An Investigation of Differences in Adjustment as Indicated by a Multiple Choice Sentence Completion Test

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P U R D U E U N IV E R S IT Y

THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER M Y SUPERVISION

by___________________ VERA

entitled

E. KENNEDY_______________________

"AN INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENCES IN ADJUSTMENT

AS INDICATED BY A MULTIPLE CHOICE SENTENCE COMPLETION TEST»

COMPLIES WITH THE UNIVERSITY REGULATIONS O N GRADUATION THESES

AND IS APPROVED BY M E AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Professor

H

AUGUST A.

ead of

in

C h a r o e or T h e s i s

Sch oo l

1950

TO THE LIBRARIAN:-iS-

THIS THESIS IS NOT TO BE REGARDED AS CONFIDENTIAL.

GBAD. SCHOOL FORM O—3 - 4 6 —1M

oh

D

epartment

AN INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENCES IN ADJUSTMENT AS INDICATED BY A MULTIPLE CHOICE SENTENCE COMPLETION TEST

A Thesis Submitted to The Faculty of Purdue University by Vera E. Kennedy

In Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for The Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 1950

ProQuest Number: 27714160

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is d e p e n d e n t upon the quality of the copy subm itted. In the unlikely e v e n t that the a u thor did not send a c o m p le te m anuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if m aterial had to be rem oved, a n o te will ind ica te the deletion.

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ACKNOWLEDGÎMTS

I 'wish to express my deep appreciation and indebtedness to Dr. John M. Hadley, Chairman of my Advisory Committee, whose constant encouragement and helpful suggestions have made this study possible. I am also very grateful to the other members of the committee for their comments and criticisms. I especially wish to thank Dr. Fred E* Spaner, Mr. William Dobson, Mr. Arthur Davison and Mr. Charles Mason for the time and interest they devoted to this study in the judging of the items and the test construction. To the members of the Marion Chapter of the American Legion, and especially to Mr. George Rauch, Mr. Harry Jackson and Mr. John Grant, I wish to extend ny sincere gratitude for their kind coopera­ tion in this project and their stimulation of interest in other groups. I am also indebted to the officials of the Marion Veterans Ad­ ministration Hospital, Billings Veterans Administration, Nichols Veterans Administration Hospital and the Mental Hygiene Clinic, Veterans Administration Regional Office, whose cooperation has facili­ tated this study.

VITA

Vera E. Kennedy B o m December 25>, 1912 Charlestown, Indiana

Academic Career: 193U 1935-1936 1938 1939 191*1 19U2-19U3 19U9 19U9-1950

A«B*, English, Indiana University Graduate work in speech and speech pathology, Indiana University. Graduate work in speech pathology, summer session. University of Wisconsin. Graduate work in speech pathology, summer session, Indiana University. Speech and dramatics, summer session. University of Wisconsin Course in bacteriology and parasitology. University of Louisville School of Medicine. M.S., Clinical psychology, Purdue University. Candidate for Ph.D., Clinical psychology, Purdue University.

Professional Career: 1934-19141

Taught English, Speech, Biology and History in Indiana high schools.

19l4l-19L3

Laboratory assistant in Bacteriology, university of Louisville Medical School Secretary to Special personnel Coordinator, Curtiss-Wright Corporation, Louisville, Kentucky. Secretary, Neuropsychiatrie Division, Nichols United States Army Hospital and Nichols Veterans Administration Hospital. Clinician in Purdue University Psychology Clinic. Clinical Psychology Trainee (P-3), Purdue Univer­ sity, interning at Veterans Administration Mental Hygiene Clinic, Indianapolis, Indiana and Marion Veterans Administration Hospital, Marion, Indiana,

I9U3-I9UU 19UU-19U7

19U7-19U9 19U9-1950

Organizations ; Sigma Xi

ABSTRACT Kennedy, Vera E*, «An Investigation of Differences in Adjustment As Indicated by A Multiple Choice Sentence Completion Test," August 1950, 69 pages, 8 Tables, 6 Appendixes, Bibliography. A multiple choice sentence completion test, consisting of 100 items, was constructed as an indicator of differences in adjustment in comparisons of Schizophrenic, Neurotic and Control groups.

Hie

test was administered to veterans in three Veterans Administration neuropsychiatrie hospitals, one mental hygiene clinic and to a control group consisting of members of a service organization. Total responses for each group were converted into percentages and significance of differences determined within seven different areas of adjustment.

Consistent trends in test results suggest that the

Schizophrenic group differed most markedly from the Control group in the area of family and social adjustment.

Responses of the

Neurotic group resembled the pattern of the Control group more nearly than that of the Schizophrenic group, but tended to approxi­ mate the latter group in the psycho sexual area.

The least deviation

in a comparison of all groups occurred in the area of health adjust­ ment.

Further studies are indicated using more rigid control of

additional variables.

A test of this type appears promising as a

screening or diagnostic tool if subjected to further refinement and standardisât ion.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page I INTRODUCTION ............................. Sentence Completion Test

.......

2

........

h

II STATEMENT OF THEPROBLEM...................

8

Concepts of

......

1

Adjustment

III PROCEDURE............................... IV RESULTS

9

..........................

16

V SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION...................

23

VI CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY

............................

29

.......................

30

APPENDIX A. MULTIPLE CHOICE SENTENCE COMPLETION TEST........ 32 APPENDIX B.

DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES BY ITEMS

hi

APPENDIX C.

SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCHIZOPHRENIC AND CONTROL SUBJECTS

62

APPENDIX D. SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PSYCHONEUROTIC AND CONTROL SUBJECTS

6U

APPENDIX E.

APPENDIX F.

SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCHIZOPHRENIC AND PSYCHONEUROTIC SUBJECTS................... . COMPARISON BY PERCENTAGES OF MATCHED GROUPS ON RESPONSES.68

66

LIST OF TABLES

Page

Table 1.

Comparisonby Percentages of Groups on Family Items . . .

.

16

2*

Comparisonby Percentages of Groups on psychosexual Items

.

17

3.

Comparisonby percentages of Groups on Social Items . . . .

U.

Comparisonby Percentages of Groups on Occupational Items

5«

Comparisonby Percentages of Groups on Mores Items . . . . .

19

6.

Comparisonby Percentages of Groups on Self-Evaluation Items

20

7.

Comparisonby Percentages of Groups on Health Items . . . .

20

8.

Comparisonby Percentages of Groups on All Items...........21

18 •

19

AN INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENCES IN ADJUSTMENT AS INDICATED BY A MULTIPLE CHOICE SENTENCE COMPLETION TEST I INTRODUCTION

The present study is one of a number of investigations undertaken in an effort to determine whether or not differential dynamics exist among the various diagnostic groups of patients with neuropsychiatrie disorders (2, U, 13)•

Although it has long been recognized that

different behavioral symptoms are characteristic of different diag­ nostic groups (10) 9 the research in this field has produced little evidence as to the nature of dynamic factors which might be responsi­ ble for the similarity of symptoms.

If one could observe a number

of individuals during the period in which they are in the process of developing their behavioral symptoms, one might be able to discover which factors in their experience were contributing to their present behavior and to what degree. Unfortunately in clinical practice today, this is hardly feasible. When the patient has reached the point where he requires assistance in solving his problems, his Symptoms have usually developed to such an advanced stage that the clinician is obliged to judge from certain inferences he can make concerning his present behavior as to just what the salient factors are in the etiology of his disturbance. The assumption underlying the general research program, of which the present study is a part, is that the information concerning cfornamics can be clarified by making comparative observations under standard testing conditions of patients classified into different

2

diagnostic categories.

It is "believed that much of our theory of psycho­

pathology may "be confused "because of observations made on isolated groups without the use of control or comparison populations*

In the present study,

a modification of the sentence completion technique was utilized in order to make comparisons concerning groups of patients diagnosed as -psychotic, psychoneurotic and a control group of presumably nnormal" veterans. The Sentence Completion Test Although the sentence completion technique has been in use for the past half century, it was only during the late war that it was utilized more fully as a projective technique*

The history of the development

of this technique has been reviewed in a,previous article by Hadley and Kennedy (8)*

The theory underlying the use of such a test in this ca­

pacity is that it elicits unconscious trends in the personality that manifest themselves in fantasies and unconscious impulses ordinarily repressed in daily contacts (SO). Although spontaneity of expression is curtailed to some degree, Hutt (9) suggests that partially structured projective techniques of this type elicit responses that depend to some extent upon a projection of the subject’s personal interpretation and interaction. One of the problems, however, that is frequently encountered in the employment of this type of measure is the difficulty in establish­ ing any objective means of scoring the responses, which may assume as many different forms as the personalities of the individuals who make them.

A means of scoring, devised in terms of conflict, developed by

Rotter and Wxllerman (16), relies to a great degree upon the subject­ ive judgment of the clinician and poses a problem in the comparisons of scores between individuals and groups • The " open-end" sentence completion test may elicit a wide range of responses, each bearing the individual stamp of the subject.

How­

ever, the clinician cannot be sure that he is making an objective comparative evaluation between the completions offered by the various individuals, Furthermore, many individuals are so preoccupied with one particular problem in one area of their background of adjustment that other areas may be neglected which are basic to a broad evalua­ tion of the dynamics operating in an individual at a given moment.

In an attempt to circumvent these difficulties, Shay (19) de­ vised a multiple choice sentence completion test with five responses to each sentence, representing weighted degrees of conflict.

Valida­

tion upon a group of college students resulted in a correlation coefficient of ,58 with another measure of adjustment, the California Mental Health Analysis. A modification of the sentence completion technique, similar to that suggested by Shay was selected for use in the present study. It appeared plausible to assume that sentence completion items de­ signed to sample different areas of adjustment might be expected to demonstrate, for example, more indications of "giving in” behavior relative to family matters in a given diagnostic group than in another, or more instances of attacking behavior in a given group than in others. Furthermore, it seemed reasonable to expect that the stimulation of

4

the individual "by the presentation of specific responses in certain areas then might eliminate the nshotgun11 scatter method of leaving the response up to the individual.

Thus it would he possible to make

comparisons among groups upon the basis of the type of responses chosen within different areas of adjustment.

Although this method

involves a certain amount of structuring which may curtail the free­ dom of response, it does facilitate the objectivity of scoring and makes possible a more meaningful comparison of performances. Concepts of Adjustment The types of adjustment referred to in the foregoing discussion are only a few of the wide array of mechanisms that man has seized upon to satisfy his wishes or to alleviate the pain of frustration and anxiety.

Before selecting the areas of adjustment to be sampled

and the type of responses to be studied, some consideration of concepts of adjustment is in order. Beutsch (5) suggests that "any aspect of the personality may be used as a defense mechanism against anxiety... .intelligence as well as stupidity, acting in reality as well as in fantasy.11 Adjust­ ment has been interpreted from many viewpoints, ranging from the basic tension reduction theory suggested by Shaffer (18) to the positing of a vast array of defensive devices designed to protect the individual from anxiety. gymonds (21) defines adjustment in terms of an adaptation to the demands of reality.

Landis and Belles (11) break the concept

down into an integrative process, described as 11the arranging.

5 composing and harmonizing of different conflicts and decisions which must be made in everyday life— — the regulation or systemization of the elements of our behavior in relation to the larger components of existenceCameron (3) pictures the process a little more concretely as Mthose habitual methods which human beings in our society use in overcoming, avoiding, circumventing, escaping from or ignoring frus­ tration and threat.” Richards (lU) emphasizes the positive process of adjustment as the successful adaptation to the demands of society. However, he goes on to state that a solution may be found in any ad­ justment that alleviates anxiety, and it may be one that is not necessarily compatible with social adjustment.

The degree to which

an adjustment may be considered unsuccessful, he states, is the degree to which it incapacitates the individual or reduces his efficiency. This concept is of paramount importance in the evaluation of an in­ dividual* s capacity to hold a job, get along with others, and in short, to be a self-sustaining member of this society. From the above concepts, one might conclude that not only does the actual process of adjustment assume a wide variety of patterns, but the interpretation of this process is also subject to the par­ ticular observer1s frame of reference.

The measurement, then, of

such a process and the interpretation of findings might constitute almost insurmountable difficulties. Hence, it would seem necessary to confine research efforts to common, basic adjustment patterns observed in every day life situations. Cameron (3) formulates such patterns as:

(1)

Direct aggression, i.e., increasing the vigor of direct

attack. Although a normal reaction at the infantile level— most

6

graphically illustrated in the temper tantrum, later in life such a reaction may evoke community retaliation, resulting in counter­ aggression, frustration and punishment. (2) Simple withdrawal, which constitutes a less direct strain upon personal relationships but is often asocial and ineffectual. (3) Defense techniques such as compensation, rationalisation and projection , which frequently are relied upon to maintain a facade to the world and to protect the individual from his own doubts and recriminations . Along this vein, Sapirstein (17) in his discussion of emotional security has grouped the various patterns of adjustment into three basic defenses against anxiety:

"Dhenever an organism runs into

trouble, there are only three things he can do: (1) He can run away (fear and withdrawal). (2) He can battle it out by himself (self-assertion and hostility). (3) He can look for help (dependency).11 Although any one of these defenses may be appropriate at a given time, the excessive use or misuse of them may give rise to maladjustment. When an individual1s response to a threatening situation is to try to get out of it, he is saying in a sense that his resources are inade­ quate to handle the emergency.

Sapirstein states that this is a

difficult conviction to face, and many individuals persist in subject­ ing themselves to a losing battle rather than resorting to a "strategic retreat.11 The opposite of this type of response may be a fighting response— the individual1s desire to handle the situation himself. Here, again, the author points out, this response when used in excess

7 may jeopardize the individual* s relationship with others*

The third

basic defense— the appeal to others for help— may constitute a serious handicap to the development of initiative if relied upon habitually or if neglected, may isolate the subject from much needed contacts.

