A Cycle of Recession and Recovery AD 1200-1900: Archaeological Investigations at Much Park Street, Coventry 2007 to 2010 9781407311227, 9781407322629

Table of contents :
Front Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Table of contents
List of Tables
Chapter 1 - Introduction
Chapter 2 - The archaeology
Chapter 3 - The Structural Evidence
Chapter 4 - Development of the Plots
Chapter 5 - A Tale of Two Trades: Metal and Jet
Chapter 6 - Crafts, Production andIndustries
Chapter 7 - Lifestyle
Chapter 8 - Eating and Drinking
Chapter 9 - Much Park Street: Prosperity, Recession and Recovery
Appendix 3 – Metalworking Residues
Appendix 4 – Table of small finds
Appendix 5 – Full palaeo-environmentalreport
Appendix 6 – Full context database
Appendix 7 – Textiles and Fibre from Much Park Street, Coventry
Appendix 8 – Clay pipe Illustration catalogue by David Higgins
Appendix 9 – Column heading explanationsfor Clay Pipe Tables in Chapter 7

Citation preview

l na tio ne di nli ad l o ith ria W ate m

BAR  582  2013   COLLS & MITCHELL  

A Cycle of Recession and Recovery AD 1200–1900: Archaeological Investigations at Much Park Street, Coventry 2007 to 2010

A CYCLE OF RECESSION AND RECOVERY AD 1200–1900

Kevin Colls William Mitchell

BAR British Series 582 9 781407 311227

B A R

2013

A Cycle of Recession and Recovery AD 1200–1900: Archaeological Investigations at Much Park Street, Coventry 2007 to 2010 Kevin Colls William Mitchell With contributions by: Steve Allen, John Cherry, Cecily Cropper, Amanda Forster, Ben Gearey, David Higgins, Matilda Holmes, Roz McKenna, Phil Mills, Quita Mould, Rebecca Nicholson, Stephanie Rátkai, Ruth Shaffrey, David Smith, Tony Swiss, Penelope Walton Rogers, Angela Wardle Illustrations by Nigel Dodds, Jemma Elliot and Kevin Colls Finds Photography by Graham Norrie Ceramic report (Appendix 1) by Stephanie Rátkai and Jemma Elliot

BAR British Series 582 2013

ISBN 9781407311227 paperback ISBN 9781407322629 e-format DOI https://doi.org/10.30861/9781407311227 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

BAR

PUBLISHING

Table of contents

Chapter 1 – Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1-8 Summary ................................................................................................................................................................ 1 Background to the project................................................................................................................................... 1-2 Location and geology ......................................................................................................................................... 2-4 Project aims ............................................................................................................................................................ 4 Excavation methods............................................................................................................................................ 4-5 Methods for finds analysis .................................................................................................................................. 5-7 Arrangement of the report ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 2 – The archaeology ..........................................................................................................................1-30 Phasing and chrononlogy........................................................................................................................................ 9 Character of the site ................................................................................................................................................ 9 Survival and preservation ....................................................................................................................................... 9 Site narrative......................................................................................................................................................9-30 Phase 0: Pre-medieval ..............................................................................................................................11-12 Phase 1: 12th century ................................................................................................................................12-13 Phase 2: 13th century ................................................................................................................................14-15 Phase 3: 14th century ................................................................................................................................15-17 Phase 4: 15th century ................................................................................................................................17-20 Phase 5a: 16th century ................................................................................................................................... 20 Phase 5b: post 1550 ....................................................................................................................................... 20 Phase 6: 17th –19th century ......................................................................................................................20-22 Chapter 3 - The structural evidence ............................................................................................................31-49 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................... 31 The 14th century: Phase 3 .................................................................................................................................... 31 Building group 1 ........................................................................................................................................31-32 Building group 2 ............................................................................................................................................. 32 Building group 3 ........................................................................................................................................32-33 Stone lined cess pits.........................................................................................................................................33-35 Cess pit E: case study ........................................................................................................................35-37 Further medieval structures .................................................................................................................................. 37 Structural wood by S. Allen ............................................................................................................................37-42 Tile and stone by P. Mills ................................................................................................................................42-43 Window glass by C. Cropper ................................................................................................................................ 43 Post-medieval structures: Ribbon Dye Works .................................................................................................43-45 Chapter 4 – Development of the plots ..........................................................................................................50-58 Summary of site chronology............................................................................................................................50-51 Plots and Layout ..............................................................................................................................................51-52

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Deeds relating to the properties along Much Park Street.................................................................................52-55 Cartographic Evidence ....................................................................................................................................55-57 Evidence from the ceramics by S. Rátkai ........................................................................................................57-58 Chapter 5 – A tale of two trades: Metal and jet ..........................................................................................59-68 The metalworking industry by T. Swiss ..........................................................................................................59-61 Metalworking artefacts by Q. Mould and S. Rátkai ........................................................................................61-63 Jet working industry by A. Forster ..................................................................................................................63-66 Chapter 6 – Crafts, production and Industries ...........................................................................................69-76 Comparable archaeological evidence ................................................................................................................... 69 Quarrying.............................................................................................................................................................. 69 Pottery production by S.Rátkai ........................................................................................................................69-70 Industrial pottery by S.Rátkai ..........................................................................................................................70-71 Milling by R. Shaffrey .......................................................................................................................................... 71 Industrial textile production.................................................................................................................................. 71 Domestic textile production by Q. Mould & R. Shaffrey ................................................................................71-72 Bead Making by Q. Mould ................................................................................................................................... 72 Leather Trades by Q. Mould ............................................................................................................................72-73 Cobbling and translation by Q.Mould .................................................................................................................. 73 Woodworking and agricultural tools by Q. Mould and R.Shaffrey .................................................................73-75 Import and commerce by Q. Mould and S.Rátkai ............................................................................................... 75 Chapter 7 - Lifestyle ......................................................................................................................................77-97 Summary of lifestyle ............................................................................................................................................ 77 Comparable archaeological evidence ................................................................................................................... 77 The Church/ Religious Observance .................................................................................................................77-79 Jet crucifix by J.Cherry ..............................................................................................................................77-78 Beads by Q.Mould ........................................................................................................................................... 79 Ecclesiastical Window by C.Cropper ............................................................................................................. 79 Ecclesiastical Tiles (roof and floor by P.Mills...................................................................................................... 79 The Military/ Armour fittings by Q. Mould ......................................................................................................... 79 Dress and Dress accessories by Q. Mould .......................................................................................................79-85 Footwear ....................................................................................................................................................79-81 Purses ............................................................................................................................................................. 81 Jewellery ......................................................................................................................................................... 81 Buckles and belt fittings .............................................................................................................................81-83 Dress fasteners and other fittings by Q. Mould .................................................................................................... 83 Textiles by P.Walton Rogers ...........................................................................................................................83-85 Toilet Implements by Q. Mould ........................................................................................................................... 85 Household fittings and fixtures........................................................................................................................85-86 Smoking by D. Higgins ...................................................................................................................................86-94 Riding and horse equipment by Q.Mould ........................................................................................................94-95

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Music making by Q. Mould and A. Wardle ......................................................................................................... 95 Chapter 8 – Eating and drinking ...............................................................................................................98-128 Summary of eating and drinking .......................................................................................................................... 98 Comparable archaeological evidence ................................................................................................................... 98 The pottery by S. Rátkai ................................................................................................................................98-106 Wooden domestic artefacts by S. Allen .......................................................................................................105-106 Domestic utensils by Q. Mould ...................................................................................................................106-107 Glass drinking vessels by C. Cropper ................................................................................................................. 107 Diet

.............................................................................................................................................................. 107

Animal bone (M. Holmes) ......................................................................................................................107-121 Fish remains (R. Nicholson) ..................................................................................................................121-122 Environmental evidence for diet ............................................................................................................122-123 Chapter 9 - Much Park Street: Prosperity, recession and recovery .....................................................129-136 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................ 129 The environment ..........................................................................................................................................129-130 Development of Much Park Street ..............................................................................................................130-131 Making a living in Coventry ........................................................................................................................131-133 Advancing our understadning of Coventry’s ceramic sequence ..................................................................133-135 Infleuence of the Church .............................................................................................................................135-136 Appendices .................................................................................................................................................136-332 Appendix 1: Ceramic analysis, grouping and illustrations (located on the CD ROM) ....................................... CD Appendix 2: Ceramic analysis tables (Located on CD ROM) ............................................................................ CD Appendix 3: Metal residue table ..................................................................................................................136-158 Appendix 4: Table of small finds ................................................................................................................159-215 Appendix 5: Full Palaeoenvironmental report with tables...........................................................................216-234 Appendix 6: Full context database ..............................................................................................................235-320 Appendix 7: Textile analysis from MPS 1987excavation (Penelope Walton Rogers) ................................321-328 Appendix 8: Clay pipe illustration catalogue...............................................................................................329-331 Appendix 9: Column heading explanations for Clay Pipe Tables in Chapter 7...........................................331-332 References ..................................................................................................................................................333-339

Please note that the CD referred to above and within the text has now been replaced by a download available at: www.barpublishing.com/additional-downloads.html

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List of Tables Chapter 3 1. Wooden object catalogue 2. Tile quantification table – main CBM fabric groups 3. The main CBM form types Chapter 4 4. Archaeological summary and interpretation use of the plots Chapter 5 5. The jet working debris; assemblage summary Chapter 6 6. Bone bead making waste from the site 7. Secondary waste leather from context 2310 8. Leather panel pieces Chapter 7 9. Table of textiles recovered from the site 10. Clay pipe assemblage summary 11. Clay pipe group from context 2324 Chapter 8 12. Proportion of animal bone fragments recovered from various feature types 13. Condition and taphonomy of the animal bone assemblage 14. Associated animal bone groups 15. Animal bone anatomical representation (epiphysis count) 16. Animal bone: Species representation from the hand collected assemblage 17. Animal bone: Species represented from samples 18. Numbers of fish fragments, by phase List of Figures Chapter 1 1.1 Regional plan of Coventry and the study area 1.2 Area of archaeological work (excavation, Salvage recording, watching brief, evaluation) 1.3 The locations of important previous archaeological excavations in the region of the site Chapter 2 2.1 A plan showing the archaeological features and deposits across the site 2.2 Representative sections from Phases 0, 1 and 2 2.3 Representative sections from Phase 3 2.4 Representative sections from Phase 4 2.5 Representative sections from Phases 5a and 6 2.6 Archaeological features dating to Phases 1 and 2 2.7 Archaeological features dating to Phase 3 including projected property boundaries identified from archaeological features 2.8 Archaeological features dating to Phase 4 2.9 Selected possible pit functions dating to Phase 4 (quarry pits, test quarry pits, tanning and dyeing pits, tenter rack postholes) 2.10 Archaeological features dating to Phase 5a, 5b and 6 Chapter 3 3.1 Close up plan of plots B, C, and D focusing upon building foundations and structures 3.2 Sections and elevations of stone built cess pits 3.3 Cess pit E elevation and section 3.4 Archaeological plan of features associated with the ribbon dye works and timber yard

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Chapter 4 4.1 Plan of the site showing the plot boundaries and the properties they relate to on MPS 4.2 Map regression showing the excavation area overlaid onto key historic maps of Coventry Chapter 5 5.1 Spatial distribution of hearth bottoms and yellow iron sulphide residues 5.2 Metalworking illustrations: 1 – Small find drawing (rake head), 2 – Small find 474 (iron sheet), 3 – Small find 466 (twisted wire fitting), 4 – Small find 263 drawing (copper alloy wire loop) 5.3. A 15th century rosary maker using a fiddle drill to manufacture paternoster beads, from the House Book of Mendelian Twelve Brothers Foundation in Nuremberg, vol 1-3, 1388-1799 (Amb. 317.2° Folio 58 verso (Mendel I). Source: http://www.nuernberger-hausbuecher.de/75-Amb-2-317-58-v/data). 5.4 The pie chart shows the relative proportion of working debris of different grades. The bar chart illustrates the relative proportion by weight. Chapter 6 6.1. Textile working artefact illustrations: 1 - Spindle whorl from cess pit 2403, 2 Brass thimble, unstrat 3 Iron scissors from well capping 2396 6.2 Book Production artefact illustrations: 1 -Bone pin from plot F; 2 - Bone pin from plot I; 3 - Bone parchment pricker/ stylus from pit 1465, plot I 6.3. Wood working and agricultural tools. 1 - Iron axe head from pitt 2101, 2 - Broken whetstone from pit 1899, 3 Heavy socketed iron implement, 4 - A large tanged fork, 5 - Saw blade folding into a curved handle 6.4 Triangular scale pan Chapter 7 7.1 Armour fittings. 1 - Shell shaped copper alloy mount from pit 1347, 2 - Rectangular sheet of copper alloy plate 7.2 (1) Leather medieval turnshoe ankleboot (SF400) illustration and photograph and (2) One piece leather quarter SF296. 7.3 Leather shoe SF299 7.4 Leather shoe SF284 7.5 Leather shoe SF456 7.6. Jewellery, buckles, belts and implements. 1 - A small copper alloy penannular brooch, 2 - Fragments of chain of fine gauge copper alloy rings, 3 - Annular copper alloy frame/buckle, 4 - Annular copper alloy frame/buckle without pin, 5 - A copper alloy buckle with a D-shaped frame, 6 - Very small strap end, 7 - Composite strap ends made of two part, 8 - composite strap ends made of three parts SF30, 9 - composite strap ends made of three part SF212, 10 - Bone tweezers ch5/sf35 7.7 Metal keys. 1 - Ornate copper key for a mounted lock, 2 - Large iron door key 7.8. Clay pipe group from pit 2324 (Illustrated by D. Higgins) 7.9 Clay pipe figures from other site features (Illustrated by D. Higgins) 7.10 1 - Metal spur, 2 - bone flute and 3 - jews harp Chapter 8 8.1 Eating utensils. 1 and 2 Pewter spoons from cess pit E, 3 and 4 - whittle tanged knives and 5 - a dairy skimmer 8.2 Fragment representation of main animal groups by phase. In order of expected best preservation if complete carcasses were deposited (most common first) 8.3 Proportion of saw, cut and chop marks recorded on the bones of the main domesticates. n= total number of butchery marks recorded 8.4 Incidence of butchery marks recorded by phase 8.5 Incidence of anterior-posterior butchery of vertebrae. n= number of vertebrae in sample 8.6 Location of most common butchery marks on cattle, sheep and pig bones. 8.7 Changes in proportions of species through time. 8.8 Proportion of porous bones within the assemblage. 8.9 Mortality curves based on tooth wear (Hambleton, 1999). 8.10 Cattle fusion data by phase (ages taken from Silver, 1969). 8.11 Sheep fusion data by phase (ages taken from Silver, 1969). 8.12 Pig fusion data by phase (ages taken from Silver, 1969). 8.13 Slenderness index for cattle metacarpals Phase 4. 8.14 Slenderness index for sheep/ goat metaodials Phase 4 (black dots) and Phase 3 (red cross). Line indicates division between rams and ewes, based on Davis, 2000. 8.15 Plot of MRDA (thickness of ilio-pubic synthesis) of sheep pelvis measurements. (Greenfield, 2006). Greater MRDA measurements = male animals.

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8.16 8.17 8.18

Plan showing the case study pottery feature locations Spatial distribution of craft/butchery marks from phase 3 Spatial distribution of craft/butchery marks from phase 4

List of plates Chapter 1 Plate 1.1 – The site prior to excavation Plate 1.2 – Mechanical removal of tarmac and overburden Plate 1.3 – Photograph of the archaeological deposits after cleaning but before hand excavation Chapter 2 Plate 2.1 – Medieval structures in the northern part of the site Plate 2.2 – Extensive medieval pit cutting evidence Plate 2.3 – Pit 2173 Phase 1 Plate 2.4 – Pit 2468 Phase 1 Plate 2.5 – Pit 2569 Phase 1 Plate 2.6 – Pit 1251 Phase 2 Plate 2.7 – Pit 2240 Phase 2 Plate 2.8 – Pit 2301 Phase 2 Plate 2.9 – Pit 1746 phase 2 Plate 2.10 – Pit 2517 phase 2 Plate 2.11 – Pit 2570 phase 2 Plate 2.12 – Pit 2225 Phase 3 Plate 2.13 – Pit 2408 Phase 3 Plate 2.14 – Pit 2431 Phase 3 Plate 2.15 – Jet Crucfix (SF 259) from pit 2176 phase 3 Plate 2.16 – Quarry pit 1922, phase 4 Plate 2.17 – Quarry pit 1922 phase 4 Plate 2.18 – Working edges in quarry pit 1922 phase 4 Plate 2.19 – Storage jar in situ in pit 1821 phase 4 Plate 2.20 – Pit 2249 phase 4 Plate 2.21 – Possible 'tenter rack' posthole 1675 phase 4 Plate 2.22 – Posthole 1105 phase 5a Chapter 3 Plate 3.1 – Phase 3 structures acorss northern part of site Plate 3.2 – Continuation of medieval plot boundaries Plate 3.3 – Well 2399 Plate 3.4 – Phase 3 building groups Plate 3.5 – Stone drain 2342 Plate 3.6 – Structure 2328 in plot b Plate 3.7 – Cess pit A, phase 2 plot D Plate 3.8 – Cess pit H, phase 2, plot B Plate 3.9 – Cess pit b, phase 3 plot d Plate 3.10 – Cess pit b, phase 3 plot d Plate 3.11 – Pre-ex shot of Cess Pit c, phase 3 plot c Plate 3.12 – Cess Pit c, pahse 3 plot c Plate 3.13 – Cess Pit c section, phase 3 plot c Plate 3.14 – Wooden bowl from cess pit C Plate 3.15 – Wooden bowl from cess pit C Plate 3.16 – Cess pit D, pahse 5b, plot d Plate 3.17 – Cess pit D and E, phase 5b plots c and d Plate 3.18 – Heavily truncated remains of cess pit F (staining) Plate 3.19 – Cess pit E, phase 5b plot d Plate 3.20 – Cess pit e, phase 5b plot d Plate 3.21 - Cess Pit E artefact group plates (to be completed for final publication) Plate 3.22 – Wall 1748, phase 3 plot f and g Plate 3.23 – Wooden artefact 20 from cess pit E

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Plate 3.24 – Roof tiles Plate 3.25 – Floor tile Plate 3.26 – Ridge tile Plate 3.27 – Brick Surface associated with Ribbon Dye works Plate 3.28 – Possible machine base - Ribbon Dye Works Chapter 5 Plate 5.1 – Hearth bottom from context 2200 Plate 5.2 – Flake and Spheroidal hammerscale from context 1779 Plate 5.3 – Corroded copper or copper alloy from 1562 Plate 5.4 – Yellow ion sulphide residue from context 2200 Plate 5.5 – Tile with burnt and vitrified clay from context 1640 Plate 5.6 – Tile With Vitrified Clay Lining from 1728 Plate 5.7 – Section of narrow gauge wire recovered from cess pit E Plate 5.8 – SF 434 pinners bone Plate 5.9 –The jet working debris: graded by size; 0-2mm, 3-5mm, 6-10mm, 11-40mm (Amanda Forster). Plate 5.10 – The jet working debris: this collection of 11-40mm graded debris represents just a small part of that recovered (Amanda Forster). Plate 5.11 – The two largest fragments of debris show clear cutmarks and evidence for working (Amanda Forster). Plate 5.12 – Blanks, non pierced and pierced (source: Amanda Forster) Plate 5.13 – The pierced blanks, 11-15mm (source: Amanda Forster) Plate 5.14 – Jet bead working stages Plate 5.14 – Near-finished beads, illustrating the range of both size and shape (Amanda Forster) Chapter 6 Plate 6.1 – 16th century bowl rim of Mediterranean origin from pit 2250 Chapter 7 Plate 7.1 – Jet crucifix from pit 2187 (front) Plate 7.2 – Jet crucifix from pit 2187 (back) Plate 7.3 – Close up of the image Christ Plate 7.4 – Window glass with clear image of male torso Plate 7.5 – Image of Adam Delving from Canterbury Cathedral Plate 7.6 – Example slip decorated and worn floor tile from 2310 Plate 7.7 – Leather purse with iron frame (SF297 from cess pit E) Plate 7.8 – Leather purse fragments SF453 Plate 7.9 – Vertical pleating on leather purse fragments SF453 Plate 7.10 – Rare fragment of Hemp recovered from Cess Pit D Plate 7.11 – Hemp fragment observed under x200 magnification Plate 7.12 – Hemp fragment observed under x400 magnification Plate 7.13 – Broadcloth recovered from Cess Pit D sf 415-1 Plate 7.14 - Wool textiles from Cess Pit E (Black left, natural R Plate 7.15 – 18th century Z-spun yarns from well backfill 2400 Plate 7.16 – Silk and gold tablet-woven band from Cess Pit E Plate 7.17 – Bone Flute Chapter 8 Plate 8.1 – Highly decorated conical jug from 2408 Plate 8.2 – Decorated conical jug detail from 2408 Plate 8.3 – Large Chilvers Coton A-C jug from pit 1328 Plate 8.4 – Large Chilvers Coton A-C jug handle from pit 1328 Plate 8.5 – Lid seated large capacity storage jar dated to phase 4 Plate 8.6 – Lobed bowl from Phase 4 context 1343 Plate 8.7 – Candlestick from Phase 4 context 1285 Plate 8.8 – Two cisterns from 2310, cess pit E Plate 8.9 – Glazed cup which cracked during firing Plate 8.10 – Cologne stoneware drinking jug from cesspit E Plate 8.11 – Cologne stoneware drinking jug from cesspit E Plate 8.12 – Tin glazed earthenware scalloped rim bowl Plate 8.13 – Pipkin with a hollow, socket handle from cesspit F

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Plate 8.14 – Largest wooded bowl recovered from cess pit C Plate 8.15 – Wooden plate from a tang knife handle

Acknowledgements The project was commissioned by the Halcrow Group Ltd on behalf of Stoford Developments Limited. Thanks are due to Simon Griffin, the Senior Archaeological Consultant for the Halcrow Group, Christopher Patrick, City Planning Archaeologist, who monitored the project on behalf of Coventry City Council, and Stephanie Ratkai for her assistance in producing this publication. Work on site was supervised by William Mitchell, assisted by, Anthony Aston, Elizabeth Bishop, Paul Breeze, David Brown, Martina Burns, Bob Burrows, Thomas Burt, Ellie Buttery, Paul Collins, James Coyne, Emily Hamilton, Sam Hepburn, Katie Hutton, Nuala Marshall, Dave McNicol, Abbi Mynett, Ben Raffield, Emma Sautejeau and Will Slocombe. Specialists to whom thanks are due to are Steve Allen, John Cherry, Cecily Cropper, David Higgins, Tom Hill, Matilda Holmes, Roz Mckenna, Phill Mills, Quita Mould, Rebecca Nicholson, Stephanie Ratkai, Penelope Rogers, Ruth Shaffrey, Anthony Swiss and Angela Wardle. Kevin Colls and William Mitchell produced the written report which was illustrated by Helen Moulden and Nigel Dodds, and edited by Amanda Forster. The project was managed for Birmingham Archaeology by Kevin Colls,.

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Chapter 1 - Introduction combined historic, cartographic, structural and artefactual evidence provide an extensive and detailed picture of the medieval town and its inhabitants. The lack of extensive modern development had fortunately preserved an area of medieval Coventry which may otherwise have remained an elusive period in the town’s history.

Summary This report provides the integrated results of extensive archaeological investigations undertaken at the site of a former car park located between Much Park and St. John’s Street, Coventry (NGR SP 33687866) between 2007 and 2010. The results have demonstrated that the site represents one of the most important investigations into medieval Coventry, and is of national significance. The features, deposits and structures can be divided into seven main phases beginning in the 12th century, through to the present day. The earliest phase of activity at the site dates to the 12th-13th century, when the area sat within the boundary of Cheylesmore Park. Few features were identified and no definitive structural remains were recorded, indicating that the occupation of Much Park Street was limited until after the mid 13th century. Activity increased during the 13th-14th century especially in the northeastern corner of site. The features identified were primarily large pits which varied considerably in their form and function.

Background to the project This publication provides the integrated results of extensive archaeological investigations undertaken at the site of a former car park located between St John’s Street and Much Park Street, Coventry (NGR SP 33687866; hereafter referred to as Much Park Street or ‘the site’) between 2007 and 2010 (Fig. 1.1). The report includes the entirety of the archaeological findings, including detailed analysis of the structures and features, environmental data and artefactual evidence. The structure of the report is based on guidelines provided by English Heritage (1991, 2006) and the Institute for Archaeologists (1994, revised 2001).

The greatest concentration of evidence dates from the 14th to 16th centuries which, presumably results from the incorporation of the city in 1345. A deliberate and regulated construction programme was introduced in the 14th-15th centuries which regularised plot boundaries and resulted in the construction of stone buildings. The northeastern area of site was occupied by the foundations of several well preserved buildings whilst the southern area of site contained numerous pits and evidence of burgage plot boundary ditches. The increased site activity present in the archaeological record confirms the suggestion in the documentary sources that this was a period of prosperity and urban growth. Activity at the site heightened dramatically during the 15th-16th century. Pits were located in long rows orientated east to west, an arrangement consistent with plots running back from Much Park Street. Pits were used for various functions, and are indicative of the nature of work and development in the area. During the 16th-17th century there was a reduction in the frequency of pit cutting across the site. The same trend can be observed during the later post medieval and 19th and 20th century period with far fewer intrusive features were identified. Excavations at the site have provided a rare insight into the development of medieval Coventry. A rich artefact assemblage has shed light on everyday life, craft production, trade and industry in the medieval town. This includes rare diverse examples such as jet rosary production, book binding, cobbling and translation.

Figure 1.1 – Regional plan of Coventry and the study area

The work was commissioned by Stoford Developments Ltd on behalf of Severn Trent Water and monitored by the senior archaeological consultant from the Halcrow Group Ltd. The work was required as a condition of planning consent by Coventry City Council Development Directorate in advance of the construction of an office development with basement car parking for Severn Trent Water. This requirement was in accordance with Planning Policy Guidance note 16, Archaeology and Planning (DoE 1990) and the Coventry City Council Development Plan Built Environment Policy (BE: 15). The site was the subject of an archaeological desk-based assessment (Rogers 2007a) and archaeological evaluation (Phear

Paleoenvironmental evidence and archaeofaunal data add to the story, providing evidence of food, industry and the environment that people lived in. The results from the 1

and the second was in the area of reduced ground within the area of the basement car park. The third stage of fieldwork was a watching brief undertaken in the area proposed as a ground level car park in November 2008 (Fig. 1.2). The overburden in this area was reduced down to the natural ground into which archaeological features had been cut. The area was then recorded in plan. A representative sample of this area was recorded, although, much had been lost due to later truncation and modern disturbance. The results of the salvage recording and watching brief elements are outlined below and have been amalgamated with the results of the open area excavation within this final publication. The fourth stage of work was an archaeological evaluation of the Much Park Street frontage during landscaping of this area (Fig. 1.2). Location and Geology The area of archaeological investigation was located to the south of the city centre on a former dual level car park (Plate 1.1) and was situated close to a number of important archaeological excavations from the recent past (Fig. 1.3 and discussed later). The site was bounded to the north and west by St John’s Street, to the south by the stretch of the inner ring road (Ringway St John’s) and to the east by Much Park Street. The car park was divided by a retaining wall between a lower level and a higher level, these levels reflected the past usage of the site, as in the later history of the site a large industrial building had occupied this lower level (see below ‘The Ribbon Dyeworks’).

Figure 1.2 – Area of archaeological work (excavation, salvage recording, watching brief, evaluation)

2007) by Worcestershire Historic Environment and Archaeology Service. Significant archaeological remains were confirmed within the site which would be adversely affected by the proposed development. As a result, the Coventry City Archaeologist requested a staged programme of archaeological excavation, salvage recording and watching brief to be undertaken ahead of, and during the construction of the proposed basement car park.The first stage of open area excavation was undertaken within the footprint of the proposed basement car park between May and August 2008 (Fig. 1.2). This conformed to a brief set out by Coventry City Council and a Written Scheme of Investigation (Griffin 2008) which was approved in advance by the Coventry City Council Development Directorate and was in accordance with the Standard and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation (IFA 2001). This excavation was undertaken in various phases which reflected the logistical restrictions, topography and stratigraphy of the site. The second stage of fieldwork, in the form of salvage recording, was undertaken during October 2008, in the northeastern corner of the proposed building within an area of the access route to the basement car park (Fig. 1.2). This consisted of an archaeological strip, map and record strategy and conformed to the brief and Written Scheme of Investigation outlined above. It was undertaken in two stages, the first was a recording exercise undertaken within the piling guide wall trench,

Plate 1.1 – The site prior to excavation

The natural geology, consisting of Upper Carboniferous red brown mudstone and sandstone (British Geological Survey 1994) was identified across the excavation area. This natural ground was not uniform across the site. Towards the western side of site sandy geology was more prevalent; this became more clayey towards the north and east. The underlying sandstone bedrock was encountered in the base of several pits across the site. The natural 2

Figure 1.3 – The locations of important previous archaeological excavations in the region of the site

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More specific objectives were to: 4. enhance our understanding of land use prior to the creation of Much Park Street and Little Park Street. 5. explore the chronological and spatial development of the tenements along Much Park Street, particularly the rear western boundary. 6. establish what activities may have been undertaken in the back lands along Much Park Street, specifically industrial or manufacturing activities such as metal working and cloth manufacture, in the medieval and post-medieval periods. 7. use environmental sampling to provide information on the past environment of Much Park Street and the lifestyles of its past populations. Plate 1.2 – Mechanical removal of tarmac and overburden

8. provide comparative material to contribute to our understanding of the site within the city as a whole. This will be possible through the examination of environmental and other data from other locally excavated sites and available documentary sources. 9. place the site in context, both within a regional setting and in terms of its national significance. 10. allow access to the results to the people of Coventry and the wider public through publication and presentation.

Excavations methodology The excavation covered an area of approximately 0.36 hectares/ 3600m² and was located within the footprint of the basement car park over archaeologically significant features identified during earlier stages of archaeological investigation. Tarmac, topsoil and modern overburden were removed by a 360 degree mechanical excavator using a toothless ditching bucket (Plate 1.2). The initial machining removed modern surfaces and overburden to the uppermost archaeological horizon. Subsequent cleaning, excavation, and recording continued by hand (Plate 1.3). Once completed, and with approval from the City Planning Archaeologist, a second phase of machining was then undertaken to remove this upper stratigraphy and strip the site to the natural geology in order to identify and record further archaeological activity. A systematic process of recording then followed.

Plate 1.3 – Photograph of the archaeological deposits after cleaning but before hand excavation

ground was revealed at approximately 83.5m AOD across the site, gradually sloping towards the northeast to 83m AOD. Project Aims The principal aims of the investigations were to; 1. recover as much data as possible pertaining to the origins, chronology, development, phasing, spatial organisation, character, function, status, significance and the nature of social, economic and industrial activities on site.

All stages of work were undertaken in consultation with the Planning Archaeologist, and conformed to a detailed methodology as set out in the form of a Written Scheme of Investigation (Griffins 2008). The following sampling strategy for hand excavation was employed during the excavation:

2. examine, excavate and preserve by record all archaeological features, deposits and structures within the area and to assess their potential for analysis and to produce a report, archive and publication.

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3. enhance our understanding of life in Coventry during the transitional period of the 16th and 17th centuries. 4

Floors, structural elements, hearths, ovens, kilns and furnaces were fully excavated.

 All pits and postholes of 18th century or earlier date were half-sectioned. Where the pit was discrete or where the contents had a specialist waste function it was fully excavated. Full excavation also took place if a pit group contained obvious primary deposits of pottery or where a pit sealed underlying deposits.

compilation, transfer and curation (Brown 2007), Appendix 3 of the Management of Archaeology Projects (English Heritage 1991), the Guidelines for the Preparation of Excavation Archives for Long-term Storage (Walker 1990) and Standards in the Museum Care of Archaeological collections (Museum and Art Galleries Commission 1992). The archive will be deposited with the Herbert Art Gallery and Museum. Dateable deposits were sampled where they were thought to have environmental potential. The environmental sampling was directed towards discrete, well-dated pits containing animal bone and/or pottery, or where environmental evidence could provide clues to function. Birmingham Archaeology consulted with the Planning Archaeologist for Coventry City Council via the Archaeological Consultant during the excavation to ensure an appropriate environmental strategy was in place. An environmental specialist was available to provide advice on a dedicated strategy, once a range of features had been exposed. Lisa Moffett, the Regional Archaeological Science Advisor for English Heritage, also visited the site. The environmental sampling policy followed the guidelines contained in the Birmingham Archaeology Guide to On-Site Environmental Sampling and the ‘Environmental Archaeology: A guide to the theory and practice of methods, from sampling and recovery to post-excavation’ (English Heritage 2002). It was therefore agreed that 20-40 litre soil samples, or 100% of the contents of features which did not hold that amount, were collected from datable and well-defined features. Features were sampled in order to ensure that representative material was collected for the full range of biological remains. Samples suitable for radiocarbon dating were collected.

 Ditches, gullies and other linear features of 18th century or earlier date were sampled at regular intervals. Sampling amounted to not less than 20% by length.  Stone-built wells were excavated to a maximum depth of 2m in order to find a construction date and a date for disuse. All stratigraphic sequences were recorded, even where no archaeology was present. Features were planned at a scale of 1:50, and sections were drawn through all cut features and significant vertical stratigraphy at a scale of 1:10 or 1:20. Differential GPS was utilised to set up a number of base survey points across the site. All plans and sections were surveyed in using an EDM which was located into the Ordnance Survey base mapping. 3-D locations of special finds and spot heights were also recorded using this method. A comprehensive written record was maintained using a continuous numbered context system on pro-forma context and feature cards. Written records and scale plans were supplemented by monochrome, colour slide and digital photography. Finds were cleaned, marked and remedial conservation work was undertaken as necessary. Treatment of all finds conformed to guidance contained within ‘A strategy for the care and investigation of finds’ published by English Heritage (English Heritage 1995).

Methodology for the analysis of the pottery by Stephanie Rátkai

The salvage recording area was located to the east of the main area of open excavation, in the area of the access route to the basement car park. For the salvage recording element all pits and post holes were quarter sectioned and recorded in plan only. Ditches, gullies, surfaces, floors and structural elements were recorded in plan only. Within the salvage recording area the tarmac, topsoil and modern overburden was removed to the first archaeological horizon, whereupon exposed features were plotted and sample excavated. Much of this archaeological work consisted of recording the continuation of walls and features identified in the open area excavation phase. The watching brief element required a standard strategy as outlined by the Institute of Field Archaeologists (IFA 2001). It was located to the northwest of the main area of open-excavation in the area proposed as a ground level car park or open courtyard.

Some 4,309 sherds were noted in the primary record, most of which were stratified, and medieval to early postmedieval in date. There was little pottery post-dating c 1550. A schedule of work for the pottery was set out at assessment, which would have included the full recording of all the pottery recovered but there were insufficient resources to carry out all this work fully. The following methodology was therefore devised in order to maximise the amount of information obtained from the pottery. A series of key features was selected which represented each phase and each plot. The selection was based on stratigraphic considerations and also on the presence of important artefactual and/or ecofactual groups. The pottery from these features was extracted from the total assemblage for full recording (quantification by sherd count and weight, rim count and rim percentage, vessel form etc). During excavation many of the more substantial vessels had been recorded as small finds and these were also abstracted. Features with a substantial number of identifiable or fairly complete pots were then also fully recorded i.e. the ceramic content was the

The full site archive includes all artefactual and/or ecofactual remains recovered from the site. The site archive will be prepared according to guidelines set down by the Archaeological Archives Forum, Archaeological Archives; a guide to best practice in creation, 5

determining factor for study. A total of 1,608 sherds were recorded in detail.

individual contexts from 140 features and also unstratified, the overwhelming majority (89%) coming from pits. The finds date from the 13th-14th century onward but derive principally from deposits dating to the late medieval and early post-medieval period (73%), while only 6% of the portable finds came from contexts allocated to Phase 2 (13-14th century), 19% came from contexts allocated to Phase 3 (14th-15th century) with a further 50% from Phase 4 (15-16th century). Material culture of this late medieval/early post medieval date is very well represented from other investigations located nearby as well as elsewhere in the city. Not surprisingly, due to the nature of the site with intercutting features common, a certain degree of residuality was noted with objects of 14th century date occurring in deposits of 15th16th century date and of 15th century date occurring in 16th -17th century contexts; also seen on other sites in the immediate vicinity.

Of the above, the larger groups are described fully in this report and have accompanying illustrations, photographs and tables. All of the latter data can be found in Appendix 1 on the accompanying CD-ROM. Items of interest from smaller less statistically valid groups have also been illustrated or photographed. No pottery illustrations are included in the hard-copy text. At assessment, all the pottery was scanned, spot dated and an absence/presence table drawn up. Notes of unusual forms, fabrics and decoration were also made at this point. The assemblage was scanned a second time in order to refine these results (see Appendix 2 tables on CD-ROM. These data have been cited in some of the discussions, particularly the spatial analysis of the pottery. The principle aim is to present a quantified representative sample of the pottery from the site, to suggest the range of pottery in use during each period and to discuss all the data thematically. It is hoped that this work will provide a more readable and informative view of the pottery for both the general and specialist reader. This is the first volume to illustrate in detail the range of pottery one might expect to find in Coventry mainly from c 1250 to c 1550. Redknap (1996) has abundant illustrations of earlier wares and these have not been illustrated here unless they are of intrinsic value. Pottery post-dating c 1550 was much better represented at the Herbert Museum and Priory Street sites (Rátkai, in prep a) and at Parkside (Rátkai in prep b) and when published these should complete a representative sample of the later wares used in Coventry. Common names where applicable have been used throughout the text but the respective codes in the Warwickshire County Type Series (Rátkai and Soden 1998) are given in the tables for the selected pit groups. Where used in the text the County Type Series Code is prefaced by WCTS.

Methodology for the analysis of metal objects by Quita Mould Non-ferrous metal plating was observed on a small number of metal items either by eye or from the Xradiographic image but their composition has not been confirmed by scientific analysis. All measurements were taken from the object rather than the X-radiographic image unless stated otherwise. Methodology for the analysis of leather objects by Quita Mould The leather was wet when first seen it was then examined following conservation. All measurements are in millimeters (mm). Any shoe sizing has been calculated according to the modern English Shoe-Size scale from relevant dimensions taken from the wet leather before conservation. All other dimensions are taken from the conserved material unless stated otherwise. Leather species were identified by hair follicle pattern using low powered magnification. Where the grain surface of the leather was heavily worn identification was not always possible. The term bovine has been used when uncertainty arose differentiating between mature cattle hide and immature calfskin. Shoe bottom components and repairs are assumed to be of cattle hide.

Introduction to the small find assemblage by Quita Mould More than 500 portable finds were examined from the excavations at the site (Appendix 4), principally objects of metal (copper alloy, lead alloy and iron) along with worked bone, worked stone, jet and leather. A basic record of all the material examined was made and forms part of the site archive. These finds have been considered in the light of the research themes of the project and summarised under a number of headings within Chapters 5, 6, 7 and 8. Selected items are illustrated and accompanied by a short catalogue description, a small number are catalogued but not illustrated. Basic quantifications are provided where appropriate to allow other workers the information necessary to progress their own research but for full details of all the finds recovered the basic record and accompanying X-radiographs should be consulted. Portable finds were recovered from 199

Methodology for the analysis of metalworking residues by Tony Swiss A substantial quantity of metallurgical waste was being recovered from the site and it would have proved difficult logistically to save, transport and analyse the assemblage in its in entirety post-excavation. Five days were spent on site weighing, recording and sorting through the residues. Each bag of material had its weight recorded, then sorted through, and the material classified based on its morphological characteristics.

6

Choice and “characteristic” samples from each category of residue were removed, re-bagged, and recorded for possible post-excavation analysis. Samples of the residues were kept. The author was not on-site for the last two weeks of the excavation, during which time a small amount of residue was still being recovered. These residues were examined by one of the excavators who had been trained to identify hearth bottoms and residues thought to be important was bagged and sent to the author for post-excavation analysis. During both the on-site and post-excavation examinations a total of 662.008 kilograms of metalworking residue were visually examined. A full quantification table is included as Appendix 3.

remains were extracted by means of a ‘washover’ to concentrate the lighter, organic fraction. The components of the fraction were recorded whilst wet. The washover and the residue was stored wet. The remaining thirty nine subsamples were processed using standard water flotation methods for the extraction of environmental remains. The flot (the sum of the material from each sample that floats) was sieved to 0.3mm and air dried. The flots were examined under a low-power binocular microscope at magnifications between x12 and x40. A four point semi quantitative scale was used, from ‘1’ – one or a few remains (less than an estimated six per kg of raw sediment) to ‘4’ – abundant remains (many specimens per kg or a major component of the matrix). Data were recorded on paper and subsequently on a personal computer using a Microsoft Access database. Identification was carried out using published keys (Jacomet 2006, Biejerinkc 1976, Jones – unpublished and Zohary & Hopf 2000), online resources (http://www.plantatlas.eu/za.php), the authors own specimens and the reference collection at Birmingham Archaeology’s laboratory. Taxonomy and nomenclature follow Stace (2000). Plant species were subsequently grouped into habitat groups, and the subsequent environmental interpretation is based on this. The full palaeo-environmental report is included as Appendix 5.

Methodology for analysis of the animal bones by Matilda Holmes A method for rapidly recording animal bones was adopted based on Davis (1992), where only ‘countable’ fragments were recorded. ‘Countable’ fragments were limited to those which contained the epiphysis or metaphysis of any vertebra, long bone, scapula, pelvis or phalanx; calcanei and ulnae with the lateral process present; the zygomatic arch and occipital area of the skull; and mandibles with 4th premolars or molars and loose molars or 4th premolars. Tooth wear and eruption were recorded using guidelines from Grant (1982) and Silver (1969), as were bone fusion (Amorosi, 1989 and Silver, 1969), metrical data (von den Driesch, 1976), anatomy, side, zone (Serjeantson, 1996) evidence of pathological changes, butchery (Lauwerier, 1988) and working. The condition of bones was recorded on a scale of 1-5, where 1 is fresh bone and 5, the bone is so badly degraded to be unrecognisable (Lyman 1994). Other taphonomic factors were also recorded, including the incidence of burning, gnawing, recent breakage and refitted fragments. As only epiphyses of bones were recorded, these can be more fragile in very young animals, so porous bones from animals in the first few months of life were also noted.

Methodology for analysis of the beetle (Coleoptera) remains by David Smith The waterlogged samples were processed using the standard method of paraffin flotation as outlined in Kenward et al. (1980). The weights and volumes of the samples processed are presented in Appendix 4. The insect remains were sorted from the flots and stored in ethanol. The Coleoptera (beetles) were identified by direct comparison to the Gorham and Girling Collections of British Coleoptera using a Meiji EMZ microscope at magnifications between x7 – x45. The taxonomy for the Coleoptera (beetles) follows that of Lucht (1987). Where applicable each species of Coleoptera has been assigned to one, or more, ecological groupings and these are indicated in Appendix 5. These groupings are derived from the preliminary classifications outlined by Kenward (1978). The classification used here replicates that used in Kenward and Hall (1995). The various proportions of these groups, expressed as percentages of the total Coleoptera present in the faunas, are shown in Appendix 5 Tables 2. Not all taxa have a coding and some taxa occur in more than one ecological group. As a result percentages do not equal 100%. Some of the Coleoptera have also been assigned codes based upon their extent of synanthropy (dependence on human settlement) and these are indicated in the third column of Table 1. These codes are derived from those used by Kenward (1997). DNS is grateful to Kenward for supplying him with a listing of the species in each grouping. The synanthropic groupings are described at the end of Table 1 and the individual codes for the relevant species are shown in column 3 of Appendix 5 Table 1. The proportions of these synanthropic groupings, expressed as a percentage of the

A number of sieved samples were collected but because of the highly fragmentary nature of such samples a selective process was undertaken, whereby fragments were recorded only if they could be identified to species and/ or element, or showed signs of taphonomic processing. Articulated or associated bone groups were entered as a count of 1, so they did not bias the relative frequency of species present. Methodology for analysis of the plant macrofossils by Rosalind Mckenna Following description and selection, subsamples of raw sediment from selected samples were were examined in the laboratory. Nine of the subsamples were identified as being waterlogged and were processed using standard methods for such remains (Kenward et al.1980). Plant 7

total fauna, is presented in Appendix 4 Table 3 and Figure 2. The dipterous (fly) pupae were identified using the drawings in K.G.V. Smith (1973, 1989) and, where possible, by direct comparison to modern specimens identified by Peter Skidmore. The taxonomy used follows that of K.G.V. Smith (1989) for the Diptera. Arrangement of the report The following chapters describe the results of the main investigations and these have been split into sections beginning with the site phasing and chronology, followed by a thematic description of the site. These themes include the development of the site, the metalworking industries, other crafts, production and industries, dress and religion, and eating and drinking. The final chapter provides an integrated discussion and synthesis of the evidence from all the fieldwork stages/ and artefact analysis.

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Chapter 2 - The archaeology

Character of the site Based on feature distribution and typology, the site can be separated into two distinct sections. The northern part of site was characterised by stone constructed building foundations, arranged in regularly spaced plot divisions (Fig 2.1; Plates 2.1). These buildings appear to have been constructed in the 14th to 15th centuries and occupied until the 19th centuries, albeit in a much altered form. The southern part of site was characterised by extensive cutting into the natural geology in the form of, pits, postholes and ditches (Fig. 2.1; Plate 2.2). This would have been the area of backplots behind the tenement buildings. There was also evidence of a levelling layer in the southwestern area of site into which the same type of features were cut. This layer appeared to have occurred over a short space of time during the 15th and 16th century perhaps as a deliberate attempt to cover and fill previous extensive activities. Again, general plot divisions were evident in this southern area of site, which can be interpreted from the arrangements of pits and boundary ditches.

Phasing and Chronology This chapter provides an overview of the archaeological remains and is divided into phases of activity. The phasing used in this report is informed by using the full range of artefact and stratigraphic data collected through the archaeological investigations. Stratigraphic matrices have been created and used to define the overall site phasing and to highlight any obvious residual finds. A full list of contexts and spot-dates is provided in Appendix 6. The structural remains across the site are briefly included in this chapter, but are more comprehensively described in Chapter 3. The nature of the site, with large areas of densely intercutting pits, deliberately backfilled in a succession of episodes, indicated that there was a high potential for instances of residual finds. Further pottery analysis, together with analysis of other finds assemblages, environmental and metallurgical data and analysis of comparative sites, has provided a sharper resolution for the phases of activity here, and in addition provided detail regarding the functions of features. It is important to recognise that the function of the majority of the pits remains speculative at best, but with analysis of deposition characteristics, activities undertaken on the site may be speculated. A general discussion of the nature of these features is included below. The archaeological activity across the site has been divided into eight main phases (with phase 5 divided into 5a and 5b). These are summarised, in chronological order, below. These phases are:

Survival and preservation The exceptional survival of the buried remains encountered across the site was due to a variety of complimentary factors. The result is a comprehensive record detailing the activity of an affluent medieval city. The picture which arises is one of expansion and contraction dating from the 12th – 20th century. The wide chronological period in which the site was in use effects preservation and site interpretation in a number of ways. The amount of activity encountered from each period may not be indicative of what actually occurred. Some phases (such as Phases 1 and 2) may be under-represented in the archaeological record. This may be a true representation of the activity of the period, but may also be a product of the intensive use of the site in later periods. The large instance of residual finds encountered within later features suggests that this under representation of early activity is probably highly likely.

Phase 0: Pre-medieval Phase 1: The 12th century. 1100-1200 (beginnings of activity) Phase 2: The activity)

13th

century.

1200-1300

(increasing

Phase 3: The 14th century. 1300-1400 (plot development and establishment of permanent structures)

The underlying ground morphology provided varied conditions for preservation. A few of the features provided the opportunity for recovering waterlogged material, although the overwhelming number of features were filled with homogenous sandy clays with limited potential for providing preserved organic materials.

Phase 4: The 15th century. 1400-1500 (urban growth) Phase 5a: The 16th century. 1500-1600 (recession) Phase 5b: post 1550 to 1600 (recession) Phase 6: The 17th to 19th century 1600-1800 (abandonment)

Summary statement of results The general site chronology demonstrates low level activity between 1100-1200 century with greater evidence during the 13th and 14th centuries. A deliberate and regulated construction programme occurred after 1400 until approximately 1500. A vast proportion of the site

Phase 7: The 19th century. 1800 (modern industrial development)

9

was characterised by extensive pit cutting, which took place between the 1100 and 1700 (for example Plate 2.2). The majority of this activity occurred during the 1300 to 1500, within what would have been the backplots of the buildings located along Much Park Street. The majority of these pits were circular, oval or rectangular but there were also those that were more irregularly shaped. Extensive inter-cutting of these pits was a feature of the site. This confirmed the long usage and competition for space experienced during the medieval and post-medieval periods. The pits encountered on site are overwhelmingly without defined functions or purpose. They represent both single short-term action and long-term cumulative events. The fills contain material culture which, represent their secondary use and abandonment, with primary function often being obscured or removed by these later events. There were also a range of discrete post-holes, post-hole groups and alignments of differing types and periods, relative to structural features including both buildings and boundaries.

collection of medieval artefacts reflecting the domestic, industrial and religious activities at this site. This provides a fascinating insight into the inhabitants who occupied, lived and worked in and around Much Park Street See later chapters for a detailed discussion on the implications of the artefactual evidence. Site narrative The following narrative includes the following classification of features for ease of reference; Cess Pit = CP, Building Group = BG and Plots =PL. Phase 0 - Pre-medieval Historic Background Limited Prehistoric and Roman activity of a transitory nature has been recorded in the area of Coventry city centre, but no settlement dating to these periods has been identified. Various residual finds of Roman and prehistoric date have been recovered during city centre excavations. Roman features discovered at Priory Street (Halsted 2008; Rátkai et al forthcoming) represents some of the earliest evidence for occupation in the city. Roman pottery was recovered from a ditch situated to the rear of properties fronting Bayley Lane (Colls and Hancox 2008; Rátkai et al forthcoming; fig. 1.3). There are few Saxon remains in Coventry and the city itself probably began as a Saxon settlement, perhaps a large estate, the focus of which was probably around the priory. Residual human remains from beneath the Priory Cathedral were radiocarbon dated to the 9th century. The name Coventry itself refers to a wooded watery area by a hill (Lancaster 1975) and may derive from the name Cofas Tree (Cofantreo(w)). These significant finds represent confirmation, albeit inconsequential, of the presence of the settlement prior to the 11th century within the area of Coventry. There is very little documentary evidence prior to 1043 when Leofric, Earl of Mercia, founded a monastery, later the Priory of St. Mary's. There was probably already a decent sized settlement here at this time, although little is known about the nature of it (Demidowicz 2003, 9). By the time of the Domesday survey in 1086, 60 households were recorded for Coventry, although they may not all have been within what is now the city (Rogers 2007).

Each pit would have served a unique purpose, many of which shall never be identified, so generalisations have been made by looking at patterns in morphology, location and the nature of fill deposits. Known and likely primary purposes of these pits include; storage (some of the pits contained abandoned storage pots), retting, tanning, or dyeing (some pits showed evidence of clay lining), quarry pits and test quarry pits (for the purpose of investigating the quality of the underlying geology for the intended extraction of raw materials). A large percentage of the pits would have served primarily as, latrines or as rubbish/cess disposal (one of the pits, for example, was used to dispose of jet manufacturing waste). The majority of pits were filled with homogenous material and often with re-deposited natural often with inclusions of ceramics, animal bone and demolition materials (including tile and slate). There was clear evidence of rapid and gradual filling events rather than for example, the slow silting of open pits. The deliberate backfilling of many of the pits confirms their use as repositories for rubbish, allowing for the fact that this may have been their secondary purpose. Artefactual evidence from across the site revealed a diverse range of evidence from cottage industries, including bead making (bone blanks, bead-waste), leatherworking (leather off-cuts and bone piercing implements) and domestic weaving (spindle-whorls, bone needles). More ubiquitous industries included metalworking, identified from the large amounts of residues generated and the variety of metal objects such as wire drawing. Recreational activities including board gaming (ceramic gaming counter) and music (bone whistle) were also represented , as was religion (jet pilgrim’s crucifix, scribes, pens, stained glass and decorative floor tiles all of which were high status objects) and dress and personal adornment (beads, brooches, buckles, shoes, and rings). The artefacts recovered from site indicate a nationally important

Archaeological Evidence Residual evidence of prehistoric occupation was recovered from the site. Prehistoric artefacts included a worked flint and sherds of Anglo-Saxon pottery. These artefacts are traditionally under-represented in the material record of Coventry. One flake of worked flint was found within the fill (2572) of a 13th-14th century pit 2570. This provides residual evidence of flint usage, usually associated with the prehistoric period; this may not necessarily originate from site but may derive from an imported soil. Residual evidence of Anglo-Saxon occupation was present in the backfill of three separate 11

features. Two, probably middle Saxon sherds, were present in the fill of a linear ditch (1846) in Plot I (see Chapter 4). A further possible Saxon sherd was found in the backfill of structure 2328, Plot B. Also a cooking pot rim sherd residual in the stone cesspit 2338 has a small diameter and a form which appears early and could conceivably be Saxo-Norman (Figure CD07.1).

Apart from the occasional residual find, there was little evidence of occupation on these sites prior to 1150. In the period up to 1350 metalworking is predominant, primarily copper alloy working with some iron. Girdlers and buckle makers featured on these sites and other metal goods were being produced. Evidence of these activities was in the form of artefactual evidence and features such as bowl hearths and quenching pits. At 122-3 there is evidence for a smithy with hearths at the front of the plot and buildings to the rear, until a stone building was constructed around 1300.

Phase 1- The 12th century (1100-1200; Fig. 2.6) Historic Background By the 12th century the town that grew up around the Benedictine priory (which had by then become Coventry’s first cathedral) had gained considerable commercial importance. Coventry’s wealth, gained from trading in the high-quality wool from Warwickshire flocks, attracted other religious orders, including the Franciscans in the 13th century and the Carmelites and Carthusians in the 14th century. By this time, the church dominated life in the city, and remains of all the monastic houses can be seen above ground today (Soden 2005, 5198). The first documentation of Much Park Street (along with Little Park Street and the interconnecting Dead Lane) is from the 13th century (V.C.H 1969, cited in Wright 1988). Despite the whole city having been granted to the Earls of Chester in 1088, the priory was claiming roughly half of Coventry as its own by 1113. The city was supposedly divided into two, from this time, with what became known as the Prior's Half lying to the north (excluding the castle), and the Earl's Half to the south. Within the city the two halves were divided, according to Earl Hugh (II)'s charter to the priory of c.1161–1175, by a line running east to west across the city. Both halves extended beyond the area later contained by the city walls. Growth on the southern edge of town was limited in this early period by the Earl’s manor, Cheylesmore Park. The site lay within the park, south of the boundary. It was only when this boundary was discarded in the mid 13th century that Much Park Street and Little Park Street became usable thoroughfares. Much Park Street became a major route out of the city towards London and it developed accordingly (Rogers 2007). By the end of the 12th century the town’s wool and cloth industry was capable of producing finished goods from the raw material, including all the processes of combing, spinning, weaving fulling and dyeing. (Rogers 2007). Documentary evidence also indicates that ceramic and metalworking industries were also active at this time.

Property boundaries and small workshops were also identified and all three sites produced evidence for timber structures in the early period, in the form of pits, postholes and slots. In the 13th century more substantial buildings with cobbled floors appeared, followed by successive phases of replacement and alteration. Excavations of the street frontage on 120-1 Much Park Street in 1997 revealed a pattern of development in broad agreement with the excavations mentioned above. Substantial stone buildings were constructed in the 13th century, prior to this there was occupational and industrial evidence. Archaeological Evidence The earliest phase of archaeological activity was during the 12th-13th century. Few features were identified and no definitive structural remains were encountered but there was possible evidence for foundation trenches or beam slots. Seven main features were exposed cutting the natural geology, these were pits, foundation trenches or beam slots (142, 1133, 1245, 2173 (Plate 2.3), 2468 (Plate 2.4), 2470, 2563, and 2569 (Figs. 2.2 and 2.6; Plate 2.5). The purpose of these features was unclear, two of these however (2470, 2563), situated in the north eastern corner of site, were thin shallow linear features with squared corners and may have been foundation trenches or beam slots. Only one of the features (2569) was of any significant size. Within the northeastern corner of site were the truncated remains of layers possibly originating from open land cultivation. No firm evidence of structural features was recorded and there was no clear and organised pattern of layout, perhaps suggesting the site was not laid out in any formal fashion. Many of the features were present beneath the sandstone foundations of buildings, suggesting the predated the formal plot layouts. Documentary sources suggest that the site was within the boundaries of Cheylesmore Park, the area owned by the Earl of Chester, during this period and this would explain the low density of intrusive features. The apparent lack of features may also be attributed to the frequency of later activity.

Three excavations carried out at different locations along Much Park Street show a similar pattern of development during 1100 and 1200 (Fig. 1.3; Wright 1988). Much Park Street as a suburb was characterised by metalworking and non-intensive, though increasing occupation. These excavations were undertaken at 7-10, the ‘Stone House’ and 122-3 Much Park Street (Wright 1988). The excavations at 7-10 and 122-3 Much Park Street were carried out after the systematic removal of the medieval buildings for relocation at Spon Street. 12

Phase 2- The 13th century (1200-1300; Fig. 2.6)

Several pits (134, 140, 196, 1160, 1251 (Plate 2.6; Fig. 2.2), 1400 (Fig. 2.2), 1407, 2035, 2150, 2240 (Plate 2.7), 2301 (Plate 2.8), 2305, 2418, 2492 and 2570) were circular or ovoid in shape and there was no definitive evidence of their purpose.

Historical Background During the 13th to 14th century, Coventry was the fourth largest town in the country (Demidowicz 2003, 11-13). Coventry's riches were founded on the cloth trade and its fine blue cloth was exported to Europe, the trade was flourishing by the 14th century (Soden 2005, 143-147). Other industries such as ceramics, glazing and metalworking thrived in this period. Further monastic institutions were attracted to the city by its wealth. The Carmelite Friars (Whitefriars) established a house to the south east of the city and in 1352 a western entrance and gate was constructed (this still stands at the southern end of much park street).

The same can be said of the more rectangular or square shaped pits (136, 182, 1247, 1462, 1509, 1729, 1745, 1746 (Plate 2.9) and 2517 (Plate 2.10). These pits contained a variety of homogenous fills containing animal bone, ceramics and building materials such as slate and tile. Each of these pits had cut through the natural geology. The ceramics from pit 2418 were variable in size and represented single vessels, indicating secondary deposition. The pottery is therefore most likely to have come from surface scatter material or middens, cleared into this pit, the deposition of which was likely to have occurred around 1300. The pottery assemblage was made up primarily of jug and bowl sherds. Most of the bowl sherds had external sooting and given the paucity of other ceramic cooking pots would seem to have been the cooking vessel of choice at this period.

Archaeological Evidence Evidence for increased activity was apparent across the site with the greatest concentration located at the northeastern corner. The features identified were primarily large pits which varied considerably in their form and probably function, ranging from circular or ovoid to rectangular in plan. Approximately 20 pits are firmly datable to this phase, many of these were nondiscrete and had later intrusions cutting them (Fig. 2.6).

Two of the pits in plot D (2418 and 2503), located directly adjacent to one another, contained substantial joining pottery sherds from the base of a jug. It seems likely therefore, that both pits went out of use and were backfilled more or less contemporaneously. The basal fills of one of the circular pits (2570; Plate 2.11) contained organic and greenish cess-like deposits indicating that it was likely to have been used as a waste pit. Two of the pits showed evidence of contemporary recutting. Pits 2035 and 2301 were both altered during this period. There was also a regular rectangular pit (1462), which is likely to have had a deliberate industrial function and a shallow linear cut feature (1509) presumably a foundation trench or beam slot. A small circular feature (1574), beneath a later pit (1572) may have been a post hole.

These pits are representative of the pits encountered in the later phases. Each pit would have served a unique purpose, many of which shall never be identified, so generalisations have been made by looking at patterns in morphology, location and the nature of fill deposit. Known and likely primary purposes of these pits include; storage (some of the pits contained abandoned storage pots), retting or tanning (some pits showed evidence of lining) or test quarry pits (for the purpose of investigating the quality of the underlying geology for the intended extraction of raw materials). There must also have been a large percentage of the pits for which their primary purposes were latrines, or rubbish/ cess disposal. The majority of pits were filled with homogenous material and often with re-deposited natural. There were frequently inclusions of ceramics, animal bone and demolition materials (including tile and slate). There was clear evidence of rapid and gradual filling events rather than the slow silting of open pits. The deliberate backfilling of many of the pits confirms their use as repositories for rubbish, allowing for the fact that this may have been their secondary purpose.

To the west of pit 1572, towards the far northeastern corner of site, was small square stone-lined pit (2582). By comparison to similar later structures it is likely that this was a square stone lined cess pit which predating the main phase of building construction on site. This cess pit (2582, cess pit A, building group 3; see Chapter 3) was partially obscured by the construction of one of the plot boundary walls (2359) and therefore predated the main building construction phase. Of the eight stone lined cess pits identified on site, cess pit H (116) was the furthest east (identified in the salvage recording area) and dated to this phase.

These pit features were widely distributed but the greatest concentration was in the northeastern corner of site. It is possible that many of the features relating to these early phases were truncated by the extensive pit cutting activity on site during the 14th to 16th centuries. In the northeastern corner of site, earlier activity was preserved beneath the construction of the buildings, this may represent the sort of activity taking place elsewhere on site, which was later lost.

A possible ditch (503), orientated on a northeast to southwest axis, like that of the other ditches on site, was 14

identified in the area of watching brief at the far north east of site. The pottery within the backfill of this feature dates to between 1250 and 1300. This ditch was likely to have been a boundary ditch.

preserved buildings (described in Chapter 3) and the southern area of site contained numerous pits and evidence of boundary ditches defining the plot boundaries. A total of 10 plots can be identified across the site (plots A to J) and these are illustrated on Figure 2.7. Evidence of activity appeared to have been formally regulated and laid out during this phase and this confirms the known historical information for Coventry which suggests this period was one of prosperity and urban growth. A minimum of 35 pits were identified from this period, of which several had been significantly re-cut. Rectangular, circular and irregularly shaped pits were all cut during this period.

The remnants of a possible medieval soil dating to this phase were identified towards the northern end of Evaluation Trench 2 (4006/4019) and the western end of Trench 3 (3006). The dark grey/brown charcoal flecked silty clay layer contained material dating to 1250 to 1300 and was cut by two sandstone foundations dated to later phases in Trench 2 and by a possible quarry pit in Trench 1 (also dated c. 1300).

The Pits The distribution of pits became more concentrated during this phase; these pits began to appear in regular concentrations and rows within the newly conceived plot divisions. Some of these pits were densely inter-cutting and with increasing evidence of re-cutting. The homogenous nature of the pits suggests that successive reworking probably occurred over relatively short periods of time. Situated along the southern edge of site within plot J were a row of sub-square and circular pits (1128, 1202 (Figs. 2.3 and 2.7), 1367 and 1871), each was relatively shallow being 0.25- 0.4m in depth, their dimensions in plan ranged between 1.8 and 2.7m and they may have primarily been used for industrial processes. These pits appeared to show gradual silting episodes and greenish deposits towards in the basal fills perhaps suggestive of degraded linings or later reuse for containing cess. A small truncated pit 1328 in the far eastern part of Plot J was noticeable for containing only a substantial section of a large jug which had been broken into many sherds, instead of the usual mixture of several broken vessels and residual material seen in many of the other features on the site. This represents something very close to a primary deposition around the early 14th century. A further truncated circular pit (1883) was located in this area.

Phase 3- The 14th century (1300-1400; Fig. 2.7) Historic Background In 1345, the divided Earls Half and the Priory Half was reunited by the creation of the county of Coventry. A few years before in 1342, and perhaps more significantly in relation to Much Park Street, Whitefriars Friary was founded. The insertion of the precinct had a major impact on the urban topography in that the old route to London was cut off and Much Park Street went from a back-water dead end to become one of the main routes out of the city. The old route became Whitefriars Lane (Demidowicz 2012). As a result, Much Park Street developed significantly in the 14th century and substantial timber houses were built upon stone footings of the replaced existing buildings which had been cleared (Wright 1988). The ‘stone house’, located on the opposing side of the street from the excavations, was constructed during this period albeit being of more elaborate proportions than the more common timber built structures. This stone house, identified after clearance of a bomb damaged building in the 1940’s is a fine example of a high status medieval building. Excavations in at 124-5 Much Park Street in 1986 revealed a series of industrial pits from 1200-1400, sealed by during later cellar construction (Wallwork, in Wright 1988). Finds from the site included leather, buckle moulds, pins, worked bone and textile, representative of the type of small-scale craft production present elsewhere along Much Park Street.

There was a concentration of pits in the northeast of site, situated to the south and west of the buildings in Plots B, C, D, and E. These pits (2108, 2174, 2178, 2186, 2193, 2218, 2225 (Plate 2.12), 2230 and 2242 (Fig. 2.3), 2251, 2252, 2277, 2296, 2319, 2326, 2327, 2328, 2329, 2384, 2408 (Plate 2.13), 2431 (Plate 2.14), 2442, 2503, 2513, 2519 (Fig. 2.3), 2520 and 2524) ranged in shape and dimensions, and all were filled with homogonous deposits. Two areas in particular showed evidence of excessive re-cutting events, which become the common feature of the later 15th to 16th century phase.

The excavation area is located at the centre of the part of the city where the cloth manufacturers, metalworkers and merchants may have lived and worked. The buildings along Much Park Street were likely to have housed a mix of industrial and domestic activity (Rogers 2007). Archaeological Evidence Two distinct areas of activity are identifiable during this phase (Fig. 2.7). There appears to have been a deliberate and regulated building programme evident in the form of laid out plot divisions defined by ditches and walls. Within these plots, buildings were constructed and pit cutting activities were undertaken on an organised scale and increased frequency. The northeastern area of site was occupied by the foundations of several well

Several pits were cut across Plots F to G, some of which were quite large. Some of these pits had re-cuts (2164, recut by 2108 and 1664 re-cut by 1672 and 1667). A large rectangular pit (1663) crossed Plots F and G. There were several small sub-circular pits/ post-holes scattered across these plots (1042, 1161, 1214, 1695, 1900 and 2268). A pit (2408; Plate 2.13) to the rear of the 15

properties at the rear of Plot C contained an almost complete elaborately decorated conical jug which probably dated to c.1300 (Fig. CD12.1-3). The rest of the ceramics contained within the fills included jugs, a pipkin and a cooking pot. The fill material appears to have been deposited during the 14th century and an attractive vessel such as the conical jug may have had quite a long use life prior to breakage and discard.

the middle of the thirteenth century. Due to its comparative examples, location and nature of the pit from which it came, it can be placed within this 13th to 15th century phase. Further information is included in Chapter 7. The structures The northeastern area of site was characterised by a series of well preserved stone building foundations and associated structures, including stone lined cess pits, and

Figure 2.3 – Representative section drawings from Phase 3

Situated among this conglomeration of pits in the northeastern part of site and within Plot E, was a small, shallow pit (2176), filled with a dark black charcoal filled deposit. Within this fill was the upper half of a broken jet crucifix, decorated with a carved figure of Jesus (Plate 2.15). Whilst the cross and figure beneath the head were broken off. Above the head is the titulus (or label) which reads IHC (a christogram denoting the first three letters of the Greek name of Jesus; iota-eta-sigma). It was likely to have been a personal possession, perhaps obtained on a pilgrimage. The lack of any other artefactual evidence from within this pit is significant, perhaps indicating the deliberate deposition after breakage of this treasured possession. No ceramic evidence was available from this pit. Comparative examples have been found Carlisle Cathedral and on the foreshore of the Thames at Dowgate. The Carlisle example was thought to date from

wells. Ceramics taken from directly beneath the foundations and within the foundation cuts suggest a construction date between the 14th to 15th centuries. The structural evidence included the foundations for three building groups which covered three separate plots within which were several well preserved cess pits. These structures are comprehensively covered in Chapter 3. Further structural remains were identified in evaluation Trenches 2 and 3. Cutting medieval soil 4006/4019 (Phase 2). Two east-west aligned sandstone wall foundations 4013 and 4020 cut the medieval soil beneath 4006/4019 (Phase 2). The former measured 0.60m in width and the latter 1.50m; only the upper course of each wall was exposed. A sandstone drain 4012 had been cut through layer 4019. The drain measured 0.30m in width and was delineated by vertically placed sandstone and 16

was aligned east-west and located between the two sandstone walls. Further evidence of a possible sandstone structure 4032 was located towards the northern end of Trench 2. A possible stone lined cess pit was identified in Trench 3.

of these pits however, crossed where there were supposed boundaries, perhaps indicating a more fluid arrangement of plots, later division, amalgamation or abandonment. These alterations occurred throughout this phase which is characterised by significant upsurge in pit cutting activity. The pits were of various types and set in intercutting clusters and groups of discrete pits. Some of these had cut existing plot boundaries which presumably meant that these boundaries were no longer used, became less significant or their form changed. Plots could also be identified by the distribution of artefactual material; in one plot in particular (Plot H) there was a high concentration of dumped metalworking waste including forging hearth bottoms and hammerscale, suggesting forging was undertaken within the building of this plot. to Plots G and I.

Ditches Two ditches (1063, 1553 and 1880/1846) dated to this phase of activity by ceramic evidence were identified. Each were preserved to a length of 20m, orientated east to west and were shallow u-shaped features. The pits of this period were situated either side of these ditches showing regulated patterns of activity. Two further undated, and less substantial, ditches (1053 and 1196) also orientated east to west were identified in this southern area of site. Each of these ditches appeared to be approximately spaced at 5 metre (16 feet) intervals and were likely to be plot boundaries. Although no datable artefacts were recovered, stratigraphically these ditches are likely to date to this phase.

The archaeological evidence suggests that this period was likely to have been the most economically prosperous for the residents of Coventry, an interpretation supported by the historical evidence. This prosperity continued the trend which began in the preceding phase. No new plot boundaries were constructed during this phase. The lines of pits suggest a deliberate layout alongside existing or newly created boundaries. Some of these pits however, (1206 (Fig. 2.4), 1230, 1349, 1548 and 1553) appeared to have been dug over existing plot boundaries (ditches, 1063). This presumably meant that these boundaries were no longer used, or became less significant. It is also possible that, the type of boundary may have changed, becoming a more subtle boundary such as a fence (Pryor 2007, 197).

Phase 4- The 15th century (1400-1500; Fig. 2.8) Historic Background The historical background for this phase is discussed in more detail in Chapters 3 and 4. Documentary evidence for the period between the 15th and 16th century is relatively sparse, particularly when looking at individual plots. Sources may be lost or much fewer for this period. The period may also have been one of prosperity or recession when documents were used more sparingly. The population during this period grew very steadily from 4, 817 people in 1377 to 5,700 in 1523.

Levelling Layer There was evidence of a levelling layer (1005 and 1006) in the southwestern area of site into which similar types of pit and post-hole were cut. Features cut within and beneath this layer were datable to the 15th century, suggesting that the layer was introduced over a short space of time, perhaps as a deliberate attempt to cover and fill previous extensive activities or as a means of deliberately disposing of the levelling material. The features which lay beneath this layer were datable to the 1300-1500 and it was unclear if the levelling material had been imported into the site or created using material from the immediate locality. There were no specific finds from the layer, only general domestic debris, some of which was mixed from the layers above.

Archaeological Evidence The 15th-16th century saw a dramatic increase in the level of activity, in particular pit cutting across the site (Fig. 2.8). The archaeological horizons were characterised by many substantial inter-cutting pits with homogenous fills rich in discarded material, typically including ceramics, animal bone, worked bone, metalwork waste, and demolition materials such as tile. There were clusters of inter-cutting pits and groups of discrete pits of a similar size and shape which may have had a similar use, some very large deep pits with clearly defined waste disposal layers, and other smaller indistinct pits. Possible functions of these pits included storage, test quarry pits, tanning pits, waste pits, post-hole pits and pits providing other industrial functions (Fig. 2.9). One large pit was an open cast quarry pit with contemporary access ramp. There were over 100 distinct pits dated to this phase.

Pits The majority of pits from this and the preceding phase, were subject to a high degree of re-cutting, obscuring their original form. However, a small number of distinctive pits were excavated which were less disturbed by truncation. These examples have greater potential to contribute to the understanding of the activities represented on the site, and perhaps to discern a specific function for these features, other than for refuse disposal.

The pits were located in long rows oriented east to west, in an arranged layout consistent with plots running back from Much Park Street. This suggests pits were excavated within defined boundaries determined by ownership (Pryor 2007, 197). Approximately six discrete plots could be identified from the layout of pits (plots E to J). Some 17

Pits used for quarrying storage/ dyeing, waste and possibly tenter post-holes were all present.

sandstone blocks had been removed, the natural material was shovelled back in. This material was unmixed confirming the quarry pit did not remain open for a long period. Provisional dating suggests it was cut in the 14th to 15th century and filled during the 1400’s. The stone may have been used in the construction or repair of the buildings along the frontage which came to prominence at this period. Another potential quarry pit was identified in the southeastern corner of site (2053).

Quarry Pits Towards the southern edge of site was a large rectangular open cast quarry pit (1922; Fig. 2.9) measuring approximately 8 x 4 x 2m in plan and orientated, east to west (Plates 2.16, 2.17 and 2.18). A contemporary access

Figure 2.4 – Representative section drawings from Phase 4

ramp was cut into the eastern end of the pit, presumably used for the removal of materials during its use. The pit was cut through the natural mixed sand and clay, down to the sandstone bedrock. This bedrock had been utilised as building material having been deliberately quarried for this purpose- the remnants of tool marks were still visible where the stone had been chiselled away and removed in blocks. The overlying deposits may also have been used as building material, such as hardcore. The backfill of the pit (1921 and 2086-2088) indicated that once the

The full extent of this pit was obscured by later layers and features but it appeared to be of the same dimension and date as that described above. It was located within the same plot on an east to west alignment.

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Test Quarry Pits A number of the pits were potentially used to survey the quality of the underlying bedrock and provide data to inform the location of the subsequent quarrying. A group of discrete, sub-square, straight sided pits (1938, 1947, 1981, 1982 and 2057 (Fig. 2.9) were identified towards the southeast corner of site. In view of the uniformity of these pits and their homogenous backfills these pits may have been test quarry pits where the natural ground had been reduced to the level of the bedrock, in order to inspect the quality of the underlying stone in preparation for quarrying. However, these possible test quarry pits were located in the plot immediately to the north of the quarry pits themselves, perhaps adding to the hypothesis that at this time the plots boundaries were not in full use and a more fluid land ownership method was employed. An alternative is that several plots may have been owned by a single individual.

through by pit 2004 the ceramic material of which was broadly similar to that from Cess Pit 2338, although the pottery was more fragmentary and did not contain much that represented primary deposition. The pottery dated mainly to the 15th and/or 16th centuries with a backfill date for the pit of 1525-1550. Cups, bowls, jars, jugs, cisterns and a pipkin were all identified. Waste Pits The secondary use for the overwhelming majority of these pits was for the disposal of waste materials and products. The pits of this phase showed the most alteration in terms of re-cutting events, and in some cases the re-cutting had created a mixed conglomeration on undefinable pits. Two of the pits (1341 recut of pit 1465 and 1347) were notable for a selection of relatively complete pots which represent a 15th century fill with very little obvious residual material. The backfill of the pits can be securely dated through the ceramics contained within to c 1425-1450. Tablewares (such as cups, mugs and jugs) and utilitarian vessels (jars, pipkins and cisterns) were represented. The waste materials from within these pits revealed clues to the processes undertaken nearby and a detailed quantification has provided a clear picture of what processes and industries were being undertaken within each plot. The high concentration of forging waste recovered from the Pits 1206, 1347, 1349, 1644 and 2104 in plot H suggested small scale forging industries present in the immediate area. Hearth bottom slags, ferrous and non-ferrous slags and hammerscales were the bi-products of these processes, but no primary evidence was identified.

Storage/ dyeing pits Due to the ground conditions, the preservation of organic material across site was limited and therefore very few of the pits provided unequivocal evidence of pit-lining. Such lining material would have served to waterproof and preserve the productivity and longevity of the pit and tends to consist of wood or clay. Pits could then have been used for the storage of liquid, or for industrial processes such as retting, tanning or dying etc. One of the pits (1902; Figs. 2.8 and 2.9) appeared to have the fragmentary remains of a greenish clay lining, which may have been stained as a result of the presence of organic or chemical material within this pit. Several other pits (1370, 1518, 1923, and 2113) had evidence of green staining within them.

All of the pits contained domestic refuse waste and demolition material. Animal bone, ceramics, cess deposits and fragmented tile featured heavily within the fills of these pits and they were present in large quantities throughout this phase. The amounts of demolition material, in particular ceramic and slate tiles, suggest that this was a period of major reconstruction and development in the locality.

One of the smaller regularly cut pits (1821) contained the remains of two large, almost complete, storage jars (Plate 2.19; Fig. CD 04). These jars, although disturbed, may have been broken in situ perhaps suggesting that this was a storage pit for holding large ceramic vessels, their situation in the ground would have kept the contents (now lost) cool and well protected. Several pits were of a similar shape and dimensions (trapezoidal, rectangular) and may have been used for leather or textile processing. A group of pits (1086, 1263, 1315 (recut 1636), 2010, 2249 (Plate 2.20) situated within the central part of site were all very consistent in form. These were trapezoidal in shape, with a stepped section on one side which may have been used for access. Each pit was between 1.8m and 2.7m in length and between 0.2m and 0.4m in depth. These relatively shallow pits would have been of a type suitable for tanning. The pottery from pits 2010, 2104, 2249 included a mix of clearly residual material and material of 15th and 16th century date. Due to the lack of large fragments of pottery, it is likely that these fills represent secondary deposits. The pottery was made up mainly of jug sherds with some bowls and cooking pots. Pit 2010 was likely to have been backfilled around 1450-1475. It had been cut

Similar evidence was also recorded in the watching brief and evaluation trenches excavated. A number of the 28 pits identified in the watching brief area to the northwest of site were dated to the 15th to 16th century period (150, 165, 168, 188, 192, 505, and 521). These were predominantly circular or sub-rectangular in plan. There was a certain amount of inter-cutting which obscured the form of some of these features and the methodology employed did not require full excavation of these features. These pits were also regularly aligned, along an east to west orientation, like those identified across the rest of the site. Two somewhat smaller pits (4008 and 4010) were identified in Evaluation Trench 2.

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‘Tenter’ post-hole/ pits As mentioned above, documentary sources suggest that cloth manufacturing was a major contributor to Coventry’s wealth during the medieval period and it seems feasible that much of the available land would have been given over to accommodate the features needed for processing cloth. Pits for dying the materials in may have been necessary, as would the posts necessary for ‘tenter’ racks. Tenter racks are present in the immediate locality in the later 18th century map evidence and it is reasonable to suggest this remained largely unchanged. Some of the pits and post-holes identified on site may relate to this cloth processing function. Several thin and moderately shallow pit features (1473 undated, 1616, 1675 (Plate 2.21) may have held posts. Each was rounded at either end, which may have where the posts were set, the middle section being the location of a stabilising horizontal beam. One of the pits (2212) had a readily identifiable post-hole set into the end of it (2220). All were from Plots E-G.

their appearance (1220, 1982, 2158 and 2340). These pits were all rectangular or square and widely dispersed across the site. There appeared to be no direct connection between them and their purposes were enigmatic. For example, there was very little domestic waste material within 2158, which suggests this was not simply a refuse pit.

Phase 5a- The 16th century (1500-1600; Fig. 2.10)

Phase 5b- 1550 to 1600 (Fig. 2.10)

Historic Background Economic decline in this period was widespread across Britain, but Coventry appears to have suffered dramatically (Soden 2005). A survey of 1522 states there were 525 empty properties in the city. The Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 1540’s and the decline in the wool trade seen during the 16th century caused economic stagnation in the city until long after the Civil War.

Archaeological Evidence This sub-phase was included due to the secure dating provided by the pottery evidence in specific features, primarily two of the stone lined cess pits (D and E). It is clear that activity which can be identified at the on site dropped off significantly from this period onward. An increase in large scale building development during the 20th century may also have contributed to the lack of later features.

Post-hole alignment Towards the southern edge of the site were a series of post-holes (1011, 1013, 1015, 1105 (Plate 2.22) and 1107) arranged in a line and equally spaced. The outline of a rotted square post set into a red clay packing was present in several of these post-holes. These post-holes were on the line of 14th to 15th century ditch (1880), but constructed during the 16th to 17th century. This suggests the later reconstruction of a plot boundary. It may also be evidence of an adjustment in the type of boundary used, being that of a fence rather than ditch.

Archaeological Evidence During the 16th to 17th century there is a noticeable reduction in the frequency of pit cutting. The pits were widely distributed across the entire site, again in a random fashion, although they were largely absent from the northeastern part of site. There were over 20 discrete pits belonging to this phase (Fig. 2.10). Clearly, during this period, the function of the plots changed from being heavily worked for industrial use or refuse disposal to being infrequently used for pitting. Many factors may have played a part in this such as regulated waste disposal, change of ownership or function, or social factors such as the Dissolution.

Pits Only two, small oval pits (1017 and 2150) were securely dated to the later 16th century. These pits were shallow and their stratigraphic relationship to the adjacent features was unclear. Stone lined cess pits Cess pits D and E Two stone lined cess pits constructed on to the rear of the buildings in Plot C and D were securely dated through their ceramic assemblage. These cess pits (D and E) appeared to have been constructed (or filled) considerably later than that of the other cess pits. They are described in detail in Chapter 3.

Pits Two of the pits from this period (1079, Fig. 2.5, and 1805) were very large and distinct from any other pits of the period. Both were cut to a depth of over 1.5m and were filled with homogenous deposits and a high frequency of artefacts such as ceramics and animal bone. No definitive purpose could be assigned to these features but dating evidence indicated that feature 1079 went out of use c.1525-1550. The vessels identified in the fill consisted of cups, bowls and cisterns, a lid and a small jug, possibly used as a drinking jug. The remainder of the pits were indistinct and did not present any evidence of function. Four other pits from the period were regular in

Phase 6- 17th to 19th century (1600 to 1800; Fig. 2.10) Historic background It was not until the early 19th century that the city saw real economic growth again. The population rose as new industries such as silk weaving and watch making emerged. There was pressure on land outside of the city boundaries and there was growth of the use of back tenement blocks encouraging the construction of ‘court’ style housing. The lack of growth during the early post20

medieval period has been a factor in the survival of a large number of standing medieval buildings within the city, along with the good survival of below ground archaeology (Demidowicz 2003, 13-14). The manufacturing industry of Coventry meant that it was a target during the Second World War and much of the fabric of the city centre was destroyed during bombing raids of 1940 and 1941. The area of Much Park Street avoided much damage and retained the medieval street line. The post-war reconstruction and redevelopment completely altered the nature of the site and of Coventry as a whole (Rogers 2007).

Archaeological Evidence During the 17th to 19th centuries at the site there were far fewer intrusive features and clear evidence for a renewed building programme. The historic maps show several groups of buildings dating to the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries but complete examples of these buildings were not recorded archaeologically. A timber yard occupied much of the backplot area, later the site of the Ribbon Dyeworks. The foundations of the latter building made up the vast majority of the 19th century remains of which the ground floor brick surface was clearly identifiable (see Chapter 3).

Figure 2.5 – Representative section drawings from Phases 5a and 6

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Description: Pits Very few of the pits were datable to these later periods, only five clearly defined pits were present (190, 1027 (Figs. 2.5 and 2.10), 1039, 2065 and 2339). Each was relatively small being just over 1m in size and they were randomly scattered across site. The purpose of these pits was not clear, and they had been filled with a mixture of demolition material and domestic waste, like that of the earlier pits. The fill (111) of fire place ash-pit (110), identified in the buildings within the salvage recording area also dated to this phase. This adds supporting evidence to the historic data which suggests some of these buildings stayed in use into the post-medieval period. Evaluation Trenches 2 and 3 The earlier archaeology in Trench 2 was all sealed by a mixed demolition layer dating to this phase (4005). In turn, 4005 was cut by a late post-medieval pit (4031), a drainage ditch (4015), and a brick and sandstone wall 4009. Both features were aligned east-west, the former contained frequent post-medieval pottery sherds; the latter perhaps illustrated the reuse of an earlier sandstone wall. The partial remains of another post-medieval brick wall 4016 were uncovered towards the southern end of the trench. A further brick wall foundation was identified in Trench 1.

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Chapter 3 - The Structural Evidence

The stone walls exposed on site represent the basal foundations of buildings which were likely to have been timber framed in their construction. They were composed of locally quarried rough-cut red sandstone blocks, laid irregularly to form a platform upon which a course of chamfered and faced blocks would have sat. Several of these chamfered blocks were recovered from the rubble, none however, remained in situ. The timber base beam which would have supported the timber frame would have been placed upon these. The average block size was 0.5m x 0.3m x 0.25m, they were dry stone bedded and randomly coursed.

Introduction As summarized in the previous chapter, the evidence from the excavations suggests an intensive and regulated construction programme occurred in this area from the 14th century onwards. This chapter discusses the structural elements which were identified across the site including building foundations, walls, cess pits, wells, structural timbers, tiles, and window glass. The 14th century (1300-1400; Phase 3; Plate 3.1)

The layout of the buildings was identified as having the main structures situated along one side of the plot and a walkway situated along the opposing side. There were stone built cess pits both within the buildings and attached to the back of these properties, these represented three phases of cess pit construction. Two lengthy boundary walls were also attached to the rear of these properties probably superseding insubstantial property boundaries like those encountered elsewhere on site. These buildings, although not clear, can be split into three defined plots and are illustrated on Fig. 3.1 and described below as building groups 1, 2 and 3.

The northeastern area of site was characterised by a series of well preserved stone building foundations and associated structures (Figs. 2.7 and 3.1; 2359, 2360, 2361). These buildings were constructed between the 14th and 15th centuries, with both archaeological and documentary evidence indicating that buildings continued in use into the post-medieval period. The buildings lay within the area of more intensive activity identified in Phase 2. The foundations represent a range of buildings/ burgage tenements, separated by boundary walls, which extended back from plots A, B, C and D, identified as numbers 119 to 123 of the original Much Park Street frontage. Distinct plots/ buildings can be recognised, lying on the same east to west orientation each being spaced approximately 5m (16 feet) in width apart. In addition to the main buildings, further isolated stone structures were identified outside of the main building areas. Ceramics recovered from beneath and within the core of the foundations of these isolated structures suggest a construction date between the 14th to 15th centuries. The main foundations were constructed upon earlier medieval occupation layers, cultivation deposits and cut features, including large pits. None of the underlying features dated later than the 15th century.

Comparative analysis between the dated structures identified in the northeastern corner and the truncated structures identified in the salvage recording area, also suggest a date of construction around the 14th to 15th century. Many of the walls identified were continuations of the property boundary walls and probable internal building divisions. Building Group 1 (Plot B; Fig. 3.1, Plate 3.4) Building Group 1 (Plot B) consisted of two east to west walls situated approximately 3m apart (2589 and 2590) and surviving to a depth of 0.5m and a western north to south wall (2361). This latter wall appeared to be shared by Plot C (and possibly even Plot D) suggesting that this was the furthermost western wall of the plots leading back from Much Park Street. There was also fragmentary evidence of an eastern north to west wall within this plot (2591) which, along with the other walls, may have made up a rectangular building.

The arrangements of the foundations roughly reflect the layout of buildings identified in later mapping evidence (see Chapter 4). The cartographic evidence suggests that these buildings survived, albeit in a significantly altered form, well into the 20th century. They are present on the first accurate and complete map representation on the 1852 Board of Health map and still exist on the 1950 3 inch Ordnance Survey map (Fig. 18). It was clear that the extant 19th century Greyhound Pub was constructed upon the same plot divisions held throughout the medieval period. The rear wall was on a similar alignment to that of one of the 14th-15th century walls found in the northeastern corner of the excavation (Plate 3.2). A fire pit (Fig. 2.10; 110) identified in plot C revealed in situ charcoal deposits containing pottery dating from the later 17th to early 18th century. The backfilling of the two wells (2399- Plot D; Plate 3.3) and (103, Plot E) dates to the 19th century, suggesting that these buildings must have remained in use into the early 18th century and beyond.

South of Building Group 1, wall 2590 represented a long boundary wall which survived, albeit truncated, for a length of 30m. Parts of this wall had been partially rebuilt during the post-medieval period using handmade 2” red bricks with roof tiles used as levelling materials. There was evidence of a passage along this boundary wall with a possible doorway at both the eastern and the western end leading out through the north to south shared external wall (2361). There was evidence of a stone lined drain

31

Figure 3.1 – Close up plan of plots B, C and D focusing upon building foundations and structures

(2342; Plate 3.5) running along the southern edge of the walkway, this led out through the westernmost wall and out into a rubble sump. A further stone lined drain (2414) was attached the westernmost wall, and may have been for use with a down-pipe. West of the main group of structures a small area of a truncated cobble floor surface (133) was situated alongside an additional sandstone wall with L-shaped return (118).

2361 from building group 1 (plot B), as did an eastern north-west wall (2593), this may have had a doorway on its northeastern edge. These two walls may have made up the external walls to a building. There was also fragmentary evidence for an internal stairwell contained within (2405). The southern boundary wall (2592) was partially masked by a later rebuild across most of its length (2311). There were two cess pits within this plot; (Cess Pits C and D, one of these appeared to be outside of the main buildings (Cess Pit D). To the west of the main group of structures was a possible fireplace with an associated ash pit (110). The pottery contained within the ash fill was dated between 1675 and 1750, showing continuation of occupation.

A further sub-rectangular sunken stone structure (2328) was identified within this plot to the east of the main buildings, the purpose of building is unknown, but it may have been a small outbuilding (Plate 3.6). It was 3.8m x 2.7m and the stone blocks had clearly been robbed out leaving only the fragmentary remains of the foundation course extant. This structure had gone out of use and was filled during the 14th – 15th century.

Building Group 3 (plot D; Figure 3.1, Plate 3.4) Building Group 3 (Plot D) was very similar in layout and structure to Plot C. Again there was a long southern boundary wall (2359i) which survived to a length of 20m. There were two truncated north to south walls one of which (2359ii) may have again been the westernmost external wall of the buildings. There were three cess pits within this plot; Cess Pits A, B and E (see below), with Cess Pit E being outside the main property. West of the main construction was a circular stone lined well (2399), probably contemporary with the main construction. The well was constructed using squared red sandstone blocks, bonded randomly with loose sandy mortar and redeposited natural clay and abandoned (and filled) during

Building Group 2 (Plot C; Figure 3.1, Plate 3.4) There was a greater survival of structures and structural elements within Building Group 2 (Plot C). Including the boundary wall along its southern edge (2311/ 2592/ 100), the structures survived, albeit truncated, to a length of 40m. Like the southern boundary wall of plot B, parts of this wall had been partially rebuilt during the postmedieval period using handmade 2” red bricks with roof tiles used as levelling materials. The main western external north to west wall survived as a continuation of

32

the 18th-19th century. Like Plot B, along the northern side of the plot there was evidence of a passage with a possible doorway on the eastern side.

between surviving cess pits, suggests that they may have had a limited lifespan. These cess pits appear to have been constructed and used in successive phases, beginning in the 13th to 14th century, and terminating in the late 16th century. According to Schofield and Vince ‘..stone privies of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries were commonly towards the edges of properties often deep within them’ and these ‘stone privies often replaced timber predecessors in the same locations (as is demonstrated on several London sites)’ (Schofield and Vince 2003, 8283).

A further well (103) was found to the south west of Plot D. It was filled during the later part of the 19th century with demolition rubble including brick, tile and crushed mortar. An attempt had been made to seal the well, either with organic material or timber planking, which had since degraded leaving a large void beneath the rubble packing. The date of the infilling of these wells suggest that they stayed in operation for some years. The specific function of these buildings cannot be defined, but it is likely that they assumed both domestic and industrial status. Given their location and proximity to the cess pits they could have originally been reserved for workshops and privy outhouses. No substantial floor surfaces survived and only the very base foundations were represented, therefore no further information about what activities could have occupied these buildings were available. Conclusions can be drawn on possible commercial, domestic, industrial and personal aspects from the artefactual evidence present in the backfilled contents of the cess pits. An element of status could be observed in construction of these buildings. Plot D had a well constructed and faced boundary wall of stone, which would have required a significant amount of financial investment. The scale of the stone built cess pits and the quality of the stone lined well also suggests a statement of wealth. These may also reflect a necessity for communally built water and waste structures.

The anaerobic conditions of the cess pits (in particular cess pits C, D and E) had preserved artefacts composed of organic material otherwise not present across the site. These included wood, leather and fabric and represented an exceptional collection of material from well dated deposits. It is reasonable to assume that the fill of the cess pits can give a clear indication of their chronology, that is, unless the cess pits were not cleared out at various intervals. Each cess pit is summarized by phase below, with cess pit E (2338; plot D) selected for specific case study. Cess Pits A and H (Phase 2; plots D and B) Cess Pit A and Cess Pit H represented the earliest of these structures. The later cess pits appeared to have been systematically constructed in a westerly direction (cess pits B and C (Phase 3), cess pits D and E (Phase 5b), cess pit F (Phase 6)) at the back of the properties, presumably when their predecessors had gone out of use. Cess pit A (Figs. 3.1 and 3.2; Plate 3.7) went out of use in the 14th15th century when a large wall (2359) was constructed over the top. It was filled with waterlogged deposits accumulated through an extended period of natural build up as it lacked the cereals, pulses and gathered species usually associated with cess deposits. This may suggest a partial clearance of the pit before abandonment.

The stone lined cess pits (Figs. 3.1 and 3.2) At the far end of these plots, presumably well away from the main residences along Much Park Street, were seven well built, square stone structures, the largest of which was 3m x 3m and 2m+ in depth (one further heavily truncated possible stone lined cess pit was also identified; cess pit F). Due to the similarities in surviving deposits, the sequence of use and abandonment and similarity with structures on other sites (Schofield and Vince 2003, 8283), these have been classified as cess pits. Where fully excavated, the base of these pits was natural clay. There was no surviving evidence of clay or timber linings but these may have once existed.

A truncated stone-lined cess pit H (116; Plate 3.8) was present east of the main group of cess pits in the salvage recording area. The method and materials used in its construction and the backfill deposits closely matched the other stone-lined cess pits identified to the west. Pit H was square or rectangular and constructed using roughcut red sandstone blocks set into a re-deposited natural clay. Limited excavation of the backfill was undertaken, but the upper fill (117) was composed of mixed silt and demolition rubble including a large quantity of roof tile. These backfill deposits were identical to the upper fills of the other cess pits present on site, suggesting a deliberate and defined method of sealing and filling abandoned cess pits. The lower fills were waterlogged deposits similar to those found elsewhere on site. One sherd of pottery was

It is a possibility that these structures may have had different primary industrial uses, such as liquid storage for use in quenching, material or leather processing. However, they had certainly all been used as cess pits as a secondary function with clear decomposed cess deposits at their bases. Once they were filled to their maximum capacity, there was an attempt to seal and backfill them with demolition material, whereupon they went out of use, and in some cases another was built close by. The closely datable sequence of cess deposits, both within and

33

identified within the construction cut (128) of cess pit 116 which suggested it was cut between 1250 and 1300.

encrusted with pale brown powdery concretions, which are typical of cess pit fills.

Cess pits B and C (Phase 3; plots C and D) Two of the cess pits appeared to date to the primary building phase dating to this period. Cess Pits B (2318, 2391, building group 3, Plates 3.9 and 3.10) and C (2403, building group 2, Plates 3.11 to 3.13) were located within the main building blocks (Figs.14 and 15). They had been built into the main walls and were probably constructed around the same time. The backfills of Cess Pit B and C were dated to the mid 14th to 15th century. Deposited within the fills of Cess Pit C (2477, 2490, 2491, 2496, 2497, 2508 and 2509) various finds represented both cottage industry and personal possession, an included bone button blanks, a spindle whorl and wooden bowl (Plates 3.14 and 3.15). The environmental remains from the deposits were not indicative of cess deposits but of natural silting, with seeds representing the natural surroundings. This suggests a partial clearance of the pit before abandonment.

Cess pit G (undated; plot B) A final, heavily truncated, stone-lined cess pit G (129) was present east of the main group of cess pits in the salvage recording area. The method and materials used in its construction and the backfill deposits were closely matched to that of the other stone-lined cess pits identified in the excavation area. Although dating evidence was recovered, given its location, it seems likely that cess pit G will date to an early phase of activity (Phase 2 or 3). The upper fill (117) was composed of mixed silt and demolition rubbles including large quantities of roof tiles. These backfill deposits were identical to the upper fills of the various other cess pits present on site, suggesting a deliberate and defined method of sealing and filling abandoned cess pits.

Cess pits D and E (Phase 5b; plots C and D) Cess Pits D (2402, Building Group 3, Plates 3.16 and 3.17) and E (2338, building group 2,) were the furthest west and largest of the five cess pits present on the site. They were situated outside of the main external walls which formed the western limit of the buildings. The pottery recovered from the fill of cess pit D suggests a broadly similar backfill date to that of Cess Pit E. Vessel function was consistent with this date and comprised five cups, four bowls and a cistern of the same form as found within cess pit E. A partial dog skeleton was also recovered representing the opportune disposal of the carcass.

Introduction Much information can be gathered from the artefactual and environmental evidence recovered from cess pits. Items found within the fill are usually deposited within a short space of time and provide a fascinating reflection of everyday life. This evidence thus provides insight into the lives of the people living and working around the sitefrom their health and diet to their status and wealth. The following case study provides a detailed examination of one of those cess pits- integrating evidence from the artefactual and environmental assemblages recovered. Cess Pit E (2338, Plot D; Plates 3.17, 3.19 and 3.20; Fig 3.3) was the best preserved and productive of all the cess pits encountered on the site. The deposits filling the pit can be dated to the late 16th century (Phase 5b) and the range and date of finds recovered suggest it was in use for around 75 years. The artefact assemblage from within the fills of this pit included; leatherwork, metal, wood, fabric, ceramics and food waste. These objects reflect the cottage industries occurring at the site at the time , and the personal artefacts provide some evidence for the individuals occupying the space. The amount of information which has been recovered from this cess pit has been greatly enhanced by the excellent preservation of organic material which was facilitated by anaerobic conditions.

