A factorial investigation of speed of perception of stimulus differences

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A SAGTORIAL in v e st ig a t io n

OF SPEED OF PERCEPTION OF STUDIOS DIFFERENCES

by Charles Alan Boswell \ ^

-

A d issertatio n submitted in p a r tia l fu lfillm en t of the requirements fo r the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Psychology in the Graduate College of the State University of Iowa August 1950 S tate U niversity of Iowa L IB R A R Y

ProQuest Number: 10598584

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality o f this reproduction is d e p e n d e n t u p o n th e quality o f th e c o p y subm itted. In th e unlikely e v e n t th a t th e author did not sen d a c o m p le te m anuscript an d th e re a re missing p a g e s , th e se will b e n o te d . Also, if m aterial h a d to b e rem o v ed , a n o te will indicate th e deletion.

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The author I s indebted, f i r s t of a l l , to Professor Harold P* Bechtoldt, whose carefu l supervision during a l l phases of the investiga­ tio n i s considered invaluable*

G rateful acknow­

ledgment i s also made to Dr* W« Grant Dahlstrom fo r assistance during the preparation of the manuscript, to the College of lib e r a l Arts of the State University of Iowa fo r fin an c ial as­ sistance and to my wife, hois B* Boswell, fo r constant encouragement and help*

TABLE OF COWENTS

Chapter I*

Page In tro d u c tio n

........ . . . ..........

1

U tiliza tio n of Response Consistencies and Inconsistencies . . . . ..................*......... 2 Use of Factor Analysis in Studying T rait Uniformities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... 4 Results of Factor Analysis S tu d ie s 6 The Perceptual Speed Domain. . . . . . . . . . . ............ 8 The F a c to r .................................. 11 Statement of the Problem ......... 17 II.

She In v e s tig a tio n .................. The The The The

III*

25

S u b je c ts ........................ ........... Testing Procedure T e s ts ........... Factor Analysis ...........

Results and Discussion

....................

23 23 24 36 40

The Factors ............. * 40 61 Discussion ......... Problems fo r Further In v e s tig a tio n .................... 64 I?.

Summary and Conclusions B ibliography Appendix A Appendix B

......................

......... ...................... ...........

67 71 75 84

iii

ThBlE OF TABIE3

Table X.

Page Uae Test B a tte r y ...................

£1 . . . ........

39

III#

Data on the Subjects . . . . . . . ......... . . . . ......... . *.........

74

I?*

Produet-Moment C orrelations Between the ........ . . .............. ............. ............... Variables

75

A rbitrary Orthogonal Factor M a trix

78

II*

V# VI. ?II. rax . IX. X.

Simplified Rotated F acto rial P a t t e r n

The Transformation Matrix

.............

............

79

Cosines of the Angles Between the Reference Vectors ..........................

80

The Rotated Factor Matrix

.................................

81

D istribution of H a th Factor Residuals . . . . .............

82

Correlations Between the Primary Vectors

85

iv

.........

1 Chapter I INTRODUCTION During the l a s t h a lf century of the h isto ry of psychol­ ogy a considerable amount of psychological endeavor has been d i­ rected toward the study of Individual differences.

The mental t e s t

movement and the personnel, educational, and o lin ic a l psychological in vestig atio n s are w ell known examples of the types of a c tiv itie s dealing in large p art with individual differences.

As a re s u lt of

the research in these areas, a number of e r ^ ir ic a l consistencies have been achieved together with some useful or pragmatic re la tio n s between response a ttrib u te s and sensory thresholds, ra te s of acqui­ sitio n of new h ab its, the e ffe c ts of d iffe re n t classes of incentives, and the changes in the stimulus dimensions. The em pirical consistencies, in tu rn , have presented a challenge to some psychologists to formulate constructs which would account fo r the re la tio n s among the observations.

Differences in

absolute or difference limens, in asymptotic as w ell as i n i t i a l per­ formance le v e ls, in incentives or in experiences, have been proposed by many experimental psychologists as accounting fo r the observed differences in performances.

Other in v estig ato rs, prim arily those

in the "testin g " fie ld s , have tended to express the observed response consietencies in terms of constructs defined by the responses ob­ tained under specific stimulus conditions.