These

basic modes of defense are similar to the ones chosen in this research project.

8 II STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The general puppose of this study was to utilize the multiple choice sentence completion technique as an indicator of differences in the dynamic adjustment of neuropsychiatrie groups. A subsidiary purpose of the study was to construct a sentence completion test with multiple choice endings that would reflect the dynamics of five basic modes of adjustment to life situations.

Although the construc­

tion of a test is secondary to the primary purpose of the investigation, it is obviously the prior task, since the test is the vehicle used to study differences in dynamics* The specific questions to be studied are: 1.

Is there a tendency for specific types of responses to be

more characteristic of neurotic subjects than for schizophrenic sub­ jects or for «normal subjects?» 2. Do these trends fluctuate in the different areas of adjustment? The hypothesis was formulated that responses characteristic of meeting life situations would be more characteristic of the »normal» group; less characteristic of the neurotic group; and even less characteristic of the schizophrenic group; whereas other types of re­ sponses would demonstrate the reverse trend. Although one might expect more conflict in family items in certain groups or in the psychosexual area for others, no specific hypotheses have been formu­ lated concerning patterns of response in the various adjustment areas. Relative to patterns of response in adjustment areas, the purpose of this study is frankly exploratory.

9 III PROCEDURE The first step in the present study was to construct a sentence completion test with multiple choice responses corresponding to different modes of adjustment.

Sentence stems were derived from

seven areas of adjustment, arbitrarily chosen on the basis of dis­ cussions between the investigator and her advisor.

The final form

of the test appears in Appendix A and consists of 100 items. An item analysis was not done nor a measure of reliability derived, since the primary purpose of the study was to compare the responses of various groups to the test.

The situations presented in the

sentence stems were chosen to represent the following areas of adjustment:^ I FAMILY - Parental and sibling relationships. II PSYCHOSEXUAL - Reactions toward sex, marriage, dating, taboos. Ill SOCIAL - Relating, to other people in social situations. IV OCCUPATIONAL - Reactions toward work, supervisors, fellow workers, failures and successes. V MORES - Situations involving conventions, customs, ethics and religion. VI SELF-EVALUATION - The subject*s attitude toward himself with respect to success, failure, ambi­ tions, ideals and comparison with others. VII HEALTH - Reactions to illness and health habits.

of items by areas is presented in Appendix B.

10 The sentence stems were separately evaluated "by the investigator and her advisor, and only those stems were included in an area if both agreed as to the classification.

Such a procedure lacks precision,

and overlaps between areas probably exist.

Future refinement of the

test should include more careful evaluation of items as to area of adjustment.

A number of different responses to each sentence stem

were constructed which were believed to be characteristic of differ­ ent modes of behavior. Although as mentioned in the foregoing discussion, the individual may choose any one of a wide range of adjustive responses, five basic patterns of reaction were selected as representing common modes of meeting these situations.

They were designated as:

A: ‘’EirariHG- AWAY" - This might constitute passive negativism, a refusal to recognize conflict or to participate; 11steer­ ing clear" or secluding oneself from competitive situations. B: "G-IVIHG- IH" - Allowing oneself to be subjugated; taking the blame for things; submitting to another*s point of view: suppressing one* s feelings out of consideration for another*s feelings. C: "MAKING- EXCUSES11 — Directing feelings toward a person or object that did not originally arouse those feelings; be­ havior that is motivated by other than the expressed motivation; projecting blame or responsibility upon others.

n D:

11FIGHTING IT1* - Actively taking issue with others or attempt­ ing to force others to comply; assuming dominance regardless of whether it is called for or solicited; disregarding other's feelings.

Ei

"FACING IT" - Attempting to meet the situation as it is and to find an acceptable answer which would take the individual's as well as other's feelings into consideration.

Accepting

oneself as well as others and respecting the feelings of others without losing one's individuality. A group of judges, consisting of five graduate clinical psychology students who had either completed their training or were in the final year of training, were asked to classify these responses according to the above five categories when arranged in random order.

Items were

retained when there was agreement of at least four of the five judges. In instances where agreement was not reached, the items in question were eliminated, and new ones constructed until approval was obtained on five responses for each of 100 items.

The items and responses were

then assembled in random order for administration. The test was administered in small group sessions to male veterans of World War II in the Veterans Administration Hospital at Marion, Indiana; Billings Veterans Administration Hospital, Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana^ Nichols Veterans Administration Hospital, Louis­ ville, Kentucky; and the Mental Hygiene Clinic, Veterans Administration Regional Office, Indianapolis, Indiana.

All subjects were classified

according to standard Veterans Administration diagnostic procedure by

12

the neuropsychiatrie staff at the above facilities.

Those who lacked

sufficient contact with reality to participate in a testing situation were eliminated from the experimental group* A group of 81 patients diagnosed as schizophrenic reaction was chosen from the three hospitals as representative of the psychotic group, principally because their contact with reality was such that it enabled them to read such a test and to comprehend its meaning to the extent that they could make a choice among the responses suggested* This group consisted of the following types:

Paranoid 26, hebephrenic 23,

catatonic 11, mixed 8, simple 7 and unclassified 6. was 31a61 years and ranged from 22 to 51 years.

The average age

The educational level

ranged from sixth grade to college graduate, with average level fall­ ing at the tenth grade or second year of high school (10.34).

Inasmuch

as it was necessary to eliminate psychotic types with organic factors, no other group of psychotics was large enough to serve for compara­ tive purposes* Another group of 72 patients diagnosed as neurotic was chosen from the three hospital populations and from the mental hygiene clinic on the basis of their willingness to participate, freedom from organic involvement or mental deficiency.

All were classified according to

standard Veterans Administration diagnoses. reactions were represented:

The following types of

Anxiety 36, conversion 9, immaturity 8, /

somatization 6, hypochondriacal 4, depressive 3, acute situational malad­ justment 2, obsessive compulsive 2, mixed 1, unclassified 1. The average age for this group was 31.03 years and ranged from 20 to 58 years.

The

13 educational level ranged from second grade to one year of college, with the average level falling at the third year of high school (11.14). The Control group, consisting of 78 subjects, was chosen from the American Legion in a county seat with a population of approximately 30,000 and from two American Legion district meetings in outlying cities, on the basis of volunteers from those males who participated in World War II and were employed in some capacity.

Four additional subjects

were included from the Marion Veterans Administration Hospital clerical staff and two members of the Junior Chamber of Commerce in the abovementioned county seat.

The American Legion was asked to participate

because it was felt that this organization constituted a group of pre­ sumably normal veterans from the same parent population.

It is

recognized that there is a possibility of bias in utilizing such a group, inasmuch as veterans with certain personality characteristics may tend to join organizations of this type.

The average age of this

group was 30.77 years and ranged from 20 to 57 years.

Educational

level ranged from grade eight to three years beyond a college degree. The average level was one year beyond high school; however, the in­ clusion of three lawyers in this group accounted for 1.7 additional years on the average (12.9 - 13.6) , inasmuch as this profession re­ quires three years* training beyond the college degree. of occupations was represented:

A variety

Skilled and unskilled labor, truck-

driving, filling station work, mechanical, technical, maintenance, sales, engineering, merchandising, accounting, legal and administrative. Instructions for administering the test were kept at a minimum. The subjects were told that they were to choose a completion from one

14 of the five endings for the sentence "by simply encircling the letter designating this completion.

It was emphasized that they should not

concern themselves with nright” or “wrong” or ”good” endings, "but were to simply indicate what they wished to use to complete the mean­ ing of the sentence.

They were also requested not to spend too muc%i

time in making their choices but to give their first impressions. They were assured that the test had nothing to do with their record, and that their name would not be used.

In the case of the Control

group, it was requested that they not sign their names to their papers. Several tests were eliminated wherein the subject gave evidence that he was unable to follow instructions or had completed only a fragment of the entire test. The only information secured on the experimental subjects utilized in this study was their diagnosis as indicated by the hospital staff, their age, whether or not they participated in World War II and their educational level. The tests were scored according to the type of response made in terms of the seven areas, and the totals for each type of response on each item wëre tabulated on a master sheet for the experimental and 2

control groups.

Total responses for each group were converted into

percentages and compared within the seven areas, using the following groupings:

Schizophrenic with Control, Heurotic with Control, and

Schizophrenic with Heurotic. 2

See Appendix B.

The significance of the differences

15 "between percentages, as described "by McEemar (12), was computed,

3

The

formula chosen for computing the standard error of the difference in­ volved combining the proportions of the two groups compared, inasmuch as many of the percentages were extreme ("below 10$) * According to KcUemar (12), this is advisable in order to secure a more stable mea­ sure of the standard error of the difference. Since it was noted that the educational level of the Control group exceeded that of the experimental groups, a matched group derived from the original three groups was compared.

Because of the small number

involved, no statistical analyses were made of the results of this 4 sub-group comparison. The percentages were compared by inspection with those derived from the total group.

3

See Appendix C, D, and E.

^ See Appendix P.

16

IV RESULTS According to the main hypothesis of this study, it was expected that “facing11 life situations would he more characteristic of the “normal” group, less characteristic of the Ueurotic group and even less utilized by the Schizophrenic group.

The results set forth in

Tables 1 to 8 confirm the hypothesis that there is a consistent trend in this direction. TABLE 1 COMPARISON BY PERCENTAGES OE GROUPS OH FAMILY ITEMS1 TYPE A B C D E

S 15.37 17.46 8.32 7.57 51.26

N 6.79 15.07 5.96 3.81 68.35

C 6.66 14.54 2.72 2.27 73.78

C-■S DIEE. C.P. -8.71 .04 -2.92 .31 -5.60 .06 -5.30 .06 22.52 .002

C-N DIEF. C.P. .49 -.13 -.53 .46 -3.24 .16 .29 -1.54 .23 5.43

N-S DIEE. C.P, -8.58 .05 -2.39 .34 -2.36 .29 -3.76 .16 17.09 .02

Table 1 presents comparisons between the three groups on the basis of their responses to items on adjustment to family situations.

There is

a marked trend for E (“facing it*1) responses to be more frequently chosen by the Control group than by the Neurotic and Schizophrenic groups, with the Neurotic group exceeding the Schizophrenic group.

Consistent

trends also appear in the other types of responses chosen, but conversely, the lowest percentage of choices of these other alternatives is found in the Control group and the largest percentage in the Schizophrenic group.

These trends are in the expected direction.

However, when the

magnitude of the differences between the percentages is considered,

~ S: Schizophrenic group. II: Neurotic group. C: Control group.

DIEF.: Difference between compared percentages. C.P. : Confidence point.

17

it is noted that only the differences "between the Schizophrenic group and the Neurotic and Control groups on A ("running away”) and E ("facing it0) responses exceed the five per cent point of significance* None of the differences "between the Control and Neurotic groups approach significance,

üühe differences "between the Control and Schizophrenic

groups on C (11making excuses0) and D ("fighting it") responses are at the .06 point of significance.

This table, then, would seem, to indi­

cate that the Schizophrenic group tends to choose the "running away" type of response to family situations more frequently than do the other groups.

TABLE 2 COMPARISON BY PERCE1TTAG-ES 03P (310UPS ON PSYCHO SEXUAL ITEMS TYPE

S

N

C

A B 0 D E

11.01 20.07 11.16 10.03 47.71

11.05 16.25 8.58 6.60 57.50

6.15 13.75 7.82 4.40 67.85

C-S DIE?. C.P.

C-N DIE?* C.P.

N-S DIEE. C.P.

-4.86 —6*32 -3.34 -5.63 20.14

-4*90 -2.50 - *76 -2.20 10.35

.04 -3.82 -2.58 —3.43 9.79

.14 .14 .24 .09 .005

.14 .33 .43 .28 .10

.50 .27 .30 .22 .11

Table 2 presents comparisons of percentages "between the groups in regard to the psycho sexual items.

The same tendency for E ("facing

it") responses to "be chosen more frequently "by the Control group and

The statistic, confidence or significance point, as discussed by Edwards (6), is used throughout this study. The confidence point indicates the chances that a difference of a given size might occur in a given or ex­ pected direction. This one-tailed test of significance was used instead of the two-tailed or confidence level statistic since the differences are quite consistent in their direction, and since it is of particular interest to determine the probability of differences occurring in the expected direction. The confidence level can be obtained by doubling the confidence point figures.

18 less frequently by the Schizophrenic and Neurotic groups can again be observed, as in Table 1. The reverse trend is also indicated for the other response alternatives. The only exception to this trend occurs in the A ("running away") responses.

In this case, the Neurotic

and Schizophrenic groups are practically identical.

However, neither

of these groups is significantly different from the Control group. The only difference attaining significance beyond the .0$ confidence point is that between Schizophrenics and Controls for the E ("facing it**) response# TABLE 3 COMPARISON BY PERCENTAGES OF GROUPS ON SOCIAL ITEMS TYPE

s

N

0

A B C D E

10# 21 18.26 6.8? 9.9h 5U*70

7.58 1U.57 U.U9 5.28

2.66 12.U9 2.75 2.85 80.12

68.06

C-S DIFF. C.P.

C-N DIFF. C.P.

N-S DIFF. C.P

-7 .5 5 -5 .7 7 -U.12 -7 .0 9 25.1*2

-U.92 —2.08 -1.7U -2.143 12. OU

-2 .6 3 - 3.69 -2 .3 8 -U .66 13.36

#03 #15 .11 .03

.0003

.09 .35 .28 .22 .05

.28 .27

.26 .1U .05

Again, in Table 3 all the differences on social items are in the expected direction.

The percentages of E ("facing it") responses are

significantly different between each of the groups.

