g io s N iko lao s c hape l s e ems t o m a rk t h es .b ounda ry o f as e t t lemen tw h i ch e x tended a c ro s s t h e r i ve r t ot h e n .a sf a r a st h e c hap e l o fA g ia A nna ( i n to w h ich m o r ea r ch i te c tu ra lp i ece sf r om t h eb a s i l ica a r eb u i l t ) . O n to t h i s n .s i de o ft h er i ve rv a l ley e x t end s ad ens e s c a t te r o ft i l e s ,s h e rd s( i nc lud ing L R . -Byz . ' c ombed ' w a r e s ,p i tho i , a nd g l azed , p robab ly B yz . -Tu r . , s he rd s ) , mo r e p i ece s o f m a rb le a nd w o rked b l o ck s . A l so ,f o unda t ion so fw a l l sh ave b een d i s cove red h e re d u r ing c u l t iva t ion w o rk . C a . 0 . 2 k m s w . f r om t h e c hape l o fA g ia A nna , n ea r a n o l d s p i tak i , a r o ck -cu tt omb i sv i s ib le , p r e sumab ly t ob e a s soc ia ted w i th t h en ea rby s e t t lemen t . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id is , 1 960 , 2 38 a nd p l . 2 11y ; D aux , 1 960 , 8 09 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 4 0 a nd p l . 1 8a f 3 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 80 -81 a nd p l s . 1 05 -06 . 1 54 . T sou loumoun tas ( S ig n) ; 3 26785 ; 1 40m , R . ; HAB . C a 7 . 5 kms n ne . f r om S ig n, t h e s ma l l h am le t o f T sou loumoun ta s s t and s o n t h e n .s l op e s o ft h e K oph in ida h i l l o ve r look ing C ape P e t ino s a t t h e n w . t i p o f t h e i s land .7 1 A t t h i s l o ca t ion K o ldewey r e po r ted a n a nc ien t p r e s s s ton et o ge the rw i th s h e rd a nd t i l es c a t t e r s( i nc lud ing a l a rge p i tho sr im ) . AR . m a rb le c o lumn b a se ( c a . 0 . 49 m i n d i ame te r ) w a s b u i l t i n to t h e r u in o f as ma l l c hape l ( wh ich w a s b e ing u s ed i nt h e 1 9C a s am and r i ) , b u t i ti su nc lea r w he the ri to r ig ina l ly c ame f r om e l s ewhe r e . B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey , 3 7 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 16 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 81 a nd I ,p l . 1 05 . 1 55 . T s iphos ( Gaba tha s ) ; 3 54798 ; 2 0m ; HL . , R . , LR . B yz . , ` MAge ' ; HAB , S P . O n t h e e .a rm o ft h e L apsa rna B ay , 4k m s w . f r om G aba tha s , t h e r ema in s o f as i gn i f ican t s i t e w e r e f i r s t n o t ed b y K o ldewey o n t h e w . s l opes o f t h e T s ipho s h i l l a nd s ub sequen t ly v i s i ted b y C ha r i ton id is ,

7 1 T he re a r e t wo p romon to r ies o n t h e n . c oas t o f t h e i s land k nown a sC ape P e t ino s , t h i s o ne a tt h e f a r n w . t i p o f t h e i s land ( G r id R ef . 3 180 ) , a nd a no the r f u r ther e . b e tween a nc ien t A n t is sa a nd modern P e t ra ( G r id R ef . 5 083 ) .

7°

T he h i l l d escr ibed b y Ax io t is m ay b e t h a t l a be l led a s ` Khamand rou la ' o n t h e 1 943 B r i t ish A rmy map ( G r id R ef . 3 071-3072)

3 3

K on t i s a nd A x io t i s . O n t h e l owe r w . s l ope s o f t h e h i l l n ea rt h es ho r e ,a ne x t r eme ly d en se s c a t te ro fs h e rd sa nd t i l e a s so c ia ted w i th w a l ls o f h ouse s ( up t o 5m h i gh i n t h e 1 9C ) i n d ica ted t h e r ema in s o f al a rge s e t t lemen t . A x io t i s n o ted R . t e rra s i g i la ta a nd LR . -Byz . ' c ombed ' w a re s , h and le s a nd b a se s o f a mpho rae , p i tho i f r agmen t s a nd y e l lowy -bu f fg l azed s he rd s ( o f ` MAge ' d a te ) t oa dd t ot h e r e d g l azed a nd p o l ished s he rd s r epo r ted b y K o ldewey . K on t i sg ave am o r eg ene ra lr epo r to fs im i la rn a tu r e ,n ame ly t h a t R . m a te r ia l a bounded a t t h e s i te b u t t h e p e r iod s r e p r e s en t ed a l so i n d ica ted a c t iv i ty u pt ot h e` MAge s ' . I nt h e m idd le o ft h i s s ca t te r t h e o l d c hape l o fA g io s A n ton io s e xh ib i t s a r ch i te c tu ra l b l ock s o fE Byz . d a te , a nd m any o t he rm a rb le a nd t r a chy te e l emen t sw e r en o ted n ea rby b y K o ld ewey a nd C ha r i ton id i s . T hese p i e ce s p robab ly o r ig ina t ed f r om a nE Byz .b a s i l i ca w h ich o n ce s t ood n ea rt h e s ho re , as i te n ow o ccup ied b y t h e c hape l o f A g io s P an te le imona s . I n r e cen t y ea r s d i gg ing n ea r t h i s c hap e l r e vea led t h ec onch o f ab a s i l ica c on s t ruc t ed w i th m o r ta r ed t i l e a nd s t one , ad oo rway , a nd l a rge a moun t s o ft i l e s a nd s h e rd s . B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey , 3 6 -37 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 4 1 a nd p l . 1 9ß -y ; K on t is , 1 978 , 3 16 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 45 -46 a nd I ,p l . 9 6 -98a . 1 56 . S a l tasch i ( Gaba tha s ) ; 3 78793 ; ; ; HAB . O n t h e w . c oa s t o f t h e G aba tha s p romon to ry , c a . 1 . 7 km s s w . f r om t h e mode rn s e t t lemen t ,a t ap l a ce k nown a sS a l ta s ch i , K o ldewey r e po r t ed t h er ema in so fa n ' a nc ien tf a rm ' . T h i s r e po r tw a sr e p ea ted b yK on t i sw i th n oa dd i t iona ld e ta i l . B ibl iog r aphy : K o ldewey , 3 7 ,8 5 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 16 . 1 57 . P yrgo ( Gaba tha s ) ; 3 88792 ; 1 5m ; EBA . , R . , LR . B yz . , ` MAge ' , T u r . ; HAB , S P . A t t h e s e . f oo t o f t h e K ou lda h i l l ( a s po t k nown a s P y rgo ) w h ich b o rde r s t h e s e t t lemen t o fG aba tha s t ot h e w . , A x io t i s l o ca ted ad en se s c a t te r o f s he rd s i n c lud ing R . t e r ra s i g i la ta , LR . -Byz . ' c ombed ' w a r e sa nd ` MAge ' g l azed s he rd s . T ra chy t e a nd m a rb le w o rked b lo ck so fE Byz .d a te w e r es c a t te r ed n ea rby , a nd t h e d i gg ing o f w e l l s i n t h e a r ea l o ca ted s t ruc tu ra l r ema in so f mo r ta r ed s ma l ls t one s . S ec t ion so fa na queduc t t o ge the rw i th an umbe ro fc i s te rn sa r ea l so p r e se rved u po n t h e h i l l s lope s k nown a s L yge r i f u r the r t o t h e s w . .7 2 K on t i sa s se r ted t h a ta tL yge r i t h e r e w a sa na nc ien tq ua r ry , b u t n o s uch r ema ins h ave b e en n o ted b y A x io t i s o r a ny o t he rs c ho la r . O n t h e K ouk la h i l l i t se lf A x io t i s f ound c oa r se ' P r eh i s to r ic ' ( p robab ly E BA . )b l a ck s h e rd s , al i t h i c s c a t te r , p r e s s s tone sa nd am i l l s tone . T he P anag ia c hap e l i n t h e h am le t o f L io ta w h i ch s t and s o n t h e h i l l a d jo in ing K ouk la t o t h e s .h a s w a l l p a in t ings o f 1 7C AC d a te o n t h e n . w a l l a nd EByz . a r ch i te c tu ra lm embra c an b es e en i nt h ec ou r tya rd . P a r t so f a no l dk a lde r im ia r ep r e s e rved a r ound t h es e t t lemen t .7 3 T o t h e w . o f t h e s e t t lemen t , ap a i r o f l ow k no l l s o n t h e h i l l s how t h e r ema in s o f h ouse s c on s t ruc ted w i th d ry -s tone w a l l s . O n t h e s l op e s t o t h e s .o f t h e e .k no l l , A x io t i s r e po r ted r e d ,g r ey a nd b l a ck b u rn i shed E BA .s h e rd s ,l i t h i cs , g r ind ing s t one sa nd s e a -pebb le s .

B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 16 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 37 -40 , 4 48 ( a nd u nnumbe r ed p ho tog raph p .4 40 ) a nd I , p l s . 8 7 , 9 5 . 1 58 . A g io i A r change lo i ( Gaba tha s ) ; 3 98798 ; 4 0m , EBA . , R . , E Byz . , B yz .f l 'u r . ; HAB (? ) , CE M , S P . O n t h e e .a rm o ft h e G aba tha s b ay i s al ow r o cky p l a teau w i th c l i f f s o n i t sn .a nd w . s i de s . As ma l l , n ew ly -bu i l tc hap e l s t and so n t h i sp l a t eau ,k nown a s' Ag io i A r change lo i ' ,a nd d u r ing t h e c on s t ruc t ion o ft h e n ew c hap e l i n 1 964 t h e r ema in s o fa n E By z .b a s il i ca w e r eu ncove red . B ed rock f o rmed t h ew .w a l l o f t h e c hape l , a nd w i th in t h e n a r thex w e r e t wo r o ck -cu t g r ave s ( no ted f i r s t b y K o ldewey ) .7 4 C ha r i ton id i s a nd A x io t i sr epo r ted an umbe ro fa r ch i te c tu ra l p i e ce sf r om t h e b a s i l ica n ea rby m ade o f g r ey ma rb le a nd r ed t r achy te ( i nc lud ing a nI o n i cc o lumn c ap i ta l ) ,a nd A x io t i sa l so s t a ted t h a t t h e w ho le c oa s ta l p l a teau w a s c ove r ed b y ad ense s c a t te ro fc e ram ic sa mong s tw h ich w a sR .t e r ra s i g i la ta . A x io t i sd e sc r ibed t h e l owe rp l a teau ( t ot h es .a nd e .o f t h e c hape l ) a s b e ing c ove r ed w i th c e ram ic s c a t ter s o f B yz .fru r . d a te . T he s ame s c ho la r n o ted a l so t h a tc r ude ly m ade b l a ck , r e d a nd b uf f ' P r eh i s to r ic ' ( p robab ly EBA . ) s he rd s , t o ge the rw i th as c a t t e ro fl i t h ics a nd ap r e s s -s tone , w e r ef o und i nt h es ame a r ea . B ib l iog raphy : K o ldewey , 3 7 ( w i th u nnumbe r ed s ke t ch ) ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 965 , 4 94 a nd p l . 6 293 ; i d . , 1 968a , 4 2 a nd P l . 2 0 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 36 -37 a nd I ,p l . 9 5 . 1 59 . A g ios G eorg ios ( Gaba tha s ) ; 3 98787 ; 1 0m ; LR . -Byz . , L Byz . /Tu r . ; HAB . I n t h e c oa s ta l p l a in c a . 1 . 4 km s e . f r om G aba tha s , ac hap e lo fA g io sG eo rg io ss t and so nt h en . s i de o f t h e m a in r oad w h ich l e ad s s .t o mode rn A n t i s sa ( Te lon ia ) . An umb e ro f EByz . a r ch i te c tu ra l e l emen t s a r e b u i l t i n to t h e c hape l , mo s t ly made o f t r achy te , b u t i n c lud ing a l so c o lumn c ap i ta l s o f g r ey m a rb le a nd a n i n s c r ibed m a rb l es t e le ( C IG 8 900 )v i s ib le a tt h en w .c ome r . A nc ien t a r ch i t ec tu ra l m embra b u i l t i n to t h e c hape l o ft h e P anag ia i nt h ev i lage o fT z i th ra a r ea l so s a id t oc ome f r om t h i s b u i ld ing . T he r e i sn o e v idence t os ugge s t , h oweve r , t h a tt h ee l emen t s a tt h e A g io sG eo rg io s c hape la r e i ns i tu , a nd t h ey m ay h ave b een b rough tf r om e l sewhe r e ( po s s ib ly f r om A g io i A r change lo i , # 158 ) . T he re a r e t r ace s o f h ab i ta t ion a c t iv i ty n ea rby , h oweve r , s i nce t h e f i e ld a d jo in ing t h e c hape l i sc ove r ed w i th a n e x t r eme ly d en se s c a t te r o f s he rd s a nd t i l e s , i n c lud ing LR . -Byz . ' c omb ed ' w a re s , h and le sa nd b a se s o fa mpho rae , a nd g l azed s he rd s ( p rob ab ly o fL Byz .fru r .d a te ) . B ib l iography : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 4 2 a nd p l . 1 9a ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 34 -35 a nd I ,p l s . 8 7 ,9 5 . 1 60 . T sephos ( Gaba tha s ) ; 4 18793 ; 1 67m ; EBA . (? ) ; HAB (? ) . O nt h ep eak o ft h eT sepho sh il w h ich d i v ide st h e p l a ins o fG aba tha s a nd a nc ien t A n t i s sa , 3km s e s e . f r om G aba tha s , A x io t is n o ted t h e r ema ins o f a n i r r egu la r ly s haped s ma l l s t r uc tu re 3 . 76 m ( n . s . ) x3 . 5 m( e . -w . ) . T he f o unda t ion s s t and o n t h e n e . s i de o ft h e p eak , a nd o n ly t h e l owe s t c ou r se a r e n ow p re se rved . A s soc ia t ed w i th t h e s t ru c tu r ew e r ep l a in r e da nd g r ey w a re s he rd s . O nt h es ame h i l l A x io t i s n o ted ap re ss -s tone , s p ind le -who r l a nd l i th i c s c a t te r ,s ugge s t ed t ob eo f' P r eh i s to r ic ' d a te ( a l though n one a r ep a r t i cu la r ly d i agno s t ic ) . B ibl iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 37 a nd I ,p l . 9 83 .

I nt h e 1 9C t h e w a te ro ft h i s a r ea ( n ea r L io ta ) w a s k nown f o r i t s c a tha r t ic p rop e r t ies , s ee A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 38 . 7 2

7 3 A T u r . s e t t lemen t a t` Gava tha s ' i sa t te s t ed i n 1 602 , M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995) . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c en su s o ft h e i s land , s ee n . 4a bove ,

A n i n sc r ib ed E Byz . f une ra ry s t e le ( IG X I I .2 .525 ) i sa l so s a id t oh ave c ome f r om G aba tha s , s e e C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 4 2 .

7 4

3 4

* 161 . O br iokas tro ( Gaba tha s ) ; 4 30808 ; 1 0m ; E BA . ( ? ) , MBA . , L BA . , EG . -LG . , A . , C . , HL . , R . , B yz . , V en . , T u r . ; HAB , CEM , S P . T he s i te o f a nc ien t A n t i s sa , o ne o f t h e s i x o r ig ina l A r cha ic p o le is o f L e sbo s , w a s i d en t i f ied b y K o ldewey o n t h e n .s ho re o f t h e i s land 5 . 5 k m s n w . f r om S ka locho r ia tt h ep romon to ry o fO b r ioka s t ro , ap romon to ry n ow c r owned b y t h er u in so f aY en . k a s t ro .7 5 T he e a r l ie s t e v idence f o r s e t t lemen ta c t iv i ty a tt h es i te m ay d a te t ot h e E BA . ( Me l laa r t i s s a id t o h ave i d en t i f ied s he rd s f r om A n t i s sa a sb e ing o fT roy I p e r iod ) . T he r e a r e s i gn i f ican t L BA . s t ra ta o n t h ep romon to ry i n c lud ing s ub s tan t ia l w a l l s e x tend ing b e low s e al e ve l . Myc .s h e rd sa r ea l so a s so c ia t ed w i th a w a l l o n t h e a c ropo l is , a nd d e ta i l s o f m o re ( u npubl i shed ) LMyc . s he rd s e x i s t i nt h e a r ch ive s o f t h e B SA . B ayne d a ted t h eL BA . g r ey w a re s t ot h e LH I IB -C p e r iod ( w i th LH KM p r edom ina t ing ) . T he f i r s tt r a ce s o fa n E IA . r e o ccupa t ion d a te f r om t h e EG . p e r iod w i th s ucce s s ive MG . , LG . a nd A . s t ra ta . T he s e t t lemen tt r a ce so ft h e se p e r iod sa r ec oncen t ra t ed a tt h en . f oo to ft h ea c ropo l i s( whe re t h ed i gg ing o fw el sh a sl o ca ted f ounda t ion s w i th a s so c ia ted c e ram ics , i n s c r ip t ions a nd w o rked b lock s ) , a nd a l a rge c eme te ry ( LG .C . ) w a s e xcava ted b y L amb t o t h e s e . o f t h e a c ropo l i s w i th t h e t omb s l y ing i n t h ree m a in g roup s . Ä ke r s t röm r epo r ted a r ch i te c tu ra lt e r ra co t ta so fA .d a te a nd L amb a l so e xcava ted a( p robab ly 4 C ) s t oa b u i ld ing o ve r ly ing a nA . s t ree t . L a te r HL . s t r uc tu ra lr ema in s s u rv ive t o ge the rw i th R . s h e rd s ( t he l a t te rw i th in t h e w a l l s o ft h er u ined k a s t ro ) . T he t r a ce s o f a n a nc ien t h a rbou r mo le l i e s ubme rged i n t h e s ea i mmed ia te ly t o t h e e . o f t h e a c ropo l i s ( known a s t h e ` Kokk ino L iman i ' ) ,a na r ea w he r et h es ho r ei sc ove r ed w i th ad en se s c a t t e ro fc e ram i c s . T he r u ined Y en . k a s t ro ( now o ver ly ing t h e p romon to ry ) h ad aB yz . p r ede ce s so r ,p robab ly t h a tk nown a s ` Ag io i T heodo ro i ' i ne a r ly t r ave l le r s a c coun t s , w h i ch h ou s ed w i th in i t sw a l l st h e Mona s t e r yo fO d ig i t r ia ( a t te s ted i n 1 331 a nd a bandoned i n 1 462 7 6 ) . A x io t i s r epo r ted a s c a t te ro fg l a zed ( p robab ly B yz . )p o t t e ry a mong s tt h er ubb le w i th in t h e k a s t ro w h ich w ou ld s uppo r t t h i s i d en t i f ica t ion . T he a s so c ia ted s e t t lemen to fA g io iT heodo ro i i sa t te s t ed i n O t toman r e co rd s i n 1 602 7 b u t w a s a bandoned l a te r , c e r ta in ly b y t h e 1 7C , s i nce i n 1 636 -41 t h e Me thymnaean G ab r ie l s poke o f t h e a r ea a s d e se r ted7 8 a nd i n 1 690 t h e F rench t r ave l le rD umon t s aw o n ly r u in s a nd n o s e t t lemen t a tt h e s po t . B ib l iog raphy ( ma in ) : K o ldewey , 1 9 -21 ,8 4 -85 a nd p l s .6 7 ; R ou se , 1 47 ; T ax i s , 1 33 ; L amb , 1 930 -31 ; P ayne , 1 931 , 2 02 -03 ; L amb , 1 931 -32 ; P ayne , 1 932 , 2 51 ; i d . , 1 933 , 2 84 8 6 a nd f i gs . 1 0 -11 ; Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 , 5 4 , 6 5 -66 ; B ayne , K o ldewey , 1 9 -2 1 , 8 4 -85 a nd p l s . 6 -7 . T he s i te o f a nc ien t A n t is sa h ad b een w rong ly p laced p rev iou s ly b y C onze o n t h e w e s t c oa s t o f t h e i s land j us t n o r th o f t h e mode rn v i l lage o f S igh , C onze , 2 5 -26 a nd p l l a ( s ee # 148 ) . I ts e em s t h a t b o th P ococke a nd K iepe r t p rev iou s ly h ad v i s i ted t h e c o r rec t l o ca t ion o f t h e s i te , h oweve r ; t h e f o rme r i n t h e m id -e igh teen th c en tu ry a nd t he l a t te r o n 2 8 th O c tobe r 1 841 , mak ing C onze 's e r roneou s p lac ing o f t h e s i te a l l t h e mo re p uzz l ing : P ococke , 1 8 ; K o ldewey , 8 4 -85 ( f o r t h e v i s i to f K iepe r t ) . 7 5

18 -22 , 2 30 -40 a nd f i gs . 4 .X I , 1 4 .A1-17 , 1 7 .3 , 1 7 .5 , 1 7 .15 -16 , 2 4 -25A , Ä ke r s t röm I ,3 1 ; C ha t z i , 1 972 , 5 80 a nd p l s . 5 31a f 3 ,ö ;e ad . , 1 973 , 5 17 -19 a nd p l s . 4 87 -8 , 4 89 1 3 -y ; B uchho lz , 1 23 -24 , 1 33 , 1 37 ; K on t i s , 1 973 , 1 9 a nd f i g . 1 4 ; i d . , 1 978 , 3 06 -11 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I , 4 01-06 ( and u nnumb e red p ho tog raph p .4 02 ) a nd I , p l s . 8 8 -89 ; B SA W .L amb a r ch ive ,u npub l i shed . 1 62 . K ouph i ( Ska locho r i ) ; 4 379 /4479 ; ; C ./HL . ; HAB ( ? ) , S P . O n t h e n .s l ope s o f t h e K ouph i h i l l , c a . 4 k ms w nw . f r om S ka locho r i , A x io t i s d es c r ibed t h e h o l low c hamb e ro fa n a nc ien tt r a chy te q ua r ry . A bove t h e q ua r ry , t h er ema ins o f a2m t h ick w a l l f o rmed o ft wo o u te rf a ce s o fb l ock s a nd ar ubb le f i l l c an b e t r a ced a l ong t h e h i l l top f o r c a . 0 . 1 k m . T o t h e s .o ft h i s w a l l ap i ece o fb ed ro ck h a sb een f l a t tened ,c r ea t ing at a b le ( s ugge s ted b yA x io t i st o b ea n a l ta r ) a nd as c a t te ro fs h e rd sn ea rby i n c luded C . /HL . b l a ck -g land p i e ce s . B ib l iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 06 -07 . 1 63 . S a lbarad is 7 9 ( Ska lo chor i ) ; 4 46805 ; 4 0m , E Byz . , L Byz . -Tu r . (? ) ; S P . I n t h e r e g ion k nown a s S a lba rad i s , 1 km s w . f r om t h e K a lo s L imena s h a rbou r ( s ee # 164 ) , a s ma l l L Byz . /po s t -Byz . c hape l n amed A g ios T heodo ro s s t and s o n t h e s .s i de o f t h e c oa s t r oad w h ich l e ad s w . t o O b r ioka s t ro . B e s ide t h ec hape l ,f r agmen t so ft h ew a l l sa nd a p se o fa nE Byz . b a s i l i ca a r ea ppa ren t . T he m a s so fl a rge s t one s n ea rby a r e t h e s o le r emnan t s o ft h e o t he r w a l l s . A c o lumn c ap i ta la nd a no the r EByz . a r ch i te c tu ra lb l o ck w e r e n o ted b y C ha r i ton id i s , b u t n e i the rr ema ined w hen A x io t i s r e v i s i t ed t h es i t er e cen t ly . B ib l iog r aphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 963c , 2 72 a nd p l . 3 13 1 3 ; i d . , 1 966 ,7 3 a nd p l . V Iß ; i d . , 1 968a ,4 3 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 00 0 1 . 1 64 . P anag ia K okk inou ( Ska locho r i ) ; 4 53808 ; 1 0m ; E Byz . ,T u r . ; HAB ,S P . T ot h e s .a nd w . s i de so ft h es ma l l h am le ta tt h eh a rbou ro fK a lo sL imena s ( a l so k nown b y i t s T u r . n ame o f ` T samou r l imanr) , 4 kms n w . f r om S ka lo cho r i , C ha r i ton id i sr e po r ted t h e r ema in s o fB yz . a nd T u r . h ab i ta t ion a c t iv i ty . As e t t lemen ta tt h e ' Ka lo sL im in ' ( 'KaÄög A tp .r iv ') i sa t t e s t ed i nt h e d e s cr ip t ion o fL e sbo s b y G ab r ie l o f Me thymna d a ted t o 1 636 -41 ,8 0 a nd A x io t i s n o ted ad en s es c a t te ro fc e ram ic si nt h ea r ea o ft h eh a rbou r . B e s ide t h eh a rbou r ,C ha r i ton id i sd e s cr ib ed at h ick w a l l o f m o r ta r ed t i l e , a nd o n t h e e .s i de o f t h i s w a l l h a s b een e r ec ted ac hape l t ot h eP anag ia . Al a rge n umbe ro fE Byz . a r ch i t ec tu ra l m embra a r e b u i l t i n to t h e mode rn c hap e l , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e mo r ta red t i l e w a l l m ay w e l l b e t h e r ema in ing p a r to fa nE Byz . b a s i l ica . N ea rby , t ot h e s w . o f t h e h a rbou r , a r e t h e r u ins o f ac hap e l d ed ica ted t oA g io s N iko lao si n to w h ich a no the rw o rked EByz . b l ock h a sb een b u i l t , p r e sumab ly a l so f r om t h e b a s i l ica b e s ide t h e c hape l o ft h eP anag ia . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 4 2 -43 a nd p l . 2 1a , A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 00 a nd I ,p l . 8 8 . 1 65 . K a s tr i ( Ska lo cho r i ) ; 4 51779 ; 4 00m ; A . ; S P . T he h i lo fK a s t r is t and sc a .2 . 5 k ms w nw . f r om S ka lo cho r ia nd i sm o s te a s i ly a pp roa ched f r om t h ee .a l ong t h et r a ck w h ich b ea r sr i gh tf r om t h em a in r o ad f r om S ka locho r i t oB a tou sa ( 0 .5 k ms w . f r om S ka locho r i ) . T he p eak o f t h e h i l l l i e s s ome 2k m s f u r the r w . f r om t h e m a in r oad , a nd o n i t s n .

