Your house planning workbook for Missoula, Montana

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YOUR HOUSE PLANNING WORKBOOK FOR MISSOULA, MONTANA

A Project Presented to the Faculty of the School of Education The University of Southern California

In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Education

by Idabel MnLeish Jordan June 1950

UMI Number: EP46392

All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

UMI Dissertation Publishing

UMI EP46392 Published by ProQuest LLC (2014). Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code

uest ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346

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^

T h is p r o je c t r e p o rt, w r itte n und er the d ire c tio n o f the candidate’s adviser a n d a p p ro v e d by h im , has been presented to and accepted by the F a c u lt y o f the S ch o o l o f E d u c a tio n in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f the requirem ents f o r the degree o f M a s t e r o f Science in E d u c a tio n .

Date.

A d v is e r

!Vi o n

10

11

12

13

14

15

1G

17

1"’ City limits f Fire Zone #1 Hi A Zone - residential B Zone - residential I„ C Zone - commercial jgl B-C Zone - restricted 1 commercial $ tgg Apts, with restrictions

MONTANA 18

rot'1PiLed r

19

Ch&s. S.DimmlcK- County Enq.neer-

NAME

WORKSHEET HO. 1

13 COMMUNITY, MISSOULA, MONTANA A. REFERENCES Assignments presenting essential information to comprehend vital issues relative to Community, Missoula, Montana. 1.

American Home, Book of House Plans. Press, Inc., 1950. 162 pp.

2.

Better Homes and Cardens, Home BUI Idling Ideas. Moines: Meredith Publishing Co., 1949. 2 0 1 pp.

3.

Dimmick, Charles S., Map of the City of Missoula. Missoula: Bureau of Printing, 1946.

4.

Jordan, Idabel MSfLeish, Notes on House Planning Taken During Personal Interviews. (Appendix B . ) Missoula: Montana State University Course Requirement, 1949. 43 pp.

5.

Missoula Chamber of Commerce, Missoula, the Commercial Center of Western Montana. Missoula: Missoulian Pub­ lishing Company, 1949.

6.

Missoula Chamber of Commerce, What To See and Do Around Missoula, Montana. Missoula: Missoulian Publishing Co.

7.

Missoula Chamber of Commerce, What To See in Missoula, Montana. Missoula: Missoulian Publishing Co.

8.

Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company, Missoula Classified Telephone Directory. Missoula: 1948.

9.

Rand-McNally, World Atlas.

10.

New York: Cuneo

Chicago: Rand-McNally Co.

World Almanac, Astronomical - Latitude and Longitude. New York: New York World-Telegram, 1949. 960 pp. B. DEFINITION Interpretation of Missoula, Montana.

1.

Des

Define Missoula, Montana.

C. GENERAL INFORMATION Comprehensive answers to prevalent questions pertaining to the Community, Missoula, Montana. Where is Missoula located?

How much area is covered by Missoula?

Record the population figure for Missoula.

What kind of climate does Missoula have?

State the altitude of Missoula.

15 7.

What other cities have a comparative latitude?

8.

What other cities have a comparative longitude?

9.

Does Missoula1s commission form of government have advantages for a home builder?

10.

Name the types of businesses in Missoula.

11.

What are the transportation facilities in Missoula?

12.

List the communication facilities in Missoula.

16 D. LOCAL PACTS Examination of local circumstances and their potential effect upon the Community, Missoula, Montana. 13.

What cultural advantages are to be had in Missoula?

14.

What educational opportunities are available in Missoula?

15.

List the health services available in Missoula.

16.

Is there a choice of spiritual services in Missoula?

17.

Name the recreational opportunities available to Missoula residents.

17 18.

What outdoor activities can be had near Missoula?

E. PERSONAL PROBLEMS Individual investigations with suggested guidance and instruction for the Community, Missoula, Montana. 19.

Is electric power available?

20.

Are the electric rates high?

21.

Can you have ample good water?

22.

Do you know the origin of the name, Missoula?

18 23.

How may you know the city limit lines for Missoula?

24.

Where may you obtain additional information about Missoula?

25.

Are there definite advantages for building within the city limits?

26.

What telephone facilities can you anticipate?

27.

Specify the telephone rates for various areas.

P r o t e c t in g O r d i n a n c e s a n d Deeds

UNIVERSITY

OF I L L I N O I S

BUL LETI N

V O L U M E 4 2 , NU M B ER 3 3 , APRIL 3 , 1 9 4 5 . P u b l i s h e d w e e k l y b y t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o is . E n t e r e d a s s e c o n d - c l a s s m a t t e r a t t h e po s t office a t U r b a n a , Il l i n o i s , u n d e r t h e Ac t o f A u g u s t 2 4 , 1 9 1 2 , O f fi ce o f P u b l i c a t i o n , 3 5 8 A d m i n i s t r a t i o n B u i l d i n g , U r b o n o , Il l i n o i s . A c c e p t a n c e f o r m a i l i n g a t t h e s p e c i a l r a t e o f p o s t a g e p r o v i d e d t o r in S e c t i o n 1 1 0 3 , A c t o f O c t o b e r 3 , 1 9 1 7 , a u t h o r i z e d J u l y 3 1 , 1 9 1 8 .

M a t e r i a l in T h is C i r c u l a r P r e p a r e d b y K. B. L O H M A N N ,

J. T. t E N D R U M

For c o p i e s o f t h is C i r c u l a r ( B l . l ) o r a d d i t i o n a l i n f o r m a t i o n a d d r e s s

Figure No* 2 A Livable Neighborhood

S m a ll H o m e s C ou ncil, M u m fo r d H o u s e , U n iv e r sity o f Illinois, U r b a n a

I’fiREP

20

A N E I G H B O R H O O D IS A GROUP OF FAMILIES bound to g eth er b y sim ilar interests and a ctiv ities. S chools, em ploym ent, churches and neighborhood centers u su a lly determ ine its location and exten t. O ther factors w ill make it an enjoyable place in w h ich to live. F o llo w in g are som e o f the th in gs to look for in selec tin g a livable neighborhood.

CHARACTER . . . In ch o o sin g a neighborhood environm ent, look for a h ig h p ercentage o f ow ner-occupied houses. P ride o f ow nership, resu ltin g in greater care for b uild in gs and grounds, is a safeguard again st de­ preciated property values. H ow ever, sm all areas o f rented hom es m ay not detract from a com ­ m unity if they are well-m aintained. H ouses should be w ell planned and constructed if the neighbor­ hood is to retain a good character. T hey should be located so as not to detract from each other. Since the character o f a neighborhood is deter­ m ined by the people w ho live in it, a com m unity co n sistin g o f low -cost hom es can be ju st as liv ­ able as one w h ich is lim ited to high er priced properties. In ch oosin g a neighborhood you should con sider the people who are liv in g there, to determ ine w h eth er or not you have in terests in common. T h is can be done by v isitin g n eighbor­ hood schools, churches, and com m unity centers.

.

. .

. . .

B O T H STREETS A N D H O U S E S S H O U L D FIT TH E T E R R A I N

STREETS . . . L a yo u t: In a properly d esign ed neighborhood, the streets should be safe, convenient, and w ellsurfaced. T h ey should be free from through traffic, but accessible to main arteries. T he street layout should be attractively landscaped and should take advantage o f all natural features such as h ills and valleys, w ooded areas, and w aterw ays. S treets fitted to an irregular terrain can provide easier grades, thereby saving on construction costs. Curves and grades m ust be designed so as to offer desirable lot sizes and shapes. C ou rt S tre ets: In order to control traffic or to help subdivide properties where all streets do not go through to in tersection s, court or “dead­ end” streets are som etim es used. Such streets should provide room for firetrucks or m ovingvans to turn around at the closed ends.

LI G H T I N D U S T R Y M A Y BE A N A S S E T

LOCATION . . . In lo o k in g at a neighborhood you should con ­ sider both the natural and the man-made features w hich e x is t in the v icin ity . B od ies o f water, such as rivers or lakes, may be d esira b le; but you should avoid sw am p-like land w hich m igh t flood or rivers w h ich m igh t overflow. You should also avoid the use o f rocky or rubbish-filled land w hich is lik e ly to add to the cost o f b u ild in g and may make it difficult to grow a lawn or garden. N earby heavy ind u stry to windw ard w ill be an ob jectionab le source o f noise, smoke, dirt, and od ors— both from the factories th em selves and from the railroads servin g them. L ig h t industry, on the other hand, may be an asset to the com ­ m unity, p rovid in g w ork close to home in pleasant surroundings. T h is w ill be esp ecially true if the sm all factories are operated by electricity . T ransportation m ust be kept in m ind w hen ch oosing a neighborhood. F a cilities should be modern and convenient, w ith frequent service. It w ill be better s till if shops, schools, churches, libraries, and parks, as w ell as work, are w ith in w a lk in g distance o f the home. University o f Illinois S m all H o m es Council Circular B7.7

.

. .

C O U R T STREETS F O R

12

TO

15

FAMILIES

E asem en ts: Back a lleys for u tilitie s sh ould be avoided, excep t in apartm ent or business areas. To make room for these services on p rivately owned land, an ea sem en t is u sually provided for in the deed. T h is g iv es perm ission for p ip es and w ires to cross your property w ith in the easem ent. Traffic: Traffic flow may be controlled in large measure by the d esign o f the streets. Main traffic routes should be w ide and direct. In resid en tial areas narrower streets w ith gradual curves w ill discourage through or sp eed in g traffic and w ill add interest to the usual street scene. T hese streets should cross at righ t angles, however, for better v isio n and few er accidents.

21 BLOCKS A N D B U I L D I N G SITES . . . B lo ck s: B lo ck s in a livable neighborhood should be planned carefully for size and shape. L on g blocks (up to 1200 feet) result in few er intersections and reduce the accident hazard. T h ey also lessen paving, sidew alk, and u tility costs by elim in atin g m any cross streets. Large blocks make it possible to place houses near the edges, leaving broad inside spaces to be devoted to play and recreation. B u ild in g Sites: A b u ild in g site should be large enough for the house and garage. It should also accom m odate gardening and clothes-drying facilities. Sites should furnish privacy, a pleasant v iew and space for recreation. T hey should be wide enough to allow sunlight and air betw een the houses. (S ee Sm all H om es Council Circular B2.1, “S e le c tin g the H o m esite”).

'SC REE N ^ P iA K T I N G

PARK-A REA

. .

.

LARGE BLOCKS P R O V ID E

TRAFFIC. E C O N O M Y

I N T E R I O R P A R K A R E A S . C U R V I N G STREETS A D D IN T E R E ST A N D V A R I E T Y , R E D U C I N G H A Z A R D O F T H R O U G H

IS A C H I E V E D BY E L I M I N A T I N G THE M A N Y

UNNECESSARY

CROSS

STREETS

FOUND

IN

A

“ G R ID IR O N ”

PLAN.

BUILDINGS . . .

TREES A N D SCREEN P L A N T I N G . . .

T he h ouses in a livable neighborhood should be sim ilar in general size and character, but should vary in exterior appearance. A sim ple, ap­ propriate, and “h on est” d esign is n ecessary to all sound architecture. H ou ses sh ould be gauged by people’s habits of living and fitted to the topog­ raphy or ground on w h ich th ey are constructed. T h ey should be adapted to the region al clim ate. A “S pan ish ” typ e stu cco house m igh t be all righ t for a m ild clim ate, in a settin g o f palm trees, but it w ould be very much out o f place in the snow d rifts o f the northern part o f the U n ited States. In som e areas, stone, brick, and w ood are all readily available. T hese are e x c ellen t exterior w all m aterials, and make possible a variety o f treatm ents. H ow ever, too m any d ifferen t m ate­ rials should not be used in one sm all home w ith ­ out good reason; that is, to reduce apparent h eig h t or to add interest. In ch o o sin g a perm anent neighborhood, you should look for houses w h ich are sim ilar in gen ­ eral size and cost, su b stan tially con structed w ith m aterials w h ich assure lon g life and low m ain­ tenance.

A great arch of trees over the street is a fam iliar scene in m any older com m unities. Too frequently in new developm ents an attem pt is made to imi­ tate this by planting quick-growing, but short-lived trees. Planned planting should be of more per­ manent species. Screens o f p lan tin g can be used to increase privacy, to block out undesirable view s and to reduce the transm ission o f noise from m ain h ig h ­ w ays or railroads.

,

, .

HO USES PLANNED FOR PLEASANT VARIETY

University o f Illinois Sm all H om es Council Circular B l . l

rS2 PROTECTING O RDINA NCES A N D DEEDS . . . L ocal zo n in g ordinances are d esign ed to regu ­ late the use o f all lands w ith in a com m unity for the p rotection o f the home owner. I f properly w ritten and carefu lly enforced, th ey lim it the u ses to w h ich b u ild in gs can be put, k eep in g com ­ m ercial or non-residential elem ents out o f the hom e neighborhood. B y lim itin g b uild in g h eigh ts and land coverage, th ey can insure open space b etw een the houses, thus allo w in g for ample lig h t and air. Sim ilar and added protection o ften is provided by local deed restriction s, b u ild in g codes, and health and sanitary ordinances and laws.

. . . ZO N IN G

O R D I N A N C E S P R O T E C T Y O U A G A I N S T TH IS

UTILITIES . . . U n less a neighborhood has an adequate and approved water supply, there w ill have to be in d i­ vidual w e lls and pum ping system s for each home. I f sanitary sew er lin es are not provided, private sep tic tanks or ind ividu al sew age disposal ar­ rangem ents w ill be needed. For lots o f average size, th is w ould be unthinkable because o f h igh co st and poor sanitation. T here should be a sy s­ tem for c o llec tin g and d ischarging surface drain­ age. L ook also for street lig h ts and accessible fire hydrants. T elep h one and electric service sh ould be readily available in the neighborhood w h ich you select.

N E I G H B O R H O O D FACILITIES . . . Good neighborhoods include schools, churches, parks, and other recreation areas. A neighborhood center and a sh opp ing center should be near by. A ll o f these fa c ilitie s should be w ith in w a lk in g distance o f your home. A grade school is the natural center o f a n eig h ­ borhood. It should be w ell d esigned and modern, w ith adequate space for play. T he school should provide fa c ilities for adult education and n eig h ­ borhood a ctiv ities, as w e ll as for the ch ild ’s curriculum . Landscaped park areas should offer w hat in d i­ vidual homes lack in space for games and recrea­ tion. Some o f these areas, at least, should be asso­ ciated w ith the school. T he neighborhood center may be established in a separate b uild in g, or it may be connected w ith the church or school. In any event it should in ­ clude a library, a nursery school and a m eetin g place for teen-age groups. T he nursery school w ill perm it you n gsters to learn how to play to ­ gether. T he teen-age m eetin g place provides an op portu nity for gam es and parties and the d evel­ opm ent o f leadership resp on sib ilities. T he sh opp ing center should be located be­ tw een tw o corners rather than at a street in ter­ section. T h is w ill confine it and keep it from spreading and d estroyin g neighborhood property values. T he general character o f this center should be such as to safeguard these values. It should be housed in b uild in gs esp ecially d esigned to fit the surroundings, w ith adequate parking space off the street. An active public health service and near-by hospital fa c ilitie s are im portant factors to con ­ sider in selec tin g a neighborhood. You should also make sure o f adequate fire and p olice protection.

CONCLUSION . . . Do not be surprised if you fail to find all o f the q ualities m entioned here in one neighborhood. N ew su bd ivision s should have many o f these features, which are recognized as being essential. Neighborhood planning is basic to good housing.

sgh o oi

£3 C O M M U N IT Y ^ BUILDING

Si SH O PPIN G CENTER XT

CHURCH

C O M M U N I T Y FA C I L IT IE S M A Y SE R V E S E V E R A L N E I G H B O R H O O D S

U niversity of Illinois Small H o m e s Council Circular 87.7

NAME

WORKSHEET NO. 2

23 NEIGHBORHOOD SELECTION A. REFERENCES Assignments presenting essential information to comprehend vital issues relative to neighborhood selection. American Home, Book of House Plans, New York: Cuneo Press, Inc., 1950. 262 pp. Better Homes and Gardens, Home Building Ideas. Des Moines: Meredith Publishing Co., 1949. 201 pp. Dimmick, Charles S., Map of the City of Missoula. Missoula: Bureau of Printing, 1946. 1 p. Jordan, Idabel MfiLeish, Notes on House Planning Taken During Personal Interviews. (Appendix B . ] Missoula: Montana State University Course Requirement, 1949. pp. Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company, Missoula Classified Telephone Directory. Missoula, 1948. Small Homes Council, A Livable Neighborhood. University of Illinois, 1945. 4 pp.

Urbana:

B. DEFINITION Interpretation of neighborhood selection. Define a neighborhood.

C. GENERAL INFORMATION Comprehensive answers to prevalent questions pertaining to neighborhood selection. What are some desirable features to look for when selecting a neighborhood?

How can a sound, stable neighborhood be distinguished from one starting on the down grade?