There are no

other significant differences between the Control and Neurotic groups or between the Neurotic and Schizophrenic groups# However, the Schizo­ phrenic group differs significantly from the Control group in the higher percentages of A ("running away") responses and D ("fighting it") responses, in addition to the consistent trend of lower percentages of E responses#

Ip TABLE L COMPARISON BY PERCENTAGES OP GROUPS ON OCCUPATIONAL ITEMS TYPE

S

N

C

A B

11.09 16.75 9.8k 9.52 52.77

7.00 16.21 3.73 6.06 66.97

5.57 1U.U8 2.03 5.36 72.53

C D E

C-S DIFF. C.P.

C-N DIFF. C.P.

-5.52 -2.27 -7.81 -U.16 19.76

-1.43 -1.73 -I.70 — .70 5.56

.10 .35 .02 .16 .005

.36 .39 .26 .43 .23

N-S DIFF. C.P -4.09 .19 — .54 .46 -6.11 .07 —3.46 .21 14.20 .04

The differences continue to lie in the expected direction on Occupational items in Table U» No significant differences are observed between the Neurotic and Control groups, It is noted that the Schizo­ phrenic group checked significantly more C («making excuses») responses than did the Control group and significantly fewer E («facing it») re­ sponses.

The differences between the Neurotic and Schizophrenic groups

is significant at the .OU confidence point for B responses and at the •0? confidence point for G responses.

TABLE 5 COMPARISON BT PERCENTAGES OF GROUPS ON MORES ITBB TYPE A B

C D B

S 13.77 19.59 9.55 8.46 48.62

N 10.56 14.44 6.68 4.74 63.58

C 6.38 16.85 4.98 2.40 69.39

C-S DIFF. C.P. -7.39 —2.74 -4.57 -6.06 20.77

.06 .33 .13 .05 .004

C—N DIFF. C.P. —4.18 2.41 -1.70 —2.34 5.81

.18 .34 .33 .22 .23

N-S DIFF. C.P -3.21 -5.15 -2.87 -3.72 14.96

.27 .20 .26 .18 .03

The only reversal in the consistent trend in the direction of the differences for those items involving mores in Table 5 is in the B («giving in») response. Although the differences are not significant, the Neurotic group chose fewer «giving in» responses than did the Control group, constituting one of the only two reversals in a con­ sistent direction trend.

There are no significant differences between

20 the Neurotic and Control groups ♦ Again, the Schizophrenic group differs significantly from both the Control and Neurotic groups in the number of E (11facing it**) responses*

In addition, it is noted

that the Schizophrenic group chose significantly more D ("fighting it") types of responses than did the Control group*

TABLE 6 COMPARISON BY PERCENTAGES OF GROUPS OH SELF-EVALUATION ITEMS TYPE A

B C D B

S 9.86 17.01 8.82 9.30 55.00

N

C

6.9k 16.73 5.69 7.30 63.35

3.21 1U.72 2*96 6.06 73.11

C-S DIFF. C.P.

C-N DIFF. C.P.

N-S DIFF. C.P.

-6.65 -2.29 -5.86 -3.30 18.11

-3.73 -2.01 -2.73 -1.30 9.76

-2.92 - .28 -3.13 -2.00 8.35

.05 .35 .06 .22 .0Q9

.15 .37 .20 .37 .10

.26 .1*8 .23 .33 .15

Although the consistent direction trend is still apparent in Table 6 on self-evaluation items, the only significant differences are between the Schizophrenic and Control groups on A ("running away»*) and E ("facing it") responses*

The C ("making excuses") response, however, approaches

significance (,06) between these two groups♦ TABLE 7

COMPARISON BY PERCENTAGES OF GROUPS ON HEALTH ITEMS TYPE A B

C D B

S 10.81* 16.1*9 5.88 7.61 . 59.17

N

c

10.3U 13.1*1 5.36 U.3U 66.51*

9.19 11.19 2.83 2.71 7U.09

C—S DIFF. C.P. —1.65 -5.30 -3.05 -4.90 14.92

.36 .17 .17 .08 .02

C-N DIFF. C.P. -1.15 -2.22 -2.53 -1.63 7.55

.41 .34 .21 .29 .16

N-S DIFF. C.P, — .50 -3.08 - .52 -3.27 -7.37

The smallest differences between groups observed in any of the areas is found on the comparison of health items as shown in Table 7* The only significant difference noted is that on the E ("facing it") type of response between the Schizophrenic and the Control group, which is found to be at the *02 confidence point.

.46 .30 .44 .20 .17

21 However, the consistent direction of trends holds up, even though the sizes of the differences are small, TABLE 8 COMPARISON BY PERCENTAGES OF GROUPS OB ALL ITEMS TYPE A B C D E:

S 11.81 18.02 8.75 8.96 52.45

8.56 15.33 5.91 5.49 64.68

C 5.58 13.94 3.85 3.74 72.81

C-S Dianr. C.P. -6.23 .08 -4.08 .24 -4.90 .10 -5.22 .09 20.36 .004

C-■2ST DIFF. C.P. -2.98 .24 -1.39 .41 -2.06 .28 -1.75 .31 8.19 .14

N--S DIFF. C.P -3.25 .25 -2.69 .33 —2.84 .25 -3.47 .21 12.23 .06

When all areas are grouped together, as in Table 8, the consistent directional trends are apparent.

Most of the specific trends noted in

certain areas of adjustment cancel out, and the only difference exceed­ ing the ,05 confidence point that remains is that between the Schizophrenic and Control group for the E O ’facing it") type of response.

However,

the difference between the Schizophrenic and Neurotic group for the E response is at the ,06 point.

It is also of interest to note that

second to the E response, the 3 (11giving in") response is the most commonly chosen response for all groups when considered together.

A

study of Tables 1 through 7 reveals that this trend is consistent for all areas of adjustment.

When all areas are combined, the next most

frequently chosen response is the A ("running away") type. this is true for all areas with few exceptions.

In general,

The remaining types

of responses are approximately equal in frequency of choice, variations depending upon the area of adjustment. Inspection of percentages from the small matched sub-group would indicate that there would be no significant differences between results

22 for the small mixed group when compared with the larger one (differences not in excess of 2 per cent). general trends are present.

When broken down into areas, the same Even the same two reversals are present,

together with one or two other reversals, which are not significant as to size. None of the significant differences in the larger groups are reversed.

^See appendix F

23 V SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION

The trends which seem most apparent from the results of this study are summarized below.

It is hoped that these trends will be

provocative of further exploration and study, 1. There is a tendency for all groups to choose E (wfacing it”) responses more frequently than other alternatives, This type of response may be recognized more readily as the socially acceptable or approved mode of behavior.

In any event, it is the response most

frequently chosen by all groups in all areas of adjustment, 2. The second type of response in terms of frequency of choice in all groups is the B (”giving in”) type of response. is the element of a socially approved type of behavior.

Here again, ”Giving in”

is a type of response that has proved rewarding, particularly in early relationships with teachers and parents and which may be relied upon to create a less threatening situation.

However, such a response

may become associated with diminishing rewards when pitted against a competitive world, where standing one's ground sometimes becomes necessary for survival. 3.

The third most commonly chosen response, A (11running away”),

if not particularly rewarding, is at least less apt to provoke reprisal or to arouse feelings of guilt than is an oppositional type of behavior. As one might expect, the Schizophrenic group shows a consistent trend to choose this type of response in excess of the other two groups with but one exception.

This reversal occurs on items in the Psychosexual

area and reflects a slight increase in the percentage of A scores for

2U

Neurotics over the percentage for Schizophrenics • This would seem to indicate that Neurotics tend to adopt an avoiding reaction toward matters in the sexual sphere as much as do Schizophrenics.

Although

the Control group shows less frequency in this type of response in the same area, the difference is not as great as in other areas.

The

pattern as a whole here is suggestive of a cultural milieu that tends to avoid facing matters of a sexual nature by "leaving the field.” U.

The remaining two types of responses, C ("making excuses”)

and D ("fighting it”) reveal the lowest incidence of choice by all groups.

Even though "fighting it” may actually be employed in life

situations, it is perhaps more of a disorganized response chosen in a moment of crisis that loses its appeal when contemplated in retrospect.

The C ("making excuses”) response, which involves such

mechanisms as projection and displacement is usually an unconscious process and probably would not be recognized or chosen hy the indi­ vidual utilizing it in his daily adjustment.

It is reasonable to

believe that the greater degree of structuring in a multiple choice test of this kind may inhibit this type of response. 5.

In a comparison of the groups, the consistent tendency is

for the Schizophrenic group to choose lessof the E ("facing it”) type of response than for the other two groups.

Apparently there is

less inhibition of aggressive or avoiding impulses in this group, a finding that may in part account for their difficulty in socializing and in getting along with others. As White (22) expresses it, "If taking an interest in others is found to bring unpleasant consequences.

2$ the surest method of avoidance is to suppress the interest."

In

other words, schizophrenics are often described as avoiding troubling situations by "running away" as they avoid reality by escaping into their personal world. More specifically, the Schizophrenic group chose "running away" responses to family items in excess of the other groups. If "facing" the situation can be considered a "healthy” response, then the responses of Schizophrenics seem to reflect less "healthy" or adjust!ve reactions to family matters than do other groups. Again in the social area, the Schizophrenic group exhibit significantly more "fighting" or "running away11 responses, possible indications of a lack of rapport with others, or as Beliak and Wil­ son characterize it, a "deficit reaction, incapable of adequate social functioning." The increase in the number of "fighting" responses in this area over those chosen by the same group in the family area may suggest a fear on the part of this group of jeopardizing their chances of gaining and holding affection of those who represent their greatest dependency needs.

In support of this theory. Witsaman's findings in

a recent study (23) suggest that schizophrenics tend to express less hostility toward family figures than does a control group on the same test. 6.

In the occupational area, the Schizophrenics1 responses of

an adjustive nature are significantly different from the other two groups. They significantly differ from the Control group in the greater tendency to "make excuses."

This tendency is often con­

sidered a deterrant to efficiency on the job and may account for the reputed inability of this group to function adequately in working

26 situations and to become self-supporting.

The 11overwhelming conscious­

ness of self" (7) may create a greater need to justify or to rationalize actions in a competitive situation. In the same area, no significant difference was indicated between the Neurotic and Control group.

Apparently the neurotic adjusts to

job conditions even at a cost to other satisfactions. 7. In the area of mores, social customs, conventions or ethics, the second reversal in a consistent trend between the groups is noted. The Neurotic group indicates fewer "giving in" responses than do the Controls. The neurotic personality may be less tolerant of compromise on conventions or ethics and tend to hold more rigidly to his own be­ liefs rather than to accept those of others.

However, this inference

is only suggestive and should be investigated by further research. The Schizophrenic group give evidence of significantly more "fighting" responses in this area than does the Control group.

This may indicate

that they resent more the restricting effect of conventions, moral and ethical precepts which are so at variance with their own wishfulfilling little world. 8. in his appraisal of himself, apparently the schizophrenic not only tends to avoid looking at himself, but is also prone to disguise what he sees. White sums up this "blind spot" as "his fantasy life is not corrected by the reactions and judgments of others whom he avoids for the sake of protection,” He favors the "running away" responses to a significant degree when compared with the Control group and approaches significance in his choice of the "making excuses"

27 response.

This finding might be expected to bear out this group1s

lack of insight into their difficulties or failure to recognize the presence of difficulties, so often described in case histories. Al­ though differences continue in the same trend between the Neurotic and Control group, they are not significant and may reflect the neurotic1s awareness of his adjustive difficulties, even though he is at times powerless to bring about a reconciliation of his conflicting motives. 9* Little differences between the groups are demonstrated on the health items5 the only one attaining significance being that on the greater number of "facing it" responses in the Control group when compared with the Schizophrenic group.

This is not an area

involving relationships with others and may not lend itself so readily to the differentiation of group dynamics. 10.

It is recognized that failure to find significant differ­

ences between the Neurotic and Control groups^ with the exception of "facing it" responses in the social area, may in part be due to the inclusion of neurotics in the Control group.

Since many neurotics

can prove themselves capable of earning a living, getting along with others and managing their own affairs, a great many of them never find their way into neuropsychiatrie hospitals or mental hygiene clinics and are numbered among any "normal" group that we might select. How­ ever, it is assumed that those who seek aid for their problems in these facilities do represent a more severe type of disturbance that tends to incapacitate them more in their efficiency at work and in their social and family relations.

The observed trend is in this

expected direction, but the overlapping between the two groups may

28 account for the failure to attain significance on most of the items. On the other hand, the results may emphasize overlapping dynamics rather than overlapping groups. In other words, the evidence in the present study would tend to support the hypothesis that the differ­ ences between the dynamics of neurotic behavior and normal behavior are largely quantitative. A very serious limitation of the present study is the composi­ tion of the experimental groups • It is perhaps remarkable that any trends have appeared when the varied composition of the groups is considered.

Further research should employ groups which are more

homogenous as to diagnosis and behavioral symptoms ♦ In general, the results of the present study have demonstrated quantitative rather than qualitative differences in the modes of responses chosen in different areas of adjustment.

No particular

type of response is especially characteristic of any area of adjust­ ment.

The trends toward emphasis on particular modes of reaction

by the Schizophrenic group in certain areas should be investigated further.

29

VI CONCLUSIONS Assuming the reliability of the measuring device, and on the "basis of the sample studied, certain inferences may he drawn from the findings to indicate that: 1.

Responses from the Schizophrenic group differ most markedly

from the Control group in the area of family and social adjustment. 2.

In general, the pattern of responses from the Neurotic group

resembles that of the Control group more than the Schizophrenic trend. However, the Neurotics do tend to conform more to the Schizophrenic pattern in the psycho sexual area* 3.

The least deviation in a comparison of all groupsoccurs in

the area of health adjustment. Two general conclusions are believed to

be warranted,

3?irst, the

general plan of research appears promising if future studies are designed to control adequately the additional variables not controlled in the present study.