Case study - Cess Pit E: Domestic life on Much Park Street in the late 16th century

Cess Pit E (Figs. 3.1 and 3.3) revealed a clear picture of its usage through the distribution of deposits and finds. The deposits (2309, 2310, 2388, 2432, 2433, 2458-2464, 2489 and 2510) were primarily composed of layers of cess, deliberately sealed by demolition deposits which were dateable to the 16th century. The deposits and finds assemblage from this cess pit were examined in detail and the results are presented as a case study below. Cess Pit F (Phase 6; plot B) One of the pits (2339) located against the main north to south orientated wall (2361) was likely to have been a further cess pit. There was fragmentary evidence of a stone lining, but much had been truncated. There was evidence of deposit staining on the west facing elevation and it is possible that this was once a stone lined waste pit constructed against the wall (Plate 3.18). The ceramics contained within the fill securely dated the backfill to around 1650. The ceramics contained within included a blue chinoiserie painted decoration fluted bowl, cylindrical mugs, a pipkin and a large assemblage of broken clay pipes from context 2324, which were

The distribution of finds within these layers and the structural evidence suggests that it had two means by which it could be accessed, each designed for a different purpose. On the eastern side of the cess pit there was a small sloping chute, which may have been the side dedicated to the disposal of organic domestic waste such as food scraps (for example whole chicken eggs). Interestingly, at this end of the cess pit there was a large quantity of complete or nearly complete pottery vessels and pewter spoons, perhaps having been accidentally

35

Figure 3.3 – Cess pit E section and elevation

dropped during the disposal of food scraps. On the opposite western end, there was a beam slot set into the north wall which may suggest a timber construction to support a privy was built on this side. The pit survived to a depth of 3.6m (at least 15 stone courses; Plate 3.20; Fig. 3.3) and was constructed directly upon solid clay. This construction was typical of the stone lined cess pits identified across the site, although the scale of this particular cess pit may suggest it was used communally. The pit was large enough to have an area of waste for a significant group of people and its size and quality suggest it would have required a considerable investment to construct. There was also evidence that it may have been larger as there was no solidly constructed wall on the southern edge, suggesting the original southern wall had lain beneath the reconstructed main wall (2359). The other cess pits were all smaller in their construction. Much can also be said about the construction and location of the cess pits and Schofield and Vince commenting on the medieval centres of London, Stamford, Southampton and Worcester suggest that ‘…(i) stone privies of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries were commonly towards the edges of properties, often deep within them; (ii) stone privies often replaced timber predecessors in the same locations (as is demonstrated on several London sites; (iii) timber-lined cess pits of tenth-century and later date are found near boundaries which are documented by 1300.’ (Schofield and Vince 2003, 82-3). Each of the identifiable cess pits were located towards the rear of the plots away from the frontage buildings. No timber lined cess pits were identified.

contained a roughly contemporaneous group of pottery, which dated to the 16th century, with only a small amount of residual material. The large fragments of individual pots recovered are indicative of swift disposal of the broken pot into the cesspit, which probably occurred around c.1550. Cross-joins between the fills may indicate a single disposal event but much of the fill was very glutinous and viscous and pot sherds may have sunk down through it. A Midlands Yellow ware cup base sherd in fill 2309 could indicate a date later in the second half of the 16th century or could indicate evidence of use of this ware by the mid 16th century. However, the small number of sherds identified as blackware may also push the backfill date into the third quarter of the 16th century, although the other finds are more consistent with a mid16th century date. However, Mould (Chapter 7) also notes leather recovered from the same pit (see below) could date to the late 14th or early 15th century. The dominance of drinking vessels and cisterns found within the fill is typical of many late medieval/early postmedieval sites in the West Midlands and seems genuinely to represent vessels in use by relatively prosperous urban dwellers. The group contained other evidence of 'bourgeois' occupation. There were two dripping trays, a highly decorated Cologne drinking jug, a possible small fragment from a figurine salt, a blackware pedestal salt, a possible chafing dish and a tin-glazed earthen ware bowl with internal blue painted decoration, there were also a large number of cisterns present in the fill. There could have been the remains of as many as 16 cisterns. Cess Pit E: Other finds A large amount of finds were recovered from the cesspit deposits. The artefacts were either accidentally or deliberately deposited and can be used to create a detailed picture of the inhabitants of this plot at this particular period (1550’s). Evidence of a variety of industries was

The pottery by Stephanie Rátkai The pottery recovered from this cesspit is comprehensively described and illustrated in Chapter 8 and Appendix 1, although some ceramic examples are illustrated in Plate 3.21. To summarize, the cesspit

36

present. Iron and copper alloy scrap wire was found probably representing discarded material from the production of items such as pins made from drawn metal wire. A large quantity of leather offcuts was identified including some fine calfskin from the production of book binding. There was also evidence of cobbling and translation (the recycling of shoes for re-use and re-sale).

chicken eggs found in these cess deposits. The samples recovered from this cess pit were dominated by the remains of cultivated cereals and gathered foods such as fruit. Crab apples, plums, dwarf cherry and wild strawberry represent food gathered in the area around the site. The remains of grape also indicated the use of imported goods. Plant seeds from the surrounding area such as buttercup, chickweed, thistles holly and sedge also ended up in the deposits probably through natural silting and accidental deposition, these paint a picture of the natural environment in the surrounding area (Mckenna 2010). The nature of the burial context meant that the animal bone assemblage consisted of beef, mutton and chicken- the remainders of meals most likely discarded into the pit, scraped from the plates after the meal. Venison, Rabbit and domestic fowl were also procured for the table (see Chapter 8).

With regards to personal items, dress and dress accessories confirm the general fashion trends of the day. Many examples of leather shoes (or shoe offcuts) were found, dating from the 15th and 16th centuries including three generations of shoe style. This suggests that the cess pit was successively cleared out, but never comprehensively, allowing some items to remain in the pit. A leather girdle purse with an iron frame of 16th century date may reflect a certain degree of affluence in its local inhabitants. A small copper alloy rumbler bell, linen and coarse wool fabrics, common dress accessories from the second half of the 16th century, and like the shoes, reflect the fashions of the day.

Further medieval structures One section of isolated walling (1748; Fig. 2.7, Plate 3.22) was identified in plot F/G. This was orientated north to south, was 7m in length and only one course remained. Like the other 14th/15th structures on site it was constructed of rough-cut sandstone blocks. It may once have been a rear wall of a property or a boundary wall.

The content of the pit also gives some insight into the interiors of the houses in the proximity and household furnishings. A silk and gold woven band tablet would originally have embellished a piece of upholstered wooden furniture, such as chair, bed or chest and reflects the richly decorated interior design of the structures of the 16th century. Good evidence of the table furnishings came in the form of a lathe cut wooden bowl, wooden knife handle, pewter spoons and fragment of a glass beaker. When these are put together with the pottery evidence a representative picture of the affluence of the household can be presented.

A structure composed of both brick and stone (Fig. 2.7; 1266 and 1358) was situated towards the south eastern edge of site. The structure probably represents several phases of walling, which had become truncated. The primary phase of construction was located Plot I. In plan it was dog-legged, the main north to south wall having been added to an earlier elevation to the south. The earlier part of the structure (1358) was constructed of sandstone and brick directly upon 15th-16th century deposits, the earliest construction (sandstone) probably dates to phase 3. It had been re-faced in brick at a later date and then a long wall was added to the building in the 19th to 20th century. This wall (1266) was constructed of brick, sandstone and crushed brick and concrete foundations, and was orientated north to south. The overall length of this part of the structure was 16m, but it had been interrupted or truncated in several places. It is likely that these are the foundations of buildings which had been redeveloped over a long period. Part of it may represent the western external wall of the large building situated within the timber yard first identified in the 1888 Ordnance Survey map.

Possible evidence of the demolished superstructure survived in the form of sawn oak boards which may have formed a wooden lining or cladding. Wood chippings from the working of the planks were also identified. These may have originated from in situ renovations of the structure. Edge pieces from blown cylinder glass and thick central bulls eyes from 15th/ 16th century crown spun window glass were identified. One painted glass fragment with the figure of Adam? on it must certainly have come from an ecclesiastical structure (see Chapter 7). The pit had been deliberately sealed with demolition rubble consisting of roof tiles, and sandstone blocks (as had the other cess pits). One decorated floor tile probably originated from a high status probably ecclesiastical structure. These building materials were consistent with those found elsewhere on site.

Structural wood by Steven J Allen Cess Pit E: Dietary evidence The environmental material recovered from the cess pits includes evidence from both human fecal material and from general disposal of food waste both providing evidence of the diet of the inhabitants (see Smith in Chapter 8). An example of this is the survival of whole

The majority of the structural wood was recovered from waterlogged contexts in the cess pits and included boards and chippings (see Table 1). The overwhelming majority of the assemblage came from Cess Pits D and E and dated stratigraphically from the 1550s.

37

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2310 

2310 

2460 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

ID 

2130 

Context 

1 

Length 

198 

185 

310 

210 

320 

60 

80 

110 

435 

424 

570 

500 

260 

57 

400 

222 

183 

197 

204 

181 

525 

Width 

120 

80 

220 

53 

80 

40 

30 

40 

120 

165 

70 

138 

50 

94 

190 

38 

26 

25 

38 

38 

77 

Thickness 

20 

10 

20 

20 

20 

22 

15 

18 

20 

17 

10 

20 

101 

86 

20 

18 

08 

15 

12 

20 

10 

Species  Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Description 

n  n 

Board, sawn conversion.  Single fe  nail through face  towards hewn  end. Other end  broken away and missing.  Stave.    Single  fe  nail  through  face  towards  one  end.    Other  end  broken  away  and  missing. 

n 

Offcut from board.  Single nail hole through face offset towards intact edge, midway  along length. Both ends and other edge broken away and missing. 

Board fragment. Two fe nails driven through same face towards same end. Both ends  broken and missing. 

38

n 

n 

n 

n 

Board  fragment,  cut  from  knotty  timber.  Sawn  conversion.    Single  fe  nail  through  face towards one end.  Intact end hewn, intact edge chamfered.  Other end and edge  broken away and missing.  Board  fragment.    One  straight  edge  with  cut  out  towards  one  end  and  one  curved  edge.  Irregular  cross  section.  Shallow  score  marks  on  both  faces.  Indications  of  six  metal tacks driven into same face midway along length. Both ends broken away and  missing 

n 

Fragment  of  board.    Single  fe  nail  through  face  midway  between  ends.    Both  ends  broken away and missing. In two refitting sections 

n 

heartwood chipping.  Irregular cross section. 

heartwood chipping.  Irregular cross section. 

n 

n 

heartwood chipping.  Irregular cross section. 

n 

Stave from cask.  Part of howel present.  One end broken across croze groove and  missing.  Other end eroded.  Much surface damage. 

y 

y 

n 

y 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

Bark 

Board, sawn conversion 

Axe hewn chipping from outer surface of roundwood, bark present. 

Section  of  roundwood  post  or  pile.    Lower  end  roughly  hewn,  upper  end  broken  away and missing. 

Board, one end hewn 

Offcut from roundwood, bark present. 

Offcut from board. 

Offcut from board. 

Offcut from board. 

Offcut from board.  Sawn conversion 

Stave.  Much surface damage 

Table 1 – Wooden object catalogue

radially faced

radially faced. 

radially faced 

radially faced 

radially faced 

tangentially faced 

radially faced 

radially faced 

radially faced 

tangentially faced 

radially faced 

tangentially faced 

tangentially faced 

quartered 

Fraxinus  excelsior L.  Quercus spp. 

radially faced 

tangentially faced 

radially faced 

radially faced 

radially faced 

tangentially faced 

tangentially faced 

Conversion 

Quercus spp. 

Alnus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Sapwood  n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

y 

y 

n 

y 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

n 

n 

y 

n 

y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

Heartwood 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460  2460 2460 

2460 

2460 

2460  2460 2460

2460 

2460 2460

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2502 

2460 

2460 

2460

2460 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30  31  32 

33 

34 

35  36  37 

38 

39  40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

130 

153 

88 

134 

426 

103 

300 

252 

210 

117 

139 

93  44 

122 

64  81  103 

48 

92 

225  298  158 

316 

378 

145 

184 

288 

138 

140 

110 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a 

132 

127 

64 

129 

110 

48 

56 

40  33 

49 

48  61  29 

51 

54 

38  103  70 

41 

37 

38 

35 

28 

n/a 

105 

176 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a 

20 

15 

20 

37 

47 

30 

27 

11  11 

17 

16  17  20 

19 

19 

15  18  11 

09 

10 

07 

08 

18 

n/a 

45 

20 

Alnus spp. 

Salix spp.

n 

Halved  roundwood,  no  bark  present.    Partially  dessicated.  Both  ends  broken  and  missing. 

Section of roundwood, bark present.  4 annual rings, winter felled. 

Section of roundwood, bark present.  8 annual rings, early spring felled.

Section of roundwood, bark present.  7 annual rings, early spring felled. 

39

y 

y

y 

y 

n 

Cant  stave  from  cask  head.  Curved  edge  bevelled  on  both  faces,  but  finishes  in  blunted  profile.    Straight  edge  has  traces  of  planing.  No  edge  pegs,  vent  holes  or  markings present.  Section of roundwood, bark present.  9 annual rings, winter felled. 

n 

n 

Board fragment, sawn conversion.  Both ends broken away and missing. 

Board fragment, sawn conversion. One end sawn, other broken away and missing. 

n 

n 

n 

Halved  roundwood,  no  bark  present.    Partially  dessicated.  Both  ends  broken  and  missing. 

Hewn  chipping  from  outer  surface  of  roundwood,  bark  present.    Almost  quartered  conversion.  Axe hewn chipping from outer surface of roundwood, bark present.  Crude hewing  marks on face with tool signature marks present. 

n n

n 

n  n n

n 

n 

n  n n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

Board fragment. Both ends broken away and missing, Board fragment. Both ends broken away and missing,

Board fragment. Both ends broken away and missing, 

Board fragment. Both ends broken away and missing,  Board fragment. Both ends broken away and missing, Board fragment. Both ends broken away and missing,

Board fragment. Both ends broken away and missing, 

Board fragment. Both ends broken away and missing, 

Offcut from board.  Board fragment in four refitting sections.  Both ends broken away and missing. Stave fragment, ?from coopered vessel. 

Offcut from board. 

Offcut from board. 

Offcut from board. 

Offcut from board. 

Offcut from board. 

n 

y 

Axe  hewn  chipping  from  outer  surface  of  roundwood,  bark  present.    Almost  quartered conversion.  Post base or pile tip. One end roughly hewn with axe blade width 62mm, other end  broken away and missing. 

n 

Board fragment, sawn conversion. Both ends sawn away. Fast grown timber. 

Table 1 – Wooden object catalogue

roundwood roundwood

roundwood 

roundwood 

Fraxinus  excelsior L.  Salix spp. 

radially faced 

radially faced 

tangentially faced 

tangentially faced 

tangentially faced 

halved 

halved 

radially faced radially faced

tangentially faced 

tangentially faced  tangentially faced radially faced

tangentially faced 

tangentially faced 

radially faced  tangentially faced radially faced 

radially faced 

radially faced. 

radially faced 

radially faced 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Salix spp. 

Salix spp. 

Quercus spp. Quercus spp.

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp.  Quercus spp. Quercus spp.

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp.  Quercus spp. Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

radially faced 

boxed heart 

Fraxinus  excelsior L.  Quercus spp. 

tangentially faced 

radially faced 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

y 

y

y 

y 

n 

n 

n 

y 

y 

y 

y 

n n

n 

n  n n

n 

n 

n  n n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

y 

y 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

y 

y 

y 

n 

n 

n 

n 

y y

y 

y  y y

y 

y 

y  y y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

n 

y 

2460

2460 

2460 2460 2460 

2460  2460

2460 

2460 

2460 2460

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2572 

2310 

2310  2310 

2310 

2310 

2310 

2310 

2310 

2310 

2310

52 

53 

54  55  56 

57  58 

59 

60 

61  62 

63 

64 

65 

66 

67 

68 

69 

70 

71 

72  73 

74 

75 

76 

77 

78 

79 

80 

86 

77 

181 

120 

115 

179 

102 

91  57 

83 

171 

445 

120 

80 

210 

160 

95 

n/a 

120  120 

100 

190 

210  250 

122  87  150 

92 

131 

08 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a  n/a 

n/a 

94 

75 

30 

45 

140 

n/a 

20 

n/a 

60  100 

60 

60 

40  35 

n/a  n/a  88 

n/a 

n/a 

03 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a 

n/a  n/a 

n/a 

26 

25 

35 

20 

20 

n/a 

02 

08 

20  20 

20 

20 

10  09 

n/a  n/a  09 

n/a 

n/a 

not identifiable

Alnus spp. 

Alnus spp. 

Alnus spp. 

n 

Board fragment, sawn conversion, both ends broken and missing.  Split longitudinally  into two refitting sections. 

Section  of  forked  roundwood  twig,  bark  present.  Both  ends  broken  away  and  missing.  Section of bark. Both ends broken away and missing.

Section of roundwood twig, bark present. Both ends broken away and missing. 

Section of roundwood twig, bark present. Both ends broken away and missing. 

Section of roundwood twig, bark present. Both ends broken away and missing. 

Section of roundwood, no bark present. Both ends broken away and missing. 

Section of roundwood, no bark present. Both ends broken away and missing. 

Section of roundwood, bark present. Both ends broken away and missing.  Section of roundwood, no bark present. Both ends broken away and missing. 

Section of roundwood, no bark present. Both ends broken away and missing. 

40

y

y 

y 

y 

y 

n 

n 

y  n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

y 

Section  of  roundwood,  bark  present.    One  end  cut  hewn  with  three  intersecting  facets surviving, other end broken away and missing. 

Heartwood chipping.  Section  of  quartered  roundwood,  no  bark  present.    Both  ends  broken  away  and  missing.  Offcut from board.  Hewn edges, sawn ends.  Board  section,  both  ends  sawn  away.  'V'  profile  with  remains  of  'V'  cross  section  groove in thicker edge.  One side of groove broken away and missing. 

n 

n 

c. 30% of turned wooden bowl, 35 high. Face turned from halved blank, rim towards  centre of tree. 'V' profile rim with flat, slightly concave, base. Single turned groove c.  25mm below rim around exterior. In two refitting sections.  Plate from scale tang knife handle.  Pierced by four 03 dia. rivet holes through face.  Flares out towards butt end. Inner face shaved with good tool signature marks. 

n n

n 

n 

n  n

y y n 

y 

y

Offcut from board.  Both ends broken away and missing. Offcut from board.  Both ends broken away and missing.

Offcut from board.  Both ends broken away and missing. 

Offcut from board.  Both ends broken away and missing. 

Offcut from board.  Both ends broken away and missing.  Offcut from board.  Both ends broken away and missing.

Section of roundwood, bark present.  7 annual rings, winter felled. Section of roundwood, bark present.  5 annual rings, winter felled. Board fragment in four refitting sections. 

Section of roundwood, bark present.  6 annual rings, winter felled. 

Section of roundwood, bark present.  11 annual rings, winter felled.

Table 1 – Wooden object catalogue

tangentially faced

roundwood 

roundwood 

roundwood 

roundwood 

roundwood 

Fraxinus  excelsior L.  Alnus spp. 

halved 

Prunus spp. 

roundwood  roundwood 

roundwood 

Acer  campestre  L.  Prunus spp.  Prunus spp. 

radially faced 

radially faced 

quartered 

tangentially fac 

tangentially faced 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Salix spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

roundwood 

tangentially faced 

Buxus  sempervirens L.  Quercus spp. 

box halved 

tangentially faced tangentially faced

radially faced 

radially faced 

radially faced  radially faced

roundwood roundwood radially faced 

roundwood 

roundwood

Alnus spp. 

Quercus spp. Quercus spp.

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp.  Quercus spp.

Corylus avellana  Corylus avellana  Quercus spp. 

Corylus avellana 

Corylus avellana 

n

y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

y 

y  y 

y 

n 

n 

y 

n 

n 

y 

n 

n 

n n

n 

n 

n  n

y y n 

y 

y

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n 

n  n 

n 

y 

y 

n 

y 

y 

n 

y 

y 

y y

y 

y 

y  y

n  n  y 

n 

n 

2310 

2310 

2310 

2310 

2310 

2310 

2310 2310 

2310 

2310 

2310 

2310 

2460 

2460 

2460 

2460 

81 

82 

83 

84 

85 

86 

87  88 

89 

90 

91 

92 

93 

94 

95 

96 

n/a 

127 

168 

109 

222 

40 

49 

47 

59  66 

71 

124 

121 

163 

72 

88 

n/a 

n/a 

32 

44 

38 

16 

31 

35 

32  37 

79 

37 

20 

51 

39 

46 

08 

n/a 

24 

40 

18 

14 

14 

07 

07  03 

10 

08 

07 

16 

11 

12 

Alnus spp. 

Alnus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Alnus spp. 

Alnus spp. 

Alnus spp. 

Alnus spp. 

Quercus spp. Not identifiable 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Quercus spp. 

Corylus avellana  L.  Salix spp. 

box halved 

roundwood 

roundwood 

quartered 

tangentially faced 

tangentially faced 

tangentially faced 

radially faced 

radially faced tangentially faced 

radially faced 

radially faced 

radially faced 

tangentially faced 

tangentially faced 

tangentially faced 

n 

41

n 

c. 50% of turned wooden bowl, 70 high. Face turned from halved blank, rim towards  centre of tree. Beaded rim, flat base having prominent turning marks. Hewing marks  where  removed  from  core  on  both  sides  of  base.  Very  little  wear.    In  3  refitting  sections. 

n 

n 

y 

n 

n 

n 

n y 

n 

n 

n 

n 

y 

y 

Section of roundwood, no bark present.  Both ends broken away and missing. 

Chipping  from  outer  surface  of  roundwood,  bark  present.  Both  ends  broken  away  and missing.  Section  of  quartered  roundwood,  no  bark  present.  Both  ends  broken  away  and  missing.  Section of roundwood, no bark present.  Marked curvature along length.  Both ends  broken away and missing. 

Heartwood chipping, ends and eges broken and abraded. 

Heartwood chipping, ends and eges broken and abraded. 

Heartwood chipping, ends and eges broken and abraded. 

Hewn heartwood chipping with good tool signature marks present. Bark chipping. 

Hewn heartwood chipping with good tool signature marks present. 

Board fragment.  Both ends and edges broken away and missing. 

Axe hewn chipping from outer surface of roundwood, bark present.    Chipping from outer surface of roundwood, no bark present. Both ends broken away  and missing.  Board fragment.  Both ends and edges broken away and missing. 

Axe hewn chipping from outer surface of roundwood, bark present.   

n 

y 

y 

y 

y 

n 

n 

n 

n n 

n 

n 

n 

y 

y 

y 

y 

n 

n 

n 

n 

y 

y 

y 

y n 

y 

y 

y 

n 

n 

n 

The following wood species were identified in the assemblage:

broken off in the wood. These were certainly intended to secure something to the face of the board.

Acer campestre L.- Field Maple Alnus spp. - Alder Buxus sempervirens L.- Box Tree Corylus avellana L.- Hazel Fraxinus excelsior L. - Ash Pomoideae spp. - Apples, Pears, Hawthorn, Quinces Prunus spp. - Stone fruit, such as cherries, blackthorn, Quercus spp. - Oak, exact species not determinable Salix spp. - Willows, exact species not determinable

The remainder of the structural wood assemblage consisted of three types of material. Heartwood chippings are indicative of the working of oak timbers nearby. Chippings from the outer surfaces of roundwood poles may be associated with cutting points on stakes or piles. Finally, there are many fragments of roundwood, including species such as Alders, Willows, Prunus species, Hazel, Ash and Oak. Some of these are trimmed but otherwise their function is not clear. One small group (numbers 48-55) may be from a wattle structure, made from rods of various species cut in winter or early spring. The rest may have been gathered for fuel and unused or represent the broken up remains of wattle structures. Another small group (numbers 97-125) consists of ash charcoal prepared for fuel. These were present in a single storage pit (1821) dated to the 15th-16th century (Plot I).

The structural wood assemblage included sawn oak boards, sometimes with one or more nails driven through the face towards one end. Occasionally, chamfered edges were present, but the placing of the nail head relative to the slope of the chamfer rules out identification of such boards as roof shingles. These boards are derived from a wooden lining or cladding nailed to a timber structure but closer identification of the type of structure is not possible owing to lack of evidence, however it is possible that the boards recovered from the cess pits may have been part of the demolished superstructure, which would have been situated above. The survival of saw arks suggests little erosion has taken place and perhaps these boards were not used in the open. The sawn conversion was carried out by sawing the parent timber lengthwise into parallel slices, a practice resulting in tangential conversions.

Tiles and worked stone by Dr Phil Mills A total of 8262 fragments of Ceramic Building Material (CBM), weighing a total of 1649 kg were recovered from the excavation, of which 2925 fragments of diagnostic tile were retained. The quantities by fabric group in the assemblage are shown in Table 2, and the main form classes are shown in Table 3. The majority of the material is in fabric TZ54, also common in Birmingham. There are examples of tile from other sources, including a reasonably significant quantity of early medieval material. The forms recovered indicate that the largest group of material is roof tile (Plate 3.24), with a small quantity of brick and floor tile (Plate 3.25). There is a single example of a possible drain pipe.

Sawing was reintroduced into England in the late twelfth century (Goodburn 1991, 125), giving an earliest possible date for the assemblage. However the amount of boards, fragments derived from them and the numbers of unrecovered iron nails driven into them argues for a later medieval, if not early post-medieval, date. The pottery evidence confirms this assumption. All of the boards were taken from fast grown knotty oaks.

Fabric   TZ54   Yellow   Grey   Early green glaze   Stone 

Artefact no. 70 (Table 1) is an example of an earlier form of cladding. This was recovered from a pit (2570) dated to the 13th to 14th century. This piece of cladding was a section from a ‘V’ edged board. These utilise the natural sub triangular profile of a radially cleft board. The narrower edge fits into a groove cut into the thicker edge of an adjacent board, forming what is sometimes referred to as feather edge boarding. This practice is known from the Anglo Scandinavian period onwards and this piece represents an earlier structure on the site.

 Total 

Number  832  29  44  7  11  923 

No% 90.14% 3.14% 4.77% 0.76% 1.19%

Table 2 – The main CBM fabric groups

Roof and floor tiles were predominantly manufactured from clay, although other materials were employed. The tiles were evenly distributed across the site and present within the majority of the cut features. The distribution of green glazed 13-15/16th century tiles (probably ecclesiastical) showed a clear pattern of disposal in Plots G-J, with most being within Plots I and J. These plots were those located closest to Whitefriars Friary, established in the early 14th century, and located to the east of site.

Artefact no. 20 (Plate 3.23; Table 1) is also an interesting piece from cess pit E (2310). The shape of the cross section argues against it being part of a regular box as previously suggested, but the straighter of the edges was clearly cut to articulate with another piece of wood, though no actual joints or fastenings for such could be identified. The ‘rivets’ may be the ends of longer nails

42

Form 

No% 

B/T 

0.43% 

Brick 

0.54% 

Drain Pipe 

0.11% 

floor tile 

2.16% 

Mixed 

1.84% 

Nib tile 

10.91% 

pan 

0.32% 

PT 

5.62% 

Ridge Tile 

1.73% 

Tile 

76.35% 

Total 

923 

had found their way into the overburden or demolition deposits. Some of these blocks may have originated for high status or ecclesiastical buildings. The majority of worked stone material comprised slate Peg tile. However there were also a few examples of sandstone tile and one example of a sandstone brick. There was also a possible limestone tessera. Window Glass by Cecily Cropper A significant proportion of the window glass recovered was medieval, potentially ranging from as early as the 12th century, though a date of the 13/14th century is more likely for the majority. The number of fragments here is misleading however, as the fragility of the early glass has unfortunately lead to significant breakage. Of this total however a small number of fragments still retained the remains of paint (e.g. from the contexts 1334, 1290 and 1061 of various pits, Plots I and J). Much of the medieval glass is either plain (i.e. unpainted) or the paint has been lost and is therefore fairly undiagnostic for more accurate dating and interpretation.

Table 3 – The main CBM form types

A smaller amount of glass may either be late medieval or early post-medieval and with a provisional date of the 15/16th century. Included in this are fragments that indicate the method of manufacture, shown in edge pieces from blown cylinder glass, and the thick central bullseyes from 15/16th century crown spun glass (2310 and 2388, Plot D). A third small but notable grouping has a provisional date of the 17/18th century and the final date group is a very small number of 19/20th century fragments.

Most were found in pits dating to the 15th-16th century, it is possible that there was reorganisation of these high status or ecclesiastical structures at this time. There appeared to be two main rebuilding/ demolition episodes the c.14th century and c.16th century. Roof Tile (Class TZ00) The majority of the material recovered was roof tile, mainly nib tile, but also with quantities of peg tile and hybrid nib and peg tiles. Considering the amount of roof tile the numbers of ridge tile is very small and would indicate that the material does not result from primary dumping of a demolished or refitted roof. Additionally the majority of the ridge tile is glazed, suggesting they originate from an earlier and probably ecclesiastical structure dating to the 13th – 15/16th century (Plate 3.26).

To summarise, there appear to have been three probable main glazing programmes: 13/14th, 15/16th (probably post-dissolution plain glazing) and 17/18th centuries. The former glazing programmes relate directly to the building programmes identified on the site. Fragments from the 17th and 18th century may originate from other buildings.

Bricks (Class LZ00) There was very little building brick in the sample selected for examination, and this would seem true for the material collected as a whole. This class of material included some 2% of floor tiles. These were generally square in shape with a plain matt of gloss glaze on the upper surface. However there were two examples of early decorated tile. These are likely to have dated from the 12th-16th century, and associated with a high status, probably ecclesiastical structure.

Post-medieval structures Extensive evidence of structures dating to the 18th, 19th and 20th century periods was not recorded although Historic maps show several groups of buildings within the site area (see Fig. 4.2; Chapter 4), mainly extending from the street frontages along Much Park Street. Increased construction is apparent on the maps of 1748 until the 1950s, but these buildings had been scoured-out. There appears to have been thorough demolition and removal of many of these buildings, perhaps in the period preceding the construction of the car park. This also corresponds with the general lack of negative features and artefactual evidence dating to this post medieval period. The structures which had survived were of a very fragmentary nature.

Architectural and worked stone A small group of architectural stones were recovered from site. All had been reused in building foundations or

43

ribbons then moved into dyeing and finishing of ribbons and small wares when this became unprofitable. This practice continued throughout its lifetime, only varying to keep up with changing fashions.

The Ribbon Dye works (Hammertons) and the timber yard (The 19th century, Phase 7) The Ribbon Dye (Hammertons) works is known from cartographic and historical sources to have been constructed in the c.1893 and occupied until the 1950’s before being demolished. The cartographic evidence reveals the Ribbon Dye works was constructed in two phases. The first of these was during the period between in the late 19th century and the second phase, which consisted of significant building extensions, was between 1921 and 1937. The works were used for Ribbon and trimming dying throughout its long history. The Ribbon Dyeworks was established in the early 19th century (c. 1840’s) by Mr H Hammerton. The company was set up for Ribbon and trimming dying, dressing, watering and embossing etc, following the tradition of Coventry’s textile industry established in the medieval period. The Ribbon Dye works encountered on the Much Park Street site was constructed c.1893 and was the third premises occupied by the Hammertons business. The business was originally established at Hill Top Coventry, it subsequently moved to St. Mary Street before moving to the Much Park Street site. The building had a frontage of red brick, offices and warehouses and to the rear was the dye-house. There were other rooms devoted to finishing work (Coventry up to date, 1896). In 1938 Hammerton’s was the last remaining ribbon dyers in Coventry, the trade having been at its height during the early 19th century. The Hammerton business began by manufacturing

The archaeological remains of the Ribbon Dyeworks can be dated to Phase 7 (Fig. 3.4), more specifically to the second phase of significant building extensions at this site (1921 and 1937). Evidence of the machines used in the processing and dying of ribbons were preserved in the archaeology, as was the internal layout of part of the ground floor (Plate 3.27) and some of the external elevations and pillar base foundations. The ceramic evidence from the levelling layers in the northeast of site confirms a date of the second half of the 19th century for the reorganisation of the buildings in this area and levelling consistent with a significant construction phase. This is the period when the site was prepared for the construction of the Ribbon Dye Works. The ground floor surface, external walls, and pillar foundation pads of this building were exposed, these lay directly beneath the modern tarmac car park surface. The floor surface (1080) was made up of machine-cut, unfrogged 9 x 4¼ x 3 inch engineering bricks set within in a cement based mortar in a stretcher bond. It covered an area of 29m x 11m and extended beneath the excavation edge on its northern and western sides. The

Figure 3.4 – Plan showing the archaeological features associated with the ribbon dye works and timber yard

44

brickwork was orientated in a several different directions, probably reflecting the internal arrangement of the building. There was also evidence of machine bases (Plate 3.28), as there were regularly spaced holes and ware-marks in the brickwork where the machines would have been positioned. These machines are likely to have performed functions related to the manufacturing of dyed ribbon and there was also limited evidence of dye staining in the mortar of the brickwork. Wooden room partitions, iron rails and drainage channels were also set into the floor surface. The ceiling of this building was likely to have been supported by regularly spaced columns (1756), the bases of which were identified, situated in three rows orientated east to west within the building. These pillar bases spanned the north and south edges and the central line of the exposed building. They were evident as both crushed brick/concrete foundation pads and as negative features where these foundations had been removed. The insertion of these had truncated the underlying medieval archaeology. The location of removed features identified in the floor surface gave a clear indication of the arrangement and function of the building. It is likely that the space was arranged into at least three separate areas within which various processes related to the processing and dying of ribbon were undertaken. One large expanse of external walling was identified on the southeastern side of this building. This wall (1768) was constructed of machine-cut, unfrogged, 9 x 4 ¼ x 3 ½ inch red bricks set in a cement based mortar, orientated northeast to southwest. The foundations of the wall were of a crushed brick and concrete bedding type like that of the pillar bases. This wall was present on the cartographic sources of 1921 onwards. A further contemporary structure was situated to the southeast of the floor surfaces. This small truncated square structure (1057) was composed of machine-cut, unfrogged orange bricks set within a cement based mortar in a stretcher bond. The structure was 4m x 2m and a brick surface (1056) filled the interior space. This small structure may represent an outbuilding associated with the Ribbon Dye works. Further remains of the Ribbon Dye works were expected to be preserved beneath the northern and western areas of extant tarmac, as the building appeared to have only been demolished down to foundation level.

45

46

47

48

49

The 15th century 1400-1500 (Phase 4) witnessed a dramatic increase pit cutting across the site. The majority of these pits were cut in rows, and within the confines of the plot boundaries, although some of the pits do cross boundaries. There was reduced activity during the 17th to the 19th century (Phase 6) and it is likely that a relaxation of the plot boundaries occurred during this time. The lack of archaeological evidence dating to the 17th century or later suggests either a significant reduction in activity on the site or a change in site function. The cessation of activity is reflected in the artefactual record as well. There are a number of activities which may explain a hiatus, such as:

Chapter 4 - Development of the Plots Summary of site chronology The 12th century 1100-1200 (Phase 1) saw the beginnings and increasing of activity. Features were spread across site and there was no evidence of deliberate plot layout (ditches, stake/ post-holes etc). Possible beam slots suggest minimal construction at this time. A general lack of material evidence from before c1250 suggest that occupation on the site was limited when it began to spread in a southerly direction- this is where the greater number of features and pottery date from the 15th century 1400-1500. During the 14th century 1300-1400 (Phase 3) boundary ditches were cut and stone structures were built, all on the same regularly spaced alignment. The pits from this period conformed to this arrangement. Ten plots (A to J) have been identified on the site and research suggests these correspond to properties 112122 Much Park Street (Fig. 4.1). Each plot was identified using a combination of map regression and archaeological evidence. Through artefactual and structural remains each plot has revealed evidence of specific industries undertaken on site.

1 Loss of industries which required the cutting of pits, 2 Acquisition of a large stretch of land by one person or group of people, 3 Organised disposal of rubbish outside of city limits or simply, 4 A general lack of activity in the period. Records dating to the 18th and 19th centuries relating to several of the plots reveal that occupations were undertaken by the residents of the properties.

Figure 4.1 – Plan of the site showing the plot boundaries and the properties they relate to on Much Park Street

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All the boundary ditches were aligned east to west and many of the pits shared this orientation (except for plots between Much Park and Little Park streets which were further west). The distances between the measurable plot boundaries were all similar and were on average around 16 feet across equivalent to 1 perch in medieval dimensions (16 feet six inches).

These include coppersmiths, clothworkers, butchers and bakers. Tentative evidence of clothworking and butchery was indentified in the archaeological record. During the final archaeological phase in the 19th century (Phase 7) there was a clear abandonment of the plot system within the backplots due to the construction of a timber yard and Ribbon Dyeworks which covered the greater part of the east of site. Map evidence records the major reorganisation and development of the site which was not evident in the archaeological record, as a result of later truncation from the car park.

In addition to recognisable boundaries, plots could also be identified by regular alignments of pits again running on east to west alignments (see Chapter 2). Noticeable gaps in the distribution of cut features were an indication that pits avoided the boundaries. This suggests pits were excavated within defined plots which were determined by ownership (Pryor 2007, 197). Some of these pits however, crossed where there were supposed boundaries, perhaps indicating a more fluid arrangement of plots or later division, amalgamation or abandonment of boundaries. These alterations occurred around the 15th century 1400-1500 when there was a significant upsurge in pit cutting activity. Plots could also be identified by the distribution of artefactual material, in plots G to I in particular there was a high concentration of dumped metalworking waste including forging hearth bottoms and hammerscales, suggesting forging was undertaken within the buildings of these plots (see Chapter 5).

This pattern of site development broadly matched the pattern of development identified on the other excavated Much Park Street Sites. This is summarised by Wright 1988; ‘In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the M.P.S area had a suburban character: the metalworking trades were prominent but not yet particularly extensive although the area was being increasingly built up. The process by which M.P.S became fully part of the urban scene in the fourteenth century was one of piecemeal construction rather than town planning or speculative development’. (Wright 1988, 14)

The structures identified within the northeastern corner of site also conformed to the regularly arranged plot layouts and in this area walls had been used as a form of boundary (Fig. 3.1). Three plots (or buildings within the plots) could be identified (Plots B, C and D) and each was evenly spaced and had further substantial stone built boundary walls attached to them. These boundary walls remained on the same east to west orientation as the other boundaries. It was clear that the extant 19th century Greyhound Pub located to the west of site (118 much park street- Plot D) was constructed upon the same plot divisions held throughout the medieval period. The rear wall was on a similar alignment to that of one of the 14th15th century walls (2359) found in the northeastern corner of the excavation.

Plots and Layout The archaeological evidence revealed a pattern of organised land ownership, beginning in the 14th century 1300-1400 (Phase 3) when a series of boundary ditches were cut. From this period onwards, plot delineation continues to be clear and structured, present in the archaeological record in a variety of ways. Land delineation may have been more arbitrarily marked prior to this period; however they have not survived archaeologically. Evidence for the back plot boundaries can be identified in several ways at the site; the most obvious of these were linear ditches. Two of these ditches were clear and well defined dating to the 14th century 1300-1400; other less well preserved and undated boundary ditches were also noted. The other plots on the site may have been marked by more ephemeral boundaries such as small banks, fence lines or path ways which would have left little or no physical trace. The lack of boundary markers in some areas may also be explained by the fact these plots were not regular or consistently spaced. Large plots may incorporated into neighbouring plots. Plot divisions would have changed over time as ownership and use developed. These divisions may not have been strictly adhered to in the backplots. However the permanent nature of the structures themselves meant these boundaries were less likely to change. The general layout of the plots, especially those where there were structural elements, continued well into the 20th century.

Plots have also been identified on the documentary sources and historic maps. By overlaying the locations of the excavated features on to the historical mapping, a picture of regularly laid out plots appears (Fig. 4.1). Historic research into plot divisions and ownership was largely thanks to George Demidowicz (Coventry City Council Conservation Officer). Archaeological evidence has confirmed that separate plot divisions existed within the medieval period and whilst it is not clear exactly when these plots were laid out, they do appear to have been regularised after the incorporation of the city in 1345 and may be related to the granting of parcels of land by Queen Isabella documented in 1348.

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Within the confines of the development site, ten discrete plots have been revealed. A brief description of the archaeological features and industries identified within these plots is included here and summarised in Table 4. Each plot contained pits and some also contained postholes, ditches and structures. The material evidence indicated the types of activities and industries undertaken within each plot. To summarize, these plots are: 

Plot A 122 Much Park Street (only partially preserved in the northern part of site)



Plot B 120-121 Much Park Street (containing building group 1). Contained; a rectangular/ square building, walkway, drain, three stone lined cess pits (F, G & H), a sunken stone structure in the backplot, Industries: bone bead making waste, woodworking/ agricultural tool (sawblade).



Plot C 120-121 Much Park Street (containing building group 2). Contained: a rectangular/ square building, long boundary wall, doorway, internal stairwell, two stone lined cess pits (C & D), fireplace ash-pit. Industries; Textile production (spindle whorl), milling (millstone)



Plot D 119 Much Park Street (containing building group 3). Contained: a rectangular building, walkway, three stone lined cess pits (A, B & E), a long boundary wall, one well. The pottery contents from cess pit E represent the discarded possessions of an affluent household or group (including: an ecclesiastical window glass fragment from the 15th/16th century), Industries: Drawn wire (iron and copper alloy), Pottery production (wasters), Book binding (leather off-cuts), shoe cobbling and translation (leather shoes, shoe off-cuts).



Plot E 118 Much Park Street Contained; One well, evidence of religious observance (crucifix). Pottery evidence suggests this plot was under-used or vacant in the 16th century. Industries: bone bead making.



Plot F 116-117 Much Park Street Contained; an isolated medieval wall. Industries: trapezoidal pits (tanning?), long thin pits (‘tenter’ post hole/ pits), drawn wire (chain), organised commerce (bone pen), woodworking/ agricultural tool (axe blade).



Plot G 115 Much Park Street Industries; trapezoidal pits (tanning?), long thin pits (‘tenter’ post hole/ pits, metalworking residues), iron smithing (ash-rake), drawn wire (cu alloy clasp)



Plot H 114 Much Park Street Contained; a boundary ditch. Industries; metalworking residues, milling (mill stone fragment), iron smithing (iron bars).



Plot I 113 Much Park Street Contained; medieval wall foundations. Storage pits, boundary ditch, a line of post-holes (dated to the 16th-17th century). Industries; quarrying (quarry pits- these quarry pits are beneath pits which contained evidence for commerce (scale pan and stylus) perhaps the nature of the plot changed in the later 15th-16th century) metalworking residues, casting (crucible fragments), organised commerce (bone pens, stylus scale pan), iron smithing/ smelting (Tuyere from bellows, tool sharpener), jet bead manufacture.



Plot J 112 Much Park Street Industries- Quarrying (possible quarry pits), pin manufacture (headless brass pin stems and pinners bone), bone bead making waste, woodworking/ agricultural tools (gouge blade). Deeds relating to the properties along Much Park Street

Information from the deeds pertaining to the plots along Much Park Street begins in the mid 17th century. Little specific information is available before this time, and the documents are not comprehensive. Much of the information relates to named ownership of the properties, mortgage and loan fees, and occasional reference to boundaries and buildings. Importantly, with reference to the archaeological work being described here, details relating to the occupations of residents can be retrieved. It is unfortunate however, that earlier title deeds do not survive to inform us on the past occupations of the property holders. It is not the intention to go into specific detail here on the history of plot ownership, only to use the information, to help us interpret and identify the features. This is by nature fragmentary and does not unfortunately, relate to the main periods in question (Phases 1-5). A survey of 1652 (Phase 6) is the earliest intact record of occupiers and annual rent paid on properties along Much park street (CRO-BA/B/G/5/1, Coventry Record Office). The survey starts on the west side at Jordan Well and moves south along the west side of the street. It does not include details or occupation but does occasionally provide names of the occupiers. For example; Plots 112122. Plot no. 111- Thomas Norton, Plot no 112-113 Samuel Clarke, Plot no 114/115, Brian Moore, Plot no 116/117, Daniel Shaw, Plot no 118 John Yorke, Plot no 119 Tho? Marston?, Plot no 120-121 Tho? Robinson and Plot no 122 Edward Grovsnor? This information relates to Phase 6.

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6  17th to  19th  century 

5b  Post  1550 

122 Much  Park Street  (PLOT  A) 

7  19th to  20th  century 

Phase 

 

 

 

120‐121 Much  Park Street  (PLOT B) 

Milling  (millstone) 

 

 

120‐121 Much  Park Street  (PLOT C) 

Affluent domestic  household.  Copper  alloy wire  production.  Pottery wasters.  Book binding  (leather offcuts).  Shoe cobbling/  translation (leather  shoes/ offcuts) 

 

 

119 Much Park  Street (PLOT D) 

 

 

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Ribbon Dye Works  (1893‐1950’s).  Timber Yard within  backplot after mid‐  19th century.  Backplot becomes  open land  (landscaped/  orchard) 

118 Much Park  Street (PLOT E) 

 

Ribbon Dye  Works (1893‐ 1950’s).  Timber Yard  within backplot  after mid‐ 19th  century.  Backplot  becomes open  land  (landscaped/  orchard)  Historic  sources‐ noted  professions,     woolcomber  and baker. 

116‐117 Much  Park Street  (PLOT F)  Ribbon Dye  Works (1893‐ 1950’s).  Timber Yard  within  backplot after  mid‐ 19th  century.  Backplot  becomes  open  landorchard  Historic  sources‐  noted  professions,     silkweaver,  collarmaker,  coppersmith,  ropemaker,  bricklayer,  tailor, timber  merchant,  ribbonweaver,  cordwainer  and  buther.     

115 Much  Park Street  (PLOT G) 

 

Ribbon Dye  Works (1893‐ 1950’s).   Timber Yard  within  backplot after  mid‐ 19th  century.  Backplot  becomes  open land   orchard  Historic  sources‐   noted  professions,     coppersmith  and  clothworker. 

114 Much  Park Street  (PLOT H) 

 

 

Timber Yard  within  backplots  after mid 19th  century.    Backplot  becomes open  land  (landscaped/  orchard) 

113 Much  Park Street  (PLOT I) 

 

 

Timber Yard  within  backplots after  mid 19th  century    Backplot  becomes open  land  (landscaped/  orchard) 

112 Much Park  Street (PLOT J) 

Construction  of buildings  (rear of Much  Park Street) 

Pottery ‐ (Coventry  wares form  pre 1250)   

Pottery‐  (Saxon sherd) 

Pottery ‐ (Coventry  wares form  pre 1250)   

 

2   th 13  to  14th  century  1   12th to  13th  century  0   Pre‐ medieval   

Pottery ‐ (Coventry  wares form pre  1250)   

Construction of  buildings (rear  of Much Park  Street)    Textile  production  (spindle whorl) 

Woodworking/    agricultural  tools (pruning  sawblade)     

Construction  of buildings  (rear of  Much Park  Street) 

 

 

3   14th to  15th  century 

5a   16th  th to17   century  4   15th to  16th  century 

 

 

 

 

‘Tenter’ post  holes?  Trapazoidal  pits (tanning/  retting/  dyeing) 

 

 

 

 

Metalworking  residues  (slags)    High status  (green glazed/  decorated  roof and floor  tiles 

Trapazoidal  pits (tanning/  retting/  dyeing).  Metalworking  residues  (slags) 

 

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Table 4 – Archaeological summary and interpretation use of the plots

 

 

 

Flint tool‐  (prehistoric) 

Pottery ‐(Coventry  wares form pre  1250) 

 

Plot underused or  vacant in 16th  century (no  pottery)   

Pottery ‐(Coventry  wares form pre  1250) 

Construction of  buildings (rear of  Much Park Street) 

 

 

 

 

Metalworking  crucible 

Metalworking  residues  (slags)    High status  (green  glazed/  decorated  roof and floor  tiles 

Iron bars  (Iron  Smithing).  Trapazoidal  pits (tanning/  retting/  dyeing).  Metalworking  residues  (slags) 

Milling  (millstone  fragment) 

Pottery‐  (Saxon sherds  within ditch) 

 

Metalworking  crucible.  Tuyere (from  bellows‐  smithing).  Jet bead  manufacturing  waste.  Quarry Pits.  Writing Stylus.  Tool  sharpener.  Metalworking  residues  (slags)  Metalworking  residues  (slags).  Commerce  (bone pen and  scale pan).  High status  (green glazed/  decorated  roof and floor  tiles   

 

 

 

 

High status  (green glazed/  decorated roof  and floor tiles 

Quarry Pits.  Pin  manufacture  (pin stems and  pinners bone) 

 

The 18th century deeds for Plots 114- 117 Much Park Street all survive and provide details relating to the occupations of the residents (Table 4). Occupations of 114 Much park street in the late 18th century include both coppersmith and clothworker. At 115 Much park street from the early 18th century to the early 20th century include silkweaver, collarmaker, coppersmith, ropemaker, bricklayer, tailor, timber-merchant, ribbonweaver, cordwainer and butcher. At 116-117 Much Park Street during the late 17th century occupations included woolcomber and baker. These lists of occupations undertaken by the residents of Much Park Street do not necessarily confirm that these industries/ professions were undertaken on plots themselves as they may represent just the domestic premises at this period.

northeast of the site is an area labelled as Tenter Close. The regular rows depicted within the backplots at various positions may be representations of the ‘tenter racks’ required for the processing of cloth. The first detailed and accurate map representation is the 1852 Board of Health map. This shows the development of the buildings in the area and also the reorganisation of the backplot area. Within the northern part of the site a group of buildings are shown aligned north to south, separate from the frontages, but attached by lengthy boundary walls. These buildings are present on all of the later maps up until the 1950’s and it can be argued that they are also present on the preceding maps, albeit in a stylised form. The Greyhound Pub and Greyhound Yard (now demolished) are labelled, the backs of which run into the excavation area. Within the southern part of site, formerly comprised of strips of individual plots, a large area of landscaped gardens/ open parkland, covered by occasional trees is depicted. The picture that this map presents is one of prosperity, but it is perhaps over simplified. By the time of the first Ordnance Survey map in 1888 this landscaped area appears to have reverted back to the earlier plot divisions, and much of the site area is reoccupied by buildings and yards.

Cartographic evidence In common with the rest of the city, the main cartographic evidence for the excavation area is as follows (relevant maps illustrated in Fig. 4.2):              

1610 John Speed 1656 Dugdale (from J. Speed) 1748 Samuel Bradford 1807 Thomas Sharp 1852 Board of Health (1:528) 1888 Ordnance Survey 1st edition (1:500 and 1:2500) 1906 Ordnance Survey 1st edition revision (1:2500) 1913-14 Ordnance Survey 2nd edition (1:2500) 1921 Auction Plan (George Loveitt & Sons) 1937 Ordnance Survey 3rd edition (1:2500) 1950 Ordnance Survey (1:500) 1955 Ordnance Survey (1:2500) 1963 Ordnance Survey (1:2500) 1977 Ordnance Survey (1:2500)

The Ordnance Survey maps of the 19th and 20th centuries show major reorganisation and development of the site, a trend mirrored across the city. A timber yard is present in the southern part of site and some larger buildings were constructed upon the open land. The tenement blocks (or courts) show increased redevelopment and alteration. A large building marked as the Ribbon Dye Works appears on the early 20th Century Ordnance Survey map editions. This building was situated north of the excavation area but was later extended to cover a large portion of the former timber yard. Many of the tenement buildings are labelled as being in ruin by the time of the 1950’s Ordnance Survey map and they have all been cleared for the layout of the car park by the 1950’s Ordnance Survey map.

John Speed’s map of 1610 provides the earliest representation of the centre of Coventry. It shows Much Park Street and Little Park Street extensively built up on both sides. The street frontages are lined with long buildings and there are occasional structures situated within the expansive backplots. Plot boundaries and regular rows of trees (perhaps representing orchards) are also depicted. The site itself was situated within the area of these 17th century backplots. An outbuilding is present in the northeastern corner and within the backplots there are linear boundaries running east to west.

The structural evidence identified in the archaeological excavation is confirmed in the cartographic evidence, and while there are discrepancies in the locations and layouts, clear comparisons can be made. Building matches are confirmed across the site and dates of construction can be attributed to certain buildings, by comparison with the cartographic sources. The structures identified on the southern side of site are attributed to the Ribbon Dye Works. This can be identified as having been constructed in two phases. The first of these was during the period between 1888 and 1906 and the second phase of construction was between 1921 and 1937, this is the phase identified in the archaeological evidence. The rectangular building foundations identified to the south of the Ribbon Dye works can be dated cartographically between 1852 and 1888. The stone built foundations identified in the northeastern corner of site are likely to

Samual Bradford’s map of 1748, shows subtle developments of the site, with the street frontage buildings shown extending into the backplots, but with gardens and outbuildings still prominent, perhaps reflecting the wealth of this area of town. The regular burgage plot divisions are clearly visible and there are considerably more buildings within the backplots, in the northeastern corner of the site area in particular. In the

55

Figure 4.2 – Map regression showing the excavation area overlaid onto key historic maps of Coventry

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status, wealth, trade and industry at the Much Park Street site. On balance it seems most likely that the southern area of the city, particularly the area of Much Park Street, was somewhat peripheral and underdeveloped initially.

date from the 15th century. There are buildings present in this area on the 1610 and 1748 maps and they can be clearly identified on all of the maps from the 1852 edition until the 1950’s whereupon they were demolished.

The most significant pottery find consisted of two, (probably) middle Saxon sherds from a linear feature 1846 in Plot I. A further possible Saxon sherd was found in Pit 2328, Plot B. A cooking pot rim sherd (Fig. CD07.1) residual in Cess Pit 2338, Plot D, has a small diameter and a form which appears early and could conceivably be Saxo-Norman. Further north on Park Street (Wright 1987) evidence of pre-Conquest activity was provided by a Roman coin and prehistoric flints. Further north still, Roman pottery was recovered from a ditch situated to the rear of properties fronting Bayley Lane (Rátkai et al forthcoming).

Examining plot development using ceramic evidence by Stephanie Rátkai An excellent summary of the development of Coventry, particularly in relation to the Much Park Street area, is provided by Wright (1988, 6-14). This work is particularly invaluable as one of the three sites excavated by Wright, 122-23 Much Park Street, may well be partially represented within this assemblage (plot A). Unfortunately, Wright's excavations did not extend into the backplots to any appreciable extent and there were problems of residuality and contamination inevitably associated with excavation largely within structures. In view of the difficulties, the overall scheme of pottery use that Wright proposed seems largely consistent with that recorded in the excavations reported on here. The pottery evidence can be used to build up a comprehensive picture of the use and disuse of plots during the period of occupation on Much Park Street and this has been included in Table 4. The existence of pottery dated to before c.1250 (Coventry wares) within the fills of features in Plots A to E suggest that the occupation of Much Park Street appears to have been limited until after the mid-13th century when it spread in a southerly direction, where the greater number of features and pottery (Chilvers Coton wares) date from the 15th to 16th centuries.

From the assemblage there are very few features which could date to before c. 1250. An extensive layer (2543) contained only Coventry cooking pot sherds and represented two vessels at most. Features 2468 and 2470 (Plot B), 2563 and 2569 (Plot C), 2173 (Plot E/F), 1636 (Plot F), 1133 (Plot J) and layers 2538 and 2543 contained only Coventry ware cooking pot sherds and/or Coventry D pitcher sherds. Feature 1245 Plot I, a pit containing industrial waste had in its fill a single shelly ware sherd which may also belong to before c 1250. Actual physical features which can be dated early are, therefore, quite rare and this assumes that the pottery in them is not residual. Looking at the total assemblage (Appendix 2), residual Coventry ware cooking pots and tripod pitchers are not common as a percentage of the assemblage as a whole and were found in 62 features in total (including the features mentioned above). The early pottery seems to be fairly evenly distributed throughout the plots although pro rata for the area excavated, a slight concentration in Plots B and C might be discerned.

Wares primarily associated with the 15th century (Tudor Green) were represented in Plots F, G and I and were virtually absent from Plots A-E. These wares represent a degree of prosperity and knowledge of regional trends (Tudor Green was fashionable in the south-east for example). The presence of certain wares (Cistercian) and absence of others (Blackware, yellow ware and coursewares) suggest that most of the plots were occupied until at least the 16th century and that perhaps different methods of household rubbish disposal or truncation of later deposits have contributed to this assumption. Roof and floor tiles were identified across the site and within the majority of cut features. The distribution of green glazed 13-15/16th century tiles (probably ecclesiastical) showed a clear pattern of disposal in plots G-J, with most being within Plots I and J. These plots were those which were closest to Whitefriars Friary grounds, which was established in the early 14th century, and located to the east of site. Most were found in pits dating to the 15th-16th century, it is possible perhaps that there was reorganisation of these high status or ecclesiastical structures at this time.

The paucity of Coventry cooking pots and pitchers here is in marked contrast, for example, to the Broadgate East site (Redknap 1996). This site lay in the area adjacent to the castle and close to the area where the earliest occupation has been inferred (see above). Wright (1988) suggested that the activity seen on the three properties excavated on Much Park Street began in the second half of the 12th century, the remains discovered probably representing workshops associated with metalworking. A similar situation probably pertains to this more recent Much Park Street assemblage. On balance it seems most likely that the southern area of the city, particularly this area was somewhat peripheral and underdeveloped initially. However, recent work at Parkside (the extension of Much Park Street to the London Gate to the southeast of the city) also contains evidence of pre-1250 occupation effectively at the limits of the town, including a substantial section of a Coventry ware cooking pot in a plot boundary ditch. Therefore, although Much Park Street may not have been fully urbanised before c 1250,

The extensive range and completeness of the pottery assemblage has provided us with clear evidence of date,

57

the country and secondly that they were au fait with the prosperous urban lifestyle. Wright (1988, 42-44) notes a mixture of prosperous and poor households on Much Park Street and it is therefore of interest that the spatial distribution of Tudor Green at this latest Much Park Street site varies between plots. The ware is best represented on plots F, G and I and is absent or virtually absent from Plots A to E. This may indicate a difference in status between the occupants of these plots in the 15th century. Cistercian ware, in contrast, is more evenly distributed across the plots. Rhenish stonewares are found in plot D and plots F to I, in association with Tudor Green (pit 1805), with cistercian ware (pit 1326, pit 2246 and cess pit 2338) but otherwise in isolation or with earthenwares dating to the 15th and 16th centuries. Gaimster (1997) argues convincingly for stonewares being the sine qua non of bourgeois living in the 16th century, in which case there is a partial correlation between those plots which appear to be affluent in the 15th century, continuing to be so in the 16th century but also an indication of a status 'upgrade' on other plots. By far the best example of this comes from the contents of cess pit 2338 (Chapter 8) in plot D, which undoubtedly represent the erstwhile presence of an affluent household.

there is certainly enough evidence to indicate that land along the street had been regularised into burgage plots at least by the end of the 12th century. This would seem to find a parallel in Birmingham where Park Street and Moor Street were probably established at a similar period, although many of the plots on Park Street may have been unused. By far the greater part of the pottery assemblage was made up of Chilvers Coton wares, a similar pattern to that seen at Bond Street (Blinkhorn 2008). At Much Park Street, there are comparatively few features which do not contain Chilvers Coton A ware. There are some difficulties with identifying the sandy white wares which come from Chilvers Coton and those which may have been made elsewhere and this has implications for the dating of some features. In addition, the fabric descriptions for the A, B and C fabrics given by Mayes and Scott (198, 40-41) are far too general always to allow a positive identification. This subject is fully covered in the Chapter 9 and in Rátkai (2008), and Wright (1988) notes several fabric variations in the wares. However, the marked presence of Chilvers Coton A (or whitewares from another source), suggests a surge in activity from the second half of the 13th century. Wright (1988, 14) notes that Much Park Street and Dead Lane (adjacent to the recent site) were documented from the 13th century. Despite this, there can be no doubt that the greater number of features and pottery date from the 15th to 16th centuries. This would suggest that the Much Park Street area really burgeoned after the incorporation of the city in 1345 and may possibly be related to the granting of parcels of land by Queen Isabella documented in 1348. Wright (1988, 13-14) sets out the various interpretations deduced from the documentary evidence and it is evident from the archaeological summaries of 122-3 Much Park Street and the Stone House (op cit, 51 and 59) that renewed development occurred there after c 1350. Wright (op cit, 33) however, cautions against the automatic assumption that this was associated with Isabella's grants of land and sees instead the 14th century development as a 'more piecemeal urban growth and investment in a climate of economic prosperity and expanding population'.

Wright (1988, 42-44) notes the decline of Coventry in the 16th century and the concomitant increase in vacant dwellings. The presence of cistercian ware across most of the plots would tend to suggest that most of them at the site were still occupied at least at the beginning of the 16th century. However, much of this occupation may have ceased during a particular sharp down turn in the period 1518-23 noted by Wright (ibid, 43). Plot E, in particular, judging from the pottery, may have been under-used or vacant in the 16th century. Blackware, yellow ware and coarseware, which should be commonplace in deposits dating to 1550 to 1650/1700 (see, for example the Bull Ring, Birmingham, Rátkai 2009) are very poorly represented, which may indicate a fall-off in occupation in this period, although dwellings are clearly marked here on Speed's Map of 1610. The paucity of these wares may also reflect different methods of household rubbish disposal or truncation of later deposits, since there was very little excavated material of the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. However, substantial amounts of 17th and 18th century pottery were recovered from excavations at Bayley Lane (Rátkai in prep a) and at Parkside (personal inspection by Rátkai), so a catch-all explanation of organised, post-medieval off-site rubbish disposal would seem to be unsupportable.

A small number of wares are chronologically sensitive, in particular, Tudor Green (and its local imitations), cistercian ware and the Rhenish stonewares. Tudor Green is primarily associated with the 15th century in Coventry, although some use in the 16th century is possible. At this site, Tudor Green is occasionally found in association with cistercian ware but the general picture seems to indicate that the former was replaced by the latter, a picture which is also seen, for example at Lichfield. Although pottery per se was perceived as of little intrinsic value in the medieval period (it does not, for example feature on inventories of household goods), nevertheless its presence tells us two important things about the inhabitants of Much Park Street. Firstly, that they were up to date with the ceramic fashions of the southeast of

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and type. The Much Park Street assemblage is notable for the apparent lack of evidence of smelting or casting and the small amount of non-ferrous metalworking evidence, despite the presence of large quantities of secondary smithing waste. The evidence of the metalworking industries from sites in the vicinity provide us with clear comparisons. The site at 122-3 Much Park Street produced artefacts from the production of both nonferrous and ferrous metalworking. These included slag, coal, scrap metal, spilt or waste metal, clay and stone moulds and importantly, features interpreted as hearths (Wright, 1988). The presence of these in situ hearths may be accounted for by the fact that this site represented an area of the frontage buildings where these activities were likely to have occurred. These features were not represented on this latest Much Park Street site. Large quantities of secondary smithing slags from the manufacture of ferrous items were identified on all the sites excavated this side of the city centre (for example, 7-10 MPS, 122-23 MPS, and Stone House (Wright, 1988), Priory Street and Bayley Lane (Ratkai et al forthcoming).

Chapter 5 - A Tale of Two Trades: Metal and Jet Introduction The excavations at Much Park Street have revealed much evidence pertaining to the crafts and industry of the past occupants of this important area within Coventry. The majority are outlined and discussed in Chapter 6, but two trades, metal and jet working, represent key activities within the archaeological record from the site and are discussed in this chapter in detail. Being one of the most popular industries in the medieval period, metal working was perhaps the second most important craft in medieval Coventry next to the wool and cloth trade. In contrast, evidence for jet working is extremely rare in Britain and generally only appears in the archaeological record as isolated artefacts. The metalworking industry by Anthony Swiss Introduction Five vocations were known to be responsible for most of the metal crafts; the girdlers, smiths, wiredrawers, cardmakers and pinners (Phythian-Adams in Wright 1988, 26). Evidence for various types of metalworking was encountered across the site, primarily in the form of metalworking residues and the products themselves. The majority of these activities were dated to the 14th to 16th centuries. Residues such as hearth bottoms suggest that blacksmithing was being undertaken and that the nature of this was secondary blacksmithing, i.e. the forging of bar/stock iron and the repair and recycling of broken objects, rather than primary smithing (bloomsmithing/bloom refining). Smithing tools recovered from the backfilled features provided further evidence. There was not however, any evidence of in situ metalworking, as all of the waste was present in pits or as spreads of material, which may have been the result of rake out of the hearths themselves. The vast majority of this material came from specific plots (G to I) the likelihood being that smithing was likely to have been undertaken in workshops along the frontage, with the waste being disposed of in the backplots in pits or as spreads of material. Limited evidence of the melting of non-ferrous metals was present in the form of fragments of crucible. There was good evidence for smithing, wire drawing, pin making and the cold working of non-ferrous metals in the artefactual record, industries known in the archaeological record of Coventry.

Copper alloy wire, pins with spiral-wound and globular heads and pinners bones are all attributed to a specific wire drawing and pin manufacturing industry, being undertaken at various sites. Artefactual evidence from this industry was identified on the Bayley Lane and Priory Street, 7-10 Much Park Street, 122-3 Much Park Street and the Whitefriars Street site (McAree 2006). The evidence suggests the widespread occurrence of this industry. Smelting or casting is not represented in this assemblage as they are at other local sites. Tenuous evidence is available (crucible fragments, possible copper alloy offcuts and discarded products), but this is may be in part, residual. Fired clay moulds were identified at 122-3 Much Park Street (Wright 1988) and stone moulds form Priory Street (Halsted 2008). Copper alloy crucible waste from the casting of iron or copper alloy artefacts and smelting tap slags were recovered from the Stone House (Wright 1988). This type of evidence is more conclusive. It is of note that archaeological excavations on similar sites from across the country rarely produce slags resulting from both smithing and smelting activities, it is suggested that these industries were generally carried out in different places (Clarke 1984 163). Archaeological excavation from around the city provides us with extensive evidence of non-ferrous metalworking industries, some of which were comparable with those identified at this site. Excavations at Jordan Well (1955), Broadgate (1974-5), Cox Street (1976), Derby Lane (1984), Much Park Street (1971, 1986), Bayley Lane (1988, 1990) and Whitefriars Street (1995, 2003, 2004) provided evidence of crucibles for bronze smelting, copper alloy scraps and stone blank moulds. As yet no

Comparable archaeological evidence Evidence for smithing or forging of iron is widespread and most information comes from the remains of forging hearths, hammer scale (slag), and finished products. Archaeological excavation in the locality has revealed evidence of the metalworking trades which have direct comparisons with the Much Park Street site both in date

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Street, Coventry, as roughly 662 kilograms of ironworking residue were recovered and are illustrated in Appendix 3. After analysis of the ironworking residues it is probable that all of the residues (with the possible exception of one small piece) are associated with blacksmithing rather than iron smelting. The overwhelming evidence is the large quantity (42% by weight) of hearth bottoms (Plate 5.1) and over 1.5 kilos of flake and spheroidal hammerscale (residues which are fundamentally associated with blacksmithing; Plate 5.2). With the exception of a small piece of possible tap slag, there is a complete lack of any residue that one would associate with iron smelting, i.e. large quantities of large, heavy, blocky slag often heavily corroded, and often with noticeable charcoal impressions/ voids. The small pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slag, the concretions, and the small pieces of tile with adhered vitrified clay also all point towards smithing debris rather than smelting. The presence of pieces of coal instead of charcoal may also indicate blacksmithing. Admittedly only a few pieces of coal were found in the metalworking assemblage, but it has been highlighted that iron smelted using sulphurous coal produces a metal that is unsuitable when worked in the smith’s forge (Tylecote 1976, 105).

furnace has yet been identified in the city of Coventry (Soden 2005 159-60). Evidence in the backplots There was direct evidence of small scale industrial activity on the site. The clearest examples of this were the industrial residues which were a by-product of forging (both ferrous and non-ferrous slag and hammer-scales were present), evident as secondary deposits (spreads of material) and within pit fills. These slags, although not directly datable, were associated with 14th to 16th century deposits. No in-situ hearths or primary deposits were present, but the high concentration of slags (in particular forging hearth bottoms) suggests forging was present in the immediate locality, particularly in plots G to I. The smithing was likely to have been undertaken in workshops along the frontage within these plots. Evidence of primary smithing is not regularly found on medieval sites. Smithing or forging consisted of the working of iron rods or bars into implements or the working of worn out implements into new ones or for repair. In primary deposits metalworking structures such as; furnaces, hearths, pits for the water tank used in quenching and cooling tools and anvil bases are identifiable. The distribution of metalworking residues can also be used to identify the processes and activities carried out within the buildings (English Heritage 2001, 6). It is likely that both ground level and waist high, above ground hearths were employed in the smithing process during the medieval period, the latter would account for the lack of features associated with these activities preserved in the archaeological record (English Heritage 2001, 6). Also, as the majority of the site was away from the frontage, the likelihood of identifying a workshop area was greatly reduced.

The different classifications of residue identified are as follows;        

Some of the pits encountered within these plots may have been associated with the forging process and could possibly have been bowl hearth pits, or quenching pits. The majority of the pits though, had been used for the direct disposal of the numerous quantities of waste product, primarily composed of accumulations of raked out workshop material. Artefactual evidence of the types of objects being made and the material with which these were produced were also present. A Few broken fragments of a crucible were identified, suggesting the melting of small quantities of metal, however the overwhelming evidence was related to smithing activity. Part of an ash rake and a possible tuyere (from a pair of bellows) were recovered alongside the metalworking debris, these tools may have been directly used in the smithing process. There were also a multitude of iron objects (the product of smithing) and quantities of copper wire.

Hearth bottoms Other diagnostic residues (macro & micro-slags) Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residues Structural material / burnt, vitrified clay Fuel Corroded metalwork Non-ferrous metalworking residue Other residue

The nature of the metalworking residues suggest that they are the result of secondary blacksmithing, i.e. the forging of bar/stock iron, the repair and recycling of broken objects, rather than primary smithing (bloomsmithing/bloom refining). Primary smithing can produce both types of hammerscale and in particular large hearth bottoms, although it has been highlighted that large hearth bottoms can also be produced during secondary smithing if large quantities of iron are forged and/or the hearth is not cleaned out regularly (Crew 1996 1). The main argument against the Much Park Street residues’ being associated with primary smithing rests with the fact that bloom-forging would have occurred immediately after the bloom was removed from the furnace (Crew 1995 3) when it was still extremely hot. If true, then the bloom-forging would have taken place very close to the smelting site, and once again we come back to the lack of smelting residues. The small bit of possible tap slag (context 1987) is a tantalising piece of evidence, and it is possible that there is a large smelting site within the vicinity, although much more smelting residue would have been expected during the excavation.

Production Metallurgical residues are commonly found during archaeological excavation, although usually the residues are often restricted to just a few kilos in weight. This is not the case with the excavation undertaken at Much Park

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Other evidence which points to secondary smithing is the many pieces of corroded iron that made up part of the assemblage. These could be off-cuts or pieces of scrap rod/bar or even lost/discarded tools and broken objects. Quality steel was difficult to obtain during the Middle Ages (Moxon 1703, 57) and one can assume that this was also the case during the previous medieval period. Quality steel, when obtained, would have been used for items such as weapons, knives, and other objects that would have benefited from its superior properties (strength and ability to take and hold a sharp edge). The presence of the non-ferrous residues within the metalworking assemblage is interesting, and it is perfectly plausible that copper/copper alloys were being worked concurrently with the working of iron (Plate 5.3). Some of the small pieces of vitrified clay found on site could be pieces of the crucibles within which the nonferrous metal would have been melted.

yellow powder and again this might be associated with the use of coal. The spatial distribution of the hearth bottoms and incidences of yellow iron sulphide residue across the site, and there is a correlation (Fig. 5.1). The yellow residue is related to the blacksmithing process that was being undertaken on this site and the assumption is therefore that the smiths in Coventry were, at some point in time, using sulphurous coal as fuel for the hearths. Structural Material (Burnt, Vitrified Clay) Amongst the metalworking residues are some fragments that are possibly associated with hearth structures. These include three pieces of burnt/vitrified clay adhered to tile (Plates 5.5 and 5.6) and many pieces of burnt/vitrified clay (recovered from 17 contexts). The three pieces consisting of tile with adhered burnt/vitrified clay are very similar in their form. It is noted that tile was being recovered in large quantities and it is possible that this material was being used, structurally, to build blacksmith’s hearths/forges. The hearth or hearths would have possibly been waist height (for ease of use), the majority of the superstructure possibly constructed from clay, soil or rock. The uppermost of the hearth may have been made of tiles laid horizontally, with a bowl-shaped depression in the middle, which was subsequently lined with refractory clay.

The single most important residue examined was the yellow powder inclusions recovered from both the metalworking residues (Plate 5.4) and the corroded iron objects. Analysis of this yellow powder located within the matrix of the hearth bottoms has revealed the presence of iron sulphide (iron pyrite). The fact some of the yellow powder was found coating gas voids within the centre of hearth bottoms suggests that it was formed at the same time as the hearth bottom i.e. during the smithing process. Some of the ironwork also had adhered

Figure 5.1 – Spatial distribution of hearth bottoms and yellow iron sulphide residues recovered from pits across the site

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Casting of non-ferrous metals No clay or stone moulds for the casting of small nonferrous metal objects, ‘trinkets’ such as dress accessories and other small items, were recovered from these excavations, though they have been frequently found in contemporary deposits in the city, notably at land off Priory Street (Egan in (Rátkai et al forthcoming) and Much Park Street (Wright 1988, fig 49, 3-13) in the immediate neighbourhood. It would seem that rubbish from this particular industry was not disposed of in the plots investigated here. While the range of copper alloy dress accessories recovered is comparable to those found elsewhere very few items have the appearance of possible poor castings or unfinished products and those that have may well be found to be simply the result of heavy corrosion (no investigative conservation has been undertaken).

Metalworking Artefacts by Stephanie Rátkai and Quita Mould Crucibles and other possible industrial vessels Very little pottery which could be said to have been designed specifically for industrial use was identified in the assemblage. However, possible crucible fragments were identified within pit 1729 (13th–14th century), which also contained industrial waste and in pit 1813 (14th–16th century). These crucibles may have been used in the casting of metal items. Possible mantel fragments were recovered but these are discussed in Chapter 6. Iron smithing products Evidence for iron smithing in the form of smithing tools, bar iron or partly made iron items is limited, suggesting that once the forge or forges fell out of use any remaining contents of the workshops were carefully collected and recycled elsewhere. Only a very small number of iron objects had hammerscale within the encrustation indicating that they had been in close proximity to a smith’s forge. Two iron bars, one with hammerscale present, came from a 15th-16th century quarry pit 1349 backfilled with industrial waste in Plot H/I, for example. Smithing and hearth tools are limited to two items. One possibly the head broken from an ash rake (Fig. 5.2.1) from fill 1660 of 14th-15th century rectangular rubbish pit 1653 in plot F/G, the other a cylinder of iron sheet (Fig. 5.2.2) that might be the broken nozzle (tuyere) from a pair of bellows recovered from fill 1123 of a 15th-16th century pit 1122 in Plot I. A small number of broken, apparently agricultural, implements may possibly be items collected for recycling in the forge.

The drawn wire industry A large amount of wire of narrow gauge was found in fills 2310, 2388 of cess pit E (2338) in Plot D backfilled after 1550, principally occurring in a single context (2310) from which at least 590g of wire was recovered (Plate 5.7). Iron as well as copper alloy wire was present in the group, though looking the same superficially having been retrieved from a deposit containing much charcoal and cinder, the wires of both metals were black in colour, neither were encrusted or corroded. Much of the wire took the form of broken coils, some had been roughly gathered into bundles; all clearly scrap material discarded from the production of items made of drawn metal wire. The wires varied in gauge from c. 0.5-3mm in diameter, the majority around 1mm thick, that 2-3mm thick being less common. Amongst the wire was a broken fitting (Fig. 5.2.3) made from a double length of spirallytwisted copper alloy wire with rectangular loops of untwisted wire along its length. This would appear to be one of the products of this drawn wire industry. The use of this item is uncertain but it might be an elaborate frame for a headdress. Wire headdress frames of both copper alloy and iron wire covered with silk thread have been recovered from 14th and early 15th century contexts in London (Egan and Pritchard 1991, 293-6). A small amount of fine gauge iron wire was found in four other contexts while copper alloy wire came from 18 contexts, all may fall within the 14th to the 16th century date bracket (Phase 2-5a) and range within 0.4-4mm in diameter. Their find spots appear scattered across the Plots from D to I. The copper alloy wire is most likely to be waste from the production of brass wound-wire headed pins. Amongst the small quantity of brass woundwire headed pins found, principally in deposits of 14th16th century date (Phases 3 and 4), at least one was certainly unfinished (SF74 - see Appendix 4 for small find catalogue) (1590) from Phase 4, which, along with at least seven headless pin stems and a ‘pinner’s bone’ (SF434; Plate 5.8) in fill 1438 of 15th-16th century pit 1439 in Plot J, provide evidence for the manufacture of brass wound-wire headed pins in the immediate vicinity.

Figure 5.2 – Metalworking illustrations: 1 – Small find drawing (rake head), 2 – Small find 474 (iron sheet), 3 – Small find 466 (twisted wire fitting), 4 – Small find 263 drawing (copper alloy wire loop)

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The material used for the production of prayer beads was not limited to jet, and evidence from London indicates that wood, bone, natural resin and amber was also used in the medieval period (Gottschall 2008, 2). An excellent image of a beadmaker using a lathe to turn and cut beads can be seen in Fig. 5.3, and dates to c.1425. The wear visible on the Much Park Street beads is indicative that a similar process would have been used in their production.

Pin making was one of the principal crafts undertaken in Coventry in the late medieval/early post-medieval period and evidence for their production at this time is commonly found in the city. Sixteen pin-making bones were found in deposits dating to the late 15th-16th century at land off Priory Lane for example (Mould in (Rátkai et al forthcoming). The small number of twisted wire rings (Fig. 5.2.3) and twisted wire with looped ends also noted might also represent local products of the drawn wire trade. Simple early post medieval dress fasteners of these types must have been produced in great quantity. A piece of twisted copper alloy wire with a looped terminal found in fill (1660) of a 14th-15th century rectangular rubbish pit 1653 in Plot F/G may be an unfinished blunt hooked clasp (Class H Read 2008, 146) rather than simply waste from the drawn wire industry. The unusual copper alloy chain comprising articulating groups of five links, from a 15th-16th century pit (1796) in Plot F, again a charcoal rich deposit, may also be a local product. Similarly, rings of larger gauged copper alloy wire, such as (Fig. 5.2.4) from the upper fill 2266 of pit 2267 in Plot I, may be unfinished examples of simple annular buckle frames made in the locality. The cold working of non-ferrous metals A small amount (44 fragments) of off-cuts of copper alloy sheet from the cold working of sheet metal were present in deposits dating from the 13th-14th century onward, taking the form of small trimmings and small triangular and rectangular ‘snippets’. A similar quantity was found in pits in the back plots of land off Priory Street and Bayley Lane (Mould in Rátkai et al forthcoming) and at Much Park Street (Wright 1988, 88) and this material appears to represent a general ‘background scatter’ of debris discarded during the production of decorative copper alloy sheet fittings such as buckle plates and strap ends.

Figure 5.3 – A 15th century rosary maker using a

fiddle drill to manufacture paternoster beads, kindly reproduced from the House Book of Mendelian Twelve Brothers Foundation in Nuremberg, vol 1-3, 1388-1799 (Amb. 317.2° Folio 58 verso (Mendel I)

The Jet working industry by Amanda Forster, Stephanie Ratkái and Quita Mould

The assemblage The assemblage was recovered as a discrete group of material, deposited as a single dump in pit (1173). There were no other finds recovered from the pit, and certainly nothing which could be related to the episode of bead making. The deposit was removed from the site and processed back in the laboratory, where the individual objects were cleaned and sorted. In total, the jet material weighed almost 3kg, with approximately 60% of the group made up of flakes of working debris and the remainder either rough blanks, pierced blanks or broken beads (Table 5). The material was classified into groups, and sorted by size using a graduated sieve stack (or by hand, where appropriate). The group described as ‘beads’ were all incomplete and assumed to have broken during production or to be, in some way, flawed. The dump

The discrete deposit of jet working debris recovered from the site provides a rare insight into medieval craft production in and around the city of Coventry, and a very rare example of jet working in medieval Britain. Although finds of jet objects are relatively well distributed across Britain, finds are almost always single – and presumably lost – objects, such as the jet cross also recovered from the site (see Chapter 7). The group represents a single deposit of jet-working debris. The items being worked were exclusively beads – there is no evidence for the production of pendants or crucifixes. The production is presumably the work of a Pater Nosterer – a maker of rosaries or prayer-beads.

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Type 

Size (mm) 

Debris 

0‐2

Debris 

Weight  (g)  Total  weight  (g)  per 

No 

Total no. for group 

400 (24%)

n/a 

 

3‐5

220 (13%)

n/a 

 

Debris 

6‐10 

793 (45%)

n/a 

 

Debris 

11‐40 

278 (16%)

n/a 

 

Debris 

>41 

40 (2%)

2

n/a 

Blanks 

0‐10 

11 (20%)

23

 

Blanks 

11‐15 

32 (58%)

45

 

Blanks 

16‐20 

7 (13%)

4

 

Blanks 

21‐25 

5 (9%)

2

74 

Pierced blanks 

0‐10 

68 (11%)

189 

 

Pierced blanks 

11‐15 

498 (79%)

1000 

 

Pierced blanks 

16‐20 

65 (10%)

21

 

Pierced blanks 

21‐25 

3 (41mm (Plate 5.9). The majority of the material was made up of fragments which measured between 6 and 10mm, and represented 45% of the total assemblage (793g). This was followed by the smallest group (41mm) representing the smallest percentage (2%) (Fig. 5.4). Although little can be said regarding the morphology of the final product from the debris itself, it

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10‐40mm 

the final stages of shaping and polishing (Plate 5.14). It seems evident from the surface wear of these beads that shaping was done using a lathe, the regularity of the polish and fine striations on the surface indicating they were mechanically turned. Horizontal lathe-drills, with the spindle operated by a fiddle bow, were in use by the early 15th century in Germany (Campbell 1991, 136). Depictions of German rosary makers from the period give a good indication of the methods and equipment which the craftworker in Coventry may have been using (Fig. 5.3).

0‐2mm

2‐5mm

Examination of the beads indicates that there may well have been slightly different types of bead being produced (Plate 5.15). The majority appear to be spherical, and between 11 and 15mm in diameter. Within the same size category there are occasional examples of beads which seem to be more elliptical than spherical in profile, and may have provided a slightly different feel to the user of the beads. The use of the beads in rosaries is an important factor in their morphology. Rosaries were not standardised but were often divided into 10 beads or decades known as 'Aves' from Ave Maria, the decades separated one from another by a larger or differently shaped marker bead known as a gaud or 'Pater' from Pater Noster (Gotschall 2008, 6). As we do not have any evidence within this discrete assemblage of different types of material, it may be that the rosaries produced at the site were purely comprised of jet. Having different sized beads, or different profiles of bead, would therefore provide the necessary gaud or marker during prayer.

5‐10mm   

Figure 5.4 - The pie chart shows the relative proportion of working debris of different grades. The bar chart illustrates the relative proportion by weight.

An itinerant Paternosterer, or multi-skilled artisan? The find of the jet working waste in these excavations is an important one and gives some indication of the nature of rosary making and craftworking both in medieval Coventry and medieval Britain as a whole. In addition to the famous Whitby jet, other, continental sources were available, most specifically in North-Western Spain in Galicia and Asturias but also in France, in Languedoc. Spanish jet competed successfully with that from Whitby and jet artefacts served as a souvenir of pilgrimage along the Camino de Santiago (Suarez-Ruiz and Iglesias 2007) and were much in demand until the time of the Reformation, which drastically reduced the number of pilgrims and adversely affected the industry. Each source of jet has a particular petrological and geochemical signature. Since such tests were not carried out on the Much Park Street jet, its source is not certain, although the balance of probabilities favours Whitby and its environs. Street names such as Paternoster Row, which lay north of St Paul's and between Grey Friars and Blackfriars in London, signposted the location of shops specialising in rosaries; evidence from London suggest that rosary manufacture was a relatively common practice near to ecclesiastical sites (Campbell 1991, 138). Rosaries were often made of beads of more than one material and bone bead making waste, in the form of possible unfinished beads, was found with evidence for bead making in other materials namely jet, amber and

The pierced and half-pierced examples attest to the use of a sharp conical bit for the drilling of the perforations, and the slightly bi-conical section visible in some examples indicates that the blanks were pierced and drilled from both sides. In many cases it is not clear why the blanks were discarded at this stage of processing (Plate 5.13). It may be that they were too thin, fractured on piercing, were marked or included minor weaknesses in the material which led to the craftworker identifying the blank as unusable. A few examples do have a pitted surface, which may prove to be a considerable flaw if the small holes visible are deep enough to be difficult to polish out. The ideal finish of a jet bead would be smooth and highly polished - any surface flaw would render the bead unusable and a wasted effort for the craftworker. Beads The final group visible within the jet working assemblage is that of the beads. These were categorized as being recognisable as the final product, although all of them are only nearly finished and have apparently fractured during

65

This was also the case in London in contexts pre-dating c. 1450, although Egan notes large numbers coming from a slightly later date (site BOY86, Egan and Pritchard 1991: 315), a period not covered in the volume, so other details are lacking. Taken together, the evidence from the site seems to suggest either short bursts of rosary bead production or quite specific disposal of waste from bead manufacture, neither of which seem entirely believable. It is worth noting, however, that jet and particularly the dust and shavings from its working are highly combustible. In the crowded backplots of Much Park Street it may have been seen as desirable to dispose of jet waste promptly and safely and the deposit of bead production waste may represent the final act of a workshop clearance rather than the total waste from the craft. This group of working debris clearly represents a discrete episode in the history of the site, linking it specifically to the manufacture of religious objects. This should be viewed in conjunction with the jet crucifix (Cherry and Mould, Chapter 7), which may have been made locally, perhaps in Coventry itself, and the location of the site, opposite the main gate to the Whitefriars, although there is evidence that rosaries in the later medieval period became something of a fashion accessory and status symbol among the laity. The jet debris is also of importance in that waste from rosary manufacture is rare nationally and the find highlights yet again the rich artefactual heritage excavated in Coventry, still often under-appreciated, and much of which remains largely unavailable in the mainstream literature.

coral in one deposit of mid-14th century date at Baynard House, Queen Victoria Street, also known as ‘Baynard Castle Dock’ (Egan and Pritchard 1991, 314; see also Campbell 1991, 138). Documentary evidence also points to the use of beads of different materials and Chaucer's prioress '...wore a coral trinket on her arm, A set of beads, the gaudies tricked in green'. (Coghill 1986, 19). However, a German illustration of c. 1425 shows a German rosary maker with examples of finished wares, where the beads in each rosary are of the same material. Rosary makers in Paris appear to have not only specialised in the manufacture of rosaries, but also in the materials from which they were made, eg bone and horn, coral and mother-of-pearl, and jet and amber. Evidence for the manufacture of rosaries in Britain is comparatively rare, most coming from London (evidence for the manufacture of beads of bone, jet, amber and red coral has been found, Egan and Pritchard 1991: 305). There is also both amber and jet bead waste found together at York (Tweddle 1986), although not closely dated. The evidence from both York and London echoes the practices of the Paris paternosterers. The lack of other types of material waste associated with the Much Park Street dump could, therefore, suggest that the jet beads were being made exclusively or could indicate an event of clearing out the waste of one material, before starting work on another. A single deposit of jet rosary working debris within one backplot of Coventry does not immediately support the idea of a permanent rosary maker on this site. What it does represent, however, is difficult to pinpoint. While it could be an indication that some craft workers were itinerant, perhaps from a more permanent base in London, as the equipment needed to manufacture jet beads, such as a bow drill, could be carried by an itinerant craftsman, it is not clear why it would be economic to transport raw materials and make rosaries on site rather than import the finished goods directly from London. In addition, there were plenty of religious houses and churches within Coventry itself, quite apart from those in Coventry's economic hinterland, to support a more permanent craftsman. Jet working, to judge from 19th century evidence, required highly skilled practitioners, which would seem to rule out a speculative venture by those unfamiliar with jet-working on Much Park Street. In addition there was evidence of bone bead manufacture at the site and possibly also of ivory beads (see Chapter 6). There was clearly a demand, before the Reformation, for rosaries in a city like Coventry, with its abundance of religious houses and churches, and elsewhere in the city, for example on Bayley Lane (Chapter 6; Mould forthcoming), there is evidence of the manufacture of bone rosary beads, although bone-working would have required rather less skill than jet-working. There were also three spherical jet rosary beads from the Bayley Lane site but whether these were evidence of manufacture or casual loss is impossible to say. However, the quantity of waste from the manufacture of bone beads was sparse.

66

67

68

No pottery kilns have been identified in Coventry but evidence for the ceramic industry in medieval England in general is well documented by historical and archaeological evidence. The typology of pottery kilns and their associated buildings is well developed and no such structural evidence was identified on the Much Park Street site. Documentary sources mention the existence of potters within the city during the medieval period, although no kilns have yet been identified (Soden 2005). However, possible pottery wasters and comparable products from this and other sites across the city (in particular Cannon Park, Canley) suggest there was a localised industry at this period (Soden 2005).

Chapter 6 - Crafts, Production and Industries With the exception of the metalworking industry discussed in Chapter 5, almost all of the evidence for other crafts, production and industries undertaken on the site during the medieval period comes from the extensive range of artefacts recovered. Archaeologically, evidence for the presence of quarrying, jet bead manufacture (Chapter 5) and possibly textile production was identified through the identification of pit types and the material contained within. Pottery production was present in the vicinity of the site, recognised through the existence of saggars and wasters. Other crafts and industries of note included milling, bone bead making, textile production, book production and binding, woodworking and agriculture. These crafts and industries were identified through the artefact evidence and was dependant on what had been preserved in the archaeological record. The existence of waterlogged deposits contributed greatly to a more representative record of the activities undertaken. The assemblage can be seen to represent the most complete and varied recovered thus far from the sites excavated in Coventry. The majority of artefacts are described below by context and small find number. A full catalogue of small finds can be found in Appendix 4.

Bead making waste (bone blanks) were recovered from King Street, and Bayley Lane and domestic textile processing and working (dressmaking pins, spindlewhorls, pin beaters and thimbles) were found at Priory Street (Rátkai 2008), 7-10 Much Park Street, 12223 Much Park Street (Wright 1988) and Hill Street (Jones and Coutts 2007). Pinners bones used in the sharpening of pins during their production along with groups of pieces of wire, the debris from pin making were recovered from Priory street (Halstead 2008) and the discarded waste from bead or button making was recovered from Priory Street (Rátkai 2008) and 122-3 Much Park Street (Wright 1988).

Comparative Archaeological Evidence

Millstone and quernstone fragments were found at 122-3 Much Park Street and the Stone House (Wright 1988). The millstone which was recovered from the Much Park Street site came from the adjacent plot 120-121 MPS. Copper-alloy book clasps identified at the stone house and 122-3 MPS may have been produced on site (Wright 1988).

Archaeological excavation from around the city provides us with evidence of the crafts, production and industries undertaken during the medieval period. Many of these sites provide evidence of activities which are directly comparable to those identified at this latest Much Park Street site. Few of the comparable sites however, display the range and diversity of craft, production and industrial evidence that this site provides. This may be in part due to the extensive area of backplots covered in the excavation.

Quarrying Evidence of stone quarrying was identified on site (Plate 2.16 to 2.18, Chapter 2). A large rectangular quarry pit with associated ramp (1922) was identified along with other possible test quarry pits. The primary purpose of the main pit (1922) was for the quarrying of the underlying bedrock and may also have included the quarrying of the mixed stone, clay and sand deposits above. The quarrying of the stone was not done in large quantities and it is unlikely that it was used for anything than that of local repair. It is however, likely that that the subsoils (the clay and sand deposits) were being quarried and used. Other potential test quarrying pits were also identified across the site (Chapter 2).

Quarry pits are well documented in Coventry and its surrounding lands. Archaeological and documentary evidence confirm their existence within city at Hill Street, Well Street and Bayley Lane, and Whitefriars Street (Soden 2005 152-56). The quarrying at 68-70 Whitefriars Street was identified by two parallel rows of deeply cut pits with a gap left through the through the middle, perhaps for cart access. These quarry pits were cut into the natural sandstone bedrock, to extract sand or sandstone, probably for use in contemporary developments. Dated to the 14th century, these are associated with the development of the Carmalite friary (Whitefriars) 200m to the south of the site. These quarry pits had been quickly backfilled with re-deposited sand, broken sandstone and dumps of domestic rubbish, most likely the upcast from the excavation of the pits (McAree 2006). Their method of construction and abandonment is identical to that identified at this Much Park Street site.

Pottery Production by Stephanie Rátkai There is artefactual evidence of pottery production, not revealed by the feature types identified across the site. A possible Midlands Purple waster with an enormous

69

'blister' on the external surface was noted at assessment in pit 1813. During the final phase of post excavation work, an incontrovertible jar waster was found amongst material recovered from the watching brief in pit 168. In addition several cistercian ware sherds were of poor quality and appeared to be 'seconds' at best (Fig. CD20). Fig. CD20.2 (cesspit 2338) which had a transverse crack across the base which was visible on both the exterior and interior of the vessel amongst other defects. A second cup (Fig. CD08.6) also from cesspit 2338 had thick deposits of glaze on the exterior base and was heavily chipped – presumably at the time of removal from the saggar – around the base. Normally cistercian ware is characterised by a clean neat base so this and other examples of chipped bases are noteworthy. Finally, a further vessel (Fig. CD20.3) was incorrectly glazed on the interior base. None of the defects outlined would have made the cups unusable but their poor quality may be an indication of pottery production in very close proximity to the site, when misfires and seconds could be sold off cheaply because there were no transport costs to be defrayed.

Industrial Pottery by Stephanie Rátkai There was very little pottery which could be said to have been designed specifically for industrial use. Possible crucible fragments were noted from pit 1729, which contained industrial waste, and in pit 1813. Two Chilvers Coton C rim sherds from the Phase 4 pit 2010 and a third possibly from the same vessel, may have been from a mantle or industrial stand. However, there was no sign of sooting and they may equally represent roof furniture, although in both cases the rim diameter (14cm) would be rather small. The remaining pottery content of the pit was domestic in character, although the pit itself contained industrial waste. Pit 2252 contained the lower section of a cylindrical vessel similar to the above, also in Chilvers Coton C fabric, although thicker walled and harder fired. The base diameter was approximately 15cm. A small pool of green glaze was present at the start of the in-turn of the interior base angle. A patchy deposit was present on the interior of the vessel. This could also be a mantle, although again there was no evidence of external soot (but only a small section of the vessel survived) or possibly the remains of a saggar.

To date no pottery kilns have been identified in Coventry itself, although a possible Midlands Purple waster was identified at St Anne's Charterhouse to the south of the city (Soden 1995, 96 and fig. 22.2). Woodfield (1981, 115, no. 14) notes a cistercian ware cup in a 'highly burnt ware' with a 'thick, bubbly black glaze'. The cup has lost a handle during firing and the glaze has sealed the scar. This is strongly suggestive of another waster. Redknap (1985) summarises the sites of known and possible kiln sites for pottery and tile in the environs of Coventry. The two wasters and the 'seconds' from this Much Park Street site are therefore of great significance. To the south of Much Park Street was open land up to the city wall, visible on Speed's 1610 map and even on Bradford's later version dated 1748, with parkland beyond. If pottery was being made in this general area, then the situation of this industry would have been quite similar to that of the medieval Birmingham potters (makers of 'Deritend ware') who were on the periphery of the town and the Lords demesne, Over Park (Rátkai 2009). Alternatively Much Park Street is close to the Whitefriars precinct where pottery production could have taken place. At Hereford, medieval pottery production appears to have occurred near Greyfriars (Vince 2002) and just outside the city on Commercial Road (Rátkai forthcoming c). Comparisons with Warwick also present themselves. Here, pottery production in the centre of the town on Market Street in the 14th and 15th centuries has been seen as symptomatic of an economic down-turn in the area. The street, which had once been the home of the wealthy, increasingly saw the houses subdivided and subtenanted (pers. comm. Christine Hodgetts). If, as has been suggested, Coventry's fortunes waned in the later 15th and 16th centuries, then exactly the right climate for small scale, low grade industry (like pottery making) may have been created in the environs of Much Park Street.

A further sherd bears comparison with these cylindrical vessels. A small fragment from a relatively thick-walled vessel with part of a circular cut out was found in pit 2301 (Fig. CD03.5). The fabric appeared to be an ironpoor Chilvers Coton C fabric. The sherd was burnt on the interior and some sort of industrial function seems likely. This example appears to date from the early years of the 14th century. The large lid-seated jar (Fig. CD04.4-5) from pit 1821 had a heavy internal limescale deposit, suggestive of the repeated boiling of water, although the vessel was not sooted. The jar was found with two other jars (Fig. CD04.1,3-4) both with internal limescale. However, many of the jars and cisterns (bung-hole jars) found across the site had limescale deposits so it is by no means certain that the jars from pit 1821 were used industrially. Indeed, at Lichfield (Rátkai 2004) and Birmingham (Rátkai 2009) limescale is also often associated with these large jars. However, a number of jars/cisterns do appear to have been used industrially at Much Park Street. Two cisterns from context 2310 (cesspit 2338) appears to fall into this category. The first (Fig. CD07.3) appears to have been burnt on the interior and has patches of black residues on the exterior. Small patches of greygreen adhesions (possibly associated with a copper alloy product or possibly derived from cess) were noted on the interior. The second vessel also seems to have been burnt on the interior, and the lower external surfaces were sooted. However, these two vessels were found with mixed domestic waste (see below) and ceramics indicative of an affluent household. In short, there is not a single example of only industrial ceramics (or domestic

70

racks were used for the drying and stretching of cloth, these would have required substantial posts and it is possible that some of the post-holes and smaller pits identified on site, were those of tenter structures. Some of the shallow linear pits arranged in rows may have held two posts at either end with a horizontal beam set between them to support a tenter rack structure above. This type of pits were concentrated in plots F and G (Fig. 2.9; Chapter 2).

ceramics used industrially) being found in isolation with industrial debris. Clearly all the pits contained domestic debris and we should therefore treat with caution any division between domestic rubbish pits and industrial pits. Domestic waste has clearly found its way into any available disused pit, as might be expected, and the absence of industrial debris within a pit does not preclude it having been used for an industrial or other purpose before disuse and backfilling, apart that is from the cesspits which had their own particular function. It is highly unlikely that any of the pits were dug specifically with rubbish disposal in mind. At Burton Dassett, a quasi-urban settlement in southern Warwickshire (Rátkai forthcoming a) for example, domestic waste accumulated to the rear of the stone built houses as general spreads, sometimes identifiable as middens, and along the cobbled frontages to the houses. Pottery cross joins from the front and rear of the houses indicated that material had been carried to and fro during the occupation of the houses and was also dumped in unoccupied neighbouring plots. Directives from Coventry Corporation in the medieval period 'urged cleanliness upon the inhabitants' (Wright 1988, 40) which included a weekly cleaning of the street frontages. This tells us two things; firstly that rubbish accumulated on ground surfaces which could not have happened if domestic waste was routinely disposed of in purpose dug pits and secondly that that people, then as now, were wont to dispose of the unwanted casually and in a way involving least effort. As with sumptuary laws and rules intending to prevent fire hazards and pollution, the need to restate the need for the wholesome disposal of waste is indicative of this not happening.