T he i nhab i tan t s o f A g io i T heodo ro i f l ed t on .E v ia w i th t h e a r r iva l o f t he T u rk s i n 1 462 a nd o n 1 0 th J une 1 463 t he V ene t ian a dm i ra l O r sa tu s G iu s t in ian i h e lped t oe vacua te t ho se w ho r ema ined a tt h e s i te o n t h e p re tex t t h a t t h e i r p ro -Vene t ian s ympa th ie s w ou ld i l ic i t s eve r e p ena l t ie s f r om t h e T u rk s .

7 6

M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) . C oncern ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c en su s o ft h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove .

7 9

F o r t h i s d a t ing o f G ab r ie l o f Me thymna 's d e sc r ip t ion o f L esbo s , s ee n .4 7 .

8 0

7 7

7 8

3 5

C ha r i ton id i s ( 1968a , 4 3 ) emp loys a n a l te rna t ive t oponym f o r t h i s s po t , ` Kepha lo s ' . S ee n .4 7 .

e dge K on t i s n o ted a n i r regu la r , a pp rox ima te ly c i r cu la r , c on s truc t ion o fL e sb ian p o lygona lm a son ry ( s ee A pp end ix 2 ,s e c t ion 2 . 2 ) w i th d imen s ion so f2 3 m( n . s . ) x2 0m( e . w . ) . When K on t i s s aw t h e s i t e t h e w a l l s s t ood t o 1 . 5 m , a nd w e r e 2 . 25 m t h ick ( as im i la r s t a te o fp r e ser va t ion i s a ppa ren t t oday ) . A x io t is a dded t h a t t h e w a l l s w e re c on s t ruc ted o ft wo l a rge f a ce so fo u te rb l o ck s w i th af i l l o f r ubb le b e tween a nd t h a tt h eb e s tp r e ser ved s e c t ion s a r e o n t h e n . , w . a nd s .s i de s . Mo reove r , A x io t i s n o ted t r a ce s o f f o unda t ion sw i th in t h eo u te re nc lo su re w a l la mong s tw h ich w e re s qua red b lock s a nd as c a t te r o f t i l e s , s ugge s t ing a n i n ne rr oo f ed s t ruc tu r e . B o th K on t i sa nd A x io t i ss poke o fa s he rd s ca t te r i n a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e s t ruc tu re , w h ich i n c lud ed g r ey w a r e s . A sw i th t h eo t he re nc lo su r e so fL e sb ian m a son ry n ea r S ka lo cho r i , t h ev i ew sf r om K a s t r ia r ee x ten s ive . T ot h e n . A n t i s sa i sv i s ib le ; t h e t wo v a l ley s o nt h e n .a nd s .s i de so f t h e h i l l w h ich l e ad d own t owa rd s t h e B ou lga r i s p l a in a nd a nc ien t A n t issa ( t he S a i tan D e res a nd K a tope t ra r e sp ec t ive ly )a r ea l so o ve r looked ; f u r the rt ot h ee . ,b eyond K ou t lougoun i ( # 190 ) , K o ja D ag ( # 193 ) , P roph i t i s I l ia s ( # 194 )a nd P hon ia s ( # 195 ) , Me thymna c an b es e en 1 6k m s t ot h e n e . . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 973 , 5 8 -60 , 8 2 a nd f i g . 3 4 ; i d . , 1 978 , 3 12 ; K ouma re la s , 1 989a , 4 ; i d . , 1 989b , 3 ; i d . , 1 989c , 3 ;A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 08 a nd I ,p l . 8 7 .

s t and t h e r ema in s o f at wo roomed s t ruc tu re ( po s s ib ly a n i regu la r ly shaped t owe r ) . O n ly t h e e .w a l l o f t h e s ma l l , n a r row r oom i sp r e se rved ( t oc a .0 . 5 m ) ,b u tt h eo u te rw a l l a d jo in ing t h i s s ma l l b u i ld ing p r ese rve s ( on t h e e .s i de ) w e l l -cu ta nd f i t ted L e sb ian m a son ry b lo ck s ( s e e A ppend ix 2 ) . A x io t i s d oe s n o t g i ve d imen s ion s f o r t h e s t ruc tu re o r d e ta i l s o f a ny a s so c ia ted s he rd m a te r ia l . T he p l a teau i s e x t r eme ly s t e ep o na l ls i de sa nd t h e l o ca t ion a f fo rd s aw ide v i s ta t ot h e s .a nd w . o ve r t h e K r ine louda v a l ley w h ich j o in st h eB ou lga r i sR ive rv a l ley ,o f f e r ing a ne a sy a pp roa ch t oA n t i s sa o nt h en .c oa s to ft h ei s land . B ib l iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 09 a nd I ,p l . 1 00 .

1 66 . A pa s tra ( Gaba tha s ) ; 4 277 /4278 ; ; A . /C . (? ) , E Byz ; S P . O n t h e e .b ank o f t h e B ou lga r i s R ive r , c a . 3 . 5 k ms e s e . f r om t h e s e t t lemen t a tG aba tha s ( a nd c a . 3k m s sw . f r om O b r ioka s t ro ) , at r ibu ta ry j o in s t h e ma in b ody o ft h e r i ve r f r om t h e e .a t A pa s t ra . A t t h i s j unc t ion , A x io t i s r e po r ted t h a tK ouma r e la sh ad f ound ac i r cu la re nc lo su r eo f L e sb ian p o lygona l m a son ry ( s ee A ppend ix 2 ) a nd t h e f o unda t ion so f ar e c tangu la r s t ruc tu re w i th in i t . N ea rby t o t h e s . , o n t h e l owe r s l ope s o f t h e Y pn ia h i l l , t h e s ame s c ho la r f ound a no the r r e c tangu la r s t ruc tu re o fp o lygona l m a son ry . A x io t i sg i ve sn of u r the rd e ta i l so ft h es t ruc tu re s , o ra ny a s soc ia ted c e ram i cs ,b u tp r e sumed b o th t ob ep a r to f ad e f ence s y s tem o nt h ea pp roa che st owa rd sa nc ien tA n t i s sa w h ich l i e s t ot h en . . A x io t i s a l so r epo r ted t h a t s l igh t ly t ot h e n e . o f t h e se s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s , n ea r ac hape l o f A g io s K ons tan t ino s , E By z .a r ch i te c tu ra lm embra w e r ea pp a r en t . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t is , 1 992 I ,4 06 a nd I ,p l . 10 .

1 70 . A g ia K y r iak i ( Ba tousa ) ; 4 47738 ; 2 60m ; LR . -Byz . ; HAB . O nt h es .s l ope so ft h eO lympo sh i l l( wh ich b o rde r s t h en .s i de o ft h em a in B a tou sa -An t i s sa r o ad i mmed ia te ly t o t h e n w . o fB a tou sa ) , ac hape l o fA g ia K y r iak i s t and s o n a r o cky p l a t eau w h ich d rop s s t eep ly t o t h e e .a nd s . A k a ld e r im il e ad su pf r om t h e mod er nr o ad t owa rd st h ec hape l . A x io t is r epo r t ed e ncoun te r ing ad en se s c a t te r o f s he rd s i mmed ia te ly o ne s t a r t s t o a s cend , i n c lud ing LR . -Byz . ' c ombed ' w a re s ,B yz .s he rd s ,a nd t i l e s . F ounda t ion so fo l d b u i ld ing sa r ev i s ib le a r ound t h ec hape la nd an umbe ro fc u t b l o ck sa nd a r ch i t ec tu ra lm emb ra l i en ea rby . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 27 .

1 67 . Monas t ir i u s P er ibo l is ( Tz i th ra ) ; 4 13760 ; 1 50m ; B yz . (? ) , T u r . ; S P . A s t h e r oad f r om B a tou sa t oA n t i s sa d e s cend st of o rd t h eB ou lga r i sR ive r , ar o ad l e ad sn .t ot h e s ma l l ,d e se r ted P e r ibo l i Mona s te ry ( c a . 1 . 8 l u ns n ne . f r om T z i th ra ) w h ich s t and s a bove t h ee .b ank o ft h e r i ve r . T he m a in c hu r ch i sn ea r ly s qua re i np l an a nd e xh ib i t s w a l l p a in t ing sd a t ing f r om t h ee nd o ft h e 1 6C AC a nd t h em id 1 7C ( wh ich a r en ow c r umb l ing ) . N oe a r l ie rr e co rd sa t te s t t h ee x i s t en ce o ft h e mona s te ry ,a nd w he the ri te x i s ted i nt h e B yz . p e r iod i su nc lea r . I n 1 590 t h e m ona s te ry ( wh i ch w a s f o r n un s ) i sr e f e r red t o i n t h e r e co rd s o f t h e L e imono s Mona s te ry ( # 119 ) a s t h e c oenob i t ic m ona s te ry o f t h e n ea rby K r eokopo s Mona s te ry ( # 172 )w h ich h ou sed m onk s . T he f l ou rm i l lo ft h eP e r ibo l i Mona s te ry w a s s t i l l i nu s e i n 1 909 w hen 2 3 n un ss t i l l l i ved a tt h es i te . B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 1 36 , 1 38 -39 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 963c , 2 71 a nd p l . 3 12 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 27 -28 . 1 68 . R ou th ia ( Ba tousa ) ; 4 48758 ; 2 80m ; A . ; S P . O n t h e s .s i de o ft h e X i ro l imn i h il , c a . 2k ms n nw . f r om B a tous a , as ma l l s pu ro ft h e h i l l o f f e r s an a r row p l a teau o n w h ich

1 69 . K abouros ( Ska lo cho r i ) ; 4 66766 ; 4 00m ; B yz . /Tu r . ; HAB . C a . 1k m s w . f r om S ka locho r i t h e ma in r oad t o B a tou sa c r o s s e s ab r idge a c ro s st h e K a top e t ra r av ine . T he a r ea t o t h e s e . o f t h e r oad a t t h is p o in t ( known a s K abou ro s ) i sc ove red w i th f o unda t ion s o fb u i ld ing s , t i l e s a nd s h e rd so fB yz . /Tu r .d a te ( i nc lud ing p i e ce so fp i tho i )a nd t h en ea rby h i l l s id e sd i sp lay t h e t r a ce so fd i su sed t e r ra c ing . A x io t i s r epo r ted t h a t t h e r ema ins e x tend u p s lope a nd i n c lud e af o un ta inhead ( n ea rr u in sw h ich A x io t i st h ough tt o b e t h er ema in so f aT u r . k onak ) . Two l a rge a l on ia n ea rby ( t oge the rw i th t h et e r ra c ing ) s ugge s tt h a tt h ea r ea w a so nce u nd e ri n ten se c u l t iva t ion . b ib l iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 09 .

1 7 1 . A g ia P ara skeu i ( Tz i th ra ) ; 4 10743 ; 1 50m , B yz . (? ) , ` MAge ' , T u r . ; HAB , S P . I mmed ia te ly t o t h e e .o f t h e mode rn v i l lage o f T z i th ra s t and s t h e c hape l o f A g ia P a ra skeu i a m id t h e e x ten s ive r ema in s o f t h e T u r . ( a nd p o s s ib ly e a r l ie rB yz . ) s e t t lemen to fT z i th ra w h ich p r eced ed t h e mode rn v i l lage .8 1 A l l a r ound t h e c hape l A x io t i s r e po r ted ama s so f` MAge ' s he rd s ,t i l e s ,r u in s o fb u i ld ings a nd k a lde r im ia , a nd t h e c hape l i t se l f i st h e r emnan t o f a s ma l l m ona s te ry o ft h e s ame n ame r e f e r red t oi nt h e e a r ly 1 8C AC ,a tt h a tt i me ad ependency o ft h el a rge rK reokopo s Mona s te ry n ea rby ( # 172 ) . T he c hap e l o fA g io s N iko lao s i nt h e m od er n v i l lage e xh ib i t s w a l l -pa in t ing s o f t h e 1 6C AC ( d a ted b ya ni n sc r ip t ion ) . B ib l iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 29 -31 a nd I ,p l .9 3 . 1 72 . Monas t i r i t o u K reokopou ( Tz i th ra ) ; 3 96739 ; ; L Byz . , T u r . ; S P . O n al owe r n .p eak o f t h e K ou rouk lo s moun ta in k nown a sC ha laka s , c a . 0 . 6 km s e . f r om moder n A n t i s sa a nd b e tween t h e t oponyms ` Skamn ioud s ' ( t o t h e w . )a nd ` Th roupa r ' ( t ot h ee . ) , ac hape lo fT ax ia r ch i si st h e s o le r emnan to ft h eB yz .m ona s te ry o fK r eokopo sd ed ica ted t ot h e A r change l M ichae l a nd f i r s t a t te s ted i n 1 331 AD . A f te r t h e T u r . c onques t o f t h e i s land , t h e mona s te ry

AT u r . s e t t lemen t a t` T s i t ra ' i sa t te s ted i n O t toman r e co rd s i n 1 602 , M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c en su s o ft h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove . 8 1

3 6

c on t inued i ne x i s tence b u tw a s f o r ced t op ay t a xe s i nk i nd o n i t s o i l p roduc t ion . T he mona s te ry s e em s t o h ave r e ached i t sp eak i nt h e 1 7C w hen i tw a s t h e r i che s t i nt h e e n t i r e i s land a nd i t s e s ta te s s t r e t ched a s f a r a s t h e a r ea a r ound S i g r i .8 2 T he P e r ibo l i Mona s te ry ( # 167 , v i s ib le f r om t h es i te ) w a so ne o ft h r ee o t he rm ona s te r ie sb e long ing t o i t ,8 3 a nd a l though t h e K reokopo s s i te w a s f i na l ly a bandoned i nt h e e a r ly 1 9C , t h e m ona s te ry 's l a nd s ( now b e long ing t ot h eG re ek s t a te )a r es t i l ls c a t te r ed t h rough t h e p l a in o fA n t i s sa . B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 1 36 , 1 38 -39 ; P . P h ranke l l i s , ` To i l ovac r r i ip t T OO K pE C OK6T EOU ' ,L e sb iaka 3( 1 959 ) , 8 2 -91 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 31 -32 . 1 73 . K l imak i ( An t is sa ) ; 3 773 ; 2 60m ; B yz . ; S P . J u s t t o t h e s .o ft h e f o rk i nt h e r oad w . f r om A n t i s sa , w he re o ne h ead s s .t oE r e so s o r w . t o S i g n, ag roup o f f ou r s ma l l c hap e l s s t and s b e low t h e r oad t ot h e e .a nd w . i nt h e a r ea k nown a s K l i rnak i ( c a . 1 . 7 kms w sw . f r om A n t i s sa ) . A n umb e ro fE Byz .a r ch i tec tu r a lp i ece sa r ea s so c ia ted w i th t h e c hap e l s ( s ome o fg r ey m a rb le ) , a nd b e s id e t h e A g ia E i r in i a nd A g io s G eo rg io s c hape l s a r e t h e f ounda t ion s o fo l de r b u i ld ing s . A x io t i sa s so c ia ted t h er ema in sw i th t h es i t eo fa B yz . m ona s te ry r e f e r r ed t oi nP a t r ia r cha l r e co rd s i n1 331 AD a t` Kl ima t ion ' . B ibl iog r aphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 53 -54 a nd I ,p l s . 1 0 1 -02 . 1 74 . Mon i H yps i lou ( An t is sa ) ; 3 56746 ; 5 10m ; B yz . , T u r . ; CE M , S P . C a . 3 . 5 kms w . f r om A n t is sa , i mmed ia te ly s .o ft h er o ad t oS i gh ,r i se st h ec on i ca lh i l l o n w h ich t h e H yp s i lo Mona s tery s t and s , f i r s t a t te s ted ( by e p ig raph i ca lr e co rd s )i n 131 AD . T he f i r s tr e co rded n ame o ft h e s i te w a s t h e K o rax Mona s te r y ( i n 1 331 AD ) , n amed a f te rt h et o ponym a t an ea rby s p r ing ( t h r ee s p r ing se x i s to n t h e h i l l ) , a nd t h e p re sen t -day n ame w a s k nown f i r s t i n 1 707 .8 4 A f te r t h e T u r . c onque s t t h e m ona s t e ry w a s d i s so lved ,b u tl a te r( i n 1 584 ) i tw a sr e v ived ,a nd d u r ing t h e T ou rkok ra t ia t h e s i te w a s p i l laged t h r ee t i me s , l a s t ly i n 1 821 . T he c en t ra lc hu r ch i s ab u i ld ing c omp r i s ing an ave a nd t wo f l ank ing a i s le s a nd i sd ed ica t ed t oA g io s G iann i s C o T heo logo s ' ) . T he c omp lex i n c lud e sa l so an umb e ro fc el s , s ome o f w h ich f o rm am useum w i th b ook s , m anus c r ip t s a nd e cc le s ia s t ica l v e s tmen t s o f t h e 1 7C . I n 1 636 -41 G ab r ie l o f Me thymna r epo r ted t h a t 1 5 m onk s l i ved i nt h e m ona s te ry 8 5 ( a nd t h e r e w e r e s t i l l 2 5 -30 m onk s i n1 909 ) . K a lde r im ia l e ad d own f r om t h e m ona s te ry t ot h e m ode rn r o ad ,a nd t ot h ew .a r e af ew c r o s s e si n d ica t ing t h ec eme te r y b e s ide as ma l lc hape lo fA g io sP an ton b u i l t i nt h e l a te 1 7C ( wh i ch e xh ib i t sw a l l -pa in t ing so fs im i la rd a te i n s ide ) . B ib l iog r aphy : T ax i s , 1 37 -38 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 4 1 a nd p l . 1 8y -ö ; A x io t is , 1 992 I ,4 57 -59 ( a nd u nnumbe red p ho tog raph p .4 59 ) . 1 7 5 . Mega los L akkos ( E re so s ) ; 3 68709 ; 30m ; A . ; S P . T o t h e w . o f t h e m a in r o ad f r om E re so s n .t oA n t i ss a , a t

T he w e s twa rd e x ten to fi t s l a nd s l e d t od i spu t e s i n1 723 w i th t h e H yp s i lo Mona s te ry ( # 174 ) . 8 2

T he o the r t wo mona s te r ie s w e re o ne d ed ica ted t o A g ia K y r iak i i n t h e p l a in o f T e lon ia ( An t i ssa ) , a nd t h e s ma l l m ona s te ry o f A g ia P a ra skeu i a tT z i th ra ( # 171) . 8 3

A x io t i s ( I , 4 58 ) n o te s t h a t b e tween 1 331 a nd 1 707 t h e Mona s te ry w a s k nown b y an umbe r o f d i f fe ren t n ames : ` Ko raka s ' ( 1595 ) , ` Z i sy ra s ' ( 1605 , 1 609 a nd 1 661) , ` Z i sy r io s ' ( 1 662 ) , ` Zh s ra ' ( 1682 ) , ` Z i s i ro s ' ( 1689 ) , ` S i sy ro s ' ( 1700 ) . 8 4

8 5

F o r G ab r ie l o f Me thymna , s e e n .4 7 .

3 7

t h ej unc t ion w i th t h e Me thal ia v a l ley ( s ee # 176 ) , s t and t h e r ema in s o f a n i regu la r s haped e nc lo su re o f L esb ian p o lygona l m a sonry ( s ee A ppend ix 2 ,s e c t ion 2 . 2 ) . O n ly t h ee .w a l la nd p a r to ft h en .w a l l a r e p r e se rved ( up t o 2m i np l a ce s ) , t h e f o rme rp ro jec t ing o u t f r om t h e s l ope s u pon a no u t crop o fb ed ro ck . T he e .w a l lo ft h ee n c lo su r ef olow s t h ec on tou r st of o rm a n i regu la rs hap ea nd o n t h ep l a t fo rm i n s ide t h e e nc lo su r e w a l l s ome o ft h e a nc ien t b l o ck s h ave b e en u s ed t oc r ea te as ma l l m and r i a nd a n a l on i . A x io t i s r epo r ted t h a t a l l a round t h e e nc lo su re w a s ad en se c oncen t ra t ion o f s he rd s ( no d iagno s t ic f ab r ics a r e m en t ioned ) . T he s i gn i f icance o f t h e s t ruc tu re i st h a t t h e l o ca t ion l o ok s o ve r t h e p rec ise s po t w he re t h e Me tha l ia v a l ley ( r unn ing e . -w . ) j o ins t h e n a r row v a l ley l e ad ing n . -s . t owa rd sE r e so s ,t h et wo e a s ie s tl ow leve la pp roa che s t ot h e E r e so sv aley f r om t h en . B ib l iography : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 964 , 3 97 a nd p l . 4 64a ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 32 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 55 -56 a nd I ,p l . 1 02 . 1 76 . A g ios A lexand ros ( E re so s ) ; 3 74703 ; 1 70m ; R . , L Byz . ; S P . C a . 3 . 5 kms n e . f r om E re so s , t h e v a l ley t h rough w h i ch t h e moder nr o ad w ind sn .t owa rd sA n t i s sa i s j o ined f r om t h e e .b y t h e v a l ley o ft h e Me thal ia R ive r . A t t h i sj u nc t ion o ft h e t wo v a l ley s , i nt h ec en t re o ft h e v a l ley f l oo r( whe r et h e s e a sona ls t reams o ft h et wo v a l ley sm ee t ) , s t and t h e w al s o f aB yz . c hape l n ow w o r sh ipp ed a sA g io s A lexand ro s . T he p l an o f t h e c hape l i si nt h e s hap e o f a c r o s s ( s ugge s t ing aL Byz . d a te , s e e # 3 , # 9 , # 241) , a nd i t s w a l l sa r ec on s t ruc ted o fm o r ta r ed t i l ea nd s t one ( t he n .a nd s .w a l l s a r e p r e se rved t o ah e igh t o f c a . 2m ) . Wo rked b l o ck so fa n o l de r s t ruc tu re a r e i n co rpo r a t ed i n to i t sw a l l s , o ne l a rge r e c tangu la r s l ab a t t h e s w . c o rne r s how ing c u t t ing s f o r c l amp s . Am a s s o ft i l e s , s h e rd s a nd b u i ld ing f o unda t ions a l l o ve r t h e v a l ley f l oo r a r ound t h e c hap e l i n d ica te t h a t t h e re w a s o nce a n a s so c ia ted s e t t lemen t . Amongs t t h e c e ram ic m a te r ia l A x io t i s n o ted R . t e rra s i g i la ta . B ib l iog raphy ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 963c , 2 72 a nd p l . 3 13a ; i d . , 1 966 , 7 3 , f i g . 2a nd p l . V I Ia ; i d . , 1 968a , m ap 1 ;K on t i s , 1 978 , 39 a nd f i g s . 2 9 -30 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 56 a nd I ,p l . 1 02 . 1 77 . A e to s ( E re so s ) ; 3 768 /3769 ; ;C . /HL . ; HAB (? ) . O n t h e w . s l ope s o f t h e A e tos h i l l , c a . 2 . 5 kms n e . f r om E r e so s , A x io t i s r e po r ted t h e f ounda t ions o f ar e c tangu la r s t ruc tu re 5 . 3 m x4 . 3 m c ons t ruc ted w i th p o lygona l m a son ry . Among s t t h e s he rd s i n a s soc ia t ion w i th t h e b u i ld ing w e r e b l ack -g laze p i e ce s , a nd mo re ( u nde f ined ) f o unda t ion sw e re a ppa r en tn ea rby . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 15 . 1 78 . K ourouk los ( Chyd i ra ) ; 3 971/4071 ; ; A /C . (? ) ; S P . ( S . )P a ra skeua id i s ,K on t i sa nd A x io t i sh ave a l r e po r ted t h e t r a ce s o f at owe rh i gh u po n t h e s l ope s o ft h e K ou rou ldo s m oun ta in ,c a . 3k ms w . f r om C hyd i ra , t ot h e e .o f ac hap e l o f A g io s K y r iko s . O n ly t h e s e . w a l l a nd p a r t o f t h e s w . w a l l a r e p r e s er ved . T he f o rme r s t and s 2m h i gh , i s 8m l o ng , a nd t h e m a son ry i s ac ou r sed p o lygona l s t y le ( s tand ing u p t oc a . 5c ou r se s i np l ace s ) . A n e n t rance i s v i s ib le i nt h ep a r to ft h es w . s i de w h ich i sp r e se rved w i th a l o ng s l ab f o rm ing t h e t h r e sho ld . N one o ft h e r epo r t s g i ve d e ta i l so fa ny a s so c ia ted s c a t t e ro fs h e rd so rt i l e s . B ib l iog raphy ; P a ra skeua id i s , 2 6 /9 /29 ; K on t is , 1 978 , 30 3 1 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 50 , 4 60 .

1 79 . A g ios I l ias ( Chyd i ra ) ; 4 08712 ; 4 90m ; LR . -Byz . , HAB , S P (? ) . O n t h e s e . s l ope s o f t h e K ou rouk lo s m oun ta in ,c a . 2 . 5 k ms w . f r om C hyd i ra , s t and t h er u in so f ac hape l o fP roph i t i s I l ia s , a r ound w h ich a r e g a the r ed a l a rge n umbe r o f E Byz . a r ch i te c tu ra l b l ock s ( o f c oa r se t r a chy te ) i n c lud ing u n f lu ted c o lumn sa nd c o lumn c ap i ta l s . T ot h es w .o ft h ec hape la r ef o unda t ion so fh ou se s ,w o rked b l o ck sa nd ad en se s c a t te ro fs h e rd sa nd t i l e si n c lud ing L R . B yz . ' c ombed ' w a re s , s ugge s t ing t h a tt h eE Byz . m embra m ay n o t h ave t r ave l led v e ry f a r . As p r ing e x i s t s f u r the r d own t h i ss .s l ope ,o nw h ich t h et r a ce so fo l dt e r ra c ing a r e a ppa ren t a l so . O n t h e p l a teau n ea r t h e t o p i s al a rge , d i su sed a l on ia nd o nt h eh i l lA x io t i sr e po r t ed a no l dp r e s s s t one . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 53 a nd I ,p l s . 1 00 , 1 02 ; i d . , 1 994 ,f i g . ä .

k nown a s K ladoman t r i . A round t h e i k ono s ta s i s a r e t h e r ema ins o f w ha t s e em s t o b e at owe r c ons t ruc ted o f i s odom ic m a son ry ( c a . 1 5 m x1 0 m ) . T he n w . a nd s e . c o rne r s a r ep r e se rved i ns i tu ,b u tt h e n .a nd s .w a l l s h ave b een l a rge ly d e s t royed . T he p r e se rved s e c t ion si n d ica te t h a t t h ew a l l sw e r ec a .0 . 7 mi nt h ickne ss a nd al a rge n umbe ro f c u tb l ock s l i ea r ound t h e s i t e . B e s ide aw e l l , 1 3 mt ot h e n . o f t h i s r e c tangu la r t owe r , a r e t h e f ounda t ions o f a s ub s tan t ia l c i r cu la rs t ruc tu re 8m i nd i ame te rw h ich s p an s t h ew a l l o f am and r i ( wh ich h a s l e d t oi t s w . s i de b e ing l a rge ly d e s t royed ) . T he w a l l so ft h e s t ruc tu re ( po s s ib ly a c i r cu la r t owe r ) a r e c on s truc ted o f e x t r eme ly w el -f i t ted L e sb ian m a son ry b l o ck s ( s ee A ppend ix 2 ) , a nd t wo g a te j amb sa r ep r e s e r ved u p r igh to nt h es .s i d e . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 24 -25 ( a nd u nnumbe red p ho tog raph p .4 24 )a nd I ,p l .9 3 .

