A Critical Examination of the Relationship of Certain Factors to Achievement in the Physical Test Employed in the Formation of the Eligible List for the Fire Department of the City of New York in 1941

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i LD3907 ! .E3 Spitz, George Berton, 19121942 A critical examination of the rela.S75 tionship of certain factors to achieve­ ment in the physical test employed in the formation of the eligible list for the Fire department of the city of New York in 1941... New York, 1942. vi,cl 3,84 typewritten leaves, tables, diagrs.,form. 29cm. Final document (Ed.D.) - New York university, School of education, 1942. B ib 1 i ographys.p .54. AE9440 { ; Shelf List j

Xerox University Microfilms,

Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106

T H IS D IS S E R T A T IO N HAS BEEN M IC R O F IL M E D E X A C T L Y AS R E C E IV E D .

Pinal Document Accepted, rinfo JUL 23 1942

A CRITICAL EXAMINATION 07 THE RELATIONSHIP 07 CERTAIN 7ACT0RS TO ACHIEVEMENT IN THE PHYSICAL TEST B4PL0YED IN THE FORMATION 07 THE ELIGIBLE LIST 70R THE 7IRE DEPARTMENT 07 THE CITY 07 NEV YORE IN 1941

GEORGE B. SPITZ, JR,

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Eduoation In the School of Sduoation of New York University 1948

PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received.

University Microfilms, A Xerox Education Company

11

PHEFACK The field of Tests and Measurements in Physical Educa/

tion is a sincere attempt by man to objectively measure phy­ sical attributes affording a scientific basis for analysis and study.

Many tests have become "standardized" through

proof of reliability, accurate explanation of what they measure, and extensive use.

1

It has been the privilege of the writer to have been a Municipal Civil Service Commission physical examiner for the past four years.

During this time, three major tests were

given: the Police Department in 19S9, the Sanitation Depart­ ment in 1940, and the Eire Department in 1941.

In 1941, as

examiner-in-oharge, the writer was afforded excellent oppor­ tunity for intimate observation of the test from every stand­ point. Possibly from an academic background somewhat heavy in the sciences or more probably from any number of things more intangible, the writer has always been interested in the "why" of things.

To that sometimes troublesome inquisitiveness can

be attributed the origin of this paper. It is a pleasure to write of Mr. Paul Kern, President of the Munioipal Civil Servioe Commission during the years of these tests.

It was he, who stimulated the improvement in

the testing program making every effort toward objeotivity and the scientific approach.

It was he, who instituted the

appointments of three physical eduoators from eaoh of the

A89440

iii municipal oolleges, people whose profession it was and people vitally interested, to aot as examiners.

It was

also he, who not only granted permission for this investi­ gation but gave his fullest cooperation in allowing full acoess to all necessary records.

May I thank Mr. Kern and

his associates for their assistance. Mr. Paul M. Brennan, Examiner-in-Charge of the MedioalPhysioal Unit, also has the deep gratitude of the writer for his assistance in the collection of some of the necessary information for this study as well as for his splendid guidance and sage reasoning. Dr. Raymond Franzen was of infinite assistance in organi­ zing the work for this study.

May I also thank him for his

"down to earth" and practical aid in the statistical approach. May I thank my chairman, Professor Jay B. Nash, for his cooperation as well as for his stimulating guidance and friendly aid not only in the writing of this paper but during all the years of my graduate study. To Professor Julius Yourman and Professor H. P. Smith, the other members of my sponsoring committee, I extend my sincere expression of gratitude for their assistance in the reading and analysis of my outline and thesis.

It ' CONTENTS CHAPTER I Introduction

.........

The Civil Servioe Pioture Purpose of the Study • • Statement of Problem • • Seope of the Study • • •

. . .

• • • • • • • . • • ........ • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • ......... .........

Page 1 1 3 4 6

CHAPTER II History

.............

9

Early Procedures • • • • . . . • • • • • • • Transitional Period . . . • • • • • M o d e m T e s t i n g .............................. Description of the Test . . . • • .......... • • • • • •

9 10 11 12

CHAPTER III Procedure

.......................................

............................ Information Necessary Sources and Collection of Data • • • . . . • • • • • • Reliability of D a t a ......... Organization for Analysis • • • . • • . • • • • • • • • Summary • • • • • • ........ .............. • • • • •

15 15 15 17 20 22

CHAPTER IT Tfcfi. RftlattPBghlP S t Pate O f T e s t jjo P a rfo rn u m o a AgQOrfllnfi JtSL B o ™ " * * .....................

The Outlook for Interpretation • • . . . The Borough Influenoe • • • » • • • • • • Further Analysis of the Bronx Results Interpretation of the Bronx Results Summary ............ . . . . .

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • ........ . • ........... . . . . . . .

24 24 26 27 28 29

CHAPTER 7 Ilift Ralatlqagftll? S t Faotors Igo Parfogmanoa ££ PE9.9idja» MflRhflttflB. ayasaa, and Richmond. Candidates . . . .

31

Date of Taking the Test « • • • • • • • • • • ........ The Faotor-Perfoxmanoe Relationships • • • • • • • • • The Outlook for Further Analysis • • • • • • • • • • • ......... Summary

31 31 32 33

V

CHAPTER VI Page

Tfca Relationship S il M S. SSL iSSiSSBSSSS. In the Parts of the T e s t ................

34

The Faotor-Performanoe Relationships • • • • • • • • • Interpretation of the Teat by Part • • • • • • • • • • Summary...................................

34 35 37

CHAPTER VII Tfafi Effeot st£ Rain Upon Physloal Test Re sult?.............

40

The Method of Comparison ................... The Chi-square Comparisons • . ......... Summary • • • • • • • • • • • .......................

40 41 43

CHAPTER VIII SiimfflBTv

O p n P M d iQ flg

•

Findings • • • • • • • ................. . . . . . . . D e d u c t i o n s ..........

45 45. 47

CHAPTER IX SisamMloa 8S & Recommenda t i o n s .......... Further Study . . . ............................. Suggestions........... Bibliography

...........

AittMflfllZ • • •..

............................