Domestic textile production by Quita Mould and Ruth Shaffrey A small number of objects were recovered that reflect textile production in the home. A single chalk spindle whorl (Fig. 6.1.1) is of a simple form with flat faces and curved sides (type B2: Walton Rogers 2007, 24) but with a perforation that is narrow for the date of deposition. It appears to be occurring residually in the fill (2491) of the square 14th to 15th century cess pit 2403. It is evidence for small scale domestic yarn production. A spindle whorl of pottery of similar type was found in a later 13th-14th century context at land off Priory Street (Mould in Rátkai et al forthcoming a). A single item may reflect weaving, a larger scale craft rather than a purely domestic undertaking. The tip broken from a bone point (SF21), probably a pin beater, was found in fill (1123) of 15th16th century pit 1122 in Plot I. Bone implements of this type have been frequently found in the city previously, and while their exact use has been subject to speculation (Mould in Rátkai et al forthcoming a), their likely association with the two-beam vertical loom in use until the 13th or 14th century (Walton Rogers 1997, 1755) would make its occurrence in this context likely to be residual.

Milling by Ruth Shaffrey Four lava fragments represent two mechanically operated millstones. The largest millstone is of approximately 900mm diameter (SF412) from cess pit D in Plot C (Phase 5b) while a second fragment is of 580mm (Phase 5a) from pit 1079 in Plot H, which is probably slightly too large to have been easily operated by hand (Parkhouse 1997, 98). Lava millstones are relatively common finds on English urban medieval sites and were not particularly high status, being half to two thirds the price of the composite French stones but more expensive than cheaper British stones. The presence of lava millstones is clear evidence for grinding on a large scale somewhere nearby. The mechanically operated millstones were discarded in deposits dating to the 16th-17th century, the other millstone fragment slightly earlier in a 15th-16th century context. Industrial textile production The area surrounding the site was known to have been used in the cloth manufacturing process. Areas known as ‘tenter’ yards are present on Bradford’s map of 1748 within Coventry and ‘Tenter’ Close is in the immediate vicinity. Massive timber structures known as ‘tenter’

Figure 6.1 - Textile working artefact illustrations: 1 spindle whorl from cess pit 2403, 2 - brass thimble, unstratified, 3 - iron scissors from well capping 2396

71

A small heavy duty thimble of cast brass (Fig. 6.1.2) dating to 1400-1550 (Holmes 1988, fig 2a) was found in fill (2279) of 14th-15th century pit 2277 in Plot E, another (SF15) was found unstratified. A similar example was found at the Free Grammar School at the Whitefriars (Woodfield 1981 fig. 6 no 107), two others with plain crowns came from Much Park Street (Wright 1988; no 28 and fig. 51). A pair of iron scissors (Fig. 6.1.3; SF470) came from the cobble capping (2396) of well 2400 of similar date in Plot D. They may be compared with others of 14th century date from the city of London (Cowgill et al. 1987, 114). Relatively uncommon at this date the scissors may suggest the domestic clothing provision of a wealthier household or might represent a tool of the trade of a textile worker, being more likely to be the former if the well was capped at a significantly later date. Bead making

10mm x1, 2

1228

J

105

22

6.5

12mm x2, 13mm x1 7mm x1,

2

1252

J

29

21

5

3

2346

B

95

20

4.5

3

2439

E

55

26

6

11mm x2

3

2496

B

107

25

5.5

11mm x6

4

1676

35

23

4.5

E/ F

Leather Trades by Quita Mould Book production Writing equipment is well represented in the finds assemblage. Three pens made from bird bones were found, with two (for example Fig. 6.2.1; SF29) being only half the size of the third (Fig. 6.2.2; SF219). One (Fig. 6.2.1) came from a 14th-15th century post hole 1214 in Plot I, the others from pits 1906 and 2249 of 15th-16th century date in Plot I and F respectively. These examples may be added to those found close by at street frontage on Bayley Lane and the back plots off Priory Street (Mould in Rátkai et al forthcoming) and the other goose radii pens found previously from the city. The recovery of two differing sizes here might indicate the smaller were used for finer work, perhaps the finer lines required in detailed illustration. A bone parchment pricker or stylus (Fig. 6.2.3) was found in fill 1342 a 15th-16th century pit 1465 in Plot I with an annular buckle (brooch) of copper alloy (SF50). While its association with the written word is certain, the exact use of implements of this type has been the subject of discussion. They may have been used when marking out pages during the preparation of manuscripts prior to the writing of text upon the parchment and have been found in a number of ecclesiastical contexts, a group of nineteen being found in Dissolution contexts at Battle Abbey for example (Geddes 1985, 151, fig. 45 no 6-20). Since they have also been found in a range of secular contexts, including the free Grammar School at Coventry (Woodfield 1981, fig. 10, no 4), however, it has been suggested that they were used as styli. It is possible that they could have been used for both purposes as required. While the simple dip pens made of bird bones may have been employed in the drafting of official documents and more everyday record keeping, seen alongside the recovery of a parchment pricker/stylus and a small number of off-cuts of fine calfskin likely to have been used in book binding (see below), book production may be suggested.

diameters

Blank

Thickness

Width

Length

Plot

Context

Phase

The jet bead industry has been detailed in Chapter 5. Six pieces of bone bead making waste were found occurring in contexts assigned to Phases 2-4 (Table 6). Each is a flat piece of trimmed bone, three obviously rib, from which circular blanks had been removed using a hollow drill. The majority of the blanks ranged in diameter from 7-12mm with a single piece having two blanks with a diameter 14mm and a third of 19mm. A blank of a similar diameter (20mm) was also found in a 15th-16th century back plot context from land off Priory Street indicating the manufacture of beads in a range of sizes. Manufacturing waste of this type is commonly found in Coventry and bone beads have been found in quantity. A single worked bone bead (SF441.1) was retrieved along with a broken rough out for a bead of jet (SF441.2) from

a soil sample (135) taken from fill 1428 a 15th-16th century pit 1381 in Plot I/J, the bead is small (diameter 7mm and 4mm thick) and near spherical (strictly biconical in shape) with two flat faces through which the central drilled hole passes. The spalled remains of a disc/cylinder of ivory (SF252) from fill 2099 of a large pit 2104 in Plot G/H suggest that ivory beads may also have been in production in the same period.

9mm x3 9mm x1, 10mm x4

Book binding Amongst the discarded leather shoes and purses from the domestic rubbish within fill 2310 of cess pit E (2338) located in Plot D (believed to have been backfilled c. 1550) was a small group of calfskin off-cuts produced when cutting and trimming pattern pieces to size. The off-cuts comprised thin trimmings and small angular shapes. Some of the off cuts were from particularly fine

14mm x2, 19mm x1

Table 6 - Bone bead making waste from the site

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used that they had holes worn in their soles before they were eventually thrown away. Two shoes (SF 284, 456) had their soles repaired with patches, known as clumps, to the tread and seat (heel area). These repairs had been attached to the soles with iron nails. One of them (SF 284; Chapter 7) had the vamp removed before it was finally thrown away so that the vamp leather could be used for a repair, while it may have been removed by the wearer to accommodate an injury to the foot it would be more likely for the lasting margin of the vamp to have remained in place. These shoes provide evidence of the cobbling trade, that is the repair and refurbishment of old shoes for resale. Many medieval sites (such as King’s Lynn and London) have produced cobblers waste in sufficient quantities to suggest that the mending of shoes may have been an everyday domestic chore carried out in many urban households (Clarke 1984, 139), although it is perhaps more likely that patching and running repairs were carried out at home (Mould pers com). One aspect of this work was known as translation, and by the 16th century it may well have been undertaken by a separate branch of the trade. Eleven separate shoes parts of welted construction found had secondary cutting by a cobbler. Evidence for shoe translation was present amongst these cut up shoe components in the form of the upper lasting margins (SF 461.1, 461.2) cut from two 16th century shoes of adult size. These shoes had their shoe uppers of thick cattle hide cut away from the worn soles so that a new sole could be added. The resulting refurbished shoes of smaller size could then be sold on. The remaining upper lasting seams (SF 461.1, 461.2) were then discarded. Three pieces cut from panels of thick, worn cattle hide were found amongst the shoe leather in the c.1550 backfill (2310) of the cess pit F (2338) in Plot D (see Table 8). They were cut from a large but now unidentifiable object, or objects, again in order to remove seams and areas of excessive wear so that leather could be salvaged to be used elsewhere. Two pieces of thick hide edge and a wide trimming of similar leather came from fill (1878) of a 15th-16th century pit 1875 in Plot I. The leather, likely to be bovine, had been in an aggressive burial environment, so that the grain surface was much deteriorated. These three pieces of waste leather provide evidence, albeit limited, of leatherworking but the nature of it cannot be determined. All that can be concluded is that new hides rather than recycled leather was being employed.

Figure 6.2 - Book Production artefact illustrations: 1 bone pen from plot F; 2 - bone pen from plot I; 3 bone parchment pricker/ stylus from pit 1465, plot I

(thin) skins and a single piece of sheepskin was also present (Table 7). The shapes and the quality of the finest skins suggested that the waste may derive from book binding as they are too thin to have been used for shoe leathers and several are too thin for purses and all but the very finest articles of clothing. Parchment or vellum would only survive in exception burial environments that were not encountered at this site.

Woodworking and agricultural tools by Quita Mould with Ruth Shaffrey Direct evidence of other crafts was limited but a small number of tools were recovered, several were broken and incomplete so that their original functions are not now easily identified. While some appear to be general purpose woodworking tools, others appear to be more heavy duty implements.

Cobbling and translation The form and typology of the shoes are discussed fully in Chapter 7. All the shoes recovered had been so heavily

73

Length   Width  

Thickness 

Species 

Description

242mm  23mm 

1.48mm

Calfskin 

wide trimming

111mm  11mm 

0.32mm

Calfskin, 

trimming

very fine   198mm  8mm 

1.28mm

Calfskin 

trimming

101mm  11mm 

1.01mm

Calfskin 

trimming

182mm  9mm 

1.28mm

Calfskin 

trimming

130mm  7mm 

0.95mm

Sheepskin

trimming

92mm 

12mm 

1.29mm

Calfskin 

trimming

66mm 

4mm 

1.00mm

? worn 

trimming

40mm 

3mm 

1.31mm

Calf, 

trimming

worn  237mm  14mm 

1.46mm

Calfskin 

trimming

40mm 

1.02mm  3.00mm

Bovine 

trimming

95mm 

26mm 

2.08mm

Calfskin 

tapering trimming, hole cut in wider end 

40mm 

8mm 

Delaminated   

tapering trimming

43mm 

40mm 

1.51mm

Calfskin 

angular with cropped corner, circle removed from the centre

47mm 

34mm 

1.58mm

Calfskin 

triangular

100mm  56mm 

1.43mm

Calfskin 

triangular

with  hide  edge  73mm 

70mm 

1.62mm

Calfskin, 

rectangular with cropped corner

worn  44mm 

21mm 

0.31mm

Calfskin, 

rectangular with cropped corner

very fine  Table 7 – Secondary waste leather from context 2310

Small Find  

Length 

Width 

Thickness

Species

Features

282 

178mm 

110mm 

2.05mm

Bovine, worn

Cut sides, 3 straight, 1 curving.

454 

213mm 

94mm 

3.31mm

Cattle hide

Butted  edge/flesh  seam,  slashed.  3  cut  sides 

457 

332mm 

253mm 

3mm

Cattle hide, worn

2 butted edge/flesh seams, 3 irregularly  cut sides, 4 worn holes 

Table 8 – Leather panel pieces

74

seen as fairly typical of Coventry as a whole in this period (see Wright 1988).

A fragment possibly broken from a gouge blade was found in the single fill (1225) of a 13th-14th century (Phase 2) rectangular pit 1247 in Plot J. An iron axe head (Fig. 6.3.1; SF235) came from the primary fill 2009 of a 15th-16th century pit 2101 in Plot F/G. It is an unspecialised tool for timber cutting and woodworking. The flat blade (Fig. 5.2.1; SF85) from Plot F/G might be the heavily worn head, broken before the eye, from a ‘Tshaped’ axe head, a type still employed in the 15th century for specialist tasks such as squaring the sides of planks (Goodman 1962, 31) or the head of a small ‘spud’ or turf cutting tool, rather than the ash rake suggested earlier (see Chapter 5). While no sharpened edge is visible in X-radiograph, the condition of the implement makes identification problematical. A broken whetstone (Fig. 6.3.2; SF218) of a grey, micaceous sandstone, probably from the Pennant grit, used to sharpen edged tools was found in 15th-16th century rubbish pit 1899 in Plot I. The presence of open sockets on two heavy iron implements found, one in a 14th-15th century pit (1901) in Plot I (Fig. 6.3.3; SF223), the other in a dump of burnt waste (1990) within a large 15th-16th century pit (1938) in Plot G, suggest an agricultural use; certainly neither are delicate craft tools. A large tanged fork (Fig. 6.3.4; SF 225, 1947) from Plot G/H (Phase 4) may be the head of a pitchfork or other handling implement or possibly a rest for another tool. The remains of what appears to be a saw blade folding into a curved handle (Fig. 6.3.5) comprising a pair of plates cut from an antler tine was found in fill (2333) of pit 2340 of 16-17th century date (plot B). Whether the teeth were set is unknown due to its poor condition, but they were large suggesting it more likely to have been used as a pruning saw in an orchard or garden rather than for woodworking.

It is striking that the Continental 'exotica' are very late medieval or early post-medieval in date. Despite Coventry's importance and wealth in the medieval period continental imports are rare. Paffrath ladles have been been found (e.g. Blinkhorn 2008) but to date no French medieval pottery, for example has been identified. It is just possible that the fine micaceous whiteware recorded by Wright (1988, 117; Type 1i) could be French. The near absence of medieval Continental imports is intriguing, especially considering Coventry's role as a major redistribution centre of goods (Wright 1988, 46) and would also repay further study. Commerce No large scale trade can be conducted without detailed record keeping and evidence for writing equipment is well represented at this site. Three pens made from bird bones were found, one (SF29) from a 14th-15th century post hole (1214) in Plot I, the others (SF219, 232) from pits (1906, F2249) of 15th-16th century date in Plot I and F respectively. They are described in Chapter 7. In addition to these writing implements the recovery of a triangular scale pan of copper alloy from a balance weight commonly used for weighing coins suggests commerce in the locality, potentially centred on Plot I. The scale pan (Fig. 6.4) came from fill (1335) of a post hole 1336 in plot I. Five examples of this triangularshaped scale pan have been recovered from the city of London in deposits dated c. 1350-1450, two with stamped marks suggesting that the accuracy of the balances from which they came had been officially tested (Egan 1998, 324-5).

Import and Commerce by Stephanie Rátkai and Quita Mould Continental pottery Continental imports at this site consisted mainly of Rhenish stonewares with a date range from the late 15th to mid 16th century. There were no examples of bartmänner ie drinking jugs with applied bearded face masks on the neck, which might belong to the later 16th and 17th centuries and this is consistent with an overall paucity of pottery dating to after c 1550. Odd sherds of Martincamp flasks were recorded, also probably dating to the 16th century. Some early examples of maiolica or tinglazed earthenware were noted. One of these may have been from a South Netherlands vase (see below). A small number of South Netherlands maiolica sherds was found at St Anne's Charterhouse, Coventry (Soden 1995) and an altar or flower vase at the Whitefriars (Woodfield 1981). A bowl rim (Plate 6.1) appears to be Mediterranean in origin and may be Spanish. A possible Cuerda Seca sherd, another Spanish product, was found in pit 2250 in a probably 16th century fill. Two Spanish imports were found at the Whitefriars in late 15th to early 16th century levels (Rátkai 2009). This range of Continental imports (with the exception of the Cuerda Seca sherd) can be

Plate 6.1 – 16th century bowl rim of Mediterranean origin from pit 2250

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Figure 6.3 - Wood working and agricultural tools. 1 - iron axe head from pitt 2101, 2 - Bboken whetstone from pit 1899, 3 - heavy socketed iron implement, 4 - a large tanged fork, 5 - saw blade folding into a curved handle

Figure 6.4 – Copper alloy triangular scale pan from posthole 1336, plot I.

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painted window glass, one of which was painted with flowers or possibly feathers of an angels wing, were dated to the 14th or 15th century. These were recovered close to the location of the stained window glass from this latest Much park Street site.

Chapter 7 - Lifestyle The artefact assemblage provides comprehensive evidence of the lifestyle and religious attitudes of those who occupied the plots on Much Park Street during the medieval period. We are able to present an extensive and representative interpretation of the lives that people led, the military presence, their religious observance, their leisure activities and their household and clothing fashions. There was a significant religious element identified on the site. This may be a direct consequence of the proximity of the site to Whitefriars Friary which was located to the south east of site. These religious artefacts may have been made, used and discarded within the backplots during the period of the Priory’s existence (1342-1539). Some of the high status building materials identified on site may be present as a result of the demolition of some of these buildings finding their way onto site.

Two shoe parts and a fragment of fabric (flax and Knotted net) from 122-23 MPS provided limited comparable evidence of clothing type (Wright 1988). However a large and significant assemblage of leather shoes, principally from the 15th century and stylistically similar to those recovered from St Johns Street, came from the Bond Street site (McAree and Mason 2006). A further assemblage of leather shoes principally of 16th17th century in date were recovered from a possible tanning pit at Corporation Street (Burrow and Soden 2006). A jews harp and tuning peg from a stringed instrument recovered from Priory Street (Halstead 2008) and a bone chess piece from Bayley Lane (Rátkai et al forthcoming; Colls and Hancox 2007) allude to the types of entertainment undertaken by the residents on these sites.

Comparative Archaeological Evidence Many of the artefacts identified on site were attributed to items of a personal or religious nature. This type of artefact is the most common on any site of this type having been dropped or deliberately discarded and not the result of on-site production. These can create a full picture of the life and society and people of the time. Where there is a noticeable absence of domestic artefacts on archaeological sites, this may suggest that industrial or agricultural activities may have been predominant in the immediate area. This site however, provides evidence of a varied range of activities undertaken over an extended period.

The Church and Religious Observance Jet Crucifix by John Cherry A jet crucifix (Plates 7.1 and 7.2) was found in fill 2188 of pit 2187 attributed to the 14th-15th century (Phase 3) and located in Plot E. It measures 44mm wide by 30mm high. The maximum thickness is 12mm. There is a hole (2mm wide) which has been drilled for suspension through the upper part of the cross. The cross has trefoil ends. On the front there remains the upper part of Christ’s body with head inclined to the left, arms outstretched, and hands, with fingers indicated, slightly raised against the trefoil ends of the cross. The head is carved with rudimentary facial features and appears to have a crown indicated on the head. The cross and figure beneath the head have been broken off. Above the head is the titulus (or label) placed diagonally from left to right (Plate 7.3). The letters engraved here appear to read IHC. The back is plain except for two lines engraved under each of the trefoil projections. These do not continue around the sides. The surface of the jet is shiny. It is not certain whether the crucifix was unfinished or broken after completion, but the presence of scratches on the centre of the back suggests that it has been worn, indicating that it may have been lost rather than abandoned during manufacture.Small crucifixes were often worn around the neck or possibly suspended from rosaries. The most usual material is silver, although some such as the gold cross found at Clare, Suffolk, were of gold. Silver crucifixes are being discovered by the Portable Antiquities Scheme. One was found at Barton on Humber in a grave and others such as those found Nettlestead, Suffolk, or Spurstow, Cheshire (Treasure Annual Report 2002, nos. 146 and 147), or from the Lancashire area (Portable Antiquities and Treasure Annual Report 2007, no. 317) may have been worn from a simple cord around the neck

Dress pins, buckles, strap ends, jewellery, faunal and environmental remains were identified on each of the locally excavated sites (7-10 MPS, 122-23 MPS and Stone House (Wright 1988), Priory Street and Bayley Lane (Rátkai et al forthcoming ). Some, such as the copper alloy buckles, strap ends and belt fittings, identified at 7-10 and 122-3 Much Park Street may have been produced on site rather than the result of accidental loss. This may also be the case with the pins recovered from Bayley Lane and Priory Street. Brooches and buckle pins were recovered from 68-70 Whitefriars Street on a site otherwise lacking in domestic waste (McAree 2006). A jet bead found on the Priory Street site (Rátkai et al forthcoming) which may have been from a paternoster, presents an ecclesiastic connection, this is in direct comparison to the jet artefacts found on site (albeit being only a single bead as opposed to the Much Park Street manufacturing waste below and Chapter 5). A similar broken jet bead was also found at 122-3 Much Park Street (Wright 1988). A further ecclesiastical connection came from 122-3 Much Park Street. Several small fragments of

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Priory, Yorkshire, a cross was placed on the breast of an infant buried between 1120 and c. 1200 in the nave of the Priory Church (Heslop 1995, 93-4). At St James’s Priory, Bristol, a man, some 30 to 40 years old, was buried in the eastern cemetery wearing a pendant of jet around his neck (Jackson 2006, 142). Here the jet was reused from a larger object, originally decorated with ring and dot motifs, and a crude Maltese cross had been engraved centrally. It is interesting to observe that in the reuse of this pendant, the top had been cut to accommodate a suspension cord, rather than being drilled. Perhaps only those in jet workshops attempted drilling. A third was found in the vicinity of the mouth of a child in the church of the Cluniac Priory at Pontefract (Bellamy 1965, 93). Another was found in a stone coffin at the Gilbertine Priory of Malton, Yorkshire, which was probably used for burial between the 12th and 14th centuries (Hodgson 1902, 115). A last example was found in a 14th or 15th century grave outside Winchester Cathedral (Hinton 1990, 645-6). None of these had crucifix figures.

or from a rosary. The jet crucifixes were rather more exotic examples for personal display and amuletic hope. Comparable objects It compares quite closely with the jet crucifix found in excavations in Carlisle Cathedral (Cherry 1992, 3-4; Plate 3). This is slightly smaller (34mm wide) but complete. This enables us to suggest that the lower half of the Much Park Street crucifix would have had crudely engraved ribs, a loincloth tied at the right hand side of Christ, bent legs, and feet together indicating the use of one nail. Both crucifixes were suspended from holes drilled through the middle of the upper part of the cross, and both were therefore suspended from a cord, probably worn around the neck. The titulus above the Much Park Street figure clearly reads IHC. This was thought to date from the middle of the 13th century, although there was no archaeological evidence for the date. Another jet crucifix was found on the foreshore of the Thames at Dowgate (Museum of London no. 87.131/1). This measures 90mm from the head to the point at which the legs are broken off. It is therefore much larger than either the Much Park Street or the Carlisle crucifixes. Holes in the shoulders suggest the arms would have been separate pieces of jet. The head of the London figure has been deliberately obliterated so the best preserved detail is on the loin cloth. This is knotted on both sides and the curves of the folds are finely carved. It probably dates to the first half of the thirteenth century, though the nature of the cross to which it would been affixed is unknown. Two jet pieces of a cross to which a crucifix of unknown material would have been fitted were found in a pit on the site of John of Tytinges house at Brook Streeet, Winchester in 1987 (Morris et al 103). From the evidence of the holes in the larger piece, it probably formed the cross piece and measured 130 by 30 by 17mm. If one looks for sculptural comparisons in other media, the crucifix on the tomb of Bishop Peter of Aigueblanche or Aquablanca (died 27th November 1268) in Hereford Cathedral which was made around 1260 (Watkins 1930, 72, plate 51) may be compared with the Coventry and Carlisle crucifixes. This has foliate ends to the cross.

Beads and rosaries A rosary of 14 amber and 10 jet beads with a small silver gilt crucifix were found in a stout oak coffin in an elaborate grave found in the 19th at the Benedictine nunnery of St Mary Rusper, Sussex (Way 1857, 304; Gilchrist and Sloane 2005, 88; See ‘Prayer Bead Production and use in Medieval England’ by Anne G o t t s c h a l l f r o m t h e University of Birmingham http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk/Issue_04/Gottschall.htm accessed 26.4.10). The grave, most probably that of a prioress, was dated to the later 14th or 15th century. Seal matrices in jet often have religious inscriptions and since they are often pierced for suspension may have had a dual role of religious protection and also for sealing documents. At least seven such seals are known (listed in Cherry 1992). Five have religious inscriptions usually the legend ‘ave maria gracia plena’ which might be associated with the belief in the efficacy of jet in childbirth. Significance of Jet Jet was highly regarded for its amuletic properties. In the late 11th century Marbode of Rennes (born c. 1035-died 1123, bishop of Rennes 1067-1081) wrote a treatise on the medicinal and amuletic properties of stones. Written before 1096, this was the most influential source of information on such stones in the Middle Ages. Marbode claimed that the fumes from burning jet could cure weak teeth, dropsy, epilepsy, ailments of the womb, could ease pregnancy and dismiss the powers of hell. Gilchrist explores the significance of this in relations to burials (Gilchrist 2008). Whether the colour of black crucifixes has any great significance is to be doubted. Certainly in central and south western France it has been claimed that the black statues of the Virgin Mary, ‘Les Vierges Noires’, have a particular significance (Forsyth 1972, 2022 and Cassagnes-Brouquet 1990) but even if they do,

Source of jet and workshops Visually, the jet from which the crucifix has been sculptured is consistent with a Yorkshire source, either Whitby or Kirkby in Cleveland. The nature of jet and other black materials used in Scotland in the Viking period has been discussed by Fraser Hunter (Hunter 2008). Raw jet was often transported and worked at urban centres. It was worked at York in the Viking period and it is suggested that there may have been a workshop at Much Park Street working jet beads. The crucifix may have been made locally. Jet as devotional jewellery Jet was used in the Middle Ages for crosses, pilgrim badges, seals and rosary beads. Five simple crosses of jet have been found associated with burials. At Gisborough

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iron wire (diameter 6mm, wire 1mm gauge) was recovered from a sample taken from Phase 4 pit 1875. Buckles of types seen on sword belts as well as domestic dress were also present amongst the assemblage, see buckles below. A small scabbard chape (SF62) was recovered amongst industrial waste from pit 1460 dated to the 15th-16th century in Plot F/G, but being an inexpensive product simply made of copper alloy sheet, it was not of the quality to decorate a sword scabbard and more suited to ornament a sheath for an ‘everyday’ blade rather than a prestigious weapon.

there is no evidence that the significance extended elsewhere. Beads The jet bead evidence from the site is discussed in Chapter 5. Being that jet was such an uncommon material, only available through importation from further a field, it is possible that the jet bead waste was for the production of rosaries. This hypothesis is made increasingly likely, due to the proximity of the plot in which they were found (Much Park Street 113) in relation to the gatehouse (constructed 1352) leading to Whitefriars. Perhaps a shop on the frontage sold rosaries to pilgrims and travelling religious figures. A small bead of glass, another of bone, and possibly one of ivory recovered from the site from contexts dating to Phase 4 are likely to come from rosaries. Ecclesiastical window by Cecily Cropper One fragment of window glass is of notable significance (SF267 from context 2382) as this retains the clear image of a naked male torso which is iconographically identifiable (Plate 7.4). A figure having similar characteristics in terms of figurative design is that of Adam Delving from Canterbury Cathedral dating to the 12th century (CVMA 2008; Plate 7.5). It is therefore possible that this piece from Much Park Street is closer to that date. Ecclesiastical tiles (roof and floor) by Phil Mills The floor tiles recovered were generally square in shape with a plain matt of gloss glaze on the upper surface. There were also two examples of early decorated tile seen. These are likely to have dated from the 12th-16th century, and associated with a high status, probably ecclesiastical structure (Plate 7.6). Additionally the majority of the ridge tiles recovered were glazed, suggesting their origin from an earlier, again probably ecclesiastical structure perhaps of the 13th–15/16th century. The Military – Armour fittings by Quita Mould A small number of objects may well derive from armour. A small copper alloy mount (Fig. 7.1.1; SF465) was found with broken copper alloy sheet in fill (1346) of 15th-16th century pit 1347 in Plot H, though heavily corroded it is comparable with a pair found on plate armour forming part of a coat of plate (of type 1 Armour 7) in a common grave (common grave 2) containing those slain at the Battle of Wisby (AD 1361) (Thordeman 2001, 359 fig. 373, 13b and 17). Two pieces of copper alloy sheet with curved profile may be pieces of lamellar armour. One (Fig. 7.1.2; SF469) with a small slot in each corner, possibly for suspension using a link of fine gauge wire, came from the upper fill of pit 2053 in plot I (Phase 3), the other, a tongue-shaped piece of sheet, came from pit 1969 in plot G. In addition, a small ring of fine gauge

Figure 7.1 – Armour fittings. 1 - shell shaped copper alloy mount from pit 1347, 2 rectangular sheet of copper alloy plate

Dress and Dress accessories by Quita Mould Footwear The remains of three shoes and shoe parts from at least three others of late medieval date, being of turnshoe construction with pointed toes and distinct waists, were found in two cess pits. The majority came from a dump of material (2310) believed to have been deposited c. 1550 in cess pit E in Plot D. A single shoe sole (SF413) was recovered from fill (2502) of cess pit D in Plot C of

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the same date. This assemblage includes the remains of ankle boots, one with a one-piece upper fastening with a short strap and buckle (Fig. 7.2.1; SF400), the other with two part quarters (SF459); both of a 15th century style (see Grew and de Neergaard 1988, 41-2 for early 15th century examples). One-piece quarters (Fig. 7.2.2; SF296) and a fastening strap (SF460) from shoes that fastening across the instep with either a divided lace or a long strap and buckle are earlier still, being styles most popular at the end of the 14th century. These late 14th/early 15th century shoes and the 15th century boots found at Much Park Street are of styles also found in the defensive town ditch and elsewhere in the city (Mould 2007) and commonly recovered throughout the country in contemporary deposits. Four further shoes (three illustrated as Figs. 7.3 to 7.5) and twenty-seven shoe parts from at least five more of styles popular in the first half of the 16th century were found in the same 1550 dump of material in cess pit E. Eleven of the 16th century shoe parts had secondary cutting and were clearly cobbling waste and are discussed in Chapter 6. Two shoes of welted construction (Fig. 7.4 and 7.5) were low shoes with deep throats, fastening over the ankle with a strap and buckle, the third of turnshoe construction (Fig. 7.2.1) was a slightly higher cut, slip-on style. All three were well made of cattle hide and, though fashionable, were practical shoes that had been well worn before being discarded. Shoes of these styles were found aboard the Mary Rose (1545) (types 3.3 and 3.5 Evans and Mould 2005) and are found in contemporary assemblages elsewhere.

Figure 7.3 – Leather shoe SF299

Figure 7.4 – Leather shoe SF284 showing welted construction Figure 7.2 – (1) Leather medieval turnshoe ankleboot (SF400) illustration and photograph and (2) One piece leather quarter SF296.

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Abbots Lane in the city of London (Nailer in Egan 2005, 61 fig. 49 and 219-221 fig. 204-5). These panels are more likely to come from purses that hung directly from the belt or girdle (without a metal frame), indeed one fragment from Much Park Street has a small V-shaped seam that may come from stitching around a horizontal opening for the hand, a characteristic of girdle purses. In view of the complexity of some framed purses, however, it is always possible that these fragments come from a third, pleated, compartment of the metal framed purse (SF297). The recovery of a purse, or purses, from this site might be considered to reflect a certain degree of affluence in the local inhabitants. It is interesting to note then that in The Procession by Rogier van Weyden drawn around 1440, two men of widely differing status are both shown wearing purses at their waists; a beggar wearing a girdle purse is being given alms by his benefactor who is shown taking money from his ring-framed purse (Goubitz 2009, 47, fig. 69). Jewellery A small copper alloy penannular brooch (Fig. 7.6.1; SF431) with a long pin was found in the upper fill of large rectangular pit 2569 (Plot D) dating to Phase 2 (13th-14th century). The frame is broken but one simple rolled back terminal, known as a ‘pinched’ end, survives so that it falls within type D of the classification of such brooches generally dating to the 1st century AD (Hattatt 1982, 128 and fig. 55). While it is conceivable that the frame end became folded back and crushed when it was broken, the long pin wrapped around the frame makes it most unlikely to be a broken annular buckle frame of a type in use on shoes in this country from the later 14th through to the 16th century, though this would better fit the context in which it was recovered. A plain gold ring with a D-shaped cross-section was found in fill 1945 of rectangular pit 1947. Located on the boundary between Plots G and H, it is likely this pit was backfilled in the 15th-16th century (Phase 4). There are no visible inscriptions or markings. Fragments from a simple finger ring of copper alloy were found in fill 1804 of a 16th17th century pit (1805) in Plot F/G. Fragments of chain of fine gauge copper alloy rings (Fig. 7.6.2; SF468) were found in pit 1796 located in plot F also dated to Phase 4. Each link comprised a group of five individual rings articulating with the next group of five. The elaboration of the design suggests it may have been worn as an item of jewellery.

Figure 7.5 – Leather shoe SF456 showing welted construction

To conclude, leather shoes of styles spanning at least three generations were found in the dump of material deposited c. 1550 in a cess pit E. While this could perhaps be explained as the result of a house clearance, it may be more likely that the 15th century footwear component of the rubbish represents the remnants of earlier domestic waste the bulk of which had been cleaned out of the pit, transported and disposed off elsewhere. Purses A leather purse with an iron frame (SF297; Plate 7.7) was part of the dump of shoe leather deposited c. 1550 in a cess pit E. Now highly fragmentary the leather purse comprised at least two compartments, the larger suspended on an oval iron frame. A strip of leather 8mm wide had been wrapped around the metal frame, a thin binding of calfskin had been stitched to it and the pouch of the purse had then been sewn to the binding. The pouch leather was decorated with a lattice design of oblique impressed lines. A rectangular panel with a line of oval slots comes from a second compartment that closed with a drawstring. The oval ring is comparable to that present on a hinged round-shaped ring purse in the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam (Goubitz 2009 , 51 fig 79) and the Much Park Street purse may well be of this type. In addition, small pieces (SF453; Plate 7.8) torn from a purse panel decorated with a series of vertical impressed (‘crease’) lines marking the position of pleating (Plate 7.9) were found in the same context. The fragments are comparable with panels from at least two purses of 16th century date from the outer bailey ditch of Oxford Castle (Mould 2010) and others from

Buckles and belt fittings At least two examples of plain annular copper alloy frames were found that might be classified as brooches rather than buckles as they have a constriction for the pin. The thick blunt point on the tip of the one surviving pin (Fig. 7.6.3; SF67) may suggest this example at least was used as a buckle, being more suited to pass through a ready-made buckle hole in a leather belt rather than passing through a textile garment. Six other annular frames lacking a pin construction (Fig. 7.6.4; SF216)

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Figure 7.6– Jewellery, buckles, belts and implements. 1 - A small copper alloy penannular brooch, 2 - Fragments of chain of fine gauge copper alloy rings, 3 - Annular copper alloy frame/buckle, 4 - Annular copper alloy frame/buckle without pin, 5 - A copper alloy buckle with a D-shaped frame, 6 - Very small strap end, 7 - Composite strap ends made of two part, 8 - composite strap ends made of three parts SF30, 9 - composite strap ends made of three part SF212, 10 - Bone tweezers ch5/sf35

sword, those from the Austin Friars, Leicester indicate that these buckles were also used for more everyday costume.

were also recovered ranging from 21-40mm in diameter. While the better made annular frames (e.g. Fig. 7.6.3) were cast, the method of manufacture of others, particularly when corroded is less obvious and may be formed from a ring of thick gauged copper alloy wire. A possible partly made example of this type (Fig. 5.2.4) and the presence of copper alloy wire of thicker gauge here might suggest that they were being made in the locality. The function of large, plain, annular frames of this type made in both iron and copper alloy has been discussed by Egan (Egan and Pritchard 1991, 64-5) and, in the light of evidence from grave finds such as the mass graves of those who died at the Battle of Wisby (1361), and closer to home in graves at the Austin Friars, Leicester (Clay 1981, 133, 135 fig. 48 no 24 and fig. 50, no 65), they had clearly been used as buckles to fasten belts at the hip or waist. While those on the bodies of soldiers in armour at Wisby are likely to have fastened belts that carried a

A copper alloy buckle with a D-shaped frame (Fig. 7.6.5; SF87), fastening a strap no more than 20mm wide, found in an waste pit (1531) dated to Phase 4 is comparable with two oval-framed buckles with projections from deposits dating to the second half of the 14th century in the city of London (Egan and Pritchard 1991, 71-2, fig. 43, no 284-5). These buckles are of a type seen in contemporary illustrations of military dress fastening sword belts worn with armour. It is possible that this buckle also had a military association and should be considered alongside the possible armour fragments and fittings noted previously.

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Buckles with a D-shaped frame (SF213), double -oval frames (SF56, 88) and an angular-frame were also found, principally from contexts dating between 14th-16th century (Phases 3 and 4), although the angular framed example was recovered from a Phase 2 context. Two buckles, one with a double-oval frame (SF56) the other with an ornate cast frame of 15th century type, came from contexts attributed to Phase 5b (post 1550). A distinctive type (SF207) with an oval, lipped frame with a forked spacer and a composite rigid frame was found in a large pit (1813) in Plot I, along with a pair of sexfoil mounts likely to have decorated the buckle strap. It is of a type popular throughout the country in the mid 14th to early 15th century. Another came from the back plots on land off Priory Street (Mould in Rátkai et al forthcoming; SF5) a wider example being found at Much Park Street (Wright 1988 fig. 50, 9).

Textiles by Penelope Walton Rogers (The Anglo-Saxon Laboratory) Fragments of seven different textiles were recovered from four contexts (Table 9): six pieces have been dated by the stratigraphy to the 15th to 16th centuries, the period of the Tudor dynasty (contexts 2502, 2388 and 2310), and the seventh comes from late 18th century levels (context 2344). Textiles are often good indicators of social status, but this group has produced conflicting evidence, in the form of heavy-duty artisan fabrics alongside textiles more usually associated with affluence and an elevated social position. Since the best pieces show extensive signs of wear, it is possible that they have come from second-hand goods that were in the process of being reworked or refurbished. ‘Canvas’ and ‘linen’ textiles A heavy-duty textile from cess-pit D (SF2502, context 2502) represents a rare survival of hemp, derived from the plant Cannabis sativa L. (Plate 7.10). The fibre was examined with a transmitted-light microscope fitted with a polariser and the species was identified from the following diagnostic features, observed at x200-x400 magnification (Plates 7.11 and 7.12): diameters ranging from 12 to 32 microns; frequent cross-markings; the lumen barely visible; bifurcated cell ends; predominantly polygonal cross-sections and a consistent anti-clockwise twist in the drying-twist test (Textile Institute 1975, 18, 81; Catling and Grayson 1982, 18-23). Cellulosic plant fibres are susceptible to fungal attack when they are left in a damp aerated environment (as, for example, on an outdoor ground surface) and they are also sensitive to acidic conditions (Jakes and Sibley 1984, 36-7; Cooke 1990, 9). In this instance, however, the textile was probably deposited straight into a waterlogged environment in the cess pit and the eggshells that were found in the same feature may have helped to neutralise the naturally acidic environment of the cess.

Six strap ends were recovered and can be dated to the 14th century. All are common types comparable with well dated examples found in the city of London (Egan and Pritchard 1991,145 and 156-158 for example). A very small strap end (Fig. 7.6.6; SF406) comprising a single plate with a rounded terminal and pointed finial is of a type usually found with a bar mount. The others are composite strap ends made of two (e.g. Fig. 7.6.7; SF72) or three (e.g. Fig. 7.6.8; SF30 and Fig. 7.6.9; SF212) separate parts. Dress fasteners and other fittings A small quantity of copper alloy dress fasteners were recovered from Phases 3 and 4 contexts and included five aiglets (lace tags) of sheet, three twisted wire loops and small ‘dress making’ pins. One of the three twisted wire loops recovered (SF181.2) had certainly been used as a simple fastener for clothing (SF181.2) as a distinct area of wear was present in one area. A twisted wire of copper alloy with a looped end from fill 1660 of rectangular rubbish pit 1653 in Plot F/G and dated to Phase 3 is comparable with an example from a 1600-1700 context made from double length of wire considered to be an early post-medieval blunt hooked clasp (Class H; Read 2008, 146). If it is a fastener, being straight and not hooked, this example is unused. A broken trefoil dress fastener, with scrolled wire decoration and a plating of white metal, of early post-medieval type (Class D type 6; Read 2008, 78-80) was found unstratified in the SE corner of the Much Park Street site. The small quantity of dress pins recovered were comprised of 31 pins and 25 pin stems. Six pins with solid spherical heads were present, but most of the pins had wound-wire heads (25 in total), the majority being of Caple type A with the head composed of a simple twist of wire (Caple 1991). A rumbler bell of copper alloy sheet (SF271), used in the medieval and early post medieval as a dress accessory, came from a cess pit E (Phase 5b). A fitting of spirally twisted iron wire (Fig. 5.2.3; SF466) with rectangular loops along its length, possibly a head dress frame, found in the same cess pit has been described previously in Chapter 5.

This is ‘canvas’ in its original sense of a coarse textile made from Cannabis. Hemp will have been relatively common in the late medieval and Tudor periods, when its cultivation on arable lands was encouraged by the crown (Evans 1985, 50-1) and there were significant areas of production in East Anglia and Lincolnshire (ibid., 12-39, 50). Archaeologically, however, it is rarely preserved. Textiles made of plant fibre are sometimes encountered in towns situated on chalk bedrock, such as Norwich (Crowfoot 1983) and Canterbury (Walton Rogers forthcoming [Whitefriars]), but few are well-enough preserved to allow the species to be identified and, where hemp has been confirmed, it has usually been in mediumweight fabrics. The thick quality seen here can be better compared with a coarse plant-fibre sackcloth from the site of a 14th century foundry in York (Walton Rogers 2002, 2881, 2884), another from the late medieval barbican ditch at Oxford Castle (Crowfoot 1976, 274) and a 17th century example from close to a tannery in Reading (Walton Rogers unpublished [The Oracle]).

83

Context  Date 

Small  Find  No.  415 

2502 

15th–  16th  century 

2502 

15th–  2502  16th  Early  274  16th  century 

2388 

2310  2310  2310 

2344 

16th  century  16th  century  16th  century  18th  century 

Fibre   

Weave  

wool,  non‐ tabby pigmented;  Semi‐Fine x  Semi‐Fine  hemp    tabby

silk  and  tablet  metal  woven,  thread    brocaded  double  weave  401(i)  wool,  non‐ tabby pigmented  401(ii) wool,  20%  tabby     pigmented  401  flax/hemp  tabby (iii)     407  non‐wool  ?tabby  animal  union  coat fibre 

Thread‐ Notes count/spin  15/Z  15/S 

x  Heavily napped, dyed with madder (red); offcut strip, 20‐23mm wide. 

10/Z x 9/Z

Strong, thick fabric. 

silk  is  fine  Originally  pinned  to  some  other  material  by  Z2S;  metal  means of metal studs.  thread  is  S  on  S  (see  text)    4‐5/Z x 4/Z No  soft‐finishing;  dyed  black  (dye  not  analysed).  9/S x 9/S No soft‐finishing. 10/Z x 7/Z

Poorly preserved.

fine  Z  x  ?    

Union from which one system of threads has  decayed. Tested for dye but none detected. 

Table 9 – Table of textiles recovered from the site

with madder, derived from the roots of Rubia tinctorum L.

These three were not identical with the Coventry example in technical terms, but they are similar in general character and at least two were associated with industrial activity.

Three samples of English broadcloth have survived in Toulouse, attached to a trade contract dated to 1458 (Wolff 1993). They are, as here, woven in tabby weave with the yarn of warp and weft spun in opposite directions (Z x S), and approximately 14 x 10 threads per cm. The main dye is madder, tinted with other dyes. The fleece types were not analysed but the wools in some similar 15th-century cloth samples held in Tallinn, Estonia, were Semi-Fine, like the Much Park Street piece (Rammo 2009, 100-1). The Semi-Fine fleece-type (formerly known as the Shortwool type) represents a good quality carding wool. Similar fleece-types were identified in medium-quality textiles from previous excavations in Much Park Street dated to the late medieval, some of which had a nap and one of which had also been dyed with madder (Appendix 7). Comparable, and finer, examples have been found amongst the 16thcentury tailors’ offcuts from the castle, Newcastle upon Tyne, where they were interpreted as goods traded into the area from outside (Walton 1981).

A second textile was made from a plant fibre (SF401iii, context 2310), but it was too poorly preserved to allow the species to be identified. Such fabrics are usually classified as linen, although technically this term means ‘of flax’. The textile has a similar thread-count (number of threads per cm) to that of the canvas, but it is a more lightweight piece and comparable with remains from 15th-century and 16th-century Whitefriars, Canterbury, where similar fabrics were made in both flax and hemp (Walton Rogers unpublished [Whitefriars]). This kind of textile was probably used for linings, undersheets, aprons or similar. Red broadcloth An offcut of the wool fabric known as broadcloth, SF415, was also recovered from the same cess pit as the canvas, Cess Pit D. It is heavily worn and probably represents a piece cut from a used garment. The dense nap (the nap is the smooth felt-like surface produced by teaselling and shearing the surface of the cloth), which is typical of broadcloth, is only visible in one corner of one face, where the red dye is also best preserved (Plate 7.13). Analysis has shown that the textile was made with SemiFine fleece-types in warp and weft and has been dyed

In the Tudor period, large flocks of shortwool sheep, yielding carding wools suitable for woollens such as broadcloth, were maintained in the Midland Plain (Bowden 1962, 30-1; Ryder 1964, 70; Walton 1981, 191); imported madder was reaching Coventry via Southampton (Platt 1976, 78); fullers and shearmen, who

84

soft-finished textiles, had prominent guilds in the town (VCH Warks, 252-4) and broadcloth is known to have been one of the main textile products of the Coventry area (Walton 1991, 349). This snippet of textile may well represent the best of the local wool textile industry’s production.

terminal may also be broken from a toilet implement possibly part of a pendant manicure set as suggested for a comparable item from Battle Abbey (Geddes in Hare 1985 fig. 44, no 8). Household fittings and fixtures by Quita Mould Metal fittings A simple iron ‘cupped stick’ candleholder was found in industrial waste deposit 2296 dated to the 14th-15th century (Plot E). The angled spike was inserted into an ooden beam in order that a candle could illuminate a dark corner, perhaps indicating a degree of affluence not seen in the poorest of homes. Similarly the recovery of locks and keys indicates that something more than basic security was necessary. The corroded remains of a padlock bolt from a copper alloy padlock was found in large pit 2431 of 14th-15th century date in Plot E and what appears to be a sliding bolt from an iron locking mechanism (SF214) from a pit 1875 in Plot I (15th-16th century in date). An ornate copper alloy key (Fig. 7.7.1; SF246) for a mounted lock, from a 15th-16th century pit in Plot F, is surprisingly large and must have opened a casket or chest of significant size. The well made key with its lozenge-shaped bow is of a type dated to the 14th-15th centuries (type VI LMMC 1940, 140) the lobes on the bow suggest a 14th century date. A very large iron door key (Fig. 7.7.2; SF242) came from the upper fill (2058) of pit 2063 in Plot I attributed to the 16th-17th century (Phase 5a). The door key is of a size now seen today only when opening substantial locking mechanisms such as those to be found on ancient church doors.

Other wool textiles Two coarse wool textiles were found with the linen in cess pit E (Plate 7.14). A coarse, loosely woven textile in tabby weave (401a) is made from white wool and dyed black (dye not analysed). This can be described as a blanket quality fabric and is coarser than any other textiles excavated in Coventry, either at Bond Street or at other Much Park Street excavations. Another wool textile woven in tabby (401b) is medium-weight, but lacks any soft-finishing and is made from a naturally light grey fleece (approximately 20% of fibres have dense pigmentation, the rest being non-pigmented). Textiles made in natural fleece colours were known as a ‘russets’ and were regarded as appropriate for the clothing of country people and artisans (Strutt 1842 II, 105ff). These fabrics would be relatively cheap and are likely to have been made locally. Late 18th-century union A tangle of poorly preserved fine Z-spun yarns, recovered from the backfill of well 2400 (SF407; Plate 7.15), appears to represent the remains of a textile from which the crossways threads have disappeared. The yarns are all roughly the same length, 100 mm, which must be the width of the original fragment, and they are regularly kinked in a way that suggests tabby weave. The fibre is a fine animal coat fibre, 17-25 microns diameter, not sheep’s wool but too poorly preserved for a full diagnostic analysis. This will have been a ‘union’, that is, a textile in which warp and weft are made from different fibres: the missing threads will have been a cellulose fibre which has decayed during burial. Medium quality wool unions are known from 19th-century burials in the Midlands (Walton Rogers 2006, 164, 173), but the extremely fine nature of this example and the unusual fibre, may indicate something exotic, brought in from abroad. Toilet implements by Quita Mould A broken pair of bone tweezers (Fig. 7.6.10; SF240) was found in the fill of the large quarry pit (1922) in Plots F/G (15th-16th century). It is comparable with double-ended examples from London with tweezers at one end and an earscoop at the other (MacGregor 1985, 100 fig. 57 c and d). Toilet sets made of worked bone were popular from the 16th century onward. File marks present on the flat head of this Much Park Street example suggest that when the ear scoop had been snapped off the break was filed smooth and the tweezers continued to be used. A small, spirally-twisted stem of copper alloy (SF217) from a similarly dated context in Plot I with a hooked strip

Figure 7.7 – Metal keys. 1 – ornate copper key for mounted lock, 2 – large iron door key

85

seats… covered with scarlet fringed with Silk and golde’ (Arnold 1988, 232).

The key has decorative mouldings and traces of nonferrous metal plating (probably of tin but this has not been confirmed by analysis) are visible in X-radiograph. Bands of possible inlay visible at the neck, stem and running in a zig-zag pattern down the stem are unlikely to be inlaid bands but more likely to indicate where the plating has been preserved by proximity to the mouldings and within a spiral groove ornamenting the stem (this can only be confirmed by investigative conservation). The key is of a common type in use in the medieval and continuing into the post-medieval period, an example from Battle Abbey was recovered from a 15th-16th century context (Geddes 1985, 166 and fig. 55 no 6).

Smoking by Dr David A Higgins A total of 156 fragments of clay tobacco pipe were recovered from the excavations, comprising 27 bowl fragments, 118 stem fragments and 11 mouthpieces. These range from the 17th century through to the early 19th century in date and were recovered from a total of 10 different contexts (Table 10). Most of these contexts only produced a few pipe fragments, with nine of the contexts producing between just one and 11 pieces in total. The final context, however, was a particularly good group from cesspit F (2324; Phase 6) of c.1670 that produced 117 fragments, including 21 bowls, 14 of which have makers’ stamps on them (Table 11). This group is of considerable importance and sets a benchmark for future studies and so is described and discussed in detail below. Apart from this group, the assemblage contained two stamped marks, two stamped stem borders, three burnished fragments and one possibly mould-decorated piece – although the latter is so fragmentary that it is not even certain whether this is decoration or an accidental accretion to the pipe. The majority of the other fragments (31 of the 39 pieces), including all of the more diagnostic pipes, came from five contexts that were contained within a single feature (2399), a stone lined well. Given the limited number of pieces from the site as a whole, the five contexts from within (2399) are also individually described and the pipes discussed below.

Other indications of household fittings and furnishings were few. The broken remains of an iron pinned hinge occurred in Phase 3 while a hinge pivot and two hinge straps came from Phase 4 contexts. Structural metalwork, with the exception of iron timber nails, was limited. An iron window bar from a glazed window was recovered from fill (2374) of 15th-16th century pit 2380 in Plot H/I. The only piece of lead window came was clearly of postmedieval date (type G; Knight 1983) despite being found in rubble backfill of a sandstone well in Plot D attributed to Phase 3. An iron hook from a large hook and eye to fasten a window, shutter or gate came from unphased pit 2207. Textile by Penelope Walton Rogers A densely woven silk and gold tablet-woven band, 14 mm wide, from cess pit E, has almost certainly come from a piece of upholstered wooden furniture such as a chair, a bed or a chest (Plate 7.16). It has evenly-spaced perforations along its 60 mm length and there are copper corrosion products present which are likely to have come from dome-headed nails, used to fix the band to wood. The band itself is heavily abraded on the surface, but it is clearly some form of tablet-woven double weave in silk, with metal thread brocaded over its surface. It has a main warp and a binding warp, and a ground weft and a brocade weft. The metal thread is a flat filament twisted in the S-direction around an S-twist silk core, the complete thread being approximately 2 mm diameter. The filament is flattened gilded silver-alloy wire, 150 microns wide, now much deteriorated and corroded (EDXRF analysis carried out by Jennifer Jones, Durham University: report in archive). This particular form of ‘spun gold’ thread was invented in southern Germany in about 1340 and was produced in England by 1500 (Darrah 1987, 211, 213-5; Barker 1980, 5-7).

Cesspit F (2339) context 2324 This is by far the most important group from the site and it comprises 117 fragments in total (21 bowl, 88 stem and 8 mouthpieces; Table 11). Twenty of the pipe bowls are complete, or almost complete, and they are of very similar sizes (Fig. 7.8), suggesting that they form a coherent contemporary group. Quite a number of stem joins were found with the bowls, indicating that the pipes were either substantially complete or had been freshly broken when discarded. One normal coloured stem joins a bowl that has been burnt to a greyish colour in a fire (Fig. 7.8.1), which probably indicates that the pipes were being smoked and broken fragments tossed into a domestic fire before being discarded with the ash. Many of the pipe fragments were also encrusted with pale brown powdery concretions, which are typical of cess pit fills (a lot of this has now been cleaned off, so that the pipes could be studied). This context also contained substantially complete ceramic vessels, which supports the view that freshly broken domestic waste was being discarded into this cesspit.

Tablet-woven silk bands with gold brocading would be amongst the ‘narrow wares’ made by specialist silkwomen (Dale 1934). They were used to trim ecclesiastical vestments, court clothing and civic regalia. They were also applied to furniture for the wealthy, although few can have aspired to Queen Elizabeth’s ‘close-stools’ (commodes) which were ‘covered with black Velvet… garnished with riben and gilt nayles, the

Dating In terms of dating this deposit, the best evidence from the pottery is provided by a substantially complete tin-glazed earthenware bowl with a fluted form and scalloped rim,

86

2400

2400

2400

2403

2395

2396

2398

2476

Total

2400

2394

27

1

3

2

2400

2344

21

2339

11

1

1

1

8

156

4

4

6

4

6

11

117

1

1

2

M  Tot 

16101850

16601800

16801900

17601900

17501900

17601900

17201820 16601740 17001800 16101710

Range

17201780

17001800

17501800

17601800

17801840

17601790

17201820 16601740 17001800 16601680

Deposit

IP x 1

MD x 4; IH x 2; GRIF/P OVL x 1; IP x 1; IW x 5; LW x1 CHES TER x 1

Marks

?x1

Chester stem border x 2; burnished x 3

milled stems x2

Dec, etc

Comments 

Four plain stems, one of which is probably residual and C17th in date. The other three could be as late as mid-C19th in date, although a rather earlier date, perhaps c1720-80 seems much more likely.

The cut mouthpiece probably dates from somewhere between 1680 and 1780 but all of the other stem fragments are of later C18th or C19th types. A late C18th date seems most likely, particularly given the other pipes from [2400]. This group contains two residual pieces - a thick stem of c1660-1700 and the larger part of a heel bowl with an IP stamp dating from c1680-1730. This can be attributed to John Pottifer of Coventry, whose son became an apprentice in 1710. The other pieces are both of C18th types and comprise a plain stem and a cut mouthpiece. These both seem earlier than the other pipes from [2400] and would fit best with a range of c1700-1760, perhaps suggesting that this is an earlier fill within this feature.

Although the stems are of general late C18th to C19th types all of the more diagnostic pieces point to a late C18th date for this group. There are parts of two late C18th bowls as well as two stems (from the same pipe) stamped with part of a Chester oval a previously unrecorded stem border. One of these fragments is burnished as is another plain stem and the simple cut mouthpiece fragment to which it joins. There are also two joining fragments with quite a deep oval stem section and another that appears to have been slightly curved. One of the bowl fragments in this bag has been labelled 2433, which is assumed to be an error for 2344. Three stems dating from c1750 or later and three fragmentary bowls, two of which probably date from c1750-1800. One of these is a spur type that has what appears to be a small lozenge on the untrimmed seam facing the smoker. This is either a stray clay fragment that has adhered to the pipe or part of a moulded design - in which case it would be a very rare and unusual piece for this type of pipe. The largest bowl fragment is from a pipe that had rather a squat bowl with untrimmed seams that is likely to date from c1780-1840 and, most likely, after c1800. This piece seems later than any of the other more diagnostic pieces from feature [2400] and so perhaps represents the date of the final fill. Four plain stems of later C18th or C19th styles but with the late C18th being most likely - especially given the dating of the other pipes from within this feature [2400]. Two of these pieces are quite large and fresh looking, with surviving lengths of about 9.5cm each.

A large and very consistent looking pit group including 21 bowls, 20 of which are complete or nearly so. These would all fit with a deposition date of c1660-80, with a date of c1670 perhaps being most likely. There are joins between the fragments but it was not possible to reconstruct any complete pipes from this group. There are 4 plain spur bowls and 16 heel bowls, 14 of which are stamped with maker's marks. These represent at least 6 different manufacturers and around half of the marks are of types that have not been previously recorded from Coventry. The pipes include local forms as well as imports from Shropshire and this group provides the rare opportunity to carry out a detailed study of good quality seventeenth century group from Coventry.

Small plain stem fragment of C18th type - stem bore just under 6/64".

Single plain stem of late C17th or early C18th type - has a slightly deep oval section.

Two plain stems of C18th or early C19th types - but most likely to both be C18th.

87

Table 10 – Clay pipe assemblage summary table (Headings = context, feature, small find number, bowl, stem, month piece, total)

118

4

2

5

4

3

8

88

1

2324

341

1916

1914

S 

1

B

1630

SF

1625

Feat 

2

Cxt 

1005

2 2 1 1 2

H H H H H H

1

1

1 1 1 1 1 1

1

H H S S S S

-

1 1 1 1 1 1

1

H

H

1

H

1

1

H

H

3

1

H

H

1

2

B

1

M

H

1

Form

1

S

1

Fab

Gritty

Fine Fine Fine Fine Fine Fine

Gritty

Fine Fine Fine Fine Fine Fine

Gritty

Gritty

Fine

Gritty

Gritty

Gritty

Gritty

Mould

Much Wenlock

MW/ Broseley 8 7 9 8 7

-

8 8 7 7 8 7

7

8 8 8 7 8 8

6

7

7

8

8

8

Origin

Much Wenlock Much Wenlock MW/ Broseley MW/ Broseley Much Wenlock Local Local Local Local Local Local Much Wenlock

7

Bur A

0 0 0 0 0 0

A

0 0 0 0 0 0

A

G

A

A

A

A

G

X -

0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

M4 /

3 4 4 / 4 3

4

4 4 3 / 4 4

4

4

4

4

/

4

/

Rim Bot

Bot Bot Bot Bot Bot Bot

Bot

Bot Bot Bot Bot Bot Bot

Bot

Bot

Bot

Bot

Bot

Bot

Bot

TT C C C C C

TF 0 0 0 0 0

CN L

I I I I I I

GRIF

I

I

M

M

M

M

Surname W

P W W W W W

POVL

H

H

D

D

D

D?

P H

H H H H H H

H

H

H

H

H

H

H

T R

R R R R R R

R

R

R

R

R

R

R

M S

S S S S S S

S

S

S

S

S

S

S

Cast 648.21

648.14 648.17 648.16 648.18 648.19 648.20

648.15

648.13

648.12

648.11

648.10

648.09

648.08

Die 2152

2169 2153 2153 2170 2170 2170

1036

2168

2168

268

2167

2167

-

12 13

11

10

9

8

6 7

5

4

3

2

1

Dr

88

Table 11 – Clay pipe assemblage summary table from context 2324 (key to headings included as Appendix 9)

J J K L L M

I

F G H H H H

E

D

D

C

B

B

A

64

Much Wenlock

Deep oval stem. Deep oval stem. Round stem. Round stem. Round stem.

Bowl fragment only. 1660 to 1680 AD

1660 to 1680 AD 1660 to 1680 AD 1660 to 1680 AD Probably the same mould type as 18. 1660 to 1680 AD Probably the same mould type as 17. 1660 to 1680 AD 1660 to 1680 AD

Bowl and joining stem. 1660 to 1680 AD

1660 to 1680 AD 1660 to 1680 AD Probably the same mould as 11 and 12. 1660 to 1680 AD 1660 to 1680 AD 1660 to 1680 AD Bowl and joining stem. 1660 to 1680 AD

1660 to 1680 AD

Bowl and joining milled stem. 1660 to 1680 AD

1660 to 1680 AD

1660 to 1680 AD

Bowl and joining stems. 1660 to 1680 AD

Bowl and joining stem. The bowl has been burnt in a fire after having been broken so that it is now grey while the stem is still white. The stem bore is 7/64" by the bowl, but 8/64" at the other end of the short (28mm) joining stem. 1660 to 1680 AD Bowl and joining stems, giving a surviving stem length of 140mm. Extrapolated stem taper suggests that the stem would have been around 240-250mm long originally. 1660 to 1680 AD

Comments

Figure 7.8 – Clay pipe group from pit 2324 (Illustrated by D. Higgins)

including one with the mark of Griffith Powell who died in 1673 (Fig.7.8.5). This dating exactly matches the midlands/south-eastern style forms, which are also of c.1660-80 types and which can be closely paralleled by the forms found in Great Fire deposits of 1666 from London (e.g., Museum of London, Peninsular House excavations 1979; unpublished). All this evidence points to the pit being filled at some point during the period

decorated with blue painted chinoiserie decoration, which dates from the mid-17th century. The pipes themselves are primarily of Shropshire styles (Fig. 7.8.1 to 7.8.9), which occur alongside other forms that are typical of the midlands and south-east (Fig. 7.8.10 to 7.8.13). The Shropshire pipes include Type 2 forms of c.1660-80 (Higgins 1987, 248-64),

89

Fabric and Finishing Techniques Another notable set of differences between the locally produced pipes and those from Shropshire can be seen in the fabric and finishing techniques employed. Almost all of the actual Shropshire products are made using clay with occasional gritty inclusions in it. These clays would have been obtained from the Coal Measures of the south Shropshire coalfield. In contrast, all of the locally produced pipes, whether in Shropshire styles or not, are made of a finer clay without these coarse gritty inclusions (although occasional quartz grains may still be present) and with a smooth ‘eggshell’ surface when moulded. As noted above, the local makers copied the Shropshire style of low set milling when they copied Shropshire bowl forms (Fig. 7.8.6 to 8), something that they did not do on local styles (Fig. 7.8.10 to 13). Similarly, all of the Shropshire style bowls have a makers’ mark on the heel, which is absent in the midlands style bowls. These attributes (low set milling and use of a mark) may have been seen as integral to the style in a way that the use of burnishing was clearly not. All of the actual Shropshire products (Fig. 7.8.1 to 5 and 7.8.9) have burnished surfaces to either the bowl only (Fig. 7.8.1 to 4) or to the bowl and stem (Fig. 7.8.5 and 9) whereas none of the locally produced pipes (Fig. 7.8.6 to 8 and 10-13) have burnished surfaces. The Shropshire pipes all have an average quality burnish, with the exception of one of the IH pipes, which has a good burnish (Fig. 7.8.4). Burnishing was an additional task that increased the value of the pipe but its use may also have been bound up with other factors, such as local traditions of manufacture or the suitability of the clay (some clays respond better to burnishing than others). The quality of finish was certainly something that helped Shropshire products find a market over such a large area and in competition with other more locally produced pipes, which ought to have been cheaper. The degree of rim milling is another measure of this, since making a complete band of milling was another indicator of quality. All of the pipes with surviving rims are milled and the milling is complete all the way around the rim in all but three cases. In these three instances the band is three-quarters complete and all three of these are on locally produced pipes rather than actual Shropshire imports (Fig. 7.8.10 and 13 and one of the un-illustrated IW bowls with the same form as 7.8.8).

1660-80, and with this date being before c.1673 if the pipes of Griffith Powell went out of circulation soon after his death. In rounded terms, a date of c.1670 can be regarded as most likely for this pit group.

What is interesting about the date of c.1670 for the group is the fact that some of the Shropshire pipes are of Type 3 forms, which are characterised by their large round heels (Figs 7.8.3 and 4). Type 3 forms are usually dated to c.1670-90 (Higgins 1987, 253) but their presence in this group suggests that they may well have come into use slightly earlier than this and their currency should perhaps be extended to c.1660-90. Bowl Forms The association of different bowl forms in a contemporary deposit provides a rare opportunity to check the dating of the various typologies as well as to explore the different styles that were being used in a single household at this time. The pit contained 21 bowl fragments of which 20 were substantially complete, allowing them to be identified and compared. These 20 bowls represent 13 different mould types. The pipemaking industry based on the Much Wenlock / Broseley area of Shropshire rose to prominence by the middle of the 17th century and remained a nationally important industry for the next 300 years (Higgins 1987). Coventry lies some 45 miles from Much Wenlock and is on the eastern edge of the area over which Shropshire products formed a significant proportion of the pipes in use. Of the 20 substantially complete bowls, eight were produced in the Much Wenlock / Broseley area itself (40%), showing that the industry was already well established and marketing their products widely by c.1670 (Fig. 7.8.1 to 5 and 7.8.9). Six of the remaining bowls (30%), representing three different mould types, are local copies of Shropshire styles (Fig. 7.8.6 to 8) while the remaining six pipes (30%) represent four different moulds of midlands or south-eastern style (Fig. 7.8.10 to 13). The Shropshire style is characterised by a fairly long, thin bowl form with sinuous lines (Fig. 7.8.1 to 9). The Shropshire industry produced exclusively heel forms at this period, often with medium to large bases to the heel. The heel itself tends to flare out from the sides of the bowl, particularly when viewed down the long axis of the pipe, and the milling is set low down from the rim of the bowl. In contrast, the Midlands/ south-eastern styles (Fig. 7.8.10 to 13) have their milling set nearer the rim and they are primarily spur forms. Although just a single sample, the contents of this pit probably reflects the broader pattern with 40% of the pipes at this period being actual Shropshire imports and a further 30% being produced locally but using Shropshire styles. Only the remaining 30% was locally made using local styles.

Stem Length It was hoped that complete pipes could be reassembled from this pit but, despite careful checking, too many of the stem fragments were missing to allow this to happen. The most complete pipe was an MD pipe with an identical mark and bowl form to that illustrated as Fig 7.8.2. This bowl joined three stem fragments to give a surviving stem length of 140mm, while its extrapolated stem taper suggests that the complete length would have been around 250mm originally. This pipe would have been at the short end of the normal range for pipes of c.1660-80, which were typically around 250-320mm in length (Higgins 1987, 64). The short length of the MD pipe is significant because the Broseley area later became famous for its long-stemmed pipes. This is only one pattern of pipe but length does not seem to have been one 90

area, where MD marks of this type are well known. They are attributed to Morris Decon or Deacon, who is known as a pipemaker from slightly later marks reading Mor/Decon or MOR/RIS/Decon. Atkinson (1975) listed two individuals of this name from the Broseley parish registers (no occupations given) but this author has suggested that one of these references was transcribed incorrectly since only the Morris and Sarah who baptised children between 1683 and 1696 and who died in 1729 could be found when the references were checked (Higgins 1987, 461-2). These dates seem a little late for the Much Park Street pipes given that they date from c.1670 and are of common types, suggesting that the workshop from which they came was already well established and prolific by this date. The Decon family were well known pipemakers in Much Wenlock and recent searches of the Internet version of the International Genealogical Index (accessed 10.8.2009) have suggested a more likely scenario. There was a Morris Deacon and Elline (sic) at Much Wenlock who baptised a son there, also called Morris, on 28 March 1654. This son could well have been the Morice Decon (sic) who later married a Sarah Powel at Much Wenlock on 30 January 1682. This second couple could then have been the Morris and Sarah who then turn up at nearby Broseley baptising children from 1683 onwards. If both father and son, Morris I and II, were pipemakers, then this would give a range of c.1650-1720 for their working lives, which would fit much better with the artefactual evidence. On this basis, the Much Park Street pipes are now attributed to Morris Decon (I) of Much Wenlock rather than the later Broseley individual listed by Atkinson.

of its particular characteristics. It may well be that, during this period, it was the bowl forms and finish that made the Shropshire industry successful and that it was only later that long stems were developed as a key feature. Stem Bores and Mouthpieces All of the bowls have bores of either 8/64” or 7/64”, with one exception, which is the Griffith Powell bowl (Fig. 7.8.5), which has a bore of 6/64”. There is no discernable difference between the stem bores used in Shropshire or the Coventry area and the measured values are typical for the period. Eight mouthpieces were recovered, all of which had simple cut ends (again, typical of the period). The stem running up to four of these, however, was notably oval in cross section with the greatest distance being top to bottom of the stem. Examples of complete pipes would be needed to see whether this particular stem form was associated with a particular bowl style or production centre. Marked Pipes The pit produced four plain spur bowls and 16 heel bowls, 14 of which are stamped with maker's marks. All the stamped bowls are of Shropshire style and the 14 marks represent at least six different manufacturers. Around half of the marks are of types that have not been previously recorded from Coventry and several are previously unrecorded anywhere. All but one of the marks has been attributed to a specific die type in the as yet unpublished list of maker’s marks that is being compiled by the author. These die numbers are given in the following descriptions of the marks: -

A circular MD mark has been previously recorded from excavations at Priory Street in Coventry (Higgins, in Ratkai et al forthcoming), as well as three examples of a later full name MOR/RIS/DeCON mark (Muldoon 1979, 261-2). The circular MD mark from Priory Street is the same die (Higgins Die 2167) as two of the examples from this site, but the bowl form is different, being very similar to, but with a slightly larger heel than the form shown in Fig. 7.8.3. Circular MD marks have been found elsewhere in northern Warwickshire (Melton 1997, 97), as well as in Birmingham (Higgins 2009, fig. 9.2.23), showing that Decon was finding a regular market for his products northern Warwickshire, up to 50 miles or more from where he was working.

MD Three or four marks circular marks reading MD were found in the pit. One example has been poorly impressed so that the surname initial is unclear (Fig. 7.8.1), but the style of the mark and bowl both suggest that these initials are likely to have been MD. This example has dots forming a border around the mark, with around six clearly defined dots both above and below the initials. MD marks of this type have been previously recorded by Thursfield (1907, fig. 66). The next two examples are the same, and similar to the previous example in that there appear to be dots forming a border both above and below the initials but in this case they are extremely faint and only visible through close inspection (Higgins Die 2167; Fig. 7.8.2). This particular die is also characterised by scratches around the edge of the mark and on the field around the letters themselves. The final example simply has the initials MD but without any surrounding border (Higgins Die 268; Fig. 7.8.3). Although the bowl forms are all very similar there appear to be three different mould types represented, one for each of the different mark types (the two identical marks (Higgins Die 2167) are both on the same mould type).

IH There are two bowls marked IH, both made in the same mould and both stamped with the same mark (Higgins Die 2168; Fig. 7.8.4). These two bowls are also of typical Much Wenlock / Broseley area types and the illustrated example certainly has gritty inclusions in the fabric (the second example has a relatively fine fabric, without any obvious inclusions). Although the actual mark on these pipes is a previously unrecorded die type, similar IH marks are well known from the Much Wenlock / Broseley area. The actual maker remains uncertain since late 17th and early 18th century pipemakers called John Harper, James Hart or Hartshorne, John Hart or

The bowl forms, fabric and finish all point to these being Shropshire products from the Broseley/Much Wenlock 91

sharply flared heel (Fig. 7.8.7), while the second example has a slightly less flared heel, which is the same as that shown in Fig. 7.8.8 (this difference is more apparent when the bowls are viewed down their long axis rather than in side profile). There are three examples of the second mark type, which all occur on bowls with a less flared heel and which seem to be from the same mould type as the second of the heart-shaped marks (Higgins Die 2170). This shows that both mark types were being used in the same workshop and that they were interchangeable between the two mould types. The second mark type has a very weakly executed design, which is not clear on any of the three examples. There is a small crescent motif at the top of the die and another motif below the letters, which could be a cross or flower motif - or even a fleur-de-lys. There is also another extremely faint mark between the letters that could possibly represent a flower motif. Although the two different bowl types are of typical Shropshire styles, none of the examples are burnished and they are made of a fine fabric with a fine granular fracture, neither of which is characteristic of Shropshire products. Similarly, the marks are not of typical Shropshire styles and these pipes must be local products that are copying the Shropshire bowl form. Neither of these mark types has been previously recorded, but a range of other IW marks on similar bowl forms are known from Coventry (Muldoon 1979, 277), where this maker is likely to have worked.

Hartshorne, John Hughes and Joseph Hughes were all working in the area (Higgins 1987). Perhaps the most likely maker is one of the Hartshorne family, since late 17th century bowls in a similar style to the Coventry examples are known marked James or John Hart (Hartshorne). One of the Coventry examples has traces of a band of milling around the stem 25mm from the bowl – perhaps masking a manufacturing repair to the stem (Fig. 7.8.4). Similar circular IH marks (but without dots) are known from Atherstone and Polesworth in northern Warwickshire (Melton 1997, 97), suggesting that this maker also regularly exported to the Coventry area. GRiF / POVL One bowl with the abbreviated mark GRiF / POVL for Griffith Powell of Much Wenlock was found (Higgins Die 1036; Fig. 7.8.5). Griffith Powell was baptised at Much Wenlock on 28 December 1627 and had married by 1653, since he and his wife Margaret baptised a son, Francis, at Much Wenlock on 11 April that year. Griffith made his will on 4 November 1673 and must have died soon after, since an Inventory of his goods was made on 20 November, which included “Moulds, skrews & all other things belonginge to the trade of tobacco pipe makinge; £1-00-00”. The fact that he had more than one screw (the press used for making pipes) suggests that he employed other pipemakers in his workshop. The value of the tools represented more than a fifth of his total estate (£418s-10d), all of which was left to his wife, Margaret. The documentary evidence suggests that Powell would have been working as a pipemaker from c.1650-1673. Griffith Powell marks have not been previously recorded from Birmingham or northern Warwickshire although they are well known from the Much Wenlock area.

LW The final mark is previously unrecorded, but it occurs on a typical Shropshire style bowl with a gritty fabric and a burnished surface (Higgins Die 2152; Fig. 7.8.9). This is likely to be an actual Shropshire product, although the maker remains unidentified and no similar examples are known from the Birmingham/Coventry area. There is, however, a circular LW mark in Much Wenlock Museum with three dots above the initials (Higgins Die 1112), which may well have been produced by the same maker and which hints at the likely source.

IP One bowl with a previously unrecorded IP mark was found (Higgins Die 2169; Fig. 7.8.6). Although the bowl is of a typical Shropshire style and neatly made and finished, it is not burnished and there are no gritty inclusions in the fabric. Furthermore, the style of the mark lettering is not typical of Shropshire products. These manufacturing and finishing differences suggest that this is a more local copy of a Shropshire style, rather than being an actual product from the Much Wenlock / Broseley area. Very large numbers of IP marks are recorded from Coventry and the surrounding areas, but these almost all date from a later maker of c.1680-1720. There is, however, one earlier looking example that is similar to this and which may represent the same maker (Muldoon 1979, fig. 40n), who was presumably working somewhere in the Coventry area.

Pit Group 2324 Summary This is an outstanding pit group that will provide an important reference point for future studies, not only within Coventry itself but for the Midlands region as a whole. This group is particularly important since Shropshire imports from the Broseley / Much Wenlock area are present alongside local copies of Shropshire styles as well as non-Shropshire forms. This not only provides a window on the trade and marketing links available to residents of Coventry around 1670 but also an opportunity to assess the stylistic reach and dating of the Shropshire products themselves. The latter is a key point since local forms have been used to check the dating of the Shropshire styles and marks – something that is rarely possible in assemblages that are totally dominated by Shropshire products alone. This study has shown that the Broseley Type 3 forms were probably introduced during the 1660s, rather earlier than had been previously thought. The forms, fabrics and finishing of the various pipe types has been characterised and it has been shown that not only were large numbers of actual Shropshire products reaching Coventry by 1670 but that

IW Five bowls stamped IW were found in the pit, with two different mark types represented. The first of these is a slightly heart-shaped mark containing the boldly executed initials IW (Higgins Die 2153; Fig. 7.8.7). There are two examples of this mark, which occur on very similar but different mould types. One occurs on a bowl with quite a 92

other types (Rutter & Davey 1980, borders 104-109 & 113), all of which have been dated to c.1760-90. Although clearly falling within the range of known Chester borders, this particular die type has not been previously recorded. The pipe itself would have been a good quality product with a long stem. These were sought after and very widely marketed although they are not very common in the Midlands and only one other Chester pipe has previously been recorded from Coventry (Muldoon 1979, fig. 10), which is about 95 miles from Chester.

they also had a significant impact on the pipe styles that were being produced locally. Muldoon illustrates quite a number of other Broseley pipes of c.1670-1720 from Coventry, which suggests that the Shropshire pipemakers were regularly supplying this area. In contrast, far fewer Broseley area pipes are found in Leicester (Higgins 1985), suggesting that Coventry lay at the limits of Broseley influence, since Leicester is not much further away from the source. Stone lined Well 2399 Apart from the pit group described above (2324), the majority of the excavated fragments came from came from five contexts that were contained within stone lined well 2399 with the upper deposit dating to the 19th century. These five contexts produced 31 of the 39 remaining fragments from the site and are individually described and discussed below (the numbers of bowl, stem and mouthpiece fragments, followed by the context total, are given after each context number).

Although only the first part of the Chester stem was burnished, there was at least one other burnished pipe in the group, since a joining stem and mouthpiece have an average burnish on them. There are also two joining fragments with quite a deep oval stem section (not burnished) and another round stem that appears to have been slightly curved, a style that was not introduced until towards the end of the 18th century. Taken together, this group shows that a variety of pipes were in use on this site during the late 18th century. These were generally of good quality, with well finished (burnished) pieces, and the group includes imported and decorated pieces imported from as far away as Chester. Other types in use included local style spur bowls, pipes with deep oval stems and curved pipes, which were only just being introduced at this time.

2344 (2/8/1 = 11) Although the stems are of general late 18th to 19thcentury types all of the more diagnostic pieces point to a late 18th century date of c.1760-90 for this group. Stratigraphically, this appears to be one of the earliest groups from the well-fill. There are parts of two late eighteenth-century bowls, one of a local spur style (Fig. 7.9.15; probably similar to Higgins 2009a, fig. 9.7.118 or 9.7.122) and the other with a much fuller body and a mould line at the rim (Fig. 7.9.16). The heel or spur of this second piece is missing. What is interesting is the contrasting style of these two bowls, which seem likely to be contemporary. The fuller bodied bowl could well be an import from elsewhere, most likely Chester, particularly given the presence of another Chester pipe in this context group and the fact that the bowl form matches styles from that city. The Chester pipe that can certainly be identified is represented by two stem fragments (Fig. 7.9.17), which must have come from the same pipe since they share the same stem border and a distinctive grey core to the stem. Both pieces also have a stem bore of 5/64” and one is opening into the bowl junction, although it does not join either of the bowls. The fragment from nearest the bowl has a previously unrecorded stem border (Higgins Die Number 2178), which starts about 55mm from the bowl junction. The stem between the bowl junction and the border has been given a good burnish, which extends slightly over the border, at which point it stops. There must then be a short section missing before the second piece, which has the remains of an oval stem stamp containing part of the lettering for the word CHESTER, followed by a second example of the same stem border. The place name would have been at the base of an oval stamp including the city arms of Chester and this arrangement, with a Chester oval between two flanking borders, is typical of this style of decoration. The stem borders themselves are very similar to a number of other known examples from Chester, especially in terms of the decorative lozenges in the central zone, which can be paralleled in at least seven

2394 (3/3/0 = 6) This context produced three stems dating from c.1750 or later and three fragmentary bowls, two of which probably date from c.1750-1800. One of these is a spur type that has what appears to be a small lozenge on the untrimmed seam facing the smoker (Fig. 7.9.18). This is either a stray clay fragment that has adhered to the pipe or part of a moulded design - in which case it would be a very rare and unusual example. The third and largest bowl fragment is from a pipe that had rather a squat bowl with untrimmed seams that is likely to date from c.1780-1840 and, most likely, after c.1800 (Fig. 7.9.19). This piece seems later than any of the other more diagnostic pieces from the earlier well fills (below) and so it may well indicate the final use or backfilling of this feature during the early nineteenth century. 2395 (0/4/0 = 4) Four plain stems of later 18th or 19th century styles. Two of these pieces are quite large and fresh looking, with surviving lengths of about 95mm each. 2396 (0/5/1 = 6) The cut mouthpiece in this context probably dates from somewhere between 1680 and 1780 but all of the other stem fragments are of later 18th or 19th century types. A late 18th century date seems most likely, particularly given the other pipes from 2399.

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Figure 7.9 – Clay pipe group from other site features (Illustrated by D. Higgins)

2398 (1/2/1 = 4) This is one of the earliest fills within the well and it includes two residual pieces - a thick stem of c.16601700 and the larger part of a heel bowl with an IP stamp dating from c.1680-1730 (Fig. 7.9.14). This can be attributed to John Pottifer of Coventry, whose son became an apprentice in 1710 (Gault 1979, 403). IP marks are very common in Coventry (Muldoon 1979, figs. 40a-s), suggesting that Pottifer was a well established and prolific maker. The other pieces are both of 18th century types and comprise a plain stem and a cut mouthpiece. These both seem earlier than the other pipes from the well fill (above) and would fit best with a range of c.1700-1760. Taken together, these pipes may suggest construction of the well towards the end of the 17th century with this fill accumulating into the first half of the 18th century.

from (2398) made by the well known Coventry maker John Pottifer but the main interest lies in the late 18th century fragments, particularly those from (2344) and (2394). These show that pipes with deep oval stems, curved stems and spur bowls of a distinctive local style were circulating alongside imported pieces from as far away as Chester, which lies nearly 100 miles to the northwest. Some of the fragments are of good quality with decorated stems and/or burnished surfaces. This limited sample of pipes from the site suggests that its inhabitants had access to good quality pipes, some of which were sourced from a considerable distance. Riding and horse equipment by Quita Mould The arm, possibly broken from a spur, was found in pit 1024 in plot I. The short downward pointing neck and star rowel (SF237; Fig. 7.10.1) broken from a spur of non-ferrous metal plated iron (probably tinned) came from fill (2007) of an industrial pit 2010 in Plot F/G dated to the 15th-16th century (Phase 4). It appears to be occurring residually in this context as it is comparable, if slightly larger, with those on spurs recovered from the city of London believed to have been deposited in the second half of the 13th century when several years old (Clark 1995, nos. 324-8). These examples were thought to be more suitable for town or court wear than long journeys or military campaigns.

Summary Apart from pit fill 2324, which is described and discussed in detail above, this excavation produced a small assemblage of pipes, most of which date from the late 18th century and were recovered from the fill of a stone lined well (2399). One of the earliest of the well fills, (2398), contains some late 17th century material, perhaps indicating the initial date of construction, while the latest fill, (2394), contains a bowl that may well date from c.1800-40, suggesting a period of use spanning about a century for this feature. There is one bowl of c.1680-1730 94

more sophisticated, requiring both hands to employ all the finger holes and it would have produced a greater range of notes.

The highly broken remains of a roundel of copper alloy sheet (SF248.1) was found encased in calfskin in the red/pink clay fill (2144) of a 15th-16th century pit (2141) in Plot F. Too fragmentary for illustration, a large rivet is present in the centre of the roundel and two very small, dome-headed studs (diameter 5mm) suggest that it was additionally secured around the edge. The sheet is decorated with raised concentric rings and there appears to be other raised decorative elements present (thin stamped sheet) and small areas of gilding remain on the upper surface. This gilded mount is comparable with those on a fragment of leather with a decorative border from a dump containing high status material from Baynard House, Queen Victoria Street in the city of London dating to c. 1350-1450 (Egan and Pritchard 1991, 181 no. 930 and fig. 115). While decorative mounts may have been attached to a range of items an association with horse equipment is certainly the most likely. While some have been described as bridle bosses (Clark 1995, 53-5), the calfskin closely associated with the St. John’s example clearly not bridle strapping, is more likely to come from a decorative cover, possibly from saddlery, like that from Baynard House. Four horseshoes of Clark’s type 4 (Clark 1995, 88) were found, two occurring in 14th-15th century deposits (1900, 2053) in Plot I, another in a 15th-16th century deposit (1988) in plot G and a fourth (1996) plot F in phase 5a, possibly occurring residually.

A jew’s harp (Fig. 7.10.3; SF262), now lacking its central iron tongue was found in fill (2210) of a 15th-16th century pit (2212). Another copper alloy jew’s harp with a more distinctly bowed frame was found at the Free Grammar School at the Whitefriars (Woodfield 1981 fig. 3 no 22). The end of a possible slender bone tuning peg (SF451) with a round shaft pierced by a drilled hole directly above the flat terminal is comparable in both size and shape with others from the College of the Vicars Choral, York (MacGregor et al 1999, 1978). This example from a 15th-16th century Phase 4 pit (1125) has a curved profile, however, and having file marks clearly visible on the shaft it may be that the terminal was snapped from a different item, possibly during manufacture.

Music making by Quita Mould and Angela Wardle A bone flute and copper alloy jew’s harp, both used for music making were recovered while two other items may also have been associated with such entertainment. A block and duct flute (Fig. 7.10.2; Plate 7.17, SF433) made from the tibia of a sheep (ovi-caprid) was found in a large pit (1079) in Plot H attributed to the 16th-17th century (Phase 5a) but containing a dump of waste material likely to be of medieval date. The instrument belongs to an ancient folk tradition which used bird and animal bone, frequently goose ulnae and sheep tibiae to make simple, whistles, pipes and flutes (Megaw 1990, 718). In this example, the sound was produced when the player’s breath, directed through a narrow aperture formed by the insertion of a wooden block into the upper end of the pipe, struck the sharp edge of a hole cut in the shaft (the voicing lip), creating edge tones, in manner similar to the more familiar recorder. The pitch was modified by the opening and closing of the finger holes and also by the use of harmonics which would have produced at least a full scale. Many pipes of the medieval and early post-medieval periods were designed to be played with the fingers of one hand, usually the left, leaving the other free to beat a drum, the traditional pipe and tabor (Sermon 1997, 51-2). A pipe from Thames Exchange, London (Wardle 1998, 288. fig. 219), also made from a sheep’s tibia, has four finger holes and a thumb hole and examples from Spitalfields (Wardle in prep) have three (the traditional number) and four holes; all could have been played with one hand. This Much Park Street pipe, from a 16th century context is a little

Figure 7.10 – 1 - Metal spur, 2 - bone flute and 3 - jews harp

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Bayley lane (Rátkai et al forthcoming; Colls and Hancox 2007), St Mary’s Street (Burrows and Colls 2008), Priory Street (Halsted 2008) and the other Much Park Street sites (Wright 1988). The well represented species are those which people were able to maintain and breed in their own plots for their own usage (chickens, geese and pigs).

Chapter 8 - Eating and Drinking The eating and drinking habits of the inhabitants of Much Park Street are well represented in the material record. Much of this type of material was deliberately discarded as a result of it being wasted or broken. The types of food that people consumed (faunal and environmental remains), and means by which these foods were stored, prepared and presented (pottery, glass, wood and metal vessels and utensils) were all present. These types of finds were recovered in abundance; this was partly due to the high instance of discard and the location of the excavation, which covered a large percentage of the backplots- the location typically associated with occupation waste. The Much Park Street site provided a varied and representative assemblage of the types of artefacts normally associated with eating and drinking.

The recovery of domestic utensils such as spoons, glass drinking vessels, glass bottles and wooden bowls all supplement the information gained from analysis of the pottery and animal bone assemblages. These other types of artefacts were found infrequently on other sites. Two lathe turned wooden bowls were recovered from the backfilled town ditch on the Bond Street site (McAree and Mason 2006) and a number of broken table knives, and a further four knife handles with scale handles of bone and wood were found on the priory Street site (Ratkai et al forthcoming; Halstead 2008). A base fragment from a decorated glass goblet recovered from 122-3 Much Park Street provided further evidence (Wright 1988). These finds provide supporting evidence, however infrequent they are.

Comparative Archaeological Evidence Comparative archaeological evidence regarding the eating and drinking habits of the inhabitants of Much Park Street is the most prevalent type of evidence available. Ceramics, faunal and environmental remains have been recovered in varying quantities on most sites in Coventry and these types of artefacts are the most commonly recovered. The assemblage recovered from this site is outstanding and provides a good reference point for other sites, including supporting evidence for a wide range of domestic utensils. The date range of the ceramic evidence for the site is fairly typical of Coventry, although the quantity and types of wares represented provide an important reference collection for future research.

The Pottery by Stephanie Rátkai Pottery has certain pitfalls when it comes to determining status and a rather better indication can often be found from the faunal remains or other artefact classes, these pitfalls are outlined elsewhere. Generally speaking, it would be true to say that in the West Midlands the normal pattern of pottery consumption in the postConquest period up to c 1250, is dominated by cooking pots with a few pitcher or jug sherds present and occasional examples of other forms such as bowls and curfews. By the mid 13th century the quantity of jugs increases and thereafter becomes the dominant form. It is generally assumed that ceramic cooking pots were superseded by metal cooking vessels and it is usually true to say that later examples of cooking pots are unsooted, i.e. they have been probably used for storage rather than cooking. Other factors may play a part in the demise of the ceramic cooking pot such as the availability of food from 'cookshops' and this would be particularly true of urban centres. What follows is an overview of the ceramic evidence for eating and drinking. This section is divided in chronological order by phase and includes full descriptions of important case study feature assemblages, with the locations of each illustrated in Fig. 8.16).

Evidence of occupation predating the 12th century was identified on the Much Park Street from residual pottery fragments in the pottery assemblage. This was the case on several of the other recorded archaeological sites. This prehistoric, Roman or Anglo-Saxon evidence is though, infrequent. Varied pottery assemblages have been identified on the other sites in Coventry. Each has been used to build up a picture of the individual sites. Pottery from the 12th to 19th century was most prevalent. The pottery evidence is used in the first instance to date the stratigraphic sequences, as well as providing evidence of status, trade contacts and eating and drinking fashions (their primary reason for production).

Ceramic Evidence for Eating and Drinking in Phases 1 to 3

The animal bone assemblage is used alongside the pottery assemblage to provide evidence of dietary habits. Domestic and industrial usage of animal bones can be surmised. The majority of the animal bone assemblages represent discarded food debris from domestic preparation and consumption. The three main species identified were cattle, sheep/ goat and pig. These were present on almost all of the other excavated sites from the medieval period in Coventry. Other well represented species included chicken and geese, recovered from the

Overview Looking at the early material from this site, of the Phase 1 to 3 features recorded in detail, cooking pots are the least well represented form. Jugs are the most common form and many of these are highly decorated. Wright suggests (1988) that the preponderance of highly decorated jugs may indicate higher status occupancy and 98

encountered, is a plant pot. Examples are known from Beverley, Yorkshire (McCarthy and Brooks 1988, 11819), although the form is very different from the Much Park Street vessel. The applied plant motif and the very battered nature of the sherds, possibly an indication of long exposure outdoors, are consistent with a plant pot, although the constricted neck of the vessel perhaps less so. If the vessel did indeed serve as a flowerpot then that would suggest some type of formal garden in the area of Plots B or C and would imply a high status establishment in the vicinity, and just as importantly the absence of industry if only for a brief time.

this may indeed be correct at Much Park Street. Some of the jugs were sooted around the base indicating that the jug contents had been gently heated over a fire. McCarthy and Brooks (1987, fig. 48) include a 14th century illustration from the Romance of Alexander showing a servant heating a small pipkin over a portable fire in a bedchamber. The sooted jugs may hint at such a small scale, personal act away from the usual areas of food preparation and consumption. A dripping tray or skillet from pit 2301 and a pipkin from pit 2408, found with the highly decorated conical jug (Plates 8.1 and 8.2; Fig. CD12.1-3), could also be taken as signs of affluence since they testify to more specialised forms of cooking and in the case of the dripping tray to the consumption of spit-roasted joints of meat. Further dripping trays were recorded at assessment in Plot E in pits 2431 and 2225. The second most common form in Phases 1 to 3 is the bowl (e.g. Figs CD11.6, CD13.1). The bowls were more frequently sooted than unsooted and this very probably indicates a preference for this vessel form for cooking rather than the conventional cooking pot. This appears to be a regional trait and is found on a variety of site types.

Pit 2418, Plot D (backfilled c 1300) (Fig. CD11.1) The pottery from this feature seems to indicate a deposition date towards the end of the 13th century or at the beginning of the 14th century. Sherds size was variable but most individual sherds seemed to represent single vessels indicating secondary deposition. The pottery is therefore most likely to have come from surface scatter material or middens. Chilvers Coton C fabric was entirely absent although four vessels (two bowls and two jugs) were in an iron-poor fabric somewhere between the Chilvers Coton A and C wares. In terms of function the group was of interest since it was made up primarily of jug and bowl sherds. A maximum of 12 jugs and eight or nine bowls were represented, so bowls formed a higher than average percentage of the group. Most of the bowl sherds had external sooting and given the paucity of other ceramic cooking pots would seem to have been the cooking vessel of choice.

Phase 2 case study features Pit 2492 Plot B (Fig. CD01.1-4) This pit seems to contain a substantial part of a single Chilvers Coton A vessel (Fig. CD01-4). Base, rim and body sherds were present but it was not possible to stick these together to form a continuous profile. A small hole near the base of the vessel, made before firing, was noted with a possible indication that the aperture had been originally surrounded by some form of applied decoration. The exterior of the pot was generally somewhat battered (see Fig. CD.01.2-3) and in certain places there appeared to have been riveted repair holes or possibly holes made before firing, now only partly detectable (Fig. CD01.4). The glaze on the exterior appeared bright green in colour whilst on the interior the glaze tended towards clear with bright green mottles and speckles. The jar has been decorated with applied strips and combing, possibly representing a stylised plant motif. There is no exact parallel for this in Mayes and Scott (1984) although examples of decoration in a similar vein were found in Kiln32a-b (ibid., fig. 105). One sherd decorated with incisions and comb impressions, very similar to Mayes and Scott (1984) fig. 105, 216 may have formed another element of the decorative scheme on the jar or have come from a separate vessel. However, the combination of several disparate decorative elements seen on the Mayes and Scott example may favour the former.

Base sherds from two Coventry ware cooking pots were recorded and a body sherd possibly from a reduced Deritend ware cooking pot. Five sherds from a possible splash glazed pitcher decorated with applied thumbed strips would seem to be residual here. A number of less commonly recorded fabrics were also recorded in the group, including an early Oxford ware sherd and a shelly ware jug sherd both of which may also be residual. A sherd from fill 2419 was identified as Potterspury ware but if so must be intrusive or incorrectly identified. A substantial base sherd from a jug with spaced, double thumb prints on the external base angle joined with three further and larger sherds from pit 2503 and together formed the entire base. Over 200 sherds were noted during assessment from pit 2503 and a spot date of c.1300 suggested. It is clear that like pit 2418, pit 2503 contained a variety of fabrics including sherds from Deritend ware jugs, one with a parallel from Weoley Castle and reduced Deritend ware cooking pots. It seems likely that both pits went out of use and were backfilled more or less contemporaneously.