1 80 . T yrran i ( Chyd ira ) ; 4 29710 ; 4 20m ; N . /EBA . , A . /C . ( ? ) ; HAB ,S P . O nt h eo va l shap ed ,r o cky p eak o ft h e h i l l n amed T y r ran i , 0 . 3 km s w . f r om C hyd i ra , s t and t h e f o unda t ion so f at owe ro fc ou r sed p o lygona lm a son ry . T he s i te w a s f i r s t r e po r ted b y ( S . ) P a ra skeua id i s i n 1 929 a nd l a te r r e v i s i t ed b y A x io t i s ( Kon t i s e r roneou s ly p l a ce s t h e s i te t o t h e n e . o f C hyd i ra ) . P a ra skeua id i s g ave o n ly a pp rox ima te d imens ions f o r t h e t owe r , a nd t h e p r ec i se m ea su remen t s a s g i ven b y A x io t i s a r e 1 .5 m x 9 . 5 m . T he w a l l sa r e 1 . 15 m t h i ck a nd c on s t ruc ted w i th t wo o u t e r f a ce s o fl a rge b l o ck s a nd a n i n ne rf i l l . B o th A x io t i s a nd P a ra skeua id is s poke o f i n te rna l d i v id ing w a l l s a nd t h e f o rme rr e po r ted as c a t te ro fs h e rd sa nd t i l e s ,i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re w a s a ts ome p o in t r oo f ed . Wo rked b l ock s f r om t h es t ruc tu r ec an b es e en n ea rt h ec hape lo fT ax ia r ch i s b e low t h e s umm i t t o t h e w . T he v i ew f r om t h e s i te i s e x t en s ive o ve rt h ev i l lage o fC hyd i ra b e low a nd b eyond t h e B ou lga r is v a l ley a t t h e n . f oo t o f t h e h i l l e . t owa rd s R euma ,B a tou sa a nd P t e rounda A t ` L epe rna ' ( t he n ame o ft h e s l ope o n t h ee .s i de o f T y r ran i ) , as c a t te ro fN . /EBA .l i t h i c sa nd c e ram ic si n d i ca t e s as i gn i f ican tp r eh i s to r ic s e t t lemen t . A x io t i sd e sc r ib ed t h e s t one b l ade s a nd t o o l s ( i n c lud ing ap o l i shed a xehead ) a s b e ing m ade o fv e ry h a rd g r een a nd b l ack s t one ,o ne w a s7 c m ( l eng th ) x3 . 5 c m ( w id t h ) , a no the r 6c m x3 . 2 c m . Mo re l i t h i c sa nd c e ram ic f i nd si n c lud ing s p ind le w ho r l sa nd s h e rd s o fb rown , b l ack a nd r e d f a b r ic ( many b u rn i shed ) , w e re f ound f u r the r w . o n t h e T y r ran i h i l l a s f a r a s t h e T ax ia r ch i sc hape lb e low t h es umm i tt ot h ew . B ib l iog raphy : P a ra skeua id i s 2 9 /9 /29 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 15 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I , 4 21 -22 , 4 25 -27 ( a nd u nnumbe red p ho tog raph p .4 26 )a nd I ,p l s . 7 5 ,9 2 .

1 8 3 . G ig i ( Chyd i ra ) ; 4 01689 ; 5 86m ; C . / 1 IL . (? ) ; S P . O n t h e p eak o f t h e G ig i m oun ta in , c a . 3 . 8 k ms s w . f r om C hyd i ra n ea r a n u n roof ed c hape l o f P roph i t i s I l ia s , K ouma r e la sd e s c r ib ed f o unda t ion so f ar e c tangu la rs t ruc tu r e s a id t ob ec on s t ruc ted o fp o lygona l m a son ry . N op i c tu re s o rd imen s ion so ft h e w a l l sa r e o f f e r ed , a nd t h ea s soc ia ted s h e rd s c a t te rw a s s a id b y A x io t i s t ob e m uch t h e s ame a s t h a tn ea rby a tP y r g i( # 181 ) ,p r e sumab ly t h e re fo re i n c lud ing b l a ck -g la ze s h e r d s . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 51 .

1 81 . P yrg i ( Chyd i ra ) ; 4 069 /4070 ; ; A . /C . (? ) ; HAB /SP (? ) . O n ar o cky s pu r a tt h e f a r e .e nd o f t h e Me tha l ia v a l ley , c a . 2 . 5 kms w sw . f r om C hyd i ra , K ouma re la s l o ca ted t h e f ounda t ion s o f ar e c tangu la r s t ruc tu re . T he w a l ls w e re c ons t ruc ted o f p o lygona l m a son ry a nd i n s ide t h eo u te rw a l lw e re an umbe ro fi n t e rna l d i v i s ion s . Amongs t t h e c e ram ics a s soc ia ted w i th t h e r ema in sw e re p i ece so fb l a ck -g laze w a re s . N od imen s ion s f o rt h es t ruc tu r ea r eg i ven ,a nd t h ea s se r t ion o fA x io t i st h a t i ts e rved a s af o r t if i ca t ion ( p o s s ib ly at owe r ) i sd i ff i cu l tt o j udge s i nce t h ep r e c i se l o ca t ion i su nc lea r . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 51 . 1 82 . K ladoman t r i( Chyd i ra ) ;4 069 / 4169 ;;A . ;S P . C a .3 kms s w . f r om C hyd ira , o n t h e n . s l opes o f t h e L euko rach te sm oun ta in , ag roup o fa n c ien ts t ruc tu r e ss t and b e s ide a ni k ono s ta s i sd ed ica ted t oA g ia P a ra skeu ia t ap l a ce

3 8

1 84 . B a toud ia ( Chyd i ra ) 4 169 ; ; A . /C . ; S P . I n t h e P o tam ia v a l ley ( t he e .e nd o ft h e Me tha l ia v a l ley ) ,c a . 2 . 5 k m s s w . f r om C hyd i ra a t ap l ace k nown a s B a toud ia , K ouma re la sd i scove red a ne nc lo su re o fL e sb ian p o lygona l m a son ry ( s ee A ppend ix 2 ) .8 6 T he w a l l so ft h ee nc lo su re ( n o d imens ion s o f w h ich a r e g i ven b y A x io t is ) w e re p r e se rved u p t o 2m i nh e igh t , w i th a n a s so c ia ted s h e rd s c a t t e ri n c lud ing b l a ck -pa in t ed s h e rd sa nd f r agmen t so ft i l e s . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 25 a nd I ,p l .9 2 . 1 8 5 . B a lana ( Chyd i ra )4 167 /4267 ; ; A ; S P . O n t h e w . s i de o ft h ed eep p a s sw h ich l e ad ss .t of o rm t h e Ma l ion ta s R ive r v a l ley , c a . 3 . 8 k ms sw . f r om C hyd i ra , A x io t i s d e sc r ibed a n i r r egu la r shaped e nc lo su re o f p o lygona l m a son ry a t ap l a ce k nown a sB a lana . T he e nc lo su r es t and s 0 . 5 k m s w . o ft h e p o in t w he re t h e r oad s .f r om C hyd i ra a l ong t h ev a l ley c ea s e s ,i mmed ia t e ly e .o f as ma l lr a v ine o n t h eh il s ide . T he e n c lo su re ( o fw h ich t h ew .a nd n w . w a l l s a r e b e s t -p r es e rved ) m ea su re sc a . 2 3 m( n . s . ) x1 6 m( e . w . ) . O n t h e w . s i de t h e w a l l s t and s t o ah e igh t o f2 . 2 m a nd i sc on s t ruc ted o fp o lygona lm a son ry b l ock s . I n te rna l d i v id ing w a l l sa r ea ppa ren to nt h ew .a nd s e .s i de sb u i l tu p a ga in s tt h ee nc lo su re w a l l . A na s so c ia ted s h e rd s c a t te rw a s r e po r ted b y A x io t i s i n s ide t h e e nc lo su re , b u t n o d e ta i led d e s c r ip t ion i sp r ov ided . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 23 a nd I ,p l .9 2 . 1 86 . S ko t e ino ( Chyd i ra ) ;4 368 ; ;L R . -Byz . , HAB (? ) ,S P . C a . 3 . 5 k m s s .f r om C hyd i ra a l ong t h e r o ad w h ich l e ad s e ven tua l ly t o Me so topo s t h rough t h e u ppe rr e a che s o ft h e Ma l ion ta sR ive rv a l ley ,j u s ta st h er o ad b eg in st ot u rn s w . , i sa n a r ea k nown a sS ko te ino . O n t h e w . -f a c ing s l ope s b e low t h e r o ad s t and s ac hape l o fA g io s G iann i s a r ound

T he p r ec i se l o ca t ion i su nc lea r s i nce n o s im i la r t o ponym i s m a rked o n t h e B r i t i sh A rmy m ap s a nd t h e m ap o fA x io t i s i sn o t d e ta i led . F rom A x io t i s ' m ap s , t h e s i te s e em s t ol i e o n t h e n . s i de o f t h e r ema w h ich r uns e . -w . a t t h e n . f oo t o f t h e L euko rach te s m oun ta in . 8 6

w h ich a r e t h e f ounda t ions o f a n EByz . b a s i l ica . F ounda t ion so ft h eb a s i l i ca w a l l sa r ev i s ib le t ot h e n .a nd s . o ft h ec hape l ( i n c lud ing p a r to ft h ea p s e ) ,a nd a r ch i te c tu ra l m embra ( o fr e d t r a chy te ) a r e i n co rpo ra ted i nt h e mode rn b u i ld ing . A round t h e c hape l a r e am a s so ft i l e sa nd s h e rd s ( i n c lud ing L R . -Byz . ' c ombed ' w a r e s ) . A x io t i sa l so r e po r ted t h a t a r ound t h e c hap e l o n t h e s ma l l p l a teau , t h e e nc lo su r e o f ar n and r i w a sb u i l tu pon a n ' a n c ien t ' w al s im i la rt ot h a t o fa nc ien t A r i sbe ( # 116 ) . O n t h e n .s i de o ft h i s e nc lo su r e t h r ee c ou r se sa r ep r e se rv ed ,b u tt h el a ck o fc e ram ic se a rl ie r t h an t h eL R . p e r iod s ugge s t t h a t t h i s w a l l m ay d a te t ot h e p e r iod w hen t h em and r i i t s e l fw a s b u i l t r a the rt h an t oa ny p ha s eo fa n t iqu i ty . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 22 -23 a nd I ,p l s . 9 0 ,9 2 . 1 87 . B ig la ( Ag ra ) ; 4 366 ; ; A . ; HAB , S P . An umbe r o f a nc ien te nc lo su re w a l l sa nd a s so c ia t ed r ema in so fh ab i ta t ion a c t iv i ty h ave b een n o ted a t ' B ig la ' o n t h e h i l l o f A e to s ( n ea r t h e v i l lage o f A g ra ) . T he r e h a s b een c onfu s ion , h oweve r , o ve r t h e l o ca t ion o f t h e e nc lo su re o f L e sb ian m a son ry f i r s tn o t ed b yC ha r i ton id i s i n1 96 1 -62 b e cau se o f t h e e x i s t ence o fa no the rt o ponym ` Ae to s ' , w he r e t h e r ea r e a l so a n c ien tr ema in s ,f u r the rt ot h ee .b e tween A po th ik ia nd P a rako i la ( # 126 ) . A x io t is s pe c i f ica l ly s t a ted t h a t t h e e n c lo su r e C ha r i ton id i s d e scr ib ed i st ob e f o und o n t h e h i l l ` Ae to s ' w i th t h et o ponym ' B ig la ' t ot h ew . o fA g r a , n o to n t h ec oa s tw he re K on t i sp l a ce st h es i t e . C ha r i ton id i s o r ig ina l ly r epor t ed s t r e tche s o f L e sb ian p o lygona l m a son ry , f o rm ing t h e f r agmen ted r ema in s o fa n e nc losu re h i gh u p o n t h e A e to s h i l l . T he n . s . w a l l m ea su r ed 3 3 .3 m , t h e e . -w . w a l l 1 4 .9 m . T he b e s t p r es e rved s e c t ion s w e r e t h o se t owa rd s t h e s .( i nc lud ing t h e s .p a r to ft h e l o ng n . s . w a l l w h ich f o rmed t h ee .s i de ) a nd i n s ide t h e s t ruc tu re s ome i n te rna l d iv id ing w a l l s w e re v i s ib le ,a ga in p r es e rved b e s ti nt h es .p a r to ft h es t r uc tu r e . A x io t i s a dded t h a t o n t h e e .s l ope o fB ig la t h ec hap e l o fA g ia P a rak seu i i sf o unded u pon ap l a t fo rm c r ea ted b ya L e sb ian m ason ry t e r r a ce w a l l2 1 mi nl e ng th a nd u pt o 3m i nh e igh t . Ac o lumn c ap i ta l i sb u i l t i n to t h e f l oo r o f t h e c hape l a nd t h e w ho le s u r round ing s l ope i sf u l l o f o l d f o unda t ion s a nd s c a t te r s o fc e ram i cs . C a . 5 0 mn w . f r om t h i s p l a tform a no the r s t ruc tur e ( p robab ly o r ig ina l ly r e c tangu la r ) w i th w a l l s o f l a rge p o lygona l b lo ck s w a s d e s c r ibed b y A x io t i s , w i th t h en .s i de a nd n e .c o rne ri nt h e b e s ts t a te o fp r e se rva t ion . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 96 1 -62 , 2 65 a nd p l . 3 20a ; K on t i s , 1 973 , 8 2 ; i d . , 1 978 , 32 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I , 5 23 , 5 37 ( a nd u nnumb e r ed p ho tog r aph p .5 24 )a nd p l . 1 22 . 1 8 8 . P a l iokas tro ( Ag ra ) ; 4 365 / 4465 ; 5 00m ; ` MAge ' ; S P . O n t h e P a l ioka s t ro h i l l , c a . 2k i n s w sw . f r om A g ra ( t he e xa c t l o ca t ion i su nc lea r ) , s t and t h e r ema in s o f a` MAge ' k a s t ro a t te s t ed i nh i s to r ica l s ou r ce sa nd v i s i ted b y A x io t i s . T he l a t te r s poke o f ac hape l o fA g io s G eo rg io s s t and ing n ea r t h e r u in s o n ap l a teau o ft h e h i l l 's r o cky p eak . T he r ema in so fw a l l sa nd ac i s ter na r es t i l lv i s ib le t o ge the rw i th ac oncen t ra t ion o fs h e rd so f` MAg e ' d a te ( t he p r ec i se d a t ing o ft h ek a s t ro i su nc lea r" ) . B ib l iog raphy : Mou t zou r i s 1 962 ,6 8 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,5 23 .

P roph i t i s I l i a s m oun ta in , c a . 1 . 5 l c m s e s e . f r om P t e rounda , s t and st h es ma l lc hape ld ed ica t ed t ot h e P en t eA g io i ' ( ` F ive S a in t s ') , t h e p re sen t -day r emnan t o f a n umbe r o f m ona s te r ie s a nd h e rm i tage s o n t h e moun ta in r e f e r r ed t o f r om t h e 1 2C ( t he m oun ta in w a s k nown i nB yz . s ou r ce sa s ` L ibano s ' ) .8 I n1 636 -41 G ab r ie lo f Me thymna s t a ted t h a t u n t i l j u s t b efo re h i s t ime t h e re h ad b een f ou r teen m ona s te r ie s o n t h e m oun ta in , b u t t h a t o n ly f i ve w e r e s t i l l o c cup ied .8 9 I nt h e 1 7C AC f ew monk s l i ved a tt h e mona s te ry o f t h e P en te A g io i , b u t t h e moun ta in s e rved a s t h e r e t r ea to f h e rm i t s w ho s e b one s w e r e f ound i nc ave s n ea rby . T he r ema in so fa no l d e rc hap e la r ev i s ib le b e s ide t h ep r e sen t -day P en te A g io i b u i ld ing ( mo r e e l emen t s h ave b een t a ken t o P t e rounda ) . I n t h e l a t e 1 9C ap a in t ing o f t h e Mo the r o f G od ( ` Theo toko s ' ) w a s s t i l lj u s tv i s ib le o n t h e r o ck n ea rby ( s a id t ob e o ne o f ag r oup o fp a in t ing s n ow w o r n a way ) . T he t r ace s o f ac eme tery b e s ide t h e c hape l h ave b een r e po r ted a l so , a nd i n1 988 v i l lage r s f r om P t e rounda f o und r ema in s o f a n o l de r c hap e l 2m b e low g round e xh ib i t ing mo r ew a l l -pa in t ing s . N ea rby , a no the r f o rme r mona s te ry o n t h e moun ta in w a st h a to fA g io sA n ton io s ,a l so o fB yz . d a te ( Ax io t i sd oe s n o t s p ec i f y i t s l o ca t ion a pa r t f r om s ay ing t h a t amode rn c hape l o f t h e s ame n ame s t and s o n t h e s po t" ) . A x io t i s r e po r ted t h a t f ounda t ions o f t h e mona s te ry 's c e l l s a r e a ppa r en t b e s ide t h e mode rn c hape l . I n t h e n e ighbou r ing f i e ld , s t ruc tu ra l r ema ins o f t h e K a lam i /Ka lam io t i s sa Mona s t e ry ( a t te s t ed i n1 480 AD ) w e r e u ncove red i n1 970 , i n c lud ing t h e a p se o f o ne o f i t s c hape l s t o ge the r w i th a l a rge n umbe r o f t i l e s a nd s he rd s . A no the r f ou r o f t h e m ona s te r ies w h ich e x i s ted i n t h e a r ea ( a t te s ted l a rge ly t h rough t h e i s land 's e cc le s ia s t ica l r e co rd s ) a r e n amed a s A g io s B la s io s , A g io sG eo rg io s ,A g io sN iko lao sa nd A g io s D im i t r io s( t he l a t t e rn ow s t and ing n ea ra no l dT u r .b r idge ) , b u tl i t t le r ema in so fa ny o ft h em . B ib l iog raphy : Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 , 5 2 -53 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 4 15 -18 . 1 90 . K ou t lougoun i ( Ska locho r i ) ; 4 84819 ; 1 20m ; A . ; S P . T he h i gh , n a r row p romon to ry o f K ou t lougoun i s t and s 4 . 5 k m sa lmo s td ue n .f r om t h e v i l lage o fS ka lo cho r i . T he s i te i sr e a ched b yt a k ing t h er o ad w h ich l e ave sS ka lo cho r it ot h e n e . ( l ead ing e ven tua l ly t o S kou ta ro s ) , a nd a f te r 2 . 5 k r ns t u rn ing l e f ta l ong at r a ck s i gnpo s t ed ` Kou t lougoun i ' w h ich b ea r s n .a l ong t h e w . s l ope s o f t h e K o ja D ag moun ta in . N ea r t h e c oa s t , a st h e t r a ck b end s s ha rp ly e .a nd s l igh t ly d ownh i l l ,i saf a rm s tead a nd a s soc ia t ed o u tbu i ld ing sb eyond w h ich o n an a r row r i dge top a r e t h er ema in so fa n i regu la r s haped e nc lo su re . T he p ub l ished r epo r t s o f K on t i s , K ouma r e la s a nd A x io t i s s peak o ft h e e nc lo su r e e xh ib i t ing w a l l s o f L e sb ian p o lygona l m ason ry ( s ee A ppend ix 2 ) , w h ich a r e o n ly v i s ib le i n s hor t s t re t che s o f t h e e .s i de w he r e af ew i ns i tu b lo ck s r ema in . T he r ema in ing w a l l s

8 8 I nt h e 1 2C G r igo r io s w ho h ad l i ved a s amonk n ea r t h e G u lf o fG e ra ( a nd l a te r h ad am ona s te ry d ed ica ted t oh i s m emo ry , s e e # 60 ) v i s i ted t h e L ibano s a r ea a nd r epo r ted a ' l a rge n umbe r o f mona s te r ie s a nd h e rm i tage s ' . I n 1 310 G regory o f S ina i a l so v i s i ted t h e ` L ibano s Moun ta in ' . S ee A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 17 .

1 89 . P en te A g io i ( P t e rounda ) ; 4 75716 ; 4 40m ; B yz . , T u r . ; C EM , S P . B e s ide a s p r ing o n t h e w . s l opes o f t h e

8 9

8 7

A T u r . s e t t lemen t a t A g ra ( poss ib ly o ne w h ich w a s a s soc ia ted w i th t h e k a s t ro ) i sa t te s ted i n O t toman r e co rd s i n 1 602 , M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c en su s o f t h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove .

3 9

F o r G ab r ie l o f Me thymna , s e e n .4 7 .

T h i s c hap e l o f A g io s A n ton io s i sn o t ma rked o n a ny o f h i s m ap s o r t h e B r i t i sh A rmy m ap . I n t h e m id -17C G ab r ie l o f Me thymna s t a ted t h a t t h e moun ta in o f L ibanos w a s a l so k nown b y t h e n ame o f A g io s A n ton ios a nd t h a t t h e l a t te r mona s tery w a s i n hab i ted b y 1 2 monk s , s e e A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,4 16 . 9 0

mi nt h ickne s s ( f o r t h is m a son ry s t y le , s e e A ppend ix 2 ) . B o th t h e t owe r s a r e r e c tangu la r , o ne m ea su r ing 1 4 mx 1 0 .5 m , t h e s ma l le r o ne 9 m x 6 m , a nd a round b o th s t ruc tu re s A x io t i s r epo r ted a d ense s c a t te r o f t i l es a nd s h e rd s , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e t owe r s w e re r oo f ed a t s ome p o in t . K on t i s n o ted t h a t l owe r d own t h e s l ope s w e re f r agmen t s o fo t he rp o lygona l m a son ry w a l l s ,b u tt h a tt h e i r m a sonry w a s l e s s f i ne ly w o rked t han t h a t i mmed ia te ly a r ound t h et owe r so nt h ep e ak . T he l o ca t ion o ft h e t owe ro nt h e h i gh s pu ro ft h e K o ja D ag moun ta in m eans t h a t t h e v i ew f r om t h e s i te i s e x ten s ive . T ot h ee .o ne l o ok so ve rt h eT s ich ran ta sv a l ley f a r b e low b eyond t h e h i l l o f S e I le s ( #205 ) a nd t h e P e t ra p l a in a l l t h e w ay t o Me thymna 1 2 km a way . T o t h e w . A n t i s sa i sv i s ib le ,a nd t ot h en .o ne l o ok sd own o ve rt h en . s l ope so fK o ja D ag t owa rd sC ape P e t ino s . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 973 ,8 2 ; i d . , 1 978 ,3 11 a nd f i g . 5 2 ; K ouma r e la s , 1 989a , 4 ;A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 83 -84 ; S pence r , 1 994 ,2 08 10 a nd f i g s . 1 3 .

h ave b een b roken d own t ot h e i r l owe s t c ou r s e s o rr e bu i l t c omp le te ly i nm uch l e s sc a r e fu lf a sh ion . T he s ho re l i ne o n a l l s i de s o f t h e p romon to ry c u lm ina te s i ns t eep c l i f f s f o r 0 . 9 k m t ot h e w . ( b e fo re t h e n a r row c oa s ta lp l a in o fB e l i tus ) a nd f o rc a . 2km t ot h e e . a sf a ra sC ape P e t ino s . T he v i ew f r om t h e K ou t lougoun i p romon to ry i sv e ry e x ten s ive b o th e .a nd w . . T o t h e e . , t h e c oa s t l ine a l l t h e w ay t o Me thymna 1 3 kms a way i s c l ea r ly v i s ib le , a nd t ot h e w . t h eP hou rn ia p romon to ry ( 1 5 k ms d i s tan t ) i ss e en j u t t ing o u ti n to t h es e ab eyond a n c ien t A n t i s sa . B ib l iography : K on t is , 1 973 , 8 2 ; i d . , 1 978 , 3 11 ; K ouma re la s , 1 989b , 3 ;A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 96 . 1 9 1 . X iro l imn i ( Skou ta ro s ) ; 4 97824 ; 1 0m ; R . , EByz . (? ) , ` MAge ' ; HAB , S P (? ) . O n t h ep l a t eau a nd w . s l ope o ft h e r o cky p romon to ry w h ich f o rm s C ap e P e t ino s , c a . 3t o n s e ne . f r om S kou ta ro s , A x io t i s r epo r ted t h e r ema in s o f a n e x ten s ive s e t t lemen t . O n t h e p l a t eau o f t h e p romon to ry i t s e l fa r et h er ema in so fd i su sed a l on ia ,a nd e x t end ing d own t o t h e s ho re a t i t s w . f oo t i s as c a t te r o f w h i t e -g la zed ` MAge ' s he rd s t o ge the r w i th R . t e r ra s i g i la ta . Al a rge n umbe r o fE Byz . a r ch i te c tu ra l p i e ce s o f g r ey m a rb le a nd t r a chy t ea r eb u i l ti n to ar u ined s t ruc tu re o nt h ee .s i de o ft h e p romon to ry ( wh ich A x io t i s t o ok t ob e t h e s i te a n E Byz . b a s il i ca ) ,a nd m o r ea r ea ppa r en ta tt h er u ined c hape lo fA g ia P ho t ia o n t h ep romon to ry 's w . p o in t . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 95 -96 a nd I ,p l . 8 6 . 1 92 . T s ich ran ta s ( Skou ta ro s ) ; 5 11824 ; 5 m ; C . ,R . ,E Byz . , HAB , S P (? ) . I nt h ec oa s ta lp l a in o ft h eT s i ch ran ta sR ive r , n ea r t h e s ho re , s t and t h e r ema in s o f as ma l l s ka la s e t t lemen t w h ich o nce e xpo r ted r aw m a te r ia l s f o rt a nn ing . Two l a rge s t o rage h ous e s u sed i nt h i s t r ade s t and i nr u in s , a nd i n to t h el a rge ro ft h e se ( a bove t h ea r ched d oo r )h a sb een b u i l t at r ig ly th a nd m e top e b l ock f r om t h e f r ieze o f a n a nc ien tb u i ld ing m ade o fl o ca lr e dt r a chy t e . Mo r e w o rked b l ock s w i th c u t t ings f o r c l amp s w e r e i n co rpo r a ted i n to o t he rp a r t so ft h eb u i ld ing . O nt h ee .s i de o ft h es ame n a r row c oa s ta lp l a in ,n ea ra c hape l o fT ax ia r ch i s , A x io t is r epo r ted E Byz . a r ch i te c tu ra l p i e ce s , aD o r i c c ap i ta l a nd al a rge f l u ted c o lumn . B e s ide t h e T ax ia r ch i s c hape l t ot h e s w . , t h er ema in s o f ac i r cu la r s t ruc tu re c a . 1 8 m i n d i ame te r a r e v i s ib le a s am a s s o f f a l len s t one s w h ich o nce f o rmed i t s w a l l s ( wh ich K on t i s a s sumed t ob e as ma l ld e f en s ive p o s t ) . Among s tt h es h e rd s a nd t i l e sa s soc ia ted w i th t h i sc i r cu la rs t ruc tu r ew a sR .t e r ra s i g i la ta . C ha tz i g ave a g ene ra l r e po r t o f C . c e ram i cs i n t h e v a l ley , a nd A x io t i s r epo r ted t r ace s o f ak a lde r im i , b u t t h e p r e c i se l o ca t ion o fb o th t h e se f e a tu r e si su nc lea r . B ib l iog raphy : C ha tz i , 1 972 , 5 79 a nd p l . 5 296 -c ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 11 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 84 -85 . 1 9 3 . K o ja D ag ( Ska lo cho r i ) ; 5 06808 ; 3 76m ; A . ; S P . C a . 3k ms n ne . f r om S ka locho r i i st h e moun ta in s t i l l k nown t o day b y i t s T u rk i sh n ame o f ` Ko ja D ag ' . T he m oun ta in p eak i se a s i ly a pp roa chab le f r om t h e s .v i a t h e u p land p l a teau t o t h e n e . o f S ka locho r i , b y f o l low ing t h e s i gnpo s ted r oad t oK ou t lougoun i ( # 190 ) a nd t h en b ea r ing n e . w he re a n o l d b r idge l e ad s a c ro s s t ot h e e .s i de o ft h e m oun ta in . O n as ma l l p l a teau ( o n t h e l owe re .s i de o ft h e p eak )a bove t h es pe c tacu la r ly s h ee rd r op t ot h eT s ich ran t a s v a l ley , K on t i s , K ouma re la s a nd A x io t i s a l l r e po r ted t h e r ema in so ft wo t owe r sw i th in a ne nc lo su re w a l l . T he w a l l s o fb o th t h et owe r sa nd t h ee n c lo su r ew a l l ,o fw h i ch t h e r ei s l i t t le p r eserved , a r e o fL e sb ian p o lygona l m a son ry c a . 1 . 5