49 49 50 54 55

T a b l e s ............................. 56-78 Graphs • • • • • • • ....................... . • • • • 79-84

vi T^gyis 1 2 3 4. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Causes of Medical Rejections in the Fire Test, 1941 • • Causes for Conditional Rejections .................. . Coordination Test - Marking Scale • • • • • • • • • • • Strength Test - Marking Scale • .............. • • • • Agility Test - Marking Scale ............ • ........ Endurance Test - Marking S c a l e .................. .. Physical Test Record Card .......... • • • • • • • • • Data Collection Card .......... • • • • • • ........ Weight Collection Letter ............ . . . . . . . . Chi-square Formulas .................... • .......... Chi-square of the Physioal Averages of Group I and Group II .................................. . Chi-square of the Date of Taking the Test of Group I and Group II • • • • • • • • • • • • • .............. Chi-square of the Mental Marks of Group I and Group II Chi-square of the Age of Group I and Group II ........ Chi-square of the Height of Group I and Group II • • . Chi-square of the Weight of Group I and Group II • • • Sample C-D Hand Correlation Chart . • ................ Chi-square of Parts I and II, All Group I and All Rain R e c a l l s ............ .......................... Chi-square of Parts III and IF, All Group I and All Rain Recalls • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Chi-square of Parts I and II, Bronx of Group I and Bronx of Rai* Reoalls ........................ . Chi-square of Parts H I and IF, Bronx of Group I and Bronx of Rain Reoalls .................. . Chi-square of Parts I and II, Other Four Boroughs of Group I and Same of Rain R e o a l l s .......... .. Chi-square of Parts III and IF, Other Four Boroughs of Group I and Same of Rain Reoalls ................ . Means, Medians, Extremes, and Ranges • • • • • • • • •

•

Page 56 57 58 59 60 60 61 62 63 64 65

• • • .

• •

66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73

•

74 75

•

76 77 78

GRAPHS 1 Parts I and II, All Group I and All Rain Reoalls • • . 2. Parts III and IF, All Group I and All Rain Reoalls . • 3 Parts I and II, Bronx of Group I and Bronx of Rain Reoalls . . . ........................................ 4 Parts III and IF, Bronx of Group I and Bronx of Rain Reoalls • • • • • .............. .......... ........ 5 Parts I and II, Other Four Boroughs of Group I and Same of Rain Reoalls • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 Parts H I and IF, Other Four Boroughs of Group I and Same of Rain Reoalls .................. .............

79 80 81 82 83 84

A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF CERTAIN FACTORS TO ACHIEVEMENT IN THE PHYSICAL TEST EMPLOYED IN THE FORMATION OF THE ELIGIBLE LIST FOR THE FIRE DEPARTMENT OF THE CITY OF NEW YORE IN 1941

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION The Civil Service Picture During the past decade, public service has been the vocational and professional goal of a relatively large per­ cent of the American people.

It offers security, adequate

salary, and respect of fellow men, without the risk and capital Investment of private business.

Troubled times have

made the attributes of this oareer most appealing. New york City, having its own Civil Servloe system, constantly faces a tremendous recruitment problem to supply the various eligible lists.

In 1940, there were over 80,000

applicants for positions in the Department of Sanitation. In 1941, there were more than 26,000 young men interested in serving on the Fire Department.

Exoept for certain eli­

gibility requirements, both of these figures would have been larger.

As Sayre and Mandell1 have put it, "New York City

is, next to the federal government, the most Important public employment jurisdiction.

No state and no other city in the

United States employs so large a group of public servants." The Municipal Civil Service Commission's problem does not arise from lack of applicants, as has been indicated,but from the determination to utilize the best selective methods. 2 To quote further from Sayre and Mandell , they state;

1. W. S. Sayre and M. Mandell, Education and Olvil Service a _ in fill 2fiEfc filSX* P* 4. 2* JQtid*, p. 42* /'

Basic to the creation of such a career service in New York, as elsewhere in the public service, is the estab­ lishment of a classification plan which is designed to provide logical and consistent relationship among (1) the duties and responsibilities of each position* (2) the qualifications required for entrance to competition, (3) the character of the examinations, (4) the oppor­ tunities for promotion to positions of higher responsi­ bility, and (5) the salaries paid* During the year of 1941, the Municipal Civil Service Commission faced the problem of forming an eligible list of 2,500 men for the Fire Department.

Vishing to olassify the

applicants for this hazardous and trying oooupation as well as possible, the Commission set up qualifying standards which somewhat limited the registration*

The candidates had

to be over seventeen and under thirty years of age, be five feet seven inches or taller, be graduated from high sohool, and be able to pass a medical examination for which the standards were published*

To encourage the better educated

and athletic type of person to apply, extra credit was awarded to the achieved mental-physical average of college men and those with athletic experience. From a group of approximately 30,000 who took the mental test, it was decided to seleot the best 5,000 (twice the num­ ber who would eventually make the list) to take the qualify­ ing medical and competitive physical tests.

As the mental

marks were in one point units, it was Impossible to take the exact number for the later tests*

At eighty peroent, fewer

than five thousand passed so the passing mark was made seventy nine*

At that mental mark, 5,400 passed and were notified

to appear for the medical and physical tests.

3

Actually, 4,583 men appeared to take the medical test* Of this group, 4,028 passed and vent on to take the physioal test*

The tabulated reasons for failure In the aedioal test,

up to a few days before the olose of the examination, is given in the Appendix (see Table 1).

Hen were passed "con­

ditionally", if they had defects vhioh vere remediable, and given six months after publioation of the list to rectify the oondition or sacrifice their eligibility (see Table 2)* Purpose of the Study The type of physioal test, which was given in 1941, had been given for the two preceding years*

In 1940, it was

used for the Department of Sanitation and in 1939, for the Polloe Department*

Over 38,000 young men performed in these

three competitive tests*

Such a large group would have a

great many individual differences due to the broadness of the qualifying standards*

There has been no thorough examina­

tion of the test, over the three years of its use, to determine how well it funotions*

One of the reasons for this study is

to find out what effect certain individual differences have upon performance* Certain of the administrative practioes in the execution of the test may also have effeot upon individual achievement if they are not consistent in all eases*

In several ways,

the prooedure followed created oertain conditions for some candidates vhioh vere different in other oases* It is, therefore, the purpose of this study to examine the results of the physical test in the light of oertain factors to determine whether or not they influence the out­ comes*

4

atntflnmt of Problem The problem concerned in this study is to erltieally examine the relationship of oertain faotors to achievement in the physioal test employed in the formation of the eligible list for the Fire Department of the City of Hew York in 1941* The faotors originated and were seleoted from observed conditions*

From experience in the testing procedure, it

seemed that the performance of the oandidates was influenced either positively or negatively by the faotors' presence as variables*

The faotors under consideration are as follows: AfltoinigftffilrlT+t 1* Borough of the candidate 2* Date of taking the test 3* Ihether reealled beoause of rain Individual;

1* 2* 3* 4*

Mental rating Age Height Weight

The oandidates were called to take the test in groups ao cording to where they took the mental test*

The Mental

tests were given at strategic points in their own boroughs so that any given group of oandidates would be from the same borough.