2 U tiliza tio n of Besoonse Consistencies and Inconsistencies Studies of the re la tio n s between performance measures and v a ria tio n s in the stimulus conditions have shown th a t individuals who perform in some specified way (say, most rapidly) in one a c tiv ity may not do nearly so w ell in some other ta sk , even when the two task s appear su p e rfic ia lly to be quite similar*

For other types of a c tiv e

i t i e s , individuals tend to maintain the same rank orders fo r the se t of task s, those who perform rapidly or accurately in one situ a tio n demonstrating sim ilar re la tiv e performances on a number of other tasks* The co n trast between the invariance of the rank ordering o f individuals by one class o f operations and the absence of such s ta b ility when some relevant or sig n ific an t change i s introduced in to the defining operations ra is e s the p o s s ib ility of describing behavior in terms o f these changes in the stim ulus situ a tio n s or in terms of constructs defined by such stimulus variations*

The facto r analysts

and personnel psychologists have tended to express these systematic s h ifts in the rank orders in terms of response in ferred constructs, such as t r a i t s , a b i liti e s , In te re s ts , etc*, rath er than in the form of stimulus variables per se.

The im plications of these constructs

i s th a t the t r a i t s or noperational or functional u n itie s ," as they are sometimes called, represent stimulus-response mechanisms, the

3 operation of which I s re fle c te d in the performance of individuals on a v a rie ty of task s.

The constructs themselves are defined by

the sp ecificatio n of the operations and stimulus conditions which can be shown to be in flu e n tia l or relevant* !*©♦, those procedures and conditions which make sig n ific a n t contributions to the variance of the behavior evaluations* The several individuals are considered as having d iffe re n t m ounts o f s k il l in these d iffe re n t response mechanisms*

The formu­

la tio n in terms of t r a i t s or functional u n itie s ra th e r than stimulus dimensions alone seems ju s tif ie d a t the present s ta te of knowledge by the existence of the conspicuous differences in performance asso­ ciated w ith even "slight* changes in the stimulus variables*

The

stimulus dimensions fo r many tasks m y not be amenable a t present to systematic experimental v aria tio n .

Furthermore, the relevant experi­

mental conditions and the e ffe c ts a ttrib u ta b le to changes in the stimulus dimensions are nearly a l l unknown a t present*

The eventual

reso lu tio n of the observed differences in performance in sp ecific t r a i t In te rn s of the experimental conditions associated with the de­ velopment of the t r a i t or with the physiological c h a ra c te ristic s of the organism can be considered goals of soma psychologists in te re ste d in individual differences*

The t r a i t or functional unity approach

may provide, however, a b asis for the prediction and control of human behavior in a number of a c tiv itie s p rio r to the reduction of t r a i t

1 concepts to other perhaps more basic terms* Guilford (8) and Thurston© (IS) have pointed out how a ra tio n a l approach to t e s t construction and d iffe re n tia l prediction can be made through the use of t r a i t constructs*

They suggest th a t

by iso la tin g the common t r a i t s or a b i liti e s which are called upon in educational and employment situ a tio n s, mare effe c tiv e job analy­ ses and d iffe re n tia l predictions may be made.

The t r a i t constructs

should lead to a more nearly lo g ic a l or systematic preparation of the selection te s ts ra th e r than the present larg ely en$>irical one based on t r i a l and e rro r methods.

Guilford even suggests in a per­

haps unduly en th u siastic passage, th a t statem ents of the fa c to ria l con$>osition of a te s t are of greater significance in applied psy­ chology than those describing i t s r e lia b ili ty or em pirical v a lid ity (8, page 457 }* Use tans of sFactor in Studying aaaae sskcsesssbs Analysis rTBC.TsstrrrBrja apes TTait Uniformities The search fo r, and operational d efin itio n of, tar a its having some degree of generality ( i . e . , a common ordering of per­ formance evaluations obtained from two or more situ atio n s) are char­ a c te r is tic of the facto r analysis method of in v estig atin g the uni­ form ities In behavior*