1 94 . P roph i t i sI l ia s( Ska lo cho r i ) ;4 81787 ; 5 42m ; A . , HL . ; S P . T he h i l l o fP roph i t i s I l i a s s t and s i mmed ia te ly t ot h e n .o ft h ev ilage o fS ka locho r i ,a nd o n i t sp eak ( c a . 1km n . f r om t h e v i l lage ) , b e s ide ac hape l o f t h e s ame n ame , a r e t r a ce so fa na n c ien te nc lo su re w i th t wo d i s t inc tp ha se s . O n t h e s ma l l r o cky p l a teau t o t h e e .o f t h e c hape l a r e t h e r ema in so fp o lygona l m a son ry w a l l s ( c a . 1m t h ick ) w h ich f o rm as ma l l , i regu la r ly shaped e nc lo su re . T he w a l l ing o n ly e x i s t so n t h e n e . , s e . a nd s w . s i de s ( t he l a t te rf o rm ing t h eb a se o ft h ec hap e l 's s e . w a l l ) ,b ecaus e t h e n a tu ra l r o ck o u t c rop a nd s t e ep d rop t ot h e n w . c r ea te t h e o t he r s i de o f t h ee n c lo su re . S ome p o lygona lb l o ck sh ave b e en r e u sed i n ab ad ly c on s t ruc t ed l ow t e r ra ce w a l la round t h ec hape l . A s e cond e l emen tt ot h ee nc lo su r ei sa ppa ren ti mmed ia te ly t o t h es w . w he r et r a ce so f( p robab ly HL . ) i s odom i c w a l ls 2m t h ick f o rm a n e x tens ion t o t h e u ppe r e nc losu re . F ounda t ion s o fi n t e rna l s t ruc tu r e s a r e v i s ib le w i th in t h i s o u te r w a l led a r ea . Ag a t e e x i s t s a tt h e s e . c o rne r o f t h e o u te re nc lo su r ew h e r e ab r eak i nt h er o ck o u t c rop a l low sa n e a sy p a s sage u po n to t h ep eak . K ouma r e la sa nd A x io t i sb o th s pok eo fd en se s c a t te r so f p o t te ry a nd t i l e s w i th in t h e e nc lo su re s b u t o f f e red n o s pe c if ic d a t e f o rt h e m a te r ia l . S ome o ft h e t i l e f r agmen t s a r ec l o s e ly a s so c ia t ed w i th t h ec hape la nd p robab ly r e la te t o i t sr e cen tr e bu i ld ing ( t he f ounda t ions o ft h e o l dc hap e l l i e o n al owe rt e r ra ce b e low t h en .e dge o ft h ep eak ) . F rom t h e p eak o f t h e h i l l t h e re a r e i mp re ss ive , p ano ram ic v i ew s : P e t ra a nd Me thymna , t h e l a t te ro ve r 1 5 k ma way ,s t and o u tb eyond t h eK o ja D ag moun ta in ( # 193 ) , a nd t h ev i ew e x t end sn .t oK ou t lougoun i( # 190 ) ,n w . d own t h eL angada v a l ley t oa nc ien tA n t i s sa a nd G aba tha s( # 157 6 4 ) ,w .t oO rdymno sa nd s .b eyond B a tou sa t oC hyd i ra . B ib l iog raphy : K ouma re la s , 1 989a , 4( w i th u nnumbe r ed p l an a nd p ho tog r aph ) ; i d . , 1 989c , 3( w i th u nnumbe red p l an a nd p ho tog raph ) ;A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 99 a nd I ,p l .9 6 .

4 0

1 95 . P hon ia s ( Ska lo cho r i ) ; 4 94775 ; 5 05m ; A . ; HAB , S P . T he h i l lo fP hon ia sr i se si mmed ia te ly e .f r om t h ev i l lage o f S ka lo cho r i a nd i st e r ra ced o n i t s g en t ly s l op ing s . ,w . a nd e .s i d e s . O n t h et e r r a ce s w e r eo nce c u l t iva ted t o ba cco a nd v i ne s , a nd A x io t is n o ted a n o l d , s t one -bu i l t d ra inage c hanne lo n t h es .s l op e so ft h e h i l la nd ac i r cu la rc i s te rn t o t h e s e . . O n t h e r o cky p eak , t h e r ema in s o fa n i regu la r ly s haped e nc lo su r e o f L e sb ian p o lygona l m a son ry a r e a ppa ren tw i th d imen s ion so fc a . 1 8 mi na n e . -w . d i rec t ion a nd 1 6 mn . s . ( s ee A pp end ix 2 ,s e c t ion 2 . 2 ) . S t re t che s o f t h e w a l l a r e v i s ib le o n t h e s e . , s .a nd n w . s i de s ( i n p l ace s u p t o 1m i nh e igh t ) , i n d ica t ing t h a t t h e o u te r w a l l w a s 2

m i nt h ickne s s a nd f o rmed b y t wo o u te r f a ce s o f l a rge w o rked b l ock s w i th a f i l l o f r ubb le i n -be tween . F a in t t r a ce s o f l e s s s ub s tan t ia l i n te rna l d i v id ing w a l l s s u r v ive w i th in t h e o u te r e nc lo su r e . A f ew p l a in , u nd iagno s t ic s he rd s a nd t i l e s a r e v i s ib le n ea r t h e se i n te rna l w a l ls , s ugges t ing t h a t p a r t o f t h e s t ruc tu re w a s r oo f ed a ts ome p o in t . F u r the r d own t h e s l ope o f t h e P hon ia s h i l l t ot h e w . a r e f ounda t ions o f s ub s tan t ia l b u i ld ing s , as ma l l r o ck -cu t n i ch e w i th at r i angu la rp ed imen t shap ed c u t t ing a bove ,a nd ad en s et i l ea nd p o t te ry s c a t t e r( i nc lud ing s h e rd sf r om p i tho i a nd g r ey w a r ea mpho ra e ) . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 12 ; K ouma re la s , 1 989b , 3 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 94 -95 a nd I ,p l . 8 4 . 1 96 . P ed ia ( Ska locho r i ) ; 5 01772 ; 3 90m ; R . , E Byz . , ` MAge ' ; HAB , S P . I mmed ia te ly t ot h e n .o f t h e m a in ( a spha l t ) r o ad f r om P h i l ia t oS ka lo cho r i , 2 . 2 k m s e .f r om t h e l a t te r v i l lage , t h e c hap e l o f A g io s D im i t r io s s t and s a t t h e e .f o o t o ft h e P hon ia s h i l l . When C ha r i ton id i s v i s i ted t h es i t e ,t h ec hape lw a sa no ld u n roo f ed s t ruc tu r ew h ich h a s s i n ce b een r e bu i l t ( i n 1 987 ) , a nd b e fo re t h e r e bu i ld ing C ha r i ton id i sd e s cr ibed s e e ing t h ea p se a nd w .e nd so fw a l l s b e long ing t oa n o l de r s t ruc tu r e b e s ide t h e c hape l t o ge the r w i th t h e r emnan t s o f af l oo r o f c l ay s l ab s a nd s ome a r ch i te c tu r a ln z embra . A x io t i s r e po r ted t h a t m any o ft h e a r ch i t ec tu ra l p i e ce s s e en b y C ha r i ton id i s ( n ea r ly a l l o ft h e l o ca l r e d t r a chy te , e xcep tf o r am a rb le c o lumn c ap i ta l )h ave b een b u i l ti n to t h e n ew ( 1 987 ) c hape l o rp l a ced w i th in i t ,a nd f o unda t ion sa r e v i s ib le a tt h es e . c o rne ro ft h en ew b u i ld ing .9 1 I tw a s i n t h i s a r ea b e tween S ka locho r i a nd P h i l ia ( k nown a sP ed ia9 2 )t h a tK on t i sr e po r ted as u r f a ce s c a t te ro f R . c e ram ics , a nd t h a t i n t h e 1 9C b o th B ou tan a nd K o ldewey n o ted r ema ins ( i nc lud ing a n umbe r o f a r ch i te c tu ra lb l o ck sa nd ' t r a ce so fh ouse s ' w h i ch w e r ed a t ed t o t h e ' l a te r MAges ' b y K o ldewey ) . S ince t h e l o ca l t r ad i t ion s i nS ka lo cho r i a s se r t t h a t a tP ed ia l a y o ne o ft h e ` MAge ' v i lage sf r om w h ich t h e mode rn s e t t lemen tf o rmed , K o ld ewey 's d a t ing o ft h e se r ema in sm ay w e l lb ec o r r ec t .9 3 B ib l iog r aphy : K o ldewey , 3 7 , 8 4 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a ,4 3 4 4 a nd p l . 2 1 ( 3 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 3 17 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 91 , 3 94 a nd I ,p l . 8 5 . 1 97 . M i tropo l is ( Anemo t ia ) ; 5 08765 ; 3 50m ; HL /R (? ) , E Byz . , T u r . ; CEM , S P . T o t h e e . o f t h e v i l lage o f A nemo t ia i s t h e u p land p l a in k nown a s K ambo s , t r ad i t iona l ly a n a r ea w he re e a r l i e r s e t t lemen t s h ad e x i s ted w h ich c oa le sced t of o rm t h e m ode rn v i l lage .9 4 N ea rby ,c a . 9 1 A x io t is ( I , 3 91) w as i n fo rmed i n P h i l ia t h a t t h e EByz . b lock s b u i l t i n to t h e ma in c hu rch o f t h a t v i l lage ( Tax ia rch i s ) a l so c ame f r om t h e A g io s D im i t r io s s i te . F o r d e ta i l s o f t h e se b lock s i n P h i l ia s ee C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 4 4 , w ho s p eak s a bou t mo re s im i la r p ieces b u i l t i n to t h e c hape l o f A g ia P ho t e in i n ea r t h e n w . e dge o f t h e v i l lage ( i b id . ) .

I n cor rec t ly ( a nd a mu s ing ly ) n amed ` Ape s ia ' b y K o ldewey , 3 7 , 8 4 .

9 2

B y t h e e a r ly 1 7C a l a rge T u r . s e t t lemen t i s a t te s ted i n O t toman r eco rd s a t ' Vöm lek ' ( Ska locho r i ) , M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c en su s o f t h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove .

9 3

T he e x is tence o f ak a lde r im i l e ad ing d own i n to t h e p l a in ( `Kambo s ' ) f r om t h e mode rn v i l lage s uppo r t s t h i s t r ad i t ion , s e e A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 88 . A T u r . v i l lage a t ' Anemo t ia ' i s a t te s ted i n t h e 1 602 O t toman a r ch ives , M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1 995 ) . C oncern ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c en su s o f t h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove .

9 4

4 1

1k m n e . f r om A nemo t ia o n t h e s l ope s e .o f t h e m ode r n r o ad w h ich l e ad s n .t owa rd s P h i l ia a nd S ka lochor i , ( S . ) P a ra skeua id i s d i scove red t h ep aved f l oo ra nd a r ch i te c tu ra l m emb ra o fa n E Byz . b a s i l i ca i nO c tobe r 1 946 . A s w el a s E Byz . c o lumn s a nd c ap i ta l e l emen t s , a n e a r l ie r D o r ic c o rn ice w i th t r ig ly ths a nd m e top es w a s a l so f ound . A n umbe r o ft omb s w e re s c a t te red i nc l o se p rox im i ty t ot h e b a s i l ica a mong s t w h ich ( o n i t s w . s i de ) w a s amono l i th ic s a r cophagu sw i th ar i dge o n i t sr im f o rt h e f i t t ing o f al i d . O n t h e v i s i t o f A x io t i s m o re r e cen t ly m uch l e s s w a s p r e ser ved . Ag r ea t a moun t o f m a te r ia l ( mo s t ly s qua r ed b lock s w i th c u t t ings f o r c l amp s b u t a l so EByz . a r ch i tec tu ra l e l emen t s ) h ad b een b u i l t i n to at e r race w a l l . A bove t h i s t e r race l a y ap i le o f s t one s i n c lud ing o t he r a r ch i tec tu ra l f r agmen t s a nd a r ound t h i s w ho le a r ea w a s a d en se s c a t te ro f t i l e s a nd s he rd s . T he se r ema in s a r e n ow w o r sh ipped a s as h r ine t oA g io s G eo rg io s , a nd t h e c hap e l o fA g ia A na s ta s ia al i t t le f u r the rt ot h ee .( b e s id e am and r i ) c on ta in sa no the rb l o ck f r om t h en ea rby b a s i l ica . T he s qua red b lock s a nd D o r ic c or n ice r epo r ted b y C ha r i ton id i s a nd A x io t i s s ugge s t t h a t a n e a r l ie r ( po s s ib ly HL . /R . ) s t r uc tu r e s t ood o n t h e s po t , b u t i ti si mpo ss ib le t o a s ce r ta in t h ep r e c i se d a te ( o rf u nc t ion )o ft h i sb u i ld ing . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 4 4 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 3 88 . 1 98 . E r imopy l i ( Ph i l ia ) ; 5 4176 1 ; 5 20m ; C . /HL . (? ) , T u r . ; HAB , S P . O n t h e h i gh p l a teau n amed E r imopy l i ,9 5 c a . 1 k m s e . f r om P h i l ia a tt h e v e ry e dge o ft h e u p land s b e fo r e t h e s h ee r d r op e .t ot h e K a l lon i P la in , aw ho le c l u s te r o f r ema in s h ave b een n o ted b y v i s i to r s s i nce t h e 1 9C AC . A nagno s t i sa nd T ax i sb o th r e po r ted al a rge n umb e ro fw el s a nd c i s te rn si nt h ea r ea a nd m o r er e cen t ly K on t i sm en t ioned as ub s tan t ia l w a l l ( o f u nde te rm ined d a te ) r unn ing n . -s . a l ong t h es i d eo f ad eep r a v ine . A x io t i s r e co rded t h e s i t e ( wh ich s e em s t od a te c h ie f ly t ot h e T u r . p e r iod ) i nm uch mo re d e ta i l . I na dd i t ion t oa n umbe r o f t h e w e l l s s e en b y t h e e a r ly v i s i to r s , A x io t i s r e po r ted t h e r ema ins o f o ld d ra inage c hanne l s , t h re sh ing f l oo r s ,b l ock sf r om o l ive p r e s se sa nd t h et r a ce so fe x ten s ive t e r ra c ing o n t h e n . , e .a nd w . s i de s o ft h e p l a teau . T he re w e r ea l so t h er ema in so f an umb e ro fh ous e sn ea rt h er av ine t o t h e s .t o ge the r w i th t h ree r u ined c hape l s ( a l l n ow e x i s t ing m e r e ly a s i k ono s ta s e s , b u t w i th f ounda t ion s a nd w o rked b l ock s n ea rby ) o f A g ia L emon i , A g io s G eo rg io s a nd A g io s D im i t r io s . T he t r a ce s o fa n o l d s t ree t s y s tem w e r ea ppa r en ti nt h ef o rm o f ak a lde r im i n ea rt h ec en t r eo f t h er ema in s ,a nd ad ens es c a t te ro f( u nd iagno s t ic )s h e rd a nd t i l ec ove r ed t h ew ho le a r ea . T he w a l l w h ich K on t i s r epo r ted r un s a l ong t h e s .s i de o ft h e s e t t lemen tf o rc a .0 . 2 km ,i s 2m t h ick ,a nd i np l a ce s 2 . 5 m h i gh . I ti sc on s t ruc ted o f l a rge , c r ude ly -wo rked b l ock s ( w i thou t m o r ta r ) a nd i sf o rmed w i th t wo f a ce s o f l a rge o u te rb l o ck sw i th in w h ich i saf i l lo fr ubb le a nd e a r th . Ag a t e a nd p o s s ib le t owe rc an b ed i s t ingu i shed n ea rt h ew . e nd o ft h e w a l l a nd o ne l a rge b l ock ( 3 m x0 . 3 m x0 . 3 m ) s e em s t ob e al i n t e lf r om t h e g a te . I n s um , t h e r ema ins s e em t ob e m o s t ly o f T u r . a nd e a r ly mode rn d a te ,b u tt h e l a rge e nc lo su re w a l l t ot h e s .i s c u r iou s ly n o t mo r ta red a nd m ay b e a nc ien t ( Kon t i s d o e s ma rk t h e s i te a s b e ing o f C . a nd 1 I L . d a te o n h i s s i te d i s t r ibu t ion m ap s , b u t t h er e i s n o th ing i n h i s t e x t t o e xp la in w hy ) . A nagno s t is a s soc ia ted t h e t oponym

9 5

' Epru iorn iXTV .

T he l o ca t ion i sk nown a l so a s E r imopy la ia

( 'Epr il ion t iXata ') o rE rmo t il ia ( ' Epp .oT iX ta ') , s ee K on t i s , 1 978 ,

2 91 , 3 12 , a nd A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 74 .

E r imopy l i( l i te ra l ly ` Ep rwo - T wxa "De se r ted G a teway ' ) w i th t h e a nc ien t ' Moun tP y la ion ' s a id t ob e i nL e sbo sb y S t rabo ( S t r . 1 3 .3 .3 ) , b u t t h is e t ymo logy a nd t h e a s soc ia t ion i sh a rd ly s e cu re . L a s t ly ,i tm ay a l so b ew o r thy o f n o te t h a t n o s e t t lemen t w i th a s im i la r n ame i s m en t ioned b y G ab r ie l o f Me thymna i nh i s d e sc r ip t ion o f L e sbo sd a ted 1 63641 9 6 w h ich s ugge s t st h a ti ft h e r ew a sa s e t t lemen th e re d u r ing t h eT u r .p e r iod ( a nd i fG ab r ie lw a s t h o rough i nh i s g aze t tee r ) , i tw a s n o t i ne x i s tence d u r ing t h em id -17C AC . B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 1 32 a nd n .1 ;K on t i s , 1 978 ,2 91 , 3 12 a nd f i g s .2 1 -26 ;A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 74 -78 a nd I ,p l s .8 1 -82 . 1 99 . P a l iochora ( Ph i l ia ) ; 5 477 /5577 ; ; HL . /R . (? ) , ` MAge ' , T u r . ; HAB , S P ( ? ) . O n t h e n .s i de o ft h e m a in P h i l ia -K a l lon i r oad , c a . 1 . 5 k ms e .f r om P h i l ia , t h e r ema in so f ad e se r ted s e t t lemen t( p robab ly d a t ing f r om t h e T u r .p e r iod9 7 )w e re n o t ed b yA x io t i sa tt h ep l a ce k nown a s P a l io cho ra . A( po s s ib ly d e f en s ive )u ppe re nc lo su re s t and s a bove a na r ea e xh ib i t ing b u i ld ing f o unda t ion so fu nwo rk ed , m o r ta r ed s t one sw h ich i n c lude an umb e ro fw o rked b l ock s . We l l sa nd c i s te rn sa r es c a t te red o ve rt h ea r ea ,s t r e t che so fa k a lde r im i a r ea ppa r en t ,a nd A x io t i s a l so r e po r ted ap r e s s s t one t o ge the r w i th ` MAge ' t i l e s a nd s h e rd s ( i nc lud ing a n umbe ro fl a rge p i tho sf r agmen t s ) . K on t i sm a rked t h es i t e a s d a t ing f r om t h e HL . a nd R . p e r iod s o n h i s s i te d i s t r ibu t ion m ap sb u td i dn o tr e f e rt ot h es i t ei nh i st e x ta nd A x io t i sf o und n o th ing a nc ien ta tt h es i te . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 978 , f i g s . 2 3 -28 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 3 73 -74 a nd I ,p l . 8 1 ; i d . , 1 994 ,f i g .ä . 2 00 . K a tope t ro ( Laph iona s ) ; 5 478 ; ; ; HAB , C EM . K on t i s g i ve s a n e x t reme ly v ague r epo r t t h a t ` sw . f r om Ame tel i [ # 202 ] ' ( no d i s tance i sg i ven )a r e al a rge n umb e r o fr o ck -cu tg r ave sa nd t r ace so fs e t t lemen ta c t iv i ty . K on t i s c on t inue st h a t al i t t le f u r the r [ i ti sn o tc l ea re xa c t ly f r om w he re ] a r e t h et r a ce so f al a rge b u i ld ing i n an a r row v a l ley ,w he re t h e r e a r e p r ese rved s ome l a rge , c a r ved r e c tangu la r b l ock sw i th g roove ss im i la rt ot h o se w h i ch K o ldewey f o und i no t he rp l a ce sa nd i n te rp r e ted a sp r e s s s tone sf o r g r ape sa nd o l ive s . Whe the rt h i ss i t e i st ob ea s so c ia ted w i th t h et omb sf o und b yA x io t i sa t Ame te l l i ( # 202 ) ,a nd w he the rt h er ema in so f t h eb u i ld ing ( p o s s ib ly af a rms tead )a nd p r e s se sa r ea nc ien t , o ro n ly o fe a r ly m ode rn d a t e ,i su nc l ea r . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 978 ,2 83 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 86 . 2 0 1 . Ambe l ia S ko te inou ( Ph i l ia ) ; 5 44789 ; 6 00m ; A . ; S P . K on t i s a nd A x io t i s b o th r epo r ted a n i r regu la r s haped e nc lo su re o fL e sb ian p o lygona lm a son ry ( s ee A ppend ix 2 ) h i gh u p o n t h e S ko te ino moun ta in , 2 . 5 km s s e . f r om S kou ta ro s ( am o r ee a sy a pp roa ch c an b em ade f r om P h i l ia w h ich i s 2k m s sw . f r om t h ee nc lo su re ) . T he d imen s ion s g i ven f o r t h e e nc losu re b y K on t i s a r e 4 5 m x4 0 m , a l though o n h i s f i g . 4 5 t h e s ca le r a the r s ugge s t s m ea su remen t s o fc a . 2 5 m x1 5 m . T he t h ickne s s o ft h e w a l l s( whe re p r e se rved )i sc a . 2m . A x io t i sa g r eed w i th t h e l a rge r o f t h e t wo s e t s o f f i gu re s f o r t h e s t ruc tu re 's

9 6

d imen s ion sa nd a dded t h a t as c a t te ro fs h e rd si sv i s ib le n ea r t h es t ru c tu r e . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 82 a nd f i g . 4 5 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 86 a nd I ,p l .6 1 ; S p ence r , 1 994 ,2 09 -10 a nd f i g s . 1 ,4 . 2 02 . Am e te l l i S ko te inou ( Laph iona s ) ; 5 72797 ; 5 20m ; A . , T u r . ; HAB ,C EM , S P . N e . f r om t h ee nc lo su re a t Ambe l ia ( # 201 ) , a ta n e l eva t ion o f 5 20m a bove s e a leve l , K on t i s r e po r ted t h a t a n e x tens ive a r ea c a . 1 . 1 k ms x 0 . 5 km c on ta ined r ema in so fL e sb ian m a son ry w a l l s( s ee A ppend ix 2 )a nd d en se t i l ea nd s h e rd s c a t te r so fd if e r en tp e r iod s . I ts e em st h a tt h i sl a rge a r ea o fr ema in sw a sa pp roa ched b y A x io t i sf r om t h ea bandoned v i l lage o fK lapado s t ot h e e . I n av e ry s im i la ra r ea t ot h a t m apped b y K on t i s ( b u t o ne w h ich h en amed ` S en tou l c ia ' ) ,A x io t i sd e s c r ibed al a rge n umbe ro fw a l l f o unda t ion s , m ono l i th ic d oo rj amb s ( s t i l l s t and ing ) ,s t one b a s in s a nd b ed rock c u t t ing s . A round t h e s t ru c t u r a lr ema in sw e re t r a ce so f al a rge s ca le e nc lo su r ew a l l ( o ft wo o u te rf a ce sa nd ar u bb le f i l l )c r ea t ing as ma l lw a l led s e t t lemen t . A x io t is a l so r epo r ted t wo mono l i th ic s a r cophag i n ea rby a nd as c a t te r o fu nd iagno s t ic t i l e a nd s h e rd s o ve r t h e w ho le a r ea o f t h e r ema in s . D i sused t h r e sh ing f l oo r s a nd d r ink ing t r ough sf o ra n ima l s a t te s tt o m o re u s eo ft h ea r ea i nt h ee a r ly m ode rn e r a . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 978 ,2 83 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 85 -86 a nd I ,p l s .6 0 -6 1 . * 203 . A g ios A lexand ros ( Laph iona s ) ; 5 481 ; ; E Byz . , T u r . ; HAB ,C EM , S P . T he p a th w h ich l e ave st h e v i l lage o fL aph iona sh ead ing w .t ot h ec hape lo fA g io sG iann i so n t h ee .s i de o ft h eR oud i h i l lc on t inue s a l ong t h e n .s l op e s t ot h es i t eo ft h eE Byz .b a s i l ica o fA g io sA lexand ro s( h a l f a nh ou rf r om L aph iona s ) . T he l a t te rw a su ncove r ed n ea ra d es e r t ed c hap e lo ft h es ame n ame ( b u i l ti n1 9 54 )o n as ma l l p l a teau c a . 2k m s w . f r om L aph iona s o n t h e w . s l ope s o ve r look ing t h eA nax io sr i ve ra nd t h ev i l lage o fS kou ta ro s ( wh ich l i e s w sw . f r om t h e s i te ) . I n to t h e w a l l s o f t h e m ode rn c hape la r eb u i l tm any a r ch i tec tu ra le l emen t sf r om t h eo r ig ina lE Byz .s t ru c tu re . E xcava t ion sw e re c a r r ied o u tb yA l ip ran t i si n1 972 -73 , r e vea l ing t h eE By z .b a s i l ica w i th ap aved c en t ra ln ave a nd t wo f l ank ing a i s le s , an umbe ro fE Byz .a r ch i tec tu ra lp i e ce s ( i nc lud ing I o n i c c o lumn c ap i ta l s ) , a nd a l so t wo ( p robab ly E Byz . ) b u r ia l s . O ve r t h e w ho le s i te an umbe r o f o t he r a r ch i tec tu ra l m embra w e re r e po r ted r e cen t ly b y A x io t i s , t o ge the rw i th s ome r ema in ing s t r e t che so fm o r ta r ed t i l ea nd s t one w a l l ing a nd ad en se s c a t te ro fg l a zed T u r .s h e rd s . T he T u rk sw e re s a id t oh ave i n t rud ed u pon t h ep l ace b y t h e 1 7C AC a nd d i s tu rbed t h e mono l i th ic s a r cophagu s w h ich e xh ib i t s a n E Byz . e p i taph ( p robab ly c o ff in o f t h e s a in th im se l f ) . T he s a r cophagu s w a s f ound s ub sequen t ly l y ing b e s ide t h e b a s i l ica .9 8 I nt h eT u r . p e r iod am o sque a nd ag r oup o fs ma l l h ou se s w e re c on s t ruc t ed a tt h e s i te ( Ax io t i sf o und an umb e ro fT u r .p i pe sn ea rt h eb a s i l ica )a nd i n S p r ing 1 962 f l oo r s o f o lde r b u i ld ings a nd mo re a r ch i te c tu ra l r ema in s c ame t ol i gh t . T he se r u in s o f t h e T ou rko l c ra t ia a r e s t i l lv i s ib le t o day c a . 3 0 ms w . f r om t h e m ode rn c hape l . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 5 3 -56 , f i g s . 2 7 -29 a nd p l . 2 7 ; A l ip ran t i s , 1 972 , 6 16 -17 a nd p l s . 5 76 -77 ; i d . , 1 973 , 56 a nd p l s . 5 25 -26 ; T oucha i s , 1 977 , 6 24 ; K on t i s , 1 9 78 ,2 82 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 82 -83 a nd I ,p l s . 5 7 , 5 9 .