Should you pioneer in a sparsely settled neighborhood rather than buy in one substantially built up?

What is a zoning ordinance?

Should you purchase a plot for a home in a zone where business is permitted?

Name other similar protections

25 8.

What are required set-backs?

9.

What are required side-yards?

10.

How can the quality of the schools be checked?

11.

How far away should schools be?

12.

What should you look for in transportation to work?

13.

Is fire protection important?

26 14.

What recreational and civic advantages should be care­ fully investigated?

15.

What about permanent open spaces such as parks and playgrounds?

D. LOCAL PACTS Examination of local circumstances and their potential effect upon neighborhood selection. 16.

How do you find out about desired building areas in Missoula?

17.

What are the residential zones in Missoula?

18.

What are the zoning restrictions for Zones A and B in Missoula?

27 19.

What are the lot restrictions for homes in Zones A and B in Missoula?

20.

List some building restrictions for Zones A and B in Missoula.

E. PERSONAL PROBLEMS Individual investigations with suggested guidance and instruction for neighborhood selection. 21.

Is the neighborhood of your choice nup and coming?,f

22.

List the building specification you must follow for your chosen neighborhood.

23.

Will local institutions make mortgage loans in the neighborhood?

28 24.

Will the P.H.A. insure mortgage loans in the neighbor­ hood of your choice?

25.

What recreational facilities, of importance to you, are nearby?

26.

How close are the schools to your property?

27.

What about mail delivery?

28.

Is there a milk delivery route in your neighborhood?

29.

Are the local markets within convenient walking dis tance? Do they make deliveries?

29 30,

Do the department stores make free deliveries in your neighborhood?

31.

Is there a church of your choice nearby?

32.

Are electricity and water available?

33.

Sniff the breeze. Are there any unpleasant odors? Dirt or smoke in it?

34.

Are there any objectionable sources of noise?

30 35.

Have you studied your neighborhood during the drab seasons?

36.

What telephone facilities are available?

37.

Will you be able to have rubbish removed?

38.

Are there sewer connections in the neighborhood?

39.

What are the boundaries of Fire Zone Number One?

C I R C U L A R SERIES INDEX NUMBER

A GUIDE TO SELECTING

THE H O M E SITE THE I N D I V I D U A L URBAN LOT

B2.I

BEFORE B U Y I N G , INVESTIGATE: C h a r a c t e r of N eighborhood C o m m u n i t y Facilities S t a b il i ty of V a l u e s A v a i l a b l e Utilities Cost of Land a n d Im provem ents

2

Title a n d D e e d Restrictions Taxes a n d Assessm ents D r a i n a g e a n d Soil Your Use of t h e Lot Size a n d S h a p e o f t h e Lot Orientation a n d Surroundings Build ing Lines

SSUED BY THE SMALL H O M E S C O U N C I L UNIVERSITY

OF

ILLINOIS

BULLETIN

V O L U M E 4 2 , N U M B E R 1 0 , DE C E MB E R I f , 1 9 4 4 . P u b l i s h e d w e e k l y b y The U n i v e r s it y o f Il l i n o is . E n t e r e d as s e c o n d - c l a s s m a t t e r a t t h e p o s t office a t U r b a n a , Il l i n o is , u n d e r t h e Act o f A u g u s t 2 4 , 1 9 1 2 . Of fic e of P u b l i c a t i o n , 3 5 8 A d m i n i s t r a t i o n B u il d i n g , U r b a n a , Il l i n o is . A c c e p t a n c e fo r m a i l i n g a t t h e s p e c i a l r a t e o f p o s t a g e p r o v i d e d for in S e c t i o n 1 1 0 3 , Act o f O c t o b e r 3 , 1 9 1 7 , a u t h o r i z e d J u l y 3 1 , 1 9 1 8 .

Material F. B.

In T h i s C i r c u l a r P r e p a r e d RQBINSON.

For c o p i e s Small

W.

of

Homes

by

H. S C H E I C K ,

this

Ci rc ul ar

R. M .

NOLEN,

O.

D. B. L I N D S A Y ,

(B2.1)

Council, Mumfprd

G. A

or additional

House,

University

S CHAFFER, K

IAING,

information of

Illinois,

K. B. J. T.

LOHMANN,

LENDRUM

address Urbana

Figure No. 3 The Home Site

FINANCIAL AND LEGAL ASPECTS 1. LO C A TI O N : N e i g h b o r h o o d a n d c o m m u n it y factors influence v a l u e a n d desir ab ili ty of lot L ocation is G O O D i f : a. L ot is near suitable schools, churches, p lay­ grounds, am usem ents, sh opp ing center. b. T ransportation fa c ilitie s are convenient. c. Fire and p olice p rotection is readily accessible. d. L ot is on resid en tial street w ith paving, ligh ts, trees. e. P roperties are relatively new, w ell-k ep t. f. H om es are ow ner-occupied. g. Area is zoned for resid en tial building. h. H ouse costs are sim ilar to your own.

L ocation is P O O R if: a. Smoke, dirt, odors, noise, and u n sig h tly areas b ligh t neighborhood. b. Ponds, dumps, railroads, industrial areas, and fire hazards are near-by. c. Street bears heavy or fast traffic. d. Properties are old, “run-down.” e. H om es are occupied by irresponsible tenants. f. Z oning allow s undesirable use of land. g. Property values are low er than your own. h. L ot is in ou tlyin g, unzoned area.

Stability of pr o p er t y v a lu e s is s u p p o r t e d by z o n in g a n d protective co ve na nt s

2. UTILITIES: The lot s h ou ld h a v e , o r b e accessible to: water, electricity , gas, telephone service, sanitary and storm drainage, street ligh ts.

If a n y utilities a r e lacking, in v es t ig a t e: fea sib ility and cost of private w ater supply, sew age disposal and drainage, or co st of exten sion s o f desired services.

3. COST: L ot prices vary w id ely, and are usually influenced by size, location, im provem ents and the demand and su pp ly of lots in your city. In general, you should exp ect to pay 10 to 15 percent of your total home costs for the site w hen f u l l y im proved. You can increase th is amount in accordance w ith your ab ility to pay if the lot has u n u su ally desirable features, such as beau tifu l trees, or a fine view . It is u sually necessary to have the lot paid for before you can borrow m oney to build.

To c o m p a r e t h e cost of a n u n i m p r o v e d lot wit h a fully i m p r o v e d lot I N V E S T I G A T E : Cost of land................................................... $ Cost of clearing and grading l o t

$

Cost of streets and w a lk s ......................... $ Cost of providing u tilitie s....................... $ Cost of storm and sanitary drainage. . $ T otal cost of lot and im provem ents. .

$.

If you are th in k in g of buyin g an u n im prove d lot, obtain the figures and fill in the blanks at the left. T hen compare the total w ith the cost of an eq u ally desirable, f u l l y im p r o v e d lot. D eterm ine w hen im provem ents w ill be made, and w hat your share w ill be. Consider insurance costs on your future home if fire and police protection is inadequate.

Your l e n d i n g a g e n c y will b e g l a d to a d v i s e yo u a s to the desirability of the lot

4. LEGAL: TITLE : B efore you buy a lot, be sure you w ill obtain a good m erchantable title as w ell as a deed. W ith o u t a good title, it w ill be difficult for you to sell the lot or to obtain a loan for b u ild in g a home on it. T he form o f title evidence varies in d iffer­ ent sectio n s o f the cou n try: it may be a title in ­ surance p olicy, a T orrens certificate, or an opinion of title from an exp erienced and reliable attorney or title company. I f there is any doubt about the boundaries o f the lot, have it surveyed by a com ­ p etent engineer. Such a survey is u sually n eces­ sary in order to obtain a loan. Z O N I N G LA W S A N D DEED RESTRIC­ T I O N S : Z oning law s and deed restriction s m ust be investigated . T h ey may prescribe the minim um Page 2

size o f lot on w h ich a house can be built, as w ell as the size, placem ent, type, and cost of the house.

TA XE S: Do not accept a statem ent that taxes are low, or that back taxes and assessm ents are paid, w ith ou t evidence. B U Y I N G AT A “ TAX SALE” : T he ob­ tain in g o f a good title at a “tax sale” is som etim es com plicated. In some states the owner has the righ t to redeem his property after the tax sale if a deed is not obtained from him. W hen b u yin g at a “tax sale,” be sure that all back taxes and as­ sessm ents are cleared by the sale. I t is a lw ays advisable to obtain legal ad vice before b u y in g real estate.

U n i v e r s i ty o f Illinois S m a l l H o m e s C o u n c i l C irc u la r B 2 .7 —

S e l e c t i n g t h e H o m e S i te

PHYSICAL AND TECHNICAL ASPECTS 5. D R A IN A G E , SLOPE, SOIL: M any steps a re d a n g e r o u s , in c o n v e n i e n t

D R A I N A G E : D epth and size o f sanitary and storm sew ers affect the plan and cost o f the house. Shallow sew ers create a con d ition illu strated in the diagram at the left. It may be necessary to in stall a pump, or to plan a house w ith o u t a basement. I f the storm sew er is sm all, it w ill not carry the greater volum e o f water sen t into it w hen more h ouses are built, and the w ater w ill “back up” into basem ents. A sh allow sanitary sew er may p revent the use o f plum bing fixtures in the basement.

T e r r a c e is e x p e n s i v e to build, h a r d to m ain tain

First floor

>

mm.ij- ■■— —

s~

lot level

Basement | H o u se m ust b e r a is e d b e c a u s e o f s h a llo w d ra in s.

*mmv)»mwJm») over 6

small tile

la rge tile

BAD

GOOD

C heck d r a i n a g e c o n ditions with city e n g in e e r .

S L O P E : On be planned to take or terraces may properly located.

Structure ignores slope, requires e x p en s iv e fill

a slo p in g lot, the house should advantage o f the slope. Porches require exp en sive fills if im ­ R etain in g w alls are exp en sive.

Slope is used to a d v a n t a g e to give light to lower level

S O I L : A lo t on low ground m ay be w et and hard to drain; m ay need an exp en sive earth fill. I f already filled, the fill m ay contain rubbish, clay or sand w h ich w ill make gard en ing difficult and may provide a poor base for foundations.

W h a t kind of fill? rubbish? s a n d ? clay? 7 T / T T

Street N atu ral lot level

A R EA S

6. USE OF THE LOT: E very lo t m ust serve several purposes of human use, and these w ill vary w ith the fam ily m ode o f liv in g . It is the placem ent o f the house w h ich d iv id es the lo t into several areas. T he house its e lf contains rooms, or interior areas, w h ich also serve various purposes o f use. W hen the house is properly planned and properly placed on the lot, its interior areas w ill be related to suitable exterior areas and w ell re­ lated to su n lig h t, breeze and view s.

USUALLY RELATED

E X T E R IO R A REA S S tre e t, a p p ro a c h e s a n d la w n

IN T E R IO R A R E A S

F lo w e r g a rd e n , a d u lt, a n d c h ild re n ’s re c r e a tio n L a u n d ry d ry in g a re a , v e g e ta b le g a rd e n

BY THEIR USE

1 j

P u b lic

jE n t r a n c e

P r iv a te

[L iv in g a n d d in in g a re a , p o rc h o r te r ra c e

P r iv a te

1K itc h e n a n d la u n d ry

D riv e w a y fo r d eliv eries, [K itc h e n , b a s e m e n t a s h a n d g a rb a g e S em i-P u blic I o r u tility ro o m , re m o v a l I [ s to ra g e sp a c e s

Plan yo ur g r o u n d s b e fo r e bu ild in g PRIVATE A R EA —

fied, b u t t o o

adequate and o r g a n i z e d fo r u s e .

s m al l

INTERIOR LIVING AREA

SERVICE AREA

f a c e s n a r r o w s i de y a r d , fails to u s e b e s t exposures.

u s es b e s t e x p o s u r e , re q u i re s l on g w a lk s .

DRIVE AND W ALKS

Loca tion o f

INTERIOR LIVING AREA

OF

THE

EFFECT

OF

PLACEMENT

NTERIOR LIVING AREA fa c e s p r i v a t e a r e a , with g o o d v i e w , light, a n d v e n ti la ti on .

PUBLIC AREA

u s e t o o m u ch d e s i r a b l e s p a c e , a r e e x p e n s i v e to b u i l d , i n c o n v e n i e n t to maintain.

is restr ic t ed b y m i s p l a c e d s er vi c e a n d e n t r a n c e facilities.

EXAMPLES

PRIVATE AREA

PRIVATE AREA

i n a d e q u a t e fo r us e, s p a c e w a s t e d for se rv ic e a r e a s . G a r a g e l oc a ti on is b a d fo r all p urposes.

PUBLIC AREA

To o l a r g e , t o o m a n y

OF

THE

HOUSE

UPON

p r o p e r s iz e, un ified; e n t r a n c e facilities e c o n o m i c a l , wellplaced.

USE

OF

THE

LOT

T h e major p rinciples illu strated above apply in p ractically all cases. T here are m any w ays of p lan n ing properly to su it individual tastes or different typ es o f houses. L ist the uses o f the ground for your fam ily.

SELECT A LOT TO SUIT THE TYPE AN D SIZE OF HOUSE YOU NEED Consult a reli abl e r eal tor w h e n y ou b u y y o u r lot

7. OR IE N TA TI O N A N D SURROUNDINGS: ORIENTATION

(EX PO SU RE )

SURROUNDINGS

M odern p lanning makes use of su n ligh t in the rooms m ost lived in. S u n ligh t is best obtained and controlled on S O U T H E R N E X P O S U R E . Summer breezes provide comfort; winter w inds make protection necessary. L arge w in d o w s or glass areas should face sun and su m m er breeze, and avoid d irection of w in ter storms. North

North

E x istin g trees, excep tional view s and sim ilar desirable surroundings w ill influence your plan. Large w in dow s should face a good view . Some street view s are good. Side yard view s are u sually too restricted. L andscaping can im prove any view , and can alw ays create a p leasin g view in your own garden. North

Street

North 1 13 East

fl

Large windows face south to w a rd g a r d e n . This is be st for privacy a n d controlled sunlight.

-StreetW est o

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SUED BY THE SM A L L H O M E S C O U N C I L UNIVERSITY

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C o u n c il, M u m fo rd

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V O L U M E 41, NUMBER 4 5 , JUNE 2 6 . 1 9 4 5 . P u b l i s h e d w e e k l y b y t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Il li no is F ntered as second Clast m a i l e r a t t h e po s t office a t U r b a n a , I l l i n o i s . Vr i d e r t h e A c t o f A u g u s t 7 4 . 1 9 1 7 . Of fic e o f P u b l i c a t i o n , J i H A d m i n i s t r a t i o n B u i l d i n g , U r b g n g , Il l i n o i s . A c c e p t a n r e f a r m o i l i n g a t t h e s p e c i a l r a t e of p o s t a g e p r o v i d e d f ui in S e c t i o n 1 1 0 3 , Ac t o f O c t o b e r 3 , 1 9 1 7 . a u t h o r i z e d Ju l y 3 1 , 1 9 1 8 . M u l e r i a l In T h i s C i r c u l a r P r e p a r e d

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THREE WAYS TO SELECT A PLAN S electing the plan is on e o f the first and m ost im p ortan t steps in ob tainin g a h om e. The v alu e o f your h o m e to your fam ily w ill d epend u p o n the m erit o f its plan. • Part I o f this circular w ill help in an alyzing your fa m ily ’s n eeds to find w hat space you w ill require for housing. Part II is a d iscu ssion o f the factors involved in arranging th is space into desirable liv ­ in g areas. Part III analyzes three plans from the poin ts o f view presented in Parts I and II, to help you to ju d ge a plan to find w hether it is su ited to your fam ily’s particular needs and desires. • T here are several w ays o f se le c tin g a plan, b ut regardless o f the m ethod used, it m ust be chosen prim arily because it su its your fa m ily ’s liv in g needs. 1. ARCHITECT’S PLANS: I f you em ploy an archi­ tect, he w ill prepare prelim inary sk etch es con ­ form ing to your finances, your site, and your fa m ily ’s tastes and habits. W h en you approve these, you w ill have selected a plan for w h ich he w ill then prepare w orkin g draw ings and sp ecifi­ cation s for construction. 2. HOUSE FOR SALE: Some fam ilies w ill select their plan by actually b u yin g a com pleted home in a new developm ent or elsew here. In such cases the plan is built, and you may see its virtu es and d efects in reality. H ow ever, ch oice is restricted w ith th is m ethod, dep en din g upon the number and variety o f hom es for sale.

3. PLAN SERVICES: M any fam ilies select their plan d irectly from the books of a plan service, and depend upon a m aterials dealer, contractor, realtor or len d in g agen cy for advice. I f you do this, use a w ell-k n ow n plan service w h ich fu r­ n ish es com plete w orkin g draw ings and sp ecifica­ tion s and w h ich has a reputation for w e lld esign ed homes. S elect the plan w hich m ost nearly su its your needs. I f changes are necessary, th ey m ust be made by an exp erienced draftsm an before the contract is let. B ew are of amateur, homemade sk etch es by anyone, in clu d in g yo u r­ self. A s final plans th ey are never adequate for actual construction, and m ay be the cause o f u nnecessary and co stly m istakes.