Second, the test constructed, if refined and standardized,

may have practical applications as a screening and/or diagnostic tool.

30 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Beliak, L. and Wilson, E., 11On The Etiology of Dementia Praecox,*' Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 19U7j 105s 1-2U* 2. Bellavia, Charles, 11An Investigation of Differences in Adjustment As Indicated Toy A Word Association Test,” (Doctoral Thesis in Progress) Purdue University. 3. Cameron, Noman, The Psychology of Behavior Disorders, New York: Houghton Mifflin, Ï9k7* It. Davison, Arthur, "A Comparison of The Fantasy Productions on The Thematic Apperception Test of Sixty Hospitalized Psychoneurotic and Psychotic Patients,” Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue University, 1950. 5. Deutsch, Helene, The psychology of Women, Volume I, New York: Grime and Stratton, IpUU. 6* Edwards, Allen L», Experimental Design in Psychological Research, New York: Rinehart and Company, 7. Freeman, Walter and Watts, J.W«, "The Frontal Lobes and Conscious­ ness of The Self,” Psychosomatic Medicine, Ipitl, 3: 111-119• 8. Hadley, John M. and Kennec^, Vera E., "A Comparison Between per­ formance on A Sentence Completion Test and Academic Success,” Educational and Psychological Measurement, 19U9> 9s 6U9-670* 9. Hutt, M#L.,"The Use of Projective Methods of Personality Measure­ ment in Army Medical Installations,” Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19U5, 1: 13U-lUo 10* Kraepelin, E., Dementia Praecox and paraphrenia (Translated by R*M. Barclay), Edinburgh: Livingstone, I9I9. 11. Landis, C* and Bolles, M.M., Textbook of Abnormal Psychology, New York: Macmillan, 19UB^ 12* McNemar, Quinn, Psychological Statistics, New York: John Wiley and Sons, 19U9* 13* Mason, Charles, "Intelligence and Mental Illness,” Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue University, August 1950* lU. Richards, T.W., Modern Clinical Psychology, New York: McGrawHill, 19U6. 15* Rotter, J.B., Rafferty, J.E. and Schachtitz, E., "Validation of The Rotter Incomplete Sentence Blank for College Screening," Journal of Consulting Psychology, 19U9* 13: 3U8-355*

31 16.

Rotter, J.B. and WiUerman, B., 11The Incomplete Sentence Test As A Method of Studying personality,» Journal of Consulting Psychology, 19U7* H : U-U8.

17. Sapirstein, Milton R., Emotional Security, Hew York; Crown, I9I48. 18. Shaffer, Lawrence F., The Psychology of Adjustment, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 193^% 19. 20

Shay, Marjorie M., »The Construction of A Multiple Choice Sentence Completion Test,» Unpublished Thesis, Purdue University, 1950.

. Stein, M.E.,

»The Use of A Sentence Completion Test for The Diagnosis of Personality,» Journal of Clinical Psychology, 19U7, 3: U7-56.

. Symonds,

21

Percival M., The Dynamics of Human Adjustment, Hew York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, I9I46.

22. White, Robert W., The Abnormal Personality,

19U8.

Hew York: Ronald Press,

23. Witsaman, Leslie, «An Investigation of Repressed Hostility Toward Family Figures in Schizophrenia,» Unpublished Thesis, Purdue University, 1950.

32 APPENDIX A MULTIPLE CHOICE SENTENCE COMPLETION TEST* Age

Education

Occupation_____ Instructions

A number of endings may be used to complete the following sentences. There is no right ending. Encircle the letter of one ending only, wftich you wish to use to complete the meaning of the sentence. Do not spend any more time than is necessary, as it is preferable to put down the first choice that comes to mind, 1, G A B D E

Although he could not match the other men* s sales records, he a, did not think the records were accurate, b, did nothing to improve his work, c, tried to use their techniques, d, could point out the mistakes they made, e, was showing improvement,

2, When she noticed that the girl had forgotten to wear evening clothes, the hostess B a* went up and changed her own dress, D b, suggested that she leave quietly before anyone else noticed it, A c, busied herself with the other guests. E d, did nothing to attract attention to her, C e. raved over the suit she was wearing. 3, B D A E C

When they put him under pressure, he a. broke down and wept. b, swore he would get even. c. refused to talk. d, held his own. e. told them they had the wrong guy.

k. E B C A D

Most people think that their state of health a. is an important factor in their efficiency. b. depends on seeing a doctor often* c. is due to heredity. d. will take care of itself. e. is no one else's business.

5, B D A E C

After the little girl died, the mother a. felt that it was her fault. b. refused to bury her. c. did not mention her name for a long time. d. realized that there was nothing more she could do. e. gave all her attention to her son.

* Key to type of response indicated by capital letter at left.

33 6. E B C A D

When the mother fell ill, the family a. divided the housework among themselves. b. waited on her hand and foot. c. insisted on hiring the most expensive specialists. « d. ate their meals out. e. prevailed upon her to make a will.

7. B D A E C

His present job is a good one because a. he is told what to do. b. he can tell the others what to do. c. he can work by himself. d. it follows his interests. e. he gets to drive an expensive car.

8. B D A E C

When he came upon a group talking, he a. tried to make himself agreeable. b. usually tried to break it up. c. passed by them. d. entered into the discussion. e. wondered whom they were talking about this time.

9. A E D C B

Making a success out of life is usually due to a. minding your own business. b. adjusting to a changing world. c. working all the angles you can find. d. luck or knowing the right people. e. keeping the good will of people.

10. E B C A D

When the boy became curious about sexual matters, he a. tried to find out the facts. b. was satisfied with his parents' explanation. c. scolded his younger brother for snooping. d. tried to put them out of his mind. e. annoyed his parents with continual questioning.

11. D C E B A

She was the type of woman who a. was always “leading men on." b. liked men who resembled her father. c. found men very interesting. d. loved to be dominated by men* e. always avoided men.

12. A B D C B

He a. b. c. d. e.

admired his teacher because he let him alone. understood his problems. let him run the class. resembled his father* praised his efforts.

3U

13* D C E B A

When the doctor told her that she would need glasses, the young girl a. told him she wouldn’t wear them* b. was always accidentally breaking them* c* considered the change they would make in her appearance* d* thought her future was doomed, e. left them in the case all the time,

lit* E B G A D

When he noticed that they were piling more work on his desk, he a, asked for an explanation, b, stayed longer in the evening to finish it* c* began to develop a severe headache. d. slowed down* e, fired it right back at them*

lf>. C A B D E 16. G A B D E

When one of the children became ill, the mother a* accused the father of giving him candy* b. did not seem to notice its discomfort. c* would not leave its bedside. d. scolded him for going without his coat. e* nursed him back to health again. when our country gets into a disagreement with another nation, it a. is really looking out for the benefit of smaller nations* b, should follow the policy of isolation. c. should avoid war at any cost* d. should send in an army and take over the government* e* should take up the problem with the United Hâtions*

17D C E B A

After he lost the job, he a* let people know how rotten the firm was, b. decided that someone was spreading stories about him. c. started looking for another one* d. defended those who were really at fault. e. moved away from town.

18. E B C A D

Every time the girl entered a room, she a* paused and smiled. b* was sure she would make a fool of herself* c* pretended she was looking for her gloves. d. wanted to turn and run. e* made sure that everybody noticed her*

19. A E D C B

When the older boys started discussing girls, he a* walked away or changed the subject. b* liked to be in on it* c. let them know they were only amateurs. d. listened because he said it was educational* e. was taken in by their stories.

35 20* D C E B A

Often when he is around other people, he a* tries to impress them with the things he has done* b* feels that they are talking about him* c* has a group of interested listeners* d« tries to be very agreeable, e. feels left out of things,

21, D C E B A

When he became old enough to have dates, he seemed to a* force his attentions on the girls* b, never find time for dates • c* devote less time to the gang, d, think girls were not interested in him. e. be alone most of the time.

22* E B C A D

Every time his parents quarreled, he a, asked them what the trouble was. b. started to cry. c. threw up his breakfast. d. closed the door and turned the radio louder. e. told them both off.

23* E B C A D

When he found that the investments were questionable, the banker a. attempted to withdraw his client* s money. b. felt that he should stand the loss himself* c. blamed his partner* d. refused to advise the client* e. pretended there was nothing wrong until the deal was closed.

2h*

After noting the type of religion indicated on the application blank, he a. told him that it would not affect his selection* b. felt that he must choose him to avoid prejudice. c. was glad to find that his experience did not qualify him. d. left the choice up to his supervisor* e. told him he had better change his religion if he expected to get a job.

E B C A D 25* D C E B A 26. B D A E C

Whenever new members came into the club, he a. gave them to understand that he was in charge of things. b. wondered if they were trying to take his office* c. made a place for them in the program* d. made every effort to gain their approval. e. rarely approached them. After he was jilted by the girl he loved, he a. felt that it was all his fault. b* persisted in trying to get a date. c. didn* t want to have anything to do with women* d. realized that there were other girls in the world. e. decided that her family wasn* t as good as his*

36

27C A B D E

Because she didn11 have many dates, she a. felt sure that the other girls had loose morals. b. wouldn11 go to parties# c. was willing to furnish the car. d. started chasing after the boys. e. started to participate more in young people* s groups.

28. B D A B C

When he met an attractive girl, he a. spent all his money on her. b# always managed to embarrass her. c. could think of nothing to say. d. struck up a conversation. e. was strangely reminded of his mother.

29. D G B B A

He a. b. c. d. e.

30. E B C A D 31. E B C A D

Sometimes things do not turn out the way he has planned. and he a. tries to find the cause. b. worries because he is a failure. c. blames it on the administration. d. gives up the whole thing. e. won’t let anyone tell him anything. When he saw that some of the men had not finished their work, he a. asked if he could help out. b. told them to go ahead while he finished up. c* decided they had been wasting time. d. picked up his things and 3eft. e. called them lazy bums.

32. E B C A D

When the gang wanted to do something, he a. discussed it with them before joining in the plan. b. usually fell in line with it. c. always seemed to have an excuse. d. could never be found. e. wouldn’t participate unbss he could be the leader.

33. A B D C B

When the doctor asked her if she wished to have children., she a. said that it had never occurred to her. b. thought it might add to her future life. c. said that she couldn’t stand their noise and mess. d. said it might be a means of holding her husband. e. said she wished to because her husband was so fond of them.

sometimes experienced periods in which he felt he could kill someone* had complete loss of sensation in his legs. was changing his attitudes. had committed the unforgivable sin. was in another world.

37

3h* B B C A D

Since childhood, God had always seemed to him a* to be something helpful. b. someone he unquestioningly trusted. c. to resemble his father. d. far off and forbidding. e. a figure to arouse his rebellion.

35B D A E C

Even though the job was difficult, he a. felt that it was his duty to take it. b. wouldn*t let anyone tell himanything. c. didn* t even give it a trial. d. thought that he could complete it. e. felt it was due to a lack of their cooperation.

36. A B D C B

'When he learned that he had a venereal disease, he a. lost interest in going out. b. consulted a physician. c. beat up the girl who gave it to him. d. accused his wife of being unfaithful. e. became very depressed.

37* B D A E C

Although the parents put all their savings into their son*s career, he a. was in constant fear of becoming a failure. b. expected them to mortgage their home too. c. never seemed to care to discuss it with them. d. proved to be well worth it. e. thought they were doing it for their own benefit.

38. C A B D E -

If a. b. c. d. e.

39. D C E B A

Whenever his mother came to visit them, he a. let her know that she was not going to run things. b. was cross with the children. c. made her feel like one of thefamily. d. insisted that she make her home with them. e. buried himself in the newspaper most of the time.

he felt lonely in the evening, found men more intelligent and usually went to bed early. usually fell in with the plans managed to crash some party. usually asked one of the girls

he understanding than women. of the gang. to go out.

Uo. When he is alone, he often B D A E C

a. feels that he has not accomplished anything. b. will do anything to stir up some excitement. c. is glad of it. d. plans what he will do the next day. e. imagines he has achieved great things.

38

Ul« E B C A D

Every time he asked a girl to a dance* he a. looked forward to a good time* b. was afraid she would turn him down* c* told her the band wouldn11 be very good* d* tried to get his friend to go in his place* e, expected something in return*

1|2* A E D G B

"When the boys made fun of his religion, he a* stopped playing with them. b. told them what it meant to him* c* threatened to lick them. d. told them that he was only trying to please the family. e* cried and told his parents.

U3. C A B D E

She never remained at home very long because a* she seemed to develop severe headaches at that time. b. she just couldn't stand it* c. her family always took advantage of her. d* she couldn't avoid quarreling with them. e. she had other interests.

Ml* C A B D E

When he entertained his supervisor at dinner, he a. held his wife responsible for making a good impression. b* never mentioned office affairs* c. spent more than he could afford. d. hoped it would help him get a promotion. e. found him a good conversationalist.

h$. A E B C B

The work was not coming out according to schedule, and the manager a. gave up the whole project. b. consulted with the foreman. c. layed off the whole department. d. blamed it on the faulty material. e. was afraid he would lose his job.

U6. C A B D E

In a. b. c. d. e.

hi. D C E B A

The most important thing in his life was a. to achieve wealth and power. b. to appear successful. c. to realize his goals. d. to receive recognition for his work* e. not recognized by him*

order to get along in this world one must give the impression of knowing the answers keep to himself. put other people first. let no one keep him from his goal. learn to work with other people.

39 U8.

In applying for the job, the girl

B D A E C

a. agreed to take less money in order to get it. b, insisted that her uncle use his influence. c* seemed indifferent to the interviewer*s questions. d. stated her qualifications clearly. e. decided that she didn* t want it in the first place.

U9. A E D C B

When he was scolded for masturbating, the boy

a. b. c. d. e.