The psychologist using these methods of

analysis w ill formulate h is hypotheses in terms of s k ills , h ab its,

5 or a b i liti e s which w ill e ith e r augment, reduce, or be associated with performances In some class of stimulus situ a tio n s defined, say, by the type of in stru c tio n s, the method of p resen tatio n of th e stim­ u li, the method of response, the arrangement of the m aterials, the number of re p e titio n s , th e "content" or nature of the stim u li, e tc , the facto r analysis approach c o n stitu tes a basic explora­ to ry tool} the r e s u lts of the investigation are considered as pro­ viding indications of the relevant sources of variance common to a v arie ty of tasks*

These methods of in v estig atio n emphasise the de­

term ination of the t r a i t s possessing the g reatest s ta b ility (in v ari­ ance} and g en erality (scope of a common fa c to r)} such t r a i t s should provide the g reatest number of sig n ific a n t relations# The d efin itio n of a functional u n ity by the procedure of facto r analysis involves no assumption as to the o rig in of the tr a it} the source of the response consistencies may l i e in the c u ltu ra l or physical environment or in the physiological stru ctu re of the in d i­ vidual#

The t r a i t may be acquired or in h erited , e a sily modified or

re s is ta n t to change, sp ecific to a r e s tr ic te d class of situ a tio n s or possessing considerable generality#

They may represent d if fe re n tia l

ra te s of acq u isitio n of h ab its, d iffe re n tia l asynspbotic le v e ls of performance or differences in the amount or conditions of training#

6 Besults of Factor Analysis Studies I .. L ^ M in !

a s g j-

tmwti_uHMii.iWMjmwn.Miig jBBMCBaftSM BM

Several facto rs, including those named s p a tia l manipula­ tio n , S, numerical f a c i lity , I , verbal f a c ility , V, and ro te memory a b ility , M, ex h ibiting some degree ©f generality and invariance have been iso la te d by the methods of facto r analysis*

However, the

number of such fa c to rs apparently i s much g reater than had been in d i­ cated by the e a rly in v estig ato rs o f individual difference phenomena* As each area i s investigated more completely, the number of repro­ ducible fa c to rs has increased u n til a t le a s t three space facto rs, two memorizing facto rs and two verbal facto rs have been Isolated* However, not a l l of the ^factors11 have been shown e ith e r to be stab le or to ex h ib it any marked degree of generality* perceptual speed “domain*1 i s a case in point*

The

in previous In v e sti­

gations (2, 3, 10) a perceptual speed “fa c to r” of seme generality has been reported and characterised as transcending the content of the material*

For exas$>le, in the e a r lie r stu d ies of Thurston®, the

perceptual speed fa c to r m s hypothesised as re fle c tin g a f a c i lity in responding d iffe re n tia lly to read ily discrim inated stim uli (13), the ce n tra l concept being th a t of speed of perception of the stimulus differences rath e r than speed o f reaction or movement*

In subsequent

investig atio n s, however, several ra th e r sp ecific or re s tric te d fac­ to rs have been reported w ithin th is perceptual speed domain.

These

are the asso ciatio n s! recognition fa c to r, A, the id e n tific a tio n of

7 v isu a l configuration fa c to r, P, the symbol cancellation facto r, L, and the complete coding fa c to r, 0* A ll of these fa c to rs were de­ veloped from in v estig atio n s of ra te of performance on tasks req u ir­ ing discrim inations which could be read ily made, i»e«, were ra re ly in co rrect. In addition to th is evidence of marked sp e c ific ity , these perceptual speed facto rs were also unstable, i . e . , the te s ts of the perceptual speed facto r d iffered in th e ir fa c to r loadings from study to study.

This marked in s ta b ility of the perceptual speed facto r

defined by tasks varying in content constituted one o f the problems for facto r analysts*

E ither the p rin cip le of Invariance as stated

by "Diurstone (IS) m s inadequate or th© d efin itio n s of the fa c to r were inappropriate.

Bechtoldt (2) had suggested th a t the problem

might be resolved by considering the perceptual speed fa c to r as a composite of three or more lin e a rly independent facto rs having in common a second-order speed factor*

Ttm re s u lts obtained in h is

study, as w ell as in two la te r unpublished stu d ies, were consistent w ith the hypothesis of several co rrelated "perceptual speed'5 factors* The em pirical s ta b ility of each of th© several perceptual speed fac­ to rs was comparable to th a t of the several content type fa c to rs men­ tioned previously.