FOUR M A J O R CONSIDERATIONS LIVING SPACE, cost, site, and appearance are th e fo u r m ajor factors in p lan n in g fo r any h om e. T his circular will deal with the m ost im p ortan t o f these — the arrangem ent o f space fo r fam ily liv ­ ing. T he oth er three con sideration s can receive only b rief m en tion here. ern” or “m od ern istic” sty le . You should not fo r­ COST: T he cost o f your home w ill be governed sake livablen ess for novel appearance. by the am ount w h ich your fam ily is able to fi­ It is a com mon A m erican fallacy to begin p lan­ nance. T h is am ount in turn w ill determ ine the n in g the home w ith a preconceived exterior in size o f the house you can build. Keep in mind m in d ; then to force the plan for fam ily liv in g cost o f the site and other co sts o f home ow ner­ into th is sh ell, o ften at the expense o f good ship, esp ecia lly that o f upkeep. ( See S m all H o m es second-floor rooms, adequate w indow s, or even C ouncil Circular A 1.3— “F inan cin g the H o m e ”) workable room arrangem ents. Good p lan n ing that m in im izes w aste w ill cut S im p licity is alw ays b est for the your cost. In general, sim ple rec­ sm all house. A sm all home w hich tangular plans are cheaper than attem pts to be pretentious, w ith an ram bling, irregular plans. D im en ­ overgrand entrance, unnecessary sion s w hich perm it the use of stock gables, or storybook ornam ent sizes o f m aterials elim inate w aste­ w astes m oney and u sually is u gly. fu l cu ttin g. T h e cost may be in ­ A n y home can achieve dom estic fluenced considerably by the nature COMPLICATED STYLING USUALLY IS beauty w ith an exterior w h ich h on­ o f b u ild in g m aterials; for instance, COSTLY A N D OFTEN IS IN BAD TASTE. estly exp resses the plan, d ep en din g shingles, w ood siding, concrete, and U2Don good proportions and tru th fu l use o f b u ild ­ m asonry are all good for exterior w alls, but th ey in g m aterials. E nou gh variation is p ossib le to vary in origin al cost and upkeep. Get advice on su it every typ e o f good taste. Landscape d esign these m atters from an architect or builder. R e ­ is im portant to the exterior appearance o f a m e m b e r that a p la n can be g o o d o r bad r e g a r d ­ home, and the lo t should be planned togeth er less o f the cost o f th e h om e. w ith the house itse lf. ( See S m all H om es Council Circular B 3 .0 —“F un dam en tals o f Lan d D e s i g n ”) EXTERIOR APPEARANCE: A rch itectural “s ty le s” are influenced by clim ate, availab ility o f b u ild in g THE HOMESITE: I f you already own a lot, selec t m aterials and by the custom s and liv in g con d i­ a plan w h ich su its its con d itions. I f you have not tio n s o f the tim es. T h e plans o f many h istorical y e t bought a lot, it is w ise to form a general idea “s ty le s ” o f architecture do not su it tod ay ’s m odes o f your house plan as a guide to selec tin g the site o f liv in g ; their exteriors, if truly reproduced, re­ needed for it. ( S e e S m all H o m es Council C ir­ quire u nnecessary and exp en sive ornament. On cular B 2.1— “S e le c tin g the H o m e s i t e ”) the other hand, there is no such th in g as a “m od­

Page 2

University o f Illinois Small H o m e s C ouncil Circular C 2 .I — “ D esign in g th e Home'

71

PART I — FAMILY L I V IN G NEEDS T h e selectio n o f a p lan involves, first o f all, a list o f you r fam ily’s actual n eed s, figu red with an eye to the fu tu re, w hen ch ildren grow older and oth er con d itions change. B elow is a check list o f the activities o f th e n orm al A m erican fam ily and th e ro o m s o r areas w hich m ay accom m od ate them .

HOUSEWORK Food Preparation □

K itchen

Laundry 0

B asem ent

□ □

U tility R oom K itchcn-L aundry C o m b in e d

Sewing 0 Utility Room I~1 K i t c h e n - l a u n d r y C o m b i n e d □

D ining S p a c e

□

Bedroom

Housecleaning □

Proper S torage

G a r d e n a n d Yard Work □

B a s e m e n t o r U tility W o r k s h o p

□

G a r a g e o r U tility W o r k s h o p

M a i n t e n a n c e (Tools, P ai nt s , etc.) □

B asem ent W orkshop

□

G a ra g e W orkshop

D o me s t i c H el p □

S e rv an t's Room

|~j L a v a t o r y o r B a t h

F A M I L Y P R I V A T E LIFE

F A M I L Y G R O U P LIFE Di ni ng

S l e e p i n g a n d D re s s i n g

□

D in in g Room

□

□

P a r t o f Living R oom

□

P art o f K itchen

□ C lo th es S t o r a g e f~l B a t h

F a m i l y Lei sure L ivin g

Room

0

B edroom s

□

Study o r “ Q u ie t A re a "

LJ Bath □

□

Lawn

R e c r e a t i o n a n d E n te r t a in i n g □ □

L iving-D ining A r e a s Kitchen

Q □

B a s e m e n t G a m e Room U tility -G a m e Room

0

T e r ra c e , Porch o r Yard

□

Stu d y or " Q u ie t A re a "

□ 0

B edroom s Basem ent W orkshop

0 0

U tility R oom W o r k s h o p G a ra g e W orkshop

I s o l a t i o n ( I n f a n t s or Sick) □

Q u ie t Bedroom

Guest Accommodations

S mal l C h i l d r e n ’s Activities 0 □

L avatory

Individual Work, Hobbies

O u t d o o r L i vi ng- Di ni ng Porch o r T errace

or O ther A rea

H ygiene

□

□

Bedroom

□

G uest

0

S leeping

U tility-P lay Room Living R oom

Room, or F a c i l i t i e s in

Study Living R oom U tility R oom

I~1 P l a y - B e d R o o m C o m b i n e d I~1 T e r r a c e , P o r c h o r Y a r d

□

C o n v e n ie n t L avatory

EXAM PLES OF FAMILY REQUIREM ENTS

A n abstract “check lis t ” o f fam ily a ctiv itie s m eans som eth in g o n ly w hen it is applied to an actual situ ation . A few o f the con d ition s w h ich influence home planning for som e fam ilies may ind icate the w ay in w h ich you should analyze the needs o f your ow n fam ily: 1. Sm all children o f op p osite sex w ill need tw o b e d r o o m s w hen th ey grow older. 2. W h en teen-agers take over the liv in g room, parents need a stu d y or “ qu iet area” w h ich is acces­ sible w ith ou t g oin g through the liv in g room. 3. E quipm ent for sp orts such as h unting, fishing, and g o lf should have its own storage space. 4. Parents and children who lik e to w ork w ith tools need a place for a w o rk sh o p . 5. E ven if o v ern igh t gu ests are a rarity, a place for a c o n v e r tib le b e d fu rn ishes extra sleep in g space w hen needed.

6. A

lavatory and a place fo r m u d d y shoes near the service en­ trance are handy for th e “garden­ er” or the children. 7. A d in in g space in th e kitchen is preferred by m any fam ilies; but people w ho entertain freq uently w ill w ant a d in in g room. 8 . A n aged fam ily member m ay be unable to use s ta ir s ; m ust have a first-floor b e d r o o m . 9. W hen M other has her bridge club, Dad should be able to g et to his r o o m unobserved. 10. N ew ideas for d iv id in g th e ba th m ay help to solve the m orning rush for busy fam ilies. • W h en p lan n ing a hom e, con ­ sider the p o ssib ility o f s e llin g it in the future. It is unw ise to let m inor fam ily habits influence the p lan n ing to the exten t o f m aking a “freak” house w h ich other fam i­ lie s m igh t n ot want.

C H E C K Y O U R F A M I L Y ’ S N E E D S FIRST

In analyzing you r n eed s, rem em ber that fam ily life is h ap p iest w hen th e h o m e p rovides facilities fo r both group and ind ividu al activities. T h e relative im p ortan ce o f different activities w ill vary w ith th e size and h abits o f th e fam ily. M ajor activities sh o u ld be given greater space th an m in or ones. W hen you have ch ecked th e areas required by you r fam ily’s liv in g n eed s (a b o v e ), you w ill have an idea o f th e space which you m ust look fo r in ch oosin g plans fo r a h om e. University o f Illinois Small H o m e s Council Circular C 2 . 1 — " D e s ig n in g th e H om e"

Page 3

7£

PART II — H O W TO JUDGE A PLAN H aving ch o sen several p lan s with the areas w hich you requ ire, you are now ready to go about select­ in g th e particular p lan b est suited to your needs and desires. L et us assum e that you have before you one or more plans w h ich appear to answ er your needs. T h e se plans m ay be prelim inary sk etches from an architect, or from the books o f a plan serv ice; or y ou m ay be con sid erin g the plan o f a house w h ich you are interested in buying. B y th is tim e you should have established th e approxim ate lim itation s o f cost and size, and should know the p o ssib ilitie s o f available h om esites. N ow you m ust judge the plan for its fa u lts and virtu es. You may never find a p erfect plan, but you w ant to be sure that the one you choose w ill have a m inim um o f fau lts. You should discover and avoid m istakes before the house is built. SPACE FOR LIVING — Your first major considera­

OTHER FACTORS — T he plan its e lf is essen tia lly

tio n m ust be the su ita b ility of the plan to the list o f your fa m ily ’s needs. Ju st as you w ould “try o n ” a dress or a su it b efore buyin g it, so you m ust try th is plan. I t m ust be more than ju st “a h ou se w ith so m any room s” if it is to be judged on the basis o f m eetin g your space requirem ents. Y ou should put your fam ily into the plan, and v isu a lize liv in g in the house w hen it is built. D oes it have the proper room s and areas for the a c tiv itie s you have listed ? I f it does not, the plan is unsuitable and sh ould be rejected.

an arrangem ent o f liv in g spaces, and as such it m ust be both workable and buildable. W h en the plan w as made the d esigner had to consider sev­ eral im portant factors. T h ey a r e : a) flex ib ility , b) circulation, c) orientation, d) furniture arrange­ m ent, e) storage space, and f) u tilitie s. You also m ust ju d ge the plan for each o f these points. I f it has seriou s fau lts in any one o f them, it w ill not be satisfactory. T he fo llo w in g d iscu ssion s w ill describe these factors and w ill te ll you w hat to look for in selec tin g your plan.

A . FLEXIBILITY • P e o p l e t o d a y s p e n d m o r e for the better con­ struction and m aintenance o f their homes. In su ­ lation, heating, w irin g, appliances, and cabinet­ w ork are “m u sts” in tod ay’s w ell-b u ilt house, and w ith o u t th ese im provem ents it w ill have a poor resale value. B ecau se o f th ese im provem ents, sm all houses now cost as m uch as larger ones did several decades ago. N everth eless, th is reduced amount o f liv in g space can and m ust serve the fam ily w h ose b u d get is lim ited as adequately as a larger but older house.

A N I NF LEXI BLE P L A N Rooms are small and isolated. The plan allows no opportunities for combining areas for various uses. BAD

GOOD PLANNING

• T h e s m a l l e r t h e h o u s e , the more com plicated the assignm en t o f “space for u se” becom es. An ex p en siv e house m ay have separate room s for gu ests, d in in g or stu d y. In the sm all home w hich cannot afford th is space, a plan w h ich calls for a few large areas is alw ays better, more livable and more adaptable to change than is one w ith a number o f sm all rooms. • G o o d p l a n s s o l v e thi s p r o b l e m by m aking each room-area serve as m any a ctiv itie s as possible. A plan w h ich does th is is said to have “flex ib ility .” T h is is p articu larly n ecessary in areas where “fa m ily group liv in g ” is carried on. N ew d esigns make m u lti-u se o f service areas also. W elld esign ed storage space and cabinetw ork play an im portant part in p rovid in g flexib ility. T he sk etch es show som e o f the p rin cip les involved.

M O R E USE F O R THE G A R A G E The addition of 3 or 4 feet to width or length of the g arage greatly increases its usefulness. 1. Car space— storage racks overhead. 2. G arden tools. 3. Workbench and tool cabinets. 4. Bicycle or wagon rack— Storage locker or screen rack above.

^51

- .c does not mean movable w alls for quick changes o f space. F o ld ­ in g doors, screens, and dem ountable p artitions w ill be used more freq u en tly in future homes and there is a trend toward the elim ination o f interior load-bearing p artition s to perm it more flexible planning. •

“ Flexibility”

Page 4

in

home

design

FLEXI BLE L I V I N G A R E A Space can be more useful in a large, well-planned single area. 1. Large room for fam ily group living activities. 2. Quiet area for books, desk, or convertible couch. 3. A rea for family dining or for entertaining guests. 4. Serving counter.

r\

r\

A G O O D UTILITY R O O M Is P l a n n e d Fl e x i b l y . . . 1. W o rk and children’s play. 2. Laundry. 3. Furnace or boiler and w ater heater. 4. Counter and cabinets for sewing, children’s play and hobby workshop.

University o f Illinois Sm all H o m e s Council Circular C 2.1 — " D esig n in g t h e H o m e "

73

B. C I R C U L A T I O N EXCESSIVE HALL-SPACE MAY MEAN BAD PLANNING

II GOOD

W aste Hall at "A " Is Elimi­ nated by Improved Planning

BAD

STAIR PLANNING IS NOT FOR AMATEURS 1 3 R iiers A r e N e e d e d fo r " H e a d r o o m ."

r

-4—til Safe; M any Landings Dangerous; Bad for W aste Plan Space Moving Furniture

G ood; Stair Rail Must Be Attractive

IMAGINARY PATHS THROUGH ROOMS

T

B A D F O R F U R N IT U R E

O

Too M an y Doors Break Up the Kitchen Plan.

DOOR “ SWINGS” AFFECT THE PLAN

1 Proper Door Swing for Most Rooms.

Doors W aste Floor and W a ll Space.

Corner Doors Take Cabinet Space.

SERVICE EXITS

BAD

El

You should not have to walk through first-floor rooms with laundry or ashes. Conflict­ ing doors at the basement stair and service entrance cause trouble and danger.

1. H alls in sm all hom es serve no purpose other than that o f circulation. T h erefore th ey should occup y as little space as possible, and be elim ­ inated w hen unnecessary, JKurniture-moving re­ quires a h all-w id th o f 36” to 40”. 2. S tairs, alth ou gh p urely for “circu lation ,” m ay som etim es require d esign for beauty. In ju d g in g the plan th ey m ust be stu d ied for sa fe ty and econom y o f space. Steep or w in d in g stairs are dangerous; absence of a handrail m akes them more so. Stairs m ust be at least 36” w ide to p er­ m it m ovin g furniture. 3. I m a g i n a r y p a t h s of circulation e x ist through some room s w h ich have more than one doorway. T h ese paths may turn a room into little more than a hallw ay, in terferin g w ith the placem ent o f furniture or cabinetw ork, and cau sin g u n n eces­ sary steps. T rouble of th is kind may be a sig n that the w h ole house is poorly arranged.

tJXlY-J A Living Room Plan Spoiled by Paths of Circulation.

• T h e term “circulation ,” w hen ap plied to p lan ­ n in g, refers to the means o f g e ttin g from one part o f the house to another — or to the ou tside. In ju d g in g a plan, you should be able to reco g ­ nize good or bad features o f circulation.

B AD

4. D oors are a part o f the circu lation schem e w hich depend upon the general plan arrangem ent. If there are m any bad door location s, it in d icates that the arrangem ent o f the plan is bad. T he sw in g o f a door uses a considerable am ount o f space. D oors u su ally stand open in a home and the effect o f an open door upon usable w all area in th is p o sition should be observed. A sm all hall or stair hall w ith several doors lead in g into it may be alm ost unusable because o f co n flictin g door sw in gs. A lth ou gh a person can w alk through a doorw ay o n ly 18” w ide, m ovin g furniture into a room requires a w id th o f at least 2'8”.

5. Exits from the interior to the exterior are m ost im portant in con n ection w ith service fu n ction s. T he b u sin ess o f tak ing ashes or laundry from the basem ent to the outdoors may be very u n sa tis­ factory if im properly planned. D irect circu lation is required for d elivery o f groceries to the k itch en and for removal of garbage from the kitchen to outdoor containers.