It seemed that men from oertain boroughs

formed better than others*

per­

An examination of the means would

not be an adequate measure of differenoe as it would disre­ gard any effect of the date of taking the test. The test was eonduoted six days a week from August 11th |

to September 9th*

Thns, some of the oandidates were given

c

| £ s. f JF 6

the test later than others by almost a month*

This extra time

5

allowed further training, observation of the test In aotion, and possibly a profiting from others* experience. Assuming that the oandidates from one borough performed better than those from another, it is possible, providing the best borough were oalled predamlnently early or late in the test, that any Improvement In performance as time went on would be confused by this other factor*

It, therefore,

seemed best to examine the relationship of the date of talcing the test and performance by borough. If it rained on the date any group was oalled, the men were given the medical test and only the first two parts of the physioal test.

The last two parts of the physioal test

were held out of doors whioh forced a postponement.

Any such

group came baok at a later date to take only the last two parts.

This gave opportunity for further preparation and

eliminated the emotional strain of the medical examination as well as the physical strain of the first two parts of the physical test.

As this is the only dichotomous variable, it

will be examined last. It is highly possible that there will not be any sig­ nificant relationship between intelligence, as measures by the mental test and performance. factor will be examined.

However, for two reasons the

In 1940, the Sanitation Department

test required only literacy of the candidates which would allow a wide range of intelligence. occasion seemed superior.

The performance on that

The other reason for examining

3. Charles H. UcCloy, Tests and Measurements in Health and EtaalqftA Education. p.657

6

intelligence and performance is to investigate whether it would be worth while to lower the mental passing mark as it might allow much better physioal performers to make the list without saorlfioing too much intelligence* Although age, height, and weight are known to have effect 4 upon physioal performance , they are of speoial interest in regard to this test*

If the test picks men of a oertain type,

the type should be known.

Knowing this might necessitate

changes in the test or the qualifying standards to allow more of the superior type to take it* Scone of the Study The funetion of this study is that of analysis and not of evaluation.

Any findings that may be of assistance to

the Commission in regard to the tea V s efficiency or validity will be presented in the form of recommendations* Only the records of men who passed the physical test are used in the analysis of the problem* Hen, who failed, were eliminated at the point they failed and received no numer­ ical mark for that part*

Suoh records would be incomplete

and would avail little that would not be brought out by a relationship study of those who passed*

Passing the test

merely Indicates that it was oompleted without failure and should not be construed to mean that the men made the elig­ ible list as that was determined by seleoting the best 2,500 mental and physical averages plus any extra credits for higher education or athletics* That the Uunioipal Civil Service Commission welcomes

4* Ibid*, pp. 38-55

7

suoh a study of this type is expressed by a letter from President Paul Kern to the writer.

His letter was as follows, October 16, 1941.

Mr. George B. Spitz, Jr. Department of Health and Beoreation Queens College, Flushing, N.Y. Dear Mr. Spitz; I have your letter of October 15th requesting aooess to oertain files of this Commission for pur­ poses of preparing a dootorate thesis. I am glad to give you full permission to examine suoh files for research purposes. Your agreement to make public these data only with our oonsent is wholly satisfactory to us and I am sure we will have no diffi­ culty in this regard beoause we have no objection to the publication of statistical data as long as the names of the individual oandidates are not used. Suoh a study would also have very useful aspects in connection with our work and we should be very in­ terested in these findings and would probably publish a summary of it in our quarterly research journal. 1 am sure that Dr. Norman Powell, Chief of our Research Bureau, would be glad to work with you on this matter and I shall speak to him regarding it. Your excellent work on the holding of our examin­ ations and the high regard we have for you will make it possible for us to cooperate in your research job to the fullest. Sincerely yours, Paul J. Kern (signed) Paul «T. Kern nresldwnt Dr. Norman J. Powell, Director of Research of the Municipal Civil Servioe Commission wrote as follows, December 5, 1941. Mr. George Spitz Department of Physioal SdUoation Queens College, Flushing, New York. Dear Mr. Spitz: I want to tell you that, in my opinion, the study of

our fireman physioal test which you are contemplating is one which has potentialities for being very useful to this Commission* I do hope you will be able to start on the study very soon* I am eager to see the results* Please do not hesitate to oall upon me if I can be of any assistance* Sinoerely yours, Norman J* Powell (signed) Norman J. Powell Director of Researoh Other than the reaction of the Commission, many of the candidates have expressed a real interest in such a study as it would assist them in their preparation through an understanding of their potentialities and weak points*

CHAPTER TWO

trraTORY Early Procedurea The Municipal Civil Servioe Commission has been giving physical tests to oandidates interested in becoming members of the Fire and Police Departments for well over twenty five years*

Although no comprehensive history of this informa­

tion can be found, the early practices were collected through the kind oooperation of the Examiner-in-Charge of the MedioalPhysieal Unit, Mr. Paul M* Brennan* The following material was taken from Standards for Physical Examinations1 of which there is only one copy in existenoe*

The examination listed for Patrolman and Fire­

man physioal tests in 1916 fell under the following headings: a* b* c* d* e* f• g. h* i* j* k*

Strength of back Strength of legs Strength of upper arm (police only) Strength, of forearm Pectoral strength Shoulder pull Thigh adductors Dumbbell lift - 60 pounds, both arms Abdominal muscle lift - 35 pound barbell High jump - agility Ladder (fireman only)

The preliminary standards for the oandidates were listed as follows: a* Age 21-29 b* Height - Over 5*7" (fireman), over 5'7&n (pollde) o.Weight - Not less than 140 pounds d* Chest mobility - Not less than 3&" (fireman), and 3n (police) e* Expanded Chest - Not less than 38n (fireman), and 36}” (polioe)

1* Municipal Civil Servioe Commission of the City of New Tork, 12L Physioal Examinationa. p. 43.