The vessel would have had a large capacity. The rim diameter of 25cm and the hole near the base suggest that this was not a jug or pitcher and the hole seems too small to indicate a cistern, which in any case would be too late a form for the date suggested by the fabric, glaze and decoration. Another possibility, although one seldom

Pit 1251, Plot J (backfilled 14th?) (Fig. CD05.5) Although Chilvers Coton A ware is present including an attractive green glazed jug with combed decoration (Fig. CD05.5)and indeterminate Chilvers Coton A/C including a highly abraded, large vessel with applied thumbed strips, standard Chilvers Coton C sherds are also present, 99

amongst which is a jug. The latest sherd however appears to be a Midlands Purple sherd. It is possible that this is an overfired Chilvers Coton C fabric but it would be hard to believe that it could pre-date the 15th century. The pottery in the fill material is earlier than layer 1006 which overlies it and which looks to date to the late 15th or 16th centuries. It is possible that the late sherd in pit 1251 is intrusive from 1006, in which case the deposition date in the 14th century could be given for the pottery. The heavy abrasion on some of the sherds suggests a date towards the middle of the 14th century. Phase 3 case study features Pit 1328, Plot J (backfill date c. 1300) (Fig.CD02.1-3) This pit is noticeable for containing only a substantial section of a large jug in Chilvers Coton A/C fabric, which had been broken into many sherds (Plates 8.3 and 8.4; Fig. CD02.1-3). Large sections of the rim, base and all the handle survived, although most of the neck section was missing, so the sherds could not be joined to form a complete profile. However the pottery must represent something very close to a primary deposition. The jug was decorated with rows of incised wavy lines. There is no exact parallel for the jug in the Chilvers Coton report (Mayes and Scott 1984) although rows of incised wavy line decoration can be seen on one vessel (ibid fig. 97, 69) from the kiln site. The relative absence of highly decorated jugs there may indicate that more elaborately decorated items were placed in the prime position in the kiln during firing and hence were less likely to misfire. That said the jug from feature 1328 showed a remarkable range of surface and glaze colour. This ranged from a dark green around the rim and neck to a glossy olive green on the shoulder to a thin yellowish glaze with dark green speckles and mottling (caused by the addition of copper filings) towards the base. Clearly the glaze was at its best on the opposite side of the pot to the handle. Around the handle the surface was a matt purplish colour, where the glaze was so thin that it had burnt away. It is possible that the jug was dipped into the glaze medium whilst been held by the handle, which could explain the inconsistencies in the glaze colour. The pit is unusual in having a single pot in its fill, instead of the usual mixture of several broken vessels and residual material seen in many of the other features on the site. A deposition date in the early 14th century is likely for the jug, although the late 13th century is not impossible. Ceramic Evidence for Eating and Drinking in Phase 4 Overview By Phase 4 a new range of fabrics and forms were in use. The cistern or bunghole jar is first recorded here. These large capacity jars may have been associated with brewing and were certainly associated with liquid storage. They are utilitarian in character and are a frequent find on urban sites in the West Midlands. A number of the rims have 'cut-outs' and it has been suggested that during firing the vessels were used inverted in lieu of saggars, the cut-outs helping to

moderate the air flow into the pot and around the smaller vessel(s) inside. This is an attractive theory not least because they would have formed an ideal saggar for cistercian ware cups with which they are so frequently found. However, as the evidence from this site shows, the use of cisterns predates the use of cistercian ware. Other large capacity jars were first recorded in this phase including lid-seated forms (Plate 8.5; Fig. CD04.4-5). The pottery from this and the following phase presents several contrasts. There is a tendency for the utilitarian items like the cisterns to be somewhat crude and unprepossessing in appearance. Other utilitarian items such as bowls are often well potted e.g. Figs. CD03.1, CD13.1 with sharply defined rims but some less so (e.g. Fig. CD10.3-4). As in the previous phase many of the bowls were sooted externally. Specialised cooking vessels such as pipkins and dripping trays were noted in this phase. At least two pipkins were represented by rim sherds (Fig. CD03.9) found in pit 1347 and Fig. CD03.10 may be another example although somewhat larger in diameter. Two dripping trays were noted at assessment in pits 1557 and 1568. Again, the more specialised cooking wares suggest a more affluent status, although on urban sites there is a general tendency for these kinds of vessel to become more common anyway in the 15th and 16th centuries. There is however a marked contrast between a large urban site's pottery consumption and that witnessed in rural and semi-urban sites. At Burton Dassett, where a very large assemblage of c 37,000 sherds was recovered, examples of dripping trays and pipkins were virtually absent. High status in this phase is also indicated by the large proportion of cups and other drinking vessels. Most of these consisted of Tudor Green and Tudor Green-type ware cups, lobed cups and mugs (Fig. CD03.8; Fig. CD14.1) and a lobed bowl (Plate 8.6; Fig. CD06.1-2). A Brill Boarstall cup (Fig. CD04.6) came from pit 1821 and there were two examples of German stoneware. One was possibly Raeren and the other Siegburg (from pits 2156 Plot E/F, Fig. CD16.1 and pit 2113 Plot F, Fig. CD16.2 respectively). Other examples of Siegburg stoneware were noted in Phase 4 in the assessment. These were found in pits 1284 (Plot G; Fig. CD16.3), 1705 (Plot F) and 1417 (Plot J). A further unphased example was found in pit 2092 Plot I. It is interesting that all but two of the Rhenish stonewares from the site were Siegburg or Raeren, with only two examples of Cologne stoneware and indicates the use of stoneware at Much Park Street in the late 15th or more probably early 16th century i.e. in the period running up to and including the severe economic slump of 1518-1523 (see above). Rhenish stonewares are not especially common in the West Midlands and Raeren and Sieburg stonewares are particularly poorly represented. Siegburg stoneware was found beneath a plaster floor dated to the 1530s at Dudley Castle (pers inspection by author) and there is a general trend for stonewares to be better represented at high status sites. Unlike Much Park Street, Cologne stonewares are better represented at other sites, for

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example Stafford Castle excavations produced a particularly good collection of decorated drinking jugs (Rátkai 2007). Cologne stoneware has also been found at the Bull Ring Birmingham (Rátkai 2009), a small group of which was found associated with a tannery on Edgbaston Street. This is significant in that tanners tended to be among the wealthier sections of society. Whether the paucity of Cologne stoneware at this site reflects the down-grading of the area after the mid 16th century is open to debate. There are numerous examples of 16th and 17th century stonewares in the Shelton collection (pers inspection by author) recovered from all over Coventry so the position of Much Park Street is somewhat anomalous.

(Chilvers Coton C; Fig. CD03.6) which can be paralleled in Mayes and Scott (1985 fig. 59, 490, from a 15th century kiln), and a substantial portion of a cooking pot/jar (Fig. CD03.4) in a mudstone tempered fabric. The latter, and a jug sherd in a ware with clay pellets or rounded mudstone and an underglaze white slip, represent the earliest pottery from this pit. The clay pellet-tempered ware has been found further west in the county in Stratford ( Rátkai 1992b) and more recently on the M6 Toll (Rátkai 2008). Both the jug and the cooking pot are unlikely to be later than the 13th century and may even belong to the first half of the 13th century. There was also also a 'classic' Chilvers Coton B cooking pot with square rim, again of 13th century date.

More unusual vessel forms found in this phase consist of a Martincamp flask (Type II), a possible urinal (Fig. CD13.2), part of a salt (Fig. CD14.8) and a candlestick (Plate 8.7; Fig. CD17.4-5). Three lid sherds were also found (Figs. CD03.2; CD05.8; CD10.2). The lid diameter of Fig. CD 05.8 would make it a perfect fit for use with the pipkins. Lids were well-represented at Parkside, where some examples seem to have had a secondary industrial function, including one apparently used as a pigment palette (personal inspection by author).

The pottery was dominated by Chilvers Coton wares (A, B and C). The C fabrics spanned a range of colours from yellow to pink to orange and red. However, the lighter or less iron-rich fabrics predominated. A relatively small proportion of the Chilvers Coton C sherds had a red or salmon pink fabric, colours which seem to be most common in the 15th and 16th centuries. A variant of Chilvers Coton C fabric with a poorly mixed streaky matrix appears to be late on the analogy of a similar fabric found on the M6 Toll (Rátkai 2008). The pottery was made up mainly of jug sherds with some bowls and cooking pots, although some of the latter are clearly residual. Other forms represented were a pipkin (Chilvers Coton C, red fabric, with a square rim, not illustrated) part of a roof finial (Chilvers Coton A/C) and a vessel of uncertain function (Chilvers Coton A; Fig. CD 03.5). The latest pottery consisted of an unglazed handle, which could be North French Beauvais stoneware with a date range of 1450-1550, three Tudor Green cup sherds, representing three separate vessels, and late oxidised fabrics WCTS SLM13, SLM15 and SLM14. The absence of cistercian ware would suggest a date before the end of the 15th century.

Phase 4 case study features Pit 2249 (Plot F backfilled by c 1475; Fig.CD03.1-3) The backfill material from this pit is very similar to that from the other Phase 4 pits (see below). There is a mix of clearly residual material and pottery of 15th and/or 16th century date. Of the Phase 4 pits examined, this one contained the highest proportion of Midlands Purple ware and the highest proportion of Chilvers Coton C with a red fabric (just over 37%). An unattractive, burnt, Midlands Purple faceted jug base was found in this feature (Fig. CD03.3) – in fact may of the Midlands Purple vessels from the site as a whole were crude. A substantial section of a Chilvers Coton C bowl (red fabric, Fig. CD03.1) was recorded and also a lid (fabric WCTS SLM13, Fig. CD03.2). In terms of function the group comprised chiefly cistern and cup sherds, including a lobed Tudor Green cup, and to a lesser extent bowls. The absence of cistercian ware would suggest a backfill date before c. 1475. However a cup sherd was initially recorded as a reduced yellow ware and a bowl sherd as post-medieval coarseware. On balance it seems more likely that the cup sherd was an imitation Tudor Green and the bowl sherd may have been a variant of the red Chivers Coton C fabric. Pit 2010 (Plot F (backfilled 1450-75; Fig. CD03.4-6) The pottery from this feature was a rather mixed group and contained features which are largely suggestive of secondary redeposition, although the sherds were not noticeably small or abraded. There were very few large sections from individual pots. The notable exceptions to this were a finger impressed base from a baluster jug

Recut pit 2004 (Plot F, backfilled 1500; Figs. CD14.4, CD14.8, CD15.7) The fill material was broadly similar to that from cesspit E (see below), although the pottery was more fragmentary and is unlikely to contain much that represents primary deposition. The pottery dates mainly to the 15th and/or 16th centuries. There was no blackware in this group which may indicate that the fill date for the feature is a little earlier than that for cesspit E. A small tin-glazed earthenware sherd, blue-coloured on the exterior but with a plain white tin glaze on the interior was recovered. It is possible that this may have been a South Netherlands maiolica flower vase. This form is sometimes known in the literature as an 'altar vase' (Hurst et al 1986 117-118). Just such a vase was found at the Whitefriars Coventry (Woodfield 1981). Unfortunately the flower vase form no longer seems to be closely datable (Hurst et al 1987, 119). However, on balance it seems most likely that 2004 was backfilled by c. 1550 and probably by c 1525.

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The more decorative wares were made up of cistercian ware cups, one with applied white clay pellets, another with a flower formed from white clay pads. A similar flower motif found at the Austin Friars, Leicester can be seen in Woodland (1981 fig. 41, 209 and fig. 42, 231) and was also found in Stafford (Ford 1995, fig. 22 195). The motif was not recorded at Chilvers Coton and the cup, from 2004, probably came, like the jar with the thumbed neck cordon (see below) from a less local source. Part of a cistercian ware pedestal salt, decorated with a white clay band (Fig. CD14.8) was found in fill 2002 along with the decorated cistercian ware cups. The rim from a Tudor Green cup was found in the same fill. A minimum of four bowls were represented by base sherds (three in Chilvers Coton C fabric and one in WCTS SLM13). Chilvers Coton C sherds came mainly from bowls and only three sherds came from jugs. Two of the bowl bases were sooted and a third was burnt. Sooting on bowl sherds is relatively common in the region and seems to indicate that some were used as cooking vessels. Only one other vessel was associated with cooking and this was a small diameter (13cm) pipkin in a (Chilvers Coton) Midlands Purple fabric. Two small jug bases were present (WCTS SLM13 not illustrated and MP, Fig. CD15.7). Cisterns were only found in Midlands Purple ware. Two vessels were represented by rim sherds, in similar forms to those from cesspit E but the remaining body sherds seem to represent another three cisterns. Six cistercian ware cups were present. The most unusual form was a jar with a neck-shoulder cordon which had deep thumb or finger impressions (Fig. CD14.4), found in fill 2002. Two joining base sherds from the same fill may have been part of the same vessel. Late medieval jars with thumbed cordons are typically more common further west. They were produced by the Malvern Chase potters (Vince 1985), and jars with a stamped cordon were made at Wednesbury (Ford 1995, Rátkai 2007; 2009). They are not illustrated in Mayes and Scott (1985) and seem therefore not to have been made at Chilvers Coton. The likelihood is that the jar from 2004 represents a non-local pot, probably made in South Staffordshire (see Ford 1995, fig. 20. 158). The jar was also of interest because a second rim sherd from this vessel was found in 2125, the fill of the Phase 4 pit 2122 in Plot F (5 metres apart). Feature 2122 contained a small amount of 16th century material, such as cistercian ware and oxidised late medieval sandy wares Pit 2104 (Plot G/H, backfilled 1450-75; Fig.CD03.7-8) A rather mixed group of pottery with some vessels found split between the fills. There was a Tudor Green-type cup with a internal yellow glaze and an external green glaze (Fig. CD03.8). A third sherd, possibly also from a cup does not have the characteristic internal yellow glaze but is instead green with darker cu mottling; the exterior is a yellowish green with cu mottles. There is nothing very special about the group, although there were perhaps a

greater number of sooted sherds than seen in other features, amongst which were sooted bowl sherds. A Chilvers Coton A/C sherd was fired almost to the point of vitrification and may be proof of the late production of the whiteware (see above) and the fabric contained a large, dense rounded white inclusion. A lid-seated jar (Fig. CD03.7) was heavily sooted on the internal face of the rim. Many of the Chilvers Coton C sherds were borderline Midlands Purple ware. Most of the pottery probably dates to the 15th century and the absence of cistercian ware may indicate a deposition date before c 1480. (WCTS code SLM). Industrial pit 1347(Plot H, backfilled c 1425-1450) Fig. CD03.9-12). A relatively large number of sherds were recorded from the fills of this feature - the greater part of which were Chilvers Coton C. The presence of a few sherds of Midlands Purple ware occurring throughout the fills suggests a 15th century deposition date. Unlike some of the other 15th century groups there was no Tudor Green ware present although a small Chilvers Coton A fabric sherd could have been from an imitation Tudor Green vessel. Vessel function was dominated by jugs in Chilvers Coton A and C fabrics (e.g. Fig. CD03.12), and bowls were the second most frequent form type. Cooking pots and pipkins (Fig. CD03.9-11) were found in Chilvers Coton C. Indeterminate jugs or cisterns were again found in Chilvers Coton C and in Midlands Purple ware. A granitic tempered sherd from a cooking pot was clearly residual in this group. The majority of the Chilvers Coton sherds had fired to yellowish and pale orange hues much the same as the material from 1341 (below) and 2010 (above). The evidence from Coventry and from Burton Dasset tends to suggest that these paler colours are much more typical of Chilvers Coton C than the red sandy fabric described by Mayes and Scott (1984). Also of interest are some hardfired iron-poor Chilvers Coton fabrics with purplish glazes, in effect another variant of Midlands Purple ware, which more commonly has an iron-rich fabric. The fabric divisions proposed by Mayes and Scott (1984) and their relative dating is in need of some revision as larger and better dated urban groups have been excavated. For example, Fig. CD21 shows four Chilvers Coton jug handles, which stylistically look contemporary but, following Mayes and Scott (ibid) the handles should be divided into Chilvers Coton A, Chilvers Coton C, and Midlands Purple ware with an additional iron-poor Midlands Purple type not recorded in Mayes and Scott. It therefore becomes increasingly difficult to maintain a purely 13th century date for Chilvers Coton A (on fabric alone) and there is a strong suspicion that the whiteware bowls, for example continue to be made in the 14th century as indeed is the case with whiteware bowls from South Staffordshire. Taking the long view it becomes difficult to tell whether any occurrence of Chilvers Coton A, after about 1300/1325, marks the sherds out as residual. That there is residual material, however, is indicated by the presence of the granitic tempered sherd.

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Recut pit 1341 (Plot I, backfilled c. 1425-50) Figs.CD05.1-10, CD06.1-2). This is another pit notable for a selection of relatively complete pots and seems to represent a 15th century fill with very little obvious residual material (a shelly ware cooking pot sherd and a Chilvers Coton A jug sherd). The pottery appeared to have been in use before the introduction of cistercian ware in the late 15th century and comprised Chilvers Coton C ware, some with a red fabric, but the majority with clays containing a lesser iron content and firing to yellowish and pale orange fabrics, Midlands Purple ware (a single sherd from a jug, jar or cistern) and Tudor Green ware. The paucity of Midlands Purple ware might suggest a date in the earlier part of the 15th century. Two Tudor Green cups (unillustrated) and a lobed bowl (Plate 8.6; Fig. CD06.1-2) were present. The fabric of the latter suggests that it may have been made at Chilvers Coton i.e. a local imitation of Tudor Green ware. Part of a Tudor Green lobed cup and a cup or mug base (Fig. CD05.10) were found in pit 1465 as were sherds from utilitarian vessels and storage vessels represented by large jugs or cisterns (Midlands Purple, WCTS SLM13, Fig. CD05.1-3) and Chilvers Coton C). The example in fabric WCTS SLM13 had a ring and dot stamped neck cordon and orange glaze. Similar vessels but with a cross stamp (e.g. Ford 1995, fig. 19, 147-48; Rátkai 2009, fig. 7.7, 149 ) are known to have been made at Wednesbury and this is the likely source for this vessel. No similar vessels are recorded from Chilvers Coton. A handled jar, possibly in a Chilvers Coton C fabric was recorded (Fig. CD05.7), although, again, this form is not recorded by Mayes and Scott (1984). A lid (Fig. CD05.8) was presumably designed for use with the storage jars or possibly for use with the two Chilvers Coton C pipkins (Fig. CD05.4-6) also found in the pit. The remaining functional component was made up of Chilvers Coton C bowls, one wide mouthed and one with heavy external soot, and a WCTS SLM13 bowl. Wide-mouthed Chilvers Coton bowls were a marked feature of 15th century pottery groups from Burton Dassett in southern Warwickshire (Rátkai forthcoming a). There they may have been associated with agricultural practices such as dairying, whereas in Coventry they probably served as standard mixing bowls. Ceramic Evidence for Eating and Drinking in Phases 5a and 5b Overview In Phase 5a the trends observable in Phase 4 continued. Cups and other drinking vessels were now more likely to occur in cistercian ware, whereas there were only a few in this ware in the previous phase. The majority of the vessels were made up of either drinking vessels or large storage jars and cisterns. Other vessel forms had been added to the repertoire and a chafing dish, a pedestal vessel, probably a salt (Fig. CD08.8) and a fluted decorated cup or possibly a salt (Fig. CD19.1) were recorded. Pit 1079 (see case study below) was unusual in having a number of wide-mouthed bowls (Fig. CD10.3-

4). Jug sherds appear to have been largely residual although some of the small jugs, such as Figs. CD07.5, CD15.8-9) were probably used as drinking vessels and were contemporary with the Phase. A lid (Fig. CD10.2) similar to that recovered from Phase 4 was found and a second rim sherd of slightly larger diameter may have been from a second lid or possibly a small bowl. Dripping trays were still present. The data for Phase 5b has been largely derived from cesspit E (2338) discussed more fully in Chapter 3 and below. This assemblage contained detritus, including textile, clearly associated with a very affluent household and which therefore may give an unrepresentative idea of what was in use in this period. Cesspit 2402 (Fig. CD10.5) also dating to this phase did not produce anything like the quantity of material found in 2338 and comprised a mix of cups and bowl sherds with only one cistern represented. Phase 5 and 5b case study features Pit 1079 (Plot H, backfilled c. 1525-50; Fig. CD10.1-4) This appears to be a feature which went out of use in the 16th century. Like the Phase 4 groups Midlands Purple ware was well represented and together with the late medieval sandy wares form the majority of the pottery. There is a marked decrease in the amount of Chilvers Coton C ware. Cistercian ware in the fills probably indicates that the backfilling dates to c. 1500-1525. A tinglazed earthenware bowl rim decorated on the interior with blue may be South Netherlands maiolica, although the rim form is closer to Valencian forms (Hurst et al 1986) and may date to the first half of the 15th century. Pit 2004, with a similar suggested backfill date as F1079, also contained a possible South Netherlands maiolica sherd. A maiolica bowl sherd was also found in cess pit 2338 with a suggested backfill date of c 1550. Vessel forms more or less contemporary with the proposed backfill date consisted of cups (Tudor Green and cistercian ware), bowls (WCTS SLM13, Fig. CD10.3-4), tin-glazed earthenware and cisterns (Midlands Purple, WCTS SLM13 and SLM15). There was one lid (WCTS SLM13, Fig. CD10.2). A small jug, possibly used as a drinking jug, was represented by two sherds in fabric WCTS SLM14. A Chilvers Coton C bowl, fired almost to Midlands Purple (Fig. CD10.1) may also have been more or less contemporary with this group. Two of the cistercian ware sherds had a lustrous metallic looking glaze (Fig. CD19.2). This is sometimes a feature of cistercian ware and blackware sherds and can be caused by an excess of iron oxides in the glaze or firing conditions. However, in this instance the sherds appeared to have been 'coated' with this result in mind. In the somewhat dim interiors of 16th century domestic buildings the cup would have superficially resembled pewter. Looking at some of the cistercian ware cup forms, particularly those with a carination below the rim, are these in fact skeuomorphs of metal vessels. None

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such survive in the archaeological or documentary record and the interpretation must therefore remain unproven. Cesspit E (Plot D) backfilled c. 1550; Figs CD07.1-9, CD08.1-11, CD09.1-4, CD15.8, CD19.1, CD20.1-2) The cesspit seems to have contained a roughly contemporaneous group of pottery, which dated to the 16th century, with only a small amount of residual material. The large fragments of individual pots recovered are indicative of swift disposal of the broken pot into the cesspit, which probably occurred around c.1550. Cross-joins between the fills may indicate a single disposal event but much of the fill was very glutinous and viscous and pot sherds may have sunk down through it. A Midlands Yellow ware cup base sherd in fill 2309 could indicate a date later in the second half of the 16th century or could indicate evidence of use of this ware by the mid 16th century. However, the small number of sherds identified as blackware may also push the backfill date into the third quarter of the 16th century, although the other finds are more consistent with a mid16th century date. However, Mould (Chapter 7) also notes leather which could date to the late 14th or early 15th century. If the former is correct there is no pottery which can confidently be ascribed to this date; if the latter then some of the pottery such as the cisterns and bowls could be contemporary and hence residual in the cesspit. We should perhaps look to some of the smaller sherds such as a transitional Chilvers Coton C/Midlands Purple jug or cistern sherd as representative of this material, perhaps remains from earlier fills which have been removed before the final backfilling. Several cisterns (or bung-hole jars) were found within the cesspit. Five vessels could be identified from the rim sherds and a further four from the base sherds. The vessels were mostly in Midlands Purple but one was in WCTS SLM14, one in WCTS SLM12 and two in Chilvers Coton C (one a red fabric; Fig. CD07.3). Three different rim forms were noted some with cut-outs on the rim. A further eight sherds may represent a further seven vessels, so there could be the remains of as many as 16 cisterns. Three of the bases had very heavy interior limescale. Generally the sherds were not sooted although cistern 2310 (Plate 8.8) was, and had possibly served an industrial function. This vessel was crude and heavy and one of the base sherds has had holes drilled into it – the break is running through these – perhaps a repair, since the larger more complete section of the base has no holes. A shadow on the base exterior shows that it had been used as a saggar. It is possible that the cutouts in the cistern rim were made in order to improve its function as a saggar. A complete cistern base (not illustrated), another rather crude heavy vessel, had also been used as a saggar. There was glaze on the base exterior and a glaze run from firing another inverted vessel. Very heavy internal limescale on the interior of the base showed that the vessel had subsequently been used as a liquid container. Evidence of wear on the external base edge of two cisterns indicates that they were repeatedly tipped or rotated during use.

An unusual ovoid storage jar (WCTS SLM14, Fig. CD07.6) was found in fill 2309. Like some of the cisterns it had a very heavy deposit of limescale on the interior and wear on the external base edge. It is not a form recorded by Mayes and Scott (1984). Eight cistercian cups were represented by rim sherds and a further seven by base sherds with possibly as many as ten more cups represented by body or handle sherds. Two joining rim sherds were worn suggesting that they may have had some sort of metal mount (although the form similar to Fig. CD08.1 is perhaps not obviously suited to a mount). Cups with a one, two or three handles were recorded. There was evidence of both wired and unwired bases. Flecks of a light coloured inclusion, which show through the glaze as small lighter coloured spots, were noted on some vessels. The base of cup (Fig. CD08.5) was of interest because of a crack which ran across the base, visible on both the interior and exterior (Plate 8.9; Fig. CD20.1-2), and which had formed during firing. Glaze had infiltrated the fissure binding the base together. The base exterior was also thickly encrusted with glaze and occasional small pottery fragment. A small pottery fragment was also adhering to the interior wall of the cup. In theory the cup would have been usable but can be classed as no better than a second and there is a possibility that that the vessel may have been waste. The base from a more ovoid vessel (Fig. CD08.6) had similarly thick glaze on the exterior base and was heavily chipped around the base edge, presumably during removal from a saggar. Whether this vessel was also waste or sold as a second is open to debate. Heavy fuel ash slag adhesions were noted on the base of Fig. CD08.2 and other irregularities were found on Figs. CD08.7 and CD8.10. A cistercian ware body sherd with a black over-fired glaze could also have been a waster or may have been burnt after breakage. One cup sherd was decorated with applied white clay pads. A second 'fluted' sherd probably from a cup or possibly from a more elaborate table ware (Fig. CD19.1) was decorated with applied white clay dots impressed with something like a ring and dot stamp. Two further drinking vessels were represented by a 'frilled' base from a Siegburg drinking jug of rather ovoid (Fig. CD09.4) form similar to Gaimster (1997 fig. 3.48, 272, 281) and a fine Cologne stoneware drinking jug (Plates 8.10 and 8.11; Fig. CD09.1-3), decorated with face masks around the neck and applied oak leaves and acorns and a portrait medallion on the body. The portrait medallions set round the neck are unusual in being set within rectangles rather than roundels. The neck portraits consist of repeated female and male busts, facing each other this is repeated three times. Opposite the handle is a medallion portrait bust of a man's head with moustache, facing left. There are no exact parallels in Gaimster

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(1997) for this vessel but a date range of 1520-1540/45 seems likely. The handle is missing from the Cologne stoneware drinking jug and may be reason for discard. There is indication of wear around the rim suggesting a metal mount as shown in Gaimster (1997, Nos. 30, 33). A cup or mug base (Fig. CD08.10) appeared to be a transitional form between cistercian ware and blackware and may date to the mid 16th century. Two sherds, one a rim, from a possible blackware mug, the glaze of which which was incorrectly fired to a 'metallic' black with sickly brown mottles and a blackware 'elephant's trunk' handle again with a metallic black glaze, represent two further drinking vessels. A small Midlands Purple jug (Figs. CD07.5, CD15.8), complete apart from a small hole at the shoulder was probably intended as a drinking vessel (see above). It is similar in form to a squat stoneware form (see Gaimster 1997 Nos. 29, 33).

Ceramic Evidence for Eating and Drinking in Phase 6 Overview Very little pottery dated to the later 17th, 18th and 19th centuries and analysis of the data is not possible. There is little to suggest particularly high status occupation such as formal dining wares and tea wares. This contrasts with the Bull Ring, Birmingham where 17th and 18th century pottery was well represented and included formal dining and tea wares. Despite the artefactual remains which suggest a possible religious connection to the site, this is not apparent in the ceramics which, with the possible exception of the South Netherlands vase, are consistent with normal, prosperous, secular occupation. Only one feature from Phase 6 was examined in detail although there were few features containing pottery ascribed to this phase. This was cesspit F (2339) in Plot B. Again the contents seem indicative of high status. The clay pipe evidence (see Chapter 7) suggests that the fill material in 2339 was deposited in the 1670s or 1680s. Phase 6 case study

The dominance of drinking vessels and cisterns is typical of many late medieval/early post-medieval urban sites in the West Midlands and seems genuinely to represent vessels in use by relatively prosperous urban dwellers. However, at Burton Dassett, what appears to have been the final occupation of the excavated area, a house in Area D2, was also characterised by a group of cisterns and cistercian ware cups. At the time of writing the pottery report some 20 years ago, when there was not the body of comparanda that there is today it was suggested that the Burton Dassett group might indicate that the Area D2 house was used as a tavern. This explanation now seems unlikely and more probably points to the widespread adoption of these ceramic forms, particularly by persons of means in the later 15th and early 16th centuries. The reasons for this deserve further study and highlight the still imperfect knowledge we have of ceramic use in the medieval and early post-medieval periods. The group contains other evidence of 'bourgeois' occupation. There were two dripping trays (Figs. CD07.7; 7.9; Chilvers Coton C and Figs CD07.7-8; WCTS SLM20), a blackware pedestal vessel (Fig. CD08.8; possibly a pedestal salt), a possible chafing dish (WCTS SLM14, not illustrated) and a tin-glazed earthen ware bowl with internal blue painted decoration, The latter had a pinkish fabric with iron oxide inclusions which suggests that it is not an Anglo-Dutch ware but is probably Mediterranean in origin. Plain utilitarian vessels, apart from the cisterns, were represented by two bowl base sherds (WCTS SLM15 and Midlands Purple). Of the remaining pottery from the cesspit five blackware sherds may have come from small jugs. Residual material consisted of five Chilvers Coton A sherds all from jugs and a possibly early Coventry sandy ware cooking pot (Fig. CD07.1).

Cesspit F (2339; Plot B, backfilled c. 1670s-1680; Fig. CD17.1-3, CD18.1) This feature was notable for producing a good example of a tin-glazed earthenware, fluted, scalloped rim bowl, with blue chinoiserie painted decoration (Plate 8.12; Fig. CD18.1) which was substantially complete. It dates on analogy with similar fluted bowls (see Jennings 1981, 202, fig. 90, 1437) to around the mid-17th century. Apart from this there were few sherds, representing three blackware mugs, a yellow ware vessel of unknown form and a residual Chilvers Coton A jug sherd, a Chilvers Coton C ?bowl sherd and an undiagnostic Chilvers Coton C sherd. Two of the blackware sherds came from cylindrical mugs, one 'corrugated'. A second substantial vessel (Plate 8.13; Fig. CD17.1-3) was a pipkin with a hollow, socket handle and internal olive glaze. This is clearly a late form and is probably more or less contemporary with the scalloped bowl. The fabric was very fine and may be a late Potterspury product, it is certainly different from the coarseware fabrics used for pipkins (such as Fig. CD05.45, although this is earlier in date) and other utilitarian vessels such as jars and bowls found in the West Midlands. A group of tripod pipkins (pers inspection by author) with a brick red fabric and internal tan or brown glazes were found at Kenilworth, dumped in a culvert together with jar, bowl and pancheon rim sherds, which suggest a 17th century date. These were more typical of West Midlands groups of this date. The pipkin was heavily sooted on the exterior. The sooting was especially heavy opposite the handle. The rim form suggests that the pipkin was designed to take a lid. Wooden domestic artefacts by Steven Allen The two bowls are the most recognisable artefacts in the wood assemblage (Plates 8.14, 3.14 and 3.15). Both are face turned on a lathe from a halved blank, cut from an Alnus spp. log. The smaller of the two, (c.140mm

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diameter, and c.35mm high base to rim) has a prominent ‘V’ profile rim, a single groove around the exterior for decoration and a well defined base, hollowed to a concave profile on the outside. The larger (c.220mm diameter, c.70mm high base to rim; Plate 8.18) has a beaded rim but no other decoration. The base is flat with concentric deeply turned grooves on the outside. Hewing marks show where the waste core was cut away and trimmed on the inside and outside of the bowl. The freshness of these marks, the freshness of the turning marks, lack of any staining from use and the relative completeness of the object argue for its arrival in its burial context very shortly after manufacture.

context (1214) in Plot I had an asymmetrical end plate secured by a pyramidal knop, the remains of the wooden handle suggest it may have been of a decorative burred wood. A broken knife with a handle with a ‘dog-nosed’ end cap of copper alloy comparable with examples dated to c. 1500 in private collections was recovered from primary fill (1989) of a large 16th-17th pit (Phase 5a) in Plot H. A broken whetstone (SF218; see Fig. 6.3.2) for sharpening edged tools including domestic knives was found in 15th-16th century rubbish pit in Plot I (Chapter 6).

One slightly rarer find is a plate from a scale tang knife handle (Plate 8.15). This is complete, exhibiting holes for four rivets which would have fastened this plate through the tang of the blade to a matching plate on the other side. It is cut from boxwood, a fine grained hard wearing wood often used for similar purposes. No staining indicates the exact shape of the tang and it may be assumed that the scale was removed from the metal before disposal. Such knife handles appear in the mid- 14th century, the date of the earliest known examples in London (Cowgill et al 1987, 26) and York (Ottaway and Rogers 2002, 2762). Domestic Utensils by Quita Mould Three pewter spoons with fig-shaped bowls were found within a large rubbish deposit (2310) within a cess pit E believed to have been backfilled c. 1550. Two (SF285; Fig. 8.1.1, and SF295) have slip-top stems the third (SF286; Fig. 8.1.2) has a cro wn knop. The end of each stem extends slightly onto the underside of the bowl suggesting a date in the late 15th-early 16th century (Moore 1999, 127 upper figure). Both the illustrated spoons have similar touch marks on the bowl close to the stem, one the mirror image of the other. The mark is comparable with that on a spoon from Abbots Lane, London (Egan 2005, fig. 100 no 526) recovered from a deposit dated c.1500-c.1550. The two spoons with sliptop stems have gold-coloured plating preserved in places on both the bowl and stem suggesting they had been plated with copper alloy. Table knives were commonly found, at least eleven examples being recovered from across the site, most were broken. Three whittle tanged knives (e.g. SF73; Fig. 8.1.3) came from deposits dating to the 15th-16th century, as did a broken tang within the remains of the wooden handle which may come from a knife or another hafted tool. The majority of knives had scale tangs, recovered principally from 14th-16th century contexts (Phases 3 and 4) several with the remains of their organic scale handle plates preserved. A particularly early example (SF448) occurring in a 13th-14th century pit (1251) in Plot J.At least four had copper alloy end plates present. One knife from Plot F/G had a suspension ring at the end of the handle from which it could be hung from a belt. Another (SF472; Fig. 8.1.4) from a 14-15th century

Figure 8.1 – Eating utensils. 1 and 2 Pewter spoons from cess pit E, 3 and 4 - whittle tanged knives and 5 - a dairy skimmer

A broken rectangular mount (SF452) of bone, cut from a split rib, was recovered from a sample of fill (1253) from an industrial pit (1521) dating to the 13th14th century in Plot J. The rectangular plate had a rivet hole at each end, one with part of a bone rivet surviving. It can be compared with similar bone riveted mounts from both Anglo-Scandinavian and medieval contexts at Coppergate York (MacGregor et al 1999, 1952-1955 and fig. 912). It also superficially resembles items from Much Park Street (Wright 1988, 105 fig. 58 no 1 and 2). These comprise paired plates secured together by an iron rivet at each end, thought to be cut from cattle metapodials, they have been identified as knife handles. The presence of a bone rivet in this example makes its use as a knife handle less likely. Small pieces broken from five metal cooking vessels were noted in the assemblage coming from Plots G, H and I. A fragment of a broken vessel of copper alloy

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sheet repaired with sheet staples was found in fire rake out thrown into a pit (2047) dating to the 15th-16th century, a fragment of rim from another came from a deposit of the same date. A plain foot broken from a cast bronze vessel and a small fragment possibly broken from a second cast vessel were found in 15th-16th century contexts (Phase 4) with a fragment of simple rim from a third cast vessel coming from a 16th-17th century deposit (Period 5a). A large triangular sheet handle mount (SF78; Fig. 8.1.5) from a skimmer used in the diary came from pit 1572 in Plot F dating to the 14th-15th century. Glass Drinking Vessels by Cecily Cropper Eleven vessels have been identified ranging from the medieval period up to 18th century. There are four that have landmark features that can give classification including two rims (one medieval and the other of a postmedieval date) and a base (16th or 17th century) from probable beakers (1112, 2310 and U/S) and a beautiful blown knopped stem from a goblet dating to around the 17th century (2324). The other fragments are unfortunately undiagnostic. Glass Bottles by Cecily Cropper There are a few examples of probable medieval and early post medieval bottles (contexts 1116, 1246, 1998) or flasks dated prior to the introduction of mass production of bottles in the mid- to late 17th century. The majority of fragments are of later bottles, with one concentration dating to around the early to mid-18th century and a second dating to the late19th or early 20th century (context 1889) indicating small and localized bottle dumps. The majority seem to be beer or wine though smaller examples may be for household substances. Diet Significant evidence relating to the diet of the inhabitants of Much Park Street was recovered. The large fish and animal bone assemblage is able to inform on the species, anatomy and condition of the animals used by the inhabitants. The material has been assessed as a complete assemblage of 12th-20th century date, consisting of occupation and industrial deposits. Almost all of the assemblage however, came from pits dating from the period of the 12th to 17th centuries. In addition, the results of palaeoenvironmental sampling also had provided an insight into food consumption and domestic waste (primarily using the samples recovered from the stone lined cesspits). Animal Bone by Matilda Holmes Introduction Animal bones were recorded from Phases 1-7 (Table 12). To maintain the integrity of the phasing of the site, and due to small sample sizes, only bones assigned to phases 2, 3, 4, 5a and 5b will be analysed in detail. Although

only a small sample of bones were recorded from phase 5b, they were kept separate from those of 5a due to the distinct formation processes, as a result of the deposition of cess, and their direct association with household waste. Taphonomy and Condition The bones were in very good condition (Table 13), few showed signs of recent breakage, fragmentation, refitting or gnawing, either by carnivores or rodents, all of which factors indicate that the majority were buried soon after disposal, subject to optimum preservation, and little postdepositional movement. Very few incidences of burning were noted, which suggests that the majority were not exposed to direct heat during processing. A number of partial skeletons had been disposed of in various pits (Table 14), the majority of which were from domestic birds (fowl, goose and duck) and pigs, and implies that they were deposited as articulating joints of meat. Cats were also commonly disposed of on the site, as well as an isolated partial dog skeleton. There were no signs of butchery or skin-removal on the bones from either cats or dogs, and their presence amongst general refuse suggests the opportune disposal of carcasses, which is not unusual on contemporary sites (Thomas 2005:96). As pits were half sectioned, it is possible that other articulating elements were present, but remained un-excavated, which may account for the scarcity of complete skeletons, despite evidence for so many partial carcasses. Carcass Representation and Butchery In most phases all anatomical elements of cattle and sheep carcasses were present, although there was evidence that selection of particular parts of the carcass took place, in favour of the meat-bearing bones from the fore- and hind-limbs, as there were fewer lower limb and skull bones recorded than expected if complete carcasses had been deposited (Fig. 8.2: Table 15). This was particularly notable in the assemblages from the cess pits (phase 5b), which are directly related to the deposition of domestic refuse, and for all three species there was considerable weighting towards the presence of meatbearing bones. The mixing of meat-bearing bones and elements more consistent with primary butchery refuse (metapodia, phalanges and horn cores) in assemblages from earlier phases suggests that many of the pits were not used solely for the deposition of domestic waste, but were mixed with craft or butchery refuse. When spatial plots were made of the distribution of waste typical of such industrial refuse (i.e. craft working or butchery), there was evidence to suggest that greater numbers of leg and head bones were recovered from the western ends of plots A and B, and the northern-most and southern-most plots recognised by pit alignments in the southern area in Phase 3 (Fig. 8.17). There were no concentrations of such bones to indicate a central processing area, and it is likely that the pits at this time were used for the disposal of waste from a wide range of activities, unrelated to specific carcass processing. From Phase 4, the distribution of such waste is analogous throughout the southern area, suggesting widespread disposal of mixed refuse (Fig. 8.18).

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Despite the good preservation, the majority of butchery marks recorded were produced as a result of chops with a heavy implement. Cut marks from knives were next commonly noted (Fig. 8.3), occurring more often on the bones of sheep than the other domesticates. Saw marks were very rare. Butchery of cattle and sheep differed from that of pigs. Butchery marks themselves were more rarely noted on pig bones than those of cattle and sheep (Fig. 8.4), particularly from Phase 4, but the most notable distinction was the treatment of vertebrae, which, in the case of cattle and sheep were consistently chopped in a posterior-anterior direction in all phases, however, from the 14th-15th centuries (Phase 3), there is a decrease in the proportion of pig bones exhibiting this pattern (Fig. 8.5), which is particularly notable in Phase 5 deposits. One cattle hyoid from Phase 4 bore a cut mark, which suggests that the animal’s throat was cut, either as a method of slaughter or during removal of the head. Cattle and sheep heads were commonly removed at the junction of the skull with the 1st cervical vertebrae, in evidence from cut marks to the occipital part of the skull and transverse chop marks to the axis (Phases 3 and 4), and cattle atlas (Phases 4 and 5a). No such butchery marks were recorded for pigs. Horn cores were commonly removed from the skulls of cattle and sheep prior to deposition, although some were deposited in Phase 4 pits. The removal of brains from sheep and pigs was recorded in Phase 4 by the longitudinal splitting of the skull in a posterior-anterior direction, and the transverse splitting of a number of sheep skulls. In Phase 5 cattle skulls were also split, as well as those from sheep and pigs, but only in a longitudinal direction. Evidence for skinning is scarce, given the predominance of meat bearing bones, rather than those from the extremities, but comes from knife marks on the proximal metapodia of sheep and pigs, and the 1st phalanx from a cow. The majority of butchery marks relate to the disarticulation and jointing of the carcass and are recorded in similar locations in all phases (Fig. 8.6). From this it can be observed that cattle were most heavily butchered – not surprising given their large size in relation to sheep, although the dearth of butchery marks on the pig skeleton may indicate that this animal was processed whole, rather than being subject to disarticulation prior to cooking. This would explain the difference in butchery techniques between pig and cattle and sheep vertebrae – where the latter two species were butchered by a specialist, splitting the carcass into sides of meat, but pigs were acquired as complete carcasses and probably not butchered until being carved at the table. The high incidence of butchery marks and predominance of meat bearing parts of the main domesticates indicates that most of the assemblage originated as domestic refuse. It may safely be assumed, therefore, that the faunal remains from this site generally represent food debris, and can be interpreted as representing the diet of those living within the associated properties from the 14th century. Although there may be some indication of the presence of processing waste throughout the site, it is nearly all in the minority of the samples – the majority being more indicative of domestic refuse.

Diet The species represented in all phases are recorded in Tables 17 and 18, of which the main domesticates (cattle, sheep/ goat and pig) predominate, along with high numbers of domestic birds (domestic fowl, goose and duck). Of the other domestic species, horse and dog were recovered rarely, which reflects the tendency for them not to be consumed in this period (Grant 1988: 160), and therefore not be associated with domestic refuse. Cat remains, however, were more commonly recorded, particularly in earlier Phases 2 and 3, although they are present in later phases, too. Deer were the most frequently retrieved wild species in earlier phases, by Phase 4 they were present in similar proportions, but in later phases rabbits become more common. Hare was identified only once, and the presence of a cut mark on a rabbit pelvis from phase 5a combined with an absence of articulated fragments suggests that they formed part of the diet, rather than being intrusive finds, as a result of burrowing. Of the deer species, fallow deer were most common, although red and roe deer were also recorded. Butchery marks were recorded on a high proportion of deer bones, and only one piece of worked antler was present, which makes it likely that venison was a small part of the diet, also. The only other wild mammal species recovered were a single rat bone, a typical background species, often found in areas of human habitation, and an amphibian long bone. Wild birds were rarely recovered, although fragments from partridge, crane, woodcock and wader species were present that would likely have been procured for the table. The presence of corvid and turdus species, however, is more ambiguous, and it is just as likely that these were also background species. The proportion of species within the assemblage changes little with time (Fig. 8.7). Cat numbers fall, horse, dog, duck, wild mammals and birds are consistently recovered in very low numbers. The proportion of cattle decreases slightly relative to sheep from Phase 2, although pigs are recorded as a constant 14-16% of the assemblage in phases 3-5a. The greatest difference in species proportions is noted in Phase 5b, but this may expected due to the unusual nature of the burial context, where particular species were perhaps more likely to have been included in the waste disposed of in the cess pits – it seems that the remainders of meals consisting of beef, mutton and chicken were most likely to be thrown into the latrine. Previous research has indicated that bones cooked and served at the table are more likely to be recovered nearest the house, whereas those deposited as a result of food preparation, that is, removed prior to cooking and/ or serving, will be recovered further away (Driver 2004). If this is applied to the Much Park Street material, which indicates that pork was probably cooked whole, it may be suggested that the meat was removed from the bones prior to service at the table, as very few pig bones were recovered from the cess pit in 5b – in

108

direct contrast to the findings of Driver’s study, which found that the bones from smaller carcasses of pig and birds were more commonly found in contexts near the property, having been easily cooked and served whole. In general, then, the population of this site would have had a diet based largely on beef, with mutton and pork served in similar quantities, but also subsidised with chicken, goose and duck and, far more infrequently, venison, rabbit and wild birds. Provisioning There is some evidence for the presence of very young calves – a number of peri- or neonatal bones (Fig. 8.8) were recovered from phase 3, increasing with time from 17% in phase 3 to 21% and 50% in phases 5a and b, respectively. This is reflected in the tooth wear data (Fig. 8.9), although in phase 4 (15th century) 50% of the assemblage showed wear stages at stage B – they had died before reaching 4 months of age. This discrepancy could be due to taphonomic and recovery factors, although the close association between fusion and tooth wear in other phases suggests this is not the case; instead it indicates that calves heads were bought in specifically. Evidence for other veal bones are recorded from Phase 3, but peak in phase 5a (Fig. 8.10). Newborn lambs were recorded in very low proportions in Phases 3 and 4, from fusion data and the presence of porous bones, but in Phase 5a, 25% of the earliest fusing bones (proximal metapodia) were unfused (Fig. 8.11), and 20% of the mandibles were also from animals that died before reaching 4 months of age. No neo- or perinatal piglets were recovered (Fig. 8.12), although there was again evidence for the procurement of heads from younger animals in all phases, as the tooth wear evidence indicates a greater proportion of animals that died at around 5 months, and this is shadowed by the presence of porous bone fragments recovered from Phase 3, but again in greatest quantities from Phase 5a. With the exception of these very young animals described above, the fusion, tooth wear and tooth eruption data suggests that the majority of cattle and sheep were culled when mature, with more sub adult cattle dying from phase 4, and more juveniles from Phase 5a. Although sheep were mature in all these phases, a slight increase in those culled earlier is seen in Phase 4. Phase 5b deposits, however, indicate a peculiar trend – although there are a number of calf bones present, the remainder of cattle bones were fused, indicating the deposition of old animals, whereas sheep were considerably younger than previously recorded – the majority would have died before reaching 2 years of age, although no neonatal animals were noted. Conversely, although pigs were killed at young ages, consistent with their primary importance as providers of meat, those in Phase 5b are older than those seen in earlier phases, with the exception of some adult individuals in Phases 4 and 5a, which were most likely from breeding stock.

Although metrical samples suitable for determining the presence of males and females were small for the cattle assemblage, a number of metacarpals were complete enough from Phase 4 deposits (Fig. 8.13), which suggest that males and castrated males were present, which may imply the presence of older females in the hinterland, important for both the supply of milk and veal calves. A larger sample of sheep metrics were available for analysis of sexual polymorphism, both from the pelvis (Greenfield, 2006) and metapodials (Davis 2000) (Figs. 8.14 and 8.15). These results reveal a change from a predominance of females in Phase 3, to a mixture of females and males (rams) in Phase 4. This may indicate a change in the underlying economy from one where old females were important to the rural economy, either for breeding, dairy produce or wool production, to one where younger males and females were important – which may imply an intensification of wool production in the hinterland, alongside an increasing demand for animals at prime meat age from the inhabitants of this site. These patterns point to an increasing trade in calves from the 14th century, supplying both veal, and brawn. With this exception, the provisioning of cattle and sheep in earlier phases is indicative of an underlying economy based on secondary production of milk, wool and/ or traction. From the 15th century there is a greater provision of younger males for beef animals, although the importance of sheep for their wool remains strong in the later periods, reflecting the high prices that the cloth trade sanctioned, over and above the provision of animals at prime meat age (Grant 1988: 155). The increase in male cattle and veal has been attributed to the change in emphasis to horse-power for traction, over cattle from the 14th and 15th centuries (Albarella 1997:22). The presence of high numbers of young cattle and sheep from cess pit deposits in 5b are more likely to be due to formation deposits, and the disposal of smaller animals cooked and served whole in features nearer the domestic centre. Summary Archaeological evidence indicates that Phase 4, the 14th15th century, was the most prosperous period for those living in this area of Coventry, and the animal bone data reflects this in the presence of venison, wild bird species and fish, and the procurement of veal and calves heads at a time when many other contemporary sites were still being supplied only with older cattle. However, these trends continue into the 16th century, when numbers of very young calves and sheep increase, which indicates that the prosperity of the inhabitants also persisted. Differences in the butchery of pig carcasses to that observed for cattle and sheep, indicates that pigs were bought to the site whole, as there is no evidence for splitting the carcasses into sides. Further to this, there is tentative evidence that pigs were cooked whole, and the meat removed from the bone before being served at the table. It is apparent that the heads of young pigs and calves were bought in separately, however, and were split for the retrieval of brawn.

109

 

Phase

Condition (n fragments)  Excellent  Good  Fair  Poor  Very poor  Total  Taphonomy (%assemblage)  Butchery  Burnt  Gnawed  Fresh break  Refit 

1  1    2  1  3  11  4    5       12          33%     8%          8%      

2  1  45  64  10    120    35%    6%  3%  1=2 

3  12  149  306  14    481    36%    4%  3%  4=13 

3+4  1  63  46      110    33%  7%  2%    1=2 

4  34  784  994  25  1  1838    39%  1%  5%  4%  1=22 

4&5a    1  1      2    50%         

5a  5  232  201  4  1  443    37%    3%  3%  1=8 

5b    86  66  1    153    42%    5%  2%   

6    5  8  6    19    58%  11%       

7      3      3    33%         

Table 12 – Proportion of animal bone fragments recovered from various types

Phase 

Context 

Feature 

Species

3     3  3  3  4  4  4  4  4  4 

1652    1883  1894  2048  1533/  1617  1754  1876  1980  2157 

Pit 1647     Pit 1883  Pit 1883  Pit2053  Pit 1460  Pit 1616  Pit 1752  Pit 1875  Pit 1981  Pit 2156 

4     4  5b  5b 

2192    2377  2388  2502 

2249     Pit 2380  Cess pit 2338  Cess pit 2502 

Cat  Pig  Chicken Chicken Cat  Cat  Goose Cat  Cat  Chicken Chicken Chicken (MNI 2) Pig (MNI 2) Chicken Duck Dog 

Description Complete Skeleton Partial Skeleton (head, fore‐limbs, vertebrae)  Partial  Skeleton  (fore‐limbs,  sternum,  synsacrum,  Partial Skeleton (legs) Partial Skeleton (hind‐limbs)  Partial Skeleton (fore‐limb and head)  Partial Skeleton (wings, sternum, tibio‐tarsus)  Partial Skeleton (hind‐limbs)  Partial Skeleton (hind limbs) Partial Skeleton (legs, sternum, synsacrum, ribs) Partial Skeleton (wings, sternum)  Partial Skeleton (legs and wings)  Partial Skeleton (fore‐ and hind‐limbs)  Partial Skeleton (vertebrae, pelvis, wing, leg)  Partial Skeleton (wings) Partial Skeleton (humerus, femur, tibia) 

Table 13 – Condition and taphonomy of the bone assemblage

110

Anatomy  Phase  Horn core  Skull  Occipitale  Zygomaticus  Atlas  Axis  Sacrum  Scapula   Humerus P  Humerus D  Radius P  Radius D  Ulna  3rd Carpal  Pelvis  Femur P  Femur D  Tibia P  Tibia D  Calcaneum  Metacarpal P  Metacarpal D  Metatarsal P  Metatarsal D  1st phalange  2nd phalange  3rd phalange  Total 

2          

3     2  1  3   

2      

   2  1  1  2  0  0 

9  2  13  10  4  0 

  

  

6  2  1  2  1  0  1  4  1  2  3  2  1  34 

8  6  9  8  4  6  5  6  7  2  4  2  2  113 

Cattle  4      6  10  7  4  8  30  13  45  33  21  2  1  30  21  27  20  29  17  25  22  27  35  11  5  4  453 

5a    1  4     3    2  3  6  2  8  8  1     3  6  11  2  7  5  7  7  7  4  5  1  1  104 

5b   2    1  1       3  7  10  6  4  2     3  2  2  3  2  0  2  1  0  1  1  1     54 

2             2  1     1  1  2  0  0  0     3  0  0  2  1  0  1  0  5  3  0  0     22 

3     2         1  8  5  12  9  5  3     9  1  5  7  10  3  7  8  13  13  1  0     122 

Sheep 4 2  13  3     11  6  10  37  15  37  51  0  12     39  12  35  32  47  19  21  16  35  24  1  0     478 

5a          1  1  1  6  7  0  5  7  2     10  7  6  8  13  3  4  5  3  2  0  0     91 

5b       1              2  3  5  4  3  0     3  0  4  1  2  0  1  1  0  0  0  0     30 

2           

3             1   

  

2  1  1  1  8  2  2 

0  1  1  0  0  0    

   0  0  1  0  1  1  3  3  2  1  0  0 

  

2  0  2  4  7  2  3  2  1  1  3  1    

15 

45 

Pig  4    4  4  1  2  1     7  10  19  19  14  12     8  6  10  15  20  3  5  5  6  4  2  2  2  181 

5a

5b

 

  2              2              4  0  3  0  2  1  0  3  1  3  0  0        1  0  1  0  0  0  7  3  10  2  0  0  6  0  6  0  4  0  4  0  1  0  1  0  1     56  12 

Mandibles  included  where  p4/dp4  and/  or  molars  were  present;  Phalanges  /4  to  allow  for  frequency  bias;  P=proximal end, D= distal end   Table 14 – Associated animal bone groups

111

12‐ 13‐ 14‐ Date  13th  14th  15th    Phase  1  2  3  3+4  Species          Cattle  5  61  209  33  Sheep/goat  1  21  114  22  Sheep    4  17  4  Goat          Pig  2  14  86  31  Horse      1    Dog      1    Cat    3  13    Red deer          Roe deer      1    Fallow deer    1  6    Hare          Rabbit      2    Lagomorph          Rat          Large mammal      10    Medium mammal        2     Domestic Fowl  4  14  78  14  Goose    10  42  7  Duck      3  1  Partridge      1    Crane          Crow          Woodcock          Wader spp.          Unidentified bird      7  2  Large bird     2  3     Fish      4    Total  12  130  521  114  * Associated bone groups are included as a count of 1 

15‐ 6th  4    704  513  80  2  262  5  8  13  4  1  9    16    1  16  11  167  105  18    1  2  1    5  5  21  1970 

  4&5a      2      1                                                  3   

16‐ 17th  5a    148  127  13  1  71    1  3      3  1  4  1    8  2  44  32  4          1    1  8  473   

Table 15 – Animal bone anatomical representation (epiphysis)

112

Post  1550  5b    80  25  7    7  3  1        2    1           27  5  2            1       161   

17‐ 19th 

                            

                    

19‐ 20th 

6    12  4  1     

7    1  1 

1                           2    1                       20   

3 

Phase 

12‐13th 

13‐14th 

14‐15th 

 

15‐6th 

 

16‐17th 

Post  1550 

17‐19th 

Species 

1 

2 

3 

3+4 

4 

4&5a 

5a 

5b 

6 

7 

Cattle 

5 

61 

209 

33 

704 

 

148 

80 

12 

1 

Sheep/goat 

1 

21 

114 

22 

513 

2 

127 

25 

4 

1 

Sheep 

 

4 

17 

4 

80 

 

13 

7 

1 

 

Goat 

 

 

 

 

2 

 

1 

 

 

 

Pig 

2 

14 

86 

31 

262 

1 

71 

7 

 

1 

Horse 

 

 

1 

 

5 

 

 

3 

 

 

Dog 

 

 

1 

 

8 

 

1 

1 

 

 

Cat 

 

3 

13 

 

13 

 

3 

 

 

 

Red deer 

 

 

 

 

4 

 

 

 

 

 

Roe deer 

 

 

1 

 

1 

 

 

 

 

 

Fallow deer 

 

1 

6 

 

9 

 

3 

2 

 

 

Hare 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1 

 

 

 

Rabbit 

 

 

2 

 

16 

 

4 

1 

 

 

Lagomorph 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1 

 

 

 

Rat 

 

 

 

 

1 

 

 

 

 

 

Large mammal 

 

 

10 

 

16 

 

8 

 

 

 

Medium mammal 

  

  

2 

  

11 

  

2 

  

  

  

19‐20th 

Domestic Fowl 

4 

14 

78 

14 

167 

 

44 

27 

2 

 

Goose 

 

10 

42 

7 

105 

 

32 

5 

1 

 

Duck 

 

 

3 

1 

18 

 

4 

2 

 

 

Partridge 

 

 

1 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Crane 

 

 

 

 

1 

 

 

 

 

 

Crow 

 

 

 

 

2 

 

 

 

 

 

Woodcock 

 

 

 

 

1 

 

 

 

 

 

Wader spp. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1 

 

 

 

Unidentified bird 

 

 

7 

2 

5 

 

 

1 

 

 

Large bird 

  

2 

3 

  

5 

  

1 

  

  

  

Fish 

 

 

4 

 

21 

 

8 

 

 

 

Total 

12 

130 

521 

114 

1970 

3 

473 

161 

20 

3 

 

 

 

 

 

* Associated bone groups are included as a count of 1 

Table 16 – Animal bone: Species representation from the hand collected assemblage

Species

Phase 2

3 2

5

2

1

1

12

2

11

8

1

1

Cattle Sheep/goat Pig Cat

4 3

5a

5

Rabbit Medium mammal Fowl

1

11

Goose

1

Duck

2

Tudus sp.

2

Amphibian

1

1

Unidentified bird

2

22

1

Fish

8

4

3

20

72

20

Total

1

Table 17 – Animal bone: Species represented from samples

113

Fragment representation of cattle assemblage by phase. In order of expected best preservation if complete carcasses were deposited (most common first) Phase 3 (n=113)

Phase 2  (n=35)

Phase 4 (n=451)

Phase 5a (n=97)

Phase 5b (n=51)

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P

Humerus D

Humerus D

Humerus D

Humerus D

Humerus D

Tibia D

Tibia D

Tibia D

Tibia D

Tibia D

Radius P

Radius P

Radius P

Radius P

Radius P

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P

Pelvis

Pelvis

Pelvis

Pelvis

Pelvis

Scapula D

Scapula D

Scapula D

Scapula D

Scapula D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Femur P

Femur P

Femur P

Femur P

Femur P

Radius D

Radius D

Radius D

Radius D

Radius D

Tibia P

Tibia P

Tibia P

Tibia P

Tibia P

Femur D

Femur D

Femur D

Femur D

Femur D

Humerus P 1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

Humerus P

Humerus P 1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

Humerus P 1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

Humerus P 1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

0

0.5

0

1

0.5

0

1

0.5

1

0

0.5

0

1

0.5

1

Fragment representation of sheep/goat assemblage by phase. In order of expected best preservation if complete carcasses were deposited (most common first) Phase 3 (n=121)

Phase 2 (n=19)

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P

Phase 5a (n=98)

Phase 4 (n=456)

Phase 5b (n=33)

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P

Humerus D

Humerus D

Humerus D

Humerus D

Tibia D

Tibia D

Tibia D

Tibia D

Tibia D

Radius P

Radius P

Radius P

Radius P

Radius P

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P Humerus D

Pelvis

Pelvis

Pelvis

Pelvis

Pelvis

Scapula D

Scapula D

Scapula D

Scapula D

Scapula D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Femur P

Femur P

Femur P

Femur P

Femur P

Radius D

Radius D

Radius D

Radius D

Radius D

Tibia P

Tibia P

Tibia P

Tibia P

Tibia P

Femur D

Femur D

Femur D

Femur D

Femur D

Humerus P 1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

Humerus P 1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

Humerus P 1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

Humerus P 1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

Humerus P 1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

0

0.5

0

1

0.5

1

0

0.5

0

1

0.5

0

1

0.5

1

Fragment representation of pig assemblage by phase. In order of expected best preservation if complete carcasses were deposited (most common first) Phase 3 (n=52)

Phase 2 (n=16)

Phase 5b (n=12)

Phase 5a (n=53)

Phase 4 (n=193)

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P

Mandible Metacarpal P Metatarsal P

Humerus D

Humerus D

Humerus D

Humerus D

Humerus D

Tibia D

Tibia D

Tibia D

Tibia D

Tibia D

Radius P

Radius P

Radius P

Radius P

Radius P

Pelvis

Pelvis

Pelvis

Pelvis

Pelvis

Scapula D

Scapula D

Scapula D

Scapula D

Scapula D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Calcaneum Metacarpal D Metatarsal D

Femur P

Femur P

Femur P

Femur P

Femur P

Radius D

Radius D

Radius D

Radius D

Radius D

Tibia P

Tibia P

Tibia P

Tibia P

Tibia P

Femur D

Femur D

Femur D

Femur D

Femur D

Humerus P

Humerus P 1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

Humerus P

Humerus P 1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

Humerus P 1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

0

0.5

1

1st phalange  2nd phalange 3rd phalange

0

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

0

0.5

1

Figure 8.2 – Fragment representation of main animal groups by phase. In order of expected best preservation if complete carcasses were deposited (most common first)

114

100%

80%

60%

40% Saw 20% 54

9

1

Pig

10

Sheep

65

Cattle

70

Pig

60

Sheep

Cattle

245

Cattle

352

Pig

12

Sheep

47

Pig

82

Sheep

Cut Chop

Cattle

0%

Phase 3

Phase 4

Phase 5a

Phase 5b

Figure 8.3 – Proportion of saw, cut and chop marks recorded on the bones of the main domesticates. n= total number of butchery marks recorded.

0.8 0.6 Cattle

0.4

Sheep 0.2

Pig

0 Phase 3

Phase 4

Phase 5a

Phase 5b

Figure 8.4 – Incidence of butchery marks recorded by phase

1 0.8

112

0.6

18

0.4 0.2

23

25

125 16

3 33

Cattle 

16

Sheep

36 14

0

Phase 5a

Phase 5b

Pig

0 Phase 3

Phase 4

Figure 8.5 – Incidence of anterior-posterior butchery of vertebrae. n= number of vertebrae in sample.

115

Figure 8.6 – Location of most common butchery marks on cattle, sheep and pig bones

116

100

13‐14th century

80 60 40 20

100

wild birds

Duck

Goose

Domestic Fowl

Wild mammals

Cat

Dog

Horse

Pig

Sheep/ goat

Cattle

0

14‐15th century

80 60 40 20

100

wild birds

Duck

Goose

Domestic Fowl

Wild mammals

Cat

Dog

Horse

Pig

Sheep/ goat

Cattle

0

15‐16th century

80 60 40 20 wild birds

Duck

Goose

Domestic Fowl

Wild mammals

Cat

Dog

Horse

Pig

Sheep/ goat

Cattle

0

Figure 8.7 – Changes in proportion of species through time

0.08 0.06 Cattle

0.04

Sheep 0.02

Pig

0 Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 4

Phase 5a

Phase 5b

Figure 8.8 – Proportion of porous bones within the assemblage.

117

Cumulativemortality

100%

Cattle

80% 60%

Phase2(2) Phase3(6)

40%

Phase4(31) 20%

Phase5a(4) Phase5b(3)

0% AB

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

Agestage

Cumulativemortality

100%

Sheep/goat

80% 60% Phase3(3) 40%

Phase4(31)

20%

Phase5a(10) Phase5b(4)

0% Agestage

Cumulativemortality

100%

Pig

80% 60% 2(2) 40%

3(11)

20%

4(29) 5A(7)

0% AB C D E

F

G

H

I

Agestage

Figure 8.9 – Mortality curves based on tooth wear (Hambleton, 1999).

118

Phase 2 (n=14)

100 80 60 40 20 0

% fused

% fused

Phase 2 (n=36) 100 80 60 40 20 0

Phase 3 (n=53)

100 80 60 40 20 0

% fused

% fused

Phase 3 (n=122) 100 80 60 40 20 0

Phase 4 (n=193)

100 80 60 40 20 0

% fused

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Phase 4 (n=496) 100 80 60 40 20 0

Phase 5a (n=59)

100 80 60 40 20 0

% fused

% fused

Phase 5a (n=109) 100 80 60 40 20 0

  

       

Figure 8.10 – Cattle fusion data by phase (ages taken from Silver, 1969).

Figure 8.12 – Pig fusion data by phase (ages taken from Silver, 1969).

% fused

Phase 2 (n=22) 100 80 60 40 20 0

19 18 17 100*sd/gl

% fused

Phase 3 (n=133) 100 80 60 40 20 0

% fused

15 14 13 12

Phase 4 (n=518)

11 10 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230

100 80 60 40 20 0

GL

Figure 8.13 – Slenderness index for cattle metacarpals Phase 4

Phase 5a (n=112)

% fused

16

100 80 60 40 20 0

Figure 8.11 – Sheep fusion data by phase (ages taken from Silver, 1969

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13.6

10.4

13.2

10 9.6

12.4

100*sd/gl

100*sd/gl

12.8 12 11.6

9.2 8.8 8.4

11.2

8

10.8

7.6

10.4

7.2

10

100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145

96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144

GL

GL

Figure 8.14 – Slenderness index for sheep/ goat metaodials Phase 4 (black dots) and Phase 3 (black cross). Line indicates division between rams and ewes, based on Davis, 2000

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Phase2 Phase3 Phase4 Phase5a Phase5b 0

2

4

6

8

Figure 8.15 – Plot of MRDA (thickness of ilio-pubic synthesis) of sheep pelvis measurements. (Greenfield, 2006). Greater MRDA measurements = male animals.

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Fish Remains by Rebecca Nicholson Introduction From an assemblage of approximately 620 fragments, 174 bones and scales were identified to family level (Table 18). The remaining bones were small or tiny fragments and were frequently parts of rays or spines, which are generally considered to be undiagnostic. Fish remains were recovered from Phase 2, 3, 4 and 5a deposits, but the great majority came from later medieval pits (14th-16th century; Phases 3 and 4) and were mostly in good condition, although the large gadid (cod family) bones were generally fragmented and often poorly preserved. The full record will be available as an Excel 97 spreadsheet in the site archive.

3 or 4 

4 

3 

2 

SPECIES 

Thornback ray    1         Eel    20 10  2  2  6  Clupeids indet.    2        Herring  2  12 27  8  8  23  Cyprinid indet.  1  1 4    1  1  cf. Cyprinid          1  Dace/Chub    1         Roach/Dace/Chub    1        cf. Bream    1         Pike    4        Gadid indet.    4      2  Cod    1 6    1  2  Cod/Pollack    1        Haddock    2        Perch  1    2    1  Bullhead    1        Mackerel    1        cf. Left‐eyed flatfish    1         Right‐eyed flatfish  1  5    1  1  Plaice    1         Unidentified  45  90 232  16  46  17  Grand Total  50  129 300  28  59  54 

Total 

PHASE  5a  Unphased  Grand 

 

1 40 2 80 8 1 1 1 1 4 6 10 1 2 4 1 1 1 8 1 446 620

Miller’s thumb (Cottus gobio). Based on a visual comparison with bones from fish of known size, many of the freshwater fish remains proved to be from small and tiny individuals (under 200mm and sometimes under 15mm). Large (over 500mm), medium and small (under 20mm) eels were present and occasional larger (up to around 400mm perch, pike and cyprinid were identified). Larger marine fish identified from Phase 4 and 5a included cod and haddock (Gadus morhua and Melanogrammus aeglefinus, both members of the Gadidae). Right-eyed flatfish (Pleuronectidae) including plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) as well as a possible lefteyed flatfish (Scophthalmidae) were present in Phase 2 and 3 deposits. A dermal denticle or buckler from thornback ray (Raja clavata) was also represented in Phase 3. Several bones exhibited evidence of heating or chewing: both types of modification were observed on eel vertebrae from pit 1367, Plot J (Phase 3) and from one eel vertebra from context 1826, the unphased fill of pit 1825, Plot J. Two chewed herring vertebrae were found in the fill of a clay-lined pit in Plot G (context 1524, Phase 4). All suggest the presence of cess or table waste. Butchery was observed on only one bone: a large cod caudal vertebra from context 1623 (the fill of rubbish pit 1631, Plot F, Phase 4) exhibited a knife cut to the lateral aspect of the centrum facet, a typical filleting mark. Discussion Of the identified bones, the majority were from herring (Clupea harengus), followed by eel. Eels have large numbers of vertebrae in comparison to other fishes, but even given this factor it is clear that both eel and herring were widely available and eaten during the medieval centuries. Herrings were cheap and widely traded as salted and pickled fish. While eels could also be preserved it is likely that at least some were caught locally together with the small pike, cyprinids and perch, all of which are commonly found in the rivers and streams of the Midlands. That local waters were fished is also confirmed by the small size of the cyprinids (many were fish of under 20 mm) and from the presence of bullhead or Miller’s thumb (Cottus gobio) which is a small fish of little economic importance which feeds at night and is found in clear, shallow water. While freshwater fish generally commanded a high price in the Middle Ages, many of the fish represented here were very immature specimens and would have been as cheap as herrings (Dyer 1988).

Table 18 – Fish species by phase

In general, bones from herring and eel were numerically dominant in all phases apart from Phase 2 (13th-14th century), however very few bones were recovered from this phase. Freshwater fish represented around 11% of the identified assemblage, or some 34% if the migratory eel is included. The exclusively freshwater fish included cyprinids (Cyprinidae, including dace and/or small chub: Leuciscus sp. and probably roach Rutilus rutilus, and small bream Abramis brama), perch (Perca fluviatilis), small pike or pickerel (Esox lucius) and bullhead or

Although this is a large fish assemblage for medieval Coventry, it is still a small one given that the sampled features were largely urban, medieval and post- medieval rubbish pits and cess pits. In most urban centres of this date fish remains, particularly from herrings and gadids (cod family fish) are relatively common inclusions within pits. These fish were commonly salted and (in the case of herrings) pickled. Dried and/or salted fish of the cod family (stockfish and other similar products) were widely traded and eaten throughout Britain and pickled herrings

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were cheap and plentiful. Eels too were common fare in medieval Britain: throughout England rents were commonly paid in eels from at least the Norman Conquest. The medieval church demanded an ever increasing number of compulsory fish days, which meant that even the poor ate quantities of salt fish, while it is evident from towns such as Oxford that the wealthier had access to a wider range of fish even in towns located well away from the sea (Ibid., 32 and Nicholson 2006, for example). Fresh fish commanded a high price, and it is likely that the flatfish and rays represented at Much Park Street were also salted. While eels, too, may have been imported salted or pickled in brine, since both large (mature) and small (immature) eels were represented it is more likely that at least some were caught locally and sold fresh. Eels are catadromous (the young elvers move from the sea into rivers and lakes where they mature) and, like other freshwater fish, were also kept in fishponds and moats. Few other sites from the city have produced any fish remains at all. Three contexts sampled at Upper Well Street in the city produced 182 fish bones, of which only 35 were identified, from fish including herring, eel and a small flatfish (plaice or flounder (Parks 2004). The scarcity of fish remains is also typical of sites in Birmingham (Forster pers. comm.) but is in contrast to some sites of similar date from inland towns such as Leicester and Oxford (e.g. Nicholson 1992, 1999, forthcoming). While it is possible that the amount of sea fish which reached the markets was restricted by Coventry’s location, well away from the sea and some distance away from the navigable stretch of the river Avon, fishmongers were certainly present in the medieval town. They are among the trades listed in Coventry records from the 12th and 13th century and from the 14th and 15th centuries 13 fishmongers are known to have been located in Little Butchery, Cook Street and Broadgate (http://www.britishhistory.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=16024 accessed 5/7/10). By the 15th century Coventry merchants imported fish, almost certainly stockfish, from Iceland (Ibid.). Conclusion Despite taking many 20-40 litre soil samples, the fish assemblage from Much Park Street is small for an urban medieval and post-medieval assemblage, and particularly so given that the sampled features were almost exclusively pits, including cess pits. Those fish which were present at Much Park Street include a range of sea fish which were almost certainly pickled and salted, together with small and tiny freshwater fish probably caught in local rivers and streams. The scarcity of marine fish may be a reflection of relatively poor transport networks from the coast. Fresh fish in particular go rancid quickly and hence need to be transported quickly to market, most efficiently by boat. However the documentary evidence for fishmongers’ suggests that the archaeological evidence may not be a true reflection of the importance of fish to the town’s inhabitants.

Environmental evidence for diet by R. McKenna, D. Smith, E. Hopla and B Gearey The majority of the analysed samples were derived from contexts identified as pit fills and the full environmental report is included as Appendix 5. On the whole the macrofossil assemblages tend to reflect the accumulation of domestic material, via the deliberate disposal of waste or spoiled material, with the probable incorporation of other remains being blown or washed into the pits over time. There is little difference between the macrofossil assemblages from the various phases of the site and hence no compelling evidence for changes in either diet or site environment over time. It is not possible to use these data to discern any specific use of the archaeological features, beyond that for the disposal of domestic waste or as cess pits. Two groups of plant remains were most prominent in these assemblages: those likely to represent food waste of various kinds, alongside weeds which probably arrived with the cultivated crops and/or became incorporated in the fills from the environment around the features. The waterlogged samples (Samples 388, 389 and 394 (2338), samples 500 and 501 (2402) were from features identified as cess pits D and E (Phase 3). The presence of cereal bran in these samples, representing milled grains in the form of flour, supports this interpretation. The tissue concerned is the periderm, consisting of two superimposed layers of thin-walled rectilinear cells crossing each other at right angles or obliquely. Poor preservation meant that the diagnostic cross-cells which distinguish wheat from rye (cf. Kenward and Hall 1995, 753) could not be distinguished. Two other samples from cesspit D (2403) and 520 (2582, cesspit A, Phase 2) did not produce direct evidence of food stuffs or cereal bran, although the coleoptera from both provide unequivocal evidence that these features contained cess and other foul matter. Sample 508 contained plant remains of Potentilla (tormentil) and Sambucus (elder), which are typical of acid grassland and scrub respectively, whilst Carex (sedges) and weeds including Polygonum aviculare (knotgrass) and P. lapathafolium (pale persicaria). This may very well reflect poor preservation conditions for plant macrofossils rather than an original absence of food remains in these deposits. The cereal crops Hordeum (barley), Triticum (wheat), and Triticum spelta (spelt) and Avena sativa (oats) were recorded in almost every other sample. Although rarely abundant, relatively high concentrations of T. spelta were present in Sample 129 and Avena in Sample 340. Indeterminate grains were also common, again indicating the generally poor preservation of macrofossils at the site. Indirect evidence of cultivation is apparent in the form of the remains of arable weeds in many of the samples; around half of which contained a suite including Polygonum lapatholium (pale persicaria), Lapsana communis (nipplewort), Chenpodium/Atriplex (goosefoot/orache), Rumex spp. (dock) and Centaurea spp. (knapweeds). All these probably arrived as weeds

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within arable crops, whilst the remains of Brassica (cabbage family: identified to genus only) may also fall in this group. It would appear that crop processing was not being carried out on any significant scale at the site as only low concentrations of cereal chaff were recorded. Chaff is a by-product of the crop processing sequence (Hillman 1981; 1984) and although a lack of such may suggest that the grain was already threshed and winnowed, if not also milled, by the time it arrived on the site, it might also reflect differential preservation, with more chaff destroyed by burning compared to other plant remains. The records of fruit stones and seeds from contexts identified as cesspits are likely to have derived from human faecal waste and thus reflect the consumption of a range of fruits including Fragaria vesca (strawberries), plum (Prunus domestica), Prunus cerasus (cherry) and Malus sylvestris (crab apple). The presence of garden pea (Pisum sativum) and broad bean (Vicia faba) indicate the consumption of these pulses. The presence of both cereals and legumes in some samples, may point to the waste of ‘pottage’, a dish consumed on a daily basis, by people from all backgrounds from the medieval periods onwards (Black 2003). Historical evidence for the later medieval period (Dyer 1989) shows that the actual food grains that were used varied according local availability, which could typically include a combination of a range of cereal grains and pulses. Fragments of Corylus avellana (hazelnut) shells in Samples 133 and 359 suggest the collection of wild resources, although low numbers of these remains are recorded implying that these did not form a significant part of the diet. The few pips of Vitis vinifera (grape) in Samples 324 and 398 may likewise indicate very limited availability of imported foodstuffs.

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Figure 8.16 – Location of pottery case study groups identified by phase

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Figure 8.17 – Location of pottery case study groups identified by phase

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Figure 8.18 – Location of pottery case study groups identified by phase

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Chapter 9 - Much Park Street: Prosperity, Recession and Recovery The tumultuous fortunes of Coventry and its inhabitants are now well embedded into the archaeological and historic discourse. Like other large provincial centres in medieval England, such as Bristol and Norwich, Coventry had no Roman precursor and its origins are still not fully understood beyond its ‘appearance’ as a prosperous town in post-Conquest written sources (Lilley 2000). It can be argued that the complexities of the city's history and the economic growth and fortunes of its inhabitants were predominantly the outcome of three episodes of fundamental importance. In the early 12th century Coventry was split in two, the Earl's Half and the Prior's Half. In 1345, however, the 'halves' were reunited by the creation of the county of the city of Coventry which, for a period of nearly 400 years, absorbed the neighbouring communities. The third was the Dissolution of the Monasteries. These episodes had far reaching effects on the administrative and economic development of the city (Stephens 1969, Soden 2005) resulting in a sequence of prosperity, recession and recovery. In his Itinerary, Leland (in Smith 1907) outlined ‘the glory of the city decayeth’, and Lilley (2000) argues that the turbulent history of Coventry with its ‘stop start’ periods of development and small-scale industrialisation provided the city with a rich history of 15th and 16th century timber framed buildings. Situated to the south of the medieval centre, Much Park Street certainly sits within an area of several unanswered questions centred around its origins and the extent of Cheylesmore Manor and Park. The outcomes of this new archaeological site along Much Park Street closely mirrors the results of the previous archaeological publication by Wright (1988), and as the author remarks ‘The excavations in 1970 and 1974 along M.P.S do throw some light on these problems [of origins] but more importantly they represent an all to rare excursus in Coventry’s archaeology into the urban domestic as opposed to the defensive and monastic’. Certainly it is likely that the importance of Much Park Street dramatically increased after the creation of the Whitefriars in 1342 (Demidowicz 2012. With the precinct blocking the main thoroughfare out of Coventry towards London, Much Park Street gained in importance and became prime real estate. The environment Despite the complex taphonomic pathways of the plant remains from the pit fills, some general comments regarding the wider environment of the site and its hinterland and the exploitation of plant resources can be made. The archaeobotanical evidence was all very similar in the all the features and periods studied. Local habitat The greater percentage of weed seeds recovered probably originated from arable land and arrived as crop contaminants. Species such as Urtica dioica (common

nettle), Stellaria media (common chickweed), Polygonum lapathafolium (pale persicaria), Fallopia convovulus (black bindweed), Rumex spp. (dock) and Centaurea cyanus (cornflower) are all typical of such environments. Another distinct habitat group included Prunus domestica (wild plum), Prunus cerasus (dwarf cherry), Malus sylvestris (crab apple), Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn) and Corylus avellana (hazel) which are all typical of scrubland and hedgerow. Whilst the fruits from these species may have come from further afield, several historic maps (Speed 1610, Bradford 1748 and Board of Health 1851) depict regular rows of trees at the site, perhaps representing orchards, and hence the macrofossil record might be reflecting the local presence of fruit trees. A small component of plants typical of wetland environments were also recorded, including Eriophorum vaginatum (hare’s tale cotton grass), Sparganium (burreeds), Eleocharis palustris (common spike rush), Carex (sedge) and Ranunculus (buttercup). Such material may indicate the local presence of boggy ground, or perhaps more likely, the utilisation of plant material such as sedges and rushes as flooring and/or bedding. It can be stated that many of the samples also contained material probably derived from the local environment close to the pits. This appears to have been waste ground with a range of ruderal plants typical of disturbed soils. Species commonly found on waste or rough ground were relatively abundant and included: Rubus fruiticosus (bramble), Athus cyanoium (fool’s parsley), Sambucus (elder), Lapsana communis (nipplewort) and Sonchus asper (prickly sow-thistle). In terms of further evidence for the local environment, the coleopteran analyses clearly demonstrate the presence of cess pits on the site, with some indication that these features were also used to dispose of general domestic waste. The presence of such foul rotting matter and sewage has clear implications for the nature of the living conditions on the site. Subsistence The lack of cereal chaff suggests that crop processing occurred elsewhere and it is most likely that the cereals were brought into the site fully cleaned. Overall, the low numbers of grains, chaff and weed seeds in the majority of the samples probably indicates the accidental burning of cleaned grain and its subsequent disposal, or the use of material cut from cultivated ground as fuel. The low concentrations do not seem to suggest accidental charring of stored grain, for example. There was no sign of sprouting on the grains, so it does not appear that any of the cereal grains were charred during roasting of the malt. The majority of the macrofossils were found together with charcoal, which may suggest that waste or spilt grain and pulses not used for pottage were burnt with other rubbish. A small fraction appears to have become charred without burning up completely and hence joined the domestic ash in waste that was subsequently disposed of in the pits. The plant remains also indicate the exploitation by the inhabitants of a variety of foods, some likely to have been imported (for example grape), others probably collected from the countryside beyond the city

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(plums, blackberry, strawberry) to supplement the diet. The presence of Vitis vinifera (grape) in samples from Much Park Street (pit 1202, Phase 2; cesspit E, Phase 5b) may represent the first record for this species in the city. As usual in urban medieval deposits, the assemblages were generally rather mixed in nature and may have formed through accumulation of waste from a number of sources. Overall, the samples seem to represent the buildup of general domestic food debris and other waste from the dwellings on the site, with accumulation of faecal and other foul matter in the cess pits. Finally, none of the deposits examined produced any clear evidence for craft activities, such as flax working or tanning, which is indicated by the archaeological interpretation of several of the features. Comparable sites Both charred and waterlogged plant macrofossils have been recorded from archaeological excavations at the medieval cathedral and Priory of St Mary (Carruthers 2003), Broadgate East (Greig and Strachan 2003), Upper Well Street (Greig 2003), Belgrade Plaza (Bond Street) and Whitefriars Street (Fryer 2006 and 2007), St John’s Street Car Park (Clapham in Phear 2007) and Priory Street (McKenna in Rátkai et al forthcoming). In all cases, except from one sample from a stone lined pit in St Mary’s Priory (Carruthers 2003), the reported numbers of charred and waterlogged remains from these excavations was low. The cereal remains identified Hordeum (barley), Triticum (wheat), Secale cereale (rye) and Avena sativa (oats). It should also be noted that there have been very few cereal chaff remains identified from any of the previous excavations and it has been suggested that this indicates that most of the macrofossil assemblages reflect material preserved through the accidental charring of cereal grains during food preparation rather than crop processing. Pisum sativum (pea) and Vicia faba (broad bean) have also been recorded at Belgrade plaza (Fryer 2006), Upper Well Street (Greig 2003) and the Much Park Street evaluation (Clapham in Phear 2007). There is no macrofossil evidence for the use of condiments or spices, as appears to be the case for Much Park Street. Evidence of foodstuffs classed as ‘exotic’ which may have been imported from abroad is scant, although uncharred fig seeds were identified by Carruthers (2003). Wild foodstuffs were noted in the majority of cases, mainly of Corylus avellana (hazelnut) shells preserved by both charring and waterlogging. Rubus fruiticosus (bramble) and elderberry seeds were also recovered from most of these sites. Possible Prunus spinosa (sloe) and Prunus domestica (damson) stones have also been recorded at Broadgate East (Greig and Stracham 2003), and unidentified species of Prunus were also recorded at Much Park Street (Clapham in Phear 2007). Greig and Stracham (2003) also identified abundant remains of Fragaria vesca (strawberry) from Broadgate Street East.

Weed seeds have also been recorded in low numbers at many of the sites, and represent cultivated/disturbed land and wet/damp ground. The cultivated/disturbed component of the assemblages has often been interpreted as species which were weeds of the arable fields. The low numbers of such remains have been taken as evidence that crop processing was not being carried out locally. This would also seem to be the case with the plant remains from this site. The development of Much Park Street Archaeologically, the earliest site activity encountered dated the 12th- 13th century, although residual evidence of prehistoric and Anglo-Saxon finds was recovered. The evidence from the site has confirmed the pattern of development identified in the previous excavations undertaken along Much Park Street (Wright 1988). A pattern of organised land ownership, beginning in the 14th century 1300-1400 (Phase 3) can be identified when a series of boundary ditches were cut. From this period onwards, plot delineation continues to be clear and present in the archaeological record in a variety of ways. Land delineation may have been more arbitrarily marked prior to this period; however they have not survived archaeologically. This pattern of site development broadly matched the pattern of development identified on the other excavated Much Park Street Sites. This is summarised by Wright 1988; ‘In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries the M.P.S area had a suburban character: the metalworking trades were prominent but not yet particularly extensive although the area was being increasingly built up. The process by which M.P.S became fully part of the urban scene in the fourteenth century was one of piecemeal construction rather than town planning or speculative development’ (Wright 1988, 14). Most of the activity during the early period occurred towards the northern end of site in Plots A-C (120-122 Much Park Street). This is the area of site closest to the medieval core of Coventry, which developed around the Benedictine Priory. It is probable that the urban street pattern grew up around the medieval core and went through gradual expansion. Much Park Street itself is first documented in the 13th century, by which time it had been released from the Earls manor, when it had been part of Cheylesmore Park. After the creation of the Whitefriars Friary in 1342 (Demidowicz 2012 and the need for a new main thoroughfare out of the city towards London, Much Park Street gained in importance. Development increased during the 14th century at which time Coventry was the forth largest city in the country, its wealth coming from its Cloth trade for which it became famous. Activity was again concentrated at the northern end of site within plots A-E (118-120 Much Park Street) and was characterised by large pits of domestic and industrial function.

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During the 14th to 15th century a programme of major development was undertaken and substantial timber houses were constructed upon stone footings that replaced the existing structures and features. Evidence from the site confirmed the pattern of development identified in previous excavations along Much Park Street. Two distinct areas of activity are identifiable during this period and there appears to have been a deliberate and regulated building programme evident in the form of formally laid out plot divisions. Plots were defined by ditches and walls and pit cutting activities were undertaken on an organised scale, in increasing frequency within the plots. This formal regularisation confirms the known historical information for Coventry which suggests this period was one of urban growth. The greatest number of cut features and artefacts date from the 15th to 16th centuries. Clusters of inter-cutting pits and groups of discrete pits of a similar size and shape, which may have had a similar use, were identified. These were located in long rows oriented east to west, in an arranged layout consistent with the plots running back from Much Park Street, laid in the 13th-14th century. There were over 100 distinct pits dated to this phase. The lines of pits suggest a deliberate layout alongside existing or newly created boundaries. Some of these pits however, were dug over existing plot boundaries (ditches). This presumably meant that these boundaries were no longer used, or became less significant. The archaeological evidence suggests that this period was likely to have been the most economically prosperous for the residents of Coventry continuing the trend begun in the preceding phase.

Making a living in Coventry Several medieval crafts and industries were identified on site, of which most of the evidence came from the artefact assemblage contained within the pits, ditches and layers located in the backplots. Many of these industries were both ‘dirty’ and dangerous. During the medieval period Much Park Street was located on the periphery of town, an ideal location for industries such as metalworking, pottery production, tanning and quarrying to be undertaken. The artefacts recovered represent the deliberately discarded, or accidentally dropped objects and waste products from these plots. These were produced for sale along the Much Park Street frontage and perhaps elsewhere in the city.

During the 16th-17th century there was economic decline. The Dissolution of the Monasteries in the 1540’s and the decline in the wool trade seen during the 16th century caused economic stagnation. The archaeological record confirmed this notion. There was a reduction in the frequency of pit cutting and during this period, the function of the plots changed from being heavily worked for industrial use or refuse disposal to being infrequently used. Many factors may have played a part in this such as regulated waste disposal, change of ownership or function, or social factors such as the Dissolution. It was not until the early 19th century that the city saw real economic growth again. The population rose as new industries such as silk weaving and watch making emerged. There was pressure on land outside of the city boundaries and there was growth of the use of back tenement blocks encouraging the construction of ‘court’ style housing. Archaeologically the site was dominated by the foundations of a Ribbon Dyeworks and other 19th century buildings probably related to a timber yard located on the site.

The distribution of these artefacts within certain plots may represent the locations within which these industries were undertaken. The likelihood is that industrial activities were undertaken within the frontage buildings (Much Park Street), and the waste was buried in their associated back plots. However, these waste materials may also have found their way into neighbouring plots. Extensive evidence of metalworking was recovered confirming its position as the second-most important industry in Coventry, next to the cloth and wool trades, during the 14th to 16th centuries. This interpretation is based upon the available evidence (what has been preserved in the archaeological record). The main evidence recovered was the smithing waste in the form of heath bottom slags and hammerscales, probably representing rake out from hearths situated along the frontage. Significantly, few slags were present in the plots at north of site mostly occurring across three plots (G-I 113-115 Much Park Street). Smithing tools recovered from the backfilled features provided further evidence. The Much Park Street assemblage is notable for the apparent lack of evidence of smelting or casting and the small amount of non-ferrous metalworking evidence, despite the presence of large quantities of secondary smithing waste. Evidence of metalworking industries from sites in the vicinity provides clear comparisons. The site at 122-3 Much Park Street produced artefacts from the production of both non-ferrous and ferrous metalworking. Large quantities of secondary smithing slags from the manufacture of ferrous items were identified on all the sites excavated this side of the city centre (for example, 7-10 MPS, 122-23 MPS, and Stone House (Wright, 1988), Priory Street and Bayley Lane (Rátkai et al forthcoming). Copper alloy wire, pins with spiral-wound and globular heads and pinners bones are all attributed to a specific wire drawing and pin manufacturing industry, being undertaken at various sites including Much Park Street. This must have been an activity undertaken on both an industrial and domestic scale. Artefactual evidence from this industry was identified on the Bayley Lane and

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Priory Street, 7-10 Much Park Street, 122-3 Much Park Street and the Whitefriars Street site (McAree 2006). Quarry pits are well documented in Coventry and its surrounding lands and the evidence from the Much Park Street site support this. A large quarry pit with access ramp and several other possible quarry pits dating from 1400-1500 were identified. The materials being quarried included the sandstone bedrock, clay and sand deposits. It appears that the quarrying of the stone, was not done in large quantities and it is unlikely that it was used for anything than that of local repair. Archaeological and documentary evidence confirm their existence within the city at Hill Street, Well Street and Bayley Lane, and Whitefriars Street (Soden 2005 152-56). The quarrying at 68-70 Whitefriars Street was identified by two parallel rows of deeply cut pits. Dated to the 14th century, these are associated with the development of the Carmalite friary (Whitefriars) 200m to the south of the site. Beads were being manufactured on site during 13001500. A large deposit of jet bead manufacturing waste was recovered; these were probably used in rosaries. The presence of complete and partly worked beads alongside the raw material all from within the same pit fill (1174) suggest primary deposition after the clearance of a workshop. This was clearly an important trade as raw jet needed to imported from as far a field as Whitby and northern France. Bone beads and bead making waste were also identified these ranged in date from the 12th to 16th century. These may have been produced for sale or personal use by the inhabitants of Much Park Street. Bead making waste (bone blanks) were recovered from King Street, and Bayley Lane and domestic textile processing and working (dressmaking pins, spindlewhorls, pin beaters and thimbles) were found at Priory Street (Halstead 2008), 7-10 Much Park Street, 122-23 Much Park Street (Wright 1988) and Hill Street (Jones and Coutts 2007). The area surrounding the site was known to have been used for textile production and there are areas known as ‘tenter’ yards are present on the historic maps. Several of the pits dating from the 1400-1500 encountered on site may have been used in the construction of tenter racks. More definitive evidence of textile production comes from the artefactual evidence. A spindle whorl, bone pin beater and thimble were all recovered, reflecting the domestic textile production taking place. Pinners bones used in the sharpening of pins during their production along with groups of pieces of wire, the debris from pin making were recovered from Priory street and the discarded waste from bead or button making was recovered from Priory Street (Rátkai et al 2008) and 1223 Much Park Street (Wright 1988). Leather working was another industry undertaken on site. Although there was no definitive evidence of tanning, several similarly cut pits may have been used in this

process. Enough leather artefacts were preserved as to give an idea of the types of crafts and industries practiced on site. These would have included book production and binding, cobbling and translation. These were dated to the later 1500s. Two shoe parts and a fragment of fabric (flax and Knotted net) from 122-23 MPS provided limited comparable evidence of clothing type (Wright 1988). However a large and significant assemblage of leather shoes, principally from the 15th century and stylistically similar to those recovered from Much Park Street, came from the Bond Street site (McAree and Mason 2006). A further assemblage of leather shoes principally of 16th17th century in date were recovered from a possible tanning pit at Corporation Street (Burrow and Soden 2006). Tentative evidence of pottery production was also identified in the form of wasters and ‘seconds’. Although no kilns or workshops were identified it appears that production would have occurred in the local vicinity as these products would not have travelled far. These date from the later 1400- 1500s. Documentary sources mention the existence of potters within the city during the medieval period, although no kilns have yet been identified (Soden 2005). However, possible pottery wasters and comparable products from this and other sites across the city (in particular Cannon Park, Canley) suggest there was a localised industry at this period (Soden 2005). Direct evidence of other crafts was limited but a small number of tools were recovered. Some appeared to be general purpose woodworking tools others appear to be more heavy duty, perhaps used in agricultural activities. There is also evidence of domestic cultivation, and parts of these backplots must have been put aside for gardening (ceramic planters from the pottery evidence). In the latter period (19th century) much of the site became the location of a timber yard, evidence of which can be found in the cartographic evidence (Fig. 4.2; Chapter 4). Following this the Ribbon Dyeworks was constructed (c.1893). This is where ribbons were manufactured, dyed and finished. The factory buildings occupied much of the site and followed Coventry’s tradition of cloth production which was begun in the medieval period. Advancing our understanding of Coventry's ceramic sequence It is unfortunate that it was not possible to examine all the pottery in detail, although the sampling strategy did provide a good cross-section of the pottery in use on the site. We can see that like many other Coventry sites, the principle supplier of pottery to the town from the mid13th century onwards was Chilvers Coton. However, there are still many unresolved issues about the Chilvers Coton industry, which a much more considered and detailed study of the Much Park Street pottery might have

132

helped illuminate and which has received little attention, apart from Wright's (1987) report, which was written before the publication of the kiln site (Mayes and Scott 1984). There are several problems here some of which could affect the chronology of the site. The most pressing of these is the fabric descriptions of the Chilvers Coton wares given in Mayes and Scott (1984), which are somewhat misleading, especially to the ceramic specialist unfamiliar with the area. It is clear that the fabrics vary enormously and this may be the result of a much more extensive industry or series of industries in the Nuneaton area and probably beyond, a factor also picked up by Wright (1987). The Chilvers Coton C fabric is the most difficult to disentangle since its colour varies from cream, pale pink and pale orange through to salmon pink, orange and red and can vary from slightly sandy (as in the published description) to sandy through to quite gritty (large rounded grits up to 1mm) resembling some of the gritty wares of Derbyshire and South Staffordshire. The vessel forms and surface appearance, though, are generally similar and the vessel forms consistent with those illustrated in the Chilvers Coton report. At this Much Park Street site, the majority of the Chilvers Coton C fabric falls into the cream, yellowish and light orange range, generally slightly sandy but with some much more sandy examples. A similar pattern was seen at Burton Dassett (Rátkai forthcoming a), where despite the distance of the site from Chilvers Coton, that industry was the major supplier of ceramics to the site. The assemblage from Burton Dassett was very large (c. 37,000 sherds) so it is interesting to see so much consistency with the Much Park Street site. The paler coloured fabrics are also found more highly fired and resemble Midlands Purple ware. This fabric is not mentioned in the Chilvers Coton report although Mayes and Scott note that fabric D, Midlands Purple ware, is developed from fabric C. The relevant fact about the light bodied Midlands Purple is that it demonstrates that the lighter bodied wares were in use until the 15th century. A whole class of fabrics exist (designated Chilvers Coton fabric A/C in this report) which are white or cream in colour but have little sand. In effect they are the wrong colour for Chilvers Coton C but not sandy enough for Chilvers Coton A. A large two-handled jar or cistern in this fabric was found at Burton Dassett which was identified as Chilvers Coton C by Keith Scott (pers comm to author). The form is a late ie a 15th century form and provides further evidence that iron-poor fabrics were still being made in the 15th century. The Chilvers Coton A fabric is dated c 1250 to the early 14th century by Mayes and Scott (1987 40-41). Wright (1987) suggested that it may have been made before the mid 13th century but there is still no firm evidence to corroborate this. We can see from the above that lightbodied fabrics continued to be made into the 15th century and Mayes and Scott note a further white-firing fabric Chilvers Coton F which was used for 'especially decorative items' (Mayes and Scott 1984, 41) and for Tudor Green imitations. Thus there is no real reason to

assume that white and cream firing wares were not made throughout the life of the industry. Clearly, the highly decorated whiteware jugs (such as Figures CD02.1-3; CD11.5 and CD12.1-3) belong typologically to the mid 13th to mid 14th centuries but there is no guarantee that the more utilitarian items like the bowls (e.g. Figure CD11.6) were not made beyond this period. Unfortunately, the vast amount of pottery from Chilvers Coton was not recovered from closely stratified sequences and was made up of dumped material within the kilns. For example roof tile and floor tile were found with the 'associated pottery' from Kiln 11 (ibid, 51), although the former could not have been made in the same kiln as the latter. In addition there is a tradition of whiteware bowls (and probably jugs also) being used in South Staffordshire throughout the 14th century. At least one other whiteware production centre must have existed in South Staffordshire or North Warwickshire (see Rátkai 2008, 491- 495 for a fuller discussion of whitewares) but there are also clearly Chilvers Coton A vessels reaching South Staffordshire (compare for example Ford 1995 Fig. 15, 98 and 103-104 with Mayes and Scott 1984 Fig. 24, 78 and Fig. 98, 76-77). Thus, although it seems likely that most of the whitewares found in Coventry came from Chilvers Coton/Nuneaton it cannot be assumed that there are no whitewares from a second source. Some circumspection is therefore necessary with the pottery dating and chronology of the Much Park Street and other Coventry sites. Evidence from both Burton Dassett and the site suggests that the red or orange bodied Chilvers Coton C fabric was more prevalent in the 15th century but was still in the minority. The iron rich fabric probably continued to be made into the 16th century. By this time and probably by the 15th century, it is clear that other red-bodied wares were finding their way to Coventry. Wright (1987, 121-5) notes the difficulties of categorising these fabrics but suggests a source in the Coventry area for some of them. However, some of the fabrics, closely resemble those of South Staffordshire and the large jar (Figure CD05.1-3) with the ring and dot stamped neck cordon is very reminiscent of some Wednesbury products, although there a cross stamp is more usual. The fabric for this vessel is WCTS SLM13. Recent work on material from Wednesbury (Ratkai forthcoming) has shown that WCTS SLM can be matched with the late oxidised wares found at Wednesbsury. The large assemblage from Parkside (Palmer in prep) also contained a jar with a ring and dot stamped neck cordon (personal inspection by author). Parallels for the late red wares from Coventry Whitefriars also suggest that some came from Wednesbury (Rátkai 2005, 318) and evidence gained from excavations along the line of the M6 Toll is consistent with Wednesbury being a major pottery supplier to southern Staffordshire and northern Warwickshire in the 15th and 16th centuries (Rátkai 2008, 499-500) and into the 17th century (Rátkai in prep c). It is possible that the output from Chilvers Coton diminished, perhaps towards the end of the 15th century, and the Wednesbury potters were able to capitalise on this. There is also the possibility that the Dissolution

133

adversely affected the Chilvers Coton potters since there is a documented link between various religious houses in the Nuneaton area and clay working (Gooder 1984). Other factors such as the declining population in Coventry and the 'slump' of 1518-23 may have driven down demand for pottery and caused a reduction in output, leaving Wednesbury to pick up the slack when fortunes improved.

pottery use was not very great, although this seems less likely. However, excavation to the rear of Bayley Lane (Rátkai in prep.) has revealed a small amount of Late Saxon pottery, including Stafford ware and also pagan Saxon pottery, probably of Middle Saxon date. The evidence from Bayley Lane suggests that the Late Saxon focus of Coventry lay roughly in the area where the later castle was to stand (Rátkai et al in prep.)