C. O R I E N T A T I O N Good orientation means the p lacem ent o f the home on the site to take advantage o f su n ligh t, breezes, v iew s, and desirable surroundings. It has been d iscu ssed in “S e le c tin g the H o m e s ite ” ( S H C Circular B2.1), “F un d am en tals o f L a n d D e s ig n ” ( S H C C ircular B 3.0), “Solar O rien ta tio n ” ( S H C Circular C3.2), and w ill be m ention ed in other circulars because o f its im portance in p lan n in g today. In ju d g in g your plan, look for such p oin ts as: 1. R e la tio n o f r o o m s to p a r t s of t h e lot. T he liv in g -d in in g area and bedroom s should have direct ac­ cess to or look out upon your own garden or lawn. T he kitchen, laundry, and u tility areas should have d irect access to the drivew ay, w h ich should be on the least desirable side o f the site. T h e plan should not require a w aste o f ground for service w alks, drives, and garage. 2. R e la tio n o f r o o m s to b r e e z e a n d light. T he major room s m ust have w in dow s toward the su n lig h t and p revailin g breezes. B edroom s should alw ays have adequate ven tilation . R oom s w h ich face upon narrow sideyards may be sh ut off from lig h t, breeze, and view s. ( P a r t II c o n t i n u e d on P a g e 8)

University of Illinois Small H o m es Council Circular C2.1 — “ D e sig n in g th e Home'

Page 5

PART III A NA LYS IS OF 3 PLANS * These plans w ere selected because th ey show unusual m erit in all of th e m ajor planning principles discussed in th is circular. They represent th re e possible solutions for one ty p e of orientation. * The analyses on th e opposite page will serve as a guide to you in study­ ing o th er plans which may be b e tte r adapted to your own needs and to y o u r h o m e s ite . You sh o u ld ju d g e y o u r plan on its own m e rits , b u t using th ese principles.

BEDROOM K TCHEN

BEDROOM

DINING

I

75 0

1. O N E-S TO R Y HOUSE WITH BASEMENT T h e plan for th is sm all home is com pact and un­ com plicated, p erm ittin g sim ple gabled roof lin es and econom ical fram ing (in terior p artition s form straigh t lin es through the p lan ). T he shape o f the house perm its m axim um use o f th e lot. FLEXIBILITY: L iv in g and sleep in g areas are large and adapted to m ulti-use. O ne bedroom may be used as a stu d y or “quiet area.” S ize o f bedroom s cou ld be changed by m ovin g the storage w all.

STORAGE: Good storage space is provided in bed­

CIRCULATION: E ven w ith the am ple entrance hall,

rooms, halls, bath, kitchen, service entrance, and garage. N ote w orkshop in the garage.

very little hall space is required to provide ideal circulation. K itchen or bedroom m ay be reached from o u tsid e or from any part o f the house w ith ­ out en terin g the liv in g area. T he basem ent stair has d irect access to the service entrance. L iv in g area faces south to the garden. B edroom s have ex c ellen t ven tilation . Service areas are con ven ien t to the drive.

ORIENTATION:

0

UTILITIES: B asem ent h eatin g plant is ea sily serv­ iced. A reas w ith plum bing are w e ll grouped for econom ical p ip in g. FURNITURE: A dequate w all areas and proper door “sw in g s” allow for good fu rniture placem ent. S ill h eig h ts m ust be checked w here fu rn itu re is to be under w indow s.

2. TW O -S TO RY HOUSE WITH BASEMENT T h e com pact, rectangular plan insures econom ical fram ing and roofing. Second-floor p artition s are in lin e w ith those on the first floor. A m inim um am ount o f the lot area is occup ied by the house. FLEXIBILITY: T he liv in g -d in in g -k itch en areas are su itable for private life or for en tertain in g. Size o f tw o south bedroom s could be altered easily. CIRCULATION: E x cellen t and adequate circu la­ tio n is provided w ith m inim um hall space. Stairs are safe and w ell ligh ted . A s in plan N o. 1 the liv ­ in g area is undisturbed by circulation. B asem ent has d irect access to exterior service fa c ilities.

T w o bedroom s and the liv in g d in in g area face the garden. A ll bedroom s have cross v en tilation . T h e kitchen, th ough separate, is a ccessib le to other “service areas.” ORIENTATION:

STORAGE: T h e house and garage have abundant

storage space, w ell-p lan n ed and located. UTILITIES: B asem ent laundry, first-floor lavatory and kitchen, and second-floor bath are located over each other for econom ical p ip in g. D irect service o f basem ent h eatin g plant is assured. FURNITURE: D oor sw in g s are ca r efu lly planned; good w all areas are p le n tifu l.

< 5 3. O N E-S TO R Y HOUSE WIT HOU T BASEMENT T h is house is large in all o f its d im en sion s and w ou ld require a deep lo t because o f the p lace­ m ent o f tlae garage. It is very sim p le in over-all shape, econom ical for fram ing and roofing. FLEXIBILITY: T he plan is u n u su ally flexible. T he first-floor u tility room, con ven ien t to the k itchen and bath, is ideal for laundry, sew in g, ch ild ren ’s a ctiv itie s or even extra sleep in g space. T he liv in g -d in in g area and k itch en are w e ll adapted to m any a ctiv ities. T h e d in in g room can serve as a “q u iet” or stu d y area separated from the liv in g room by a fo ld in g partition. W orkshop and storage in the garage perform fu n ction s u su ally assigned to the basem ent.

STORAGE: C losets are am ple and w e ll located.

CIRCULATION: T h is plan has all the m erits o f th ose above in respect to circulation.

UTILITIES: A ll areas requiring plum bing are lo ­ cated w ith in one third o f the plan. B ecause o f its location in the u tility room, the h eatin g plant sh ould be operated w ith fu el that can be auto­ m atically handled. T h e p o sitio n o f the heater in the center o f the house insu res econom ical in sta l­ lation and efficient operation.

ORIENTATION: A ll areas are id eally located for orien tation to both v iew and su n ligh t.

FURNITURE: A ll rooms are d esign ed for good use and arrangem ent o f furniture.

U niversity o f Illinois S m a ll H o m e s Council Circular C 2 .1 — **D esig n in g th e H o m e "

Page 7

76 1

D. F U R N I T U R E P L A C E M E N T

.

,

• W h en y ou have found a plan w h ich satisfies your needs for space and w h ich stands the tests for other factors, you should consider the placem ent o f furniture. Furniture is the equipm ent w h ich m akes em pty rooms livable. S izes for furniture are es­ tablished by human u s e ; and beds, tables, and chairs are rela­ tiv ely standard. On your plan you can see floor areas and w all dim ensions, the location o f w in dow s and the “sw in g ” o f doors. One th in g is not apparent, how ever — the h eigh t of w in dow sills. Check th ese carefu lly to see w hether your chest o f drawers or d ressin g table actually can be placed under a w in dow if you w ould lik e to have it there. You should “live in the plan” for a w h ile w ith the furniture you ex p ect to have in your new home. One o f the best w ays to do th is is to cut out paper patterns o f the furniture, scaled to the proper size, then place them on the plan w hich you have selected . (T h e patterns sk etched at the righ t are scaled 1/ 4 ” to 1'. T h ey have been inked h eavily so that you can trace them onto cu tou t paper and arrange them on your plan.)

1

ii" T Os-TVa

"H

1 1 1

*0 IS

1 _ 1 O | lu 1 col

Y ou m ust not leave w aste room behind or above stored articles. D eep, dark clo sets or inaccessible over­ head storage sh elves are inconvenient and w astefu l o f space. 1. Size of s t o r a g e s p a c e .

O U J C O

■71 -1

LU

U J

O Z

3

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1

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D IN IN G } 2-6"i3'-0"

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LOUNGE CH A IR [_

1

6

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"To t-T’DEEP

CHEST O F DRAW ERS; CABINETS

DESK OR DR E S S IN G TABLE

CLOSETS W a s te S p a c e

BAD — Too Shallow for Clothes Rod Too Deep . , ,

GOOD Designed for Use

In fre q u en tly U s e d Items"'

/

2. S lo p in g ce ilin g s, u su ally on second floors, may render u seless a

m ill 11 ini

clo set w h ich looks adequate on the plan. B e sure you know w hat the clo set w ill look like w hen it is built. o f c lo se ts should not sp o il room arrangem ents by ch op pin g off corners or by d estroyin g open w all space w ith closet doors. C losets for ad join in g rooms should be grouped in storage units. In future hom es such “storage w a lls” m ay be dem ountable and adaptable to change in location or arrangement.

V

.1

SEATS 4 \

'^4"TO 2.-10"

• E very h o u sew ife in sists that her new home m ust have “lots o f storage space.” (L ik e all features o f planning, storage space de­ serves and w ill have a com plete circular devoted to its d iscu ssion .) Storage space m ust be d esigned sp ecifically for the articles to be stored, and storage units should be located near the areas w here these a rticles are used. In ju d g in g a plan several im portant poin ts should be kept in m in d :

2- 0"TO 3 - 0 “

1 1 1

o E. S T O R A G E S P A CE

J

1

•4-6 T O4-0

3. L ocation

4 . List ca refu lly articles to be stored and check your plan for

storage space. Some item s freq uently overlooked a r e : card tables, vacuum cleaners, sports equipm ent, tools, and luggage. L ockers in the garage provide an ex c ellen t place for storin g a variety o f articles, if the garage plan provides enough space.

Inaccessible Sloping Ceiling O verhead Limits Storage Space

M

i f

BAD^

|

Full Height — Usable And Accessible

sm — ■ P1 \ 1

GOOD

Location of Closets W ell-Planned Closets Spoils Plan of Room G rouped into Units

F. UTI L I TI ES • M e c h a n i c a l e q u i p m e n t , p ip in g and plum bing fixtures are n ecessities in Am erican homes. A good plan w ill keep the cost o f these item s at a m inim um by locatin g them for efficient and econom ical installation , and by allo w in g on ly the am ount o f space actu ally needed for the equipm ent. H e a t i n g . T h e typ e o f fu el to be used w ill influence the planning. Coal or o il m ust be delivered, and the fuel storage space should be convenient to the driveway. T he removal of ashes from the heater room m ust be con ven ien t and direct. It is a good idea to plan for such conveniences even though you do not ex p ect to need them ; a change o f fu el may be found n ecessary at som e future date. Be sure to check sa fety requirem ents for fu el storage and heater rooms. P lu m b in g . R oom s in w h ich plum bing fixtures are located may be planned for econom y as w ell as con­ venience. T he co st o f p ip in g is reduced w hen lavatory, bathroom, kitchen, and laundry are located near each other in a one-story plan, or above each other in a tw o-story plan. H ow ever, such econo­ m ies are o f secondary im portance excep t in sm all, low -cost homes.

Electricity. W irin g does not affect room arrangem ent, but it m ust be adequate. T he location o f ap p li­ ances and lig h tin g fixtures is very im portant in p lan n ing for tod ay’s needs. Page 8

University o f Illinois Small H o m es Council Circular C 2.1 — “ D esign in g th e H o m e ”

WORKSHEET NO. 7

NAME

77 HOUSE DESIGNING A. REFERENCES Assignments presenting essential information to comprehend vital issues relative to house designing. 1.

American Home, Book of House Plans. Press, Inc., 1950. 162 pp.

New York, Cuneo

2.

Better Homes and Gardens, Home Building Ideas. Des Moines: Meredith Publishing Co., X949. 201 pp.

3.

Jordan, Idabel McLeish, Notes on House Planning Taken During Personal Interviews. (Appendix B. ) Missoula: Montana State University Course Requirement, 1949. 43 pp.

4.

Small Homes Council, Business Dealings with the Archi­ tect and the Contractor. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1948. 6 p p .

5.

Small Homes Council, Designing the Home. University of Illinois, 1945. 8 pp.

Urbana:

B. DEFINITION Interpretation of house designing. 1.

What is meant by house designing?

C. GENERAL INFORMATION Comprehensive answers to prevalent questions pertaining to house designing. 2.

Why is a house plan important?

What are the four major considerations in planning for any home?

How can good planning cut the cost?

Must a well planned home be expensive?

What is architectural style?

What are the popular American architectural styles?

79 8.

Are some designs cheaper to build than others?

9.

Describe two common American fallacies of house planning.

10.

What are the best guides for a small house?

11.

How can future needs be planned for?

12.

Define the term "plans" as referring to houses.

80

13.

List the sources for house plans.

14.

Should an owner attempt to plan and build a house himself with the aid of sub-contractors?

15.

Are stock house plans satisfactory?

16.

How can .one determine the adequacy of the plans and specifications?

17.

What are the procedures for changing a stock plan?

81 18.

What does one check on in selecting a prefabricated house?

D. LOCAL FACTS Examination of local circumstances and their potential effect upon house designing. 19.

Suggest climatic factors in Missoula which should influence house planning.

20.

Is a basement necessary when building a home in Missoula?

21.

What available building materials in Missoula should affect house plans?

82 22.

What local customs and living conditions should affect house plans?

23.

In Missoula, how can rooms be arranged to benefit from sunlight yet avoid winter winds from Hell Gate?

E. PERSONAL PROBLEMS Individual investigations with suggested guidance and instruction for house designing. 24.

How will you choose your house plans?

25.

How can you make the best use of a plan service?

83 26.

Why not make your own house plans?

27.

List some examples of family requirements which should affect your house planning.

28.

Record your family!s actual housework needs.

29.

List your family*s actual needs for family group life.

30.

List your family*s actual needs for family private life.

84 31.

What flexibility factors should you consider in judg­ ing a house plan?

32.

Define the term "circulation” in reference to planning.

33.

List some good features of circulation to consider when choosing your plan.

34.

Define orientation of a house.

35.

Suggest good relationship of rooms to parts of your lot.

85

36.

Describe adequate storage facilities for your house.

37.

Suggest efficient and economical planning of mechanical equipment, piping, and plumbing for your house.

38.

Suggest efficient and economical planning for tele­ phone service.

39.

How can you plan to heat your home adequately?

86

C I R C U L A R SERIES

,NDEX A o. \nJ

NUMBER r \ A

The A rchitect The C o n t r a c t o r Sub-contractors O w ner-A rchitect Agreem ent Contract D ocum ents — A greem ent

. Architect Contractor

G e n e r a l C o n d i ti o n s Plans S p e c if i c a t io n s Lien; W a i v e r of Lien C hanges; C h a n g e Orders The A rc h ite ct a s t h e O w n e r ’s A g e n t

t/>

03

X

01

o 2S CO >

r—

ft =

gi I"

SUED BY THE S M A L L H O M E S C O U N C I L UNIVERSITY

OF

ILLINOIS

BULLETIN

V O L U M E 4 5 . NU M B ER 51 . APRIL 2 2 , 1 9 4 8 . P u b l i s h e d e v e r y five d a y s h y t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f I l l i n o is . Entered a s s e c o n d - c l a s s m a t t e r a t t h e po st office a t U r b a n a , I l l i n o is , u n d e r t h e Act of A u g u s t 24, 1912. O f fi ce o f P u b ­ l i c a t i o n , 3 5 8 A d m i n i s t r a t i o n B u i l d i n g , U r b a n a , Il l i n o i s . A c c e p t a n c e fo r m a i l i n g a t t h e s p e c i a l r a t e o f p o s t a g e p r o v i d e d for in S e c t i o n 1 1 0 3 , Ac t of O c t o b e r 3 , 1 9 1 7 , n u t h n r i r e H l u l y , 3 1 , 1 9 1 8 C O P Y R I G H T , 1 9 4 8 . BY THE UN IV ER SI TY O F I L L I N O I S PRESS. b e r e p i u d u u e d in u n y f u i m w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n In w r i t i n g fr om

T h i s c i r c u l a r ( A 2 , Q ) i> o n e o f a s e r i e s b e u d d r e s y t rd to S m a ll H o m e s C o u n c i l,

MATERIAL

IN

J . T. L e n d r u m ,

All r i g h t s r e s e r v e d . the publisher.

No po rt of this circu lar

o n sm all h o m e s . R e q u e sts fo r c ircu lars s h o u ld M u m f o r d H o u s e , U n iv e rs ity of Illinois, U r b a n a .

THIS

CIRCULAR

F. M . L e s c h e r , W .

H. S c h e i c k

BY

may

Figure No. 6 Business Dealings

87

WHOSE SERVICES DO Y O U NEED

. . .

35. to draw your house plans for a fiveroom house. They also have a catalog of house plans. 3:J.

How can you make the best use of a plan service? Use a well-known plan service which furnishes complete working drawings and specifications and which has a reputation for well-designed homes. Select the plan which most nearly suits your needs. Have an experienced draftsman make any changes before the contract is let. 5:p.2.

26.

Why not make your own house plans? As final plans, they are never adequate for actual construction, and may be the cause of unnecessary and costly mistakes. 5:p.2.

27.

List some examples of family requirements which should affect your house planning. a. b.

Two bedrooms for children of opposite sex. ”Quiet area,” not entered through living room, for parents of teen-agers.

175 c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. 28.

Record your family’s actual housework needs. a. b. c. d. e. f. g.

29.

Food preparation - kitchen. Laundry - basement, utility room or kitchen-laundry combined. Sewing - bedroom, dining space, utility room or kitchen-laundry combined. Housecleaning - proper storage. Garden and yard work - basement or utility work­ shop, garage or utility workshop. Maintenance (tools, paints, etc.) - Basement work­ shop, garage workshop. Domestic help - servant’s room, lavatory or bath. 5:p.3.