10

The physioal tests were oonduoted with m a l l dynamometers, weights, ladder, and high jump standards*

These tests and

their administration remained muoh the same until 1935.

The

preliminary standard of ehest mobility was dropped sometime before this as the oandidates were able to confuse the measurement by mowing the shoulder girdle* Trim*PerAatt Through the pioneering of Ur* Paul U. Brennan, the use of the small dynamometers was eliminated*

It was felt that

the oandidates should be able to see and interpret their performanoe*

The soale on the dynamometers was expressed in

metric units and in suoh small print that not infrequently the candidate did not see his rating nor could he interpret it as it was oalled out*

After much investigation, Mr*

Brennan introduced the Uutoscope Testograph constructed by the International liutosoope and Heel Company of New York City.

These machines have large dials on which is reoorded

peroenta from zero to one hundred for the strength testing* These peroants are a direct recording of the mark as the indicator stops and remains at the highest point until re­ leased*

These machines were used to test thigh adduotor

strength, shoulder pull strength, and pectoral strength* They were muoh more pleasing to the candidates and were somewhat more objective as the examiner became merely a reoorder. The use of the dumbbells, barbells, and high jump was" oontinued for the other tests* One of the fine outoomes of these machines was a height

XI meter vhioh not only records the height on a large dial but has two heel buttons upon vhioh the oandidates stands*

These

eleotrio oontaot points light two lights, one on eaoh side of the recording dial, vhioh are extinguished if either heel is raised*

In that one of the great problems of taking height

is the possibility of the candidate raising the heels slightly, this vas an excellent innovation as it actually governed the pressure the heels exerted on the disks in order to make oontaot*

This type of measurement vas initiated in 1935*

M o d e m T««tlng President Paul J. Kern felt that the test should be changed somevhat beoause of three veaknesses or disadvantages it seemed to have*

The test vas not objeotive enough as oer­

tain of the marks depended upon the examiner*s judgement*

In

the veight lifting and high jumping, not lifting the veight all of the vay or not quite clearing the bar vas avarded partial oredit aooording to hov olose, in the judgement of the examiner, the person came to being suooessful*

Seoondly, it did not test

all phases of physioal provess, or at least not veil enough, as agility vas expressed by ability to high jump and endurance upon the ability to stand up under the series of tests. Thirdly, it did not have an approach vhioh vas functional enough*

If it oould test more in the line of action vhioh

vould be required in the vork, it vould test the men's fit­ ness for it better* In 1939, President Paul Kern secured the services of Pro­ fessor Francis P* Vail of Nev Tork University to drav up a test for a polios examination vhioh vould overcome as many

18

of the difficulties as possible.

Professor Vail formed a

test vhioh vas very similar to the one used for the Pire Department as described in this study. 1959 and vorked quite satisfactorily.

The test vas used in During the summer of

1940, a modified test vas used for the Sanitation Department. It vas modified so that it could be held indoors as it vas necessary to examine over 30,000 young men and the delays of rain oould not be tolerated. In 1941, it vas necessary to use a test in the seleotlon of oandidates for the Fire Department.

This test is the one

under consideration and a oomplete description is given belov.

PgffQrlP-ttPP St &£ I«at In order to properly understand the test and its admini­ stration, the events, regulations, and marking system vill be described2. 1. The physioal examination is competitive and therefore under no oircumstanoes are reexaminations ever granted regardless of accidents, injuries, sickness or other misfortune (except for Commission regulations or military servioel • 8. There shall be no prescribed order of taking the various tests and the candidate may be required to start at any point. The Snduranoe Test, hovever, shall be the last test for every candidate. 3..A rest of 15 minutes shall be alloved each candidate before being required to take the Snduranoe Test. There is no other privilege of resting alloved. Any oandldate vho enters the fitduranoe Test, vithout consuming 15 minutes for rest, shall be considered to have vaived his rest period. 4. Dumbbells. Hot more than 4 ohanoes by each hand shall be alloved. 5. Abdominals.

|

Hot more than 4 ohanoes alloved.

8. Civil Service Commission of the City of Hev York, Medioal and Physioal Requirements for Fireman, Civil Servioe Bulletin. Vol. IV, Ho. 6 (June, 1941), pp848-858.

... - . - ...

------

13

6. Dummy Lift and Carry.

Not more than 3 ohanoes allowed.

7. Agility. The oandldate shall he allowed not more than one chance without foul. He shall fail in the examination if he does not accomplish the test within the time limit or for the commission of three fouls. The oommon fouls are these: a. Short broad jump b. Running out of course c. Knocking down hurdle For every foul, the candidate with a penalty of 4% for each a candidate, who performs the third trial shall not receive

shall repeat the test foul. This means that test perfectly on his more than 92%.

8. Endurance. 1 chance allowed. If a candidate falls without rising or leaves the course without returning to continue from the exact plaoe whence he left, all within the time limit, he shall be entirely eliminated. 9. Coordination. 1 practice trial allowed. This under no circumstances shall be made a part of the reoord. Two other chances are allowed, with the better of the two being accepted for the rating in coordination. 10. Candidates having once entered into the physioal examination must continue to the conclusion thereof at the same session of the examination. Failure to do so regardless of acoident, injury, sickness or any misfortune must result in complete withdrawal and elimination from the competition. Part I - Coordination Test (Weight 1) Designed to test hand-eye and foot-eye coordination and reaction speed. Candidate sits in cab of auto­ mobile and watches a panel board with red and green lights and Signs. He performa in the quickest time possible the action indioated by the light and the sign9 such as making a left turn or a right turn. He familiarizes himself with the simple operations required by a praotice trial as provided in paragraph 9. See Table 3 for the marking intervals. Part II - Strength (Weight 2) Test 1 - Dummy Lift and Carry Lift to shoulder; carry up flight of stairs (8 steps); turn around; carry down and plaoe gently on the floor. Throwing or dropping dummy to ground results in 8% penalty (see Table 4). Test 2 - Abdominals From a reclining position a candidate must assume a sitting posture carrying up behind his neck a barbell. His feet are held down (see Table 4)

14

Test 3 - Dumbbells . By sheer musoular effort (no throv-up or snap-up) raise a full arm's length above the head. Each hand separately (see Table 4) Fart III - Agility (Weight 3) This test vill be rated on total time required to complete all of these events, done consecutively. From starting mark, candidate must run 8 yards; make 10* broad Jump; continue 8 yards to a 3*6" hurdle; 5 yards to a barrier, dodge through barrier; run 5 yards to ladder, mount vertical ladder until he reaohes horizontal ladder; travel hand over hand under and across horizontal ladder until he oan stand on fence; dismount therefrom; run 5 yards to 8* fence; climb over; run 5 yards; vault oyer 4*6n vaulting box and then run 5 yards, to finish line (see Illustration 1 and Table 5). Fart 17 - Endurance (Weight 4) Run one mile around a board track vhioh has ten laps to the mile (see Table 6)

CHAPTER THREE PROCEDURE Information Neoeasary

In. order to thoroughly understand the analysis of the problem, it vas necessary to have a complete knowledge of every minute point of the test.