However, the in te rp re ta tio n of a facto r defined

by such speeded tasks as "cancelling X*s,Mmarking two drawings as same or d iffe re n t, or classify in g words as a member of the class

8 *f r u its " could no longer be made summarily as the "perceptual speed" factor*

A more precis© statement of the character! s tie s of th© de­

fining task s and experimental conditions now i s required to permit th© id e n tific a tio n of th© perceptual speed facto rs of two or more in investigators* Further investigation of th is perceptual speed area seems desirable in order to bring th© several speed facto rs, as w ell as on© or more new perceptual speed v ariab les, in to a more p recise r e la ­ tionship with one another and to determine th e g en erality or speci­ f ic it y o f these several d escrip tiv e variables*

Such an in v estig ation

could also b© expected to be of p ra c tic a l value fo r research re la te d to " c le ric a l a b ility 8 since the c le ric a l aptitude te s ts are sim ilar in fora, content and in stru c tio n s to those used to define one or more of the f i r s t order perceptual speed fa c to rs.

4 th ird achieve­

ment of a study or s e rie s of studies of th© sources of variance in th e perceptual speed domain i s th© determination of the re la tio n be­ tween these facto rs and th© facto rs such as number f a c i l i t y and verbal fluency previously id e n tifie d by means of speeded tasks* the Perceptual Speed Domain Up to the present time a t le a s t fiv e facto rs have been postulated in the lite r a tu r e , a l l o f which are defined by speeded continuous paper-and-pencil te s ts of the choice discrim ination type

9 and a l l o f which seem r o u te d to the general area of p e rc e p tu a l speed. The f i r at of these i s the symbol cancellation facto r (2, 5, 8, IS, 20).

The tasks which have been used to define th is facto r

a l l have in common the set to search fo r a sp ecific key symbol pre­ sented w ith d is tra c te rs which ar© re la tiv e ly d issim ilar to , or read ily discrim inated from, th® key figure*

Th© fa c to r, however,

appeared to be r e s tr ic te d to discrim inations among highly practiced symbols such as words or d ig its , in co n trast to tasks requiring gross d iffe re n tia tio n s from among re la tiv e ly unfam iliar stim uli, such as geometric designs or pictures*

The r e s u lts of one recent

unpublished study (8) suggest th a t as the subjects become more fa­ m ilia r (through p ractice) with the symbols, the loading of the t e s t on th is cancellation facto r increases*

I f th is r e s u lt should be

sustained in fu rth e r stu d ies, the more general d e fin itio n of the facto r as o rig in ally suggested by Beehtoldt (£) could be accepted* Some fu rth e r r e s tr ic tio n s , however, seem necessary since a differen­ t i a l e ffe c t o f p ractice upon the facto r loading of p ic to r ia l te s ts was indicated; the la rg e s t s h if t occurred with the sim plest and most re a d ily discrim inated se t of lin e drawings* A second fa c to r which has been iso la te d w ithin the percep­ tu a l speed domain has been defined by tasks requiring a f a c i lity in the complete coding of a l l stim uli presented (6, 10)*

These tasks

10

d if f e r S rm the more usual cancellation task s prim arily in th a t they require a response to each stimulus ra th e r than ju s t to those which are id e n tic a l with th© key stimulus*

I t would m m th a t the

a b ility to scan rap id ly a page of p rin ted m atter would not be a s cru cial fo r th© coding facto r a® fo r the cancellation factor*

In

fa c t one simple hypothesis i s th a t th© c ru c ia l difference between the coding and cancellation facto rs i s th© re la tiv e proportion of items marked. Th© th ird perceptual ^ e e d fa c to r has been defined as th e speed of asso ciatio n s! recognition of stim uli belonging to a category specified in advance (2, 13) s fo r exarple, finding a U the words in a l i s t which r e f e r to th in g s which could be found in an unfurnished house*