Chilvers Coton B ware, again the fabric is difficult to pin down exactly, was poorly represented. This strengthens the case for Much Park's Street floruit being after c 1300 (see Chapter 4) because the B fabric seems to be limited to the 13th century. Also the B fabric is mainly used for utilitarian vessels and may therefore have been disregarded in favour of the better quality and more decorative whitewares, especially if the site was occupied by the more affluent (Chapter 4). A small number of sherds designated North Warwickshire Granitic Ware (NWGW, WCTS Fabric StR11) were found in Plots H and F. The ware is characterised by the presence of granodiorite, found in the Caldecote Volcanic Series and was probably made somewhere near Nuneaton. Williams (1984, 196-7) notes the presence of diorite in the petrology of Chilvers Coton fabrics Ai and Bi and Wright's (1987) fabric 26 is a related fabric.

Whist Chilvers Coton wares held sway, comparatively few other sources of supply were utilised. At the site there were occasional examples of Potters Marston ware, Potterspury ware, Brill-Boarstall ware, Deritend ware, early Oxford ware, Warwick glazed ware and possibly Grimston ware. A coarse sandy ware with rounded mudstone or clay pellets and white underglaze slip was noted. This fabric has been found elsewhere in Warwickshire (Rátkai 2008, 496-7) although its source is uncertain. Even Cannon Park ware, made to the south of Coventry (Redknap 1985), was not particularly wellrepresented at the site. The hold of Chilvers Coton effectively kept out Brill-Boarstall wares, which are relatively common in Warwick and further south in the county. It is clear however, that the Chilvers Coton potters were familiar with with Boarstall-Brill, since a rather crude imitation of the ware was found at Bridge End, Warwick (Rátkai 1990 Fig. 18, 129). The other type of pottery which is under-represented in Coventry is Deritend ware and reduced Deritend ware, also relatively common in Warwick (Rátkai 1990 fabrics 109, 121 and 122). Since the original identification of Deritend ware in the 1950s (Sherlock 1957) information about the pottery made in Birmingham has increased (Rátkai 2009; forthcoming b). Deritend products had a wide distribution in Warwickshire and southern Staffordshire with some outliers further west. Clearly the market in Coventry was squeezed because of the Chilvers Coton output but it is also clear that examples of Deritend ware from Coventry have been missed or wrongly attributed. The reduced wares are characterised by angular, squared rims, a trait not seen in Coventry sandy ware cooking pots, as a perusal of the extensive Broadgate East illustrations demonstrates. However, Wright (1987 fig. 61, 32-34) does illustrate three such cooking pots in a reduced fabric as part of her Type 3 fabric (Coventry Sandy Ware) and further examples were noted from West Orchard (pers inspection by author). Likewise, it has now been shown that the Deritend jug fabric varies from very fine with few visible inclusions to moderately sandy (Rátkai 2009; forthcoming b). The form and decoration seen on the jugs is very similar to London-type ware and this has led to some sherds being attributed to this source when they are much more likely to be Deritend ware. Some Coventry wares have been found in Birmingham (Rátkai 2009) but never in great quantity. The relative proportions of Coventry wares in Birmingham and Birmingham wares in Coventry, viewed against the regional distribution of the pottery from these towns, is of interest in terms of pottery as a barometer of economic interchange and exchange, and would repay further study.

Before the introduction of Chilvers Coton pottery to Coventry, the needs of the town were met by mainly local production, although the kiln sites have not been located. Basic utilitarian needs were met by Coventry Sandy Ware cooking pots and Coventry Glazed Ware (Redknap 1985; 1996). A number of fabric variations were noted in the former by Redknap (1996, 27), by Wright (1987, 117, Type 3) and by Rátkai (2008, 495-96). The local wares were supplemented by shelly and limestone tempered fabrics, and by Stamford ware. Occasional calcareous sherds were noted at Much Park Street but no Stamford ware was present. This is consistent with the occupation dating mainly to after c 1250. Early pottery use in Coventry is in marked contrast to that of neighbouring Warwick. In Warwick, the pre-Conquest needs of the burh were met by St Neots ware and by an oolitic limestone tempered ware (Rátkai 1990; 1992) the equivalent of Oxford fabric OXAC (Meller 1994, 42-52). There is some slight evidence that a local sandy ware was produced on the cusp of the Conquest based on evidence from pits below the College of the Vicars Choral (pers. inspection by author). Regarding Coventry, Redknap postulates that calcareous sherds from Broadgate East (1996, 40) may be the vestiges of pre-Conquest supply and Blinkhorn (2008) has suggested that one vessel from Belgrave Square may be local and pre-Conquest, although the evidence is equivocal. Redknap (1996, 9596) addresses the issue of early pottery use in Coventry and suggests that the focus of early settlement may have lain to the north of the castle, possibly spanning the River Sherbourne. Stokes (2001) takes a similar line and suggests that the north and west quadrants of the city may have formed the core of early settlement, or pre-Conquest

134

Continental imports at the Much Park Street site consisted mainly of Rhenish stonewares with a date range from the late 15th to mid 16th century. There were no examples of bartmänner ie drinking jugs with applied bearded face masks on the neck, which might belong to the later 16th and 17th centuries and this is consistent with an overall paucity of pottery dating to after c 1550. Odd sherds of Martincamp flasks were recorded, also probably dating to the 16th century. Some early examples of maiolica or tin-glazed earthenware were noted. One of these may have been from a South Netherlands vase (see below). A small number of South Netherlands maiolica sherds was found at St Anne's Charterhouse, Coventry (Soden 1995) and an altar or flower vase at the Whitefriars (Woodfield 1981) A bowl rim appears to be Mediterranean in origin and may be Spanish. A possible Cuerda Seca sherd, another Spanish product, was found in pit 2250 in a probably 16th century fill. Two Spanish imports were found at the Whitefriars in late 15th to early 16th century levels (Rátkai 2009). This range of Continental imports (with the exception of the Cuerda Seca sherd) can be seen as fairly typical of Coventry as a whole in this period (see Wright 1987).

Various degrees of abrasion were also noted on some of the sherds, although the greater number of sherds were fairly fresh-looking and not worn. A number of bowl sherds (Chilvers Coton fabrics A and C and fabric WCTS SLM13) were heavily abraded on the interior and this is perhaps a result of use rather than post-depositional. None of these sherds was sooted which perhaps suggests that the interior abrasion was caused by vigorous mixing of the bowl contents. A second type of abrasion was limited to the larger storage vessels. This consisted of wear to external base edge. It was found primarily on the jars and cisterns (Figs. CD7.6, CD14.2) and would have been caused by repeated tipping or rotating of the vessel, when full and heavy, on a hard surface. The degree of wear suggests these vessels may have been in use for extended periods of time. A number of vessels appeared to have been burnt. These were found primarily in Plots F, G and H and the burning probably occurred after breakage. As noted elsewhere, sooting on the exterior of the greater proportion of bowl sherds indicates that they were probably used as cooking vessels. The influence of the Church

It is striking that the Continental 'exotica' are very late medieval or early post-medieval in date. Despite Coventry's importance and wealth in the medieval period continental imports are rare. Paffrath ladles have been been found (eg Blinkhorn 2008) but to date no French medieval pottery, for example has been identified. It is just possible that the fine micaceous whiteware recorded by Wright (1987,117, Type 1i ) could be French. The near absence of medieval Continental imports is intriguing, especially considering Coventry's role as a major redistribution centre of goods (Wright 1987, 46) and would also repay further study. In terms of function a number of aspects relating to the pottery were noted. Drilled holes, possibly part of riveted pot repairs, were recorded. There is no obvious patterning to their occurrence. Various degrees of abrasion were also noted on some of the sherds, although the greater number of sherds were fairly fresh-looking and not worn. A number of bowl sherds (Chilvers Coton fabrics A and C and fabric WCTS SLM13) were heavily abraded on the interior and this is perhaps a result of use rather than postdepositional. None of these sherds was sooted which perhaps suggests that the interior abrasion was caused by vigorous mixing of the bowl contents. A second type of abrasion was limited to the larger storage vessels. This consisted of wear to external base edge. It was found primarily on the jars and would have been caused by repeated tipping or rotating of the vessel, when full and heavy, on a hard surface. The degree of wear suggests these vessels may have been in use for extended periods of time. A number of vessels appeared to have been burnt. These were found primarily in Plots F, G and H (see Chapters 3 and 4) and the burning probably occurred after breakage. As noted elsewhere, sooting on the exterior of the greater proportion of bowl sherds indicates that they were probably used as cooking vessels.

The entirety of the evidence relating the religion of those who occupied the plots on Much Park Street comes from the artefact assemblage. A significant ecclesiastical element was identified on the site. This may be a direct consequence of the proximity of the site to Whitefriars priory which was located to the south east of site. These religious artefacts may have been made, used and discarded of within the backplots during the period of the Priory’s existence (1342-1539). Several building elements were recovered which may have come from ecclesiastic buildings. A fragment of decorated stained glass, floor tiles, architectural stone and glazed ridge tiles may all have come from high status of religious buildings, perhaps altered or demolished around the period of the dissolution. Evidence of jet bead manufacture, perhaps for the production of rosaries was identified as was a small jet crucifix, an item of personal religious adornment, give an insight into the belief of the occupants of Much Park Street.

135

0.026 0.024 0.102 0.005 1.000

0.287

0.155 0.066 2.000

0.033

0.615

0.389

0.264

4.500

0.299

1.000

7.855

1038

1040 1042 1045 " 1054

1059

1060

1062

1064

1070

1072

1078

1.460

0.569

" 1016 " 1026 1028 1034 1036 1038

1005

Context

Total Weight kg

136

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue, highly magnetic. Kept for possible analysis Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Possible Tap Slag Seven hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lumps. One piece of amorphous material kept for possible analysis

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Two hearth bottoms Hearth bottom Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue, two pieces kept for possible analysis Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue + piece of vitrified clay. Clay kept for possible analysis. Metallic object Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue and possible vitrified clay. Clay kept for possible analysis Hearth bottom and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Some kept for possible analysis. Two metallic objects

Hearth bottom Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom Slag from heavy residue. Several pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue and a piece of possible hearth bottom. Fourteen grams of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, and ferruginous material Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

hearth bottom Two hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

Two hearth bottoms, one small and well formed plano-convex shape. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

Comments

Appendix 3 – Metalworking Residues (HB = Hearth Bottom)

10 x 9 x 5

6x5x4

14 x 10 x 7

8x7x4 12 x 6.5 x 4

7x6x3

10 x 7 x 4

7x4x3 11 x 6 x 4.5 8 x 6 x 4.5

5.5 x 4.5 x 2.5

HB – L x W x D cm

0.531

0.228

0.919

0.291 0.309

0.196

0.304

0.305 0.435 0.237

0.078

HB – Weight kg

Broken

Broken

HB – Comment

0.228

0.919

0.600

0.196

0.304

0.672

0.383

HB – Total Weight kg

0.271 0.177

1.297

0.275

0.045

8.000

0.613 1.500 0.009 0.904 0.099 0.750

0.211

0.564

0.254

2.000

" " " " " " 1082 1083

1085

1088

1088

1089

" " 1091 1092 1101 1110 1113 1118

1138

1139

1143

1152

137

Hearth bottom and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy material. Piece of amorphous material kept for possible analysis

Slag from heavy residue. Small pieces of amorphous / undiagnostic slaggy material / concretion. Three pieces of corroded iron / steel (possibly nails). Sixteen grams of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, and ferruginous material Slag from heavy residue. Pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue / concretion. Piece of burnt clay. Some corroded iron / steel (nails, rod, scrap ?). Twenty-three grams of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, and ferruginous material Two pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue hearth bottom with yellow residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slag lump and metallic object. both kept for possible analysis

Three hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic lumps of slaggy residue. Some of the residue is dense, other is light and vesicular Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Two pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

Slag from heavy residue. A mixture of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, and small pieces of slaggy and ferruginous material

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue hearth bottom, dense and very heavy. hb kept for possible analysis. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue, two pieces kept for possible analysis Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue + piece of bone. Two pieces of amorphous kept for possible analysis

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

8.5 x 7 x 4

11 x 11 x 6.5

8 x 6 x 6.5 8x7x4 13 x 8 x 5

13 x 9 x 8

13 x 11 x 5.5

13 x 10 x 7 8x7x5 16 x 10 x 5 9 x 8 x 5.5 8.5 x 4 x 45 10 x 7 x 4

0.335

0.892

0.377 0.275 0.613

0.810

1.183

1.085 0.326 0.720 0.409 0.105 0.326

Analysis

Analysis

Broken

0.335

0.892

1.462 0.613

1.183

3.502

1.000

0.321

2.500

0.156

0.678

0.266

0.333 0.751 0.031 0.177

5.014

1184 "

1188

1208

" 1215

1219

1219

1229 1231 1248 1250

1252

0.010

6.000

0.012 0.054

1252

1253

" " " 1254 1256

" " " " "

0.436

1169

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

138

Slag from heavy residue. A mixture of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, and ferruginous material Four hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. One piece of residue kept for possible analysis. Small hb kept for possible analysis Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Six hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. One piece kept for possible analysis

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Unknown, light coloured slaggy residue. Possible XRF analysis Amorphous, undiagnostic slag lump. Metallic iron object

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Slag from heavy residue. Pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Several pieces of corroded iron / steel (possibly nails or wire). Fifty-four grams of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, and small pieces of slaggy and ferruginous material

Hearth bottom Undiagnostic slag lump. Some charcoal flecks + yellow residue. Possibly a piece of hearth bottom

Hearth bottom Amorphous, undiagnostic slag, some with some yellow residue. Possible hearth bottom piece Two hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic lumps of slaggy residue.

Two hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

Hearth bottom with yellow residue inside when broken. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

7x6x3 8x6x3 8 x 5.5 x 3

10 x 8 x 5

7x6x3 9x8x3 9.5 x 7.5 x 4.5 8 x 6.5 x 3 7 x 5.5 x 3

9.5 x 7 x 2.5

9x8x4 12 x 8 x 5.5

10 x 8 x 4.5

15 x 9 x 7

6.5 x 5.5 x 3

7x7x4

9 x 6.5 x 4

0.231 0.254 0.158

0.290

0.260 0.465 0.457 0.257 0.219

0.378

0.333 0.751

0.320

0.918

0.119

0.334

0.330

0.933

2.036

0.333 0.751

1.238

0.453

0.330

0.046

1.250

0.060 0.015 0.571

0.186

1.000

5.500

1267

1268

1270 1277 1279 " 1283

1285

1286

0.320

0.740

0.826

0.072

0.568

1290

1291

1291

1292

3.000

1288 " " 1289

" "

1287

4.000

0.405

1262

" " " " " "

0.025

1259

Two hearth bottoms

139

Slag from heavy residue. A mixture of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, and ferruginous material

Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue with yellow residue. Yellow residue taken for analysis

Three hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. When broken was found to have yellow residue within, kept for possible analysis

Three hearth bottoms and amorphous undiagnostic slaggy residue. Some amorphous material kept for possible analysis Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Hearth bottom Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. One piece kept for possible analysis Seven hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Some kept for possible analysis Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Two hearth bottoms. One hb kept for possible analysis

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom + metallic object. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Some kept for possible analysis Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Small piece of possible copper alloy rod / nail or copper alloy working slag / residue. Possible XRF analysis Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lump

10 x 6 x 6

0.353

0.282

0.989 0.187 0.134

11 x 7 x 7.5 8 x 6 x 3.5 7 x 6 x 3.5

8 x 5.5 x 5

0.324 0.410 0.316

0.647

0.744 0.259 0.518 0.318 0.240 0.179

1.494

0.374

0.135

0.637

0.266

9x7x5 9.5 x 9 x 5 8 x 6.5 x 5.5

14 x 7 x 5

10 x 9 x 5 8 x 7.5 x 4.5 12 x 8 x 6 10 x 6 x 4.5 10 x 7 x 3.5 7x5x4

18 x 12 x 8

12 x 7 x 4

6x5x3

10 x 8 x 6

6.5 x 6 x 4

Broken

Broken

Broken + Analysis

0.282

1.492 0.134

1.381

3.752

0.509

0.637

0.266

0.009

0.142 0.365 1.740

19.570

1303

1316 1317 1318

1319

1342

" " " " " " " " " " " "

1322

6.000

17.000

0.739

1295

" " " " " " "

0.674

1293

"

140

Thirteen hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic lumps of slag & some concretions of slaggy material, charcoal / coal, clay, hammerscale etc Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Three hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lumps. Two pieces of metal + knife piece kept for possible analysis

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Small piece of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue + large stone Hearth bottom, and amorphous undiagnostic slaggy residue Eight hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic lumps of slaggy residue, some of which is quite dense. Some residue kept for analysis. Slaggy residue adhered to burnt / heated clay Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Hearth bottom with yellow residue Slag from heavy residue. Small pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue / concretion. Circa one gram of flake hammerscale and ferruginous material

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Two pieces kept for possible analysis

Hearth bottom

13 x 11 x 6

16 x 15 x 7 14 x 9 x 6 15 x 10 x 8 13.5 x 9.5 x 4.5 13 x 9.5 x 5 13 x 9 x 6 11 x 9.5 x 6 9.5 x 7.5 x 5.5 11 x 8.5 x 4.5 9x7x4 11 x 7 x 5.5 10.5 x 7 x 5

17 x 14 x 6

0.943

1.432 1.170 1.966 0.644 0.560 0.623 0.703 0.431 0.354 0.298 0.471 0.461

1.960

1.914 1.271 1.019 0.735 0.749 0.285 0.191

19 x 12 x 8.5

1.560

0.940

0.731

0.203

15 x 10.5 x 7.5 14 x 12 x 8 14 x 11.5 x 5 12 x 9 x 6 10 x 7 x 5 8x6x3

17 x 12 x 8

6 x 4.5 x 2.5

12 x 8 x 5

6.5 x 5.5 x 3.5

11.073

7.724

0.940

0.731

0.556

4.000

6.000

2.000

4.000

1348 " "

1350

" " 1352

1354

" " " " " " " " "

1357

24.000

3.500

2.000

1346

" " 1356 "

0.619

2.092

1345

"

1344

" "

10 x 7.5 x 4.5 9 x 8.5 x 4.5 11 x 10 x 6 15 x 9 x 8 14 x 9 x 6 11 x 11 x 6 13 x 11 x 6 9.5 x 8 x 3

141

11 x 8 x 5.5

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

11 x 11 x 4.5

11 x 5 x 5

10 x 7 x 7 11 x 5 x 3 12 x 11.5 x 7

12 x 8 x 6

12.5 x 11 x 5 12 x 9 x 4 14 x 12 x 8

0.341 0.467 0.761 1.388 1.098 1.077 1.085 0.292

0.455

0.607

0.427

0.394 0.254 0.945

0.735

0.678 0.555 0.900

1.413

1.061 0.534

13 x 11 x 5 10.5 x 9.5 x 4.5 16 x 10 x 6

0.492

0.213

0.313

0.257

1.674 0.564

11.5 x 7.5 x 4.5

8 x 7 x 4.5

11 x 9 x 2.5

9x6x3

15 x 14 x 6 13 x 8 x 5.5

Hearth bottom Ten hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue, some of which is heavy and dense, some more lightweight with a friable appearance. Some of the HBs and amorphous lumps have a yellow adhered residue Hearth bottom

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Two hearth bottoms. One HB has yellow residue attached

Three hearth bottoms with a friable vesicular appearance. hearth bottoms have the yellow residue attached

Three hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic lumps of slaggy residue. Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Hearth bottom Two pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. One piece kept for possible analysis hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue, one piece kept for possible analysis. Three pieces of coal Three hearth bottoms Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Two hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Some kept for possible analysis

Broken

Broken

Broken

Broken

7.571

1.372

1.383

2.646 0.900

2.087

0.213

0.570

3.181

0.662

1.250

0.044 0.077 2.000

0.019

1.000

0.048 0.973

0.004

1.000

2.500

5.500

0.043 0.262 0.156 0.074

6.000

" 1372

1379

1380 1384 1388 " 1397 " 1402

1404

1412 1428 "

1428

1431 "

1436

1444

" " 1461 1462 1463 1467

1468

0.712

4.000

1369

142

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom. Several pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic concretion. Concretion made up of slaggy residue, charcoal / coal, hammerscale, and possibly some soil. Pieces kept for possible analysis

Three hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lumps and concretion. Concretion made up of slaggy pieces, charcoal / coal pieces, hammerscale, clay, soil. One piece has adhered piece of bone Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Two hearth bottoms Hearth bottom Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue, one piece kept for possible analysis. Possible metallic object

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Two hearth bottoms Hearth bottom Slag from heavy residue. A mixture of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, and some ferruginous material

Hearth bottom Two hearth bottoms Hearth bottom Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lump. Piece of vitrified clay, possible clay hearth lining

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Two hearth bottoms, one of which had adhered yellow residue

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Concretion residue, slaggy pieces, ferruginous material, charcoal / coal pieces, hammerscale, soil

Two hearth bottoms which have a concretion appearance. They are easily broken and made up of slaggy material, charcoal / coal pieces, possibly clay and hammerscale. broken HB kept for possible analysis Hearth bottom

9x7x4

12 x 9 x 6.5 8 x 7 x 3.5

12.5 x 8 x 7

13 x 9 x 5

12 x 7 x 4 14 x 9 x 4.5

9 x 6.5 x 4 15 x 8 x 6

14 x 11 x 6 8.5 x 5 x 4 10 x 7 x 5

12 x 11 x 6.5

11 x 10 x 5

16 x 14 x 10

0.223

0.770 0.287

0.978

0.887

0.317 0.586

0.293 0.666

0.750 0.258 0.428

0.973

0.589

2.241

Broken

Broken

0.223

2.035

0.887

0.903

0.959

0.686

1.723

2.830

1.031

0.034

1479

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

" " " " " "

1472

Hearth bottom

"

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

143

Slag from heavy residue. Small pieces of darkly coloured amorphous/ undiagnostic slaggy material. Some of the slag is heavy, dense, and magnetic. Ninety grams of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, with ferruginous material

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

62.000

" " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

1472

Twenty-six large & small hearth bottoms. Hearth bottoms tend to be friable & lightweight, with possible metallic content in some. Other residue is amorphous and undiagnostic slaggy residue, although some could be parts / remains of other hearth bottoms. HB with metallic content & some amorphous material kept for possible analysis

17 x 11 x 5 13 x 8 x 5.5 13 x 9 x 6.5 9 x 7.5 x 2 11 x 9 x 5 9x7x5

5.5 x 4.5 x 3

0.737 0.611 0.502 0.184 0.444 0.283

0.171

0.928 0.762 0.447 0.455 0.340 2.325 2.223 0.268 0.661 0.779 0.863 0.224 0.267 0.479 0.509 0.302 0.290 0.143

14 x 9 x 5 10 x 9 x 4 13 x 9.5 x 4.5 7x7x4 21 x 13 x 8 16 x 14.5 x 10 9x7x4 14 x 7.5 x 5.5 18 x 11 x 5 15 x 11 x 7 9.5 x 8 x 3.5 10 x 7 x 4 11.5 x 8.5 x 6 12 x 7 x 6 8.5 x 6 x 4 9x7x4 8 x 4.5 x 3.5

1.547

16 x 10 x 7.5

20 x 12 x 7

Broken + Analysis

Broken

16.744

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Slag from heavy residue. A mixture of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, and ferruginous material Possible vitrified clay, kept for possible analysis Amorphous, undiagnostic slag lump / concretion

0.060

4.500

0.028

0.008

0.296 0.183

0.040 0.103

0.001

0.945

1524

1528 " " 1532

1533

1534 1537

1543 1547

1548

1549

0.023

0.010

0.077

0.712

1.250

0.202 0.073 0.197

1562

1567

1572

1578

1585

1601 1617 1619

" "

Three hearth bottoms Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

1.250

1524

Hearth bottom with yellow powdery residue. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

144

Hearth bottom with yellow residue on top Hearth bottom and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Tile with adhered slag

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Small piece of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Kept for possible analysis

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Small pieces of copper / copper alloy working residue / slag or corroded copper / copper alloy object. blue green in colour. Possible XRF analysis

Three hearth bottoms, one kept for possible analysis. Small lump of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

Slag from heavy residue. Circa one gram of flake hammerscale and ferruginous material

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom, small, with vesicular appearance

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Possible metallic object Slag from heavy residue. Small pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Small pieces of corroded iron / steel (possibly nails or wire). Circa one gram of flake hammerscale and ferruginous material

0.088 0.314

1520 1523

Two pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. One piece kept for possible analysis. Small amount of copper working slag / residue. Possible XRF analysis Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

1.509

1495

7 x 6.5 x 3.5

17 x 13 x 3

12 x 8.5 x 5.5

7 x 5.5 x 3 8.5 x 5 x 3

9x8x5

5.5 x 5 x 3

15 x 8.5 x 7.5 12 x 12 x 4 9x8x4

8.5 x 7 x 4

0.174

1.065

0.706

0.213 0.200

0.483

0.103

1.136 1.182 0.344

0.276

Analysis

0.174

1.065

0.706

0.896

0.103

2.662

0.276

0.676

1.500

2.250

40.500

1625

1638

1639 "

1640

0.038 0.047 0.004

0.190

1.000

0.012

" " " " " " " " " " " " " 1649 1656 1660

1668

1670

1671

"

0.031

1622

145

Hearth bottom Amorphous, undiagnostic concretion. Corroded copper / copper alloy flecks + pieces

Possible corroded iron object. Magnetic. Possible X-radiography. Friable copper / copper alloy slag or working residue. blue / green in colour. Possible XRF analysis

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Copper working slag / residue. Possible XRF analysis

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Hearth bottom Fifteen hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic lumps of slaggy residue. Some of the HBs have a friable appearance, are lightweight, and have a yellow residue attached. Other HBs are reddish and more dense. The recovered material is invariably light with many pieces having some yellow residue attached. Piece kept for possible analysis. Tile with adhered burnt / vitrified clay Hearth bottom

Slag from heavy residue. Small pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Two pieces of highly corroded iron / steel (possibly nails or pieces of wire) Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue, yellowish clay / vitrified clay. Kept for possible analysis Hearth bottom and amorphous, undiagnostic concretion made up of slaggy pieces, charcoal / coal pieces, hammerscale, soil. Slightly magnetic Two hearth bottoms

14 x 11 x 6

11.5 x 11 x 6.5 10 x 9 x 3 12 x 8 x 4.5 10 x 8 x 5.5 8x8x5 16 x 7 x 4 16 x 8.5 x 7 10 x 8 x 7 12 x 6 x 5.5 15 x 9 x 6 11 x 9 x 4 11 x 7 x 5.5 10 x 7 x 5 8x7x3

12 x 8.5 x 6

11 x 9 x 4

12.5 x 12 x 6

7 x 6 x 3.5

0.942

0.883 0.338 0.493 0.476 0.383 0.728 1.338 0.713 0.398 0.955 0.484 0.404 0.426 0.302

1.013

0.539

0.744

0.151

Broken Broken

Broken Broken Analysis Broken

0.942

9.334

1.283

0.151

0.002

0.509 0.750 18.000

1678

1680 1681 1686 " " " " "

5.000

7.016

1710

" " 1712

146

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Seven hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lumps.

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

0.109

1709

" " "

1.750

1709

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Corroded copper / copper alloy object or copper working slag / residue Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue, kept for possible analysis. Two metallic objects kept for possible analysis Slag from heavy residue. Pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue / concretion. One piece of concretion has adhered burnt clay. Small piece of corroded iron / steel, possibly a nail or piece of wire. Eleven grams of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, and ferruginous material Three hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lumps.

Hearth bottom

0.058 0.003

1704 1706

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lumps. both pieces kept for possible analysis

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom and an amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lump Ten hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic lumps of slaggy residue Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Slag from heavy residue. A mixture of flake hammerscale and ferruginous material

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Two hearth bottoms Hearth bottom

"

1.000

1691

" " " "

0.044 0.323

1676 1677 "

0.868 1.576 0.817

16 x 12 x 6

0.241

0.739 0.540 0.731

0.667

0.327

12 x 9 x 7 19 x 11 x 7

7.5 x 4 x 3.5

13 x 10 x 5 10.5 x 10 x 5 12 x 9 x 7

13 x 9 x 6

8.5 x 8.5 x 4.5

0.476 0.288 0.172 0.139

1.650 0.344 0.684 0.445 0.473

17.5 x 12 x 6.5 9x7x6 9 x 9 x 6.5 10 x 6 x 5 12 x 7.5 x 6 10 x 8 x 6 8x7x5 10 x 5 x 4 8.5 x 5.5 x 2.5

0.495 0.605 1.313

0.144 0.171

11 x 7 x 4.5 12 x 9 x 6 14 x 11 x 7

7 x 6 x 3.5 7 x 6.5 x 2.5

Broken + Analysis

Broken

1.946

0.327

5.984

0.495 0.605

0.315

1733

" " " " " " " " " " " " " " "

1728

2.000

1723 " " 1724 " 1725 1726 "

0.216

45.035

0.222 2.000

3.000

0.086

4.000

1720

"

1720

" "

147

Slag from heavy residue. Pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Two hearth bottoms Hearth bottom Sixteen hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lumps. Some of the Hbs have a friable appearance and have a yellow residue attached. The amorphous, undiagnostic slag is of various sizes. Some pieces of possible burnt / vitrified clay. Amorphous lump kept for possible analysis. Small piece of burnt / vitrified pottery. Tile with adhered burnt / vitrified clay Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Hearth bottom Slag from heavy residue. A mixture of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, and some ferruginous material Three hearth bottoms Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Two hearth bottoms with adhered yellow residue

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Two hearth bottoms, one of which has yellow residue attached. Yellow residue from corroded object taken for possible analysis

11.5 x 8.5 x 4 10 x 9 x 6 11 x 6 x 5.5 12 x 11 x 3 11 x 10 x 6 16 x 11 x 6 14 x 12 x 6.5 15.5 x 9.5 x 4.5 13 x 10 x 4.5 17.5 x 9 x 6 26.5 x 9 x 5 13 x 10 x 5.5 17 x 9 x 7 9x6x4 13 x 9 x 7

12.5 x 10 x 4.5

8x7x3 8 x 6 x 4.5 13 x 10 x 9 8 x 6 x 3.5

13 x 8 x 4 10 x 7 x 4.5 8 x 7.5 x 4 13 x 9 x 3

12 x 9 x 6

21 x 13 x 7

14 x 10 x 7 10 x 9 x 4

0.484 0.483 0.460 0.539 0.475 0.790 1.148 0.704 0.679 1.360 1.563 0.885 1.466 0.214 1.184

0.502

0.315 0.222 1.366 0.282

0.531 0.428 0.245 0.761

0.646

1.407

0.872 0.353

Broken

Broken

Broken

Analysis

12.936

1.648

1.076 0.222

1.204

2.053

5.458

0.521 2.644

4.000

1.226

21.000

1770 1775 "

1777

1779

1780 " " "

148

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom, and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lumps, one quite dense. Piece kept for possible analysis Slag from heavy residue. Pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue and concretion. Pieces of corroded iron / steel (nails, rod, scrap etc). Large bag (997 grams) of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, some small pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy material Eleven hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

1.080 1.500 0.808 1.729

15 x 11 x 6 14 x 10 x 5 18 x 10 x 7.5

0.302

1.002

0.486 1.250

0.880 2.159 0.612 0.432 0.158

0.661

3.082

0.630 0.342 0.486 2.311

2.236

0.422

0.106

16 x 11 x 7.5

10 x 6 x 4

14.5 x 8.5 x 6

11 x 8 x 5.5 17 x 11 x 7

0.153

1764

Amorphous, undiagnostic slag lump. Slag semi liquid at some stage + small amount of yellow residue Hearth bottom Two hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

7.5 x 7 x 5

19 x 13 x 8

13 x 11 x 7 16 x 13 x 10 14 x 8 x 6 9.5 x 7.5 x 3 8x6x3

10.000

1762

Hearth bottom, very large Seven hearth bottoms. hb with metallic content kept for possible analysis

12.5 x 9.5 x 8 10 x 9 x 5.5 11 x 7 x 4.5 16 x 12 x 8

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

2.500

" " " 1760

14 x 12 x 9

" " " " "

8.000

1754

11.5 x 7 x 5.5

6.5 x 5 x 1.5

Hearth bottom

1.500

1753

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom, small and thin Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom and single piece of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Four hearth bottoms as concretions of slaggy material, clay, charcoal / coal pieces and hammerscale Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

"

0.212 0.247 0.004 0.106 0.084

1736 1738 1741 1742 1749

material / concretion.

Broken

Broken

Broken + Analysis

Broken

0.302

2.252

0.486

7.984

3.694 2.311

0.422

0.106

9.500

3.800

1781 " " " " " "

1782

0.512

0.035

2.000

0.030

0.001

1.000 0.031 0.709

0.006

1804

" 1820

1826

1826

1833

1834 1835 1836

1836

"

0.631

1780

" " " " " " "

149

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom Slag from heavy residue. A mixture of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, and ferruginous material

Slag from heavy residue. Circa one gram of flake hammerscale and ferruginous material

Hearth bottom Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Three possible metallic objects kept for possible analysis Slag from heavy residue. Small pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Small pieces of corroded iron / steel (possibly nails or wire).

Hearth bottom Two hearth bottoms. Corroded copper / copper alloy object + copper corrosion on sandstone

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Slag from heavy residue. Pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue and concretion. Two pieces of corroded iron / steel (probably nails, rod or scrap bar). Sixty-two grams of flake and spheroidal hammerscale, and ferruginous material Seven hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Two hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. One piece of residue has a possible metallic content, kept for possible analysis

11 x 7 x 6

12 x 8 x 4

7x5x4

7x6x4

16 x 9 x 5

14 x 9.5 x 7

0.671

0.587

0.202

0.246

0.884

1.408

0.841 1.190 1.149 0.668 0.332 0.597 0.114

13 x 10 x 6

1.472 1.854 0.505 0.883 0.703 0.539 0.696

16 x 11 x 7 14 x 12 x 5 12.5 x 9 x 4.5 10 x 7 x 5.5 11 x 7 x 3.5 8x5x2

14 x 13.5 x 7 17 x 13 x 6.5 11 x 8.5 x 5 12 x 9 x 8 10 x 6 x 5.5 15 x 7 x 4 14 x 8 x 3

Broken Broken

Broken Broken Broken

0.671

0.587

0.448

2.292

4.891

11.769

1.000

22.000

0.057

0.004

0.068

0.404

0.528

0.005

0.705

0.150 0.404

1.000

0.004

0.089

0.414

0.429

0.540

1839

1841

" " " " " " " " " " 1847

1849

1873

1876

1878

1879

1882

1896 1898

1903

1914

1917

1924

1925

1938

150

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue, some of which is quite dense

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Few pieces kept for possible analysis. Piece of yellowish residue

Slag from heavy residue. A mixture of flake hammerscale and ferruginous material

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lumps Hearth bottom Hearth bottom and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lumps. Amorphous lump kept for possible analysis. Metallic object kept for possible analysis

Several pieces of metal and pieces with possible metallic content. Kept for possible analysis Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom. HB & yellow residue from hearth bottom taken for analysis

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom with some yellow residue. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

Amorphous and undiagnostic slag piece. Shiny + vitrified. Possible XRF analysis

Hearth bottom and metallic objects : nails + possible blade Eleven hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic lumps of slag and concretions of slaggy material, charcoal / coal, clay, hammerscale. burnt heated clay Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom, small and elongated with some yellow residue

10.5 x 8 x 6.5

9 x 8 x 5.5

14 x 7 x 6

7.5 x 7 x 3.5

0.538

0.395

0.668

0.229

2.423 0.320 0.501 1.691 0.905 0.524 0.917 0.419 0.130 0.240 0.057

9x8x5 12 x 9 x 5 15 x 13 x 6.5 12 x 10 x 5.5 10 x 9 x 8 10 x 10 x 7 10 x 8 x 4 5.5 x 5 x 4 8x5x4 6x4x2

0.907

0.232

17 x 13 x 10

13.5 x 11.5 x 7.5

9x8x3

0.538

0.395

0.668

0.229

8.977 0.057

0.232

1.500

1.500

0.824

0.678

2.000

3.500

1968

1971

1972

1973

1975 " " " "

1976

" "

Hearth bottom Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Small metallic object kept for possible analysis Amorphous, undiagnostic piece of slaggy residue Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue with yellow residue, kept for possible analysis hearth bottom with yellow powdery residue. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Amorphous slag made up of pieces of slag, charcoal / coal etc + vesicular in nature. Some kept for possible analysis Five hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

0.267 0.185

151

Three hearth bottoms one large with adhered pebble and noticeable amounts of yellow powdery residue Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Three hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

0.076 2.500

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Seven hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Small HB kept for possible analysis Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Hearth bottom Five hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lumps. Small amorphous lumps kept for possible analysis

" " " " " " 1949 1952 " " 1954 1963

1946

5.000

6.500

1945

" " " "

0.527

1944

8.5 x 8 x 3 9x8x4

15 x 13 x 7

0.207 0.261

1.993

0.146 0.538 0.139 0.248 0.109

9x8x5 7 x 5 x 2.5 9x6x4 7 x 5.5 x 3

0.504

0.718

7 x 5 x 2.5

10 x 8.5 x 5

12 x 8 x 5.5

0.381

0.722 0.633 0.267

13 x 12 x 5 15 x 10 x 4 9x5x4 11 x 8 x 3

0.711

0.381 0.406

10 x 6 x 5 9 x 6.5 x 5 14 x 8.5 x 5

0.544 0.487 0.713 0.589

0.605

1.103 0.556 0.307 0.260

1.376

0.527

11 x 9 x 4 11 x 8 x 5.5 10 x 9 x 5 11 x 8 x 6

11 x 10 x 6

12 x 11 x 5.5 10 x 7.5 x 4 9x6x4 6 x 6 x 4.5

12 x 12 x 5

11 x 10 x 4.5

Adhered pebble 2.461

1.180

0.504

0.718

0.381

2.066 0.267

3.725

3.602

0.527

3.000

1979

9.000

1983

4.000

1988

0.184

0.500

1996

1.800 3.800

" " " " 1991 1993 " " 1994

1990

2.000

1.000

1987

" " "

0.949

1985

"

" " " "

1.750

1980

"

0.750

1977

152

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Three hearth bottoms Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Amorphous, undiagnostic slag. Dense and heavy Hearth bottom. hb possible concretion as not very dense. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue, piece kept for possible analysis

Five hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue, one piece kept for possible analysis Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Four hearth bottoms and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. hbs and residue have a concretion appearance made up of slaggy material, charcoal / coal pieces, hammerscale. Some pieces quite lightweight Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue, all with some yellowish residue on them Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lump and possible piece of tap slag. Kept for possible analysis

Hearth bottom

Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lump. Kept for possible analysis Two hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue + metallic object Hearth bottom Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue, some of which has been kept for possible analysis Six hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic lumps of slaggy residue, some of which are dense and vesicular Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

8 x 5.5 x 3

13.5 x 10.5 x 5.5 14 x 10 x 6 7 x 6 x 1.5

7.5 x 6.5 x 4 7 x7 x 3 6.5 x 6 x 3 6x5x2

10 x 6.5 x 4

18 x 10 x 6 11.5 x 6.5 x 5 9x6x4

17 x 10 x 4.5

10 x 7.5 x 6

9x5x5

10 x 8 x 6 13 x 12 x 6.5 9.5 x 7.5 x 6 10 x 8 x 4.5

13 x 10 x 7

9x7x3

8x7x4

11.5 x 8 x 4.5

0.156

0.879 0.844 0.720

0.323 0.303 0.128 0.151

0.367

1.306 0.601 0.202

0.888

0.511

0.436

0.497 0.914 0.516 0.337

1.062

0.332

0.348

0.388

Broken

Broken + Analysis

0.156

2.443

1.272

2.997

0.511

3.762

0.680

0.388

0.848

1.250

0.137

0.403

4.400

2003

2005

2007

2009

2011

8.750

3.000 0.151

0.827

0.071 0.798

0.145

2.050

1.000 0.102

2022

" " " " " " 2027 2031

2033

" 2044 2049

2051

2056

" " 2058 2073

"

"

0.125 1.250

2000 2002 "

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

153

Hearth bottom, small Three hearth bottoms. Yellow residue inside one after breaking. Kept for possible analysis. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom and amorphous, undiagnostic slag lump

Hearth bottom Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Two hearth bottoms. Yellow residue from hearth bottom taken for analysis. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

Hearth bottom Eight hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic lumps of undiagnostic slag & some concretions of slaggy material, charcoal / coal, hammerscale etc Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

Three hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic lumps of slag & possible vitrified clay. Two pieces of residue kept for possible analysis Hearth bottom

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Yellow residue taken from axe for analysis

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Two hearth bottoms Hearth bottom Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Some concretion with yellowish area, kept for possible analysis Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lump and possible burnt / vitrified clay. Vitrified clay kept for possible analysis.

9 x 6.5 x 3.5 15 x 9 x 6 13 x 7 x 6

9.5 x 7 x 4.5

7.5 x 5 x 3

9x7x6

9 x 8 x 6.5

7.5 x 5.5 x 4.5

13 x 12 x 7 15 x 11 x 7 10 x 10 x 8 13 x 12 x 7.5 13 x 9 x 5 12 x 8 x 5 15.5 x 13 x 8

21.5 x 12.5 x 7.5

10 x 9 x 3

6.5 x 5 x 3

11 x 9 x 6

7x5x3

11 x 10 x 4.5 12 x 10 x 5

0.313 0.856 0.640

0.411

0.145

0.429

0.500

0.281

1.377 1.000 0.744 1.452 0.615 0.482 1.834

2.172

0.413

0.247

0.678

0.170

0.497 0.633

Broken

1.580 0.640

0.145

0.429

0.781

7.842 1.834

1.338

0.170

1.130

1.190

2085

4.000

2093

1.000

0.765

1.300

0.290

6.250

2106

2126

2129

2134

5.500

" " 2102 " " " 2103

4.500

3.000

0.417

2091

" " 2099 " " " 2101

0.701

2089

"

0.594

4.250

2084

" "

2080

154

Hearth bottom Seven hearth bottoms. A mixture of amorphous, undiagnostic slag & some vitrified clay

Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue one piece with yellow residue, kept for possible analysis Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Piece of vitrified clay, kept for possible analysis

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Four hearth bottoms. One hb kept for possible analysis Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue, kept for possible analysis

Four hearth bottoms Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Three hearth bottoms and concretion. Picture taken of concretion

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom and amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. HB + slag have yellow residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Three hearth bottoms and amorphous undiagnostic slaggy residue. Some kept for possible analysis. One HB with yellow residue kept for possible analysis Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Two hearth bottoms, one had yellow residue within when broken. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

Three hearth bottoms, amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy lumps, and vitrified clay. Some amorphous residue kept for possible analysis. Material has a friable, vesicular appearance and yellow adhered residue. Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Small piece kept for possible analysis. Red clay + yellowish residue

15 x 11 x 7

9 x7 x 4.5

1.463

0.283

0.326

0.997 0.315 0.545

14 x 9 x 8 9x7x4 11.5 x 9 x 5 9 x 6 x 4.5

0.707 0.556 0.426

0.458

0.174 0.559 0.329 0.414 0.321 0.775

0.362

0.623

0.519

0.496

0.321

0.194 0.360

2.118

10 x 9.5 x 6 10 x 8 x 4 9 x 8.5 x 6

13 x 9 x 6

7x6x3 10 x 9 x 3.5 11 x 6 x 4 11 x 6 x 5.5 11 x 6 x 4 14 x 9 x 6

13 x 10 x 3

11 x 7.5 x 6.5

10 x 8 x 5.5

9x8x5

8 x 7 x 6.5

9x8x3 13 x 7 x 6

21 x 4 x 6

Analysis

Broken

0.321

Broken + Analysis

0.283

0.326

2.283

1.721

1.839

1.095

0.623

1.015

2.672

Broken

0.615

0.687

0.426

0.014 0.256

1.193

2140

2143

2145

2149 2157

2192

0.077 0.013 0.091 0.002 0.199

2.712

2242 2266 2284 2298 2309

2332

2333

0.366

0.723

2208

" "

0.718

2200

"

2198

2.191

0.388

2136

"

0.687

" " " " " " 2135

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

155

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Three hearth bottoms. Pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Hearth bottom Two hearth bottoms. Single lump of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom Hearth bottom with significant yellow residue. Photos taken and yellow residue taken for XRD analysis. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Hearth bottom with slight yellow residue. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Two hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue + one piece of coal. Small piece of amorphous material kept for possible analysis

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue + piece of metal. Metal kept for possible analysis

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Large piece kept for possible analysis

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue. Small pieces kept for possible analysis Amorphous, undiagnostic small lumps of slaggy residue

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

11.5 x 5.5 x 5.5 11 x 7.5 x 7

6 x 4.5 x 2.5

8 x 6 x 4.5

8 x 8 x 4.5

14 x 10 x 7

7x6x4

8.5 x 7 x 4.5

12 x 7.5 x 5.5

11 x 8 x 6.5 10 x 8 x 6 15 x 9.5 x 5 11 x 6.5 x 4.5 6.5 x 5.5 x 4 9 x 7 x 4.5 8x7x6

0.348 0.454

0.081

0.216

0.510

0.817

0.156

0.356

0.567

0.502 0.393 0.618 0.342 0.286 0.137 0.401

Analysis

Broken

0.883

0.216

0.510

0.973

0.923

3.741 0.401

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Three probable hearth bottoms. Pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue / concretion Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

0.033 0.157

0.746

10.083

0.015 0.102 0.305 0.162

2.293

0.042 0.018 0.029 0.370

" " " 2351 2366

2368

2375

" " " " " " " " " " 2381 2410 2417 2471

2485

" " 2493 2525 2537 2572

156

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Amorphous, undiagnostic slag lump hearth bottom with small amount of yellow residue. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Eleven hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slag residue, some with charcoal / coal pieces / flecks. Possible pieces of kiln furniture Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom

1.753

2338

Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue Four hearth bottoms. Concretion / vitrified clay with blue / green flecks of corroded copper / copper alloy or copper working residue. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

0.369

2334

9 x 7.5 x 5 10 x 7 x 5

8.5 x 7.5 x 3

8 x 7.5 x 6 7.5 x 7 x 5 12 x 7 x 5 8x7x5 8 x 6.5 x 4.5 10.5 x 9 x 4 17 x 10 x 5 12 x 11 x 7.5 15 x 7 x 7.5 12 x 11 x 5

11.5 x 11 x 5

7x6x4

7x5x4 8 x 7.5 x 5 9x6x6

11 x 8.5 x 5

0.431 0.428

0.212

0.305 0.307 0.514 0.299 0.323 0.549 1.015 1.084 1.026 0.751

0.929

0.258

0.227 0.251 0.375

0.607

Broken

Broken

Broken

Broken

1.071

7.102

0.258

1.460

662.008

Totals

0

0

0

0

0

0

1005

1006

1006

1006

1006

Phase

1005

Context

0

0

0

10

0

layer, levelling

layer, levelling layer, levelling layer, levelling layer, levelling

0

SF No

Feature layer, levelling

copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy

iron

Material copper alloy

pin

sheet, offcut

sheet, offcut

aiglet

strap

pin

Name

pin stem, bent

Description stem,bent, no head fragment rectangular sectioned strap, broken each end aiglet with overlapping seam, closed end and iron rivet wide trimming, bent

157

39

36

103

32

72

50

Length (mm)

Five hearth bottoms. Amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy material, some of which is quite dense. Some concretion of slaggy material, charcoal / coal, clay, hammerscale. Slaggy concretion / burnt or vitrified clay stuck to stone / tile, possibly structural Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Hearth bottom Small pieces of amorphous, undiagnostic slaggy residue

Appendix 4 – Table of small finds

0.046

16.000

" " " " Unstratified

Diagnostic Slag

D2

26

16

33

2

Width (mm)

1

1

1

3

2

Thickness (mm)

21 x 14 x 7 17 x 9.5 x 6 15 x 9.5 x 6 9x7x6

19 x 15 x 10

Wt (g)

soil

soil

soil

soil

encrusted, fractured

soil

Condition

276.233

2.241 1.464 0.941 0.376

3.031

incomplete

complete

complete

Complete

incomplete

incomplete

Completeness

276.233

8.053

0

0

0

0

6

4

4

4

3

4

1006

1018

1022

1025

1027

1028

1030

1030

1042

1060

0

3

F1061 gully/drain

0

0

F1043

F1030 pit

F1030 pit

1

17

F1027 post hole

F1029 pit

0

0

0

0

F1024 pit

F1023 pit

F1019 pit

layer, levelling

buckle plate

wire

copper alloy

copper alloy

knife handle

iron

handle

pin

copper alloy

iron

pin

spur

nail

horseshoe nail

pin

copper alloy

iron

iron

iron

copper alloy

shank gently curving arm of planoconvex section, both ends broken wound wire pin Caple C with stem bent at right angle small wound wire pin Caple A, stem bent broken handle of curved Usectioned strap tapering to a ring terminal at each end (one missing) knife scale tang handle with organic scales on each face and 4 central copper alloy rivets round sectioned wire bent into U shape simple buckle plate of folded sheet with two rivet holes and a buckle pin

pin with corroded head, probably wound-wire cuboid headed nail, head heavily worn

158

15

24

68

113

24

27

80

32

34

35

13

12

25

10

15

D 2.5

4

1

8

soil

encrusted, fractured

complete

incomplete

incomplete

almost complete

encrusted fractured

heavily,

complete

complete

soil

soil

incomplete

encrusted fractured

heavily,

incomplete

complete

almost complete

encrusted heavily

encrusted

soil

5a

5a

5a

5a

5a

5a

1078

1078

1078

1078

1078

1088

3

1073

5a

3

1073

1078

3

1073

5a

3

1066

1078

3

1064

F1079 pit

F1079 pit

F1079 pit

F1079 pit

F1079 pit

F1079 pit

F1079 pit

F1079 pit

F1072 ditch F1072 ditch

F1067 F1072 ditch

F1086 pit

439

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

13

12

9

8

7

iron

stone

iron

copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy

copper alloy copper alloy

lead alloy

nail

millstone?

nail

sheet, offcut

waste

pin

wire

aiglet

pin

pin

pin

pin

sheet, offcut

3x medium, 3 medium/large nail shanks 3 fragments broken from a lava millstone tapering rectangular shank from a large nail, and 4 shanks from

bent stem ridged casting waste

bent

butted seam

strip with cut sides, also cut horizontally into two arms for more than half its length long square sectioned pin with pointed tip and chisel cut end, slightly sinuous in profile, unused buckle or brooch pin wound wire pin Caple A wound wire pin of Caple A with stem bent at right angle stem bent at right angle

159

103+

8

29

58

41

17

39

35

66

108

19

D 580

6

10

3

24

4

38

0.5

6

0.96

1.63

2

3

2

59g

encrusted, fractured, flaking

encrusted heavily

soil

soil

soil

soil

soil

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

complete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete almost complete

complete

complete

complete

complete

0

0

1092

1092

4

4

4

1123

1123

1123

5a

4

1091

1111

4

5a

1089

1091

5a

1088

F1122 pit

F1122 pit

F1122 pit

F1112 gully

F1017 pit

F1017 pit

F1079 pit

F1079 pit

0

0

21

20.2

20.1

0

0

0

0

iron

worked bone copper alloy

cylinder

pin

pin beater

pin

pin

aiglet

sheet, offcut

copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy

aiglet

knife, handle

nail

iron copper alloy

iron

sized

stem, no head hollow tube of sheet, round at one end oval at the other, possible neck of

2x pin stems round sectioned stem with pointed tip, snapped from a pin beater or other pointed implement

butted seam rolled into a cylinder with ends overlapping aiglet with overlapping seam, broken tip, no rivet hole wound wire pin of Caple A

shank scale tang handle from table knife with dog-nose copper alloy end plate and 4 central copper alloy rivets securing organic scales to each face

medium nails

160

48+

77+

78

43

26

21

9

26

D 19

D6

D 2.5

D9

D2

12

D1

1

incomplete

random mpo outer face

incomplete

incomplete

complete

almost complete

?complete

on

slightly

complete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

soil

soil

soil, corroded

encrusted

encrusted heavily, charcoal in encrustation

4

4

4

3

3

0

0

2

1123

1123

1124

1136

1139

1152

1157

1159

0

0

F1160 post hole

0

438

19

451

0

0

F1158 pit

F1153

F1086 pit

F1086 pit

F1125 pit

F1122 pit

F1122 pit

copper alloy pin

sheet

sheet, riveted

copper alloy

copper alloy

sheet offcut

copper alloy

nail

tuning peg

worked bone

iron

binding

nail

iron

iron

medium nail with flat head and broken shank narrow strap of oval section with round terminal and central nail hole, from binding or small bracket slender round sectioned shaft with a flat terminal with a small drilled hole directly above, other end snapped off. Stem has a curved profile triangular shaped sheet offcut fragment of rivet/shank and two small fragments of flat/rectangular section, possibly broken buckle plate or mount medium nail with flat head fragment with 2 cut and 2 broken edges wound wire headed pin Caple B

bellows

161

57+

34+

60+

52+

29

11

33

D4

7

20

17

10

2.5

D 19

1

0.5

1

soil

encrusted heavily

hightly fragmentary, corroded

fractured, corroded, soil

encrusted, fractured

encrusted

complete

incomplete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

almost complete

2

4

4

2

3

4

1159

1164

1189

1190

1215

1219

24

472

F1214 post hole

F1206 pit

0

433

0

0

F1079 pit F1160 post hole

F1163 pit

F1160 post hole

knife

buckle frame

iron

copper alloy

nail

flute

worked bone iron

nail

strip

iron

copper alloy

small fragment of strip shank from medium sized nail with large corrosion blister present block and duct flute made from sheep tibia large nail with domed head table knife with broken blade and scale tang handle with rectangular copper alloy end plate with pyramidal finial knop, four central non ferrous rivets and a fragment of copper alloy sheet. Mpo wood of the scale handle plates present broken ornate double oval buckle frame with narrow pin bar, thicker rectangular sectioned frame with an angular knob at the centre and a smaller one at the top with a raised collar between the two.

162

Ht 28+

125+

80

166.8

65

13

31

24

25

3

3

1

soil, corroded, bronze disease

encrusted

encrusted heavily

fractured

encrusted heavily

soil, corroded

incomplete

incomplete

complete

almost complete

incomplete

incomplete

2

2

4

4

4

4

4

2

2

2

1225

1228

1231

1231

1236

1236

1248

1252

1252

1252

F1251 pit

F1251 pit

0

34

31

30

F1249 quarry pit

F1251 pit

0

0

0

28

23

0

F1206 pit

F1206 pit

F1206 pit

F1206 pit

F1202 pit

F1247 pit

ring

rivet

copper alloy copper alloy

sheet

bead making waste

sheet offcut

copper alloy

worked bone copper alloy

strap end

copper alloy

nail

escutcheon

copper alloy

iron

strap/?gouge bead making waste

iron worked bone

fragment

slightly tapering strap with a gently U-spaped profile at one end, each end appears to be broken, possibly a broken gouge blade rib with 5 drilled circular blanks side sided sheet mount with tapering central slot curved fragment of broken round sectioned ring rivet with round flat head and round sectioned shank medium nail and shank composite strap end with collared 'acorn' knop and decoratively notched upper edge, plain upper and lower plates tapering trimming of sheet, broken each end tapering piece of trimmed bonw with a complete and 3 broken drilled blanks removed

163

11

29

54

49

14

24

37

105

118

12

21

8

5.5

5

33

22

36

D4

3

4.76

1

3

1

6.36

3

corroded

soil, bronze disease

soil

encrusted heavily

soil, bronze disease

soil, bronze disease

encrusted heavily

incomplete

incomplete

complete

almost complete

incomplete

complete

incomplete

2

2

2

2

3

4

1253

1253

1253

1253

1256

1267

0

29

F1214 post hole

F1185 midden

0

452

448

91

F1251 pit

F1251 pit

F1251 pit

F1251 pit

copper alloy

worked bone

riveted mount

worked bone copper alloy

sheet

pen

sheet

knife

sheet, scrap

iron

copper alloy

2 fragments small bird bone pen with an oblique pointed tip tongue-shaped piece of sheet broken at one end with a folded piece of sheet on the other

subrectangular fragment of sheet with broken edges, two folded over, with a suggestion of an angular nail hole in one edge two pieces broken from a scale tang knife, the blade with a straight back and edge, the iron scale tang with two central rivets and remains of the organic handle scales on both faces rectangular plate of gentle planoconvex section cut from a split rib, broken at each end, with two rivet holes one with a broken bone rivet within

164

63+

60+

25

68

53

14

6

13

48

34

1

3

0.5

corroded

encrusted, fractured

soil

incomplete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

4

4

4

4

4

4

1290

1291

1318

1318

1321

1321

4 4

3&4

1329 1333

1335

5a

0

1281

1325

4

1270

0

4 0

467

F1330 post hole F1334 pit

F1336 post hole

0

0

82

79

0

F1326

F1320 pit

F1320 pit

F1315 pit

F1315 pit

F1324 pit

0

0

F1282 gully

F1324 pit

0

F1185 midden

copper alloy

copper alloy iron

iron

iron

copper alloy copper alloy

scale pan

pin nail

nail

strap

sheet

sheet

washer

sheet

copper alloy Iron

blade

pin

pin

iron

copper alloy

copper alloy

tapering narrow blade, now in 3 fragments rectangular piece of sheet with tapering section, random organic present circular disc of flat section rectangular piece of sheet slightly tapering in width, broken each end, very heavily encrusted on each face, seen in radiograph only fragment curved at one end tapering strap with straight ends, planoconvex section large nail with domed head wound wire headed pin Caple C shank triangular shaped sheet scale pan, pierced for suspension at each corner, one

pin stem with no head wound wire headed pin Caple B

165

D 54

13+

49

22 30

120

125

27

44

29

106

39

1.5

25

21

25

26

17

1.5

0.5

1

10

1

3

6

3

0.5

1

soil

encrusted

encrusted

encrusted

soil

very encrusted

heavily

encrusted, fractured

corroded

encrusted heavily, poor condition, stones and brick in encrustation

almost complete

complete incomplete

complete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete almost complete

incomplete

almost complete

incomplete

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

1342

1342

1344

1345

1346

1346

5a

1337

1342

3&4

1335

0

0

0

0

465

F1347 shallow pit

F1347 shallow pit

F1347 shallow pit

F1347 shallow pit

435

50

0

0

F1465 pit

F1465 pit

F1465 pit

F1338 pit

F1336 post hole

parchment pricker sheet

worked bone, iron copper alloy

copper alloy

copper alloy

copper alloy

armour mount

sheet

sheet

wire

brooch, annular

copper alloy

copper alloy

pin

pin

copper alloy copper alloy

36

corroded fitting with a peaked top edge with a scroll or

28

61

80

53

166

D 35

27

40

fragment fragment with one straight edge, others broken

sinuous (used) wire with chisel cut end

corner broken at the tip, apparently undecorated but much soil present wound-wire pin of Caple A with bent stem wound-wire pin of Caple A annular fragme of flattened oval section with a pinched area to articulate with the pin (now missing) simple round sectioned stem with a spherical head with three incised decorative lines beneath and a point with an iron tip fractured sheet now in 6 fragments

D2

D4

D2

4

28

32

18

D 2.5

4

0.5

1

0.5

2

1

1

corroded, soil

soil

bronze disease

soil

soil

soil

complete

incomplete

incomplete

complete

incomplete

complete

complete

complete

complete

4

4

4

4

4

1356

1357

1390

1402

1428

0

49

F1347 shallow pit

F1401 pit, rect

441.1

76

F1349 quarry pit

F1381 pit

0

F1349 quarry pit

sheet

bead

worked bone

wire

bar

vessel rim?

lead alloy

copper alloy

iron

copper alloy

possibly broken rivet hole to each side with a rounded and thickened lower edge wide strip of thick sheet, broken at each end, one original edge the other is now curled under and torn. Possibly the rim from a sheet vessel heavy bar apparently encrusted to a lump of slag, section uncertain 2 joining lengths of thick gauge wire, bent at one end square piece of sheet with a slightly raised rim along one edge, others cut, no visible marks on either face, appears to be sheet offcut rather than a deliberate weight small biconical bead with flat upper and lower face pierced by a relatively large central hole

167

D7

46

132

190

95

Ht 4

44

45

19

3.5

3.59

45

2

63g

soil

complete

encrusted, fissured, mortar and charcoal in the encrustation

complete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

soil

4

4

4

4

4

4

1428

1429

1429

1438

1444

1461

60

62

F1460 pit, rect

434

0

0

441.2

F1439 pit F1443 pit, rect

F1430 pit

F1430 pit

F1381 pit

pin

copper alloy

copper alloy

rough

scabbard chape

pin

pinner's bone

sheet

copper alloy

worked bone copper alloy

bead, out

jet fragment with cut and broken edges pin with corroded head, probably wound-wire, with tip of stem broken, and a pin stem cut and faceted cannon bone with vertical grooves in 4 faces of the cut end and 3 oblique groups of file marks half way down its length long pin stem with no head simple sheet chape with overlapping seam at centre back, oval mouth with decorative band of drilled holes beneath, closed end slightly broken

broken bead rough out, broken across the central drilled hole now half remaining, with one flat face the other fractured, sides roughly faced

168

23+

33

41

153

51

18.5

D1

D2

14

34

37

11

1

5

soil

soil

soil, bronze disease

almost complete

complete almost complete

almost complete

incomplete

incomplete

4

2

2

0

4

4

4

4

4

4

1461

1469

1469

1495

1523

1524

1524

1524

1524

1524

94.2

94.3

181.1

181.2

F1263 ditch

F1263 ditch

F1263 ditch

94.1

71

67

F1568 quarry pit

F1518 pit, clay lined F1263 ditch F1263 ditch

0

56

65

F1407 pit

F1407 pit

F1460 pit, rect

copper alloy

copper alloy

copper alloy

iron copper alloy copper alloy

copper alloy

copper alloy copper alloy

copper alloy

twisted loop

aiglet

pin

sheet, offcut

pin

nail

buckle

sheet

buckle frame

sheet, offcut, scrap

tapering sheet small fragment of round sectioned stem bent at right angle aiglet with butted seam and closed end, slightly broken at the head wire loop with twisted terminal, loop worn heavily in one area

3 fragments annular frame of round section with square sectioned pin with small collar wrapped around the frame large 'lostheaded' nail with a triangular head in same plane as the rectangular shank, shank bent into 2 right angles wound wire pin of Caple A

slightly tapering sheet trimming, now folded double oval frame of rectangular section

169

14

22

12

13

27

175

Diam 35

Ht 48

28 (folded)

D 2.5

D 2.5

D2

11

28 (head)

D4

39

5

1

3

1

soil

bronze disease

soil

encrusted heavily

bronze disease

corroded

fractured, heavily corroded, soil

soil

complete

almost complete

incomplete

complete

complete

complete

complete

incomplete

complete

complete

4

4

4

4 0

3

4

0

0

1524

1524

1532

1534 1537

1549

1576

1578

1578

0

73

F1550 ditch, boundary

F1518 pit, clay lined

F1579 pit

0

0

70 0

F1460 pit, rect F1538 pit

F1579 pit

68

181.4

F1263 ditch

F1531 pit

181.3

F1263 ditch

copper alloy copper alloy

iron

copper alloy

fragment

wire

knife

wire

wire nail

ring

copper alloy

iron iron

pin

wire

copper alloy

copper alloy

length of sinuous wire of round section wound wire pin small Caple Aof thinner wire with broken tip, 2x stem fragments small annular ring with flattened oval section, small buckle or drape ring length of round sectioned wire/stem, curved in profile, broken each end flat nail head 2 pieces of fine gauge wire, 1 is bent into Ushape whittle tang knife with straight back and edge meeting at a long pointed tip, rectangular sectioned tang set just below the back with a rounded choil fine gauge wire, 1 piece 2.35mm diam, 2 small fragments 1.58 diam formless fragment

170

D 21

11+

148

56

48

D3 D 14

D2

D2

20

4

1.28

2

0.5

0.5g

encrusted,fractured, flaking

flaking encrusted

incomplete

incomplete

complete

incomplete

incomplete incomplete

complete

incomplete

complete

4

4 4

4

4

3

3

1591

1598 1598

1619

1640

1651

1660

F1653 pit

F1647 pit

F1631 pit

F1631 pit

F1538 pit F1538 pit

F1590 pit

85

88

87

0

440.1 400.2

74

buckle frame

buckle frame

copper alloy

copper alloy

ash rake

sheet, riveted

copper alloy

iron

wire nail

pin

iron iron

copper alloy

wound wire pin of Caple A with head of 3 twists and stem projecting above the head, an unfinished pin 8 lengths of round sectioned wire (3mm diam), and numerous small fragments of finer gauge wire (1mm diam) nail shank small fragment of sheet with 2 small integral rivets projecting from one side D-shaped frame of rectangular section, curved outer frame is widened with curved projections on the ends of the straight pin bar one side of a broken double oval frame, the lower part of the frame is wider than the outer edge and the pin bar. rectangular blade with a central, rectangular sectioned broken handle. The straight

171

125

Ht 38+

Ht 33

12

46

D2

46

18

30

9

o.5

1

25g

condition, corroded,

encrusted, fractured

poor heavily soil

encrusted encrusted

almost complete

incomplete

almost complete

incomplete

incomplete incomplete

complete

3

3

3

3

3

4

4

1660

1660

1660

1660

1665

1676

1676

F1675 pit

F1675 pit

F1653 pit

F1653 pit

F1653 pit

F1653 pit

100.2

100.1

98

0

0

0

86

pin pin

copper alloy

sheet, riveted

copper alloy copper alloy

fragment

strap loop

wire, twisted, fastener

copper alloy

copper alloy copper alloy

pin

copper alloy

blade has rounded ends and no obviously sharpened edge, the edge is worn into a sinuous profile 5 pins with solid spherical heads (1 corroded to a fragment of sheet) and 2 other pin stems fine gauged wire with a small looped terminal possibly a blunthooked clasp D-shaped object, possibly a strap loop, heavily corroded, possibly an unfettled casting? 3 formless fragments rectangular strip of sheet upper edge cut, lower is broken, with a second piece of sheet folded over the the cut edge at one end and secured with a rivet pin with spherical head pin stem with pointed tip but no head

172

66

55

74

23

20

52

4 (head

30

20

D 3.5

D6

1

1

1

6

0.6

1g

bronze disease, soil

heavily corroded

heavily corroded

complete

incomplete

incomplete

complete

complete

complete

4

4

4

4

4

4

0

0

0

0

1676

1676

1676

1676

1679

1709

1712

1712

1712

1712

92

F1708 pit, shallow

F1713 pit

F1713 pit

F1713 pit

0

0

0

0

78

F1572 pit, rect

F1713 pit

201

437

100.4

100.3

F1675 pit

F1675 pit

F1675 pit

F1675 pit

copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy

iron

copper alloy

pin

wire

aiglet

sheet

hinge pivot

handle mount

millstone?

bead making waste

worked bone

stone

nail

wire

iron

copper alloy

butted seam 2 pieces of fine gauge wire pin of wound wire of Caple A

wire bent into a U shape, broken each end and with flattened faces in places 2 medium nails with flat round heads tapering piece of trimmed bone with 3 drilled blanks removed upper rotary quern or millstone fragment of lava triangular sheet mount to attach a long wooden handle, with 5 pairs of rivet holes along the sides and one at the tip tapering rectangular shank with upstanding round sectioned arm oval-shaped, flat sectioned sheet similar to a coin flan, no visible markings present but charcoal and wood present on one face

173

30

23

14

100

100

35

65

80

D2

D2

12

Ht 23

58

23

20 (head)

2

0.5

1.32

1

2

38

4.22

1

flaking

fractured, bronze disease, soil

encrusted heavily

incomplete almost complete

complete almost complete

complete

complete

incomplete

complete

incomplete

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

1720

1733

1754

1754

1754

1764

1777

1777

1777

1782

F1783 pit

F1778 pit

F1778 pit

0

0

0

0

96

F1765 pit, rect

F1778 pit

0

203.2

203.1

0

0

F1752 pit, rect F1752 pit, rect

F1752 pit, rect

F1711 pit

F1349 pit

pin pin

copper alloy

aiglet

pin

copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy

pin

sheet

hinge strap

wire

nail

bar

copper alloy

iron copper alloy

iron

iron

iron

small fragments complete stem but head now missing pin with wound wire head of Caple A overlapping seam and closed end long sinuous stem, no head wound wire headed pin of Caple A

rectangular sectioned gently curved bar tapering in width, hammerscale in encrustation shank from sample 311 residue length of wire looped with the ends twisted together, and 6 other fragments of round sectioned wire (2mm diam) strap with central nail hole at one end, extending into a thick broken shank at the other, probably a broken looped strap hinge

with bent stem

174

40

65

24

40

59

122

22

175

D2

D3

D3

30

40

1

1.5

1

1

30

1g

449g

soil

heavily corroded

encrusted

encrusted

encrusted

encrusted heavily

complete

incomplete

complete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

complete

5a

5a

3&4

3&4

3&4

3&4

1804

1814

1814

1814

1814

4

1802

1795

F1813 pit

F1813 pit

F1813 pit

F1813 pit

F1805 pit

F1802 pit

F1796 pit

0

207.2

207.1

205

0

0

468

strip

binding

buckle plates

mount, sexfoil

sheet, offcut

copper alloy

copper alloy

copper alloy

copper alloy

copper alloy

and

fragment

chain

copper alloy copper alloy

chain comprising a series of groups of 5 circular fine gauge wire links articulating with each other, now in 4 small fragments, much charcoal present small formless fragment fragment of plano-convex sectioned strip, possibly a broken finger ring curving Ushaped binding of sheet, broken each end, to bind an edge 3mm thick small oval buckle with lip on outer edge, with wire buckle pin, forked spacers and plain plates peaked at the sides. pair of domed sheet six sided mounts, appear faceted, one with a separate central rivet present 4x small triangular, 8x rectangular trimmings, 8 broken pieces of

175

D 15

50 Ht 20

114

D5

14

8

6

1

1g

soil

corroded

soil

corroded heavily

corroded heavily

corroded

incomplete

complete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

3&4

4

4

3&4

3&4

3&4

3&4

3&4

3&4

3&4

3&4

4

1814

1820

1820

1837

1837

1837

1837

1838

1839

1839

1839

1855

F1856 pit

F1813 pit

F1813 pit

F1813 pit

F1813 pit

F1813 pit

F1813 pit

F1813 pit

F1813 pit

F1821 storage pit F1821 storage pit

F1813 pit

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

449

0

copper alloy copper alloy

copper alloy copper alloy

copper alloy copper alloy

copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy

iron, copper alloy copper alloy

copper alloy

sheet, offcut

wire

pin

sheet, offcut

sheet, offcut

aiglet

sheet

mount

sheet, offcut

aiglet

knife

pin

rectangular triangular offcut, and 8 other small fragments long pin stem, no head length of wire of varying section, wire with a pointed end trimming or undrawn wire

butted seam 1x triangular, 3x trimmings, 1x rectangular circular, flat mount head 3x fragments of corroded sheet round sectioned fragment broken from an aiglet/pim/wire

small fragment of pin stem slightly tapering handle of scale tang knife with paired organic handle scales with iron scale tang between held by 2 central rivets and a convex terminal with a nonferrous metal end plate

sheet

176

44

62

16

34

55

61

12

2.5

D 11

15

0.5

1

1

1

7

corroded

corroded

corroded heavily

corroded

corroded

complete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

4

4

4

4

4

4

0

0

4

3

1878

1878

1878

1878

1878

1879

1886

1886

1899

1901

F1900 pit

F1988

F1874 pit

F1874 pit

F1875 pit

F1875 pit

F1875 pit

F1875 pit

F1875 pit

F1875 pit

223

218

0

0

0

0

0

0

214

213

iron

stone

copper alloy copper alloy

iron

leather

leather

leather

Iron

copper alloy

socketed implement

whetstone

fragment

strap end

ring, small

waste, primary

waste, primary

?sliding bolt waste, secondary

buckle frame

3 tiny fragments fine/medium grey grained micaeous sandstone probably from Pennant Grit. Sub-square section, one end broken large implement with an open socket, now broken, tapering from curved shoulders into a

hide edge with a single cut edge small wire ring, possibly mail ring tongue-shaped strap end details now obscured by corrosion, probably 2 piece

wide trimming torn at each end hide edge with a curving cut edge, delaminated

simple D-shaped frame with oval aperture and flattened oval section with slightly narrowed pin bar

190+

38

102

139+

177

85

86

128

Ht 34

D 70

D6

36

15

73

75

23

25

22

26

34

1

3.43

3.03

2.81

2

grain

encrusted, fractured

corroded heavily

corroded

encrusted slightly

degraded surface

delaminated

soil fractured, much soil and random organic degraded grain surface

incomplete

almost complete

incomplete

complete

complete

complete

complete

complete

complete almost complete

4

4

4

4

3

3 3

1904

1905

1909

1921

1927

1928 1928

F1900 pit F1900 pit

224 0

0

212

F1922 quarry pit

F1900 pit

217

219

216

F1912 pit

F1906 pit

F1906 pit

?buckle pin/toilet implement

copper alloy

iron copper

horseshoe sheet

fragment

strap end

pen

worked bone

copper alloy copper alloy

buckle frame

copper alloy

thick rectangular strap with a straight ended terminal thickened at the back annular frame of round section thinning at one point from excessive wear bird bone pen with oblique point and crude X cut into the shaft under the 'head' Decoratively spirally twisted stem with blunt point and flattened strip hook terminal, a buckle pin or possibly from a toilet implement composite strap end with a rounded terminal with small central knop, other end is straight, central rivet hole 2 formless fragments branch of horseshoe with arched inner edge and 4 square nail holes present, thickened heel fragment

178

D 40

110 34

38

38

131

D4

30 12

18

4

8

1

12g

encrusted corroded

soil, corroded

soil

incomplete incomplete

incomplete

almost complete

complete

complete

complete

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

4

4

4

1928

1929

1929

1929

1944

1944

1945

1949

1956

1956

F1953 pit

F1953 pit

0

0

228

225

F1947 pit, rect

F1950 pit

0

0

0

0

0

0

F1947 pit, rect F1947 pit, rect

F1900 pit

F1900 pit

F1900 pit

F1900 pit

strip

copper alloy

sheet

strip

copper alloy

iron

pitch fork

nail

knife

fragment

sheet

fragment

fragment

iron

iron

iron

copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy

alloy copper alloy

fragment 2 formless fragments knife with broken curved backed blade with rectangular sectioned tang set on line with the back 2x medium nails with flat heads large double pronged fork or rest with a central rectangular sectioned tang to insert into a wooden handle strip broken each end, straight sides and one end suggests it to be a plate from a strap end or buckle plate 2 fragments of flat sectioned strip, random organic present 2 fragments of sheet, no distinguishing features, copper alloy present in

4x formless fragments corroded round sectioned fragment of pin stem/aiglet/wire

179

52

190

96

25

22

60

25

2

9g

7g

corroded

encrusted heavily

soil, heavily

soil, very heavily corroded

encrusted heavily, brick, mortar and charcoal in encrustation

encrusted heavily

encrusted, fractured

corroded

corroded

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

4

4

4

0

4

1967

1967

1967

1968

1980

5a

4

1967

1983

4

1956

F1982 pit

F1981 pit

F1969 pit

F1953 pit

F1953 pit

F1953 pit

F1953 pit

F1953 pit

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

waste

plate

copper alloy

copper alloy

vessel rim

ring

copper alloy

copper alloy

fragment, ?vessel

copper alloy

nail

sheet

copper alloy

iron

nail

iron

medium nail shank 4x flat sheet fragments, largest measured cast rectangular sectioned fragment possibly broken from a vessel fragments of round sectioned ring that can be seen in radiograph to have fine wire wrapped around the ring, appears to have been originally associated with the sheet fragments fragment of leaded copper alloy waste and pot sherd large tongueshaped plate of sheet with a rounded end, broken at the other, curved profile nail with waisted rectangular head and angular shank piece broken from a simple rim of a cast

the encrustation

180

103+

66+

84

33

59

59+

9

42

27

28

5

1

3

0.5

20g

corroded

encrusted, flaking

corroded heavily, much soil, random organic remains

corroded

soil

soil, bronze disease

encrusted heavily

incomplete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

1987

1987

1988

1988

1990

1990

1991

1993

5a

1987

1983

F1938 pit

F1938 pit

F1938 pit

F1938 pit

F1938 pit

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

F1902 cess pit

F1938 pit

0

0

0

F1902 cess pit F1902 cess pit

F1982 pit

iron

iron

iron

iron

iron

iron

iron

iron

iron

iron

hinge strap

nail

nail

implement, agricultural

nail

horseshoe

fragment

nail

knife

nail

shank strap with pointed terminal and nail with mpo wood present on shank

medium nail with flat head and 2 shank fragments whittle tang knife with back dropping to meet the straight edge at a gently pointed tip, and centrally-placed round tang medium nail with flat head flat sectioned fragment with slag in the corrosion arch of horseshoe, both branches broken off, 4 small rectangular nail holes present large nail and 3 small/medium nails rectangular sectioned bar with flat end broken across an open socket 7x medium nails (1 with a flat head, others shanks only)

vessel

181

89+

115

135

74

57

20

32

35

100

D 20

D 16

15

11g

incomplete

encrusted fractured

heavily,

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

complete

almost complete

encrusted heavily encrusted, flaking, fractured

encrusted heavily

encrusted heavily

encrusted

encrusted

encrusted

encrusted

4

4

1999

1999

4

4

4

2002

2002

2002

5a

4

1998

2000

4

5a

1996

4

1997

5a

1996

1994

F2004 pit

F2004 pit

F2004 pit

F2001 pit

F2248 pit F1902 cess pit F1902 cess pit

F2247

F2246 pit

F2246 pit

F1938 pit

473

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

knife

wire

copper alloy

iron

pin

pin

slag

nail

wire

nail

nail

horseshoe

nail

copper alloy copper alloy

iorn

iron

copper alloy copper alloy

iron

iron

iron

fragments x2 long wound wire pin of Caple A and 2 fragments of pin stem 3x wound wire pins of Caple A relatively wide gauge wire with cut ends narrow blade fragment with straight back and edge and long scale tang with a rounded terminal with a non-ferrous metal end cap, 2 non-ferrous metal rivets and framed suspension ring

curved shank branch of small horseshoe with thickened calkin , and 2 nail holes visible in xray, poor condition little detail visible medium nail with flat head nail with flat round head and angular, pointed shank wire with sinuous profile medium nail and 3 shanks

182

130

44

68

38

20

85

110

15

2.5

6 (head)

D 18

38

3

1

84g

encrusted fractured

encrusted

heavily,

corroded heavily

not corroded

encrusted

encrusted heavily

encrusted heavily

incomplete

complete

complete

complete

incomplete

complete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4

4 4

2002

2003

2003

2005

2006

2007

2009

2009

2011

2011 2011

F2249 pit F2249 pit

F2249 pit

F2010 pit

F2010 pit

F2010 pit

F2010 pit

F2010 pit

F2004 pit

F2004 pit

F2004 pit

0 0

232

0

235

237

0

0

0

0

0

sheet

pen

sheet, offcut nail

worked bone copper alloy iron

axe head

spur

bar

nail

fragment

nail

nail

iron copper alloy

iron

iron

iron

iron copper alloy

iron

small nail and shank medium nail with flat head highly corroded fragment 1 medium nail with bent shanks, 2x shanks tapering thick rectangular sectioned bar downward facing short neck, rowel box and 8 pointed star rowel, both arms broken off close to the pointed heel, non-ferrous metal plated axe head with symmetrical, flaring, convex, curving edge and shieldshaped eye with flat rectangular shaped butt small corroded fragment small bird bone pen with obliquely cut point flat strip with sinuous profile broken at each end shank

183

38 43

67

28

150

58

72

54

28

4

5.5

18

87

36 (rowel)

D 12

1

18

7g

encrusted

incomplete incomplete

complete

incomplete

complete

heavily encrusted on one side only corroded

incomplete

incomplete

complete

encrusted heavily

encrusted heavily

encrusted heavily

much soil

encrusted

encrusted heavily

4

4

4

4

4

4

3

3

2022

2022

2027

2027

2041

2045

2048

2048

F2053 pit

F2053 pit

F2047 pit

F2249 pit

F2032 pit

F2032 pit

F1922 quarry pit F1922 quarry pit

0

469

249

243

0

0

0

240

object, unidentified

handle

sheet vessel

plate

strap end

copper alloy

copper alloy

copper alloy copper alloy

washer

lead alloy

iron

nail

tweezers

iron

worked bone

29

184

56

rectangular back plate slightly tapering in

89

93

120

42

48

flat-topped, round-sectioned head with 3 incised grooves beneath and one of the two straight-ended arms remaining medium nail with a flat head circular washer of flat sheet with central perforation knobbed stem branching into a bifurcated terminal with round sectioned arms. Unknown item semi-circular rod of round section, now broken into 3 pieces and broken each end two fragments of sheet one on top of the other and joined together with series of five folded sheet staples rectangular sheet plate with curved profile, and a small slot in the two corners of one side D 26

10

35

65

10

20

8

1

1

0.5

8

1

7g

soil

soil

soil

fractured, soil

encrusted heavily

encrusted heavily

incomplete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

?complete

complete

complete

almost complete

4

4

2099

5a

2058

2085

5a

3

2049

2058

3

2049

F2104 pit

F2063 pit F2057 quarry pit

F2063 pit

F2053 pit

F2053 pit

251

0

242

241

0

250

sheet cast foot

copper alloy

vessel

key, rotary

pin

sheet, riveted

horseshoe

iron copper alloy

copper alloy copper alloy

iron

simple vertical 'foot' that is the end of a cast leg

fragment

width with a small central rivet hole toward the narrower end horseshoe with arched inner edge, one arm broken, heavily worn with remains of 5 rectangular holes (8x5mm) sheet of rectangular shape with all edges broken and a small rivet hole present wound wire pin of Caple A large door key with broken oval bow round stem with 3 lines of inlay at the neck and at junction with the bit, large 3 toothed bit at least one tooth is notched on the outer edge, stem appears to project below the bit but may be broken. Key has non-ferrous plating and inlaid decoration

185

14+

160+ 16

49

29

130

D4

29

15

13

118

8

3

soil

soil, corroded

encrusted heavily

soil, corroded

encrusted heavily

incomplete

incomplete

almost complete

complete

incomplete

almost complete

4

4 4

4

4

4

4

4

2099

2109 2118

2118

2134

2134

2134

2143

F2141 pit

F2057 quarry pit F2057 quarry pit F2057 quarry pit

0

0

0

256

0

253 0

F2110 gully F2113 pit

F2113 pit

252

F2104 pit

iron

lead alloy copper alloy copper alloy

iron

copper alloy iron

ivory

nail

fragment

aiglet

sheet, offcut

strap

Buckle frame nail

bead

shank

fragment elongated triangular offcut, all edges cut broken aiglet with closed end formless fragment

2 pieces broken/spalled from a small disc of cylinder with a central drilled hole diam 3mm, likely to be broken from a single bead annular frame of round section, now broken into 3 pieces. Also small fragment of sheet 912x5mm) and fragment of pin stem suggesting a highly fragmentary buckle and plate medium nail

with a central raised rib on the front face

186

D 30

65

130

64

D3

D 12

17

25

3

1g

39g

encrusted, flaked

soil

corroded

soil

encrusted heavily

very heavily encrusted encrusted heavily

spalled

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

complete

incomplete

almost complete incomplete

incomplete

4

4

2

2144

2145

2149

F2150 pit

F2141 pit

F2141 pit

0

246

248

mount

key

strip

copper alloy, leather

copper alloy copper alloy

24

187

88

sheet strip with U-shaped section, similar

37+

remains of a roundel of flat sheet with central rivet12mm long. Sheet has embossed decoration of concentric rings visible and areas of gilding on the upper face. Two tiny domeheaded studs or rivets also present (Diam 5mm). The whole found encased in leather, now highly fragmentary and folded, calfskin 2mm thick with a single whip stitiched edge present cast key with lozenge-shaped bow with knopped finials, the top finial takes the form of a large collar, decorative mouldings at the neck, piped stem and rectangular bit with a pierced hole and a notched lower edge

3.5

soil, corroded

soil

complete

complete

incomplete

2

2

4

3

0

4

4

3

2170

2188

2200

2209

2210

2210

2228

5a

2159

2170

5a

2159

F2225 pit

F2212 pit

F2212 pit

F2207 pit

F2178 pit

F2187 pit

F2150 pit

F2150 pit

F2158 pit

F2158 pit

0

262

261

0

0

259

0

0

0

0

handle

Jew's harp

copper alloy

iron

nail

hook

nail

crucifix

wire

strip

strip

sheet

iron

iron

iron

jet

copper alloy copper alloy

copper alloy copper alloy 8x narrow strip probably sheet trimmings 2 lengths of wire 1-1.5mm gauge upper part of carved cross and figure of Christ with titulus, plain back, hole for suspension medium nail and nail shank straight armed with large Ushaped hook from a hook and eye casement or gate fastening nail with flat head cast frame of lozenge section with bow and straight arms, notched for an iron tongue (now missing) strap handle with double right angled bend at each end, one end broken, from a door latch or similar

4x fragments

to a bar mount but no rivet visible

188

170

51

84

85

44

34

16

26

28 (head)

30

5

4

2

1

encrusted, fractured

soil

encrusted heavily heavily encrusted, flaking

encrusted heavily

soil, corroded

corroded

corroded heavily

almost complete

almost complete

complete

almost complete

incomplete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

3

0

0

0

3

3

3

2253

2266

2266

2272

2279

2295

2295

F2296 pit

F2296 pit

F2277 pit

F2251 pit

0

0

0

264

0

263

0

aiglet

finial

thimble

copper alloy

copper alloy

copper alloy

iron

knife handle

candle holder

stem

copper alloy

iron

sheet

copper alloy

2x fragments, bent, one with a sheet repair rivet present thick round sectioned stem with chisel cut end and a pointed tip, curled round into a ring, possibly a partially made annular ring from a buckle or brooch aiglet with butted seam and closed end, slightly broken at the head cast cylindrical fitting with a necked flat topped finial, body decorated by a plain border below the neck and at the base Wt 40g small domed thimble pits visible in radiograph but details obscured by corrosion and soil simple cupped stick holder with round socket and bent spike tapering scale tang handle with rounded terminal and 2

189

79+

50/70

Ht 16

43

26

34

D 25

D 20

D 21

D3

16

28

3.5

5g

encrusted heavily

encrusted heavily

soil, corroded

soil

soil

encrusted heavilym corroded

incomplete

complete

complete

almost complete

complete

complete

incomplete

5b

3

2308

2310

0

2304

5b

0

2304

2309

2

2298

0

282

F2338 cess pit

288

0

0

0

F2318 F2338 cess pit

F2302 pit

F2302 pit

F2301 pit

leather

iron

stone

iron

iron

copper alloy

panel

nail

roof slate

sheet

nail

buckle

broken rectangular shaped frame with thickened outer edge, section and details uncertain due to corrosion and soil small/medium nail with flat head 5x fragments, no distinguishing features tear drop shaped slate with single circular perforation 2x medium nails with flat heads sub-rectangular piece cut from a broken panel, now torn in two pieces, with three straight cut sides, a curving cut edge and torn and broken areas. Worn bovine leather

non-ferrous metal rivets

190

67

40

178

Ht 21

119

D 16

D 15

17+

2.05

conserved

encrusted

encrusted heavily

encrusted

much soil, corroded

incomplete

complete

incomplete

complete

incomplete

2310

5b

F2338 cess pit

283

leather

turnshoe, ?highthroated

complete turnshoe sole for left foot, worn through at great toe joint and seat. Pointed toe, petal shaped tread, medium waist and seat. Edge/flesh seam stitch length 4mm. No repair. 2 pieces of narrow rand width5- 7mm. Left side of high vamp with remains of long toe, left butted side seam and possibly a high throat. Very heavily worn and all of the right side torn away. Lasting margin stitch length 4-5mm. Leather bovine. Also small fragments broken from the vamp

191

242

83

conserved

incomplete

2310

5b

F2338 cess pit

284

leather

welted low shoe, strap and buckle fastening

welted shoe for left foot. Complete sole worn away at the toe and seat. Broad toe, wide tread tapering slightly to the seat. Grain/flesh seam within a stitching channel 4 iron shanks to attach a repair to the seat (now missing). Large forepart clump repair at the upper tread held with iron nails along the lower edge. Insole with toe torn away and edge/flesh seam. Two lifts at the seat between the sole and insole. Middle edge packing to each side. Welt around insole width 8mm. pair of low quarters with butted edge/flesh front seams and whip stitched top edge. Long fastening strap on left side, holes to attach fastening strap also on the right. Heel stiffener at

192

223+

88

conserved

complete

5b

5b

2310

2310

285

286

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

lead alloy

lead alloy

pewter spoon

pewter spoon

spoon with figshaped bowl, bent hexagonal slip-top stem, circular mark (three pellets within a plain border) on bowl, worn, nonferrous metal plating spoon with figshaped bowl, straight oval sectioned stem with a crown knop with incised lattice pattern and a collar at the neck, similar

centre back . Matching side seams cut from the vamp. Upper leather cattle hide 3.5mm thick

193

145

160

49

48

complete

complete

5b

5b

5b

5b

2310

2310

2310

2310

287.1

287.2

295

296

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit leather

lead alloy

iron

iron

turnshoe, quarters

pewter spoon

wire

wire

large bundle of wires of narrow varying gauges 0.56-2mm roughly bound together group of c 8 lengths fine gauge wire slightly twisted to hold them together, wire with a looped and twisted end spoon with fig shaped bowl, bent hexagonal slip-top stem, non ferrous metal plated one-piece turnshoe quarters probably worn on left foot, with lasting margin, stitch length 45mm, worn away at the exterior seat area. Butted edge/flesh side seams, stitch length 3mm, peaked on the left side. Plain top edge raised at centre back (85mm high).

mark to SF 285 but three pellets arranged in a mirrow image

194

168

85

49

4.5g

62g

conserved

complete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

2310

5b

F2338 cess pit

297

leather, iron framed purse

oval frame of iron wire, wrapped with a strip of leather 8mm wide. Frame encased in a U-sectioned strip binding of calfskin stitched to the leather wrapping, stitch length 2.53.5mm andjoining to the purse pouch with a row of large oval grain/flesh stitches each 4mm long. 5+ fragments of pouch with areas of finely sewn grain/flesh seam, stitch length 4.5-5mm, decorated with lattice of groups of 5 parallel impressed lines. Rectangular panel with line of vertical

No heel stiffener. Adilt size. Calfskin 1.68mm thick. Matching rand for right side of lasting margin 6mm wide. May belong belong to SF283

195

205 (frame)

110 (frame)

conserved

incomplete

2310

5b

F2338 cess pit

299

leather

turnshoe, slip-on shoe

Turnshoe sole for right foot, worn through at the great toe joint, tread and the seat. Wide round toe, wide tread, tapering to the seat, no distinct wasit. Edge/flesh seam 6mm. No repair. Complete round toed vamp worn at the great toe, with concave curving high throat, slashed vertically for 43mm in the centre, vamp wings with straight butted edge/flesh side seams, stitch length 4mm, height 85mm. Wide rand around forepart

drawstring slots, second fragment probably a lining for the first.

196

185+

83

conserved

complete

2310

5b

F2338 cess pit

400

leather

turnshoe, ankleboot

11mm wide. One-piece quarters with short seam running 30mm vertically upward from the lasting margin at centre back. Top edge of vamp and quarters whip sitched. Flat top band 5mm wide. Heel stiffener at centre back. Upper cattle hide 3.40mm, heel stiffener calfskin 1.97mm turnshoe sole for right foot, toe worn and torn off, worn through at the tread. Pointed toe torn off, petal-shaped tread, medium/narrow waist and medium seat. Edge/flesh seam 7mm. No repair. Rand from right side of seat and waist area, width 8mm. Back part of one-piece ankle boot qith butted edge/flesh side seam on the left, stitch length 3mm, with short

197

222+

80

conserved

incomplete

2310

5b

F2338 cess pit

453

leather

purse panel

8 fragments of fine calfskin panel with a series of vertical pleats defined by a creasemade impressed vertical line ,mm thick spaced 7-8mm apart. Where an orginal edge survives it has a finely stitched grain/flesh seam, stitch length 3mm, on two fragments this is turned inward. One fragment has a V-shaped fragment of seam from a horizontal opening present, the edges folded over to form a hem. Leather calfskin 0.89-

front opening above with hole for a short buckle strap. Torn away down the right side. Heel stiffener at centre back grain outward to foot .