As examiner-in-oharge, it

was the writer's privilege to gain unique experienoe and understanding.. This vas supplemented by referenoe to the Civil Servioe Bulletin1 . As a study of the vhole group vould be too lengthy and unvieldy, it vas decided to use the random sampling method. The number of men who passed the test vas 2,665.

It vas felt

that a sample of three hundred or more than ten percent of the total vould be an adequate cross section. to if neoessary.

This could be added

In order to test the reliability of the

sample and provide a surplus, six hundred oases vere reoorded. It vas neoessary to copy the Information about all of the faotors as veil as the complete physioal performance record of each man. Sources and Collection of Data In one file vere all of the Medioal-Physioal Reoord Cards in order of filing applications to take the test (see Table 7). As this order of filing had no relationship to performance in the test or any of the faotors, the six hundred sample oases vere dravn from these drawers vithout any pattern or sequence exeept for the rejection of all rain reoall oases from this group of data as they vere collected separately.

1. Loo, olt.

16

These cards contained the following information: 1. 2. 3* 4* 5. 6.

Date of talcing the test Height Date of rain recall (if affected) Home address Complete record of physical performance Application number

The material was oopied on oards which could be conveniently used during the analyses (see Table 8). In another section were filed the mental tests according to application number.

As the application number was copied

from each Medioal-Physioal Record Card used, it was a rela­ tively simple task to look up the test and record the result. With each mental test, was filed the original application of each candidate which gave the date of birth. The weight of each man was oolleoted through the mail as it was not taken at any time during the test.

A mimeographed

letter, with enclosed self addressed post card, was sent to each of the three hundred men whose records were to be used in the analyses (see Table 9).

In the first attempt, two

hundred and one responded.

Repeat letters were sent to the

ninety-one delinquent men.

After the seoond letter, a toted

of two hundred and fifty-two were reoorded. Of all the men who passed the examination, two hundred and twenty-one were effected by rain in taking it.

The

essential data of all these oases was reoorded to afford a sizable group for comparison with the unaffeoted group.

As

indloated above, this information was found on the UedioalPhysical Record Cards. To summarize, the groups of data oolleoted were:

17

1, 600 samples of the men who passed the physical test and were unaffected by rain postponements; 24.6$ of all the men who passed the test* 2. 221 oases of men who passed the test and were affeoted by rain postponement; all oases of this type*

R ft3.lftTam .te S t D ata As any sample may not be reliable, even though the peroent of the total is large, it is necessary to establish its relia­ bility in some manner*

It can be assumed that if two random

halves of a random sample of sizable number (greater than one hundred) show close conformity to each other, any two halves of the same sample would show a similar oonfoxmity*

Following

this reasoning, it can also be assumed that further random additions to the group would not change this relationship* Therefore, d o s e oonformity of two random halves of a random sample is a measure of reliability* The six hundred samples were drawn by taking one oard out of every five to ten oards with no pattern nor actual count being taken of the number of cards between those selected* * As the oards were filed by application number which had no relationship to any of the factors under consideration, this method was also considered as having no relationship to any of the factors*

As previously mentioned, the rain reoall

oases were rejected during this drawing*

The six- hundred eases

oolleoted were automatically staoked according to their appli­ cation numbers having been drawn from the file in this manner* The two halves, to be called Group I and Group II, were separated by taking every other oard for Group I and the others for Group II*

The Ghi-Square Test2

a method of showing oonformity

2 * Henry £• Garrett, Statistics in Psychology and Education pp. 119-124*

18

or "goodness of fit" (see Table 10)«

The quantity, chi-square,

is an expression of the differences between the two distri­ butions.

Chi-square can be interpreted by using tables for

the purpose3.

The "P" obtained from these tables is an in­

dication of probability or chances in one thousand that any differences are attributable to the fluctuations of random sampling.

If "P” is equal to .02 or less, the conformity 4 cannot be considered adequate » The following "goodness of fit" was found between

Group I and Group II of the factors involved: nptt

Commitat ions

•24355

1.000

See Table 11

2. Date of taking test

5.47714

.903

n

"

12

3. Mental rating

1.44682

.998

tt

"

13

.81842

1.000

w

«

14

3.87056

•951

n

«

15

•332

it

«

16

Factors

Chi-Sauare

1. Physical average

4. Age 5. Height 6. Weight

12.553

The first five factors show an average of .9704 whioh indicates that there are 970.4 chances in 1,000 that the small laok of conformity was due to minor fluctuations in the sampling.

This figure is extremely high and is probably

due to the relative homogeneity of the men whioh was caused by the qualifying standards. The weight, although the figure indicates very good probability, is lower because it was carried out by using

3. Xj2^|., p. 124 4. L C j £ .

19

only Group I*

The Chi-Square Tests of the other factors

were carried out before collecting the weights by mail. As they were extremely high, it was believed that collecting the weights for Group I and comparing the two halves of only that group would be adequate.

The two hundred and

fifty-two oases of the men who replied were divided in half by taking alternate cards for each group after plaoing them in order of application number.

They were then com­

pared yielding the favorable result shown.

Thij teohnlque

was used because the attempted collection of the full six hundred weights would necessitate the.needless expenditure of a considerable amount of time, money, and effort. The conformity between Group 1 and Group II, in regard to borough distribution of the cases, was as follows: Group I

Groun II

11

£

4

%l“%2

Bronx

75

25.0

67

22.3

2.7

Brooklyn

91

30.3

97

32.3

-2.0

Manhattan

32

10.7

37

12.3

-1.6

Queens

93

31.0

87

29.0

2.0

9 300

3.0

-J&300

4.0

-1.0

Biohmond

In the above ohart, "n" is the number of oases from eac] borough in each group.