The se t here i© sim ilar to th a t fo r cancel­

la tio n t e s t s except th a t the di scrim inations are made on the b asis of the meaning o f th© stimulus (word) ra th e r than i t s configuration* Th© fourth facto r to be mentioned w ithin the perceptual speed domain has been shown to be associated with a f a c ility in perceiving differences among v isu a l configurations (p ic to ria l ma­ t e r i a l or geometric designs) re la tiv e ly unfam iliar to the subject (4, 6, 8, 22, 23)#

Guilford* in a personal communication (October

12, 1949), ha® suggested the p o s s ib ility th a t th is facto r i s con­ fined to figures as contrasted with th© more fam iliar symbols, and th a t th© t e s t fa c to r loadings w ill vary d ire c tly w ith the

11

"complexity” of th e in te rn a l stru ctu re of the item s, the h i ^ e r facto r loadings being found fo r the more complex tasks*

I f the

complexity re fe rs to the amount of previous experience with the ma­ t e r i a l , I t might be predicted th a t the te s ts having h i # loadings on the v isu a l configuration facto r, P, would tend to s h if t toward the symbol cancellation fa c to r, L, a f te r extended practice* s h if t has been indicated in one recent study (6).

Such a

On the other

hand, i f "complexity” i s also a function of the number of elements in the d esig i, a d iffe re n tia l s h if t with the sin p lest t e s t m aterials having the lowest fa c to r loadings on P should occur# The f i f t h hypothesised perceptual speed facto r, id e n tifie d only as uXtt (2), has been defined by tasks requiring th© search fo r id e n titie s and/or differences among words, le tte r s and digits# th is case no key stimulus i s presented#

In

In view of the lack of evi­

dence regarding the defining c h a ra c te ristic s of th is facto r, i f i t can be iso la te d , and in view of I t s possible application to ce rtain personnel selectio n techniques, such as the Minnesota Vocational Test fo r C lerical Workers, th is study was designed as an in v estig ation of th is hypothesized a b ility and of i t s re la tio n to the other a b ili­ ti e s postulated a s components of the perceptual speed domain* Th©

Factor

In h is study of the perceptual speed domain Bechtoldt (Z)

12 reported a fa c to r, which he labeled *XU but did not attempt to In­ te rp re t because of m in s u ffic ie n t number of high loadings*

He

te n ta tiv e ly suggested th a t th is a b ility might be associated w ith a hypothetical process, speed of perceiving su p e rfic ia lly apparent re­ la tio n s , previously discussed by Thurston© (15)*

The only two te s ts

-with loadings above *50, b e tte r Groups and L etter Squares, both re ­ quired the discrim ination of id e n titie s and differences among l e t t e r s •with no key stimulus being specified in advance.

The L etter Groups

t e s t required the subject to mark th® paired l e t t e r groups th a t were d iffe re n t, t o differences being a re v e rsa l of two of the l e t t e r s w ithin a group or the su b stitu tio n of a l e t t e r fo r another sim ilar to i t in form*

t o L etter Squares t e s t required the subject to find

the two l e t t e r s th a t were repeated w ithin th© same row or column of a four-by-four ta b le of l e t t e r s ; the sixteen le t t e r s in t o ta b le , however, contained a number of duplications which occurred along the diagonal lin e s of t o set* In a se rie s of f a c to ria l studies, the S taff, Division of Occupational Analysis, War Manpower Commission (Z2), reported a fac­ to r Q, which seems to be sim ilar to *XWin th a t the t e s t s of Q in ­ volved discrim inations among words and numbers.

This rep o rt suggest­

ed th a t t e s t s defining Q d ea lt with m aterials emphasized in formal education, a d istin c tio n th a t would be considered c h a ra c te ristic of several d iffe re n t facto rs reported in th© lite ra tu re *

The suggestion

1«

however, does imply th a t the facto r i s a function of the amount of p ractice w ith symbols and th a t le s s fam iliar m aterials would not have sig n ific an t loadings on the same fa c to r with t e s t s composed of le t t e r s and digits*