198

conserved

incomplete

5b

5b

5b

2310

2310

2310

454

455.1

455.2

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit textile

leather

leather

scrap

scrap

panel, cut

rectangular piece cut from a panel with a straight edge/flesh butted seam, stitch length 5mm present, other sides irregularly cut away. There is a small slash in the seam and one edge is gently rolled over as if by wear. Cattle hide 3.31mm thick 15+ small fragments broken shoe parts/scrap broken from the other components recovered from 2310 fragment of tabby woven textile, now light brown in

1.26 thick

199

71

213

20

94

1.93

3.31

conserved

conserved

incomplete

complete

2310

5b

F2338 cess pit

456.1

leather

welted, shoe

low

complete insole for right foot with square toe, medium tread tapering to the seat, no distinct waist. Edge/flesh seam, stitch length 8mm. Four stitched across the upper seat area from a repair. Impression of a lift at the seat on flesh side. Welt from around the square toe 9mm wide. Squaretoed vamp with deep wide concave throat with a small nick at centre front. A horizontal line of decorative stitching runs across the vamp close to the throat. Vamp wings with butted edge/flesh side seams 35mm high, stitch length 4mm. Whip stitched top edge to attach the flat topband 3mm wide.

colour, with nap

200

230

80

conserved

incomplete

5b

5b

2310

2310

456.2

457

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit leather

leather

panel, cut

welted, shoe parts

also a piece of mid sole edge packing (80x24mm) and right quarters from a taller shoe of adult size with edge/flesh back seam, stitch length 3.5mm much of front seam and top edge broken off. Height 59mm, lasting margin stitch length 6mm large panel of thick worn leathr with a long butted edge/flesh seam, stitch length 5mm along one side and a short length of similar seam, stitch length 4mm parallel to it turning 180 degrees at one end, all other edges cut away. A row of 4 irregular broken holes run in a line across the middle of the panel, one appears to been a deliberate hole of oval shape (16x5mm). Leather is

201

332

253

3

conserved

conserved

complete

incomplete

5b

5b

5b

2310

2310

2310

458

459

460

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit leather

leather

leather

shoe strap

turnshoe, shoe parts

waste, secondary

18 pieces of secondary waste of thin skins, principally calfskin 0.321.62mm thick large, tall triangular heel stiffener of calfskin with impression from a central back seam. 4 pieces of rand 8-13mm wide including 1 with stitching to attach a clump repair fastening strap with whip stitched seam to join to upper, extending into a long narrow strap, now broken. Cattle hide 2.24mm thick

noticably more worn and flexible at one end than the other. Could be cut from same item as SF454

202

81

82 (height)

34

143

2.24

1.4

conserved

conserved

conserved

complete

5b

5b

5b

5b

2310

2310

2310

2310

461.1

461.2

461.3

461.4

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit leather

leather

leather

leather

welted, shoe midsole, cut

welted, shoe insole cut

welted, shoe upper cut

welted, shoe vamp cut

104

101

seat area of mid sole probably matching 461.3 above, with V cut and beginning of a square area

203

14 (height0

17 (height)

lasting margin cut from a wide, square-toed vamp lasting margin stitch length 9mm pleated at the corners. Adult size. Cattle hide 3.82mm thick lasting margin cut from a welted vamp with an oval/round toe with lasting margin stitch length 9mm and matching lasting margin cut from pair of quarters, surviving height 14mm. Cattle hide 2.90mm seat of welted insole cut from rest of insole with a deep inverted V with a square of leathre removed from the middle of the seat. Edge/flesh butted seam, stitch length 8mm. Adult sizel Cattle hide

73

49

2.9

3.82

conserved

conserved

conserved

conserved

complete

complete

complete

complete

5b

5b

5b

5b

2310

2310

2310

2310

461.5

461.6

461.7

461.8

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit leather

leather

leather

leather

welted, shoe upper cut

welted, shoe quarters cut

welted, shoe sole, cut

welted, shoe midsole, cut

removed but most of the seat area has been cut away with a skived edge. Grain/flesh seam along each edge, stitch length 6-7mm. Adult size broad square toe area cut from a welted mid sole with grain/flesh seam, stitch length 4mm. Adult size strip cut from the side seam of a broad welted sole with grain/flesh seam in stitching channel, stitch length 6-7mm. Adult size lasting margin cut with a skived edge from the right quarters of an adult welted shoe of worn cattle hide 2.85mm thick. Second fragment from a welted upper max height 8mm rectangular piece cut from a thick welted shoe upper with a length of whip

204

50

126

41

28

30

98

3.96

2.85

conserved

conserved

conserved

conserved

complete

complete

complete

complete

5b

5b

5b

5b

2310

2310

2310

2310

461.9

462.1

462.2

462.3

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit leather

leather

leather

leather

welted, shoe sole , part

welted, shoe sole , part

welted, shoe insole

welted, shoe upper, cut

triangular piece cut from the top edge of a welted shoe upper with a narrow top band 4mm wide sewn to it with whip stitching, same style as SF299 insole worn on right foot, worn at the great toe joint and broken away at the seat. Narrow square toe as found on 'earred' shoes, medium tread tapering to a broad seat, no distinct waist. Edge/flesh seam, stitch length 1012mm, Adult size roughly semicircular piece from a multipart welted sole with a broad, round toe. Grain/flesh seam, stitch length 8-10mm. Adult size small semicircular piece from a multipart welted sole, torn away across

stitching. Cattlehide

205

83

110

190+

67

28

65

78

50

3.68

conserved

conserved

conserved

conserved

almost complete

complete

almost complete

complete

5b

5b

5b

5b

5b

5b

5b

5b

2310

2310

2310

2310

2310

2310

2310

2310

462.4

462.5

462.6

462.7

462.8

462.9

462.1

462.1

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit leather

leather

leather

leather

leather

leather

leather

leather

welted, shoe upper fragment

welted, shoe upper fragment

welted, shoe upper fragment

welted, shoe bottom unit fragment

welted,shoe bottom unit fragment

welted, shoe bottom unit fragment

welted,shoe bottom unit fragment

welted, shoe sole fragment

4 pieces of welt lower part of right quarters, upper broken off, worn cattlehide 3.13mm fragment of left quarters (not matching 469.9 above) worn cattle hide 2.57mm thivk lower part of quarters, uncertain which side represented cattle hide 2.35mm

seat area broken from a welted sole of adult size, heavily worn piece broken from the grain/flesh seam of a welted mid sole piece broken from the grain/flesh seam of a welted mid sole mid sole edge packing or edge of midsole with grain/flesh seam, adult size

one side with grain/flesh seam

206

30+ (height)

30+ (height)

39+ (height)

103

53

72

88

27

9

18

75

2.35

2.57

3.13

conserved

conserved

conserved

conserved

conserved

conserved

conserved

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

5b

5b

5b

5b

5b

5b

2310

2310

2310

2310

2310

2310

463.1

463.2

463.3

463.4

463.5

466

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

copper alloy

leather

leather

leather

leather

leather

wire, ?headdress

shoe part

shoe repair

shoe repair

shoe repair

shoe part

fragment torn from vamp of cattle hide with small area of lasting margin, stitch length 7mm, all other edges torn. Adult size oval toed forepart clump repair for right foot, adult size, much of the lower part has been broken off heavily worn seat repair of adult size, pegged or nailed not tunnel stitched heavily worn repair with peg or nail holes but no stitching upper fragment with a butted edge//flesh seam, stitch length 9-10mm, other edges broken. Cattle hide two lengths of double twisted fine gauge wire, one with 4 rectangular untwisted angular loops along its length, the other with 3 loops, to attach separate

207

80+

64+

126+

88

55

43

66

86

71

82

3.96

2.5

charcoal

conserved

conserved

conserved

conserved

conserved

incomplete

incomplete

complete

complete

incomplete

incomplete

5b

2310

2333

5a

5b

2310

2330

5b

2310

3

F2340 pit

F2329 pit

F2338 cess pit F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit

436

0

0

0

0

wire

iron, copper alloy copper alloy

wire

blade, folding

iron

worked bone, iron

pin

wire

iron

3 lengths of thicker gauge wire 3-4mm diam, one with a rolled loop terminal another with the end split large bundle of wire of both copper alloy and of iron of varying gauge (8x larger gauge 3mm, rest 0.51mm) stem, no head present slender round sectioned stem gently curved in profile, looks like a textile processing spike but more likely to be simply wire undecorated antler tine sawn vertically into two matching plates held by a copper alloy rivet at the pointed end and possibly a second of iron at the opposite end

elements, gauge c. 1mm

208

140

165

35

D4

20

7

486g

39g

encrusted, fractured

encrusted, fractured

charcoal

almost complete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

0

3

3

3

3

2337

2344

2344

2344

2344

F2400 well

F2400 well

F2400 well

F2400 well

0

0

406

404

266

sheet, offcut window came

strap end

comb plate

worked bone

copper alloy lead alloy lead alloy

ring

copper alloy

with the remains of an iron blade 'sandwiched' between the plates. In radiograph the blade can be seen to have a angled back and a serrated edge with at least four large teeth surviving annular ring of round section, now slightly bent, probably a buckle frame broken long plate with straight back, angled end, and series of very regularly cut teeth 16mm long, 1mm wide, 1mm apart. No rivet holes present, saw and file marks visible very small strap end plate with straight upper end and slightly waisted, rounded terminal with a pointed finial, a rivet at top and bottom 2 narrow trimmings post-medieval milled window

209

68+

D 28

78

16

D3

10

4

7

34

3

2

2.5

7g

19g

soil

soil

incomplete

complete

complete

incomplete

complete

4

4

3

2374

2374

2385

5b

3&4

2372

2388

3&4

2371

5b

3&4

2370

2388

3

2351

5b

3 3

2346 2346

2388

3

2344

272

0

F2338 cess pit

271

0

0

0

0

0

265

0

290 0

0

F2338 cess pit F2338 cess pit

F2380 pit F2384 scoop/pit

F2380 pit

F2370 piy F2363 pit, large F2363 pit, large

F2326 pit

F2326 pit F2326 pit

F2400 well

copper alloy

copper alloy copper alloy

iron

iron

iron

iron copper alloy

iron

twisted loop

wire, coil

rumbler bell

nail

wire

window bar

pin

nail

link

nail

bead making waste nail

worked bone iron iron

strap

iron

fragment medium nail with flat head sheet bell with central horizontal seam, strip suspension loop, lower slot with 'pea' visible within apparently a small round stone coil of fine brass wire Wt 8g 2 examples 12mm and 9mm in diameter

large oval link medium nail with flat head wound wire pin of Caple A narrow rectangular sectione bar, one end broken

came with H shaped section (Knight type G) 2 lengths of rectangular sectioned strap flat sectioned trimmed bone with remains of 6 drilled blanks removed shank medium nail shank

210

D 54

D 35

58

65

240

39

54

90

95 34

217

D 16

D 1.5

8

17

32

20

25

D 10

0.4

4

7

1

4.41

3

soil

encrusted

encrusted heavily

encrusted

much soil

head encrusted

heavily encrusted

encrusted heavily

fractured encrusted

encrusted

complete

complete

complete

incomplete

almost complete

complete

complete

incomplete almost complete

incomplete

incomplete

3

3

3

3

3

2396

2398

2398

2398

2398

5b

2388

3

5b

2388

2396

5b

2388

3

5b

2388

2396

5b

2388

F2400 well

F2400 well

F2400 well

F2400 well

F2400 well

F2400 well

F2400 well

F2338 cess pit F2338 cess pit

F2338 cess pit F2338 cess pit F2338 cess pit

0

0

0

0

0

0

470

0

0

0

0

0

iron copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy

iron

iron

iron

copper alloy

copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy

sheet, offcut

wire

pin

fragment

hinge, pinned

nail

scissors

nail

buckle

aiglet

sheet, offcut

wire, twisted

5x trimmings

fragment

2 nail shanks scissors with long narrow blades with tapering tips, pivot, straight, shaped arms and broken round or oval finger loops shank and shank fragment 2 fragments of sheet with hinged pin, broken from a pinned hinge 2x formless fragments pin stem or wire fragment

2 lengths of two twisted strands each strand less than 1.5mm diam tapering triangular offcut fragment with butted seam broken fragment of cast buckle frame with decorated outer edge, possibly 15th century, few details survive

211

56+

97+

30+

61

34

28

12

5

9

1

2

2

1

1.5

8g corroded

encrusted

encrusted

encrusted heavily

complete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

almost complete

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

complete

incomplete

3

2496

5b

3

2491

2499

0

2483

5b

3

2472

2499

3

2439

5b

3

2439

2499

3

2398

5b

3

2398

2499

3

2398

0

0

F2402 cess pit

447

F2402 cess pit

0

410

F2403 cess pit

F2402 cess pit F2402 cess pit

409

408

0

0

292

0

0

0

layer F2403 cess pit

F2328 pit

F2431 pit

F2431 pit

F2400 well

F2400 well

F2400 well

copper alloy

copper alloy copper alloy

organic

worked bone

stone

button

pin

wire

bead making waste

spindlewhorl

sheet, scrap Wt 53g

copper alloy

padlock bolt

copper alloy nail

bead making waste

worked bone

iron

wire

nail

sheet

iron

iron

iron

stem fragment flat circular headed button with integral rectangular

trimmed rib with 6 drilled blanks removed long slender bone, fish bone with cut end 5x pieces of wire gauge 1.31.5mm

distorted and much folded sheet, broken chalk whorl type B2

3 fragments of flat sheet, one with a nail shank adhering 8 medium/large nails with flat or small domed heads thick gauge wire fragment 3mm diam trimmed rib with 2 complete and 1 broken blank removed heavily corroded bolt with a pair of spring strips, details now obscured by corrosion medium nail with flat head, disintegrated

212

Ht 14

70+

16

107

78

70

55

60

D 22

D 33

25

48

12 (strip)

26

1

1

5.47

1

5.91

3

soil

fractured

complete

incomplete

incomplete

almost complete

incomplete almost complete

complete

encrusted heavily, disintegrated

fractured, much soil

incomplete

incomplete

incomplete

heavily corroded

encrusted

encrusted heavily

encrusted

3

0

4

4

4

2566

2577

2577

2577

5b

2502

2509

5b

2502

0

431

F2403 cess pit

F2569 pit, rect

F2578 pit

F2578 pit

0

0

0

413

F2402 cess pit

F2578 pit

412

F2402 cess pit

nail

knife tang

iron, organic

fragment

brooch, penannular

turnshoe, sole

millstone

iron

copper alloy copper alloy

organic

Leather

stone

upper millstone fragment of lava turnshoe sole for left foot, worn away at the great toe joint and the seat. Pointed toe, petal shaped tread, narrow waist and narrow/medium seat. Edge/flesh seam 5-6mm. No repairs narrow, black, striated item of unknown identify small penannular wire brooch with a single folded back terminal remaining and long wire pin wrapped around the frame formless fragment medium nail with flat head and nail shank knife or implement tang with remains of wooden handle present

shank, centrally drilled. Post medieval

213

D 11

229+

56

58

10

2

71

D 900

1.5

1

30

10g

conserved

incomplete

encrusted heavily

almost complete

complete

incomplete

0

0

0

U/S

U/S

0

U/S

3011

F3009

72

16

15

0

?handle

thimble

lock plate

strap end

iron

copper alloy

copper alloy

copper alloy

narrow strip or stem with small knop terminal, straight sides , section appears rectangular but obscured by corrosion, hammerscale in encrustation small cast brass thimble, short and wide with a small plain band and large round hand punch 'holes' over the walls and crown Wt 7g square front of a sheet lock case with right angled flanged sides and at least 3 rivet holes present, the large central keyhole is broken tongue-shaped' composite strap end with small knop fininal and slightly concave upper edge, forked spacer, flanged front plate and flat back plate with 3 rivets.

214

Ht 18

44

72

D 22

20

70

5

1.5

1.5

7g

soil, corroded

soil

encrusted, fractured

complete

almost complete

complete

incomplete

0

0

0

0

U/S

U/S

U/S

U/S

0

0

211

204

sheet, offcut

binding, handle

copper alloy

buckle frame

trefoil fastener

copper alloy copper alloy copper alloy strip binding of flat to slightly concave-convex section broken across a rivet hole at each end, could be a simple strip handle

trefoil mount with 3 domed bosses each decorated with 3 scrolls of wire. The edges are notched and the upper face is white metal coated (tinned or silvered). Solder (tin/lead) preserved within the bosses on the lower face annular frame of round section

215

108

41

28

20 D3

9

18

1

1

soil

soil

heavily corroded on one side

incomplete

complete

complete

complete

Appendix 5 – Full palaeo-environmental report By R. McKenna, D. Smith, B. Gearey and E.Hopla (Birmingham Archaeo-Environmentals) Methods Plant macrofossils Following description and selection, subsamples of raw sediment from selected samples were were examined in the laboratory. Nine of the subsamples were identified as being waterlogged and were processed using standard methods for such remains (Kenward et al.1980). Plant remains were extracted by means of a ‘washover’ to concentrate the lighter, organic fraction. The components of the fraction were recorded whilst wet. The washover and the residue was stored wet. The remaining thirty nine subsamples were processed using standard water flotation methods for the extraction of environmental remains. The flot (the sum of the material from each sample that floats) was sieved to 0.3mm and air dried. The flots were examined under a low-power binocular microscope at magnifications between x12 and x40. A four point semi quantitative scale was used, from ‘1’ – one or a few remains (less than an estimated six per kg of raw sediment) to ‘4’ – abundant remains (many specimens per kg or a major component of the matrix). Data were recorded on paper and subsequently on a personal computer using a Microsoft Access database. Identification was carried out using published keys (Jacomet 2006, Biejerinkc 1976, Jones – unpublished and Zohary & Hopf 2000), online resources (http://www.plantatlas.eu/za.php), the authors own specimens and the reference collection at Birmingham Archaeology’s laboratory. The full species list appears in Table 1 at the end of this report. Taxonomy and nomenclature follow Stace (2000). Plant species were subsequently grouped into habitat groups, and the subsequent environmental interpretation is based on this. Beetles (Coleoptera) The waterlogged samples were processed using the standard method of paraffin flotation as outlined in Kenward et al. (1980). The weights and volumes of the samples processed are presented in Table 1. The insect remains were sorted from the flots and stored in ethanol. The Coleoptera (beetles) were identified by direct comparison to the Gorham and Girling Collections of British Coleoptera using a Meiji EMZ microscope at magnifications between x7 – x45. The various taxa of insects recovered are presented in Table 1. The taxonomy for the Coleoptera (beetles) follows that of Lucht (1987). Where applicable each species of Coleoptera has been assigned to one, or more, ecological groupings and these

are indicated in the second column of Table 1. These groupings are derived from the preliminary classifications outlined by Kenward (1978). The classification used here replicates that used in Kenward and Hall (1995). The groupings themselves are described at the end of Table 1. The various proportions of these groups, expressed as percentages of the total Coleoptera present in the faunas, are shown in Table 2 and Figure 1. Not all taxa have a coding and some taxa occur in more than one ecological group. As a result percentages do not equal 100%. Some of the Coleoptera have also been assigned codes based upon their extent of synanthropy (dependence on human settlement) and these are indicated in the third column of Table 1. These codes are derived from those used by Kenward (1997). David Smith is grateful to Kenward for supplying him with a listing of the species in each grouping. The synanthropic groupings are described at the end of Table 1 and the individual codes for the relevant species are shown in column 3 of Table 1. The proportions of these synanthropic groupings, expressed as a percentage of the total fauna, is presented in Table 3 and Figure 2. The dipterous (fly) pupae were identified using the drawings in K.G.V. Smith (1973, 1989) and, where possible, by direct comparison to modern specimens identified by Peter Skidmore. The various taxa of insects recovered from these samples are presented in Table 1. The taxonomy used follows that of K.G.V. Smith (1989) for the Diptera. Results Coleoptera Eight samples from a number of cess pits from St. John’s Street, Coventry were submitted for insect analysis. Three of these samples produced no insect remains (sample 130/ context 1621, sample 129/ context 1622, sample 518/ 2572). Material that did produce insect faunas consisted of:  One sample (sample 520/ context 2586), dated to the 13th to 14th century AD, from the fill of the stone lined cess pit A (f. 2582).  Two samples (sample 508 / context 2508 and sample 509/ context 2403) from the fills of the 14th to 15th century AD stone lined cess pit C (f. 2509).  A single sample (sample 389/ context 2310) of material from the 14th to 15th century fill of Cess pit E.  The fill of the post 1550 cess pit D (f. 2502) (sample 500/ context 2403) Sample 520 [2586] (Phase 2: 13th -14th century: Cess Pit A) The insect fauna from this cess pit is dominated by the remains of fly puparia. Both cf. Telomerina flavipes and Thoracochaeta zosterae are commonly encountered in cess pit material from the archaeological record. Skidmore (1999) and Belshaw (1989) argue that

216

Thoracochaeta zosterae is typical of archaeological cess pits. Its presence seems to indicate that such pits may have contained saline water and organic rich water that resulted from the decomposition of faecal material and urine. This is suggested by the fact this species is today most often found at the shoreline high water mark amongst the remains of decaying sea weed (Belshaw 1989; Skidmore 1999; K.G.V. Smith 1989; Webb et al. 1998). Telomerina flavipes is also relatively common in cess pits (Skidmore 1999). The beetles recovered from this pit feature are nearly all species that are either synanthropic or closely associated with human settlement (see synanthropic groups ‘sf’, ‘st’ and ‘ss’ in Table 3 and Figure 2). This includes a range of species that Kenward (Hall and Kenward 1990) has labelled, perhaps misleadingly, the ‘house fauna’ (see Table 1, 3 and Figure 2) which seem to be particularly associated in the archaeological record with a range of settlement wastes and materials. Species that are included in this grouping are the mould feeders Cryptophagus spp., Enicmus minutus and Mycetea hirta, the two species of ‘spider beetle’ recovered (Tipnus unicolor and Ptinus fur) and the ‘woodworm’ Anobium punctatum. Species such as the hydrophilids Cercyon haemorrhoidalis, C. unipunctatus and C. analis and the ‘rove beetles’ Oxytelus sculptus and O. sculpturatus are also commonly found in settlement waste and other material that has started to decay (Hansen 1986; Tottenham 1955). The ‘saw toothed grain beetle’ Oryzaephilus surinamensis is usually associated with debris in grain stores and warehouses. This may indicate that some spoilt grain may have been deposited in waste that entered the pit or that infested grain may have been consumed and entered the cess in faecal material (Osborne 1983). Samples 508 and 509 [2403] and 389 [2310] Phase 3: 14th to 15th century: Cess Pits C and E The fill of cess pit C (samples 508 and 509) produced an insect fauna very similar to that from Cess Pit A. Again the fly fauna consists of several individuals of Thoracochaeta zosterae and a single individual of the ‘false stable fly’ Muscina stabulans which is commonly associated with a range of decaying wet vegetation and settlement waste (K.G.V. Smith 1989). The beetle fauna recovered is also quite similar to that seen in Cess Pit A, and, again, suggests that a range of settlement waste was probably incorporated into this feature. This also may have included either spoilt grain or, perhaps more probably, faecal material that incorporated spoilt grain (Osborne 1983). This is suggested by the recovery of ten individuals of the ‘granary weevil’ Sitophilus granarius. Cess pit E (sample 389) produced a very large fauna of flies all of which are mainly associated with sewage and cess. This is particularly true of Scatopse notata which is a ‘scavenger fly’. This is often associated with decaying wet rubbish, vegetable wastes and human excrement

(K.G.V. Smith 1989, Skidmore 1999). Fannia scalaris is the ‘latrine fly’ and is particularly associated with pools of water rich in urine and faecal material (Skidmore 1999: Smith, K.G.V. 1973, 1989). A similar environment is also favoured by the larvae of the ‘rat tailed maggot’ or ‘drone fly’ Eristalis tenax and the Sepsis fly species (K.G.V. Smith 1989). The beetle fauna suggests that rotting settlement waste may have entered this deposit along with cess. In addition to many of the species of ‘house fauna’ (Hall and Kenward 1990) which were recovered in the fills of cess pits A and C the staphylinids Coprophilus striatulus and Oxytelus rugosus are commonly found in rotting vegetation, compost and debris in cellars and housing. Thirty individuals of Rhizophagus parallelocollis were also recovered from this cesspit; this species is commonly recovered in graves, cellars and rotting heartwood inside dead trees. It seems to be a predator on fly larvae in buried wood and corpses and often is regarded as primarily subterranean. Kenward (Kenward and Hall 1995; Carrot and Kenward 2001) has suggested that in the archaeological record R. parallelocollis is primarily associated with buried material. Sample 500 [2403] Phase 5b: Post 1550 AD: Cess pit D The insect fauna from the fill of cess pit D produced a similar insect fauna to that seen in cess pits A and C. Once again this clearly suggests that a combination of settlement waste and cess was deposited into this pit. Plant macrofossils The results of the macrofossil analyses are presented in Tables 4 to 13. The majority of the charred macrofossils were generally poorly preserved, and were lacking in most identifying morphological characteristics. Where it was possible to make identifications, it was generally only to genus due to a lack of defining characteristics. Charcoal fragments were present in virtually all of the samples. Due to the small size of the charcoal fragments and their poor preservation, no interpretable information can be gained from the samples, apart from two which are noted below. Well preserved insect fragments were present in several samples. Bone fragments were also recovered from most of the samples. Fish scales were present in a sample from a pit feature – 1538. Ceramic building material (CBM) and slag fragments were present in a number of the samples, and this could point to some sort of industrial activity associated with the features which these samples were taken (see Tables 13 to 19). Root / rootlet fragments were also present within the majority of the samples. This indicates disturbance of the archaeological features, which may be due to the nature of some features being relatively close to the surface, as well as deep root action from the contemporary vegetation.

217

Such disturbance is further confirmed by the presence of waterlogged plant macrofossils in limited volumes in just under half of the samples. The preservation of this material was excellent and it is thus probable that they represent modern contaminants. Those recorded include Sambucus nigra (elder), Rubus (bramble). and Betula (birch), which are all species often found in varying abundance in archaeological samples as a modern contaminant. The plant macrofossils present in the forty eight samples varied in preservation from good to excellent, abundance and diversity throughout the samples. The remains were mainly preserved via charring, anoxic waterlogging and silicification. On occasion, all methods of preserved plant macrofossils were present in single samples. Discussion Evidence for diet The majority of the analysed samples were derived from contexts identified as pit fills. On the whole the macrofossil assemblages tend to reflect the accumulation of domestic material, via the deliberate disposal of waste or spoiled material, with the probable incorporation of other remains being blown or washed into the pits over time. There is little difference between the macrofossil assemblages from the various phases of the site and hence no compelling evidence for changes in either diet or site environment over time. It is not possible to use these data to discern any specific use of the archaeological features, beyond that for the disposal of domestic waste or as cess pits. Two groups of plant remains were most prominent in these assemblages: those likely to represent food waste of various kinds, alongside weeds which probably arrived with the cultivated crops and/or became incorporated in the fills from the environment around the features. The waterlogged samples (Samples 388, 389 and 394 [2338], Samples 500 and 501 [2402] were from features identified as cess pits. The presence of cereal bran in these samples, representing milled grains in the form of flour, supports this interpretation. The tissue concerned is the periderm, consisting of two superimposed layers of thin-walled rectilinear cells crossing each other at right angles or obliquely. Poor preservation meant that the diagnostic cross-cells which distinguish wheat from rye (cf. Kenward and Hall 1995, 753) could not be distinguished. Two other samples (Sample 508 [2403] and 520 [2582]) from features interpreted as cess pits did not produce direct evidence of food stuffs or cereal bran, although the coleoptera from both (see above) provide unequivocal evidence that these features contained cess and other foul matter. Sample 508 contained plant remains of Potentilla (tormentil) and Sambucus (elder), which are typical of acid grassland and scrub respectively, whilst Carex (sedges) and weeds including Polygonum aviculare (knotgrass) and P. lapathafolium (pale persicaria) were recorded in Sample 520. This may

very well reflect poor preservation conditions for plant macrofossils rather than an original absence of food remains in these deposits. The cereal crops Hordeum (barley), Triticum (wheat), and Triticum spelta (spelt) and Avena sativa (oats) were recorded in almost every other sample. Although rarely abundant, relatively high concentrations of T. spelta were present in Sample 129 and Avena in Sample 340. Indeterminate grains were also common, again indicating the generally poor preservation of macrofossils at the site. Indirect evidence of cultivation is apparent in the form of the remains of arable weeds in many of the samples; around half of which contained a suite including Polygonum lapatholium (pale persicaria), Lapsana communis (nipplewort), Chenpodium/Atriplex (goosefoot/orache), Rumex spp. (dock) and Centaurea spp. (knapweeds). All these probably arrived as weeds within arable crops, whilst the remains of Brassica (cabbage family: identified to genus only) may also fall in this group. It would appear that crop processing was not being carried out on any significant scale at the site as only low concentrations of cereal chaff were recorded. Chaff is a by-product of the crop processing sequence (Hillman 1981; 1984) and although a lack of such may suggest that the grain was already threshed and winnowed, if not also milled, by the time it arrived on the site, it might also reflect differential preservation, with more chaff destroyed by burning compared to other plant remains. The records of fruit stones and seeds from contexts identified as cess pits (see above) are likely to have derived from human faecal waste and thus reflect the consumption of a range of fruits including Fragaria vesca (strawberries), plum (Prunus domestica), Prunus cerasus (cherry) and Malus sylvestris (crab apple). The presence of garden pea (Pisum sativum) and broad bean (Vicia faba) indicate the consumption of these pulses. The presence of both cereals and legumes in some samples, may point to the waste of ‘pottage’, a dish consumed on a daily basis, by people from all backgrounds from the medieval periods onwards (Black 2003). Historical evidence for the later medieval period (Dyer 1989) shows that the actual food grains that were used varied according local availability, which could typically include a combination of a range of cereal grains and pulses. Fragments of Corylus avellana (hazelnut) shells in Samples 133 and 359 suggest the collection of wild resources, although low numbers of these remains are recorded implying that these did not form a significant part of the diet. The few pips of Vitis vinifera (grape) in Samples 324 and 398 may likewise indicate very limited availability of imported foodstuffs.

218

The environment Despite the complex taphonomic pathways of the plant remains from the pit fills, some general comments regarding the wider environment of the site and its hinterland might be made. The greater percentage of weed seeds recovered probably originated from arable land and arrived as crop contaminants. Species such as Urtica dioica (common nettle), Stellaria media (common chickweed), Polygonum lapathafolium (pale persicaria), Fallopia convovulus (black bindweed), Rumex spp. (dock) and Centaurea cyanus (cornflower) are all typical of such environments. Another distinct habitat group included Prunus domestica (wild plum), Prunus cerasus (dwarf cherry), Malus sylvestris (crab apple), Crataegus monogyna (hawthorn) and Corylus avellana (hazel) which are all typical of scrubland and hedgerow. Whilst the fruits from these species may have come from further afield, cartographic evidence shows regular rows of trees at the site, perhaps representing orchards, and hence the macrofossil record might be reflecting the local presence of fruit trees. A small component of plants typical of wetland environments were also recorded, including Eriophorum vaginatum (hare’s tale cotton grass), Sparganium (bur-reeds), Eleocharis palustris (common spike rush), Carex (sedge) and Ranunculus (buttercup). Such material may indicate the local presence of boggy ground, or perhaps more likely, the utilisation of plant material such as sedges and rushes as flooring and/or bedding. It can be stated that many of the samples also contained material probably derived from the local environment close to the pits. This appears to have been waste ground with a range of ruderal plants typical of disturbed soils. Species commonly found on waste or rough ground were relatively abundant and included: Rubus fruiticosus (bramble), Athus cyanoium (fool’s parsley), Sambucus (elder), Lapsana communis (nipplewort) and Sonchus asper (prickly sow-thistle). In terms of further evidence for the local environment, the coleopteran analyses clearly demonstrate the presence of cess pits on the site, with some indication that these features were also used to dispose of general domestic waste. The presence of such foul rotting matter and sewage has clear implications for the nature of the living conditions on the site. Comparable sites Both charred and waterlogged plant macrofossils have been recorded from archaeological excavations at the medieval cathedral and Priory of St Mary (Carruthers, 2003), Broadgate East (Greig and Strachan, 2003), Upper Well Street (Greig, 2003), Belgrade Plaza and Whitefriars Street (Fryer, 2006 and 2007), St John’s Street Car Park and Priory Street (McKenna, 2008. In all cases, except from one sample from a stone lined pit in St Mary’s Priory (Carruthers 2003), the reported numbers of charred and waterlogged remains from these excavations was low. The cereal remains identified Hordeum (barley), Triticum (wheat), Secale cereale (rye) and Avena sativa (oats). It should also be noted that there have been very

few cereal chaff remains identified from any of the previous excavations and it has been suggested that this indicates that most of the macrofossil assemblages reflect material preserved through the accidental charring of cereal grains during food preparation rather than crop processing. Pisum sativum (pea) and Vicia faba (broad bean) have also been recorded at Belgrade plaza (Fryer 2006), Upper Well Street (Greig 2003) and Much Park Street. There is no macrofossil evidence for the use of condiments or spices, as appears to be the case for St John’s Street. Evidence of foodstuffs classed as ‘exotic’ which may have been imported from abroad is scant, although uncharred fig seeds were identified by Carruthers (2003). The presence of Vitis vinifera (grape) in the samples from St John’s Street therefore represents a first record for this species in the city. Wild foodstuffs were noted in the majority of cases, mainly of Corylus avellana (hazelnut) shells preserved by both charring and waterlogging. Rubus fruiticosus (bramble) and elderberry seeds were also recovered from most of these sites. Possible Prunus spinosa (sloe) and Prunus domestica (damson) stones have also been recorded at Broadgate Street East (Greig and Stracham 2003), and unidentified species of Prunus were also recorded at Much Park Street. Greig and Stracham (2003) also identified abundant remains of Fragaria vesca (strawberry) from Broadgate Street East. Weed seeds have also been recorded in low numbers at many of the sites, and represent cultivated/disturbed land and wet/damp ground. The cultivated/disturbed component of the assemblages has often been interpreted as species which were weeds of the arable fields. The low numbers of such remains have been taken as evidence that crop processing was not being carried out locally. This would also seem to be the case with the plant remains from St John’s Street. Conclusions The archaeobotanical evidence was all very similar in the all the features and periods studied. The lack of cereal chaff suggests that crop processing occurred elsewhere and it is most likely that the cereals were brought into the site fully cleaned. Overall, the low numbers of grains, chaff and weed seeds in the majority of the samples probably indicates the accidental burning of cleaned grain and its subsequent disposal, or the use of material cut from cultivated ground as fuel. The low concentrations do not seem to suggest accidental charring of stored grain, for example. There was no sign of sprouting on the grains, so it does not appear that any of the cereal grains were charred during roasting of the malt. The majority of the macrofossils were found together with charcoal, which may suggest that waste or spilt grain and pulses not used for pottage were burnt with other rubbish. A small fraction appears to have become charred without burning up completely and hence joined the domestic ash

219

in waste that was subsequently disposed of in the pits. The plant remains also indicate the exploitation by the inhabitants of a variety of foods, some likely to have been imported (grape), others probably collected from the countryside beyond the city (plums, blackberry, strawberry) to supplement the diet. As usual in urban medieval deposits, the assemblages were generally rather mixed in nature and may have formed through accumulation of waste from a number of sources. Overall, the samples seem to represent the build-up of general domestic food debris and other waste from the dwellings on the site, with accumulation of faecal and other foul matter in the cess pits. Finally, none of the deposits examined produced any clear evidence for craft activities, such as flax working or tanning, which is indicated by the archaeological interpretation of several of the features.

Greig, J. (2004) The charred plant remains in Upper Well Street, Coventry: An archaeological excavation 2004 post excavation analysis and updated project design. Birmingham Archaeology, p.14-17.

References

Hillman, G. (1981) Reconstructing crop husbandry practises from the charred remains of crops. In Mercer, R.J. Farming practise in British prehistory.

Belshaw, R. (1989) A note on the recovery of Thoracochaeta zosterae (Haliday) (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) from archaeological deposits. Circaea 6, 39-41. Biejerinck, W. (1976) Zadenatlas der Nederlandsche Flora: Ten Behoeve van de Botanie, Palaeontology, Bodemcultuur en Warenkennis. Backhuys and Meesters. Amsterdam. Black, M. (2003) A taste of history: 10,000 years of food in Britain. British Museum Press. London.

Greig, J. & Strachan, I. (2003) Plant Remains in Rylatt, M. and Stokes, M. A. The Excavations at Broadgate East, Coventry 1974-5. Coventry Museums Monograph No.5. Coventry Museums & Galleries, p.124. Hall A.R. and Kenward H.K. (1990) Environmental Evidence from the Collonia (The Archaeology of York 14/6). London: Council for British Archaeology. Hansen, M. (1986) The Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark Fauna (Fauna Entomologyca Scandinavica 18). Leiden: Scandinavian Science Press.

Hillman, G. (1984a) Traditional husbandry and processing of archaic cereals in recent times: the operations, products and equipment which might feature in Sumerian texts. Part 1: the glume wheats. Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture 1, 114-152. Jacomet, S. (2006) Identification of cereal remains from archaeological sites. IPAS. Basel. Jones, G Teaching Unpublished.

Notes

for

Archaeobotany.

Carrott, J. and Kenward H.K. (2001) Species associations amongst insect remains from urban Archaeological Deposits and their significance in reconstructing the past human environment. Journal of Archaeological Science 28, 887-905.

Kenward H. K. (1978) The Analysis of Archaeological Insect Assemblages : A New Approach. (Archaeology of York, 19/1). London: Council for British Archaeology for York Archaeological Trust.

Carruthers, W. (2003) The charred and waterlogged remains in Rylatt, M. & Mason, P., The Archaeology of the Medieval Cathedral and Priory of St. Mary, Coventry. City Development Directorate, Coventry City Council, p.120-125.

Kenward H.K. (1997) Synanthropic Insects and the size, remoteness and longevity of archaeological occupation sites: applying concepts from biogeography to past “islands” of human occupation. Quaternary Proceedings 5, 135 - 152.

Dyer C. C. (1989) Standards of living in the later middle ages. Social change in England c.1200—1520, Cambridge University Press.

Kenward, H. K., Hall, A. R. and Jones, A. K. G. (1980) A tested set of techniques for the extraction of plant and animal macrofossils from waterlogged archaeological deposits. Science and Archaeology 22, 3–15.

Fryer, V. (2006) Appendix 9: Plant Macrofossils in McAcree & Mason, P. Archaeological excavation at Belgrade Plaza, Coventry: Assessment report and updated project design. Report 06/110. Northamptonshire Archaeology, Northamptonshire County Council. Fryer, V. (2007) Plant macrofossils and other remains in Mason, P. & Soden, I. An archaeological excavation of the medieval town ditch, Belgrade Plaza, Coventry. November/December 2006. Report 07/72. Northamptonshire Archaeology, Northamptonshire County Council, p.25-27.

Kenward H. K. and Hall A.R. (1995) Biological Evidence from Anglo-Scandinavian Deposits at 16-22 Coppergate (The Archaeology of York 14/7). London: Council for British Archaeology. Lucht, W.H. (1987) Die Käfer Mitteleuropas (Katalog). Krefeld: Goecke and Evers. McKenna, R (2008) An evaluation of the environmental potential of deposits from Priory Street, Coventry (Project Number BA1417) Birmingham Archaeology

220

McKenna, R. S (2009) An evaluation palaeoenvironmental potential of a series of from excavations at St. John’s Street, Coventry Number BA 1776). Birmingham Archaeology report.

of the deposits (Project internal

Osborne, P. J. (1983) An insect fauna from a modern cesspit and its comparison with probable cesspit assemblages from archaeological sites. Journal of Archaeological Science 10, 453-463. Skidmore, P. (1999) ‘The Diptera’ pp. 341-343 in A. Connor and R. Buckley (eds) Roman and Medieval Occupation in Causeway Lane, Leicester (Leicester Archaeological Monographs 5). Leicester: Leicester University Press. Smith, D. (1997) ‘The insect fauna’ pp 245-47, in C. Thomas, B. Sloane and C. Philpotts (eds.), Excavations at the Priory and Hospital of St. Mary Spital, London (Museum of London Archaeology Service Monograph 1). London: Museum of London Archaeology Service.

Smith K.G.V. (1989) An introduction to the Immature Stages of British Flies. Handbooks for the identification of British Insects (Vol. 10 part 14). London: Royal Entomological Society of London. Tottenham, C.E. (1954) Coleoptera. Staphylinidae, Section (a) Piestinae to Euaesthetinae. (Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects, IV, 8a). London: Royal Entomological Society. Webb S.C., Hedges R.E.M. and Robinson M. (1998) The Seaweed Fly Thoracochaeta zosterae (Hal.) (Diptera: Sphaerocidae) in inland archaeological contexts: 13C and 15N solves the uzzle, Journal of Archaeological Science 25, 1253-1257. Zohary, D. & Hopf, M. (2000) Domestication of Plants on the Old World. Oxford University Press Ltd. Oxford. http://www.plantatlas.eu/za.php - The Digital Plant Atlas (accessed first July 2010)

Smith, D.N. (2002) ‘Insect remains’ pp. 113-115 in B. Barber, and C. Thomas C. (eds.) 2002. The London Charterhouse (Museum of London Archaeology Service Monograph 10). London: Museum of London Archaeology Service. Smith, D.N. (2006) ‘The insect remains’ pp. 142 - 144 in D. Seeley, C. Phillpotts, and M. Samuel (eds) Winchester Palace: Excavations at the Southwark Residence of the Bishops of Winchester (Museum of London Archaeology Service Monograph 31). London: Museum of London Archaeology Service. Smith, D.N. (2009a). Fly pupae from Vine Street (A24.2003; A22.2003), and Freeschool Lane, (A8.2005) Leicester (University of Birmingham Environmental Archaeology Services Report 149). University of Birmingham. Smith, D.N. (2009b). Mineralised and waterlogged fly pupae, and other insects and arthropods Southampton French Quarter 1382 (Specialist Report Download E9).Oxford Archaeologyhttp://library.thehumanjourney.net/52/1/SO U_1382_Specialist_report_download_E9.pdf Smith, D.N. (2009c) The Insect Remains from a PostMedieval cesspit (Feature 20103) at Westgate Area 1, Wakefield (unpublished report to BAE). University of Birmingham. Smith, D.N. and Morris, M. (2008) ‘insect remains’ pp. 218-219 in N. Bateman, C. Cowan and R. Wroe-Brown, 2008. London’s Roman Amphitheatre: Guildhall Yard, City of London (Museum of London Archaeology Service Monograph 10). London: Museum of London Archaeology Service. Smith K.G.V. (1973) Insects and Other Arthropods of Medical Importance. London: British Museum (Natural History). 221

Table 1 - The Insect Remains (Taxonomy follows that of Lucht 1987) Ecological codes

Sample number

Synanthropic codes

Phase

520

508

509

389

500

2

3

3

3

5b

13th-14th C 14th to 15th 14th to 15th 14th to 15th

Date Feature / structure number Context

2582

2403

2403

2586

2508

2509

Post 1550 2502

2310

2403

Fill of Fill of Cess Fill of Cess Fill of Cess Fill of Cess pit Cess Pit A pit C pit C pit E D

Description Weight (kg) Volume (l)

4

4

4

3.5

4

4

4

4

4

4

-

-

1 -

1 1 1 1 2 1

-

COLEOPTERA Carabidae Nebria brevicollis (F.) Notiophilus biguttatus (F.) Clivina fossor (L.) Trechoblemus micros (Hbst.) Bembidion spp. Platynus dorsalis (Pont.)

oa oa oa oa oa oa

Hydrophilidae Cercyon haemorrhoidalis (F.) Cercyon melanocephalus (L.) Cercyon unipunctatus (L.) Cercyon analis (Payk.)

rf rf rf rt

sf sf st sf

3 2 2

-

1

1 5

1 1 1

Histeridae Hister striola Sahlb.

rt

sf

-

-

-

1

-

Catopidae Catops spp.

oa

1

-

1

-

-

rt

1

-

1

3

-

1 1 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 1

-

1 2 -

2 1 17 26 2 1 1 1 6 4 1 12

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 5

Orthoperidae Corylophus (Marsh.)

cassidoides

Staphylinidae Megarthrus sp. Phyllodrepa floralis (Payk.) Omalium rivulare (Payk.) Omalium spp. Xylodromus concinnus (Marsh.) Coprophilus striatulus (F.) Trogophloeus spp. Oxytelus rugosus (F.) Oxytelus sculpturatus Grav. Oxytelus tetracarinatus (Block) Platystethus arenarius (Fourc.) Gyrohypnus fracticornis (Müll.) Xantholinus glabratus (Grav.) Neobisnius spp. Philonthus spp. Tachinus subterraneus (L.) Tachinus spp. Aleocharinidae Genus & spp.

sf rt rt rt rt-h rt u rt rt rt rf rt

sf

st

sf

st

rt

sf

222

Indet. Elateridae Athous haemorrhoidalis (F.)

oa-p

-

-

-

1

-

Dryopidae Oulimnius spp.

oa-w

-

-

1

-

-

Nitidulidae Meligethes spp.

oa

1

-

-

-

-

Rhizophagidae Rhizophagus parallelocollis Gyll.

rt

sf

-

-

-

30

-

g

ss

1

-

-

-

-

Cryptophagidae Cryptophagus spp. Atomaria spp.

rd-h rd-h

sf st

4 -

-

13 -

4 1

1 -

Lathridiidae Enicmus minutus (Group)

rd-h

st

3

-

-

1

5

Endomychidae Mycetaea hirta (Marsh.)

rd-h

ss

4

-

3

-

1

Anobiidae Anobium punctatum (Geer)

l-h

sf

2

-

1

6

1

Ptinidae Tipnus unicolor (Pill. Mitt.) Ptinus fur (L.)

rd-h rd-h

st sf

1 1

-

2 -

1

-

rt

ss

-

-

1

-

-

oa-rf

-

-

-

1

-

oa-rf

-

-

-

1

-

oa-rf

1

-

-

-

-

oa

-

-

-

-

1

oa- pu

-

-

1

-

-

Scolytidae Scolytus rugulosus (Müll.)

oa-l

-

-

-

1

-

Curculionidae Apion spp. Sitona humeralis Steph. Sitophilus granarius (L.) Ceutorhynchus spp.

oa-p oa-p g oa-p

1 -

-

1 12 1

1 1 -

1 -

DIPTERA Scatopse notata L.

-

-

1

10

4

Syrphidae Eristalis ?tenax (L.)

-

-

-

3

1

Cucujidae Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.)

Tenebionidae Blaps mucronata Latr. Scarabaeidae Aphodius rufipes (L.) Aphodius sphacelatus (Panz.) or A. prodromus (Brahm) Aphodius spp. Chyrsomelidae Phyllotreta spp. Bruchidae Bruchus spp.

ss -

223

Helomyzidae Heleomyza serrata (L.)

1

-

-

1

-

Sepsidae Sepsis spp.

-

-

-

19

-

5

-

-

53

-

13

2

18

1

6

Fanniinae Fannia scalaris (Fab.)

-

-

-

2

-

Muscinae Muscina stabulans (Fall.)

-

-

1

-

-

Sphaeroceridae cf. Telomerina flavipes (Meigen) Thoracochaeta zosterae (Hal.)

Ecological coding (Kenward and Hall 1995) oa (& ob) - Species which will not breed in human housing. w- aquatic species. c-species associated with salt water and coastal areas d- species associated with damp watersides and river banks. rd- species primarily associated with drier organic matter. rf - species primarily associated with foul organic matter often dung. rt - insects associated with decaying organic matter but not belonging to either the rd or rf groups. g- species associated with grain. l - species associated with timber. p – phytophage species often associated with waste areas or grassland and pasture pu – species associated with pulses (peas and beans) h - members of the ‘house fauna’ this is a very arbitrary group based on archaeological associations (Hall and Kenward 1990). Synanthropic coding (Kenward 1997) sf - facultative synanthropes - common in ‘natural’ habitats but clearly favoured by artificial ones. st - typically synanthropes - particularly favoured by artificial habitats but believed to be able to survive in nature in the long term. ss - strong synanthropes - essentially dependant on human activity for survival. h- species thought to be particularly associated with human occupation (Kenward and Hall 1995).

Table 2 - The proportions of the ecological grouping of Coleoptera

Sample Number oa-total oa-a oa-p l rd rf rt pu g

520

509

389

500

9.1% 0.0% 2.3% 4.5% 29.5% 15.9% 22.7% 0.0% 2.3%

14.0% 2.3% 4.7% 2.3% 41.9% 0.0% 9.3% 2.3% 27.9%

8.6% 0.0% 1.4% 4.3% 5.0% 2.1% 67.9% 0.0% 0.7%

3.6% 0.0% 0.0% 3.6% 25.0% 10.7% 25.0% 0.0% 3.6%

Ecological coding (Kenward and Hall 1995) oa (& ob) - Species which will not breed in human housing. w- aquatic species. c-species associated with salt water and coastal areas 224

d- species associated with damp watersides and river banks. rd- species primarily associated with drier organic matter. rf - species primarily associated with foul organic matter often dung. rt - insects associated with decaying organic matter but not belonging to either the rd or rf groups. g- species associated with grain. l - species associated with timber. p – phytophage species often associated with waste areas or grassland and pasture pu – species associated with pulses (peas and beans)

Table 3 - The proportions of the synanthropic groupings of Coleoptera Sample Number st sf ss h

520

509

389

500

13.6% 34.1% 11.4% 34.1%

4.7% 34.9% 37.2% 46.5%

15.0% 36.4% 0.7% 10.0%

21.4% 17.9% 7.1% 28.6%

Synanthropic coding (Kenward 1997) sf - facultative synanthropes - common in ‘natural’ habitats but clearly favoured by artificial ones. st - typically synanthropes - particularly favoured by artificial habitats but believed to be able to survive in nature in the long term. ss - strong synanthropes - essentially dependant on human activity for survival. h- species thought to be particularly associated with human occupation (Kenward and Hall 1995).

Fig. 1 - The proportions of the ecological grouping of Coleoptera (for key to codings see Table 2) 80.0%

70.0%

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0% 520

509 oa-total

389 oa-a

oa-p

l

225

rd

rf

rt

pu

500 g

Fig. 2 - The proportions of the synanthropic groupings of Coleoptera (for key to codings see Table 3) 50.0%

45.0%

40.0%

35.0%

30.0%

25.0%

20.0%

15.0%

10.0%

5.0%

0.0% 520

509

389 st

sf

ss

500

h

Table 4 - Complete list of plant macrofossil taxa Coventry. Phase 1. Taxonomy and Nomenclature follow Stace (1997). Feature Number Context Number Sample Number

2529 2530 515

LATIN BINOMIAL

COMMON NAME

BRASSICACEAE

4

Cabbage family

Pisum sativum L.

2

Garden pea

Avena spp.

2

Oat

Hordeum spp. (ch.)

7

Barley

Triticum spelta (ch.)

18

Spelt

3

Wheat

Triticum spp. (ch.) Indeterminate cereal

27

226

Table 5 - Complete list of taxa recovered. Phase 2. Taxonomy and Nomenclature follow Stace (1997). Feature Number Context Number Sample Number LATIN BINOMIAL Ranunculus subg. RANUNCULUS Urtica dioica L. Chenopodium spp./ Atriplex spp. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Polygonum lapathafolium Polygonum aviculare L. Rumex spp. Fallopia convovulus BRASSICACEA E Brassica rapa Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch Prunus domestica L. Prunus cerasus L. Malus sylvestris (l.) Mill. Vicia / Lathyrus spp. Vicia faba L. Pisum sativum L. Melilotus / Medicago / Trifolium BORAGINACE AE Vitis vinifera L. Sambucus nigra L. Lapsana communis L. Centaurea spp. L Centaurea cyanus L. Carex spp. POACEAE Avena spp. Hordeum spp. (ch.) Triticum spelkta (ch.) Triticum spp. (ch.) Indeterminate cereal Unidentified Unidentified buds

1202 1244 149

1247 1225 146

1251 1252 108

1400 1399 122

1407 1469 127

2529 2300 372

2570 2572 518

2570 2573 519

2582 2586 520 COMMON NAME

1

Buttercup 2

27 11

2

Common nettle Goosefoot / Orache

4

5

Common chickweed 29

8 1

2

6

8

Knotgrass

1

Dock Black bindweed

23 4

5

5

2

2

Cabbage family 1

21

Turnip Tormentil

2

Wild plum 2

1

3 6 14 28 1

1

1 1

4 9 2

Dwarf cherry Crab apple

1

Vetch / Pea Broad bean Garden pea Melilots / Medicks / Clovers

4

1 1

Pale persicaria

Borage family 3

8

2

14

2 13

Grape Elder 2

Nipplewort

13

4

Knapweeds Cornflower

39

6

1

2 2 7

2 12

10

4

7

6

14

11

3

3

1 26 13

5 25

1

17

3

1

2

4

54

16

1 10

1

4

Sedge Grass Oat Barley Spelt Wheat

3

Indeterminate cereal Unidentified Unidentified buds

227

Table 6 - Complete list of taxa recovered. Phase 3. Taxonomy and Nomenclature follow Stace (1997). Feature Number Context Number Sample Number LATIN BINOMIAL Ranunculus subg. RANUNCULUS Corylus avellana L. Silene spp. L. Rumex spp. BRASSICACEAE Rubus fruticosus L. Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch Prunus cerasus L. Vicia / Lathyrus spp. Vicia faba L. Pisum sativum L. Aethusa cyanoium L. Conium maculatum L. BORAGINACEAE Sambucus nigra L. Sparganium spp. L. POACEAE Avena spp. Hordeum spp. (ch.) Triticum spelta (ch.) Triticum spp. (ch.) Indeterminate cereal Indeterminate cereal culm node Unidentified Unidentified buds

1063 1062 101

1086 1064 177

1672 1668 160

1672 1670 161

1672 1671 162

1871 1872 334

2403 2508 508 COMMON NAME Buttercup

1 1 1 1 17

1 2 2

3

1 9 15

3 7 14 1

2 4

6 1

3

Dwarf cherry Bean / Pea Broad bean Garden pea Fool’s parsley Hemlock Borage family Elder Bur-reed Grass Oat Barley Spelt Wheat Indeterminate cereal Indeterminate cereal culm node Unidentified Unidentified buds

3 2 1

1 1 3 95 30 7 9 205 1

3

1

1 3

44 2

1 4 19 9 35

1 1 3 1 5

10 1 3 21

3 1 5 9

6

Hazel nut shell fgts. Campions Dock Cabbage family Bramble Tormentil

2 1

Table 7 - Complete list of taxa recovered Phase 4. Taxonomy and Nomenclature follow Stace (1997). Feature Number Context Number Sample Number

1125 1124 104

1518 1520 180

1538 1598 141

1616 1617 133

1630 1624 132

1630 1625 193

1631 1622 129

1631 1621 130

1631 1619 131

1631 1623 195

1631 1627 196

LATIN BINOMIAL

COMMON NAME

Corylus avellana L. Chenopodium spp./ Atriplex spp. Rumex spp. BRASSICACEAE Rubus fruticosus L. Malus sylvestris (l.) Mill. Vicia / Lathyrus spp. Vicia faba L. Pisum sativum L. Melilotus / Medicago / Trifolium

1

1

2

2

1

1 2

1

3 1 6

1 2

1

2 2 4 3 5

1 2

BORAGINACEAE Galium L. Sambucus nigra L. Lapsana communis L. Centaurea spp. L Sparganium spp. L. POACEAE Avena spp. Hordeum spp. (ch.) Triticum spelta (ch.)

2

7 1 6

9 1

3 2

1 7

1

1

1

1 2

1 11 1 11 14

1

2

43

18

28 2 2

4 3 5

22

3 1

3 1 10 9 45

5 1 6

228

2 4 20 309

1 3 10

8 22

1 1 5

2 3 6 44

Hazel nut shell fgts. Goosefoot / Orache Dock Cabbage family Bramble Crab apple Bean / Pea Broad bean Garden pea Melilots / Medicks / Clovers Borage family Bedstraws Elder Nipplewort Knapweeds Bur-reed Grass Oat Barley Spelt

Triticum spp. (ch.) Indeterminate cereal Indeterminate culm node

5 34

1 3

3 17

1 4

8 65

5 20

18 278

cereal

Unidentified Unidentified buds

1 1

12

3

1 19

2 47

1

2

2

1

5 36

8

1

Wheat Indeterminate cereal Indeterminate cereal culm node Unidentified Unidentified buds

Table 8 - Complete list of taxa recovered. Phase 4. Taxonomy and Nomenclature follow Stace (1997). Feature Number Context Number Sample Number

1705 1704 312

1774 1773 304

1875 1879 335

1953 1967 340

2010 2005 350

2010 2008 352

2010 2009 353

2014 2015 359

2057 2064 357

LATIN BINOMIAL Ranunculus RANUNCULUS Corylus avellana L.

COMMON NAME subg. 1

Buttercup

1

Hazel nut shell fgts. Goosefoot / Orache Dock Cabbage family Bramble Hawthorn Bean / Pea Broad bean Garden pea Melilots / Medicks / Clovers Elder Knapweeds Hare’s tale cotton grass Common spikerush Sedge Grass Oat Barley Spelt Wheat Indeterminate cereal Indeterminate cereal culm node Indeterminate chaff fgts. Unidentified buds

2

Chenopodium spp./ Atriplex spp. Rumex spp. BRASSICACEAE Rubus fruticosus L. Crataegus monogyna Jacq Vicia / Lathyrus spp. Vicia faba L. Pisum sativum L. Melilotus / Medicago / Trifolium

1

1 3

4 11

1 2

3 1

6

2

1

2 3

1

1 1 2

2 1 1 9 1

2 1

7 5

Sambucus nigra L. Centaurea spp. L Eriophorum vaginatum L. Elecharis palustis (L.) Roem & Schult. Carex spp. POACEAE Avena spp. Hordeum spp. (ch.) Triticum spelta (ch.) Triticum spp. (ch.) Indeterminate cereal

5

3

1 2

2

38

13 1 1 1 3

3 1 1

4 2 14 3 4 6

Indeterminate cereal culm node Indeterminate chaff fgts.

2

5 4 4

3

4 1 3 4 2 5

27 1 22

115 81 18 3 125

1

1

2

2

19

2 13

Unidentified buds

4 2

2

11

4

1 1 1 2 7 4 21

14

Table 9 - Complete list of taxa recovered. Phase 5a. Taxonomy and Nomenclature follow Stace (1997). Feature Number Context Number Sample Number

1079 1088 184

1805 1804 322

2004 2002 354

LATIN BINOMIAL Ranunculus subg. RANUNCULUS Chenopodium spp./ Atriplex spp. BRASSICACEAE Brassica rapa Rubus fruticosus L. Vicia / Lathyrus spp.

COMMON NAME 1

5

Buttercup 2

Goosefoot / Orache

7

Cabbage family Turnip Bramble Bean / Pea

1 41 3

229

Vicia faba L. Aethusa cyanoium L. Sambucus nigra L. Carex spp. Sparganium spp. L. POACEAE Avena spp. Hordeum spp. (ch.) Triticum spelta (ch.) Triticum spp. (ch.) Indeterminate cereal Unidentified

2 1 15 2

4 1 1 2 4 54 16 70

3 1 4 3 1 7 3

2 3 5

Broad bean Fool’s parsley Elder Sedge Bur-reed Grass Oat Barley Spelt Wheat Indeterminate cereal Unidentified

Table 10 -Complete list of taxa recovered. Phase 5b. Taxonomy and Nomenclature follow Stace (1997). Feature Number Context Number Sample Number

2338 2310 388

2338 2310 389

2338 2432 394

2402 2502 500

2402 2500 501

LATIN BINOMIAL Ranunculus subg. RANUNCULUS Chenopodium spp./ Atriplex spp. Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Silene spp. L. Polygonum spp. Rumex spp. Fallopia convovulus Brassica rapa Raphanus raphanistrum L. Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch Fragaria vesca L. Prunus domestica L. Prunus cerasus L. Malus sylvestris (l.) Mill. Vitis vinifera L. Prunella vulgaris L. Lapsana communis L. Cirisium spp. Mill. Anthemis cotula L. Carex spp. Triticum spp. / Secale spp. ‘bran’ fgts.

COMMON NAME 1

Buttercup 1

2 3

1 1 1 2 1 1

11

6

1 2 4

2 2 3

4 28 1 4 1

6 3

17

3 3

1 2 3

++++

2 2 ++++

1 ++++

Goosefoot / Orache Common chickweed Campions Knotgrass Dock Black bindweed Turnip Wild raddish Tormentil Wild strawberry Wild plum Dwarf cherry Crab apple Grape Selfheal Nipplewort Thistles Stinking chamomile Sedge Wheat / Rye ‘bran’ fgts.

Table 11 - Complete list of taxa recovered. Unphased. Taxonomy and Nomenclature follow Stace (1997).

Feature Number Context Number Sample Number

1825 1826 324

1874 1886 338

2484 2485 398

LATIN BINOMIAL Chenopodium spp./ Atriplex spp. Agrostemma githago L. BRASSICACEAE Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch Fragaria vesca L. Prunus cerasus L. Malus sylvestris (l.) Mill. Vicia faba L. Pisum sativum L. Melilotus / Medicago / Trifolium Vitis vinfvera L. Chrysanthemum segetum L. POACEAE Avena spp. Hordeum spp. (ch.)

COMMON NAME 1

Goosefoot / Orache 2

1

8 3 26 1 2

1 2 3 1 1 2 3 7

2

230

Corncockle Cabbage family Tormentil Wild strawberry Dwarf cherry Crab apple Broad bean Garden pea Melilots / Medicks / Clovers Grape Corn marigold Grass Oat Barley

Triticum spelta (ch.) Triticum spp. (ch.) Triticum spp. / Secale spp. ‘bran’ fgts. Indeterminate cereal

2 2 ++++ 1

Spelt Wheat Wheat / Rye ‘bran’ fgts. Indeterminate cereal

ACID SOILS

WOODLAND

WOODLAND CLEARINGS/ EDGE

HEDGEROW/ SCRUB

ROUGH GROUND

WASTE GROUND

ROADSIDES

CULTIVATED GROUND

ARABLE

Latin Binomial Ranunculus subg. RANUNCULUS Urtica dioica L. Corylus avellana L. Stellaria media (L.) Vill Polygonum lapathafolium (L.) Gray Polygonum aviculare L. Fallopia convovulus (L.) A. Love Rumex spp. Brassica rapa L. Rubus spp. Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch Prunus domestica L. Prunus cerasus L. Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. Crataegus monogyna Jacq Buplerum rotundifolium L. Aethusa cynapium L. Sambucus nigra L. Lapsana communis L. Sonchus asper (L.) Hill.

CORNFIELDS/ LAND

GRASSLAND

OPEN GROUND

WET/ DAMP GROUND

WATERSIDE

WATER

HABITAT

Table 12 - Habitats of plant macrofossils (Habitat information based on Stace 1997)

Buttercup Common nettle Hazel Common hi kpersicaria d Pale Knotgrass Black bi d dsorrel Sheep’s

Eleocharis palustris (L.) Roem. & Schult.

Turnip Bramble Tormetnil Wild plum Dwarf cherry Crab apple Hawthorn Throw wax Fool’s parsley Elder Nipplewort Prickly sowhi l Cornflower Hare’s tale tt Common spikerush type

Carex spp.

Sedge

Centaurea cyanus L. Eriophorum vaginatum L.

231

Table 13 - Components of the subsamples. Phase 1. Ditch termini. Semi quantitative score of the components of the samples is based on a four point scale, from ‘1’ – one or a few remains (less than an estimated six per kg of raw sediment) to ‘4’ – abundant remains (many per kg or a major component of the matrix).

Sample No. Context No. Feature No.

515 2530 2529

Bone fgts Charcoal fgts. Plant macros.

1 4 3

Table 14 - Components of the subsamples. Phase 2. Semi quantitative score of the components of the samples is based on a four point scale, from ‘1’ – one or a few remains (less than an estimated six per kg of raw sediment) to ‘4’ – abundant remains (many per kg or a major component of the matrix).

Sample No. Context No. Feature No. Bone fgts Ceramic Building Material (CBM) Charcoal fgts. Fly puparia Herbaceous detritus Insect fgts. Plant macros. Root/rootlet fgts. Sand Slag fgts. Wood fgts.

149 1244 1202

146 1225 1247

108 1252 1251

122 1399 1400

127 1469 1407

1

2 1 4

1 1 4

1 1 4

1

4

3 3

372 2300 2529

1 3

2 2

3 2

1

2

2

3

519 2573 2570

520 2586 2582 1

4

1 2

518 2572 2570

4

4 4 4 3 3

1 2

4 3 3 2

2 3 1

2

1

Table 15 - Components of the subsamples. Phase 3. Semi quantitative score of the components of the samples is based on a four point scale, from ‘1’ – one or a few remains (less than an estimated six per kg of raw sediment) to ‘4’ – abundant remains (many per kg or a major component of the matrix).

Sample No. Context No. Feature No. Bone fgts Charcoal fgts. Herbaceous detritus Insect fgts. Plant macros. Root/rootlet fgts. Sand Slag fgts.

101 1062 1063

177 1064 1086

160 1688 1672

161 1670 1672

162 1671 1672

334 1872 1871

2 4

2 4

2 4

1 4

1 4

2 4

2 3 3 2

1 1 2 4 1

2 3 3 2

232

1 3 3

1 3 4 1

1 4 3

508 2508 2403

4 2 2

4

1 2

4

4

2 3

3

1

1

2

Bone fgts Ceramic Building Material (CBM) Charcoal fgts. Herbaceous detritus Insect fgts. Plant macros. Root/rootlet fgts. Sand Slag fgts. Snails

180 1520 1518

104 1124 1125

Sample No. Context No. Feature No.

3

1 2

4

1

141 1598 1538

2

1 1

4

133 1617 1616

4 1

4 1

1 2

4

1

193 1625 1630

3

2

4

2 2

132 1624 1630

2

4

1

129 1622 1631

4

2

2

4

130 1621 1631

4

1 2

2

4

1

195 1623 1631

233

3

2

4

131 1619 1631

4 1

2

3

4

196 1627 1631

4 1

4

2

4

2

312 1704 1705

4

1 2

4

1

304 1773 1774

1

4

2

1

1

335 1879 1875

2

4

4

1

340 1967 1953

1

3

2 2

4

2 1

350 2005 2010

1 2

4

1

352 2008 2010

2

2 3

1

4

1

353 2009 2010

2

2 4

4

1

357 2064 2057

2

2 2

4

1

359 2015 2014

Table 16 - Components of the subsamples. Phase 4. Semi quantitative score of the components of the samples is based on a four point scale, from ‘1’ – one or a few remains (less than an estimated six per kg of raw sediment) to ‘4’ – abundant remains (many per kg or a major component of the matrix).

Table 17 - Components of the subsamples. Phase 5a. Semi quantitative score of the components of the samples is based on a four point scale, from ‘1’ – one or a few remains (less than an estimated six per kg of raw sediment) to ‘4’ – abundant remains (many per kg or a major component of the matrix).

Sample No. Context No. Feature No. Bone fgts Ceramic Building Material (CBM) Charcoal fgts. Insect fgts. Plant macros. Root/rootlet fgts. Sand Slag fgts.

184 1088 1079

322 1804 1805

354 2002 2004

1 1 4 1 2 3

2 1 4

1

1 3 4 1

1 4 2

2

4

Table 18 - Components of the subsamples. Phase 5b. Semi quantitative score of the components of the samples is based on a four point scale, from ‘1’ – one or a few remains (less than an estimated six per kg of raw sediment) to ‘4’ – abundant remains (many per kg or a major component of the matrix).

Sample No. Context No. Feature No.

388 2310 2338

Bone fgts Charcoal fgts. Fly puparia Herbaceous detritus Insect fgts. Plant macros. Wood fgts.

389 2310 2338

394 2432 2338

500 2502 2402

501 2500 2402

1 3 4 3 2 1

1 3 4 3 2

1 2 4 3 2

1 4 2 2 2

3 4 2 2 2

Table 19 - Components of the subsamples. Unphased. Semi quantitative score of the components of the samples is based on a four point scale, from ‘1’ – one or a few remains (less than an estimated six per kg of raw sediment) to ‘4’ – abundant remains (many per kg or a major component of the matrix). Sample No. Context No. Feature No. Bone fgts Ceramic Building Material (CBM) Charcoal fgts. Fly puparia Herbaceous detritus Insect fgts. Plant macros. Root/rootlet fgts. 234

324 1826 1825

338 1886 1874

1 1 4

1

1 2 3 3

4

2 4

398 2485 2529

1 3 4 3 2

Context Type Structure

Structure Structure Structure Structure Structure Layer

Layer

Layer

Cut Structure Fill

Structure

Layer Fill

Fill

Structure

Fill

Structure Cut Structure

Cut

Structure Structure

Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

Context Number 100

101 102 103 104 105 106

107

108

109 110 111

112

113 114

115

116

117

118 119 120

121

122 123

124

125

126 127

128

126

103

109

110

Associated Cut

grey

grey

mid

mixed brown

mixed brown

grey

mid

mid

mid brown dark blackish brown mid yellowish cream

black

mid orange pink

mid brown

mid cream

Context Colour

Appendix 6 – Full context database

medium

silty sand

sandy silt

mortar rubble

silty sand sandy silt

ash

silty

and

concrete and hardcore/kerbst ones concrete hardcore and rubble sillty clay

Composition

1

1

2

0.9 2

0.5

4 1.3

1.6

2.6

1

1.5 1.7

1.5

0.9 0.7

18

18

2.8 2.2 1.6 2.35 1.00 18

Length (m) 2.4

0.4

0.4

1.8

0.5 1.8

0.5

235

0.5 0.65

0.9

1.3

0.9

1.1 2.3

0.5

0.7 0.4

0.65 0.25 1.3 0.75 0.85

Width/ Diameter (m) 0.5

square stone lined cess pit, caught in section edge, very similar to others seen in open area excav. demolition deposit in top of cess pit. backfilled post 1600, constructed 1300-1400. truncated corner wall robbed out wall cut, runs into east section foundation course of truncated wall, slighty off alignment to the other walls cut for wall 120, poss attaching wall to main corner wall 118 truncated wall robbed and truncated wall. poss main wall of building? cut for very large wall, stonework removed, rubble remains. regular linear trench backfilled robbed wall. was n-s but only frags remain filled in robbed out foundation trench for wall fill of cess pit construction cut

well capping material. 2m void beneath capping, poss rotted organic material..

foundation course of sandstone wall possibly truncated at southwestern extent not excavated, make up material? fill of 109

robbed out wall? ashpit beneath fireplace ash pit

levelling layer

modern overburden

structural sandstone wall, possibly medieval. pottery recovered. medieval sandstone wall. pottery recovered medieval wall. may be boundary or internal division well medieval wall. wall, truncated in section by machine modern road materials

Interpretation

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Postmedieval/med Medieval

Medieval

Modern

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Modern

Provisional Date Medieval

Date

Cut Structure Fill

Structure Structure Structure Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Layer

Fill Cut

Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Fill Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

128 129 130

131 132 133 134 135

136 137

138

139 140 141

142 143

144

145 146

147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154

155 156

157

158 159 160 161

162 163

162

160

151 152

150

148 149

146 147

136

142

mid

mid brown

mixed brown

beige mid dark grey grey greenish grey greeny-blue grey grey beige beige

mid brown grey mid orange brown pink dark brown

very dark brown grey

140

brown

brown

light brown

mid grey

dark grey

pinky brown

138

136

134

129

brown

silty sand

silty sand

sand clay silt clay sand silt

silt, some sand

sandy silt sandy silt

sandy silt sandy silt

mixed silty clay, sandy silt silty sand clay

silty clay

silty clay

sandy silt clay

silty clay

sandy silt

silt clay with sand, stone and mortar frags

sand

2.3 2.4

2.6

1.5 1.8

1.1 3.4

3.4 1.5 1.8 2.6

? 1.1

5

2.4 2.4

3.8 1.26 1.26

3.8

1.4 1.4

2.9 1.3 1.23 0.65 0.65

2.6 1.38 1.07

1.1 1.1

2

236

1.4 1.2

1.1 2

2 1.4 1.2 2

? 1.1

7

0.7 0.7

2.2 0.9 0.9

2.2

1.18 1.18

0.2 0.45 0.9 0.35 0.35

1.3 1.47 0.95

poss pit poss pit

modern machine disturbance modern machine disturbance geotechnical evaluation trench evaluation trench

possible cess pit

unexcav pit, maybe cess pit or industrial use unexcav pit, poss industrial? structural?

base fill (?) of 136. may be top of cess pit sub circular pit in nw corner of wb area. not fully exposed amd unexcav. large unexcav subcircular pit unexcav square pit square pit poss cess pit modern machining imprints modern machining depression unexcav pit unexcav pit

layer, poss same as 108

irregular shaped feature fill of large irregular feature

large pit fill of large pit, covered by wall and overburden in places large pit or levelling layer. features 136 and 134 cut into this feature, wall 112 goes over the top irregular pit fill cut of large pit small medieval pit

internal division wall? large sandstone wall cobbled surface small shallow medieval pit fill of small oval pit

construction cur for stone built cess pit stone built cess pit fill of cess pit

Medieval Medieval

Modern Modern Modern Modern

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Modern Modern Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval? Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Spread? Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

164

165

166 167

168 169

170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177

178 179

180 181

182

183

184 185

186 187 188 189

190 191

192 193

194 195

196 197

198

dark brown dark blac

174

176

190

196

194

192

190

dark brown

188

very grey mid

mid grey

brown

dark

brown

very dark grey brown

mid greeny grey

grey

mid brown

dark brown black

dark brown black

dark brown

dark brown blacK

186

184

182

180

178

dark brown

172

brown

dark brown

dark brown black

dark brown black

dark brown black

170

168

166

164

silt sand

sand clay

sandy clay

sand clay

clayey sand

sand silt clay

silty

silty

silty

silty

silty

silty

silty

silty

silty

silty sand

silty

silty

0.6

1.6 1.6

0.9 0.9

3.5 3.5

0.7 0.7

1 1 2.2 2.2

1.1 1.1

1.5

1.5

5 5

2.4 2.4

2.6 2.6 1.5 1.5 1 1 1.6 1.6

2.4 2.4

2.4 2.4

2

2

237

0.55

0.3 0.3

0.6 0.6

3.3 3.3

0.7 0.7

0.4 0.4 2.1 2.1

0.8 0.8

1

1

3.8 3.8

1.5 1.5

2.6 2.6 0.9 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

0.8 0.8

1.3 1.3

1.8

1.8

upper fill of poss cess pit

shallow pit, poss industrial? small pit, poss rubbish pit?

cut of maybe several intercutting features fill of large industrial pit or series of intercutting pits on edge of wb area small pit small pit

cut of small poss cess pit fill of small cess pit

poss small pit or spread of material spread of material? cut of large pit fill of lagre square rubbish pit

poss pit fill of poss pit

fill of poss tanning pit

fill of pit, poss rubbish pit

conglomeration of intercutting features fill of large pit

irregular pit, poss rubbish pit fill o f large poss rubbish pit

rubbish pit rubbish pit? subcircular pit, poss rubbish pit fill of poss rubbish pit rectangular cut, poss rubbish pit fill of pit rectangular pit fill of rectangular pit. unexcav

rubbish pit rubbish pit

pit, poss rubbish pit rubbish pit

poss tanning or rubbish pit

poss tanning pit

Medieval

Medieval? Medieval?

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval/pmed Medieval/pmed ? Medieval/pmed ? Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval/pmed ? Medieval/early post med Medieval Medieval

Natural

Fill Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Fill Cut

Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Structure Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

500

501 502 503 504 505 506

507 508

509

510 511 512

513 514 515 516 517 518

519 520

521 522

523 524

525 526 527 528 529

530 531

pinkish red

505

508

dark

mixed mottled mid brown

530

532

mid brown

mixed mid brown and light brownish green

very dark blackish brown

528

525

523

light

mid brown with green brown mottling

519

mid brown

mid brown

517

521

black

mid brown brownish green

blackish brown

515

513 513

510

green

greyish black

503 503

508

grey mid dark pinkish red grey black green

ashy silt

clayey silt

silty clay

silty sand

ashy sand

silty sand

sandy silt

sandy silt

sandy silt

sandy clay cessy silt clay

sandy clay

silty sand, sandstone cessy silt sand

silty clay

medium sand, sandstone silty sand cessy silt sand

4 1.5

2.5 2 0.8 0.8 4

1.6 2.5

1.5 1.6

4 1.5

3 6.5 6.5 2.5 2.5 4

2.2 2.5 3

2.2

2 4.5

7 7 7 1.9 1.9 3.4

2 1.2

1.1 0.3 0.8 0.8 2

1.1 1.1

0.8 1.1

1.2 0.8

238

1.95 2.1 2.1 1 1 1.2

1 1 1.95

1

0.2 3

1.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.6 3

pit pit fill

pit. brick wall, poss related to dyeworks small pit small pit pit fill

probable medieval pit pit fill

shallow scoop for deliberate burial of animal pit fill

medieval pit. scoop/shallow pit, animal grave.

possible cess pit fill of large pit pit, unexcav pit fill pit, unexcav pit fill

rectangular pit filled by 509. large pit. upper fill of pit lower pit fill, poss cess pit.

probable lower fill of 508 large pit with only nw corner revealed during wb, poss cess pit sealed with rubble layer pit fill

upper fill of linear feature 503 ditch ? fill ditch, may be plot boundary pit fill? undated pit upper fill of large feature

natural

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Modern Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Undated Undated Medieval

Undated

Cut Layer

Layer Layer

Layer

Layer Layer

Layer

Layer

Layer

Layer

Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

Fill Cut Fill

532 533

534 1000

1001

1002 1003

1004

1005

1006

1007

1008 1009 1010

1011 1012

1013

1014

1015 1016

1017

1018 1019 1020 mid

1021

orange

mid pink

grey black mixed

Bright pink/red

pink/orange

mid orange brown

1019

1017

1015

1013

1011

1009

mottled dark brown/orang e and white/yellow dark brown

mixed dark blackish brown black mid-dark grey brown mixed light whitish grey orange black mixed dark brown and orange dark brown black mid orange brown orange red

brownish black mottled green cess

clay

clay

sand/clay

clay

clay

clay

clay sand

60% brick, 40% crushed mortar

clay sand

sand silt

sand silt

tarmac sand silt

concrete

rubble, sandy silt and hardcore tarmac sand silt

0.76 0.76 0.53

1.24

0.70 1.24

0.76

0.76

0.71 0.76

1.20 1.2 0.71

1.5

239

0.47 0.47 0.42

0.90

0.60 0.74

0.60

0.52

0.62 0.52

1 1 0.62

1.2

fill of sallow pit/overcut stakehole cut of pit, possible overcut stakehole fill of cut [1021], containing animal bone and some

cut of pit, which may have contained a post. clay deposit most likely used for a packing material around a square post (1068), together they fill cut [1013] cut for post-hole with evidence of degraded post and packing material within it. clay packing for post [1201] truncated by e-w pit filled with demolition material clay filled post pit, with a square post hole lower fill of possibly working pit [1017] which is possibly a waste deposit due to the presence of slag, burnt material and broken pottery. possibly the cut of a working pit, possibly associated with iron working.

fill of pit cut of shallow pit fill of cut

levelling layer for carpark

levelling?

levelling ?

garden soil later

carpark levelling layer

concrete ground surface

tarmac for carpark topsoil

pit overburden

Post-medieval Post-medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Modern

Medieval

Modern

Modern

Modern Modern

Modern

Modern Modern

Medieval Modern

mid 16th 17th c 1550-1575

late 15th mid 16th c

mid 16thmid 17th c

15th c

late 15th 16th c

19th c

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut

Fill Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut

Cut Fill foundation base

1021 1022

1023 1024 1025

1026

1027

1028

1029 1030

1031 1032 1033

1034 1035

1036

1037 1038

1039 1040

1041

1042

1043

1044 1045 1046

1044

1043

1041

1039

1037

1035

1033

1031

1029

1027

1025

1023

red

grey

red

red

pink

Black

mid orange brown

mid brwon

orange

mid brown

Dark brown

mid brown

mid brown

Mid brown

mid brown

Mid pink

mid pink

red

silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand clay

silt sand

sand silt

silt clay

sand silt

sand silt

clay sand

clay

clay

0.83 0.83 4

0.83

0.83

0.93

1.06 0.93

1.17 1.06

1.17

0.70 0.70

1.10 0.77 0.77

0.75 1.10

0.75

1.20

1.20

0.68 0.67 0.67

0.53 0.68

240

0.20 0.20 5.50

0.75

0.75

0.72

0.72 0.72

0.22 0.72

0.22

0.60 0.60

0.60 0.44 0.44

0.50 0.60

0.50

0.80

0.80

0.36 0.53 0.53

0.42 0.36

cut of working pit containing burnt material. fill of cut [1041] containing several finds, which were probably disguarded in the pit as general rubbish and are most likely to date from late medieval or early post-medieval cut of a small pit, probably meant for the deposition of material. a sandy silt deposit containing many finds. probably a deposition due to the industry that was once around this area and could have been associated with the late medieval/early post medieval phase cut of feature possibly used as a rubbish pit for the surrounding industries as slag was discovered. pit for industrial waste furnace rakeout base of fooundations

shallow pit with indeterminate function this deposit is the fill of pit cut [1039]

this is the cut of a pit, its function is unclear the fill of a rubbish pit. high proportion of ferrous objects could suggest industrial waste but not definitive the cut of a refuse pit fill of posthole/small pit posthole or small pit cut by later gully feature [1112] fill of [1035] possibly a foundation cut for a pillar or post althoughthere is no artefactual evidence to support this. backfill deposit, of redeposited (1006)

flecks of charcoal cut of small pit fill of late medieval/early post medieval pit/possible overcut stakehole, if cut is stakehole this is probably not the original fill as it fills both stakehole proper and surrounding 'pit' very shallow pit/possible overcut stakehole fill of late medieval/early post medieval pit late medieval/early post medieval pit/overcut stakehole this is the fill of a large posthole. the large quantity of brick suggests post packing this is possibly a double posthole. its size suggests posts of some height fill of pit [1029]

Medieval Medieval Modern

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

e 14th c

16th c

mid 16th mid 17th c

15th-16th c

16th c

16th c

15th-16th c

late 15th c

post med

Structure Structure Structure Structure Fill Cut Fill

Cut

Structure Structure

Cut Fill

Fill

Cut

Fill Cut Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Layer

Fill

1047 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054

1055

1056 1057

1058 1059

1060

1061

1062 1063 1064

1066 1067 1068

1069

1070

1071 1072

1073

1074

1075

1011

1063

1071

mottled brown and pink yellow brown mid brown

dark black brown

red

1013

mid brown

grey

1067

1069

light brown grey mid brown

1086

brown

dark grey

dark grey

1063

1061

black

Dark brown grey

1055

1058

light brown

1053

sand silt

silt sand

clay sand and clay

sand silt

silt sand

silt clay

silt clay sand

silt clay

clay sand

sand silt

sand clay

sand silt

clay sand

0.19

1

1.60

0.90

0.90

0.60 0.60 0.16

21 21

0.47 0.47

4.10 4.10

8.50 1025 5 3 3 3

241

0.19

0.50

1.60 1.60

0.80

0.80

0.45 0.45 0.14

0.55 0.55

0.76

0.76

0.54 0.54

1.80 0.11

0.62

0.50 0.70 0.60 1.50 0.50 0.50 0.62

the remains of the post lies above the fill of the cut [1011], suggesting that it derived later. as there is at least 3 of these postholes in a row, one would assume that they formed some sort of structure. the

build up layer?

fill of recut ditch or small pit pit or ditch recut this deposit is most likely a degraded post contained by packing clay (1012) within posthole [1013] this is a square pit that has been truncated by pit [1035]. its function is unknown this is the fill of [1069], it looks to be made up of redeposited fill from the levellinglayer into which all the features are cut. cut of refuse pit this is the fill of a refuse pit. it has a high proportion of slag and ferrous objects as well as animal bone and pot suggesting it is mixed industrial and domestic use. primary fill of ditch [1063]

factory wall associated with machine bases base for a roof support? wall footing possible capped drain or machine footing fill of shallow linear cut of gully fill of possible gully terminal [1055], possibly deposited in a single infilling event by human activity because of the heterogenous nature of it, and the finds included. terminus of possible gully fairly shallow in this section but deepens in section [1061]. brick surface wall, maybe related to industry but doesn’t seem strong enough to be a structured feature, more likely internal unless bricks have been removed cut of a shallow pit. black burnt material, fill of [1058], possibly overspilled or dumped to north of pit. fill of gully, deposited in a single event by human activity because of the nature of the finds included. cut of possible gully or drain because of its shape and linear nature. fill of gully cut of ditch, property boundary? backfill of industrial pit with assorted waste.

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval

Modern Modern Modern Modern Medieval Medieval Medieval

14th c

late 15th 16th c

15th 16th c

16th c

14th -15th c

15th c

15th - 16th c

13th c

Fill Cut Fill

Cut

Structure

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut

1076 1077 1078

1079

1080

1082

1083

1085

1086

1087 1088

1089

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095

1095

1093

1017

1079

1079 1079

1086

1086

brown

Black

mid pink grey brown

Light orange

Black Light black with grey elements in some parts light brown

light grey white mid brown grey

dark grey

mid brown

1079

1086

Dark brown

1077

and

ash

clay silt sand

sand clay

sand silt

sand silt sand silt

ash charcoal silt clay

silt clay

silt sand

sand silt

0.38

0.38

0.96

0.96

1.24

3.70

1.80

29.30

4.86

0.42 0.42 4.86

242

0.15

0.15

0.86

0.86

20.74

3.22

0.50 3.10

2.80

11.10

3.36

0.68 0.68 3.36

upper fill of pit [1017], possibly redposited material from surrounding area. late medieval/early post medieval waste dump, workshop waste. late medieval/early post medieval pit for workshop waste dump. late medieval/early post medieval fire/furnace rakeout. late medieval/early post medieval pit/depression for fire/furnace rakeout.

possible primary fill of large rubbish pit.

large potentially industrial feature, containing a mixture of domestic and industrial waste (post waste backfill). stepped area to north may represent access or platform for usage. lenses of hammerscale deposits within large pit. secondary fill of large rubbish pit.

mixed fill of [1086] with assorted waste.

this is a large pit, mainly used for dumping waste material and probably dates to medieval period this building is though to have been a factory. this factory floor contains many indented features which may have been machine bases with 4 legs. the line of larger holes down the middle way have been for roof supports and as part of a internal dividing wall. the foundations also lie in line with these indents suggesting further that these were supports. the iron rod running down the middle of the flooring may have been the machinery or it may have been for a sliding door. the wooden slots running n-s were probably for room dividers. the circular indents would have been used for drainage. whilest excavating there was evidence of dye found within indents. waste deposit within [1086]. forms the main fill of the shallow 'step' , seen on the north side of the feature. ash deposit, industrial?

clay may have been pushed down by the post causing a depression in the base. posthole fill posthole biggest and latest fill of large pit.

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Undated Undated Medieval

e 19th or 15th -16th c late 15th c

15th - 16th c

15th c

16th -17th c 16th c

Fill

Cut

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

Cut

Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Cut VOID VOID

Cut

Fill

1096

1097

1098 1099 1100 1101

1102 1103

1104

1105 1106

1107

1108

1109

1110

1111 1112 1113

1114 1115 1116

1117

1118

mid grey

pink

1114

1097

dark grey

1112

lilght grey

Mottled orange/brow n and black

Mid-dark red brwon mid brown red

orange brown mid brown

1112

1108

1107

1105

1102

red

mid brown

1100

grey

Dark brown

Dark black

1098

1117

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

sand clay

sand silt

sand clay

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

1.50

1.50

1.10

1.21 1.21 1.10

1.21

0.82

0.82

0.84

0.30 0.84

0.50

0.64 0.64

0.57 0.67 0.67

1.50

1.50

243

0.22

0.53

0.90

0.56 0.56 0.90

0.56

0.45

0.45

0.55

0.20 0.55

0.55

0.30 0.30

0.57 0.57 0.50 0.50

0.22

0.53

possible re-cut of linear ditch [1097], it truncates it south side. primary fill of linear ditch section [1097] also fills[1021] that leads into it and the two possible postholes in its base [1119] and [1120]. possibly deposited in a single infilling event given its relatively homogenous nature. pottery, slag and

industrial waste pit.

primary fill of post medieval gully . gullly industrial waste material?

cut of posthole a sandy silt fill with burnt remaiins. shape of fill is rather random suggesting that this deposit was unplanned . however it isnt natural as there is bone and pottery within fill. cut was made for fill (1106). as the cut is so irregular one might be tempted to suggest that it was randomly made. a cut for pit relating to pit [1142] to the immediate north. these two pits do not have an obvious suggestion for use but the presence of varying finds and the irregular cut of the northern pit could suggest a rubbish related pit. this deposit is the fill of pit [1108], a feature located immediately south of [1142] which it relates to and this fill along with (1143) seem to mix, the fill could relate to a rubbish deposit. upper fill of post med gully

packed clay stabilising post

cut of small shallow pit the fill of a pit. no finds so function unknown

possible backfill of ditch re-cut [1117] because of its relatively homogenous nature and man madde inclusions and finds. possible linear plot boundary ditch, because of its shape in plan and profile and relative regularity of its cut. possibly truncated on its south side by a recut [1117]. a small refuse pit the fill of small refuse pit [1098] this is the cut of a refuse pit. the fill of a refuse pit [1100]

Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

14th - 15th c

14th - 15th c 17th c

late 15th mid 16th c

16th c

14th - 15th c

14th -15th c

15th - 16th c

Cut

Cut

Cut

Cut

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Cut Fill Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

1119

1120

1121

1122

1123

1124

1125 1126

1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132

1133 1134

1135

1136

1137 1138

1139

1140

1141

mid brown

1133

1086

1086

1086

1086 1086

1086

1086

mid grey brown mid blue grey Dark grey brown mid brown light cream grey mid brown grey mid grey white mid brown

green mid brown

1128 1131

1086

mid brown

mid brown

Mottled brown and light grey

light whitie brown

1128

1128

1125

1122

silt clay

ash

silt clay

silt clay silt clay

silt clay

silt clay

silt clay

clay sand

silt clay sand clay sand

silt clay sand

clay silt sand

clay sand and ash

sand silt

2.20

2 0.35

2.40

1.15

0.90

1.80 1.80 1.80 0.55 0.55 0.90

1 1.30

1

1.63

1.63

244

0.50

1.30 1.70 1.70 0.52 0.52 0.50

0.54 1.30

0.54

0.82

0.82

0.19

colapse of material into basal cut of [1086], northern

deposit of ash against northern edge of [1086]

mixed waste deposit. deposit of burnt material and ash, associated with domestic/industrial activity. waste deposit, fill of [1086]

industrial deposit, hammerscale and slag from metal working process? mixed waste deposit, domestic material

pit mixed wasted tipped in to upper levels of [1086]

fill of square pit [1128] industrial pit. base fill of square pit. pit fill pit, maybe related to function of pit [1128] pit fill

cut of shallow pit uppermost fill of pit [1128]

animal bone may be indicative of human activity in the vicinity at the time of its creation. possible truncated posthole either contemporary to or earlier than [1097] but backfilled at the sametime because of its relatively shallow nature, shape and the fact it is filled with the same fill (1118). similar to [1120] which truncates its west side. square possible posthole cut which is filled by the same fill as [1097] [1119] [1121]. also truncates west side of [1119]. relatively small possible v-shaped gully or water run-off leading into a possible terminus of linear ditch section [1097] because of its size and shape in profile. cut filled with abundent finds. it would have been a shallow cut for dumping bits of broken tile and bone into. within pit there was a small find 21 which was a carved bone pin. whitish fill containing tile depris and slate. there also appears to have been some iron and copper pin. the small find included a carved bone piece. there was also a large amount of animal bone with this rubbish pit. fill of small pit.

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Undated

Undated

15th c

12th - 13th c

e 14th c

14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c

15th c

Cut

Fill

Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

1142

1143

1144 1145 1146 1147 1149

1150

1151

1152

1153

1154

1155

1156 1157 1158 1159

1160

1161

1162 1163 1164

1165

pink

1163

1163 light

black red

light brown

Light brown orange

1160

1162

Dark grey

Mid yellow grey

Mid grey

mixed mid grey brown and black

grey

1158

1156

1156

1153

dark black

mid black

1148

1051

black

1147 grey

Grey brown

Mixed light brown orange

1145

1142

grey

silt

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

sand ash

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

sand clay

and

1.90

0.56 0.56

0.90

0.90

1.13

1.13

1.45 1.45 0.54 0.45 1.13

1.10

1.10

245

0.70

0.34 0.80 0.55

0.34

0.67

0.54 0.54 0.67

0.56

0.56

0.78

0.78

0.42 0.42 0.28 0.28 0.31

0.99

0.99

small medieval pit. a rubbish pit that has several dumping episodes. the upper fill of rubbish [1163]. the bulk finds suggest it to be a mixed domestic/industrial dump. a fill of rubbish pit [1163]

late medieval/early post medieval pit for furnace rake-out deposit. upper fill of possible osthole [1156]. possibly deposited in a single infilliing event due to its relatively homogenous nature and inclusions. finds included may be indicative of human activity in the vacinity. possible natural fill of possible posthole [1156] because of its relative homogenity and lack of inclusions, as well as its inherent nature. possible posthole cut. fill of small post-med pit. small waste pit, single use, rapid deposit. fill of posthole. sandstone post pad at base of feature, left insitu. substantial posthole, with extensive packing material. pit fill.

side. this cut is very irregular and located immediately north of pit [1108], the distinction between these two pits is unclear. possibly rubbish pits due to the variety of finds within fill, industrial use sems unlikely but is unclear. this deposit is the fill of cut [1142], a feature located immediately north of [1108] which it relates to and this fill along with (1109) seem to possibly mix. the fill could relate to a rubbish deposit but this is unclear. pit fill pit cut pit fill pit cut. fill may have originally been bigger however it was probably truncated by [1173]. possibly used for the dumping of industrial waste. fill possibly derived from human burning activity, due to the nature of the finds included. possible shallow pit dug by either human activity because of the nature of its fills and finds included or, by bioturbation activity which was later burnt because ot the irregularity of its cut. furnace rake-out

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval Medieval

Undated

Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Undated

Medieval

Undated Undated Undated Undated Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

15th?

15th c -

14th - 15th c

13th c

16th c

15th - 16th c

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Cut

Fill

VOID VOID VOID Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Cut

Fill

Fill Cut

Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Fill VOID Fill

1166

1167

1168

1169

1170 1173

1174

1175 1176 1177 1178

1179

1180 1181 1182

1183

1184 1185

1186

1187 1188 1189

1190 1191 1192

grey

Pink grey

1092

1160

Mid red light yellow brown black

grey brown

mottled orange brown and black grey brown

mid brown grey Mid brown grey pink orange dark grey

dark black

dark brown black dark brown

brown dark grey black mid orange brown

1079 1079

1187

1147

1182

1145 1145

1105

1105

1173

1170

1163

1163

1163

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

clay silt gravel

silt clay silt sand

silt clay

silt clay

charcoal

silt clay

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

1.13

0.75

0.75

0.45 2.65

0.50

1.45 1.45 0.50

0.30

0.20

0.94

2.30 1.29

1.20

246

0.78

0.16

0.54 3

0.54

0.28 1.50

0.40

0.42 0.42 0.40

0.30

0.20

0.64

0.64

0.80

0.80

0.60

lower fill of possible shallow pit, possibly deposited by natural processes because of its relative homogenity although charcoal and animal bone inclusions may be indicative of human activity in

remains of post

fill of pit. possible re-use of industrial feature as a midden? alternatively simply a midden. late nedieval/early post medieval workshop waste deposit pit for workshop waste pit fill lenses of material with in (1188)

re-deposited (1006) backfill. ashy pit fill the cut of a square pit or posthole. the size suggests posthole but no packing or post stack in evidence so may be a small pit. gravelly fill of posthole [1182]

demolition deposit filling former post-pipe, some post material present. primary backfill of [1105]

pit cut cut appears to be relatively square in nature and is filled with sandstone blocks and a very thick dark charcoal layer. this charcoal deposit may have just been tiped into the cut and compressed by sandy silt layer (1207). however it may have been used as a base layer for a possible wall to sit ontop of. of course it also just be industrial waste.

dumped layer in pit [1170]

this is a dump within rubbish pit [1163]. there is no industrial waste within the fill which may suggest it is domestic. the primary fill of [1163], it is charcoal rich fill.

a dumping layer within [1163]

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Undated Medieval

Medieval

Undated Undated Medieval

Undated

Undated

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

15th c

14th - 15th c 15th - 16th c

16th c

Cut

Fill Layer

Cut

Fill

Cut

Cut

Fill

Cut Cut

Cut

Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Cut Fill Cut Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

1193

1194 1195

1196

1197

1198

1199

1200

1201 1202

1203

1204

1205 1206 1207

1208

1209

1210 1213 1214 1215 1217 1218 1219

1220

1221

grey

grey

Mid brown

1206

dark

black

1214

1220

light grey grey brown

orange pink

light brown pink black

dark brown

mottled brown black

mottled dark grey brown with yellow white

light brown black

1193 1214

1193

1193

1173

1205

1199

1198

1193 1196

clay sand

silt clay sand

silt sand

silt clay silt sand

clay

sand clay

sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand mortar

sand clay silt

2.60

2.60

2.50

1.53 0.92 1.14 0.68

1.53

1.25

1.60 4.20 1.29

1.60

1.35

0.20 2.75

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.50

4.70

1.53

1.53

247

1.35

1.35

0.78 0.80 0.52 1.75 1.40 1.50

1 2.30 0.96

1

0.75

0.20 2.60

0.40

0.40

0.50

0.50

0.50

1.11 0.50

1.11

large amount of tile and bone within single fill, suggests a rubbish pit, shallowness of pit suggests either later truncation or that it is just a thin spread of rubbish. single deliberatly dumped fill of probable rubbish

this the secondary fill of pit [1193], a possible sealing layer in an industrial waste pit. primary fill of [1193]. upper fill of square pit [1214] possible insertion cut for posthole. ash/clinker lense in square pit, industrial waste possible ditch cut. a possible rubbish pit, filled with demolition rubble. final fill of large industrial pit [1206]

pit cut cut of large pit possibly industry related a sandy deposit full of sandstone blocks, which may have belonged to a wall. third fill of pit [1193], a dump of industrial waste?

pit possibly related to demolition of building of which posthole relates a shallow scoop, which may be a natural dip that has been used a place to dump burnt material. this is probably a dumping episode of burnt and possibly still burning material, as there is evidence of heat alteration of the soil beneath. cut of post hole large circular/oval pit, unknown function, none of the fills contain large amounts of artifaccts, no evidence for burning or organic material. possibly dug and not used, compared to the pits to the e and w very shallow and empty. small rubbish pit filled with building debris, tile, slate, chalk mortar. rubble pit fill

the vacinity. pit for burnt material, with each deposit sealed by clay deposits. final fill of pit [1193] sealing layer? fill of late medieval/early post medieval boundary gully/hedgerow destroyed by burning. late medieval/early post medieval boundary gully/hedgerow. pit fill

Medieval

Medieval

Undated Post-medieval Medieval Undated Medieval Medieval Medieval

Undated

Undated

Undated Medieval Medieval

Undated

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Post-medieval

Medieval

late 16th c

15th - 16th c

16th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

Cut

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Layer

Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

1222

1223

1224

1225

1226

1227

1228

1229

1230 1231 1232

1233 1234

1235

1236

1237

1238

1239

1240

1241

1242

1243 1244

1202

1243

1240

1238

1206

1206

1206 1206

1206 1206

1230

1202

1202

1202

1247

1203

1222 grey

grey

mid-dark grey

mid blackish brown greyish brown

light brown orange

pink brown pale green grey orange brown mid brown grey mid orange red

mid brown black

mid-dark brown mid grey

dark grey brown greyish brown dark brown grey

dark black pale white

brown

and

clay silt

silt sand

sand silt

clay

sandstone

silt clay sand

silt sand

silt sand charcoal ash silt sand silt sand

sand silt clay

clay sand

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

chalk mortar and silt

clay silt

1.70

0.99

0.99

1.03

1.90

3.20

4.20

0.50

0.70 0.60

4.20 0.75

1.30

1.60

1.60

1.60

1.35

0.70

0.70

248

0.80

0.36

0.36

0.29

0.29

0.80

0.18

0.12

0.10 0.06

1.10 2.30 0.10

1.10

0.80

1

1.20

0.85

0.75

0.40

0.40

pit cut. bottom silted up fill of pit [1202], probable silting up from surrounding subsoils.

this cut appears to have been made to hold clay waste (1239) and is very deliberatly dug into earlier pit [1086] some pottery was discovered within fill to suggest the cut and fill were contempary. fill would have been the latest adition to pit [1086] and cut in at a separate time. pot and clay industrial deposit suggest a 17thc date. cut would have probably been for the deposition of industrial waste as slag was discovered within the fill of the cut. pit is relatively small in comparison to its neighbour [1086] fill is probably industrial waste as there was an abundant amount of slag discovered. pit fill

unused quarried stone? demolition material?

lining material around cut of pit.

compact possible industrial material.

possible industrial material in top of pit. industrial material

cut of possible gully or pit. fill of possible industry related pit. band of charcoal.

silted up fill of [1202]. probably fairly rapid silting up from surrounding subsoils. possible silted up fill from west side, amount of charcoal suggests burning nearby, posible fire waste dump? probable fairly rapid silting up from west. west edge not fully defined. pit or gully fill, not clear in plan.

pit [1220] bioturbation/tree trow which has been burnt out then truncated by pit [1202] single fill of tree throw [1222], silted up soon after tree roots burnt out. deliberatly dumped fill of [1203], probably building debris since it contains large amounts of tile, mortar, slate. single fill of rectangular pit [1247]

Undated Undated

Undated

Undated

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Undated

Undated

?