List your family’s actual needs for family group life. a. b. c. d. e.

30.

Storage space for hunting, fishing, golf, etc, equipment. Workshop for parents and children who like to work with tools. Convertible bed for extra sleeping space when needed. Place for muddy shoes and lavatory, near service entrance, for gardener or children. Dining space in kitchen for some families. Dining room for people who entertain frequently. First floor bedroom for one unable to use stairs. Access to one or two bedrooms without being ob­ served from living room. Divided bath for busy families. 5:p,3.

Dining - dining room, part of living room or part of kitchen. Family leisure - living room, bedrooms, study or nquiet area.” Outdoor living-dining - porch or terrace, lawn. Recreation and entertaining - living-dining areas, kitchen, basement game room, utility game room, terrace, porch or yard. Small children’s activities - utility playroom, living room, play-bedroom combined, terrace, porch or yard. 5:p.3.

List your family’s actual needs for family private life. a.

Sleeping and dressing - bedrooms or other area, clothes storage, bath.

b.

Hygiene - bath, lavatory.

176

31.

c.

Individual work, hobbies - study or quiet area, bedrooms, basement workshop, utility room workshop, garage workshop.

d.

Isolation (infants or sick) - quiet bedroom.

e.

Guest accommodations - guest room, convenient lavatory, sleeping facilities in study, living room, or utility room. 5:p.3.

What flexibility factors should you consider in judging a house plan? A few large, well-planned single areas for the small house; room-areas which serve many activities; multi­ use possibilities of service areas; well-designed storage space and cabinet work; folding doors, screens, demountable partitions and the elimination of interior partitions aid flexibility in home design. 5:p.4.

32.

Define the term circulation in reference to planning. Means of getting from one part of the house to another, or to the outside. 5:p.4.

33.

List some good features of circulation to consider when choosing your plan. a.

Halls in small houses should have a minimum width of 36 inches to 40 inches, occupy as little space as possible, and be eliminated when unnecessary.

b.

Stairs should be judged for design, safety and economy of space. A minimum width of 36 inches permits furniture moving.

c.

Doors: Consider the space required for swinging, the effect of an open door upon usable wall area, conflict with other door swings, and moving furni­ ture which requires a minimum of 32 inches.

d.

Exits for removal of ashes, laundry and garbage, delivery of groceries, etc.

e.

Rooms with more than one door should be carefully located and planned to hold imaginary paths to a minimum. 5:p. 5.

177

34.

Define orientation of a house. Placement of the home on the site to take advantage of sunlight, breezes, views, and desirable surroundings. 5 :p.5 .

35.

36.

37.

Suggest good relationship of rooms to parts of your lot. a.

Plot contours will affect room arrangement. l:p.7.

b.

View or access to garden or lawn from living-dining area and bedrooms; direct access to driveway from the kitchen, laundry and utility areas; driveway should be on the least desirable side of the site; no waste of ground for service walks, drives, and garage; rooms facing narrow sideyards may be shut off from light, breeze and views. 5:p.5.

Describe adequate storage facilities for your house. a.

Designed specifically for articles to be stored and located near the areas where these articles are used.

b.

Furniture built into bedroom wallspermits hold to minimum sized bedrooms.

c.

Size of storage space: Leave no waste or above stored articles.

you

to

room behind

d.

Sloping ceilings may render a closet useless.

e.

Location of closets: Should not chop off corners or destroy open wall space with closet doors. Closets for adjoining rooms should be grouped in storage units.

f.

Articles to be stored should be listed and checked with plan for storage space. Lockers in the garage are useful. 5:p.3.

Suggest efficient and economical planning of mechanical equipment, piping and plumbing for yourhouse. a.

Heating: coal or oil fuel storage should be near driveway. Removal of ashes must be convenient and direct. Check safety requirements for fuel storage and heater rooms.

178

b.

Plumbing: in small, low cost homes piping in lavatory, bathroom, kitchen and laundry should be located near each other in a one-story plan, or above each other in a two-story plan.

c.

Electricity: Proper location of appliances and lighting fixtures requires adequate wiring. 5 : p .8.

38.

Suggest efficient and economical planning for tele­ phone service. Telephone company recommends conduit pipes. They will not install advance wiring as wires may become cut after or during plastering. Furnished cord is five and a half feet long. Extra cord installation costs: $1.00 for nine feet; $1.50 for thirteen feet; $4.00 for twenty-five feet. Cords are maintained throughout the service and may be transferred within the area. 3:K.

39.

How can you plan to heat your home adequately? Mr. Walterskirchen offers, without charge, an examina­ tion of floor plans and furnishes estimate of heating costs for your house involving your choice of radia­ tion and insulation. The floor plans can be either commercial or self-drafted. A complete guaranteed architectural layout of a proposed heating and plumb­ ing plan costs $50. for a small house. 3:0.

WORKSHEET NO. 8

NAME

179 ARCHITECT ADMINISTRATION A. REFERENCES Assignments presenting essential information to comprehend vital issues relative to architect administration. Q

Jordan, Idabel MnLeish, Notes on House Planning Taken During Personal Interviews. (Appendix B. ] Missoula: Montana State University Course Requirement, 1949. 43 pp Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company, Missoula Classified Telephone Directory. Missoula; 1948 Small Homes Council, Business Dealings with the Archi­ tect and the Contractor. Urbana: University of Illinois 1948. 6 pp. B. DEFINITION Interpretation of architect administration. What is meant by architect administration? Accepted ways of doing business with an architect or his representative. C. GENERAL INFORMATION Comprehensive answers to prevalent questions pertaining to architect administration. Why are written agreements necessary? To describe definitely the obligations of the various parties concerned with planning and building operations. Each signer of a document should have a signed copy of the contract. 3:p.4. List items to be covered by an owner-architect agree­ ment . a.

Definition of the relationship of the owner and the architect during construction.

b.

Description of architect’s duties: state time and method of payment of architect’s fees.

180

4.

c*

Stipulation of owner’s duties - which are to provide architect with information regarding restrictions, easements, boundaries of site, sewage, utilities.

d.

Have survey made of site contours, grades, adjoin­ ing properties, streets.

e.

Give prompt, careful consideration to all papers submitted by architect. 3:p.4.

What are the functions of the architect? Designing a house and supervising construction. All drawings, blueprints and specifications furnished by him remain his property and are to be used for a specific house only. 3:p.4.

5.

What does the terra tfarchitect” imply when used in a contract? The architect himself, or any person he designates to represent him. 3:p.4.

6.

If the owner and contractor disagree, who becomes the arbitrator? The architect, if he supervises construction. Owner and contractor must report their dissatisfactions to him. All decisions will not be in favor of the owner. 3:p.4.

7.

What is the difference between supervision and superin­ tendence by an architect? Supervision requires regular and reasonably frequent visits to the job. Supervision is more usual to resi­ dential construction. Superintendence requires constant attendance of the architect or his representative during all working hours while the job is in progress. 3:p.4.

8.

Indicate the usual fees for an architect who designs and supervises. Six to fifteen per cent of the total cost of the house. 3:p.4.

9.

State the usual fees for an architect who designs but does not supervise. Three and one-half to eight per cent.

3:p.4.

181

10.

Indicate the usual fee when the architect prepares no plans but supervises. Paid on a per diem or hourly basis.

11.

After a cbntract is signed, what fee is sometimes requested? A retainer fee.

12.

3:p.4.

On completion of working drawings and specifications, is a payment usual? Yes.

14.

3:p.4.

On completion of preliminary sketches, is a payment usually made? Yes.

13.

3:p.4.

When are subsequent payments made? Each month during construction.

15.

3:p.4.

If the owner decides not to build at any point during his dealings with the architect, is he released from paying the fees incurred up to this point? No.

17.

3:p.4.

When is the final payment made? On completion.

16.

3sp.4.

3:p.4.

How does F.H.A. arrange for architect*s fee? F.H.A. permits loan agencies to include architects fee in the evaluation of house for loan. 3sp.4. D. LOCAL FACTS Examination of local circumstances and their potential effect upon architect administration.

18.

List the architects in the Missoula Classified Tele­ phone Directory. Forbis, C. J., Montana Building, Telephone 2444.

182 Fox, William J. Jr., Wilma Building. (Member of American Institute of Architects) Kirkemo, H. E., Lehsou Building, Telephone 5202. 2sp.4. 19.

What does A.I.A. indicate in reference to an architect? That he is a member of the American Institute of Archi­ tects. Main office is located in The Octagon Building, Washington, B.C. This institute established high stan­ dards of workmanship for members.

20.

Indicate the customary architect fee in Missoula. a.

Architect’s fee is usually five per cent of house cost. 1:A.

b.

Architect’s fees are usually four per cent for plans and two per cent for supervision. 1:M. E. PERSONAL PROBLEMS Individual investigations with suggested guidance and instruction for architect administration.

21.

22.

Is it necessary for you to have an architect? a.

A good architect is money well spent. Mr. Tom Swearingen will recommend architects. Charges for an architect are approximately four per cent for plans and two per cent for supervision. 1:M.

b.

The Montana Retail Lumber Architectural Drafting Office charges $35. to draw plans for a five-room house. They reserve the right to resell the plan. 1: J.

If an architect should act as your agent, what will his service include? Designs the house; superintends and coordinates the work of the separate trades; writes specifications and contract documents for the individual trades in such form that each trade becomes a contractor; obtains bids from several contractors for each trade; takes out the general building permit; and notifies the trades when to begin work. You sign the contracts with the separate contractors. 3:p.6.

183 23.

What does the above superintending involve? Architect or his representative visit the job each day; gives necessary explanations and instructions on the job; writes certificates for payment for the trades and distributes the checks and collects waivers of lien unless there is a construction loan and the loan agency does. You make out checks payable to these contractors. 3:p.6.

24.

Will you pay the architect an additional fee for acting as your agent? Yes. An additional percentage above his usual fee for designing the house. 3:p.6.

25.

What factors may help you select an architect in Missoula?

Figure No. 17 RECENTLY COMPLETED MISSOULA HOUSE a.

Visit houses recently built or under construction. The locations of these houses may be obtained from the Missoula City Building Inspector, Mr. Engel. 1:A.

b.

Talk to the owners and the builders. The type of work which the architect does should agree with your tastes. 3:p.3.

NAME

WORKSHEET NO. 9

184 CONTRACTOR AGREEMENTS A. REFERENCES Assignments presenting essential information to comprehend vital issues relative to contractor agreements. American Home, Book of House Plans. Press, Inc., 1950. 162 pp.

New York, Cuneo

Better Homes and Gardens, Home Building Ideas. Des Moines ; Meredith Publishing Co., 1949. 201 pp. Jordan, Idabel MnLeish, Notes on House Planning Taken During Personal Interviews. (Appendix B . ) Missoula: Montana State University Course Requirement, 1949. 43 p p . Mountain States Telephone and Telegraph Company, Missoula Classified Telephone Directory. Missoula: 1948. Small Homes Council, Business Dealings with the Archi tect and the Contractor. Urbana: University of Illinois, 1948. 6 pp. B. DEFINITION Interpretation of contractor agreements. What is meant by contractor agreements? Accepted ways of doing business relating to the actual construction of the house. C. GENERAL INFORMATION Comprehensive answers to prevalent questions pertaining to contractor agreements. What business is necessary between owner and contractor All business arrangements relating to the actual con­ struction, regardless of an architect. 5:p.4. What should an agreement between the owner and con­ tractor state?

185 All points agreed on by the owner and contractor, i.e., scope of work, method and time of payment, and time of completion. 5:p.4. 4.

Describe the insurance and compensation responsibili­ ties of the contractor. Maintains and pays for workmen!s compensation, public and private liability, and property damage insurance; responsible for damage or injury due to his neglect, or that of his employees. If lump sum contract, con­ tractor owns material, pays theft insurance, or runs his own risks. 5:p.5.

5.

Is the contractor responsible for building ordinances? Yes. He must observe local, state and federal ordi­ nances and laws relating to the work, and for protect­ ing owner from all damage due to violations. 5:p.5.

6.

List the permits which the contractor must take out. City building permits: Local building codes determine whether the contractor or owner gets this. Utility (gas, electricity, water, sanitary sewer). 5:p.5.

7.

Specify the taxes which the contractor must pay. Social security tax (his share); all taxes for mater­ ials (including sales tax); all other federal, state and municipal taxes. 5:p.5.

8.

List other expenses of the contractor. a.

Provides and pays for all labor, water, power, equipment, temporary heat, tools, and scaffolding during construction; provides and maintains neces­ sary sanitary facilities; pays royalties and license fees; defends all claims for infringement of patent rights; pays necessary expenses in connec­ tion with protecting his work from damage; if re­ quested, furnishes surety bond guaranteeing com­ pletion of contract and house. 5:p.5.

b.

Advances money for pay rolls and materials up to the point where your agreement calls for a payment by you or your bank under a mortgage agreement. l:p.8.

186 9.

Name other responsibilities of a contractor. Supervises the work continuously; is responsible for its correct execution; leaves the house "broom clean" ready for owner to move into; guarantees all work; makes good all defects due to labor and materials for one year or more after acceptance; is responsible for damages caused by his negligence. 5:p.5.

10.

Describe the "lump sum" payment to a contractor. The contractor agrees (through his bid) to build the house for a fixed sum which includes all costs and the contractor’s profit. Owner pays this sum plus any "extras." 5:p.4.

11.

Explain the "cost plus" payment to a contractor. Contractor is paid the actual cost of materials and labor plus a fixed fee (or a fixed percentage of costs - usually ten per cent to fifteen per cent for his overhead and profit). 5:p.4.

12.

Describe the rare maximum total payment to a contractor. The maximum total cost of the house is agreed upon by owner and contractor. This includes the contractor’s fees. Any saving in total cost is divided equally between owner and contractor. 5:p.4.

13.

When is the partial payment plan generally used? When the owner is paying for the house from his own funds, or when he can get a construction loan from his lending agency. 5:p.4.

14.

When are partial payments made? Payments are sometimes made monthly, but more usually when foundation is laid, first payment is made; when building is framed, roofed and enclosed (plumbing, wiring, heating installations roughed-in), second pay­ ment is made; plastering is completed, third payment is made; building is accepted, final payment is made. 5:p.4.

15.

If partial payment plan is not desired, what other practice is common?

187

”0n completion” contractor receives entire payment on completion of the house. 5:p.4. 16.

If changes are to be made during construction by either the owner or the contractor, or extras are to be added, how should these be handled?

Figure No. 18 MISSOULA HOUSE UNDER CONSTRUCTION Before the change is made, have a written agreement on the cost of the change, whether an addition or deduction. Be sure that changes can be paid for from your cash or included in the loan. 5:p.6. 17.

What is meant by a change order? When an architect is employed, the instructions and authorizattion for the change are issued by the archi­ tect in the form of a change order. 5:p.6.

18.

Define a lien. A charge against a house under construction whereby the real estate is made security for material or labor. 5:p*4.

188 19.

What is the purpose of a lien? A lien gives contractor, workmen, or material dealers a claim against the owner for material or labor sup­ plied prior to payment by owner. 5:p.4.

20.

Define a waiver of lien. An affidavit certifying that all bills for labor and material have been paid. 5:p.4.

21.

Why is a waiver of lien necessary? It protects the owner* Owner, architect, or loan agency should insist that the contractor present this evidence, that sub-contractors and material dealers have been paid, each time that he asks for payment. 5:p.4.

22.

May an owner or contractor end a contract before the house is completed? Yes, under circumstances varying according to state statutes and terms provided in the General Conditions of the Contract. Written notice must be given. 5:p.6.

23.

Under what circumstances may the contractor end a contract? If the owner fails to pay him within a certain time after a payment is due, or the work is stopped for any length of time by any public authority, or through act of neglect of the owner. 5:p.6.

24.

When does the general contractor become responsible for the building operations? Upon signing the contract. D. LOCAL FACTS Examination of local circumstances and their potential effect upon contractor agreements.

25.

How can you choose a contractor in Missoula? a.

Through your bank, an architect, Missoula City Building Inspector, owner of houses, material

189 dealers, lending agency or friends. b.

5:p.3.

Missoula Classified Telephone Directory lists twelve contractors on page 22. 4:p.22. E. PERSONAL PROBLEMS Individual investigations with suggested guidance and instruction for contractor agreements.

26.

27.

State how you will obtain bids to select a contractor. a*

Architect issues plans and specifications to each contractor invited to submit a bid and states the basis on which bid is to be let; and the lowest bidder is usually selected. If lowest bid is not low enough, you can either ask two or three of the low bidders to refigure from a list of cuts and substitutions, or ask the lowest bidder to confer with you and your architect as to possible changes. 5:p.3.

b.

Always obtain competitive bids.

3:M.

How can you be sure your house will be completed by the contractor for his contract price? Be sure that he furnishes a construction bond written by a surety company. 2:p.l69.

28.

29.

Should you accept the house from the contractor before it is finished? a.