The percent indicates what part of

the total of either group the number represents.

In the

column on the right, are listed the differences between the percents.

As 2.7% is the greatest difference found,

20

the conformity can be considered close*

It can be assumed

that the tabulated peroents of the group totals are. a close indication of the actual peroents of the men from each borough who passed the test* From the tabulated results, the samples can be considered highly reliable for the analyses to be carried out*

Qrfififllsatiofl £22 Mateftls As all, some, or none of the factors may be effective, a logical method of approach must be employed to envelope all possibilities of relationship.

A flexible plan was

worked out whioh had these advantages* Date of Talcing the Test As mentioned in discussing the problem in Chapter I, the men were called to the various sessions of the test by borough.

It was feared that superior performance by the

candidates of any borough or boroughs might cause a spurious indication of relationship between the date of taking the test and the physical average if this were disregarded. The best procedure was to carry out the correlations by borough.

Three outcomes are possible using this technique:

All Correlations Negligible If this is found, it can be assumed that neither taking the test at a later date nor the borough of the candidate was effective.

Both of these factors would then be dropped

from further analyses. Similar Significant Correlations If this holds true, it can be assumed that the date of

21

taking the test was effective but not the borough of the candidates.

In this case, the borough of the candidates

would no longer be regarded.

Also, the date of taking the

test would be united with the other factors of mental rating, age, height, and weight. Dissimilar Significant Correlations If this is found, both date of taking the test and the borough of the dandidate can be considered as contributing to the effect.

Both factors must then be carried on to de­

termine whether the boroughs' relationship is due to any one of the other factors under consideration.

It may be found,

for instance, that heavier weight is an advantage and that the candidates from certain boroughs were heavier. Maat.al*

Height.

Weight

The factors of mental rating, age, height, and weight will be correlated individually with the physical averages to examine the relationship but: 1. If similar significant correlations were found between the date of taking the test and physical average by borough, the date of taking the test will be inoluded with these factors, and 2 . If dissimilar significant correlations were found, these factors as well as the date of taking the test will be analyzed by borough. ffar.tlal aasL Multiple -Relationships If two or more correlations between the physical aver­ age and the factors are significant, they will be studied

22

by partial correlation to bring out the effect of one apart from the other or others.

This will be carried out by

borough if it has been shown necessary. The best multiple will be computed if the partials are carried out and will be done by borough also, if necessary. B a & Reca^ia Parts I and II of the rain recall group will be com­ pared to the same parts of the unaffected group used in the earlier analyses.

The Chi-Square Test will be used to show

the conformity and will be done by borough if necessary. Parts III and IV will be compared in the same way. If the chi-squares do not differ greatly in the two comparisons, it can be assumed that talcing the second half of the physical test at a later date was not an advantage and need not be considered further. If the chi-squares do differ, an inspection of the dis­ tributions will bring out the manner in which they differ to guide the analysis. SnnmiftTv

All analyses will be carried out by holding unique bor­ oughs separate if suoh proves necessary in the analysis of the date of talcing the test and the physical average by borough.

Otherwise, the borough of the candidate will be

ignored as ineffective. The factors of date of talcing the test, mental rating, age, height, and weight will be correlated with the physical average to determine the relationships. The effeot of being reoalled to take the second half of

the physical test at a later date will be analyzed by using the Chi-Square Test.

Parts I and IX of the unaffected group

will be oompared to the same parts of the affected group. Parts III and IV will be compared in the same way.

CHAPTER FOUR

TBS RBT.ATTONSHTP QJ DAT# OF TEST TO

PTtRgnnMAWgg ACCORDING TO BOROUGH The Outlook for Interpretation Before undertaking any interpretations of the various findings, it would he well to discuss the reasoning used in regarding the data. The study is one of relationship using two major tech­ niques.

Pearson’s Chi-Square Test is used to measure con­

formity between groups of data (see Table 10).

Pearson's

product-moment method of correlation is used to express the dependency of one variable to another.

To facilitate the

computations, the C-D Hand Correlation Charts were used (see Table 17). The purpose of the comparisons is merely to provide a measure of relationship and not to predict by means of re­ gression equations.

Because of this fact, low correlation

coefficients will be considered as indicating some effect even though they are not high enough to be considered statistically significant. The ssmple being dealt with should be considered a part of a somewhat homogeneous whole.

The very high chi-square

results obtained in comparing the samples for reliability tend to authenticate this outlook (see Tables 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16).

All of the factors under*consideration are

limited by the preliminary and qualifying standards whioh were set for eligibility.

The limits of the group are given

85

below whioh Indicates the range of eaoh factor*

It is well

to note that the weight range is relatively great in that no poundage restrictions were plaoed upon it*

Only the ex­

treme oases of overweight and underweight were eliminated as physically unfit during the medical examination* men

Low

1 * Physical average

97*20%

65*70%

31*50%

2* Mental rating

96%

79%

17%

3* Date of test

Sept* 6th

Aug* 11th

27 days

4* Age

29*33 yrs*

17.75 yrs*

11*58 yrs

5* Height

76 5/8"

67"

9 5/8"

6* Weight

215 lbs*

136 lbs*

79 lbs*

Factors

As the Richmond candidates represented only 3$ - 4% of the sample and consequently the same proportion of all the men who passed the test, their influence can be considered negligible*

If this borough*s candidates were to be analyzed,

it would be necessary to draw all of these oases from the oomplete file of men who passed the test*

Any ooeffioient

obtained in this way would not be comparable to those of the other boroughs in any partial of multiple correlations unless the effects indicated were regarded in the light of the per­ cent of the total they represent*

This lowering of the value

of the Richmond ooeffioient as ineffectual in regard to the total group causes its calculation to be unnecessary*

For

this reason, the relationship of this borough's candidates performance to the date of talcing the test was not oarried

26

out nor is the ooeffioient listed* As indicated by Garrett1 , a ooeffioient of less than •20 will he considered as showing indifferent or almost negligible relationship except where the two variables are somewhat unrelated such as height and intelligence* Tbs BgrOTflh W l w n w The candidates were called to take the test by borough in no special sequence*

From observation, examiners felt

that the candidates from certain boroughs performed better than those from others*

Beoause of this observed belief,

and due to the fact that the best borough's men might have been oalled generally early or late in the dates of the ex­ amination, any correlation of performance with the date of taking the test had to deal with this possibility* The findings, using the physical average as the depen­ dent variable in all oases, were as follows: Borough

gfteffiolent

Humber of Cases

Bronx

•33

75

Brooklyn

.08

91

Manhattan

.11

32

Queens

•02

93

Richmond

I* Ifelfl*, PP.