15th c

late 15th mid 16th c

1250-1300

14th - 15th c

mid 13th e/m 14th c 15th c

14th c

Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Fill

Cut

Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Cut Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill Fill

Structure

1245 1246

1247

1248

1249 1250

1251

1252

1253

1254

1255

1256

1257 1258 1259

1260 1261

1262

1263

1264 1265

1266

pink

1170 1170

1261

dark grey light grey brown

mid black brown

mid brown orange

1258

1260

brown

light brown orange Mid brown

light grey

mid grey brown mottled with black and orange black

mid brown

mid-dark brown and orange

mixed white and dark yellow

1214

1254

1251

1251

1218

1249

1245

silt clay silt clay

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

clay

16.80

0.76 2.40

0.70

1.66

0.28 1.66

0.66 0.28 0.30

1.46

0.72

0.72

3.75

3.75

2 1.40

1.50

1.60

1.10 1.20

249

1.80

0.60 0.28

1.95

0.92

0.22 0.92

0.51 0.11 0.22

0.74

0.95

0.95

3.75

3.75

3.75

1.50 1.40

1

0.85

0.61 0.62

with variations of masonary type in this feature it is

posthole cut of industrial waste pit. dips at base may be due to the irregularity of the soil below pit. pit was probably part of the industrial waste pits discovered around here hence the large amounts of broken tile, slate and bone. large rectangular pit only relationship slot so feature not fully defined,. very shallow n edge possibly truncated by later activity. dumped deposit in pit [1170] primary fill of pit.

packing material and fill of posthole. posthole fill of posthole.

the primary fill of [1251]. the finds suggest it is for industrial use. this cut is essentially a sprawl of industrail debris compressed into the surface with a large amount of tile included in it. deposit is probably due to rubbish tipping fot the industies once situated around here. due to the large amounts of tile discovered in such a small area it was probably a broken tile dump. primary fill of square pit.

large shallow pit, cut into the natural. it predates the levelling episode (1006) into which most surrounding features have been cut as this sits atop the cut. possibly a refuse pit. a refuse pit with mixed domestic/industrial use.

quarry pit the fill of pit [1218]. demolition rubble.

cut for some type of working pit. sole fill of pit [1246]. it is hard to determine what this fill composition is, so interpretation of what this feature was used for may be hard to discover. shallow rectangular pit, unknown function, may have been truncated. very straight sides may indicatea fairly modern pit (also truncates two postmed features) dump of demolition material within [1249]

Post-medieval

Undated Undated

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Undated

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Undated Undated

-

15th - 16th c

16th c

14th - 15th c

m12th e13th c 16th c

c 1300

15th c

15th c

12th c

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

1267

1268

1269

1270

1271

1272

1273

1274

1275

1276 1277

1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283

1284

1285

1286

1287

1288

1289

1290

1291

1324

1324

1206

1284

1284

1284

dark grey black mid-dark grey mid brown grey pink brown

brown grey

mid brown grey brown red mottled with grey

dark grey

1263

1284

grey brown

1282

red

dark grey

light brown

mid blue grey light brown cream dark grey brown

mid brown grey dark red brown mid grey brown light red brown mid red brown red pink

1280

1278

1276

1185

1185

1185

1185

1185

1185

1185

1185

silt sand clay

silt clay sand

silt clay sand

silt sand

silt sand

clay sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

hammerscale and metal slag sand silt

silt clay

silt clay

silt clay

silt clay

silt sand

sand silt

1.60

1.70

1.55

1.70

1.45

2.60

0.73 1.68 1.68 1.16 1.16 0.45

1.48 0.73

1.48

0.55

0.28

0.70

1.40

2.10

1.13

2.05

0.80

250

0.90

0.95

1.10

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.69 0.41 0.41 0.48 0.48 1.95

0.33 0.69

0.33

0.40

1.40

0.70

middle fill of original pit cut [1324]

uppermost fill of original pit cut

shallow clay lined pit cuts gully [1280] fill of gully cut of gully fill of gully cut of post medieval gully single silted up fill of pit [1263], probably fairly slow silting up. rectangualr pit. large amount of slag within fills and fairly charcoal rich fill at base. probably a waste pit associated with small scale metal working. top silted up fill of pit [1284], probably fairly quick silting. fill of pit [1284], large amount of redeposited natural suggests partly deliberate backfilling, also large amount of tile, bone, and slag suggests rubbish/waste dumping. probably fairly rapid silting up of pit [1284] in conjunction of waste disposal. initial fill of pit [1284]. probably deliberate dump of waste from small scale metal working. charcoally fill of large pit [1206]

gully truncated by [1282] lining and fill for small pit

unclear potentially a sweeping deposit, removal of ash from industrial process. fill of gully

natural clay degraded and collapsed from edge of [1185]. industrial waste - hammerscale deposit.

back fill of [1185], domestic waste.

mixed demolition/industrial deposit.

mixed industrial/occupation deposit.

mixed industrial/occupation deposit?

hard to distinguish whether it is a wall of surface, it is most likely a post-medieval wall feature of some kind. upper backfill of [1185], waste deposit.

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval Medieval

Undated Medieval

Undated

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c

?

15th - 16th c

(15th) 16th c 15th - 16th c

e14th c

m13th e14th c 14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c 15th c

15th c?

1250-1325

15th c

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Layer Layer

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Layer Natural Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

1292

1293 1294

1295

1296

1297 1298

1299

1300

1301

1302

1303

1304 1305 1306

1307

1308

1309

1310

1311

1312

1313

1314

1315 1316

1315

1308

1310

1310

1310

1308

1306

1249

1219

1249

1249

1249

1249

1185

1185

1324 1185

1324

grey

pink

white

pink

pink

dark yellowish brown

mid grey light grey mid grey dark black

mid grey

dark yellow brown

mid orange red

mixed light green and cream white mid-dark grey brown red

Mid brown grey mid red brown red pink light cream yellow mid orange red orange red

light-mid brown pink brown mid brown re

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

ash sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

red sand 40%, sandstone pieces 60% sand sandstone

silt sand

sand 40%, sandstone 60% silt and mortar

sand

clay sand sandstone

sand clay

silt clay

silt sand silt clay

silt clay sand

2.32 0.41

0.42

0.46

0.84

0.84

0.65

0.65

1.10

1.10

1

1

1

1

0.45

0.40

0.40

0.40

251

1.85 0.29

0.34

0.35

0.78

0.78

0.62

0.62

0.34

0.34

1

1

1

1

0.30

1

0.80

cut of large pit. primary fill of [1315]

final fill of [1308]

posthole fill

possible levelling layer though is fairly clean. natural sandstone bedrock possible shallow pit because of its shape and relative regularity in plan and profile. possibly deposited by human activity because of the inclusion of a partial disarticulated skeleton, possible cat due to its teeth, and jaw shape. possibly dug by human activity because of the relative regularity of its cut an dthe nature of its fill. possibly either deposited in a single infilling event by human activity or by natural processes because of its relative homogenity and lack of finds. possible pit dug by human activity given its regular shape in plan and profile. possible pit fill, filled by human activity, due to the presence of charcoal flecks and animal bone. post hole fill

dump of redposited natural sand and stone, waste material from quarrying.

silting deposit.

dump of redeposited quarrying detritus within [1249] demolition material

back fill with in quarry pit.

natural clay sand deposit. natural sandstone, potentially bedrock.

demolition deposit.

industrial/domestic waste

redpeosited natural domestic waste deposit?

base fill of [1324]

Medieval Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Undated

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Undated Undated

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

15th c

14th - 15th c

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Layer

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut VOID VOID Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

1317

1318

1319

1320 1321

1322

1323

1324 1325

1326 1327

1328 1329 1330 1331

1332 1333 1334 1335

1336 1337

1338 1339 1340 1341 1342

1343

1344

1345

1346

1347

1347

1347

1341

1341

grey

red

mid orange brown light-mid brown

black

black

mid brown

mid brown

light brown

1336

1338

dark grey

dark grey

1332

1334

mid brown

black

mixed dark brown with orange white

mid green grey mid pink grey dark blue grey mottled with pink

dark green black light green grey mottled pink/grey, green/grey, black/grey

1330

1328

1326

1320

1320

1315

1315

1315

silt sand

silt clay sand

silt sand

sand clay

sand clay

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

sand clay

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

1.70

2.10

0.80

1.03 2.13

1.70

0.60 1.70

0.58 0.80 0.80 0.60

0.58 0.78 0.78 0.58

1.30 0.58

1.30

0.80

1.85

1.85 1.85

2.32

252

0.60

0.80

0.89

0.56 0.89

0.44 0.60 0.60 0.56

0.40 0.28 0.28 0.44

1.30 0.40

0.80 1.30

0.90

0.90 0.90

1.85

bone fill of pit [1347]

charcoal rich industry related layer near top of large shallow pit uppermost fill of large industrial pit.

secondary fill

recut of pit [1465] fill of [1465]

single use waste pit

possible posthole fill of pit

single use pit fill of small pit small single use pit fill of posthole

pit cut fill of posthole cut of posthole fill of small pit

pit associated with quarry pit [1249] pit fill

remains of pit cut pit fill

layer overlying sandstone blocks

secondary fill of [1315]

pit cut. primary fill of [1320]

final fill of [1315]

fill of pit [1315]

secondary fill of [1315]

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c 15th c

e16th c

14th - 15th c

15th c?

15th - 16th c

15th c

14th - 15th c

e 16th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

15th c

Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Structure Layer

Structural Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Cut Cut Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

1347 1348

1349

1350

1351

1352

1353 1354 1355 1356

1357

1358 1359

1360 1361

1362 1363 1364

1365

1366 1367 1368 1369

1370 1371 1372

1373 1374

1375 1376

1377

1378

1367

1367

1375

1373

1370 1370

1368

1366

1364

1362

green

brown

mid brown grey mid grey brown dark grey

mid grey

mid pink mid brown grey

mid grey

orange brown mid grey brown

mid brown grey red grey green

dark black

mid brown

1349

1349

black

light brown with orange flecks

mid brown black

light brown with orange flecks

1355

1353

1351

1349

sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

clay silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

concrete silt sand

silt clay

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

2.15

2.15

0.10 0.10

0.12 0.12

1.52 1.52 1.63

1 2.15 1.59 1.57

1

1.62

1.10

12.50 5.50

3.50

2.94 0.80 0.80 3.30

2.94

3.50

3.50

4.30

2.20 0.16

253

1.20

1.20

0.10 0.10

0.11 0.11

1.50 1.50 1.50

0.60 1.20 1.50 1.50

0.60

1.62

1

0.80 2.30

1

levelling fill

pit fill

possible posthole cut pit fill

possible posthole fill of posthole

possible clay lined re-cut of possible pit [1368] clay lining pit fill

small medieval pit, purpose unknown pit cut. pit cut fill of pit

pit fill, purpose unknown

late medieval waste deposit/cess pit pit cut pit fill

modern concrete foundation late medieval waste deposit.

post med faced wall apparent demolition layer

industrial waste fill of ppit [1349]

second recut of larger pit [1349] fill of small industrial pit [1355] small irregular industrial pit. fill of [1349]

pit probably used for industrial purposes and probably re-cut of [1349] fill of pit [1353] and therefore one of the latest fills of [1349]

originally a quarry pit, backfilled with industrial waste. fill of pit recut [1351]

industrial pit fill of large pit

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Saxon

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Modern Medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

14th - 15th c 14th c

15th - 16th c

14th c?

15th - 16th c

post med ?? 15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c

14th - 15th c 15th - 16th c

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Structure Layer Fill Fill

Layer Fill Fill

1379

1380

1381 1382

1383 1384

1385 1386 1387 1388

1389

1390

1391 1392 1393

1394 1395

1396 1397 1398

1399

1400 1401 1402

1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411

1412 1413 1414

grey

1417 1417

silt sand charcoal silt sand

clay silt sand silt sand

pink orange grey brown yellow orange grey brown black grey orange

1218 1218

sand silt

dark grey

clay silt

clay silt

1405

brown

silt clay

silt clay sand clay

silt clay

silt clay sand silt sand silt clay

silt clay sand

silt clay sand

dark grey

dark grey

mid brown light brown grey light brown red

dark brown

mid brown mid grey light grey brown

light brown grey light grey

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

1403

1401

1400

1400 1400

1396

1347 1347 1394

1347

1347

black

1347

grey

light brown

green brown

light brown

green dark brown grey dark black grey

1387

1385

1383

1370

1370

1.30 1.30 0.40 0.40 4.30

2.40 1.90 1.90

0.60 2 0.85

0.80 0.60

1.60 1.90 0.80

1.40

2.20

2.30 0.36 0.36 0.70

1.66 2.30

1.70 1.66

0.79

0.51

254

0.27 1.81

1.10 0.52 0.68

0.90 0.90 0.30 0.30 2.40

0.95 0.95

1.17 0.32 0.32 0.60

0.93 1.17

2.20 0.93

0.32

0.32

build up layer thin spread of charcoal fill pit fill

rectangular pit , unknown function. single silted up fill of pit [1403] possible posthole single silted up fill of possible posthole [1405] large waste pit stone boundary wall clay packing for rubble wall [1409] pit fill pit fill

cut of pit shallow rectangular pit, unknown function single fill of pit [1401]

fill of pit [1400]

cut of shallow pit upper fill of pit [1400] fill of pit [1400]

cut of pit single fill of pit [1396]

fill of pit [1347] pit fill maybe industrial. single fill of pit [1394]

levelling material within [1347]

fill of industrial pit [1347]

late medieval pit, for general waste fill of late medieval/early post medieval pit, household waste pit for cess, burnt material and household waste. fill of posthole posthole cut industrial fill of pit [1347]

pit purpose unknown general fill deposit

pit fill

pit fill

Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Undated Undated Medieval Undated Undated Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval Medieval

Medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

15th - 16th

15th c

15th c

late 15th 16th c

c 1300 14th - 15th c

15th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

VOID Fill Fill Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill Cut

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Fill Cut Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

1415

1416

1417 1418 1419 1420

1421 1422 1423 1424 1425

1426 1427

1428

1429

1430 1431

1432 1433 1435

1436

1437

1438

1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444

1445 1446

1447

dark black

grey

light-mid red pink brown

1443

1445

black brown

dark grey black mixed orange grey

mid black brown

red brown brown grey

yellow orange mid grey brown light-mid brown

grey brown black grey brown light brown

1442 1442

1439

1263

1435

1170 1400

1170

1430

1381

1328

1217 1217 1217 1426

grey brown

1417

red

grey

brown brown orange black

1419

1417

1417

clay silt

sand silt

silt clay sand silt clay sand

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

silt clay

silt sand

silt sand

silt clay

silt sand charcoal silt sand silt sand

silt sand

silt

silt sand

0.28

2 2

2.30

0.55

1.20 0.70

1.20

0.86

3.20

0.94 3.20

2.52

2.52

1.20

3.21 0.58

3.21

255

0.22

0.80 0.80

0.45

0.60 0.55 0.42 0.75

0.60

0.29

2.50

2.50

1.39

1.39

2.20

1.27 0.40

0.56 0.57 0.75 1.27

1

2.95 1.27

1.18

1.08

e-w aligned rectangular pit, unknown function single silted up fill of pit [1445], mostly truncated/removed by modern foundation pad, only small amount around edges remain possible small posthole, truncated by [1403].

fill of pit [1443]

pit, purpose unknown industrial fill of medium sized pit fill of industrial pit industrial pit

pit fill

dump deposit within [1170] lower fill of pit [1400] this is unlikely to be cut. it could be a shallow scoop or base of pit but more likely a spread of refuse in a natural shallow hollow. this is either a spread of waste material from mixed industrial/domestic setting or less likely, the base of refuse pit? fill of possible ditch [1263]

large rubbish pit dump deposit with in [1170]

fill of rubbish pit

backfilling/levelling of pit [1380]

late medieval/ early post medieval pit redeposited natural pit fill

fill of possible ditch/pit charcoal fill of pit/ditch fill of pit/ditch late medieval/early post medieval pit general waste

large fill with multiple fills pit/ditch fill possible ditch though may also be a pit. pit fill

charcoal fill

pit fill

Undated

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Post-medieval Medieval Medieval Undated

Post-medieval

Post-medieval -

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

late 15th 16th c 15th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

m13th e14th c

c

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Cut Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill Cut Cut

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

1448

1449 1450

1451 1452 1453 1454 1455

1456 1457

1458 1459

1460 1461

1462 1463

1464 1465 1466 1467

1468

1469

1470 1471 1472 1473 1474

1475

1476

1477

1478

1479

brown

grey

1462

1462

1462

1462

1474

dark grey

brown

dark grey brown light yellow brown dark grey black dark grey

black

1473

1471

1407

mid brown red dark brown grey grey brown

dark grey pink

dark grey

mid brown

dark brown

1407

1464 1554

1263

1460

1458

1442

grey

blue grey

1456 mid brown

mid brown

1454

1452

mottled pale red and brown grey green

mottled pale red and brown grey

1449

1447

like

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

clay sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt clay

silt clay

sand clay sand clay

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

silt clay sand

silt ash material

silt clay

silt clay

silt sand

silt sand

1.60

1

1.50

1.10

0.40

0.40

0.60 0.66

1.30

1.10

1.45 2.13 1.06 0.80

2.45 7

3.40 2.60

0.90 0.90

0.70

0.70

0.24 0.24

0.28

1

256

0.30

1

1

0.24

0.24

2

1 1.95

3.40 2.60

1.15 1.15

0.46

0.46

0.20 0.20

0.22

probably initial slumping/silting surrounding subsoils probably initial slumping/silting surrounding subsoils

main charcoal rich fill of [1462]

probably one deliberate dump

up

up

from

from

single fill of pit [1471] cut of pit fill of pit [1473] cut of linear pit small posthole, possibly associated with [1387] [1506] single silted up fill of posthole [1474]

waste deposit from local industrial activity

uppermost fill of [1407], demolition/industrial waste

cut of rubbish pit. rubbish pit cut waste fill pit fill suggesting industrial activity

rectangular pit of unknown function primary fill of [1263]

large rectangular pit. top fill of pit [1460], industrial waste dump?

pit? unknown shape and function. top silted up fill of pit [1458]

medium sized industrial pit industrial pit fill

single fill of [1452] cut of rectangular pit single fill of pit [1454] cut of pit industrial waste fill

possible small posthole single fill of possible posthole [1449]

single fill of possible posthole [1447]

Medieval

Undated

Medieval

Medieval

Undated

Undated

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Undated Undated

Undated

??

late 15th 16th c 13th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

1480

1481 1482 1483 1484

1485

1486

1487

1488

1489

1490

1491 1492 1493 1494 1495

1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504

1505

1506 1507

1508

1509 1510

1511

1512

1509

1417

1506

1217

mottled dark grey and orange light grey brown

mottled brown and grey dark grey brown

dark grey orange brown

black grey white black black black black black black grey white

green grey mid brown

1407 1568

1417 1417 1417 1363 1217 1217 1217 1417 1417

green grey

grey

1493

1491

1483

1483

1483

1483

dark brown

mid-dark brown dark grey black mid-dark brown dark grey black pink/light red dark grey

1483

1483

dark grey

dark grey

1481

1458

silt sand

clay silt

silt sand

silt sand

charcoal rubble/stone charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal stone and rubble silt sand

sand silt silt clay sand

silt clay

silt sand

silt sand

sand

sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

2.40 2.40

0.40 0.40

1.60

0.91

0.95

0.95

0.30

0.28

0.32

0.32

0.30

0.50 0.50 0.50 0.20

0.90

257

0.48 0.48

0.48

1.30

0.30 0.62 0.50 0.51 0.20 1 1.24

0.54

0.71

0.45

0.45

0.28

0.20

0.38

0.32

0.20

0.50 0.50 0.90 0.06

1.15

single fill of pit [1511]

shallow pit for industrial waste an industrial deposit within [1509]

pit fill

possible posthole single silted up fill of possible posthole [1506]

mixed pit/ditch fill.

charcoal pit fill rubble pit fill primary fill of pit [1417] pit fill pit/ditch fill charcoal fill of pit/ditch pit/ditch fill pit fill rubble fill

pit cut fill of shallow feature - animal ativity cut result of animal activity? dump of loose sandstone, building material? quarry extraction pit fill

pit fill

initial silting up of pit [1483]

thin slumped in deposit of natural sandstone

deliberate dump of waste within pit [1483]

slowly silted up fill of pit [1483]

deliberate dump of waste within pit [1483]

deep pit of unknown function single slowly silted up fill of [1481] rectangular pit of unknown function top silted up fill of pit [1483]

bottom fairly quick silting up of pit [1458]

Undated

Post-medieval Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Undated Undated

Medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval

Post-medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

mid 13th e14th c

15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c

15th c

late 16th mid 17th c

Cut Fill Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Fill Cut

Fill

1512 1513 1514

1515

1516 1517

1518 1519 1520

1521 1522 1523

1524

1525

1526

1527

1528

1529

1530

1531 1532

1533

1534

1535

1536 1537

1538 1539 1540 1541

1542

1541

1531 1531

1538

1536

1460

1460

1531

1407

1407

1407

1407

1407

1407

1518

nid brown black

black dark grey

light-mid brown

light orange red darkbrown black dark brown grey

dark grey

mid grey brown mid pink brown grey mid brown red dark brown grey mid red brown mid green grey dark red brown mid brown red

1518

1518,1522

brown

mid pink mid green brown mid pink

mid grey

black orange brown grey orange brown

1518 1518

1516

1217

1217 1217

sand silt

silty sand silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand clay silt

clay sand

silt sand

silt clay

silt clay

silt sand

sand silt

silt clay

silt clay

sand silt

sand silt

clay

clay silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

charcoal silt sand

1.59

4.70 0.71 0.70 1.59

4.70

2.20

2.20

1.33 0.50

0.50

0.90

0.90

1.40

1.45 0.08 1.43

1.52 1.52 1.48

0.87 0.87

258

1.50

1 0.68 0.35 1.50

1

2.20

1.70

0.71 0.70

0.50

1.24

1.32 0.09 1.29

1.45 1.45 1.36

0.42 0.42

0.77

0.28 0.79

domestic waste deposit

pit, purpose unknown delibrate dump of burnt material, kitchen waste silted up fill of pit [1531] cut of industrial waste pit

cut of post hole upper fill of pit [1538]

single fill of posthole

primary fill of [1460]

redeposited natural secondary fill [1460]

small possible rubbish pit silted up fill of pit [1531]

redeposited natural primary fill

redeposited natural

dump of industrial processing waste

industrial waste backfill deposit

backfill comprised of redeposited natural and building material industrial waste deposit

pit fill

secondary clay lining/sealing deposit possible post/stake hole pit fill

clay lined pit. clay lining deposit. pit fill

possible shallow pit fill of [1516]

pit/ditch fill

shallow pit ditch/pit fill pit/ditch fill

Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Undated Medieval Medieval

-

15th - 16th c

14th c

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c e 14th c

m13th e14th c

late 15th 16th c late 15th 16th c

15th - 16th c

15th c

Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Fill Cut Cut Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Cut Fill Fill Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Cut

1543 1544 1547

1548 1549 1550 1551

1552 1553 1554 1555 1557 1558

1559

1560

1561 1562

1563

1564 1565 1566 1567

1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576

1577

1578 1579 1580

1581

1582

mid grey

1548

grey brown

1557

mid pink brown light brown grey mid brown orange brown mid-dark grey

1518,1576

1582

1582

1579

1442

blue grey red pink

1571 1571

1568 1568 1568 1568

1568

1568 1568

1568

1555

mottled brown and orange pink light grey brown mid grey mid brown grey mid-dark grey mid brown pink brown mid brown mid grey

light-mid grey brown green grey

1553

1553

mid brown

1550

brown

grey orange

1544

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt clay silt clay

silt sand silt sand clay silt sand silt sand

silt sand clay

silt sand silt sand

silt clay sand

sand clay

sand clay

silt sand

clay sand silt

silt clay sand

silt clay sand

silt sand

0.92 0.92

0.60

2 0.50 0.40 0.50 3.30 1.43 0.44 0.06 1.52

1.10 1.30 1 0.80

1.20

0.50 1.20

1.60

3.70

0.50 0.50 0.80 1.44 3.70 3.70

0.50

0.73 0.73

259

0.45

0.30

0.40

0.50

1.40 0.72 0.32 0.05 1.45

1.90

0.84 1.90 1.90

0.50 0.70

0.66 1 1 0.70

0.58 0.58 0.66

storage pit, visible in section only

primary fill of [1582]

fill of small pit [1579] storage pit, only visible in section upper fill of pit [1582]

base fill of industrial pit [1442]

quarry/extraction pit small pit fill base of small pit, exposed to heat shallow pit, small fire pit? rectangular pit, unknown function shallow rectangular pit posthole/pit, unknown function possible posthole build up deposit

natural build up of material - windblown? redeposited natural deposit with in [1568] fill of large pit [1558] bone rich fill of deep pit [1558]

fill of pit [1568]

pit fill, indicative of industrial activity fill of pit [1568]

upper most fill of large pit

fill of both [1555] and [1557]

bone fill of possible pit fill of possible pit squarish pit, possibly industrial in nature circular pit. rectangular pit cut primary fill of rectangular pit [1557]

small drainage or boundary gully fill of boundary ditch boundary ditch uppermost fill of early pit

fill of [1544] scoop/bioturbation? fill of small gully

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Undated Undated Medieval

16th c?

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

15th c

15th - 16th c

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Fill Fill

Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Layer Fill Cut Layer Fill Fill

Structure Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

1583

1584

1585

1586

1587 1588 1589 1590 1591

1592

1593

1596 1597

1598 1599

1600 1601

1602 1603 1604 1605 1606

1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613

1614 1615 1616 1617

1618

1619

mid brown

1590

1631

1633

1616

1347 1347

1610

mid grey brown light red brown mid brown sand silt

silt sand

sand clay

silt sand silt clay sand silt sand

mid brown pink brown mixed grey brown

silt sand silt silt sand

mid brown

1607

silt sand

silt

silt sand silt sand

silt sand silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

ashy material

Silt clay sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt clay sand

silt sand

black mid brown

dark grey

light yellow brown mid grey mid grey brown black mid pink brown black

1605

1538

1538 1538

1538 1538

1596

1541

1590

mid pink brown light orange pink

blue grey

1347

1347

light grey brown Dark grey

orange brown mixed grey brown dark grey

1588

1588

1588

1588

2.10

1.20 1.20 2.10 2.10

4.20 0.86 0.86 10.60 0.80 1.70

1.95 1.95

0.90

1.10 4.70

4.70 4.70

0.82 0.82

1.59

0.65

0.50 1.30 1.30

2.5

260

1.10

1.75

1.04 1.04 0.82 0.81

2.50

1 0.68 0.81 0.81 2.50

1 0.50

1 1

0.46 0.46

1.50

0.50

0.70 0.70

0.900.65

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.85

general waste deposit

general waste deposit

brick foundation base for a pillar cut for 1614? pit for industrial waste industrial pit fill

substantial pit layer contemporary with (1611) levelling layer fill of small pit pit occupation/leveling layer pit fill pit fill

primary fill of [1538] pit fill of drain modern drain fill of pit

charcoal fill of [1538] fill of large rectangular pit

dump of charcoal within [1538] fill of [1538]

pit cut fill of pit [1596]

uppermost fill of [1541]

primary fill of [1590]

near base fill of pit [1347] industry related pit charcoal and ash fill cut of oval shallow pit main fill of [1590]

primary fill of pit

industrial pit fill

pit fill - evidence of industrial activity

upper most fill of pit [1588]

Medieval

Medieval

Modern Modern Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Undated Undated Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Modern Modern Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

14th c

15th - 16th c

15th c

late 15th 16th c

14th - 15th c

Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Fill Cut Cut Cut Cut Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Layer

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Fill Fill Cut

1620

1621 1622 1623 1624

1625

1626

1627 1628 1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635

1636 1637

1638

1639

1640

1641

1642

1643

1644 1645

1646

1647 1648

1649 1650

1651 1652 1653

1647 1647

1647 1647

1647

1568

1644

1644

1644

1644

1315

1636

1636

1315 1315

1631 1630 1632

1630

1630

1631 1631 1631 1630

1631

light pink brown mid brown bright orange pink mid green mid brown

light yellow brown mid-dark grey

dark pink grey mid pink grey dark pink grey mid grey black mid grey brown dark grey brown mid brown red

dark grey mid pink brown

yellow brown black mid brown mid brown

mid brown

grey green black black grey green

mid brown

clay silt sand silt

sand silt clay silt

clay silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt clay

silt clay

silt clay

charcoal, slag

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt sand silt

silt sand silt sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt silt silt sand silt

sand silt

2 2 5

2 2

2 2

0.40

1.60

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.60

1.29

1.50

1.50 1.50

2.10 0.72 1.15

261

0.90 0.90 2

0.90 0.90

0.90 0.90

1.45

0.64

0.64

1.15

1.15

0.95

0.32

0.32 0.32

1.75

0.60 0.50 0.60 3.50 3.10

0.50

0.80

1 0.60 2.05 0.90

0.70

pit fill primary fill of [1647] rectangular rubbish pit but by pit [1647]

pit fill redeposited natural

pit cut top fill of [1647]

industrial fill of deep pit [1568]

pit medieval levelling layer

backfill deposit

dump of burnt material

domestic waste deposit

industrial waste deposit.

pit fill

rubble backfill

possible drain silting deposit

primary fill of [1631] general waste deposit fill of pit general household waste pit household waste pit general waste pit general waste pit charcoal rich fill pit fill

redeposited natural and silting deposit

general waste deposit

cess deposit decomposed organic deposit primary fill - midden deposit cess deposit

general waste deopsit

Medieval Medieval Saxon

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

1250-1300

1250-1300

??

12th - 13th c

15th - 16th c 14th - 15th c

late 15th 16th c

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill

Cut Fill Fill Cut Fill Fill Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Cut Cut Cut Fill

Spread

1654

1655

1656 1657 1658

1659 1660 1661 1662 1663

1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671

1672 1673

1674 1675 1676

1677

1678

1679

1680

1681 1682

1683 1684 1685 1686

1687

1683

1572 1574

1572

1572

1685

1684

1675

grey

black, brown, and orange mix mid grey

grey brown grey brown

light yellow brown mottled pink/brown and grey/brown dark brown grey dark brown grey dark grey

mid brown

dark brown black red brown mid brown

1672 1672 1672 1672

1674

light brown black

mid brown mid green light brown black mid brown

bright orange pink black mid pink black

mid brown

1667 1667

1653 1653 1664 1664 1664

1653 1315 1647

1653

1653

silt sand

sand clay

silt sand sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand silt sand silt sand silt sand

silt sand silt sand

silt clay silt silt clay silt sand silt sand

sand silt silt sand sand silt

clay silt

sand silt

0.80

2.10 2 1.60 2.10

0.95 0.44

1.50

1.40

1.60

2

3.10 3.10

1.06

1.05

1.10

5 5

5 0.32 2

5

5

262

0.60

1.74 1.80 0.50 1.74

0.65 0.32

0.65

0.65

0.50

1.80

1.96 0.75 0.75

1.96

2 2

1.90

2

2

2

spread

cut of pit shallow pit or scoop probable pit, unknown funtction fill of pit

silting deposit single fill of large posthole

rubbish deposit

silted up fill of pit [1572]

rubbish fill of [1685]

single fill of [1684]

cut of pit pit cut pit fill

pit secondary fill of medieval pit

cut of pit upper fill of [1667] fill of pit [1667] cut of pit fill of pit [1672] fill of pit [1672] fill of pit [1672] fill of pit [1672]

pit fill pit fill upper fill of [1664] fill of pit [1664] lower fill of [1664]

burnt deposit pit fill burnt deposit

redeposited natural - capping layer?

final fill of [1653]

Undated

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Undated

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

-

m13th e14th c

-

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c

15th c

15th c

15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c

14th - 15th c

14th c

m13th e14th c

14th c

15th - 16th c

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Cut

Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Structure Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

1688

1689 1690

1691

1692

1693 1694

1695 1696

1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704

1705 1706

1707 1708 1709

1710

1711 1712

1713 1714

1715

1716 1717

1718

1719

1349

1349

1349 1349

1349

1349

1713

1711

1708

1707

black with brown flecks mid grey black mid pink red light-mid brown dark brown with green tinge light brown orange

mid brown

mid grey brown mixed grey brown and red orange

light yellow green

mixed brown and red

1705

grey

grey

grey pink brown black blue black brown black pink orange

light brown

black green brown

dark brown black mid brown black

black

1473 1473 1473 1473 1473

1697

1692 1695

1573

1674

1689

clay sand silt

sand silt

sand clay clay sand silt

silt

sand silt

silt clay sand

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

clay sand

silt sand silt sand silt sand silt sand silt sand

sand silt

sand silt silt clay sand

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

2

0.80

2.20 1.74

0.62

3.10 0.60

1.60 2.95

1.60

2.10 1.72 1.72

2.10 2.10

2.10

1.10

2 1.10

2

1.43

0.60

0.60

263

2.80

1.60 2.80

1.60

0.40 1.10 1.10

0.60 0.40

0.60

1

0.40 1

1.60 0.40

1.60

0.72

0.40 1.44

0.40

fill of pit

fill of pit

fill of pit pit fill

industrial fill of [1349]

large storage/rubbish pit fill of pit

pit fill of pit

upper pit fill - demolition material

shallow pit small shallow pit domestic and industrial waste

shallow modern pit pit fill

cut of presumably medieval pit fill of pit fill of pit fill of pit fill of pit fill of pit concrete bedding layer for brick floor surface fill

pit cut fill of pit

remains of a feature, the base only, or a shallow feature fill of [1692] fill of pit

fill of pit

shallow pit primary fill of medieval pit

pit fill

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Modern Medieval

Undated Undated Undated Undated Modern Modern

Undated

Undated Undated

Medieval Undated

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c

15th c

15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c

Fill

Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

1720

1721 1722 1723

1724

1725

1726

1727

1728 1729 1730

1731 1732 1733

1734

1735 1736 1737 1738

1739 1740

1741 1742

1743 1744

1745 1746 1747

1748

1749

black

1732

mid-dark brown grey red

1711

1788

1746

1746

1745

1743 1743

mid grey green mid brown pink dark grey brown

mixed brown and red

dark grey brown pink orange dark grey

mid brown/dark grey

1739

1743

brown grey

1737

1735

light brown

1732

1729

1349

1349

mid brown with orange flecks mid brown with green tinge light pink orange black

black black light brown with orange flecks mid brown

mid brown

1349

1349

1349 1349 1349

1349

silt

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

sand clay

silt sand sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

clay concrete

silty sand

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand

and

and

clay sand silt

clay silt sand

clay sand

sand silt sand silt silt sand

sand silt

2.25

2.25

0.65 2.25 2.25

1.42 0.64

1.26 1.09

1.30 0.52

0.54 0.54 1.30

1 1.10 1.10

1 1 0.44

0.28

0.36

3.60

1.06

0.60 1.30 2.04

1.82

264

1.62

0.98

1.02 1.95 1.95

1.36 1.02

1.60

1.14

pit fill

pit fill

cut of small pit pit cut pit fill

substantial pit pit fill

redeposited natural with possible tile lining primary fill of pit [1743]

pit re-cut upper fill of [1743]

cut for modern concrete footing fill of small pit shallow single use pit fill of pit re-cut

modern concrete distrubance

fill of tree root/bowl tree bowl with in large pit primary pit fill

industrial fill of pit industrial waste pit fill of tree root/bowl

redeposited natural fill

fill of large pit

fill of pit

fill of pit

fill of pit fill of large pit fill of pit

fill of pit

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Modern Medieval Medieval Medieval

Modern

Medieval

-

-

1250-1300

m13th e14th c 14th c

m13th e14th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

??

15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c

13th c?

14th - 15th c 15th c

14th c?

mid 13th e14th c

Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Natural Cut Fill Fill Fill Fill

Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Cut Cut Structural

Structure

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Cut Fill Fill Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Fill

1750

1751 1752 1753

1754

1755 1756 1757 1758 1759 1760

1761 1762 1763

1764

1765 1766 1767

1768

1769

1770

1771

1772 1773 1774 1775 1776 1777

1778 1779 1780

1781

1713

1713 1713

1792 1792 1778

1774 1774

1774

1774

1752

1766

1765

1713 1713 1713

white

grey black dark blue grey mixed orange brown and

green black mid red pink light brown grey

grey brown green mixed mid brown and orange red dark blue black mid brown black

light grey

brown grey grey green pink mixed grey/green, orange/brow n, grey/black green grey black grey green brown orange brown

1713 1713 1713 1713

1752

mid grey brown dark brown black pink

yellow grey brown

1752

1751

sand silt clay and silt clay

silt silt clay

silt sand clay sand clay

silt sand silt

silt

silt sand

sand clay sillt

stony concrete

sand silt

silt clay silt clay silt sand clay

silt clay silt clay silt clay sand silt/sand and silt/clay

clay sand

clay sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

1.10

2.90 0.60 1.30

0.70 0.70 2.10 3.15 0.98 2.90

0.70

2.10

5.20

12.10

2 12.10 12.10

1.70

0.60 0.60 0.20

0.90 1.20

30.50 0.81 1.20

5.20

5.20 5.20

265

1.50

0.60 0.60 1.10 0.92 0.15 1.50

0.60

1.10

2.20

0.44

1.70 0.66 0.44

2

0.60

12 0.81

2.20

0.80 2.20 2.20

0.80

fill of pit [1713]

cut of shallow rectangular pit pit fill primary fill of pit [1713]

earliest deliberate pit fill of [1774] natural silting deposit with in [1774] pit cut charcoal fill clay packing of possible hearth fill of pit [1778]

pit fill

upper pit fill of [1774]

wall, possibly from the dye works, previously on the site primary fill of pit [1752]

cut of rectangular pit foundation cut for wall 1768 concrete wall foundation

fill of pit [1765]

fill of pit [1713] industrial fill of pit [1713] fill of pit [1713]

natural layer in central/western part of site modern concrete foundation piles fill of pit [1713] fill of pit [1713] fill of pit [1713] fill of pit [1713]

fill of pit [1752]

small pit cut of long, deep rectangular pit top fill of [1752]

pit fill

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Modern

Medieval Modern Modern

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Undated Modern Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Undated Medieval Medieval

Undated

late 15th 16th c

14th - 15th c 15th - 16th

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c 15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

Fill

Cut Structure Fill

Cut Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Cut Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Cut Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill

1782

1783 1784 1785

1786 1787 1788 1789

1790

1791 1792 1793

1794

1795

1796 1797 1798 1799 1800

1801 1802

1803 1804

1805 1806 1807 1808 1809

1810 1811

1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818

grey

mid brown brown grey light green light brown light brown

1713

1813 1808 1808 1808 1796

grey

pink brown grey pink brown

light brown

1810

1713

black

1806

1805 1805

brown red mid brown grey

light grey black

1801 1801

1805

light brown

dark pink brown light brown yellow light orange brown

mid grey brown mid pink orange mid red pink

mid brown

grey mid-dark grey brown

1798

1796

1746

1792

1746

1746

1788

1786

1783

sand silt silt sand silt sand silt sand silt sand

silt clay

silt clay sand

silt sand

clay silt

silt sand silt sand

silt sand silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand

silt sand

clay sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

0.64 0.64 0.50 0.90

0.60

0.60 0.80

1 0.32 0.32 0.64 0.60

1.26 1

0.60

0.80

1 1.60 1.60

0.94

2.25

2.25 3.15 0.95

2.25

1.40 7 2.25 2.25

2.30 7 1.40

2.30

266

2.45 2.10 0.60 0.60 0.50

0.60

0.24 0.24 0.60 0.60

0.80

1.07 1.04 0.43

0.17

1 0.63 1.66 1.66

1 0.63 1

1

pit fill cut of large pit fill of pit [1813] top silted up fill of posthole [1808] possible lining deposit initial silting deposit fiill of pit [1796]

cut of pit fill of pit [1713]

cut of pit small posthole single burnt fill of [1806] small square pit, possible posthole fill of small pit

fillof pit [1805] fill of pit [1805]

cut of pit fill of pit [1805]

pit cut single fill of pit [1798] pit cut primary fill of pit [1801] upper fill of pit [1801]

fill of pit [1796]

fill of [1747]

pit fill possible hearth fill of [1792]

redeposited natural

scoop cut for medieval boundary wall possible re-cut of pit [1746] fill of pit re-cut

cut of pit medieval boundary wall? fill of shallow scoop

fill of pit [1783]

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Undated Undated

Medieval Medieval

Undated Undated Medieval Medieval

Undated

Undated Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

15th c

m16th 17th c 14th c m16th m17th c

15th - 16th c

14th c

15th - 16th c

Fill Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut

Cut Fill Cut Cut Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

1819 1820

1821 1822 1823

1824 1825 1826

1827

1828

1829

1830

1831 1832

1833

1834 1835 1836 1837

1838

1839

1840 1841

1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847

1848 1849

1850 1851

1852

1852

grey

mid brown

mid-dark grey brown

mid brown

1848

brown black brown

1850

brown

brown

brown

brown

mid yellow brown mottled grey white pink grey black pink brown mixed brown black mid-light red brown mottled grey black

1842

1840

1813

1813

1831 1831 1831 1813

1831

1831

1825

1825

1825

1825

light green mid black light pink mid black

mid brown

1825

1822

dark grey brown dark grey

red grey mid brown grey

1822

1801 1821

and

silt sand

silt clay sand

clay silt sand

sand clay

sand clay

clay silt

sand silt

silt sand silt sand clay silt clay silt

ash

silt sand

sand sandstone sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

clay silt

sand clay

silt sand clay silt

1.20

1.90 1.20

4.60 4.60 0.63 0.40 25 1.90

4.50 4.50

2.16 0.87 0.48

0.73

2.16 2.16

1

2.10

2.10

2.10

0.75 2.10 2.10

1 1.50 1.50

1

267

0.20

0.50 0.20

0.65 0.50

0.45 0.36 0.35 0.65

1.88 1.88

1.70

2.45

1.14 0.66 0.29 2

0.61

1.17 1

1.10

1.10

1.10

1.10

0.50 1.10 1.10

0.66 0.50 0.50

0.30 0.66

pit?

drainage gully possible fill/layer?

pit cut fill of pit [1850]

cut of large pit fill of pit [1842] shallow pit post hole linear boundary ditch? pit fill

cut of shallow pit fill of pit [1840]

fill of pit [1813]

fill of pit [1813]

domestic and industrial waste domestic and industrial waste fill of pit [1831] fill of pit [1813]

pit fill

pit cut silting deposit

primary fill of pit [1825]

redeposited natural

industrial waste fill

industrial waste deposit

initial waste dumping in pit [1822] cut of industrial waste pit final fill of [1825]

possible storage pit rectangular pit, unknown function top silted up fill of pit [1822]

fill of pit [1801] domestic waste fill of pit [1821]

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Undated Undated

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Undated

Medieval

15th - 16th c

15th c

15th c

15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c 1300-1350

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

Fill

Layer

Fill

Cut Layer Structure Fill

Cut Fill Cut

Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Cut Fill Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill Fill Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

1853

1854

1855

1856 1857 1858 1859

1860 1861 1862

1863 1864 1865

1866 1867

1868 1870

1871 1872

1873

1874 1875 1876 1877

1878

1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884

1885 1886

1887

brown black grey green black black mid brown grey mid red pink

1880 1883

1813

1874

1813 1874

1875

1875

mid brown mid pink brown dark brown black light brown

dark grey green mottled grey pink brown

1875 1875

1871

1871

1845 1846

dark brown grey dark brown brown

mixed grey and black

1866

1844

brown black

grey brown

orange brown

light grey

1864

1862

1860

1856

mid orange brown dark brown grey mixed black, green, pink, mid grey brown

clay sand

clay silt clay silt

clay silt

sand silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

clay silt

silt sand sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

brick rubble

silt

silt sand clay sand

and

silt clay sand

silt clay sand

0.70

1.34

1.08 25 25 1 1

0.69

1.34 1.29 1.01 1.01

0.40 25

0.90 0.63

1.47 1.47 0.90

3

1

6

4.60

268

0.90 0.90

0.99 0.30 0.30 1 1 1.60

0.99

0.90 0.99 0.99 0.99

0.36 0.35

0.40 0.45

1.08 1.08 0.40

0.70

0.90 1.40 0.60 0.70

0.90

redeposited natural

primary fill of [1813] waste deposit

final fill of [1875] linear ditch. possible boundary single silted up fill of [1880] pit fill shallow pit fill of [1813]

industrial waste fill

pit? industrial waste pit primary fill of [1875] redeposited natural fill

fill of [1871]

possible pit fill of [1871]

single silted fill of [1845] single silted up fill of [1846]

shallow pit single silted up fill of [1844]

foundation trench cut for wall 1858 machine backfill within pit [1862] base of pit [1465] originally thought to be a separate feature. fill of pit [1864] rubbish pit fill of shallow pit

possible rubbish pit build up of material sandstone wall foundation backfill deposit within wall foundation trench

lenses of material within pit [1856]

ground make up layer

made ground

Undated

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Undated Undated Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Undated Undated

Medieval Undated

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Post-medieval Modern

Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

14th c

15th - 16th c 14th c

14th c

15th c

14th - 15th c

15th c

15th - 16th c

late 15th 16th

Layer

Fill

Fill Layer Natural Fill Fill Fill Cut Fill Cut Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill Cut Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Cut Cut Fill Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

1889

1890

1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901

1902 1903

1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909

1910

1911 1912 1913 1914

1915 1916 1917

1918 1919 1920 1921

1922 1923 1924

1925

1923

1823

1919 1922

light brown green mottled light brown and pink

black brown mid-light brown

yellow brown

1918

1916

mid brown light green grey light grey

1813 1916

1912

1912

1906 1906 light brown black light brown red red mixed with light brown light brown

1900

1912 1912 1912

mottled brown black

1899

dark brown black black brown red

dark brown

1883 1883 1897

1902

dark grey pink orange mid brown black black

pink grey

mid grey

sand silt

silt

sand clay clay sand

silt sand

ash, charcoal

sand silt silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand charcoal silt sand

silt sand silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

silt

silt clay sand clay sandstone silt sand silt sand silt

silt

silt

2.90

8 2.90 2.90

1.50 0.97 0.97 5

1.50

0.70 2.80

1.25

1 1.04 1.26 2.60 0.90 2.80

2 1.50

0.80 0.60 0.65 0.65 1.40 1.40 2.20 1

0.60

269

1.56

4 1.56 1.56

0.75 0.52 0.52 5

0.75

1.70 1.40

0.50 0.50 0.25 0.25 1.50 1.50 1.70 0.85

0.80

0.60

4.30

sealing deposit within [1923]

large quarry pit pit cessy fill of [1823]

pit small shallow pit pit fill upper fill of [1922]

burnt material, fire rake out shallow scrape/scoop general waste fill

primary fill of [1912] cut of pit fill same as (1814) secondary fill

fill of pit [1912]

upper fill of [1906] primary fill of [1906] cut of pit upper fill of [1912] fill of pit [1912] fill of pit [1912]

cess pit final fill of [1902]

build up material dump of material natural sandstone bedrock pit fill primary fill of [1885] fire rake out? small pit fill of pit rubbish pit rubbish pit final fill of [1900]

dump of material

ground build up/levelling material

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Undated Undated Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Post-medieval Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c

e14th c

15th c

15th c

15th c

14th c

late 19th 20th c late 19th 20th c

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill Fill

Layer

Fill Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Cut Cut Fill Cut Fill Fill

Fill Fill Fill

1926

1927

1928 1929

1930

1931 1932

1933 1934

1935

1936 1937 1938 1939

1940

1941

1942

1943 1944

1945

1946

1947 1948 1949

1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955

1956 1957 1958

grey pink mid yellow grey yellow grey pink grey yellow green grey

1953 1953

1953 1953 1960

light brown

mid brown mid brown

light red brown dark brown black dark brown grey

mid grey brown mid brown red light grey green mid brown red

mid orange brown black dark grey

mid-dark brown mottled black brown dark brown dark green black mid-dark grey mid grey orange red brown mid brown mid brown

1951

1950

1947

1947

1947

1943

1943

1943

1943

1856

1856

1900 1900

1900

1900

sand silt silt sand sand silt

silt sand silt sand

sand silt

silt sand sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand clay

silt clay

silt clay

silt clay

silt clay

silt silt clay sand

silt sand silt sand some clay silt sand

silt clay sand silt clay sand

sand silt

sand silt sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

2.02 2.38 0.34

0.65 3.20 3.20 2.72 1.96 1.96

0.65

1.56

1.42

1.56

1.20 1.56

0.20

1.20

1

2.92 1.05

1.80 1.70

2

1.70

270

2.38 0.58

0.65 0.56 0.86 2.38 2.38 2.38

2.10 0.80 0.65

0.90

0.90

0.90

0.40 0.50 1.52 0.90

1.10

1.10 1

0.65 1.90

1

1.70 1.40

1.70

2.20

pit fill pit fill pit fill

general waste pit industrial waste pit industrial waste fill cut of pit pit fill pit fill

cut of rectangular pit build up deposit general waste deposit

primary fill of [1947]

fill of pit [1947]

pit cut upper fill of [1947]

slump of natural within [1943]

ash waste material

backfill of pit

lens of material lens within pit [1856] large rubbish pit fill of pit [1943]

levelling layer/build up of material

build up material build up of material

fill of pit [1856] ground levelling/build up material

build up material

pit fill primary fill of [1900]

pit fill

fill of pit [1900]

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Post-medieval Medieval

Undated

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

-

e14th c

14th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

14th c m13th 14th

14th c

c1300

Fill Cut Fill Fill

Fill Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Cut Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

1959 1960 1961 1962

1963 1964

1965 1966 1967 1968

1969 1970 1971

1972 1973 1974 1975

1976

1977

1978

1979

1980

1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

1988

1989

1990

1938

1938

1938

1982 1982 1982 1982 1902

1981

1981

1981

1981

1981

grey brown grey brown grey light brown mid-dark brown mottled brown grey light grey brown dark grey

dark grey/blue grey mid brown

mid-dark grey brown light mid orange brown mid grey with lenses of lighter grey pink brown

1981

1974 1974

mixed light brown and black dark grey mid grey

1970

1953 1953 1953 1969

grey black green grey grey brown mid grey brown

black mottled pink and grey black pink grey

1960 1960

1960 1953

green grey

1960

and

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand clay sand clay sand clay sand sand silt

silt clay sand

silt clay sand

silt sand

silt clay sand

silt sand

silt clay sand

silt sand silt sand

sand

sand silt sand silt silt sand silt sand

sand silt silt sand

charcoal silt sand

sand silt

1.40

0.90

2.38

2.20 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 2

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.20 2.20 2.20 2.20

1.55 0.98 0.98

2.38 1.55

2.38

0.94 2.38

1.82

1.82

271

0.80

0.82

1.52

1.20 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.48 1.70

1.10

1.15

1.14

1.04

0.70

0.60 0.55 0.60 0.60

0.85 0.56 0.56

1.16 0.32 1.54 0.85

0.62 2.12

0.60 0.92 0.44 0.92

deliberate dump of burnt waste

silted up fill of pit [1938]

upper fill of [1938]

rubbish pit pit fill upper fill of [1982] pit fill secondary fill of pit [1982] primary fill of pit [1982] pit fill

primary fill of [1981]

fill of [1981]

fill of [1981]

pit fill

fill of pit [1981]

fill of pit primary fill of [1974] pit cut upper fill of [1081]

pit cut pit cut fill of pit [1970]

pit fill pit fill pit fill pit fill

pit fill pit fill

pit fill pit cut pit fill pit fill

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Undated

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c

16th c

15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c 15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

??

14th - 15th c

15th c

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill

1991 1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001 2002

2003

2004 2005 2006

2007

2008

2009

2010 2011

2012

2013

2014 2015 2016

2017 2018 2019 2020

1349 1349 1349 1902

2014 1349

1938

1938

2249

2010

2010

2010

2010 2010

2004

2004

2001

1902

2248

2247

2246

1938

1938

1938

1938 1938

dark grey light-mid brown black mid brown black light green

dark grey brown mottled grey and orange brown dark grey black

green yellow brown mid-dark brown

mid brown dar brown grey black

light-med brown green yellow brown

dark grey brown very light grey brown light grey brown mid grey brown brown yellow green light brown grey

dark grey black brown grey

red brown pink and

sand silt sand silt silt sand

clay clay sand silt

clay sand

sand silt

silt clay

sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand silt sand

sand silt clay

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

silt clay

clay silt

silt clay

clay sand

silt sand

clay silt sandstone sand sand silt

0.60 0.62

1.86 1.86 0.80

1.30

1.30

5.06 8

3.34

2.24

1.99

4.31 2.31

1.42

1.42

1.90

2

1.40

2.70

0.50 0.94

272

0.60 0.60

0.80

0.80

2.99 3.30

1.36

1.36

0.52 1.30

0.52

1.70

1.70

0.85

1.30

0.80

0.80

0.80

0.60 0.80

fill of pit [1349] fill of pit fill of pit mortar lining of cess pit

pit cut pit fill fill of pit

primary fill of [1938]

silted up fill

industrial waste pit main fill of large pit

primary fill of [2010]

industrial waste deposit

occupation/industrial waste deposit

recut pit upper fill of [2010] occupation waste fill

slag/clay lining of pit recut [2004]

pit pit fill

single fill of [2001]

cessy fill of [1902]

fill of pit [2248]

pit fill

fill of medieval waste pit

silted up fill

silted up fill of pit [1938]

dump of burnt waste

dump of forge waste dump of natural sandstone

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Modern

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

15th - 16th c

15th c 15th c?

14th c

15th - 16th c 14th c

15th c 15th c

15th - 16th c

17th c

16th c

15th - 16th c

e-m 16th c

15th - 16th c

Fill Fill Cut

Fill Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Fill Fill

Fill Cut

Fill

Fill

Cut Structure Fill Cut VOID VOID Fill

Fill Cut Fill Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut

2021 2022 2023

2024 2025

2026 2027 2028

2029 2030

2031 2032

2033

2034

2035 2036 2037 2038 2039 2040 2041

2042 2043 2044 2045

2046 2047 2048

2049

2050

2051

2052

2053

2053

2053

2053

2055 light yellow brown mid grey brown light yellow orange

black

mid brown

2047 2047

2053

grey brown black

2043

yellow red

light grey yellow black

2249

2047

pink

dark brown grey orange red mixed with grey

light brown dark brown blak orange dark brown black brown red

light brown mixed orange red and brown

yellow mid pink red grey

2038

2035

2035

2032

2032 2032

2032 2032

2026 2026

1922 1922

sand

silt sand

sand

silt sand

sand silt

clay sand

silt sand sand silt

sand ash

silt clay

clay

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

clay silt sand

silt clay silt sand

silt sand silt sand

clay silt sand

4.70

1.70

0.30

0.50

1

2.50 2.50 4.70

1.20 1.20 2.50 2.50

2.40 2.40

1.70

0.40

1.70

2.80

0.80 0.80

1.90 2.20 0.70

1.25 1.90

1.40

273

2.50

0.40

0.60

0.80

0.80

1.50 1.50 2.50

0.70 0.70 1.50 1.50

0.20 2.20

1.60 0.94

1.50

pit cut

primary fill of pit

fill of pit

fill of pit

fill of pit

redeposited natural pit cut upper pit fill

fill of pit drainage pit fill of pit fire rake out

fill of pit

pit cut foundation clay lining of foundation trench. cut of wall foundation

redeposited natural

fill of pit

dump deposit cut of pit

fill of pit charcoal deposit

cut of circular pit fill of pit charcoal deposit

fill of pit [2026] primary fill of pit

redeposited clay fill over ramp pit cut

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

c1300

late 15th e16th c 14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c 15th c?

15th - 16th c

late 13th c

15th - 16th c

e14th c

15th c

15th - 16th c?

Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Cut Fill Cut Cut Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Cut Cut Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

2054 2055 2056 2057 2058

2059 2060 2061 2062

2063 2064 2065 2066 2067 2068

2069 2070

2071

2072 2073

2074 2075 2076 2077 2078

2079

2080 2081

2082

2083

2084

2085 2086

2087

2088

dark grey light brown red light brown black green light brown red

2057

2063

1922

1972

2057 1922

2050

2077

2076

2074 2075

2155

2155

2155 2155

2155

pink red

light yellow brown black mid black brown light red brown light white brown dark grey brown mid brown mixed mid grey black black

black

mid brown orange mid brown light pink orange

mixed light grey black light brown mid brown

2065

2067 2066

green grey

2057

2063 2063 2063 2063

light yellow

2055

sand sandstone

silt sand and

sand silt clay silt sand

silt clay

sand silt

clay silt

charcoal ash sand silt

sand

sand clay

sand silt sand silt

clay silt

sand silt sand clay

ash

silt clay

silt sand sand silt sand silt sand

silt sand

silt clay

sand

1.10

0.83

0.42

0.53

0.30

0.53 0.42 0.82 2.73

3 3

1.04

0.32 1.81

1.78 1.10 1.95 1.80 0.32 1.98

1.90 1 1.24 1.78

0.80 0.80 1.30 2.20 1.84

4

274

2.40

1.50 3.70

1.36

1.50

1.50 1.50

primary fill of quarry pit

lower pit fill

fill of pit fill of pit

secondary fill of pit

fill of pit

fill of pit

fill of pit fill of pit

fill of pit

pit cut pit cut pit cut pit cut fill of pit

fill of pit fill of pit

fill of pit

fill of pit fill of pit

cut of pt fill of quarry pit pit cut pit cut pit cut fill of pit

fill of pit fill of pit fill of pit primary fill of pit

fill of animal burrow animal burrow fill of pit quarry pit upper fill of pit

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Modern Medieval Medieval Modern

Undated Undated Medieval Medieval

14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c 15th c

14th - 15th c

14th c 14th c

14th - 15th c

17th c

16th c

Fill

Fill Fill

Cut Fill Fill Fill Cut Fill Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill

2089

2090 2091

2092 2093 2094 2095 2096 2097 2098

2099

2100 2101

2102

2103

2104 2105

2106

2107 2108 2109

2110 2111

2112 2113 2114

2115 2116 2117 2118 2119 2120 2121

2113 2113 2113 2113 2113 2113 2113

2113

2112

2110

2107

2107

2104

2104

2104 2104

mixed black brown and grey grey pink brown grey red pink grey brown green grey grey pink mottled dark

light yellow orange

black

mottled mid brown and pink mid grey brown

mid red mottled pink sandstone clay and mid brown mottled mid brown and pink dark grey mid grey brown mid brown grey dark grey

2104 2104

2104

black pale brown mid grey

mid grey brown mid grey dark black brown

2096 2096 2096

2023 1922

2023

silt

silt

clay silt sand clay silt sand sand silt clay silt sand

sand silt

clay sand

sand

sand silt

sand clay

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt sand silt

sand clay

silt sand silt sand

sand silt sand sand

silt sand sand clay

sand clay

and

and

2.05

2.15 1.95 2.10

0.52

2.95 0.18

1

1

0.86 1.20

1.50

1.30 1.30 0.80 1.30 0.78 1.30

275

1.22 1.58 1.12 1.22 0.32 0.40 1.02

0.50 1.32 1.50

0.27 0.40

1.80 1.30 0.27

2.60

0.90

1.30

1.36

0.85 0.85 0.24 0.85

1.30

1.40

possible clay lining of [2113] fill of [2113] fill of [2113] fill of [2113] fill of [2113] fill of [2113] fill of [2113]

cut of quarry pit pit cut primary fill of [2113]

cut of drainage gully redeposited natural

shallow pit large rubbish pit fill of pit

backfill deposit

cut of large pit backfill deposit

backfill deposit

backfill deposit

charcoal rich deposit backfill deposit

backfill deposit

shallow pit industrial waste sand fill rake out deposit? small industrial pit redeposited natural back fill deposit

primary pit fill fill of pit

fill of pit

Post-medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Modern Post-medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

16th c

late 15th 16th c

15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c 14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c

16th c

e16th c

14th - 15th c

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

2122 2123

2124

2125

2126

2127

2128 2129

2130 2131 2132

2133

2134

2135 2136

2137

2138 2139

2140

2141 2142

2143

2144 2145

2146

2147 2148

2149

2150

2141 2141

2141

2141 2141

2141

2141

2138

2138

2057

2057 2057

2057

2128

2128 2128 2128

2128

2122

2122

2122

2122

2122

pink

grey

mid grey green mid pink grey red pink mid grey brown nid brown grey green grey dark grey brown mid brown

mid green mid grey

green grey mixed pink and mid brown mid brown

mid brown grey grey pink pink grey light grey pinnk light grey brown dark grey

mottled green grey and yellow brown mid grey pink light grey green dark brown grey light green grey

black brown

silt sand

sand silt silt sand

silt sand

clay silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

sand clay

silt clay sand clay and silt sand clay

silt sand clay

silt sand

clay sand silt sand clay sand

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

1.21

0.40

0.82

0.32 1.98

4.08

2.96 2.38

2.06

1.58

0.80

0.40 1

1.20

1.05

2.11

276

1.17

0.40

1.40

0.90

1.20

1.50

0.20

0.22 0.52 0.24

0.90 0.90

1.30

0.46

0.56

1.14

1.35 1.90

upper fill of [2150]

fill of [2141] fill of [2141]

fill of [2141]

fill of [2141] fill of [2141]

fill of [2141]

cut of pit fill of [2141]

fill of [2138]

pit cut fill of [2138]

primary fill of [2057]

fill of [2057] fill of [2057]

upper fill of quarry pit [2057]

fill of [2128]

fill of [2128] fill of [2128] fill of [2128]

pit cut fill of [2128]

fill of [2122]

fill of [2122]

fill of [2122]

fill of [2122]

cut of pit fill of [2122]

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

1250-1300

late 15th e16th c

16th c

15th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c 16th c

late 15th m16th c

Cut VOID VOID VOID VOID Cut Cut Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Cut Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Spread

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Cut

2150 2151 2152 2153 2154 2155 2156 2157 2158 2159

2160

2161

2162 2163

2164 2165 2166 2167 2168 2169

2170 2171

2172

2173 2174 2175 2176 2177 2178 2179

2180 2181

2182

2183 2184

2185

2186

dark grey dark black grey mid brown light brown red mid-dark brown

2166

2168

2186

2186 2186

2186

silt sand

sand silt sand silt clay

sand silt

sand silt

mixed pink and brown mid red brown mottled mid brown and pink mid brown mid grey green pale red brown

sand clay and silt sand clay

mid brown

2176

2180

sand clay

dark brown

sand clay

silt sand

silt sand silt sand

clay sand

clay sand

clay sand

sand

clay silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

2174

2173

2150 2150

dark grey

red

2164

2162

2108 light brown

mid red brown mid orange brown dark black grey

2158

2158

dark grey

2156

1.60

1.30

1.20 1.20

0.77 0.80 0.80 0.84 0.84 1.60 1.70

0.77

1.16 1.14

0.40 0.40 0.80 0.80 1.10 1.10

0.70 0.70

1.95

277

0.90

0.22

0.60 0.90

0.80

1 1

0.66 0.64 0.64 0.57 0.57 1.20 0.50

0.66

0.70 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60

0.50 0.50

1.30

1.50

1 1 1.50 1.50

1.04 1.04 3.20 3.20 3.20

1.17

1.28

cut of shallow pit

primary fill of [2186], silty build up

secondary fill of [2186] organic cessy backfill of [2186]

final fill of [2186]

pit cut fill of [2180]

pit cut pit cut fill of [2174] shallow pit fill of [2176] large pit of unknown function spread

fill of [2173]

fill of [2150] primary fill of [2150]

pit unkown function single silted up fill of [2164] shallow pit, unknown function single silted up fill of [2166] pit, unknown function top fill of [2168]

small rubbish pit fill of [2162]

single fill of [2108]

primary fill of [2158]

Medieval

pit cut pit cut fill of pit [2156] cut of large pit upper fill of [2158]

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Modern Modern

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

pit cut

14th - 15th c

14th - 15th c

c12501300

14th c?

12th -13th c

late 13th c

late 13th c

14th c

late 16th e17th c

e16th c

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Layer

Fill

Cut Fill Fill Fill Cut Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill

2187 2188

2189 2190 2191

2192

2193 2194 2195 2196 2197 2198 2199

2200

2201

2202

2203

2204

2205 2206 2207 2208

2209

2210 2211

2212 2213

2214 2215

2216 2217

2218 2218

2218

2214

2212 2212

2207

2207

2178 2178

2178

2178

2178

2178

2178

2178,2207 2178,2207

2193 2197 2197

2249

2189 2250

2187

grey

grey

mottled grey and pink mid grey pale red brown

mid brown

pale brown mid grey green

dark black grey

mottled grey and pale grey white pale red pink black

sand silt clay sand silt silt sand

sand silt and

sand silt clay sand silt clay

clay sand

clay sand

sand clay sand

clay sand

sand

clay sand

clay sand clay sand

silt sand

orange red brown mottled brown and grey mottled light brown and green grey mottled green grey mid-dark grey black

charcoal

sand clay

sand clay sand clay

sand clay

black

mid brown mid orange red orange red with grey patches

dark brown black

1.10 0.85

4 1.10

4

1.40

0.60 0.54 1.40 1.40

0.62

0.74

0.60

0.50

0.40

0.80 0.80 1.68 0.70

0.50 0.50

0.22 0.22

0.83 0.83

278

0.80 0.62

0.45 1.04

1.35 0.48

1.35 0.52

0.50

1.60 1.60 0.50 0.50

1.62

1.60

1.60

1.20

1.20

1.40

0.48 0.48

0.19 0.19

0.47 0.47

backfill within [2218] silty build up, primary fill of [2218]

cut of small shallow pit backfill deposit within [2218]

cut of long shallow pit fill of [2214]

secondary fill of [2212] demolition waste primary fill of [2212]

bottom fill of [2207]

redeposited natural sealing layer primary fill of pit [2178] waste/clearing pit silted up lenses

fill of [2178]

charcoal rich fill of [2178]

silted up fill of [2178]

bottom fill of [2178]

silted up fill of [2178]

pit cut charcoal fill of [2193] upper fill of [2197] redeposited natural pit cut silted up fill silted up fill

primary fill of [2249]

stakehole fill of [2189] layer of redeposited natural

pit cut fill of [2187]

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c 14th - 15th c 15th c 15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c

14th c13001350?

c1300 late 15th c

14th c?

15th - 16th c

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill Fill Cut Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Fill Fill

Fill Fill

Fill Fill Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill Fill Fill

Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Fill Fill

2218 2219

2220 2221 2222 2223 2224 2225 2226 2227

2228

2229

2230 2231 2232 2233

2234 2235

2236 2237 2238 2239 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245

2246 2247 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252 2253

2254 2255

2256 2257

2252 2252

2252 2252 pink brown mid-dark

mixed pink brown and grey brown mid brown blue grey

pink red grey light brown green

2242 2242 2242

2251

black brown

pale red pink black light grey light grey

green grey black light-mid brown green grey pale red pink

black

2240

2230 2230 2230 2230

2230 2230

2230 2230 2225

2225

grey brown

brown grey black

2225 2225

2225

pale red pink grey green

2222 2222

grey

pale red

mid green

2218

2220

sand clay clay

silt clay silt clay

sand silt clay

clay sand clay sand clay sand

sand silt

sand sand clay sand sand

clay sand clay sand

clay sand silt sand clay sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand silt sand

clay sand clay sand

sand clay

sand silt clay

4 4

4 4

4

8

2

1.40 1.20 0.36 0.64 1.33 1.33 0.40 0.24 0.40 0.40

0.74 0.80

1.68 0.56 0.34 0.70

1

0.90

0.20 0.14 0.20 1 0.70 0.90

1 0.45

279

0.90 0.85

0.90 1

1.65 1.25 1.65

1.30 0.85 1.70 3.30

0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 2.59 2.59 1 1 1 1

0.45 0.45

1

1

1

0.45 0.38 0.70 0.70 0.70 1 1 1

0.85 0.45

fill of [2252] fill of [2252]

fill of [2252] fill of [2252]

waste pit pit cut waste pit large pit pit cut pit cut pit cut fill of [2251]

redeposited natural waste deposit in [2230] silting deposit initial siltiing deposit cut of pit pit fill pit cut redeposited natural, top fill of [2242] silted up fill of [2242] bottom fill of [2242]

silted up fill of [2230] redeposited natural

storage pit fill of [2230] fire waste silted up fill of [2225]

burnt waste fill [2225]

silted up fill of [2225]

posthole backfill within [2218], redeposited natural rectangular rubbish pit redeposited natural, top fill of [2222] waste fill of [2222] probably rubbish pit, unknown size and shape top silted up fill of [2226] burnt waste dump [2225]

cut of small pit backfill deposit

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Post-medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Undated Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

14th - 15th c

14th c

14th c 14th - 15th c

c1300

14th - 15th c

1250-1300

15th c? 14th - 15th c 14th - 15th c 14th - 15th c

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Layer

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Fill Fill Cut Spread Fill Structure Fill Fill Fill

2258

2259

2260

2261 2262 2263 2264

2265

2266 2267 2268

2269 2270

2271 2272

2273 2274

2275 2276

2277 2278

2279

2280 2281 2282

2283 2284 2285 2286 2288 2289 2290 2291 2292

green grey

silt sand sand silt

mid brown grey green dark grey green yellow

2252

2294 2294 2294

silt sand silt sand silt sand

clay sand silt sand

pink black

silt clay

silt clay

silt clay

silt clay

sand

sand sand

silt sand

silt sand silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

clay sand

sand clay clay snad clay sand

silt clay

silt clay

clay sand

2281 2267

2277

2281

grey

2277

mid black mixed dark grey and mid brown mixed brown green and blue grey pink brown

2277

2275

2285

2267

2271 2271 mid red brown light brown late yellow brown

light brown grey green light brown grey

2271

2267

2230

black dark grey dark grey black light grey and black dark brown

mid-dark grey green yellow blue green

green grey pink

2261 2225 2225

2252

2252

2252

1.57 1.92 2.55

2.50 2.40 0.70

0.70 4 4

3.80

3.80 3.80

2.70

2.50

1.20 1.60

1 1.20

1.30 1.60 1

0.48

0.45 0.45 0.42 0.60

4

280

1.41 1.26

0.60 2

0.22

1.25 0.40

1.20

1.20 1.20

2.42

0.60

0.80

0.80 0.80

0.45

0.42 0.42 0.45 0.45

0.25

1

0.75

fill of [2281] fill of [2267] ditch cut spread of material fill of [2252] l-shaped wall feature fill possible layer cessy fill fill of [2294]

fill of [2277] pit cut fill of [2281]

fill of [2277]

pit cut fill of [2277]

pit cut

redeposited natural make up layer

pit cut lower fill of [2267]

fill of [2271] primary fill of [2271]

upper fill of [2267] pit cut fill of [2271]

silted up fill of [2230]

posthole fill of [2261] charcoal waste material silted up fill of [2225]

fill of [2252]

fill of [2252]

fill of [2252]

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Post-medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

-

15th c

14th - 15th c

14th c

1300-1350

m13th e14th c

14th - 15th c

14th - 15th c

14th - 15th c

Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill Fill

Fill Fill

Cut Cut Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Fill Fill

Structure

Fill Fill Cut VOID VOID Fill Cut Cut Fill VOID Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Fill

2293

2294 2295 2296 2297 2298

2299 2300

2301 2302 2303 2304

2305 2306

2307 2308

2309 2310

2311

2312 2313 2314 2315 2316 2317 2318 2319 2320 2321 2322

2323 2324

2325 2326 2327 2328 2329 2330

light red

2323

2329

green

light brown

mid grey

green

2323

2339

red orange

2318

brown

black brown light brown

red pink dark grey black grey brown mottled grey black brown

dark brown

2305 2314

2338 2338

2141 2318

2305

2302 2302

dark brown dark black brown

mid brown dark grey black mid brown mid-dark brown

2301 2301

2301 2301

dark grey

orange light brown

2296

2294

sand silt

clay silt

silt sand

silt sand

sand clay

silt sand silt sand

clay sand silt clay

clay silt

sand silt

silt sand silt sand

silt sand silt sand

silt sand sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

0.82 1.80 2.80 3.88 1.31 1.31

1.10

1.10

1.70 2.40

1.20 0.60 0.60

5.60

1.30 1.30

1.42

2.40 2.40

2.10 2.10 2.10

0.78 1.52

1.50 0.74 0.74 2.23 1.86

0.70

281

0.76 1.04 2.15 2.70

1.05 1

1.05

1.45 1.45 2.10 0.72

1.20 0.60 0.60

1

2.44 1.70

1.45

1.52 1.52

2.50 1.40 1.40 1.40

0.44 0.65 0.65

0.56

industrial pit pit cut large pit pit cut pit cut fill of [2329]

pit cut cessy fill

primary fill of [2323]

fill of [2318] pit cut large pit upper fill of [2323]

extention to boundary/garden wall 2361 at west end of wall primary fill of [2305] fill of [2314] pit cut

top waste/backfill of [2338] waste/rubbish deposit

fill of [2141] primary fill of [2318]

pit cut fill of [2305]

large pit pit cut fill of [2302] primary fill of [2302]

fill of [2301] primary fill of [2301]

pit cut industrial waste deposit pit cut upper fill of [2301] fill of pit [2301]

primary fill of [2294]

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Undated Post-medieval

Undated

Medieval Medieval Medieval Undated

Medieval Undated Undated

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

14th -15th c

late 17th c

16th c

e19th c

14th - 15th c late 16th c 16th c

late 13th e14th c

14th - 15th c

c1300

e 14th c

late 12th e13th c

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Structure Cut Cut Fill

Structure Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

VOID

Fill VOID Fill

Fill

Fill VOID Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Structure Structure Structure Fill

Cut

2331 2332

2333

2334

2335 2336

2337 2338 2339 2340 2341

2342 2343 2344

2345

2346

2347

2348 2349 2350

2351

2352 2353 2354

2355

2356 2357 2358

2359 2360 2361 2362

2363

dark grey black light grey brown yellow green dark brown grey blue green

2326

2327

light orange brown

black

2357,2484

2275

mid brown

2327

2327

2326

2326

brown

2349

2326

2325

2342 2400

green brown dark grey brown green yellow brown dark grey brown

pale brown orange

2368

2406

mid brown grey red brown

mottled black, orange brown and grey dark green grey mid pink brown

2140

2340

2340

2331

sand silt

clay sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt clay

silt sand

silt sand

clay

silt sand

silt sand

clay silt sand silt

sand clay

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

sand

7

2.70

12

1.62 5.60 1.84

1.46

1.26

0.37

1.04

0.64

1.80

0.82

8.50 2

4.40 1 1.30 2.92

0.64 0.64

1.30

1

0.82 0.82

282

4.25

2.42

0.40

1.32 1

0.30

0.75

0.50

0.76

0.92

0.76

0.60 0.20 0.96

0.6 1 2.60 3.48

0.84 0.84

2.60

0.70

large pit

main wall of burgage plot e-w wall wall of burgage plot fill of [2275]

primary fill of [2327] pit cut

industrial awste deposit

upper fill of [2327]

primary fill of [2326]

fill of [2326]

fill of [2326]

setting material fo sandstone blocks

upper fill of [2326]

industrial deposit

e-w drain fill of drain [2342] rubble backfill within [2399]

fill of [2406] large stone square cess pit pit cut pit cut fill of [2468]

pit cut single fill of [2140]

lower fill of [2340]

fill of [2340]

pit cut fill of [2331]

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval

-

15th - 16th c

mid-late 13th c? 14th c

15th c

14th c?

14th c?

12th - 13th c 14th c

c1300

e19th c

late 18th c

m12th e13th c

16th c

16th c

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Cut Fill Cut

Fill Cut Fill

Fill Structure Fill Fill Fill Structure Fill

Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Structure Cut VOID

2364

2365

2366 2367 2368

2369 2370

2371

2372

2373 2374 2375 2376 2377 2378 2379 2380 2381 2382

2383 2384 2385

2386 2387 2388 2389 2390 2391 2392

2393 2394 2395

2396

2397 2398 2399 2400 2401

orange yellow dark brown red brown

mixed red orange and black pale yellow dark grey mid grey brown pale orange brown mid grey pale grey

2384

2338 2384 2384

2318

2400 2400 2400

2400

2400 2400 2400

2319

light orange

2382

2380

black

2363 2380 2380 2380 2380 2380 2380

dark grey black mid green grey pink grey pink orange mid pink grey yellow green light pink grey green black light pink grey pink orange mid pink mid brown mid green mid brown light brown mid brown

2363

2363

2363 2363

2363 2363 2363

2363

2363

sand silt sand silt

silt sand

sand sand silt clay sand silt

silt clay

clay sand

silt sand

sand

sand

sand silt clay

sand clay sand silt silt sand clay sand silt silt sand sand silt clay

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt silt sand

silt sand sand silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

0.96 0.96 0.96

0.96

283

0.96 0.96 0.35 2

0.96

0.85 0.96 0.96

2.30 1.45

2.40

0.85 0.96 0.96

2.10 0.40 0.90

1 1

0.30 0.30

0.20

1.32

2.40 0.50 1.30

0.10 1.30 1.30

5.50 5.50

0.70 2.38 2.02 1.92 1.02 0.96

0.76

0.96

1.34 1.98

2.22 3.26

3.76

0.68

rubble backfill demolition rubble backfill sandstone well lining cut of stone lined well

cobble capping deposit of well [2399]

modern gravel deposit final fill of [2399] possible silting deposit

fill of [2319] wall foundation fill of [2338] the sandstone lining of feature [2384] slate lining of [2384] retaining stonework for pit fill of [2318]

redeposited natural scoop/pit fill of [2384]

fill of [2363] fill of [2380] fill of [2380] fill of [2380] fill of [2380] fill of [2380] fill of [2380] pit cut fill of [2382] gully

fill of [2363]

fill of [2363]

fill of [2363] fill of [2363]

fill of [2363] fill of [2363] fill of [2363]

fill of [2363]

fill of [2363]

Post-medieval Post-medieval Medieval Medieval

Post-medieval

Modern Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

e19th c

19th c?

late 19th c

c1300?

e16th c

14th - 15th c 14th c?

1250-1325 late 16th e17th c

16th c

14th - 15th c

14th c

15th - 16th c

Structure Structure Structure Structure Structure Structure Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Structure Cut Fill Fill Cut Fill

Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

2402 2403 2404 2405 2406 2407 2408 2409

2410

2411

2412

2413

2414 2415 2416 2417 2418 2419

2420 2421 2422

2423

2424 2425

2426

2427 2428

2429 2430

2431 2432

2433

2434

2435

2431

2431

2338

2338

2408

2429 2429

2429

2429 2429

2418

green

mid-gark grey

light grey green grey brown green dark brown

light grey

light brown grey black light brown orange mid grey brown black mid red pink mid grey black mid brown red mid grey dark grey brown

black brown

2418

2418 2418 2418

yellow green black grey

light yellow green mid pink grey mid grey pink mid grey green

brown grey

2415 2415

2408

2408

2408

2408

2408

sand silt clay

silt clay

clay sand

sand clay

clay silt

silt clay sand clay

sand clay

clay sand clay sand

sand silt

sand silt sand silt sand silt

sand silt

silt sand sand silt

clay silt

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

1.10

1.30

1.30

2.44

2.81

1.84 1.12 1.32

0.45 1.55 0.79 1.26 3.30 0.64

2.52

1.78

0.52

284

0.80

0.60

0.80

1.40

0.30 1.13

0.30 1.35 3.32

11.90 1.40 7 1.60 1.14

2.20 0.30

2.50 2.04

fill of [2431]

primary fill of [2431]

fill of [2338]

large pit cessy fill of [2338]

pit cut domestic fill of [2408]

demolition fill of [2429] primary fill of [2429]

demolition fill of [2429]

sealing fill of [2424] fill of [2429]

fill of [2418]

fill of [2418] fill of [2418] fill of [2418]

end of drain pit cut fill of [2415] fill of [2415] pit cut fill of [2418]

domestic fill of [2408]

redeposited natural

fill of [2408]

fill of [2408]

square stone cess pit square stone cess pit linear stone wall/foundation possible set of two steps leading up from e-w e-w aligned interior wall. possible base for fireplace quarry pit demolition backfill

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Undated Undated

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Post-medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

m13th e14th c

-

late 13th e14th c

mid-late 13th c

14th - 15th c

c1300

15th - 16th c

16th c

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Fill Cut Fill Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill

Fill Fill

Cut

2436

2437 2438

2439

2440

2441

2442 2443

2444 2445 2446 2447

2448 2449

2450 2451

2452

2453 2454 2455

2456 2457 2458 2459

2460 2461 2462 2463 2464 2465

2466 2467

2468

black light grey brown grey green black black black grey black mid pink grey mid grey mid green grey

2338 2338

2408 2408

2338 2338 2338 2338 2338 2408

2457

mid grey mixed pink brown grey green

mixed pink grey green brown grey green yellow

2457 2457

2453

2453

dark brown mottled with pink

mixed pink brown and grey green

2448

2450

pink brown green brown

pink orange

mixed pink brown mid green grey

mid green brown light pink grey brown dark brown

2446 2446

2431

2442

2442

2431

2431 2431

2431

and

clay silt clay silt

sand clay sand clay clay silt silt silt sand

silt clay sand

sand silt clay

silt sand clay sand clay

silt clay

silt clay

silt clay clay

silt sand clay and silt clay

clay and clay sand sand clay silt clay

silt clay

silt sand clay

sand silt clay

grey blue silt sand clay

silt clay

2.92

0.94 1.02

1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 1.30 0.32

1.10 1.10 1.30 1.30

1.10

1.50

1.50

1.50

0.75

0.60 0.60 0.60 0.75

1.65 0.60

0.30

1.65

1.20

1.20 1.15

1

285

3.48

1.32 1.10 2.60 0.46 2.50

1.20 2.10 1.66

0.20 1.20

0.36

0.30 0.36

0.30

1.06

1.06

0.80

0.70

0.07

lage pit cut

fill of [2408] fill of [2408]

cessy fill of [2338] wood waste fill of [2338] fill of [2338] initial waste deposit fill of [2338] fill of [2408]

fill of [2457] storage pit cut charcoal fill of [2338] silted up deposit

pit cut fill of [2457] fill of [2457]

fill of [2453]

square pit cut fill of [2453]

small pit cut fill of [2450]

fill of [2446] lining of [2446] small pit cut fill of [2448]

pit cut redeposited natural

fill of [2442]

fill of [2442]

fill of [2431]

fill of [2431] fill of [2431]

sealing fill of [2431]

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Saxon Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c?? e 14th c??

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill VOID Structure Layer

Fill Fill Cut Fill Layer Layer

Layer Cut Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

2469

2470 2471

2472

2473 2474 2475 2476

2477 2478 2479 2480 2481 2482

2483 2484 2485 2486 2487 2488 2489 2490 2491 2492 2493

2494

2495 2496

2497

2498

2499 2500 2501

2502

2503 2504

light yellow grey dark grey black mid red pink white light grey mixed brown, pink, green, black orange brown grey brown green red orange

2492

2503

2402

2402 2402 2402

2402

2403

2492 2403

light pink orange

black

black green red black red brown grey white red brown mid brown light yellow

2484 2484 2357 2357 2357 2403 2403

2492

pink brown pink brown mid-dark green brown green grey

light pink brown light yellow red

light-mid brown grey yellow

light brown

light grey

2479

2357

2328

2328

2328

2470

clay

silt clay

silt clay silt clay clay

silt clay

silt clay

sand clay mortar

sand silt

clay silt

clay sand clay clay sand clay sand clay silt sand?

silt clay sand

silt sand clay silt sand clay silt clay

sand clay sand

clay sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

clay

1.70

1.70 1.70 1.70

1.90

1.75

4.09 1.75

4.09

1.84 1.65 2 0.38 1.43 1.25 1.75 1.75 4.09 4.09

1.75 0.48 0.75

286

1.50

0.08 1.50

0.90

1 1 0.74 0.55 0.48 0.39 1.50 1.50 1.28 1.06

1.50 1 0.60 0.60

pit cut fill of [2503]

cessy fill of [2402]

fill of [2402] fill of [2402] fill of [2402]

upper fill of [2402]

cessy fill of [2403]

redeposited natural fill of [2403]

fill of [2492]

build up layer industrial pit industrial fill of [2484] fill of [2484] fill of [2357] fill of [2357] fill of [2357] fill of [2403] rubble deposit pit cut fill of [2492]

upper fill of [2403] fill of [2357] small pit cut fill of [2479] build up layer build up layer

wall same as 2404 make up layer

2.04 2.50

fill of [2328]

small pit cut upper fill of [2328]

single fill of [2470]

primary fill of [2328] 0.30 2.50

0.87

0.87

1.10

2.06

1.82 1.61

1.82

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

c1300

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c

Medieval

Medieval

2nd half 16th c 16th c

14th c?

14th c?

1250-1325

1250-1325

16th c

1250-1300

14th c

14th - 15th c 1st half 14th c c1300

12th - 13th c

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Undated Medieval

Undated

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill Cut Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Layer

Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

2505

2506

2507

2508 2509

2510

2511

2512

2513 2514 2515

2516 2517 2518 2519

2520 2521

2522 2523

2524 2525

2526 2527

2528

2529 2530

2531 2532

2533

2534

2517

2529

2529 2529

2529

2408 2408

2524

2522

2520 grey

brown

dark blue grey pink brown dark grey brown mid-dark brown light brown

mottled black grey light brown mid black grey mixed middark brown

light brown

mid grey

brown

mid grey

2518

2514

mottled pink grey grey pink

pale red brown mid grey brown mid blue green grey with yellow flecks

mid grey brown light red brown mid black grey green black

2514

2513

2513

2338

2403 2403

2492

2503

2503

and

clay sand

silt sand clay

silt clay sand sand silt clay

sand silt clay

silt/clay sand/clay

silt sand clay silt

sand silt

clay silt

clay silt

silt sand

clay silt

silt sand

silt clay

silt sand

cessy sand oraganic material sand clay

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

1.75

1.28 1.75

2.73 1.28 1.28

2.73

2.73

1.30

1.75 1.75

4.09

287

0.70

4

0.16 1.10

2.67 0.72 1.04

1.62

1.98

1.20

1.60 1.50

1.30

primary fill of [2517]

upper fill of [2529]

fill of [2529] fill of [2529]

large pit cut primary fill of [2529]

demolition overburden

fill of [2408] fill of [2408]

pit cut fill of [2524]

pit cut fill of [2522]

pit cut fill of [2520]

fill of [2514] large pit cut pit cut fill of [2518]

pit cut pit cut fill of [2514]

fill of [2513]

fill of [2513]

redeposited natural

fill of [2403] primary fill of 2403

fill of [2492]

fill of [2503]

fill of [2503]

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

-

14th - 15th c

late 16th 17th c

m13th e14th c

14th - 15th c post 1840s

14th - 15th c

c1300

14th c

mid 13th c

c1300??

c1300

Fill Fill Fill

Layer

Cut Fill Layer Layer

Layer

Layer

Layer Fill

Fill

Cut Layer Fill

Cut Layer

Layer

Layer Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

2535 2536 2537

2538

2539 2540 2541 2542

2543

2544

2545 2546

2547

2548 2549 2550

2551 2552

2553

2554 2555 2556

2557

2558

2559

2560 2561 2562

2563 2564

2565 2566

2569

2565

2563

2561

2555

2555

2555

2555

2311 2551

2548

2548

2539

2517 2517 2517

red

red

mid brown

mid brown

dark brown

light pink grey light pink grey mid grey pink mid pink grey mid red grey

dark grey brown mid brown

pink brown

light brown light brown grey

light yellow mixed red orange and grey green mid grey green

dark brown orange red mid red brown light red brown light brown

red brown

pink brown light brown mid brown

slit

silt clay

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt clay

silt sand with pink clay silt sand

silt sand silt sand

silt sand

sand clay and sand

silt sand

clay sand silt

sand silt clay sand clay clay sand silt

silt clay sand

clay sand sand clay silt sand clay

2

2.30 2

1.30 1.30 2.30

5.90

0.56

1 0.84 0.56

1

1

2.75 2.75

1.50

1.75 1.75 1.75

288

1.10 2.17

0.60 1.10

0.40 0.40 0.60

1

1

1

0.45

0.70 0.70 0.60

1.50

0.70 1 1.30

shallow pit cut upper fill of [2569]

shallow pit cut fill of [2565]

fill of [2561] shallow pit cut fill of [2563]

upper fill of [2555]

fill of [2555]

fill of [2555]

earlier foundation make-up layer pit cut primary fill of [2555]

make-up layer

pit cut make-up layer

pit cut make-up layer single fill of [2551]

primary fill of [2548]

make-up layer upper fill of [2548]

make-up layer for stone wall 2406

layer beneath wall 2361

foundation cut fill of foundation cut bedding layer beneath wall 2361 mixed layer

redeposited natural

fill of [2517] fill of [2517] fill of [2517]

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Undated

Modern

Undated

Undated Undated

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

-

-

12th - 13th c

m12th e13th c

13th c

14th c?

m13th 14th c

14th -15th c 12th - 13th c m16th 17th c

??

late 13th c? 12th - 13th c

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Structure

Layer

Fill

Cut Fill Fill Cut Structure Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

2569 2570 2571

2572

2573

2574 2575

2576

2577

2578 2579 2580 2581 2582 2583

2584 2585

2586

2587 2588

Structure

Structure Structure Structure Structure Structure Layer

0 100

101 102 103 104 105 106

Context Type

Fill

2568

Context Number

Fill

2567

Associated Cut

2581 2582

2582

mid cream

grey

pink grey mottled mid yellow grey and pink Context Colour

black

green

light blue

2584

2582

pink green

mid brown red green black

mixed brown red mixed dark green grey,brown orange, grey black mid grey brown orange red

light orange brown dark brown grey

2581 2581

2578

2570

2570

2570

2570

2569

2569

concrete and hardcore/kerbst

Composition

silt organic deposit silt sand clay silt

sand silt

clay and organic material

clay sand silt

clay sand silt

clay sand

sand

sand silt

silt sand, cess

clay sand

sand clay

silt sand

2.8 2.2 1.6 2.35 1.00 18

2.4

Length (m)

0.75

2.60 0.90 1 1 2.80 0.75

2.60

3

1.80 1.40

1.80

1.80

2.40 1

289

0.65 0.25 1.3 0.75 0.85

0.5

Width/ Diameter (m)

0.34 0.76

1.75

0.40 1.75

0.85 0.35 0.44 0.44 1.70 0.40

0.85

1.20

2.10 0.90

0.60

0.60

2.17 2.50 0.60

0.90

1.60

structural sandstone wall, possibly medieval. pottery recovered. medieval sandstone wall. pottery recovered medieval wall. may be boundary or internal division well medieval wall. wall, truncated in section by machine modern road materials

interpretation

fill of [2581] fill of [2582]

primary fill of [2582]

shallow pit cut fill of [2582]

cut of waste pit fill of [2581] lower fill of [2581] waste pit walls of a cess pit fill of [2584]

fill of [2578]

redeposited natural a small section of wall, 3 courses of stone and 4 course of brick demolition buid up deposit

fill of [2570]

lenses of organic material

large rectangular rubbish pit deep pit cut primary fill of [2570]

primary fill of [2569]

fill of [2569]

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Modern

Medieval

ProvisionalDate

Medieval Undated

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

SpotDate

12501325/50

15th - 16th c

??

c1300???

13th c

12th - 13th c

Layer

Layer

Cut Structure Fill

Structure

Layer Fill

Fill

Structure

Fill

Structure Cut Structure

Cut

Structure Structure

Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Structure Fill

Structure Structure Structure Cut Fill

Cut

107

108

109 110 111

112

113 114

115

116

117

118 119 120

121

122 123

124

125

126 127

128 129 130

131 132 133 134 135

136

134

129

128

126

103

109

110

grey

grey

mid

mid

dark grey

brown

pinky brown

mid brown

mixed brown

mixed brown

mid brown dark blackish brown mid yellowish cream

black

mid orange pink

mid brown

silty

and

and

sandy silt

silt clay with sand, stone and mortar frags

medium sand

silty sand

sandy silt

mortar rubble

silty sand sandy silt

ash

ones concrete hardcore rubble sillty clay

1.4

2.9 1.3 1.23 0.65 0.65

2.6 1.38 1.07

1

1

2

0.9 2

0.5

4 1.3

1.6

2.6

1

1.5 1.7

1.5

0.9 0.7

18

18

290

1.18

0.2 0.45 0.9 0.35 0.35

1.3 1.47 0.95

0.4

0.4

1.8

0.5 1.8

0.5

0.5 0.65

0.9

1.3

0.9

1.1 2.3

0.5

0.7 0.4

large pit

internal division wall? large sandstone wall cobbled surface small shallow medieval pit fill of small oval pit

construction cur for stone built cess pit stone built cess pit fill of cess pit

square stone lined cess pit, caught in section edge, very similar to others seen in open area excav. demolition deposit in top of cess pit. backfilled post 1600, constructed 1300-1400. truncated corner wall robbed out wall cut, runs into east section foundation course of truncated wall, slighty off alignment to the other walls cut for wall 120, poss attaching wall to main corner wall 118 truncated wall robbed and truncated wall. poss main wall of building? cut for very large wall, stonework removed, rubble remains. regular linear trench backfilled robbed wall. was n-s but only frags remain filled in robbed out foundation trench for wall fill of cess pit construction cut

well capping material. 2m void beneath capping, poss rotted organic material..

foundation course of sandstone wall possibly truncated at southwestern extent not excavated, make up material? fill of 109

robbed out wall? ashpit beneath fireplace ash pit

levelling layer

modern overburden

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Postmedieval/med Medieval

Medieval

Modern

Fill

Cut

Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Layer

Fill Cut

Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Fill Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut

137

138

139 140 141

142 143

144

145 146

147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154

155 156

157

158 159 160 161

162 163 164

165

166 167

168 169

170 171 172

170

168

166

164

162

160

151 152

150

148 149

146 147

136

142

mid

dark brown

dark brown black

dark brown black

dark brown black

mid brown

mixed brown

beige mid dark grey grey greenish grey greeny-blue grey grey beige beige

mid brown grey mid orange brown pink dark brown

very dark brown grey

140

brown

light brown

mid grey

138

136

silty

silty sand

silty

silty

silty sand

silty sand

sand clay silt clay sand silt

silt, some sand

sandy silt sandy silt

sandy silt sandy silt

mixed silty clay, sandy silt silty sand clay

silty clay

silty clay

sandy silt clay

silty clay

2.6 2.6 1.5

2.4 2.4

2.4 2.4

2

2.3 2.4 2

2.6

1.5 1.8

1.1 3.4

3.4 1.5 1.8 2.6

? 1.1

5

2.4 2.4

3.8 1.26 1.26

3.8

1.4

2.6 2.6 0.9

0.8 0.8

1.3 1.3

1.8

1.1 1.1 1.8

2

291

1.4 1.2

1.1 2

2 1.4 1.2 2

? 1.1

7

0.7 0.7

2.2 0.9 0.9

2.2

1.18

rubbish pit rubbish pit? subcircular pit, poss rubbish pit

rubbish pit rubbish pit

pit, poss rubbish pit rubbish pit

poss tanning or rubbish pit

poss pit poss pit poss tanning pit

modern machine disturbance modern machine disturbance geotechnical evaluation trench evaluation trench

possible cess pit

unexcav pit, maybe cess pit or industrial use unexcav pit, poss industrial? structural?

base fill (?) of 136. may be top of cess pit sub circular pit in nw corner of wb area. not fully exposed amd unexcav. large unexcav subcircular pit unexcav square pit square pit poss cess pit modern machining imprints modern machining depression unexcav pit unexcav pit

layer, poss same as 108

irregular shaped feature fill of large irregular feature

fill of large pit, covered by wall and overburden in places large pit or levelling layer. features 136 and 134 cut into this feature, wall 112 goes over the top irregular pit fill cut of large pit small medieval pit

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval/pmed ? Medieval/early post med Medieval Medieval

Modern Modern Modern Modern

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Modern Modern Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval? Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Spread? Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Natural

Fill Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Fill Cut

173 174 175 176 177

178 179

180 181

182

183

184 185

186 187 188 189

190 191

192 193

194 195

196 197

198

500

501 502 503 504 505 506

507 508

dark blac

176

brown

green

pinkish red

508

508

greyish black

very dark grey mid brown grey mid dark pinkish red grey black green

mid grey

very dark grey brown

mid greeny grey

505

503 503

190

196

194

192

190

dark brown

188

grey

mid brown

dark brown black

dark brown black

dark brown

dark brown blacK

186

184

182

180

178

dark brown

174 brown

dark brown

172

silty sand, sandstone cessy silt sand

silty clay

medium sand, sandstone silty sand cessy silt sand

silt sand

sand clay

sandy clay

sand clay

clayey sand

sand silt clay

silty

silty

silty

silty

silty

silty

silty

silty

2 4.5

7 7 7 1.9 1.9 3.4

0.6

1.6 1.6

0.9 0.9

3.5 3.5

0.7 0.7

1 1 2.2 2.2

1.1 1.1

1.5

1.5

5 5

2.4 2.4

1.5 1 1 1.6 1.6

292

0.2 3

1.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.6 3

0.55

0.3 0.3

0.6 0.6

3.3 3.3

0.7 0.7

0.4 0.4 2.1 2.1

0.8 0.8

1

1

3.8 3.8

1.5 1.5

0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6

probable lower fill of 508 large pit with only nw corner revealed during wb, poss cess pit sealed with rubble layer

upper fill of linear feature 503 ditch ? fill ditch, may be plot boundary pit fill? undated pit upper fill of large feature

natural

upper fill of poss cess pit

shallow pit, poss industrial? small pit, poss rubbish pit?

cut of maybe several intercutting features fill of large industrial pit or series of intercutting pits on edge of wb area small pit small pit

cut of small poss cess pit fill of small cess pit

poss small pit or spread of material spread of material? cut of large pit fill of lagre square rubbish pit

poss pit fill of poss pit

fill of poss tanning pit

fill of pit, poss rubbish pit

conglomeration of intercutting features fill of large pit

irregular pit, poss rubbish pit fill o f large poss rubbish pit

fill of poss rubbish pit rectangular cut, poss rubbish pit fill of pit rectangular pit fill of rectangular pit. unexcav

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Undated Undated Medieval

Undated

Medieval

Medieval? Medieval?