The contractor is entitled to his final payment when every item covered by the specifications is complete, and not before. 2:p.l69.

b.

If difficulties arise between a contractor and a private individual, a law suit is the only re­ course. 3:E.

Describe your insurance and compensation responsibili­ ties . Maintain and pay for fire and extended coverage insur­ ance during construction. Insurance should cover materials, scaffolding and stages, forms, materials and supplies necessary to the work, but not tools.

190 If cost-plus agreement, owner owns materials and pays for theft insurance. He may carry liability insur­ ance against "attractive nuisance suits.” 5:p.5. 30.

List the permits which you must obtain. City building permits: depends on Missoula codes. Check with Missoula City Engineer, Pat Whalen. Utilities (electricity, water, sanitary sewer): You obtain the electricity and water permits for service from The Montana Power Company.

31.

What survey will you provide the contractor? Adequate survey of the property.

32.

5:p.5.

Under what circumstances can you terminate a contract? If the contractor neglects to do work properly or fails to perform any provision of the contract. You must pay the contractor for work done, less damages. 5:p.6.

33.

Where in Missoula can you obtain standard legal con­ tract forms? Bureau of Printing, 123 West Broadway Street. Dunstan Printing Co., 329 North Higgins Avenue. From an architect, bank, or loan agency.

34.

List the taxes which you must pay. Property tax. (Usually only the land is taxed during construction. No levy is made on improvements until beginning of tax year following completion.) If costplus agreement, you own material and pay all taxes on material. 5:p.5.

35.

Why are your specifications important? a.

Specifications consist of a description of all materials and their quality, and a description of work to be done and trades to be employed. 5:p.4.

b.

The contractor is responsible only for the materials and construction of the house as described in the specifications and drawings. 5:p.5.

191 36.

37.

What should your specifications include? a.

Every item of material wanted; description of the work to be done by listing all necessary building operations, i.e., excavating and grading, con­ crete work, masonry, carpentry and millwork, roof­ ing and sheet metal, plumbing, heating, painting, etc. 5:p.5.

b.

Specifications for a small house may run into fifty typewritten pages, lsp.146.

Which things should your specifications for electrical work include? Installations such as electrical outlets; specified kitchen fan, connection to furnace motor and range, doorbell, etc. Lighting fixtures can be bought and installations paid for by the ov/ner. A lump sum allowance can be provided for fixtures and installa­ tions. The owner receives any savings or pays excesses. 5:p.5.

38.

What should your hardware specifications include? Hough hardware, i.e., garage and sliding door hard­ ware, and all nails, bolts and screws. Finish hard­ ware is usually covered by a cash allowance and selected by the owner and the architect after con­ struction is under way. 5:p.5.

39.

Do you get the approval of your plans and specifica­ tions from your loan agency before the contract is let? Yes •

40.

Who will draw up your contract? If you have an architect, he will draw up the contract and assist in letting the contract. Without an archi­ tect, you select, engage a contractor, and draw up the necessary documents with him. 5:p.2.

41.

How can you estimate furniture arrangements? Cut out paper patterns of the furniture, scaled to the proper size, then place them on the plan you have selected. Ascertain the height of window sills. 5:p*8.

192 APPENDIX B NOTES ON HOUSE PLANNING TAKEN DURING PERSONAL INTERVIEWS IN MISSOULA, MONTANA A.

Missoula City Building Inspector, Mr. Tony

Engel.

B.

Missoula City Engineer, Mr. Pat Whalen.

C.

Missoula City Fire Department, Capt. Clare P. Kern.

D.

Missoula County Assessor’s Deputy, Miss Wilkinson.

E.

Missoula County Attorney, Mr. Swanberg.

F.

Missoula County Clerk and Recorder’s office.

G.

Missoula County Surveyor’s office.

H.

Montana Power Company Engineer, Mr. Ralph Cronin.

I.

Western Montana Building and Loan Assn., Mr. F. J. Fremou.

J,

Montana Retail Lumbermen’s Assn., Mr. W. J. Howard.

K.

Mountain States Telephone Co., Miss Montelius.

L.

Housewife, Mrs. G. M. Overland, Greenough Drive.

M.

Maintenance Engineer, Montana State University, Mr. Tom Swearingen.

N.

Toole Insurance Agency, Mr. John Toole.

0.

Mechanical Engineer, W. M. Walterskirchen*s Assistants, Heating, Air Conditioning and Plumbing Specialists.

193

A Missoula City Building Inspector, Mr, Tony Engel COMMUNITY, MISSOULA I.

Missoula home building restrictions, A.

No room sizes are required.

B.

Two doors must separate bath and kitchen.

C.

Electrical wiring must follow a code. 1.

National Electric Wiring Code. Adopted by Association of Insurance Under­ writers .

2.

II.

Electrical work done by property owner, himself. a.

Must have a permit.

b.

Have finished work inspected.

There are structural regulations for commercial and industrial buildings.

NEIGHBORHOOD SELECTION I. II.

Zoning regulations are subject to change once a year. B Zone may become residential and commercial, or may become entirely commercial.

PLOT CHOOSING I.

Abstract title to a plot of property may include restrictions made by original owner of the property.

194 A.

A and B zones are most likely to be affected.

B.

Residential cost may be stipulated, as in the Park Addition (Katie Swan) $12,000. minimum.

II.

Subdividers enforce the provisions of the abstract.

HOUSE DESIGN I.

Visit these houses recently built or under construc­ tion.

II.

A.

1300 Van Buren built by Eric Kelson.

B.

500 block Beverly built by John Karlberg.

Visit these new homes for specified details. A.

III.

IV.

1500 or 1600 block on South Ninth Street West. 1.

Corner house.

2.

Concrete floor.

B.

1331 Jackson Street has spun glass insulation.

C.

500 or 600 block on Edith Street has flat roof.

Full basement advised because A.

Cheap as any part of a house to build, and it is

B.

Needed for storage, furnace, laundry lines.

Cement floors. Mr. Engel questions cement floors when A.

Fifteen to twenty degrees below zero weather prevails in an unheated house.

B.

Cement may frost and may penetrate cork, lino­ leum, or paint.

195 V.

Plat roof.

House in 500 block on Edith Street has a

flat roof. A.

Has an interior roof drain.

B.

Proved satisfactory during winter of 1949.

ARCHITECT ADMINISTRATION I. II.

Fees are usually five per cent of house cost. Pees depend upon type of service.

CONTRACTOR AGREEMENTS I.

Can use a catalogue and get standard house plans. A.

Cost $7.50 to $18.00.

B.

Association of Architectural Engineers has house plans.

II.

Tony Engel will recommend contractors or carpenters.

BUILDER PRACTICES I.

II.

Good common business practices of builders include A.

Cost of labor plus ten per cent.

B.

Cost of materials plus fifteen per cent.

Contractors do not follow the above practice.

BUILDING MATERIALS I.

Insulation materials. A.

Spun glass is best. 1.

Fireproof, vermin proof.

2.

C a n Tt deteriorate with moisture.

196 B.

Spun glass is spread between paper sheets and sold In batts.

C.

Spun glass is slightly more expensive than some other types.

II.

Too much insulation makes attic and walls sweat because all moisture is retained in house.

HOUSE INSTALLATIONS I.

Heating systems. A.

Recessed incandescent electric heaters in walls exist in a five room house built by Eric Nelson. £!ost $70. a month to heat.)

B.

Ceiling radiant hot water system operated by an electric pump exists in a seven room house; costs $165. a month to heat.

C.

Hot water coils in the floor were installed in a college professor's house; proved satisfactory.

D.

Furnace heat. 1.

Hot water heated by sawdust or uhog feed” is best. a.

Stoke once every two days.

b.

Cheapest operation available.

c.

^Installation costs more.

2.

Oil burning floor furnace is questionable.

3.

Furnace which can be converted to natural gas

197 because a.

Gas from Cut Bank forms a ,fY fl at Garrison.

b.

Someone will spend money to bring gas to Missoula.

II.

Plumbing requirements. A.

Four inch soil pipe vent stake required for each sewer trap.

B.

Can revent to the stake within a radius of ten feet.

C.

Toilet must have a four inch lead vent.

D.

Other vents can be standard.

E.

Bathtub must have a four inch by eight inch trap.

198

B Missoula City Engineer, Mr. Pat Whalen COMMUNITY, MISSOULA I.

II.

New annexations in 1949. A.

Eastings to North Avenue.

B.

Glenwood Park.

C.

Union Addition.

Sewage facilities and limitations. A.

Sewage - city controlled.

B.

Intake must be increased if need increases decidedly.

C.

Local ground very porous and gravelly.

D.

No city sewage in the following districts: 1.

South

of North Avenue (county)

2.

South

of Evans or Hastings (University zone)

3.

North

of Locust (Rattlesnake area)

NEIGHBORHOOD SELECTION - Residential. I.

Zone A - University zone (red on zoning map). A.

Located east of Higgins Avenue, south of Missoula River, west of Mount Sentinel, north of North Avenue and approximately Beverly and Woodford.

B.

Has best land resale value.

C.

Lots sell from $1,000. to $1,200.

199 D.

Residences plus lots average $15,000.

E.

Building restrictions. 1.

30-foot

front yard.

2.

20-foot

rear yard.

3.

7^-foot

side yards.

4.

6 feet from alley for garage, if apart from house.

P. II.

Plot restrictions per family are 5400 square feet.

Zone B - Greenough and Rattlesnake area (white on zoning map).

West of Higgins Avenue and North of

Missoula River. A.

Residences plus lots average $10,000.

B.

Building restrictions:

G. III.

1.

20-foot

front yard.

2.

20-foot

rear yard.

3.

5-foot side yards.

Plot restrictions per family are 3500 square feet.

Zones A and B building restrictions. A.

No industry can enter without 75 per cent of property owners, within 400 feet, approving.

B.

Bathrooms. 1. 2.

9 feet by 5 feet minimum. Outside

opening.

c

200

Missoula City Fire Department, Capt. Clare P. Kern COMMUNITY, MISSOULA I.

Fire Zone boundary lines correspond to the Missoula city limit boundary lines*

II. III.

Fire Department service is limited to the city areas. Nearness to a fire department water hydrant does not affect fire insurance.

201

D Missoula County Assessor’s Deputy, Miss Wilkinson COSTS OF HOUSE I.

County Assessor’s records show ownership and assessed valuation of all property.

II.

State, county and city property taxes are paid at the Missoula County Assessor’s Office. A.

County levy includes state and county taxes which was .9296 mills for 1949.

B.

III.

City levy includes state, county, and city taxes. 1.

1949 levy was 1.1796 mills.

2.

City tax covers cost of a.

City administration.

b.

Schools - high school and grade schools.

c.

Fire protection.

d.

Police protection.

e.

Health services.

f.

Library facilities.

g.

Park, boulevard and street maintenance.

h.

Street lights.

County Assessor makes an appraisal of dwelling and property for the assessed valuation. A.

A house which costs j>10,000. to build could be

202

assessed for $5,000. B.

30 per cent of the assessed valuation determines the taxable valuation.

(.30 x $5,000. - $1,500.)

As a result, $1,500. x $.11796 - $176.94 or annual tax. IV.

Special assessment taxations are fors A.

City sidewalk, curbs, sewer, paving, etc.

B.

County roads, improvements, bridges, etc.

203

E Missoula County Attorney, Mr. Swanberg PLOT CHOOSING I. II.

Choose a location with aid of real estate agent. Inquire at County A s s e s s o r ^ office if: A.

Taxes are owing on the property.

B.

Improved areas, curbs and sidewalks.

C.

All assessments are paid in full.

D.

Improvement assessments are usually paid over a ten to fifteen year period.

E. III.

Sewer and water improvements exist.

County Clerk and R ecorders office has a plat showing A.

Building restrictions such as a $10,000. minimum.

B.

Line restrictions can be determined from plat.

PLOT BUYING I.

Request real estate agent to have the abstract brought up-to-date.

II.

An attorney should examine the abstract because the abstract could have defects.

III.

A.

A mortgage may exist on the property.

B.

Charge is usually $10. to $30.

Buyer can buy title insurance.

204 IV.

Price decided for a plot is often a compromise.

V.

Mr. Swanberg advised payment in full on the lot before building.

VI.

Partial payment for property. A.

Pay owner a part payment, then the

owner exe­

cutes the deed. B.

Decide jointly on exact time and amount of payments.

G.

Deed is executed and signed.

D.

Deed Is placed in escrow in bank.

E. F.

1.

Owner pays for escrow service.

2.

Buyer pays installments to bank.

Contract for deed should be made by an attorney. Agreements for time and amount of the payments should be stated in the contract.

G.

Montana Bar Association charges are 1.

Checking abstract and deed $15. minimum.

2.

Drafting deed or mortgage $5. minimum.

FINANCING THE HOUSE I.

Difficulties are less likely to occur when the loan is handled through F.H.A., bank or building and loan company. A.

Experts examine the abstract.

B.

Experts check the escrow.

205 II.

Building and loan companies have attorneys to check the abstract and deed.

III.

P.H.A. follows a formula. A.

Demands a standard house plan, which is not necessarily an architects plan.

B.

Inspects building materials.

C.

Checks contractors specifications.

CONTRACTOR AGREEMENTS I.

Difficulties can arise between a contractor and a private individual, and a law suit is the only recourse.

206

F Missoula County Clerk and Recorder’s Office COMMUNITY, MISSOULA I. II.

All records in this office are accessible to anyone. Records are filed alphabetically.

PLOT BUYING I.

Property ownership may be checked in this office but trained abstract methods are necessary because A.

Records are kept by alphabetical lists of names of owners and not according to property.

B.

Checker must know 1.

Names of all present owners.

2.

Names of all previous owners.

3.

All trades.

4.

All subdivisions of the property.

5.

Records of taxes paid or delinquent are in Missoula County Treasurer’s office.

C.

Untrained person 1.

C a n ’t find all the records pertaining to a piece of property.

2.

May miss a record of judgment against property.

3.

May miss a delinquent lien on a piece property.

of

207 II. III. IV.

V. VI.

Buyer should have the seller provide an abstract. Pee for abstract can be arranged between them. Title abstract company records. A.

Piled according to lots.

B.

Kept up-to-date.

C.

Date from the date of the original townsite.

D.

Some abstracters insure or guarantee their work.

An attorney should check the abstract for the buyer. Owner records deed to property. A.

Record at Clerk and Recorder’s Office.

B.

Filing fee is usually $1.10 to $1.25.

208

6 Missoula County Surveyors Office COMMUNITY, MISSOULA. I.

Missoula city limit lines are very irregular, and a map showing the exact city limits may be purchased.

II.

A.

Bureau of Printing.

B.

Post Office News Store.

Surveyor’s Office has large wall maps of the Missoula area. A.

Divided into additions. 1.

Heavy black lines mark additions.

2.

Numbers label additions.

B.

Each city block is outlined.

C.

Separate addition maps. 1.

Convenient to use.

2.

Show each block numbered and divided into lots.

3. III.

Show lots numbered.

There are no county zoning or building restrictions.

PLOT CH00SIN0 I.

Owner of property must pay a surveyor to mark plot corners.

A.

Fee is usually $25. a lot.

B.

Centers of intersections are marked by a rock with a cross, placed a few feet underground.

Size of lots vary - usually 30 feet by 120 feet.

210

H Montana Power Company Engineer, Mr. Ralph Cronin COMMUNITY, MISSOULA I.

II.

Missoula water supply sources. A.

Rattlesnake River.

B.

Pour wells, 125 feet deep.

Missoula water content. A.

B.

C.

Water samples sent to Montana Board 1.

Samples from each well, the intake

2.

Sent once a week.

of Health. and dam.

Water is harder in winter. 1.

Supply in Rattlesnake mainly from springs.

2.

More hard water from wells is added.

Well water is added. 1.

To increase water supply during summer when needed.

2.

To warm water supply during severely cold weather.

III.

Street lights are within city limits, only.

NEIGHBORHOOD SELECTION I.

Nearness to a well increases amount of hard well water in the supply in proportion to proximity of well.

211

II.

125-foot well may be drilled within 100 feet of a cesspool without contamination. A.

Decision rendered by Montana Board of Health.

B.

Samples are tested weekly by Montana Board of Health.

PLOT CHOOSING I.

II.

Location of wells. A.

14th and Johnson Street.

B.

6th and Ivy Street.

G.

South Avenue and Hollis Street.

D.

Lolo Street in Rattlesnake area.

Future wells will be drilled. A.

When Missoula grows appreciably.

B.

Gravity supply almost reached in 1949.

C.

Less likelihood of more wells north of Missoula River (Rattlesnake area).

212

l Western Montana Building and Loan Ass., Mr. R. J. Fremou NEIG-HBORHO0D SELECTION I.

Be sure of building location. A.

B.

An old neighborhood. 1.

May be a "silk stocking” area now.

2.

Gan change to apartments or rooming houses.

Costs of building are as much in a poor neighbor­ hood as in a good neighborhood.