50. E B C A D

When the time came to go to the voting polls, he a. tried to find which candidate had the bestqualifications • b. strictly followed the party line. c. stated that the election was fixed anyway. d. didn* t want to commit himself. e. voted for the candidate who would give him a job.

51# D C E B A

When the machine broke down, the operator a. hoped that they couldn* t fix it. b. reported that someone had been tampering with it. c. tried to find out what had happened to it. d. felt it was his fault. e. walked off the job.

52. E B C A D

When the family learned of his plans to marry, they a. were eager to meet the girl. b. cancelled their vacation to help him buy a home. c. told him it would interfere with his career. d. continued talking of their own affairs. e. made sneering remarks about his girl.

53#

When the neighbors discovered that the girl* s baby had no father, they a. were not surprised. v b. ran her out of town. c. said it was no affair of theirs. d. helped her find employment. e. became very strict with their own daughters.

B D A E C 5U# C A B D E

ran away from home. asked his parents the reason. told his parents they couldn* t stop him. said that the other boys did too. gave it up.

Now that he had finished school, the young man a. insisted that it required pull to get a job. b. hitch-hiked all over the country. c. went to work for his father. d. told his father that he would consider only the top jobs in his firm. e. soon found the job he wanted.

ho

55. E B C A D

Every time he makes a mistake9 he a* tries to avoid it the next time. b. loses patience with himself. c. insists that no one is perfect. d. doesn* t even think about it. e* insists that he is right.

56* B D A E G

When something worried her at meal time, she a. was afraid her mother would be hurt if she did not eat. b. threw her plate on the floor. c. did not eat. d. always ate more slowly. e. developed a lump in her throat and could not swallow.

57. E B C A D

His chances of getting ahead in the job were a. more promising than before. b. seemed very slim. c. dependent upon political change. d. of no concern to him. e. a matter of forcing ahead in spite of opposition.

58. E B C A D

During the time that his partner was away on business trips, he a. gave every decision more careful consideration. b. worried over the decisions he made. c. felt that the lack of cooperation kept him from accomplishing anything. d. refused to make any decisions♦ e. promoted the things he wanted done.

59. A E D D B

Although he has some faults. a. he doesn* t pay any attention to them. b. they can be corrected. c. he can get by with them. d. others have worse ones. e. he thinks they are worse than they are.

60* B D A E G

Every time his older sister asked him to go out with her, he a. changed his plans to fit hers. b. told her he was tired of being a gigolo. c. preferred to stay at home with his books. d. arranged for her to meet some of his friends. e. had always made previous plans.

61. E B C A D

When his parents criticized him, he a. explained his side of the story. b. began to lose faith in himself. c. usually had a good alibi. d. no longer confided in them. e. always did the opposite of what he was told.

m

62. B D A E C

The new man reacted to the foreman* s suggestion by a. following it even though it made his job harder. b. telling him he could take over the machine, himself. c. continuing to do his job in the same way. d. giving it careful consideration. e. drawing his attention to something else.

63.

Before making an important decision, he

D C E B A

a. b. c. d. e.

61u A E D C B

When the new game was considered, many of the individuals at the party a. did not want to play it. b. wanted to join in the fun. c. insisted on running the game according to their ideas. d. protested that they weren* t dressed for it. e. felt they had to go along with it.

65* A E D C B

When she thought of death, she a. preferred sleep and forgetfulness* b. thought it was more important to make life a success. c. thought she would get everything she could in this world. d. usually took refuge in alcohol. e. resolved to keep this life above reproach.

66. B D A E C

He a. b. c. d. e.

67. B D A E C

When her husband became attentive to another woman at the party, she a. waited until he returned. b. flirted with the nearest man. c. took a cab home. d. joined in their conversation too. e. criticized her clothes and make-up.

68. C A B D E

After they told him they had no jobs for »foreigners1*, he a. blamed his parents for coming to the new country. b. would never walk by the office again* c. felt very much ashamed of his speech. d. planned to b u m the building down. e. realized that all companies were not like that one.

was veiy impatient with suggestions made by his family. was always short-tempered with his children. brought it up for discussion at home. always got his parents « opinion on it first. never mentioned it at home.

went out with the same girl all the time because she arranged the dates. that made it easier to take advantage of her. he was afraid to ask a new girl for a date. he was planning to marry her. he thought other women talked too mcuh.

U2

69» D G E B A

Whenever the committee requested a plan, the employee a. insisted on getting paid for his idea. b. always said that it was the wrong time. c. thought of several changes that might be made. d* thought their ideas were always better than his own. e. was at a loss.

70.

After indulging in alcohol, he

E B C A B

a. b. c. d. e.

71. C A B D E

When his gang were caught stealing, he a. said someone had squealed on them. b. could not be found anywhere. c. took the blame for his buddy. d. escaped by telling on the others. e. worked out a plan for their defense.

72. B B A E G

When the father did not give him the money for the bicycle, the boy a. said he knew he couldn* t afford it. b. put it on his bill anyway. c. never brought the subject up again. d. earned the, money by carrying papersafter school. e. told his friends that bicycles weredangerous.

73. E B G A D

When he found that his friend was interested in his girl, he a. asked him what the score was. b. encouraged the romance. c. knew it was because of her father1s money. d. took a trip to Europe. e. told him to stay away or else.

7k* A E D C B

When the group began to criticize the chief, he a. kept quiet. b. suggested that they take their complaints up with him. c. added a few good stories of his own. d. changed the subject of conversation. e. was afraid to disagree.

75. B D A E C

As a. b. c. d. e.

enjoyed himself. apologized for his actions. later blamed it for the mistakes he made. usually forgot what happened. picked a fight at the nearest table.

soon as he found that the joke was on him, he became embarrassed. took a swing at his tormentors. left the room joined in the laugh. knew that the others were trying to get even.

Il»

76. A E D C B

Every time a party was given, he a. preferred to work in his shop. be joined in the fun# Ce managed to be the center of attention. d. felt that they were very stupid affairs. e. spent all of this time seeing that everybody was comfortable.

77*

Inasmuch as the father did not like back talk, the boy

D C E B A

a. used it to defy him when he was angry. b. tried the same system with his small sister. c. learned to be more tactful. d. hurried to obey his commands. e. left the room when an argument began.

78. When he found that his buddies were not welcome at home, he B D A E C

a. promised to give them up. b. made insulting remarks to his parents. c. didn11 spend much time there himself. d. tried to find out the reason. e. told them that his parents were sick.

79*

Although he was engaged to the girl, he

C A B D E

a. always found some reason to postpone the wedding. b. never set a date for the marriage. c. let her decide when she wanted to be married. d. planned to break it off just before the wedding. e. still admired other women,

80.

Since the older man treated him like a child, he

A E D C B

a. didn* t spend much time with him. b. proved that he could take on more responsibility. c. told him what he could do with the job. d. was always finding fault with the men under him. e. knew he would have to wait for the management to change.

81.

When the doctor told her she was overweight, she

A E D C B

a. did not believe it had anything to do with the amount she ate. b, asked him for a diet. c. pointed out that he wouldn* t take any beauty prize either. d. told him that it was an inherited tendency in her family. e. ate so little that she became ill.

82. A E D C B

When asked to describe his father* s work, he a. seemed to know very little about it. b. told them all about it. c. said it wasn't anybody's business. d. insisted that it was a top secret job. e. asked his father's permission first.

U4 83 • D G E B A

Inasmuch as the parents had such high standards for him, he a* was ruthless with those who stood in his way. b. always felt that someone was working against him. c. realized he would have to set his own standards. d. never felt that he had achieved anything. e. told them very little about what he had accomplished.

8U. C A B D

Every time an argument arose, he a. thought they were attacking his political beliefs. b. left the table. c. usually gave up his point. d. browbeat the others into accepting his point. e. tried to clear up the issue.

E

85>. A E D C B 86. E

When it became evident that his health was failing, the young man a. decided not to see any more doctors. b. requested a physical check-up. c. demanded compensation for the unsanitary working conditions. d. blamed it on overworking. e. gave up.

B C A D

When he was told that the job required more experience, he a. decided to get the type of experience that would prepare him for it. b. offered to work for less money for a while. c. decided it was because they wanted to hire someone else anyway. d. withdrew his application. e. made up an impressive list of positions he had never held.

87. E B C A D

Every time their marriage seemed to be going on the rocks, he a. tried to talk things over calmly. b. said it was all his fault. c. thought it was because they had no children. d. took up his abode at the club. e. dared his wife to go home to her mother.

88. D C E B A

The love and attention she gave him a. met only with ridicule. b. probably was a screen for her outside affairs. c. was returned. d. was all that kept him going. e. sent him deeper into his shell.

89. C A B D E

Since he did not know most of the guests, the newcomer a. acted suspicious of everybody. b. stood around by himself. c. depended upon his friends to get acquainted. d. found out which people were the important ones. e. started a conversation with those n«ar him.

U5

90. B D A E C

Most people felt that the negroes in their town were a. the victims of their prejudice. b. a menace to their homes. c. not numerous enough to make any difference. d* deserving of more opportunities. e. the cause of labor disturbances.

91. C A B D E

When he learned that the disease would be fatal to his mother, the boy a. believed there was a curse on the family. b. stopped visiting her. c. spent all of his money for specialists. d. tried to get control of her property. e. helped to prepare her for it.

92. B D A E. C

Every time he was punished he a. promised to mend his ways. b. vowed he would get even. c. never let them know how he felt. d. asked his father why it was necessary. e. felt that he was a martyr for others.

93.

When he went swimming with the boys, he

A E D C B

a. b. c. d. e.

9U. G A B D E

The committee on entertainment left it up to him, but he a. insisted that they had meant someone else. b. refused the responsibility. c. had to neglect his own work to finish it. d. told them off in no uncertain terms. e. came through on time.

95.

Although mental illness had occurred in her family before, she

B D A E C

a. b. c. d. e.

96.

Every time he was introduced to someone, he

^B ,D vA E VC

a. b. c. d. e.

undressed behind a tree. never bothered to take along a suit. always showed off his splendid physique. told them he had to wear a suit because his skin was sensitive. was always the butt of their jokes.

was afraid others would look down upon her. resented any suggestion that she might be sufferingfrom it. did not think that was important. did not think she would develop it. thought it was only a scheme of her relatives to get her money.

tried to agree with them even though he had other opinions. set out to impress them with his importance, was too shy to speak. listened to what they had to say. was reminded of one of his relatives.

1*6

97. B D A E C

When his studies conflicted with his religion. he

98.

Before making an important decision, he

C A B D E

a. b. c. d. e.

99. D C E B A

When he was around children, he a. had a great time teasing them. b. acted like a very important person. c. entered into the spirit of their games. d. let them run over Mm. e. wanted to get away from their noise and confusion.

100. B D A E C

a. b* c. d. e.

felt guilty about it. ridiculed the minister*s statements. did not seem to be aware of it. began to understand the basis of his belief better. held it responsible for the drop in his grades.

always finds some reason to postpone it. goes off to himself. finds out if his idea is acceptable to his superior won* t let anyone tell him anything. weighs both sides of the issue.

When he is assigned to a task, he usually a. works too long at it. b. does it when and how he pleases. c. fails to carry it out. d. follows it through. e. thinks someone else is trying to get out of it.

U7 APPENDIX B DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONSES BY ITEMS ITEMS

1 a (0)* b c d e

SCHIZOPHRENIC

PERCENT

NEUROTIC

PERCENT

10

12.50

10 13

13.89 18.05 HA7 5.55 58.33

10

1U 8 38

12.50 17.50

10.00

H7.50

3 a (E)

b c d e

U a (H) b c

d e

12 1U 10

22 23 NR: 81

12 18 9 2 Ho NR: 81 5 9

1 10 £6

in. 8i 17.29 12.35 27.16 28.39

e

Hi

1H. 81 22.22

1

6 a (F) b c d e

5

19 13 6 38 NR: 81

32

9

2.H7 H9.38

17 11 1 3H NR: 72

6.17

11 6

11.11

11.11

1.23 12.35 69.13

12.50 10.00 2 5 .0 0

1.25 51.25

oo o

d

m

6.17 23. H6 1 6 .0 H 7.Hi H6 .9 1

1

H 5o NR: 72 6 7 18 0 HI NR: 72 0 12 7 5 H8 NR: 72

^Legend to abbreviations on page 61.