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval/pmed Medieval/pmed ? Medieval/pmed ? Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Structure Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Layer

Layer Layer

Layer

509

510 511 512

513 514 515 516 517 518

519 520

521 522

523 524

525 526 527 528 529

530 531

532 533

534 1000

1001

mixed dark blackish brown black mid-dark grey brown mixed light whitish grey

dark brownish black mottled green cess

mixed mottled mid brown

530

532

mid brown

mixed mid brown and light brownish green

very dark blackish brown

528

525

523

light

mid brown with green brown mottling

519

mid brown

mid brown

517

521

black

mid brown brownish green

blackish brown

515

513 513

510

concrete

rubble, sandy silt and hardcore tarmac sand silt

ashy silt

clayey silt

silty clay

silty sand

ashy sand

silty sand

sandy silt

sandy silt

sandy silt

sandy clay cessy silt clay

sandy clay

1.5

4 1.5

2.5 2 0.8 0.8 4

1.6 2.5

1.5 1.6

4 1.5

3 6.5 6.5 2.5 2.5 4

2.2 2.5 3

2.2

1.2

2 1.2

1.1 0.3 0.8 0.8 2

1.1 1.1

0.8 1.1

1.2 0.8

293

1.95 2.1 2.1 1 1 1.2

1 1 1.95

1

concrete ground surface

tarmac for carpark topsoil

pit overburden

pit pit fill

pit. brick wall, poss related to dyeworks small pit small pit pit fill

probable medieval pit pit fill

shallow scoop for deliberate burial of animal pit fill

medieval pit. scoop/shallow pit, animal grave.

possible cess pit fill of large pit pit, unexcav pit fill pit, unexcav pit fill

rectangular pit filled by 509. large pit. upper fill of pit lower pit fill, poss cess pit.

pit fill

Modern

Modern Modern

Medieval Modern

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Modern Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Layer Layer

Layer

Layer

Layer

Layer

Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut

Fill

Cut

1002 1003

1004

1005

1006

1007

1008 1009 1010

1011 1012

1013

1014

1015 1016

1017

1018 1019 1020

1021 1022

1023 1024 1025

1026

1027

1027

1025

1023

mid red

1021

mid brown

Mid pink

mid pink

red

orange

mid pink

grey black mixed

Bright pink/red

pink/orange

mid orange brown

1019

1017

1015

1013

1011

1009

mottled dark brown/orang e and white/yellow dark brown

orange black mixed dark brown and orange dark brown black mid orange brown orange red

clay sand

clay

clay

clay

clay

sand/clay

clay

clay

clay

clay sand

60% brick, 40% crushed mortar

clay sand

sand silt

sand silt

tarmac sand silt

1.20

1.20

0.68 0.67 0.67

0.53 0.68

0.76 0.76 0.53

1.24

0.70 1.24

0.76

0.76

0.71 0.76

1.20 1.2 0.71

294

0.80

0.80

0.36 0.53 0.53

0.42 0.36

0.47 0.47 0.42

0.90

0.60 0.74

0.60

0.52

0.62 0.52

1 1 0.62

fill of sallow pit/overcut stakehole cut of pit, possible overcut stakehole fill of cut [1021], containing animal bone and some flecks of charcoal cut of small pit fill of late medieval/early post medieval pit/possible overcut stakehole, if cut is stakehole this is probably not the original fill as it fills both stakehole proper and surrounding 'pit' very shallow pit/possible overcut stakehole fill of late medieval/early post medieval pit late medieval/early post medieval pit/overcut stakehole this is the fill of a large posthole. the large quantity of brick suggests post packing this is possibly a double posthole. its size suggests

cut of pit, which may have contained a post. clay deposit most likely used for a packing material around a square post (1068), together they fill cut [1013] cut for post-hole with evidence of degraded post and packing material within it. clay packing for post [1201] truncated by e-w pit filled with demolition material clay filled post pit, with a square post hole lower fill of possibly working pit [1017] which is possibly a waste deposit due to the presence of slag, burnt material and broken pottery. possibly the cut of a working pit, possibly associated with iron working.

fill of pit cut of shallow pit fill of cut

levelling layer for carpark

levelling?

levelling ?

garden soil later

carpark levelling layer

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Modern

Medieval

Modern

Modern

Modern Modern

post med

mid 16th 17th c 1550-1575

late 15th mid 16th c

mid 16thmid 17th c

15th c

late 15th 16th c

19th c

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut

Fill Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut

Cut Fill foundation base Structure Structure Structure Structure Fill Cut Fill

Cut

Structure

1028

1029 1030

1031 1032 1033

1034 1035

1036

1037 1038

1039 1040

1041

1042

1043

1044 1045 1046

1047 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054

1055

1056

red

grey

red

pink

light brown Dark brown grey

1055

Black

mid orange brown

mid brwon

orange

mid brown

Dark brown

mid brown

mid brown

Mid brown

1053

1044

1043

1041

1039

1037

1035

1033

1031

1029

sand silt

clay sand

silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand clay

silt sand

sand silt

silt clay

sand silt

sand silt

4.10

8.50 1025 5 3 3 3

0.83 0.83 4

0.83

0.83

0.93

1.06 0.93

1.17 1.06

1.17

0.70 0.70

1.10 0.77 0.77

0.75 1.10

0.75

295

1.80

0.62

0.50 0.70 0.60 1.50 0.50 0.50 0.62

0.20 0.20 5.50

0.75

0.75

0.72

0.72 0.72

0.22 0.72

0.22

0.60 0.60

0.60 0.44 0.44

0.50 0.60

0.50

factory wall associated with machine bases base for a roof support? wall footing possible capped drain or machine footing fill of shallow linear cut of gully fill of possible gully terminal [1055], possibly deposited in a single infilling event by human activity because of the heterogenous nature of it, and the finds included. terminus of possible gully fairly shallow in this section but deepens in section [1061]. brick surface

cut of working pit containing burnt material. fill of cut [1041] containing several finds, which were probably disguarded in the pit as general rubbish and are most likely to date from late medieval or early post-medieval cut of a small pit, probably meant for the deposition of material. a sandy silt deposit containing many finds. probably a deposition due to the industry that was once around this area and could have been associated with the late medieval/early post medieval phase cut of feature possibly used as a rubbish pit for the surrounding industries as slag was discovered. pit for industrial waste furnace rakeout base of fooundations

shallow pit with indeterminate function this deposit is the fill of pit cut [1039]

this is the cut of a pit, its function is unclear the fill of a rubbish pit. high proportion of ferrous objects could suggest industrial waste but not definitive the cut of a refuse pit fill of posthole/small pit posthole or small pit cut by later gully feature [1112] fill of [1035] possibly a foundation cut for a pillar or post althoughthere is no artefactual evidence to support this. backfill deposit, of redeposited (1006)

posts of some height fill of pit [1029]

Post-medieval

Medieval

Modern Modern Modern Modern Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Modern

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

e 14th c

16th c

mid 16th mid 17th c

15th-16th c

16th c

16th c

15th-16th c

late 15th c

Structure

Cut Fill

Fill

Cut

Fill Cut Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Layer

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Cut

Structure

1057

1058 1059

1060

1061

1062 1063 1064

1066 1067 1068

1069

1070

1071 1072

1073

1074

1075

1076 1077 1078

1079

1080

Dark brown mid brown

1079

mottled brown and pink yellow brown mid brown

dark black brown

1077

1011

1063

1071

red

1013

mid brown

grey

1067

1069

light brown grey mid brown

1086

brown

dark grey

dark grey

black

1063

1061

1058

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

clay sand and clay

sand silt

silt sand

silt clay

silt clay sand

silt clay

clay sand

sand silt

sand clay

29.30

4.86

0.42 0.42 4.86

0.19

1

1.60

0.90

0.90

0.60 0.60 0.16

21 21

0.47 0.47

4.10

296

11.10

3.36

0.68 0.68 3.36

0.19

0.50

1.60 1.60

0.80

0.80

0.45 0.45 0.14

0.55 0.55

0.76

0.76

0.54 0.54

0.11

this is a large pit, mainly used for dumping waste material and probably dates to medieval period this building is though to have been a factory. this factory floor contains many indented features which may have been machine bases with 4 legs. the line of larger holes down the middle way have been for roof supports and as part of a internal dividing wall. the foundations also lie in line with these indents

the remains of the post lies above the fill of the cut [1011], suggesting that it derived later. as there is at least 3 of these postholes in a row, one would assume that they formed some sort of structure. the clay may have been pushed down by the post causing a depression in the base. posthole fill posthole biggest and latest fill of large pit.

build up layer?

fill of recut ditch or small pit pit or ditch recut this deposit is most likely a degraded post contained by packing clay (1012) within posthole [1013] this is a square pit that has been truncated by pit [1035]. its function is unknown this is the fill of [1069], it looks to be made up of redeposited fill from the levellinglayer into which all the features are cut. cut of refuse pit this is the fill of a refuse pit. it has a high proportion of slag and ferrous objects as well as animal bone and pot suggesting it is mixed industrial and domestic use. primary fill of ditch [1063]

wall, maybe related to industry but doesn’t seem strong enough to be a structured feature, more likely internal unless bricks have been removed cut of a shallow pit. black burnt material, fill of [1058], possibly overspilled or dumped to north of pit. fill of gully, deposited in a single event by human activity because of the nature of the finds included. cut of possible gully or drain because of its shape and linear nature. fill of gully cut of ditch, property boundary? backfill of industrial pit with assorted waste.

Post-medieval

Medieval

Undated Undated Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval

Post-medieval

16th -17th c 16th c

14th c

late 15th 16th c

15th 16th c

16th c

14th -15th c

15th c

15th - 16th c

13th c

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

1082

1083

1085

1086

1087 1088

1089

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095

1096

1097

1098 1099 1100 1101

1102 1103

brown

1102

Mid-dark red

red

mid brown

1100

grey

Dark brown

Dark black

Black

mid pink grey brown

Light orange

Black Light black with grey elements in some parts light brown

light grey white mid brown grey

dark grey

1098

1117

1095

1093

1017

1079

1079 1079

1086

1086

1086 and

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

ash

clay silt sand

sand clay

sand silt

sand silt sand silt

ash charcoal silt clay

silt clay

0.64 0.64

0.57 0.67 0.67

1.50

1.50

0.38

0.38

0.96

0.96

1.24

3.70

1.80

297

0.30 0.30

0.57 0.57 0.50 0.50

0.22

0.53

0.15

0.15

0.86

0.86

20.74

3.22

0.50 3.10

2.80

cut of small shallow pit the fill of a pit. no finds so function unknown

upper fill of pit [1017], possibly redposited material from surrounding area. late medieval/early post medieval waste dump, workshop waste. late medieval/early post medieval pit for workshop waste dump. late medieval/early post medieval fire/furnace rakeout. late medieval/early post medieval pit/depression for fire/furnace rakeout. possible backfill of ditch re-cut [1117] because of its relatively homogenous nature and man madde inclusions and finds. possible linear plot boundary ditch, because of its shape in plan and profile and relative regularity of its cut. possibly truncated on its south side by a recut [1117]. a small refuse pit the fill of small refuse pit [1098] this is the cut of a refuse pit. the fill of a refuse pit [1100]

possible primary fill of large rubbish pit.

large potentially industrial feature, containing a mixture of domestic and industrial waste (post waste backfill). stepped area to north may represent access or platform for usage. lenses of hammerscale deposits within large pit. secondary fill of large rubbish pit.

mixed fill of [1086] with assorted waste.

suggesting further that these were supports. the iron rod running down the middle of the flooring may have been the machinery or it may have been for a sliding door. the wooden slots running n-s were probably for room dividers. the circular indents would have been used for drainage. whilest excavating there was evidence of dye found within indents. waste deposit within [1086]. forms the main fill of the shallow 'step' , seen on the north side of the feature. ash deposit, industrial?

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

14th -15th c

15th - 16th c

e 19th or 15th -16th c late 15th c

15th - 16th c

15th c

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

Cut

Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Cut VOID VOID

Cut

Fill

Cut

Cut

Cut

1104

1105 1106

1107

1108

1109

1110

1111 1112 1113

1114 1115 1116

1117

1118

1119

1120

1121

mid grey

pink

1114

1097

dark grey

1112

lilght grey

Mottled orange/brow n and black

brwon mid brown red

orange brown mid brown

1112

1108

1107

1105

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

sand clay

sand silt

sand clay

1.50

1.50

1.10

1.21 1.21 1.10

1.21

0.82

0.82

0.84

0.30 0.84

0.50

298

0.19

0.22

0.53

0.90

0.56 0.56 0.90

0.56

0.45

0.45

0.55

0.20 0.55

0.55

possible re-cut of linear ditch [1097], it truncates it south side. primary fill of linear ditch section [1097] also fills[1021] that leads into it and the two possible postholes in its base [1119] and [1120]. possibly deposited in a single infilling event given its relatively homogenous nature. pottery, slag and animal bone may be indicative of human activity in the vicinity at the time of its creation. possible truncated posthole either contemporary to or earlier than [1097] but backfilled at the sametime because of its relatively shallow nature, shape and the fact it is filled with the same fill (1118). similar to [1120] which truncates its west side. square possible posthole cut which is filled by the same fill as [1097] [1119] [1121]. also truncates west side of [1119]. relatively small possible v-shaped gully or water run-off leading into a possible terminus of linear ditch section [1097] because of its size and shape in profile.

industrial waste pit.

primary fill of post medieval gully . gullly industrial waste material?

cut of posthole a sandy silt fill with burnt remaiins. shape of fill is rather random suggesting that this deposit was unplanned . however it isnt natural as there is bone and pottery within fill. cut was made for fill (1106). as the cut is so irregular one might be tempted to suggest that it was randomly made. a cut for pit relating to pit [1142] to the immediate north. these two pits do not have an obvious suggestion for use but the presence of varying finds and the irregular cut of the northern pit could suggest a rubbish related pit. this deposit is the fill of pit [1108], a feature located immediately south of [1142] which it relates to and this fill along with (1143) seem to mix, the fill could relate to a rubbish deposit. upper fill of post med gully

packed clay stabilising post

Medieval

Undated

Undated

Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

14th - 15th c

14th - 15th c 17th c

late 15th mid 16th c

16th c

14th - 15th c

Cut

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Cut Fill Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut

Fill

Fill Cut

1122

1123

1124

1125 1126

1127 1128 1129 1130 1131 1132

1133 1134

1135

1136

1137 1138

1139

1140

1141

1142

1143

1144 1145

mid brown

1133

1145

1142

1086

1086

1086

1086 1086

1086

1086

Grey brown

Mixed light brown orange

mid grey brown mid blue grey Dark grey brown mid brown light cream grey mid brown grey mid grey white mid brown grey

green mid brown

1128 1131

1086

mid brown

mid brown

Mottled brown and light grey

light whitie brown

1128

1128

1125

1122

silt sand

sand clay

silt clay

ash

silt clay

silt clay silt clay

silt clay

silt clay

silt clay

clay sand

silt clay sand clay sand

silt clay sand

clay silt sand

clay sand and ash

sand silt

1.45 1.45

1.10

1.10

2.20

2 0.35

2.40

1.15

0.90

1.80 1.80 1.80 0.55 0.55 0.90

1 1.30

1

1.63

1.63

299

0.42 0.42

0.99

0.99

0.50

1.30 1.70 1.70 0.52 0.52 0.50

0.54 1.30

0.54

0.82

0.82

colapse of material into basal cut of [1086], northern side. this cut is very irregular and located immediately north of pit [1108], the distinction between these two pits is unclear. possibly rubbish pits due to the variety of finds within fill, industrial use sems unlikely but is unclear. this deposit is the fill of cut [1142], a feature located immediately north of [1108] which it relates to and this fill along with (1109) seem to possibly mix. the fill could relate to a rubbish deposit but this is unclear. pit fill pit cut

deposit of ash against northern edge of [1086]

mixed waste deposit. deposit of burnt material and ash, associated with domestic/industrial activity. waste deposit, fill of [1086]

industrial deposit, hammerscale and slag from metal working process? mixed waste deposit, domestic material

pit mixed wasted tipped in to upper levels of [1086]

fill of square pit [1128] industrial pit. base fill of square pit. pit fill pit, maybe related to function of pit [1128] pit fill

cut of shallow pit uppermost fill of pit [1128]

cut filled with abundent finds. it would have been a shallow cut for dumping bits of broken tile and bone into. within pit there was a small find 21 which was a carved bone pin. whitish fill containing tile depris and slate. there also appears to have been some iron and copper pin. the small find included a carved bone piece. there was also a large amount of animal bone with this rubbish pit. fill of small pit.

Undated Undated

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

15th - 16th c

15th c

12th - 13th c

e 14th c

14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c

15th c

Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Cut

1146 1147 1149

1150

1151

1152

1153

1154

1155

1156 1157 1158 1159

1160

1161

1162 1163 1164

1165

1166

1167

1168

1169

1170 1173

pink

1170

1163

1163

1163

1163

1163

dark brown black dark brown

light red brown dark grey black mid orange brown

black

light brown

Light brown orange

1160

1162

Dark grey

Mid yellow grey

Mid grey

mixed mid grey brown and black

grey

grey

1158

1156

1156

1153

dark black

mid black

1148

1051

black

1147

silt

silt clay

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

sand ash

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

and

2.30 1.29

1.20

1.90

0.56 0.56

0.90

0.90

1.13

1.13

0.54 0.45 1.13

300

0.64

0.80

0.80

0.60

0.70

0.34 0.80 0.55

0.34

0.67

0.54 0.54 0.67

0.56

0.56

0.78

0.78

0.28 0.28 0.31

pit cut cut appears to be relatively square in nature and is

dumped layer in pit [1170]

this is a dump within rubbish pit [1163]. there is no industrial waste within the fill which may suggest it is domestic. the primary fill of [1163], it is charcoal rich fill.

a dumping layer within [1163]

small medieval pit. a rubbish pit that has several dumping episodes. the upper fill of rubbish [1163]. the bulk finds suggest it to be a mixed domestic/industrial dump. a fill of rubbish pit [1163]

late medieval/early post medieval pit for furnace rake-out deposit. upper fill of possible osthole [1156]. possibly deposited in a single infilliing event due to its relatively homogenous nature and inclusions. finds included may be indicative of human activity in the vacinity. possible natural fill of possible posthole [1156] because of its relative homogenity and lack of inclusions, as well as its inherent nature. possible posthole cut. fill of small post-med pit. small waste pit, single use, rapid deposit. fill of posthole. sandstone post pad at base of feature, left insitu. substantial posthole, with extensive packing material. pit fill.

pit fill pit cut. fill may have originally been bigger however it was probably truncated by [1173]. possibly used for the dumping of industrial waste. fill possibly derived from human burning activity, due to the nature of the finds included. possible shallow pit dug by either human activity because of the nature of its fills and finds included or, by bioturbation activity which was later burnt because ot the irregularity of its cut. furnace rake-out

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval Medieval

Undated

Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Undated

Medieval

Undated Undated Post-medieval

-

14th - 15th c 15th - 16th c

15th? 16th c

15th c

14th - 15th c

13th c

16th c

Fill

VOID VOID VOID Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Cut

Fill

Fill Cut

Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Fill VOID Fill

Cut

Fill Layer

Cut

Fill

1174

1175 1176 1177 1178

1179

1180 1181 1182

1183

1184 1185

1186

1187 1188 1189

1190 1191 1192

1193

1194 1195

1196

1197

grey

1198

1193 1196

mottled dark grey brown with yellow white

light brown black

Pink grey

1092

1160

Mid red light yellow brown black

grey brown

mottled orange brown and black grey brown

mid brown grey Mid brown grey pink orange dark grey

dark black

1079 1079

1187

1147

1182

1145 1145

1105

1105

1173

silt sand mortar

sand clay silt

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

clay silt gravel

silt clay silt sand

silt clay

silt clay

charcoal

1.50

4.70

1.53

1.53

1.13

0.75

0.75

0.45 2.65

0.50

1.45 1.45 0.50

0.30

0.20

0.94

301

0.50

0.50

1.11 0.50

1.11

0.78

0.16

0.54 3

0.54

0.28 1.50

0.40

0.42 0.42 0.40

0.30

0.20

0.64

lower fill of possible shallow pit, possibly deposited by natural processes because of its relative homogenity although charcoal and animal bone inclusions may be indicative of human activity in the vacinity. pit for burnt material, with each deposit sealed by clay deposits. final fill of pit [1193] sealing layer? fill of late medieval/early post medieval boundary gully/hedgerow destroyed by burning. late medieval/early post medieval boundary gully/hedgerow. pit fill

remains of post

fill of pit. possible re-use of industrial feature as a midden? alternatively simply a midden. late nedieval/early post medieval workshop waste deposit pit for workshop waste pit fill lenses of material with in (1188)

re-deposited (1006) backfill. ashy pit fill the cut of a square pit or posthole. the size suggests posthole but no packing or post stack in evidence so may be a small pit. gravelly fill of posthole [1182]

demolition deposit filling former post-pipe, some post material present. primary backfill of [1105]

filled with sandstone blocks and a very thick dark charcoal layer. this charcoal deposit may have just been tiped into the cut and compressed by sandy silt layer (1207). however it may have been used as a base layer for a possible wall to sit ontop of. of course it also just be industrial waste.

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Undated Medieval

Medieval

Undated Undated Medieval

Undated

Undated

Medieval

15th - 16th c

15th c

Cut

Cut

Fill

Cut Cut

Cut

Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Cut Fill Cut Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

1198

1199

1200

1201 1202

1203

1204

1205 1206 1207

1208

1209

1210 1213 1214 1215 1217 1218 1219

1220

1221

1222

1223

1224

1225

1226

grey

1202

1247

1203

1222 grey

grey

dark grey brown greyish brown

dark black pale white

grey

Mid brown

1206

dark brown

black

1214

1220

light grey grey brown

orange pink

light brown pink black

dark brown

mottled brown black

1193 1214

1193

1193

1173

1205

1199

sand silt

sand silt

chalk mortar and silt

clay silt

clay sand

silt clay sand

silt sand

silt clay silt sand

clay

sand clay

sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

1.60

1.60

1.35

0.70

0.70

2.60

2.60

2.50

1.53 0.92 1.14 0.68

1.53

1.25

1.60 4.20 1.29

1.60

1.35

0.20 2.75

1.10

1.10

1.10

302

1.20

0.85

0.75

0.40

0.40

1.35

1.35

0.78 0.80 0.52 1.75 1.40 1.50

1 2.30 0.96

1

0.75

0.20 2.60

0.40

0.40

0.50

silted up fill of [1202]. probably fairly rapid silting up from surrounding subsoils.

large amount of tile and bone within single fill, suggests a rubbish pit, shallowness of pit suggests either later truncation or that it is just a thin spread of rubbish. single deliberatly dumped fill of probable rubbish pit [1220] bioturbation/tree trow which has been burnt out then truncated by pit [1202] single fill of tree throw [1222], silted up soon after tree roots burnt out. deliberatly dumped fill of [1203], probably building debris since it contains large amounts of tile, mortar, slate. single fill of rectangular pit [1247]

this the secondary fill of pit [1193], a possible sealing layer in an industrial waste pit. primary fill of [1193]. upper fill of square pit [1214] possible insertion cut for posthole. ash/clinker lense in square pit, industrial waste possible ditch cut. a possible rubbish pit, filled with demolition rubble. final fill of large industrial pit [1206]

pit cut cut of large pit possibly industry related a sandy deposit full of sandstone blocks, which may have belonged to a wall. third fill of pit [1193], a dump of industrial waste?

pit possibly related to demolition of building of which posthole relates a shallow scoop, which may be a natural dip that has been used a place to dump burnt material. this is probably a dumping episode of burnt and possibly still burning material, as there is evidence of heat alteration of the soil beneath. cut of post hole large circular/oval pit, unknown function, none of the fills contain large amounts of artifaccts, no evidence for burning or organic material. possibly dug and not used, compared to the pits to the e and w very shallow and empty. small rubbish pit filled with building debris, tile, slate, chalk mortar. rubble pit fill

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Undated

Undated

Medieval

Medieval

Undated Post-medieval Medieval Undated Medieval Medieval Medieval

Undated

Undated

Undated Medieval Medieval

Undated

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

mid 13th e/m 14th c 15th c

14th c

late 16th c

15th - 16th c

16th c

15th - 16th c

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Layer

Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut Fill

1227

1228

1229

1230 1231 1232

1233 1234

1235

1236

1237

1238

1239

1240

1241

1242

1243 1244

1245 1246

1247

1248

1249 1250

1218

1249

1245

1202

1243

1240

1238

1206

1206

1206 1206

1206 1206

1230

1202

1202

brown

mid

pink

mid-dark brown and orange

mixed white and dark yellow

mid-dark grey

mid blackish brown greyish brown

light brown orange

pink brown pale green grey orange brown mid brown grey mid orange red

mid brown black

mid-dark brown mid grey

dark grey

and

sand silt

silt sand

clay

clay silt

silt sand

sand silt

clay

sandstone

silt clay sand

silt sand

silt sand charcoal ash silt sand silt sand

sand silt clay

clay sand

sand silt

2 1.40

1.50

1.60

1.10 1.20

1.70

0.99

0.99

1.03

1.90

3.20

4.20

0.50

0.70 0.60

4.20 0.75

1.30

1.60

303

1.50 1.40

1

0.85

0.61 0.62

0.80

0.36

0.36

0.29

0.29

0.80

0.18

0.12

0.10 0.06

1.10 2.30 0.10

1.10

0.80

1

quarry pit the fill of pit [1218]. demolition rubble.

pit cut. bottom silted up fill of pit [1202], probable silting up from surrounding subsoils. cut for some type of working pit. sole fill of pit [1246]. it is hard to determine what this fill composition is, so interpretation of what this feature was used for may be hard to discover. shallow rectangular pit, unknown function, may have been truncated. very straight sides may indicatea fairly modern pit (also truncates two postmed features) dump of demolition material within [1249]

this cut appears to have been made to hold clay waste (1239) and is very deliberatly dug into earlier pit [1086] some pottery was discovered within fill to suggest the cut and fill were contempary. fill would have been the latest adition to pit [1086] and cut in at a separate time. pot and clay industrial deposit suggest a 17thc date. cut would have probably been for the deposition of industrial waste as slag was discovered within the fill of the cut. pit is relatively small in comparison to its neighbour [1086] fill is probably industrial waste as there was an abundant amount of slag discovered. pit fill

unused quarried stone? demolition material?

lining material around cut of pit.

compact possible industrial material.

possible industrial material in top of pit. industrial material

cut of possible gully or pit. fill of possible industry related pit. band of charcoal.

possible silted up fill from west side, amount of charcoal suggests burning nearby, posible fire waste dump? probable fairly rapid silting up from west. west edge not fully defined. pit or gully fill, not clear in plan.

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Undated Undated

Undated Undated

Undated

Undated

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

15th c

15th c

12th c

?

15th c

late 15th mid 16th c

1250-1300

14th - 15th c

Cut

Fill

Fill

Cut

Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Cut Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill Fill

Structure

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

1251

1252

1253

1254

1255

1256

1257 1258 1259

1260 1261

1262

1263

1264 1265

1266

1267

1268

1269

1270

1271

1185

1185

1185

1185

1185

1170 1170

1261

mid brown grey dark red brown mid grey brown light red brown mid red brown

dark grey light grey brown

mid black brown

mid brown orange

1258

1260

brown

light brown orange Mid brown

light grey

mid grey brown mottled with black and orange black

1214

1254

1251

1251

brown

silt clay

silt clay

silt clay

silt sand

sand silt

silt clay silt clay

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

1.40

2.10

1.13

2.05

0.80

16.80

0.76 2.40

0.70

1.66

0.28 1.66

0.66 0.28 0.30

1.46

0.72

0.72

3.75

3.75

304

1.40

0.70

1.80

0.60 0.28

1.95

0.92

0.22 0.92

0.51 0.11 0.22

0.74

0.95

0.95

3.75

3.75

3.75

back fill of [1185], domestic waste.

mixed demolition/industrial deposit.

mixed industrial/occupation deposit.

mixed industrial/occupation deposit?

with variations of masonary type in this feature it is hard to distinguish whether it is a wall of surface, it is most likely a post-medieval wall feature of some kind. upper backfill of [1185], waste deposit.

posthole cut of industrial waste pit. dips at base may be due to the irregularity of the soil below pit. pit was probably part of the industrial waste pits discovered around here hence the large amounts of broken tile, slate and bone. large rectangular pit only relationship slot so feature not fully defined,. very shallow n edge possibly truncated by later activity. dumped deposit in pit [1170] primary fill of pit.

packing material and fill of posthole. posthole fill of posthole.

the primary fill of [1251]. the finds suggest it is for industrial use. this cut is essentially a sprawl of industrail debris compressed into the surface with a large amount of tile included in it. deposit is probably due to rubbish tipping fot the industies once situated around here. due to the large amounts of tile discovered in such a small area it was probably a broken tile dump. primary fill of square pit.

large shallow pit, cut into the natural. it predates the levelling episode (1006) into which most surrounding features have been cut as this sits atop the cut. possibly a refuse pit. a refuse pit with mixed domestic/industrial use.

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Undated Undated

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Undated

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

-

15th - 16th c 15th c

15th c?

1250-1325

15th c

15th - 16th c

16th c

14th - 15th c

m12th e13th c 16th c

c 1300

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Layer Layer

Fill

1272

1273

1274

1275

1276 1277

1278 1279 1280 1281 1282 1283

1284

1285

1286

1287

1288

1289

1290

1291

1292

1293 1294

1295

1296

1297 1298

1299

1249

1185

1185

1324 1185

1324

1324

1324

1206

1284

1284

1284

Mid brown grey mid red brown red pink light cream yellow mid orange

light-mid brown pink brown mid brown re

dark grey black mid-dark grey mid brown grey pink brown

brown grey

mid brown grey brown red mottled with grey

dark grey

1263

1284

grey brown

1282

red

dark grey

light brown

mid blue grey light brown cream dark grey brown

red pink

1280

1278

1276

1185

1185

1185

sand

clay sand sandstone

sand clay

silt clay

silt sand silt clay

silt clay sand

silt sand clay

silt clay sand

silt clay sand

silt sand

silt sand

clay sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

hammerscale and metal slag sand silt

silt clay

0.45

0.40

0.40

0.40

1.60

1.70

1.55

1.70

1.45

2.60

0.73 1.68 1.68 1.16 1.16 0.45

1.48 0.73

1.48

0.55

0.28

0.70

305

0.30

1

0.80

0.90

0.95

1.10

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.75

0.69 0.41 0.41 0.48 0.48 1.95

0.33 0.69

0.33

0.40

back fill with in quarry pit.

natural clay sand deposit. natural sandstone, potentially bedrock.

demolition deposit.

industrial/domestic waste

redpeosited natural domestic waste deposit?

base fill of [1324]

middle fill of original pit cut [1324]

uppermost fill of original pit cut

shallow clay lined pit cuts gully [1280] fill of gully cut of gully fill of gully cut of post medieval gully single silted up fill of pit [1263], probably fairly slow silting up. rectangualr pit. large amount of slag within fills and fairly charcoal rich fill at base. probably a waste pit associated with small scale metal working. top silted up fill of pit [1284], probably fairly quick silting. fill of pit [1284], large amount of redeposited natural suggests partly deliberate backfilling, also large amount of tile, bone, and slag suggests rubbish/waste dumping. probably fairly rapid silting up of pit [1284] in conjunction of waste disposal. initial fill of pit [1284]. probably deliberate dump of waste from small scale metal working. charcoally fill of large pit [1206]

gully truncated by [1282] lining and fill for small pit

unclear potentially a sweeping deposit, removal of ash from industrial process. fill of gully

natural clay degraded and collapsed from edge of [1185]. industrial waste - hammerscale deposit.

Medieval

Undated Undated

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval Medieval

Undated Medieval

Undated

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c

?

15th - 16th c

(15th) 16th c 15th - 16th c

e14th c

m13th e14th c 14th - 15th c

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Layer Natural Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

1300

1301

1302

1303

1304 1305 1306

1307

1308

1309

1310

1311

1312

1313

1314

1315 1316

1317

1318

1319

1320 1321

1322

1320

1320

1315

1315

1315

1315

1308

1310

1310

1310

1308

1306

1249

1219

1249

1249

1249

grey

pink

white

pink

pink

mid grey mid grey pink

green

dark yellowish brown dark green black light green grey mottled pink/grey, green/grey, black/grey

mid grey light grey mid grey dark black

mid grey

dark yellow brown

mid orange red

mixed light green and cream white mid-dark grey brown red

red orange red

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

ash sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

red sand 40%, sandstone pieces 60% sand sandstone

silt sand

sand 40%, sandstone 60% silt and mortar

1.85

1.85 1.85

2.32

2.32 0.41

0.42

0.46

0.84

0.84

0.65

0.65

1.10

1.10

1

1

1

1

306

0.90

0.90 0.90

1.85

1.85 0.29

0.34

0.35

0.78

0.78

0.62

0.62

0.34

0.34

1

1

1

1

secondary fill of [1315]

pit cut. primary fill of [1320]

final fill of [1315]

fill of pit [1315]

secondary fill of [1315]

cut of large pit. primary fill of [1315]

final fill of [1308]

posthole fill

possible levelling layer though is fairly clean. natural sandstone bedrock possible shallow pit because of its shape and relative regularity in plan and profile. possibly deposited by human activity because of the inclusion of a partial disarticulated skeleton, possible cat due to its teeth, and jaw shape. possibly dug by human activity because of the relative regularity of its cut an dthe nature of its fill. possibly either deposited in a single infilling event by human activity or by natural processes because of its relative homogenity and lack of finds. possible pit dug by human activity given its regular shape in plan and profile. possible pit fill, filled by human activity, due to the presence of charcoal flecks and animal bone. post hole fill

dump of redposited natural sand and stone, waste material from quarrying.

silting deposit.

dump of redeposited quarrying detritus within [1249] demolition material

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Undated

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

15th c

15th c

Layer

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut VOID VOID Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut

Fill

Cut

Fill

1323

1324 1325

1326 1327

1328 1329 1330 1331

1332 1333 1334 1335

1336 1337

1338 1339 1340 1341 1342

1343

1344

1345

1346

1347 1348

1349

1350

1351

1352

1353

1351

1349

1347

1347

1347

1341

1341

grey

red

light brown with orange flecks

mid brown black

light brown with orange flecks

mid orange brown light-mid brown

black

black

mid brown

mid brown

light brown

1336

1338

dark grey

dark grey

1332

1334

mid brown

black

mixed dark brown with orange white

1330

1328

1326

dark blue grey mottled with pink

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt clay sand

silt sand

sand clay

sand clay

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

sand clay

2.94

3.50

3.50

4.30

2.20 0.16

1.70

2.10

0.80

1.03 2.13

1.70

0.60 1.70

0.58 0.80 0.80 0.60

0.58 0.78 0.78 0.58

1.30 0.58

1.30

0.80

1

307

0.60

0.80

0.89

0.56 0.89

0.44 0.60 0.60 0.56

0.40 0.28 0.28 0.44

1.30 0.40

0.80 1.30

pit probably used for industrial purposes and probably re-cut of [1349] fill of pit [1353] and therefore one of the latest fills of [1349]

originally a quarry pit, backfilled with industrial waste. fill of pit recut [1351]

industrial pit fill of large pit

bone fill of pit [1347]

charcoal rich industry related layer near top of large shallow pit uppermost fill of large industrial pit.

secondary fill

recut of pit [1465] fill of [1465]

single use waste pit

possible posthole fill of pit

single use pit fill of small pit small single use pit fill of posthole

pit cut fill of posthole cut of posthole fill of small pit

pit associated with quarry pit [1249] pit fill

remains of pit cut pit fill

layer overlying sandstone blocks

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

14th - 15th c

14th - 15th c 15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c 15th c

e16th c

14th - 15th c

15th c?

15th - 16th c

15th c

14th - 15th c

e 16th c

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Structure Layer

Structural Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Cut Cut Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

1353 1354 1355 1356

1357

1358 1359

1360 1361

1362 1363 1364

1365

1366 1367 1368 1369

1370 1371 1372

1373 1374

1375 1376

1377

1378

1379

1380

1381 1382

1383 1384

1385 1386

1387

1385

1383

1370

1370

1367

1367

1375

1373

1370 1370

1368

1366

1364

1362

green

brown

grey

light brown

green brown

light brown

mid brown grey mid grey brown dark grey green dark brown grey dark black grey

mid grey

mid pink mid brown grey

mid grey

orange brown mid grey brown

mid brown grey red grey green

dark black

mid brown

1349

1349

black

1355

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

clay silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

concrete silt sand

silt clay

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

2.30 0.36

1.66 2.30

1.70 1.66

0.79

0.51

2.15

2.15

0.10 0.10

0.12 0.12

1.52 1.52 1.63

1 2.15 1.59 1.57

1

1.62

1.10

12.50 5.50

3.50

2.94 0.80 0.80 3.30

308

1.17 0.32

0.93 1.17

2.20 0.93

0.32

0.32

1.20

1.20

0.10 0.10

0.11 0.11

1.50 1.50 1.50

0.60 1.20 1.50 1.50

0.60

1.62

1

0.80 2.30

late medieval pit, for general waste fill of late medieval/early post medieval pit, household waste pit for cess, burnt material and household waste. fill of posthole

pit purpose unknown general fill deposit

pit fill

pit fill

levelling fill

pit fill

possible posthole cut pit fill

possible posthole fill of posthole

possible clay lined re-cut of possible pit [1368] clay lining pit fill

small medieval pit, purpose unknown pit cut. pit cut fill of pit

pit fill, purpose unknown

late medieval waste deposit/cess pit pit cut pit fill

modern concrete foundation late medieval waste deposit.

post med faced wall apparent demolition layer

industrial waste fill of ppit [1349]

second recut of larger pit [1349] fill of small industrial pit [1355] small irregular industrial pit. fill of [1349]

Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Saxon

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Modern Medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c 14th c

15th - 16th c

14th c?

15th - 16th c

post med ?? 15th - 16th c

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill Cut Structure Layer Fill Fill

Layer Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

VOID Fill Fill

1387 1388

1389

1390

1391 1392 1393

1394 1395

1396 1397 1398

1399

1400 1401 1402

1403 1404 1405 1406 1407 1408 1409 1410 1411

1412 1413 1414

1415

1416

1417 1418 1419 1420

1421 1422 1423

grey

grey brown black

grey brown

1417

1217 1217

grey

1419

1417

1417

1417 1417

silt sand charcoal

silt sand

silt

silt sand

silt sand charcoal silt sand

clay silt sand silt sand

pink orange grey brown yellow orange grey brown black grey orange brown brown red orange black

1218 1218

sand silt

dark grey

clay silt

clay silt

1405

brown

silt clay

silt clay sand clay

silt clay

silt clay sand silt sand silt clay

silt clay sand

silt clay sand

silt sand

dark grey

dark grey

mid brown light brown grey light brown red

dark brown

mid brown mid grey light grey brown

light brown grey light grey

black

1403

1401

1400

1400 1400

1396

1347 1347 1394

1347

1347

1347

1.30 1.30 0.40 0.40 4.30

2.40 1.90 1.90

0.60 2 0.85

0.80 0.60

1.60 1.90 0.80

1.40

2.20

0.36 0.70

309

0.56 0.57

1

2.95 1.27

1.18

1.08

0.27 1.81

1.10 0.52 0.68

0.90 0.90 0.30 0.30 2.40

0.95 0.95

0.32 0.60

fill of possible ditch/pit charcoal fill of pit/ditch

large fill with multiple fills pit/ditch fill possible ditch though may also be a pit. pit fill

charcoal fill

pit fill

build up layer thin spread of charcoal fill pit fill

rectangular pit , unknown function. single silted up fill of pit [1403] possible posthole single silted up fill of possible posthole [1405] large waste pit stone boundary wall clay packing for rubble wall [1409] pit fill pit fill

cut of pit shallow rectangular pit, unknown function single fill of pit [1401]

fill of pit [1400]

cut of shallow pit upper fill of pit [1400] fill of pit [1400]

cut of pit single fill of pit [1396]

fill of pit [1347] pit fill maybe industrial. single fill of pit [1394]

levelling material within [1347]

fill of industrial pit [1347]

posthole cut industrial fill of pit [1347]

Medieval Medieval

Post-medieval Medieval Medieval Undated

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Undated Undated Medieval Undated Undated Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval Medieval

-

15th - 16th c

m13th e14th c

15th - 16th c

15th c

15th c

late 15th 16th c

c 1300 14th - 15th c

15th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill Cut

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Fill Cut Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

1424 1425

1426 1427

1428

1429

1430 1431

1432 1433 1435

1436

1437

1438

1439 1440 1441 1442 1443 1444

1445 1446

1447 1448

1449 1450

1451 1452 1453 1454 1455 mid brown blue grey

1454

1456

1452

mottled pale red and brown grey green

mottled pale red and brown grey

grey

1449

1447

dark black

light-mid red pink brown

1443

1445

black brown

dark grey black mixed orange grey

mid black brown

red brown brown grey

yellow orange mid grey brown light-mid brown

grey brown light brown

1442 1442

1439

1263

1435

1170 1400

1170

1430

1381

1328

1217 1426

silt ash material

silt clay

silt clay

silt sand

silt sand

clay silt

sand silt

like

silt clay sand silt clay sand

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

silt clay

silt sand

silt sand

silt clay

silt sand silt sand

0.70

0.24 0.24

0.28 0.28

2 2

2.30

0.55

1.20 0.70

1.20

0.86

3.20

0.94 3.20

2.52

2.52

1.20

3.21 0.58

3.21

310

0.46

0.20 0.20

0.22 0.22

0.80 0.80

0.45

0.60 0.55 0.42 0.75

0.60

0.29

2.50

2.50

1.39

1.39

2.20

1.27 0.40

0.75 1.27

single fill of [1452] cut of rectangular pit single fill of pit [1454] cut of pit industrial waste fill

possible small posthole single fill of possible posthole [1449]

e-w aligned rectangular pit, unknown function single silted up fill of pit [1445], mostly truncated/removed by modern foundation pad, only small amount around edges remain possible small posthole, truncated by [1403]. single fill of possible posthole [1447]

fill of pit [1443]

pit, purpose unknown industrial fill of medium sized pit fill of industrial pit industrial pit

pit fill

dump deposit within [1170] lower fill of pit [1400] this is unlikely to be cut. it could be a shallow scoop or base of pit but more likely a spread of refuse in a natural shallow hollow. this is either a spread of waste material from mixed industrial/domestic setting or less likely, the base of refuse pit? fill of possible ditch [1263]

large rubbish pit dump deposit with in [1170]

fill of rubbish pit

backfilling/levelling of pit [1380]

late medieval/ early post medieval pit redeposited natural pit fill

fill of pit/ditch late medieval/early post medieval pit general waste

Medieval

Undated Undated

Undated Undated

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

late 15th 16th c 15th c

15th - 16th c

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Cut Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill Cut Cut

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

1456 1457

1458 1459

1460 1461

1462 1463

1464 1465 1466 1467

1468

1469

1470 1471 1472 1473 1474

1475

1476

1477

1478

1479

1480

1481 1482 1483 1484

1485

1486

1487

grey

brown

grey

mid-dark brown dark grey black mid-dark brown dark grey black

1483

1483

1483

1483

dark grey

dark brown grey dark grey

1481

1458

1462

1462

1462

1462

1474

dark grey brown light yellow brown dark grey black dark grey

black

1473

1471

1407

mid brown red dark brown grey grey brown

dark grey pink

dark grey

mid brown

dark brown

mid brown

1407

1464 1554

1263

1460

1458

1442

sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

clay sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt clay

silt clay

sand clay sand clay

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

silt clay sand

0.32

0.32

0.30

0.50 0.50 0.50 0.20

0.90

1.60

1

1.50

1.10

0.40

0.40

0.60 0.66

1.30

1.10

1.45 2.13 1.06 0.80

2.45 7

3.40 2.60

0.90 0.90

0.70

311

0.38

0.32

0.20

0.50 0.50 0.90 0.06

1.15

1

0.30

1

1

0.24

0.24

2

1 1.95

3.40 2.60

1.15 1.15

0.46

deliberate dump of waste within pit [1483]

slowly silted up fill of pit [1483]

deliberate dump of waste within pit [1483]

deep pit of unknown function single slowly silted up fill of [1481] rectangular pit of unknown function top silted up fill of pit [1483]

probably initial slumping/silting up surrounding subsoils probably initial slumping/silting up surrounding subsoils bottom fairly quick silting up of pit [1458]

main charcoal rich fill of [1462]

probably one deliberate dump

from

from

single fill of pit [1471] cut of pit fill of pit [1473] cut of linear pit small posthole, possibly associated with [1387] [1506] single silted up fill of posthole [1474]

waste deposit from local industrial activity

uppermost fill of [1407], demolition/industrial waste

cut of rubbish pit. rubbish pit cut waste fill pit fill suggesting industrial activity

rectangular pit of unknown function primary fill of [1263]

large rectangular pit. top fill of pit [1460], industrial waste dump?

pit? unknown shape and function. top silted up fill of pit [1458]

medium sized industrial pit industrial pit fill

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Undated

Medieval

Medieval

Undated

Undated

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

15th - 16th c

15th c

late 16th mid 17th c

??

late 15th 16th c 13th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Fill

1488

1489

1490

1491 1492 1493 1494 1495

1496 1497 1498 1499 1500 1501 1502 1503 1504

1505

1506 1507

1508

1509 1510

1511

1512 1513 1514

1515

1516 1517

1518 1519 1520

1518 1518

1516

1217

1217 1217

1512

1509

1417

1506

1217

1417 1417 1417 1363 1217 1217 1217 1417 1417

brown

mid pink mid green brown

mid grey

black orange brown grey orange brown

mottled dark grey and orange light grey brown

mottled brown and grey dark grey brown

dark grey orange brown

black grey white black black black black black black grey white

green grey mid brown

1407 1568

grey

green grey

dark brown

pink/light red dark grey

1493

1491

1483

1483

clay silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

charcoal silt sand

silt sand

clay silt

silt sand

silt sand

charcoal rubble/stone charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal stone and rubble silt sand

sand silt silt clay sand

silt clay

silt sand

silt sand

sand

1.52 1.52 1.48

0.87 0.87

2.40 2.40

0.40 0.40

1.60

0.91

0.95

0.95

0.30

0.28

312

1.45 1.45 1.36

0.42 0.42

0.77

0.28 0.79

0.48 0.48

0.48

1.30

0.30 0.62 0.50 0.51 0.20 1 1.24

0.54

0.71

0.45

0.45

0.28

0.20

clay lined pit. clay lining deposit. pit fill

possible shallow pit fill of [1516]

pit/ditch fill

shallow pit ditch/pit fill pit/ditch fill

single fill of pit [1511]

shallow pit for industrial waste an industrial deposit within [1509]

pit fill

possible posthole single silted up fill of possible posthole [1506]

mixed pit/ditch fill.

charcoal pit fill rubble pit fill primary fill of pit [1417] pit fill pit/ditch fill charcoal fill of pit/ditch pit/ditch fill pit fill rubble fill

pit cut fill of shallow feature - animal ativity cut result of animal activity? dump of loose sandstone, building material? quarry extraction pit fill

pit fill

initial silting up of pit [1483]

thin slumped in deposit of natural sandstone

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Undated Medieval Medieval

Undated

Post-medieval Post-medieval

Post-medieval

Undated Undated

Medieval

Post-medieval Post-medieval

Post-medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

15th - 16th c

15th c

mid 13th e14th c

15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c

Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill Fill Cut

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Fill Cut Cut Cut

1521 1522 1523

1524

1525

1526

1527

1528

1529

1530

1531 1532

1533

1534

1535

1536 1537

1538 1539 1540 1541

1542

1543 1544 1547

1548 1549 1550 1551

1552 1553 1554 1555

light-mid grey brown green grey

1553

1553

mid brown

1550

brown

mid grey

1548

1544

nid brown black grey orange

black dark grey

light-mid brown

light orange red darkbrown black dark brown grey

1541

1531 1531

1538

1536

1460

1460

1531

1407

1407

1407

1407

1407

1407

dark grey

mid grey brown mid pink brown grey mid brown red dark brown grey mid red brown mid green grey dark red brown mid brown red

1518,1522

1518

mid pink

1518

silt sand

clay sand silt

silt clay sand

silt clay sand

silt sand

sand silt

silty sand silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand clay silt

clay sand

silt sand

silt clay

silt clay

silt sand

sand silt

silt clay

silt clay

sand silt

sand silt

clay

0.50 0.50 0.80 1.44

0.50

0.73 0.73

1.59

4.70 0.71 0.70 1.59

4.70

2.20

2.20

1.33 0.50

0.50

0.90

0.90

1.40

1.45 0.08 1.43

313

0.84

0.50 0.70

0.66 1 1 0.70

0.58 0.58 0.66

1.50

1 0.68 0.35 1.50

1

2.20

1.70

0.71 0.70

0.50

1.24

1.32 0.09 1.29

bone fill of possible pit fill of possible pit squarish pit, possibly industrial in nature circular pit.

small drainage or boundary gully fill of boundary ditch boundary ditch uppermost fill of early pit

fill of [1544] scoop/bioturbation? fill of small gully

domestic waste deposit

pit, purpose unknown delibrate dump of burnt material, kitchen waste silted up fill of pit [1531] cut of industrial waste pit

cut of post hole upper fill of pit [1538]

single fill of posthole

primary fill of [1460]

redeposited natural secondary fill [1460]

small possible rubbish pit silted up fill of pit [1531]

redeposited natural primary fill

redeposited natural

dump of industrial processing waste

industrial waste backfill deposit

backfill comprised of redeposited natural and building material industrial waste deposit

pit fill

secondary clay lining/sealing deposit possible post/stake hole pit fill

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Undated Undated Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Post-medieval

Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

-

15th - 16th c

15th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

14th c

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c e 14th c

m13th e14th c

late 15th 16th c late 15th 16th c

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Cut Fill Fill Cut Cut Cut Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

1557 1558

1559

1560

1561 1562

1563

1564 1565 1566 1567

1568 1569 1570 1571 1572 1573 1574 1575 1576

1577

1578 1579 1580

1581

1582 1583

1584

1585

1586

1587 1588 1589 1590 1591

orange brown mid-dark grey

1582

blue grey mid brown

1347

1590

1347

light grey brown Dark grey

1588

1588

1588

1588

1582

1579

orange brown mixed grey brown dark grey

mid pink brown light brown grey mid brown

1518,1576

1442

blue grey red pink

mottled brown and orange pink light grey brown mid grey mid brown grey mid-dark grey mid brown pink brown mid brown mid grey

grey brown

1571 1571

1568 1568 1568 1568

1568

1568 1568

1568

1555

1557

sand silt

ashy material

Silt clay sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt clay sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

silt clay silt clay

silt sand silt sand clay silt sand silt sand

silt sand clay

silt sand silt sand

silt clay sand

sand clay

sand clay

0.50 1.30 1.30

2.5

0.92 0.92

0.60

2 0.50 0.40 0.50 3.30 1.43 0.44 0.06 1.52

1.10 1.30 1 0.80

1.20

0.50 1.20

1.60

3.70

3.70 3.70

314

0.70 0.70

0.900.65

0.60

0.70

0.80

0.45 0.85

0.30

0.40

0.50

1.40 0.72 0.32 0.05 1.45

1.90

1.90 1.90

near base fill of pit [1347] industry related pit charcoal and ash fill cut of oval shallow pit main fill of [1590]

primary fill of pit

industrial pit fill

pit fill - evidence of industrial activity

storage pit, visible in section only upper most fill of pit [1588]

primary fill of [1582]

fill of small pit [1579] storage pit, only visible in section upper fill of pit [1582]

base fill of industrial pit [1442]

quarry/extraction pit small pit fill base of small pit, exposed to heat shallow pit, small fire pit? rectangular pit, unknown function shallow rectangular pit posthole/pit, unknown function possible posthole build up deposit

natural build up of material - windblown? redeposited natural deposit with in [1568] fill of large pit [1558] bone rich fill of deep pit [1558]

fill of pit [1568]

pit fill, indicative of industrial activity fill of pit [1568]

upper most fill of large pit

fill of both [1555] and [1557]

rectangular pit cut primary fill of rectangular pit [1557]

Medieval Medieval Medieval Post-medieval Post-medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

late 15th -

14th - 15th c

16th c?

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Fill Fill

Fill Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Layer Fill Cut Layer Fill Fill

Structure Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

1592

1593

1596 1597

1598 1599

1600 1601

1602 1603 1604 1605 1606

1607 1608 1609 1610 1611 1612 1613

1614 1615 1616 1617

1618

1619

1620

1621 1622 1623 1624

1625

1626

1627 1628

1631 1630

1630

1630

1631 1631 1631 1630

1631

1631

1633

1616

1347 1347

1610

yellow brown black mid brown

mid brown

grey green black black grey green

mid brown

mid grey brown light red brown mid brown

silt sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt silt silt sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

sand clay

silt sand silt clay sand silt sand

mid brown pink brown mixed grey brown

silt sand silt silt sand

mid brown

1607

silt sand

silt

silt sand silt sand

silt sand silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

sand silt

black mid brown

dark grey

light yellow brown mid grey mid grey brown black mid pink brown black

mid pink brown light orange pink

1605

1538

1538 1538

1538 1538

1596

1541

1590

2.10

1.20 1.20 2.10 2.10

4.20 0.86 0.86 10.60 0.80 1.70

1.95 1.95

0.90

1.10 4.70

4.70 4.70

0.82 0.82

1.59

0.65

315

0.60 0.50

0.50

0.80

1 0.60 2.05 0.90

0.70

1.10

1.75

1.04 1.04 0.82 0.81

2.50

1 0.68 0.81 0.81 2.50

1 0.50

1 1

0.46 0.46

1.50

0.50

primary fill of [1631] general waste deposit

redeposited natural and silting deposit

general waste deposit

cess deposit decomposed organic deposit primary fill - midden deposit cess deposit

general waste deopsit

general waste deposit

general waste deposit

brick foundation base for a pillar cut for 1614? pit for industrial waste industrial pit fill

substantial pit layer contemporary with (1611) levelling layer fill of small pit pit occupation/leveling layer pit fill pit fill

primary fill of [1538] pit fill of drain modern drain fill of pit

charcoal fill of [1538] fill of large rectangular pit

dump of charcoal within [1538] fill of [1538]

pit cut fill of pit [1596]

uppermost fill of [1541]

primary fill of [1590]

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Modern Modern Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Undated Undated Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Modern Modern Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Post-medieval

Post-medieval

15th - 16th c 14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c late 15th 16th c

15th - 16th c

14th c

15th - 16th c

15th c

16th c

Fill Cut Cut Cut Cut Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Layer

Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Fill Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Fill

Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill

1629 1630 1631 1632 1633 1634 1635

1636 1637

1638

1639

1640

1641

1642

1643

1644 1645

1646

1647 1648

1649 1650

1651 1652 1653 1654

1655

1656 1657 1658

1659 1660 1661 1662 1663

1653 1653 1664 1664 1664

1653 1315 1647

1653

mid brown mid green light brown black mid brown

bright orange pink black mid pink black

mid brown

1653

1647 1647

1647 1647

light pink brown mid brown bright orange pink mid green mid brown

light yellow brown mid-dark grey

1647

1568

1644

1644

1644

1644

1315

1636

dark pink grey mid pink grey dark pink grey mid grey black mid grey brown dark grey brown mid brown red

dark grey mid pink brown

1315 1315

1636

mid brown

1632

silt clay silt silt clay silt sand silt sand

sand silt silt sand sand silt

clay silt

sand silt

clay silt sand silt

sand silt clay silt

clay silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt clay

silt clay

silt clay

charcoal, slag

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt sand silt

sand silt

5 5

5 0.32 2

5

2 2 5 5

2 2

2 2

0.40

1.60

1.45

1.45

1.45

1.60

1.29

1.50

1.50 1.50

2.10 0.72 1.15

2 2

316

1.90

2

2

0.90 0.90 2 2

0.90 0.90

0.90 0.90

1.45

0.64

0.64

1.15

1.15

0.95

0.32

0.32 0.32

1.75

0.60 3.50 3.10

pit fill pit fill upper fill of [1664] fill of pit [1664] lower fill of [1664]

burnt deposit pit fill burnt deposit

redeposited natural - capping layer?

pit fill primary fill of [1647] rectangular rubbish pit but by pit [1647] final fill of [1653]

pit fill redeposited natural

pit cut top fill of [1647]

industrial fill of deep pit [1568]

pit medieval levelling layer

backfill deposit

dump of burnt material

domestic waste deposit

industrial waste deposit.

pit fill

rubble backfill

possible drain silting deposit

fill of pit general household waste pit household waste pit general waste pit general waste pit charcoal rich fill pit fill

Undated

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Saxon Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

-

14th - 15th

14th c

m13th e14th c

14th c

15th - 16th c

1250-1300

1250-1300

??

12th - 13th c

Cut Fill Fill Cut Fill Fill Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Cut Cut Cut Fill

Spread Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Cut

Fill Fill

Cut

1664 1665 1666 1667 1668 1669 1670 1671

1672 1673

1674 1675 1676

1677

1678

1679

1680

1681 1682

1683 1684 1685 1686

1687 1688

1689 1690

1691

1692

1693 1694

1695

1692 1695

1573

1674

1689

1683

1572 1574

1572

1572

1685

1684

1675

grey

black green brown grey

dark brown black mid brown black

black, brown, and orange mix mid grey black

grey brown grey brown

light yellow brown mottled pink/brown and grey/brown dark brown grey dark brown grey dark grey

mid brown

dark brown black red brown mid brown

1672 1672 1672 1672

1674

light brown black

1667 1667

sand silt silt clay sand

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand silt sand

sand clay

silt sand sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

silt sand

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand silt sand silt sand silt sand

silt sand silt sand

1.10

2 1.10

2

1.43

0.60

0.80 0.60

2.10 2 1.60 2.10

0.95 0.44

1.50

1.40

1.60

2

3.10 3.10

1.06

1.05

1.10

317

0.40

1.60 0.40

1.60

0.72

0.40 1.44

0.60 0.40

1.74 1.80 0.50 1.74

0.65 0.32

0.65

0.65

0.50

1.80

1.96 0.75 0.75

1.96

pit cut

remains of a feature, the base only, or a shallow feature fill of [1692] fill of pit

fill of pit

shallow pit primary fill of medieval pit

spread pit fill

cut of pit shallow pit or scoop probable pit, unknown funtction fill of pit

silting deposit single fill of large posthole

rubbish deposit

silted up fill of pit [1572]

rubbish fill of [1685]

single fill of [1684]

cut of pit pit cut pit fill

pit secondary fill of medieval pit

cut of pit upper fill of [1667] fill of pit [1667] cut of pit fill of pit [1672] fill of pit [1672] fill of pit [1672] fill of pit [1672]

Undated

Medieval Undated

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Undated Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

-

14th - 15th c

15th - 16th c

m13th e14th c

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c

15th c

15th c

15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c

c

Fill

Cut Fill Fill Fill Fill Fill Structure Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill

Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

1696

1697 1698 1699 1700 1701 1702 1703 1704

1705 1706

1707 1708 1709

1710

1711 1712

1713 1714

1715

1716 1717

1718

1719

1720

1721 1722 1723

1724

1725

1726

1349

1349

1349

1349 1349 1349

1349

1349

1349

1349 1349

1349

1349

1713

1711

1708

1707

mid brown with orange flecks mid brown

black black light brown with orange flecks mid brown

black with brown flecks mid grey black mid pink red light-mid brown dark brown with green tinge light brown orange mid brown

mid brown

mid grey brown mixed grey brown and red orange

light yellow green

mixed brown and red

1705

grey

grey pink brown black blue black brown black pink orange

light brown

1473 1473 1473 1473 1473

1697

clay sand silt

clay silt sand

clay sand

sand silt sand silt silt sand

sand silt

clay sand silt

sand silt

sand clay clay sand silt

silt

sand silt

silt clay sand

silt sand

sand silt

silt sand

clay sand

silt sand silt sand silt sand silt sand silt sand

sand silt

0.36

3.60

1.06

0.60 1.30 2.04

1.82

2

0.80

2.20 1.74

0.62

3.10 0.60

1.60 2.95

1.60

2.10 1.72 1.72

2.10 2.10

2.10

318

1.14

2.80

1.60 2.80

1.60

0.40 1.10 1.10

0.60 0.40

0.60

1

1

fill of large pit

fill of pit

fill of pit

fill of pit fill of large pit fill of pit

fill of pit

fill of pit

fill of pit

fill of pit pit fill

industrial fill of [1349]

large storage/rubbish pit fill of pit

pit fill of pit

upper pit fill - demolition material

shallow pit small shallow pit domestic and industrial waste

shallow modern pit pit fill

cut of presumably medieval pit fill of pit fill of pit fill of pit fill of pit fill of pit concrete bedding layer for brick floor surface fill

fill of pit

Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Modern Medieval

Undated Undated Undated Undated Modern Modern

Undated

Undated

14th - 15th c 15th c

14th c?

mid 13th e14th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c 15th - 16th c

15th c

15th - 16th c

Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Fill Cut Fill

Fill

Cut Fill Cut Fill

Cut Fill

Fill Fill

Cut Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill

Cut Cut Fill

Fill

Natural Cut Fill Fill Fill

1727

1728 1729 1730

1731 1732 1733

1734

1735 1736 1737 1738

1739 1740

1741 1742

1743 1744

1745 1746 1747

1748

1749

1750

1751 1752 1753

1754

1755 1756 1757 1758 1759

black

1349

1732

mid-dark brown grey red

1711

brown grey grey green pink

1713 1713 1713

1752

mid grey brown dark brown black pink

mid grey green mid brown pink dark grey brown yellow grey brown

mixed brown and red

1752

1751

1788

1746

1746

1745

1743 1743

dark grey brown pink orange dark grey

mid brown/dark grey

1739

1743

brown grey

1737

1735

light brown

1732

1729

with green tinge light pink orange black

silt

and

and

silt clay silt clay silt clay sand

clay sand

clay sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

silt sand

sand clay

silt sand sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

silt sand

clay concrete

silty sand

sand silt

sand silt

sand silt

sand

0.90

30.50 0.81 1.20

5.20

5.20 5.20

2.25

2.25

0.65 2.25 2.25

1.42 0.64

1.26 1.09

1.30 0.52

0.54 0.54 1.30

1 1.10 1.10

1 1 0.44

0.28

319

0.60

12 0.81

2.20

0.80 2.20 2.20

0.80

1.62

0.98

1.02 1.95 1.95

1.36 1.02

1.60

natural layer in central/western part of site modern concrete foundation piles fill of pit [1713] fill of pit [1713] fill of pit [1713]

fill of pit [1752]

small pit cut of long, deep rectangular pit top fill of [1752]

pit fill

pit fill

pit fill

cut of small pit pit cut pit fill

substantial pit pit fill

redeposited natural with possible tile lining primary fill of pit [1743]

pit re-cut upper fill of [1743]

cut for modern concrete footing fill of small pit shallow single use pit fill of pit re-cut

modern concrete distrubance

fill of tree root/bowl tree bowl with in large pit primary pit fill

industrial fill of pit industrial waste pit fill of tree root/bowl

redeposited natural fill

Undated Modern Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Undated Medieval Medieval

Undated

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Medieval Medieval

Modern Medieval Medieval Medieval

Modern

Medieval

-

-

14th - 15th c 15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

1250-1300

m13th e14th c 14th c

m13th e14th c

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

??

15th - 16th c

14th - 15th c

13th c?

Fill

Fill Fill Fill

Fill

Cut Cut Structural

Structure

Fill

Fill

Fill

Fill Fill Cut Fill

1760

1761 1762 1763

1764

1765 1766 1767

1768

1769

1770

1771

1772 1773 1774 1775

1792

1774 1774

1774

1774

1752

1766

1765

1713 1713 1713

1713

white

green black

grey brown green mixed mid brown and orange red dark blue black mid brown black

light grey

mixed grey/green, orange/brow n, grey/black green grey black grey green brown orange brown and

silt sand

silt sand silt

silt

silt sand

sand clay sillt

stony concrete

sand silt

silt clay silt clay silt sand clay

silt/sand silt/clay

0.70 0.70 2.10 3.15

0.70

2.10

5.20

12.10

2 12.10 12.10

1.70

0.60 0.60 0.20

1.20

320

0.60 0.60 1.10 0.92

0.60

1.10

2.20

0.44

1.70 0.66 0.44

2

earliest deliberate pit fill of [1774] natural silting deposit with in [1774] pit cut charcoal fill

pit fill

upper pit fill of [1774]

wall, possibly from the dye works, previously on the site primary fill of pit [1752]

cut of rectangular pit foundation cut for wall 1768 concrete wall foundation

fill of pit [1765]

fill of pit [1713] industrial fill of pit [1713] fill of pit [1713]

fill of pit [1713]

Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Medieval

Modern

Medieval Modern Modern

Medieval

Medieval Medieval Medieval

Medieval

14th - 15th c 15th - 16th

15th - 16th c

15th - 16th c

left without twist (called ‘I’). There are no selvedges present in this piece, to indicate which way round it was woven on the loom, but comparison with silks from other sites indicates that the twisted yarn is usually the warp (the system under tension in the loom).

Appendix 7 – Textiles and Fibre from Much Park Street, Coventry By Penelope Walton Rogers This report was completed in June 1987. Some updated references have been added in square brackets, but otherwise it remains as written. Introduction The corpus of late medieval textiles has increased considerably in the last two decades, with more frequent excavation of urban sites. Town archaeologists are finding that wet sites, especially those with a high concentration of organic refuse, will often yield fragments of wool and silk textile – usually in a remarkable degree of preservation. Large, well-dated groups of finds have now been recovered from sites in Britain, Scandinavia, West Germany and Poland. Linens (plant-fibre textiles) are rare, due to their quick deterioration in damp conditions, but the main fabrictypes of wool cloth of the period have now been established. In Britain, the largest groups of late medieval textiles come from 11th- to 14th-century Perth (Bennett unpublished), 12th- to 15th-century London (Pritchard 1982; Crowfoot, Pritchard and Staniland forthcoming [Crowfoot et al 1992]) and 13th- to 16th-century Newcastle upon Tyne (Walton 1981 [and 1988, 1989]). Few of these finds have as yet been published, but authors have been generous in providing information. Sites in other towns, such as Southampton (Crowfoot 1975), Aberdeen (Bennett 1982) and Hull (Walton unpublished [Walton 1987], have yielded smaller numbers of finds. The textiles from Much Park Street appear to be the first comparable evidence from the Midlands. The Much Park Street group includes 15 fragments, identified as ten different textiles, T1-T10 (Table 1a). One piece, T2, is a plain piece of silk, while the remainder are wool textiles in a variety of weaves. There are also two clumps of raw fibre, F1 and F2 (Table 1b). Most of these come from 13th-15th century levels. Only one piece, T1, may be later, since it was discovered with material dating to the 15th-16th century, although it was recovered with a mechanical excavator from a feature which was evidently already in use at an earlier date.

The main textile types Silk tabby T2 is a long strip of silk textile folded longitudinally. It is in tabby, or plain weave (Fig.1a), and is relatively fine, with a count of 40 threads per cm in one system and 44 per cm in the other. One system of yarns has been twisted (in the direction called ‘Z-twist’) while the other has been

Silks are comparatively rare, reflecting their higher value in relation to wool cloth. There are now some twenty individual find of silks from medieval excavations (Crowfoot 1975 T2; Pritchard 1982, no’s 721, 585, 1215, 536, 2427, 208; Finch 1983; Walton unpublished finds from York and Hull), of which tabby is the most common weave. Almost all examples have a Z-twist warp and non-twisted weft, as at Coventry, and they range from 30 x 15 threads per cm (Finch 1983 p69) to 40 x 40 (Pritchard op.cit. no.2427). From this it can be seen that the Coventry fragment ranks with the finest. However fine, such a textile is not to be compared with the figured silks imported from South European and Asian workshops, although it would still have been an article of some value. It could have come from a foreign workshop, or it may have been made up in this country from imported yarn. Certainly, by the 15th century, the silkwomen of London were buying silk yarn from Italian merchants, for making into braids, nets and other small articles of silk (Dale 1934). Wool textiles The wool textiles have been woven in three techniques: tabby, 2/2 twill and 2/1 twill (Fig.1). One of the 2/2 twills, T4, is relatively coarse, but the others are of medium quality. The yarns are variously twisted clockwise and anti-clockwise (Z and S). Two of the textiles, T1 and T4, have been left as they were woven, but others have been given a certain amount of ‘finish’. T3, T6, T8 and T9 have the matted appearance of textiles which have been fulled, while T5, T7 and T10 have been given a nap, by raising the fibres with teasels and then cutting them back with cropping shears. This has been carried to such an extent in T5, that the textile has the appearance of a smooth, even felt. (a) Tabby and 2/1 twill Tabby weave has been in use from the Bronze Age to the present day, but during the 11th-13th centuries it largely fell out of use for wool cloth. Most medium quality wool textiles of this period have proved to have been worked in 2/1 twill (fig 1b), while tabby weave was largely relegated to the coarsest fabrics, often of plied goat hair, and to linens. Only in the Southampton finds, dated to the last decade of the 13th century, does the weave begin to reappear in medium and find woollen textiles (Crowfoot 1975 T4-9). Elisabeth Crowfoot informs me that the textile finds from London show a rise in tabby weave over 2/1 twill during the 14th century [Crowfoot et al 1992, 27]; by the time that the 15th- to 16th-century textiles from Newcastle came to be laid down, tabby was

321

the dominant weave and 2/1 twill was entirely absent from the 529 finds (Walton 1981, 194). At the same time as there was a change in the weave, cloth-finishing began to increase. The matting of a cloth by fulling was popular throughout the medieval period, but the felt-like appearance produced by teaselling and shearing was increasingly common from the 14th century onwards (it was possible that tabby weave came to the fore at this stage because the weave is more easy to process in this way). Putting these features together, it is evident that the Much Park Street wool tabbies, especially those with a nap, T5, T7, T10, most closely resemble the textiles from other sites which are dated to the late 13th to mid 16th century, which tallies with their stratigraphic dates. The 2/1 twill, T1, on the other hand, is a fabric-type more commonly encountered in the 11th-14th centuries, which is at odds with the suggested date of 15th-16th century. There is another example of 2/1 twill, a piece of similar quality to the Coventry fragment, from 14th-15th century Hull, but this had been work from a kind of wool which is rare in England and found in the heath sheep of the Continent (Walton forthcoming [Walton 1987]). 2/l twill continued in regular use in Germany (Tidow 1982, 267) and Scandinavia (Kjellberg 1979, 85-6), long after it had apparently fallen out of use in England, and it was therefore thought that the Hull piece might be an import. There is nothing unusual about the wool of the Coventry fragment, however, and since there is some doubt about its context, its dating must remain uncertain. (b) 2/2 twill 2/2 twill was not a common weave in the medieval period, although, like tabby weave, it increased in numbers from the 14th century onwards. Most surviving examples of coarse 2/2 twills, with similar thread-counts to T4, have a dark-coloured warp and a matted surface, identifying them as the Scandinavian textile waðmal (Crowfoot 1977, Pritchard 1982, Walton in prep. T3 [Walton 1988]). T4, however, has none of these features and its only exact parallel is in a 2/2 twill, 7Z x 5S, from 13th-century Newcastle upon Tyne (Walton in prep. T5 [Walton 1988]). There may also be some twills of this type among the Perth material, but these finds have not as yet been published in detail. Medium-quality woollen twills such as T5 have been found at mid 14th-century Southampton (Crowfoot 1975 T16), mid 14th-century London (Pritchard 1982 no’s 584, 686, 1248-50, 1243) and 15th- and 16th-century Newcastle (Walton 1981 pp194-5). The London pieces have had no finishing applied, but the Southampton fragment has been heavily fulled, while several of the Newcastle textiles have been teaselled in the manner of the Much Park Street example.

(c) Striped tabby The most interesting of the Much Park Street textiles is the striped wool tabby, T3 (Fig.2). It is constructed with a dark warp(?) and stripes in the weft(?), as follows: (2 dark brown, 2 light brown) x3; (2 da.br., 2 white, 3 li.br., 2 white) x1; (2 da.br., 2. li.br.) x2; (3 da.br., 2 li.br.) x4; (2 da.br., 2 li.br.) x2; (3 da.br., 2 li.br.) x1 (see fig.2). The dark yarns have been dyed with a brown dye, possibly a tannin. Wool textiles with bands of colour in a different weave from the main cloth are well-known in the medieval period, but simple striping of the type found in T3 is comparatively rare. Some comparable examples in tabby weave are known from 14th-century Baynard’s Castle, London (E.Crowfoot pers.comm. 22.2.87), although the stripes in these finds are mainly rather broader than in the Much Park Street example. Perhaps the nearest parallel to the Coventry fragment is a piece, 8S x 7S per cm, from early 16th-century Newcastle (Walton 1981 T46), which has alternately one dark brown and two light brown wefts on a dark brown warp: this piece has been lightly fulled, as had the Much Park Street fragment. Wools The wools in the Much Park street textiles in themselves form an interesting study. Samples of fibre from warp and weft were examined under a high-powered microscope (x400) and the diameters of 100 fibres per samples were recorded (Table 2). According to the range, mean and distribution of these measurements, each sample of wool could be allocated to one of the seven fleece-type categories identified by Dr M.L. Ryder (Ryder 1969). Fifteen different yarns from seven different textiles were examined in this way (the remainder being too poorly preserved to allow accurate measurement). The wools thus identified proved to be seven of the ‘Generalised Medium’ type, four of the ‘Shortwool’ type [nowadays termed ‘Semi-Fine’], two Hairy Medium and two Medium. The Generalised Medium and the Shortwool types both represent good medium-quality carding wools. Carding wools are those short-fibred wools which are brushed with hand-cards and spun into soft ‘woollen’ yarns, suitable for cloth which is to be felted. It is possible that the medieval period saw a rise in the use of carding wools (Fig. 3), although the evidence for the earlier part of the period depends on northerly sites which may not be strictly comparable with the later sites. At any rate, the Shortwool seems to have become increasingly important towards the 16th century. The remaining wools from Much Park Street are Medium and Hairy Medium in type. The Hairy Medium is

322

comparable with the modern Shetland wool: this too may be carded, but, as the fleece includes coarser hairs which do not lend themselves to dyeing or finishing, the type is less frequently found in the better quality textiles. The Medium type of wool was probably longer-fibred than the rest and most like the fleece of the modern Romney (a primitive longwool breed). By the 16th century such wools were predominantly being combed for worsteds (Walton 1981, 191), and it is therefore interesting to find that they were still being carded for woollens in the medieval period. The Much Park Street wools, with their predominance of carding wools, of which a proportion are Shortwools, therefore fit the general pattern of medieval, and particularly late medieval, wool types. However, they do not include the very best quality carding wools, the Fine and Fine/Generalised-Medium types. These two are mainly encountered in textiles from southern sites, especially rich ones such as Baynard’s Castle in London (Ryder 1984, 26, table 4). Their absence from the Much Park Street finds probably reflects their status as middleranking textiles. Dyes Each of the Much Park Street textiles was tested for dye, using Visible Spectrophotometry and Thin-Layer Chromatography. Only three textiles gave positive results, the dyes identified being madder, in T4 and T7, and a brown dye, probably a tannin, in T3. The presence of alizarin in the madder, suggests that the dye was from Dyers’ madder, Rubia tinctorum L, rather than wild madder, Rubia peregrina L, which lacks the alizarin component (Taylor 1983). The tannin could not be firmly identified, but tannin-bearing brown dyes of the medieval period include galls from oak trees, especially those of Quercus infectoria, and various nuts and tree barks (Hofenk de Graaff 1969).

‘frieze’, a heavy, coarse or medium woollen fabric with a teaselled and sheared nap (Strutt 1842, II pp13, 77, 94; Beck 1886 pp132-3; Salzman 1923 p243). Although not expensive, Coventry friezes were in demand and traded as far as the Baltic ports (VCH Warks, 251). ‘Long Worcesters’, another heavy weight of fabric and ‘whites’, undyed, unprocessed cloth, were also made in the Coventry area (Strutt 1942, II, 78), along with ‘dozens’, a coarse cheap cloth. Dozens were probably woven in the home, rather than in gild workshops, as the cloth was sold by women away from the main cloth market at The Drapery (VCH Warks, 252). The exact appearance of these named cloths is unknown, but T7 and T10 are medium weights of cloth with a napped surface, and may be comparable with the better types of frieze. The coarse unprocessed twill, T4, could perhaps represent the homespun ‘dozens’. The striped textile, T3, on the other hand cannot be compared with any of the documented Coventry cloths. Other towns were better known for their striped textiles, such as ray of Salisbury (Bridbury 1982, 68-9) and ‘striped cloth of Stamford’ (Salzman 1931, 424), but it would be rash to suggest that striped cloths were never produced by Coventry weavers. There is nothing in the raw materials of the Much Park Street wool textiles to suggest an origin outside the area. Price-lists of the period show that the Warwickshire wools were of average or slightly above-average value (Munro 1978, 140-1), which is compatible with the findings of the wool analyses (above). The barks and nuts necessary for the brown dye of T3 would have been readily available in the neighbourhood, and the brokage books of Southampton document the passage of madder bound for Coventry (Platt 1976, 78). Madder is also mentioned in the Coventry Leet Book, where the local dyers stand accused of trying to swindle their customers out of the best part of the dye-bath.

The textiles in their historical context Summary The cloth trade played an important part in the early history of Coventry. There was an active trade in cloth in the town as early as 1202 (Pipe Roll 4 John xx) and, of the occupations documented there in the 12th and 13th centuries, 16 are assignable to the wool and cloth trades (Platt 1976, 75). As the town expanded, cloth production kept pace, so that by 1449 there were 59 master drapers, 57 weavers, 28 fullers, 37 dyers and 64 tailors and shearmen at work in the town (VCH Warks, 252). A dyehouse and fulling mill appear to have existed between Cox Street and Pool Meadow, and tentergrounds for the stretching of finished cloth are also recorded (ibid. 251, 253).

Most of the wool textiles from Much Park Street represent the middle ranks of medieval cloth. The densely napped fabric T5 and the striped fabric T3 are the best pieces in the group, while the coarse twill T4 represents the lower end of the scale. The fine piece of silk is a more expensive type of fabric but was probably within the means of a merchant or a more affluent burgher. With the exception of T1, the textiles and their raw materials are all typical of the 14th and 15th centuries. Although trade in cloths of different areas was vigorous at this time, there is nothing to indicate an origin outside the Coventry area in any of the wool finds. Only the silk, or rather the silk fibre from which it was woven, can confidently be claimed to be an import.

Wool and linen cloth were both being woven in the town (ibid.) but the most important product seems to have been 323

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

T9

T10

86/85/54(sf.51)

86/85/56a (sf.53)

86/85/56b(sf.53)

86/85/68

86/85/69

86/85/70a

86/85/70b

86/85/70c

86/85/71

86/85/76

245 x 90

35 x 25, 30 x 30 100 x 30, 50 x 10, 40 x 20 125 x 65

100 x 70

100 x 45, 50 x 35 230 x 10

100 x 75

DIMENSIONS IN MM 30 x 20, 30 x 15 280 x 20

wool

wool

wool

wool

wool

wool

wool

wool

silk

wool

FIBRE

tabby

tabby

tabby

tabby

tabby

2/2

striped tabby 2/2

tabby

2/1

WEAVE

14 x 11

10 x 10

12 x 9

12 x 10

12 x 10

12 x 12

4x7

8x6

40 x 44

THREADS PER CM 10 x 8

ZxS

ZxZ

ZxS

ZxZ

ZxZ

ZxZ

ZxZ

SxS

ZxI

ZxS

SPIN

xxx

x

xx

xxx

x

xxxx

-

x

-

-

FINISH

no dye detected no dye detected

no dye detected

no dye detected no dye detected madder

madder

no dye detected no dye detected ?tannins

DYE

Sh x GM

GM x Sh

HM x Sh

-

GM x M

Sh x GM

GM x GH and HM GM x M

-

FLEECE TYPE -

trapezoid shape with four cut edges with ?stitch-holes

-

curved cut edge prob. orig. seam one cut edge on each fragment -

long thin offcut

-

folded longitudinally see fig.2

-

COMMENTS

NO F1 F2

CONTEXT

86/85/55

86/85/72

324

29mg of dark brown animal fibre, arranged as pad, 45 x 25 x 3mm; no intact fibre staples visible 73mg of animal fibres; intact fibre staples, all straight with pointed tip: (a) light brown, 40mm long (b) dark brown, 50-70mm long

DESCRIPTION

(a) calf hair (b) cow hair

IDENTIFICATION H.M.APPLEYARD probably goat hair

Table 1b: Unprocessed fibre from Much Park Street, Coventry BY

Key: Z and S indicate direction in which yarn has been twisted; I indicates no twist. x = lightly fulled; xx = heavily fulled; xxx = teaselled nap; xxxx = heavily teaselled nap. For identification of fleece types see table 2.

NO

CONTEXT

Table 1a: Textiles from Much Park Street, Coventry

17-48 15-55

a b

a b

a b

Z S

a b

Z S

T4

T5

T6

T8

T9

T10

24 22

22, 25 26

26 24

24 30

24, 25 25

22 25

Mode(s) 20 25 24

28.5±6.6 26.0±6.4

25.6±6.2 25.5±5.7

30.4±10.1 27.2±6.1

27.4±7.3 29.6±8.9

26.4±6.7 25.6±5.3

27.1±6.6 29.8±7.8

Mean±S.D. 26.9±8.6 27.4±7.7 27.7±8.1

+0.17, symmetrical +0.49, skewed positive

+0.61, skewed positive 0.00, symmetrical

+0.82, skewed positive +0.40, symmetrical

+0.47, skewed positive +0.22, symmetrical

+0.65, skewed positive +0.17, symmetrical

+0.75, skewed positive +0.38, symmetrical

Pearson Coeff. of Skew, distribution +0.49, skewed positive +0.79, skewed positive +0.59, skewed positive

325

T1 and T7 were too poorly preserved to allow accurate measurement of fibres. T2 was made of silk.

16-48 14-47

12-50 12-45

15-70 14-47

15-52 16-61

11-41, 51 14-42

Range 14-56 12-55 15-45, 83

Sample T3 warp dark we pale we

1% 0

0 1%

5% 0

0 3%

0 0

0 0

Medullas 0 0 1%

0 0

6% 2%

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Pigment 2% 0 0

Table 2: Fleece types in wool textiles from Much Park Street Each fleece type identification has been based on the measurement of the diameter of 100 fibres Figures in microns (1 micron = 0.001 mm)

Shortwool Generalised Medium

Generalised Medium Shortwool

Hairy Medium Shortwool

Generalised Medium Medium

Generalised Medium Shortwool

Generalised Medium Medium

Fleece type Generalised Medium Generalised Medium Hairy Medium

Strutt, J, 1796 (reprinted in facsimile of the updated 1842

Referenes

edition in 1970) The Dress and Habits of the People of

Beck, S W, 1886, The Draper’s Dictionary. London.

England (2 vols). London: Tabard Bennett, H, 1982, ‘Textiles’ in J C Murray (ed) Excavations in the Medieval Burgh of Aberdeen 1973-81 (Soc. of Antiq. Scot. Monograph Series 2), 197-200. Bridbury, A R, 1982, Medieval Clothmaking. London. Crowfoot, E, 1975, ‘The textiles’, pp334-340 in C Platt and

R

Coleman-Smith,

Excavations

in

Medieval

Southampton, 1953-1969, Leicester: Leicester University Press Crowfoot, E., Pritchard, F., Staniland, K., 1992, Textiles and Clothing c.1150-c.1450 (Medieval Finds from Excavations in London, 4), London: HMSO Dale, M, 1934, ‘London silkwomen of the fifteenth century’, Economic History Review 1st series, 4 (1932-4), 324-335. Finch, K, 1983, ‘A medieval hat rediscovered’, Textile History 14/1, 67-70 Hofenk de Graaff, J H, 1969, Natural Dyestuffs: Origin, Chemical Constitution, Identification (ICOM Report 69/16). Amsterdam. Kjellberg, A, 1979, ‘Tekstilmaterialet fra Oslogate 7’, De Arkeologiske Upgravninger I Gamlebyen Oslo 2, 83-104.

Taylor, G W, 1983, ‘Detection and identification of dyes on Anglo-Scandinavian textiles’, Studies in Conservation 28, 153-160. Tidow, K, 1982, ‘Untersuchungen an Wollgeweben aus einem Brunnen auf dem Schrangen in Lubeck’, Lubecker Schriften zur Archaologie und Kulturgeschichte 6, 251285. Walton, P, 1981, ‘The textiles’ in B.Harbottle and M.Ellison ‘An excavation in the castle ditch, Newcastle upon Tyne, 1974-76’, Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th series, 9, 190-228, 248-9. Walton, P, 1987, ‘Medieval and 17th century textiles from High Street/Blackfriargate’ in P. Armstrong and B. Ayers ‘Excavation in High Street and Blackfriargate’ East Riding Archaeologist 8 (1987) (Hull Old Town Report Series, 5), 227-232. Walton, P, 1988 ‘Caulking, cordage and textiles’ in C. O’Brien, L. Bown, S. Dixon, R. Nicholson The Origins of the Newcastle Quayside: Excavations at Queen Street and Dog Bank (Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne Monograph Series 3), 78-92. Walton, P, 1989, ‘Caulking, textiles and cordage’ in C.O’Brien et al, ‘Excavations at Newcastle Quayside: the Crown Court site’ Archaeologia Aeliana, 5th series, vol. 17, 167-176.

Munro, J H, 1978, ‘Wool price schedules’, Textile History 9. Platt, C, 1976, The English Medieval Town. London: Secker & Warburg. Pritchard, F, 1982, ‘Textiles from recent excavations in the City of London’ Textilsymposium Neumhnster (North European Symposium on Archaeological Textiles I), 193208. Neumünster: Textilmuseum Ryder, M.L., 1969, ‘Changes in the fleece of sheep following domestication (with a note on the coat of cattle)’ in P.J.Ucko and G.E.Dimbleby (eds), The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals (London: Duckworth), 495-521 Ryder, M.L., 1984, ‘Medieval sheep and wool types’, Agricultural History Review, 32(1), 14-28 Salzman, L F, 1923, English Industries of the Middle Ages, Oxford: Salzman, L F, 1931, English Trade in the Middle Ages, Oxford: Clarendon (OUP)

326

Fig. 1. weaves: a) tabby, b) 2/1 twill, C) 2/2 twill.

Fig. 2. striped tabby weave textile, T3.

327

Fig. 3. Wools from medieval textiles: data from Ryder 1984, Walton 1981.

328

Appendix 8 – Clay pipe Illustration catalogue by David Higgins This catalogue describes in detail the pipes illustrated in Chapter 7 (Figs 7.8 and 7.9). The most diagnostic fragments from this site have been illustrated at 1:1, with stamp details being illustrated at 2:1. Die numbers for the marks relate to the as yet unpublished national catalogue that is being compiled by the author. Burnished surfaces are indicated with a light broken line in the drawings. The following list gives a suggested date for each illustrated piece, together with details of its appearance, attributes and associations. Each entry ends with the site code and context number from which the illustrated fragment was recovered. The author is grateful to Dr S D White for preparing the original pencil bowl form drawings for Figures 1-13. The die details, all of the other bowl forms and all the finished artwork were prepared by the author. 7.8.1 Bowl and joining stem from a pit group of c1670. The bowl is discoloured grey from burning but joins a white stem fragment. The rim is bottered and milled and the stem bore measures 7/64” at the bowl junction and 8/64” at the end of the broken stem. There is a good burnish on the bowl but the stem is unburnished. The poorly impressed mark almost certainly read MD originally and can be attributed to Morris Deacon (I) of Much Wenlock in Shropshire. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2324). 7.8.2 Bowl and two joining stem fragments from a pit group of c1670. The rim is bottered and fully milled and the stem bore measures 8/64”. There is an average burnish on the bowl but the stem is unburnished. The MD mark (Higgins Die 2167) can be attributed to Morris Deacon (I) of Much Wenlock in Shropshire. There is a second example from this pit, made in the same mould and marked with the same die, which has exactly the same attributes (except that the rim is damaged and so the extent of the milling cannot be confirmed). The second example joins three stem fragments to give 140mm of surviving stem – and an estimated length of c250mm for this pipe originally. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2324). 7.8.3 Bowl from a pit group of c1670. The rim is bottered and fully milled and the stem bore measures 8/64”. There is an average burnish on the bowl but the stem is unburnished. The MD mark (Higgins Die 268) can be attributed to Morris Deacon (I) of Much Wenlock in Shropshire. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2324). 7.8.4 Bowl and joining stem from a pit group of c1670. The rim is bottered and fully milled and the stem bore measures 8/64”. There is a good burnish on the bowl but the stem is unburnished. Traces of a milled band survive at the broken end of the stem. The IH mark (Higgins Die

2168) is likely to have been used by a maker in the Much Wenlock / Broseley area of Shropshire. There is a second example from this pit, made in the same mould and marked with the same die, which has the same attributes, except that the burnish is only of average quality and there is no stem milling. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2324). 7.8.5 Bowl from a pit group of c1670. The rim is bottered and fully milled and the stem bore measures 6/64”. There is an average but rather light burnish on the bowl and stem. The GRiF/POVL mark (Higgins Die 1036) can be attributed to Griffith Powell of Much Wenlock in Shropshire, who died in 1673. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2324). 7.8.6 Bowl from a pit group of c1670. The rim is bottered and fully milled and the stem bore measures 8/64”. The IP mark (Higgins Die 2169) can be attributed to an as yet unidentified local maker. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2324). 7.8.7 Bowl from a pit group of c1670. The rim is bottered and fully milled and the stem bore measures 8/64”. The fabric gives a smooth and glossy surface but the finishing is a little heavy-handed in places. The IW mark (Higgins Die 2153) belongs to an as yet unidentified local maker. The same mark was probably also used on another bowl type – see Figure 8. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2324). 7.8.8 Bowl from a pit group of c1670. The rim is bottered and fully milled and the stem bore measures 8/64”. In total there are four examples that were probably all made in the same mould from the pit. Three are marked with the same IW mark (Higgins Die 2170) as is shown in this figure, which is very lightly cut and, in particular, the motifs flanking the letters are very faint. These three examples all occur on bowls characterised by slight horizontal and vertical striations (mould flaws) on the right hand side of the heel. Two of these have stem bores of 8/64” and one 7/64”. Two of the bowls have complete rims and both of these are fully milled. The fourth example is not as crisply moulded around the heel but appears to be from the same mould. This example has a stem bore of 8/64” and a three-quarters milled rim. The fourth example is particularly interesting in that it is marked with a different IW die (Higgins Die 2153, as shown in Fig 7), thus almost certainly linking these two marks to the as yet unidentified local maker. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2324). 7.8.9 Bowl from a pit group of c1670. The rim is bottered and fully milled and the stem bore measures 7/64”. The bowl and stem have an average burnish. The bowl form and fabric both suggest a Shropshire origin for the previously unrecorded LW mark (Higgins Die 2152). Similar LW marks have been recorded at Much Wenlock,

329

suggesting a possible source for this pipe. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2324). 7.8.10 Heel bowl from a pit group of c1670. The rim is bottered and three-quarters milled and the stem bore measures 8/64”. There are mould flaws that appear as faint scratches running back along the stem from the right hand side of the heel. There is another example of this mould type in the pit group, which has a fully milled rim and a stem bore of 8/64”. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2324). 7.8.11 Spur bowl from a pit group of c1670. The rim is bottered and fully milled and the stem bore measures 7/64”. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2324). 7.8.12 Spur bowl from a pit group of c1670. The rim is bottered and fully milled and the stem bore measures 8/64”. There is another example from the pit that is probably from the same mould. This has a milled rim (but damaged) and a stem bore of 7/64”. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2324).

between the bowl junction and the first border has an average burnish, which extends over the border, where it terminates. Both fragments are from BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2344). 7.9.18 Small spur bowl fragment, which probably dates from c1750-1800. This has what appears to be a small lozenge on the untrimmed seam facing the smoker. This is either a stray clay fragment that has adhered to the pipe or part of a moulded design - in which case it is an unusual and early decorated example. Stem bore 5/64”. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2394). 7.9.19 Fragment from a squat bowl with untrimmed seams that is most likely to date from c1800-1840. This is quite a crudely made pipe with poorly fitting mould halves and a stem bore of 5/64”. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2394).

7.8.13 Spur bowl from a pit group of c1670. The rim is bottered and three-quarters milled and the stem bore measures 7/64”. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2324). 7.9.14 The larger part of a heel bowl stamp dating from c1680-1730 with a milled and bottered rim and an IP heel stamp. This can be attributed to John Pottifer of Coventry, whose son became an apprentice in 1710. Fine fabric with occassional small inclusions and a stem bore of 6/64”. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2398). 7.9.15 Fragment from a local style spur bowl of c176090 with a stem bore of just over 4/64”. The spur is broken but would probably have been quite long and slender. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2344). 7.9.16 Fragment from a spur bowl of c1750-90 with a stem bore of 6/64”. The spur is broken away and there is a mould line around the rim where the mould has been altered or repaired. The full-bodied form is not typical of local pipes and this could be an import from elsewhere, perhaps Chester, where the decorated stem in the same context came from (Fig 17). The bowl form certainly matches Chester styles although the stem and bowl are from different pipes. BA 1776 / MPS 08 (2344). 7.9.17 Two stem fragments, almost certainly from the same pipe, with a stem bore of just under 5/64”. Both fragments are decorated with a previously unrecorded Chester border (Higgins Die Number 2178) between which is part of an oval stamp containing the Chester Arms with the lettering CHESTER beneath. The stem 330

Appendix 9 – Column heading explanations for Clay Pipe Tables in Chapter 7

Date The likely production date range attributed to a particular fragment or fragments.

A detailed record has been made of the pipes from Context 2324 of this site using the following column headings / codes. The symbols /, 0 or - are used to mean 'yes', 'no' or 'can't tell' respectively. The following classes of information have been recorded:-

64 This records the stem bore(s) of the fragment(s) listed on each line in the standard unit of measurement for pipes, which is 64ths of an inch, '7', for example, representing a fragment with a bore of 7/64". Where the stem bore at either end of a fragment varies only the smaller measurement has been recorded. For mouthpiece fragments only the broken end has been measured, since the mouthpiece itself can easily become distorted during manufacture.

Cxt The context number of the fragments being recorded. Ref A pencil reference number that has been added to the individual fragments to link them to the correct line of this record. B S M The number of bowl (B), stem (S) and mouthpiece (M) fragments recovered from each context have been entered in these three columns. The numbers of fragments entered are the numbers as excavated. Two or more joining pieces which have clearly been damaged during recovery or handling have been counted as one piece. Reconstructed fragments which were damaged before deposition are counted individually, being listed in their appropriate columns but on the same line. A note of any such joins or of other cross context joins has been placed in the final column. Bowls (B) A bowl fragment is defined as any fragment with part of the base of the heel or spur surviving or with enough of the bowl to show its thickness (i.e., with any part of the internal bowl cavity surviving). The length of any surviving stem is irrelevant and is not counted separately in the stem column. This does not apply to reassembled fragments of stem which have been joined to a bowl fragment. These are counted under the stem column on the same line. Stems (S) A stem is any fragment with neither bowl nor mouthpiece surviving. Mouthpieces (M) A mouthpiece is any piece with some or all the mouthpiece surviving. Form The style of the pipe bowl is indicated; H for heel bowls and S for spur bowls. Fab This column is used for recording fabric differences, where these can be seen. In this case a distinction has just been made between ‘gritty’ fabrics, which are typical of pipes made of local Coalmeasure clay, and ‘fine’ fabrics, which are made of virtually inclusion free clay from other sources. Mould The individual mould type, identified through flaws and/or scratches on the mould surface and designated by a letter to link examples made in the same mould. Origin The likely origin of a particular piece (MW = Much Wenlock).

Bur Records burnishing on the fragments(s). This can either be a yes tick (/) where burnishing is present but too abraded to be classified or it can be further graded as fine (F), good (G), average (A) or poor (P). A fine (F) burnish is when the polishing lines are so closely spaced and even that there are no gaps between and a fine very glossy surface is created. A good (G) burnish is well applied with close, even strokes. An average (A) burnish will have gaps of roughly equal width to the burnish lines and may be light and uneven. A poor (P) burnish is very scrappy and irregularly applied. Burnishing on the stem is usually less well applied than that on the bowl and can often only be noted as being present rather than being graded. Burnished pipes exhibit the slight facets caused by polishing and, usually, an alternating surface of glossy and matt strips. X Internal bowl crosses. The most common marks found on the internal base of a bowl are relief moulded crosses. When viewed with the stem pointing down these can either appear as '+' or 'x'. These symbols are used to indicate which type is present (none were present in this group). M4 Milling. The amount of milling around the rim is estimated to the nearest quarter of a complete circumference and denoted as 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4. For example, a half milled pipe is entered as 2. If no milling is present a 0 is entered, if milling is present but the rim damaged a / is entered, if no rim survives a - is entered. RIM Rim finish. The way in which the rim has been treated is coded as follows: C = Cut: the rim is formed by just a single horizontal knife cut. Bot = Bottered: the rim has been smoothed and shaped using a bottering tool to give a neat edge. I = Internal knife cut: a knife has been used to cut clay from the inside of the bowl to make a thinner, finer rim. W = Wiped: the rim has been wiped or smoothed (as opposed to being bottered). These codes may be used together. Thus CW is a rim which has been cut and wiped or IB is a rim which had been internally knife cut and bottered. These last two techniques are often very difficult to distinguish where they occur together and any results should be regarded

331

cautiously looking for general trends rather than exact figures. As a general rule bottering produces a smooth, rounded and 'wiped' appearance near the rim as opposed to knife trimming which produces less even and deeper marks within the bowl with a fresher 'scraped' appearance to the surface.

RS: Roll stamped stem, a continuous band or zone around the stem. This may be plain or decorated but does not include milled decoration. ST: Stem twist, a specific form of roll stamp forming a spiral of shallow grooves around the stem. T The type of mark recorded: -

TT Tip Type. The form of the tip, or mouthpiece, is coded as follows: C = Cut; the mouthpiece is formed by a simple cut end to the stem and no other moulded shape is present. R = Rounded: the mouthpiece is formed in the mould as a simple rounded end. N = Nipple: a circular sectioned stem which terminates with a moulded nipple. D = Diamond shaped: the stem ends with a diamond shaped cross section but without a nipple. DN = Diamond nipple: where the stem takes on lozenge or sharply oval section in shape directly before the nipple. FO = Flattened Oval: the stem takes on a flat, oval, section at the tip, without a nipple. TF Tip Finish. The types of finish are coded as follows:0 = No visible finish RW = Red Wax GW = Green Wax GG = Green Glazed; often thin and light in colour YG = Yellow Glaze CG = Clear Glaze * = Other; specify under 'comments'

I: The primary pattern or motif is incuse. R: The primary pattern or motif is in relief. A: Applied mark formed of some medium other than clay such as a rubber stamp, transfer print or hand written mark. M The method by which the mark has been formed: M : Moulded mark. S : Stamped mark. I : Ink stamp (rubber stamp). TP: Transfer printed mark. HW: Hand written mark. * : Other, specify the exact type under comments. Cast The cast number of any impression that has been added to the national catalogue of pipe marks that is being complied by the author, a copy of which is held in the National Pipe Archive at the University of Liverpool. Die The unique die number that has been allocated a particular mark in the national catalogue of pipe stamps that is being complied by the author, a copy of which is held in the National Pipe Archive at the University of Liverpool. DECORATION A description of any decorative treatment of the pipe. Dr Drawing. A cross reference to the drawing number of any illustrated piece.

CN Christian Name. A transcription is given of any Christian name or initial marked on the pipe.

COMMENTS Any comments or notes on the pipe(s) recorded.

SURNAME. A transcription is given of any surname or surname initial marked on the pipe. P The position of any mark recorded. The codes used are: H : On the base of the heel. SP: On the base of the spur. BB: Beneath the bowl where a pipe has neither heel nor spur. SH: On the sides of the heel. SS: On the sides of the spur. BF: On the bowl facing the smoker. BL: On the bowl, on the left hand side as smoked. BR: On the bowl, on the right hand side as smoked. BA: On the bowl facing away from the smoker. SX: On the top of the stem, reading across it. SL: On the stem, reading along it. SM: Multiple individual stamps right around the stem, as a band or pattern.

332

Atkinson, D. R. 1975 Clay Tobacco Pipes of Broseley, Shropshire, privately published (printed by Hart-Talbot, Saffron Walden), 92pp.

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