II.

C.

A tested neighborhood has resale value.

D.

Restricted areas are best.

Missoula neighborhoods. A.

Ten per cent more in resale value east of Higgins and south of the Missoula River.

B.

Rattlesnake area. 1.

Suggests end of Jackson Street.

2.

Mount Jumbo obstructs the sun to some sections, until 11 a.m. or noon.

G.

3.

May seem hemmed in.

4.

May see trees only.

Gold Springs area. 1.

South of County Fairgrounds, east of Country Club.

213 2. D.

E.

Wo building restrictions.

Kent, Central, South, and Sussex areas. 1.

Located outside of Missoula city limits.

2.

Restricted by deed from Missoula Mercantile.

County property not restricted by deed. 1.

West of Higgins on Burlington Street the view of one home was cut off when a grocery store was built.

2.

Orchard Homes area not restricted, therefore one acre is needed.

COSTS OF HOUSE Cost should not exceed two and one half times the annual salary. FINANCING THE HOUSE I.

A mortgage should not exceed two times the annual salary.

II.

Monthly payment on mortgage, taxes, and fire insur­ ance should not exceed w e e k Ts income.

III.

Loans can be had for five per cent and require the minimum length of time to obtain.

IV.

F.H.A. A.

Costs four and one-quarter per cent ( 4 ^ ) plus one-half of one per cent (-g-). 24, 1950.)

(Revised April

214 B.

One-half of one per cent represents insurance for handling.

C.

Payment in advance requires an affidavit that the same financing will not be obtained else­ where . 1.

There is a penalty of one per cent of the face of the loan if violated.

2. D.

$5,000. loan costs $50. to pay in advance.

For those who need a maximum loan.

HOUSE DESIGNINGI.

A popular maxim: a person must build three houses to get what he really wants.

II.

Never build a house under 900 square feet (30 feet by 30 feet); even 1,000 square feet is small enough.

III. IV.

Never build a one-bedroom house. Bathroom should be reached from any room without entering another room, except the hall.

V.

Basement is the cheapest room in a house. A.

Costs $1,000. including laundry tubs.

B.

Cost is half as much as any other room of same size.

C.

Floors can’t be warm without a basement.

D.

Garage in basement. 1.

Raises fire insurance costs.

the

21 5

2.

Hillside incline apt to get icy and snowed in.

VI.

Fire insurance rates are higher when cedar shingles are used instead of asbestos shingles.

VII.

Fireplace. A.

Costs $650. tile lined.

B.

Pumice or cinder block is "frowned on" by insurance companies.

C. VIII.

Chimney should be tile lined.

Windows. A.

Very little sun from October to April.

B.

Steel sashes should face Hell Gate.

C.

No large windows should face Hell Gate.

D.

One large thermopane could cost $350.

E.

All windows should be double.

F.

Bathtub under a window allows steam to swell the window frame.

BUILDING MATERIALS I.

II.

Insulation types. A.

Balsam wool blanket recommended.

B.

Zonlite if good and tight.

Ventilation important with insulation.

216

HOUSE INSTALLATION I.

Heating plants. A.

Electricity prohibitive by cost. 1.

Deep well or reverse heating must be operated by electric pump.

2. B.

G.

D. II.

Too expensive to operate.

Sawdust burner. 1.

Sawdust gets mixed with snow and ice.

2.

Too much labor involved for a woman.

Stoker coal. 1.

Clinkers must be removed.

2.

Dirty.

Oil with gun type burner is best.

Future prospects for natural gas. A.

Cut Bank gas line now used to capacity by Anaconda and Butte.

B.

Must have one large consumer, such as a mine or smelter, to make a 100-mile gas line pay.

C.

Montana Power would bring gas from Garrison to Missoula and sell it to the Montana-Dakota Co. within Missoula.

217

J Montana Retail Lumbermens Assn., Mr. W. J. Howard COSTS OF HOUSE I.

Cost of lumber in housebuilding. A.

One of the smallest of the costs.

B.

$500. to $700. worth of structural lumber. 1.

Required for a good sized house.

2.

Saving in cheaper grades of lumber is relatively small.

C. II.

One house will not use a carload of lumber.

Freight on lumber from California is prohibitive.

HOUSE DESIGNING I.

The best way to plan a house is to decide exactly what you want to spend, then decide which of the things you want can be had for that amount of money.

II.

House plans. A.

Montana Retail Lumber Architectural Drafting Of­ fice charges $35. to draw your house plans

for a

five room house, but reserve the right to resell the plan. B.

Model house built in Helena cost $6500. in 1949.

C.

Library has American Society of Engineers’ Guides on Tested Procedures.

218 III.

Floor plans for an L-shaped house are the least ex­ pensive of the variations.

IV.

Hoof. A.

A straight gable roof gives a house a longer look.

B.

A heavy chimney breaks the monotony of a plain roof.

V.

Basement. A.

Cost will be about #1200.

B.

Woman, living alone, might not make enough use to justify the cost of building a basement.

VI.

VII.

Car port. A.

Satisfactory in Missoula.

B.

Keeps snow off of a car.

Condensed pitch accumulated in a fireplace will burn when it becomes thick.

BUILDING MATERIALS I.

Redwood in Mr. HowardTs house is losing its red tone, so a protective coating containing red stain was applied later.

II.

Fir and larch (one lumber) recommended. A.

No. 1 dimension thick structural. 1.

Common framing.

2.

Floor joists.

219

B.

3.

Hough floor joists.

4.

Ceiling.

Dry wall structure (plaster board) demands good lumber for straight walls.

III.

1.

Plasterer can even walls.

2.

Only 25 per cent of walls are now plastered.

Hardwood is best for floors. A.

Good vertical soft wood floor lumber has increased in price.

B.

Plywood costs only $385. less than hardwood, but plywood or soft wood are satisfactory with wallto-wall carpeting.

C. IV.

V.

Oak is the best for hardwood floors.

Cement floors are satisfactory. A.

Must be properly insulated.

B.

Rubber or asphalt topping can be added.

Roof shingles. A.

Good cedar shingles will last twenty years.

B.

Asphalt or asbestos shingles will last longer.

C.

Hand cut shakes were used on Mr. Howardfs house for texture.

VI.

Acoustical plasters or tiles on ceilings deaden noises. A.

Acoustical plaster for the ceilings. 1.

Costs $50. - $75. more than ordinary plaster.

2,

More in keeping with a house than acoustical

220

tile. B. Acoustical tile. 1. Porous and difficult to clean. 2. Not recommended for kitchen use. VII. White rez including white paint effective on knotty pine.

(Used in Mr. Howard’s office.)

VIII. Rock wool insulation was used in Mr. Howard’s house, (i inch of sheet rock painted on paper.) IX.

The rmop ane . A.

Plate glass is used in the larger panes.

B.

Standard double strength glass is used in sizes up to approximately 36 inches by 56 inches.

C.

One large pane could cost three times as much as the same area in three smaller windows of approx­ imately 28 inches by 44 inches. 1.

Mr. Howard's house has three windows 28 inches by 44 inches with a screened louver at one side of each.

2.

Mr. Howard’s windows did not cost more than an equal area of prefabricated windows. a.

Standard glass.

b.

Storm windows

c.

Screens

d.

Weather stripping.

HOUSE INSTALLATIONS I.

Radiant heat. A.

Expensive if operated by electricity.

B.

Much piping is involved since hot water circula tion is used generally.

G. II.

Baseboard heating not well designed.

Circulating hot air oil burner furnace of the gun type in Mr. Howard’s house. A.

Causes circulation of air, 1.

Older houses had a seepage of air which caused air circulation.

2.

Modern houses are insulated.

B.

Avoids dead air.

C.

Cooking smoke can’t hang in the air.

D.

Hot air filters filter out the dust.

E.

Pan can circulate cool air in the summer.

222

K Mountain States Telephone Co., Miss Montelius COMMUNITY, MISSOULA I.

Telephone service in 1949 was five years behind requests for service because five to six years are required to train men through apprenticeship.

II.

Types of telephone service. A.

Urban area. 1.

Two miles in any direction from intersection of Higgins Avenue and Main Street.

2.

B.

Service rates. a.

1-party line - $2.75.

b.

2-party line - $2.25.

c.

4-party line - $2.00.

Urban Service area. 1.

Service charge added to urban rates.

2.

Service charge is based on each quarter mile outside of urban area.

C.

a.

1-party line - $ .45.

b.

2-party line -

.35.

c.

4-party line -

.25.

Rural area. 1.

Service rate.

223

a.

Two to

six miles - $2.25.

b.

Six to

ten miles - $2.50.

2.

May

have up to

ten parties onaline.

3.

Some areas are made rural to give more people telephone service.

4.

Rural areas could be changed to urban areas in the future (Pattee Canyon).

5.

Rural areas near Missoula. a.

Pattee Canyon.

b.

Orchard Homes.

c.

Parts of the Rattlesnake district, are both urban and rural on Jackson Street.

6.

Rural areas extend as far as a.

Frenchtown.

b.

Milltown.

c.

Bonner.

d.

Piteville.

PLOT CHOOSING-. I.

It is possible to determine the type of telephone service before buying a lot. A.

Telephone cable is laid in the alley, causing houses on the same street to have two types of service. 1.

Telephone cable behind the house.

224 2.

Examples are South, Benton, and Livingston avenues.

B.

Telephone company will not hold service available for more than ten days.

0.

An application for telephone service 1.

Grants service when available, according to the order of names on a list.

2. II.

Service priorities existed in 1949.

Residential areas short in telephone service. A.

Daly Addition had 400 parties in 1949 who had been seeking service since 1946.

B.

View Park had no telephone service in 1949, but Urban service is anticipated when it builds sufficiently.

HOUSE DESIGNING I. II.

Telephone company recommends conduit pipes. Telephone company will not install advance wiring because wires may become cut after or during plastering.

III.

Telephone company provides A.

Wire, receivers, and cord. 1.

Receivers are French phones unless a wall phone is requested.

2.

Cord furnished is five and a half feet long.

225 B.

Ex&ra cord. 1*

May be transferred within the telephone area.

2.

Nine foot cord costs $1.00 more for install­ ation.

3.

Thirteen foot cord costs $1.50 more for in­ stallation.

4.

Twenty-five foot cord costs $4.00 more for installation.

5.

Cords are maintained throughout the service.

226

L Housewife, Mrs. G. M. Overland, Greenough Drive COMMUNITY, MISSOULA I.

Sewer is not connected to some Missoula homes when city sewer is available. A.

Cesspools were installed before sewage system.

B.

Lawns would be torn up to connect with sewers.

NEIGHBORHOOD SELECTION I.

Mrs. Overland’s house. A.

Located on Greenough Drive, one mile from down­ town, Missoula.

B.

Central School is one-half mile from Mrs. Over­ land’s house.

II.

C.

This house is furnished water by Missoula City.

D.

Located within Missoula city limits.

Orchard Homes, Mrs. Overland’s previous address. A. B.

Water supply dependent upon electric pumps. Not restricted - pig stye could be built anywhere.

HOUSE DESIGN I.

House built for Architect Porsland by M r . John Karlberg.

II.

Two-story house takes advantage of the hillside slope.

227 III. IV.

Large windows face Greenough Park on the East. Three-cornered fireplace projects into living room, leaving two sides open.

V.

Two living room walls have panelled wainscoating.

HOUSE INSTALLATION I.

Norge oil burner furnace was in this home.

228

M Maintenance Engineer, Montana State University, Mr. Tom Swearingen COSTS OF HOUSE I.

Upkeep costs with rooms rented. A.

Hot water and heat wanted at all times. 1.

Install thermostate in owner’s section of house.

2.

Elderly ladies are inactive and require more heat.

3.

Advised a small auxiliary electric heater

B.

Couples make special demands.

C.

Additional money is invested in equipment for an extra kitchen.

D.

Utilities must be provided.

E.

Unprofitable with a two per cent profit on rentals.

II.

Bedroom and half bath will rent well.

HOUSE DESIGN I.

"Ladies Home Journal1’ type, with wide eaves and a porch, was popular about 1900.

II.

English type was popular about 1925.

229

ARCHITECT ADMINISTRATION I. II.

III.

Money for a good architect is money well spent. Charges for an architect. A.

Pour per cent for plans.

B.

Two per cent for supervision.

Mr. Swearingen will recommend architects.

CONTRACTOR AGREEMENTS I.

Always obtain competitive bids.

HOUSE INSTALLATIONS I.

Heating plants. A.

Hot water heat is more expensive than hot air heat.

B.

Coal is dependent upon strikes and requires ash removal.

C.

Sawdust is very bulky.

D.

Oil fuel gives the least trouble.

230

N Toole Insurance Agency, Mr. John Toole COSTS OF HOUSE X . Insurance should be computed in the costs of house building. II.

Three months* extra credit is given while a house is being built, or 39 months on a 36-month policy.

III.

Take out an insurance policy as soon as inflamable materials are on the grounds.

IV.

Dwelling should be insured for replacement cost less depreciation, and do not insure the lot or cost of excavation since you can’t collect insurance on these.

V.

Areas outside of Missoula city limits have a higher insurance rate because the Missoula City Fire Depart­ ment will not protect these areas.

VI.

Credits

(about $.14 on each $1,000) extended to

houses outside of city limits.

VII.

A.

Brick chimney.

B.

Continuous concrete foundation.

C.

Electricity.

D.

Panelled interior.

Stove pipe extending beyond a brick chimney raises

231 the insurance rate $10. per $1,000. of house value per year.

VIII.

Type of roof shingles affect insurance rates, and the wooden shingle rate is $1. per $1,000. of house value more than the composition shingle rate.

IX. X.

Chimneys not made of brick raise insurance rate. Three-year insurance rates, 1949. A*

Protected (within city limits). 1.

Shingle roof, frame or brick veneer house (D classification). a.

Pire insurance $7.25 per $1,000. house value.

b.

Windstorm, hail, explosion, smoke, etc. $2.00 extra per $1,000 house valuation.

2.

Composition roof, frame or brick veneer house (D classification) a.

Pire insurance $6.25 per $1,000. house valuation.

b.

Windstorm, hail, explosion, smoke, etc. $2.00 extra per $1,000. house valuation.

3.

Composition roof, solid brick house (C classification). a.

Pire insurance $4.72 per $1,000. house valuation.

b.

Windstorm, hail, explosion, smoke, etc. $2.00 extra per $1,000. house valuation.

232

B.

Unprotected (outside of city limits). 1.

Shingle roof. a.

Frame or brick veneer (D classification). (1) Fire Insurance - $11.00 per $1,000. house valuation. (2) Extra: windstorm, hail, explosion, smoke, etc. $2.00 per $1,000. house valuation.

b.

Solid brick house (C Classification). (1) Fire insurance - $8.50 per $1,000. house valuation. (2) Extra: windstorm, hail, explosion, smoke, etc., $2.00 per $1,000. house valuation.

2.

Composition roof. a.

Frame or brick veneer (D classification). (1) Fire insurance $10.00 per $1,000. house valuation. (2) Extra: windstorm, hail, explosion, smoke, etc., $2.00 per $1,000. house valuation.

b.

Solid brick house (C classification). (1) Fire insurance $7.50 per $1,000. house valuation. (2) Extra: windstorm, hail, explosion, smoke, etc., $2.00 per $1,000. house valuation.

233

o Mechanical Engineer, W. M. Walterskirchen1s Assistants (Heating, Air Conditioning and Plumbing Specialists) HOUSE DESIGNING I.

Architectural plans for proposed heating and plumbing. A.

Mr. Walterskirchen offers without charge an examination of floor plans. 1.

Furnishes estimate of heating cost for the house when the type of radiation is deter­ mined by owner.

2.

Floor plans. a.

Commercial.

b.

Self-drafted (prefers one-quarter inch to one foot scale).

B.

Complete architectural layout of a proposed heating and plumbing plan furnished by Mr. Walterskirchen. 1.

Costs $50. for a small house.

2.

Mr. Walterskirchen guarantees his plans.

3.

Includes in statement an amount of heat needed of a particular type for a particular house. a.

With a particular kind of insulation.

b.

Of a designated design.

234 4.

Recently completed the engineering of Mrs. K i r k ’s home. a.

Built on Flathead Lake

for $40,000.

b.

Baseboard heating with

hot water units

including Prestone. c.

5.

Coils in cement floor of front porch. (1)

To melt snow and ice.

(2)

Contain hot water

and Prestone.

Engineered the heating and plumbing plans for new Kappa Alpha Theta Sorority House on Gerald &venue.

6.

Made the heating plans for American Legion Building built in 1949, and Mr. George Nord made the installations,

II.

House designs affecting house heating. A.

Windows lose heat of house. 1.

Standard type windows cause four times heat loss of a wall.

2.

Storm windows save 50 per

cent of window

heat loss and reduce a 20 per cent window heat loss to 10 per cent. 3.

Thermopane. a.

Heat loss same as standard windows plus storm windows.

b.

No condensation of moisture on window

235 p an©. c.