Xt was reported th a t Q was found to some ex­

te n t in several o f the te s ts which involve "verbal" or "number11 a b i liti e s , Andrew (l) carried out a fa c to ria l study u tilis in g as one task th© Minnesota C lerica l t e s t , a standard t e s t which seems to involve tasks coinp&r&bl© to those which are thought to define «XW* She concluded th a t the name and number checking p arts ’’though re la te d , are measuring re la tiv e ly sp ecific a b i liti e s (page 141) •** However, since ce rtain phases of her study are open to question, i t i s f e l t th a t fu rth er work on th is problem would be helpful in carder to sub stan tiate these conclusions*

I f her conclusion can be sus­

tained, then there i s evidence th a t l,Xn, one of the postulated per­ ceptual speed fa c to rs, i s defined by th e sp ecific type of content used. Such extreme sp e c ific ity as implied by Andrew’s statement would he most unfortunate fo r th e hopes of t r a i t psychologists* Every work method or possible type of task would be expected to de­ fin e a separate fa c to r with the re s u lt th a t no abstractions of any generality could be expected in th is area of a c tiv ity .

This view i s ,

however, considered unduly pessim istic a t th is time fo r three reasons:

14 f i r s t , Andrew's analysis i s not se lf-co n siste n t! second, the concept of second or higher order facto rs would provide the more general abstractio n s! and th ird , f irs t-o r d e r facto rs of considerable gener­ a l i t y have been isolated* Stroud (12) in an in v estig atio n of th e re la tio n between rat© of v isu a l perception and ra te o f reading, administered six speeded te s t s to a group of elementary school children*

Three of

the te s t s required the subject to determine which of four given stim­ u l i was th e same as a specified key stimulus, and the other required the subject to &pevi£y whether p a irs of stim uli were the same or d if­ ferent*

The t e s t s in the f i r s t group called for the selection of

e ith e r words, d ig its or l e t t e r s , and the te s ts in the second group required the comparison of e ith e r paired d ig its , l e t t e r s or unfamili­ a r geometric designs*

The co rrelatio n s between the designs te s t and

the other fiv e te s ts were lower than a l l but one of the ten in te rco rrelatio n s among the five other tests*

This suggests the p o ssib il­

i t y th a t th® a b ility to compare unfam iliar designs i s lin e a rly inde­ pendent of the a b ility or a b i liti e s involved in the coBQparing or selectin g of words, l e t t e r s o r d ig its , a l l of which are stim uli r e la ­ tiv e ly fam iliar to school children.

These data also suggest th a t

differences in the form of the items may be re la te d to a d iffe re n tia l f a c to ria l com position*

The p o s s ib ility th a t the paired nature of the

tasks may define a unique a b ility i s suggested since th© highest

15 co rrela tio n reported by Stroud (.74) was between paired d ig its and paired l e t t e r s (nonsense syllables) * Furthermore, the co rrelatio n s between paired designs on the one hand and paired le t t e r s and d ig its on the other were higher than the co rrelatio n s between paired de­ signs and the three te s ts using a key stimulus* Of special significance i s the fa c t th a t out of the f i f ­ teen co rrelatio n s among the te s ts given in th is phase of Stroud *s study only four o f them were below *50*

This suggests the p ossi­

b i l i t y of a second order speed facto r, perhaps comparable to the speed fa c to rs which have been reported by Beehtoldt (2), Carrol (5), and Kolzinger (10)* As a summary of the evidence provided by the four studies discussed above, i t i s suggested th a t the existence of a unique source of variance (fa cto r 1) associated w ith tasks requiring speed of comparing two or more v isu a l configurations as to th e ir id e n tity seems plausible#

I f a facto r of th is type i s to have any general

psychological significance, i t would seem th a t te s ts involving d if­ fe r e n tia l discrim inations among words, l e t t e r s or d ig its should a l l have loadings on fa c to r I*

I f te s ts Involving discrim inations among

unfam iliar p ic tu re s or designs also have loadings on X, then X might be conceived of as transcending the content of the items#

Such

evidence of the g en erality of th© X facto r would be consistent with the hypothesis th a t the set to search for id e n titie s i s the cru cial

16 source o f variance in thee© simple c&oice-

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NAME COMPARISON

105 Name _________________ ___________ _________ l a s t name f i r s t name Look a t th e p a ir s o f names "below. A mark ( X ) has "been p la ced above th e l i n e betw een th e names th a t are s p e lle d th e same, punctuated th e same and in th e same ord er. " Swenson, Jacob P . Y Swenson, Jacob P. Acme R e a lity ___ Acme R ea lty P l a t t , Mary

Mary P la t t

Standard O il X Standard O il

Mark each p a ir o f names below th a t are e x a c tly th e same. P lace th e check mark above th e l i n e betw een th e names th a t are th e same. Go ahead. Do n ot w a it fo r any s ig n a l.