3.85 25.6H

H 51

5.13 65.39

0/00

78 3.85 in. 10

NR:

3 11 15 3 H6 72

10 17 15.28 H 0 1.39 H7.22 H6 NR: 77

12.99 22.08 5.19 0.00 59.7H

15.28 8.33 1.39

lH.10 2.56 22.56 2.56 78.20

2.82 15.H9 16.90 19.72 H5.07

NR: 71

H CO

b c

10 8 20

5 a (M)

2

11 12

3 20 0

NR:

NR: 72

*NR2 80 2 a (S) b c d e

3 H H2

CONTROL PERCENT

12.50 2 3 .6 1

55.55

69.HH

11 2

2 2

61 NR: 78

0 2 25 0 50 NR: 77 2 0.00 16 1 6 .6 7

8.33 9.72 25.00 0.00 56.9n

9 .7 2 6 .9 H 6 6 .6 7

s 0

5H NR: 77

1 9 .2 3

3.85 58.97

0.00 2 .6 0

32. H7 0 .0 0

6H.93 2 .6 0 2 0 .7 8 6 .H9 0 .0 0

70.13

U8

ITEMS

SCHIZOPHRENIC

PERCENT

NEUROTIC

PERCENT

CONTROL

PERCENT

8 5 7 7 5U HRs 81

9.88 6.17 8.6H 8.6U 66.67

18 U 0 U U6 HRs 72

25.00 5.55 0.00 5.55 63.89

10 0 0 3 65 HRs 78

12.82 0.00 0.00 3.85 83/33

8 a (S) b c d e

13 28 9 6 25 NR: 81

16.OL 3U.57 11.11 7.Ui 30.86

11 25 8 0 28 NR: 72

15.28 3U.72 11.11 0.00 38.89

7 21 h 0 U5 HRs 77

9.09 27.27 5.19 0.00 58.UU

9 a (E) b c d e

16 23 9 7 2U HRs 79

20.25 29.11 11.39 8.86 30.37

7 20 5 l 39 HRs 72

9.72 27.78 6.9U 1.39 5U.17

2 31 1 8 35 HRs 77

2.60 U0.26 1.30 10.39 U5.U5

10 a (P) b c d e

8 17 2 8 U5 HRs 80

10.00 21.25 2.50 10.00 56.25

6 13 1 5 hi HRs 72

8.33 18.05 1.39 6.9U 65.28

0 18 0 6 52 HR: 76

0.00 23.68 0.00 7.89 68.U2

11 a (P) b c d e

7 10 10 13 Uo

8.75 12.50 12.50 16.25 50.00

3 77 7 12 U2 MR: 71

U.22 9.86 9.86 16.90 59.15

h 5 10 8 50 HRs 77

5.19 6.U9 12.99 10.39 6U.93

12 a (E) b c d e

10 23 2 3 U3 NR: 81

12.35 28.39 2.U7 3.70 53.09

7 8 0 2

9.72 11.11 0.00 2.77 76.39

1 19 0 0 56 HRs 76

1.31 25.00 0.00 0.00 73.68

9

11.39 7.59 3.80 11.39 65.82

8.33 5.55

1 1

2.77

0

1.30 1.30 0.00 1.30 96.10

o

CD

7 a (E) b c d e

13 a (H) b c d e

6

3 9 52 NR: 79

55

HRs 72 6 U 2 h 56 HRs 72

5.55

1

77.78

Ik HRs 77

H9 ITEMS lUa (0) b c d e

SCHIZOPHRENIC 3 36 U U 3U NR: 81

PERCENT 3.70 uu.uu U.9U U.9U Ul.97

NEUROTIC

PERCENT

CONTROL PERCENT

b 26 2 b 36 NR: 72

5.55 36.11 2.77 5.55 50.00

3 18 1 6 b9 NR: 77

3.90 23.38 1.30 7.79 63.6b

15 a (H) b c d e

3 10 h 5 59 NR: 81

3.70 12.35 U.9U 6.17 72.8b

1 9 0 2 59 NR: 71

l.bi 12.68 0.00 2.82 83.10

1 8 0 1 67 NR: 77

1.30 10.38 0.00 1.30 87.01

16 a (M) b c d e

3 15 1H 3 U5 NR: 80

3*75 18.75 17.50 3.75 56.25

1 9 5 l 56 NR: 72

l.bl 12.68 6.9b l.bl 77.77

1 7 6 1 62 NR: 77

1.30 9.09 7.79 1.30 80.52

17 a (E) b c d e

6 8 2 3 61 NR: 80

7.50 10.00 2.50 3.75 76.25

3 3 2 b 59 NR: 71

b.22 b.22 2.82 5.63 83.09

0 5 0 1 72 NR: 78

0.00 6.bl 0.00 1.28 92.31

18 a (S) b c d e

1 2 7 16 5U NR: 80

1.25 2.50 8.75 20.00 67.50

5 0 2 11 5b NR: 72

6.9b 0.00 2.77 15.28 75.00

0 1 1 lb 62

0.00 1.28 1.28 17.95 79.b9

19 a (p) b Cd e

15 16 25 2 21 NR: 79

18.99 20.25 31.65 2.53 25.32

6 13 25 1 26 NR: 71

8.b5 18.30 35.21 l.bl 36.62

7 12 22 2 3b NR: 77

9.09 15.58 28.57 2.60 bb.l6

20 a (E) b c d e

5 U8 h 12 9 NR; 7 S

6.U1 61.5U 5.13 15.38 11.5b

8 36 10 8 10

11.11 50.00 13.89 11.11 13.89

5 5b 2 3 lb NES, 73

6.bl 69.23 2.56 3.85 17.95

NR: 72

NR: 78

5o ITEMS

SCHIZOPHRENIC

PERCENT

NEUROTIC

PERCENT

CONTROL

PERCENT

2

2.56 5.13 3.85 3.85 8U.61

21 a (p) b c d e

9 13 9 lU 33 NR: 78

n.5U

16.67 H.5U 17.95 U2.31

7 13 5 9 38 NR: 72

9-72 18.05 6.9U 12.68 52.78

22 a (F) b c d e

20 7 2 7 Uo NR: 76

26.31 9.21 2.63 9.21 52.63

10 U 2 2 52 NR: 70

1U.28

23 a (M) b c d e

10 13 U 15 37 NR: 79

11.26 16.U6 5.06 18.99 U6.83

5 7 1 11 U7 NR: 71

7.0U 9.86 l.lll 15.U9 66.20

2h a (M) b c d e

13 5 5 7 U9 NR: 79

16.U5 6.33 6.33 8.86 62.02

9 1 3 U 55 NR: 72

12.50 1.39 U.17 5.55 76.39

17 1 2 1 57 HR: 78

21.79 1.28 .2.56 1.28 73.08

25 a (S) b c d e

6 18 0 5 5o

7.59 22.78 0.00 6.33 63.29

3 2U 2 3 Uo

U.17 33.33 2.78 U.17 55.55

0 15 0 0 63

0.00 19.23 0.00 0.00 80.77

NR: 72

NR: 79 26 a (p) b c d e

U 18 U 9 UU

5.06 22.78 5.06 11.39 55.70

NR: 79 27 a (P) b c d e

8 2 10 5 52 NR: 77

5.55

2.86 2.86 7U.29

12 7 1 3 U8

U

u

9 6 U9 NR: 72

3 3 66 MRs 78 20 7 0

U U7 NH: 78 5

5

0 11 56 HR: 77

25.6k 8.97 0.00 5.13 60.26 6.I4.9 6.U9 0.00 1U.28 72.73

HR: 78 16.90 9.86 l.Ul U.22 67.61

U 5 0 2 67

5.13 6.1*1 0.00

2.56

85.90

HR: 78

NR: 71 10.39 2.59 12.99 6.U9 67.53

u

5.55 5.55 12.50 8.33 68.05

2 0

u

2 69 HR: 77

2.60 0.00 5.19 2.60 89.61

51

ITEMS 28 a (?) b

c d e

SCHIZOPHRENIC PERCENT 11 12 8 h U3 NRî 78

1U.10 15.38 10.26 5.12 55.13

15 7 1 b b5 NRî 72

18 10 h 1 U2

22.22 12.3b U.9U 8.6b 51.85

lb l 6 9 b2

29 a (H) b

c d e

NRî 81 30 a (E)

7

b

5

c

7 7 52 NR: 78

d e

31 a (0) b

c d e

1 b

c d e

c0o

b H 2 1 5b NRî 72

15 23 6 5

30 NRî 79 11 20 2 7 39 NR: 79

20.83 9.72 1.39

CONTROL PERCENT 8 7 5

5.55

0

62.50

58 NRî 78

19.bb 1.39 8.33 12.50 58.33

21 3 2 6 bb

10.26 8.97 6.bl 0.00 7b.36

27.63 3.95 2.63 7.89 57.89

NR: 76 l.bl 15.b9 l.bl b.22 77.b6

NRî 71

5.00 22.50 3.75 8.75 60.00

e

3U a (M)

55

U 18 3 7 U8

c

c d e

1 11 1 3

0 H 1 0 58 NRî 70

d

b

8.97 6.bl 8.57 8.97 66.67 8.6b 6.17 11.11 8.6b 65.b3

b

PERCENT

NR: 72

7 5 9 7 53 NRî 81

32 a (S)

33 a (F)

NEUROTIC

1 2 1 0

7b NR: 78

1.28 2.56 1.28 0.00 9b.87

0.00 15.71 l.b3 0.00 82.86

3 7 1 1 66 NRî 78

3.85 9.09 1.28 1.28 8b.61

5.55

0 lb 1 1 62

0.00 17.95 1.28 1.28 79.b9

15.28 2.77 1.39 75.00

NRî 78

18.99 29.11 7.59 6.33 37.97

11 22 6 3 30 NRî 72

15.28 30.56 8.33 b.17 bl.67

9 3b 1 2 31 NR: 77

H .69 bb.l6 1.30 2.60

13.92 25.32 2.53 8.86 b9*37

2 20 2 5 b3 NRî 72

2.77 27.77 2.77 6.9b 59.72

1 37 1

1.30 b6.05 1.30 0.00 b9.35

0 38 NR: 77

bo .2 6

52 m

SCHIZOPHRENIC

PERCENT

NEUROTIC

a (o) b c a e

U 28 15 2 31 NBs 80

5.00 35.00 18.75 2.50 38.75

36 a (H) b c d e

2 5 1 U 67 NR: 79

2.53 6.33 1.27 5.06 8U.81

37 a (F) b c d e

12 15 12 3 38 NR; 80

15.00 18.75 15.00 3.75 U7.5O

1 21 5 3 U2

38 a (P) b c d e

18 13 7 U 37 NR: 79

22.78 16.U6 8.86 5.06 U6.83

39 a (F) b c d e

3 9 3 8 56 NR: 79

0.00 38.57 1.U3 0.00 60.00

2

2.77 5.55 1.39 0.00 90.28

1 1 0 0 75 NR: 77

1.30 1.30 0.00 0.00 97.b0

1.39 29.17 6.9k U.17 58.33

1 8 5 1 63 NR: 78

1.28 10.26 6.U1 1.28 80.77

18 17 5 6 26 NR: 72

25.00 23.61 6.9U 8.33 36.11

9 18 12 2 37

11.5U 23.08 15.38 2.56 U7.UU

3.80 11.39 3.80 10.13 70.89

2 1 1 5 62 NR; 71

2.82 l.Ul l.Ul 7.0U 87.32

0 2 0 2 7U NR: 78

0.00 2.56 0.00 2.56 9U.8?

16.25 15.00 2.50 7.50 58.75

11 16 1 U 39

15.U9 22.5U l.Ul 5.63 5U.93

3 3 6 10 55

3.90 3.90 7.79 12.99 71.U3

U 17 2

u 52 NR: 79

ro

CO

b c d e

1 0 65 NR: 72

NR: 71

NR: 80

Ul a (S)

u

5.06 21.52 2.53 5.06 65.82

0 12 3 1 56 NR: 72

0-

13. : 12 2 6 U7

0 27 1 0 U2 NR: 70

CO

b c d e

CONTROL PERCENT 0 0.00 31 39.7b 0.00 0 1.28 1 U6 58.97 i

UO a (E)