S ee n .4 7 .

A s e t t lemen t i sa t te s ted i n O t toman r e cord s a t ' F i l ia ' i n 1 602 , M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c en su s o ft h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove .

9 7

4 2

I tw a s n o d oub t f r om t h is s a rcophagus t h a t o ne o f t h e T u rk i sh n ame s f o r t h e s po t , ' Teke sh ' o r ' Tomb ' o r ig ina ted . 9 8

2 04 . C h l ios ( Skou ta ro s ) ; 5 29826 ; 5 m ; T u r . ; HAB . A t t h e n e . e dge o f t h e c oa s ta l p l a in o ft h e M ik r i T s ich ran ta , 1 . 6 k m s n .f r om S kou ta ro s , a r e t h e r ema in s o f as e t t lemen t o f t h e T ur ._ p e r iod r e f e r r ed t ob y G ab r ie l o f Me thymna i n 1 6 36 -41 .9 F ounda t ion so fb u i ld ing sa nd ad en s es c a t te ro f c e ram ic s s how t h e e x ten t o f t h e f o rme r v i l lage ( o ne o f t h o se f r om w h ich mode rn S kou ta ro s w a s f o rmed ) . T he r u ined a p se a nd w a l l s o f t h e f o rme r p a r i sh c hape l o f t h e P anag iouda s t and 5 0 m f r om t h e s ho re ( c on s t ruc ted o f m o r ta r ed t i l ea nd u nwo rk ed s t one ) . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 80 -8 1 a nd I ,p l . 5 7 . 2 05 . S e l le s ( Skou ta ro s ) ; 5 32829 ; 1 09m ; A . ; S P . C a . 2 k ms n ne . f r om S kou ta ro s r i se s t h e t h ree -peaked h i l l o f S ele s , f o rm ing t h e s w . l i m i to ft h e p l a in o fP e t ra . O n t h e n eck o ft h i sh i lw h ich j o in s t h en .a nd c en t ra lp eak s s t and s a n i regu la r -shap ed a nc ien te n c lo su r ew i th in w h ich a r e t h e r ema ins o f at owe r . Much o ft h e e nc lo su re w a l l a nd t h e t owe ra r eb roken d own t og r ound l e ve la nd c an b es e en o n ly a sf ounda t ion s , b u t o n t h e n w . s i de t h e w a l l i si n ab e t te r s t a te o f p rese rva t ion a nd e xh ib i t s i n t r ica te L esb ian p o lygona l m a son ry ( s ee A pp end ix 2a nd f i g . 1 6 ) . T he w . s i de o ft h e i n ne r t owe r a l so i sp r e s e rved t oa bove g r ound l e ve la nd e xh ib i t ss im i la rs t y le m a son ry . T he s l op e s o f t h e h i l l a r ound t h e e nc lo su re , s h e e r t o t h e w . b u t m o re g en t le t ot h ee .( a nd a l l n ow t e r ra ced w i th o l ive s ) ,a r ec ove red w i th ad en s es c a t t e ro fb l a ck -pa in t ed a nd g r ey w a r e s h e rd s ,a nd a r ound t h et owe ri t s e l fa r e an umbe r o f t i l e s , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h i s i n ne r s t ruc tu re w a s o nce r o o f ed . T he i mpo r tance o f t h e l o ca t ion o f t h is t owe r a nd e n c lo su r e( d ef ined a s ad e f ens iv ew a t ch towe rb ya lp r ev iou s v i s i to r s ) i st h a t i ss t and s a bove t h e o n ly e a sy l ow leve l p a s s i n to t h eP l a in o fP e t r af r om t h ew . ( whe re t h e mod e rn r o ad n ow r uns ) . I ta l so p o s se s se s aw ide v i s ta f r om t h e c oa s ta l b ay s t ot h e w . o f Me thymna b a ck t ot h e t own o f Me thymna i t se l f( # 2 17 ,t h ek a s t ro i sc l ea r ly v i s ib le ) . B ib l iog raphy ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 96 1 -62 , 2 65 ; K on t is , 1 978 , 2 82 a nd f i g . 4 4 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 76 -77 ( a nd u nnumb e red p ho tog raph p .2 77 ) a nd I , p l . 5 8 ; S p ence r , 1 994 , 2 08 -10 a nd f i g s . 1 2 . 2 06 . K a le j ik ( Skou ta ros ) 5 36835 ; 4 0m ; LR . -Byz . , ` MAge ' ; HAB , CEM , S P . O n t h e w . s i de o ft h e A nax io s R ive r , c a . 2 . 7 k ms n ne . f r om S kou ta ro s , an umbe r o f a nc ien t r ema ins s t and o n t h e l ow c oa s ta l h i l l n amed ` Ka le j ik ' ( ' Smal K a s t ro ' ) . O n t h e s w . l i p o ft h ep l a teau a s t r e t ch o fm o r ta r ed s t one a nd t i l ew a l l ing i sp r e se r v ed f o r 1 5 m( u p t o 3m i nh e igh t ) . T he r i dge i sd en se ly c ove r ed i n s h e rd si n c lud ing g r ey w a re s ,L R . -Byz . ' c ombed ' w a r e s ,a nd g l a z ed ` MAge ' s h e rd s . At omb ( n ow e mp ty )i sc u ti n to t h e h i l l top ( t oge the rw i th aw e l l ) ,a nd A x io t i sr e po r ted a no the r s im i la r g r ave s l igh t ly t ot h e w . t o ge the r w i th o t he r s t one s a rcophagus b u r ia ls . T he t r a ces o f h ab i ta t ion a c t iv i ty e x tend a l so i mmed ia te ly s .o ft h e l ow r i dge w he re A x io t i s r e po r ted c e ram ic s( i nc lud ing h a nd le so fa mpho r a e )o nt h ew . b ank o ft h eA nax io sR ive r . J u s t o f f sho re , i n t h e B ay o f P e t ra , T oucha i s a l so d e s c r ibed al a rge c a che o fb r oken R .a mpho ra ew e re l o ca t ed , p r obab ly f r om t h er ema in so f as h ipw re ck . B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 1 32 ; T oucha is , 1 985 , 8 31 ; A x io t i s , 1 9 92 I ,2 75 -76 . 2 07 . A g ios G eorg ios ( Pe t ra ) ; 5 64842 ; 5 m ; LR . -Byz . , ` MAge ' ; CEM , S P . C a . 0 . 7 k m w . f r om t h e m ode rn

9 9

v i lage o fP e t r a( f o l low ing t h em a in r o ad w . ) ,i nt h e m idd le o f af i e ld w h ich b o rde r s t h e r o ad t ot h e s . ,a r e t h ree l a rge o ak t r ee s b e low w h ich i sa n o pen -a ir s h r ine o f A g io s G eo rg io s . T he mod ern -day w o r sh ip i sc a r r ied o u t i nt h e a p se o fa no l de rc hap e l ,o fw h ich p a r to ft h en .a nd s .w a l l s a r e a l so p r es er ved . As e c t ion o f t h e f l oo r o f t h e o l de r b u i ld ing l a id w i th c l ay f l oo rs l ab si sa l so v i s ib le ( a t al owe r l e ve l t h an t h e p r e sen t f i e ld ) . T he g roup o f EByz . w o rked m a rb le a nd t r a chy te b l ock s l y ing i n s ide a nd a r ound t h e se w a l l s s ugge s t s t h a t t h e s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s a tt h e s h r ine a r e t h e s i te o f a n E Byz . b a s i l ica . I n t h e s ame f i e ld a r e s i gn if i can t s c a t t e r s o ft i l e s , LR . -Byz . ' c ombed ' w a re s a nd g l a z ed s h e rd so f` MAge ' d a te . S l igh t ly f u r the r w . ( c a . 0 . 2 -0 . 5 k m ) , B yz . t omb s w e r e r e po r ted b y A x io t i s n ea r t h e s ma l l c hap e l o f A g io s K y r iko s a nd a ta no the r s h r ine o f A g io s G eo rg io s , w i th l o ca l s c l a im ing t h a t a tt h e l a t te r s i te t h e t omb w a s t h a t o f t h e s a in th ims e l f . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id is , 1 968a , 5 6 a nd p l . 2 8ß ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 63 -64 a nd I ,p l . 5 4 . 2 08 . A g io s D im i t r ios ( Pe t ra ) ; 5 783 ; ; R . , E Byz . , HAB , S P . O n t h e w . s i de o ft h e m a in r o ad w h ich l e ad s n .f r om K a l lon i t oP e t ra , c a . 1k m s .o fP e t ra , ad i r tr o ad l e ave s t h e a spha l t ed r o ad t ot h el e f t . F o l low ing t h i st r ack , a nd t u rn ing l e f t a ga in b e fo re c r o s s ing t h e s ma l l r i ve r w h ich f l ow s p a ra l le lw i th t h em a in r o ad , o ne c ome st ot h er ema in so fa n E Byz . b a s i l ica n ow d ed ica ted t o t h e w o r sh ip o f A g io s D im i t r io s a nd A g io s N e s to r . 1° ° T he r ema in ing p a r t s o f t h es t r u c tu r ei n c lude s e c t ion so ft h ea p se ,t h ef ounda t ion so f t h e s .w a l l , p a r t o f as .c onch , s i gn if ican t p a r t s o f t h e w . w a l l , a nd t h e n w . c or n e r . I n co rpo ra t ed i nt h e w a l l s o ft i l e a nd m o r ta r a r e l a rge w o rked b l ock s . S ome b lo ck s s how s i gn s o fh o le s f o r d owe l s a nd c l amp s a nd o bv iou s ly h ave c ome f r om as t ruc tu re o l de rt h an t h e EByz . s h r ine . E Byz . a r ch i tec tu ra l m embra , i n c lud ing c o lumns a nd c o lumn c ap i ta l s , l i e i n s ide t h er u in sa nd ac o in o fC ommodu s ( 1 80 9 2 AD ) w a s f o und a tt h e s i te . I n t h e c on tex t o f t h e se R . /EByz . f i nd s i ti sw o r th n o t ing t h a t t h e v i l lage o fP e t ra w a s o ne o f t h o se a t te s ted o n t h e LR . c ensus i n scr ip t ion s ( s ee A ppend ix 1 ) . A x io t i s a l so r epo r t ed d en se s ca t te r s o f p o t te ry i nt h es u r round ing a r ea . B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 5 6 -57 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 2 55 a nd I ,p l s . 5 4 -55 . 2 09 . P a l ioka s t ro K orph iou ( Laph iona s ) ; 5 84816 ; 3 70m ; L R . -Byz . ; S P . I mmed ia te ly s .o ft h e r o ad w h ich d e s cend s f r om S t yp s i t ot h e m a in K a l lon i -P e t ra h i ghway , 1 . 4 k ms e .f r om L aph iona s , i st h e c on ica l h i l l o fK o rph i o n w h i ch s t and t h e r u in s o f as ma l l k a s t ro . 1°1 T he k a s t ro o ccup ie s t h e n a r row h i l l top a nd i t s w a l l s ( o f mo r ta red s ma l l s t one s ) e x t end b e tween t wo r o ck o u t c rop so n t h e e .a nd w . e nd so f t h e h i l l w h ich f o rm n a tu r a ld ef ence s . T he r u in s o f as em i c i r cu la rt owe r( 2mh i gh ) a r e p r e se rved i nt h ec en t re o ft h e n .w a l l ,a nd i nt h ew a l l sa r ec hanne l sf o rw a t e rd ra inage . A l a rge r e c tangu la r c i s te rn f a ced w i th mo r ta ri sd ug i n to t h e h i l top i n s ide t h e s .w a l l( 1 0ml o ng a nd 2m d eep ) ,a nd t h e w ho le p l a t eau i sc ove r ed w i th ad ens e s c a t te ro fs h e rd s a nd t i l e s , s ome o f w h ich K on t i s d a ted ( a long w i th t h e k a s t ro i t se l f ) t ol a te a n t iqu i ty ( Ax io t is n o ted L R . -Byz . ' c ombed '

1° ° T he b a s i l ica i sd ed ica ted m a in ly t o t h e w o r sh ip o f A g ios D im i t r io s b u t t h e s ou th c onch i ss e t a s ide f o r A g io s N es to r .

1 01 T he k a s t ro i sn amed a f te r t h e p re sen t -day o wne r o f t h e a r ea , s e e K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 84 .

F o r t h i s d a t ing o fG ab r ie l o f Me thymna , s e e n .4 7 .

4 3

w a res ) .1 02 A x io t i s t h ough t t h a t t h e k a s t ro w a s B yz . ( s pe c i f ica l ly 9 C -11C ) o n t h eb a s i s o fi t s s im i la r i ty t ot h e k a s t ra o fG e ra ( # 51) a nd ' Mel i a ' ( # 6 1 )w h i ch h ec l a imed t o h ave d a ted f r om n um i sma t ic f i nd s . 1°3 B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 965 ,4 95 a nd n .2 0 ; K on t i s , 1 9 78 ,2 84 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 52 -53 a nd I ,p l . 5 4 . * 2 10 . Ag ios D im i tr ios ( Hyp s i lome topo ) ; 6 23819 ; 2 60m ; E Byz . ; S P . C a . 1 . 2 k ms t o t h e s .o f H yp s i lome topo s t and st h ec hape lo fA g io sD im i t r io s( b u i l ti n1 9 54 )o nt h e s i t eo fa nE Byz .b a s i l ica . T he b a s i l ica ( c omp r i s ing an ave a nd t wo f l ank ing a i s le s ) d a te s f r om t h e6 C AC . V i l lage r s h ad f i r s tu ncove red a nd e xcava ted t h es t ruc tu r ed u r ing t h e T ou rkok ra t ia , b u t t h eb u i ld ing w a s s t i l l i ng ood c ond i t ion w hen O r lando sc a r r ied o u ts y s tema t i ce x cava t ion si n1 928 . T oday a s e r ie s o f c o lumn b a se s a nd s e c t ions o ft h e p aved f l oo ro ft h e b a s i l ica a r e p r e se r ved a l ong w i th l a rge n umbe r s o f a r ch i te c tu ra l f r agmen t s e i the r b u i l t i n to t h e m ode rn c hape lo rp l a ced w i th in i t . Sma l lf r agmen t so ft h e m o sa ic f l oo ra r ea l so s t i l lv i s ib le w i th in t h em ode rn c hape l b u tw e r em uch b e t te rp r e s e rved 7 0y ea r sa go w hen O r lando s w as a b le t o m ake a d e ta i led d r aw ing . F ounda t ion s o f a c company ing s t ruc tu re sw e r en o t ed b yA x io t i s ,m o s t ly o n t h e n .s i de o ft h e b a s i l ica , w h ich p r e sumab ly w ou ld h ave f o rmed o t he rp a r t s o ft h eb u i ld ing c omp lex w h ich u sua l ly s u r rounded s u ch c en t re so fw o r sh ip . B ib l iog raphy : O r lando s , 1 928 , 3 23 -25 a nd f i g s . 1 3 ; i d . , 1 929 , 4 -28 , f i gs . 1 29 a nd p l . I ;S o t i r iou , 1 90 -91 , 2 16 , 2 30 a nd f i g s . 2 2 ,4 3 , 5 7 ; I a kobo s ,3 2 -33 ; D aux , 1 960 ,8 08 a nd f i g . 1 ; C ha r i ton id is , 1 968a , 5 2 -53 a nd p l . 2 6 ; B uchho lz , 2 37 a nd f i g . 4 1 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 85 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 45 -47 ( a nd u nnumbe red p ho tog raph p .2 47 )a nd I , p l . 5 3 . 2 11 . Rousos ( Hyp s i lome topo ) ; 6 184 ; 6 20m ; HL . ; HAB , C EM . O n t h e u ppe r w . s l ope s o f t h e P roph i t is I l ia s m oun ta in , c a . 1k m n w . f r om t h e e nc lo su r e o fs i t e # 22 1 , E uange l id i s , K on t i s a nd A x io t i s a l l r e po r ted e x ten s ive a n c ien tr ema ins i nt h ep rope r ty o ft h eR ou so sf am i ly . T he r e po r t so fa l t h r ee s c ho la r sa r ea lmo s ti d en t ica l ,s t a t ing t h a t a tt h e s i te a r e s i gn if ican t n umbe r s o fh ous e f o unda t ion s , g r ey w a r e p o t te ry a nd t i l e s o f HL . d a t e . I nt h e r e po r to f E uange l id i s af l u ted c o lumn i sa l so m en t ioned . As ho r t d i s tance n w .f r om t h es e t t lemen td eb r i sw e r ed i s tu rbed c i s t g r ave s . T he a r ea c ove red b yt h ea nc ien tr ema in sw a ss a id t o b e3 4s t r emma ta ( 0 .3 -0 .4 h e c ta re s ) . B ib l iog raphy : E uange l id i s , 1 925 -26 , 1 54 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 85 -86 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 47 .

e x t r eme ly d if i cu l tt oc o r r e la t et h el o ca t ion o ft h ef i nd sw i th e a ch o t he r ,h oweve r ,s i nce t o ponyms h ave b ecome c on f us ed a nd p r e c i s el o ca t ion s( o rm ap s )a r en o tp r ov id ed . A x io t i s , w ho g ave t h e m o s t d e ta i led a na ly s i s o f t h e a r ea ,s t a ted t h a tt h et o ponym Mona s t i r e l l ia i sa s so c ia t ed b y l o ca l v i l lage r s w i th t h e a r ea a r ound t h e c hape l o f A g io s D im i t r io s ,c a . 1 . 5 k ms n .f r om S t yp s io n t h ee .s i de o ft h e d eep r a v ine t h rough w h i ch t h e L igona sR ive rf l ow sd own t owa rd s t h e P l a in o f P e t ra . A t t h i s p l a ce t h e o n ly p r e m ode rn m a te r ia lh en o ted w a s as c a t te ro fs h e rd sa nd t i l eo f ` MAge ' a nd e a r ly mode rn d a te a r ound f o unda t ion s , w a l l s e c t ion sa nd w o rked b l o ck so fa no l de rc hap e l . I tw a st h e se r ema in s o fo l de r s t r uc tu r e s w h ich h e s u gge s ted m ay h ave b een t h e o r ig ina l ' Sma l l Mona s te ry ' f r om w h ich t h e a r ea t o ok i t sn ame . C ha t z i ,h oweve r ,r e po r t ed t h a ta ne nc lo su re o fL e sb ian p o lygona lm a son ry s t ood a tt h ep l a ce n amed ` Mona s t i r e l l ia ' ( f o r t h is m a son ry s t y le , s e e A ppend ix 2 ) , t h e n . w a l l s t and ing 5 6 c ou r se s h i gh , as t ruc tu re t ow h ich A x io t i s m ade n or e f e r ence . A x io t i sd i dr e po r t af o r t i f ied e nc lo su re o f s u ch m a son ry s l igh t ly f u r the r n . ( f ur the r d own t h e v a l ley ) a t` Ag ia K a te r in i ' w he re ac i r cu la r s t ruc tu re n ow u sed a s a n o pen -a i r s h r ine i sf ounded u pon p o lygona l m a son ry w a l l s . I na s so c ia t ion w i th t h ep o lygona lm a son ry e nc lo su re a t Mona s t i r e l l ia ,K on t i ss poke o fp i tho ss h e rd sa nd f r agmen t s o ft e r ra co t ta f i gu r ine sb e ing f o und ,b u tA x io t i sp l a ced t h e se f i nd s t o t h e e .o f h i s ' A g ia K a ter in i ' l o ca t ion ( i n t h e p rope r ty o fB a l ion t i s ) . A t t h is s po t , A x io t i s d e scr ibed a n umb e r o f o l d t e r ra ce w a l l s , f o unda t ion s o f b u i ld ing s , s h e rd sf r om p i tho i ,g r ey w a r e s ,b l a ck -pa in t ed a nd r e d -f i gu re v e s se l s , t i l e s , c l ay f i gu r ine f r agmen t s a nd T u r . p i pe s , a g r oup o ff i nd sw h i ch m u s tb et h a tr e f e r red t ob yK on t i s . A x io t i s a l so n o ted ac i s tt omb i na s so c ia t ion w i th t h e d en se s c a t te ro fc e ram ics t ot h ee .o fA g ia K a te r in i , at omb w h i ch m ay b e o ne o ft h os e K on t i s d e s c r ibe s i nh i s v ague r e f e r ence t oR .g r av e sa nd ' l a t e rt i l e s ' h av ing b een f o und i n t h e v i c in i ty o f t h e p o lygona l m a son ry e nc lo su re a nd t h e s c a t te ro fp i tho ss h e rd sa nd f i gu r in ef r agmen t s . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 84 -85 . C ha tz i , 1 972 , 5 79 a nd p l . 5 29a -y ;A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 68 -71 a nd I ,p l . 5 0 .

2 12 . Monast ire ll ial " ( Baphe io s ) ; 6 084 ; 3 50m ; A . , C . /HL . , R . , ` MAge ' , T u r . ; HAB , CEM , S P . T he re h ave b een an umbe ro fr epo r t so fa nc ien tr ema in so nt h en .s i de o f t h e L epe tymno s r a nge i nt h e a r ea c a . 2k m s n .f r om S t yp s ic a l led ` Mona s t i r e ll ia '( o r' Smal Mona s te r ie s ' ) . I ti s

1 02 K on t i s ( i b id . ) p roposed t h a t t h e t y pe o f m o r ta r i n t h e w a l l , w h ich h e s t a ted t o b e as t rong ly a dhes ive c emen t ( 'ropo-E Xo lvi i) , s ugge s ted al a te -an t ique r a the r t h an a ` MAge ' d a te .

2 13 . P e t r i ( v ilage ) ; 5 87835 ; 2 60m ; T un ; HAB , S P . T he p r e sen tv i l lage o fP e t r i s t and s o n t h e s i te o f am ixed T u r . a nd C h r i s t ian s e t t lemen t o ft h e s ame n ame a t te s ted f r om 1 602 o nwa rd s .1 0 5 I n1 909 T ax i sr e po r t ed t h a tt h e r e w e re 6 0 h ous eho ld s i nt o ta l , o fw h ich 1 0 w e r e O t toman . T he m osque o f t h e T u r . v i l lage i ss t i l l p r e se rved a l ong w i th c i s te rn sw h i ch c o l le c tt h ew a te rf r om t h es t rong s p r ing so n t h e t e r ra ced h i l l s id e . T he t r a ce s o fT u r . h ab i ta t ion e x tend i mmed ia te ly e .f r om P e t r it o ap l a ce n amed L ion ta r i ,w he re t h e re a r e f o unda t ions o f b u i ld ings , d ense s c a t te r s o f c e ram ics , c i s te rn s , w e l l s a nd t wo u n roo f ed c hape ls o f T ax ia r ch i sa nd A g io sG iann i s . T he t r ace so fo l dt e r ra c ing w h ich o nce s u r round ed t h e v i l lage o n t h e s l ope s t ot h e e . a r ec l ea r ly v i s ib le . B ibl iog raphy : T ax i s , 1 3 1 ; A x io t is , 1 992 I ,2 67 -68 . 2 14 . Ach i lop igada ( P e t r i ) ; 5 86841 ; 1 70m ; C . /HL . , T u r . ; HAB , S P . T he r u in s o fa n a bandoned v i l lage o ft h eT u r . p e r iod l i ec a .0 . 6k m n .f r om t h e s mal v i l lage o fP e tr ia ta p l a ce k nown a sA ch i lop igada . Ak a lde r im il e ad s u pt ot h e r u in sf r om t h e w . ,a nd al a rge c i s te rn n ea rt h es p r ing f r om

1 03 T he d a t ing e v idence o fA x io t i s i su nc lea r s i nce h e r e po r ted as i ng le c o in f r om t h e P a l ioka s t ro G e ra s s i te ( # 51) ( o f w h ich h e g ave n o d e ta i l s ) , a nd i n h i s r epo r t o f t h e K a s t r i s i te n ea r P l ag ia ( #61) h e m akes n o m en t ion o f a ny n um i sma t ic f i nd s , s e e A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 6 78 , 6 91 . 1" T h i s i st h e s i te n amed ` Mona s t i rak ia ' b y C ha tz i , s e e t h e e xp lana t ion o f t o ponyms i n S ec t ion 2 . 1 ( b ) a tt h e b eg inn ing o f t h e c a ta logue .