342-343*

9

27

The relationship found In Brooklyn and Queens is so minute that they will be disregarded.

As previously men­

tioned, the coefficient of Manhattan is

quite

unreliable as

well as being very small and will not be considered. The Bronx coefficient, however, shows low positive cor­ relation of improvement as time went on.

Because of the

gmn3.i range of time involved, this correlation must be con­ sidered relatively strong.

In that the Bronx cases show this

unique relationship, they must be given special consideration. The other four boroughs show no appreciable improvement with a later date of taking the test.

As the four boroughs

show similar results, they will be merged.

The date of taking

the test shows a negligible relationship to performance and need not be considered further in regard to these boroughs. These four boroughs will be treated in the next chapter. Further Analysis of the Bronx Results Even though the Bronx candidates showed improvement as time went on, the means of the five boroughs show that they were not a superior group.

The means are closely grouped

as follows: £?.rpufih

Physical average mean

Bronx

80.739#

Brooklyn

80.622#

Manhattan

79.875#

Queens

80.628#

Richmond

80.967#

The correlations of physical performance with the other factors for the Bronx candidates were all low.

The inter­

correlations were computed in that a combination of factors, eaoh contributing in a small way, might indicate some reason for the improvement with date.

The coefficients listed be­

low are identified by their subscripts.

The factors are

numbered as follows: 1. Performance 2 . Mental mark 3. Date of test

4. Age 5. Height 6. Weight

T1 2 ~

r23~

-.20, .03,

•33,

P24“ .27, r35~

-.09,

ri4r -06*

ri5= - 06*

*25= *16’

r2 6 = - 04

p16=-.16

H O• 1

r45=

-.20,

ri3~

11*

r34“

.l o

Bronx Correlations and Intercorrelations

r — •28 46

r = .54 56 Interpretation of the Bronx Results The only factor, whioh shows slight correlation with performance, is that of weight.

If the heavy men, who did

less well, were called to take the test early by chance, it might contribute to the rise in performance.

This is not

the case, however, as there is no relationship between the date of taking the test and weight. Although no solution for the improvement in performance is indicated by any of the correlations, it is Interesting to note at this time that:

89

1. 2* 3* 4.

Older men obtained "better mental ratings* The weight increased generally with height* Weight increased slightly with age* Bxoept for weight, there is no relationship between height and age*

This would indicate that, although older men earned su­ perior mental ratings, they were somewhat handicapped in the physical tests by a gain in weight without proportionate gain in height*

This would lend to the belief that the older

men had gained superfluous weight. The explanation for the Improvement of the Bronx candidates must be left to subjective reasoning.

It so happens that the

Bronx was in a somewhat unique position as the test was con­ ducted at the Heights College of New York University. .Visitors were allowed to watch the running of the test.

Some of the

facilities were available for practice after the day's session closed.

No doubt, the Bronx candidates would profit best by

these conditions and it must be assumed that they took ad­ vantage of the opportunities• Their improvement oan be att­ ributed, to some extent, to this observation and practice.

.SyiSSSSX In analyzing the relationship of the date of taking the test to performance according to the borough of the candidates, Bronx was the only one whioh showed appreciable correlation. The other Bronx correlations and intercorrelations shed no light upon the reason for its improvement.

The assumption

must be that in viewing the examination, held in the Bronx at the Heights College of New York University, the candidates from this borough realized the value of practice, were stimulated into greater effort, and were able to use some of the actual

30

faoilities employed In the test.

That candidates did make

use of the faoilities was observed by the examiners follow­ ing the closing of the examination for the day.

CHAPTER FIVE

THE RTfiLATTONSHIP OF THE FACTORS TO PERFORMANCE OF BROOKLYN. MANHATTAN. QUEENS. AND RICHMOND HILL CANDIDATES

Date of Taking the Teat In the analysis of these four boroughs, it is interesting to note that the correlation of date of taking the test and per­ formance is *14 and the average of the coefficients, when they were related separately, was .07.

This, somewhat, bears out

the belief that the varying performance means of each borough would have confused a study of the whole.

The correlation of

the five boroughs was .17 which shows the effect of including the Bronx relationship which had a *33 coefficient.

As the

correlations involving improvement in performance with a later date of taking the test, according to borough, were negligible, this further analysis was carried out in an attempt to justify the analytical technique Involved.

The factor of date of taking

the test will, however, be excluded from further study. JXhS Faotor-Performanoe Relationships The relationships found for the other four factors were as follows: 1. Physical Average - Mental rating 2. " " Age 3. " " -Weight 4. " " Weight

r= .10 ra -.02 r : .01 r=-.16

n= 225 n = 225 n = 225 n = 225

All four of these relationships are low enough to be considered negligible but several interesting interpretations

32

can be made to them.

The minus ooeffioient of physical

average and weight is exactly the same as that found for Bronx borough*

This, in a way, improves the reliability of

the Bronx ooeffioient by their mutual relationship and indi­ cates more certainly the slight negative effect of having more weight.

The faot that height has only a .01 ooeffioient with

the physical average emphasizes that the handicap of weight is unrelated to height. The ooeffioient of .10 between physical average and mental rating, although very low, must be mentioned as the two fac­ tors are considered unrelated.

Garrett^ mentions that cor­

relations between physioal and mental functions are usually very low - around zero.

It is interesting to note, therefore,

that on the whole the men,who achieved the better marks on the mental test,performed slightly better.

This oannot be con­

strued to mean that intelligent men perform better but only that as measured in this series of tests, the men with higher mental marks performed better.

It would be neoessary to evaluate

the tests as instruments of measure before the above conclusion could be drawn. X&£ gflgftflj Aftfllrslg The low ooefflolents obtained in the study of the factors and performance make the need of finding the partial and mul­ tiple correlations very minor as nothing significant would be gained by such aotion. Although the following analysis was not indicated in the planned work, it seems of reed need with these findings.