PERCENT

NR: 77 0.00 16.67 U.17 1.39 77.78

1 7 1 2 67 NR: 78

1.28 9.09 1.28 2.56 85.90

53 ITEMS

SCHIZOPHRENIC

PERCENT

NEUROTIC

PERCENT

CONTROL PERCENT

U2 a (M) b c d e

19 8 5 6 Ul NR: 79

2U.05 10.13 6.33 7.59 51.90

6 1 U 2 59 NR: 72

8.33 1.39 5.55 2.77 81.9U

0 1 1 3 73 NR: 78

0.00 1.28 1.28 3.85 93.59

U3 a (F) b c d e

U U U 9 59 NR: 80

5.00 5.00 5.00 11.25 73.75

6 3 U U 5U NR: 71

8.U5 U.22 5.63 5.63 76.06

U 1 0 7 66 NR: 78

5.13 1.28 0.00 8.97 84.62

UU a (0) b c d e

22 2 12 16 27 NR: 79

27.85 2.53 15.19 20.25 3U.18

19 5 12 16 20 NR: 72

26.39 6.9U 16.67 22.22 27.77

27 5 3 1U 27 NR: 76

35.53 6.58 3.95 18.42 35.53

U5 a (0) b c d e

8 8 7 3 53 NR: 79

10.13 10.13 8.86 3.80 67.09

1 8 1 0 61 NR: 71

l.Ul 11.27 1.U1 0.00 85.01

0 5 1 0 72 NR: 78

0.00 6.41 1.28 0.00 92.31

U6 a (E) b c d e

7 U 6 11 52 NR: 80

8.75 5.00 7.50 13.75 65.00

1 2 u 5 60 NR: 72

1.39 2.77 5.55 6.9U 83.33

0 3 2 6 67 NR: 78

0.00 3.85 2.56 7.69 85.90

U7 a (E) b c d e

9 7 21 8 32

11.69 9.09 27.27 10.39 U1.56

3 n 6 5 U7

U.17 15.28 8.33 6.9U 65.28

1 17 10 1 h9

1.28 21.79 12.82 1.28 62.82

U8 a (0) b c d e

2 13 U 2 59 NR: 80

NR: 78

NR: 72

NR: 77 2.50 16.25 5.00

2.5o 73.75

1 U 3 3 61 NR: 72

1.39 5.55 U.17 U.17 8U.72

1 5 1 1 70 NR: 78

1.28 6.41 1.28 1.28 89.74

5U ITEMS

SCHIZOPHRENIC

PERCENT

NEUROTIC

PERCENT

CONTROL PERCENT

6 32 n 5 23 NR: 77

1.19 Ul.56 1U.29 6.1# 29.87

1 15 15 2 37 NR: 70

1.43 21.43 21.143 2.86 52.86

1 10 16 1 49 NR: 77

1.30 12.99 20.78 1.30 63.64

$0 a (M) b c d e

9 n 3 10 U7 NR: 80

11.25 13.75 3.75 12.50 58.75

2 9 0 5 55 NR: 71

2.82 12.68 0.00 7.04 77.46

3 6 0 1 67 NR: 77

3.90 7.79 0.00 1.30 87.00

51 a (0) b c d e

3 h 9 k 58

3.85 5.12 H.5U 5.12 7U.36

0 1 1 5 65 NR: 72

0.00 1.39 1.39 6.94 90.28

1 0 0 8 69 NR: 78

1.28 0.00 0.00 10.26 88.46

52 a (F) b c d e

10 3 11 5 52 NR: 81

12.35 3.70 13.58 6.17 6U.20

3 h 3 h 58 NR: 72

4.17 5.55 4.17 5.55 80.55

0 3 2 0 72 NR: 77

0.00 3.90 2.60 0.00 93-51

53 a (P) b c d e

9 15 19 6 31 NR: 80

11.25 18.75 23.75 7.5o 38.75

18 6 16 1 30 NR: 71

25.35 8.45 22.53 1.41 42.25

14 5 15 0 42 NR; 76

18.42 6.58 19.74 0.00 55.26

S h a (F) b c d e

3 13 9 3 51 NR: 79

3.80 16.66 11.39 3.80 61|..56

2 n 6 2 5i NR: 72

2.77 15.28 8.33 2.77 70.83

0 8 4 0 65 NR; 77

0.00 10.39 5.19 0.00 84.41

55 a (E) b c d

1 5 8 h 63 NR: 81

1.23 6.17

1 11 5

1.39 15.28 6.94 1.39 75.00

0 1

0.00 1.30 2.60 0.00 96.10

r-

CO

k9 a (p) b c d e

9.88

U.9U 77.78

l

5U NR: 72

2

0 74 NR: 77

55

ITEMS

SCHIZOPHRENIC PERCENT

NEUROTIC PERCENT

CONTROL PERCENT

56 a (h ) b c d e

1U 16 3 2 U3 HRs 78

17.95 20,51 3.85 2,56 55.13

10 7 10 0 44 NR: 71

14.08 9.86 14.08 0.00 61.97

10 11 8 0 48 NR: 77

12.99 lU.29 10.39 0.00 62.3k

57 a (E) b c d e

3 8 6 3U 28 NR: 79

3.80 10.13 7.59 U3.0U

0 9 1 39 23 NR: 72

0.00 12.50 1.39 54.17 31.94

0 2 3 34 37 NR: 76

0.00 2.63 3.95 UU.7U U8.68

58 a (0) b c d e

8 10 3 20 37 NR: 78

10,26 12,82 3.85 25.64

1 9 0 6 56 NR: 72

1.39 12.50 0.00 8.33 77.77

1 3 0 5 69 NR: 78

1.28 3.85

59 a (E)

8 11 12 h 30 NR: 65

12.31 16.92 18.46 6.15 46.15

5 7 7 2 30 NR: 51

9.80 13.72 13.72 3.92 58.82

2 3 4 2 45' NR: 56

5 25 15

6.33 31.65 18.99 1.27 41.77

4 13

b

c d e 60 a (F)

b

c d e

i

33 NR: 79

61 a (F)

7 8 9

b

c d e

5

50 NR: 79

62 a (0) b c d e

3 25 3

5 a

35

.a

a.a

n 4 4o

5.55 18.05 15.28

5.55 55.55

NR: 72

8.86 10.13 11.39 6.33 63.2?

3.75 31.25 3.75 6.25 55.00

4 12

8 0 48 NR: 72

5

0 00

1

26 0 4 37 NR: 72

5.55 16.6? 11.11 0.00 6 6 .6 7

6.94 36.11 0.00 5*55 51.39

2 20 5

u U5 HRs 76

3

0

5 0 70 NRî 78

2 32 0 0

UU NR: 78

0.00

6.U1 88.U6

3.57 5.36 7.1U 3.57 80.36 2.63 26.32 6.58 5.26 59-21

3.85 0.00 6.U1 0.00 89.7U 2.56 Ul.03 0.00 0.00 56.Ul

56 ITEMS

SCHIZOPHRENIC

63 a (F) b c d e

15 18 1 8 36 NRî 78

19.23 23,08 1.28 10,26 u6»l5

6U a (S) b c d e

6 12 6 8 U9 NRî 81

7.U1 lU*8l 7.1P. 9.88 60.U9

9 6 h U U9 NRî 72

12.50 8.33

63 a (M) b c d e

12 25 7 7 26 NR: 77

15,58 32*1*8 9,09 9.09 33.77

66 a (P) b c d e

3 11 h h 56

3.85 1U.10 5.12 5.12 71-79

NRî

PERCENT

78

NEUROTIC

3 9 h

PERCENT

PERCENT

7 U i 2 6U NR: 78

8.97 5.13 1.28 2.56 82.05

7 11 0 5.55 2 5.55 58 68.05 NR: 78

8.97 1U.10 0,00 2.56 7U.36

9 26 6 2 28 NR: 71

12.68 36.62 8.U5 2.82 39.UU

6.U9 U6.75 3.90 1.3© Ul.56

6 2 3

8.33 2.77 U.17 6.9U 77.77

2 3 1 3 69 NRî 78

2.56 3.85 1.28 3.85 88.U6

2 1U 2

2.56 17.95 2.56 6.U1 70.51

5

51 NRî 72

5

56 NR: 72

U.17 12.50 5.55 6.9U 70.83

CONTROL

5

36 3 1 32 NR: 77

6? a (p) b c d e

6 17 5 16 35 NRî 79

7.59 21.52 6.32 20.23 Wi.30

9 16 3 6 38 NR: 72

12.50 22.22 U.17 8.33 52.77

68 a (M) b c d e

h 10 6 2 56 NRî 78

5.13 12.82 7.69 2.56 71.79

3 5

U.17 6.9U 6.9U 1.39 80.56

0 2 1 0 75 NR: 78

0.00 2.56 1.28 0.00 96.15

69 a (0) b c d e

10 15 0 lU U2 NRî 81

12.35 18.52 0.00 17.28 51.85

2.82 8.U5 l.Ul 8.U5 78.87

2 9 3 6 57 NR: 77

2.60 11.69 3.90 7.79 7U.03

5

1 58 NR: 72 2 6 1 6 56 NR: 71

5

55 NR: 78

57

ITEMS

SCHIZOPHRENIA. PERCENT

10 a (H) b c d e

11 26 Ik 3 26

71 a (M) b c d e

NEUROTIC PERCENT

CONTROL PERCENT

12 26 13 2 17 NR: 70

17.1U 37.lU 16*57 2.86 2U.29

9 '3U U 0 30 NR: 77

11.69 UU.16 5.19 0.00 38.96

10 Hi Hi 5 3li NRs 77

12*99 18.18 18.18 6.U9 UU.16

8 9 10 3 Ul NR: 71

11.27 12,68 1U.08 U.22 57.75

3 11 8 2 53 NR: 77

3.90 lU.29 10.39 2.60 68.83

72 a (F) b c d e

15 Hi 3 U U2 HR: 78

19.23 17.95 3.85 5.13 53.85

3 13 3 0 53 NR: 72

U.17 18.06 U.17 0.00 73.61

3 Hi 1 1 59 NR: 78

3.85 17.95 1.28 1.28 75*6U

73 a (P) b c d e

5 17 6 17 32

6.U9 22.08 7.79 22*08 Ul.56

1

1.39 13.89 0.00 6.9U 77.77

1 11 1 10 5U NR: 77

1.30 1U.29 1.30 12.99 70.13

9

11.5U 0.00 11.5U 5.13 71.79

o

CO

13.75 32*50 17.50 3.75 32.$0

NR: 77

10

0 5 56 NR: 72

7U a (0) b c d e

26 It Hi 6 28 NR: 78

33.33 5*13 17.95 7.69 35.90

17 3 7 U Uo NR: 71

23.9U U.22 9.86 5.63 56.3U

75 a (S) b c d e

10 18 6 3 Ul NR: 78

12.82 23.08 7.69 3.85 52.58

1 10 2 2 57 NR: 72

1.39 13.89 2.78 2*78 79-17

76 a (S) b c d e

7 Hi 9 8 Ul NR: 79

8.86 17.72 ' 11.39 10*13 51.90

9 9 1 2 U9 NR: 70

12.86 12.86 1.U3 2.86 70.00

0

9 U 56 NR: 78 0 U 2 0

72 NR: 78 0 11 2 0 6U NR: 77

0.00 5.13 2.56 0.00 92.31 0.00 IU.29 2.60 0.00 83.12

58 ITEMS

SCHIZOPHRENIA

PERCENT

NEUROTIC

PERCENT

CONTROL

PERCENT

77 a (F) b c d e

10 16 2 17 33 NRs 78

12.62 20.51 2.56 21.79 U2.31

12 10 2 5 U3 NR: 72

16.67 13.89 2.78 6.9U 59.72

3 n 3 2 59 NR: 78

3*85 1U.10 3.85 2.56 75.6U

78 a (F) b 0 d e

1U 12 3 3 U5 77

18.18 15*58 3.90 3*90 58.UU

7 3 2 1 58

9.86 U.22 2.82 l.Ul 8I.69

5 7 3 1 62 NRs 78

6.U1 8*97 3.85 1.25 79.U9

7 Uo 8 0 22

9*09 51.95 10.39 0.00 28.57

15.U9 56.3U l.Ul 1 .1a 25.35

5 50 U 1 18

6.U1 6U.10 5.13 1.28 23.08

NR: 79 a (?) b c d e

NRs 71

NRs 77

11 Uo 1 & 18

NRs 78

NRs 71

80 a (F) b c d e

31 10 5 6 28 NRs 80

38.75 12.50 6.25 7.50 35*00

15 7 1 0 U8 NRs 71

21.13 9.86 l.Ul 0.00 67.61

lU 6 1 1 56 NRs 78

17.95 7.69 1.28 1.28 71.79

81 a (H) b c d e

9 3 10 6 52 NRs 80

11.25 3.75 12.50 7*50 65.00

U 2 3 2 59 NRs 70

5.71 2.86 U.29 2.86 8U.29

2 1 5 3 67 NRs 78

2.56 1.28 6.Ul 3.85 85*90

82 a (F) b c d e

22 27 6

27.16 33*33 7.ia U.9U 27.16

3 26 2 2 37 NRs 70

U.29 37.1U 2.86 2.86 52.86

5 U9 0 0 2U NRs 78

6 .1a 62.82 0.00 0.00 30.77

19.75 1U.81 9.88 9.88 U5.69

3 11 5

U.29 15.71 7.1U 1.U3 71.U3

10 2

12.82 2.56 0.00 3.85 80177

83 a (F) b c d e

u

22 NRs 81 16 12 8 8 37 NRs 81

1

5o NRs 70

0

3 63 NR: 78

59

ITBâS 8U a (s) b c d e

85 a (H) b c d e

SCHIZOPHRENIA PERCENT 8 9 5 9 h9 NR: 80

10.00 11.25 6.25 11.25 61.25

5 U 2 k 6U

6.33 5.06 2.53 5.06 81.01

NR: 79

NEUROTIC PERCENT

CONTROL

PERCENT

7 U 0 3 57 NR: 71

9.86 5.63 0.00 U.23 80.28

1 1 1 0 68

l.Ul l.Ul l.Ul 0.00 95.77

1 1 1 0 7U NR: 77

1.30 1.30 1.30 0.00 96.10

3 2 2 0 70

3.90 2.60 2.60 0.00 90*91

NR: 77

NR: 71

86 a (E) b c d e

11 7 7 U 51 NR: 80

13.75 8.75 8.75 5.00 63.75

2 11 U 1 52 NR: 70

2.86 15.71 5.71 1.U3 7U.29

2 6 0 1 69 NR: 78

2.56 7.69 0.00 1.28 88.U6

87 a (P) b c d e

7 9 :5 2 58 NR: 81

8.6U 11.11 6.17 2.U7 71.60

2 U 3 2 58

2.90 5.80 U.35 2.90 8U.06

1 1 1 2 73 NR: 78

1.28 1.28 1.28 2.56 93.59

88 a (?) b c d e

6 18 3 8 UU NR: 79

7.59 22.78 3.80 10.13 55.70

U 13 2 0 53 NR: 72

5.55 18.06 2.77 0.00 73.61

2 13 2 2 59 NR: 78

2.56 16.67 2.56 2.56 75.6U

89 a (s) b c d e

7 19 U 7 Uo NR: 77

9.09 2U.67 5.19 9.09 51.95

8 8 0 2 5U NR: 72

11.11 11.11 0.00 2.77 75.00

2 16 0 3 57 NR: 78

2.56 20.51 0.00 3.85 73.08

90 a (M) b c d e

16 16 2 9 32 NR: 75

21.33 21.33 2.67 12.00 U2.66

20 7 U 6 3U NR: 71

28.17 9.86 5.63 8.U5 U7.89

11 11 1 2 5o NR: 75

IU.67 IU.67 1.33 2.67 66.67

NR: 69

60

ITEMS

91 a (H) b

c d

e 92 a (M) b

c d

e

SCHIZOPHRENIA.