1 05 T he e a r l ie s t m en t ion i si nO t toman r e co rd s , M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c ensu s o f t h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove .

44

w h ich t h e v i lage t o ok i t s n ame i ss t i l l f u l l o fw a t e r . T he f i r s t r e co rd o ft h e v i l lage i si nt h e 1 7C AC w hen i tw a s n amed ` Ch i l iop iga s ' ( ` X xx torr ly c ig ' ) . B y t h e 1 9C t h e p opu la t ion w a s s ma l l a nd o n ly 2 0 T u r . h ou seho ld s r ema in ed i n1 909 . T ot h es e . o ft h e v i l lage r u in s a n i k ono s ta s i so fA g io s K on s tan t ino ss t and so n ar o cky p l a t eau ,a l ong t h ee .s i de o f w h ich i s aw a l l o fc r ude ly -wo rked i s odom ic b l o ck s . T he p l a teau i sa pp roachab le s o le ly f r om t h i s e .s i de ( an a r row g a teway e x i t s a t t h e s e . c or ne r ) w i th o u t c rop s o f r o ck b ound ing t h e p l a teau t ot h e n . , s .a nd w . . O n t h e p l a teau , t h e C . /HL . b l a ck -g lazed a nd g r ey w a re s h e rd s f o und b y A x io t i s s ugge s t t h a t t h e s t ruc tu re i sa nc ien t , p o s s ib ly a w a t ch towe r b u i l t i no rde r t op ro tec t t h e a pp roa ch t ot h e P la in o f P e t ra f r om t h e p a s se s o ve r t h e L epe tymno s m oun ta in s t ot h e s e . . B ib l iography ; T ax i s , 1 31 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , f i g s . 2 3 -26 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 65 -67 a nd I ,p l . 5 6 . 2 15 . A g ia K yr iak i ( Pe t ra ) ; 5 72847 ; 5 m ; B yz . ( ? ) ; S P (? ) . I mmed ia t e ly t ot h e e .o ft h e v i l lage o fP e t ra ( c a . 0 . 1 k m ) , o nt h ew . s i de o ft h em a in r oad f r om K alon it o Me thymna , A x io t i sr e po r ted t h e r u ins o f ac hape l ( wo r sh ipp ed n ow a s A g ia K y r iak i ) w h i ch h e p ropo sed w e re t h e r ema in s o fa n E Byz . b a s i l ica . Amongs t t h e r ubb le a l a rge n umb e r o f w o rk ed b l o ck s , a r ch i tec tu ra l p i e ce s , s h e rd s a nd t i l e s w e re a ppa ren t , t o ge the rw i th t h ef ounda t ion so ft h ee n t rance a nd t h ec onch . T he p re c i se d a t ing o ft h ec hap e la se a r ly a st h e E By z .p e r iod i sn o tp roven ( t he a r ch i tec tu ra le l emen t sc ou ld h ave c ome f r om e l s ewhe re ) , b u tt h er ema in sc ou ld w e l lb e o fB y z .d a te . B ib l iog raphy ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 56 . 2 16 . R achonas ( Me thymna ) ; 5 72868 ; 1 40m , ;S P ( ? ) . T o t h e e .o f t h e r oad w h ich l e ad s f r om Me thymna t oP e t ra ( n ea rt h e s ho re ) r i se s t h e h i l l n amed R a chona s , c a . 2km s f r om b o th P e t ra a nd Me thymna a nd 0 . 6 k m e s e . f r om t h e A g ia L emon ic hap e l . When d i gg ing w a sc a r r ied o u to nt h e f l a t r i dge top o f t h e h i l l , l a rge w o rked b l o ck s o f a nde s i te w e re f o und f r om as t ruc tu re o fu nde te rm ined p u rpo se . O ne b lo ck h ad a c u rved l i ne o n i t s u ppe r s u r f a ce . K on t i s s ugge s ted t h a tt h em a te r ia lp r e sen ta tt h es i t ew a sn o to ft h e k i nd f o und a td e f en s ive s t ruc tu re si nt h ea r ea o f Me thymna a nd t h a tt h es t ruc tu re w a sp o s s ib ly a na l ta r . N ea rby , t ot h en e . o ft h e A g ia L emon ic hape l , A x io t i s r epo r t ed as ca t te r o fg r ey w a re s h e rd s ( i n c lud ing s ome o f v e ry d a rk c o lou r ) a nd a r ch i te c tu ra l b l ock s i n c lud ing t h e f l u t ed b a se o f ap e r i r rhan t i r ion . B ib l iog raphy ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 78 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 33 -34 a nd I ,p l . 5 0 . * 217 . Me thymna ( t own ) ; 5 688 , 5 689 , 5 788 , 5 789 ( f ind s s p r ead o ve ra l l 4s qua re s ) ; ;E BA . , MBA . ,L BA . ,P G . ,G . , A . , C . , H I— , R . , E Byz . , L Byz . , Y en . , T u r . ; HAB , C EM , S P . A tt h e w . t i p o ft h e mo s t n .p a r to ft h e i s land i sC ape Mo lybo s , 1°6 w he r e amoder nt o u r i s tt own o ve r l ie s t h es i t e o fa n c ien t Me thymna , t r ad i t iona l ly c on s id e r ed t h e s e cond m o s ti mpo r tan tc i ty i nt h ei s land f o rm uch o fa n t iqu i ty . T he t own i sd om ina ted b y t h e ( o r ig ina l ly B yz . 1°7) k a s t ro o n ah i gh r o cky a c ropo l i s ( 0 .114 k m h i gh ) , a nd t h e

1 06 Mo lybos w a s a l so t h e T u rk ish n ame f o r t h e t own o f Me thymna . I ti sn o t c l ea r w hen t h e k a s t ro o f Me thymna w a s f i r s tb u i l t , b u ti ti sp os s ib le t oc on s t ruc t at e rm inus a n te q ue rn o ft h e e a r ly 1 4C AC ( i e . L Byz . ) w i th t he k now ledge t h a t i ti s n amed a mong s t t ho se w h ich t he P hocaean c ommande r D om in ikos 1 07

s ma l l moder nh a rbou rn ea rt h e w . t i p o ft h ep romon to ry i s a l so t h e s i te o f t h e a nc ien t h a rbou r . E BA . a nd MBA . s h e rd s w e re f ound b y B uchho lz i nt h e s ma l l p l a in n amed ` P a la ia -Me thymna ' , n e . f r om t h e moder nt own a r ea . L BA . s e t t lemen t a c t iv i ty i sa t te s t ed i nt h e D ab ia q ua r te r o f t h e t own s i te , f r om w he re B uchho lz a l so p i cked u p a MG . s h e rd . L amb f o und LG .g r ey w a re sn ea rb ed ro ck i nt r enche s w . o f t h e A g ia Ma r ina c hape l a nd c eme te ry , a nd a no the r t r ench i n c luded A . p o t t ery a s soc ia ted w i th s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s . BA . m a t e r ia l , c i r cu la r s t ruc tu re s o f PG . -G . d a te a nd G .p o t t e ry w e re f o und u nd e r ly ing A . h ou se s a nd a nA . s t r ee ts .o ft h e moder nk a s t ro . A . ,C . , a nd HL . t omb f i nd s a r e s c a t te r ed a l l a r ound ( a nd w i th in ) t h e a r ea o f a nc ien t h ab i ta t ion . T he r ei s ad en se s c a t te ro f HL . a nd R . p o t te ry a l l o ve r t h e t own s i te , C . a nd HL . c o ins h ave b een f ound , b u t c u r iou s ly s t ruc tu ra lr ema in s f o rt h eC . , HL . a nd R . p e r iod s a r e a lmo s t c omp le te ly l a ck ing . R ema in s o f o n ly t h r ee b u i ld ing s a r er e po r ted ; a n i s odom ic ( p o s s ib ly HL . ) s t re t ch o f w a l l ing n e . f r om t h e K a s t ro ; a HL . t r ig ly th b lock s k e t ched b yK o ldewey w h i ch w a sr e u s ed i nt h eA g ia Ma r ina c eme t e ry ; a nd l a s t ly , b lock s f r om t h e 4 C BC a queduc t s u rv ive w h ich b rough t w a te r f r om t h e s l opes o f L ep e tymno s c a . 7kms t ot h e s e . . E lemen t s f r om E Byz . b a s il i ca sh ave b een f ound b u i l ti n to m any s t ruc tu re s w i th in t h em oder nt own i t se l f ,b u tt h e i rp l a ce o fo r ig in i su nc lea r . B a s iako sa l so r e po r ted t h a tt ot h en e .o ft h et own a tt h e c oa s ta l s po t k nown a s P ha ro s t h e re w e re t h e r ema in s o f p o t te ry w o rk si n c lud ing a na nc ien tk i ln . B ib l iog raphy ( ma in ) ; K o ldewey , 1 6 -19 , 3 5 -36 a nd p l s .4 5 ; R ouse , 1 47 -48 ; L amb , 1 932 , 5 -11 a nd f i gs . 1 3 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 960 , p l . 2 14 3 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 961 -62 , 2 64 a nd p l . 3 19E -z ; Mou t zou r i s , 1 962 , 5 2 , 5 4 -55 ; B ayne , 2 42 4 5 a nd f i g . 2 5C ; P e t rako s , 1 967c , 4 59 ; C ha tz i , 1 972 , 5 95 9 6 a nd p l s . 5 46Z r i , 5 47ß -y ; e ad . , 1 973 , 5 20 a nd p l . 4 90a ß ;K on t i s , 1 973 , 1 9 a nd f i g . 1 3 ; B uchho lz ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 74 -76 ; A che i la ra a nd A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 986 , 2 02 -03 a nd p l . 1 42y ; A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 986 -87 , 5 8 -59 , 7 1 -72 ; A che i la r aa nd A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 987 ,4 81 -82 ,f i g . 6a nd p l . 2 89ß -y ; B a s iako s ,2 10 ; A r chon t idou -A rgy r i , 1 988 ,4 63 6 5 , f i g s . 1 2 -13 a nd p l s . 2 80 -81a ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 20 -230 a nd I ,p l s .4 7 -49 ; B SA W .L amb a r ch ive Me thymna 1a nd p l an s2 3 ,u npub l i shed . 2 18 . T emeno s ( Baphe io s ) ; 5 886 , 6 09859 , 6 087 ;1 0 8 ;C . ; S P . F ou r ` o ro s ' i n s cr ip t ion s o fC . d a t e r e co rd ing t h e l i m i t o fa nu n loca t ed t emeno sh ave b een r e po r ted . ( a ) O n t h e e .s i de o ft h e R a chona s h i l l , 1km f r om i t s s .l i p ' o n a n i regu la rp l a teau ' ( Kon t i s ) ,p a r to fa n o u t c rop o fb ed ro ck i si n s c r ibed O POZ TE ( 3pOS '

TE [p lEVE

.

T he i n s c r ip t ion f a ce s w . ( po s s ib ly i mp ly ing t h e t emeno s l i e s b eh ind i tt ot h ee . ) ,a nd t h e h e igh to ft h e l e t te r s r a nge s f r om b e tween 0 . 065 m -0 . 075 m .

K a tan i s f a i led t ot a ke i n 1 334 , s e e Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 , 5 2 . T he k a s t ro i sa l so o ne o ft h o se h anded o ve r t ot h e G a t te lu s i i n 1 355 AD , a nd i n1 373 AD t h ec a s t le w a s ' r enewed ' . 1 08 T he t h ree g r id r e f e rences g iven r e la te t o t h e s epa ra te l o ca t ion s o f t h e f i r s t t h ree i n sc r ip t ion s c a ta logued h e re .

4 5

B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 12 -13 a nd I ,p l .4 5 .

( b ) T he s e cond i sb u i l t i n to t h e e .w a l l o f t h e A g ia P a r ak s eu ic hape li nt h ev i lage o fB aphe io s

2 20 . A g io s T homa s ( A rgeno s ) ; 6 26878 ; 4 10m , ; CEM . C a . 1 . 6 k m s w . f r om A rgeno s , o n t h e n .s i de o f t h e r o ad t owa rd s Me thymna ( j u s t b e fo r e t h e t u rn ing t oB aphe io s ) , s t and s ar u ined s h r ine d ed ica ted t oA g io s T homa s ( wh i ch i n co rpo ra te s an umbe r o f E Byz . a r ch i te c tu ra l p i ece s ) . B e twe en t h e s h r ine a nd t h e m a in r oad ( c a . 2 0 mf r om t h e s h r ine )A x io t i sr e po r ted t h a tt omb sh ad b een u ncove r ed ,t h e c l ay c ove r s l ab s o f w h ich l a y b roken n ea rby . N o mo re d e ta i l s o f t h e f i nd s a r e p rov ided , b u t i nt h e a r ea n ea r t h e t omb s an umb e r o f t i l e s a nd s he rd s w e r e f o und , p o s s ib ly t h ed i s tu rbed c on t en t so ft h eg r ave s . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 12 a nd I ,p l .4 5 .

OPOZ TE ME

( pos T EµOv Eog ) . T he s t e le i so f l o ca l g r ey t r a chy te ( 0 .62 m x0 . 81 m ) , a nd t h e l e t te r s ( 0 .05 m i nh e igh t ) a r e c u t a tt h e b o t tom . A x io t i ss ugge s ted t h a tt h i si n s c r ip t ion h ad n o tb een moved v e ry f a ra nd h ad m a rked t h ee .b ounda ry o ft h e l emeno s ' . ( c ) T he t h i rd o ro s i n s cr ip t ion w a s f o und 1 . 1 k m s n . f r om B aphe io s n ea r t h e r oad t o Me thymna , b u i l t i n to t h e m and r i o f av i l lage r o f B aphe io s . O n ab roken s t e le o f l o ca l g r ey red s t one 0 . 275 m x0 . 24 m ( o n ly t h el owe rp a r t r ema in s )t h e re i st h ei n sc r ip t ion

2 2 1 . P roph i t i sI l ia s ( Hyp s i lome topo ) ; 6 26841 ; 6 20m ; A . ; HAB (? ) , S P . C a . 1 . 1 kms n . f r om t h e v i l lage o f H yp s i lome topo , o n t h e s l opes i mmed ia te ly b e low t h e s umm i t o ft h e P roph i t i s I l ia s moun ta in , K on t i s n o ted t h e r ema in so fa ne nc lo su re o fL e sb ian p o lygona lm a son ry ( s ee A pp end ix 2 ) . S ome o ft h ew a l l s w e re s uppo r t ing t e r ra ce s , o t he r s w e r e p a r t o f ad e f en s ive e nc lo su r e . F ounda t ion s w i th in t h ee nc lo su r ew e re s ugge s t ed t ob ep a r t so fa ni n ne r r oo f ed s t rongho ld . No d imens ions a r e g i ven f o r t h e e nc lo su re . O n t h e B r i t i sh A rmy m ap as p r ing i sm a rked v e ry c l os e t ot h i s s po t o n t h e s .s l ope s o f t h e moun ta in w h i ch m ay h e lp t oe xp la in t h e f e a s ib i l i ty o fe s tab l i sh ing a g a r r i son p o in t a tt h i s l o ca t ion . T he v i ew f r om t h e s i te i s s p e c ta cu la r ,e x t end ing o ve rt h e K a l lon ip l a in t ot h e mou th o ft h eG u l fo fK a l lon in ea r Maka ra a nd N iph ida mo r et h an 3 0 k m s t ot h e s . B ib l iog raphy : K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 85 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 47 .

OPOZ TE M EN. OZ ( 6pog

TE1 . 1 14V[E]Og) .

T he h e igh to ft h el e t te r sr a nge sf r om 0 . 05 m -0 . 09 m . ( d ) A f ou r th i n sc r ip t ion ( wh ich i ti si mpo s s ib le t o p l a ce a c cu r a te ly o n am ap )w a sf o und b yK ouma r e la s ' n ea r B aphe io s ' a nd p ub l i shed r e cen t ly b yA x io t i s . OPOZ TEME NOZ

2 22 . V i ran K öy ( Hyps i lome topo ) ; 6 38833 ; 4 60m , ` MAge ' ; HAB . B e s ide t h e n ew ly r ebu i l t c hap e l o fA g io s N iko lao s , 1km e ne . f r om H yp s i lome topo o n t h en .s i de o f t h e r o ad t oK ap i ,a r et h e r ema in so f ad e se r t ed s e t t lemen t . T he s u r round ing a r ea i sk nown b y i t sT u r . n ame o f Wi ran K öy ' ( ' Ru ined V i l lage ' ) , an ame w h ich i su sed o f ten i n T u rk i sh t oi mp ly t h a t t h e r e a r e a n t iqu i t ie s n ea rby . O n t h e s l ope s a bove t h e c hape l A x io t is r epo r ted t h a t t h e f o unda t ion so fh ou se s ,r ubb le a nd s h e rd so f` MAge ' d a te a r e a ppa r en t .1 ° B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 41 .

(pos T g i tEvos . ) .

T he h e igh to ft h el e t te r sr a nge sf r om 0 . 07 m -0 . 09 m . T he l e t t e r ing o f a l l f ou r i n sc r ip t ion s i sv e ry s im i la r ( Kon t i sp ropo s ed t h a t [ a ] , [ b ] ,a nd [ c ] ,h ad b een c u tb yt h e s ame h and ) ,a nd s ugge s t s ad a te i nt h es e cond h a l fo ft h e5 C o rt h ef i r s th a l fo ft h e4 C .1 0 9 B ib l iog raphy : A . W i lhe lm , ' I n sch r i f ten a u s L e sbo s ' , AM 1 6( 1 891 ) , n o . 3( p . 1 32 ) ;I G X I I .2 n o . 5 2 1 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 78 -79 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 15 , 2 18 , 2 34 a nd I , 5 68 a nd p l . 4 6 . 2 19 . E kk l ise B ag ir ( Baphe io s ) ; 6 17872 ; 4 60m ; C . /HL . , L R . -Byz . ; HAB /SP ( ? ) . I mmed ia te ly t ot h e e .o ft h e r o ad f r om A rgeno s t o B aphe io s , 1 . 5 kms n e . f r om t h e l a t te r v i l lage , i st h e h i l l k nown a s ` Ekk l i se B ag i r ' i nT u rk i sh ( `Cha tzo logou ' i n G reek ) . O n t h e s ma l l p l a teau i mmed ia te ly a bove t h e r o ad a r e f o unda t ion s ( mo r e c l ea r ly v i s ib le o n t h e n .e dge ) t o ge the r w i th a t h re sho ld b l ock . D igg ing a tt h e s po tb rough t t ol i gh t am a ss o fs h e rd s a nd t i l e s . S u r f a ce m a te r ia lo nt h es .s l ope i n c luded g r ey w a r e s a nd b l a ck -g la zed s h e rd s( p rob ab ly o fC . /HL .d a t e )a nd p i ece s o f LR . -Byz . ' c ombed ' w a r e s . T he t h r e sho ld b l o ck ( wh i ch i nt h i s c a se i sn o ta s soc ia ted w i th a ny EByz . a r ch i tec tu r a l m embra ) i ss im i la r t ot h os e f o und b y K o ldewey i nt h e w . o ft h ei s land a tt h es i te so fw a t ch towe r s ( e g . K o ldewey ,p l . 2 7 .2 ) . T he s im i la r s t one a nd f o unda t ion s i n ac ompa rab ly p rom inen tp o s i t ion a tt h i sl o ca t ion m ay b et h er ema in so fa s im i la rs t ruc tu r e . 1 09 T he s i gma e spec ia l ly s ugge s t s s uch a d a te , s i nce i ti sa n e xamp le o ft h e m o re e a r ly , a ngu la r f ou r -ba r red v a r ie ty .

4 6

2 23 . T hermoka s t ro ( A rgeno s ) ; 6 43886 ; 3 10m ; ` MAge ' ; HAB ,S P . O n t h en .e nd o ft h er i dge o n w h i ch t h ev i l lage o fA rgeno s s t and s ( c a . 0 . 6 km n .f r om t h e v i l lage ) ,b e fo re t h e s t eep d rop d own t ot h e c oa s t , t h e r ema in s o f as ma l l ` MAge ' k a s t ro a r e p reserved a t ap lace k nown a s T he rmoka s t ro . T he 2 m t h ick w a l ls a r e c on s t ruc ted o f s ma l l mo r ta red s t one s a nd t h e o ve ra l l d imen s ions o f t h e s t ru c tu r e a r e c a . 5 0 m( e . -w . ) x3 0 m ( n . s . ) . Ac i r cu la r t owe ri sp r e s er ved a tt h e n w . c o rne r ,a nd t h e o t he rc o rne r s o f t h e k a s t ro a l so s e em t o h ave o nce p o ss es sed s im i la r t owe r s . I n s id et h ew a l l sa nd o nt h es add le o ft h eh i lt ot h e s .a r e t h e f ounda t ion s o f o the r b u i ld ing s , a nd A x io t is r epo r ted t h a t t h e w ho le a r ea i sc ove red w i th p o t te ry o f ` MAge ' d a te . Am o re p r ec i se c h rono logy f o r t h e s i te i s d i f f icu l t b u t A x io t is ' d esc r ip t ion r e ca l ls m any s im i la r

10 T he re w a s a n e a r l ie r T u r . v i l lage o f ` Yp s i lome topo ' a t te s ted i nt h e O t toman r e co rd s i n 1 602 ( M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . [ 1995 1 ) , a nd t h e se r ema ins c ou ld c once ivab ly b e o f t ha t s e t t lemen t . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c ensu s o f t h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove .

f o r t i f ied c en t re s o f V en . a nd T u r . d a t e i n t h e i s land , o f w h ich T he rmoka s t ro i sa no the re xamp le . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 1112 a nd I ,p l .4 2 . 2 24 . P roph i t is I l ia s ( Sykam ia ) ; 6 65884 ; 2 70m ; E Byz . , S P . O n t h e m a in r o ad w . f r om S ykam ia t owa rd s C ha l ika s a nd A rgeno s , c a . 0 . 5 k m n w . f r om S ykam ia a nd 0 . 1 k m b e low t h er o ad t ot h en . ,i s as ma l lr o cky p l a t eau k nown a s P roph i t i s I l ia s . O n t h e s .s i de o ft h e p l a teau i s am and r i , a nd o n t h e r i dge i t se l f a r e t h e f o unda t ion s o f a n E Byz . b a s i l ica w i th a s so c ia ted a r ch i te c tu ra l m embra a nd d en se s c a t te r s o fs h e rd a nd t i l e . A n i k ono s ta s i s h a sb een f o rmed t ot h e w . o f t h e f o unda t ion s o n t h e p l a teau u s ing b l o ck s f r om t h e b a s i l ica . I ti sp robab ly f r om t h i s s i te t h a t t h e l a rge n umbe r o f E Byz . a r ch i te c tu ra l b lock s ( w i thou t a s soc ia ted f ounda t ion s ) r epor ted b y D aux , C ha r i ton id i s , C ha tz i a nd A x io t is i n S ykam ia a nd S ka la S ykam ia s o r ig ina te . 11 B ib l iog raphy : C ha r i ton id i s , 1 96 1 -62 ,2 63 -64 a nd p l . 3 19a s ;D aux , 1 962 , 8 76 f i gs . 5 -6 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 5 8 -59 , f i g . 3 0 a nd p l s . 3 1 , 3 2a 0 . a nd 3 ; C ha tz i , 1 973 , 5 19 a nd p l . 4 89a ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 04 -06 a nd I ,p l s . 4 1 -42 . * 225 . A g ia A nas tas ia ( K le io ) ; 7 14888 ; 5 0m ; E Byz . ; S P . A tt h ew . e dge o ft h eb ay a nd s mal c oa s ta lp l a in k nown a s T s ion ia , 3 . 3 k ms n e . f r om K le io ,O r lando s d i scove r ed ( b u t n eve rp ub l i shed f uly ) t h er ema in so f ab a s i l i ca c omp r i s ing an ave a nd t wo f l ank ing a i s le s d a t ed t ot h e s e cond h a l fo f t h e 6 C AC . T he b a s i l ica s t and s o n t h e l ow p l a t eau t ot h e n . o f as ma l l s e a sona l f l ow w h i ch e n te r s t h e p l a in o f T s ion ia f r om t h ew . . T oday m uch o ft h eb u i ld ing i sb u r ied u nde r t h e o l ive g rove i nw h ich i tl i e s a nd t h e r ema in ing a r ch i te c tu ra lp i e ce sh ave b e en g a the red t o ge the ri nt h ea p s e o ft h en .a i s le . Mo re w o rked b l ock sf r om t h ec hap e lc an b e f o und n ea rt h ec hap e lo fA g io sA thana s io s( c a . 1k mt ot h e s e . ) . T he w ho le s . fa c ing s l op e o n w h ich t h e m onumen t s t and s , a s f a r a s t h e r i ve r -bed , i sd en se ly s c a t te red w i th c e ram i c s . B ib l iog raphy ; O r lando s , 1 937 , 15 n .1 ;i d . , 1 952 -54 , 2 12 1 3a nd f i g . 1 68 .5 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 5 9 -60 a nd p l . 3 2y ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 87 -88 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 00 -01 a nd I , p l . 4 0 . 2 26 . A g ia S o t ira ( K le io ) ; 7 28889 ; 5 m ; B yz . (? ) ; CEM , S P ( ? ) . O n t h e n .a rm o f t h e T s ion ia B ay , c a . 4km s n e . f r om K le io ,s t and s ac hap e lo fA g ia S o t i ra ( Ch r i s to s S o t i r ) u nde rnea th w h ich f ounda t ion s o fa n o l de r s t r uc tu r e w e r e f o und w hen r e nova t ion s w e r e c a r r ied o u t t ot h e c hape l . O the r r o ck -cu t f e a tu re s a r e v i s ib le n ea rby a nd o ve r t h e w ho le a r ea i s ad en se s c a t te ro fc e r am ics . T he r ema in s o f f o u ro rf i ve c i s tg r ave sw i th c ove rs l ab sa r ev i s ib le n ea rt h e s ho r e w h ich A x io t i s s ugge s ted t ob e o f B yz . d a te . T he c hap e lh e re i sa s so c ia ted w i th t h et r ad i t ion t h a t am ona s t e ry ( d ed ica ted t oC h r i s to s )o nce s t ood i nt h ep a r i sh o fK o raka s ( at o ponym a t te s ted n ea rby , s e e# 227 a nd # 229 ) . Ab l o ck w a s d r edged f r om t h e s ea i n t h e b ay w i th t h e w o rd ' 1 QOHKEN ' i n sc r ibed o n i t ,a nd t h et o ponym o f` T s ion ia ' i s e xp la ined l o ca l ly a sd e r iv ing f r om t h e ' c o lumn s ' ( ' k ion ia ' ) t h a tw e r ea l so r e po r ted ly f o und i nt h eb ay b yf i she rmen . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t is , 1 992 I ,1 99 -200 ; Ma son , 1 993 , 2 47 .