Insurance rates are same as on standard type.

4,

Recommended a.

60 per cent of windows be thermopane.

b,

40 per cent of windows be standard glass plus storm windows. (1)

For ventilation in kitchen, bath, and bedroom.

(2) Louvers are expensive accessories to thermopane. B.

Fireplaces lose heat so use metal fronts for fireplaces when not in use to reduce heat loss.

BUILDING MATERIALS I.

Insulation recommended was rock wool (spun glass) two inch minimum.

HOUSE INSTALLATIONS I.

Heating plants. A.

Heating equipment advice advocated by Sears, Roebuck offers recommendations for heating guided by size of house. 1.

No allowance for insulation (varies with type).

2.

No allowance for windows

(varies with type).

236 3. B.

House could be over or under heated.

Hot air furnaces. 1.

Dirty, especially if coal is used.

2.

No provision for outdoor air intake.

3.

Same air is heated over and over.

4.

Cooking odors can be driven to all parts

of

house. C.

Baseboard heating. 1.

Recommended by Mr. Walterskirchen if hot water or steam is used.

2.

Heat provided by 40 per cent radiation and 60 per cent convection.

3.

Units are 8 feet long and can be cut.

4.

Cliff Anderson installs baseboard heating.

Fishing and limiting (Continued) F lathead River south of Poison: F lath ead River offers good b a ss an d trout fishing. F lathead Lake: F lath ead Lake offers good trout, salm on, an d b a ss fish ­ ing. Fishing a c c e ssib le from U. S. H igh w ay No. 10 East: Turn right 23 m iles ea st of M issou la to Rock Creek. P rovides good trout fishing throughout the se a so n . M any cam p sites are found a lon g Rock Creek c a n y o n road. F ishing a c c e ssib le from U. S. H igh w ay No. 10 W est: The Clark Fork of the C olum bia provid es trout fishing during the sum m er months from the mouth of Rock Creek to its confluence w ith the F lath ead River. Fish Creek enters the river, from the south, 5 m iles w e st of A lberton and provides good trout fish in g throughout the sea so n . Big G am e Hunting: Excellent b ig g a m e hunting is found in this area. G am e an im als include deer, elk, b ear an d m ountain goat. (Note g en era l hunting a rea s sh ow n on map). Bird Shooting: Duck a n d C h in ese P h easan t hunting is found in the g en era l a rea s sh o w n o r m ap. There is a lso a lim ited grou se sea so n . For i n f o r ma t i o n on h u n t i n g r e g u l a t i o n s a n d p a c k t r i p servi ces, i nqui r e a t t h e CSi amber of C o mm e r c e .

Junction ol Clark Fork an d fiig Blackioot Rivers L o c a t i o n : U. S. 10, *4 mile s o u t h w e s t of Mi ll t own. An important Indian road cam e ea st alon g the Clark Fork an d turned up the Big Blackfoot. It follow ed that river alm ost to its source, then crossed the Continental D ivide to the p lain s country. The Indians ca lled the river the Cokalahishkit, m ean in g "the river of the road to the buffalo." The L ew is an d Clark Expedition d ivid ed forces south of the presen t site of M issoula on their return trip from the coast. Capt. L ew is an d h is party follow ed this Indian road an d p a ss e d n ear here July 4th, 1806. H ellgate an d M issoula Lo c a t i o n : U. S. No. 10 j u s t e a s t of Mi ssoula. In the Indian d a y s the m ountain tribes h ad a road through here w h ich led across the Continental D ivide to the buffalo. This can yon w a s a frequent battleground b etw een the S elish Indian tribes and the tribes ea st of the Rockies. The Indian n am e of the ca n y o n w a s "I-sul," ex p ressin g surprise an d horror. The French trappers elab orated an d ca lled it "La Porte d'Enfer" or G ate of Hell. M ullan Road Lo c a t i o n : U. S. No. 10. n e a r St. Regis, 2 mi l es e a s t of DeBor gi a. During the y ea rs 1855-62, C aptain John M ullan, 2nd Artillery, U. S. A., located an d built w h at w a s k n ow n a s the M ullan Road. C ongress authorized the construction of the road under the su p ervision of the W ar Depart­ ment to connect Ft. Benton, the h ea d of n avigation on the M issouri, w ith Ft. W a lla W alla, the h ea d of n a v ig a ­ tion on the Colum bia. Bear Mouth L o c a t i o n : 12.1 mil es w e s t of D r u m m o n d .

Hiking Trails Around Mount Jumbo— 7 m iles (all on foot) Up R attlesnake a n d v ia northw est slo p es to Jumbo S ad ­ dle. T hence around m ountain on e a s y g ra d es a n d back to town. Or to sum m it of Mount Jumbo b y north ridge, an d thence dow n b y Sentinel Pine. G ood lunch spots — w ithout w ater— on n od h slo p es a b o v e sad d le. Lower R attlesnake— 8 m iles (on foot) Up R attlesnake C reek b y d ev io u s trails an d road s from entrance of G reen ou gh Park to dam . T hence to town v ia w e st sid e road. Trip can b e sh ortened b y turning back to tow n at K lapw ick road. Features: G reat variety of scen ery , birds a n d flow ers.

First D iscovery of G old in M ontana Lo c a t i o n : Gold Cr e e k, 63 mi l es e a s t of Mi s soul a on U. S. H i g h w a y No. 10. In 1852 a French h alf b 'e e d , Francois F in lay, com m on­ ly know n a s "Benetsee," p rosp ected the creek for gold. ^gH e w a s in a d eq u a tely eq u ip p ed w ith tools. H ow ever he found colors and in 1858 Jam es an d G ranville Stuart, R eece A nderson a n d Thom as A dam s, h a v in g h eard of B en etsee's d isco v ery , p rosp ected the creek w ith con ­ sid erab le su cc ess. The creek w a s first ca lled " B enetsee Creek" a n d afterw ard s b ecam e know n a s G old Creek.

The M ission V a lley Lo c a t i o n : 1 mile s o u t h w e s t of St. I gnat i us. The M ission V a lley , ca lled b y the Indians "Sinielemen," m ean ing "M eeting P lace" or "rendevous," w a s occupied b y the Pend d'O reille (Ear Ring) tribe w h en the w hite m en cam e. By treaty w ith the governm ent in 1855 it b eca m e part of the R eservation for the C onfederated Tribes of F lath ead s, P end d'O reilles an d Kootenais.

M is s o u la , M o n ta n a

St. Ignatius M ission, the seco n d built in M ontana, w a s esta b lish ed in 1854 b y the Jesuits. A school w a s op en ed in 1864 b y four Sisters of Providence from Montreal. The U rsalines arrived in 1884 an d op en ed a hospital. A point of interest to visitors. The Jocko V a lley L o c a t i o n : 2 mi l es s o u t h e a s t of Arlee. N am ed for Jacco (Jacques) R ap h ael F inlay, a fur trader an d trapper in the K ootenai a n d F lath ead Indian CotM ^ ty, 1806-09.

CO

F lath ead Indian R eservation L o c a t i o n : H e a d q u a r t e r s n e a r Di xon. The Indians on this reservation b elo n g to the Flathead, K alispell, Spokane, K ootenai a n d Pend d'O reille tribes. L ew is a n d Clark m et the F lath ead s in 1805 and d e­ scribed them an d their a llie s, the N ez Perce, a s b ein g friendly an d excep tio n a l Indians. T hey ca ll th em selves the "Selish," F lath ead b ein g a m isnom er a p p lied b y the w h ites.

Bear Mouth, across the river to the south, w a s a trading point for the p lacer cam p s of Beartown, G arnet an d Colom a located in the hills north of here.

Winter $|iort.%

Fort O w en Location:

iy2 mi l es

n o r t h w e s t of St evensvi l l e.

B etw een 1831 an d 1840 the F lath ead Indians sent out three d eleg a tio n s, w ith St. Louis a s their ob jective, to petition that "Black Robes" b e sent to teach them. A s a result, Father D e Smet, a Catholic m issionary, esta b ­ lish ed the original St. M ary's M ission at the p resen t site of S te v en sv ille in 1841. He an d his a ssista n ts h e w e d logs an d built a d w ellin g, carpenter an d blacksm ith sh op s an d a ch ap el. This ch a p el still stan d s an d is op en to visitors. Traveller's Rest L o c a t i o n : T h e m o u t h of Lolo Cr eek, Bi t t e r r o o t Val l ey, % mil es s o u t h of Lolo.

Historic Points

United States, w a s built about % m ile ea st of here, b , A n gu s M cDonald in 1847. It rem ained an important trading center for the Indians until 1872. The old store h ou se is still standing.

The L ew is an d Clark Expedition, w estw a rd bound, cam p ed at the m outh of Lolo Creek Septem ber 9th, 10th, 1805. T hey n am ed the spot Traveller's Rest. Thom pson F alls L o c a t i o n : 2 mi l es w e s t of t h e t o w n of T h o m p s o n Falls. N am ed for D avid Thom pson, g eograp h er an d explorer for the North W est Co., a British fur trading outfit. Fort Connen Location: F l at head of St . I gnat i us .

I n di a n

R e s e r v a t i o n , 6 mi l es n o r t h

Fort Connen, the last of the H udson Bay C om pany trad­ in g posts esta b lish ed w ithin the present borders of the

W inter sports a rea off U. S. H ig h w a y No. 10 east: Mount Stewart, up R attlesn ak e Road w ithin 4 or 5 m iles of M issoula. A c c e ssib le b y car to w ithin a m ile an d a half or less for skiing, to b o g g a n in g a n d sn ow sh oein g. W inter sports a rea s off State H ig h w a y No. 20 east: M cNam ara, about 22 m iles northeast of M issoula, know n a s the S n ow Belt, at presen t h a s on e com m ercial ski run w ith tw o ski lifts for p rofessional an d am ateur skiers located on D iam ond M ountain. The C learw ater Station a rea h a s id e a l p la ces for skiing, toboggan in g, a n d sn o w sh o ein g just off H ig h w a y No. 20, about 40 m iles from M issoula. This is a lso know n a s Blanchard Flats A rea. W inter sports a rea off U. S. H ig h w a y No. 10 w est: About 85 m iles w e st of M issoula, in the Little Joe Moun­ tain area, Cabin City h a s a com m ercial run w ith lift. W inter sports a rea s off U. S. H ig h w a y No. 93 south: The Lolo Hot Springs a r e a about 35 m iles from Mis­ so u la is id ea l for skiing, to b o g g a n in g , an d sn ow sh oein g. G ibbon's P a ss, w h ich is 105 m iles south of M issoula, h a s a com m m ercial ski run w ith lifts for professional and am ateur skiers. MISSOULIAN

Courtesy of

CHAMBER OF COMMERCE M issoula, M ontana

POLiO N

/ Camp — C ougar Creek Cam p — Rock Creek Camp — Big Horn Camp.

Trips off U. S. H ig h w a y No. 10 w est to St. R egis: Nine M ile Remount Station (U. S. Forest Service), turn right 25.5 m iles w e s t of M issoula. At Alberton, turn left, cross river an d go up P ettee Creek, lo g g in g operations a n d forest country, continue sou th east dow n G raves C reek to Lolo Road, go right to Lolo Hot Springs or return left to M issou la v ia Lolo. At St. R egis, 75 m iles w est, turn right to P arad ise, re­ turn to M issou la v ia No. 10A. Trips off State H ig h w a y No. 20 to O vando: 40 m iles from M issou la turn left for Salm on Lake, S e e le y Lake, etc. Continue d ow n S w an River to K alispell, re­ turn to M issou la either sid e of F lath ead Lake. Dude Ranch Country, good fishing. Trips off U. S. H ig h w a y No. 93 north to Poison:

Trips off U. S. H ig h w a y No. 93 south to Darby:

( Ge n e r a l c o v e r a g e of t h e a r e a s h o w n on t h e m a p ) Blackfoot a rea off State H ig h w a y 20: S e e le y Lake C am p— S e e le y Creek Camp.

R attlesnake A rea: M ontana P ow er Park (Picnic G rounds only). Rock Creek a rea off U. S. H ig h w a y 10: G r iz z l e flr o o lr C rrm n — Harrv s Flat Cam e-—Rttterrrvrf

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F lathead and Jocko Creek a rea off U. S. H igh w ay 93: S everal sm all picnic a rea s w ith tab les and firep laces are scattered a lo n g this road. of cam ping

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N in ep ip e an d Kicking Horse Reservoirs: N in ep ip e R eservoir offers good b a ss fishing during lim ­ ited se a so n . (Inquire about sp ec ia l regu lations at the F ed eral W aterfow l R efuge headquarters, north sid e of Reservoir.) Kicking H orse R eservoir offers good b a ss fishing. Both h a v e good sunfish an d perch fishing.

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F ishing a c c e ssib le from State H ig h w a y s No. 20 an d No. 31:

Jocko River, from its source to con fluence w ith F lath ead River, offers good trout fishing.

BONNER

M IS SO U L

T h e open s e a s o n is s e t by t h e Mo n t a n a Fi sh a nd G a me C o mmi s s i o n e a c h y e a r . I nqui r e a b o u t r e g u l a t i o n s a t t h e C h a m b e r of C o m m e r c e .

The Bitterroot offers g o o d trout fishing. At the h e a d ­ w a ters of the larger tributaries to the Bitterroot River, from the w est, are m an y trout fishing la k es ly in g under the crest of the Bitterroot M ountains. The e a s t an d w e s t forks of the Bitterroot are excellen t fly stream s, particu larly in late A u gu st an d Septem ber.

GKEEN O UGH

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HU50N

Fishing and Hunting

G ood trout fishing is found a lo n g the Blackfoot River from Bonner to O van d o on H igh w ay 20. Forty-five m iles from M issou la H ig h w a y 31 bran ch es north from H ig h w a y 20. A lon g this H igh w ay is the C learw ater River an d a ch ain of lak es, including Salm on, S e e le y , Inez, A lv a an d R ainy, all of w h ich produce good sport for an glers. B ass are a lso taken in S e e le y an d Salm on Lakes, cau gh t m ostly on p lu g s, the b est fishing b ein g in July an d A ugust. A cross the summit are Lindbergh an d H olland L akes an d the S w an River w h ere good trout fish in g p revails.

mi** SALMON L

Cam ps listed here are d evelop d w ith d riv ew a y s an d parking p la ces, in d ivid u al cam p unit facilities consisting of cooking firep lace or stove an d su b stan tial cam p or picnic table, w ater su p p ly an d sanitation facilities.

SEAR M O U T H

MISSOULA

F indell C reek C am p— Lake A lv a Cam p— Lake Inez Cam p — H olland Lake Cam p.

KICKING- H o r s e £

PA R AD ISE

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F ishing a c c e ssib le from U. S. H igh w ay No. 93, North: C learw ater a rea to Lindbergh an d H olland Lakes:

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Frenchtown-St. R egis a rea off U. S. H igh w ay 10: D ennam ora Camp— C a sca d e Camp.

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Lolo Creek a rea to M ontana-Idaho line: Lee Creek Camp.

F ish in g in the Bitterroot:

C a m p G r o u n d Locations

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ea st an d w e s t fork): Black Bear Cam p (Skalkaho)— W est Fork Cam p (W est Fork)— M edicine Springs Cam p (East Fork).

Figure No. 19 TO SEE AND DO ABOUND

Lolo Hot Springs turn right at Lolo, 11 m iles from Mis­ so u la , 35 m iles to Springs, 55 m iles to P ow ell R anger Station, Locksa River. Skalkaho P a ss, turn left 3 m iles south of Ham ilton, re­ turn v ia Rock C reek or P hilipsburg or A n a co n d a to Mis­ soula. Points of interest south of Hamilton: M edicine Hot Springs, S leep in g Child Hot Springs an d G a llo g ly Hot Springs.

PAB LO

WHAT

To S e e le y Lake v ia A rlee an d Jocko Creek an d return to M issou la v ia Blackfoot River. Bison R ange— turn left at R avalli, right at Dixon to N a­ tional Bison R an ge at M oiese. St. M ary's Lake, right at St. Ignatius— Lake M cDonald, right at sig n north of N ine P ipe R eservoir. Kerr Dam at Poison. C am as Hot Springs, le a v e No. 93 at R avalli, go on No. 10A to Perm a, turn right, cross river about 20 m iles to Springs, return v ia F lath ead Lake, P oison to M issoula.

/y*B I G S A L M O N

PLAINS

Bitterroot a rea off U. S. H ig h w a y 93 to Hamilton: (covering

G eneral Information on the found in th ese locations:

L AKE

PABLO

Pattee C anyon area: P attee C anyon Picnic Grounds (Picnics only). L ea v e No. 10 at East M issoula, cross river at Bandm an Bridge, up D eer Creek, return to M issou la v ia Pattee can yon . G arnet, turn left about 40 m iles ea st, at G arnet Creek. D redge operation at mouth of creek, Garnet is gh ost min­ in g town, s e e D a v ie's store.

FLATHEAD

D RUMMOND FLORENCE

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