PERCENT

u 32 U 2 3U 76

5.26 U 2 .ll 5.26 2.63 UU.7U

10 Uo 5 7 lU

13.16 52.63 6.58 9.21 18. U2

76

93 a (P) b

c d e

9 k a (S) b

c d

e

18 8 13 17 21 77 17 10 7 2 Ul

23.38 10.39

16.88 22.08 27.27 22.08 12.99 9.09 2.59 53. 2U

77

95 a (H) b

c a

e

1U 22 5 lU 18

19.18 3 0 .lU 6.85 19.18 2U.66

9

H .69

d

e

Ul

c

b

c d

13 lU 10 7 33 77

U.17 33.33 5.55 2.77 5U.17

lU 28 2 1 27 NR: 72

19. UU

n

10 7 12 30 NR: 70 5

9 5

2 5o

17 21 1 9 22

38.89 2.77 1.39 37.50

1 19 0 0 58

PERCENT 1.28 2U.36 0.00 0.00 7U.36

10 U5

1 1 21

12.82 37.69 1.28 1.28 26.92

NR: 78 15.71 IU .29 10.00 17.1U U2.86

17 5 5 9 11 NR: 77

7.0U 12.68 7.0U 2.82 70.U2

3 6 1 1

67

22.08 6.U9 6.U9

II.69 53.25 3.85 7.69 1.28 1.28 85.90

NR: 78 2U.29 30.00 1.U3 12.86 31.U3

20

lit 2 10 31

25.97 18.18 2.60 12.99 U0i26

NR: 77

25.97 2.59 6.U9 53.25

6. 9U 20.83 U.17 U.17 63.89

16.88 18.18 12.99 9.09 U2.86

13 5 2 3 U6

1 8 .8U 7.25

NR: 69

CONTROL

NR: 78

5 15 3 3 U6 NR: 72

77

97 a (M)

3 2U U 2 39 NR: 72

NR: 70

20 2 5

b

PERCENT

NR: 71

73

96 a (S)

NEUROTIC

2.90 U.35 66.66

1 3

1 0 72 NR: 77 8 5 1 1 62

NR: 77

1.30 3.90 1.30 0.00 93.51

10.39 6.U9 1 .3 0 1.30 80.52

61

ITEMS

a (E) b c d e

SCHIZOPHRENIA

PERCENT

5 20 5 3 U6

6.33 25.32 6.33 3.80 58.23

NRs 19 a (S) b c d e

a (E) b c d e

9 3 6 8 51 NRs 77

11.69 3.90 7.79 10.39 66.23

3 10 U 2 60

3*80 12.66 5.06 2.53 75*95

NRs 79

NEUROTIC

PERCENT

CONTROL

PERCENT

2 12 6 0 50 NR: 70

2.86 17.1L 8.57 0.00 71*L3

2 12 0 1 62

2.60 15.58 0.00 1.30 80.52

7 2 1 5 56

9.86 2.82 l.Ll 7.0L 78.87

NRs 77

NRs 71 0 10 1 2 59 NRs 72

2 h 0 5 66

2.60 5.19 0.00 6.L9 85.71

NRs 77 0.00 13.89 1.39 2.77 81.9L

0 L 1 3 69

0.00 5.19 1.30 3.90 89.61

NRs 77

Key to abbreviations used in table; F; P: S; 0;

Family Psychosexual Social Occupational

Ms E: H; NR:

Mores Self-Evaluation Health Number of subjects responding to a particular item.

62 APPENDIX C

SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCHIZOPHRENIC AND CONTROL SUBJECTS AREAS

PERCENT OF PERCENT OF SCHIZOPHRENICS CONTROIS

DIFF.

S.E. DIFF.

DIFF. S.E. DIFF.

CONF. POINT

IA B C D E

6.66 lU.SU 2.72 2.27 73.78

15.37 17.U6 8.32 7.S7 51.26

8.71 2.92 5.60 5.30 22.52

U.98 5.82 3.63 3.UU 7.69

1.75 .50 1.5U 1.5U 2.93

.0U01 .3085 .0617 .0617 .0017

IÏ A B C D E

6.15 13.7S 7.62 67.85

11.01 20.07 11.16 10.03 U7.71

U.86 6.32 3.3U 5.63 20.1U

U.U5 5.96 U.66 U.H 7.8U

1.09 1.06 .72 1.37 2.57

.1379 •1UU6 .2358 .0853 .0051

III A B C D E

2.66 12.U9 2.7S 2.85 80.12

10.21 18.26 6.87 9.9U SU. 70

7.55 5.77 U.12 7.09 25.U2

3.91 5.66 3.U1 3.90 7.US

1.93 1.02 1.21 1.82 3.U1

.0268 .1539 .1131 .03UU .0003

IV A B C D E

S.S7 lU.UB 2.03 5.36 72.53

11.09 16.7S 9.8U 9.S2 52.77

5.52 2.27 7.81 U.16 19.76

U.39 5.76 3.77 U.17 7.68

1.26 •39 2.07 1.00 2.57

.1038 •3U83 .0192 .1587 .0051

V A B C D E

6,38 16.85 U.98 2.U0 69.39

13.77 19.59 9.55 8.U6 U8.62

7.39 2.7U U.57 6.06 20.77

U.79 6.13 U.12 3.59 7.81

1.5U .US 1.11 1.69 2.66

.0617 •326U .1335 .OU55 .0039

VI A

3.21 U.72 2.96 6.00 73.n

9.86 17.01 8.82 9.30 55.00

6.65 2.29 5.86 3.30 18.11

3.9U 5.81 3.76 U.23 7.62

1.69 .39 1.56 .78 2.38

.OU55 •3U83 •059U .2177 .0087

9.19 11.19 2.83 2.71 7U.09

10.8U 16.U9 5.88 7.61 59.17

1.65 5.30 3.05 U.90 IU.92

U.76 5.U9 3.2U 3.52 7.U9

.35 .97 •9U 1.39 1.99

.3632 .1660 .1736 .0823 .0233

B C D E

VII A B € D E

U,'Uo

63

AREAS TOTAL A B C D E

PERCENT OF CONTROLS 5.58 13.9b 3.85 3.7b 72.81

PERCENT OF SCHIZOPHRENICS 11.81 18.02 8.75 8.?6 52.b5

DIFF. 6.23 b.08 b.90 5.22 20.36

DIFF. S.E. DIFF. S.E. DIFF.

CONF. POINT

b.b8 5.82 3.86 3.88 7.68

.0823 .2b20 .1020 .0885 •OObO

1.39 .70 1.27 1.35 2.65

6k

APPENDIX D SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEB1 PSYCHONEUROTIC AND CONTROL SUBJECTS AREAS

PERCENT OF CONTROLS

DIFF.

S.E. DIFF.

DIFF. S.E. DIFF

CONF. POINT

6.79 1S.07 $.96 3.81 68.3$

.13 .S3 3.2U l.S U $.U3

U.09 $.80 3 .3 0 2.79 7.U0

.03 .09 ..9 8 .$$ .73

.U88O .U6U1 .163$ .2912 .2327

11.0$

U.S6 $.83 U.U8 3.71 7.89

1.07 •U3 .17 .59 1.31

•1U23 .3336 .U32S .2776 .09$1 .0853 •3$20 .28U3 .2236 .oUSS

PERCENT OF PSYCHONEUROTICS

I A B C D E

6.66 lU.SU

XI A B C D E

6.1$ 13.7$ 7.82 U.UO 67. 8$

16.2$ 8.$8 6.60 S7.S0

U.90 2. $o .76 2.20 10.3$

III A B C D

7.$8 1U.97 U.U9 $.28 68.08

U.92 2.08 1.7U 2.U3 12 .OU

3.$8 S.$0 3.0U 3 .2 1 7.13

1.37 .38 .57 .76

B

2.66 12. U9 2.7$ 2.8$ 80.12

IV A B C D E

$.$7 lU.UB 2.03 $.36 72.$3

7.00 16.21 3.73

3 .9 6 $.88 2.72 3.79 7. So

.36 .29

66.97

1.U3 1.73 1.70 .70 S,$6

• 18 +7h

VA B C D E

6.38 16.8$ U.98 2.U0 69.39

10. $6 1U.UU 6.68 U.7U 63.$8

U.18 2.U1 1.70 2 . 3U $.81

U.S3 S.9U 3.82 3.01 7.71

.92 .U l •U5 .78 .75

.1788 . 3U09 .326U .2177 .2266

VI A B C D E

3.21 1U.72

6. 9U 16.73 $.69

6.00 73.11

7.30 63.3$

3.$6 S.9U 3.30 U.06

1.05 .3U .83 .32 1.28

. 1U69

2.96

3.73 2.01 2.73 1.30 9.76

VII A B C D E

9.19 11.19 2.83 2.71 7U.09

10.3U 1 3 .Ul $.36 U.3U 66.SU

1.1$ 2.22 2.$3 1.63 7.$$

U.8S $.36 3.22 3 .0 0 7.U6

2.72 2.27 73.78

6.06

7.60

1.69

.63

-d1 CM

.ui .79 .$u

1.01

.3$9U .3859 .26143 .U286

.2296

.3669 .2033 •37U5 .1003 .Uo$2 . 3U09 .21U8 .29U6 .1562

65

AREAS TOTAL A B C D E

PERCENT OF CONTROLS 5.58

13.9k 3.85 3.7U 72.87

PERCENT OF PSYCHONEUROTICS 8.56 15.33 5.91 5.U9 6U.68

DIFF.

S.E. DIFF.

2.98 1.39 2.06 1.75 8.19

U.17 5.77 3.51 3.U2 7.56

DIFF S.E. DIFF.

CONF. POINT

• 71 .2U .59 • 51 1.08

.2389 .U052 .2776 .3050 . 1U01

66

APPENDIX B

SIGNIFICANCE OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SCHIZOPHRENIC AND PSYCHONEUROTIC SUBJECTS PERCENT OF AREAS SCHIZOPHRENICS

PERCENT OF PSYCHONEUROTICS DIFF.

S.E. DIFF.

DIFF. S.E. DIFF.

CONF. POINT

15.37 17.1*6 8.32 7.57 51.26

6.79 15.07 5.96 3.81 68.35

8.58 2.39 2.36 3.76 17.09

5.13 5.98 U.19 3.78 7.95

1.67 .Uo .56 .99 2.15

.0U75 .31*1*6 .2877 .1611 .0158

II A B C D E

11.01 20.07 11.16 10.03 1*7.71

11.05 16.25 8.58 6.60 57.50

.01* 3.82 2.58 3.1*3 9.79

5.07 6.25 U.8U U.U9 8.08

.01 .61 .53 .76 1.21

.U960 .2709 .298I .2236 .1131

III A B C D E

10.21 18.26 6.8? 9.91* 51*.70

7.58 1U.57 1*.1*9 5.28 68.06

2.63 3.69 2.38 U.66 13.36

U.63 6.01 3.77 U.32 7.99

.57 .61 .63 1.08 1.67

.281*3 .2709 .26U3 .1U01 .o U75

IV A B C D E

11.09 16.75 9.81* 9.52 52.77

7.00 16.21 3.73 6.06 66.97

U.09 .5U 6.11 3.U6 1U.20

U.67 6.91 U.ll U.36 7.9U

.09 1.U9 .79 1.79

.189U .U61*l .0681 .21U8 .0367

VA B C D E

13.77 19.59 9.55 8.1*6 1*8.62

10.56 11*.1*1* 6.68 l*.7l* 63.58

3.21 5.15 2.87 3.72 IU.96

5.30 6.10 U.05 8.0U

.61 .8U .65 .92 1.86

.2709 .2005 .2578 .1788 .031U

VI A B D E

9.86 17.01 8.82 9.30 55.00

6.91* 16.73 5.69 7.30 63.35

2.92 .28 3.13 2.00 8.35

U.51 6.06 u.22 U.U8 7.96

.65 .05 .7U .U5 1.05

.2578 .U801 .2296 .326U .1U69

VII A B C D E

10.81* 16.1*9 5.88 7.61 59.17

10.31* 13.1*1 5.36 l*.3l* 66.51*

.50 3.08 .52 3.27 7.37

U.99 5.79 3.73 3.86 7.83

.10 .53 .lU .85 •9U

.U602 .2981 .UUU3 .1977 .1736

•

C

u.uu

00 00

IA B C D E

67

AREAS

PERCENT OF SCHIZOPHRENICS

«Jj fQ O a M

11.81 18.02 8.75 8.96 52. U5

PERCENT OF PSTCHOHEUROTICS DIFF. 8.56 15.33 5.91 5.U9 6U.68

3.25 2.69 2.8b 3.U7 12.23

S.E. DIFF.

DIFF. S.E. DIFF.

CONF. POINT

U.91 6.0b b.2b b.22 7.98

.66 .b5 .67 .82 1.53

.25b6 .326b .251b .2061 .0630

68

APPENDIX F

COMPARISON BY PERCENTAGES OF MATCHED GROUPS ON RESPONSES AREAS

SCHIZOPHRENIC

PSYCHONEUROTIC

CONTROL

Nt 25

Ni 25

N$ 25

IA B C D E

16.b7 15.72 8.11 8.35 51.31

6.86 13.2b 5.91 b.02 69.98

6.86 19.39 2.13 2.60 69.03

II A B C D E

10.50 18.1b 9.31 lb.08 b7.97

11.53 15.29 7.06 5.88 6o.2b

7.09 15.37 7.80 U.96 6b.78

III A B C 0 E

lo.bo 17.3b 7.80 9.83 5b.b6

8.60 12.61 b.Ol 3.bb 71.35

3.72 12.32 3.UU

IV A B C D E

10.85 15.59 7.b6 9.13 56.95

b.03 15.77 b.36 5.37 70.b7

5.00 11.33 b.33 5.00 7b.33

VA B C D B

13.18 20.90 9.32 7.72 b8.87

9.88 12.65 6.b8 b.63 66.36

13.31 6.19 2.17 71.83

VI A B C D E

8.88 lb.21 8.88 9.39 58.63 10.82 16.79 5.97 8.96 57.b6

6.75 17.00 8.25 6.50 61.50

b.03 lb.11 3.02 5.79 73.05

9.85 12.77 b.7b b.Ol 68.61

8.79 11.36 b.03 3.30 72.53

HI A B C D E

2.58

77.9b

6.50

69 AREAS total

A B C D E

SCHIZOPHRENIC

PSTCHONEUROTIC

CONTROL

3JL.6U 16.86 8.22 9.89 53.38

8.26 lk.28 5.98 lt.89 66.59

5.95 llt.23 U.U2 3.82 71.58