11 T he o n ly p o s s ib ly i ns i tu a n t iqu i t ie s e ve r r epo r t ed i nS ka la S ykam ia s a r e t h e ' s qua red a sh la r b lock s a nd o the r d r e ssed s t ones ' u nde r ly ing t he mode rn h a rbou r mo le d e sc r ibed b y G reen , 2 14 , s ugge s ted t o d a t e b ack a tl e a s t t o t h e 1 1 L . p e r iod ( i b id .) .

4 7

2 27 . K o raka s ( K le io ) ; 7 15882 ; 1 00m ; V en . ,T a r . ; HAB ( ? ) , S P . N ea r t h e n e . p o in t o f t h e i s land , 3k ms n e . f r om K le io , t h e r u in s o f ak a s t ro s t and o n t h e e nd o f t h e r i dge b e fo r et h es t eep d rop t ot h e s ho re . T he a pp roa ch i se a s ie s t f r om t h es w . w he re o nt h et e r ra ced s l op e sA x io t i sr epo r t ed a d en se s c a t te r o fg l azed s h e rd s , s ugge s t ing t h a t t h e re m ay h ave b een a n a s so c ia ted s e t t lemen t o u t s ide t h e w a l l s . A l owe r ,o u te rw a l lc on s t ruc ted o fm o r ta red , u nwo rked s t one s ( a nd i n c lud ing aw e l l -p re se rved c i r cu la rt owe r ) s t and su pt o 1 . 5 m a l ong t h e w . a nd n . s i des o f t h e r i dge w i th f o unda t ion s v i s ib le i n s ide t h e w a l l . A lso i n s ide t h e w a l l a c hap e l o f A g ia K y r iak i ( w i th E Byz . a r ch i tec tu ra l p i ece s n ea rby ) s t and s n ea r as p r ing w h ich t h e w a l l e nc lo se s . A n i n ne r e nc lo su re w a l l w i th a no the r c i rcu la r t owe r s t and s a r ound t h eu ppe rs l op e s ,c a . 2m t h ick a nd 5m h i gh o n t h e n e . s i de . O n t h e n .a nd e .s i de s o ft h e h i l top i s am a ss o f f a l len r o ck s ,t i l e sa nd s h e rd sf r om t h eo t he rc olap sed w a l l s . L e s s d eb r i s i sa ppa r en t t ot h e w . w he re t h e b lock s h ave b een e mp loyed t oc ons t ruc t n ume rou s t e r ra ce w a l ls . A s qua r e t owe ro fs im i la r c on s t ruc t ion w a s a l so r epo r ted b y A x io t i s , s t and ing s l igh t ly t ot h e s .o ft h e m a in f o r t if i ca t ion a ppa r en t ly s e r v ing a s a n o u t ly ing w a tch towe r . A t t h e n . f o o to ft h e h i l l a r e t h e t r a ce s o f ak a lde r im i w h ich l e ad s e . t ot h eb ay o fT s ion ia ( s ee # 225 -226 ) . T he k a s t ro a tK o rak a s i sa lmo s tc e r ta in ly t h a tr e f e r red t ob y G onza lez d e C lav i jo a st h e k a s t ro o f ` Cua ra ca ' s e en o n h i s v oyage b e tween Me thymna a nd My t i lene i n 1 404 AD , t h e reby d a t ing t h e s i te 's c on s tr uc t ion t o t h e V en . p e r iod a tt h el a te s t( Ma son d a t ed t h e s i t e s p e c if ica l ly t ot h e 1 4C AC ) . A x io t i s n o ted , h oweve r , t h a to nl a te rm ap s f r om 1 420 o nwa rd st h es i t ei sr e f e r red t oa s` P a la ioka s t ro ' ,t a k ing t h i s n ame t om ean t h a t t h e k a s t ro h ad b een a bandoned b y t h i s t i me . 12 B ib l iog raphy : Mou tzou r i s , 1 962 , 5 4 , 6 7 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I , 1 98 -99 ,2 0 1 a nd I ,p l s . 3 6 , 3 9 ; Ma son , 1 993 , 2 40 . 2 28 . P eg ia ( K le io ) ; 7 20880 ; 1 5m ; LR . -Byz . , ` MAge ' ; HAB . A t t h e e .f oo t o f t h e P a la ioka s t ro h i l l , 3k ms n e . f r om K le io , s t and s a( now u n roo f ed ) c hape l o f A g io s A thana s io s , n ea r w h ich ( i n t h e a r ea k nown a s P eg ia ) a r e r e us ed b l o ck s f r om t h e E Byz . b a s i l ica o f A g ia A na s ta s ia ( # 225 )a nd t r a ce so fh ab i ta t ion a c t iv i ty . Ad en se s c a t te ro f t i l e sa nd g l a zed s h e rd so f` MAge ' d a te a r ea ppa r en tn ea rt h e c hape l , a nd o n t h e s ho re i mmed ia te ly t o t h e s e . a r e f o unda t ions o fb u i ld ings a nd mo re s he rd s ( i nc lud ing L R . B yz . ' c omb ed ' w a r e s ) . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 00 -01 a nd I ,p l .4 0 . 2 29 . A g ios B la s i s ( K le io ) 6 93868 ; 2 00m ; ` MAge ' ; HAB , CEM , S P ( ? ) . B e s ide t h e l a te 1 9C c hape l o fA g io s B la s i s , c a . 0 . 7 k m n .f r om K le io , A x io t i s r e po r ted t h a t ab u l ldoze r c u t t ing n ea rt h ec hap e lr e vea led f o u rc i s tg r ave s w i th s t one c ove r s l ab s . T he a s soc ia ted f une r a l g oods w e re p oo r , c omp r i s ing o n ly s ome g l azed ` MAge ' s he rd s . A s ho r t d i s tance t ot h e e . , n ea r ac hape l o fA g io s I o ann i s , t h ree o r f o u r m o r e t omb s w e re u ncove red w hen t h e c hape l w a s

12 A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 99 , r e f e r s t o t h e map s o f B uonde lmon t i ( c a . 1 420 ) , P o rcacch i ( 1 576 ) a nd C o rone l l i ( 1688 ) w h ich l a be l t h e s i te a s a Pa la ioka s t ro ' . T he h ypo the s is t h a t t h e k a s t ro h ad a l ready b een a bandoned b y 1 420 d oe s n o t n eces sa r i ly c onf l ic t w i th t h e r epo r t o f d e C lav i jo , h oweve r , s i nc e t h e l a t te r d oes n o t d e sc r ib e t h e c ond i t ion o f t h e k a s t ro w hen h e s a i led p a s t i n 1 404 . F o r t wo o the r t opog raph ica l d i scuss ions o f v oyage s a r ound t h i s n e . t i p o f t h e i s land s ee Mason , 1 979 , 1 57 -62 ; G r een , 2 13 -14 ( w i th t h e m ap , p . 2 11) .

r e newed i n1 934 , a nd o n t h e h il s ide ad en s e s c a t t e ro ft i l e a nd s h e rd so f` MAge 'd a te i sr e po r ted . I n ap a t r ia r cha le d i c to f1 331 AD r e f e rence i sm ade t oa m ona s t e ry o f ' Ag io s I o ann i s T heo logou ' i nt h e p a r i sh o f ` Ko ra l ca s ' ( s ee # 227 ) w h ich m ay r e la te t o t h e r ema in s b e s ide t h es et wo c hap e l s . 13 B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 96 -97 .

A n e x te rna lt owe ri sb u i l ta ga in s tt h ew . w a l l ,a nd o nt h es . s i de i s as ma l l g a te . F ounda t ion s a r e a ppa ren t i n s ide t h e e n c lo su re b u t A x io t i s f ound f ew s he rd s a nywhe re o n t h e h i l l . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 93 -94 a nd I ,p l . 3 9 .

2 30 . P roph i t is I l ias ( K le io ) ; 7 04858 ; 3 20m ; C . ( ? ) ; S P . O n t h e p eak o f t h e P roph i t i s I l ia s h i l l , c a . 1 . 3 k ms e s e . f r om K le io , t h e s ma l l c hape l o f t h e s ame n ame i sb u i l t p a r t ly o ve r ar e c tangu la r t owe r o f c ou r sed p o lygona l m a sonry 1 .5 m ( n . s . ) x6 . 5 m ( e . -w . ) . U p t o t h ree c ou r se sa r ep r e served o nt h e w . a nd s .s i de s ,a nd an a tu ra l r o ck o u t c rop f o rms t h e s .h a l fo ft h e e .w a l l . I mmed ia t e ly t ot h es . , al owe rp l a teau h a s ap a s sageway c u ti n to i t ss w . s i de t oa l low a n a pp roa ch t ob e m ade t ot h e u ppe r a r ea w he re t h e t owe rs t and s . A x io t i s n o t ed v e ry f ew s h e rd so n t h ep l a teau a r ound t h et owe r ,n one o fw h i ch w e r ed i agno s t i c a st oi t sp o s s ib le d a te . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 89 -91 ( a nd u nnumbe red p ho tog raph p .1 90 )a nd I ,p l . 3 8 . 2 31 . K oukm idos ( K le io ) ; 7 05854 ; 2 00m ; T u r . ; HAB , CEM , S P . I n as he l te r ed l o ca t ion o n t h e s i de s o f aw e l l w a te r ed v a l ley b e tween t h e h i l l s o fP roph i t i s I l i a s ( # 230 ) a nd A g ia S o t i ra ( #237 ) a r et h e r ema in so ft h eT u r . v i lage o fK oukm ido s ,a t te s ted i nO t toman r e co rd s f r om 1 602 , 14 a bandoned i n1 9 12 a f te rt h ei s l and g a ined i n d epend en ce f r om T u rkey , a nd r a zed b y n e ighbou r ing G r eek v i l lage r s s oon a f te rwa rd s ( on 8 t h D e cembe r 1 912 ) . A n e ighbou r ing v i l lage o fT zouka lo ton l a y af ew h und red m e t r e s t ot h e n . ( a t t h e p l ace n ow k nown a s S ka lo ta ) . G ab r ie l o f Me thymna r e co rded t h a t i nt h e m id -17C 15 K oukm ido s p o s se s sed 4 3C h r i s t ian h ou seho ld s ,w h i l s tT zouka lo ton h ad o n ly 4 0 p oo r f am i l ies . T he l a t te r v i l lage h ad b een a bandoned b y 1 850 ( w i th t h e p eop le d i sp e r s ing t oo t he r n ea rby v i l lage s ) a nd i n 1 909 K oukm ido s w a s i t s e l fo n ly a s ma l lv i l lage o f3 0T u r . h ou seho ld s . A tt h es i te o fK oukm ido s , a mong s tt h em a s so fr u ined b u i ld ing sa r ep r e se r ved aw a l lo ft h ev i l lage mo sque ,p a r to f t h e b a th b u i ld ing a nd a n o l ive p r e s s . N ea rby a r e s p r ing s w i th r u ined ,a r ched f oun ta inhead s . An e ighbou r ing f i e ld i s k nown t ob et h el o ca t ion o ft h ev i l lage c eme te ry . T he r u in s o ft h e n e ighbou r ing T zouka lo ton l i e a bove K oukm ido so nt h ev a l ley s l ope s t ot h en . ,w he r e am a s so f f o unda t ion s , t i l e s ,p i tho ia nd f i ne w a r e s w i th g r een ,y e l low a nd w h i t eg l a ze a r ea ppa ren ti nl a rge q uan t i t ie s . S l igh t ly t o t h e w . o ft h e s i te l i e s t re t che so f al c a lde r im i w h ich l i nked t h ea r ea w i th t h ee .c oa s ta tt h eG en iL iman i ( # 237 ) . B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 1 27 ;A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 9 1 -92 . 2 32 . K as tr i ( Kap i ) ; 6 94834 ; 4 00m ; A . /C . (? ) ; S P (? ) . A t K a s t r i o n t h e e .e dge o ft h e p eak o ft h e Mau r ia h i l l , 1k m n w . f r om Mandamado s , A x io t i s r epo r ted a s ub s tan t ia l a nc ien t e nc lo su r e . T he o u te r f a ce o f t h e w a l l i sb u i l t o f p o lygona lm a son ry w i th t wo w el -fo rmed o u te rf a ce sa nd a r ubb le f i l l , 1m i nt h ickne s s a nd i np l a ce s u p t o 1m h i gh .

13 T he m ona s te ry r e f e r red t oi nt h e e d ic t c ou ld a l so b e i nt h e w e s t o f t h e i s land s i nce s ome s cho la r s h ave a s soc ia t ed i tw i th t h e Hyp s i lo Monas tery ( #174 ) , a l so n ea r a t oponym ` Ko rakas ' , s e e A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 96 .

2 33 . K aran ik C ay ( Kap i ) ; 6 77824 ; 2 50m ; T u r . ; HAB , C EM . Aw e l l -p re ser ved k a lde r im i l e ad s s t eep ly d ownh i l l ( s . ) f r om K ap i , f o l low ing t h e e . b ank o f t h e T s i l cn ia s R ive r ,e ven tua l ly r e ach ing N ap i o ve r 7k m sa way . C a . 2 . 3 l a ns sw . f r om K ap i( a f te rc r o s s ing a na r ched T u r .b r idge ) , t h ep aved r o ad p a s se sb e s ide t h e r ema in so fa na bandoned s e t t lemen to ft h eT ou rkok r a t ia w h ich a r ea ppa r en to ne i the r s i de o f at r ibu ta ry o ft h er i ve r( k nown a st h eK a ran ik V ay ) o n t h e s w . s l ope so ft h e Mau r ia h i l l . 16 T he s u r round ing s l op e s( wh i ch h ave as t eady w a te rs upp ly f r om t wo n ea rby s p r ing s )a r ec ove red i no l d ,s t one -bu i l tt e r ra ce sa nd ad en se s c a t t e r o f s he rd s a nd t i l e s . A n o ld w a te r m i l l , t h r e sh ing f l oo r s ,c i s te rn sa nd p r e s s s tone s ,t o ge the rw i th t h er u in o fa c hape l a nd ar o ck cu t t omb ( s t i l l w i th i t s c r ude ly -wo rked c ove r s l ab i n ta c t ) , a l l i nd i ca te t h a t as i gn i f ican t s e t t lemen t o nce e x i s ted a tt h es po t . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,2 37 ; i d . , 1 994 , f i g . A . 2 34 . A g ia P ho t ia ( Nap i ) 6 579 ; ; ` MAge ' ; HAB , CEM . B e low t h e s .s l ope s o f t h e K a t ima l t i s h i l l , c a . 2 . 5 km s n nw . f r om N ap i , ac l u s te ro fr ema in so f` MAge ' ( p robab ly T u r . ) d a te a r e a ppa ren to n as ma l l p l a teau k nown a sA g ia P ho t ia . T he p l a t eau i ss i ted o n t h e w . b ank o ft h eT s ikn ia s R ive r w i th a s p r ing a ti t s n .f oo t , a r ound w h ich A x io t i s r epo r ted ad en se s c a t te r o f ` MAge ' t i l e s a nd s he rd s . A k a lde r im i p a ss e sb e low t h e p l a teau t ot h e w . ( wh ich l e ad s s w . t ot h eK r ema s t ib r idge ,# 110 ) , a nd a tt h e n .f oo to ft h e r i se a r e t wo r o ck -cu t t omb s . O n t o p o f t h e p l a teau a r e f o unda t ion so fb u i ld ing s ,a no l dc hape l( p r e sumab ly t h a to f A g ia P ho t ia )a nd ad i su sed a l on i . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 53 -54 a nd I ,p l s . 7 3 -74 . 2 35 . D rakou P id ima ( Nap i ) ; 6 66787 ; 2 50m ; A . , C . /HL . ; S P . T o t h e n e . o ft h e v i l lage o fN ap i ( c a . 1 . 3 kms ) , t h e d i r tr o ad h ead ing n e .t o Mandamado sw ind so ve rt h es a dd le o f ar i dge r unn ing n . s . . A st h er o ad t u rn ss ha rp ly e .i nt h e s a dd le ,b e fo r ed e s cend ing t oh ead n .a l ong t h ew . s i d eo ft h e n a r row v a l ley b e low ( t he ` Da imono langa s ' ) , i tp a sse s a r o cky o u tc rop a nd s ma l l p l a teau t ot h e r i gh t o f t h e r o ad k nown a st h e` D r akou P id ima 'o r' D ragon 's L eap ' . 17 T he o u tc rop h a s s h ee rc l i f f so n i t s n . ,e .a nd s e . s i de s , a nd i nt h eo n ly d i r e c t ion f r om w h ich i ti sa pp roa chab le ( t he w . ) a r e s t re tche s o f L e sb ian p o lygona l m a son ry ( s ee A ppend ix 2a nd f i g .2 0 )w h ich w al o f ft h es ma l lp l a teau o f t h e o u t c rop a nd m ake t h e a r ea i ne f f ec t as ma l l f o r t if ied a cropo l i s . 18 T r a ce s o f o t he r L e sb ian m a son ry w a l l s , t o ge the r w i th a n umbe r o f i s odom ic b lock s , l i e o n t h e p l a teau a bove t h e o u te r e nc lo su re , t h e l a t te r p o s s ib ly t h e

16 T he T u r . t o ponym ` Ka ran ik ' i st h e e qu iva len t o ft h e G reek ` Mau r ia ' , a nd o t he r T u r . p l acename s a r e p re se rved i nt h e a r ea i n c lud ing H a j i B ey ( `M r . P i lg r im ' , n ame ly ' o ne w ho h a s b een t o Mecca ' )a nd G üze lT ep e( ' Beau t i fu l Mound ' ) . 1 17 T he t oponym i s e xp la ined i n l o ca l l e gend b y t h e u np receden ted l e ap o f a n a t h le te f r om Me thymna , a c oppe r sm i th b y t r ade , b e tween t h e t wo w ide ly -spaced , p rom inen t r ocks o f t h e o u tc rop . S o u nbe l ievab le w a s t h e l e ap m ade b y t h e s m i th t h a t e ve raf te r t h e s po t w a s k nown a s t h e ' D ragon 's L eap ' .

14 M . K ie l , p e r s . c omm . ( 1995 ) . C once rn ing a n e a r l ie r 1 6C O t toman c en su s o ft h e i s land , s e e n . 4a bove . 15 G ab r ie l 's d esc r ip t ion o f L e sbos p robab ly d a tes f r om b e tween 1 636 -41 , s e e n .4 7 .

18 T h i s i mp re ss ion e xp la ins a n a l te rna t ive T u rk i sh t oponym f o r t h e p l ace , ' Ka l e ' ( `Ka s t ro ') .

48

r ema in so f al a te rt owe ra tt h e s i t e . Ma ny o ft h ep o lygona l w a l l sa r en ow i nd ange ro fc olaps ea nd w e r ei nm uch b e t t e r c ond i t ion w hen E uange l id i sv i s i t ed t h es i t ea nd p ub l i shed a p ho tog r aph o ft h ep o lygona lw a l l ss ome 7 0y ea r sa go . I n1 97 1 C ha tz in o ted af ew C . /HL .b l a ck -g la zed s h e rd s o n t h e p eak t ot h e s .b e s ide t h e p o s s ib le i n ne r t owe r o f i s odom ic m a son ry , a nd A x io t i s r e po r ted ad en se s c a t t e ro f t i l e i nt h i s a r ea a si ft h i s s t ruc tu r e w a s o n ce r oo f ed . T he l a t te r a l so r e por ted a mpho ra s he rd s a tt h e s i te . I n af i e ld n ea rby ( t he e xa c t l o ca t ion o f w h ich w a s n o t g i ven ) , E uange l id is f ound a n i n scr ibed w e igh t o f 5m ina s ( `MMMN IM ' ) ,w h ich A x io t i sd a ted t ot h e3 C BC . T he m a in f e a tu re o f t h e s i te 's l o ca t ion i si t s s t rong d e f en s ive p o s i t ion o n an a tu ra l r ou te f r om t h e n e . e dge o f t h e A r i sbe p la in , n e . t owa rd s t h e e .c oa s t o f t h e i s land w he r e m oder n Mandamado s i ss i tua t ed . K on t i s s u gge s t ed , h oweve r ,t h a tt h eo u tpo s tc ou ld w a t ch t h ee .s e aboa rd a nd a l a rge a r ea o ft h e l a nd s o fA r i sbe ( t o t h e s . ) , b u t t h e se a r e t wo d i rec t ions i n w h ich t h e t opog raphy b l ock s aw ide v i s ta . 19 B ib l iog raphy : T ax i s , 1 25 ; E uange l id i s , 1 924 -25 , 5 1 -52 a nd f i g . 1 9 ; C ha t z i , 1 971 , 4 56 -57 a nd p l . 4 59 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 91 -92 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,3 54 -55 a nd I ,p l s . 7 4 -75 ; Ma son , 1 993 , 2 39 -40 a nd p l s . I I I .

a s soc ia ted w i th a d ense s c a t te r o f t i l e s , s he rd s a nd c u t b l ock s ( w i th c u t t ing s f o r c l amp s ) . T he l a t te r g roup o f b l ock s m ay b e t h e r ema in s o f aC . /HL . t owe r c on s t ruc t ed s ub sequen t ly i n s ide t h e o u t e re nc lo su re w a l l . As c a t t e r o f g r ey w a re a nd b l a ck -pa in ted s h e rd se x tend so ve rt h e t o po f t h eh i l l a nd a l so o n t h e s w . s l op e . A tt h en w . p o in t ,b e s ide t h e c hap e l , t h e f o unda t ion s o f a n a nc ien t s t ruc tu re o f i s odom ic b l o ck s a r e v i s ib le ,q u i te p o ss ib ly t h e f o unda t ion s o f at owe r . B ib l iog raphy ; A x io t i s , 1 991a ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 88 -89 a nd I ,p l . 3 7 .