The

test, as previously mentioned, oonslsted of four parts: coor­ dination, strength, agility, and enduranoe. J&S* clt.

It might be

33

possible that the effect of performing in one or more parts might negate the effect found in the other parts in regard to the factors involved*

For instance, a tall person might do

poorly in weight lifting but well in the mile run*

Beoause

of this possibility and the low correlations obtained, the analysis of the factors in relationship tp the parts of the test will be carried out in addition to the planned work* summary The correlations of mental rating, age, height, and weight were very low*

This might be partially attributable

to the group's relative hamogeniety which, however, does not justify any real significant conclusions being drawn from the results* Bather than carry out futile partial and multiple cor­ relations with these low relationships, a study of the factors and performance will be made for each part of the test in that the possibility of cancelling influence exists within the parts*

CHAPTER SIX

THE TO

btct.a t t o m s h t p

p e r w QRMAMOE

Off THE FACTORS

IN THE PARTS OF THE TEST

The Factor Performance Relationships For convenience of discussion, the coefficients obtained for the candidates of the Bronx and the other four boroughs between the factors and the physical average are repeated with the findings for each part*

As in the other correlations,

the performance factor is the dependent variable in all cases* Four Boroughs

Bronx

All four parts •14

Mental Rating

.10

.33 0. 1

Date of Test

All Boroughs II

III

IV

.10

.18

•16

•08

-.03 -.02

.03

•05 -.15

-.02

.06

.14

.17

•04

Height

.01

-.06

to H. 1

I

•04

-.12

Weight

-.16

-.16

-.16

•35

-.22

Age

.003 -.22

Before disoussing the findings expressed in the table, the weighting of the marks are repeated below.

psEia

lalstUEaflSx

Bataaniat .totalaatfs

i .............1...... ............... 1036 II ............ 2 * 20% III

........... 3

1 .....30 $

1 7 .... ,...... 4..................... 40% Although this weighting does not change the value of the coefficients, any relationship expressed must be considered stronger in that it is amplified by the weighted mark*

35

Interpretation

q£

J& & Ss a l iSL *S£l Part I - Coordination

There la very slight relationship shown between perfor­ mance and the factors of date of taking the test, age, height, and weight.

It would seem that, although the men improved

slightly as time went on, those who were oldeir., shorter, and lighter performed best.

It is possible that the maturity of

older persons allowed superior calmness and consequently better efficiency*

Although this test demanded quick aotion, a wrong

deolsion caused a great loss of reoorded time upon which the mark was based.

The shorter and lighter men probably found

it easier to move quickly in the cab than those who were tall and heavy* Part

n

- Strength

In this part of the test, the factors of age, date of taking the test, and weight all show influence*

The real

finding here, however, is that performance is better with greater weight*

Associated with this is the faot that no

appreciable relationship is found with height*

Therefore,

the indication would be that the short stocky and probably muscular type of person performed best*

Because of the high

relationship between height and weight (see Bronx interoorrelations), a partial correlation between height and perfor­ mance holding the weight constant, would give a negative coefficient*•

It oan be said then, that tall men, it weight

is partialled out, are handicapped or do less well in weight

1* l]}id*, p* 414

36

lifting.

This might he expeoted from the body mechanics in­

volved as they would have poorer leverage. Part III - Agility The factors of date of taking the test, height, and weight show some lnfluenoe in this part.

Even though these

relationships are not high, they are considered because the test is weighted by three at this part. The shorter and lighter men performed better in Agility Test.

the

It is understandable from several standpoints

in accordance with the test structure.

The heavy men would

have some difficulty with the broad jump and high hurdle. The tall and heavy men would be handioapped in dodging around a barrier because of a higher oenter of gravity.

The greatest

difficulty, from the standpoint of loss of time, would be in traveling along under the horizontal ladder hand over hand. In the hanging position, tall men,having longer

arms andtorso

as well as a center of gravity whioh is further

away fromthe

point of stabilization, sway very easily.

This swaying, in

traveling along under the ladder, was very noticeable with these men.

The heavier candidates found difficulty in climbing

thebthe eight foot wall.

For these reasons, then, the correla­

tions, although slight, are justified. Part 17 - Endurance Although this part of the test is weighted heaviest, by four, the findings bring out nothing significant. and lighter men performed best.

The younger

The relative lack of extensive

37

physical activity is an e x p e o te d finding with older men because of occupation, "settling down", and the few oppor­ tunities for activity.

This minimum of activity precludes

a gain in weight. The gain in weight is unfortunate in an endurance test such as the mile run.

A much greater amount

of energy must be expended to carry a heavier person through to the completion. Sygggjry Date of Taking the Test The factor of date of taking the test is probably an indication of any advantage gained through observation and study of the test being conducted as well as that of further practice.

As the correlations between this factor and per­

formance are constantly positive, although in no place very high, their very presenoe indicates that there was an advan­ tage.

These correlations were not expeoted to be high as

the range of the. time factor was relatively short.

It must

be understood that men, who were going to practice at all, probably did so before the test started.

Their advantage

of time can only be considered further opportunity and not that they had the only practice.

It is somewhat surprising

to see that performance in the mile run was aided the least by the extension of time as this probably would take the longest to condition for because of the various physiological ohanges that must take plaoe.

The most obvious reasons for

the low relationship are that the men must have begun this training very early so that four more weeks showed negligible

38

improvement or else the men did not take advantage of the time by practicing. Mental Rating The findings between this faotor and performance are too slight to be considered even though they are foreign to eaoh other.

It is unfortunate that the range of the mental

ratings was not greater as anyrelationship could have been shown more emphatically. ■Age From the analysis of the four parts, can be seen the reasons for age not showing up in the average of the parts. Within the test, can be seen the counteracting phases as Parts I and II are positive and Part IV negative. Height This faotor was very ineffective throughout the test. This is somewhat surprising as most physical education olass3,4 iflcation standards take this into consideration • In that the heights had a median of 7 1 + and a mean of 70, (see Table 18) both this and the scattergram used for the correlations indicate that the men were predominantly short in the range of height for this test.

This would be expected as the min­

imum height is close to the mens' average height.

The pre­

dominance of shorter men would make the correlations of height small and less reliable.

It would be necessary to

3. MoOloy, OP. OIT.y pp.160-168 4. J.7. Bovard and P.W. Cozens, Tests and Megsijx^gegl^s jya ?tasi