M artin James

Ma r t in , James

Ford Motor Co.__ Ford Motor Co. C o lo n ia l Baking & Co.__ C o lo n ia l Baking Co. R e cie v in g Department

R eceiv in g Department

R. D. Jacobson__ R. L. Jacobson P ick fo rd , Mary__ P ick fo rd , Mary You should have marked th e second and th e l a s t p a ir in t h is column s in c e th e y were th e o n ly p a ir s e x a c tly th e same. When th e s ig n a l i s g iv e n (n o t y e t ) , tu rn to th e next page and p la c e a check­ mark (X J above th e l i n e betw een th e p a ir s th a t are id e n t ic a l in term s o f s p e l l i n g , p u n ctu atio n and ord er. Mark o n ly th o se p a ir s th a t are th e same. Work r a p id ly . When th e examiner says "StopI" draw a l i n e under th e l a s t p a ir a t which you have lo o k ed . Stop h e r e.

Wait fo r th e s i g n a l .

Mark (X) betw een th o se name p a ir s which are th e same.

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W. D. Sweeney__ W. D. Sweeney

Rev. H. H arris

Rev. H. H arris

Brown & A ss o c .__ Brown & A ssoc.

Herman F isc h e r

Herman F ish e r

E. A. Robbins__E. A. Robbin

V incent James

V incent, James

T hiede, C lar__ T hiede, C lare

B i l l ' s T r a ile r s __ B i l l ' s T r a ile r s

Ruth R in e d o lla r __ Ruth R in e d o lla r

Geo. G. Urbom__ Geo. G. Urbon

Lebor C leaners__ Leber C leaners

V a lle y E le c t r ic __ V a lle y E le c t r ic

Dominic C assi

Dom inic C a is i

J. L igh ten h eld __ J . L ich ten h eld McCanna & Morse__ McCanna & Morse A1 W intercorn Hubbard P itz n e r

Rex Lindsay

Hubbard P it z e r

Dochkus B ro s.__ Dockhus B ros.

Jo s . L. Lindeen

A. R. Gutmann

McClure & Co.__ McClure & Co. W elliv er & Son

We l l i v e r & Sons

Empire Loan Co.

Empire Loan Co.

Twin D isc Co.

Rex Lindsay

A. S e g a lla & Co.

Donquin S e r v ice__ Donquin S erv ice

Svea Soner S o c .__ Svea Soner Soc. A. R. Guttmann

A. S e g a lla Co.

A1 W intercorn

L L L S o c e ity __ L L L S o c ie ty J o s. L. Lindeen

Maurice Kahl__ Maurice Kahl

Tw in -D isc Co.

Anna Swezey

Anna Swezey

Benjamin Levine__ Benjamin Levine G o e r litz Co.__ G o e r lits Co. Ott Truking Co.__ O tt Trucking Co. J a s. Georger__ J a s. Georger H. Norrlander__ H. Norlander Ranier Pharmacy

R a in ier Pharmacy

J. J . P o tte r __ J . J . P o tte r

C aroline U l r i c i __ C arolin e U lr ic i

Hart O il Co.__ Hart O il Co.

T rip le T ite Co.__ T r ip le T ite Co.

Rever Grange__ Rever Garage

Ward H ubbell

Ward Hubbel

Mark Hoepfner

Mark Hoepfner

Uarco, I n c .__ Uamco, In c .

J o s. Skukis__ J o s. Skukis

John R. Haegg__ John R. Haegg

H ossie S lo in s k i__ H ossie S low in sk i

Haynie Tax Co.__ Haynie Taxi Co.

Pla-Mor Shops__ Pla-Mor Shops

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Do not w a it fo r any s ig n a l.

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