2 36 . T ax ia rch i s ( Mandamado s ) ; 7 06829 ; 1 30m ; T u r . ; S P . T he e a r l ie s tr e co rd so f ac hu r ch o nt h es i t eo ft h eT ax ia r ch i s Mona s t e r y ( 1k m n ne . f r om Mandamado s ) a r e i nt h e m id 1 7C AC w hen e c c le s ia s t i ca lr e co rd s ,a nd a ni n s c r ip t ion o na w e l l n ea r t h e s i te , a t te s t i t s e x i s tence i n 1 66 1 a nd 1 662 r e sp e c t ive ly . T ra ce so f ak a lde r im il e ad f r om Mandamado s t ot h e m ona s te ry . T he f i r s t d es c r ip t ion o f t h e s i te a s a ' mona s t e ry ' i si n ap a t r ia rcha l d o cumen t o f 1 728 . I nt h e l a te r 1 8C at owe rw a sb u i l ta tt h e n w . s i d eo ft h ee n c lo su r e a l ong w i th c e l l s f o rt h e monk s . I n 1 838 t h e w ho le r e g ion a r ound t h e mona s t er y w a sd e c la r ed ah o ly a r ea b yt h eT u r . g ove rno r A bdu l Me j i t . P i lg r im s c ame f r om f a ra r ound f o r t h e f e s t iva lo fT ax ia r ch i s , w i th r e co rd s s t a t ing t h a ti n1 897 p eop le t r ave l led f r om a sf a ra way a sA d ramy t t ium a sw e l l a st h ea r ea o fA yva l i ko ppo s i te t h ei s land ( s e e# 239 ) . B ib l iog raphy : N ew ton I ,1 08 -09 ; R ouse , 1 50 -51 ; T ax i s , 1 26 ; Ma son , 1 979 , 1 63 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 8 1 -84 . 2 37 . A g ia S o t ira ( K le io ) ; 7 21854 ; 1 70m ; A . , C . /HL . , B yz . /Tu r . ; HAB , S P . T he h i l l a nd c hape l n amed A g ia S o t i ra s t and c a . 3k ms e s e . f r om K le io , o ve r look ing t h e s ma l l h am le t o fN eo ( Gen i ) L iman i o n t h e e .s ho r e o ft h e i s land . T he l o ca t ion i so fs i gn if icance s i nce i td om ina te s t h e o n ly e a sy a pp roa ch i n land ( w . ) f r om t h i s p a r t o f t h e c oa s t l ine t owa rd s m ode rn K le io a nd t h e r eby ar o u te a r ound t ot h en .s i de o ft h eL ep e tymno sm oun ta in r a nge . A round t h ep eak o ft h eh i l l( o nt o po fw h ich s t and st h e c hape lo fA g ia S o t i r a )a r et h et r a ce so fa ne nc lo su r ew a l lo f L e sb ian p o lygona l m a son ry , c a . 1m t h ick ( s ee A ppend ix 2 ) . T he w a l l f o l low s t h e r i dge o ft h e h i l l top e xcep tw he re r o ck o u t c rop so f f e r an a tu ra lb a r r ie ra tt h e s w . c o r ne r . T he c r ude r c ou r se s o f w a ll ing o n t o p o ft h e L e sb ian m a son ry g i ve s c l ea r s i gn s t h a t t h e w a l l h a s b een r e bu i l t i np l a ce s s i nce a n t iqu i ty , a nd t h e d a te o f t h i s r e bu i ld ing m ay b e r e la ted t ot h ek a lde r im i w h i ch a pp roa che s t h e h i l l f r om t h e s w . . F ounda t ion s o f b u i ld ing s i n s ide t h e e nc lo su r e a r e

2 38 . A ngou r e l ia S a rak ina s( Mandamado s ) ;7 39845 ; 2 32m , E BA . ; HAB . F o l low ing t h e r oad p a s t t h e T ax ia rch is Mona s te ry ( # 236 ) ,o ne r e a che sa na r ea k nown a sS a rak ina s c a . 4 km s n e . f r om Mandamado s . A c hape l o f A g io s G iann i s s t and s a tt h e s w . f oo to f ah i l l , s t eep f r om t h e w . a pp roa ch , n amed A ngou r e l ia . Ap a th l e ad s u p o n to t h e h i l l top f r om t h e w . , a nd a tt h i s w . e nd A x io t i s r e po r ted a s c a t te r o fE BA . m a te r ia l i n c lud ing b l ack a nd g r ey T roy I s h e rd s , p i ece s o f p i tho i , as p ind le w ho r l a nd a s c a t te r o f l i th ics a nd m i l ls tone s . T he l o ca t ion d om ina tes t h e i mmed ia te a r ea , a nd t h e v i ew f r om t h e s i te i sp ano r am ic e spe c ia l ly t ot h en .a nd e .w he r et h ec oa s t l ine o fA na to l ia i s c l ea r ly v i s ib le . Two s p r ing s o n t h e h i l l a l so e nsu re t h a t a w a te r s upp ly i sa va i lab le i nt h is g ene ra l ly mo r e b a r r en r e g ion o ft h ei s land . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 991b , A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 85 ( a nd u nnumbe r ed p ho tog raph p . 1 86 ) a nd I , p l . 3 5 ; F ren ch , 1 993 , 6 5 . 2 39 . P a l ios ( Mandamado s ) ; 7 73835 ; 1 5m ; HL . , R . , E Byz . , T ur . ; HAB , CEM . C a . 7 kms e ne . f r om Mandamado s a r e t h e r ema ins o f a n e x tens ive c oa s ta l s e t t lemen t n ea r t h e s ma l l h am le t a nd h a rbou r o f P a l io s . T he l ow h i l l o n t h e s ho r e a tP a l io s ( c a . 0 . 2 km a c ro s s ) i s d ens e ly c ove r ed i na nc ien t r ema in s : R . a nd B yz . p o t tery ( i nc lud ing S y r ian a mpho r ae ) i sp r es en t i nl a rge a moun t s ; a nc ien t w a l l s , m ono l i th ic E Byz . c o lumn s a nd 4 a nc ien t w e l l s a r e a ppa r en t o n t h e p l a teau o f t h e h i l l top ; HL . c i s t g r ave s t o ge the r w i th r o ck -cu t EByz . t omb s ( s ome t ime s c on ta in ing m o r e t h an o ne b ody ) l i e b eyond t h e n .l i m i t o f t h eh i l lo nw h ich t h es e t t lemen tw a s s i ted . T he a nc ien t h a rbou r l a y b e low t h e s e t t lemen t s i te t o t h e s w . , a n a r ea f r om w he r e t h e s e a h a s s i nce r e g r e ss ed . T h i s s po t i s0 . 5 km s w . a l ong t h e c oa s t f r om t h e e a r ly moder nh a rbou ra tA no ik to s , al o ca t ion o fg r ea ti mpo r tance i n t h e 1 8C , 1 9C a nd e a r ly 2 0C a s t h e h a rbou r w he re p i lg r ims f r om A s ia M ino r l a nded w hen v i s i t ing t h e T ax ia r ch i s Mona s te ry n ea r Mandamado s( # 236 ) . H oweve r , a f te r t h e T r ea ty o fL au sanne i nJ u ly 1 923 w h ich i n i t ia t ed t h er e tu rn o fG r eek sf r om A s ia M ino r ,t h eh a rbou rc ea sed t o f u nc t ion s i nce o ne o f i t s m a in s ou r ce s o f s ea t r a f f ic w a s e nd ed . B ib l iog raphy : N ew ton I ,1 09 -10 ; C onze , 2 0 ; K o ldewey , 3 6 ; T ax i s , 1 26 a nd n .2 ;C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 6 0 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 87 -88 . ; Ma son , 1 979 , 1 62 a nd f i g . 2 ; D . E . P sa r rou , ' 0 F l a ? kids . K a { i l a r ip .aa ia TOU a Tov KwX i .K6 x u Spo ' , My t i l in i 2( 1982 ) , 8 1-103 ; B a s iako s , 2 10 ; P a r a skeua id i s , 1 987 , 7 1 -85 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 70 -73 a nd I ,p l s . 3 -34 ; Mason , 1 993 ,2 35 , 2 45 a nd n .8 9 . 2 40 . N iso s P anag ias ( Mandamado s ) 8 00822 ; 5 m ; BA . ; HAB ( ? ) . O n t h e i s le t o ft h e P anag ia , t h e n o r the r nmo s t o f t h e s ma l l g roup k nown a st h e leuka i N i so i ' ( 9 .5 k ms e . f r om Mandamado s ) ,A x io t i sr e po r ted t h a ts h e rd so f BA .d a t e w e r eo n ce f ou nd ,b u tg ave n o mo re d e ta i l s .

T o t h e s .t h e v i ew i sb l ock ed b y t h e b r ow o f t h e h i l l b e h ind t h e s i t e , a n d t o t h e e .t h e h i ghe r s l op e s a c ro s s t h e n a r row v a l ley 1 k m a way f o rm a n i mp ed im en t t o aw id e p a no r am a , s ot h e c ommen t s o fK on t i s ( 1 978 , 2 9 2 ) a r e d i f f i cu l t t ou n d e r s tand . 19

4 9

c hape l ;a ne n c lo su r eo fu nd iagno s t i cd a te s l igh t ly f u r the rt o t h e s .w i th t wo e x ter na l t owe r s ; am i l l s tone ; p a r t o f a n o l ive p r e s s ; ar o ck -cu tt omb ; as c a t te ro fu nd iagno s t i c t i l e s a nd s h e rd s . A lso , ( S . )P a ra skeua id i sa ppa r en t ly f o und t h e r ema in so f ar u ra ls h r ine o rb a s il i ca n ea ra nu n roo f ed c hape l o fA g io s G eo rg io s a tK abak l i ,b u t g ave n o f u r the rd e ta i l s r e ga rd ing i t sl o ca t ion o rp o s s ib le d a te . I ns um ,t h ef i nd sa tK abak l is e em t ob e t h er ema in so f aM ed ieva lv i l lage ( p o s s ib ly t h a to f` Ge i ro s ' w h ich i sl i s ted a mong ag r oup o fv i lage so nt h ee a s tc oa s to ft h ei s l and i n t h e M i t ropo l i tan c odex o f 1 567 1 2 4 ) ,b u ta sy e tt h e re i sn o s i gn if ican ta n c ien tc omponen tt ot h es i t ew h ich m igh th e lp c l a r i fy t h el o ca t ion o fA ige i ro s . B ib l iography : T ax is , 1 27 ; P e t rako s , 1 967c , 4 59 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968a , 6 0 ; K on t i s , 1 978 , 2 34 , 2 62 , 2 87 ; Ma son , 1 9 79 , 1 56 -60 ;G re en ,2 12 a nd n .2 1 ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 62 -65 a nd I ,p l . 3 2 ; Ma son , 1 993 ,2 38 -43 .

B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 73 . 2 41 . A g ios S t ephanos ( Mandamado s ) ; 7 53808 ; 2 0m ; L Byz . ; S P . N ea r t h e e .s ho r e o f t h e i s land , 5k ms e s e . f r om Mandamado s ,w he r e an umb e ro fc l ay s ou r ce sa r es t i l l u s ed b y t h e l o ca l p o t te r s ,1 2 °s t and s t h e B yz . c hu rch o f A g io sS t ephano sc on s t ruc ted o fb l o ck so fr e dt r a chy t e . T he c hu r ch i sc r o s s shaped i np l an ( s ugge s t ing aL Byz .d a te ,s e e # 3 ,# 9 ,# 176 ) ,e xh ib i t st h r ee a p se s( o ne o nt h ee nd o fe a ch a i s le a sw el a so nt h ee nd o ft h en ave ) ,a nd o nce p o s se s sed ad omed r o o f . T he o r ig ina lr oo fh ad a l ready c o l lap sed w hen N ew ton v i s i ted t h es i t e i nt h em id -19C ,b u th a s s i nce b een r e bu i l t ( qu i te ' u n sk i lfu l ly ' , a c co rd ing t o C ha r i ton id i s ) . A rch i tec tu ra l b lock s o f a n o l de r c hape l ( a nd a R . i n s cr ip t ion )a r eb u i l ti n to t h ew a l l s ,a nd i nt h e 1 9C ad e c r ee o n am a rb le s t a tue b a se w a s v i s ib le , f o rm ing p a r to f t h e p aved f l oo ri n s ide t h ec hu r ch ( IG X I I .2 .516 ) .1 2 1 B ib l iog raphy : N ew ton I ,1 09 ; C onze , 2 0 ; T ax is , 1 27 ; C ha r i ton id i s , 1 966 , 7 2 a nd p l . V ; G reen , 2 11 , n . 1 4 a nd m ap ( p . 2 11) ; A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 66 -67 a nd I , p l . 3 4 ; M a son , 1 993 , 2 45 -47 .

2 44 .P ra so logo s( Nee sK ydon ie s ) ;7 67778 ;3 m ; BA . ; HAB . O n t h e i s le t o fP ra so logo s , c a . 5 . 5 k ms n ne . f r om N ee s K ydon ie s i nt h eb ay o f Mak r iG ia lo s , A x io t i s g ave av e ry b r ie f r e po r t t h a t s h e rd s o f BA d a te h ad b een f o und ( n o f u r the rd e t a i l sw e r eo f e r ed ) . B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 62 .

2 42 . T ax iar ch is t o uS t enaka ( Mandamado s ) ;7 380 ;;L R . , ` MAge ' , T u r . (? ) ; HAB , S P . C a . 3 . 5 k ms e s e . f r om Mandamado s ,o n ap l a teau a bove t h ew .b ank o ft h eL ib ad i r ema ,a r et h et r a ce so f ad e se r ted s e t t lemen ta s so c ia ted w i th w h ich A x io t i s r e po r ted p o t te ry o fL R . a nd ` MAge ' d a t e . T he n .a nd s .w a l l so f as ma l lc hap e lk nown a s` T ax ia r ch i s t o u S t enaka ' ( c on s t ruc ted o fm o r ta r ed t i l e a nd s t one ) a r e a l so p r e se rved a mong s t t h e o t he r s t ruc tu ra l r ema in s a nd c e ram ic s c a t te r . T he r u in sh ave b een a s soc ia t ed w i th o ne o f t h e v i l lage sw h ich G ab r ie l o f Me thymna r e po r ted a sl y ing c l os e t o Mandamado s i nh i s d e s c r ip t ion o fL e sbo s d a ted 1 636 -41 .1 2 2 B ib l iog raphy : A x io t i s , 1 992 I ,1 6 5 . 2 43 . K abak l i ( Mandamado s ) ; 7 29770 ; 1 60m ; T u r . ; HAB , C EM . T o t h e s .o f t h e Ma t h G ia lo s b ay , 5 . 5 k ms s e . f r om M a ndamado s , ac hape lo fA g ia Ma r ina s t and so nt h e e dge o ft h eu p land r i dge w h ich o ve r look st h ec oa s tl ine a nd t h e m a in r o ad t o My t i lene . T he a r ea i sk nown a sK abak l i ( Tu rk ish f o r ' p op la r g r ove ') an ame w h ich h a s l e d s ome s c ho la r s t oe qua te t h e r ema in s a tt h e s i te w i th t h o se o f a n c ien tA ige i ro s( t he a n c ien tG r eek w o rd f o r' b la ck p op la r ' ) m en t ioned b y S t rabo ( 1 3 .2 .2 ) .1 2 3 A t p r e sen t , h oweve r , t h e o n ly f i nd i n t h e a r ea p o s s ib ly o f a n t ique d a te i sa s a r cophagu sb u r ia lu nea r thed a tt h es e t t lemen to ft h e Ma t h G ia lo sw h ich c on ta ined t wo s k e le ton st o ge the rw i th b r onze , g l a ss a nd g o ld o f f e r ing s . A l l o f t h e o t he r r ema ins a t K abak l is e em t od a te t ot h e Med ieva lp e r iod . T he s ei n c lude m i l l s tone sa nd c i s tg r ave sd e sc r ibed b yA nagno s t i si n1 8 50 , a nd an umbe r o ff i nd s p ub l i shed r e cen t ly b y A x io t i s : t h e r ema in s o f aT u r . c h i f t l ik t ot h e s e . o f t h e A g ia Ma r ina

1 20 B a s iako s , 2 09 , n o ted t h a t al a rge n umb e r s o fc l ay b ed s a nd c a . 2 0 m od e rn k i ln s c an b e f ound i nt h e i mmed ia te s u r round ing a r ea . 1 21 I n 1 850 A nagno s t i s r epo r ted t h a t t h e i n scr ip t ion h ad b een v i s ib le t wen ty -f ive y ea r s b ef o re b u t w a s n o l o nge r a ppa r en t . A b roken p a r t o f i tw a s l a te r s e en a tt h e T ax ia rch i s Mona s tery n ea r Mandamados , a nd i ti sn ow r epo r ted t ob e a t Me thymna ( s ee I G X I I .2 .516 [ p . 1 09 ] a nd Ma son , 1 993 , 2 45 n .9 1 ) . 1 22

F o r t h i s d a t ing o f G ab r ie l 's d e sc r ip t ion , s e e n .4 7 .

1 23 A s aw a rn ing t o t h i s a t t rac t ive a s soc ia t ion o f t h ese t wo p l acename s , Mason , 1 993 , 2 43 ( a nd n . 7 7 ) , n o ted t h a t t h e T u rk i sh t o ponym ` Kabak l i ' i sn o t p a r t icu la r ly r a re , f r equen t ly a ppea r ing i nt h e E u ropean p rov ince s o fT u rkey .

5 0

1 24 T he r e levan t s e c t ion o f t h e 1 6C AC c odex ( wh ich c a ta logued a l l t h e c ommun i t ies a dm in is tered b y t h e M i t ropo l i tan o f My t i lene ) l i s ted ( i n o rde r ) : K ydona [ s ee s i tes # 2 -3 ] , P ig i , G e i ro s ( ' rE ipog' ) , My s tegna [ s ee s i te # 4 ] , T he r rn i , A f a lona s [ s ee s i tes # 13 -15 ] a nd Mo na . S ee Ma son , 1 993 , 2 38 .

A ppend ix 1

EP IGRAPHICALLY -ATTESTED S ITES I N LESBOS 1 . 1 I n troduc t ion

T he re i sn o e xp l ic i t s t a temen t e l uc ida t ing t o w hom t h e e s ta t e s b e longed , b u ts im i la rl i s t s c a ta logu ing r u ra l e s ta te s ( s uch a s t h o se f r om T he ra a nd A s typa la ia ) a r e a r ranged u nde r t h e n ame s o fi n d iv idua l l a ndowne r s , ` s cu r roTaC o r ` 6 Eam y r-{ af , w ho p o sse s sed l a nd s i nm any o ft h e i s land s ' v i l lage s .8 I na n i n scr ip t ion f r om T ra l le s , s ou thea s t f r om m ode rn I zm i r ,9 t h e e s ta te s a r e l i s ted b y ' f i e ld ' ( ' i xypdg ') w i th t h et o ponym f o l low ing , a nd a r e a ga in p robab ly t h o se o fi n d iv idua l s ,a l though t h i s i sn o tm ade e xp l ic i t ly c l ea ro n t h es u rv iv ing p o r t ion o ft h e i n sc r ip t ion .

A n i mpo r tan t a dd i t ion t o t h e p a t te rn o f s e t t lemen t e s tab l i shed t h rough a r chaeo log ica l s ou r ce sp r es en ted i nt h e g a ze t te e ri st h a tw h i ch c an b ep i e ced t o ge the rf r om as ma l l c o rpu s o fH e l len i s t i c a nd l a te R oman i n s c r ip t ion s .' O n ly t wo i n s c r ip t ion s d a te f r om t h e f o rme r p e r iod ,2 a nd t h e l a rge rl a t te rg r oup r e la te t oc en su se s c a r r ied o u td u r ing t h e l a te t h i rd a nd e a r ly f o u r th c en tu r ie s AC b yD iok le t ian a st h e b a s i s f o r an ew s y s tem o f t a xa t ion ( c en su se s w h i ch w e r e c a r r ied o u t i nm any p a r t s o f t h e p rov ince o f A s ia ) . T he i mpo r tance o f t h e se i n scr ip t ion s i n t h e c on tex t o f s e t t lemen t d i s t r ibu t ion i s t h a t t h ey l i s t an umbe r o f ' v i l lage s ' ( ' pa ' ) , m any o f w h ich c an b e p l a ced w i th c onf iden ce o nt h em ap o fL e sbo s( f i g . 1 5 ) .3

1 . 2 S i te Gaze t teer I nL e sbo s ,t h ev i l lage sl i s ted w ho se n ame sc an b er e ad w i th c on f idence a r ea sf o l low s( a na s t e r i sk s i gn if i e s av i l lage t h e l o ca t ion o fw h ich i sk nown ,s e ef i g . 1 5 ) :

T he i n s cr ip t ions c a ta logue e s ta t e s o f l a ndowne r s s p r ead a mong s tt h el a nd so fd i f f e ren tv i l lage s ,d e ta i l ing t h ew ay i n w h ich e a ch e s ta te w a s d i v ided u p b e tween l a nd f o r s own c r op s , v i ne s , o l ive s a nd p a s tu re . O ne o f t h e L e sbo s i n sc r ip t ion s4 h a st h ea dd ed r e f inemen to ft h el a nd a s se s sed b e ing d i v ided i n to t wo r a te s d epend ing o n i t s v a ry ing q ua l i ty , ac omp l ica t ion i n t h e a s se s smen t w h ich w a s a bandoned l a te r . 5 Whe re t h e n ame so ft h e v i lage s c an b e m app ed t h ey a r e f ound l a rge ly i n t h e s ou thea s t o f t h e i s land , as i tua t ion w h i ch h a s l e d t os ugge s t ion s t h a t t h e p r e se r ved r e co rd sc once rn s o le ly t h el a nd so f My t i lene .6 A s i gn i f ican t n umbe r o f p l acenames a r e s t i l l u n lo ca ted , h oweve r , a nd g i ven t h e c ommon p a t t e rn o f f r agmen ted a g r icu l tu ra l l a ndho ld ing t h e re i sn o ap r ior ir e a son t od eny t h a t c e r ta in o the r t o ponyms o n t h e i n sc r ip t ion s w h ich m a t ch p l a ce si nt h ec en t re a nd n o r th o ft h ei s land a r ei n de ed r e f e r r ing t ot h e se k nown s i t e s .7

I G X I I .2 .74 . C o l . ( b )

*

V T ( . 3 x c up i c )

r o lvo . ) ' r e cs .

K xXXc i (4 1 °

I G X I I .2 .76 . C o l . ( b ) C o l . ( c ) C o l . ( d )

X c ulp fov ] Mo ' cy6 ta

c r iv

a r rap r .

X L ) .[p iov ] T E{xca . X L ) .[p iov ]

Troxöp ta

X t ulp {ov ] T Eixca

C o l . ( e ) C o l . ( g ) C o l . ( h ) C o l . ( i ) C o l . ( k )

1 H e l len is t ic : I G X I I .2 7 4 -75 ; l a te R oman : I G X I I .2 .76 8 0 , C ha r i ton id i s , 1 968b , n o . 1 7 ( pp . 1 3 -17 ) ; W i l l iam s a nd P a rke r .

X L . ) .[p iov ] ' AKTG ium *

X( .0 .[ptov]

H t ipyou

p . Ep .

ri 1v i l .W .LpLovj ‘ , UKOu r . V TOS "




.

N

• e .

a

C 1 3

E ' E -, g o )

g o )

. . . . . — ,. .: N > , 1

.

. ,

- .

z -e 4Z

.

,


,

0

i

r • -.

I.

C'•

.

C`-•

4

. .

I

E - a o

Z

4

..1

1 0

1

e J *

N

f l

I

f —,

I

.

I

1

1

I

0

I

t o

I

I

,

9 '4

1 : 1: 1

x 4

r i4

C 4

c i e

.

f l

C.• •

p ef e : 2

1

e .> , 4 0 z r 44 . W

NJ

>I

a C O

,t)

t u 2 1

I

4

>

.

P :1W4

M

. ,4.)

6 .6 ; 1111 5,1 .. 1

>

> 4

I

04

1

1

C Z

I

I

I

F 13

"

I

I

f f i

I

I

f l I I

C 14

c , .

I ron A ge

r j

,

. ! e .

U

.

. .. < I

el

I

t

U

11

I

i

m

0

1

1

U

1

ii

< 5

Z •) I

i rj e

s t. ) 4

I

I

< I

0

1

I


,

6 >

i

,› . „ ,i

.

P Q

t i o

4.

.

a Z N I s

l

.

' • I N f i c t . . 1 ,

i

s e

l

t

e

i r

.04 r

e • •

0

. .

N

› .

.

I,

e 4 C 4

N

›,

t

c •-•

' . .C . .N.

› , N

' 49

_

4 .

-

.

N. › , . , s

x z , . , _ . 4_ _c _

a

P . . 6

N M

N I

.; 4

,Z e . . .e4

. . .

. 1

.

I

I

I

I

I

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

.

I : 4 M

I

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

6

1

1

1

2

1

r

'

L . )

1 1

1

1

1

i t

1

l

e

i

t

1

1

r . )

i ir jj

1

I

l e

I

6

I

C.".

. e . < 1, . . „ -

L‚

I

1

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

1 1

1

1

.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

I

I

1

1

1

1

1

1

I

1

1

1

1

1

' 4 .

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

I

EBA IMBA I LBA

A l

I

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

I

1

I

I

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

l

l

l

l

1

1

I

1

1

I

I

I

1

1

1

1

1

1

I

I

I

1

1

1

I

I

I

1

1

1

1

1

1

I

I

I

1

1

1

1

1

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

1




. • i 1 .. . . . . . . . ,

E -,

1

1

1

1

1

la

N

c q

N

› . 11

li

t

g e l

. , . . i =

11

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

( 2

p 4

1

1

1

C

.. _

L )

1

1

it

. 2 . .1 . 11

1

' L . . .) ' i

1

1

1

.e -

et

I

§

s

I

i

s

li

t

s

a

l

t

.1 ( ,) ,

I

1

1

1

1

I

I

1

1

1

e e C ..

4

1

A 4 4

1

g

I ron A ge

` MAge ' ,T u r I

h

[ . .F

LR -Byz

1 : 4

C..

.

I

i

i

i

l. /

1

h


"

1

4 C''

C'.

1

1

1

1

1

1

4

r . .D

.

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

f

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

II I

B ronze A ge

LBA

-

I

-

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

. . e

1 : 0 . 2

c . J

. e o n . 4 1 _

. C . « 4 .

Z

0

. . .....

. 11111111111111111 1111 4 . f P 9 . o c .

i

i

i

i

1

.

'

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

CD Z

• 0

N I

r . . i

rn

‚z t

t r ) VD r • • 0 0 ON

C I " 6 . .e L .

e . . . ..

, z , 2 0 .2

. C C i C C 1

, : , a .

c z ,

0 . . . . . .

e

,0 AC

8

3

_ . , u • i . ,

• . . Z

O l ' L

O , . C l i rn ' e i r ) VZ t " - 0 0 ON Q . , . ( N I tn e tr ) \ C D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Ch C h Ch Ch C h Ch Ch

r -r -r -r -r - r -r -o ooo o

74

. . . ,

c t

. 0 • e 2 " 0

g .

.

Ame t e l l iS ko te inou ( Laph iona s )

' ü

ö ' • — .' t

0 . 0

E r imopy l i( Ph i l ia ) P a l iocho ra ( Ph i l ia ) K a top e t ro ( Laph ion a s )

ö '

8 m . , d z e ) — • . . . z e

. • . _ .

n

. • • • , , •

P hon ia s( Ska locho r i ) P ed ia ( Ska lo cho r i )

, . . . 1 0

g— > , , 4

ti s

0 . 0

X iro l imn i( Skou ta ro s ) T s i ch ran ta s( Skou ta ro s ) K o ja D ag ( Ska lo cho r i )

6

, . ., , .

S ko te ino ( Chyd i ra ) B ig la ( Ag ra ) P a l ioka s t ro ( Ag r a ) P en t eA g io i( P te ro tu ida )

. 0

. • •• • •

K ladoman t r i( Chyd i ra ) G ig i( Chyd i ra )

, • , . •

1# 197

CA

.

Tourouk lo s( Chyd i ra ) A g io sB ia s( Chyd ira )

S i te N ame C D . .

A

Mona s t ir it o uK r eokopou ( T z i th ra ) K l imak i( An t i s sa ) Mon iH yp s i lou ( An t i ssa ) M ega lo sL akko s( E re so s ) A g io sA l exand ro s( E re so s )

i

2 . . , . .

A C 3

i

00 0\ Q . ,-4 C l Ch Ch CD C D C D

c 9 C 4 c o s t

h «

›

I

4

f .

4 ,

E 4

i u C u

. .

.

44 4 .( . 4, _ E . . . E . „

. . .

>

= 0 3

E 0

b a l )d

.

S I

I I

1

1

.

g c l ,. 2 : 1

a n

C e C e

X

4 4

C A . 1I 1 , 14 .. . .

C 4

( d 8D

. .. .

, . .

, . . 6

c u

E 4 l u i u

e n

- . .. 6 - - I . >

N i

4C •1 .

a n

4

O Q

4

1

1

C4

1

1

1

1

. 3

b e l

C4

I

4 1

1

ei e. „ ,. 2.

1

1

1

1

1

1

I

8

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

I

I

1

1

i

I

'

, e . G 7

.

, ...

l e

1

1

1

1

1

1

I

1

1

1

I

I

e

e

§

e < l

I

1

1

1

1

1 4. 1

L J

.

r -

r

I ron A ge

.

N " '

X

' .

. r e. 0 1 2

B ronze A ge

. ...

' —

` MAge '

c 4

4 . i e

› ‹

. .

1

e < l

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

C O

.

m

0 2 W

.

.. . . . .

i

l

e

I

1

1

1

e

e

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

1

U

0

I .


E .

I .N

›. 4

1

1

E .

. .

1

1

.

1

I

C Z

F -

.. N > I

a Z

I

4 . 4

F .

t e

.

. . , .

Z1

,

.i

I

I

I

I

I e

I

I

a

e

1 .1

0 al

E

X

II I I I I I

X I

I

el X 1

I

1 4

I ron A ge

. . I W. I .

I

I

i .m i

l

tc i

U

e . )

' — 'c . . . I i4 : e

e